Copyright^ . COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT IN PREPARATION: The Application of the Anatomy of Food-Producing Animals in Meat inspection By Dr. ALEXANDRE LIAUTARD AND Dr. D. ARTHUR HUGHES. A COMPANION work to "Lymphatic ^~^ Glands in Meat-Producing Animals," by the same authors. These two new volumes form a group with our publications, "Ostertags' Handbook of Meat Inspection' ' and 'Guide for Meat Inspectors." All four have been specially prepared to suit the needs of the very numerous veterinarians who are entering national, state and city meat inspection services. WILLIAM R. JENKINS CO., NEW YORK Lymphatic Glands IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS THEIR METHODICAL EXAMINATION WITH SANITARY INSPECTION AS THE VIEWPOINT, TOPOGRAPHICAL DATA AND PATHOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS OCCURRING IN THESE ORGANS BY P. GODBILLE Section Chief of the Sanitary Veterinary Inspection of Paris and the Department of the Seine TRANSLATED BY ALEXANDRE FRANQOIS ^IAUTARD M.D., V.M., F.R.C.V.S. (Hon.) Chevalier and Officer of the Merite Agrlcole, Officer of the Legion d'Honneur: Founder, Director, Dean of the Faculty and Professor of Anatomy, Operative Surgery and Sanitary Medicine, American Veterinary College, New York, 1875-1878; Editor of the American Veterinary Review; Author of Manual of Operative Veterinary Surgery, Animal Castration, etc. AND D. ARTHUR HUGHES, Litt. M., Ph.D. D.V.M. Veterinary Inspector of Meat Producing Animals, Meats and Meat-Food Products: Quartermaster Corps U. S. Army, Chicago; Professor of Meat Hygiene, Milk Hygiene; Abattoir and Dairy Inspection Methods and Medical Botany in the Chicago Veterinary College, etc. New York WILUAM R. JENKINS COMPANY PUBLISHERS Sixth Avenue at 48TH Street Copyright, 1915 William R. Jenkixs Company All Rights Reserved Lrjtf DEC 27 1915 Printed by the Press ov William R. Jenkins Company New York ©CI.A420143 INSCRIPTION To the Meat Inspection Service of the United States Department of Agriculture: To the Veterinary Officials of that Service in Washington, whose exhaustive interpretation of the details of the Meat Inspection Law of June 30th, 1906, and strict administration of that statute have removed criticisms of American meats. To the Veterinary Inspectors in charge at Meat Packing Centers, whose watchful attention to the application of the statute, as interpreted, has made the meat trade value its worth. To the Veterinary Inspectors in the American abattoirs, whose work in Applied Pathology and in Manufactory Sanitation has won for them a high place in public esteem THIS BOOK IS INSCRIBED CONTENTS Page Preface 9 Introduction 13 The Necessity for Knowledge of the Topographic Ana- tomical Data and of the Pathologic Alterations in these Organs 13 PART I. Topographic Anatomy of the Lymphatic Glands in Food-Producing Animals 21 SECTION I. Situation and Characteristics of these Glands in the Bovine Species 21 Chapter I. The Bovine Species. — Thoracic Lymph Glands and Glands of the Anterior Leg 21 Chapter II. Bovine Species. — Glands of the Neck and Head 33 Chapter III. Bovine Species. — Lymph Glands of the Abdominal Wall. Pelvic Cavity and Hind Extremity 41 Chapter IV. Bovine Species. — Viscera Lymphatic Glands 55 SECTION II. Situation and Characteristics of these Glands in Swine • 71 Chapter V. Swine. — Thoracic Lymphatic Glands 71 Chapter VI. Swine. — Lymph Glands of the Neck and Head, and of the Anterior Leg 77 Chapter VII. Swine. — Lymph Glands of the Abdom- inal Wall, Pelvic Cavity, and of the Posterior Leg. . 87 Chapter VIII. Swine. — Visceral Lymph Glands 91 SECTION III. The Situation and Characteristics of these Glands in Sheep and in the Horse 103 LYMPHATIC GLANDS Page Chapter IX. Sheep. — General Remarks and Some Particulars 103 Chapter X. Lymphatic Glands in the Horse. Thoracic Lymph Glands. Visceral Lymph Glands 105 PART II. The Situation and Characteristics of these Glands in Meat-Producing Animals and Pathological Altera- tions occurring in them 115 SECTION IV. The Normal Appearance of these Glands and of their Products 115 Chapter XI. The Histological Characteristics of Nor- mal Lymphatic Glands 115 Chapter XII. The White Globules or Leucocytes 119 Chapter XIII. Variations in Structure of Normal Lymphatic Glands and the Reasons for them 125 SECTION V. Pathological Alterations occurring in Lymphatic Glands of Meat-Producing Animals 131 Chapter XIV. Glandular Alterations during acute febrile Diseases ; Sclerosis ; Lymphadenia ; Tumor Formation ; Emphysema 131 Chapter XV. Parasitic Alterations 141 Vegetable Parasitisms or Mycoses 141 Animal Parasitisms or Zooparasitic Alterations.... 149 Chapter XVI. Microbian Alterations 153 Alterations due to Putrefaction 163 Synoptical Index 165 PREFACE. In the practical examination, immediately after slaughter, of cattle and swine for diseases, most of the work, in America and elsewhere, is likely to consist in the inspection for tuberculosis; because most of the condemnations of whole carcasses, or parts of carcasses, is due to the existence of that disease to such an extent as to warrant destruction of the meat under the direction of the veterinary inspector. In the United States the presence of well advanced cholera, shown in the post mortem inspection, has caused the condemnation of hogs in increasing numbers and the destruction of pork in total amounts second only to those for tubercu- losis. The condemnations of sheep in the abattoirs of this country is largely for caseous lymph ad- enitis. The official statistics for 1913 in the United States are as follows : Cattle Whole carcases condemned for tuberculosis Parts of carcases condemned for tuberculosis Total amount inspected 7,099, 080 33,001 47,554 Hogs Total amount inspected 31,968,407 47,630 359,047 Whole carcases condemned for hog cholera 88,547 Sheep Total amount inspected 14,705,853 Whole carcases condemned for caseous lymph adenitis 2,340 10 PREFACE It is a fact well known to every veterinarian with even the least experience in the post mortem exami- nation of meat-producing animals, such as cattle, swine and sheep, that, of the inspection for the dis- eases mentioned — tuberculosis, hog cholera, and caseous lymph adenitis — the first, tuberculosis, calls for a close examination of the lymphatic glands of the carcass; the second, hog cholera, requires par- ticular attention to the condition, not only of the skin, kidneys and intestines, but also to the changes in the lymphatics; in the third, caseous lymph ad- enitis, the attention of the inspector is confined almost entirely to the pathological changes in the lymph nodes. Well known as all this is, for instance, to the thousand and sixty veterinarians in the Bureau of Animal Industry, which conducts the Meat Inspec- tion under the United States Government, and well known as it is, besides, to English-speaking vet- erinarians everywhere, and all others, who have to do with post mortem examination of meat-produc- ing animals, there has never yet appeared in Eng- lish a book devoted completely to the methodical examination of the lymphatics. It is the aim of the translators to fill the gap in our English and Amer- ican veterinary literature. For, the man who be- gins post mortem work in the examination of the carcasses of meat-producing animals for disease, whatever be his preparation in pathology and para- PREFACE 11 sitology, will find himself not so useful as he should be, at least for a time, without he has a knowledge of the topographic normal anatomy of the lym- phatic system and of the morbid anatomy of the lymphatic glands. Experience shows that the puz- zling thing to a novice is not so much to decide promptly on abnormalities, but to locate readily the glands — the problem is that of the acquisition of an exact knowledge of the anatomy of the lym- phatic system. A book, therefore, upon this long- omitted subject, should serve a useful purpose. With the cordial consent of the author, Monsieur P. Godbille, Section Chief of the Veterinary Sani- tary Service of Paris, France, and the Department of the Seine, and with the hearty acquiescence of Dr. H. Martel, editor of L' Hygiene de la Viandes et du halt, in whose journal it appeared in the years 1909 and 1910, and with the approval of M. R. Michault, the publisher, we have translated and put into read- able English Godbille's book, Examen Methodiqne des Ganglions Lymphatiques des Animaux des Bon- cheries de point de vue l' inspection des viandes, and present to English-speaking veterinarians of the world this concisely written book on the lymphatic glands. Part One of the book treats of the topo- graphic anatomy of lymphatic glands. Part Two takes up the histological features of the normal glands, the changes that occur in them in bacterial diseases, and the pathological pictures they present 12 PREFACE in the various diseased states. Hence the book, though short, is complete, and should prove of serv- ice to any person with sufficient training in the med- ical sciences who intends to enter upon the work of examining for disease the carcasses of meat-pro- ducing animals. We join with our French colleagues, who first published this work in Paris, in the same feelings of cordiality and goodwill with which they give their consent to its translation into English and publica- tion in America. To our American publishers we extend the hand of thanks for their ceaseless en- deavors to bring the work through the press in ac- cordance with their high standards. And we bid the book to go forth on its mission of helpfulness wherever that is desired. INTRODUCTION The Necessity for Knowledge of the Topo- graphic Anatomical Data and of the Patho- logic Alterations in these Organs. The inspection of the lymphatic glands of animals likely to be tuberculous is of capital importance from the point of view of the sanitary inspection of meat. Every time that lesions of such nature are found in the viscera or the serous membranes of the splanchnic cavities of this class of animals, either in greater or lesser degree, it is absolutely necessary to search for the alterations that tuberculosis leaves in the tissues of all other regions besides these cavi- ties. The orders of the Secretary of Agriculture regulating conditions for the condemnation of the meat of tuberculous animals, indeed, directs the complete confiscation of such animals when lesions are detected in the intra-muscular glands of the various regions.* The result is also the same when *The "Secretary of Agriculture" referred to here is the French national officer. For regulations on the Meat Inspection of the United States Department of Agriculture, see Bureau of Animal Industry order number 211, effective, in part, November 1, 1914, and, in part, January 1, 1915, and subsequent order as they ap- pear. Especially, in order 211, note pp. 22-34. 13 14 INTRODUCTION coexisting serious lesions are localized in one of the two visceral cavities or extend over a limited sur- face of the two pleural and peritoneal serous mem- branes. Quite often it is also necessary to resort to inci- sion of the lymphatic glands, when meats, prepared without sanitary control in private slaughtering places, are presented, without viscera, to be distrib- uted in small quantity, or are intended for school, hospital, or penitentiary establishments. All these meats, well prepared, and free from ecchymotic, in- flammatory or any other lesions, which cause them to deteriorate in places, may, notwithstanding all the preparatory care they have received, present indications of abnormality which call for the atten- tion of those familiar with the work of the exami- nation of meat. The tearing off, for instance, of the serous mem- brane, which attracts the attention because of the stringy appearance left by the laceration of the ten- dinous, aponeurotic or periostic fibrillae of the parts underneath, must always be a cause for further inquiry by those who are given charge of the work of watching for the sanitariness or insanitariness of the goods delivered. It is well known also that sometimes this is done only to remove the stains that blood has left on the pleura when the slashing of the blood-vessels entering the chest has been too deep, or when one of the anterior pleural cut de sacs INTRODUCTION 15 has been punctured, when the animal was being bled. It then becomes evident how advantageous the examination of the lymphatic glands may be when growths on the pleura have been removed. Again, the nature of some visceral lesions or of the exact anatomy of some tissues of which the meat is composed, must very often also be established. It is thus that one may be called upon to differen- tiate tuberculosis from the bony or muscular neo- plastic lesions ; from the neo-membranous products such as those more or less f ringy or spreaded, hav- ing a russet color and found adherent to the surface of the serous membranes of lean cattle; from the pleuretic adhesions with piriform and pedunculated purulent centers found on the pleura of swine; from the little islets of chronic broncho-pneumonia with parasitic or microbian origin; from the parasitic regressing cysts with more or less caseous degenera- tion of their contents ; from the sarcomatous lesions, and from abscesses of the liver or the spots of ne- crosing hepatitis, etc., etc. It is by examining the glands corresponding to the lymphatic area of the diseased parts that at once and with certainty the real tuberculous nature of the lesions found can be confirmed. As the lymphatic glands are usually enveloped by fat or are isolated between muscular layers, the ob- ject of this book, written concisely, is to indicate how these organs can be most readily found be- 16 INTRODUCTION cause of their precise topographic relationships and by the anatomical data which at once tell of their presence. In general, the glands are situated in the neigh- borhood of arteries and veins, the lymphatic ves- sels being their satellites. Their size is not always in proportion to the caliber of the blood-vessels round which they are situated. Quite often, the smallest glands are found in the apex of the bifurca- tion of the large trunk of the circulatory apparatus or again along the course of some of them (carotid, sub-lumbar portions of the aorta). In order to expose in a rational manner the ana- tomical location of the glands, the best method is to study their relations with the blood vessels and the parts of the skeleton belonging to the regions with which they are connected. Accordingly we shall examine them as follows : 1. Thorax, anterior leg, neck, and head. 2. Abdomen, pelvis, posterior leg. 3. Thoracic and abdominal viscera. PART I TOPOGRAPHIC ANATOMY OF THE LYMPHATIC GLANDS IN FOOD-PRODUCING ANIMALS SECTION I SITUATION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THESE GLANDS IN THE BOVINE SPECIES 19 PARI 1 I Topographic Anatomy of the Lymphatic Glands in Food-Producing Animals SECTION I Situation and Characteristics of these Glands in the Bovine Species. . CHAPTER I Bovine Species. — Thoracic Lymph Glands and Glands of the Anterior Leg. Chest Entrance. All the glands of this region have been collected in a single group, under the general name of the pre pectoral. On the inner face of each scalent muscle, or that of the superior part of the first rib, there is a gland, which is in relation on the right side with the trachea, to which it is often adherent; while on the left side, the sym- metrical organ lays against the oesophagus. These glands, not mentioned in the various publications on anatomy, are called the internal prepectorals. Be- low the part where the trachea and oesophagus are 21 22 LYMPHATIC GLANDS IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 23 Fig. 1.. Parietal and Visceral Lymphatic Glands of the Thoracic Cavity. 1. Intercostal Lymphatic Gland. 2. (Esophageal or Posterior Mediastinal Lymphatic Glands. 3. Dorso-Aortic Lymphatic Gland. 4. Axillary Lymphatic Gland. 5. Thymus, 6. Sterno-Diaphragmatic Lymphatic Gland. 7. Presusternal Lymphatic Gland or Gland of Van Hersten. 8. Insertion of the Triangularis Sterni Muscle. 9. Sus-Sternal Lymphatic Glands. 10. Sub-Pleural Lymphatic Gland of the sixth rib. 24 LYMPHATIC GLANDS placed alongside each other, and above the angle of the separating carotids, there is a median gland- ular mass, the prepecto-tracheal. The external prepectoral glands consist of: First, one or two glands, rather large and situated down the jugular groove, on the level of the junction of ^the axillary vein and the inter-axillary space (tra- cheo-cephalic trunk) with the jugular. These glands, easy to explore on living, lean animals, have been improperly designated as axillary; the name of pre-axillary would be more appropriate on account of their situation with regard to the axillary region. There are to be found, secondly, one or two more or less voluminous glands lying against the external face of the first rib, downward from the axillary artery and vein. These external glands correspond to the sub-clavicular of man and not to the axillary. Dorsal Region. In the vertebro-costal groove, between the longus colli muscle and two or three of the first ribs, there are, on the course of the verte- bro-dorsal artery, two or three glands called the anterior intercostal. Above the posterior aorta and on each side of the bodies of the vertebrae, and sur- rounded by fat, there are a series of small glands as large as peas, which are sometimes visible under the costal pleura. They are generally situated close to each intercostal artery in the hollow places made between the vertebro-costal articulations. These are also often found lying lower down on the ver- IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 25 tebral bodies, and are called dorso-aortic, or poste- rior intercostal, according to their situation. In some cases they are divided into a dorso-aortic and an inter-costal. The glands situated opposite the eleventh and twelfth intercostal spaces are generally very large. Sternal Region. Above the sternum and along the internal thoracic vein and artery, there is to be found opposite each intercostal space a lymph gland varying in size from the head of a pin to a large pea. From the sternal cartilage of the second rib, both blood vessels and glands are entirely covered by the triangularis sterni muscle. To expose them, it is necessary to cut through the muscle from for- ward backward, the edge of the instrument follow- ing a line situated about two centimeters below the chondro-costal enlargements. This division of the muscle uncovers the blood-vessels, and, as the glands are generally situated in the posterior angle which is formed (when the internal thoracic blood-vessels give off the intercostals), a small incision made per- pendicularly and near the posterior border of the rib, will be sufficient to expose the glands. When the fat which surrounds the blood-vessels and the glands is removed, these will be found above the thoracic artery and below the border of the liga- ment, which unites the superior extremities of the costal cartilages. The lymph glands called the sus-sternal are of 26 LYMPHATIC GLANDS IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 27 Fig. 2. Superficial Lymphatic Glands of the Neck and Shoulder. 1. Parotid Lymphatic Gland. 2. Maxillary Lymphatic Gland. 3. Sub-Atloid Lymphatic Gland. 4. Parotid Salivary Gland. 5. Maxillary Salivary Gland. 6. Sub-Cutaneous Hematic Gland. 7. Sub-Cutaneous Hematic Gland. 8. Level of Pre-Scapular Lymphatic Gland. 9. Retro-Pharyngeal Lymphatic Gland. 10. Middle Cervical Lymphatic Gland. 11. Fat round Pre-Scapular Gland. 12. Brachial or Sub-Scapular Gland. 28 LYMPHATIC GLANDS various sizes. There may be one, two, or three large ones; while the others diminish gradually, to be reduced to fine hematic granulations or may even disappear entirely. Those most frequently found are situated below the third, fourth and fifth inter- costal spaces. In the hollow place formed by the cartilage of the first rib and the lateral face of the first ster- nebra, there is always found a gland about the size of an almond, which is called the presustemal. A Belgian veterinarian, Van Hersten, was the first to call attention to it in the examination of meats which were suspected of being infected with tuber- culosis. On a level with the costo-chondral articulation of the sixth rib, under the pleura and surrounded by a streak of fat, there is very often found a small un- named lymph gland, which corresponds to the ster- no-diaphragmatic gland of man. Finally, mention must be made of a thoracic gland named the sterno- pericardiac, situated back of the point of the pericardium, between the folds of a piece of the mediastinum which remains adherent to the sternum and to the diaphragm, and concealed in a floating layer of fat. It is homologous to the me- dian diaphragmatic gland of man. Attached to the anterior face of the dia,phragm, there may be found a long, large gland, which, in its natural position, is situated between the layers of IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 29 the posterior mediastinum, and which separates the posterior aorta from the oesophagus. We shall again speak of this gland (cesophago-aortic) when considering the visceral glands. Lymph Glands of the Anterior Leg. When the fore extremity has been severed from the chest, these glands that we have mentioned as external prepectorals and which are on the external face of the first rib, may often be seen adhering to its inner face. Posterior to the humeral artery and vein and against the tendon common to the great dorsal and the adductor muscles of the arm, there is an oval flattened gland, named the sub-scapular or tracheal, which is homologous to the axillary group of man. We have never been able to find the gland in cattle situated on the internal face of the elbow, which is called the sus-epitrochlear in the horse and man. In front of the anterior border of the shoulder and a little above the scapulo-humeral joint, there is an enormous, elongated gland, named the pre- scapular, which corresponds to the sus-clavicular of man. It is situated under the small triangular band formed by the visible part of the scapular portion of the mastoido-humeralis muscle (omo-trochelian), and it is entirely surrounded with fat. This gland, named the inferior cervical by veterinary anato- mists, is situated on the course of the inferior cer- vical vein and artery (ascending branches) which run upward along the anterior border of the shoul- 30 LYMPHATIC GLANDS IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 31 Fig. 3. Superficial and Deep Lymphatic Glands of the Head and Guttural Region. 1. Retro-Priaryngeai Gland. 2. Hyoid Bone. 3. Great Anterior Straight Muscle of the Head. 4. Maxillary Lymphatic Gland. 5. Maxillary Salivary Gland. 6. Atloid Gland. 7. Jugular Lymphatic Gland. 8. Atloid Lymphatic Gland. 9. Parotid Salivary Gland. 10. Parotid Lymphatic Gland. 11. Wing of the Atlas. 12. Maxillary Lymphatic Gland. 13. Maxillary Salivary Gland. 32 LYMPHATIC GLANDS der and are marked by four or five little hematic glands. Two or three superficial lenticular, hemolym- phatic glands, situated four, five or six centimeters down from the dorsal angle of the scapula, may also be found on the external face of the adductor mus- cle and the superior extremity of the long extensor muscle of the forearm. In animals in good condi- tion, they are entirely surrounded by fat. CHAPTER II Bovine Species. — Glands of Neck and Head. If, when taking off the fore leg from the chest, the incision into the superficial muscles of the neck has been made close to the anterior border of the shoulder, the prescapular glands and the chain of hematic glands are found adherent to the base of the neck, surrounded with fat. On the surface of the sub-cutaneous triangular portion of the omo- trachelian muscle, from two to five hemo-lymphatic glands are sometimes found on the inner face of the jugular and along the carotid artery ; if this has been left by the butcher when he removed the trachea, one may meet with small scattered glands which are so minute as to be almost indistinct. These are the middle cervical, which are on a level with the bi- furcation of the jugular vein, namely at the larynx. One of these glands becomes larger than the rest. On the superior part of the neck, under the wing of the atlas, and on the course of the occipital veins and arteries, the sub-atloid gland is located. As 33 34 LYMPHATIC GLANDS IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 35 Fig. 4. Topography of the Lymphatic Glands of the Head. 1. Styloid Process. 2. Hyoid Bone. 3. Parotid Salivary Gland. 4. Maxillary Salivary Gland. 5. Internal Pterygoid Muscle. 6. Cervical Ligament. 7. Complexus and Posterior Straight Muscle of the Head. 8. Lateral Small Straight Muscle. 9. Anterior Ditto (Small). 10. Anterior Ditto (Great). 11. Carotid Artery. 12. Superior Cervical Nervo-Ganglion. 13. Retro-Pharyngeal Lymphatic Glands. 14. QEsophagus. 15. Masseter Muscle. 16. Border of the Inferior of the Maxillary Bone. 17. Maxillary Lymphatic Gland. 18. Larynx. 19. Stylo-Hyoideus Muscle. 20. Omo-Hyoideus Muscle. 21. Sterno-Hyoideus Muscle. 22. Mylo-Hyoideus Muscle. 23. Sterno Maxillaris Muscle. 24. Digastricus Muscle. 36 LYMPHATIC GLANDS large as an almond, it lies against the small anterior straight muscle of the head and is completely cov- ered by the maxillary salivary gland. The head presents on each side three lymphatic glands which should be examined. The first is the parotid, a flat little mass, situated immediately under the salivary parotid gland, and against the posterior face of the condyle and synovial capsule of the temporo-maxillary articulation. Its superior extremity is located in the bottom of the temporal fossa, while the inferior is spread on the external masseter muscle, extending a little over the anterior margin of the parotid salivary gland. The two or- gans are easily differentiated by their coloration, the salivary gland being of a brilliant red color. The second is the maxillary or sub-glossal gland, situ- ated inside the border of the inferior maxillary bone, back of the masseteric groove, where the facial vein and artery are lodged. It is covered by the tendon of the sterno-maxillaris muscle and lies in the slight lateral depression of the inferior extremity of the maxillary salivary gland, and it is surrounded by fat. The third is the retro-pharyngeal gland, lying within the superior part of the ascending branch of the hyoid bone under the great anterior straight muscle of the head, which is also named the sub- sphenoidal, or hyoid gland. There is also a second pharyngeal gland, smaller in size, situated in front of the larger pharyngeal, just mentioned. IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 37 The hyoid lymph gland cannot be mistaken, on ac- count of its size, for the plexiform, nervous gang- lion of the pneumo-gastric nerve, which is found a little back of it, imbedded between the superior ex- tremity of the branch of the hyoid bone and the great anterior straight muscle, and in front of the foramen lacerum of the temporal bone. This fusi- form organ is well developed in cattle. If, instead of having the head split in two parts, at the same time as the neck is split, as, for instance, is done in Paris, the head is cut off from the neck before it is separated in halves, the position of the glands differs somewhat. In this case, to expose the retro-pharyngeal glands, all that is necessary will be to incise the fat and connective tissue, which is between the great and small anterior straight mus- cles of the head, which are seen under the occipital condyles and the superior extremity of the branch of the hyoid bone. The stump end of the carotid and the divided oesophagus are below the point where the gland is to be found. When the butcher removes the tongue, the maxillary and retro-phar- yngeal lymphatic glands may remain attached to the organ. On the removed tongue, the retro-phar- yngeal glands are then found adherent to the branches of the hyoid bone, while the maxillary glands are enveloped in the fat that lies under the tongue. One must be careful not to mistake for the gland 38 LYMPHATIC GLANDS oo IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 39 Fig. 5. Lymphatic Glands of the Tongue of Cattle. A. — Superior Face. B. — Lateral. C. — Inferior. 1. Epiglottis. 2. Cricoid Cartilage. 3. Arytenoid Cartilage. 4. Hyoid Bone. 5. Retro-Pharyngeal Lymphatic Gland. 6. Amygdale. 7. Foramen Ccecum of Mortgagny. 8. Soft Palate. 9. Thyroid Cartilage. 10. Crico-Thyroideus Muscle. 11. Maxillary Lymphatic Gland. 12. Maxillary Salivary Gland. 13. Sub-Lingual Salivary Gland. 14. Thyro-Pharyngeus Muscle. 15. Hyo-Thyroideus Muscle. 16. Sterno-Hyoideus Muscle. 17. Thyroid Body. 18. Sterno-Hyoideus Muscle. 19. Pterygo-Pharyngeus Muscle. 40 LYMPHATIC GLANDS the tonsil, which is at the base of the tongue, and which is recognized by the fact that its bottom is covered with lymphoid crests and is open near the lateral insertion of the velum palati, opposite the apex of the epiglottis. On section, the tonsil, which may also be diseased and hypertrophied by tuber- culous lesions, shows, among the lymphoid follicles, small yellowish, muciparous granules, which cannot be mistaken for lesions. CHAPTER III Lymph Glands of the Abdominal Wall, Pelvic Cavity and Hind Extremity To exactly locate the anatomical situation of the lymph glands of these regions, one must be well acquainted with the relations of the aortic trunk and have knowledge of its ramifications. Sub-Lumbar Region. In front of the hilus of each kidney and at the junction of the renal veins and arteries with the aortic trunk and the vena cava, the renal gland is found. It is of the size of a hazel nut, and must not be confused with the supra-renal capsules. These, however, are the larg- er and are situated near the anterior part of the kid- ney, and on section show a thin cortical layer of a light brown color and of a uniform thickness, readily distinguished from the medullary layer which is of a rosy, yellowish color. The right renal lymph gland is almost always concealed by the renal vein which covers it. On each side of the sub-lumbar portion of the posterior aorta, there are a series of small lymph or 41 42 LYMPHATIC GLANDS IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 43 Fig. 6. Relations of Lymphatic Glands of the Hind Quarter to the Blood Vessels. 1. External Iliac Lymphatic Gland. 2. Middle Iliac Lymphatic Gland. 3. Internal Iliac Lymphatic Gland. 4. Ischiatic Lymphatic Gland. 5. Gluteal Lymphatic Gland. 6. Sacroiliac Lymphatic Gland. 7. Popliteal Lymphatic Gland. 8. Inguinal Lymphatic Gland. 9. Renal Lymphatic Gland. 10. Pre-Crural Lymphatic Gland. 11. Circumflex Iliac Lymphatic Gland. 12. Sub-Lumbar Lymphatic Gland. 44 LYMPHATIC GLANDS hematic glands (lumbo-aortic chain), irregularly distributed in the fat that covers the vascular trunks. In front of the terminal quadri furcation of the posterior aorta and of the posterior vena cava, there are two or three glands (sub-lumbar), which are much larger and which are found lying upon the blood-vessels. Pelvic Region. In the angle formed by the ex- ternal and internal iliac arteries there is a small gland, the internal iliac; and in the angle formed by the two internal iliacs and on the median line there is another of the same size but single, which is called the median iliac or snb-sacral gland. The internal iliac artery, continued by the ischi- atic, is often provided with a small lymph gland, concealed in fat, and on a level with the point of origin of the internal pudic artery. Coming out of the pelvic cavity, through the small sciatic notch, the ischiatic artery and vein are in connection with a lymph gland, the ischiatic, which is quite large. To expose it, one must follow the internal iliac and is- chiatic arteries and raise the ischio-renal muscle which covers the small ischiatic notch. The gland, enveloped with fat, is on the border of the notch. On each side of the vertebral body of the sacrum, there may be found, enveloped with pelvic fat, one or two small glands, often hematic, known as the lateral sacral. On the external face of the sacro- sciatic ligament opposite the transverse process of IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 45 the third sacral vertebra and against the posterior border of the middle gluteus muscle, there is a gland the size of an almond, which has not yet been de- scribed, and near which the gluteal artery and vein arrive. This gland, however, which will be called the gluteal, is not always present. Another little gland is also frequently found in front of it. It is situated back of the sacro-iliac articulation, and hence the name of sacro-iliac is given to it. From the internal pudic artery and vein vascular branches run backward to meet a lymph gland situ- ated in the fat at the base of the tail, and which is named the anal gland. .Crural Region. On the sides of the border of the anterior straight muscle of the pelvis, on the surface of the great psoas muscle and in the angle formed by the external iliac and the circumflex iliac arteries, there is a large gland, the pre-iliac or ex- ternal iliac, which is easily exposed by cutting, flat- wise, the prepelvic mass of fat which is thickest at that point. Below the angle of the haunch, the circumflex iliac artery subdivides into two branches, and, on a level with this bifurcation, there is found the iliac circumflex gland, although it is not always pres- ent. It is about the size of a hazel nut. The posterior or pre-crural branch of the circumflex artery comes out of the abdominal cavity by a kind of arch, sloping slightly over the superior bor- 46 LYMPHATIC GLANDS IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 47 Fig. 7. Lymphatic Glands of the Pelvic Cavity. 1. Ischiatic Lymphatic Gland. 2. Internal Iliac Lymphatic Gland. 3. Middle Iliac Lymphatic Gland. 4. External Iliac Lymphatic Gland. 5. Anal Lymphatic Gland. 6. Superficial Inguinal Lymphatic Gland. 7. Gluteal Lymphatic Gland. 8. Sacro-Iliac Lymphatic Gland. 48 LYMPHATIC GLANDS n oo IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 49 Fig. 8. Lymphatic Glands of Hind Quarter of Cattle. 1. Ischiatic. 2. Popliteal. 3. Inguino-Perineal 4. Inguinal. 5. Pre-Crural. 6. External Iliac. 7. Internal Iliac. 6. Circumflex Iliac. 9. Middle Iliac. 10. Sub-Lumbar. 50 LYMPHATIC GLANDS der of the aponeurosis of the great oblique muscle of the abdomen, and then lies on the internal face of the ilio-aponeurotic muscle, whence it reaches the hilus of an enormous elongated lymph gland, called the pre crural. This gland is situated back of the hollow portion of the flank between the anterior border of the fleshy portion of the fascia lata and the posterior border of the panniculus carnosus. It is enveloped with the fat of the stifle region. There is no pre-crural glandular chain. On the external face and near the anterior border of the muscle tensor vaginae, there are often two or three small glands, which are hemo-lymphatic in nature. Four other similar glands are situated in the hollow portion of the flank, two fingers across from the posterior border of the last rib and on the surface of the great oblique muscle of the abdomen, to which they intimately adhere. Those four glands are of various sizes and are four or five centimeters apart, forming a sort of square. In animals in good condition, they are surrounded by the fat of the flank. Exceptionally, one of these glands may be adherent to the last rib. Quite often all four are hematic. Under the aponeurosis of the great oblique mus- cle of the abdomen, on a line with the crural arch and between the two terminal branches of the ad- ductor of the thigh, there is sometimes found, along the femoral artery, a large gland, called the deep IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 51 inguinal. If, on the posterior wall of the inguinal canal, one follows the external pudic artery, there will be found near its division into the sub-cuta- neous artery of the abdomen and the mammary ar- tery or the dorsal artery of the penis, a pair of glands, which are -specially large in cows rich in milk. These are the superficial inguinal of males, the retro-mammary of females. Taking into con- sideration a half carcass, we may say that this organ is situated in the fat of the perineum, and, in a split carcass, it can be discovered by cutting away the fat and by following a line, the continuation of that which limits in front the anterior border of the muscular sub-pubic symphysis. In animals cas- trated by sub-cutaneous double torsion, this cut ex- poses sometimes the atrophied testicles, which pre- sent a uniform saffron yellow color and which are surrounded near the capsula by a reddish vascular border. If, after removing the muscles of the internal cru- ral region, including the semi-membranosus, the great deep muscular artery is traced as it twists within the coxo- femoral articulation, one will meet, at the apex of the angle formed by the posterior line of the gemini of the leg and the anterior border of the semi-tendinosus, a fatty mass which surrounds a rather large gland, the popliteal, which is easily exposed by cutting away the fat that lies between the two muscles. 52 LYMPHATIC GLANDS IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 55 Fig. 9. Superficial Glands of the Trunk. 1. Level of Popliteal Lymphatic Gland. 2. Anal Lymphatic Gland. 3. Pre-Crural Lymphatic Gland. 4. Hematic Glands of the Ilio-Aponeuroticus Muscle. 5. Boundary of the Hypochondria. 6. Lymphatic Glands of the Flank. 7. Axillary Lymphatic Glands. 54 LYMPHATIC GLANDS Without separating the three crural masses of the thigh, one can remove this gland with the fat that surrounds it by cutting between the tendinous muscle and the biceps femoris. The line of separa- tion of these two muscles is in that of the prolonga- tion of the external saphena vein, which outwardly follows the external border of the tendo achillis. CHAPTER IV Visceral Lymphatic Glands Lungs. To understand the topographic arrange- ment of the lymphatic glands of the lungs, it is necessary to explain the anatomical relations exist- ing between the bronchial tree and the blood-vessels, factors of the pulmonary hematosis. In dissecting the bronchial disposition of each lung, it may be ob- served that, after passing the hilus of each organ, the principal bronchia (bronchial trunk, bronchial root) remains straight, and, while its diameter di- minishes gradually, it runs backwards parallel with the dorsal border of the organ, remaining at about one- third of the height of the mediastinal face. Only a thickness of four or five centimeters of in- flated pulmonary tissue covers it, and it is only at its much reduced extremity that its dichotomic rami- fication takes place. On the course of this bronchial trunk, a series of primary bronchise branch off, somewhat regularly, varying according to their 55 56 LYMPHATIC GLANDS IN MEAT-PRODUCING ANIMALS 57 -o c cd CO 3 o *a aJ *a -M c 3 G rt aJ ctf a. 3 "irf 3 GO 60 >> .1? U3 *-H 3 i-l 15 c o s CO | HI .*5 o C o Ih o G o G tt 3 Ih u C o n Ih m o CU CU ! Ih Oh H ft, c 1—1 Ih Ph a i— i Csi «r> -* to vd •IH 3 o 5 •J 1 a, E >> 1-1 4-> CO as 43 1 1) rt # Ch <} CO as > a ,g a -M h-1 £5 a, ■*-• < aJ o CU Dorso-aortic glands Great number and development (swine) ^ Dorsal region of chest , Lymph glands of (swine). .72-74 Duodenal, mesenteric Lymph glands of (swine) ^ Echinococci 140 Of lymph glands ™ J Encephaloid sarcomata In cattle ; iqD Endoparasitic fungi In lymph glands 141-14* Enteritis . ir , Lymph glands in 1W Emphysema .,« Effects on lymph glands....... -U Eosinophilous cells U1 "" J Eosinophily . . , When it is marked in animal body . n ^ In parasitic diseases ±- J Eosinophiles p-j In fevers ••• •••• .r. In case of normal temperature US Epitheliornata ,« In lymph glands. 10 ° Epizootic lymphangitis Fungi in Evisceration . , q Of thoracic organs in cattle... c» Of thoracic organs in swine *J Examined , . ,. Glands most frequently m liv- ing animals Fibrous tisstie . .., In sclerotic glands (swine).... l-M Finding retro-pharangeal glands (swine) > : Flora, normal microbism Of lymphatic glands 1M " 1M Follicles 11t - 11fi Lymph, nature of lib at. Follicular cords 117 Of lymph glands 1U Follicular masses Blood vessels and these in lymphatics 11Q Follicular hypertrophy in leukemia 1,M gangrenous septicemia 157 Gastric grooves Location of lymph glands in (bovine) ° 4 General remarks . , m On lymph glands (sheep) 100 Germinative centers Of lymph glands j : ' Glanders ljj Glandular chains , Of stomach (bovine) '* Glandular mass . _ Sub-tracheal (swine) ' J Glandular chain . Of colic lymphatics (swine)... Jy Of small colon and rectum (horse) luy Glandular substance Character of in large glands., lib Glandular alterations In febrile diseases 114 In sclerosis Jr.? In lymphadenia Jv2 In tumor formation .• • • i- 50 In pathological pigmentation I n emphysema 139-140 Glandular pulp .. Inoculation which causes dis- ease Glandular tissue ^o Tolerance for tuberculosis U>* Glandular lesions lfi0 In tuberculosis CU tf"e of in large In* glands Globo-cellular sarcomata In cattle Globules, white ^q In lymphatics Granules, lymph . , Of the sterno-pencardial gland ^ (horse) Grains of melanin „ R Appearance in glands ^° Granulations Lymphatic, of bronchiae (horse) pg Neutrophilus ...-•• •• Of sub-scapular region ( swl _ n ^ 5 . 86 Granules ... v. „,» n „1p<; Deep inguinal lymph granules ^ (swine) • ; v.'.: • In front of tendo-achilhs ^ (swine) : ; Lymph, near triangularis sterm ^ muscle • •* " "1" *11" Lymph, of middle cervical re- t-ion (horse) . ._ •• ;•" 1fR Of pericardial region (horse).. 1<8 Gastric (horse) 1( : q Splenic (horse) ••.••••; Of posterior mediastinum ^ (horse) 163 SYNOPTICAL INDEX Granular chain Shoulder (horse) 107 Granular deposits in visceral congestions 136 Granular leucocytes Place of origin 122 Nucleus of 122 Passage to blood 122 Gutteral pouches Relation of salivary glands to (horse) 106 Head Lymph glands of (bovine)... .36-40 Lymph glands of (swine) 81-85 Lymph glands of (horse) 106 Helminthes Of lymph glands 156 Hematic glands Definition of 126 Hemalymphatic glands Sisternal (bovine) 28 Of inferior cervical vein (bo- vine) 32 Of the dorsal angle of scapula (bovine) 32 Omo-trochelian (bovine) 33 On neck after removing leg (bovine) 33 Lumbo-aortic chain (bovine)... 44 Lateral sacral (bovine) 45 Of the tensor vaginae muscle (bovine) 50 On the hollow of the flank (bo- vine) 56-57 Intra-pulmonary (bovine) 58 Sub-lumbar (sheep) 103 Sterno-pericardial gland (horse) 105 Of triangularis - sterni muscle (horse) 105 Of the middle cervical region (horse) 106 Of the shoulder (horse) 107 Of the pre-crural region (horse) 108 Of the gastric region (horse).. 109 Of the splenic region (horse).. 109 Of the posterior mediastinum (horse) 109 Definition of 126 Hematopoiesis Occasioned by hematics 126 Hematids Where found . . 126 Hematopoietic action Of hematics in old animals 127 Hemorhagic secpticemia Effects on lymph glands 155 Hilus of liver Relation to hepatic lymph glands (horse) 109 Hind leg (bovine) Lymphatic glands of. 45-54 Histological characteristics Of normal lymph glands 115-118 Of compound glands 118 Of hematids 126 Hog cholera Lymph glands in 155-156 Horse Lymph glands of 105-109 Lesions of lymphatics in glan- ders 156 Melano-sarcomatosis in 136 Melanin in 136 Horse distemper Lesions in lymph glands 156 Hyoid bone (bovine) Its relation to retropharyngeal lymphatics 36 Hyperemic condition Of glands in acute diseases... 131 Hyperplasia In lymphadenia 134 Hypostasis Effects on lymphatics in acute diseases 133 Hypertrophic lymph glands In tuberculosis 158-159 Ueo-caecal region Lymph glands of (bovine) 65-68 Lymph glands of (horse) 109 Ileo-caecal valve Lymph glands of (swine) 98 Ileo- jejunal chain (bovine) 98 Iliac glands Condition in acute diseases... 43 Iliac lymph glands (horse) 109 Imperfect fungi In lymph glands 144 Incipient tuberculosis Glandular lesions of 160 Infections, palustral Leucocytosis in 123 Inguinal glands In putrid meat 163-164 Intercostal spaces Eleventh and twelfth glands of (bovine 25 Intercostal lymph glands Absence of (swine) 73 Absence of (sheep) 103 Intermittent fevers Infiltrations of organs in 136 Interstitial gaseous infiltration Of lymph glands 139 Intestines Lymph glands of (bovine) 65-68 Lymph glands of (swine) 98-99 Lymph glands of (horse) 109-115 Intestinal coccidiosis Of lymph glands 149 Intra - pulmonary lymph glands (swine) 94 Ischiatic lymph gland (swine) Its anatomical data differing from cattle 90 Means of finding it 90 Jejunum Lymph glands of (bovine) 65 Lymph glands of (swine)...... 98 SYNOPTICAL INDEX 169 Karyokenesis Of leucocytes in lymph glands 107 Lactescent juice Of lymph glands 117 Lean hog or cow Superior retro-parotid gland in 81 Leg, anterior Lymph glands of (bovine) 29-33 Lymph glands of (swine) 86-87 Lymph glands of (horse) 106-107 Leg, posterior Lymph glands of (swine). ... .88-89 Lymph glands of (horse) 107-108 Lymph glands of (bovine). .. .45-54 Lesions of actinobacillosis In lymph glands 148 Leucemia Increase of leucocytes in 121 Lymph gland, colorative in 133 Leucocytes Packed in lymph glands 117 Great mononuclear in lymph glands 117 Nature and characteristics of.. 118 Kinds 118 Elective properties for color... 118 Effects of analine on 118 Polynuclear 121 Characteristics of polynuclears 121 Situation of polynuclears 121 Effects of actinobacilli upon... 149 In lymph glands in rouget 155 Position in lymph glands 120 Place where they develop 120 Nature of 120 Small mononuclear 120 Large monoculear 120 Leucocytic formula Of young animals 123 Leucocytogenesis In glands of eld animals 125 Leucocytosis In fevers 125 Leucopoietic centers 126 Linguatulae In lymph glands 150 In sheep 150 Lesions in sheep 150 Liquid Of medullary zone of lymph glands 117 Liver and pancreas Lymph glands of (bovine) 61 Lymph glands of (swine) 95 No lymph glands adhere to the liver 95 Lymph glands of (horse) 109 Lobes, of lungs (swine) Anatomy of 94 Lobulated glands Sus-epitrochlear (horse) 107 Lobulated mass Prescapular lymph gland (horse) 107 Lobules Of maxillary lymph gland (horse) 106 Of superficial inguinal region (horse) 108 Lungs Lymph glands of (bovine) 55-69 Lymph glands of (swine) 91-95 Lymph glands of (horse) 109 Anthracosis of 137 Lymph Leucocytes in 121 Lymphadenia Large granular hypertrophies in 134 Comparison with neoplasms or tubercular change 134 Description of lesion 134 Effects on all glands 134 Lymphatics — hemo or hematic — See hemolymphatic glands. Lymph follicles Normal nature of 115-116 Lymphatic glands Incision of, in meats uninspec- ted by veterinary sanitar- ians 114 Pathological alterations, ne- cessity for knowledge of 14, 15, 16. Examination, to differentiate diseases 15 Location, where usually foundl5-16 Relation to blood vessels 16 Size, in different animals 16 Best method for study of 16 Left on neck (bovine) in re- moving foreleg is the pre- scapular 33 Normal appearance of 115-116 Appearance of products of 119-123 Normal elementary nature of. . 115 Compound character of 115 Leucocytes in 121 Pathological alterations in.. 131-163 Appearnace in melano-sarcoma- tosis (horses) 131-163 Parasitic alterations in 149-151 In symptomatic anthrax. 157 In gangrenous septicemia..... 157 Filters for tubercle bacilli in the young 160 Non-filters for tubercle bacilli in adults .. 160 Caseous lymph adenitis of 163 Lymph gland location Bovine species Thoracic glands Entrance to chest Prepectoral 21 Internal prepectoral 24 External prepectoral preaxillary) 24 External carotid (of first rib) 24 170 SYNOPTICAL INDEX Lymph gland location (continued) Dorsal region Anterior intercostal.... 24 Dorso-aortic of posterior intercostal 25 Sternai region Sus-sternal 25-28 Presusternal 28 Sub-pleural of sixth rib 28 Sterno-pericardiac . 28 Anterior diaphragmatic (esophago-aortic) 29 Glands of anterior leg Subscapular 29 Sus-epitrochlear 29 Prescapular (inferior cer- vical) 29-32 Scapular hemo-lymphat- • ics 29-32 Glands of the head and neck Glands of the neck Middle cervical 33 Sub-atloid 33 Glands of the head Parotid 36 Maxillary or subglos- sal 36 Retro-pharyngeal (sub- sphenoidal or hyoid gland 36 Minor pharyngeal gland 3/ Lymph glands of the tongue Relation of maxillary and retro-pharyngeal to 37-40 Lymph glands cf the abdom- inal wall Sub-lumbar region Renal 44 Sub-lumbar 44 Pelvic region Internal iliac 44 Median iliac (sub-sa- cral) 44 Internal pudic 44 Ischiatic 44 Lateral sacral 44 Gluteal 45 Sacro-iliac 45 Anal 45 Lymph glands of the hind extremity Pre-iliac (external il- ial) 45 Iliac-circumflex 45-50 Precrural 50 Ilio-crural 68-69 Deep inguinal 51 Superficial inguinal (of males) 51 Retro-mammary (of fe- males) 51 Papliteal 54 Lymph gland location (continued) Lymph glands of the lungs Intra-pulmonary 58 Pre - tracheo - bronchial (right) 59 Pre - tracheo - bronchial (left) 59 Lymph gland of second bronchia 59 Glandular chain of bron- chia 59-60 Gland of right tracheal lobe 60 Gland of the supplemen- tary lobe 60 Inter-tracheo bronchial Posterior mediastinal (esophago-aortic) 60 Anterior aesopha g e a 1 (tracheo - aesophageal) 60 Sub tracheal 61 Lymph glands of the liver and pancreas The five hepatic glands 61 Pancreatic 61 Lymph glands of the spleen Splenic 64 Lymph glands of the stomach Gastric 64 Superior face Glands of median fis- sure 64 Glands of reticulum, omasum and aboma- sum 64 Inferior face Glands of rumen...... 64 Glands of the inferior artery of the rumen 64 Glands of the aboma- sum 65 Lymph glands of the in- testines 65 Mesenteric (small intestines) ...65-68 Mesenteric (large intestines) ...65-68 Of colic artery 65 Of the spiroid colon 65 Caecal glands 68 Ileo-caecal 68 Of the small mesenteric artery 68 The Horse Thoracic lymph glands Axillary 105 Internal prepectorals.. . 105 Presusternal (absent).. 105 Of triangularis sterni muscle 105 Sterno-pericardial 105 SYNOPTICAL INDEX 171 Lymph gland location (continued) Lymph glands of head and neck Preparotid 106 Maxillary (sub-glossal) 106 Retro-pharyngeal 106 Sub-atloid 106 Of jugular groove (mid- dle cervical glands). . . 106 Lymph glands of anter- ior leg Prescapular 106-107 Cervical (absent) 107 Sub-scapular 107 Sus-epitrochlear 107 Lymph glands ot abdom- inal wall and pos- terior leg Renal .••• 107 Lumbo-aortic 107 Sub-lumbar 107 Median iliac 107 Internal iliac 107 External iliac 107 Circumflex iliacs 108 Glands of flank 108 Precrural ; 108 Superficial inguinal 108 Deep inguinals 108 Ischiatic 108 Popliteal 108 Lymph glands of stomach Of small curvature near insertion of omentum, i.e. gastric 108 Lymph glands of small intestines and large intestines Mesenteric 109 Caecal 109 Ileo-caecal 109 Colic 109 Rectal 109 Anal 109 Lymph glands of liver and pancreas Hepatic 109 Pancreatic 109 Lymph glands of spleen Splenic 109 Lymph glands of lungs Pre-tracheo-bronchial. . 109 Intertracheo-bronchial.. 109 Anterior aesophageal. . . 109 Posterior aesophageal.. 109 Sheep Characteristics of certain lymph glands in sheep Deep inguinal 103 Anal ••• 103 Ischiatic 103 Iliac 103 Sub-lumbar 103 Intercostals 103 Presusternals 103 Susternals 103 Lymph gland location (continued) Lymph glands of head, cervical region and viscera 103 Swine Thoracic glands Prepecto-tracheal 71 Axillary 71 Dorsal region Dorso-aortic 71 Sternal region Presusternal . 74 Sterno-diaphragmatic . . 74 Lymph glands of neck and head Preparotid 77 Retro-parotid 79-80 Sub-atloid ^ Retro-pharyngeal (sub- sphenoidal 80 Middle servical 80-83 Retro - parotids (s u m ; mary) 83 Sub-parotids (summary) 83 Maxillary 83 Lymph glands of anterior ■ P leg 85-86 Tracheal or sub-scapu- lar granulations 85-86 Absence of sus-epitroch- lear ••• 86 Pre-scapular 86 Lymph glands of abdominal cavity Sub-lumbar region 87 Renal 87 Lumbo-aortic 87 Sub-lumbar 87 Iliac region 87-88 Iliac 87 Middle iliacs 87 (internal and external) 87 Circumflex iliac 88 Lymph glands of posterior leg Femoral region Precrural 88 Superficial inguinal 88-89 Deep inguinal lym p h granulations 89 Tibial region Popliteal 89 Pelvic region Lateral sub-sacral ?0 Ischiatic 90 Anal 90 Visceral lymph glands Lungs Aesophageal vV'" ni Pretracheo-bronchial .. 91 Tracheo-aesophageal ... 94 Intertracheo - bronchial 94 Tracheo-bronchial 94 Interlobular 84 Superior tracheal 94 Prepectoral 94 Intra-pulmonary 94 172 SYNOPTICAL INDEX Lymph gland location (continued) Liver Hepatic .... 94 Pancreas Pancreatic , 95 Stomach Gastric 95-98 Spleen Spleenic 98 Intestines Mesenteric . .. 98 Duodenal portion 98 Jejunal portion 98 Ileal portion 98 Ileo-caecal 98 .Colic , 99 Lymph granules Of middle cervical re- gion (horse) 106 Lymphocytosis In young animals 123 Lymphoid bodies Of lymph glands 116 Lymphoid crests Of tonsils (bovine) 40 Lymphoid follicles In swine, character of 125 Affected with rouget... 155 Lymphoid zona Of glands in old an- imals 125 Lymphoma Tuberculous form of 158 Mammary lymph glands Effects of emphysema upon... 139 Man, lymph glands of Middle cervical of swine and deep cervical of man.... 81 Retro-pharangeal of swine and external jugular of man 81 Lymph follicles of man 125 Manipulation Means of manipulating maxil- lary lymph glands 84 Maxillary salivary gland Covers sub-atloid of (bovine) 33-36 In swine, difference in cross- secion between it and maxil- lary lymph gland 84 In acute diseases 133 Meat-producing animals Normal lymph glands of 115-118 Meat, putrid Characteristics of 163 Medullary zone Of lymph glands 11/ Melanin In melano sarcomatosis (horse) 136 Melano-sarcomatosis in horse Contents of tumors 136 Origin of tumors 136 Mesentery (swine) Lymph glands between folds of 99 Mesenteric artery Lymph glands near (swine) 99 Relation to thirty groups of lymphatics (horse) 109 Mesenteric lymph glands (sheep) Taenioid linguatula in 160 Lesions caused by 150 Mesenteric lymph glands And coccidiosis 149 And trichinosis 150 Meso-splenic ligament (swine) Relation to splenic lymph glands 150 Microbes, pyogenic In lymph glands 58 Microbian alterations _ Of lymph glands 153-154 Microorganisms In domestic animals 142 Missing Presusternal glands (horse)... 105 Missing in swine Retropharyngeal glands 80 Mononuclear cells Small, lymph cells 120 Large, description of 120 Mucous membrane Lymphatic tissue in hog 116 Mycelial growth Of fungi in glands 141-142 Myelocytes (see granular leucocytes) 124 Neck Lymph glands of (bovine). ...33-36 Lymph glands of .(swine) 77-80 Lymph glands of (horse) 106 Nerve Pneumogastric, its relation to hyoid lymphatics (bovine)... 37 Neutral coloratives 119 Neutrophilous cells 120 Neutrophilous granulations 120 Normal microbian flora Of lymph glands 153-154 Non-pathogenic organisms In lymphatic glands 153 Occult tuberculosis 158 Old animals Leucocytes in blood of 122 Oomycetes mucorineas In lymph glands 142 Origin Of lymphocytes 123 Of mononuclear leucocytes . . . 123 Of polynuclear leucocytes 123 Palpation Of popliteal gland in swine.. 89-90 Palustral infections Mononuclear leucocytes in 123 SYNOPTICAL INDEX 173 Pancreas Lymph glands of (bovine) 60 Is not continuous with liver (swine) 95 Comparison of that of swine and cattle 95 Lymph glands of swine 94-98 Situation of (swine) 95 Lymph glands of (horse) 109 Parotid salivary gland (cattle) Its relation to lymph glands.. 36 Parotid salivary gland (swine) Lymph glands on anterior bor- der 77 Lymph glands near posterior border . , 77 Great size and extent in hogs 80 Parotid Lymph glands of horse 106 Lymph glands in aged hogs... 134 Parasitic diseases Eosinophily in 123 Parasitic alterations In lymph glands 141-142 Parasitisms, animal Their relation to lymph glands 150 Pathogenic organisms In lymphatic glands 153 Pathological alterations In lymph glands 131-164 Pathological changes In lymph glands inacute dis- eases 134 Patches, Peyers In the hog 115-116 Pelvic region Lymph glands of (bovine) 44-45 Lymph glands of (swine) 90 Peyers patches in the hog 115-116 Phagocytes 120 Phagocytic character Of leucocytes 120 Pharynx Relation to lymph glands (horse) 106 •Physiological coloration of hem- atic and lymphatic glands. 127 Physiological pulmonary anthra- cosis 137 Pigmentation Of lymph glands with mel- anin 136 With hematogenous matter 137 With coal particles 137 Pleura Removing growths from (bo- vine and swine) 15 Plexiform nervous ganglion (bo- vine) Relation to hyoid lymphatics.. 37 Its size in cattle 37 Pneumonia Prebronchial glands in 137 Polynuclear leucocytes With neutrophilous grains 121 With acidophilous grains 121 Situation and character of acidophilous leucocytes 121 Popliteal lymph gland (swine) Different topography than in cattle 89 Means of finding it 89 Palpation of 90 Popliteal glands Appearance in acute infections 133 In tuberculosis 161 Portal vein Relation to hepatic lymph glands (horse) 109 Posterior leg (swine) Lymph glands of 88-90 Posterior leg (horse) Lymph glands of 107-108 Precrural glandular chain Not in cattle ._ 50 Precrural lymph gland (swine) Peculiar topography 88 Means of finding 88 Precrural gland In tuberculosis 161 Prescapular gland (swine) Volume and lobulation 86 Its topographic anatomy 86 Condition in acute diseases... 133 In putrid meat 163 Pretracheo-bronchial glands Difference in location (bovine) 59 Protozoa And lymph glands 149 Pseudo- tuberculosis See bovine enteritis 162 Pulmonary blood vessels (bovine) Their relation to the bronchial tree ., 55-58 Pulmonary lymphatics (swine)... 94 Pulpous surfaces Of lymph glands 117 Purulent adenitis In swine 162 Pus-forming microbes In lymph glands 152 Putrefaction of meat Lymph glands in 163 Pyogenic organisms In lymph glands 153-154 Red color Of some swine lymphatics 127 Rectal lymph glands (bovine).... 68 Reticulated tissue Of lymph glands 118 Retropharyngeal lymph gland (bo- vine) Position on removing head 37 Retro-parotid chain Of lymph glands (swine) 80 Retropharyngeal lymph gland Most affected with actinobacil- losis 147 Rib, eleventh and twelfth Glands of (bovine) 25 174 SYNOPTICAL INDEX Rib, thirteenth Large gland near (bovine) 54 Right renal lymph gland (bovine) Concealed by renal chain 41 Rouget Effects on lymph glands 155 Salivary glands Parotid, its relations to paro- tid lymph gland (cattle) 36 Maxillary, its relation to max- illary lymph gland (cattle) 36 Parotid, its relation to paro- tid lymph glands (swine)... 77-81 Maxillary, its relation to max- illary lymph glands (swine)81-84 Salivary maxillary Distinction from maxillary lymph gland (swine) 84 Lymph glands near (horse)... 106 Salivary, parotid Distinction from sub-parotid lymph gland (swine) 81 Sarcomata In lymph glands, description of 135 Scarpas triangle Lymph glands of (horse) 108 Sclerosis Lymph glands affected by 133 In aged sows and boars 134 Characteristicts of in lymph glands 134 Causes of 134 Septa Of compound lymph glands .. 116 Of lymph glands of swine 125 Septicemia hemorrhagica Lymph glands in 155 Septicemia, Gangrenous 158 Sheep Lymph glands of 103 Hematids in 126 Anthrax lesions in lymph glands of v 154 Caseous adenitis in 162 Sinuses Cavernous, of lymph glands... 116 Situation Of lymph glands (swine) 71-98 Of lymph glands (sheep) 103 Of lymph glands (horse). .. .105-109 •Of lymph glands (cattle) ....21-68 Small mesenteric artery (swine) Lymph glands near 99 Solvent Sulphuric acid action on pig- ment 139 Spleen Lymph glands of (bovine) ..61-64 Lymph glands of (swine) 98 Lymph glands of (horse) 109 Action of hematics in 126 Staphylococci In lymph glands 154 Staphylococci equi, cause of horse distemper 157 Statistics Of tuberculosis in animals in Paris 108 Sternal region Lymph glands in (bovine).... 25 Sterno-diaphragmatic gland 32 Exceptional in swine 74 Sterno-mastoid muscle Relation to thymus in young swine -. 84-85 Stomach Lymph glands of (swine) 25 Lymph glands of (horse) 108 Lymph glands of (bovine) 64-65 Varying location of glands.... 64 Streptococci In lymph glands 153 Stroma Albuginia, of lymph glands... 117 Sub-atloid lymph gland (swine) Comparison with thymus 85 Sub-lingual gland Most affected with actinobacil- losis , 148 Sub-lumbar region Lymph glands of (bovine).... 41-44 Sub-maxillary lymph glands And cysticerci cellulosae 150 Sub-scapular gland (horse) Its size 107 Sulphuric acid Action on hematic pigments... 139 Superficial inguinal glands In tuberculosis 161 In swine, finding it 89 Supplementary lobe of lung glands of (bovine) 60 Support To blood vessels of lymph glands 117 Supra-renal capsules Description of (bovine) 41 Appearance of section 41 Confusion of with renal lymph glands 41 Sus-epitrochlear gland Wanting in swine 84 Swine Lymph glands of 71-98 Lymph glands of chest 71-74 Lymph glands of neck 77-80 Lymph glands of head 81-85 Lymph glands of abdominal wall 80-88 Lymph glands of posterior leg87-90 Lymph glands of pelvic cavity 90 Visceral lymph glands 91-99 Liver lymph glands 94 Pancreas lymph glands 95-98 Stomach lymph glands 98 Splenic glands 98 Intestinal lymph glands 98-99 Mesenteric lymph glands 99 Rarity of hematic glands ..... 127 Lymph glands on acute dis- eases 133 SYNOPTICAL INDEX 175 Swine (continued] Maxillary lymph gland con- gestion 133 Lymph glands in diseases of... 156 Tuberculosis in 162 Caseous adenitis in 162 Swine plague Lymph glands in 162 Symptomatic anthrax Lymph glands in 153 Tearing serous membranes Suspicion of 14 Thoracic cavity Lymph glands of (bovine) 21 Lymph glands of (swine) 71-75 Lymph glands of (horse) 105 Coal particles in glands of 137 Thoracic duct microorganisms 153 Thyroid gland (swine) Situation 74 Condition 74 Differentiation from lymph glands 74 Appearance in young pigs 75 Appearance in sows 75 Appearance in males 75 Thymus gland Confusion of cervical portion with deep cervical lymph glands 84 Thymus gland body Confusion of lymph glands of chest entrance 85 Its elongation in swine 85 Appearance and attachments in swine 85 Confusion with axillary lymph glands 85 Tongue lymph glands of (bovine)37-40 Tonsils Where found (bovine) 40 Description of (bovine) 41 Lymphoid crests of (bovine).. 40 Topographic anatomical data Necessity for knowledge of 13 Trabeculae Of lymph glands 116 Triangularis sterni muscle Absence of intercostal glands (swine) 74 Trichinae spiralis In mesenteric glands 151 Tuberculosis Examination of lymph glands for needful 13 Differentiation from other dis- eases 21 Tuberculosis of the tonsils... 40 Tuberculosis (continued) Tubercular hypertrophy of the lymph glands 58 Effect on right pretracheo- bronchial gland (bovine)... 59 Not to be confused with lymph- adenia 134 Distinguished from sarcomata 135 Differentiation from lesions of aspergillosis 142-154 Differentiation from actino- bacillosis 148 Of the lymph glands 158-159 Tuberculous lymphoma 158 Occult glandular tuberculosis.. 158 Variety of lesions in lymph glands 159 .Non-infection of mesenteries... 160 Filtration of tubercle bacilli by lymphatics 160 Pulmonary infection by way the alimentary tract 160 Glandular lesions of 160 Muscular glands in 161 Prepectoral glands in 161 Popliteal glands in 161 Superficial inguinal glands in. 161 Statistics of glandular infec- tion 161 Tumors Kinds affecting lymph glands.. 135 Variations in structure of normal lymphatic glands Reasons for the variations 125-127 Vegetable carbon In lymph glands 138 Vegetable parasites Affecting lymph glands 141-150 Viscera Lymph glands of (bovine) 55-68 Lymphatic glands of (horse) 108-109 Visceral congestion Discolorations in 137 Wall, abdominal Lymph glands of (horse) 107-108 Lymph glands of (bovine) 41-44 White globules 118 Worms And lymph glands 150-5 Young animals Lymphocytes in blood of 122 Largeness of lymphoid sur- faces in 125 Zona Of lymph glands 125 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 021 469 243 Uh ffl m H 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