D 570 ^ irjyi FACT TESTS ^ for Every American Prepared byWilliamH Allen 1>irector; IrvsUtuteJbr Public Sen>ice I918 WORLD BOOK COMPANY Itbnkers-on-Hudson, New"Vbrk In Easter week of 1918 when two civil- izations were facing one another over Euro- pean trenches, a rural teacher wrote for information that would help her school debate the question whether Washington was a greater man than Lincoln! Such obliviousness to the school's opportunity and obligation is not limited to one small school. Children and other non-combatants are sharing not only war's excitement and emotion, devotion and hero-worship, but also its sacrifices, its fears and its horrors. Where information or lack of information has such far reaching effects it is unfair and dangerous to leave to accident what children and college students learn about war issues, war steps, war needs, war dangers and peace aims. No nation, not even our own, can afford to run the risk of having millions of homes misinformed and confused with regard to this war's main issues. This summary of war facts is issued in the hope that it will be helpful not only in civics classes but in the hands of teachers and principals in conducting any class in any subject or in making patriotic use of assembly exercises. WAR FACT TESTS for Every American PaRC I. W/iy we are at war 3 II. Our peace aims 14 III. Home town war facts 15 IV. Home state war facts 29 V. Home country war facts 38 VI. World war facts 51 VII. After- the- war needs 69 VIII. Commencement suggestions, etc. 75 Prepared by William H. Allen Director, Institute for Public Service 1918 WORLD BOOK COMPANY Yonkers-on-Hudson, New York Copyrizht, 1918, by World Book Company /A? To Users '^ '^ bC of War Fact Tests ^ War facts in heavy black face type are suggested as the mini= mum which we all ought to know. The other war facts are to sug- gest ways of explaining the main war facts. fl Once having decided that these war facts are essential it will be easy to re-word them so as to fit each particular audience. q Local and state war facts will need to be looked up in several instances, but this looking up will help both your home schools and your home community. ^ a ^ Part I ^ TEN REASONS WHY WE ARE AT WAR U? Because we could not longer either honorably or safely permit war to be waged against us without going to war ourselves. (1) For thirty-two months of this world war, August 1914 to April 1917, the United States — its people and its government — did their best to keep out of war. Our decision to go to war with all our might was not reached in angry haste, but after incessant dis- cussion over nearly three years. (2) During all this time our government and the major- ity of our people resisted the appeals of many influ- ential citizens and groups who insisted that for rea- sons here later stated, it was neither honorable nor safe for us to stay out of this war and that our most sacred ideals and obligations called upon us to enter the war with all our might against the aims and methods of Germany, Austria, Turkey and Bulgaria. (3) In this belief thousands of speeches were made, thousands of meetings were held, thousands of edi- torials were written. (4) Believing just as sincerely and earnestly that our most sacred ideals and obligations called upon us to keep out of war, other citizens and groups made thou- sands of speeches, held thousands of meetings and wrote thousands of editorials against our going to war and for maintaining strict neutrality. (5) The reelection of President Wilson in November 1916, was generally accepted as evidence that the ma- jority of our people opposed our going to war. (6) *'He kept us out of war" and "We are to be kept out of war" were two prayers of thanksgiving which were uttered by millions of mothers and fathers on reading that the president had been reelected. Later reasons show why going to war came to seem the only right thing for us to do. [3] Reason No. 2 Why We Are At War Because between November 1916 and April 191 7, in spite of continuous efforts during those five months by our government to keep us out of war, several incidents brought war to us and put us at war. (1) On April 6th, 1917, Congress did not declare that we should go to war, but did declare that war was being waged against us in spite of our best efforts to avoid it. (2) The wording of the Congressional resolution was : Resolved . . . that the state of war between the United States and the Imperial German Government which has thus been thrust upon the United States is hereby formally declared. (3) The President and Congress did not say that with peace on one road and war on the other road we chose war. (4) They said there was peace on neither road and that there was war on both roads. (5) In effect what they said was this: There is war on both roads. Whatever we do war is being waged against us. Our choice is not between war and peace, but between war where we do not defend our rights and humanity's, do not fight back, do not use all our power to stop it, and war where we defend ourselves and humanity by using all our power to stop this war and prevent a future world war. [4] Reason No. 3 Why We Are At War Because Germany notified us that whenever pos- sible her submarines would destroy, on sight without warning, any boat found "out of bounds" even if owned by or used by our citizens or other neutrals. (1) "Out of bounds" meant anywhere in the waters around the British Isles, Belgium, France and Italy. (2) No northern waters were left ^'within bounds" for us except a narrow ocean pathway for one boat a week from this country going to the single port which Germany permitted, namely, Falmouth, England. (3) This one boat must be painted in a particular way to distinguish it from all other boats which were re- fused safety along even this one pathway. (4) This proposal obviously meant that Germany would take away from us the right of travel on the ocean which by nature and international law belongs to all. (5) This proposal was not to stop ships or take goods off ships or to take Germany's enemies off ships, all of which international law permits, but to send ships to the bottom of the sea, no matter who or what was on them. The date was Jan. 31, 1917. (6) Germany flatly withdrew her earlier promises to restrict submarine warfare to enemy boats and to give warning so that human beings on merchant ves- sels might be saved in life boats. (7) Germany declared that the submarine warfare which she considered indispensable to her success in the war would not be possible if she should attempt to distinguish between one kind of boat and another or between neutral and enemy owners of boats. [5J Reason No. 3 Why We Are At War (cont.) (8) Germany admitted that submarine warfare could not be conducted without violating the provisions of in- ternational law which recognized that neither an enemy nor a neutral merchantman, not resisting visit or capture, can be attacked or destroyed until both crew and passengers have been placed in a condition of safety. (9) International law is international agreement, the slow growth of recognition that Humanity must be observed in the relations of nations and all effort made to limit war's horrors to combatants. (10) 226 American citizens had already lost their lives through the sinking by German submarines of 17 American ships and 23 other ships on which Amer- ican citizens were traveling, therefore we knew that unrestricted warfare meant that either our citizens' lives and property would be destroyed or else we must stop trying to use the ocean that belongs to all nations for any kind of communication with the British Isles, Belgium, France, Italy, etc. (11) Even relief and hospital ships were sunk by sub- marines. (12) Germany's argument that international law does not prohibit submarine ruthlessness because submarines are new to this war did not reduce our opposition to a kind of warfare that we felt was clearly contrary to the basic principles of international law and humanity. [6] Reason No. 4 Why We Are At War Because Germany's foreign minister had offered New Mexico, Texas and Arizona to Mexico if Mexico would attack the United States. (1) A similar proposal was to be made to Japan that she join in attacking the United States. (2) The official proposal by Germany was printed in onr newspapers February 28, 1917. (3) The official proposal dated Jan. 19, 1917, read : On February 1 we intend to begin submarine warfare unrestricted. In spite of this, it is our intention to endeavor to keep neutral the United States of America. If this attempt is not successful we pro- pose an alliance on the following basis with Mexico: That we shall make war together and together make peace. We shall give general financial support, and it is understood that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas and Arizona. The details are left to you for settlement. You are instructed to inform the President of Mexico of the above in the greatest confidence as soon as it is certain that there will be an outbreak of war with the United States and sug- gest that the President of Mexico, on his own initiative, should com- municate with Japan, suggesting adherence at once with this plan. . . (4) How it was discovered by our government we have not yet been told. (5) That the letter was authentic and official was stated by our secretary of state and admitted by the German foreign minister, Count von Zimmermann. (6) This attack was for the purpose of withdrawing our interest and resources as much as -possible from the European battlefield. [7] Reason No. S Why We Are At War Because while we were trying to be at peace with Germany and she was asserting her friendliness for us, she literally honeycombed with spies our fac- tories, our civic agencies, our newspapers and even our government departments; and officially planned or connived at crimes and unfriendly acts on our soil. (1) In 1915 there were 9 explosions of first magnitude and 20 that were less serious. (2) Throughout 1916 similar violations of law by Ger- man agents continued in spite of police and secret service vigilance. (3) Factories were blown up and goods intended for the Allies were made useless or dangerous. The Ger- man consul-general at San Francisco was convicted of plotting to cause a bridge and tunnels to be de- stroyed in Canada. (4) German agents in this country conspired to place on five vessels due to sail from our ports with non-com- batant passengers, deadly bombs with time clocks for exploding them when boats got out in midocean. (5) With lavish use of money large numbers of news- papers were induced to print not only untrue state- ments but editorial arguments calculated to misin- form and mislead. (6) Mexico and other Latin American countries that have every reason to be friendly with us were also honey- combed with spies and enemy agents conspiring against us and against freedom in those lands. [8] Reason No. S Why We Are At War (cont.) (7) 21 dififerent types of crime or unfriendly acts, com- mitted upon our soil by connivance of the German government, were listed by the House of Representa- tives Committee on Foreign Affairs, when it pre- sented resolutions declaring a state of war, following the President's message of April 2, 1917. (8) Documentary proof was found and published that the German ambassador and other official representa- tives in this country not only knew of such plots but planned and paid for them. (9) Participants in the plots confessed that their instruc- tions and pay were official. (10) Germany's excuse for such violations of treaties and friendly relations is the same as for other atrocities including submarine warfare: ''Military necessity knows no law." (11) Five dates for Americans to remember: 1. May 7, 1915, the Lusitania was sunk by a Ger- man U-boat and 114 Americans drowned. 2. Jan. 31, 1917, Germany notified us that, contrary to earlier promises, she would resume ruthless U- boat warfare. 3. Feb. 3, 1917, diplomatic relations with Germany were severed and Germany's ambassador to this country, Count von Bernstorff, given his pass- port (he actually sailed Feb. 14, 1917). 4. April 2, 1917, President Wilson read his war message to Congress, — and to the world. 5. April 6, 1917, Congress declared that a state of war with Germany existed. [9] Reason No. 6 Why We Are At War Because the same direct attacks and threatened at- tacks upon our national liberties which showed us that we must go to war in self defense, also opened our eyes to reasons why we should take up the fight for the world's sake, for freedom's sake and for democracy's sake. (1) "To make the world safe for democracy" was the phrase used by President Wilson as our ultimate war aim. (2) At election time in 1916 and at all times previous to 1917 we had hoped against hope that Germany's vio- lations of our neutrality and of civilization's codes for peace and for war were unintentional accompani- ments of war which we abhorred. (3) When convinced by stern facts and frank avowals that Germany considered these acts justi- fiable we saw that freedom anywhere and everywhere was menaced and that the war must henceforth be our war until democracy should triumph over autoc- racy. (c) Cassel in New York Evening World [10] Reason No. 7 Why We Are At War Because atrocities which civiUzed nations thought had been forgotten, were not only committed by Ger- many and her allies against soldiers and aged men, defenseless women and children, but were defended on the ground of alleged ^'necessity/' (1) So dreadful, brutal and inhuman were many of these atrocities that even with proof of them before her eyes civilization protested that they could not be. (2) The Turks apparently set out to annihilate the Ar- menian race. (3) The only difference between our attitude toward such atrocities before April 6, 1917, and our attitude after April 6, 1917, was that the helpless horror which our people felt prior to our entering the war was trans- formed into a determination to stop such horror by doing our utmost with our men and our money. (4) Detailed proofs of unspeakable atrocities as given in the official German White Book and elsewhere are summarized in German War Practices (91 pages), issued by The Committee on Public Information, Washington, D. C. (5) The greatest atrocity of all was the planning and starting this world war. [11] Reasons Nos. 8 and 9 Why We Are At War Because Germany denied the world's right to live in peace and freedom on other terms than those imposed by her military powers. (1) How far Germany's belief had gone that might makes right and that the kind of might which should dom- inate the world was the German or pan-German kind is shown in greater detail in Part V on WORLD WAR FACTS. (2) The theory that necessity knows no law would, in later years if successful in this war justify the tear- ing up of other solemn agreements, the destruction of other small and large nations, and attacks and at- tempted encroachment upon other peoples' peace and independence. Because Germany's success in this war would mean that all nations including our own would live in con- stant fear of new aggression, whereas the world needs universal disarmament. (1) Germany's own ambassador to England in 1914, Prince Lichnowsky, stated this reason for us : Is it not intelligible that our enemies declare that they will not rest until a system is destroyed which constitutes a permanent threat- ening of our neighbors? Must they not otherwise fear that in a few years they will again have to take up arms and again s-ee their provinces overrun and their town and villages destroyed? [12] Reason No. 10 Why We Are At War Because a passion for freedom for all nations had taken possession of our people like unto the inspira- tion of two other epochs of our history when we fought for our own freedom in our Revolutionary War and later worked for the rehabilitation of an in- dependent Cuba. (1) We came to feel for Serbia, Belgium and Russia as Lafayette of France, and Kosciusko the Pole felt for the struggling American colonies in our Revolution- ary War. (2) Our own prosperity and freedom came to taste bit- ter so long as freedom was fighting a life and death battle in European trenches. (3) Once having been led by our convictions to enter the fight with all our vast resources, we were roused by our newly assumed world obligation to new visions of a patriotism which is all the more inspiring be- cause we were fighting not only for our own freedom but for world freedom. .a ss ""'''l§/ A (c) Hal Coffman in New York Journal [13] Part II OUR PEACE AIMS Our chief aim is to prove once for all and forever that no nation can gain either territory or riches or glory by disturbing the world's peace. There have been two different formal statements of our war aims by President Wilson : One listed 14 different aims, another listed 4 different principles within which the 14 dif- ferent specified demands logically fall. Statesmen speaking for Great Britain and France have de- clared that President Wilson correctly stated the aims of the Allies. Speaking for Germany and Austria, statesmen of the Cen- tral Powers have concurred in several of the fundamental principles laid down by President Wilson but have disagreed with respect to certain specified demands. It is suggested that at this point in teaching minimum es- sential war facts it will not be advisable to stop and discuss in detail our war aims, even the four principles set up by President Wilson. The main fact is that the war has gone on in spite of the discussion of those principles and that every week of war has added to the Allies' conviction that there can be no lasting peace until after the German people have been convinced by physical defeat that wars of conquest and dom- ination cannot succeed. Later in the chapter on AFTER-THE-WAR NEEDS, after pupils and students have clearly and ineradicably fixed in their minds the essential facts about war issues, war steps, war needs and war dangers they will be prepared for a brief sum- mary of our war aims. This summary which should be given at the time you are ready to present it to your classes will consist of the principles already laid down by President Wilson and endorsed by French and British statesmen, plus such modifications as the next few weeks may bring. See Part VIL [14] Part III HOME-TOWN WAR FACTS I. The military service age is over 21 and not yet 31. (1) The age used is that on June 5, 1917; others who had reached 21 by June 5, 1918, were registered on that date. (2) All men over 21 and not yet 31 no matter what their health or their business, were drafted for military service. (3) Because there were more men of military service age than were needed or could at once be used for ser- vice, only those were called to service or selected, who could be used at once. (4) Drafting all men of military age and selecting them as needed, is called the "selective draft," and was considered fairer than taking only all of one age or only men who volunteered. (5) The selecting was at Washington, by lot, and care- fully guarded so that favoritism would be impossible. (6) All names of men drafted, that is all men of military age, were drawn and given a number which indicated the order in which they would be examined for fit- ness and selected or excused, e. g., exempted. [15] Home-Town War Fact No. 2 2. Three general reasons for being excused or ex- empted from military service are recognized, one physical, one financial, one industrial. (1) Physical weakness, ill health, or other disability. (2) Being necessary to the support of children or parents. (3) Being in some industry or government service which is necessary to our war work and in which the se- lected man can do more for his country than by go- ing into military service. (4) Ministers and divinity students are exempted. (A pending law would make divinity students eligible.) (5) ''Conscientious objectors" are excused, if members of any well-recognized organization on May 18, 1917, whose creed forbids its members to participate in war, or whose convictions are against war. Even these, however, must render non-military service. NOTE TO TEACHER AND READER. From here on, home town war facts call for fill- ing in by teacher or student. While of course not indispensable these home facts might better be learned precisely. In every locality some person known to the teacher will gladly help school or col- lege fill in the blanks and bring facts up to date periodically. [16] By permission of San Francisco Chronicle Three soldiers of the home trenches [17] Hame-Town War Fact No, 3 3. For deciding who is exempt and who must serve, Local Exemption Boards were established each having 3 men. (1) These Local Exemption Boards were appointed by state governors, one for every 30,000 inhabitants. (2) Yours sits at ; its members are (3) If your Local Board decides that a man ought to be exempted that case is settled; only evidence of fraud or of serious blunder will re-open the case. (4) Because unfairness in exempting would clearly be un- patriotic and unjust, very few attempts to persuade boards to disregard evidence of fitness and to grant undeserved exemptions have been found, and they have been severely dealt with. (5) If your Local Board refuses to exempt where request is made, your District Appeal Board of . . . mem- bers that sits at may be appealed to and may grant exemption. (6) In very few cases relatively have District Appeal Boards reversed the decisions of Local Boards. • (7) Most of the work of the District Appeal Boards has been the settling of problems which the Local Boards were not sure they understood. [181 Home-Town War Fact No. 4 4. In your home town there were men of draft age June 5, 191 7. (1) have enlisted voluntarily. (2) have already been called. (3) have thus far been exempted. (4) remain subject to future selection or call. (5) have already gone to Europe or to sea. (6) all told are in the army. (7) all told are in the navy. (8) are assigned to non-military duty. (9) are officers. [19] Home-Town War Fact No. S 5. Where men have been rejected because of phys- ical unfitness they are temporarily excused, not per- manently exempted. (1) Some are put in training and brought up to physical fitness. (2) Others are given non-military duties like clerking, investigating, purchasing, etc. (3) A plan is projected for insuring attention, training, corrective exercises, surgical operations, etc., which will restore to service-fitness 90% of the drafted men who are unable to pass the physical tests. (4) By this method in England only 4% of all men ex- amined are finally rejected. (5) Many disabilities such as those of defective teeth, eye trouble, abdominal trouble can be cured in a few days or a few weeks. (6) Of such improvement of those physically below par the New York World has said: ''If the regenerative power of good food, air and exercise is made fully available to many thousands of men in the second rank of physical fitness, the nation will gain an incre- ment of strength and self-confidence that will be some compensation for the cruel losses of battle." [20] IS THIS MY Twin brother. WHO BECAME A SOLDftR. ?_ iCmt BELIEVE IT, fOR WC WERE EXACTLY ALIKE,. VJE COULD NOT BE TOLD APART? — 'YES.. I'M YOUR Twin BKOTHER' WHO BECAME A SOLDIER 1^ YOU WILL HAVE Td^JOIN THE ARMY IF W£ ARE EVER TO LOOK E-XACIY ALIKE AGAIN ?. (c) By permissiun of New York Journal A war lesson for industrial hygiene [21] Home-Town War Fact No, 6 6. In addition to furnishing its share of men your town was asked to raise its share of money for pur- chasing liberty bonds, for purchasing war saving stamps, and for supporting the Red Cross. Fill in the following blanks, the first with what your town was asked to raise and the second with what your town did raise. Allotted (1) $ asked for first liberty bond — loaned? (2) $ asked for second '' " —loaned $ (3) $ asked for third " " —loaned $ (4) $ asked for war saving stamps — loaned $ (5) $ asked for Red Cross — given $ (6) memberships asked for Red Cross gained . (7) The annual cost of operating your home town is [in nearest thousands omitting hundreds, tens, dollars and cents] $ which is $ more or $ less than the first war year's bond purchases and $ more or $ less than its total spent for all war purposes, liberty bonds, war saving stamps, and Red Cross. (8) In addition to these voluntary loans and gifts the citizens of your home town will pay on last year's incomes a national income tax estimated [by some banker or editor] at $ [22J (c) By permission of Brooklyn Eagle Did you help build the fort? [23] Home-Town War Fact No, 7 7. As their share in helping the nation understand and conduct the war your home town schools have carried on three kinds of war activity : things to learn, things to make and things to do. (1) Pupils have been asked to learn [write list below] (2) Pupils have been asked to make [write list below] (3) Pupils have been asked to do [write list below] [24] Home-Town War Facts Nos. 8, 9, 10 8. By observing wheatless and meatless days your home town has saved about loaves of bread and pounds of meat for our soldiers and our Allies. (1) This means bread enough for one child of your own age in an allied country days and meals or for 1000 children days and meals. (2) This means meat enough for one child of your own age in an allied country days and meals or for 1000 children days and meals. g. To save coal your home town stopped its fac- tories and business buildings, theatres, etc., days. (1) You thus saved about tons of coal. (2) Your school tagged shovels of coal. 10. To increase the production of food your home town planned as war service more home gardens in 1917 than in 1916. (1) The total number of home gardens was (2) The total acreage was about (3) The total value of the garden produce thus saved was estimated at $ (4) Enough produce was raised for meals for 100 soldiers. (5) Of this total it is estimated that school children pro- duced $ or ....%. (6) Persons responsible for the success of home gardens in 1917 numbered (7) For 1918 -. extra war gardens are planned with about acres in all and about home gardeners. [25] Home-Town War Fact No, 11 II. The Red Cross in your home town has members with headquarters at No St. or Ave., or at (1) The president is (2) Its members now are .... % of the population. (3) Its Junior Red Cross membership is (4) It raised $ for Red Cross war work. (5) It received from the National Red Cross for home town war work $ (6) It has different kinds of activities in which different people are taking active part. (7) Its report for the first war year shows that persons participated in active work and total articles were given or made as here summarized for each ac- tivity : [26] Home-Town War Fact No. 12 12. Publicity of war facts has been partly through school instruction, partly through public meetings, partly through magazine news and editorials, partly through government bulletins sent to your home town, and partly through word of mouth. (1) The schools in your town have taught war facts in assemblies and classes as follows: (2) The principal meetings about war facts have been these : (3) Papers and magazines which circulate chiefly in your town are these: [27] Home-Town War Fact No. 12 (cont.) (4) To make it easier to see what magazines and news- papers contain about war facts our libraries have taken these steps: (5) The government war bulletins chiefly used in schools include these: (6) The chief liberty bond and other bulletin board ad- vertisements were these: (7) Man to man discussion of war facts and war needs has especially emphasized the following problems and incidents: [28] Part IV HOME STATE WAR FACTS I. Toward doing the work of this war the governor and legislators of your home state promptly and without reservation pledged their hearty support and that of your home state to the central national gov- ernment at Washington. 2. To help home towns cooperate with one another so as to get the best results from each town's efforts, your home state has central offices and committees for each section of war work. (1) The chief state appointed agencies for war service are (a) State war council. (b) State council of defense. (c) State health board or executive. (d) State school board or executive. (e) State citizens' committee. (2) Two nationally appointed state agencies are (a) State food administrator. (b) State fuel administrator. (3) "In unity there is strength" is the reason why there are state committees to unify the work and knowl- edge of local committees. [29] Home-State War Facts Nos. 1 and 2 (cont.) (4) There is the same reason for state centers of in- formation, advice and decision that there is for the telephone central, namely, it makes it possible for a great many people or localities to use the same facilities. (5) The same information or criticism or suggestion or request can, when properly used in a state central office, answer questions or meet difficulties for 5 or 500 different home towns. (6) The way the switchman can keep a dozen trains from running into one another by sending each on its own terminal track or side track, shows in another way how state headquarters can keep many kinds of war work helping one another and can prevent them from running into and obstructing one another. (7) Wherever a great many people or a great many localities try to do the same kind of work without establishing some central clearing house or train despatcher or telephone central they waste a great deal of money, time, energy and opportunity. (8) Because national government is a union of states and not merely a combination of individuals within states it is advisable for legal reasons as well as for reasons of convenience and despatch that the govern- ment at Washington deal with individuals and home towns by way of their state governments. (9) State governments have nothing to do with making war or deciding how many men or how much money shall be contributed toward war. [30] Home-State War Fact No. 3 3. Like every other state your home state has its war council appointed by the governor to help in dealing with your state's war problems and war needs. (1) Your council consists of men and women. (2) For its work $ has been voted thus far by your legislature. (3) It has different committees as follows: (4) Its principal services to date have been as follows: rai] Home-State War Fact No. 4 4. Your home state also has a council of defense appointed by the governor to help inform and to stimulate public interest. (1) Your state council of defense has members al- ready. (2) It aims to have at least one local representative in every home town. (3) Your home town membership is (4) The principal work of your home state's council of defense thus far has been : [321 Home-State War Fact No. 5 5. Your home state legislature serves chiefly in two ways: by passing laws to protect workers particu- larly children and women and soldiers against war- time evils and by voting funds for state war work. (1) War time zeal to increase production has led many industries and individual employers to work their employees overtime. (2) The need for workers and the high salaries paid for them has encouraged many employees themselves to welcome overtime. (3) Many adults and children who in ordinary times are considered unfit for employment, now seek work and are sought by work. (4) Because temporarily individual employers or em- ployees have desired benefits from lowering the stand- ards of employment for women and children, many state legislatures have been asked to suspend state labor laws during the war. (5) Where peace time laws against working young chil- dren or women or others beyond their strength have been set aside because of war emergencies it has al- most always been found that not only were these workers injured but their families suffered as well. (6) Because there is an active national child labor com- mittee with state branches every legislature has also been asked not to suspend labor laws on the ground that this will really reduce the state's ability to do its share of war work. [33] Home-State War Fact No. 6 (7) In your home state the legislature has thus far made the following changes in its state labor laws because of war conditions : (8) You should learn whether other war emergency legis- lation has been passed by your home state legislature and what it is. (a) To control or abolish saloons. (b) To control and improve recreation in camps and in cities near camps. (c) To provide for other emergency conditions such as riots. (d) To improve school work. (e) To insure universal military training. 6. The principal advances in your home state's health work in order to meet war conditions have been the following: [34] Home-State War Facts Nos. 7 and 8 7. The principal advances in your home state's school work in order to meet war conditions have been as follows: 8. To save food your home-state food administra- tor has headquarters at with district branches. (1) Wheatless and meatless days are known to have been observed in localities of your home state. (2) It has been estimated that loaves of bread and pounds of meat were saved. (3) In counting food saved the right way is not to sub- tract this year's total consumed from last year's total consumed but instead to state the total quantities of these foods not eaten on wheatless and meatless days. (4) In many families the total amounts of wheat, beef and pork consumed during the first war year were greater than for the year before in spite of strictly observing wheatless and meatless days, because breadwinners who earned more and worked harder ate more and needed more on other days; but this fact only accentuates the importance of the saving. (5) Had there been no meatless and wheatless days more loaves of bread and more pounds of meat would have been consumed in your home state. [35] Home-State War Fact No, 8 (cont,) (6) That means that by observing the meatless and wheatless days your home state saved enough bread for meals and enough meat for meals for 100 Belgians or Italians or French or Brit- ish allies. (7) To increase the production of foods your home state food administration worked hard both for home gar- dens and for larger acreage to be planted in grains and to be used for raising pigs and cattle. (8) more home gardens were planted in your home state last year than the year before with about more acres of land. (9) It is estimated that the home garden product raised last year was worth $ (10) This year effort is being made to have home gardens with acres. (11) Last year more acres of farm land were planted with grain, potatoes and other foods than the year before. (12) Food supplies % greater in quantity were raised last year on your home state farms than the year before. (a) Of wheat more bushels were raised. (b) Of oats more bushels were raised. (c) Of corn more bushels were raised. (d) Of rye more bushels were raised. (e) Of potatoes more barrels were raised. (f ) Of hay more tons were raised. (g) Of cattle more head were raised. (h) Of hogs more head were raised. ( i ) Of eggs more gross were raised. [36] Home-State War Facts Nos. 9 and 10 g. To save fuel and to distribute it where it is most needed your home state has a state fuel administrator with headquarters at (1) It is estimated that last winter your home-state, by stopping factories and other business not essential to home or war purposes, saved on coal-less days, not less than tons of coal. (2) Not all states were asked to stop using coal. If your state was exempted, state the reason why here : 10. Your home country looks to your home state for men or % of all men selected for military service, and for % of all money to be loaned through purchasing of Liberty Bonds. '' SHALL WE BE MORE TENDER W^ITH OUR DOLLARS THAN ^WITH THE LIVES OF OUR SONS?'' SECRETARY OF tHE TREASURY [37] Part V HOME COUNTRY WAR FACTS I. Unlike most of the European nations which have taken part in this war our country had to start to prepare for fighting after she decided to fight. (1) While Great Britain was prepared to fight with her navy, she had to prepare her army after she decided to fight, August 4, 1914. (2) We had on April 6, 1917, in our army and navy about 320,000 soldiers, sailors and officers. (3) We knew we must arm and train several millions. (4) In addition to securing the fighting men we must secure (a) the other army of men behind the fighting men, the camp builders, the engineers, the cooks, and the doctors and (b) the food an( supplies and equipment of both these armies. (5) Never in the history of the world did a nation undertake so big a task with so little ad- vance preparation. Chapin, in St. Louis Republic L38J Home Country War Fact No, 2 2. War found our country unprepared for war be- cause we had mistakenly believed preparedness un- necessary and undesirable. (1) With oceans separating us from the rest of the world and with Canada our principal home neighbor, our people have for generations believed that we were safe from foreign attack and entanglement. (2) The world had seemingly recognized the Monroe Doctrine so that armaments were not thought neces- sary to protect Latin America from aggression by foreign powers. (3) We had only peaceful, friendly feeling for the rest of the world, and took it for granted that other na- tions had only friendly, peaceful feelings toward us. (4) For any foreign difficulties that our people thought reasonably possible, we had a creditable though small navy to protect our shores. (5) It seemed inconceivable to us that we should ever want to send an army across the ocean or that foreign powers would wish to incur the expense and risk of sending an army here. (6) Ever since Washington's time we had cherished the tradition that we should keep away from and out of European or other foreign quarrels. (7) We had congratulated ourselves repeatedly that we were not compelled to share the tremendous war bur- dens from which European nations seemed to be suf- fering. [39] Home Country War Fact No. 3 3. During our first war year we spent nearly ten billion dollars, of which about four and one-half bil- lion was loaned to our allies and the remainder was spent in equipping an army of over one million men, building ships, manufacturing munitions, making air- ships, paying for transportation, protecting health, etc. Typical first year results follow in nearest hundreds : (1) 500,000 men have been sent to France; 1,000,000 by July 1, 1918. (2) The number of army officers increased from 9,500 to 123,800. (3) The number of enlisted men increased from 202,500 to 1,528,900. (4) The number of naval officers, all branches, increased from 4,800 to 21,000. (5) The number of enlisted men in the navy, all branches, increased from 102,500 to 332,100. (6) General Pershing's first contingent of troops landed in France eighty-eight days after the war declaration. (7) Within two weeks of April 6, 1917, contracts had been let for supplying an army of 1,000,000 men with ma- terials totaling 8,700,000 items. (8) Within three weeks after the enactment of the Selec- tive Draft law our entire male population within draft age — about 10,000,000 men — registered before some 4,000 boards. [40] 'I f-. (c) By permission of Philadelphia North American A 3,000 mile long range gun [41] Home Country War Fact No. 3 (cont.) (9) In the ordnance department, which supplies ammu- nition and weapons, the total number of officers and employees jumped from 259 to 13,900; the war ord- nance expenditure jumped from about $13,000,000 a year to that much a day ! (10) For naval ordnance the annual peace time expendi- ture of $30,000,000, increased to $600,000,000. (11) Already motor trucks are being manufactured at the rate of 1,150 per month. (12) $640,000,000 was voted for aircraft construction and training of aviators. (13) Money for building a thousand war ships was voted. (14) 109 interned German ships, whose crews thought they had damaged them beyond repair, have all been repaired and are in service, — the larger ones as trans- ports, and others as supply vessels. (15) $100,000,000 has been spent in building large docks and training men for the navy. (16) Our wireless service is now the most extensive in the world. (17) Foundations were laid for still more notable outputs of ships, aircraft, and men. We had made a running start by the end of the first year. [42] Home Country War Fact No. 4 4. To prevent waste, to keep down prices, and to be sure that our Allies and our own people were supplied with bread, the government has controlled the sale of wheat. (1) After study by a special commission $2.20 was rec- ommended by the President "to be a fair price to be paid in government purchases" for wheat in Chicago ; points farther from wheat lands pay $2.20 plus addi- tional transportation costs; points nearer pay $2.20 less the difference in transportation cost. (2) The millers of the country (3,184 mills) recognizing this as a fair basic price voluntarily agreed to pay no more, e. g., voluntarily agreed not to force up the price for our public and our Allies by competition. (3) The U. S. Grain Corporation was organized by the U. S. Food Administration with headquarters in New York City and branches in other principal cities to learn daily where wheat is in elevators or being transported, and to make purchases or sales. (4) The only wheat regarding which daily reports are not secured is that still retained by farmers. (5) Daily and weekly reports are voluntarily furnished by millers telling how much wheat has been made into flour and to whom flour has been shipped after re- serving half of all flour for the government and the Allies who purchase all grains and flour only from our Grain Corporation. (6) The Grain Corporation has a single head for execu- tion, but all policies are determined by a committee of 17 former grain handlers who gave up all connec- tion with private grain business and now manage the 14 offices of the government's grain business. (7) If there had not been a price fixed for wheat and if the wheat supply had not been controlled by the gov- ernment, it is estimated that it would have been necessary this last winter to pay 25c. a pound for bread. [43] Home Country War Fact No. S 5. To save food and to prevent food prices from soaring to unreasonable heights, the U. S. Food Ad- ministration was organized. (1) It has a single head. (2) It has no legal power either to fix prices or to forbid the use of meat or wheat on certain days. (3) Nevertheless its effect has been to stabilize the prices of certain essential foods and to secure nation wide wheatless and meatless days. (4) If during this last "crop year," i. e., July, 1917 to July, 1918, our pre-war rate of consumption had con- tinued, we would have had a surplus of only 10,000,- 000 bushels of wheat. Thanks to voluntary absten- tion and government purchases, in nine months, up to April 1, 1918, we sent 78,000,000 bushels of our wheat to the Allies. (5) It is expected that between April and July this total sent to the Allies will reach 120,000,000 bushels or twelve times the normal surplus at our pre-war rate of consumption. (6) Moreover, besides sending 1,533,000,000 pounds of beef and beef products and 6,742,000,000 pounds of pork and pork products to the United Kingdom, France, and Italy between July, 1914, and March, 1918, we have been increasing our farm animals : on Jan. 1, 1918, we had 7,856,000 more farm animals than on Jan. 1, 1917; 390,000 more cows, 1,857,000 more other cattle, 1,284,000 more sheep, 3,871,000 more swine ! (7) Food dealers have co-operated in keeping prices far below what they would be if competition were un- restricted. (8) It is democratic, popular, open-eyed co-operation, not autocratic official regulation, which has limited prices and effected huge savings. [44] Home Country War Fact No. 5 (cont,) (10) Federal and local investigators have found proof of shocking and unpatriotic waste in garbage cans. (11) Restaurants and retail and wholesale food dealers have been compelled to stop their business entirely or for three days or three months as a penalty for profiteering in food prices or for not obeying rules. (12) In March, '18, our Food Administration shipped to the Allies about 15,500,000 bushels of wheat and its products; about 16,200,000 bushels of other grains and their products; about 80,000,000 pounds of beef products, and about 200,000,000 pounds of pork products. — - "1 "imf k I MffTlfcMfWfllWf^ 1 '0 Made in class by Evanston children and later exhibited [80] Suggestions for Holiday Entertainments Suitable for Mid-Term Parties From Doylestown, Pennsylvania, Program, June, 1918 1. The war in posters. 2. War facts dialog. [Using largely questions on p. 78.] 3. Our town and the war. 4. Our school and the war. Boys' Smileage-Book Poster From Grammar School, Southington, Connecticut 1. Tribute to the flag. 2. History of the world war: Name. Great Britain's entrance. International treaties. Battle of the Marne. Preparation. Siege of Liege. Pan-Germanism. Russia's collapse. Serbian situation. Science. War declared. International law. 3. Early English spirit, or the keys of Calais (play). 4. The unfurling of the flag. 5. Why the United States entered the war: Honor. Democracy. War being waged. Atrocities. Submarine warfare. Military power. Mexican proposal. Universal disarmament. Spies. Freedom for all. 6. Early French spirit, or Joan of Arc (play). 7. Southington's part in the war: Military service. Red Cross. Finance. Food. Education. 8 Early American spirit, or Daniel Boone (play). [8lJ Suggestions for Cooperatio n of School and Home A Grammar School War Cabinet Any school and any pupil can easily have such a war cabinet, v/hich will prove more interesting than collections of stamps or coins or butterflies. 1. A war cabinet was made by children in the school workshop. 2. Photographs of alumni who are now at the front, relics of the war, such as a hand grenade, an aeroplane bomb,^ darts, and articles used by the Local Exemp- tion Board, were brought by pupils and placed in the cabinet. 3. [82] A war record of the activities of the children since the war began, with banners and medals awarded to the school for excellent patriotic service, was also stored in the cabinet. At the unveiling, a Boy Scout, representing the Army, and a Junior Naval Reserve, representing the Navy, stood on each side of the cabinet, which was draped with the national colors, while a girl in Red Cross costume recited the following: We, the children of Public School 8, in the Borough of Richmond, City of New York, assembled at our graduating exer- cises, on Thursday, June 27, 1918, do unveil this War Cabinet, containing records, photo- graphs of our boys at the front, banners, and other articles connected with The World War for Democracy, in order that the school children of the coming generations may look upon these tokens as mementos of the crisis through which our beloved country was passing at the time that we went to school. Suggestions for Home and Class Self-Testing How Many Do You Know? The Dubuque, Iowa, high school gave all classes 30 minutes in which to identify as many of the follow- ing as possible. [A junior identified 94. The class medians, i. e., middle rank- ings, the same number of papers above as below, were: seniors, 51; juniors, 45; sophomores, 35; freshmen, 22. Space was left opposite each item for answer; the items are printed close together here to save space.] I. Archduke Ferdinand 2. Murder of Sarajevo 3. August, 1914 4. Reichstag 5. Potsdam 6. Balkan States 7. Mittel-Europa 8. Trieste 9. Italia Irredenta 10. Dardanelles II. the invasion of Belgium 12. Liege 13. Lusitania 14. Alsace Lorraine 15. Gallipoli 16. R. O. T. C. 17. Wm. G. McAdoo 18. Lansing 19. Stettinius 20. Bernard Baruch 21. Crowder 22. moratorium 23. draft registrant 24. draft select 25. recruit 26. Chas. M. Schwab 27. Goethals 28. Gorgas 29. Von Hertling 30. Czernin 31. Bernstorff 32. Hapsburg 33. Romanoff 34. Hohenzollern 35. Gerard 36. Lloyd George 37. Clemenceau 38. Poincare 39. Doug- las Haig 40. Kitchener 41. Junker 42. Leonard Wood 43. Joffre 44. rest billet 45. bar- rage 46. camouflage 47. Marne 48. Verdun 49. Rheims 50, patrol 51. reprisal 52. smileage 53. Hoover 54. Charles K. Hughes 55. Colonel House 56. Peyton C. March 57. enemy alien 58. alien enemy 59. Edith Cavell 60. George Creel 61. communique 62. censor 63. Committee on Public Information 64. Capital Issues Committee 65. Council of National Defense 66. American Alliance for Labor and Democracy 67. Four-minute Men 68. Von Tirpitz 69. Foch 70. peace offensive 71. propaganda 72. commandeer 73. terrain 74. kultur 75. mo- rale 76. Junior Red Cross 77. U. S. Boys' Working Reserve 78. Triple Entente 79. Dual Monarchy 80. Triple .\lliance 81. Central Powers 82. internment 83. profiteering 84. cost-plus plan for war contracts 85. I. W. W. 86. cantonment 87. No Man's Land 88. Louvain 89. Cardinal Mercier 90. Kerensky 91. autocracy 92. the Somme 93. the Zimmermann note 94. status quo ante bellum 95. indemnities 96. pacifism 97. militarism 98. Petain 99. Bolsheviki 100. red triangle [83] Suggestions for Testing Teachers Teachers and Trustees Take Tests In Evansville, Indiana, teachers wrote answers to these questions,— and without advance notice; trus- tees took the test orally. 1. Superintendent L. P. Benezet reports that the test re- sulted in a quickening of interest in war fact essentials. 2. Teachers are of course always undergoing tests by pupils. Questions by pupils are an excellent test of the teacher's teaching. 3. Where pupils and teachers ask and take up questions together, best times and best results will follow. 4. Board members, after being tested, will insist upon drill in essential war facts — "misery likes company" — ''laugh and the world laughs with you." Evansville's teacher test — good for oral work 1. Do you think the European war would have occurred if the Aus- trian archduke had not been assassinated? Why or why not? 2. The Kaiser claimed to his people that he was declaring war in self- defense. Cite three facts that would tend to disprove this. 3. The Germans claim that England engineered the coalition against them. How would you refute this? 4. What can be said regarding the right of neutrals to sell munitions? How about the sale of munitions to the Allies when Germany was blockaded? 5. Why is this a war for democracy? What is the present form of government in Germany and Prussia? 6. How can England and Italy be said to be democracies? 7. Why was the Monroe Doctrine likely to be tested by Germany if the United States had kept out of the war and the Germans had won it? 8. What benefits will the United States derive from participation in the war? Do you think these will outweigh our possible losses? [84] Suggestions for Principals and Trustees War Fact Tests without Warning "Well, boys, this shows that for a time we must put aside Christopher Columbus and take up the greatest struggle of mankind's history. Columbus will wait for us.'' 1. The foregoing words were addressed to an assembly of 5th and 6th grade boys after an impromptu war fact questioning by a guest. 2. Later a graduating class of the same school showed keen interest, excellent training, and also need for drill on minimum essentials. 3. "This shows," said the principal to the guest, "a com- mon failing among our schools : the ablest boys showed that they have been well taught so far as the bill of fare is concerned ; the trouble is, we have not seen to it that the less able have digested the food Ave place before them, i. e., have mastered essentials." 4. A training school assembly showed that soon-to-be teachers need not merely minimum essentials, but help in drilling classes in essentials. 5. A probationary school for boys, after giving the home- made program on page 80, was given a war fact test not on the program. The whole school participated and showed that war facts had strongly appealed to them and definitely impressed them. SAVINGS STAMPS \\^S S CONTEST ^"^^^^ ^^^ Capita IN High Schools svaMP™' KMSOWj-^" 5: Hsih High School of Commerce Boys, New York City [85] Suggestions for Memory Work and Orations War Phrases That Will Live 1. "The world must be made safe for democracy. Its peace must be planted upon the tested foundations of poHtical hberty." — President Wilson, War Message to Congress and the world, April 2, 1917. 2. "We have no selfish ends to serve. We desire no conquest, no dominion. We seek no indemnities for ourselves, no material compensation for the sacrifices we shall freely make."— President Wilson, War Message. 3. "The right is more precious than peace, and we shall fight for the things which we have always carried nearest our hearts — for democracy, for the right of those who submit to authority to have a voice in their own governments, for the rights and liberties of small nations, for a universal dominion of right to such a concert of free peoples as shall bring peace and safety to all nations and make the world itself at last free." — President Wilson, War Message. 4. "A country which defends itself wins the respect of all. That country will not perish." — King, to Belgian Parlia- ment, August 4, 1914. 5. "We are fighting first to fulfil a solemn international obli- gation ; secondly, we are fighting to vindicate the principle that small nationalities are not to be crushed in defiance of international good faith by the arbitrary will of a strong and overmastering povv^er." — Britain's Prime Minister to Commons, August 6, 1914. 6. "Just now there is only one policy, — a relentless fight until we attain definite freedom for Europe by gaining a victory which will guarantee peace." — Prime Minister Viviani to the French Chamber of Deputies, December 22, 1914. [86] Suggestions for Memory Work and Orations War Phrases That Will Live— Battle Slogans 1. "The hour has come to advance at any cost and to die rather than fall back."— General Joffre to the French army at the Marne, September 5, 1914. 2. "My left has been rolled up; my right has been driven in; therefore I have ordered an advance along my center."— General Foch (Fosh), made generalissimo in 1918. to his division of the French army at the first battle of the Marne, September, 1914. 3. ''They shall not pass"— the slogan of the French defense against Germany's terrific onslaught upon Verdun 1916- 1917. 4. "Carry on!"— the British army's battle cry. 5. ''Every position must be held to the last man. There must be no retirement. With our backs to the wall and believ- ing in the justice of our cause, each of us must fight to the end. The safety of our homes and the freedom of man- kind depend alike on the conduct of each one of us at this last moment." — Britain's General Haig, April 12, 1918, "To all ranks of the British army in France," after three weeks of terrific German onslaughts and alarming German gains, later checked because of the British army's response to the foregoing appeal and aid by French and American soldiers. 6. "There can be no compromise. No halfway decision would be tolerable. No halfway decision is conceivable. . . . What we seek is the reign of law based upon the consent of the governed and sustained by the organized opinion of mankind." — President Wilson, Independence Day Speech at Mount Vernon, July 4, 1918. [871 Suggestions for Memory Work and Orations War Phrases That Will Live— Britain's Spirit 1. "The world owes much to Httle nations and to little men. The greatest art in the world was the work of little nations. The greatest literature of England came from her when she was a nation the size of Belgium fighting a great em- pire. Heroic deeds that thrill humanity through genera- tions are the deeds of little nations fighting for their free- dom. Ah, yes, and the salvation of the world came through a little nation." — Lloyd George, later Britain's prime minister, September 19, 1914. 2. *'Have the Britons peddlers' souls? They didn't think of their wares but exposed them to the gravest possible dan- ger and sacrificed billions in order to destroy Napoleon, to whose hypnotic will and power they alone — in all Europe— they alone did not succumb." — Maximilian Har- den in Die Zukunft, May 22, 1917. Harden was given an enforced holiday of indefinite duration for this outburst. 3. "What we and our Allies are fighting for is a free Europe. We want Europe free not only from the domination of one nation by another but from the hectoring of diplomacy and peril of war; free from constant rattling of the sword in the scabbard and from the perpetual talk of shining armor and the war lord. . . . We are fighting for equal rights, for law, justice, peace and for civilization throughout the world, as against brute force which knows no restraint and no mercy." — Britain's Foreign Secretary, Sir Edward Grey, June, 1916. 4. "We have every reason for confidence. We have none for complacency. Hope is the mainspring of efficiency; com- placency is its rust. . . . The war is not going to be fought mainly on the battlefields of Belgium and Poland . . . [but] in the workshops of France and Great Britain." — Lloyd George to laborers at Bangor, February 28, 1915. [88] Suggestions for Patriotic Fetes Our "First to Fighf' Boys The slogan of our "Marines" is "first to fight," be- cause they are our "international police." 1. They are half army, half navy. 2. They go on naval vessels ready to do peaceful police duty or to fight, as occasion requires. 3. In 1913 it was necessary to land marines at Vera Cruz in Mexico to protect American citizens and property. 4. They wear olive green uniforms when in action. 5. This is their song: From the Halls of Montezuma, To the shores of Tripoli, We fight our country's battles On the land and on the sea. First to fight for right and freedom And to keep our honor clean, We are proud to claim the title, Of United States Marine. Our flag's unfurled to every breeze From dawn to setting sun. We have fought in every clime or place Where we could take a gun — In the snow of far-off northern lands And in sunny tropic scenes. You will find us always on the job— The United States Marines. Here's health to you and to our corps, Which we are proud to serve, In many a strife we have fought for life And never lost our nerve; If the Army and the Navy Ever look on Heaven's scenes, They will find the streets are guarded by The United States Marines. [89] Suggestions for War Speed Matches War Speed Summaries by Dr. A. E. Winship, Editor, Journal of Education To illustrate the way our minds should be acquir- ing and storing away essential war facts, Dr. A. E. Winship has prepared war speed notes of which sam- ples are here given in the hope that readers will be encouraged to make up similar war speed notes from their own reading and observing. 1. When tens of millions of men are fighting and hun- dreds of millions are serving and working and praying behind the lines, facts and events which of themselves possess interest and worth are numbered by the hun- dreds of millions. 2. The human mind can retain but an infinitesimal frac- tion of these facts. 3. Turning-point facts, bird's-eye views, truth-bearing contrasts, we can all of us learn and hold. ^ t >1" :^X ^m .k. -it. ■^ -'% (c) By permission of Life "Gee ! I passed in French in College, too '* [90] Suggestions for War Speed Matches War Speed in Training Soldiers The Depot Brigade arrives in Camp and for two weeks and more its men are made ready for the Awkward Squad. Millionaires and hoboes, a university senior and a man who signs his occupation as "thieving," a motley crowd of the good and bad in America, are first given ''the atmosphere" of camp life. The first day, all day, each man at his own gait picks up a stone or a few pebbles from land that needs clearing up and carries them five rods or fifty to an assigned dump and goes back at leisure and gets some more. In a day or two he car- ries shovelful after shovelful of earth over the same trail. He is not ordered to do it better or faster, he is simply getting ready to be ordered to do things in the Awkward Squad. Almost any afternoon one can see in any Camp one of these Depot Brigades and an Awkward Squad being straight- ened up and straightened out and a battalion in field maneu- vers doing work which would be a credit to West Point, and by men who had within six months been in the Depot Brigade and the Awkward Squad ! Every draftee is on the road toward becoming a brilliant, finished army product. [91] Suggestions for War Speed Matches War Speed and Zero Waste War Speed in the cantonments has gone over the top in the feeding of hosts of men. For one week, April 4-10, 1918, approximately a thousand men of the 303d Field Artillery were fed three times a day in an army camp and every chance for the wasting of half-an- ounce of anything in kitchen, pantry, and swill barrels was scientifically watched and examined, and not one ounce went to waste from the twenty-one meals ! By those same men as reported that same week, the average gain in weight since they came to camp was 6}^ pounds ; in chest expansion was .68 inch ; and in height was .36 inch. War Speed and the Carrier Pigeon Every cantonment and training camp has its section de- voted to the training of homing pigeons. The only useful form of life that the infernal noxious war gases cannot disturb is the pigeon. Neither wind nor weather, cannon's smoke nor gaseous fiendishness of Hunnish fury can disturb the peace of mind or divert the line of passage of the dove of war. Add to this the carrier pigeon's capability of training by heightening its instinct and we have a revelation of unpre- cedented usefulness for the dove of "a peace that shall be eternal." [92] Suggestions for War Speed Matches War Speed in Building Ships When Congress declared that Germany was warring upon us and ships were needed as soon as possible, there were but 20,000 shipbuilders of all classes in the country while 250,000 were needed, yet within six months there were men enough for all shipyard work on steel, wooden, or concrete ships. Skilled men were taken from all sorts of mechanical indus- tries and sent to shipyards to learn to do something as experts. The riveting achievements on steel ships well illustrate the efficiency attained. A riveting gang, one driver with three helpers, did their perfect work with 5629 oil tight rivets in a day in May, 1918. An oil tight rivet every five seconds for nine hours would have been regarded as little short of a mir- acle a year before. In eight shipyards the achievement in concrete engineer- ing was about thirty times as much per week as in any week on the Panama Canal. The world wondered at the accomplish- ment in the building of the Panama Canal and one President and at least one engineer won international fame by it, but in the doing of thirty times as much the President of to-day gets no praise, and no one knows or cares who these wonder-work- ing engineers are in 1918. War speed is thirty times the speed of peace and it is taken as a matter of course. Our eight yards launch two ships every day. Such war speed would have been the world's wonder a year before. In May, 1918, a huge ship was launched in twenty-seven days from the time its keel was laid, and in forty-three days from the laying of her keel this ship — the Tuckahoe — had un- loaded her first cargo of coal in Boston. [93] Suggestions for War Speed Matches War Speed and Pocket Wireless Four years ago it required a whole plant of foundation, poles, and long wires to receive a wireless message. Now a man can carry in a case no larger than his watch all that is needed to receive a message, and he can carry in his pockets all the instruments necessary to establish a wireless plant in a few minutes ! A United States regular army lieutenant reports that a few months ago a large division of the British army in Flanders was at the mercy of the enemy, but the enemy did not know it. A wireless plant was established in a few minutes and a code message called for reserves, who arrived in time for relief. Now an army can retreat in a way wholly unknown even a year ago. Half a million soldiers, in divisions, brigades, regiments, battalions, companies, stretch out over a battle froiit^ of forty miles and it is advisable that they retreat, one division a mile, another two miles, another three miles,' and the movement must be done at once. It is obviously no time for horsemen to carry orders, and there are no wired telegraphs, no elaborate wireless plants. The orders must be given and acted upon in record time, which would be impossible but for the possibilities of im- promptu wireless establishments to send and to receive messages. A man in Washington talked by wireless with an operator in Paris, and an operator in Honolulu overheard and reported the conversation between Washington and Paris. War speed surely ! Now wireless telegraph messages can be sent from a room in a house without any wires being run above the house or out of the house. A man can snuggle away in a closet and send a wireless code message. No sooner was this developed as a possibility than experts learned to run down the source of such a message. This new art is called ^'circling it in." "Is it within a circle in which Chicago is in the rim? Buffalo? Albany? Springfield?" and they bring it down to Boston, to the Back Bay, to Hemenway vStreet, to a specific house! [94] Ten Easy=to=Take Steps 1. Are your pupils keeping a scrap book of hero tales, cartoons, and home-state-country- world war facts? 2. Your class will be interested in keeping new items under each of the foregoing main heads. Let them paste slips to the pages or write on margins so that all points about a fact will be in one place. 3. Have you a class or school Question Box? How otherwise are you encouraging ques- tions about the war? 4. Who in your class or school do not know the words of America or The Star-Spangled Banner? 5. Are you singing the new patriotic songs? 6. What steps have you taken to locate the children who do not know minimum essen- tial war facts? What is being done in your community to make sure that persons not in school know these main war facts? 7. Have you tried "relay races," having one pupil pick up the story where the last one stopped? 8. Before you try a "spelling down" contest with war facts, find out by actual tests the easiest questions which are known to most people and ask those first. 9. In composition work, oral and written, have main facts stated in different ways and be sure t'hat your own statement of them fits 3^our own pupils. 10. Are you asking parents' help in grounding children in main war facts? [95] Sources of Free Aids to Teachers and Students 1. "Too many cooks spoil the broth." Turn to "central" when seeking up-to-date war facts as you turn to central when wishing to tele- phone. 2. U. S. Committee on Public Information, Wash- ington, D. C, will send you lists of publica- tions, put you on its mailing list, or answer special questions. v3. U. S. Food Administration will send food facts from your state capital. All food pub- licity work is now being done through state branches. 4. Your State Department of Education will wel- come your questions and try to answer them promptly. 5. The National Security League, 19 W. 44th St., N. Y. City, issues pamphlets, answers ques- tions, and sends speakers. 6. The League to Enforce Peace, 70 Fifth Ave- nue, N. Y. City, has important facts about after-the-war peace aims and related inter- national problems. 7. Institute for Public Service, 51 Chambers Street, N. Y. City, will act promptly in an- swering special questions about where and how to get help for commencement or other occasions. [96] AUG 5 mP Five-Fold Purpose of War Fact Tests 1. To give teachers the main high spot facts about the war and our country *s part in it which every child and every college student ought to prove he knows and understands before graduation or promotion. 2. To help teachers recognize that their greatest opportunity for patriotic work at this time is by way of mak- ing sure that their own classes know and understand the life struggle be- tween autocracy and democracy of which these young people are made an involuntary part. 3. To help employers place condensed essential facts before their working forces. 4. To help editors offer to their readers some reasonably easy tests of war information. 5. To stimulate the issuance of war fact tests by local and state agencies for informing the public about war issues, war needs, war dangers and peace aims. (New York City^s board of education is having two sets of chief war facts prepared, for high school and for elementary schools.) LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 018 465 790 9 ^^