i 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
A HIGHER HISTORY 
 
 UNITED STATES 
 
 FOR SCHOOLS AND ACADEMIES 
 
 BY 
 
 HENRY E. CHAMBERS 
 
 AUTHOR OP " A SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES," ETC. 
 
 REVISED EDITION 
 
 UNIVERSITY PUBLISHING COMPANY 
 NEW YORK • NEW ORLEANS 
 
28581 
 
 Copyright, 1898, by 
 UNIVERSITY PUBLISHING COMPANY 
 
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PREFACE. 
 
 This volume is the work of a practical teacher and embodies 
 the results of many years of teaching experience and school- 
 room experiment. It was originally intended as a text-book 
 for upper grammar grades, but its practical character won the 
 favor of many teachers who introduced it into lower grades 
 than those for which it was designed. These teachers cheer- 
 fully assumed the labor of simplifying its language for their 
 pupils rather than not use the book. They have urged the 
 author to prepare for them an intermediate book on the same 
 plan. Such a book, preceded by the author's School History 
 and followed by the Higher, would make a series of three 
 books. There is little room in the common-school curriculum 
 of to-da}^ for three books in the course of American History. 
 Therefore, instead of expanding the subject into a three-book 
 course, the subject has been condensed into a three-course book. 
 The original text of the Higher lias been entirely rewritten 
 and carefully simplified, so that it now supplies the easy inter- 
 mediate book wanted for the lower grades. The panel notes 
 added to the new text give the fuller course needed for the 
 higher grammar grades. The work indicated under the head- 
 ing " For Advanced Classes," connected with the text and the 
 panel notes, gives a complete course for high school and college 
 classes. The economy of this plan is evident. 
 
 In the present edition the characteristic features of the origi- 
 nal work have been carefully preserved. The subject is divided 
 into exactly the same periods and exactly the same chapters, 
 so that, by using the topical method, both the old edition and 
 the new can be used in the same classes. Many improvements, 
 however, have been made, many new and valuable maps' have 
 been added, and new portraits, every one of which is an authen- 
 tic likeness, have been secured. 
 
In treating of the war between the North and the South the 
 author has endeavored to be absolutely just. The partisan and 
 sectional history, with its warped historical perspective, its 
 magnifying- of trivial local events, and its one-sided view that 
 distorts and misinforms, should be condemned by every true 
 patriot. The setting forth of the whole truth, with balanced 
 judgment, accurate statement, and temperate expression, should 
 be the aim of the historical text-book writer. 
 
 H. E. C. 
 
 Boys' High School, New Orleans, La. 
 
 SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS. 
 
 Do not place this volume in the hands of pupils who are too young to under- 
 stand it. For such pupils, Hansell's School Hi 'si 'or y is the proper text-book. 
 This book is designed for other grades, and offers three distinct courses of in- 
 struction. 
 
 Lower grammar grade pupils should study the text in large type. The 
 questions at the end of each chapter refer to this text. The panel notes may be 
 read, but no questions are given upon them. The questions on Chapters XL, 
 XII., and XIII., Period of Revolution, and the political questions on Chapters 
 XIII., XX., and XXI., Period of Independence, may be omitted with young 
 students. These chapters contain many facts not given in other histories, facts 
 thai are absolutely essential to a correct understanding of what follows. They 
 are therefore given, but in the simplest words, and with the earnest request that 
 teachers omit the questions on them whenever in their judgment it is best In 
 do so. 
 
 Higuer grammar grade pupils, in addition to the work in large print, should 
 carefully study the panel notes. With such classes the use of questions may lie 
 
 (list tinned, and recitations be from topics placed on the blackboard. For this 
 
 purpose, use the "Topics for Discussion" given at the end of each chapter. 
 Keep two or three other histories in the schoolroom, and encourage pupils to 
 read what other authors have written on the subject. 
 
 HIGH school and college STUDENTS will find in the text ami notes the nar- 
 rative which is necessary as the ba>is of their work. Their real work is outlined 
 under the heading '' For Advanced Classes." References arc made to several 
 authorities, of which they will probably find <>ne or more in the college library. 
 Index headings SUggesI and facilitate references to other authorities thai may be 
 accessible and to encyclopedias. Facts thus gathered can he recited and dis- 
 cussed under •"Topics for Discussion " ami under the " Reference Outlines." 
 This is the system recommended by the Committee of Ten of the National 
 Educational Association. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Introduction 3 
 
 I. PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 
 
 The Great Awakening. 
 
 CHAPTER 
 
 T. The Dawn of Learning. 
 
 Dark Ages— Polo and Mandevillc— Portuguese discoveries ... 5 
 
 II. The Increase of Geographical Knowledge. 
 
 Genoa and Venice— First appearance of Columbus— The idea of a round 
 earth— Toseanelli's map 7 
 
 America Discovered. 
 
 III. The Idea and the Man. 
 
 Struggles of Columbus— Council of Salamanca— Isabella's contract with 
 Columbus 11 
 
 IV. The Story of San Salvador. 
 
 Preparations for departure— Incidents of the voyage— The discovery of land 14 
 
 V. The News Brought Back. 
 
 First landfall— Columbus's return— Second, third, and fourth voyages— 
 Vasco da Gama 17 
 
 VI. First on the Mainland. 
 
 John and Sebastian Cabot— Naming the New World 21 
 
 First Comers from Four Nations. 
 
 VII. The Spaniards in Florida. 
 
 De Leon— Dc Ayllon— De Narvaez— De Vaca 25 
 
 VIII. The Conquest of New Spain. 
 
 Discovery and exploration of the Pacific— The Aztecs and Cortez— Con- 
 quest of Peru 27 
 
 IX. The Quest for the Fabulous. 
 
 Coronado — De Soto— Discovery of the Mississippi 31 
 
 X. New France and Acadie. 
 
 Verrazano— ('artier— New France— Champlain — Quebec .... 35 
 
vi . CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER PAGE 
 
 XI. Louisiana. 
 
 Pioneers of the Mississippi— Marqnette and Jolict— La Salle ... 39 
 XII. The Northwest Passage. 
 
 Rise of England's naval power— Frobisher— Sir Francis Drake— Dutch 
 explorations . . .• 43 
 
 America of Old. 
 
 XIII. Aboriginal Races : Semi-civilized. 
 
 Aztecs : Government, language, arts, industries 47 
 
 XIV. Aboriginal Races : Savage. 
 
 Character, manners, customs, tribal organization, religion, and superstition 
 of the red races— Classification 51 
 
 XV. Ancient Inhabitants of America. 
 
 Asiatic origin of the Americans— The Mound-builders— Pueblos and Cliff- 
 dwellers 56 
 
 XVI. Pre-Columbian Discoveries of America. 
 
 Ancient Phoenician voyages— Northmen— Irish, Welsh, and Basque tradi- 
 tional discoveries 59 
 
 II. PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 
 
 Attempted Settlements. 
 
 I. First Seekers for Religious Libertv. 
 
 Huguenots in Florida— Founding of St. Augustine 65 
 
 II. Raleigh's Failures in South Virginia. 
 
 Amidas and Barlow— Humphrey Gilbert— Roanoke settlement— Virginia 
 Dare — Lost Carolina Colony 69 
 
 III. English Attempts in Northern Virginia. 
 
 Gosnold— Virginia Charter of 1606— The Popham Colony .... 73 
 Virginia. 
 
 IV. England's First Foothold. 
 
 .lamesloun First Colonial government— First trial hy jury— Character of 
 
 Virginia settlers 77 
 
 V. The Father of Virginia. 
 
 Captain John Smith -Pocahontas— The Virginia Charter of 1609 Smith's 
 
 administration 81 
 
 VI. Permanence Assured. 
 
 Lord Delaware— Individual landholding— The tobacco industry— Wives 
 
 for the colonists Introduction of slavery 86 
 
 VII. The First Assembly of American Lawmakers. 
 
 Progress of popnlar liberty— First Colonial assembly The Brsl Virginia 
 
 constitution 90 
 
CONTENTS. vii 
 
 New Netherland. 
 
 CHAPTER PAGE 
 
 VIII. The India Companies. 
 
 Dutch colonization of New York -New Sweden— England takes possession 91 
 
 Now England. 
 
 IX. Landing of the Pilgrims. 
 
 Puritan settlement of Plymouth— Mayflower Compact Miles Standish . 00 
 
 X. The Tyranny of Intolerance. 
 
 Settlement of Salem Massachusetts Hay Company— Beginning of self- 
 government in Massachusetts— Puritan intolerance— WilliamBlackstone 103 
 
 XI. New England Settlements. 
 
 New Hampshire— Connecticut First American written constitution 
 
 Rhode [sland— Roger Williams 107 
 
 Maryland. 
 
 XII. First for Liberty of Conscience. 
 
 The Calverts -Catholics settle Maryland— Toleration A.ct Clayborne's 
 Rebellions— Founding of Baltimore Mason and Dixon's Line . . 11-2 
 
 Pennsylvania and Delaware. 
 
 XIII. The Proprietart of Pf.nn's Wood. 
 
 William Penn- Pounding el' Philadelphia- Penn's treaty Beginning of 
 Delaware 115 
 
 Carolina. 
 
 XIV. The Lords Proprietors. 
 
 Albemarle and Clarendon colonies— The Grand Model Founding of 
 Charleston— Revolution ot 1719 Division ...... 180 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 XV. Philanthropy and Protection. 
 
 James Oglethorpe The Georgia Charter— Founding of Savannah— First 
 
 prohibit ion of slavery 135 
 
 Louisiana. 
 
 XVI. French Barriers to Westward Expansion. 
 
 La Salle in Texas [berville and Bienville— Biloxi— John Law Founding 
 of New Orleans . • 131 
 
 III. PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 
 
 The Growing - Colonies. 
 
 I. The Beginning of Indian Extinction. 
 
 Indian Wars in Virginia and Massachusetts— Opecancanaugh . . . 140 
 II. Indian Conflicts : Northern Colonies. 
 
 Pequot War— King Philip's War— Karragansett War 143 
 
 III. Indian Conflicts: Southern Colonies. 
 
 Tnscarora War— Yemassee War— Natchez War 146 
 
CHAPTER PAGE 
 
 IV. The Early American Rebellion. 
 
 Beginning of Colonial discontent in Virginia— Governor Berkeley— Bacon's 
 Rebellion ISO 
 
 V. A Vestige of Superstition. 
 
 Salem witchcraft delusion 155 
 
 VI. Colonial Quarrels: English and French. 
 
 Charter Oak— Revolution of J(j88— King William's War— First Colonial 
 Congress — Queen Anne's War — King George's War .... 15S 
 
 VII. Colonial Quarrels: English and Spanish. 
 
 Spanish attack upon Charleston— Oglethorpe and the Spaniards of Florida 
 
 —Battle of Bloody Marsh 1C2 
 
 The Struggle for Supremacy. 
 
 VIII. A Youth and His Mission. 
 
 The Ohio Company— Washington's journey— Beginning of the French and 
 Indian War— Franklin's Plan of Union 1G7 
 
 IX. The Old French War. 
 
 Braddock's defeat— Expulsion of the Acadians -Crown Point- Lake (ieorge 171 
 X. England Victorious. 
 
 Montcalm— Loudon — Abercrombie— Amherst— Wolfe < iapture of Quebec 
 
 — Treaty of Paris — Territorial changes 174 
 
 XI. OUCONOSTOTA AND PONTIAC. 
 
 The Cherokee War— Pontiac's War 179 
 
 The Thirteen English Colonies. 
 
 XII. Colonial Progress. 
 
 Beneficial results of French and Indian War— Colonial governments- 
 Colonial pioneer life 182 
 
 XIII. The Beginning of American Industries. 
 
 Southern agricultural prosperity — Tobacco — Cotton — Colonial money — 
 Commercial development of New England— Pirates— " Blackbeard " 
 and Kidd ' 185 
 
 XIV. The Development of Sectional Differences. 
 
 Cavalier and Puritan ■- Northern and Southern colonies Compared First 
 
 American colleges— Industrial differences 189 
 
 IV. PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. 
 
 The Struggle for English Liberty in America. 
 
 I. ( Iommercial Slavery. 
 
 Oppression of the Colonists Navigation Acts James Otis and Write of 
 Assistance 
 
CHAPTER PAGE 
 
 II. Unjust Taxation. 
 
 Taxation without representation— The Stamp Act— Patrick Henry— Stamp 
 Act Congress— Declaratory Act — Tea tax 200 
 
 ITT. Agitation. 
 
 Soldiers in Boston— Resistance— Battle of Alamance— Committees of Cor- 
 respondence -Boston Tea Tarty— First Continental Congress— Boston . 
 Port Bill— Regulating Act .205 
 
 IV. Armed Resistance. 
 
 Minute Men— Lexington— Paul Revere— War begins— Washington made 
 commander-in-chief 210 
 
 V. Independence Declared. 
 
 Bunker Hill— Quebec expedition— Siege of Boston— Fort Moultrie— First 
 steps towards independence— Mecklenburg Declaration— Independence 
 declared 214 
 
 The War for American Independence. 
 
 VI. The War in the North. 
 
 Long Island— Washington's retreal Trenton— Princeton— Brandywine— 
 Germantown— Valley Forge— The nessians— Conway Cabal . . 224 
 
 VII. The First Great Victory. 
 
 Burgoyne's invasion— Saratoga The French Alliance— Conquest of the 
 Northwest Territory— Monmouth 229 
 
 VIII. The War in the South. 
 
 Savannah -Kettle Creek — Biier Creek — Stono Perry — Charleston — 
 Sander's Creek— Paul Jones— Arnold's treason 234 
 
 IX. The Partisans of the Carolinas. 
 
 Partisan warfare— Hanging Pock— King's Mountain 240 
 
 X. America Triumphant. 
 
 Greene's campaign— Cowpens— Guilford Court House— Ilobkirk's nill— 
 
 Ninety-Six— Eutaw Springs— Yorktown— End of the war . . .245 
 
 The Institution of Self-government. 
 
 XI. The Transfer of Sovereignty. 
 
 Elements of government— Sovereignty— Written and unwritten constitu 
 tions— Beginning of State sovereignty— Development of the idea of 
 American self-government- The Wautauga settlement ... 
 
 XII. The Delegation of Governmental Power. 
 
 Second Continental Congress— State governments— Articles of Confedera 
 tion — Virginia Bill of Rights— Ordinance of 1787— Weakness of the 
 Union under the Articles of Confederation— Shays's Rebellion— State 
 of Franklin 
 
 XIII. The Federal Constitution. 
 
 The Annapolis Convention— Alexander Hamilton— Philadelphia Conven 
 tion— The Virginia and New Jersey plans— Federal ratio— Beginning of 
 popular suffrage Ratification of the Constitution— Interpretations of 
 the Constitution—" The Federalist "—First presidential election . 
 
V. PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 Union. 
 
 CHAPTER PAOE 
 
 I. The Beginning of the Federal Government. 
 
 Washington, President— First, Cabinet National debt— Capital bargain- 
 Whisky Rebellion— First United States Bank— Jay's Treaty— Surren- 
 der of Northwest Territory claims— Kentucky and Tennessee . . 271 
 
 II. The Rise of Political Parties. 
 
 Parties and platforms— French Naval War— Death of Washington— Alien 
 and Sedition laws— Virginia and Kentucky resolutions— Flection of 
 Jefferson— Washington city 279 
 
 III. Expansion of Territory. 
 
 Louisiana purchased— War with Tripoli— Lewis and Clark— First steam- 
 boat—Aaron Burr— Orders in Council and Decrees interfering with 
 American commerce Embargo and Non-intercourse Acts . . . 284 
 
 IV. The Spirit of Young America. 
 
 The Shawnee War Causes and beginning of the War of 1812 . . . 292 
 
 V. The War for Maritime Independence. 
 
 Campaigns upon the Canadian frontier— Perry's victory — The Creek War 
 — Macdonongh's victory 295 
 
 VI. Sea Triumphs of the Young Republic. 
 
 First sea battles— Hartford Convention— British coast operations— Battle 
 of New Orleans Last sea battles Treaty of Ghent Results of the war 303 
 
 VII. The Era of Good Feeling. 
 
 Monroe, President— First Seminole War— West Florida history- Florida 
 purchase— Monroe doctrine -Lafayette's visit Internal improvements 
 —Beginning of sectional antagonism— J. Q. Adams, President . . 310 
 
 VIII. Tin: Rise of Modern Political Methods. 
 
 Jackson, President— Progress of invention — Black Hawk War — Second 
 Seminole War -Spoils system— United States Bank controversy . . 317 
 
 IX. The American System. 
 
 Tariff controversy of 1832— Direct and indirect, taxation— Tariff classifica- 
 tion — Rise of American manufactures— Development of cotton manu- 
 factures— The protective idea— The Nullification controversy . . 321 
 
 X. The Panic of 1n:S7. 
 
 Vail Buren, President Causes of the panic— The Subtreasury system 
 established Election and death of Harrison— Don's Rebellion The 
 Uormons 329 
 
 XI. The Annexation- of Texas. 
 
 Territorial expansion— American colonization el Texas Mexican oppr( s- 
 sion— Texan independence San Jacinto Admission of Texas . . 330 
 
CHAPTER PAGE 
 
 XII. War with Mexico. 
 
 Polk, President— Cause of the war— Three campaigns— Kearney, Wool, 
 Taylor— Conquest of California— Matamoras— Buena Vista— Jefferson 
 Davis, Bragg, Scott— Mexico City captured— Texas cession . . 342 
 
 XIII. The Development of Sectional Antagonism. 
 
 Sectional differences in Colonial times — Slavery in North and South- 
 Louisiana purchased— Missouri Compromise — Fugitive Slave Laws — 
 Kansas struggle— Dred Scott Decision 350 
 
 Disunion. 
 
 XIV. The Secession of the Southern States. 
 
 John Brown's raid— The Charleston Convention — The Republican 
 party : Lincoln elected— South Carolina ordinance of secession— Con- 
 federacy formed— Bombardment of Fort Sumter— Beauregard . . 362 
 
 XV. The Advance on Richmond. 
 
 Lincoln's call for troops— The border States— "On to Richmond! "— 
 Big Bethel— D. H. Hill— First Battle of Manassas— McDowell— J. E. 
 Johnston— Beauregard— "Stonewall "Jackson 370 
 
 XVI. Early Battles in the West. 
 
 Operations in Missouri- Price— A. S. Johnston— Pea Ridge— Van Dorn — 
 Western Kentucky— Polk— Grant— FortDonelson— Eastern Kentucky— 
 Buell < Irittenden— Shiloh— Death of Johnston— Beauregard— Bragg— 
 Grant— Itika and Corinth— Halleck, chief commander .... 377 
 
 XVII. The War in Virginia. 
 
 The Peninsula campaign — McClellan— Magruder — Seven Pines — J. E. 
 Johnston— R. E. Lee, chief commander— Stuart's ride— Valley cam- 
 paign—Jackson — Seven Days' Battles— Halleck, general-in-chief — Sec- 
 ond Manassas — Pope — Longstreet — Sharpsburg— Fredericksburg— 
 Burnside — Chancellorsville — Hooker— Death of Jackson — Gettysburg — 
 Ewell— Longstreet— A. P. Hill— Pickett's charge 387 
 
 XVIII. Coast, River, and Sea. 
 
 The blockade— Atlantic coast operations— Virginia and Monitor— Fort 
 Fisher— Charleston — Dupont — Mississippi River— Foote— New Or- 
 leans— Farragut- Vicksburg— The Gulf— Red River— Banks — High 
 seas — Semmes — Alabama and Kearsarge 400 
 
 XIX. Lights and Shadows of Appomattox. 
 
 The Middle West : Murfreesboro— Forrest, Wheeler, Morgan— Chicka- 
 mauga— Rosecrans, Bragg, Thomas— Sherman's advance— Atlanta- 
 Hood— Nashville— Sherman's march— Grant, general-in-chief— Wil- 
 derness- Spottsylvauia — Cold Harbor— Yellow Tavern— Sheridan — 
 Petersburg— Five Forks— Fall cf Richmond— Appomattox . . .414 
 
 XX. The Readmission of the Southern States. 
 
 The Trent affair— Emancipation Proclamation— Lincoln's assassination- 
 Johnson, President— Reconstruction plans of Lincoln, Johnson, and 
 Congress— Thirteenth and Fomteenth Amendments -Impeachment of 
 Johnson — General amnesty 431 
 
Reunion. 
 
 CHAPTER PAGE 
 
 XXI. After the War. 
 
 Grant, President— Fifteenth Amendment— Washington Treaty— Geneva 
 award— Indian wars— Panicof 1873 — Contested presidential election — 
 Electoral Commission— Hayes, President— Civil Service— Garfield's 
 election and death— Arthur, President 441 
 
 XXII. Reopening of the Tariff Question. 
 
 Cleveland, President— Death and obsequies of Grant— Interstate Com- 
 merce Commission - Presidential Succession Act— Apache War— The 
 educational campaign —Cleveland's tariff message .... 451 
 
 XXIII. Home Productions and Foreign Markets. 
 
 Harrison, President — Pan-American Congress— Blaine— Samoan, Chilean. 
 and Italian controversies— Oklahoma boom — McKinley tariff— Cleve- 
 land elected President— People's party— Panic of 189:5— Wilson tariff- 
 Silver legislation— The money question— Presidential nominations : 
 Bryan, McKinley, Palmer 450 
 
 XXIV. The War with Spain. 
 
 McKinley, President— Revolution in Cuba— Blowing up of the Maine- 
 War begins— Cuban blockade— Spanish fleet at Manila destroyed— 
 Dewey— Cervera's fleet destroyed— Hobson— Sampson— Schley— San- 
 tiago surrenders— Shatter— Porto Rico taken— Miles— Manila captured 
 — Merritt— Peace treaty of Paris— Filipinos attack Manila — Otis— Hoilo 
 taken— Miller— Retrospect— Unity of North and South . . .466 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Declaration of Independence i 
 
 Constitution of the United States ....... v 
 
 Pronunciations xxi 
 
 Index ............. xxiii 
 
A HISTORY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The history of the human race is a record of the develop- 
 ment and progress by which it has attained its present state of 
 civilization and enlightenment. A study of the record reveals 
 that this advancement has been made by various stages, as im- 
 pulses have from time to time been received ; and the greatest 
 of these impulses have been conquests, race conflicts, coloniza- 
 tions, discoveries, and inventions. 
 
 In the history of the United States Ave are to see something 
 more than a mere statement of facts, or a narrative of events 
 arranged in chronological order. We are to see in it the rise 
 and development of a people distinct in their political system 
 from all others on the earth : a union of self-governing States, 
 bound together by ties of mutual interest, exemplifying in 
 every respect the laws of human progress. 
 
 Although the youngest of civilized nations, the United States 
 has already received many of the impulses to progress that 
 history in general reveals to us. The expansion of its territory 
 has been marked by conquest and race conflicts. The advance- 
 ment of its people has been preeminently characterized by 
 invention and scientific discoveries. During the course of its 
 existence, ideas have been awakened into life that are of the 
 greatest importance to mankind without its borders as well as 
 within — such ideas as the equality of man, liberty of conscience, 
 personal freedom, and the right of self-government. 
 
 Within its confines is to be found every essential condition 
 of individual well-being. Morality is fostered by law, and is 
 furthered by churches of many denominations in every hamlet. 
 Each State concerns itself directly with the culture of its in- 
 habitants, and to that end provides universities, colleges, and 
 common-school systems. Personal freedom is recognized by 
 it as by no other nation ; for here the only restriction placed 
 
4 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 upon individuals in time of peace is that no one shall interfere 
 with another in the enjoyment of rights common to all. No 
 other people have so placed the forces of nature under control 
 to ease the burdens and lighten the labors of the human race. 
 
 The history of this people, then, is one in which every 
 American may take pride. There is a past that in its glory 
 must be carried into our future; there is a past that in its sad- 
 ness must never be repeated. Sadness and glory are alike 
 the heritage of successive generations, who as citizens must 
 perpetuate our institutions. A knowledge of the past enables 
 us to judge of the present and to influence the future. If this 
 knowledge inform us of ill-feeling and bitterness, the present 
 tells us that the well-springs of this ill-feeling and bitterness 
 have dried up. The future must find us carrying forward 
 unitedly our common country to its glorious destiny. 
 
 Our history properly begins in Europe, where our fore- 
 fathers lived. It tells of a famous voyage through which 
 they learned of a land beyond the seas — a, land which to 
 them was a new world. It next tells how men from Europe 
 explored and settled this land ; how these settlements in 
 time prospered and grew strong ; how they rebelled against 
 tyranny and won their independence ; how they organized a 
 government of their own ; and how, finally, under this gov- 
 ernment their descendants have come to be one of the great 
 powers of the world. These successive steps divide the history 
 of the United States into five distinct periods : Discovery, 
 Colonization, Colonial Development, Revolution, and Inde- 
 pendence. 
 
 PREPARATORY GEOGRAPHY LESSON. 
 
 Upon a globe or a map of Europe note the position of the Mediterranean 
 Sea. What three grand divisions of land border upon ii ? Which touches it 
 upon the north? Where is Portugal? Italy? Genoa? Venice? What 
 part of Asia forms the southeastern shores of the Mediterranean ? What part 
 of Africa ? What rivers empty into the Black Sea ? What islands southwest 
 of Portugal ? Trace the west coast of Africa. How would a vessel sail from 
 Lisbon to Cape of Good Hope ? 
 
I. PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 
 
 The Great Awakening. 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 THE DAWN OF LEARNING. 
 
 The Mediterranean is the most historic sea in the 
 world, because around its shores many nations have arisen, 
 nourished, and passed away. On its waters the fleets, of those 
 nations for thousands of years carried on trade with the three 
 grand divisions. The story of those nations is the world's 
 history. Their civilization and culture are the foundation of 
 ours. 
 
 Europe, which touches this sea on the north, has not always 
 been the enlightened portion of the world that it is to-day. 
 There was a period of a thousand years in its history, follow- 
 ing the fall of the Roman Empire, when the people were very 
 ignorant. They knew little of countries other than their own, 
 for in those days it was difficult to go about from place to 
 place. They had few books, and these were written by hand 
 upon parchment, for printing and paper had not yet been 
 invented. The few who could read and write were for the most 
 part priests and monks, who spent their time in monasteries 
 or were employed as secretaries and teachers by rich men, 
 nobles, and kings. 
 
 Eastern Discovery and Trade. — The people at this 
 time knew nothing of America or of the distant portion of the 
 world west of Europe. They knew something of the East, for 
 in ancient times the armies of Greece and Rome had invaded 
 and conquered parts of Asia. JSear the close of the Dark 
 
PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 
 
 Ages, Marco Polo of Venice 
 had traveled as far as Burma 
 and China, and had written an 
 account of his visit. Still later, 
 Sir John Mandeville's hook of 
 travels in the East was pub- 
 lished. Though commerce with 
 India had existed for centuries, 
 little attention had been given 
 to the opening of an easier pas- 
 sage on the open sea. Cara- 
 vans of camels laden with goods 
 
 End of the Dark Ages. 
 
 The period of ignorance, known as 
 the Dark Ages, came to an end a little 
 more than four hundred years ago. 
 The invention of printing had done 
 much to hasten the close of this period. 
 Books became more plentiful. Many 
 learned to read and write. The more 
 the people read, the more they thought ; 
 the more intelligent they became, the 
 more they tried to discover and to un- 
 derstand things about which they knew 
 nothing before. Thus it was that try- 
 ing to understand made them eager to 
 learn. The people seemed to be wak- 
 ing from a long sleep of ignorance, 
 and to be expecting great events to 
 happen. And great events did happen, 
 as we shall see. 
 
 would come to some city on the 
 Mediterranean or the Black Sea, 
 and here the goods would be 
 
 transferred to vessels destined to European ports. The greater 
 part of the trade was controlled by the two Italian cities of- 
 
 Genoa and Venice. 
 
 Portuguese Sailors. — 
 jr cities, however, 
 ere eager to enjoy 
 this trade. One 
 of these was Lis- 
 bon, in Portu- 
 gal. The Por- 
 tuguese in the 
 latter part of 
 the fifteenth 
 century were 
 very enterpris- 
 ing. Their na- 
 vigators w e re 
 seeking a route of 
 their own to the In- 
 nd this route they 
 hoped to find by sailing 
 south along the western 
 
 MAP SHOWING THE WORLD As KNOWN NEAR THE 
 END OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY. 
 
THE GREAT AWAKENING. 7 
 
 coast of Africa. Slowly they made themselves acquainted 
 with the west coast, sailing farther and farther to the south 
 but never venturing far from the shore. At last Bartholomeu 
 Diaz [bar-tol'o-mu de'ahs] reached Cape of Good Hope in I486. 
 He was inspired with hope, but he did not know that just 
 beyond this cape lay an open waterway to the Indies. 
 
 Questions. — What sea is most historic ? Why is it historic? In what 
 respect did Europe differ from what it is now ? About what did the people 
 know very little ? Who could read and write ? What part of the world did 
 they know nothing about ? How did they come to know about Asia ? What 
 cities controlled the trade with Asia ? What other important city sought this 
 trade ? Name a Portuguese sailor and tell what he did. 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. The Mediterranean Sea in the World's History. II. The Dark Ages. III. The Revival 
 of Learning. IV. Medieval Europe's Knowledge of the East. V. Earlier Portuguese 
 Discoveries. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Labberton's Ilix/orical Alias. Maps in general histories. 
 Ancient civilizations associated with the Mediterranean Sea. 
 
 Dallam's M'olilh Ages, vol. iii. 
 Decline of ancient learning. Causes of the Dark Ages, pages 370-289. Preservation of 
 learning by monasteries, page 292. Revival of learning. 450. Invention of linen paper, 
 458. Invention of printing, 409. Invention of mariner's compass, 331. 
 
 Winsor's Christopher Columbus. 
 Prince Henry the Navigator, 97. Portuguese discoveries of Africa, 97-98. Marco Polo 
 and Sir John Mandeville, 90, 112-117. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide. — Consul! cyclopedias, biographical dictionaries, etc., and compare infor- 
 mation given in various school histories upon the following topics : Printing, Invention 
 of. Mmidenlh . sir Jniin. Polo, Marco. Portuguese Discoveries. Diaz, Bartholomeu. 
 
 Special.— Encyclopedia Brifannica's article on Geography, vol. x., 179. Old South Leaflet, 
 No. 32 : Marco Polo's account of his travels. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 THE INCREASE OF GEOGRAPHICAL KNOWLEDGE. 
 
 Revival of Learning- in Italy. — Italy was one of the first 
 European countries in which learning revived. Its commercial 
 cities did much to increase the knowledge of geography. The 
 
PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 
 
 seamen of Genoa and Venice were among the most skillful of 
 that time, and their vessels could be found in all the principal 
 Mediterranean seaports. 
 
 Trade of Venice and Genoa. — The trade of Venice was 
 principally with the sea-coast cities of southwestern Asia and 
 northeastern Africa. The trade of Genoa Avas mostly with the 
 countries around the Black Sea. At this time Constantinople 
 was the capital of the Eastern Empire and was friendly with 
 Genoa. In the middle of the fifteenth century the Turks 
 
 conquered and cap- 
 tured Constanti- 
 u ople , and took 
 possession of the Bos- 
 phorus strait. They 
 stopped the Genoese 
 vessels from passing 
 through this strait, 
 so that Genoa had 
 to give up her Black 
 Sea trade, and many 
 of her ships and 
 sailors became idle. 
 Many sought em- 
 ployment in other 
 countries. 
 
 First Appear- 
 ance of Colum- 
 bus. — One of these 
 Genoese sailors was Christoforo Colombo [cres-to-fo-ro co-lom- 
 bo|, or Christopher Columbus, as he is known to us. Seeking 
 for employment, the activity of the Portuguese navigators led 
 him to visit Lisbon about the year 1 474. Here he fell in 
 with an old navigator, an Italian by birth, named Perestrello, 
 whose daughter he married. The death of the father, soon 
 alter, left to this daughter little inheritance of property be- 
 yond the geographical papers and charts which were the fruit 
 of the old navigator's study and experience. Consequently, 
 
 COLUMBUS. 
 
THE GREAT AWAKENING. 
 
 while this family tie brought to Columbus no wealth by which 
 he could carry out his ambition, it increased his knowledge 
 and made clear his ideas of the 
 earth's roundness and size. 
 
 Popular Fear of the 
 Unknown Ocean. — We must 
 remember that at this time no- 
 body knew what was on the 
 other side of the Atlantic. The 
 
 The Idea of a Round 
 Earth. 
 
 TOSCANELLrS MAP (1474). 
 
 islands near the African coast, 
 such as the Canary Islands, had 
 come to be known, but no one 
 dared to go out upon the ocean 
 farther than these islands. 
 
 Wonderful geographical st< >- 
 ries, with very little fact to rest 
 upon, had been told a thousand 
 years before the time of Colum- 
 bus. One of these tales, which 
 was put into writing about five 
 hundred years before, described 
 
 Columbus was a skillful seaman. 
 He had sailed to many known regions 
 of the world, and by his own observa- 
 tion had learned much of the earth's 
 surface. But the idea of the earth as 
 a round ball did not originate with 
 him. Fourteen hun- 
 dred years before the 
 time of Columbus, 
 Aristotle, the great- 
 . est of Grecian 
 #>'A philosophers, 
 had shown that 
 the earth is a 
 tJn.j \ *Xt iffl^'vX \ globe. After 
 Aristotle, 
 among a 
 m u 1 1 i - 
 tude of 
 learned 
 men who 
 a d o p t e d 
 the same 
 notion, was 
 Ptolemy of Al- 
 exandria, who 
 flourished thir- 
 teen hundred years 
 before < iolumbus. 
 
 It stands to the 
 credit of Columbus's 
 genius and industry that he acquainted 
 himself by patient study with the wis- 
 dom of ancient as well as of modern 
 geographers. This knowledge, com- 
 bined with his own experience, led him 
 to believe that the earth is round. 
 
 He was further confirmed in this 
 belief by an interesting map given him 
 by Toscanelli, a celebrated Italian 
 geographer. This map shows that 
 something was known in those days 
 of the eastern coast of Asia, but noth- 
 ing of America. Some of the islands 
 shown bear familiar names, like the 
 Antilles. The main theory of this 
 map was true, and was therefore help- 
 ful to Columbus. 
 
10 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 
 
 certain islands discovered by an Irish monk, St. Brandon, who 
 lived in the sixth century. These islands— one of which was 
 said to be the back of a monstrous fish — were believed to be 
 situated in a northwesterly direction from the Canary Islands. 
 There were other equally exciting stories told of phantom 
 islands which sometimes rose above the water and then sud- 
 denly vanished; and of a sea inhabited by gigantic and horrible 
 water-animals that devoured sailors and even ships. Men who 
 believed such stories had no heart for sailing westward on the 
 unknown seas. Columbus, as it will now appear, was more 
 courageous. 
 
 Questions. — What country was the first in which learning revived? 
 What influences increased the knowledge of geography ? How did the seamen 
 help this increase ? The trade of Venice was principally with what region ? 
 The trade of Genoa ? What event put an end to this trade ? Why ? What 
 happened to the ships and sailors of Genoa ? What Genoese navigator went to 
 Lisbon ? Why ? What new acquaintance and relation did he form ? What 
 idea became clear to him V What islands were known ? Why were people 
 afraid to sail far out upon the Atlantic ? What stories were told ? Who was 
 not afraid ? 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 1. Commerce of Genoa and Venice. II. Ancient Notions of the Earth's Shape. III. Colum- 
 bus's Idea of the Earth's Size and Shape. IV. Toscanelli's Map. V. Knowledge of the 
 
 Atlantic in Columbus's Time. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 Hallam's MiddU Ages, vol. i. 
 
 Genoa and the Black Sea trade, 443. Venetian commerce, 453. 
 Draper's Inlilhcluul />< rdoiniHtit of Kuro/ic. 
 
 Chap, xviii. — Fall of Constantinople, 402. Chap. six. Mediterranean and Black Sea trade, 
 
 441. Genoese and Venetian rivalries, 442. Early life of Columbus, 442-443. 
 Bancroft's History of tlu United States, vol. i. 
 
 Columbus taught by Aristotle and Toscanelli, 7-8. Decline of the Italian cities, 0. 
 Winsor's Christopher Columbus, chap. vi. 
 
 Columbus in Portugal, 103-108. Toscanelli's theory and letter to Columbus, Ins 112. Sea 
 of Darkness and fabulous islands. 111. Ancient notions of the earth's form, 118. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index GriDK. -Consult cyclopedias, biographical dictionaries, etc., and compare information 
 given in various school histories upon the following topics : Genoa, Commerce of . Colum- 
 bus at Lisbon. Toscanelli. St. Brandan's Isle. 
 Special.— ETicyclopaidia Britannica, vol. x.. 175-180, article upon Geography. 
 
AMERICA DISCOVERED. 11 
 
 PREPARATORY GEOGRAPHY LESSON. 
 
 Upon maps showing the west coast of Europe and the west coast of Africa 
 note the location of the following : Lisbon, Canary Islands, Palos, Barcelona, 
 Bristol (England). 
 
 Upon a map of the West Indies note the position of the Bahama Islands. 
 Going south from these islands, whai large island is readied ? What island is 
 east, of it ? Smith ? What island east of Hayti ? 
 
 Upon a map of South America trace the northern coast from the Orinoco to 
 the Isthmus of Panama. 
 
 Upon a map of North America note the position of Labrador ; of Newfound- 
 land. What strait between the two ? 
 
 In what direction from Palos are the Canary Islands ? What point on the 
 coast of the United States lias the same latitude as these islands ? Draw a line 
 connecting the two. Would a vessel sail north or south of this line in going 
 from the Canary to the Bahama Islands? 
 
 America Discovered. 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 THE IDEA AND THE MAN. 
 
 The Struggles of Columbus. — The idea that the earth 
 is round had now taken firm hold in the mind and heart of 
 Columbus. Asia, he thought, could be reached by sailing- 
 westward, and he was ready to prove the correctness of his 
 belief, even at the risk of his life. The 
 first difficulty which met him was how 
 to get the means necessary to fit out a 
 vessel for the voyage. It was not an 
 easy matter to secure contributions from 
 those who had been religiously taught 
 that the earth is flat. 
 
 Very naturally, Columbus sought help 
 from his own city, Genoa; and when it 
 
 refused him, he applied to the king of Portugal. This king 
 was very wise, but he acted treacherously. Persuaded by the 
 advice of evil councilors, he pretended not to believe that 
 Columbus was right, and then he sent off secretly an expedi- 
 
PERIOD OF DISCOVERY 
 
 The Council of Sala- 
 manca. 
 
 There was a great college or seat of 
 learning in the town of Salamanca. 
 The council was in no way connected 
 
 with this college. It was merely an 
 informal meeting of men prominent 
 for their learning, whom the king in- 
 vited to come together and listen to 
 Columbus. 
 
 Columbus told them he believed the 
 earth to be round ; that ships could 
 sail to every part of the ocean ; that 
 there were lands about which people 
 then knew nothing ; and that Asia 
 could lie reached by sailing west across 
 the Atlantic. 
 
 "The earth," he said, "is made for 
 man. Too much of its surface cannot 
 be taken up with water. It cannot 
 be possible that the sun has not 
 to shine on, and that the mi 
 watches of the stars are w 
 upon trackless seas." 
 
 To prove that there wei 
 other lands, Columbus 
 called their attention to 
 several facts that were 
 then generally known. 
 West of the Azores Isl- 
 ands a curiously carved 
 piece of timber had been 
 found floating. The 
 dead bodies of two 
 Strange-looking, dark-skinned men 
 had been cast ashore. Large canes, 
 vines, branches, and trees of unknown 
 kinds were often found drifting near 
 the shores of the Atlantic. From 
 where did all these come ? 
 
 The council could not agree with 
 Columbus about the roundness of the 
 earth. "If the earth were round," 
 said they. " there would be an opposite 
 side to ours, where people would live 
 
 with heads down and feet up. Every- 
 thing WOUld lie reversed. How can 
 rain and snow fall up anil trees grow 
 down'/" Thus they settled in their 
 
 own minds that Columbus's belief was 
 a very foolish one. 
 
 carried out. The council dec 
 
 tion to carry out Columbus's 
 plan of sailing across the Atlan- 
 tic. This expedition, however, 
 failed. 
 
 Columbus decided next to try 
 his fortune with Ferdinand and 
 Isabella, king and queen of 
 Spain. With his little son 
 beside him, he journeyed on 
 foot from Lisbon to the place 
 where the Spanish court was 
 assembled. 
 
 Ferdinand and Isa- 
 bella were then engaged 
 in a costly war witli 
 the Moors, who had 
 long established them- 
 selves in Spain. 
 Columbus waited 
 seven years for the 
 opportunity of 
 laying his plans 
 before the king 
 and epieen. He spent two of 
 these years in the convent of La 
 Ilabida, near Palos. The] trior 
 of the C( mvent proved a valuable 
 friend. The war ended with 
 the Spanish capture of Granada, 
 and Columbus at last obtained 
 a hearing at the Spanish court. 
 Columbus explained his idea 
 very eloquently. A council of 
 wise men was called to examine 
 into his plans and determine 
 whether or not they could be 
 ided against Columbus. 
 
AMERICA DISCOVERED. 13 
 
 Perseverance and Triumph of Columbus. — Deter- 
 mined to try again, Columbus set out for France. lie had 
 not proceeded very far upon his way when a messenger over- 
 took him and called him back to the Spanish court. His elo- 
 quence had made a deep impression upon the queen. She 
 thought Columbus might possibly be right, after all ; and if he 
 was, it would be a great opportunity to spread the religion of 
 Christ to unknown regions, and to add new lands to the domin- 
 ion of Spain. She made up her mind to help him. 
 
 Agreement between Columbus and Isabella. — The 
 treasury of Spain after the long, expensive war was almost 
 empty. Where was the money to fit out Columbus's vessels to 
 come from? Isabella offered to pledge her jewels, but the 
 money was obtained without her having to do so. 
 
 Columbus agreed to contribute one-eighth of the expense 
 of sending out the expedition. He was to receive in return 
 one-tenth of whatever pearls, precious stones, gold, spices, and 
 other articles the expedition might secure. He was also to be 
 admiral " in all lands and continents he might discover or 
 acquire in the ocean,' 1 and viceroy of the same. If governors 
 were needed, he was to have the privilege of naming the can- 
 didates from whom these governors would be selected. 
 
 The Prospect Brightens. — Thus after eighteen long 
 years of poverty, misfortune, and disappointment he was at 
 last about to' succeed. He had been mistaken for a madman 
 by the ignorant and had been abused by the superstitious, but 
 his perseverance had won. At last his opportunity had come 
 to prove the correctness of his ideas. His dreams were about 
 to be realized. 
 
 Questions. — About what time did Columbus form the idea of the earth's 
 roundness ? Where was he then living ? Why could not Columbus prove that 
 his idea was correct ? Whose help did he seek ? To what evil advice did t lie 
 Portuguese king listen ? Where did Columbus next apply ? How was muqh of 
 the journey to Spain made ? Why did Columbus have to wait seven years to 
 gain a hearing ? Where did lie spend two years ? Who were king and queen 
 of Spain at this time ? What council was called to examine into his plans ? 
 How did they decide ? Where did Columbus next decide to go? Why did 
 he not continue on to France ? Why had Isabella decided to help Colum- 
 
14 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 
 
 bus ? Why did Isabella offer to pledge her jewels ? What agreement was 
 made between Isabella and Columbus V How long had Columbus waited for 
 an opportunity to carry out his plans ? What troubles had he passed through 
 in this period ? 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. Columbus in Portugal. II. Columbus in Spain. III. The Council of Salamanca. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 Winsor's Christoplier Columbus. 
 
 Columbus in Portugal, 103-108. Influence of Portuguese discoveries upon Columbus, 
 131. Columbus goes to Spain, 153. Council of Salamanca, 161. 
 
 living's Life of Columbus. 
 Book I.— Columbus negotiates with Portuguese Court, 63-67. Treachery of Portuguese 
 king, 08. Book II.— Columbus at Court of Spain, 7!). Council of Salamanca, 84. Terms 
 of agreement between Columbus and Spanish Court, 114. 
 
 Bryant's Popular History of the United States. 
 Columbus asks aid of Portugal, 10G. Waits eight years in Spain, 108. Council of Sala- 
 manca's decision, 108. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide.— Examine comparatively what cyclopedias, biographical dictionaries, and 
 various historical works have to say upon the following topics: Col it mints, Kttihj Lift of. 
 Ferdinand and Isabella. Salamanca, Council of. 
 
 Special.— Harper's Magazine, Dec, 1881: How America was Discovered. Dallam's Middle 
 Ages, vol. ii., 59 : Spanish-Moorish war which deferred consideration of Columbus's propo- 
 sition. Draper's Intellectual Development of Europe, 442 : Description of the early life of 
 Columbus. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 TDK STORY OF SAN SALVADOR. 
 
 Preparations for the Voyage. — Upon receiving his 
 
 commission, Columbus went to Palos, a little port in the south- 
 west of Spain, and began preparations for the voyage. Here 
 dwelt a wealthy family of navigators named Pinzon, friends of 
 Columbus, with whose assistance he was enabled to contribute 
 that portion of the expense he had agreed upon. In return, 
 they were to receive a share of the profits of the expedition. 
 
 Two small vessels, the Pinta [pen'tah] and the Nina [nen'- 
 yah], were furnished by the government. With the funds 
 supplied by the Pinzons, a third, the Santa Maria [san'tah 
 mah-re'ah], somewhat larger than the other two, was pro- 
 
AMERICA DISCOVERED. 
 
 cured. The last named was made the flagship of the admiral. 
 Martin Alonzo Pinzon took command of the Pinta, and his 
 brother, Vincent Yanez, of the Niua. 
 
 The government provided for the employment of ninety 
 sailors. At first it was with some difficulty that men could be 
 persuaded to join the expedition. Everyone was interested in 
 the preparations being made, but few cared to risk themselves 
 upon a voyage which seemed so dangerous. Columbus, how- 
 ever, soon convinced them that he was going to succeed, and 
 that all who went with him 
 would win wealth and fame. 
 By the time preparations were 
 completed ninety sailors were 
 secured, and thirty others joined 
 for the purpose of adventure. 
 By August 3, 1492, everything 
 was ready for departure and the 
 vessels set sail. 
 
 Incidents of the Voyage. 
 —When three days out, the 
 rudder of the Pinta was lost. 
 The ship was therefore headed 
 for the Canary Islands, where, 
 after a three weeks' stay at the 
 one called Gomera, the damage 
 was repaired. Here Columbus 
 was informed that a Portuguese 
 
 fleet was in those waters for the purpose of intercepting him. 
 Fortunately it never came in sight, and on September 6th the 
 voyage was resumed. 
 
 Day after day passed, filled sometimes with hope, sometimes 
 with fear. Most of the sailors were superstitious ; some were 
 inclined to be rebellious. When the sea happened to be calm, 
 they were afraid that a region had been reached where winds 
 never blow. When a steady breeze set in and wafted them 
 swiftly along in the very direction they were to go, their com- 
 plaint was, "How shall we ever sail back against it? " 
 
 Events Attending the 
 Departure. 
 
 The day before the expedition sailed 
 was spent in solemn and impressive re- 
 ligious ceremonies. Officers and men 
 marched to the church, confessed their 
 sins and offered up prayers, according 
 to the custom of the Roman Catholic 
 Church. The priests blessed the ex- 
 pedition, and early next morning the 
 fleet set out to sea. Columbus took 
 with him a letter from the sovereign 
 of Spain to the Grand Khan of Tartary, 
 a monarch whose realm had been 
 visited and described by Marco Polo, 
 and whom Columbus expected to visit 
 before his return. Aboard the vessels 
 it was announced that a prize, offered 
 by the queen, awaited him who was 
 first to see land not heretofore dis- 
 covered. Thus did the greatest voyage 
 in the world's history begin. 
 
16 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 
 
 The further they proceeded, the more uneasy the sailors be- 
 came. Columbus found it advisable to keep two reckonings 
 of the distance daily traveled, a correct one for his own infor- 
 mation, and an incorrect one showing a fewer number of miles 
 than had actually been traveled, so that the men would think 
 they were not so very far from Spain after all. Several times 
 the sailors rebelled and wanted to turn back, but Columbus 
 managed to persuade them to continue the voyage. 
 
 On the 7th of October a remarkable event happened. Martin 
 Pinzon, from the deck of the Pinta, saw a flock of parrots fly- 
 ing toward the southwest. lie concluded they must be flying 
 to land. The heads of the vessels were also turned southwest. 
 As they sailed onward, signs of land became numerous and 
 unmistakable. A branch filled with berries went floating by, 
 and birds that never fly far from shore alighted on the vessels. 
 
 Land in Sight. — At length the night of October 11th 
 arrived. The vesper hymn which the crews sang every even- 
 ing had ceased to sound over the waters. Columbus stood in 
 the forepart of his ship, looking ahead into the dark. A little 
 twinkling light in the distance suddenly attracted his attention. 
 It was moving. He did not know it at the time, but the light 
 was on land. Early next morning a gun sounded from the 
 Pinta. Rodrigo de Triana [ro-dre'-go da tre-ah'-nah], the 
 sailor on watch, had summoned all hands ; for there before 
 them, dimly to be seen, was an unknown shore which had been 
 approached in the night. A joyful shout went up, and all 
 uncertainty was at an end. 
 
 Questions. — Where (lid Columbus go after receiving his commission ? 
 What friends had he there ? What help did they give him ? What were they 
 lu receive in return? "What three vessels were fitted up? How was each ob- 
 tained ? Who was 1 he commander of each ? How many sailors were employed ? 
 How many men went, witli the expedition ? How was this number finally pro- 
 cured ? When was everything ready I'm- the start ? What accident befell the 
 Pinta? Where was the damage repaired? What danger did Columbus 
 escape ? What Eears < 1 1 « 1 the men have ? What did Columbus find it necessary 
 to do on account of these fears? What was the remarkable event of October 
 7th? Why were the vessels turned towards the southwest? What si^ns of 
 land soon began to appear? What happened the night of the 11th? The 
 morning of the 12th ? Who first saw land ? What was now at an end ? 
 
AMERICA DISCOYKKKD. 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 First Voyage of Columbus to America. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Winsor's Christophi r Coliuiihus. 
 
 The Pinzons, 171. Terms of agreement, 181. First voyage, 178. Uncertainty of exact 
 . location of land first discovered, 21(j. Mistakes Cuba for Cathay, 224. 
 Irving's Life of Christopher Columbus. - 
 
 Book II.— Preparations for the voyage, 119. Book III. — Departure, 125. Incidents of the 
 
 voyage, 125. Terrors of the seamen, 132. Discovery of land, 115. 
 Winsor's Xorrntire unit Criticit History of America, vol. ii. 
 
 Columbus and his first voyage, 111. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works.— Columbus, First \'<>i/<o/> if. Polos, 
 
 Columbus's Departure from. Pinzon, Martin. Santa Maria, The. 7'ri<in<r, Rodrigo de. 
 
 America, Discovery of, tin Columbus. 
 Special. Old South Leaflet, No. 33 : Letter of Columbus describing bis first voyage. Read 
 
 Joaquin Miller's inspiring poem, Columbus. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 THE NEWS BROUGHT RACK. 
 
 The land first seen proved to be one of the Bahama 
 
 Islands. Columbus bestowed upon it the name of San Salvador 
 (Holy Savior). In the light of 
 
 Columbus's Landfall. 
 
 early dawn the three vessels 
 
 drew near and cast anchor. The Thc islaml flrst seeD by C oinmbus, 
 
 intense interest with which the and which received from him the 
 
 name San Salvador, was known to the 
 
 men examined the land before na tives as Guanahani, or cat island. 
 
 them may well be imagined. Aa Columbus failed to note its lati- 
 
 l ° tude and longitude, a question as to 
 
 Lauding Of ColumbUS. its exact locution has arisen. Few 
 
 The first landing <>f Columbus n " w ^ °7 that ,lu ' island known :ls 
 
 ° San Salvador is the one upon which 
 
 in the new world was made Columbus bestowed the name. Those 
 
 with great ceremony. Dressed 7 1 ' have studied the question care- 
 
 ° J fully have arrived at different con- 
 in a rich Uniform of Scarlet, elusions, a majority of which favor 
 
 with the royal banner of Spain ° ne /J lK ; three viands know,, as 
 
 J r Grand Turk, Watling's, and Samana. 
 
 in his hand, the admiral in his The weight of authority, as recently 
 
 1 , 1 ,1 1 summed up and expressed, inclines to 
 
 own boat drew near the shore. watiing'Jsiand. 
 
 He was joined by his captains, I 
 
18 PETCT0D OF DISCOVERT. 
 
 each of whom hold aloft the green-crossed banner of the 
 enterprise. All were accompanied by retinues — the whole 
 forming a most brilliant pageant as it approached the land. 
 The first act of Columbus on landing was to kneei reverently, 
 kiss the earth, and offer thanks to God. lie then rose to his 
 feet, drew his sword, and took formal possession in the name of 
 
 >TATIE OF coumihs at gen 
 
 the sovereigns of Spain. All present then took an oath to obey 
 him. 
 
 Dark-skinned natives had gathered around and looked on 
 with astonishment. To them the ships seemed as birds with 
 white wings. They thought the visitors came from the sky. 
 A few of the natives wore ornaments of gold, with which they 
 readily parted; and when asked by signs where more of that 
 
AMERICA DISCOVERED. 19 
 
 metal could be obtained, they pointed to the south. This led 
 the Spaniards to further search, and erecting a large cross, 
 they left the island and proceeded in the direction pointed out. 
 
 Further Exploration. — After exploring the island first 
 discovered, Columbus hoisted his sails and turned south- 
 ward. Before long, Cuba was sighted, and soon after Ilayti, 
 upon which the name of Hispaniola [Little Spain] was be- 
 stowed. The Spaniards landed from time to time along the 
 coast to search and make inquiry for the gold and spices they 
 hoped to find in abundance. At Hispaniola the Santa Maria 
 was wrecked, and out of the wreck a fort was built named 
 La Navidad. Leaving thirty-five men as a garrison, Colum- 
 bus set out with the rest upon his return to Spain. 
 
 Celebration of Columbus's Return, March 13, 
 1493. — When the news of Columbus's safe return spread 
 over Spain, great excitement prevailed. Public rejoicings and 
 a general holiday were proclaimed. Columbus was now Spain's 
 greatest admiral. The king and queen awaited him at Bar- 
 celona. The journey of Columbus to the Spanish court was 
 quite different from the footsore and weary one made once 
 before. Bells were now rung ; cheers and praise were now 
 showered upon him all along the route, and his progress was 
 a series of triumphs. 
 
 In the presence of the assembled court Columbus received 
 the hands of his sovereigns. The story of his adventures and 
 of the new world beyond the seas was given in full. The curi- 
 ous objects he had brought back with him, among which were 
 two natives of the new world, were examined with wonder. 
 The islands that Columbus told about were thought to be 
 among those lying off the southeast coast of Asia, or the 
 Indies ; hence the natives received the name Indians. 
 
 The Second Voyage and its Results. — Columbus was 
 now provided with a large fleet and set sail upon a second 
 voyage with fifteen hundred soldiers, missionaries, and adven- 
 turers. When Hispaniola was reached a sad discovery was 
 made. The men left by Columbus on his first voyage bad 
 been massacred, and La Navidad destroyed. The fort was 
 
20 
 
 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY 
 
 rebuilt and strengthened, the settlement was renewed, and 
 the hostile tribes of the island were subdued by the many 
 new-comers. Columbus, continuing on his voyage, discov- 
 ered a number of other islands, one of which was Jamaica 
 (1493). 
 
 Third and Fourth Voyages. — A third voyage brought 
 him to the mainland of the 
 continent, near the mouth of 
 the Orinoco River (1498); and 
 a fourth and last, to the coast 
 of Central America (1502). 
 
 Discovery of the Route 
 to India. — it should be borne 
 in mind that the main object of 
 Columbus's voyages \v;is not to 
 discover a new continent, but 
 to find a direct ocean passage 
 to Asia. In this hope he was 
 disappointed, and the honor he 
 sought went to another. The 
 first navigator to reach Asia by 
 an ocean route was the Portu- 
 guese Vasco da (lama [vahs'co dah gah'mah], who in 1497 
 sailed from Lisbon around the Cape of Good Hope. After 
 landing on the coast of India he returned Avith his ships laden 
 with the costlv sroods of Asia. 
 
 Last Days of Columbus. 
 
 The last days of Columbus were 
 very sad. Many, jealous of Ins fame, 
 tried to injure his reputation. False 
 accusations were made against him at 
 one time, and he was sent back to 
 Spain in chains as a criminal. People 
 became so indignant at this treatment, 
 
 however, that hie chains were quickly 
 removed ; but he never received the 
 benefits to winch he was entitled. His 
 friend, Queen Isabella, having died, he 
 was treated with more and more neg- 
 lect ; and at last, overcome by disap- 
 pointment, the man who had given 
 Spain a new world died (May ^'ti, 1506) 
 a victim of ingratitude. To the last 
 he never knew that the region he had 
 discovered was a new continent. 
 
 Questions. — What did the land first seen prove to be ? Whai name was 
 given to it ? Describe the landing of Columbus. Whal did the natives think 
 of their white visitors ? The coasts of what islands were explored ? Whal in- 
 quiries were made ? Whai name was bestowed upon llayti ? Whai followed 
 upon reaching Qispaniola ? How many did Columbus leave al liispaniola ? 
 What fori was erected ? Of what was this fori constructed? Whal effeci had 
 Columbus's return ? What rank had he now ? How was Columbus received by 
 Ferdinand and Isabella ? Whai islands did Columbus think he had visited ? 
 What name was bestowed upon their inhabitants ? Tell whai you know of Co- 
 lumbus's second voyage. By whom was he accompanied ? Whai sad discovery 
 was made upon reaching Hispaniola ? What did the Spaniards do after their 
 arrival? How many voyages did Columbus make ? What did Columbus dis- 
 cover upon each of his voyages? In these voyages what was the main object 
 
AMERICA DISCO V EKED. 
 
 21 
 
 of Columbus ? Who reaped the honor sought by Columbus ? How did Gama 
 reach India ? 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. Return of Columbus and Announcement of his Success. II. Further Voyages and Discov- 
 eries. 111. Vasco da Gama. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 The return voyage, 818. Desertion of Pinzon, 226. Columbus arrives in Palos, 242. 
 
 Received by the Spanish sovereigns, 215. Second voyage, 2(i5. Subsequent ill-treatment 
 
 of Columbus, 388. Pitiable death, 512. Vasco da Gania's discovery of a route to India, 333. 
 Winsor's Narrulir< ami Critical History of America, vol. ii. 
 
 Death and character of Columbus, 23. 
 Irving's Life of Columbus, Book V. 
 
 Columbus's return voyage, 238. Reception, 260-271. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of various works and authorities. — Cuba, Discov- 
 ery of. llayti. Discovery of. Santa Maria, Wreck of the. La Navidad, Fort. Columbus, 
 Second Voyage of. Central America, Discovery of, by Columbus. Columbus, Last Days of. 
 Da Gama, Vasco. 
 
 Special. — Epochs of American History: Vol. i.— The race for India, 24. Da Gama's 
 triumph, 25. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 FIRST ON THE MAINLAND. 
 
 Voyage and Discovery 
 by John Cabot. — The news 
 that Columbus had found land 
 on the other side of the Atlantic 
 soon spread from Spain to other 
 countries. About this time a 
 Venetian sailor named John 
 Cabot was living in Bristol, 
 England. Upon learning of the 
 discoveries of the Spanish ad- 
 miral, Cabot began to devote 
 much study to the shape of the 
 earth. It seemed to him that 
 this newly discovered region 
 
 Cabot's Expedition. 
 
 Cabot's expedition was fitted up at 
 his own expense. The English king 
 (Henry VII.) interested himself in the 
 enterprise and granted a patent that 
 gave many privileges. This patent 
 was made out to John Cabot and his 
 three sons, Lewis, Sebastian, and 
 Santius, and by its terms they were 
 authorized to take possession of all 
 "isles, countries, regions, provinces, 
 whatsoever they be," and hold the 
 same in the king's name. Should any 
 profits be made out of the adventure 
 the king was to receive one-fifth. 
 
 Of that first voyage of Cabot there 
 remains little record. Doubtless he 
 found the shores bleak and barren, 
 inhabited by a few savages, whose 
 clothing was made of furs, whose 
 weapons were bone-pointed pikes and 
 darts, and whose occupations were 
 hunting and fishing. Such a region 
 could not be India. It was to him a 
 " new-found land." 
 
PERIOD OF DISCOVERT. 
 
 I.ANDINIi OK THE C'AISOTS. 
 
 could be reached 
 by a shorter 
 route than that 
 taken by Colum- 
 bus ; and he be- 
 1 i e v e d t h i s 
 shorter route lay 
 directly west 
 
 from England. An examination of a globe will show that he 
 was correct ; for the western continent, in the latitude of Eng- 
 land, is much nearer the eastern than it is in the latitudes of 
 Spain and the Canary Islands. 
 
 John Cabot, accompanied by his son Sebastian, set sail early 
 in the summer of 1497, and after a short but stormy voyage 
 sighted land (June 24). The name of Prima- Vista was he- 
 stowed upon the land first seen, and it is believed to be a 
 point at the extremity of what is now Cape Breton Island. 
 Thus the mainland of the western continent was reached, the 
 Cabots being the first Europeans to set foot upon its shore, 
 as Columbus did not discover the coast of South America until 
 some fourteen months afterwards. 
 
 Voyage of Sebastian Cabot. — A second voyage was 
 made by Sebastian Cabot in May of the next year (1498). This 
 
AMERICA DISCOVERED. 
 
 navigator at the time was only 
 twenty-two years old, but he 
 was already known for benev- 
 olence, courtesy, daring, and 
 patience. With three hundred 
 men he set out, bent on reach- 
 ing India through whatever 
 passage he might discover in 
 the new-found land. 
 
 On arriving off the Labrador 
 coast, he turned northward 
 and entered a strange 
 
 AMKIIK IS VESrUCU 
 
 and unknown region 
 Everywhere the sea 
 was filled with blocks 
 of ice and icebergs. J 
 Monstrous animals | 
 of extraordinary ap- 
 pearance were often 
 seen . T urn ing back , 
 Cabot sailed south as far as the 
 southern limits of what is now 
 Maryland, and not finding the 
 desired passage, returned to 
 England. 
 
 Importance of these 
 Discoveries. — The discov- 
 eries of the Cabots were very 
 important. England's claims 
 to a large part of North America 
 
 were afterwards based upon these discoveries. These claims 
 led to the English settlement of the Atlantic coast, and from 
 these settlements grew this great English-speaking Republic of 
 the United States. 
 
 Questions.— Who was John Cabot ? Where did he live ? What did he 
 (hi upon learning of the discoveries of Columbus? What did he believe from 
 his study of the globe ? When did Cabot set sail ? Who accompanied him ? 
 
 Naming the New World. 
 
 Among those who came to America 
 with Columbus upon his second voy- 
 age and who took an active part in the 
 conquest of Ilispaniola was Alonzo de 
 Ojeda [o-ha'da]. Commanding in 
 time an expedition of his own, lie 
 made explorations among the neigh- 
 boring islands, and sailed along the 
 shores of South America for hundreds 
 of miles (1499). His pilot upon this 
 occasion was a man of some intelli- 
 gence, named Amerigo Vespucci [ah- 
 mer-g'go ves-poot'che], or, Latinized, 
 was the custom in those days, 
 Vmericus Vespucius. He, with 
 keen observation, noted the 
 features of the country, and 
 afterwards, in a series of printed 
 letters, gave an excellent de- 
 scription of the lcjiiins visited. 
 These letters, being the first 
 published description of the 
 new world, were read with 
 eagerness. People soon be- 
 gan to refer to the land be- 
 yond the Atlantic as the land 
 of Americus. A German 
 geographer, named Waldsec- 
 Muller, finally proposed the name of 
 America for the new continent. It 
 met with general acceptance, and soon 
 began to appear in books and upon 
 maps. This is the generally accepted 
 theory concerning the name America. 
 Itis, however, stated that the natives 
 found by early explorers about the 
 southwest shores of the Caribbean Sea 
 referred to their country as Amaraca : 
 hence another theory gives the name 
 as originating with the natives of the 
 New World. 
 
24 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 
 
 Wha! kind of voyage did he have ? When and where did he first sight land ? 
 How many months before Columbus did Cabot discover the mainland? For 
 what was Sebastian Cabot noted ? When was the second voyage made by him ? 
 How old was he at the time ? What direction did he first take ? What direc- 
 tion did he next take ? How far south did he sail ? What claims were based 
 upon Cabot's discoveries ? To what did these claims lead ? 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. The Cabota and Their Voyages. II. Americas Vespucius and the Name America. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Bancroft's History oftlu United States, vol. i. 
 
 Discovery of the mainland, 111. 
 Winsor's Warrativt ami Critical History. 
 
 Vol. iii.— Cabot's first voyage, 1. Sebastian Cabot, 2-3. Vol. ii.— Life and explorations 
 
 of Vespucci, 129. Vespucci associated with Ojeda, 149. Naming America, 153. 
 Winsor's Clnistiqihir <olnmbUS. 
 
 ( Jabot's landfall probably < tape Breton Island, 341. Voyage of Ojeda and Vespucius, 373. 
 Hildreth's History qftfu United States, vol. i. 
 
 Da (Jama and Cabot contemporaneous discoverers, 30-37. 
 Bryant's Popular History of the United States, vol. i. 
 
 Naming America, 13(3. Uncertainty of exact location of Cabot's landfall, 129. Youthful' 
 
 oess of Sebastian Cabot, 130. King of England's patent to Cabot, 136. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Indkx Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities. — Cabot, John. 
 
 Cabo/, s, has/in a. Miiiu/iii/'/. Disi-ur, nj of. North America, English Claims to. Vespucius, 
 
 Americus. Ojeda, Alonzo de. America, Origin of the Name. 
 Special. Old South Leaflets: No. 37, Early Notices of the Voyages of the Cabots. No. 34, 
 
 Vespucci's Account of his First Voyage. 
 
 Review Work. 
 
 Why is the Mediterranean Sea historic f What invention did much to lift the people out of 
 ignorance? Who was Marco Polo f Sir John Mandeville ? Name two Portuguese discoverers. 
 What do you know of Genoa and Venice ? What people of Asia crossed into Europe about the 
 middle of the fifteenth century ? What three efforts did Columbus make to obtain assistance? 
 Why did Columbus move to Lisbon ? Who discovered Cape of Good Hope? In what convent 
 did Columbus live for two years ? How many days did it take for Columbus to go from Palos to 
 San Salvador? What is Hispaniola now called? How many voyages did Columbus make? 
 Who was king of England at the time when the Cabots sailed ? Why did the discoveries of the 
 Caliots prove very important ? 
 
 PREPARATORY GEOGRAPHY LESSON. 
 
 Upon a map of the West Indies nolo how near these islands are to Florida, 
 Central America, .Mexico, and South America. 
 
 Upon a map of Florida note the position of St. Augustine: Tampa Bay. 
 Note that the coast of South Carolina is not very far north of the Florida coast. 
 
FIRST COMERS FROM FOUR NATIONS. 25 
 
 Upon a map of Mexico note the coast line. Where is Vera Cruz ? In what 
 direction from Vera Cruz is the City of Mexico ? 
 
 Upon a map of South and Central America note the narrowness of the 
 Isthmus of Panama (Darien). In crossing this isthmus from the Caribbean Sea 
 note how the Pacific Ocean would appear as extending southward, hence its 
 early name of South Sea. Note how easily Peru may be reached from the 
 isthmus. 
 
 Upon a map of the United States note the following rivers: Rio Grande, 
 Colorado, and Gila ; Altamaha (Ga.), Coosa (Ala.), Mississippi, White (Ark.), 
 Ouachita (La.), and Red (La.). Where is Mobile ? Santa Fe ? 
 
 First Comers from Four Nations. 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 THE SPANIARDS IN FLORIDA. 
 
 Ponce de Leon and his Discovery. — Among the many 
 who came over with Columbus upon his second vo} r age was a 
 stern old soldier, named Ponce de Leon [pon'sii da la'on], who 
 aided very much in the conquest of Hispaniola, and was made 
 governor of that island. Soon afterwards he was transferred 
 to the smaller island of Porto Rico, but here his ambition pre- 
 vented him from being long content. Moreover, lie had heard 
 of a wonderful fountain whose waters, when bathed in, made 
 the old young again. This fountain was supposed to be on 
 some unknown island to the northwest. De Leon fitted up 
 three vessels and set sail in that direction, determined to find 
 the fountain. 
 
 His search was of course unsuccessful; but during the prog- 
 ress of his voyage he sighted the mainland a little north of 
 what is now Saint Augustine (1512). It was Easter Sunday, 
 a day known to the Spaniards as Pascua Florida, so the name 
 of the holy day was given to the land. Formal possession 
 was taken, and for many years afterwards Florida belonged 
 to the Spaniards. De Leon was appointed governor of the 
 region he had discovered, but not long after his appointment 
 he was mortally wounded in an encounter with the natives. 
 
PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 
 
 Attempt of De Narvaez 
 to Conquer Florida. — For 
 
 some years after De Leon's 
 death the Spaniards made no 
 attempt to establish themselves 
 in the region explored by him. 
 At length Panphilo de Narvaez 
 [pahn-fe'lo da nar'vah-ez] de- 
 termined upon its conquest, 
 lie landed for this purpose upon 
 the west coast, near Tampa 
 Hay, with three hundred men 
 and eighty horses (April, 1528). 
 The vessels were placed in 
 charge of one Alvar Nunez, 
 better known as ( Jabeza de Yaca 
 [kah-ba-zah da vah-kah], with 
 instructions to sail along the 
 shores to the northwest. With 
 his land forces De Narvaez 
 marched into the interior. 
 
 The natives encountered by 
 the Spaniards along the route 
 were treated with great cruelty. 
 After eight hundred miles of 
 weary marching, the invaders 
 reached the coast exhausted. After they had embarked a 
 storm arose, which wrecked the vessels. All the adventurers 
 perished miserably, with the exception of De Yaca and three 
 others, who made their wav overland to Mexico. 
 
 Spanish Attempts to 
 Colonize. 
 
 Vasqnez de Ayllon [vahs'kez d3 Tl- 
 yOn], a Spanish official of Hispaniola, 
 hoping to win for himself the glory 
 (jf making discoveries, sent a caravel 
 (1520) to explore the coast north of 
 where De Leon had landed. This 
 caravel encountered in the vicinity of 
 the Bahama Islands another caravel, 
 which, unknown to De Ayllon, had 
 been sent out to kidnap Indians for 
 the Spanish mines and plantations of 
 the West Indies. Both caravels pro- 
 ceeded in company to the coast of 
 what is now South Carolina, where 
 formal possession was taken for 
 Spain (June 20, 1521). 
 
 De Ayllon soon afterwards obtained 
 further permission to explore and 
 form settlements. With three vessels 
 and a large colony lie sailed as far 
 north as Chesapeake Bay. Near the 
 spot where afterwards the English 
 established the settlement of Jame 
 
 town, he began the settlement 
 Miguel (1536). Sickness and intense 
 cold weather were encountered by 
 colonists. He Ayllon himself died of 
 fever (October 18, 1526), and shor 
 
 alter his death the settlement V 
 
 abandoned. Thus, by these explo 
 
 lions and attempts at COlonizati 
 Spanish claims to Florida were m; 
 to extend northward as far as what 
 now Maryland. 
 
 f San V 
 "liselyvl 
 >y the [^ 
 
 Questions. — Who was among those who came with Columbus upon his 
 second voyage ? What island did he help to conquer ? To what other island 
 was he transferred from Hayti ? Whal had he heard ? Whal was the result 
 of De Leou's explorations? How did Florida receive its name? What hap- 
 pened to De Leon ? What did De Narvaez determine to conquer ? Whom did 
 he place in charge of his vessels ? Where did he and the res) of ltis men 
 march ? How were the natives treated by De Narvaez? Whal happened to 
 the expedition ? Where did the survivors make their way ? How ? 
 
FIKST COMERS FROM FOUR NATIONS. 27 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. Ponce de Leon and the Discovery of Florida. II. Panphilo de Narvaez and his Attempted 
 Conquest. III. Cabeza de Vaca and his Adventures. IV. Vasquez de Ayllou and his At- 
 tempted Colonization. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Bancroft's History of the United States, vol. i. 
 De Leon, fellow-voyager of Columbus, 22. Discovery and naming of Florida upon Easter 
 Sunday, 23. Death of De Leon, 21. De Ayllou, a slave-seeker, 25. De Narvaez's expe- 
 dition, 27-28. Character and adventures of De Vaca, 29-31. 
 
 Hildreth's History of the United States, vol. i. 
 
 Discovery of Florida upon Palm Sunday, 40. De Ayllou visits South Carolina coast, 40. 
 Fate and survivors of the De Narvaez expedition, 44. 
 
 Winsor's Narrative and Critical History, vol. ii. 
 Origin of Fountain of Youth idea, 232. Discovery of Florida upon Vaster Sunday, 232. 
 De Leon authorized to colonize Bimini and Florida, 234. Circumstances of De Leon's 
 death, 236. De Ayllon's motive not slave-hunting, 238. Ill-treatment of natives contrary 
 to his instructions, 239. Attempts to colonize Chesapeake region, 240. De Narvaez 
 defeated by Cortez, 367. Authorized to conquer Florida, 242. Account of expedition, 
 212-244. 
 
 Bryant's Poptilar History of tin United States, vol. i. 
 De Leon's search, 146-14S. De Ayllon's visit to Chicora, 149. De Vaca as survivor and 
 historian of the De Narvaez expedition, 152. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities. — Leon, Ponct de. 
 Florida, Discovery of '. Fountain of Youth, Search for. Narvaez, Panphilo de. Vaca, 
 Cabezade. AyUon, Vasquezde. Chicora, Exploration of '. San Miguel, Attempted Settle- 
 in < id of. 
 Special. -OldSouth Leaflet, No.39 : !><• Yaca's account of his journey to New Mexico. Park- 
 man: Pioneers of France, etc., vol. i., chap. i. Harper's Magazine, Oct., 1882 : Spanish 
 Discoveries. 
 
 CHAPTER VI IT. 
 
 THE CONQUEST OF NEW SPAIN. 
 
 Spanish Notion of the AVest Indies. — For some time 
 the Spaniards believed that the West Indies, southeast of North 
 America, were the East Indies, southeast of Asia. So they went 
 from island to island looking for gold, spices, and other prod- 
 ucts which formerly came to Europe across the Mediterra- 
 nean from Asia. 
 
 Explorations of the Western Continent. — One of 
 these seekers or explorers was Enciso [en-sc'so]. He landed 
 upon the Isthmus of Panama about the time De Leon was ex- 
 
28 
 
 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 
 
 Discovery and Explora- 
 tion of the Pacific. 
 
 Nunez dc Balboa [noon-yez da bal- 
 boah] accompanied Enciso to the 
 Isthmus of Panama, and going across 
 the isthmus discovered the Pacific 
 Ocean (1513). Eight .years after, Ma- 
 gellan sailed into this ocean by way of 
 the strait that now bears his Dame, 
 and passed across to the shores of Asia. 
 Here Magellan was killed, but his yes- 
 Bel continued by way of the Indian 
 Ocean and Cape of Good Hope until it 
 reached Spain. It had sailed com- 
 pletely around the world and proved 
 the earth to be a sphere. 
 
 ploring Florida (1512). Another 
 was Grijalva [gre-hal'vah],wlio 
 reached the coast of Mexico 
 (1518) two years before De 
 Ayllon went to Chicora, now 
 called South Carolina. The 
 next year (1519) Pineda [pe- 
 nii'dah] explored the northern 
 shores of the Gulf of Mexico 
 and discovered the mouth of a 
 large river which is now be- 
 lieved to be the Mississippi. 
 The Aztecs and Cortez. — 
 Grijalva brought back with him an account of the Aztecs, a 
 strange and almost civilized race of people living in the interior 
 of Mexico. The Spaniards heard that these people lived in 
 magnificent cities and were very 
 wealthy. Velasquez [vfi-lahs'kez], 
 the governor of Cuba, decided to 
 conquer the Aztecs, so that their 
 riches would lie his. lie sent Her- 
 nando Cortez with an army of seven 
 hundred men, who reached the 
 coast of Mexico near what is now 
 Vera Cruz (1520). 
 
 Conquest of Mexico by Cor- 
 tez. — Cortez was joined by the 
 Tlascalans and other tribes of 
 Indians who were enemies of the 
 Aztecs. Making his way into the interior, he soon arrived at 
 Tenochtitlan, where the City of Mexico now stands. The 
 Aztecs had never before seen white men, and they looked upon 
 the Spaniards at first with great fear, thinking them to be 
 superior beings or gods. 
 
 Meanwhile Velasquez, had become jealous of Cortez, so he 
 sent Do JSTarvaez with a force to supersede him. This was the 
 same De Narvaez who eight years after tried to conquer 
 
 MAGELLAN. 
 
FIRST COMERS FROM FOUR NATIONS. 
 
 39 
 
 Florida. Cortez, returning to the coast with, a portion of his 
 army, refused to obey the orders sent by Yelasquez, and a 
 ^ ^ battle was fought. De 
 
 Narvaez was defeated, and 
 many of his men joined 
 Cortez, who then marched 
 back to the Aztec city. 
 
 Affairs, however, had 
 gone wrong in the absence 
 of Cortez, the commander. 
 
 The natives had learned that 
 the Spaniards were but men, 
 and had risen in revolt to 
 drive their unwelcome visitors 
 away. Cortez by treachery 
 took the Montezuma, or em- 
 peror, prisoner. The Aztecs 
 
 at first did not dare to injure the Spaniards, for they feared 
 that their own leader miffht be made to suffer. 
 
 CORTEZ IN MEXICO. 
 
30 
 
 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 
 
 Cortez compelled the unfortunate Montezuma to furnish 
 large quantities of gold and supplies of food. Soon, how- 
 ever, Montezuma's people became very impatient and threat- 
 ening, and the Spaniards thought it best to withdraw from 
 
 the city. A dark night was 
 selected for the purpose. As 
 quietly as possible the Span- 
 iards marched out of the castle 
 they had been occupying. But 
 the natives were watching, and 
 quickly assembled in thousands 
 to cut off the retreat. A ter- 
 rible night of conflict and 
 slaughter followed, known in 
 the annals of the expedition as 
 La Noche Triste [lah no'cha 
 tres'tal 
 
 By great courage and exer- 
 tion Cortez and a part of his army made their way through the 
 swarming natives, and escaped to the coast. Here reinforce- 
 ments joined him, and returning he defeated the Aztecs. He 
 took possession of all their wealth and destroyed much of their 
 property ; and because of this he is known in history as a great 
 but cruel conqueror. 
 
 The Conquest of Peru. 
 
 A race similar to the Mexicans in 
 intelligence and civilization lived in 
 Peru. Their conquest was brought 
 about by Francisco Pizarro [fran- 
 seVco pc-zah'ro] (1531), a bold but 
 ignorant man, who went there from 
 Panama. He had a much smaller 
 army than Cortez had, but met with 
 less opposition. The Peruvian ruler 
 was called the Inca, and Pizarro im- 
 prisoned him as Cortez had done the 
 Mexican Montezuma. From both 
 Mexico and Peru the conquerors ob- 
 tained so much gold and silver that 
 Spain became for a while one of the 
 richest nations of Europe. 
 
 Questions.— Wli.it did the Spaniards think 1 lie West Indies to be? 
 For what did tlie Spaniards seek? Who landed upon Panama V When? 
 Wlm explored the coast of Mexico? When? What did Pineda explore? 
 What river is he supposed 1<> have discovered ? Whai accounts were bronghl 
 back by Grijalva ? Which exploration was made first, Grijalva's or Do 
 Ayllon's ? Who was Velasquez ? What did he decide to do ? Whom 
 did he send to Mexico? When? Where did Cortez land? What natives 
 assisted hini'.-' To what Aztec city did Cortez go? Why did the Aztecs not 
 resist? Who was sent to supersede Cortez? Why? What did Cortez refuse 
 to do ? What did he then do ? What did Cortez find upon returning to the 
 Aztec capital ? What had the natives learned ? Whom did Cortez take pris- 
 oner ? What did he compel Montezuma to do? What did the Spaniards 
 think besl to do? What is the night of their retreat called? Where did 
 Cortez escape? What people joined him here? Why is Cortez known as a 
 great and cruel conqueror ? 
 
FIRST COMERS FROM FOUR NATIONS. 31 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. Spanish Exploration of the Gulf Coast Line. II. The Conquest of Mexico. III. Spanish 
 Exploration and Conquests in the Pacific. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Bancroft's History of the United States, vol. i. 
 Grijalva's two voyages to the coast of Mexico, 24. Pineda discovers mouth of Mississippi, 
 25. Cabrillo traces Pacific coast line, 37. 
 
 Winsor's Narrative and Critical History of America-, vol. ii. 
 Enciso, Pizarro, and Balboa associated in Caribbean Sea adventures, 10.3. Pacific dis- 
 covered, 195. Grijalva explores, 203. Pineda proves Florida part of mainland, :23~. 
 Coast line from Rio Grande to St. John's rivers determined by De Leon's and Garay's 
 expeditions, 238. Grijalva unrewarded, 348. Character of Cortez, 348. His relations 
 with Velasquez, 351. His stanch lieutenants, 351. First adventures in Mexico, 351-356. 
 Gains native allies, 356. Takes City of Mexico, 362. Defeats De Narvaez, 365-367. Com- 
 pletes conquest of Mexico, 367-396. Pizarro conqueror of Peru, 505. Magellan, 571. 
 
 Bryant's Popular History oftlu t'nil, <l States, vol. i. 
 Enciso and Balboa, 142-145. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities.— Grijalva. 
 Pineda. Cortez. Mexico, Conquest if. Enciso. Balboa. Pacific, Discovery of the. 
 Pizarro. Peru, Conquest of . Magellan's Circumnavigation of the Earth, First. Cabrillo. 
 
 Special.— Prescott: Conquest of Mexico and Conquest of Peru. Henty: By Right of Con- 
 quest : (fiction). Wallace : Fair God (fiction). Drake: Mukiny oftlu Great West, old South 
 Leaflet, No. 35 : Cortez'a account of the City of Mexico. Hubert Howe Bancroft : History 
 of the Pacific States, vol. i., chaps, viii., ix., and xii. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 THE QUEST FOR THE FABULOUS. 
 
 Whore the Explorers Entered. — The Spaniards entered 
 the territory of what is now the United States from two direc- 
 tions. One was from the southeast, and began with the discov- 
 ery of Florida by Ponce de Leon ; the other was from the 
 southwest, after the conquest of New Spain, as Mexico was in 
 those days called. 
 
 Glowing Reports and their Effect.— When Cabeza 
 de Vaca and other survivors of the ill-fated De Narvaez expedi- 
 tion reached Mexico, they told some wonderful stories of what 
 they had seen on their overland journey from Florida. They 
 claimed to have seen new races of people richer than the natives 
 of either Mexico or Peru, and living in cities grander than those 
 
32 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 
 
 the Spaniards had already conquered. Of course, this was not 
 true ; but many believed these stories, among whom was Antonio 
 de Mendoza, the viceroy of Mexico. 
 
 Coronado's Expedition and its Results.— Mendoza 
 prepared an expedition to go in search of the rich regions 
 described. Father Marco, a friar, was sent on before with 
 presents, to make friends with the natives through whose terri- 
 tory the expedition was to pass. Under the leadership of Vas- 
 quez de Coronado [vahs'kez da cor-o-nah'do], this expedition 
 penetrated some distance into the interior (1540). It ended in 
 disappointment, for the natives were few and very poor. 
 
 The Spaniards, however, gained much knowledge of the 
 country around the Bio Grande [re'o grahn'da], Gila [he'lah], 
 and Colorado [kol-o-rah'do] rivers, and much new territory 
 was added to Spanish possessions, making them extend into 
 what is now the southwestern part of the United States. 
 De Soto and his Expedition. — Mendoza was not the 
 only one who believed in the 
 false reports made by Cabeza de 
 Vaca. They were believed in 
 far-off Spain by Hernando de 
 Soto. De Soto had been one of 
 the trustiest lieutenants of Pi- 
 zarro in the successful conquest 
 of Peru, and had returned to 
 his native country to enjoy his 
 riches. But when he heard that 
 there were other races to con- 
 quer he decided to go again to 
 the New World and win greater fame as a conqueror than 
 either Cortez or Pizarro. 
 
 The expedition which De Soto took with him was fitted up 
 at his own expense. It consisted of six hundred men, all of 
 whom were chosen for strength and courage. The expedition 
 landed near Tampa Bay, Florida (1539), and began a search 
 for the wonders of which they had heard, and for which Coro- 
 nado's expedition was seeking in the west. 
 
 The Spaniards in the 
 Southwest. 
 
 The Pacific coast was explored from 
 Mexico northward as far as Cape Men- 
 docino [men-do-se'no] by Cabrillo 
 [kah-brSl'yo] (1542). In time, Spanish 
 settlements and missions were estab- 
 lished. Espejo [es-pa'ho] founded 
 Santa Fe, the second oldest town in 
 l lie Inked States, in 1583. Juan de 
 Ofiate [hwahn da On-yah-ta] built a 
 number of forts and took full posses- 
 sion for Spain (1595-1599). 
 
FIRST COMERS FROM FOUR NATIONS. 33 
 
 Discovery of the Mississippi. — For almost three years 
 this expedition wandered about in the territory now known as 
 the southeastern part of the United States. Florida, Georgia, 
 Alabama, Mississippi, Arkansas, and Louisiana were visited in 
 succession. The Altamaha, Ogeechee, Coosa, Mississippi, 
 White, and Ouachita rivers were discovered in the order 
 named. De Soto's discovery of the Mississippi (1541) is one of 
 the important events of American history. 
 
 The Fate of De Soto and his Men. — In time the 
 Spaniards found themselves in Arkansas. It was here they 
 began to realize that their ex- 
 pedition Avas a failure. They 
 turned south to the Ouachita 
 [wash'it-tah] Eiver, down whose 
 banks they proceeded to the 
 marshes and bayous near its 
 mouth. Here they made their 
 way with difficulty, harassed 
 by hostile natives and suffering 
 from disease. Here also their 
 leader, De Soto, was taken ill, 
 and it was soon known that he 
 could not live. While he was 
 dying he called his followers 
 
 about him, praised them for the faithfulness with which they 
 had served him, gave them his last instructions, and appointed 
 Luys de Moscoso [loo-es' da mOs-ko-sd] his successor. De Soto 
 was buried (1542) at the foot of a tree, but his followers, fear- 
 ing that the Indians would disturb his body, sank it beneath 
 the surface of the mighty river he had discovered. 
 
 Moscoso succeeded with great difficulty in building some 
 small vessels, and in these the Spaniards drifted down the 
 Mississippi, fighting their way against the Indians, who pursued 
 them in canoes. Crossing the Gulf of Mexico, they arrived at a 
 place of safety. Of the six hundred who set out upon the ex- 
 pedition, but three hundred and eleven returned after the three 
 years of toil and hardship, to tell of their dangers and failures. 
 3 
 
 Spanish Cruelties. 
 
 The Spaniards were the most cruel 
 of the several European peoples who 
 had dealings with the Indians. De 
 Soto and his men were among the 
 most unmerciful of the Spaniards who 
 came to America. As De Soto's ex- 
 pedition proceeded, the Indians be- 
 came more and more unfriendly. 
 Twice the Spaniards were fiercely at- 
 tacked, once in Alabama near the In- 
 dian town of Manvilla, where they lost 
 sixteen men, and again in northwest 
 Mississippi, where the powerful Chick- 
 asaw tribe made war upon them and 
 killed forty in one battle. 
 
34 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 
 
 Questions.— From how many directions did Spanish explorers enter the 
 territory of what is now the United States ? What, were they ? What did the 
 survivors of the De Narvaez expedition tell when they arrived in Mexico ? Who 
 was the viceroy of Mexico at the time ? What did he do when he thought 
 these reports were true ? Why was Father Marco sent on before ? Who was 
 the leader of the expedition ? When was it made ? How did it end ? What 
 knowledge did the Spaniards gain ? Who else believed the reports of De Vaca ? 
 Who was Hernando de Soto ? Where did he decide to go again ? Why ? Of 
 what did De Soto's expedition consist? Where did it land ? When? How 
 long did the Spaniards wander about? What States did they pass through ? 
 What rivers did they discover ? What discovery made by them is very impor- 
 tant ? When was the Mississippi River discovered ? In what State did the 
 Spaniards find themselves? What did they here realize? In what direction 
 did they now turn ? What river did they descend ? By whom were the Span- 
 iards now harassed ? What happened here to De Soto ? What did De Soto do 
 when lie found himself dying ? How many times was he buried ? How did the 
 survivors finally reach a place of safety ? How many of the six hundred lived 
 through the three years of hardships ? 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. Spanish Exploration in the Southwest. II. De Soto and the Discovery of the Mississippi. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Bancroft's History of tin United suites, vol. i. 
 
 Rumors of the seven wonderful cities leading lo Spanish exploration of New Mexico, 31. 
 
 Coronado's expedition, 31-36. Influence of De Vaca"s narrative upon De Soto, 38. De 
 
 Soto's expedition and death, 39-49. 
 Winsor's Tfarrativeand Critical History of America, vol. i. 
 
 Early exploration of New Mexico, 173. Friar Marco a forerunner of Coronado, 475. De 
 
 Soto successor of De Ay lion and De Narvaez to Florida grant, 344. Account of De Soto's 
 
 expedition, 846 253. Results unimportant, 353. 
 Bryant's Popular History of tin ('nit,,! States, vol. i. 
 
 De Soto. 156. Spanish cruelties. 160. Discovery of the Mississippi, 1115. Extreme limit 
 
 of De Soto's exploration, 166. Subsequent fate of De Soto expedition, Ids 171. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities.— Mendoza, Antonio 
 de. Marco, Father. Coronado, Vasquezde. Cibola, Seven Cities of . De Soto, Hernando 
 
 in. Mixxixsip/ii, Discoriri/ if tin'. Mosrnso, Lays tie. • 
 
 Special.— Drake: Making of the Great Wist. Old South Leaflet, No. 30 : Coronado's letter 
 to Mendoza. Gayarre: History of Louisiana, vol. i., 14-21. 
 
 Review Work. 
 
 Why did Portuguese navigators explore the coast of Africa ? Who were the Pinzons ? What 
 reward was Columbus to receive if successful in his discoveries? What part of the new world 
 was called Amaraca f What, was the name of the pilot of Ojeda's vessel? Why did England 
 claim a part of America ? Why is Easter Sunday famous in Spanish colonial history ? Why did 
 
FIKST COMERS FROM FOUR NATIONS. 35 
 
 De Ayllon visit what is now the coast of South Carolina ? Name two Spanish conquerors who 
 were successful. Name two who were unsuccessful. What two brothers had Sebastian Cabot ? 
 Who was Montezuma ? How many times was De Soto buried ? What was the fate of Magellan ? 
 Who is supposed to have discovered the mouth of the Mississippi River ? When ? 
 
 PREPARATORY GEOGRAPHY LESSON. 
 
 Upon a globe or a map of the world note the nearness of France to New- 
 foundland. 
 
 Upon a map of Canada and Nova Scotia note the St. Lawrence Gulf. Where 
 is the Bay of Chaleurs ? What large river empties into the St. Lawrence Gulf ? 
 This river is the outlet of what chain of lakes ? Where is Montreal ? Quebec ? 
 Kingston ? From Montreal trace a journey up the Ottawa River and note how 
 near an approach may be made to an arm of Lake Huron. What river forms 
 the eastern boundary of Maine ? What islands at its mouth V W T here is Bay of 
 Fundy ? Annapolis ? 
 
 Upon a map of the Middle States note how near the St. Lawrence River is to 
 the State of New York. Where is Lake Champlain ? 
 
 Upon a map of the Western States note the region about the great lakes. 
 What State west of Lake Michigan ? Where is the Fox River ? Trace a journey 
 up this river to where it approaches nearest the Wisconsin River. 
 
 Where does the Mississippi River rise ? What falls near its headwaters ? 
 Note how near these falls are to Lake Superior. 
 
 Note the Illinois River. Trace a journey down this river to the Mississippi 
 and on to the Gulf of Mexico. The mouths of what rivers are passed upon such 
 a journey ? Where is Memphis V 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 NEW FRANCE AND ACAPIE. 
 
 The First French Settlements. — Spain received much 
 wealth from her conquests in America. Other nations would 
 gladly have followed in her footsteps, had she not claimed 
 all America for herself. Francis I, king of France, however, 
 disregarded this claim and resolved to have a share in 
 America's riches. "By what clause in Father Adam's will," 
 he sarcastically asked, ' ' does Spain claim all the new 
 world?" 
 
 So Verrazano [ver-raht-tsah'no], a Florentine navigator, was 
 sent over by the king of France to explore (1524) the coast of 
 what is now the United States. Long before the voyage of 
 Verrazano, however, the waters about Newfoundland had be- 
 
PERIOD OF DISCOVERY 
 
 First Permanent French 
 Settlement in America. 
 
 An honest, able, and patriotic French- 
 man, named De Monte, was granted 
 the privilege of trading with the Indi- 
 ans of New France. He arrived oil 
 the coast of what is now Nova Scotia, 
 and entered the harbor of what is now 
 Annapolis. The situation of this har- 
 bor bo pleased l'oiitrinconrt [poo-tran- 
 koor'], one of the leaders of the ex- 
 pedition, that he obtained permission 
 toesiablisb himself near by. DeMonts 
 continued on and planted a settlement 
 upon an island at the mouth of the St. 
 Croix [sent kro-vvah] River (1604). 
 The winter was very severe. Next 
 year the colony was transferred to the 
 site selected by Poutrincourt, and this 
 became the first permanent French 
 settlement in America. It was calledV 
 Port Royal (1605), and the neighboring/ . 
 territory was named Acadie [ah-kah 
 del or Acadia. 
 
 come known to the fishermen 
 of the northwest coast of France, 
 one of them, John Denys, hav- 
 ing entered the Gulf of St. Law- 
 rence in 1506. He drew a map 
 of the region, and other French 
 explorers followed him. 
 
 Jacques Cartier [zhahk car'- 
 tya] entered the gulf (1534) ten 
 years after the voyage of Ver- 
 razano, naming one of its bays 
 Chaleurs [shah-ler]. The next 
 year (1535) he ascended the St. 
 Lawrence River to the Indian 
 village of Ilochelaga [ho-shel'- 
 ah-gah], near the site of the 
 present city of Montreal, and 
 t< x >k l'( )i'mal possession of the ter- 
 ritory, naming it New France. 
 Francis de la Roche [rush], lord of Roberval, was appointed 
 viceroy of the territory, and Jacques Cartier was chosen as his 
 captain-general. Cartier was sent first. He built a fort near 
 the site of the present town of Quebec 
 (1541). The colonists suffered much 
 during the winter, and in the spring 
 abandoned the settlement. Shortly 
 after, Roberval arrived with reinforce- 
 ments, but was too late to save the 
 colony. 
 
 Champlain the Founder of 
 Canada. — More than sixty years after 
 Carrier's failure to colonize Canada, 
 another attempt was made, this time by Samuel Champlain, 
 a man of unusual energy and intelligence, who was sent over 
 to New France, where he succeeded in founding the city of 
 Quebec (1608). From this point he explored the country in 
 several directions, entering at one time what is now the United 
 
 CHAMPLAIN. 
 
FIRST COMERS FROM FOUR NATIONS. 
 
 37 
 
 States, and discovering the lake th 
 plain. Numbers of French im- 
 migrants arrived and other set- 
 tlements were founded. Cham- 
 plain directed the affairs of 
 these settlements so wisely that 
 he is called the " Father of New ) 
 France." 
 
 Jesuit Missionaries and 
 Explorers. — With the early 
 French immigrants came the 
 Jesuits, who were members of 
 a religious brotherhood which 
 has done much to spread the 
 faith of the Catholic Church to 
 
 at is now called Lake Cham- 
 
 Champlain's Mistake. 
 
 Champlain made one serious mis- 
 take in his career of exploration. The 
 Algonquin Indians of Canada and the 
 Iroquois of central New York had long 
 been enemies. The Iroquois was one 
 of the strongest and most powerful 
 tribes in America. Champlain sided 
 with the Algonquin* and thus made 
 the Iroquois his enemies. The French, 
 therefore, were never permitted to 
 come southward from Canada to settle 
 and explore in what is now New York. 
 This is why so many French explorers 
 went west and southwest from the St. 
 Lawrence River, and why no part of 
 the Atlantic coast of the United States 
 ever came into the possession of France. 
 
38 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 
 
 new and unexplored regions of the earth. These Jesuit mis- 
 sionaries went great distances into the interior, and thus some 
 are known as great explorers. They often lived for years 
 among the Indians, and won their friendship, thus making it 
 easy for other French explorers to extend the boundaries of 
 New France. So it was that France laid for herself in the new 
 world the foundations of a mighty empire. 
 
 Questions. — What did Spain receive from her conquests ? What did she 
 claim for herself ? What king ignored this claim ? What did he sarcastically 
 ask ? Who was employed to make explorations for France ? When ? Where 
 were his explorations made ? What fishermen had already become familiar 
 with American waters? Who was the first to enter the St. Lawrence Gulf ? 
 When ? What bay did Cartier discover and name ? When ? What river did 
 he ascend ? When ? To what point ? What name was bestowed upon the 
 region about the St. Lawrence ? Who was appointed viceroy ? Who, captain- 
 general ? What fort did Cartier build ? When? What happened to this set- 
 tlement in the spring ? How long was it before another attempt to colonize 
 was made ? Who was Champlain ? What exploration did he make ? What 
 city did he found ? When ? What is Champlain called ? Who came with the 
 early immigrants to Canada ? What was laid for France by their labors ? 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. Verrazano. II. Exploration and Settlement of Canada. III. First Permanent French 
 Settlement in America. IV. Jesuit Missionaries and Explorers. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Bancrofts History of the United States, vol. i. 
 
 Breton fishermen and the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 14. Cartier's explorations, 15. Roberval 
 
 and Cartier, and their rivalries, 17. Champlain and Quebec, 18, 21. Settlement of Port 
 
 Royal, 19. Arrival of Jesuit priests, 20. 
 Winsor's Nmrative and < 'ritical History of America, vol. iv. 
 
 Verrazano and his memorable voyage, 5-9. Cartier, 47-62. Champlain, 101-130. De 
 
 Monts and the settlement of Port Royal, 130-142. 
 Bryantv Popular History of the United States, vol. i. 
 
 Denys explores Gulf of St. Lawrence, 175. Voyage of Verrazano, 175. Enters New York 
 
 Bay, 178. Cartier and Canada, 181. Explores St. Lawrence, 183. Reaches Ilochelaga, 
 
 185. Roberval, 189. 
 Hildreth's History of the United States. 
 
 Vol. i.— Voyage of Verrazano, 42. Discoveries by French fishermen, 39. Cartier explores, 
 
 44. Roberval's colony. 40. Vol. ii. Jesuits, 82. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 I n i > k x Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities.— Verrazamo. 
 Denys, John. St. Lawrence Gulf, Exploration of '. Cartier, Jacques. St. Lawrence River, 
 Discovery of. Boberval, Lord. Champlain, Samuel. Quebec, Founding of. Jesuits, 
 The. Port Royal, Settlement of . De Monts. 
 Special. — Old South Leaflet, No. 17 : Verrazano's Voyage. Parkman : Pioneers of France 
 in the New World. Winsor : From Cartier to Frontenac. 
 
FIRST COMERS FROM FOUR NATIONS. 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 LOUISIANA. 
 
 Pioneers of the Mississippi. — In the course of time a 
 great trade in furs sprang up in Canada, and the French settle- 
 ments about the St. Lawrence became very prosperous. Trav- 
 eling fur-traders, or coureurs de bois [koo-rer deh bwahj, as 
 
 SALLE TAK 
 
 LOUISIANA. 
 
 they were called, made their way farther and farther westward. 
 Lake Superior was discovered by Brule in 1024. Nicollet 
 [ne co-la] explored Wisconsin in 1634. Soon all the region 
 about the great lakes was in possession of the French. 
 
 From the Indians of this western region the French learned 
 
I'FKloD OF DISCOVERY. 
 
 La Salle's Plans. 
 
 La S;ilK', "prince of explorers," as 
 he is called, had spent several years 
 with the Jesuits. He was very am- 
 bitious and talented. Coming to New 
 Prance, he found many opportunities 
 to show his ability. The thorough 
 exploration of the great river, par- 
 tially explored by Marquette and 
 Joliet, was one of his many plans. 
 Another was to build a chain of forts, 
 extending from the St. Lawrence 
 River along the great lakes 
 down the Mississippi to its mou 
 This would strengthen the Frenc 
 power in America. It was 
 necessary for France to do this. 
 for by this time the English 
 had established settlements 
 up and down the Atlantic 
 
 coast, and were pushing 
 their claims westward. 
 
 La Salle went to France 
 to obtain authority to 
 cany out. his purpose. 
 The king readily granted 
 it. La Salle was accom- 
 panied on his return by 
 Chevalier deTonty [ton'- 
 tej, an experienced, one- 
 armed soldier, who 
 served his leader long and faithfully 
 through many dangers. La Salle was 
 confident that by sailing down the 
 greal river he could reach the South 
 Sea and eventually China. To show 
 his confidence, he named his home 
 near Montreal La ( 'bine [shell]. The 
 first of his proposed forts was built 
 near the present town of Kingston, 
 Canada, and was called Fort Frontenac 
 [fron-tcb-nak'].in honor ofFrontenaC, 
 who was then governor of New 
 France. 
 
 of a large river running in a direction almost opposite to that 
 of the St. Lawrence. At first it was thought that such a river 
 
 must flow into the great " South 
 Sea ' ' discovered by Balboa. 
 French explorers soon went in 
 search of it. 
 
 Discovery of the Upper 
 Mississippi. — Marquette 
 [mar-kef], a monk, and Joliet 
 [zho'le-a], a trader, succeeded in 
 reaching it by going up the 
 Fox River from Lake Michi- 
 gan until they came to a 
 place where the Fox and 
 Wisconsin rivers are 
 not far apart. Car- 
 rying their canoes 
 over the little dis- 
 tance separating 
 the two rivers, they 
 drifted down the 
 Wisconsin into the 
 Mississippi (July, 
 1073), and down 
 the Mississippi as far as the 
 mouth of the Arkansas. 
 
 Here they concluded that the 
 Mississippi was the great river 
 they had been in search of ; so 
 they returned to Canada and 
 reported their discovery. They 
 were soon followed by Robert 
 Cavelier de La Salle [lah said'], 
 
 who, however, made his way to 
 the Mississippi by a different route. 
 
 The Mouth of the River Explored.— La Salle reached 
 the Mississippi by way of Lake Michigan and the Illinois River. 
 
FIRST COMERS FROM FOUR NATIONS. 
 
 n 
 
 MAP SHOWING EAKLY IXPLUR.' 
 OF MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. 
 
 In the Illinois country he 
 encountered difficulties 
 and dangers. Iroquois 
 messengers had incited 
 the Indians against him, 
 and his own men threat- 
 ened his life. He erected a 
 on the Illinois River (1680), 
 and in sadness called it Creve Cceur 
 [kravker, broken heart]. Leaving 
 his men here, he walked back over 
 the snow to Quebec to secure sup- 
 plies. In his absence the men muti- 
 nied, and destroyed his fort. But 
 nothing could turn him from his 
 purpose. 
 
 A year later he had men, supplies, 
 and boats ready for the voyage. 
 Passing down the Illinois River, he 
 entered the Mississippi on the 6th of 
 February, 1682. Short stops were 
 
 made at the mouths of the Mis- 
 souri and Ohio rivers, but the 
 first landing of importance was 
 at Chickasaw Bluff, near what is 
 now Memphis, where a log fort 
 was erected and named Fort 
 Prudhomme [pru-dom']. Here 
 formal possession of the terri- 
 tory was taken for France. 
 
 La Salle then continued on 
 his way down the river. After 
 passing the mouth of the Red 
 River the explorers encountered 
 some hostile tribes, but they 
 proceeded on their way. At 
 last the mouth of the Mississippi 
 
 Hennepin's Exploration. 
 
 La Salle, while in the Illinois coun- 
 try,sent Father Hennepin [hen'eh-pin], 
 Michel Accault [ak ko] and Anthony 
 Auguelle to visit the head waters of the 
 Mississippi (February, 1680). On this 
 expedition they discovered and named 
 the falls of St. Anthony, near which 
 they were captured and held prisoners 
 for some time by the warlike Dakota 
 or Sioux Indians. They were finally 
 liberated through the efforts of some 
 traders, among whom was one named 
 Du Luth. Neither these traders nor 
 Father Hennepin was the first to 
 reach the Minnesota country, as 
 Groseilliers [gro-sii-ya] and Radison 
 [rah-de-song] had made their way to 
 this region across lower Canada as 
 early as 1C59. 
 
42 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 
 
 was reached. Here he erected a cross, April 9, 1082, and in 
 the name of Louis XIV., King of France, he took possession 
 of the river and its tributaries and all the land drained by 
 them. In honor of his king he named the river St. Louis and 
 the land Louisiana. 
 
 Questions. — What profitable trade sprang up in Canada? Who were 
 coureurs de bois ? Who discovered Lake Superior ? What did Nicollet ex- 
 plore ? Of what did the French learn from the Indians of the interior ? Where 
 was this river supposed to empty ? Who went in search of it ? Who was Mar- 
 quette ? Joliet ? How did they reach the Mississippi? When? How far 
 down this river did they make explorations ? Why did they turn back ? Who 
 followed up their explorations ? When did La Salle reach the Illinois country ? 
 Why did the Iroquois send messengers to the Illinois Indians ? What did La 
 Salle's men endeavor to do ? What was the Illinois fort called ? How did La 
 Salle reach the Mississippi ? When ? In drifting down, where were short stops 
 made ? Where was the first landing of importance made by La Salle on the 
 Mississippi ? What fort was here erected ? What was encountered below the 
 mouth of the Red River ? When did La Salle reach the mouth of the river ? 
 What name was bestowed upon the river ? Upon the territory ? 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. French Exploration of the Upper Mississippi Valley. II. La Salle and what he did for 
 Prance in the New World. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Bancroft's History of the United States, vol. ii. 
 
 The Jesuits and their missions, 138-139, 150, 153. Exploration of the upper Mississippi 
 
 Valley, 153-159. La Salle and his adventures, 159-167. Takes possession of Louisiana, 
 
 1G8. 
 Winsor's Narrativt and Critical History, vol. iv. 
 
 Brule, 165. Nicollet, 166. Groseilliers and Radison, ins. Joliet and Marquette, 177-1?.). 
 
 l)u Luth, 181. La Salle, 182, 808-204. The Jesuits, 862. 
 Bryant's Popular History of the United States, vol. ii. 
 
 French pioneers, 500. French missions, 501. Marquette's voyage, 503. La Salle, 510. 
 
 Hennepin's journey, 511. Mississippi Valley called Louisiana, 515. 
 Ilildrcth's History of lh< United States, vol. ii. 
 
 Lake Superior explored, 92. La Salle, 95. Hennepin, 97. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities. — Marquette. 
 Joliet. Bruli. Nicollet. Du Luth. La Salle. Hennepin. Mississippi, French Explora- 
 tion of the. Louisiana, Early History of. 
 
 Special. Old South Leqflet,TSo.4R: Father Marquette at Chicago. Shea: Exploration of 
 the Mhsissi/ijii Valley. Winsor's Tin Mississippi Basin. 
 
FIRST COMERS FROM FOUR NATIONS. 
 
 4=5 
 
 Review Work. 
 
 Why was the course of Columbus's vessel changed to the southwest ? What was the Council 
 of Salamanca ? What conquest followed the discoveries of Espejo ? Grijalva ? Who first en- 
 tered the St. Lawrence Gulf ? Where was the Indian village of Hochelaga situated ? Who was 
 called the " Father of New France " ? By what two routes did the early French explorers reach 
 the Mississippi ? Who was Du Luth ? Who was the first circumnavigator of the globe ? Who 
 was the governor of Canada when La Salle set out to explore the Mississippi ? Who founded 
 Quebec ? 
 
 PREPARATORY GEOGRAPHY LESSON. 
 
 Upon a map of the world note the position of the Western Continent. Be- 
 tween what two oceans does it lie ? Which is the shorter distance : From Eng- 
 land to Asia, around the northern part of North America, or the southern part 
 of South America ? Note that vessels sailing from England to the South 
 Atlantic cross the tracks of vessels sailing between Spain and the West Indies. 
 
 Upon a map of North America note the coast line from Labrador north ward. 
 Note the inlets, bays, and sounds which indent the shore. Where is Davis 
 Strait ? Hudson Bay ? Frobisher Sound ? Where is the Hudson River ? 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 THE NORTHWEST PASSAGE. 
 
 -The discoveries of Cabot, 
 
 The Old Problem Revived.- 
 
 Balboa, and Magellan made it known that America was a new 
 continent. The old question of 
 a short route to India again 
 arose. It was now England 
 
 that wished to find such a route. 
 
 Attempt of the English 
 
 to Solve the Problem. — If a 
 
 passage could be found through 
 the American continent, English 
 ships could reach Asia without 
 going the long distance around 
 Cape Horn or Cape of Good 
 Hope. A number of English 
 seamen undertook to find such 
 a passage. One of .these, Mar- 
 tin Frobisher, sailed with a 
 
 Rise of England's Naval 
 Power. 
 
 For almost a century after the dis- 
 covery of America the vessels of Spain 
 had been crossing to and from America 
 undisturbed. English ships did not 
 dare go where Spanish vessels might 
 be met, for England was not then as 
 powerful upon the ocean as Spain 
 was. However, during the reign of 
 Queen Elizabeth (1558-1603) a few of 
 England's captains became very dar- 
 ing, and they proved that English 
 ships and English men could hold 
 their own with those of any other 
 nation. Prom the beginning made in 
 Elizabeth's time, England has become 
 the greatest naval power of the world. 
 
J'KI.'MD <>F DTSCOVKPV. 
 
 small fleet (1570) and explored much of the coast visited by the 
 Cabots. The next year, with a larger fleet, he pushed on 
 until blocked by ice. Eight years after (1585), John Davis 
 entered the strait that now bears his name, but was compelled 
 
 IN .-KA1U II OF A Mill TI1U l>T I'A»Ai;K. 
 
 ^-^ ...„_ t turn back by the same ice that had 
 
 prevented the passage of Frobisher. Both of these 
 navigators believed that, were it not for this ice, they would 
 have succeeded. 
 
 Attempt of the Dutch. — Another nation, the Dutch, 
 also attempted to find a passage to India. No sooner had the 
 way to the East Italics around Africa been made known bv 
 
FIRST COMERS FROM FOUR NATION: 
 
 the Portuguese than the ships of the enterprising little coun- 
 try of Holland followed this route to India by way of Cape 
 of Good Hope. But this was a very long route and it was not 
 always a safe one for Dutch 
 vessels. So the Dutch East 
 India Company, a company of 
 merchants interested in the 
 India trade, employed Henry 
 Hudson, an Englishman, to 
 visit the shores of North Amer- 
 ica (1609). He explored nu- 
 merous inlets in the hope that 
 one of them might prove to be 
 the long-sought passage. Hud- 
 son entered the harbor now 
 known as New York, and his 
 vessel, the Half Moon, ascended 
 the Hudson River for some dis- 
 tance. One year after this, 
 Hudson entered the service of 
 England and explored the strait 
 and bay that bear his name. 
 Here his crew rebelled, and he 
 was forced into an open boat 
 and sent adrift. He was never 
 heard of more. 
 
 Questions. — What question again 
 arose as soon as it was known that 
 America was a new continent ? What 
 nation now desired a short route to 
 India ? Who undertook to discover a 
 northwest passage ? When did Frob- 
 islier make his voyage? What did lie explore 
 voyage ' 
 
 Sir Francis Drake. 
 
 Sir Francis Drake, called " the 
 greatest seaman of his age," was one 
 of few English captains who felt no 
 fear of the great ships of war which 
 guarded Spanish possessions in Amer- 
 ica. With five little vessels he sailed 
 to the West Indies (1577) and made 
 himself a terror to the Spaniards. 
 Coasting along South America and 
 passing through the Strait of Magellan, 
 he boldly entered the Pacific Ocean, 
 although Spain had forbidden the 
 ships of all other nations to sail upon 
 this ocean. Of his five vessels but 
 one remained. In time he readied 
 the coast of Oregon, which he called 
 New Albion. Uere he was treated 
 kindly by the Indians, who crowned 
 him king. From New Albion Drake 
 crossed the Pacific and Indian Oceans, 
 rounded Cape of Good Hope, and re- 
 turned safely to England, his vessel be- 
 ing the second to sail around the world. 
 
 When did Davis make his 
 What strait did he discover ? What other nation sought a northwest 
 
 passage ? What was the Dutch East India Company ? What Englishman was 
 employed by it ? What harbor did he enter ? What was the name of his 
 vessel ? What strait and bay did he explore while in the employ of England ? 
 What was his fate ? 
 
46 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. English Explorations in America. II. Rise of England's Naval Power. III. Sir Francis 
 Drake and the Second Circumnavigation of the Globe. IV. The Search for a Northwest 
 
 Passage to India. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Bancroft's History of the United states, vol. i. 
 
 Search for the northwest passage, 62. Frobisher's three voyages, 63. Drake and Oregon, 
 
 C6. Gilbert, 60. Amidas and Barlow, 69. Gosnold, 79. Pring and Weymouth, 81. 
 
 Henry Hudson, 481-488. 
 Hildreth's History of the United States, vol. i. 
 
 Frobisher, 77. Gilbert, 78. Drake's voyage around the world, 79. Amidas and Barlow, 
 
 80. Gosnold and Pring, 90. Weymouth, 93. Voyages of Huds on, 97. 
 Winsor's Warrativi and Critical History, vol. Hi. 
 
 Hawkins and Drake, 59-73. Frobisher, 86. Davis, 89. Amidas and Barlow, 108. Henry 
 
 Hudson employed by the Dutch, 103. 
 Bryant's Popular History of the United States, vol. i. 
 
 Early English voyages, 231-245. Hudson seeks northeast passage, 347. Then northwest 
 
 passage, 348. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities.— Drake, Sir 
 Francis. New Albion , Discovery of. Frobisher, Martin. Davis, John. Hudson, Henry. 
 Northwest Passage, Search for. 
 
 Special.— Harper's Magazine, Jan., 1883: Old English Seamen. J. A. Fronde: English 
 Seamen in tlu Sixteenth Century. The student is advised to read Corbett's Drake in the 
 English Men of Action Series, and Kingsley's novel, Westward, Ho! For an idea of 
 dangers encountered by seekers of the northwest passage, consult the works and reports of 
 Kane, Hall, De Long, Greely, Nordenskjold, Peary, Nansen, and other latter-day explorers. 
 For a fine conception of English heroism on sea in contest with the Spaniard, read Tenny- 
 son's poem, The Revenge. 
 
 Review Work. 
 
 What do you know of Columbus's last days '! What great discoverer was a Venetian ? What 
 explorer was a Florentine f What did Cabrillo explore:- Who succeeded De Soto in the com- 
 mand of the Spanish expedition ? Name one survivor of the De Narva.cz expedition. What two 
 nations employed Henry Hudson:' Who was called the "Prince of Explorers"? Name five 
 French pioneers connected with the exploration of the Mississippi. Why was the French settle- 
 ment of Port Royal, Nova Scotia, remarkable 1 What tribe of Indians were enemies of the French 
 of Canada? Why did England seek a northwest passage ? What explorer was crowned king? 
 After whom was Louisiana named ? 
 
 PREPARATORY GEOGRAPHY LESSON. 
 
 Upon a map of Mexico note the position of Yucatan. Where is the City of 
 Mexico ? 'What lake near it ? 
 
 Upon a globe or map of the world note the nearness of northeast Asia .and 
 northwest America. What strait between the two ? Note how comparatively 
 near Japan is to Alaska. Note the Pacific islands between Asia and South 
 America. 
 
AMERICA OF OLD. 
 
 4? 
 
 Upon a map of Europe note the distance of England from the Strait of 
 Gibraltar. Where is Norway ? Sweden ? Denmark ? In what direction is 
 Iceland from Denmark ? Note how near Iceland and Greenland are. Green- 
 land and Labrador. Labrador and the New England coast. 
 
 Upon a chart of the ocean currents note the direction and position of the 
 Japan current. Where does this current touch the American shores ? What 
 current flows from Africa to South America near the equator ? 
 
 America of Old, 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 ABORIGINAL RACES l SEMI-CIVILIZED. 
 
 The American or lied Race. — The original inhabitants 
 of America are called Indians. Some scientists think there are 
 five divisions of the human race, and that the Indian is one of 
 the five. Others think there are only three principal divisions, 
 and that the yellow races of Asia and the red races of America 
 are but subdivisions of one of the three. 
 
 The white races now living are in large part civilized, but 
 some are still barbarous. And 
 so it was with the red race when 
 the Europeans first came to 
 America. Some of the Indians 
 had made great progress ; 
 many were still in the savage- 
 state. 
 
 How the Aztecs have 
 been Studied. — The Indians 
 whom Cortez and Pizarro con- 
 quered were almost civilized. 
 Much of the history of these 
 Indians is unknown to us be- 
 cause a great part of their 
 writings and inscriptions was 
 destroyed by the conquerors. 
 
 Origin of the Term 
 Mexico. 
 
 In olden times, different tribes from 
 the northwest made their way into 
 what is now Mexico. It is supposed 
 that the Mayas were among the first 
 of these tribes. As other races fol- 
 lowed, the Mayas were crowded into 
 the peninsula of Yucatan, where the 
 ruins of their large buildings and cities 
 may now be found. These ruins are 
 covered by great forests, which proves 
 them to be very old. 
 
 Following the Mayas came the Tol- 
 tecs, the Chichimecs, the Alcolhuas, 
 and the seven Nahuatlecan tribes, one 
 of which was the Aztecs. The favorite 
 god of the Aztecs was Mextli, and in 
 honor of this god they called them- 
 selves the Mexi, from which we get 
 the present word Mexico. 
 
4s 
 
 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY, 
 
 There are men called archaeologists who are able to tell much 
 of the history, progress, and character of an ancient people by 
 studying the ruins of houses, temples, and cities that still 
 remain. These men have found 
 out a great deal about the origi- 
 nal inhabitants of Mexico. 
 
 Origin of the ^ 
 Aztecs. — The / -.*■.. 
 strange people 
 whom Cortez 
 conquered 
 
 came from some region 
 
 unknown to us, but called 
 
 by them Aztlan. In 1325 
 
 they laid the foundation of 
 
 their capital city, Tenochtitlan 
 
 [ten-ok-tet-lan], near what is now 
 
 the City of Mexico. They were a warlike race, always engaged 
 
 in conquest and conflict. 
 
 Their city was built in a lake and was connected with the 
 
AMERICA OF <>LD. 49 
 
 mainland by drawbridges and causeways. These were so 
 easily defended that within the city the Aztecs were secure 
 from their enemies. The fish of the lake served as food. 
 Fruit and vegetables were raised upon chinampas, or floating 
 
 islands, which consisted of rafts covered with soil. 
 
 The government of the Aztecs was despotic. The Mon- 
 tezuma, or emperor, had supreme power over the lives of his 
 subjects. Under him nobles, or caciques, ruled. Justice was 
 well administered. The Aztec religion was idolatrous and 
 cruel, as it permitted human sacrifice. 
 
 The language of the Aztecs was very abundant. This is 
 one of the signs that they were civilized, for savage languages 
 contain very few words. In writing they used signs, or hiero- 
 glyphs, and pictures. They wrote poetry, composed songs, and 
 made a special study of oratory. 
 
 Aztec children were carefully educated. The father taught 
 and advised his son; the mother, her daughter. Public schools 
 gave three years' instruction in religious matters. Special 
 schools were provided for boys and girls who were to become 
 priests and priestesses. 
 
 In many arts the Aztecs were expert. They excelled as 
 potters, stone-cutters, jewelers, and basket-makers. They 
 polished the hardest stones. Many among them were skilled 
 in woodworking, building, and weaving. In weaving their 
 cloth they used feathers, rabbit skins, and cotton. 
 
 Industries and Com- 
 merce. — The farmers raised 
 maize, cocoa, fruits, and other 
 products. The agave was a 
 very important plant to them. 
 Its thorns were used as needles 
 and its fibers as thread. Its 
 
 Commercial Expeditions 
 of the Aztecs. 
 
 Sometimes Aztec merchants would 
 go from Tenochtitlan long distances 
 into the surrounding country. Their 
 goods would be carried on the backs 
 of tiamenes, or porters, each of whom 
 carried sixtv pounds and went twelve 
 
 juice when boiled could be made maeB a da V. The richest of these 
 
 into honey-like Sirup Or SUgar ; merchants took armed escorts along 
 
 • . . for protection, and these would some- 
 
 Wlien fermented. mtO their times take possession of the region 
 
 favorite intoxicating beverages 
 of pulque and mescal. 
 4 
 
 visited, and add it to the Montezuma's 
 territorr. 
 
50 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 
 
 The Aztecs took special interest in commerce. They used, 
 grains of cocoa, squares of cloth, and quills filled with gold 
 dust for money. One day in five, market places were thrown 
 open, where traders and dealers from a distance came with goods 
 to sell. No cheating or unfair dealing was permitted, for in a 
 court near by were two judges ready to punish dishonesty. 
 
 Such was the people overcome by the Spaniards. Cortez would 
 never have succeeded in the conquest of so powerful and intel- 
 ligent a race had lie not been assisted by many tribes who 
 feared and hated the Aztecs, and were glad to see them 
 destroyed. 
 
 Questions.— What are the original inhabitants of America called? 
 Into how many divisions do some scientists think the human race is divided ? 
 What do others think ? What difference was there in the several red races when 
 the Europeans first came to America ? What Indians were almost civilized ? 
 Why do we not know all about these races ? Who are archaeologists ? From 
 what region did the Aztecs come ? When did they found Tenochtitlan ? What 
 kind of a race were they ? What were chinampas ? What was the govern- 
 ment of the Aztecs ? Religion ? Language ? What did they use in writing ? 
 How were Aztec children educated ? In what arts did the Aztecs excel ? 
 What crops did farmers raise ? Why was the agave a useful plant ? In what 
 did the Aztecs take special interest ? How was unfair dealing prevented ? 
 Why did Cortez succeed in conquering so intelligent and powerful a people ? 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. Original inhabitants of Mexico. II. Aztec Civilization. 
 References and Authorities. 
 Foster's Prehistoric Races 
 
 Civilizations in Mexico older than the Aztecs, 340. Origin of the Aztecs, 340. Tolteos 
 
 and Chichimecs, 342-313. 
 Short's North American* of Antiquity. 
 
 Origin of the Nahua nations, chap. vi. 
 Biart's The Aztecs. 
 Winsor's Narrative and Critical History, vol. i. 
 
 Migrations of Chichimecs, Colhnas, and Nahuae, chap. iii. Tradition of Votan, 188. The 
 
 Toltecs, 139. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index GUIDE for Comparative examination of cyclopedias and other works of reference. — 
 
 Aztecs, The. Mexico, Antiquities of. 
 Special. — Magazine of American History, April. 1S88: Conquest of the Mayas. Wallace: 
 
 The Fair God. Prescott's Introduction to his Conquest of Mexico presents an excellent 
 
 view of Aztec civilization. 
 
AMERICA OF OLD. 
 
 51 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 ABORIGINAL RACES : SAVAGE. 
 
 Indian Character and Customs. — The Indians living 
 in what is now the United States were quite different from those 
 
 of Mexico. 
 They were sav- 
 age, lived a 
 wild life, and 
 moved about 
 from one hunt- 
 ing place to 
 another. 
 
 Much has 
 
 > v been written 
 
 t of their life, 
 
 ;^-' habits, 
 
 ;tyV£r and cus- 
 
 tom s 
 As a rule 
 they were 
 brave, hospita- 
 ble, and grate- 
 ful, yet they 
 were indolent, revengeful, and treacherous. 
 
 Indian Houses. — Their dwellings were wigwams gener- 
 ally covered with bark and skin. The Iroquois of ~Ne^Y York, 
 however, had well-built "long-houses." The Mandans of 
 Dakota had houses built with smooth, round roofs, and the 
 Natchez of Mississippi and Pueblo Indians of Arizona built 
 their houses of sun-dried brick. 
 
 The women, or squaws-, of the tribe did most of the 
 
PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 
 
 necessary work. They tilled, 
 planted, and harvested small 
 fields of maize. They dressed 
 skins and made them into gar- 
 ments and moccasins, which 
 they often deco- 
 rated with feath- 
 ers and porcu- 
 p i n e q n i 1 1 s . 
 They cured the 
 meat of animals 
 killed in the 
 chase, and 
 cooked the 
 meals, which 
 consisted of 
 parched corn 
 a n d b r o i 1 e d 
 flesh. They 
 sometimesboiled 
 broth in closely 
 woven baskets 
 or rough clay 
 pots, by means 
 of hot stones 
 dropped therein. 
 T h e in e n 
 loved the chase, 
 and seemed to 
 have a desire 
 to kill. They 
 often went hunting, and de- 
 lighted in war. Their weapons 
 were very rude before the 
 whites came and supplied them 
 with better in exchange for 
 furs. Bows and flint-tipped 
 
 Classification of Indian 
 
 Races. 
 The Indians of North America were 
 divided into numerous tribes, each 
 with its own chief, villages, and limit- 
 ing grounds. Indian tribes which 
 strongly resemble one 
 another in language, 
 manners, and enston s 
 are considered as be- 
 longing to the sair.e 
 Indian family. As up 
 to a recent date this 
 resemblance lias only 
 been partly known, 
 many erroneous classi- 
 fications of Indian 
 races have been made. 
 From long and careful 
 investigation by the 
 Smithsonian Institu- 
 tion, we now know 
 that there were, when 
 the whites first came 
 to this country, fifty- 
 eight distinct families. 
 Some of these families 
 were very large, in- 
 eluded many tribes, 
 and occupied large 
 areas of territory. 
 Others were so small 
 as to include hardly 
 more than a single 
 tribe. Some of the 
 larger Indian families 
 were : The Eskimauan 
 and Athapaskan of 
 British America ; the 
 Algonquian, Iroquo- 
 ian, and Mnskhogean 
 east of the Mississippi; 
 and the Siouan, Cad- 
 doan, and Shoshonean 
 aAN - west of the Missis- 
 
 sippi. Tin' Algon- 
 quian family included all the tribes 
 along the coast from Labrador to 
 North Carolina and all the tribes be- 
 tween what is now Tennessee and the 
 great lakes. The Wampanoags of 
 .Massachusetts, IVquots of Connecti- 
 cut, Narragansets of Rhode Island, 
 Powhatans of Virginia, Shawnees of 
 
AMERICA OF OLD. 
 
 53 
 
 Kentucky and Indiana, Miamis of 
 Ohio, and the Illinois, Sac, and Fox 
 Indiana of Illinois 
 
 and Wisconsin all 
 belonged to the 
 AJgonquian family. 
 The Iroqiioian fam- 
 ily lived principally 
 in .New York and 
 Canada, and were 
 surrounded by tribes 
 of the Algonquian 
 family. The tribes 
 in central New 
 York, known as 
 "the Five Nations." 
 were Iroquois. The 
 Muskhogean, or Mfo- 
 bilian family inhab- 
 ited the Southern 
 States, and included 
 such tribes as the 
 Alibamn, Apalachi, 
 Chicasa, Choctaw, 
 Creek, Seminole, 
 Yamasi. and others. 
 West of the Missis- 
 sippi, the Siouan 
 tribes occupied the 
 territory from Ar- 
 kansas and the In- 
 dian Territory to 
 Canada. The Cad- 
 doan territory lay 
 south of that occu- 
 pied by the Simian 
 
 tribes, including al- 
 most all of the pres- 
 ent State of Texas. 
 West of these two 
 families lived the 
 
 Shoshonean, whose 
 territory extended to 
 the Rocky Moun- 
 tains. West of the 
 Rockies were numer- 
 ous smaller families. 
 Of allthetril.es and 
 families mentioned, 
 the Iroquois of New 
 York and the Nat- 
 chez "f Mississippi 
 weiv perhaps the 
 most remarkable for superior intelli- 
 gence and force of character. 
 
 arrows, clubs, stone-headed 
 hatchets, and tomahawks were 
 
 DIAN BUHIAL. 
 
 aw iseivi-aij. 
 
 used. In their wars they relied 
 a great deal upon treachery and 
 
PERIOD OF DISCOVERY, 
 
 cunning, and upon ambush and surprises. They were very 
 cruel towards their prisoners, and sometimes tortured their 
 captives or burned them at the stake. 
 
 Government. — In times of peace each tribe was governed 
 by a wise man. or sachem. They obeyed the sachem because 
 they respected his wisdom. In war they were led by a war 
 chief. They followed him because they admired his bravery. 
 
 Both sachems and war chiefs 
 were usually chosen by the 
 members of the tribe. 
 
 The older and more experi- 
 enced members of the tribe 
 formed a council, which con- 
 sidered and regulated matters 
 of importance. Smoking the 
 calumet, or sacred pipe,, was al- 
 ways an important ceremony 
 when the council met. After 
 the pipe had passed from lip to 
 lip, those who had anything to 
 say would make short but elo- 
 quent speeches, after which a 
 decision would be reached. 
 
 Sometimes a number of tribes 
 were allied for purposes of at- 
 tack or defense against a com- 
 mon enemy. The Five Nations 
 of the Iroquois in the north, and 
 the ('reeks of the south, were 
 confederations of this kind. 
 
 Language. — The spoken 
 Language of the Indians was 
 harsh and guttural. It had 
 very few words. The Indians 
 could not write, but sometimes 
 they seat picture messages rude- 
 ly drawn upon pieces of bark. 
 
 Indian Religion. 
 
 Ii is a great mistake to believe that 
 the Indians worshiped a Great Mani- 
 
 tou, or one God. They knew nothing 
 of this worship until the whites came. 
 Their religion was full of superstition. 
 Thej believed in good spirits and evil 
 spirit-. The evil spirits received most 
 of their worship, for according to the 
 Indian's way of thinking, the good 
 spirits would not injure him ; tin- evil 
 would, unless he satisfied them. Tins 
 he tried to do by playing noisy instru- 
 ments, by going through various kinds 
 of dances, by offering sacrifices, and 
 by making loud promises to them. 
 
 A very important man in the tribe 
 was the priest, or medicine man. lie 
 conducted all religions ceremonies. 
 He was thought to have power to call 
 down rain, to heal the sick, to bring 
 the tribe good inck, and to tell what 
 was going to happen. To him a >ick 
 person was one iii whom an evil spirit 
 had come to live. He cured by mak- 
 ing all kinds of hideous noises, so as 
 to frighten the evil spirit aw ay. 
 
 The Indian's pleasure in this life 
 was plenty of good bunting. So 
 heaven, in his understanding, was a 
 happy hunting ground. When he 
 died his favorite weapons and some- 
 times bis dog were buried with him. 
 because it was thought be would need 
 them. 
 
 Some tribes buried their dead in a 
 sitting posture within a mound of 
 earth and stones. Others placed theirs 
 upon a high platform far nut on the 
 prairie. Here food would be brought 
 and left with the dead, in the belief 
 that he. and not the birds, devoured it. 
 
AMERICA OF OLD. 55 
 
 Passing Away. — The Indians, once so numerous, are rap- 
 idly disappearing. Very few wild tribes remain. They have 
 been moved westward from the Atlantic to beyond the Missis- 
 sippi. Only in the far West are they now found in sufficient 
 numbers to give the whites trouble. The scattered tribes are 
 now mostly gathered upon reservations set apart by the United 
 States Government, and provided with schools and with 
 the means of industrial improvement. Indian Territory has 
 been set aside by the Government for the tribes which once 
 lived east of the Mississippi River. Here may be found de- 
 scendants of the Choctaws, Oherokees, Chickasaws, and other 
 tribes, who have become partly civilized. 
 
 Questions. — What do you know of the Indians living in what is now the 
 United States ? What were some of the traits of character in the Indians ? 
 What were generally their dwellings ? What Indians did not live in wigwams ? 
 What did the squaws do ? What passions did the men seem to have ? What, 
 weapons did they have ? What did they rely upon in their wars ? Who gov- 
 erned them in times of peace ? Who led them in times of war V Who formed 
 the council ? What was an important ceremony ? What kind of spoken 
 language had the Indians ? How did they sometimes send messages ? To 
 what region have the Indians been pushed ? What territory has been set aside 
 for them ? Name some tribes that are becoming civilized. 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. Classification of the Indian Races. II. Tribal Organization. III. Character, Manners, and 
 Customs. IV. Religion and Superstitions. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Smithsonian Institution. 
 Seventh Annual Report, Bureau of Ethnology, gives latest and most authoritative classifi- 
 cation of the Indian Races. 
 
 nildreth's History of the United States, vol. i. 
 Aboriginal inhabitants of North America : tribes, confederacies, languages, political systems, 
 etc., 51-69. 
 
 Bancroft's History of the United States, vol. ii. 
 Language and manners of the Red Men, 101-108. Political and religious institutions, 109 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities.— Indians, North 
 
 American. 
 Special.— Thwaites : The Colonies, 7-19. Fisher: Colonial Era, 5-12. Fiske : Discovery of 
 
 America, vol. i., chap. i. Pickett : History of Alabama, chaps, ii.-v. 
 
PERIOD OF DISCOVERY, 
 
 CHAPTEIi XV. 
 
 ANCIENT INHABITANTS OF AMERICA. 
 
 Whence Came the Indians ? — How was America peo- 
 pled ? From where did the Indians originally come ? These 
 
 are questions which interest 
 many students, but which can- 
 not be positively answered. 
 
 Some believe that America 
 received its first inhabitants 
 from Asia. There are three ways 
 in which this could have been 
 brought about. First, Asia and 
 America are very close together 
 at Bering Strait, and people 
 could there cross easily. Second, 
 the Japan current of the Pacific 
 sweeps northward along the 
 cast coast of Asia and washes 
 against the west shores of 
 America. Boats and canoes 
 could, therefore, have drifted 
 by accident to America, and thus 
 could make the country known. 
 Third, the Malays of south- 
 eastern Asia were skilled sailors, 
 and they have spread themselves 
 over a number of islands in the 
 Pacific. At one time or another 
 there might have been some adventurous enough to read 1 the 
 shores of South America. 
 
 The Mound-builders. — Others believe that the Indian 
 race originated in America. There is no way of proving posi- 
 tively either the American or the Asiatic theory to be the 
 correct one. What has been proved, however, is that the In- 
 dians have lived in this country a very long time. It was once 
 
 Asiatic Origin of 
 Americans. 
 
 Someof the reasons given for believ- 
 ing that America received its first in- 
 habitants from Asia are: First, the 
 people on both sides of the Bering 
 Strait look very much alike and seem 
 to be of the same race; second, the 
 red races of America are different from 
 the yellow races of Asia, not because 
 they are different kinds of people, but 
 because difference in climate and 
 difference in manner of living change 
 the appearance of people after a long 
 while ; third, Japanese and Chinese 
 junks have been wrecked and have 
 drifted ashore upon the coast, of British 
 America within recent times ; fourth, a 
 learned scholar named Pickering, who 
 had studied the language of the Peru- 
 vian Indians, found that it resembled 
 very much the language of the Malays. 
 
 The Chinese is a very old nation, and 
 Chinese writings have been translated 
 which give an account of a visit to a 
 country called Fu Sang, by a great 
 traveler named Hoei Shin. This visit 
 was made about the J car 499, and from 
 the description of Hoei Shin's journey, 
 Fu Sang may have been Mexico or 
 the southwestern part of the United 
 States. 
 
AMERICA OF OLD. 
 
 57 
 
 believed that a race different 
 from the Indians once lived 
 here. This race is known as 
 Mound-builders, because of their 
 
 Indian Mounds. 
 
 The Indian mounds found in Amer- 
 ica resemble hills of earth. Many of 
 them, however, have the shape of 
 birds, serpents, and 
 | various animals. 
 Moundsof earth keep 
 their shape much 
 longer than buildings 
 of stone and outlast 
 anything else a race 
 of people may leave 
 h i n d . T h a t 
 
 peculiar custom of building 
 mounds of earth. 
 Latest Conclusions. — It 
 
 is now known that the Indians 
 living in this country when the 
 Europeans came were descended 
 from the Mound-builders, and 
 were, therefore, of the same 
 race. Many of the southern 
 Indians built mounds after the 
 whites came, just as the Mound- 
 builders did thousands of years ago 
 know whether 
 or not the In- 
 dians came 
 from some 
 other coun- 
 try, we know 
 they were in 
 America a 
 very long 
 time ago. 
 
 known to us whose 
 cities and buildings have 
 not yet wholly crumbled away. Some 
 of the mounds are positively known 
 to be very ancient, for on them are 
 found growing trees which theni- 
 selves are old. Many mounds have 
 been dug into. Inside have been 
 found all kinds of pottery, stone weap- 
 ons, tools, and arrowheads, pipes, 
 idols, and human bones. Of all the 
 Indian tribes, the Natchez Indians are 
 believed to have resembled most the 
 ancient Mound-builders. 
 
 So, although we do not 
 
58 
 
 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 
 
 Pueblos and the Cliff- 
 dwellers. — In the south- 
 western part of the United 
 States are more wonderful 
 remains than any the Mound- 
 builders ever left behind. 
 Here are to be found pueblos, 
 which are large, semicircular 
 houses, several stories in 
 height, built of sun-dried 
 brick. A whole Indian vil- 
 lage often lived in one pueblo. 
 
 Buildings similar to pueblos 
 are found at great heights, 
 having been built in openings 
 hollowed out in steep cliffs. 
 The people who once inhab- 
 ited these buildings are called 
 Cliff-dwellers. 
 
 Questions. — What questions 
 interest many students ? What do 
 some believe ? In what three ways 
 may America have received its first 
 inhabitants from Asia? What are 
 some of the reasons for believing 
 this ? What ancient Chinese traveler 
 is supposed to have visited America ? "When? What name was given to the 
 country he visited ? What do others believe in regard to the Indian race ? 
 Whal has been proved ? What was once believed ? Why were the ancient 
 inhabitants of America called Mound-builders ? What do Indian mounds 
 resemble ? Why do we know some of the Mound-builders lived very long 
 ago ? What are sometimes found inside of Indian mounds ? What Indian 
 tribe resembled most closely the ancient Mound-builders ? What is now known 
 about the relation of the Indians to the Mound-builders ? What wonderful 
 remains of ancient peoples are to be found in the southwest ? What are cliff- 
 dwellings ? 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 FF-DWELLINGS. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. How America Came by its First Inlia 
 III. Pueblos and Cliff-dwellers. 
 
 ants. II. The Mound-builders and Their Remains. 
 
AMERICA OF OLD. 
 
 The Mound-builders, -J02. Mound-builders related 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Foster's Prehistoric Races. 
 
 Mounds and their distribution, 97, 
 
 to ancient Mexicans, 338. 
 Short's North Americans of Antiquity . 
 
 Ancient Pueblos and Cliff-dwellers, 275. Probabilities that America was peopled from the 
 
 Old World, 498. 
 Winsor's Narrative and Critical History, vol. i. 
 
 Prehistoric archaeology of North America, 283. 
 Bryant's Popular History of the United States, vol. i. 
 
 The Mound-builders, 19. Fu Sang legend, 85. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities.— Mound-builders, 
 The. Indian Mounds, Pueblos. Cliff-dwellers, The. Fu Sang, Chinese Legend of. 
 
 Special.— Fontaine : How the World was Peopled. Century Magazine, Dec, 1882, and Feb. 
 and May, 1883 : The Zufiis. Mrs. Wallace : Land of the Pueblos. Vining : An Inglori- 
 ous Columbus. Fiske : Discovery of America, vol. i., chap. i. 
 
 \S 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 PRE-COLUMBIAN DISCOVERIES OF AMERICA. 
 
 The Phoenicians. — Did 
 
 anyone before the time of Co- 
 lumbus ever visit and explore 
 America? Let us see what 
 answer can be made to this 
 question. In ancient times a 
 maritime people called the Phoe- 
 nicians inhabited the southeast 
 shores of the Mediterranean. It 
 is known that Phoenician vessels 
 passed in and out through the 
 Strait of Gibraltar as long as 
 three thousand years ago (1000 
 b.c). Possibly the Phoenicians 
 may have visited America. 
 
 Norse Discoverers. — The 
 country around the North Sea 
 was inhabited in ancient times 
 by a people called the Norse, 
 or Northmen. They were very 
 
 Ancient Phoenician Voy- 
 ages. 
 
 It was the custom of the Phoenicians 
 to keep secret the places visited by 
 their vessels, so that no other nation 
 might learn where they obtained their 
 wealth. We know, however, that 
 their ships went as far north as Corn- 
 wall, England, for the tin to be found 
 there ; and quite a distance down the 
 coast of Africa for ivory and gold. 
 
 Phoenician records tell of a land of 
 Ophir, where gold and silver were 
 very abundant. It is reasonable to 
 believe that this may have been Amer- 
 ica. The first visit of the Phoenicians 
 to America may have been accidental. 
 In more recent times, Cabral, a Portu- 
 guese navigator, in trying to round the 
 Cape of Good Hope was blown by a 
 storm to the coast of Brazil (1500). 
 
 The Mayas of Yucatan had a tradi- 
 tion that a bearded white man came to 
 their country from over the sea, and 
 after teaching them many things went 
 back again. They worship the mem- 
 ory of this visitor, regarding him as 
 their god, Votan or Quetzel. 
 
PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 
 
 fond of war and adventure, and spent most of their time upon 
 the water. 
 
 A chief, or ruler, of the Norsemen was called a viking. Norse 
 
 bards, or poets, called scalds, 
 often composed and sang 
 verses which related the 
 deeds and adventures of he- 
 roic vikings. These verses 
 are called sagas, and from 
 them we have learned inci- 
 dentally that America was 
 known to the Norsemen long before the time of Columbus. 
 The Norsemen discovered Iceland in 860 ; then Greenland in 
 
 Irish, Welsh, and Basque Dis- 
 coveries of America. 
 
 Some believe that the Norse vikings en- 
 couraged the ancient Irish and Welsh to make 
 voyages. There is a tradition that Madoc, or 
 Madog, a Welsh prince, after visiting this 
 country embarked a large 
 colony upon ten vessels 
 about the year 1170, 
 utforAmer- 
 a, and was 
 never more 
 eard of. 
 Some of 
 Indi- 
 ans of 
 North 
 c aro- 
 ina were 
 found by 
 the English 
 Bettlers to be 
 almost white ; 
 and Mr. Catlin, 
 a celebrated trav- 
 eler, who has lived 
 a great deal with 
 the Indians and 
 Studied their lan- 
 guage and customs, 
 asserts that the 
 Mandan Indians of 
 Dakota came orig- 
 inally from east of 
 the Mississippi, and that many of their words 
 were Welsh in sound and meaning. 
 
 The language of the Indians along the At- 
 lantic coast has been found to resemble very 
 closely the language of a peculiar race of 
 people who live on the slopes of the Pyrenees 
 and are not Flench nor Spanish. These are 
 the Basques, and as they are great fishermen 
 
 and sailors, they, too, are supposed to have 
 known about America before its discovery 
 by Columbus. 
 
AMERICA OF OLD. 61 
 
 876 ; and in 986 they explored Labrador. Leif Ericson, last 
 and greatest of Norse explorers, in the year 1000 reached a 
 land south of Labrador. This land, supposed to be on the 
 New England coast, he called Vinland ; and here was born 
 Snorri, the first child of European parents known to have 
 been born in America. 
 
 Credit Due Columbus. — An old stone tower at New- 
 port, R. I., and a curiously marked rock found near Dighton, 
 Mass., were long supposed to be relics of ancient Norse settle- 
 ments in America. Nothing resulted from these old voyages 
 of discovery. To Columbus is due the credit of discovering 
 America, for he Avas the first to make known to civilized 
 Europe the existence of land beyond the Atlantic. 
 
 Questions. — What ancient maritime people inhabited the southeast 
 shores of the Mediterranean ? What is known about their vessels ? Who 
 inhabited the country around the North Sea ? Of what were they fond ? What 
 were their rulers called? Their poets? What is learned from their songs ? 
 Who was Snorri ? Mention relics of Norse settlements. Who deserves the 
 credit of discovering America ? 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. Ancient Phoenician Voyages. II. The Northmen. III. Leif Ericson and Vinland. IV. 
 Traditional Visits to America of the Welsh, Irish, and Basques. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Bryant's Popular History of (lie United States, vol. i. 
 Discovery of America by Madog, 00. Possible Phoenician discovery, 35. The Northmen, 
 30. Discovery of Greenland, 37. Voyage of Leif the Lucky, 40. Norse settlement of 
 Vinland, 46-53. Birth of Snorri, 51. 
 
 Winsor's Narrative and Critical History of America, vol. i. 
 Ancient Phoenician voyages, 23. The Northmen in America, 60-69. Effect of Norse voy- 
 ages upon the Welsh, 70. Possibility <>f Basque visitations to America, 74. 
 
 Fiske's Discover;/ of America, vol. i. 
 Ancient Irish voyages to Iceland, 149. Authenticity of Norse voyages, 151. Vinland, 165. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities. — Phoenicians, 
 
 The. Northmen, The. Ericson, Leif. America, Norse Discovery of. Vinland. Madog, 
 Welsh Prince. America, Pre-Columiiian Disconr'ns of. 
 
 Special.— Magazine of American History, March, 1888: Leif Ericson, by Mrs. Ole Bull. 
 Harper's Magazine, Sept., 1882 : Visit of the Vikings. Longfellow : The Skeleton in 
 Armor (poem). De Costa ; Pre-Columbian Discovery of America by the Northmen. 
 
62 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY. 
 
 Reference Outline for Review. 
 
 Showing Early Exploration of the United States by Nations 
 and in Chronological Order. 
 
 1 498 ' Cabot East Coast of U nited States. 
 
 1512 De Leon Florida. 
 
 1519 Pineda Florida and Louisiana. 
 
 1 520 De Ayllon South Carolina. 
 
 1 524 Verrazano East Coast of United States. 
 
 1 52S De Narvaez Florida. 
 
 1539 De Soto Florida. 
 
 1 540 Coronado New Mexico. 
 
 1541 De Soto Mississippi River. 
 
 1 542 Cabrillo California. 
 
 1579 Drake Oregon. 
 
 1 5S2 Espejo New Mexico. 
 
 1 583 Gilbert Northeast Coast of United States. 
 
 1584 Amidas Carolina. 
 
 1595 Onate New Mexico. 
 
 1 602 Gosnold Massachusetts. 
 
 1 603 Pring New England. 
 
 1 604 Weymouth. ...Maine. 
 
 1 609 Hudson East Coast of United States. 
 
 1634 Nicollet Wisconsin. 
 
 1 659 Groseilliers Minnesota. 
 
 1 669 Joliet Southeast Michigan. 
 
 1671 La Salle Ohio River. 
 
 1 673 Marquette Mississippi River. 
 
 1681 La Salle Mississippi River. 
 
 1686 La Salle Texas. 
 
 1 699 Iberville Mississippi and Louisiana. 
 
 To Teachers. — These outlines are for reference purposes only. It is not 
 intended thai they shall be memorized. 
 
 English explorations in red; French in black; Spanish in blue. 
 
REVIEW OF FIRST PERIOD. 63 
 
 Reference Outline for Review. 
 
 Exploration by Nations and Physical Subdivisions. 
 
 THE ATLANTIC COAST. 
 
 1 498 Cabot East Coast of United States. 
 
 151 2 De Leon Florida. 
 
 1520 De Ayllon South Carolina. 
 
 1 524 Verrazano East Coast of United States. 
 
 1 583 Humphrey Gilbert — Northeast Coast of U. S. 
 
 1584 Amidas and Barlow... Carolina. 
 
 1602 Gosnold Massachusetts. 
 
 1603 Pring New England. 
 
 1604 Weymouth Maine. 
 
 1609 Hudson East Coast of United States. 
 
 I 
 
 THE GULF COAST. 
 
 1519 Pineda .Florida and Louisiana. 
 
 1528 De Narvaez Florida. 
 
 1539 De Soto Florida. 
 
 1681 La Salle Louisiana. 
 
 1 686 La Salle Texas. 
 
 1699 Iberville Mississippi and Louisiana. 
 
 PACIFIC COAST AND WESTERN PLATEAU. 
 
 1540 Coronado New Mexico and Arizona. 
 
 1542 Cabrillo California. 
 
 1 579 Drake Oregon. 
 
 1 582 Espejo New Mexico. 
 
 1 595 Onate New Mexico and Texas, 
 
 THE MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. 
 
 1541 De Soto Mississippi River. 
 
 1634 Nicollet Wisconsin. 
 
 1659 Groseilliers and Radison. .Minnesota. 
 
 1 669 Joliet Southeast Michigan. 
 
 1671 La Salle Ohio River. 
 
 1 673 Marquette and Joliet Mississippi River. 
 
 1681 La Salle Mississippi River. 
 
64 
 
 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY 
 
 TOPICAL OUTLINE. 
 
 fe 
 
 
 o 
 
 § r 
 
 
 
 
 
 Q 
 
 £ 
 
 O 
 
 < 
 
 
 % 
 
 
 K 
 
 £_ 
 
 
 
 
 
 fe 
 £ 
 
 Mediterranean commercial centers. 
 
 Preeminence of Genoa and Venice. 
 
 Water route to India desired. 
 
 Increase of Geographical Knowledge. -I Polo's | contribution to the 
 
 I Mandeville's ( world's knowledge. 
 
 I Invention of printing and its effect. 
 
 [ Portuguese South Afric discoveries. 
 
 Sun shines on lands unknown. 
 
 The earth is round. 
 
 Asia lies west us well as east. 
 
 £ News Brought Back. 
 
 Explore the Coast. 
 
 _ ,, ( An experienced seaman. 
 
 The Man. ■ , ' 
 
 / studious, persevering, courageous. 
 
 j Patiently overcomes obstacles. 
 His Action. -| Makes famous iirst voyage. 
 Discovers land to the west. 
 
 f Columbus's last three voyages. 
 I The Cabots : First on the Mainland. 
 | Ojeda. Vespucius : America named. 
 [Balboa. Magellan: Oceans made known. 
 
 De Leon. Grijalva. Pineda. De Ayllon. 
 Verrazano. Frobisher. Davis. Hudson. 
 Denvs. ('artier. Cabrillo. Drake. 
 
 j De Narvaez. Cortez. Espejo. De Soto. 
 Explore the Interior. | Champlain. Jesuits. Marquette. 
 
 [joliet. La Salle. Dacan. Hennepin. 
 
 KXPI.ORERS' Oli.lKl TS. 
 
 Wealth of the Indies. 
 Quest for the fabulous. 
 Northwest passage. Conquest. 
 
 PREPARATORY GEOGRAPHY LESSON. 
 
 Upon a map of the- Southern States note the coast line of Florida. South 
 Carolina^and North Carolina. Where is St. Augustine ? St. Mary's River ? 
 Port Royal ? Note the distance from St. Augustine to mouth of St. Mary's 
 River. Where is Roanoke Island ? Ocracoke Inlet ? 
 
 Upon a map of the New England States note the position of Cape Cod. 
 Where is Martha's Vineyard ? Elizabeth Islands ? Kennebec River ? 
 
 Upon ;i globe or a map of the world note the position of the Bermuda Islands. 
 In what direction from these islands is Virginia ? 
 
 Upon a map of Virginia and Maryland note the east coast. Where is Chesa- 
 peake Bay? What capes at its mouth? Where is the James River? The 
 Chickahominy ? 
 
II. PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 
 
 Attempted Settlements. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 FIRST SEEKERS FOR RELIGIOUS LIBERTY. 
 
 Division of the Church.— In the intellectual awakening 
 which followed the invention of printing, the people of Europe 
 gave much thought to the sub- 
 ject of religion. Religious writ- 
 ings were printed and widely 
 distributed. The study and 
 discussion of these writings 
 caused some Christians to think 
 differently from others. In 
 time this difference of belief led 
 to a division of the Church into 
 two great branches, the Catho- 
 lics and the Protestants. 
 
 First Colony of the Hu- 
 guenots. — France suffered a 
 great deal from religious dissen- 
 sions between these two divi- 
 sions of the Church. Here the 
 Protestants were known as the 
 Huguenots, and one of their 
 
 great leaders was Admiral Coligny [co-len-ye'J. This noble- 
 man conceived the plan of founding colonies for his people in 
 America, and made three attempts to do so. The first colony 
 was sent to South America under Durand de Villegagnon [doo- 
 5 65 
 
 The Growth of Religious 
 Tolerance. 
 
 At the present (lay we never think 
 of punishing anyone for having opin- 
 ions different from ours, for we have 
 come to be very tolerant of one anoth- 
 er's beliefs. It has not always been 
 so. A great deal of suffering was 
 passed through before people came to 
 understand what a blessed thing re- 
 ligious tolerance is. 
 
 For many years, and in many parts 
 of Europe, Protestants and Catholics 
 persecuted each other whenever they 
 had the opportunity. When one was 
 in power the other was made to suffer. 
 Wars were frequent, and death and 
 imprisonment were inflicted upon 
 many on account of religious beliefs. 
 It is not strange, then, that the people 
 of Europe turned to America as a land 
 in which they could be safe and free. 
 
66 
 
 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 
 
 ron deh vel-gahn-yon] (1555), who built a fort near the Rio 
 Janeiro River, and named it Coligny ; but the expedition ended 
 in a failure. 
 
 Second Colony. — Coligny's second colony, under the com- 
 mand of John Ribault [re-bo], reached the coast of Florida 
 (1562) near the mouth of a beautiful river, to which Ribault 
 gave the name River of May, now called the St. John's River. 
 Proceeding up the coast, the Huguenots landed near what is 
 now Port Royal, S. C, where they built a fort, and called it 
 Charlesfort, in honor of Charles IX., king of France. Leav- 
 ing twenty-six men in charge, under Captain Albert [ahl- 
 bare], Ribault returned to France for sup- 
 plies. After Kibault's departure, Albert 
 and his men became uneasy, and con- 
 structed a small brigantine, upon which 
 they embarked for Europe. While at sea 
 the horrors of starvation were endured 
 until they were rescued by an English 
 vessel. 
 
 Third Colony. — Coligny's third col- 
 ony, under Rene Laudonniere [ren-na lo- 
 don-yare] (1564), settled near the River of 
 May, Florida, and built a fort, which was 
 called Fort Caroline. Becoming discour- 
 aged, the French were about to abandon the colony, when Ri- 
 bault arrived with six hundred additional colonists. 
 
 Menendez and St. Augustine. — News soon reached 
 Spain of these trespasses upon Spanish territory, and Menendez, 
 a cruel, bloodthirsty man, was sent with an army of 2,600 men 
 to drive out the intruders. He determined to attack them by 
 land, but before doing so built a fort and founded a town 
 (1565) called St. Augustine, which is still in existence, and is, 
 therefore, the oldest town within the present limits of the 
 United States. 
 
 AVhile the Spaniards were marching upon Fort Caroline, 
 Ribault was sailing south to attack the Spanish fleet, having 
 left 150 men to guard the fort. 
 
ATTEMPTED SETTLEMENTS. 
 
 67 
 
 OLD FORT ST. AUGUSTINE. 
 
 The French Attacked. — By a strange act of carelessness 
 
 there were no sentinels on duty to warn the French of the 
 
 approach of the Spaniards. 
 The fort was therefore sur- 
 prised and easily taken. 
 About twenty of the French 
 escaped, and were after- 
 wards picked up by the ves- 
 sels left by Eibault. The 
 rest were massacred. 
 
 Ribault's fleet, proceeding- 
 southward along the coast, 
 was wrecked in a storm, 
 
 and his men barely escaped with their lives. Wearily they 
 
 made their way by land towards Fort Caroline, only to find 
 
 the Spaniards in possession of it. 
 
 In their hopes to escape, the French turned back into the 
 
 wilderness and journeyed south- 
 ward. They did not know that 
 
 St. Augustine had been built 
 
 and that this strong Spanish 
 
 fort was directly in their path. 
 Massacre of the French. 
 
 — An advance party of 200 
 
 men soon found themselves 
 
 near the fort. What were they 
 
 to do ? They could not remain 
 
 in the forest and starve ; surely 
 
 it would be best to surrender 
 
 and trust to the Spaniards for 
 
 mercy. But Menendez, cruel 
 
 man that he was, had no mercy 
 
 to show them. The French, 
 
 with hands tied behind, were 
 
 led up to a line drawn in the 
 
 sand and there were shot to death. When the rest of Ki 
 
 bault's men arrived the next day, they met a like fate. 
 
 Dominique de Gourgues. 
 
 No official step was taken by Fiance 
 to avenge the outrage committed by 
 Menendez, but many gallant French- 
 men smarted under the injury done 
 their countrymen. One, Dominique 
 de Gourgues [goorg], took upon him- 
 self the task of punishing the Span- 
 iards. Three vessels were fitted out 
 by him, and with 180 men he landed in 
 Florida. He was joined by a Dumber 
 of natives, who made common cause 
 with him against the cruel Spaniards. 
 Fort Caroline, with its garrison of 300 
 men, was captured. In the attack upon 
 this fort the French sought to save 
 from death as many Spaniards as pos- 
 sible, for De Gourgues had determined 
 to treat the Spaniards as cruelly as they 
 had treated the French. The captured 
 Spaniards were hanged without mercy, 
 and De Gourgues returned to France. 
 
G8 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 
 
 Questions.— To what did the people of Europe give much thought after 
 the invention of printing ? What were distributed? What did study and dis- 
 cussion cause ? What nation suffered greatly from religious dissensions ? 
 French Protestants were known as what ? Who was one of their greatest 
 leaders ? What plan did he conceive ? How many attempts to colonize did he 
 make ? Under whom was the first colony sent out ? When ? Where ? Under 
 whom was Coligny's second colony sent out ? What coast did it reach ? What 
 river was named ? By what name is it now known ? Where did the colony 
 land ? What did they call the fort ? Who was left in command ? What did 
 Captain Albert and his men do after Ribault's departure ? Under whose com- 
 mand was Coligny's third colony ? Where was a fort built ? What name was 
 given to it ? What prevented the abandonment of this settlement ? Who was 
 sent to drive the French from Florida ? What was his character ? How many 
 men were in his army ? What fort did he build ? Why is St. Augustine 
 famous ? While the Spaniards were marching upon Fort Caroline, where did 
 Ribault go with his fleet? How many men did he leave in the fort ? Why 
 was this garrison easily surprised ? What misfortunes befell Ribault's vessels ? 
 Describe the wanderings of the shipwrecked French. Why did they turn back 
 from Fort Caroline? What happened to them when they reached St. Augustine? 
 What reasons were there for expecting no mercy at the hands of Menendez ? 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. The Huguenots. II. The Coligny Colonies. III. The Founding of St. Augustine. IV. 
 Dominique de Gourgues. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Bancroft's History of the United States, vol. i. 
 Coligny's motive, 51. Character of Ribault, 51. First colony of Carolina, 52. Laudon- 
 niere's colony, 52-53. Spanish massacre of the French colonists, 55-58. De Gourgues' ven- 
 geance, 58-59. 
 
 Hildreth's History of the United States, vol. i. 
 The Huguenots, 71. Fort Caroline, 71. Second Huguenot colony, 72. Menendez and 
 St. Augustine, 73. French colony destroyed, 74. De Gourgues, 75. 
 
 Winsor's Narralirr unit Critical History, vol. ii. 
 Campaign of Menendez against the French, 202-279. Dominique de Gourgues. 2S0-282. 
 
 Bryant's Popular History of the United States, vol. i. 
 Huguenot colony to South America, 189. Huguenot colonies to Carolina, 190-199. Expedi- 
 tion of Menendez, 805. St. Augustine, 213. Dominique de Gourgues, 214. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities. — Tolerance, Re- 
 ligions. Huguenots, The. Ribault, John. Coligny, Gaspardde. Laudonniere, Rene de. 
 Caroline, Fort. Menendez. St. Augustine, Founding of . Conrgms, Dominique de. 
 Special.— Blackburn's Admiral Coligny and tin Rist of the Huguenots, vol. ii., chap, iii.: 
 The Admiral's Colonies. Fisher's Colonial Era, 21-82 : Kibault. Laudonniere, and De 
 Gourgues. Thwaites's Th< foliiniis, 33: French attempt to colonize Florida. Carroll: 
 Historical Collections of South Carolina, 21-21. Baird : The Huguenots in America, 
 21-79. 
 
ATTEMPTED SETTLEMENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 RALEIGH S FAILURES IN SOUTH VIRGINIA. 
 
 Delayed Occupancy — England did not attempt to occupy 
 the territory discovered and explored by the Cabots until near 
 the end of the sixteenth century. Spanish power had been 
 increasing all this time. The 
 success of Menendez in driving 
 the French Huguenots from 
 Florida made the claims of 
 Spain to the southeastern part 
 of what is now the United States 
 stronger than they were in the 
 days of Ponce de Leon. It was 
 fully time for England to form 
 settlements in her American 
 possessions. 
 
 Raleigh and the First 
 Virginia Colony. — Sir Wal- 
 ter Raleigh, a favorite of Queen 
 Elizabeth, undertook to carry 
 out England's purpose to colo- 
 nize America, and Philip Ami- 
 das and Arthur Barlow were 
 sent to find a suitable location 
 for a settlement (1584). These 
 explorers arrived off the coast 
 
 Sir Humphrey Gilbert. 
 
 Sir Humphrey Gilbert, a good and 
 wise knight, obtained from Queen 
 Elizabeth of England a patent, or 
 permission, to establish English col- 
 onies in America (1579). Gilbert, in 
 his first attempt, sailed with two ves- 
 sels. One was lost, the oilier returned 
 after having gone but a short distance. 
 Four years later (1583) Gilbert fitted 
 up a much larger expedition. This 
 consisted of five vessels, of which one 
 deserted, another was abandoned, and 
 a third was wrecked. The remaining 
 two, the Hind and the Squirrel, after 
 coasting along the Island of New- 
 foundland for some distance, turned 
 back. One night a storm arose, and, 
 unmindful of self, the gallant Gilbert 
 sought in every way to inspire his men 
 with courage. At one time in the 
 night, as the two vessels drew near 
 each other, he was heard to call out 
 from the deck of the smaller one, 
 " Cheer up ! cheer up ! We are as near 
 heaven by sea as by land." About 
 twelve o'clock his vessel went down, 
 anil he was never heard of more. 
 
 of Carolina near Ocracoke Inlet, 
 
 and found the land " as goodly as sun e'er shone upon." The 
 Indians were very friendly. The hospitable chief welcomed 
 them to his land, and his father gave a great feast in honor of 
 the white visitors. 
 
 Two natives accompanied Amidas and Barlow on the return 
 voyage to England. The explorers gave a glowing account of 
 the country visited. Such a beautiful country should be named 
 for their queen. Elizabeth was called the Virgin Queen ; there- 
 
PEKIOD OF COLONIZATION. 
 
 fore the name Virginia was bestowed upon that part of the 
 coast of North America which England claimed. 
 
 Cruelty and Failure.— Raleigh found no difficulty in ob- 
 taining emigrants. A colony of 108 
 persons, under Ralph Lane as gov- 
 ernor, was sent to Virginia (1585) in 
 a fleet commanded by Sir Richard 
 Grenville. The colonists landed on 
 Roanoke Island. The neighboring- 
 Indians were not treated wisely or 
 kindly. The whites at one time 
 lost a silver cup, and to punish the 
 Indians for stealing this cup a whole 
 village was burned. At another 
 
 Silt WALTER RALEIGH. O 
 
 time, the chief was treacherously 
 taken prisoner and put to death. By these cruelties the whites 
 hoped to frighten the Indians into supplying the colony with 
 food. 
 
 These acts, however, only provoked the Indians into hating 
 the whites. The English were 
 soon in great fear lest the na- 
 tives should attack them. About 
 this time Sir Francis Drake, in 
 the course of one of his voyages, 
 happened to land near by. Glad 
 of the opportunity, the colonists 
 embarked upon his vessels and 
 sailed for England. 
 
 A New Attempt ; Vir- 
 ginia Dare. — A few days after 
 Drake's departure, Grenville 
 arrived. Finding none of the 
 settlers, he left fifteen men and 
 returned to England. A new colony was now collected (1587). 
 It consisted this time of men with families, who were willing 
 to remain and make America their home. 
 
 When these new colonists arrived at Roanoke Island, they 
 
 QUEEN ELIZABETH. 
 
ATTEMPTED SETTLEMENTS. 
 
 In vain, in vain, their heart-sick search. 
 
 No tidings reached them more, 
 No record save that silent word 
 
 Upon that silent shore. 
 
 —Margaret J. Preston. 
 
72 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 
 
 found only the skeletons of the men Grenville had left. Shortly 
 after the establishment of the colony, Virginia Dare was born, 
 the first white child born in America of English parents. She 
 was the granddaughter of John White, the governor of the 
 colony. 
 
 A Lost Colony. — Before many weeks it was decided that 
 "White should go to England for supplies. If, in the mean- 
 while, the colonists moved to another location, the name of the 
 new place was to be carved upon a post, with a crosspiece above 
 it, that he might know where to find them when he returned. 
 White, upon his arrival in England, became for a time inter- 
 ested in other matters. When, after two years, he again 
 reached Roanoke, no colonists were to be found. Carved on 
 the bark of a tree was the word croatan. 
 
 This was the name of a neighboring island, which was 
 searched ; but no trace of the settlers was found to show that 
 they were either alive or dead. Several expeditions were sent 
 out from England to find them, but in vain. Their fate 
 remains a mystery to this day. It is believed that they were 
 mixed with an Indian tribe whose descendants are still living 
 in North Carolina. With the failure of this colony, Raleigh, 
 who had by this time expended more than forty thousand 
 pounds in his American ventures, abandoned any further at- 
 tempt at colonization. 
 
 Questions.— Until the end of what century did England not attempt to 
 occupy her territory ? What success had strengthened Spanish power? Who 
 now undertook to carry out England's purpose to colonize America ? Who 
 were sent to explore? When? What coast did they reach ? Where? Bow 
 was the land described ? How were they treated by the Indians ? Who gave 
 a great feast to them ? Who accompanied the English upon their return ? 
 What name was given to the country visited by Amidas and Barlow ? After 
 whom ? Under whom was Raleigh's first colony sent out ? When ? Who 
 commanded the fleet ? Where did the colonists land ? How did they treat the 
 Indians ? Why and how did they punish the Indians ? Whom did they treach- 
 erously capture and put to death? What did the whites hope to do by these 
 cruelties? What was the effect upon the Indians ? What was feared ? Who 
 happened to land near by about this time? What did the colonists now do ? 
 Who arrived after the colonists had departed ? Who was left to hold pos- 
 session ? Of what did the new colony consist ? Who was the governor? 
 
ATTEMPTED SETTLEMENTS. 73 
 
 Who was Virginia Dare? Where did White go? How long did he stay? 
 What did he find upon his return ? Give an account of the lost colony. How 
 much did his efforts to colonize America cost Sir Walter Raleigh ? 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. Sir Humphrey Gilbert. II. Sir Walter Raleigh. III. First Attempted English Colonization 
 of Virginia. IV. The Lost Colony. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Bancroft's History of the United state*, vol. i. 
 Sir Humphrey Gilbert : His patent, (5(5. His relations with Raleigh, 67. His fate, 69. Ra- 
 leigh's first colony, 71. Second colony, 75. Raleigh's fate, 79. 
 
 Hildreth's History of tin- United States, vol. i. 
 
 Gilbert, 78, 80. Colony of Roanoke, 81. The search for a lost colony, 87. 
 
 Winsor's Narrative ami Critical History, vol. iii. 
 Kaleigh's career, 105-107. His associations with Gilbert, 108. Preliminary exploration of 
 Amidas and Harlow. 108-100. Naming Virginia, 110. Lane's colony, 111. White's 
 colony, 113. Croatan, 115. 
 
 Bryant's Popular History of the I "nit, it States, vol. i. 
 Gilbert, 332. His heroism, 230. Raleigh, 240. Amidas and Barlow, 241. The land named 
 Virginia, 245. Raleigh's colonies, 246-253. Disappearance of White's colony, 254. Traces 
 of the lost colony, 258. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for examining comparatively other works and authorities. — Gilbert, Sir Hum- 
 phrey. Raleigh, Sir Walter. Amidas and Barlow, Voyage of. Boarioh Island, At- 
 tempted Settlement of . Virginia, Origin of Xaint. Croatan. i.nnrill,. Visit if, to lair 
 noke Island. Drake, Visit of, to Roanoke Island. Lost Colony, The. Dare, Virginia. 
 
 Special.— Fisher's Colonial Era, 25: Gilbert and Raleigh. Thwaites's The Colonies, 40 : 
 Virginia Dare. Margaret J. Preston : Croatan (poem). Longfellow : Sir Humphrey 
 Gilbert (poem). 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 ENGLISH ATTEMPTS IN NORTHERN VIRGINIA. 
 
 Gosnold and Cape Cod. — The next attempt by England 
 to colonize America was made by Captain Bartholomew Gos- 
 nold, who sailed (1602) in the ship Concord with thirty-two 
 men, and after a passage of forty-nine days reached the coast 
 of what is now Massachusetts. He was the first Englishman 
 to set foot in that region. Sailing south, he found himself 
 in a landlocked bay, and exploring further he discovered that 
 its eastern shore terminated in a cape. He soon doubled this, 
 and named it Cape Cod, from the abundance of codfish caught 
 
74 
 
 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 
 
 Gosnold's Attempt to 
 Colonize. 
 
 Continuing along the coast. Gosnold 
 explored a number of islands, one of 
 which he named Martha's Vineyard. 
 He determined to form a settlement 
 upon one of a chain of islands near 
 the mainland, and in honor of the 
 queen he called it Elizabeth— a name 
 now applied to the whole chain. A 
 fort and storehouse were built, and 
 friendly relations established with the 
 neighboring Indians, with whom a 
 trade in fins, skins, and sassafras soon 
 arose. The climate of the region was 
 pleasant and the soil fertile ; yet when 
 the time came for the vessels to return 
 to England, most of the men, for one 
 reason (ir another, refused to stay, and 
 the colony was abandoned. 
 
 by his men in the surrounding 
 waters. A settlement which he 
 attempted upon an island near 
 the mainland was soon aban- 
 doned, and Gosnold returned to 
 England. 
 
 Prinjr and Weymouth. — 
 Gosnold took back reports as 
 favorable as Amidas and liar- 
 low had done. He was f < flowed 
 by Martin Pring (1608), who 
 returned after a most successful 
 voyage of six months. Next 
 came George Weymouth, who 
 made a number of landings on 
 the Xew England coast, and 
 erected crosses to show that England claimed the territory 
 (1604). After reaching the mouth of the Kennebec River, 
 which the natives called the 
 Sagadahoc, he kidnaped 
 five Indians and returned to 
 England. 
 
 Charter Grant of 
 1600. — Queen Elizabeth 
 died in 1603. The long 
 stretch of land from Nova 
 Scotia to the St. John's 
 River, which was called Vir- 
 ginia in her honor, was still 
 unsettled. She was succeed- 
 ed by King James I., who 
 soon took up the question of 
 planting colonies in Amer- 
 ica. In 1606 he issued a 
 charter, granting land along 
 the Virginia coast to two 
 companies. To the " First 
 
ATTEMPTED SETTLEMENTS. 7.-, 
 
 Colony," or the London Company, as it is usually called, he 
 granted a tract of land fronting 100 miles on the Atlantic coast 
 and extending 100 miles into the interior, to be located at such 
 point as the company might select between the 34th and 41st 
 parallels of north latitude. To the " Second Colony, " or the 
 Plymouth Company, he granted a similar tract of land, to be 
 located between the 38th and 45th parallels of north latitude. 
 
 It will be seen that there was a belt of land between the 38th 
 and 41st parallels, in which both companies had the right to 
 locate, but the charter provided that neither company should 
 settle within LOO miles of the other. The first on the ground, 
 therefore, would have the choice of locations, and it was thought 
 that this would stimulate both companies to active efforts. 
 
 The Plymouth Company's Failure. — The colony sent 
 out by the Plymouth Company was called the Popham Colony, 
 after Sir John Popham, one of the principal members of the 
 company. George Popham and Raleigh Gilbert were the 
 leaders of these colonists, and the ships Mary and John 
 and Gift of God carried them over to the coast of what is 
 now Maine. Skitwarres, one of Weymouth's kidnaped Indi- 
 ans, accompanied them. 
 
 They landed on an island at the mouth of the Kennebec 
 River, and before winter set in erected a fort, storehouse, 
 chapel, and fifty cabins. Although the winter proved unusu- 
 ally cold, the colonists suffered few hardships, as they were 
 provided with abundant supplies. Notwithstanding this favor- 
 able beginning, however, they became discontented and home- 
 sick, and in the spring they abandoned the settlement. 
 
 These early attempts show what discouragements and dangers 
 the first settlers in the New World had to overcome. Those who 
 were to succeed in establishing the first permanent English settle- 
 ment in America were to be men of great energy, perseverance, 
 and courage. We shall soon learn who these men were. 
 
 Questions. — Who made the next attempt to colonize America ? When? 
 What was the name of the vessel ? What coast did he reach ? What cape did 
 he name ? Why ? Who followed V When ? Tell what yon know about Wey- 
 mouth's exploration. When did he sail ? How did he take possession along 
 
76 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 
 
 the coast ? Where did he land ? Whom did he kidnap ? By what name was 
 the whole east coast of the United States known ? To what two companies was 
 Virginia granted ? Between what parallels was each grant ? How far inland 
 did the grants extend ? What vessels brought Popham's colony over ? Who 
 returned with them ? Where was a landing made ? What was erected ? How 
 was the winter passed ? Why was the colony abandoned ? What did these 
 early attempts at settlement show ? What kind of men would those have to be 
 who established the first permanent English settlement in America? 
 
 REFERENCE OUTLINE. 
 
 Attempted Settlements. 
 
 1541. Cartier in Canada (Quebec). 
 
 1562. Coligny in South Carolina (Port Royal). 
 
 1564. Coligny in Florida (River of May). 
 
 1585. Raleigh in North Carolina (Roanoke Island). 
 
 1602. Gosnold in Massachusetts (Elizabeth Island). 
 
 1606. Plymouth Company in Maine (Kennebec River). 
 
 1685. La Salle in Texas (Matagorda Bay).* 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. Bartholomew Gosnold. II. Pring and Weymouth. III. The Popham Colony. IV. The 
 London and Plymouth Companies. V. The Lesson taught by Early English Colonial Failures. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Bancroft's History of tin United States, vol. i. 
 
 Voyage of Gosnold, 79. Pring and Weymouth, si. Popham, 83. Gilbert and Popham's 
 
 colony, 90. Its failure, 01. London and Plymouth (Western) Companies, 85. 
 Hildreth's History qftht United States, vol. i. 
 
 Pring, 90. Weymouth, 93. The two Virginia companies, 94. North Virginia Company's 
 
 failure, 150. 
 Winsor's .\nrr<itiri ami Critical History, vol. iii. 
 
 Gosnolds attempted settlement, 175. Pring. 178. Weymouth. 175. 
 Bryant's Popular History of tin United States, vol. i. 
 
 Gosnold, 868. Pring. 'Jfiti. Patent to the Virginia companies, 887. Popham Colony. 868. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Indkx GUIDE for Comparative examination of other works and authorities. Gosnold, Bar- 
 tholomew. Elizabeth Island, Attempted Settlement of . Pring, Martin. Weymouth, Gteorge. 
 Popham, Sir John. Popham, George. Plymouth <0)»/jo/,i/. Sagadahoc. 
 
 Special.— Drake : Making of New England. Fisher's Colonial Era: Plymouth Company 
 and Popham Colony, 82-88. Thwaites : Thi Colonies, 41. 
 
 Review Work. 
 
 What explorations did Verrazano make :- Who discovered the St. Lawrence Liver f Which 
 came first, the attempted settlement of Port Royal, S. C, or the settlement of Port Royal, Nova 
 Scotia? Who was De Ayllon, and what coast did he visit:- Who discovered Florida:- Who 
 fOUndetl Quebec :- What right had England to claim the Atlantic coast of America ? 
 * See Chap. x\i., Second Period. 
 
77 
 
 Virginia. 
 CHAPTEE IV. 
 
 ENGLAND S FIRST FOOTHOLD. 
 
 The First Permanent English Colony. — The London 
 Company had already proceeded upon their colonial enterprise 
 when the Plymouth Company made its unsuccessful attempt. 
 Five months before the Popham Colony departed, 105 colo- 
 nists, in the ships Susan Constant, Good Speed, and Discovery, 
 under the command of Captain Christopher Newport, sailed 
 down the Thames for South 
 Virginia (December 19, 1606). 
 
 The Settlement of 
 Jamestown. — After an un- 
 usually long voyage the vessels 
 entered Chesapeake Bay. The 
 capes at the entrance of the bay 
 were named Charles and Henry, 
 in honor of the king's sons. 
 The colonists soon came to the 
 mouth of a broad river, which 
 they named the James, in honor 
 of the king himself ; and going 
 about forty miles up the river 
 they landed (May 17, 1607), and 
 established the settlement of 
 Jamestown, which proved to be 
 the first permanent English 
 settlement in America. 
 
 First English Church in 
 America. — One of the first 
 acts of the colonists was to pro- 
 vide a canvas-roofed structure 
 in which the Rev. Robert Hunt, 
 a ' ' religious and courageous 
 
 First Colonial Govern- 
 ment. 
 
 The Jamestown settlement was both 
 a business venture and a civil colony. 
 As a venture it was controlled by the 
 London Company, which hoped to 
 make profit out of the products and 
 labors of the colonists. As a colony 
 it was under the dominion of the Eng- 
 lish king, but instead of governing it 
 himself, he gave the power to govern 
 and to make rules and laws for the 
 colony to two councils. One of these 
 consisted of eleven members, who re- 
 sided in England ; the other consisted 
 of seven members, who were to live 
 iu Virginia. 
 
 On the voyage across to America 
 none of the colonists knew which 
 seven among themselves were to be 
 councilors. The names of those who 
 had been selected were in a sealed box, 
 and this box was not to be opened 
 until the colonists reached America. 
 
 Many of the colonists were eager 
 for the honor of being councilors. 
 They became very jealous of one an- 
 other over the matter. One man in 
 particular they were almost certain 
 would be one of the seven. This man 
 was Captain John Smith. As a result 
 of their jealousy he was accused of 
 plotting against the interests of the 
 king, and was arrested. 
 
1'KKloD OF COLONIZATION. 
 
 Upon opening the box, it was round 
 thai Bartholomew Gosnold, John 
 Smith, Edward Win gfield, Christopher 
 Newport, John Ratcliff, John Martin, 
 and George Kendall had been aii- 
 pointed councilors; but Smith's arrest 
 prevented him from serving. In the 
 box, besides the names, were the in- 
 structions and laws for the govern- 
 ment of the colony. Under these 
 instructions each colonist was to have 
 a share of what all owned together. 
 All the food of the colonists was to he 
 kept in a common storehouse, from 
 which each would receive his allow- 
 ance. If any crime should he coin 
 mitted, the criminal was to he tried by 
 jury. If any lawsuits and disputes 
 should arise, the council was to decide 
 them. Edward Wingfield was chosen 
 first president. This choice was very 
 unfortunate, for he was indolent, self- 
 ish, and incompetent. The other 
 members of the council were not much 
 better, with the exception of Gosnold 
 and Smith. 
 
 divine," held service morning 
 and evening. This was the first 
 English church within the pres- \ 
 ent territorial limits of the 
 United States, and was soon re- 
 placed by a, plain log building. 
 The colonists at once 
 went to work to make a 
 home in the forest : some to 
 clear a site for the future town; 
 some to build a storehouse for 
 supplies and log cabins for the 
 men ; others to set a, palisade 
 around the town for protection. 
 Then Captain Newport, taking 
 with him Captain John Smith, 
 one of the ablest and bravest of 
 the colonists, and a small party 
 of men, set out on an exploring 
 trip up the .lames River. At the falls of this river, where the 
 city of Richmond now stands, they found an Indian village, N 
 which Avas one of the residences of Powhatan, the most power- 
 ful chief of that region. After visiting Powhatan to secure his 
 good will, they returned to Jamestown, and found that in their 
 absence the settlement had been attacked by Indians. The 
 Indians had been easily repulsed, but the fort was still unfin- 
 ished ; a second attack was expected, and in the emergency 
 just passed Edward Wingfield. the president of the council, 
 had shown himself incompetent and inefficient, The next day 
 Newport sailed for England. 
 
 First Trial by Jury. — Captain John Smith was excluded 
 from any part in the management of affairs because he had 
 been accused of plotting against the king. He indignantly 
 refused to accept the pardon which Wingfield offered him, and 
 demanded trial by jury. Wingfield opposed this, but Smith 
 insisted upon his right, and the council was compelled to yield. 
 This was the first trial by jury in America. Smith was acquitted 
 
THE FIRST ENGLISH CHURCH, JAMESTOWN, 1607. 
 
80 PERTOD OF COLONIZATION. 
 
 and his accusers were compelled to pay a line of one hundred 
 pounds, which he generously donated to the public treasury. 
 He could now take his place in the council, where he was so 
 much needed. 
 
 Character of the Settlers. — Thus was begun the first 
 permanent English settlement in America. Some historians 
 describe the Jamestown settlers as vagabond adventurers, and 
 as being- disobedient and indolent. This is not true of all the 
 first Virginia colonists. Some of them undoubtedly had noble 
 motives in coming to America. 
 
 They were drawn from every walk of life. Forty-eight 
 called themselves gentlemen — a term that has been quoted to 
 their reproach. These gentlemen had inner worked with their 
 hands and were not fitted for the hard life in an American 
 wilderness. But this is to their credit, for it shows they must 
 have had great courage to brave the toils of pioneer life, know- 
 ing what these toils were, from the records of the several 
 colonies that had already failed. We know that they were 
 possessed of great spirit. Under incompetent officers their 
 restlessness may have taken at times a form of disorder, but 
 whenever they were wisely governed this disorder disappeared. 
 Some did not possess all the qualities that make the perfect 
 man, but a better element was in the majority ; otherwise the 
 colonists would have succumbed to the trials they were called 
 upon to endure — trials which fell to the lot of no other colony. 
 
 Questions. — When was the first colony sent out by the London Company ? 
 How many did the colonists number? Upon what vessels did they embark ? 
 What was the name of the commander? What bay did the vessels enter V 
 What names were given to the capes at its entrance ? In honor of whom ? To 
 what river did they come ? How far up did they land ? When ? What did 
 this settlement in time prove ? What was one of the first acts of the colonists ? 
 What different things did the colonists proceed at once to do? Whom did 
 Newport and Smith visit ? What city stands there to-day ? What did they 
 find on their return ? Why was Smith excluded from the management ? What 
 did Smith demand ? What was the result of Smith's trial ? Why is this trial 
 remarkable ? How do some historians describe the Jamestown colonists ? Is 
 this true? Why were the "gentlemen" of the colony entitled to credit? 
 What kind of rulers caused disorder in the colony ? How do we know a better 
 element was in the majority in the colony'.-' 
 
81 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. The First Permanent English Settlement in America. II. Character of the Jamestown 
 Settlers. III. First English Colonial Government. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Bancroft's History of the United states, vol. i. 
 .London Company authorized to plant the first Colony of Virginia, 85. Provisions for the 
 colony's government, 80. King frames code of laws, 87. Newport, 88. Description of 
 first church, 89. London Company precedes Plymouth Company in sending colony to 
 America, 89. Sufferings of Jamestown settlers, ill. Tribute to their steadfastness, 103. 
 
 Hildreth's History of thi United States, vol. i. 
 First Virginia Colony, 99. Colonial government organized, 101, 
 
 Winsor's Narrative and Critical History, vol. iii. 
 Impracticable features of the first colonial government, 12.1. First Virginia Council, 128. 
 Reverence and piety of Jamestown colonists, 129. 
 
 Bryant's Popular History of the United States, vol. i. 
 
 Form of government for the Jamestown colony, 267. Most notable persons in the colony, 
 2t39. Arrival of settlers and establishment of colony, 270. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities.— Ni wport, Cap/. 
 Christopher. Hunt, Bee. Robert. .Jamestown, Founding of . Wingfield, Edward Maria. 
 Charter, First Virginia. Council. First Colonial. Jury, First Trialby, in America. 
 
 Special.— Cooke : Stories of the Old Dominion. Harper's Magazine, Nov., 1882: Virginia 
 in the Colonial Period. Century Magazine, Nov., 1882: The Beginning of a Nation. 
 Cooke's Virginia: A History of the People, Part I., chaps, iii. and iv. Fisher: Colonial 
 Era, chap. iv. Thwait.es : The Colonies, 66-71. Neill : English Colonisation of America, 
 chap. i. Lodge: Short History of tin English Colonics in America, chap. i. If possible, 
 examine some of the works of Captain John Smith, particularly his True Relation. 
 
 CHAPTER Y. 
 
 THE FATHER OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 Sufferings of the Colonists. — The history of the James- 
 town Colony, during the first months of its existence, tells of 
 much suffering and misery. The site selected for the settle- 
 ment was unhealthful. The colonists were attacked by ma- 
 larial fevers, and many of them died, Gosnold being among 
 the number. 
 
 Incompetent Officers. — To add to the gloom and dis- 
 couragement which hung over the colony, it was found that 
 much of the food brought from England had become spoiled, 
 and a hostile attack by the Indians was expected at any time. 
 
s-j 
 
 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 
 
 President Wingfield was detected in appropriating to his own 
 selfish uses the best of the public stores. He was strongly 
 suspected of an intention to seize the pinnace left by Newport 
 
 and desert from the colony. 
 Popular indignation was so 
 aroused against him that he was 
 superseded by Ratcliff, who 
 proved equally incompetent. 
 
 One Trusted Leader.— 
 
 The good qualities of Smith 
 
 showed thein- 
 
 Captain John Smith. 
 Captain John Smith was one of the 
 most remarkable men connected with 
 the early history of the English colo- 
 nies. Born at Willoughby, Lincoln- 
 shire, England, lie entered early in 
 life upon a career of adventure. He 
 spent four years in the military service 
 of Holland, and afterwards was en- 
 gaged in the wars against 
 the Turks. His adven- 
 tures and escapes were 
 many. At one time he 
 was taken prisoner in 
 battle and sold as a slave, 
 but succeeded in escaping 
 after slaying his master. 
 Returning to England at 
 a time when the coloni- 
 zation of America wt s 
 occupying attention, he 
 beheld in the New Worl I 
 opportunities to gain fur- 
 ther experience. Smith 
 did more to hold the 
 Jamestown Colony to- 
 gether than any other 
 man. His adventures 
 and explorations in east- 
 ern Virginia would rill a volume. His 
 interest in America continued long 
 after lie returned to England, and lie 
 issued a number of publications that 
 did much to promote colonization ; 
 among these publications were: A Map 
 of Virginia, with a Description of the 
 Country; A True Relation of Virginia; 
 \ General History of Virginia, Ncw\ 
 England, and the Summer Isles, etc. 
 
 CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH. 
 
 selves while the 
 colonists were in 
 the midst of their 
 distress and suf- 
 ferings, lie 
 nursed the sick, 
 comforted the dy- 
 ing, encouraged 
 the despondent, 
 assisted everyone. 
 and set an exam- 
 ple of courage and 
 patience, lie was soon looked 
 up to with respect and affection. 
 The direction of everything fell 
 into his hands, and when au- 
 tumn brought health, ripening 
 corn, and game and Jish in 
 abundance, the colony had 
 passed its first crisis, and Smith 
 had saved it by his courage, energy, and prudence. 
 
 Quarrel with the Indians. — As soon as corn began to 
 ripen, Smith started down the river to obtain a, supply, lie 
 found the Indians unwilling to trade. They seemed to take 
 great delight in showing how much they had and in refusing 
 to sell what they could easily have spared, During the nego- 
 
K) 
 
 tiations for supplies a quarrel took place, and shortly after the 
 visitors were attacked. In the engagement Smith captured an 
 Indian idol, and the Indians, to get it back, gladly gave in 
 exchange for it a boatload of corn. Upon arriving at James- 
 town with the corn, he found that Wingfield, Kendall, and 
 some others, taking advantage 
 of the weakness of President 
 Ratcliff, had seized the pinnace 
 and were about to embark for 
 England. Quickly 
 
 Smith pointed the can- 
 non of the fort at them, 
 and compelled them to 
 return. 
 
 Powhatan. — 
 Better times now I 
 set in, and Smith, 
 leaving everything 
 ia order, set out to 
 explore the Chick- 
 
 -, . ,-,. POCAHO 
 
 ahommy Kiver. 
 Upon this expedition he was 
 captured by the Indians, and 
 was taken first to Opecanca- 
 nough, then to Powhatan, who, 
 
 it is said, condemned him to death. Smith was bound hand 
 and foot, was placed upon a rock, and the club of the execu- 
 tioner was raised, when Pocahontas, Powhatan's favorite 
 daughter, threw herself upon Smith's neck and begged for 
 his life. Her father yielded, and Smith was set free. 
 
 Smith elected President by the People.— When 
 Smith returned he found the colony in a state of disorder. 
 Food had become scarce again, and another conspiracy to 
 abandon the colony had been formed. At this critical time 
 Newport arrived with supplies from England. 
 
 Again leaving the colony in a prosperous condition, Smith, 
 with fourteen companions, set out in an open boat to explore 
 
 Pocahontas. 
 
 Pocahontas proved herself a I rue 
 friend of the struggling colonists. 
 She often brought them corn and 
 warned them of Indian al tacks. Slit- 
 was at one time sold by a treacherous 
 chief to a cruel colonist named Cap- 
 tain Argall. The Indians were about 
 to go to war to rescue her, when John 
 Rolfe, afterwards Si crt-tary and 
 Recorder-General of Virginia, 
 ie , nested her hand in marriage. 
 Powhatan gave his con- 
 sent, and ever afterwards 
 the old chief was the linn 
 friend of the whites. 
 Pocahontas was baptized 
 under the name of Re- 
 becca, and with her hus- 
 band went to England, 
 where she received every 
 mark of attention and 
 favor. She died there, 
 leaving a son, from whom are de- 
 scended many eminent families of 
 Virginia. 
 
PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 
 
 the shores of the Chesapeake. He sailed more than three 
 thousand miles, explored both shores of the bay, visited many 
 Indian villages, and passed through many dangers. Upon his 
 return he found that the affairs of the colony had, as usual, 
 
 been mismanaged while he was 
 absent. The colonists refused 
 to submit any longer to Ratcliff 
 and called upon Smith to be 
 president, the first instance in 
 our history where the people 
 
 The Charter of 1 609. 
 
 The charter of 1(300, it will be re- 
 membered, was issued to two colonies. 
 The Charter of 1609 was a separate one. 
 issued to tlie fust colony, or London 
 Company, only. The first charter 
 granted the company a tract of land 
 one hundred miles square ; the 
 second charter granted it half 
 the continent. The new grant 
 extended from Point Comfort 
 " all along the Sea Coast to 
 the Northward, two hundred 
 miles." and " all along the Sea 
 Coast to the Southward, two 
 hundred miles/' and "up into 
 the Land throughout from Sea 
 
 to Sea, West and Northwest," 
 and included all the islands 
 within one hundred miles of 
 the coast. The official name 
 given to the company was 
 " The Treasurer and ( 'ompany 
 of Adventurers and Planters of 
 the City of London, for the 
 first Colony in Virginia " ; and 
 it had [lower to govern colonies 
 upon this tract of land, subject 
 to the sovereignty of the king 
 and to their rights as British 
 subjects. The king guaranteed 
 for himself and his successors that 
 every subject who settled or was born 
 within its limits should have the same 
 '• liberties, franchises and immuni- 
 ties" as those subjects born •'within 
 this our realm of England." 
 
 made choice of their own . 
 ruler. 
 
 A Vigorous Administra- 
 tion. — Now came order out of 
 confusion. Smith took hold of 
 the government with a firm hand. Newport had brought 
 reenforcements. and during the winter of L608 and L609, when 
 the Indians refused to sell their corn. Smith made several dar- 
 ing expeditions against them, intimidating them by his bold- 
 ness and conii telling them to trade. His skill and energy were 
 everywhere felt. Rules were established and enforced. Every- 
 
VIRGINIA. 85 
 
 one was compelled to work six hours a day. Additional cabins 
 were built, and all caught the spirit of Smith's determination 
 to establish the colony firmly. 
 
 A New Charter. — About this time a new charter for Vir- 
 ginia was granted by the king, under which Lord Delaware, a 
 nobleman of much ability, was appointed governor for life. 
 Nine ships sailed with 500 emigrants, under Captain Newport, 
 Sir Thomas Gates, and Sir George Somers, who were to govern 
 the colony until Lord Delaware arrived. A storm scattered 
 the fleet, and the vessel which carried Newport, Gates, and 
 Somers was wrecked upon one of the Bermuda Islands. The 
 other vessels reached Jamestown in safety. In the absence of 
 Newport, Gates, and Somers, Smith determined to retain con- 
 trol until one of them arrived. 
 
 Departure of John Smith. — At this time, however, 
 Smith was injured by an accidental explosion of gunpowder 
 and was compelled to go to England for medical treatment. 
 He never returned to the colony whose interests he had served 
 so faithfully, though several years afterwards he visited the 
 North Virginia coast, and gave to that region the name which 
 it now bears — New England. After his departure George 
 Percy acted as governor. 
 
 Questions.— Of what does the history of Jamestown colony tell ? By 
 what were the colonists attacked ? Who was among those who died ? What 
 added to the gloom and discouragement ? In what was Wingfield detected ? 
 Of what was he suspected ? By whom was he displaced ? When did the good 
 qualities of Smith shine forth? What did he do ? What did autumn bring? 
 Where did Smith go when corn ripened ? What did he capture? How was it 
 ransomed ? What did Smith find upon his return to Jamestown ? How were 
 Wingfield and Kendall stopped ? What did Smith do when better times set in? 
 What happened to Smith upon this expedition? To whom was he brought when 
 captured ? Who interceded for him ? What did Smith again find upon his 
 return to Jamestown ? Who arrived about this time? Upon what exploring 
 expedition did Smith now set out ? What did he accomplish in this exploration? 
 What call was made upon him when lie returned ? Why is this call remark- 
 able ? How did Smith obtain corn ? How did Smith now make his skill felt ? 
 What rule of labor was enforced ? What was granted by the King of England 
 about this time? Who was appointed governor? How many emigrants now 
 set out from England ? What was the fate of one of Hie vessels ? Who were 
 upon this vessel ? What did Smith determine to do in the absence of a regu- 
 
si; PERIOD of colonization. 
 
 larly appointed governor? Whal accident befell Smith? What was he com- 
 pelled to do ? To what part of America did he afterwards make a voyage ? 
 What name did he bestow upon North Virginia ? 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. Life and Services of Captain John Smith. II. Powhatan and Pocahontas. III. The Sec- 
 ond Virginia Charter. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Bancroft's History of tht Unitt d Slates, vol. i. 
 Smith the only efficient member of the Jamestown government, 92. Smith, Powhatan, and 
 Pocahontas, 93. Character of Smith, 96. Second Virginia charter, 99. 
 
 Hildreth'e History of tht United States, vol. i. 
 Smith's energy, 102, 107. Description of Powhatan. 102. Pocahontas, 104. Second Vir- 
 ginia charter. 108. 
 
 W'insor's Warrathn and Critical History, vol. iii. 
 Smith's energy and services. 130. Second Virginia charter, 133. 
 
 Bryant's Popular History of tin United stales, vol. i. 
 Services of Smith to the colony. 278. Powhatan. 283, 2S6. Pocahontas. 283. Merits of 
 Smith's administration. 289. The new charter of the Virginia Company, 291. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities. — Smith, Captain 
 John. Opecaneanough. Powhatan. Pocahontas. charter, Second Virginia. Xnc 
 England, Origin of the Name. 
 
 Special. — Charles Dudley Warner : Captain John smith. Cooke's Virginia. Part I., chap, 
 v i i . : Pocahontas; chap, xii.: First American Ruler and Writer. Thwaites's Tht Colonies: 
 Smith the savior of the colony, 71. Fisher's Colonial Era: Smith. 36-38; new charter, 
 39. Lodge's His/or;/ of the English Colonies. Smith's services and character, 6. 
 
 CHAPTEE VI. 
 
 PERMANENCY ASSIRKD. 
 
 Starving Time in Jamestown. — By Smith's return to 
 England a strong hand was taken from the helm of govern- 
 ment. His wisdom and ability were sadly missed, and colonial 
 affairs, shortly after his departure, fell once more into confu- 
 sion. Dad management and wastefulness brought on a period 
 of so much destitution and suffering that it is always referred to 
 in history as the "starving time." In six months the colony 
 was reduced from 500 to sixty. 
 
 Virginia is Saved. — Gates, Somers, and Newport arrived 
 from the Bermudas in small boats constructed from the wreck 
 
VIRGINIA. 87 
 
 of their vessel. The sight they beheld was a sad one. The 
 food brought with them was sufficient to last only fourteen 
 days. There was nothing to do but to abandon the colony 
 where so much suffering had been experienced. With the few 
 supplies now on hand they could make their way to the fish- 
 ing settlements in Newfoundland, and from there to England. 
 It 'was even proposed to burn the town and leave only smoking 
 ruins behind, but to this Gates objected. The colonists all 
 embarked and proceeded down the river. When half way to its 
 mouth they were met by a small boat coming up stream, con- 
 veying the joyful news that Lord Delaware had arrived with 
 abundant supplies. The colonists turned back, and it is said 
 that when Lord Delaware entered the lately deserted town he 
 fell on his knees and thanked God that Yirginiahad been saved. 
 
 Governor Delaware. — Delaware was a, very able gov- 
 ernor. Noble, dignified, and firm, he commanded respect and 
 exacted obedience. All quarrels and disturbances were now 
 over. Every morning the colonists assembled for prayer in the 
 neatly kept, flower-decked church; then they repaired to the 
 public storehouse for the day's allowance of food. Four hours 
 of labor in the morning and two in the afternoon was the day's 
 work allotted to each. The colony was soon upon the road to 
 prosperity. Ill-health, however, compelled the governor to 
 return to England and to remain there several years. 
 
 Homesteads Granted. — Sir Thomas Dale governed the 
 colony first as high marshal, and in 1614 as deputy governor. 
 He was a soldier and for a time enforced martial law, yet 
 in 1615 he took the first decided step toward placing the 
 colony on a permanent civil basis. He abandoned the old 
 system of working the land in common, and gave to each man \ 
 three acres of land for his own. Afterwards the number of 
 acres was increased to fifty. This gave every man an incen- 
 tive to work, because all that he made was his own. 
 
 The Culture of Tobacco. — The first colonists had wasted 
 much time in looking 1 for gold, but had found none. They had 
 worked hard in hewing timber and staves, which were sold for 
 little or nothing:. Meanwhile tobacco, which they had grown 
 
88 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 
 
 for their own use and sent to England as a curiosity, had 
 become popular, and every ship that came out wanted more 
 tobacco. The colonists, therefore, gave up their unprofitable 
 ventures, and turned their attention to growing this plant. Its 
 culture became so profitable that everyone planted it, and 
 
 at one time it Avas grown even in the streets of Jamestown 
 itself. Deputy Governor Dale was compelled to limit the 
 amount of tobacco which each man could plant, lest a famine 
 should come upon the colony for want of corn. Tobacco soon 
 came to be used ;is money, the prices of all articles being fixed 
 
 at ;i certain number of pounds of tobacco. 
 
Introduction of African 
 Slavery into Virginia. 
 
 Wives for the Colonists. 
 
 —Twelve years after its found- 
 ing-, Jamestown was a prosper- 
 ous settlement, surrounded by 
 well-cultivated plantations . 
 The colonists owned lauds and 
 houses, and were rapidly acquir- 
 ing wealth. But they were all 
 men, and they could not be 
 contented without the presence 
 of wives. To remedy this 
 defect, ninety excellent young- 
 women were sent over from 
 England to become wives of 
 the colonists. Each colonist 
 securing- a wife was required 
 to pay her traveling expenses, 
 which amounted to about one 
 hundred and fifty pounds of to- 
 bacco. 
 
 It was a great day in -lames- 
 town when the young women 
 arrived. The settlers were promptly on hand to welcome them. 
 The result was so happy that the young women who first came 
 wrote back to England and induced sixty more to follow them 
 the next year. 
 
 Causes of Permanency.— The giving of lands to each 
 colonist, the development of the tobacco industry, and the 
 establishment of homes assured the permanency of the colony. 
 
 Questions. — In what respeel was Smith missed from the Virginia 
 colony? What did bad management bring? To what number were the colo- 
 nists reduced ? Win. arrived from (lie Bermudas? What was the only thing 
 the colonists could now iln? To what settlement did they hope to make then- 
 way? To what did Gates object? What caused the colonists to turn back? 
 What kind of governor was Lord Delaware? What did he command and 
 exact? What did all do every morning? What constituted a day's work? 
 What was Delaware compelled to do? Why? Who became high marshal of 
 Virginia? When? What kind of an officer was Dale? What step did he take 
 
 As reports of Virginia's increased 
 prosperity readied England, many 
 wished to emigrate, but had not suf- 
 ficient means to defray the expense of 
 their passage. Many paid their way 
 across the ocean by indenturing them- 
 selves to the Virginia planters. In- 
 denturing means that the services of 
 a person are given for a certain num- 
 ber of years in return for a sum of 
 money. In 1G19 a Dutch ship-captain 
 landed twenty negroes from Africa, 
 and offered them for sale. Slavery 
 had existed in many parts of the world 
 for thousands of years. Negro slavery 
 had been introduced into the West 
 India Islands by the Spaniards when 
 the natives there were exterminated ; 
 yet this was the first introduction of 
 slavery into the United States— and 
 we shall see what evil consequences in 
 time resulted. Here were servants in- 
 dentured not for a few years, but for 
 life. The first twenty were readily 
 sold. They proved so docile and 
 efficient that more were sought, and 
 the adoption of African slavery be- 
 came general. 
 
 
t)0 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 
 
 toward insuring colonial permanency? What was assigned to each colonist ? 
 Why? What profitable agricultural product now came into general cultiva- 
 tion? What was the condition of Jamestown twelve years after its founding ? 
 What was needed by the settlers to make homes of their houses? AVho were 
 sent from England ? What three things gave permanency to the colony? 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. Trials and Discouragements of the Virginia Colonists. II. Lord Delaware. III. Establish- 
 ment of Individual Land Tenure. IV. Beginning of Virginia's Agricultural Industries. V. 
 The Introduction of African Slavery. VI. Factors assuring Permanency of the Jamestown 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Bancroft's History of tin United States, vol. i. 
 
 Lord Delaware, 100, 110. Allotment of lands. 107-108. History (if slavery and the slave 
 
 trade, 119-121!. 
 Hildreth's History of t h< 1'n'ilnl stoics, vol. i. 
 
 Starving time, 110. Assignment of lands. 112. Corn and tobacco culture, 110. Women 
 
 sent to the colony, 119. Negro slavery introduced, 119. 
 Winsor's Warrativt ami Critical History, vol. iii. 
 
 Tribute to Delaware's constancy, 130. Establishment of a fixed property in the soil, 141. 
 
 General attention devoted to tobacco culture, 111. Introduction of slavery, 143. Prosperity 
 
 and domestic felicity as elements of coloi ial content, 144. 
 Bryant's Popular History of 'tin t'nitni siohs, vol. i. 
 
 Delaware's arrival in Virginia, 297. Culture and export of tobacco, 301. First slaws. .",02. 
 
 Young women sent and permanency assured, 306. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities. — Starving Time. 
 Delaware, Lord. Dale, Sir Thomas. Gates, Sir Thomas. Teardley, Governor George. 
 ArgaU, Captain Samuel. Lima, mi, ■/mm/ of. to Virginia Colonists. Slavery, Intro- 
 duction of . Tobacco, Culture of , in Virginia. Wins. Importation of, into Virginia. 
 
 Special.— Cooke's Virginia, Part I., chap, xiv.: Lord Delaware; chap, xviii.: Dale. Argall. 
 Yeardley, etc.: chap, xx.: The maids and tile first slaves. Brace's Economic History of 
 Virginia, chap, iv.: Agricultural development. Neill : English Colonization of America, 
 chaps, ii.-iv. Fisher: Colonial Era, 40-44. Thwaites : The Colonies, 72-73. 
 
 CHAPTER vrr. 
 
 THE FIRST ASSEMBLY <>F AMERICAN LAWMAKERS. 
 
 Sir George Yeardley Governor. — Sir Thomas Dale 
 
 returned to England in 1616, carrying with him Eolfe and 
 Pocahontas on a visit to the king. ( laptain Samuel Argall was 
 scut out as deputy governor in L617. He had spent several 
 years in Virginia, hut his rule was so harsh and tyrannical that 
 bitter complaints were made against him and he was recalled. 
 
VIRGINIA. 
 
 01 
 
 In 1018 Lord Delaware sailed 
 for Virginia, but died at sea, 
 and the London Company elect- 
 ed as bis successor George 
 Yeardley, who a few years be- 
 fore had been in charge of the 
 colony and was known to be 
 just and honest and a firm be- 
 liever in popular liberty. The 
 king made him a baronet, and 
 when Sir George Yeardley ar- 
 rived in Virginia as governor, 
 
 Captain Samuel Argall. 
 
 Captain Samuel Argall is famous in 
 history as the man who commanded a 
 party of Virginians sent out by Sir 
 Thomas Dale in 1615 to break up the 
 French and Dutch settlements along 
 the Atlantic coast, which he claimed 
 as a part of Virginia. He captured 
 Port Royal, Nova Scotia, where the 
 French had made a settlement, and 
 returning seized Manhattan Island, 
 where Dutch colonists were then 
 living. 
 
 he was welcomed with great 
 
 rejoicings. 
 
 The Progress of Popular Liberty. — About this time 
 England was entering upon a great political contest which was 
 to deride whether the people or the king should have the greater 
 power in the affairs of the English government. The more 
 liberty a people enjoy, the less is the power that their king or 
 ruler can exercise. 
 
 To the London Company, by their charter, had been given 
 full authority to make such laws and ordinances as were thought 
 necessary for the good of the Virginia plantations. The idea 
 of popular liberty had by this time gained such headway in 
 England that the company determined to delegate some of this 
 lawmaking power to the people in the colony. In this way the 
 power of the Virginia governors would be lessened or limited, 
 and the Virginia colonists would be freer and stronger. 
 
 The Colonial Assembly. — Sir George Yeardley was 
 therefore authorized to call upon the people of Virginia to elect 
 representatives to a general assembly. This lawmaking body, 
 to which was intrusted the power to make laws for the local 
 government of the colony, consisted of two members, or bur- 
 gesses, elected by the freemen of each borough. The first 
 meeting of the Colonial Assembly was held July 30, 1619. All 
 the towns and plantations constituting the eleven boroughs 
 were represented. Laws were passed regulating agricultural 
 and religious matters, and dealings with the Indians. 
 
92 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 
 
 The First Constitution.— In 1621 Virginia received from 
 the London Company its first constitution, which granted free 
 government, confirmed the institution of the Colonial Assem- 
 bly, or House of Burgesses, and provided for the selection of a 
 council to assist the governor in his administration of affairs. 
 The sole power of levying taxes and appropriating money 
 rested with the House of Burgesses, which represented the 
 people. This carried out the principle which in England gave 
 the same powers to the House of Commons. 
 
 Under this constitution Sir Francis Wyatt ruled as governor 
 until 1624, when the London Company was dissolved, and the 
 colony became a royal province whose governors were appointed 
 by the king. 
 
 Questions. — Wlion did Dale return lo England ? Who wenl with him ? 
 Who succeeded Dale ? When ? What kind of a man was Arga.ll ? How did he 
 rule ? Why was he recalled ? Who succeeded Delaware as governor ? When ? 
 How was Yeardley received by the Virginians ? Upon what was England enter- 
 ing about this time ? What was this contest to decide ? What power had been 
 given to the London Company ? What did the company determine to do ? What 
 would be the result, to the colonists ? What was Yeardley authorized to do ? 
 Of what was the first Colonial Assembly composed ? When was its first, meeting 
 held ? How many boroughs were represented ? What were among the first 
 laws passed by this assembly ? When did Virginia receive its first constitu- 
 tion ? What did this constitution grant ? Confirm ? Provide? Who ruled 
 as governor under the constitution ? Until what year? What became of the 
 London Company ? What did Virginia become in 1624 ? 
 
 REFERENCE OUTLINE. 
 
 Virginia Colony. 
 
 1607. Founding of Jamestown. 
 1610 * "Starving time." 
 
 ' Arrival of Lord Delaware. 
 1613. Marriage of Pocahontas. 
 
 S Tobacco culture begun. 
 
 / Land tenure established. 
 
 , Sir George Yeardley. Governor, 
 
 - First Colonial Assembly. 
 
 ' Introduction of African Slavery. 
 
 (Sir Francis Wyatt, Governor. 
 
 I First Virginia constitution. 
 1624. Virginia becomes a royal province. 
 
 1615. 
 
 1621. 
 
93 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. Sir George Yeardley. II. First Colonial Assembly. III. First Virginia Constitution. 
 
 Keferences and Authorities. 
 
 Bancroft's History of the United States, vol. i. 
 Yeardley and his administration, 110, 135-133. First Colonial Assembly, 112. First con- 
 stitution for Virginia, 117. 
 
 Hildreth's History of the United States, vol. i. 
 Yeardley, 117. First Colonial Assembly, 118. First constitution, 123. 
 
 Winsor's Narrative and Critical History, vol. iii. 
 Yeardley, 142. First Colonial Assembly, 143. First Virginia constitution, 145. 
 
 Bryant's Popular History of the United States, vol. i. 
 Yeardley, 305. Beginning of self-government, 30ij. 
 
 Parallel Eeadings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities. Yeardley, 
 George. Argall, Samuel. Self-government, Beginning of. Assembly, First Colonial. 
 Wyatt, Sir Francis. Constitution, First Virginia. 
 
 Special.— Cooke's Virginia, Part I„ chap, xix.: The first American assembly and con- 
 stitution. Thwaites : The Colonies, 73-74. Fisher: < 'olonial Era, 43-44. 
 
 Review Work. 
 
 What attempt to settle did the English make on the southeast coast of what is now the United 
 States ? Who was Virginia Dare ? Who was Snorri ? What part did Sir Richard Grenville take 
 in the attempted settlement of Roanoke Island 1 Sir Francis Drake ? What were the main points 
 of difference between the Virginia charter grant of 1606 and that of 1609 ? For what people did 
 Admiral Coligny attempt to found colonies in America ? What were the French about to do 
 when Ribault arrived at Fort Caroline ? Why was this fort easily captured ? What settlement 
 did Gosnold attempt ? Who named New England ? State any interesting events in the early 
 career of John Smith. In the later history of Pocahontas. 
 
 PREPARATORY GEOGRAPHY LESSON. 
 
 Upon a map of the Middle Sates note the location of New York City. 
 Between what two rivers is it ? Where is Albany ? Note the territory between 
 the Delaware and Connecticut rivers. To what States does this territory now 
 belong? What river flows into Delaware Bay? Where is Wilmington? 
 
 Upon a map of Europe note the relative positions of England and Holland. 
 Where is the Isle of Jersey? In what part of England is Southampton? 
 Plymouth? 
 
 Upon a map of the Xew England States note the coast line. Where is Cape 
 Cod? Provincetown? Boston? Plymouth? Salem? Cape Ann? Where is 
 Portsmouth? Dover? What river separates New Hampshire from Maine? 
 Where is Saco? Note the relative positions of Salem, Mass., and Providence, 
 P. I. Of Salem and Hartford, Conn. Where is Newport? New Haven? 
 Sav brook ? 
 
94 
 
 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 
 
 New Netherland, 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 'HE INDIA COMl'ANIF.s. 
 
 The Founding of New York. — There is trustworthy 
 
 evidence that Verrazano, when he was exploring the Atlantic 
 coast, sailed into the Hudson River and visited the site of 
 New York in 1524. It was eighty-five years later when Henry 
 Hudson ascended the river which 1 tears his name, and to him 
 belongs the honor of opening the 
 door to Dutch settlement. 
 
 The Dutch East India 
 Company. — The explorations of 
 Hudson around the Hudson River 
 did not benefit the East India 
 Company, in whose service he 
 was employed ; but some Amster- 
 dam merchants, influenced by the 
 reports brought back by Hudson, 
 the next year sent a vessel for the 
 purpose of trading with the In- 
 dians (1610). In time a trading post was established upon 
 Manhattan Island (1613), and the settlement that grew up 
 around it received the name of New Amsterdam. The estab- 
 lishment of this post was followed by that of others. Dutch 
 vessels explored the coast of Long Island. Connecticut, and 
 New Jersey (1614). Upon these explorations Holland based a 
 claim to the region between the Connecticut and Delaware 
 rivers, and gave to the territory so claimed the name of New 
 Netherland. 
 
 The Dutch West India Company. — England objected 
 to the establishment of these trading posts upon what she con- 
 sidered her territory. The Dutch soon found that if they hoped 
 to retain the territory they must take full possession of it and 
 establish colonies, or England would do so. About, this time 
 
 HENKV III 1>M>N. 
 
NEW NETHERLAND. 
 
 Holland was at war with Spain, 
 
 and a company, called the 
 
 Dutch West India Company, 
 
 was formed to equip and send 
 
 out privateers. The company 
 
 hoped to make much profit 
 
 out of the Spanish vessels cap- 
 tured by these privateers. To 
 
 obtain its charter, however, the 
 
 company had to agree to under- 
 take the colonization of New 
 
 JSetherland (1021). 
 
 Colonization of New 
 
 Netherlands — Several at- 
 tempts were made to fulfill the terms 
 of this charter. A few additional 
 trading posts were erected. One, 
 called Fort Orange, was located near 
 the present city of Albany (1623). 
 A colony, with Peter Minuit as gov- 
 ernor, was shortly after established 
 Little inter- 
 
 The Patroons. 
 
 The West India Company decided 
 to confer the title of Patroon upon 
 
 anyone who should establish a colony 
 of not less than fifty adults. This car- 
 ried with it the privilege of purchasing 
 of the Indians a tract of land sixteen 
 miles square. As land was very scarce 
 in Holland, and the Dutch as a rule 
 are fond of owning land, these reasons 
 induced many enterprising men from 
 Holland to come to New Xetherland. 
 Each Patroon was required to furnish 
 all necessary farming implements, and 
 to support a minister and a school- 
 master. The labor of his colonists so 
 increased the value of his land that the 
 Patroon soon became very wealthy. 
 
 
 est was 
 taken at 
 first in 
 the devel - 
 o p m e n t 
 of the 
 country, 
 for these 
 
 -CEM> IN NEW AMSTEHDAM. 
 
PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 
 
 settlers soon turned their attention to the fur trade, and the 
 company itself was too much occupied with capturing Spanish 
 treasure-ships to give much thought to New Netherland. 
 
 Thrift of the New Colony. — England's claim to the ter- 
 ritory around the Hudson prevented many of the Dutch from 
 emigrating to that region. But an alliance between England 
 and Holland against Spain being formed, the Dutch were per- 
 suaded that England was now too good a friend to interfere 
 
 with their claims in America. 
 Therefore many came to New 
 Netherland. Thrifty settle- 
 ments began to appear, and 
 (piaint villages, with straw- 
 thatched and gable-roofed 
 houses, sprang up on all sides. 
 Among the early arrivals were 
 Walloons, as Dutch Protestants 
 *were in those days called. 
 
 Governors of the Col- 
 ony. — Minuit served as gov- 
 ernor until 1632, when he was 
 succeeded by AVouter Van Twil- 
 ler. A" an Twiller extended the 
 limits of the colony and caused 
 Fort Hope to be established 
 upon the Connecticut River, 
 near what is now Hartford 
 (1G33). He was succeeded by 
 William Kieft, who in turn was 
 followed by Peter Stuyvesant. 
 
 England Takes Posses- 
 sion ; New York and New 
 Jersey. — After fifty years of 
 existence as a Dutch colony, 
 New Netherland passed into 
 the hands of the English (1064), 
 and its name was changed to 
 
 New Sweden. 
 
 Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, 
 intended to establish Swedish colonies 
 in America, but died without doing 
 bo. It was left to Oxenstiern, Lis 
 prime minister, to carry out his inten- 
 tions. In 1638 a company of Swedes 
 and Finns, under the leadership of 
 Peter Minuit, who had been the first 
 governor of New Netherland, entered 
 Delaware Bay. A tract of land was 
 purchased, extending from what is 
 now Cape Held >pen to a point up the 
 Delaware River, near Trenton. This 
 territory was named New Sweden. A 
 fort was built and a settlement begun 
 near what is now Wilmington, and it 
 received the name of Christina. More 
 of these people came over (1643), and 
 Swedish settlements soon extended as 
 high as the Schuylkill River, within 
 the limits of what is now Pennsyl- 
 vania. As the settlements of Holland 
 and Sweden expanded, there arose a 
 dispute over territory between the 
 colonists of New Netherland and 
 those of New Sweden. Fort Casimir 
 was built by the Dutch (1651) within 
 a few mil 18 of the settlement of Chris- 
 tina, and the Swedes, viewing the 
 fori as a menace, drove their unwel- 
 come visiters away. Their triumph 
 was, however, short-lived. PeterStuy- 
 ves ant was governor of New Nether- 
 land at the time, and the plucky old 
 soldier went down to New Sweden 
 with an army of 600 men (1655), and 
 compelled the inhabitants to acknowl- 
 edge this territory as belonging to 
 New Netherland. 
 
NEW NETHERLAND. 
 
 97 
 
 New York, after the Duke 
 of York, brother of the 
 English king, to whom it 
 was given. The duke in 
 turn granted a part of the 
 territory to Lord Berkeley 
 and Sir George Carteret. 
 In honor of the latter, who 
 had been governor of the 
 Isle of Jersey, this region 
 was called New Jersey. 
 W The first settlement made 
 in New Jersey by the English 
 was at Elizabethtown (1664), 
 which received its name in honor of 
 Elizabeth, the wife of Carteret. 
 Ten years after (1674), the granted terri- 
 tory was divided into East and West Jersey. 
 Berkeley sold his interest to English Quakers, 
 who, in sympathy with William Penn, gained pos- 
 session of West Jersey. These Quakers established local gov- 
 ernment and popular liberty, and invited to the settlement 
 their persecuted friends beyond the ocean. In 1702 the parts 
 were reunited and became a royal province, with boundaries 
 corresponding to those of the present State of New Jersey. 
 
 Q uestions. — What early explorer visited New York Bay ? When ? What 
 honor belongs to Henry Hudson ? What was done by Amsterdam merchants ? 
 When? Why? Where was a trading post established ? When? What was 
 it called? What followed upon the establishment of this post ? What name 
 was given to the region claimed by Holland? What other country claimed this 
 territory? What did the Dutch have to do to retain possession? What com 
 pany had been formed in Holland? For what purpose was this (Dutch West 
 India) company formed? To what did the company have to agree before it 
 could obtain a charter? W T hat was built in fulfillment of its terms? When and 
 where was Fort Orange established? When did Peter Minuit establish his 
 colony? W T here? To what did the settlers turn their attention ? Why did not 
 the West India Company give much thought to New Netherland? Why were 
 Dutch colonists now persuaded to come to New Netherland? Who were Wal- 
 loons? Who succeeded Minuit? When? What fort did Van Twiller establish? 
 
98 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 
 
 By whom was lie succeeded? How long was New Xetherland a Dutch colony? 
 Into whose possession did it then come? when? To what was its name 
 changed? After whom? To whom did the Duke of York grant a part? In 
 honor of whom was New Jersey named ? What was the first English settlement 
 made in New Jersey ? When ? For whom was it named ? 
 
 REFERENCE OUTLINE. 
 
 New Netherland. 
 
 1009. Hudson explores. 
 
 1613. Dutch settle at New Amsterdam (N. Y.). 
 
 1623. Dutch build Fort Orange (Albany, X. V.). 
 
 16:33. Dutch build Fort Hope (near Hartford, Conn.). 
 
 1638. Swedes settle Delaware. 
 
 1651. Dutch build Fort Casimir (X. J.). 
 
 1655. Dutch conquer Swedish settlements. 
 
 1 . ( English conquer New Netherland. 
 
 I English settle Elizabethtown (N. J.). 
 1674. Jersey divided into East and West. 
 1702. Jersey reunited and made a royal province. 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. The Dutch India Companies. II. The Dutch Colony of New Netherland. III. Patroons 
 and Walloons. IV. The Colony of New Sweden. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Bancroft's History of tin United States, vol. i. 
 Dutch West India Company, 478, hit. East India Company, 480. Patroons, 497. New 
 Sweden, 501-503. Stuyvesant, 507. Swedish and Dutch claims conflict, 509. Surrender of 
 New York to the English. 519. 
 
 Hildreth'a History oftht United States, vol. i. 
 
 Walloons. 140. Patroons. 142. New Netherland history. 142-149. 
 
 Winsor's Narrative and Critical History, vol. iv. 
 West India and East India Companies, 396. Colonization of New Netherland. 398. Wal- 
 loons, 400. Swedes intrude upon Dutch territory. 403-401. New Netherland becomes New 
 York, 408. 
 
 Bryant's Popular History of tht United States, vol. i. 
 
 First fort upon Manhattan Island, 358. West India Company. 304. Walloons, 365. Pa- 
 troons. 180. Van Twiller, 443. Kieft, 444. Swedes settle Delaware, 466. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities.— India Companies, 
 The Dutch. Orange, Fort. New Amsterdam, Settlement of. Patroons, The. New 
 Netherland, The. Minuit, Peter. Kieft, William. Van TwiUer, Wbuter. New Sweden, 
 York, Dukt of. Elizabethtown, English Settlement of. Stuyvesant, Peter. 
 
 Sp» i u.. Roosevelt : V w York, chaps, i.-iv. Mrs. Martha J. Lamb: History of the City of 
 New York, chaps, iii.-xi. Fisher: Colonial Km. 179-185. Thwaites : The Colonies, 196- 
 203. Irving : Knickerbocker'' s History of Stic York (humorous). 
 
NEW ENGLAND. 99 
 
 New England. 
 CHAPTEE IX. 
 
 LANDING <>F THE PILGRIMS. 
 
 Origin of the Puritans. — During the time the coloniza- 
 tion of America was occupying the attention of the English, 
 there was but one method of worshiping God permitted by law 
 in England. There were many, however, who did not approve 
 of the government and ceremonies of the Established Church, 
 as it was called. They claimed that the forms of worship 
 should be purified, and in a spirit of ridicule they were called 
 Puritans. They were also called " Nonconformists, " because 
 they did not conform to the method of worship of the Estab- 
 lished Church of England. 
 
 Persecuted Separatists. — As long as they remained 
 members of the Church and tried to change its form of worship 
 to what they thought was right, they Imd but ridicule to bear. 
 When, however, they did not succeed, and found it necessary 
 to separate themselves from the rest of the Church and form 
 congregations of their own, they were then branded as Sepa- 
 ratists, and cruelly persecuted. At one time the king (James I.) 
 declared that he would ik harry them out of England." 
 
 Flight to Holland. — A number of Separatists took 
 refuge in Holland. Here they were treated kindly and re- 
 mained eleven or twelve years. They felt, however, they 
 could not stay there permanently, for the customs, manners, 
 and language of the people were strange to them. After much 
 thought, they decided to cross the sea, and in America find a 
 refuge for themselves and a place where their children could 
 grow up undisturbed. 
 
 Sailing- of the Mayflower. — Only the ablest and strong- 
 est were permitted to attempt the first voyage. Two vessels, 
 the Speedwell and the Mayflower, were secured. The former 
 set sail from Holland and joined the latter at Southampton, 
 England. August 5, 1620, they started on their voyage to 
 
.oXIZATIoN. 
 
 ; 
 
 The Mayflower Compact. 
 
 While the Mayflower was anchored 
 in the harbor of Provincetown the 
 
 leaders of the expedition met in the 
 cabin and drew up a solemn written 
 agreement for the government of the 
 colony. This agreement is known as 
 the Mayflower Compact. The colo- 
 nists pledged themselves to frame 
 "j:i,-t and. equal laws. 1 ' and promised 
 "all due submission. " This was a 
 most significant step in the develop- 
 ment of self-government in America. 
 for under this compact the colonisti 
 not only made laws and rules for their 
 own government, bul consented to 
 be governed. Many years afterwards 
 we shall find Thomas Jefferson as- 
 serting: " Government derives its just 
 powers from the consent of the gov- 
 erned." There were forty-one signers 
 to the Mayflower Compact. John 
 Carver was chosen the first governor. 
 
 America, but had not sailed 
 Par before the Speedwell sprang 
 a leak, and the vessels turned 
 back. At length the May- 
 flower set out alone (Septem- 
 ber 6). On board were 102 
 settlers, under the leadership 
 of William Bradford, William 
 Brewster, John Carver, and 
 Miles Standish. These Separa- 
 tists had moved so from place 
 to place that they had come to 
 call themselves Pilgrims. 
 
 The First Land Sighted. 
 — After a long and stormy 
 
 K voyage. Cape Cod was sighted 
 (November 9). Rounding the 
 cape, they entered the peaceful 
 harbor of what is now Provincetown. Many of the colonists 
 here Avent ashore, and Captain Miles Standish, with fourteen 
 others, set out to explore the country. 
 They were gone several days, during 
 which they met a small party of Indians. 
 who fled on seeing the white strangers. 
 Farther on they came to a ruined hut, 
 an old ship-kettle, a dilapidated palisaded 
 fort — remains of some unknown settle- 
 ment of the past — and mounds of earth, 
 into which they dug. One of these con- 
 
 ° CAl'TAIN MILES STANDISH. 
 
 tained lour or live bushels of corn. They 
 
 took' of this corn enough to fill their pockets, and, with the 
 kettle, returned to the vessel. Here an attack from thirty or 
 forty Indians was repulsed. 
 
 Plymouth Rock. — Leaving Provincetown, the Mayflower 
 continued along the coast a distance of fifty miles before 
 making another landing. An exploring party was again sent 
 ashore. Such good reports were brought back that it was de- 
 
NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 cided to land. This region was down on the maps as Plymouth, 
 and the name was not changed. The rock upon the beach first 
 trod by Pilgrim foot in landing has since become historic as 
 Ply mouth Kock, and the event is known as the Landing of the 
 Pilgrim Fathers. 
 
 Trials and Heroism. — The colonists formed themselves 
 into nineteen households, and each household was given a plat 
 
 of land. Here, in the midst 
 of winter, they set about 
 building their habitations. 
 Their discouragements were 
 many, and, before long, ex- 
 posure, hardships, and bad 
 food brought on disease. 
 
 SIGNING OF THE " COMPACT " ON THE MAYFLOWER. 
 
102 
 
 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 
 
 Samoset, Squanto, and 
 Massasoit. 
 
 One clay an Indian entered the town, 
 and to the surprise of the settlers 
 uttered the words: "Welcome, Eng- 
 lishmen." He proved to be Samoset, 
 and the little English he knew had 
 been learned from fishermen who had 
 visited the .Maine coast. Samoset 
 shortly afterwards appeared with an- 
 other Indian, named Squanto, who 
 had lived some time in England, 
 having been stolen by one of the early 
 expeditions. Through the friendship 
 of these two Indians peace was made 
 between the whites and Massasoil, 
 chief of the neighboring Wampa- 
 noags. Squanto proved a friend in- 
 deed to the settlers, for he taught 
 them much that was useful in the 
 New World ; among other things, they 
 learned how to plant and cultivate 
 corn, to catch and to dry fish. 
 
 the Indians who lurked .about 
 better times to the colony. 
 
 Half of their number died be- 
 fore the winter was over. His- 
 tory gives us few pictures more 
 sad than that of this little band 
 of suffering Pilgrims upon that 
 bleak shore. Surrounded by 
 unknown dangers, they never 
 gave up their determination to 
 remain, and they endured the 
 gloom and despair of that first 
 winter with a heroism that lias 
 ever been admired. 
 
 Brave little Captain Miles 
 Standish was the John Smith 
 of the Plymouth Colony. He 
 cheered the drooping spirits of 
 the settlers and organized a 
 company for defense against 
 the settlement. Spring brought 
 
 Questions. — How many methods of worship were permit ted by law in 
 England at the time the English colonization of America began ? Of what did 
 some of the English people not approve ? What name was given them in ridi- 
 cule? Why wei'e they also called Nonconformists? What were they called 
 when they formed congregations of their own ? What did the king declare he 
 would do to them ? Where did a number of Puritans take refuge ? How were 
 they here treated? How long did they remain ? Why did they not desire to 
 remain longer ? What did they decide to do ? Who only were permitted to go 
 upon the first voyage ? What two vessels were secured ? When did they leave 
 Southampton? Why did they return? Which of the two vessels finally de- 
 parted for America ? Who were the leaders ? Why were these Puritans called 
 Pilgrims ? What kind of voyage did they have ? What cape did fchej reach ? 
 What harbor? What did Miles Standish set out to do? What did he find 
 upon this expedition? How long was he gone? What did lie bring back? 
 What happened upon his return ? How many miles farther did the Pil- 
 grims sail ? Who here went ashore ? By what name was the region already 
 kimwn ? Ppoii what rock did the Pilgrims land ? Into how many house- 
 holds were the colonists divided? What was the first work they set aboul ? 
 What brought on disease ? How many died ? What other leader was Standish 
 
NEW ENGLAND. 103 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. Puritans, Nonconformists, Separatists, and Pilgrims. II. The Voyage of the Mayflower. 
 III. The Mayflower Compact. IV. Captain Miles Standish. V. The Plymouth Colony. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Bancroft's History of the United States, vol. i. 
 
 Enforcing conformity in England, 185. The Pilgrims, 194. Their migration to Holland, 
 193. Why they left Holland for America, 201. Voyage of the Mayflower, 206. Mayflower 
 compact, 207. Plymouth Colony established. 209. 
 
 Hildreth's History of the United States, vol. i. 
 
 The Puritans, 153. Mayflower voyage, 157. Compact, 158. Plymouth Colony, 160. Ex- 
 ploits of Standish, 166. 
 
 Wiusor's Xamitiri and Cri/ieid History, vol. iii. 
 Puritans and Separatists, 21S. Mayflower voyage, 267. Compact, 269. Landing of the 
 Pilgrims, 271. 
 
 Bryant's I'li/ndar History of tin Unitnl states, vol. i. 
 The Puritans, 370. Mayflower voyage, 386. Compact, 388. Miles Standish, 391. Non- 
 conformists, 523. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities. — Puritans, The. 
 Pilgrims, The. Mayftmrir, The. Mayflower Compact, The. Plymouth Colony, The. 
 Standish, Captain Miles. Samoset. Squanto. Massasoit. 
 
 Special.— Fiske : Beginnings of New England, chap. iv. Gregory's Puritanism in the Old 
 World and in the New, Part I., chap, iii.: Rise of Puritanism in England ; Part II., chap, 
 i.: Founding of New Plymouth. Palfrey's History of New England, vol. i., chap, iii.: 
 Puritanism in England; chap, v.: Colony of Plymouth. Fisher: Colonial Era, chap. vii. 
 Thwaites : The Colonies, chap. vi. Moore : Pilgrims and Puritans. Drake : Making of 
 New England. Mrs. Hemans : Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers (poem). Holmes : Bobin- 
 son of Ley den (poem). The-reading of Longfellow's poem, Courtship of Miles Standish. is 
 especially urged. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 THE TYRANNY OF INTOLERANCE. 
 
 Individual Settlements. — The Plymouth Colony grew 
 very slowly. From time to time a few scattered settlements 
 sprang up along the Massachusetts coast. Some of these 
 settlements at first consisted of but one person, living to him- 
 self and leading a hermit-like existence. Such was the settle- 
 ment made by William Blackstone, a man of much talent who 
 had settled near what is now Boston. 
 
 The Salem Colony. — X party of Puritans in Dorchester, 
 England, attracted by reports of the country about Cape Ann, 
 bought a large tract of land from the Plymouth Company in 
 
PEKIOD OF COLONIZATION. 
 
 UN WINTIII 
 
 Massachusetts Bay Com- 
 pany, Colony, and Cnar- 
 ter of 1 629. 
 
 The territory purchased by the Mas- 
 sachusetts Bay Company lay between 
 the Charles and the Merrimac Rivers 
 and extended from ocean to ocean. 
 The members of the company at first 
 lived in England, without any inten- 
 tion of themselves settling in America. 
 Afterwards a majority of the mem- 
 bers joined what is known in history 
 as the Puritan migration and moved to 
 America, taking the Massachusetts Bay 
 Company charter with them. 
 
 The provisions of this charter were 
 very liberal. It gave to the members 
 of the company the privilege of 
 choosing annually a governor 
 and eighteen assistants. It also 
 gave them the power to make 
 all laws for the government of 
 the colonies, provided such 
 laws did not conflict \\ ith 
 those of England. 
 
 When the company 
 moved to America, John 
 Winthrop, its pp sident, 
 became governor of the 
 colony. When the charter 
 was transferred to Amer- 
 ica, ami the members of 
 the company themselves 
 became colonists, it fur- 
 nished another important instance of 
 the establishment of self-government 
 in America. 
 
 At first only members of the com- 
 pany had any voice in the manage- 
 ment of colonial affairs. The privilege 
 of voting, however, was in time ex- 
 tended to all " freemen "' who were 
 membersof the church. As the mem- 
 bers "f the .Massachusetts Bay settle- 
 ments increased, representatives from 
 each came together at Boston and 
 formed a lawmaking body called the 
 < ieneral ( 'onrt. 
 
 L628. They organized the Mas- 
 sachusetts Bay Company, and 
 their first colony was planted 
 at Salem, under John Endicott 
 as governor. The next year 
 Charles I. granted them by 
 charter the power to govern. 
 
 The Puritan Migration. 
 — The people of England had 
 been restricted in religious af- 
 fairs, but they had long enjoyed 
 a certain amount of civil liberty. 
 Their laws were made 
 by a, parliament consist- 
 ing in part of repre- 
 sentatives chosen 
 from among them- 
 selves. During 
 the reign of 
 Charles I., who 
 succeeded his 
 father, James I., 
 a contest arose 
 between the king and parlia- 
 ment that resulted in civil war. 
 The years leading up to this 
 event were years of great un- 
 easiness. Many made their way 
 across the ocean to avoid the 
 war which they saw was coming 
 on. Large numbers of Puritans 
 left England, and this Puritan 
 migration soon peopled the 
 shores of Massachusetts Bay. 
 
 The Settlement of Boston.— In 1630 the first party of 
 immigrants, consisting of about one thousand persons, arrived. 
 The site selected for settlement was unsuitable. The scarcity 
 
NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 105 
 
 and brackishncss of the water caused much suffering. By the 
 advice of William Blackstone, the settlers removed to Shaw- 
 mut, as the peninsula of Boston was then called. Here they 
 found many springs of fresh water and fared much better. 
 The settlement was called Boston. In ten years there were 
 more than twenty thousand inhabitants in the colonies about 
 Massachusetts Bay. 
 
 Puritan Intolerance. — ft would seem that the lono* 
 period of persecution in England should have taught the elders 
 and rulers of the Puritan colonies of Massachusetts the benefits 
 of peace and tolerance ; but it proved otherwise. No liberty 
 of conscience was permitted. Everyone had to obey* the rules 
 of the Puritan Church, and these rules were very severe. Many 
 who came to Massachusetts were forced to leave on account of 
 their religious beliefs, just as many of the Puritans themselves 
 had been obliged to leave England. These made their way 
 to Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. 
 William Blackstone, who had very kindly befriended the early 
 settlers of Boston, was so provoked at the intolerance of his 
 neighbors that he sold out and moved farther back into the 
 Avilderness. 
 
 Roger Williams. — Among the first to rebel against the 
 stern religious rule of the Boston leaders was an eloquent 
 young Puritan minister of Sa- 
 lem named Roger Williams. 
 He boldly proclaimed that u nder 
 
 d L vjne ui uie eariy customs was to 
 
 the law all religious Sects Were hold meetings to repeat and discuss X -V 
 
 entitled to protection, and that 
 civil magistrates had no right 
 to restrain the conscience or in- 
 terfere with modes of worship. 
 Such doctrines were de- 
 nounced as heresy. The 
 preacher was commanded to 
 appear in Boston, but refused. 
 Steps were taken to send him 
 back to England ; but he es- 
 
 Anne Hutchinson. 
 
 One of the early customs was to 
 hold meetings to repeat and discuss 
 the teachings and sermons of the pas- 
 tors. To these meetings no women 
 were admitted. A woman of great 
 intellect and piety, named Mrs. Anne 
 Hutchinson, conceived the idea of 
 holding similar meetings for persons 
 of her sex. In time she began to ex- 
 press opinions of her own. The cry of 
 heresy was raised against her, and, 
 though the governor, Sir Henry Vale, 
 was her friend, she, too, was banished 
 (1(537), and with a few friends went 
 into the wilderness as Roger Williams 
 had done. 
 
106 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 
 
 caped into the wilderness (1636), bearing with him the sym- 
 pathy and affection of his congregation. 
 
 Questions. — What sprang up from time to time along the Massachusetts 
 coast ? Who was the first to settle near what is now Boston ? What part of 
 the coast attracted favorable attention and from whom ? W T hat company 
 was organized ? What was its first colony ? In what year was it estab- 
 lished ? Who was the governor ? In what had the people of England been 
 restricted ? How are laws made in England ? What arose between the king 
 and the parliament of England ? Why did many make their way across the 
 ocean ? When did the first party of immigrants arrive ? To what place did 
 they move their settlement ? Why ? How many inhabitants did the Massachu- 
 setts colonies number in ten years ? W T hat should persecution in England have 
 taught the Puritan elders and riders ? What had everyone to obey ? What 
 were many forced to do ? What became of William Blackstone ? Who was 
 Roger Williams ? What ideas were boldly proclaimed by him ? What was 
 lie commanded to do ? Where was he to be sent ? Where did he escape ? 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. The Massachusetts Bay Company's Colony and Charter, n. The Puritan Migration. III. 
 
 The Founding of Boston. IV. Religious Intolerance of the Early Massachusetts Settlers. 
 V. Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Bancroft's History of tin- United States, vol. i. 
 Massachusetts Bay charter and company, 224. Massachusetts Colony, 226. Puritan intoler- 
 ance banishes Episcopalians, 223. Persecutes Anabaptists and Quakers, 312. Roger Wil- 
 liams, 240. Anne Hutchinson, 260. Transfer of Massachusetts charter, 231. 
 
 Hildreth's History of the United States, vol. i. 
 Massachusetts Bay Company charter, 179. Colony, 181. Roger Williams, 227. The 
 Hutchinson controversy, 242, 246, 253, and 257. Intolerance prevails over tolerance, 310- 
 311. 
 
 Winsor's Narrative and Critical History, vol. Hi. 
 Massachusetts Hay Colony, 311. Charter, 312. Banishment of Roger Williams and Anne 
 Hutchinson, 312. 
 
 Bryant's Popular History of tlu United States. 
 Vol. L— Puritan migration, 317. Intolerance, 521. Boston, 532. Roger Williams, 533, 512, 
 544-516. }lrs. Hutchinson, 553-556. Vol. ii.— Liberty of conscience, 51. Puritan bigotry, 53. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities. — White, Rev, 
 John. Endicott, John . Massachvsttts Hay Colony. Massachusetts Jiay Company. Win- 
 throp, John. Puritan Migration. Williams, Roger. Hutchinson, Mrs. Anne. Intoler- 
 ance, Religious. 
 Special.— Fiske's Beginnings of New England, chap, iii.: The Planting of New England. 
 Gregory's Puritanism in thi Old and in the New World, Pari II.. chap, ii.: Founding of 
 Massachusetts. Palfrey: History of New England, vol. i., chap. viii. Fisher: Colonial 
 Era, chap. vii. Thwaites : The Colonics, 121-137. 
 
NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 107 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 NEW ENGLAND SETTLEMENTS. 
 
 Early New Hampshire 
 History. 
 
 Many, choosing not to endure the 
 religious tyrannies of Massachusetts, 
 made their way to what is now New 
 Hampshire. Flourishing settlements 
 sprang up, which, after the death of 
 Gorges and Mason, were allowed to 
 govern themselves. In the course of 
 time Massachusetts claimed jurisdic- 
 tion over this territory. This claim 
 was resisted. Contentions arose that 
 did not end until 1679, when the 
 authorities in England decided against 
 Massachusetts. New Hampshire was 
 thenceforth regarded as an independ- 
 ent colony. 
 
 New Hampshire. — After the failure of the Popham Col- 
 ony, the old Plymouth Company made no further attempts to 
 establish colonies. In 1020 this 
 company received a new char- 
 ter, granting to it all the land 
 lying along the Atlantic be- 
 tween the parallels of forty and 
 forty-eight degrees, and ex- 
 tending across the continent 
 from sea to sea. In this char- 
 ter the king called this tract of 
 land ]S r ew England, a name 
 which had been given to it by 
 John Smith. 
 
 The Plymouth Company sold 
 parts of this New England 
 grant to a number of different persons. One transfer to the 
 
 Massachusetts Bay Com- 
 pany has already been 
 mentioned. The first sale, 
 however, was made to Sir 
 Ferdinando Gorges (1622). 
 It included the lands lying 
 about the Piscataqua River. 
 Laconia was the name given 
 to this region. 
 
 Sir Ferdinando Gorges 
 associated with himself Cap- 
 tain John Mason, and under 
 their joint interests settle- 
 ments were made at Ports- 
 mouth and Dover, JN". H., (1623,) and seven years after at 
 Saco, Me. Mason obtained from the Plymouth Company 
 
108 
 
 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 
 
 (1029) a separate grant to that part of the Gorges grant lying 
 south and west of the Piscataqua. Five years later this por- 
 tion received the name of New Hampshire. 
 
 Connecticut. — The claims of the Dutch to the territory 
 now known as Connecticut led them as early as 1033 to build 
 
 a fort, called Fort Hope, near 
 the present site of Hartford. In 
 that year a vessel from Plym- 
 outh ascended the river, and, 
 notwithstanding the threats of 
 the Dutch, passing Fort Hope, 
 proceeded farther up and es- 
 tablished an English settlement 
 at Windsor. The inhabitants 
 about Massachusetts Bay heard 
 that the Connecticut Valley was 
 very fertile, and many, glad to 
 escape persecutions and contro- 
 versies, moved to this region. 
 Among others were Rev. 
 Thomas Hooker and his con- 
 gregation of more than one 
 hundred persons, who made the 
 journey overland and on foot, driving their cattle through the / 
 woods (1030). They named their town Hartford. 
 
 John Davenport and New Haven. — A party of Puri- 
 tans from England, under Rev. John Davenport and Theophilus 
 Eaton, arriving in Boston, decided not to remain, but sailed 
 around to the Connecticut coast, where they bought land of the 
 Indians, and upon a beautiful bay established New Haven (163& ) 
 Saybrook. — Meanwhile the land around the Connecticut 
 River had been sold by the Plymouth Company, and was trans- 
 ferred to Lords Say and Brook, two Puritan noblemen. They 
 sent out a colony under John Winthrop, son of the first gover- 
 nor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Wmthrop built a fort and 
 laid off a town, which he named Saybrook, in honor of his pro- 
 prietors (1035). 
 
 First American Written 
 Constitution. 
 
 I5y 1C39 a number of settlements had 
 been made up and down the Connecti- 
 cut River. The principal one of these 
 was Hartford. In that year they 
 united for mutual protection and 
 benefit, and adopted a constitution. 
 This was the first written constitution 
 of which we have any record, prepared 
 by the people for the organization of 
 a government. The written constitu- 
 tion which Virginia had received eigh- 
 teen years previously was granted by 
 the London Company and was really 
 a charter. The government of the 
 Connecticut colonies under this con-^ 
 stitution was very liberal. The New" 
 Haven Colony was not included in the/ 
 union, but remained independent of 
 the others. Its laws were so severe 
 and strict that they have been called 
 the Blue Laws. 
 
 WTs. 
 
NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 109 
 
 Roger Williams and Providence. — When Roger Wil- 
 liams was compelled to flee from Massachusetts, he wandered 
 for some time through the forests 
 suffering many hardships. Taking 
 up his abode among the Indians, 
 he soon won their friendship 
 esteem by his kindly 
 ways and unselfish dis- 
 position. Joined by 
 four or five others, he 
 established a settlement, 
 which he named Provi- 
 dence (1636). 
 
 Beginnings of 
 Rhode Island The 
 
 site selected was 
 within the territory of 
 the Narragansett Indians, whose 
 chief, Canonicus, became a firm 
 friend of Roger Williams. 
 Here the exiled minister was 
 followed by his family and sev- 
 eral members of his congrega- 
 tion ; and, in time, Providence 
 became the refuge of many 
 who had been persecuted on 
 account of their religious belief. 
 Others came in 1638, and 
 through the intercession of Wil- 
 liams obtained permission to 
 settle upon the island now 
 
 called Rhode Island, where William Coddington in the same 
 year established the settlement of Newport. 
 
 Rhode Island Charter. 
 
 The settlements about Narragansett 
 Bay were incorporated in 1643 as the 
 Providence Plantations under a char- 
 ter obtained by Roger Williams, who 
 visited England as the agent of the 
 colonists. In 16G3 Providence Plan- 
 tations was united with Rhode Island, 
 and a new charter was granted by 
 Charles II. to the "Governor and 
 Company of Rhode Island and the 
 Providence Plantations." This char- 
 ter defined the limits of Rhode Island 
 almost as they now exist. The 
 principles of religious tolerance and 
 local government formed its most , 
 important features. Its provisions. 
 were so satisfactory that at the time 
 of the Revolution this charter was 
 adopted by the State as a constitution, 
 and continued in force until 1842. We 
 speak of the State as Rhode Island, 
 but its official name to-day is " Rhode 
 Island and the Providence Planta- 
 tions." 
 
110 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 
 
 Questions. — What was the conduct of the Plymouth Company after the 
 failure of the Pophain Colony ? What did this company receive ? When ? 
 What grant did it contain ? By what name did the king designate the land 
 described ? To whom did the Plymouth Company sell parts of New England ? 
 To whom was the first sale made ? When ? What lands were granted to 
 Sir Ferdinando Gorges ? Whom did Gorges associate with himself ? What 
 settlements were established ? What separate grant did Mason obtain ? 
 When? What name did Mason's grant receive? What fort was built by the 
 Dutch in Connecticut? Where? What English settlement was made near 
 Fort Hope ? Who settled and named Hartford? Where did Davenport and 
 Eaton settle ? To whom was the country about the Connecticut River sold? 
 By whom ? What do you know of the founding of Saybrook ? How did its 
 name originate ? Whal happened to Roger Williams after lie left Massachu- 
 setts? What settlement did he establish? Who was the chief of the Narra- 
 gansetts ? What did Williams's settlement become ? Who founded Newport ? 
 When ? 
 
 REFERENCE OUTLINE. 
 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 (Mayflower Compact. 
 
 ( Pilgrims landed at Plymouth. 
 1628. Salem founded. 
 1 (••>() I Boston founded. 
 
 (Charter transferred to America. 
 1G36. Roger Williams banished. 
 1G75. King Philip's War.* 
 
 Maine and New Hampshire. 
 1(522. Granted to Gorges. 
 
 1G23. Settled under Gorges and Mason -) _, ,' 
 
 ( Portsmouth. 
 1G29. Mason receives separate grant. 
 1630. Saco founded. 
 
 Rhode Island. 
 
 1636. Roger Williams founds Providence. 
 1G38. Coddington founds Newport. 
 1643. Rhode Island charter obtained. 
 
 Connecticut. 
 
 I Dutch build Fort Hope. 
 
 (English settle Windsor. 
 1635. Saybrook founded. 
 1P op \ Hooker colony established. 
 
 / Pequot War begins.* 
 
 1638. New Haven founded. 
 
 1639. First written constitution. 
 
 *See chapter ii., Third Period. 
 
NEW ENGLAND. Ill 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. Early Maine and New Hampshire History. II. English Settlement of the Connecticut 
 Valley. IH. New Haven and Saybrook. IV. The Settlement of Rhode Island. V. First 
 American Written Constitution. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Bancroft's History of tin Ciiiful Stoles, vol. i. 
 New Hampshire, 218, 286. Emigration to Connecticut Valley, 205. ' onnectieiit constitu- 
 tion, 270. New Haven, 271. Rhode Island settled, 254. 
 
 Hildreth's History of the United States, vol. i. 
 New Hampshire, 200. Connecticut migration, 329, 231. Founding of Providence, 230. 
 New Haven Colony, 2(30. 
 
 Winsor's Narrativ< and critical History, vol. Hi- 
 Gorges and Mason's grants, 310. Early Maine history, 321. New Hampshire, 320. Con- 
 necticut, 330. Rhode Island, 335. 
 
 Bryant's Popular History of the Cuilal states, vols. i. and ii. 
 Early Maine and New Hampshire history, vol. ii., 419. Connecticut Valley settlements, 
 vol. i., 517, 519, 551. Connecticut Constitution, vol. ii., 23. New Haven settled, vol. ii., 27. 
 Williams's colony, vol. ii., 39. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities. — Gorges, Sir 
 
 Ferdinando. Mason, John. New Hampshire, Settlement of . Laconia. Hooker, Rev. Thos. 
 
 Davenport, Rev. John. New Haven Colony. Constitution, First Connecticut . Williams, 
 
 Rev. Roger. Providence Founded. Canonicus. Coddington, William. Rhode Islam! 
 
 Charier. 
 Special.— Fiske : Beginnings of New England, chap. iii. Gregory: Puritanism, Part II., 
 
 chap. iii. Fisher : Colonial Era, chaps. \ ii. and viii. Thwaites : The Colonies, 140-152. 
 
 Palfrey : History of New England, ill, 511, 516, 522, and 528. 
 
 Review Work. 
 
 Who named Cape Cod ? What river was called by the Indians Sagadahoc ? Who was 
 Raleigh Gilbert ? Humphrey Gilbert ? Walter Raleigh ? Why did the charter of 1606 give to 
 both the London and Plymouth Companies the right to settle on land between the 38th and 41st 
 parallels? How did the Indians of the New England coast learn a few English words before 
 any English settlement was made ? What kidnaped Indian came back to America and was of 
 great service to the whites ? What was the difference between the Pilgrims and other Puritans ? 
 What was New Hampshire first called ? 
 
 PREPARATORY GEOGRAPHY LESSON. 
 
 Upon a map of Maryland note the Chesapeake Bay. Potomac River. 
 Where is Annapolis ? Baltimore ? St. Mary's ? 
 
 Upon a map of Pennsylvania note the position of Philadelphia. At the 
 junction of what two rivers is it ? 
 
 Upon a map of the South Atlantic States note the Chowan River in North 
 Carolina. Note how near it is to Virginia. Where is Albemarle Sound ? 
 Note the mouth of the Cape Fear River ; of the Ashley River. Where is 
 Charleston? Port Royal? Savannah? Frederica, Ga. ? Note how near 
 Georgia and South Carolina are to Florida ; St. Augustine is to Savannah. 
 
PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 
 
 Maryland. 
 . CHAPTER XII. 
 
 the 
 Cab 
 
 Pilgrim 
 
 r ert, the 
 
 'ECIL CALVERT, LORD BALTIM< 
 
 FIKST FOR LIBERTY OF CONSCIENCE. 
 
 A Refuge for Catholics. — The coming of 
 
 Fathers to New England suggested to Sir George 
 
 first Lord Baltimore, a Catholic 
 
 nobleman, the idea of establishing a 
 
 refuge in America for the persecuted 
 
 of his Church. He visited Virginia 
 
 in 1628, and found that the Vir- 
 ginia colonists were unwilling to 
 
 admit Catholics ; so he sailed up 
 
 the Chesapeake Bay (1020). This 
 
 region pleased him very much, and 
 
 returning to England, he won the 
 
 king's promise to give him the land 
 
 for his colony. Before this promise was carried out, George 
 
 Calvert died, and his eldest son, 
 Cecil Calvert, became the second 
 Lord Baltimore. To him 
 Charles I. gave the land, and 
 granted one of the most liberal 
 charters ever written by an 
 English king. The territory 
 was named Maryland, after 
 Henrietta Maria, wife of the 
 king. 
 
 The Founding of Mary- 
 land. — Leonard Calvert, a 
 younger brother of Lord Balti- 
 more, with 200 Catholics, in the 
 ships Ark and Dove, sailed to 
 
 the Potomac, and a short distance above its mouth established 
 
 a sett lenient (1634), which they called St. Mar y's, as a compli- 
 
 Clayborne's Rebellion. 
 
 When Lord Baltimore arrived in 
 
 Maryland, William Clayborne, a Vir- 
 ginia trader, had already established 
 himself upon the Isle of Kent, near the 
 mouth of the Potomac, and, though 
 the island was within the limits of 
 Calvert's grant, refused to give up pos- 
 Bession. A controversy arose, some 
 blood was shed, and Clayborne was 
 driven away (1635). Failing to obtain 
 redress at the hands of the authorities 
 in England, lie returned and stirred 
 up a rebellion (1645). The rebels were 
 at first successful, and Lord Baltimore 
 was driven from the colony. But the 
 rightful authority was soon reestab- 
 lished. 
 
MARYLAND. 
 
 113 
 
 ment to the_cmeen. They called themselves "Pilgrims of 
 St. Mary." They were kindly received by the natives. The 
 hospitality of the Indian villages was extended to the new- 
 comers until houses 
 of their own were 
 erected. The settlers 
 learned from the In- 
 dian women how to 
 
 make corn bread, S— <illl : AdM 
 
 and from the men 
 how to hunt, trap, 
 and fish. 
 
 Religious Toler- 
 ance under Law. — 
 
 The Calvert s were just 
 and wise men. Their 
 government was very lib- 
 eral. Religious tolerance 
 was granted to all de- 
 nominations, and under 
 the charter the colonists 
 enjoyed many privileges of self-government. 
 
 In 1649 the legislature passed an act confirming the toleration 
 
 which the proprietors of the colony had already granted. This 
 
 liberal policy attracted many settlers, and among those who 
 
 arrived were large numbers of Puritans. After a while they 
 
 8 
 
 THE CATHOLIC'S IN MARYLAND. 
 
114 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 
 
 tried to take the control of the colony from its rightful pro- 
 prietor. Contentions and civil war between the Puritans and 
 Catholics lasted some years. Peace came in 1660, and under 
 the governorship of Philip Calvert, a younger brother of Lord 
 Baltimore, prosperity began. When William and Mary by 
 revolution came to the throne, Lord Baltimore was deprived of 
 his right to appoint the governors, though he remained propri- 
 etor of the hind. In 1694 the capital was removed to the old 
 Puritan settlement of Providence, >vhich was then called Anne 
 Arundel Town, in honor of Lord Baltimore's wife. This name 
 was shortened into Annapolis. 
 
 The Founding* of Baltimore ; the Dividing* Line. 
 — Baltimore was founded in 1729, and it is now one of the large 
 cities of the United States. As the populations of MarylandX I 
 and Pennsylvania increased, trouble arose over the boundary N^ 
 line. These troubles were adjusted during the four years / 
 between 1763 and 1767. The dividing line was established by / 
 two surveyors named Mason and Dixon, and this line has since / 
 become famous as dividing the South from the North. 
 
 Questions. — Who was Sir George Calvert ? What suggested to him the 
 idea of a refuge for the persecuted of his Church ? What did he Mud when lie 
 visited Virginia ? Where did he then go ? What promise did he win from the 
 king ? To whom was this promise carried out ? Why ? What was the char- 
 acter of the charter granted ? What, and for whom, was the territory named ? 
 Who founded the first settlement ? Its name ? What name did the settlers 
 give themselves ? What did the Indians extend to the newcomers ? What kind 
 of men were the Calverts ? What was granted to all denominations ? What 
 act was passed by the Maryland legislature in 1C49 ? What did this liberal 
 policy do ? Who arrived ? What contentions arose ? Under whom did pros- 
 perity begin ? Of what right was Lord Baltimore deprived ? Where was the 
 capital removed in 1694 ? What name was given to it ? Why ? To what 
 was the name shortened ? When was Baltimore founded ? When were boun- 
 daries fixed ? Why is Mason and Dixon's Line so called ? Why has this line 
 become famous ? 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 1. The Culverts and their Colonial Enterprise. II. The Settlement of Maryland. III. The 
 Puritans in Maryland. IV. Clayborne's Rebellion. V. Mason and Dixon's Line. VI. The 
 Maryland Toleration Act. 
 
PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE. 115 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Bancroft's History of the United States, vol. i. 
 William Clayborne, 154. Sir George Calvert, 155. Cecil, Lord Baltimore, 159. St. Mary's 
 Settlement, 160. Tolerance in Maryland, 102. Puritans in Maryland, 165, 167, 173. ( lath 
 and Act of Tolerance, 168. Mason and Dixon's Line, 570. 
 
 Hildreth's History of the United States, vol. i. 
 Calvert, 205. Settlement of St. Mary's, 209. Clayborne's opposition, 208. Religions tolera- 
 tion, 213. Toleration Act, 347. Puritan emigration to Maryland, 353. 
 
 Winsor's Narrative and. Critical History, vol. iii. 
 
 .Calvert, 517. His patent to Maryland, 520. William Clayborne, 520, 527. Freedom of 
 Christian worship granted to all comers in Maryland, 524. St. Mary's. 520. Religions tolera- 
 tion characteristic of the Maryland colony from the first, 530. Toleration Act, 534. Puritans 
 invited to Maryland, 535. 
 
 Bryant's Popular History of the United States, vol. i. 
 George Calvert, 485. Maryland colony, 490. Clayborne, 500. Toleration, 510. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities.— Baltimore, 
 
 Lord. Calvert, Cecil. Clayborne, 'William. St. Mary's, Settlement of. !!,.■!» Itinn, Clay 
 
 borne's. Line, Mason and Dixon's. Toleration, Act of . Baltimore, Founding of. 
 Special.— Browne's Maryland: The History of a Palatinate, chaps, ii. and iii. Fisher: 
 
 Colonial Era, chap. v. Thwaites : The Colonies, 81-86. Lodge : History of the English 
 
 Colonies, chap. iii. 
 
 Pennsylvania and Delaware. 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 THE PROPRIETARY OF PENN's WOOD. 
 
 Penn's Grant. — After the death of Oliver Cromwell, 
 Admiral Sir William Penn loaned a large sum of money to 
 Charles II., and assisted in restoring him to the throne of 
 England. The admiral's son, "William Penn, who had become 
 a Quaker, inherited from his father a large estate, including a 
 claim against the king for the money loaned him. In payment 
 of this claim William Penn accepted a grant of 40,000 square 
 miles of land west of the Delaware River (1G81). Penn pro- 
 posed to call the land New Wales, but the king, in honor of 
 Admiral Penn, named it Pennsylvania (Penn's wood). Penn's 
 principal reason for accepting this grant was to establish a home 
 for his Quaker brethren, who, like himself, were persecuted in 
 England. He published an invitation to all who were Avilling 
 to assist him in building up his estates in the New World. 
 
PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 
 
 The Settlement of Pennsylvania.— In May, 1GS1, two 
 shiploads of immigrants arrived, and established themselves 
 near the mouth of the Schuylkill. The next year Penn himself 
 followed in the ship Welcome, accompanied by more than a 
 hundred of his Quaker friends and neighbors. Swedish and 
 Dutch settlements had already been made near by,* but the 
 Quakers were not looked upon as intruders. Penn was known 
 to be a man of great piety and kindness of heart. i\ll gave 
 him a warm greeting when lie landed (December 27, 1082). 
 
 In 1GS3 a town with broad 
 streets was laid out at the 
 mouth of the Schuylkill 
 and named Philadelphia, 
 which means "brotherly 
 love." 
 
 Penn's Treaty. — 
 Penn felt that the Indi- 
 ans were the rightful 
 owners of the land, and 
 he paid them for it, al- 
 though he had already 
 bought it from' the King 
 of England. A great 
 meeting of Quakers and 
 Indians was held near 
 Philadelphia under the spreading branches of a gigantic elm 
 tree, since famous as Penn's Elm. In an eloquent address 
 Penn told the red men that the Quakers had come to live in 
 peace with them, and wanted their friendship. Many expres- 
 sions of good will were exchanged, and a treaty, which was 
 never broken, was made between them. Other colonies suf- 
 fered from Indian cruelties, but the Pennsylvania settlement 
 escaped, and it is said that no Quaker was ever killed by the 
 Indians. 
 
 A Liberal and Peaceful Government. — Penn in- 
 stituted a form of government very liberal in its nature. It 
 
 WILLIAM PENN. 
 
 See page 96. 
 
PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE. 
 
 117 
 
 provided for the proprietary and governor, who was Penn him- 
 self; and a provincial council and general assembly, elected by 
 the freemen of the province. Petty contentions were every- 
 where discouraged, and differences w r ere submitted to official 
 ' ' peacemakers. ' ' The Swedes and Dutch wh< > occupied the land 
 around New Castle before 
 Penn's arrival were 
 disturbed. Their claims 
 were confirmed, 
 and they were 
 adopted into 
 the colon}' 
 Circum 
 stances 
 
 so 
 favor- 
 able that 
 the growth 
 of the Quaker 
 colonies was 
 rapid. In three 
 years the population 
 numbered ten thousand, 
 and Philadelphia contained 
 more than six hundred houses. Among the early comers was a 
 large colony of Germans, w T ho established themselves at Ger- 
 man town. 
 
 Refuge for Quakers. — Penn returned to England in 1684, 
 and having great influence with James II., who had just 
 ascended the throne, exerted this influence in behalf of impris- 
 oned and persecuted Quakers, many of whom soon found their 
 
118 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 
 
 way to peaceful homes in Pennsylvania. Their descendants 
 still live in this State and are among its best citizens. 
 
 The Beginning of Delaware. — Delaware was included 
 in Penn's American territory. He had acquired it of the 
 Duke of York, who claimed it as a part of New Netherland, 
 though it had been granted to Cecil Calvert as a part of Mary- 
 land. The Calverts, however, had lost their influence with 
 the English Crown, and the Penns held the disputed terri- 
 tory. The Penn family granted a separate legislature to 
 Delaware in 1703 ; but the province still remained under the 
 authority of the governor of Pennsylvania, the right to 
 appoint governors for Pennsylvania and Delaware and theNi 
 proprietary rights to the territory remaining in Penn's family 
 undisturbed until the Revolution, when the two provinces 
 became States. 
 
 Questions. — Who was William Penn ? What did he inherit ? What 
 did he accept in payment ? What name did he propose to give to the land ? 
 What name was given to it ? By whom ? Why did Penn accept this grant of 
 land ? When did the first colony come over ? Where did they establish them- 
 selves ? When did Penn himself arrive ? How was he received ? Who had 
 already made settlements near by ? Penn was known to be what ? When was 
 Philadelphia founded ? What kind of government did Penn institute ? For 
 what did it provide ? What were discouraged ? What growth was shown 
 in three years? Who were among the early comers? When did Penn re- 
 turn to England ? How did Delaware come into the possession of Penn ? 
 To whom had it been granted ? When was it. given a separate legislature ? 
 How long did the authority to appoint governors and the proprietary rights to 
 the territory remain in the Penn family ? 
 
 REFERENCE OUTLINE. 
 
 Maryland. 
 
 1631. Kent's Island occupied by Clayborne. 
 1634. Settlement of St. Mary's. 
 
 *„...-' t Clayborne's rebellions. 
 
 Mil.). ) 
 
 1640. Toleration Act. 
 
 16U4. Annapolis made capital. 
 
 1729. Baltimore founded. 
 
 -.-,.- -Boundaries established. 
 
PENNSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE. ng 
 
 Delaware. 
 
 1638. Settled by Swedes. 
 
 1655. Conquered by Dutch of New Netherland. 
 
 1664. English conquest of New Netherland. 
 
 1682. Added to Penn's grant. 
 1703. Given separate legislature. 
 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 1fS1 5 Granted to William Perm. 
 
 '• \ First Quaker settlement. 
 168<> i Delaware added to Penn's grant. 
 ( William Penn arrives. 
 
 1683. Philadelphia founded. 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. The Quakers. II. William Penn. III. The Settlement of Pennsylvania. IV. Penn's 
 Treaty. V. History of Early Delaware. 
 
 Keferences and Authorities. 
 
 Bancroft's History of the United States, vol. i. 
 The Quakers and their faith. 528. William Penn, 556. Pennsylvania charter, 552. Settle- 
 ment, 554. Penn's treaty, 567. 
 
 Hildreth's History of the United States, vol. ii. 
 William Penn, 63. His letter to the Indians, 64. Purchase of Delaware, 65. Philadelphia 
 founded, 73. 
 
 Winsor's Narrative and Critical History, vol. iii. 
 Fox and his followers, 469. William Penn, 473. First vessel sent to Pennsylvania, 480. 
 Acquirement of Delaware, 480. Voyage of the Welcome, 482. Penn's attitude towards 
 the Indians, 490. 
 
 Bryant's Popular History of the United States, vol. ii. 
 William Penn, 480. Quaker settlement begins, 488. Penn's treaty, 493. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities.— Quakers, The. 
 
 Penn, William. Pennsylvania, Settlement of . Treaty, Penn's. 1'hiladelphia, Founding 
 
 of. Delaware, Early History of. 
 Special.— Fisher : Colonial Era, chap. xi. Thwaites : The Colonies, 207-210, 215-217. 
 
 Lodge : History of the English Colonies, chaps, xii. and xiii. 
 
 Review Work. 
 
 After whom was Delaware Bay named ? Who was prime minister of Sweden when New 
 Sweden was settled ? Which was settled first, Christina or St. Mary's ? How did New Jersey 
 receive its name ? What was the fate of Henry Hudson ? What difference in purpose was there 
 between the Dutch East India and the Dutch West India Company ? (See chap, viii.) Which was 
 settled first, New Netherland or New England ? What were Dutch Protestants called ? French 
 Protestants ? With what two colonies was Peter Minult connected ? 
 
1'EKIOD OF COLONIZATION. 
 
 Carolina. 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 THE LORDS PEOPKIETOES. 
 
 The Carolina Grant.— The hind around Roanoke Island 
 tid Cape Hatteras, and as far south as the St. John's River, 
 
 was the region to which the 
 name Virginia had first been 
 given. The English contin- 
 ued to call this land by that 
 name, although for a long- 
 time they made no further 
 attempt to colonize it. How- 
 ever, from year to year many 
 bold, liberty-loving men moved to 
 this region to escape the tyranny of the 
 royal governors who were sent out to the 
 province of Virginia. As early as 1053 Rev. 
 Roarer Green led a 
 
 colony to the Chowan country, 
 and settled near the present site 
 of Edenton. Many more fol- 
 lowed, and soon a number of 
 scattered settlements arose. In 
 L660 settlers from New England 
 located near Cape Fear River. 
 The Proprietary Com- 
 pany. — In 1663 Charles II. 
 granted the territory of Caro- 
 lina to eight noblemen, who 
 made a company under the 
 name of The Lords Proprietors 
 of the Province of Carolina. 
 The grant extended along the Atlantic Ocean ;is far south as 
 the .".1st parallel and to the west ;is far as the " South Seas." 
 
 The Name Carolina. 
 
 In 1630, Charles I., King of England, 
 granted the land lying between par- 
 allels31 and 36 north latitude to Sir 
 Robert Heath, and named it Carolina 
 in honor of himself. Charles I. lost 
 his head and Sir Robert Heath, who 
 was one of his ministers, lost his office, 
 so that no settlers were sent out to 
 Carolina while Oliver Cromwell ruled 
 England as Protector. When Charles 
 
 EL, after the Restoration, granted this 
 land to the Lords Proprietors, he also 
 called it Carolina. As his own name 
 w:is Charles, some authorities hold 
 that he named the province for him- 
 self, while others contend that he 
 retained the name in honor of his 
 father. 
 
 i 
 
CAROLINA. 
 
 121 
 
 Liberality to Settlers. — The Lords Proprietors were very 
 eager for people to settle their territory. They hoped to 
 acquire great wealth by selling 
 and renting land to the immi- 
 grants. They promised a lib- 
 eral government and religions 
 tolerance. In those days of 
 oppression this made Carolina 
 a very desirable region in which 
 to settle. Germans and Swiss 
 from Europe ; Dutch from New 
 Netherland, dissatisfied with 
 the rule of the English, who had 
 just taken possession (1664); and, particularly, large numbers 
 of French Huguenots, with their high culture and independent 
 spirit, fleeing from the tyranny of Louis XIV. — all these came 
 over, laid out farms and vineyards, introduced useful occupa- 
 
 The Lords Proprietors. 
 
 The members of this company were 
 Ceorge, Duke of Albemarle ; Edward, 
 Karl of Clarendon ; William, Earl of 
 (.'raven ; John, Lord Berkeley ; Sir 
 Ashley Cooper ; Sir George Carteret, 
 Sir John Colleton, and Sir William 
 Berkeley. The original grant in- 
 cluded the territory between thirty-one 
 and thirty-six degrees north latitude; 
 afterward the grant was extended 
 to the southern limit of Virginia. 
 
 UAKLES TOWN IN SOUTH CAKOL1NA. 
 
PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 
 
 •; 
 
 The Crand Model. 
 
 tions, and by their industry and thrift implanted such elements 
 of strength as few other American colonies enjoyed. 
 
 Albemarle and Clarendon Colonies. — After the Pro- 
 prietors had taken possession, they organized into a colony the 
 
 settlements which had already 
 been made by Virginians around 
 the Chowan River. This or- 
 ganization was called Albemarle 
 Colony, and William Drum- 
 mond was appointed as its gov- 
 ernor. At the time of the 
 -rant (1008) a Captain Hilton 
 was exploring the coast of 
 Carolina. He had been sent 
 by John Yeamans, an English 
 planter of Barbadoes, to find a 
 suitable location for settlement. 
 Yeamans went to England, and, 
 obtaining the desired grant of 
 land from the Lords Proprie- 
 tors, returned and established, 
 near the mouth of the Cape 
 fear River, a colony that after- 
 wards became known as the 
 Clarendon Colony (1005). 
 
 T h e F o 11 ii d i n $»• o f 
 Charleston.— These two col- 
 onies were planted in what is 
 now North Carolina, In 1<'>7<> 
 William Sayle arrived with a 
 large number of immigrants, and landed within the limits of 
 what is now South Carolina. These colonists first stopped at 
 Porl Royal, but. not being satisfied with the place, proceeded 
 to the Ashley Hirer, and upon tin' west bank of this river laid 
 the foundation of a city, which they named Charles Town. 
 Ten years Inter (1680) the colony was removed to a, more suit- 
 able site, called Oyster Point, and the city became known first 
 
 Up to the year 1670 the form of 
 government was satisfactory to the 
 Carolina colonists. But when the 
 Lords Proprietors saw their vast do- 
 main ailingupwith Bettlers,the scheme 
 of establishing a grand American em- 
 pire presented itself. Sir Ashley 
 Cooper, who had become Earl of 
 Shaftesbury, and John Locke, one of 
 the mosl renowned of philosophers, 
 wiili much thought and deliberation 
 drew up " fundamental constitutions " 
 consisting of too articles. These ar- 
 ticles provided for an aristocracy, with 
 two orders of nobility: the landgraves, 
 
 or carls, and the cassiqucs, or liarous. 
 
 'I'lic distribution of the honors made 
 Albemarle Qrst Palatine, Craven first 
 Qigh Constable, Berkeley first Chan 
 cellor, Ashley Chief Justice, Carteret 
 
 Admiral, and Colleton High Steward. 
 The territory was to be divided into 
 con n lies, each containing 48,000 acres ; 
 and the population into freeholders 
 and tenants. The tenants, or com- 
 mon people, were to have no politi- 
 cal rights, and were never to reach 
 higher rank, no matter how deserving. 
 The proposed form of government 
 was deemed a Grand Model by its 
 originators, lint it did not suit the 
 liberty loving Carolina colonists. After 
 twenty years of effort to establish it, 
 
 the plan had to be abandoned. 
 
as Oyster Point Town, then as New Charles Town, and finally 
 as Charleston. This colony was called the Carteret Colony. 
 
 Governor Yeamans and Slavery. — Governor Sayle 
 died the year after the Carteret Colony was founded (1671). 
 jjoseph West acted as governor until the one appointed by the 
 Lords Proprietors arrived (Ki72). This was Sir John Yeamans, 
 the man who had established the Clarendon Colony. 
 
 Yea-mans was followed by so many Cape Fear settlers that 
 the Clarendon Colony was soon afterwards abandoned. Yea- 
 
 JIEDAL I'llJDIKMlHI.VriVE OF THE DIVISION OF I'AIKJI.IN J 
 
 mans brought with him a number of negro slaves from his 
 plantations on the Barbadoes. This was the first introduction 
 of slavery into South Carolina, 
 
 Revolution of 1719. — As time passed on, the Proprie- 
 tors violated more and more the promises they had made. The 
 people had great cause to complain of the rents and taxes. 
 Trade with the West Indies had brought prosperity to the col- 
 onies, yet restrictions were put on this trade. Finally, in 1719, 
 South Carolina rebelled against the Proprietors, turned out 
 their governor, and elected Colonel James Moore to govern the 
 province in the name of the king. The king sustained the people 
 and recognized Governor Moore, who served until the arrival 
 of General Francis Nicholson, the first royal governor, in 
 1721. 
 
124 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 
 
 Carolina Divided. — Because of these troubles, seven of 
 the eight Proprietors sold their interests to the king, who 
 divided Carolina into two provinces in 1729. For many years 
 there had been two governors for the territory, and the two 
 parts had been called North Carolina and South Carolina. 1 T p< >n 
 the legal separation these names were given to the provinces. 
 A medal was struck off to commemorate the event of division. 
 
 Questions. — To what land was the name Virginia first given ? Who 
 from year to year moved to this region? Why? Who led a colony to the 
 Chowan River? When? Who located near the Cape Fear River ? To whom 
 was Carolina granted ? What company did they form ? Why did the Lords 
 Proprietors want people to go to Carolina? What promises did they make ? 
 Name four classes of people among the early settlers. Into what colony were 
 the Chowan River settlements organized ? Who was the governor ? Who was 
 Sir John Yeamans ? Where did Yeamans plant a colony ? When ? Where did 
 William Sayle establish a colony ? When ? W'hat do you know of the founding 
 of Charleston ? What was the Charleston colony called ? Who succeeded 
 Sayle? Whom did the Lords Proprietors appoint governor of the Carteret 
 Colony ? What became of the Clarendon Colony ? Who introduced slavery into 
 South Carolina ? What causes of complaint did the Carolina settlers have ? 
 What action did they take against the Proprietors ? How did the lung treat 
 this action? What was the result of these troubles? When was Carolina 
 divided? What names were given to the two provinces ? What was done to 
 commemorate the event ? 
 
 REFERENCE OUTLINE. 
 Carolina. 
 
 1562. Huguenots attempt Pori Royal settlement. 
 1584. Visited by Amidas and Barlow. 
 
 .,~ Q V - Raleigh attempts Roanoke settlements. 
 
 1053. Roger Green settles Chowan River country, X. C. 
 1G60. New Englanders attempt Cape Fear River settlement. 
 
 (Visited by Captain Hilton. 
 
 (Granted to Lords Proprietors. 
 1665. Yeamans founds Clarendon Colony. 
 1670. Sayle founds Carteret Colony. S. ('. 
 1672. Slavery introduced into South Carolina. 
 1680. Charleston founded. 
 
 1729. Divided into- j North Carolina. 
 ( South Carolina. 
 
125 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. The Lords Proprietors, Province of Carolina. II. Early History of the Carolinas. III. The 
 Grand Model. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Bancroft's History of the United Slate*, vol. i. 
 Proprietaries of Carolina, 408. Roger Green and the Albemarle settlements, 410. Yeamans's 
 colony, 411. John Locke's constitution for Carolina, 415. Carteret Colony, 420. Hugue- 
 nots, 432. 
 
 Hildreth's History oftht United States, vol. ii. 
 Lords Proprietors, 25. Clarendon Colony, 28. The Grand Model, 2D. Carteret Colony, 33. 
 
 Winsor's History of the United States, vol. v. 
 Lords Proprietors, 286. Chowan River settlements, 28". Clarendon Colony, 280. Funda- 
 mental constitutions of Locke, 291. Carteret Colony, 307. 
 
 Bryant's Popular History of tin United states, vol. i. - 
 The Carolina grant, 268. Green's colony, 271. New Englanders at Cape Fear, 272. Yea- 
 mans's Cape Fear colony, 275. Chowan settlements organized as Albemarle Colony, 276. 
 Locke's fundamental constitutions, 277. Sayle's Charleston colony, 281. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities. — Lords PrO- 
 
 prii tors, The. Green, Rev. Roger. Albemarle Colony. Grand Model, The. Yeamans, 
 
 Sir John. Clarendon Colony. Sayle, William. Carteret Colony. Charleston, Founding qf. 
 Special.— Fisher : Colonial Era, chap. vi. Thwaites : The Colonies, 87-95. Moore : History 
 
 of North Carolina, 1-27. Wheeler : History of North Carolina, chap. iv. Lodge : 
 
 History of the English Colonies, chaps, v. and vii. 
 
 Review Work. 
 
 What region was formerly called Chicora ? Who visited it in 1520 ? Who was John Ribault ? 
 What did the French call their fort at Port Royal, S. C. '; When was St. Augustine founded i 
 
 Georgia. 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 PHILANTHROPY .AND PROTECTION. 
 
 The Spaniards Threaten Carolina. — The settlement 
 of the Carolinas by the English brought them near to the 
 Spaniards, who occupied St. Augustine and regarded the Caro- 
 lina territory as a part of Florida. They threatened to invade 
 South Carolina and attack Charleston, and once they actually 
 did so (1700). They influenced the Indians to make war upon 
 the English, and persuaded the South Carolina slaves to run 
 
12G 
 
 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 
 
 Margravate of Azilia. 
 
 While the Lords Proprietors owned 
 Smith Carolina, they felt the need of 
 a colony between the Altamaha and 
 Savannah Rivers to protect them from 
 the Spanish in St. Augustine. They 
 granted the tract which afterward be- 
 came Georgia to sir Robert Montgom- 
 ery, who promised to found a colony. 
 He named bis grant the "Margravate 
 of Azilia " and issued a glowing circu- 
 lar, but failed to establish a colony, 
 thus forfeiting bis claim. In 1739 the 
 king bought out the interests of the 
 Lords Proprietors in the Carolina grant, 
 and tin- Margravateof A/.ilia came into 
 Ins possession. 
 
 away from their masters. To protect the Carolina settlement, 
 
 the English desired to occupy the country between the Alta- 
 
 maha and Savannah Rivers, 
 and there to establish military 
 posts strong enough to keep 
 back the Spaniards. 
 
 James Oglethorpe. — At 
 this time it was the custom in 
 England to imprison men who 
 could not pay their debts, and 
 the English prisons were full of 
 persons of this class. Parlia- 
 ment appointed a committee to 
 visit the debtors' prisons, and 
 one of this committee was 
 James Oglethorpe, a brilliant 
 
 young English officer, who had retired from the army and had 
 
 become a member of Parliament, lie visited the various places 
 
 of confinement, and found so 
 
 much suffering and misery that 
 
 lie formed a plan forsecuring in 
 
 America, a tract of land where 
 
 the unfortunate debtors and 
 
 poor people of London might 
 
 earn a- living. Many philan- 
 thropists united with him, and 
 
 Oglethorpe applied to the king 
 
 for a, grant of land and a 
 
 charter. 
 The <»eorj>ia Charter. 
 
 Oglethorpe's application was 
 
 ■ • I I JAMES OULKTHOKl'E. 
 
 well received, because the col- 
 ony he proposed would protect South Carolina from the Span- 
 ish. In L732 King George II. granted to a Hoard of Trustees, 
 for the benefit of his poor subjects, a, tract of land lying be- 
 tween the Savannah and the Altamaha rivers, and extending 
 westward from the heads of these rivers in direct lines to the 
 
127 
 
 " South Seas." He named the land Georgia, and the trustees 
 were to hold it for twenty-one years. 
 
 The Founding" of Savannah. — Parliament appropriated 
 a large sum of money and wealthy citizens subscribed liberally 
 to pay the expenses of the enterprise. None but worthy and 
 honest men were permitted to join the colony, and Oglethorpe 
 selected them with great care. The first ship, with 120 emi- 
 grants, arrived at Charleston in January, 1733, where a kindly 
 reception was accorded them. Continuing on their course, 
 they landed at Port Royal; but Oglethorpe and a few others, 
 
 pushing southward, found an admirable site for a city upon 
 the bank of what is now the Savannah Ki\ T er. Here they 
 were joined by the others, and the foundations of the present 
 city of Savannah were laid (1733). 
 
 Treaties with Indians. — Oglethorpe bought the land on 
 which Savannah was built, and Tomochichi, the chief of the 
 tribe, earnestly expressed a desire for peace, lie presented 
 Oglethorpe with a handsome ornamented buffalo robe, lined 
 with eagle feathers, and called attention to its softness and 
 warmth, saying they were emblems of love and protection, 
 which the Indians hoped to receive from their white friends. 
 Through the friendship of Tomochichi other lands were bought 
 from the chiefs of the Creek Indians, and treaties of peace were 
 
128 
 
 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 
 
 made with them which they kept faithfully for many years. 
 The land purchased included all the Atlantic coast, and ex- 
 tended up the Savannah River as far as Augusta. 
 
 Augusta and Other Settlements. — As emigrants 
 arrived, other settlements were made. In 1734 a colony of 
 Salzburgers, driven from their native country by religious per- 
 secution, established themselves thirty miles in the interior, 
 
 mil KTII"l;ri; \M> TuMcx H Kill. 
 
 at a pleasant spot which they named Ebenezer. In 1735 a 
 company of Scotch Highlanders settled at Darien, and in this 
 same year the cit} r of Augusta was founded. Another com- 
 pany of emigrants founded the city of Frederica in 1738. In 
 eight years the population of the Georgia colonics numbered 
 more than twenty-five hundred. 
 
 First Prohibition of Slavery.— Oglethorpe's colony 
 was for the most part a military one. Strict regulations were 
 enforced. Slavery and trade with the West Indies were not 
 
OEORGIA. 129 
 
 permitted. From both of these sources the neighboring Caro- 
 lina colonists were becoming wealthy. The Georgians were 
 therefore dissatisfied until these regulations were changed. 
 
 War Threatened. — In 1737 it was known that war would 
 soon arise between England and Spain. Oglethorpe hastened 
 to England, and securing a well-disciplined body of men, 
 returned with the appointment of commander-in-chief of all 
 militia of South Carolina and Georgia. We shall learn how he 
 distinguished himself in the war that occurred two years after- 
 wards. The trustees surrendered their charter, and Georgia 
 became a royal province in 1752. 
 
 Questions. — What did the settlement of the Carolinas by the English 
 do? How did the Spaniards regard the Carolina territory? What did they 
 threaten ? What did they influence the Indians to do ? What did they persuade 
 the slaves to do ? What did the English desire to do? What custom at this 
 time prevailed in England? Who was James Oglethorpe? On what committee 
 was lie appointed ? What did he find in (lie places of confinement ? What 
 plan did he form ? By whom was a grant of land made ? To whom ? What 
 did Parliament and wealthy citizens do ? Where did Oglethorpe's first ship 
 arrive ? Where did it land ? Where was Savannah founded ? Who was 
 Tomochichi ? How did he receive Oglethorpe? What present did he give him? 
 What four settlements were made and by whom ? What was the growth of the 
 Georgia colony? What for the most part was Oglethorpe's colony? What was 
 prohibited to the early Georgia colonists ? Why did these prohibitions cause 
 dissatisfaction? When did Oglethorpe return to England? Why? When did 
 Georgia become a royal province ? 
 
 REFERENCE OUTLINE. 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 1732. Oglethorpe receives grant. 
 
 1733. Savannah founded. 
 
 1734. Salzburgers settle Ebenezer. 
 1-or; i Augusta founded. 
 
 ( Darien founded. 
 
 1738. Frederica founded. 
 
 1740. Oglethorpe invades Florida.* \ 
 
 1-^40 J Spaniards invade Georgia. 
 
 1 Spaniards defeated at Bloody Marsh.* 
 1752. Georgia becomes a royal provinceV^ 
 
 Sec chap, vii., Third Period. 
 
130 
 
 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. Settlement of Georgia. II. James Oglethorpe. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Bancroft's History of the United States, vol. ii. 
 
 ( Iglethorpe and the Georgia charter, 281. First Georgia colony, 282. Oglethorpe and Tomo- 
 
 chichi, 282. Moravians, 287. Salzhurgers at Ebenezer, 289. 
 Hildreth's History of the United States, vol. ii. 
 
 Savannah founded, 365. Immigration to Georgia, 366. Celehrated visit of the Weslej s, 369. 
 Winsor's Narrative and Critical History, vol. v. 
 
 Oglethorpe's character and motives, 361-302. First Georgia colony, £67. Tomochichi, 809, 
 
 Salzhurgers and Moravians, 374. 
 Bryant's Popular History of the United stall*, vol. Hi. 
 
 Oglethorpe, 143. Settlement of Georgia, 144. Treaty with the Indians, 146. Highlanders, 
 
 1 is. The Wesleys in Georgia, 151. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities. Georgia, Settle- 
 ment of Ofjti -tlwrjn , James Edward. Savannah, Wounding of. Tomochichi. 
 
 Special.— Fisher : Colonial Era, chap. xx. Thwaites : The (Monies, chap. xiii. Lodge: 
 History of the English Colonies, chap. ix. Jones : History of Georgia, vol. L, chaps, iv.-vii. 
 Bruce : Life of Oglethorpe in Mafa rs of America Series. 
 
 PREPARATORY GEOGRAPHY LESSON, 
 
 Upon a map of the Southern or Gulf States note the coasl line. Where is 
 Matagorda Bay, Tex. ? Lavaca? Where is Pensacola ? Prom Pensacola fol- 
 low the coast westward, noting in succession the following: Mobile, Biloxi, 
 
 Lake Pontehartrain, and Lake Borgne. Note how nearthe Mississippi River is 
 to the southern shore of Lake Pontehartrain. Trace the river up to the mouth 
 of the Led River. Note the position of New Orleans, Natchez, and Natchitoches. 
 
LOUISIANA. 
 
 131 
 
 Louisiana. 
 
 CHAPTER XYI. 
 
 FRENCH BARRIERS TO WESTWARD EXPANSION. 
 
 French Settlements in Louisiana. — Tlie French 
 forts in the upper valley of the Mississippi River in time 
 became trading posts, but La Salle's at- 
 tempt to settle Louisiana was a failure. 
 A long war between England and France 
 prevented for several years further efforts 
 to make settlements. Peace was made in 
 1097, and in 1699 Pierre Lemoine, Sieur 
 d'Iberville [d'e-ber-vel], a brave Canadian 
 naval officer who had distinguished him- 
 self in the Avar and had seen much service 
 in Canada, was selected bv the French 
 
 
 ministers 
 to establish a colony at the 
 mouth of the Mississippi. 
 Iberville, accompanied by 
 
 a younger brother, Bienville 
 [beyan'vel], sailed with his fleet 
 to Pensacola, where he found 
 the Spaniards in possession. 
 Sailing on westward, he ex- 
 plored Mobile Bay, and at length 
 dropped anchor in the deep 
 water at Shi}) Island. Leaving 
 his fleet here, he embarked in 
 small boats and entered the 
 Mississippi through one of its 
 mouths. After proceeding up 
 as far as the mouth of the Red 
 River, he turned back; At the 
 opening of a bayou named 
 
 La Salle in Texas. 
 
 After reaching the mouth of the 
 
 Mississippi, La Salle returned to Can- 
 ada and thru to France. Here lie was 
 provided with the ships Joly and 
 Amiable, the brig La Belle, and the 
 ketch St. Francis; and with a colony 
 of 250 persons he set out to occupy the 
 territory he had explored for France. 
 This colony included twelve young 
 gentlemen, five priests, fifty soldiers, 
 and twelve families of immigrants, all 
 well supplied with provisions and 
 implements. 
 
 The Si. Francis, being a slow sailer, 
 was captured by Spanish privateers. 
 The remaining vessels safely entered 
 
 the Gulf of Mexico, and sailed north- 
 west. La Salle missed the month of 
 the Mississippi and sailed along the 
 line of what is now known as the 
 coast of Texas. 
 
 An exploring party found an inlet, 
 the channel of which they staked so 
 that the vessels could enter in safety. 
 
132 
 
 FERIOI) OF COLONIZATION. 
 
 This the Joly and La Belle did ; but 
 the Amiable struck a sand bar and 
 soon went to pieces. The bay which 
 they entered was called St. Bernard. 
 and is now known as Matagorda. As 
 soon as the colonists landed, Beanjeu 
 [bo-zhoo], La Salle's naval com- 
 mander, returned to France, leaving 
 the La Belle. But this vessel was soon 
 wrecked, and the colonists were left, 
 to depend upon themselves in a strange 
 region. They ascended a river which 
 they named Lcs Vaches (Lavaca), be- 
 cause they mistook the buffaloes graz- 
 ing on its banks for cattle. Tiny 
 ianded and built Fort St. Louis 
 (11)80). 
 
 La Salle made two expeditions to the 
 northeast, hoping to reach the French 
 posts or forts in Illinois. Accompanied 
 by his brother, nephew, and eighteen 
 others, he penetrated to the eastern 
 part of what is now Texas. Here, in 
 revenge for some fancied injury, 
 Lancelot, one of the men, formed a 
 plot against him, and was joined by 
 three others, Liotot, Iliens, and Du- 
 hault. La Salic, enticed from camp, 
 was waylaid and killed by Duhault. 
 The expedition went to pieces alter 
 La Salle's death. The dissatisfied 
 ones joined the neighboring Indians. 
 La Salle's brother ami six others made 
 their way to the land of the Arkansas, 
 where a small post, or fort, had been 
 established (1685). Here they learned 
 from two Frenchmen that Tonty had 
 journeyed down to the mouth of the 
 river to join La Salle, and not finding 
 him had returned, little knowing how 
 much his old commander, then wan- 
 dering in the wilds of Texas, needed 
 his gallant services. 
 
 As soon as the Spaniards of Mexico 
 heard of the establishment of Fort St. 
 Louis, so near them, they determined 
 to destroy it. A force under Alonzo 
 de Leon was sent (April, 1689) to attack 
 it, but the settlement was found de- 
 serted. The few who had escaped 
 death from starvation and sickness 
 had wandered away and were Captured 
 by the neighboring Indians, from 
 whom several were afterwards re- 
 covered. 
 
 Manchac, leading east from the 
 Mississippi, Iberville sent his 
 boats on down the river. He 
 himself took a canoe and re- 
 turned to his vessels by way of 
 this bayou and a chain of lakes. 
 One of the lakes he named Mau- 
 repas, another Pontchartrain, 
 after the French ministers under 
 whom the expedition had been 
 sent out. 
 
 Biloxi and Mobile. — On 
 the coast of the present State 
 of Mississippi a settlement was 
 made and a fort was built named 
 Biloxi (1699), after a friendly 
 tribe of Indians. This was the 
 first capital of Louisiana. In 
 17<>2 the capital was moved to 
 a new fort built on Mobile Bay 
 at the mouth of Dog River. 
 This settlement was the first 
 made by white men in Alabama 
 and was called Mobile. Nine 
 years later, in consequence of 
 overflow, a new site was chosen 
 where the present city of Mobile 
 stands. Here the capital re- 
 mained until 1720, when it was 
 moved back to Biloxi. 
 
 The growth of this col- 
 ony was slow. In a few years 
 Iberville died (1 T06), and France 
 lost interest in a colony which 
 was a constant tax upon her 
 treasury. The preservation of 
 the colony was due to Bienville, 
 
LOUISIANA. 
 
 133 
 
 its governor. Under the name Louisiana was included the en- 
 tire Mississippi Valley from the Alleghanies to the Rocky 
 Mountains. In 1712 the King of France granted this territory 
 to Anthony Crozat, who only tried to make money out of the 
 
 iAsfJto 
 
 
 m 
 
 mMmm 
 
 &4,v.s id 
 
 v.,- 
 
 DEATH OF LA SALLE. 
 
 grant by trade and commerce, and did very little to build up 
 the colony. Fort Rosalie was built near the present town of 
 Natchez (1716). A post at Natchitoches, on the Red River, had 
 already been built (1714) to repel the Spaniards < >f Mexico, whose 
 
134 
 
 PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 
 
 claims extended to this region. After a few } r ears lie voluntarily 
 surrendered his grant to the kino-. 
 
 The Mississippi Company. — In 1717 Louisiana passed 
 into the hands of John Law, a Scotchman living in France, 
 lie organized the celebrated Mississippi Company, the mem- 
 bers and stockholders of which, were promised great wealth, to 
 he made by colonizing and selling lands in Louisiana. 
 
 Beginning of New Orleans. — Emigrants were sent 
 
 River Saint Louis B^— 4> 
 
 )F NEW ORLEANS IN 1718 AND ITX'O, FROM DUMONT'S LOUISIANA. 
 
 over, part of whom settled at Biloxi, while the rest went on to 
 the Mississippi River. Selecting a spot hut a few feet above 
 the surrounding swamps, Bienville laid the foundation of the 
 city of New Orleans (171s), lint the capital of Louisiana was 
 not established there until four years later 1 1722). 
 
 Agricultural Progress.— Lands along the river were 
 sold and granted, and plantations were laid out. Slaves were 
 brought from San Domingo and other West India islands. 
 Posts were established on the river above and below. Inter- 
 
LOUISIANA. 135 
 
 course was opened with the settlements in Illinois and Canada. 
 The Mississippi Company failed, but a permanent impulse had 
 been given to colonization. The Jesuits introduced the culti- 
 vation of sugar cane (1751), which added to the agricultural 
 prosperity of the colony. 
 
 Forecast of a Struggle. — Thus was the French power 
 firmly established in the heart of the continent, from the Gulf 
 of St. Lawrence on the northeast to the Gulf of Mexico on the 
 southwest ; but on the Atlantic seaboard the English colonies 
 were growing in population and wealth, and their pioneers 
 were already pushing beyond the mountain barriers which 
 separated them from Louisiana. 
 
 Questions. — What did the forts in the upper valley of the Mississippi 
 become ? What did La Salle fail to do ? What prevented further settlements ? 
 Who was Iberville ? What was he selected todo ? Whatwashis brother's name? 
 What exploration did Iberville make? What river did lie enter ? How far up 
 did he ascend ? How and by what mute did Iberville return ? What lakes did 
 he name ? When was Biloxi founded ? Of what importance was Biloxi ? What 
 changes were made in the location of the capital ? To whom was the preserva- 
 tion of the colony due ? Where was Fort Rosalie built ? When? Natchitoches? 
 What extent of territory did Louisiana, cover ? Why did not Louisiana prosper 
 under Crozat ? Who was John Law ? What company did he organize ? Where 
 and when was New Orleans founded? By whom? When was sugar-cane cul- 
 ture introduced? Between what two gulfs did the American dominions of 
 France extend ? Toward what point were the English pioneers pushing forward ? 
 
 REFERENCE OUTLINE, 
 
 Louisiana. 
 
 l.~>42. Visited by De Soto. 
 1681. Explored by La Salle. 
 1685. Arkansas Post established. 
 
 ( Explored by Iberville and Bienville. 
 
 I Settled at Biloxi, Miss. 
 1702. First settlement in Alabama. 
 
 1711. Mobile, Ala., founded. 
 
 1712. Granted to Crozat. 
 
 1714. Natchitoches Post established. 
 
 1716. Fort Rosalie (Natchez) built. 
 
 1717. Granted to Mississippi Company. 
 
 1718. New Orleans founded. 
 
 1722. New Orleans becomes the capital. 
 1751. Sugar-cane culture introduced. 
 
13G PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. La Salle in Texas. II. Iberville and Bienville. HI. The Settlement of Biloxi, IV. John 
 Law and the Mississippi Company. V. Early Colonial History of Louisiana. VI. The 
 Founding of New Orleans. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Bancroft's history of the United Stales, vol. ii. 
 
 La Salle in Texas, 170-174. Iberville and Bienville, 1SS. Law and the Mississippi Com- 
 
 pany, ?27. New Orleans founded, 228. 
 Ilildreth's History of the United States, vol. ii. 
 
 La Salle in Texas, 98. Iberville colonizes lower Louisiana, 220. Biloxi settlement, 221. 
 
 Mississippi Company, 281. New Orleans founded, 2S1. 
 Winsor's Narrative and Critical History, vol. iv. 
 
 La Salle's attempted colonization of lower Louisiana, 333-239. 
 Bryant's Popular History of the United States, vol. ii. 
 
 La Salle at Matagorda Bay, 517. Iberville's expedition, 522. Biloxi, 523. Law and the 
 
 Mississippi scheme, 527. New Orleans, 531. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities. — Texas, 
 Attempted French Colonization of. La Salle, Death of. Iberville. Bienville. Biloxi, 
 Settlement of. Law, John. Mississippi Company. New Orleans, Founding of. 
 
 Special.— Gayarre : History of Louisiana. Martin: History of Louisiana. Grace King: 
 New Orleans— The Place and the People. Chambers : Louisiana— A Sketch in out tin, of 
 Its Past and Present. Grace King's Bienville, in the Makers of America Series. Cather- 
 wood : Story of Tonty. 
 
 Review Work. 
 
 Why were the French so interested in the Mississippi and its tributaries? How far down the 
 river did Marquette and Joliet come » Who explored the head waters of the Mississippi ? What 
 was the fort built in the Illinois country by La Salle called? What event influenced Dominique 
 de Gourges to sail to Florida with 180 men ? Where and when was the first colonial government 
 established ? The first American constitution written ? Why did France lose her interest in the 
 Louisiana Colony ? Who was Tonty ? Who had the stronger claim to Delaware, the Duke of 
 York or Cecil Calvert ? 
 
 PREPARATORY GEOGRAPHY LESSON. 
 
 Upon a map of Virginia note the location of Richmond. Note, as you go 
 back from the coast, what ridges of mountains are encountered. 
 
 Upon a map of the New England States note the location of Hartford, 
 Windsor, and Fairfield, Conn. In what part of Connecticut is the Mystic 
 River? Note that this river is not very far front Narragansett Bay. In what 
 part of Massachusetts is Swansea ? Deerfield? Badley? 
 
 Upon a map of the Southern Stales locate New Berne, N. C. Natchez, 
 Miss. Nolo the region of country in northeast Louisiana west of Natchez ; the 
 relative position of Natchez and New Orleans. 
 
TOPICAL OUTLINE. 
 
 137 
 
 TOPICAL OUTLINE. 
 
 g 
 
 First for Religious Liberty. 1 
 Villegagnon : South America. !. 
 Ribault : Charlesfort, S. C. 
 Laudonniere: Ft. Caroline, Pla. J 
 
 Failures in Sou'iu Virginia. ] 
 
 | Inexperience. 
 I Want of endurance. 
 Spanish atrocity. 
 
 f Cruelty to Indians. 
 
 Ralph Lane: Roanoke. \ English, -j Want of supplies. 
 
 John White : Los ' colony. J (. White's abandonment. 
 
 
 Attempts in North Virginia. 
 Gosnold : Elizabeth I -.'and. 
 Plymouth Co. Popham '"VI. 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 London Co. Smith : James- 
 
 [ Discontent. 
 English, <j No perseverance. 
 I. No strong motive. 
 
 \^f Self-government. Col. Assembly. 
 Robert Hunt and the Church. 
 English. \ Friendly Indians. Pocahontas. 
 Individual landholding. Homes. 
 I Industry. Tobacco culture. 
 
 New Netherland, N. Jersey. 1 f Profitable fur trade. 
 
 Dutch Cos. : New Amsterdam. [ Dutch. J Dutch contentment. Patroons. 
 English conquest : Elizabeth- j English. 
 
 town. 
 
 New England. 
 Standish : Plymouth Colony. 
 Mass. Bay Co.: Salem. 
 Winthrop : Boston. 
 
 Maryland. 
 TheCalverts: St. Mary's. 
 The Puritans : Annapolis. 
 Baltimore. 
 
 Pennsylvania, Delaware. 
 Peter Minuit : Christina, Del. 
 Wm. Penn : Philadelphia. 
 
 Swedes found New Jersey. 
 First refuge for Quakers. 
 
 f Separatist migration. 
 }C | Home rule. Mayflower Compact. 
 English, -j Friendly Indians. Massasoit. 
 
 Puritan intolerance settles R. 
 Island, N. Hampshire, Maine. 
 
 | Complete religious liberty. 
 English. \ Refuge for Catholics. 
 
 Self-government granted. 
 
 ^ 
 
 f William Penn's beneficence. 
 . j Friendship with Indians. 
 
 | Home for persecuted Quakers. 
 I, Religious liberty. Home ruleV 
 
 Carolina: North, South. 
 Green : Albemarle Colony, j 
 
 Eden ton. 
 Yeamans : Clarendon Col., j 
 
 Cape Fear. [ton. | 
 
 Sayle : Carteret Col., Charles- J 
 
 Virginians fleeing tyranny. 
 English. { Liberal Lords Proprietors. 
 I Failure of the Grand Model. 
 
 Georgia. 
 
 Oglethorpe : Savannah. 
 
 Louisiana. 
 Iberville : Bilosi. 
 Bienville : New Orleans. 
 
 f Philanthropy and protection. 
 \ English, i Selected colonists. 
 
 (_ Indians friends. Tomochichi. 
 
 f Enterprise of Iberville. 
 1 French. ■[ Energy of Bienville. 
 
 [ John Law's Miss. Colony. 
 
PERIOD OF COLONIZATION. 
 
 Reference Outline for Review. 
 
 Showing Settlements by Nations. 
 
 1562 South Carolina Porl Royal Ribault.* 
 
 1 564 Florida Caroline Laudonniere.' 
 
 1 605 Nova Scotia Port Royal De Monts. 
 
 1 60S Canada Quebec Cham plain. 
 
 16S5 Arkansas Arkansas Posi Tonty. 
 
 1 685 Texas ■ Matagorda Bay La Salle.* 
 
 1 699 Mississippi Biloxi Iberville. 
 
 1702 Alabama Mobile Iberville. 
 
 17 14 Louisiana Natchitoches St. Denis. 
 
 1 7 1 S Louisiana New I >rleans Bienville. 
 
 1565 Florida St. Augustine Menendez. 
 
 1 582 New Mexico Santa F6 Espejo. 
 
 1 699 Florida Pensacola Riolle. 
 
 17 14 Texas San Antonio Teran. 
 
 1613 New York New Amsterdam Dutch. 
 
 1 638 Delaware ('/nix/inn Minuit. 
 
 1585 North Carolina Roanoke Island Raleigh.* 
 
 1 602 Massachusetts Elizabeth Island Gosnold.* 
 
 1 607 Maine Kennebec River Plymouth Co. 
 
 1 607 Virginia Jamestown London Co. 
 
 1 620 Massachusetts Plymouth Pilgrims. 
 
 1623 New Hampshire — Portsmouth) j Mason. 
 
 1630 Maine Saco J (Gorges. 
 
 1 633 Connecticut Windsor Puritans. 
 
 1634 Maryland St. .Man's Calvert. 
 
 1636 Rhode Island Providence Williams. 
 
 1 653 North Carolina Edenton Green. 
 
 1 664 New Jersey Elizabethtown Carteret. 
 
 1670 South Carolina Charleston Sayle. 
 
 1 681 Pennsylvania Philadelphia Penn. 
 
 1 733 Georgia Savannah Oglethorpe. 
 
 English settlements in red; French in black; Spanish in blue; 
 Dutch and Swedish in italics. 
 
 * Attempted settlements. 
 
 
REVIEW OF SECOND PERIOD. 139 
 
 Reference Outline for Review. 
 
 Showing Chronological Order of Settlements. 
 
 1 562 Port Royal, S. C. 
 
 1 564 Caroline, Fla. 
 
 1565 St. Augustine, Fla. (1579. Drake explores Oregon.) 
 
 1582 Santa Fe\ N. M. 
 
 1 585 Roanoke Island, N. C. (Davis seeks N. W. passage.) 
 
 1 602 Elizabeth Island, Mass. 
 
 (1604. De Monts explores Bay of Fundy.) 
 
 Port Royal, Nova Scotia. 
 
 Kennebec River, Me. 
 
 Jamestown, Va. 
 
 Quebec, Canada. (1609. Hudson explores Neiv Netherland.) 
 
 New Amsterdam, N. Y. 
 
 Plymouth, Mass. 
 
 Portsmouth, N. H. (1629. Brule explores Lake Superior.) 
 
 Saco, Me. 
 
 Windsor, Conn. 
 
 St. Mary's, Md. (1634. Nicollet explores Wisconsin.) 
 
 Providence, R. I. 
 
 Christina, Del. 
 
 Edenton, N. C. 
 
 ElizabethtOWn, N. J. (1G69. Joliet explore? Lake Huron.) 
 
 Charleston, S. C. 
 
 (1671. Marquette and Joliet explore Mississippi River.) 
 
 1681 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 (1G81-1683. La Salle explores Louisiana.) 
 
 1 685 Arkansas Post, Ark. Matagorda Bay, Tex. 
 
 1699 Pensacola, Fla. Biloxi, Miss. 
 
 1702 Mobile, Ala. 
 
 1714 San Antonio, Tex. Natchitoches, La. 
 
 1718 New Orleans, La. 
 
 1733 Savannah, Ga. 
 
III. PERIOD OF COLONIAL 
 DEVELOPMENT. 
 
 The Growing Colonies. 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 THE BEGINNING OF INDIAN EXTINCTION. 
 
 The Indians and the First Virginia Settlers. — When 
 the English landed at Jamestown, the Indians with whom the 
 
 colonists first came in contact 
 were inclined to be hostile. But 
 seeing how few the settlers 
 were, Powhatan thought his 
 people would never have cause 
 to fear the presence of the 
 whites. So he said to his 
 braves : " Let them alone, they 
 harm you not ; they but take a 
 little land." 
 
 The Indians and the 
 First Massachusetts 
 Settlers. — The Pilgrim Fa- 
 thers, standing upon the bleak coast of Massachusetts, were 
 greeted with the words, ''Welcome, Englishmen!" from 
 Samoset, a friendly Indian who came as a messenger from 
 Massasoit, chief of the neighboring Wampanoags [warn- 
 pa-no'ags]. The Narragansetts, however, were not disposed 
 to be so friendly. They sent the Plymouth settlers a rattle- 
 snake skin filled with arrows, which was their way of declar- 
 
 English and French 
 Treatment of the In- 
 dians Contrasted. 
 
 The French had less difficulty with 
 the Indian than the English had. 
 The French associated with him, 
 hunted with him, and bought his furs. 
 The English despised him, took his 
 land from him, and pushed him out of 
 the way. The French made a comrade 
 of him ; the English, an enemy. By 
 his aid the French were able to make 
 long journeys of exploration ; because 
 of his opposition, the English were for 
 many years prevented from making 
 their way into the interior. 
 
THE GROWING COLONIES. 141 
 
 ing war. But no war was waged, for Miles Standish, filling 
 the snake-skin with powder and shot, sent it back with a mes- 
 sage so defiant that Canonicus, the Narragansett chief, con- 
 cluded it would not be wise to attack so bold an enemy. This 
 was the chief who afterward became a warm friend of Roger 
 Williams. 
 
 Powhatan, a Friend. — As the Jamestown settlers in- 
 creased in number, the Indians became alarmed. They saw 
 that it was not a little land the whites wanted, but large 
 stretches of country. Several times they were ready to make 
 war upon the colony; but Captain John Smith, while making 
 expeditions into the Indian country, had shown himself so 
 fearless that Powhatan was affected with admiration, and 
 thought it best to have the whites as friends and not as ene- 
 mies. The marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe awakened 
 the feeling of friendship iu the old chief's mind. 
 
 Opecancanough, an Enemy. — So long as Powhatan 
 lived, this friendship continued. But when he died he was 
 succeeded by one who had long cherished a feeling of intense 
 hatred towards the whites. This was Opecancanough. 
 
 First Indian Massacre, 1622. — Opecancanough saw 
 that, unless the whites were destroyed, the Indians would soon 
 be driven from the land. lie had little difficulty in stirring 
 up his followers to hostility. lie determined upon a general 
 massacre of the Virginians, and so secretly were his plans car- 
 ried out that several plantations and outlying settlements were 
 taken completely by surprise. He put to death 349 colonists 
 (1622). Jamestown, however, escaped, having received warn- 
 ing from a. friendly Indian in time to make a successful 
 resistance. 
 
 First Indian War in Virginia. — A bloody war followed 
 this massacre.. The colonists were reduced in number from 
 4,000 to 2,500 ; and the plantations and settlements from 80 
 to 6. The Indians, however, were driven from that part of 
 Virginia, and a large area of new territory was opened to 
 settlement. 
 
 Second Indian Massacre, 1044:. — Twenty-two years 
 
142 . PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 
 
 of peace and prosperity followed. But all this time Opecan- 
 canough, in the back country to which he had been driven, 
 was nursing his hatred and waiting for revenge. At last 
 the time arrived when, winning to his cause several Indian 
 tribes, he again fell upon the outlying Virginia settlements 
 (1644). On the first day of the attack 500 colonists were 
 massacred. 
 
 Second Indian War in Virginia. — A force from 
 Jamestown at length reached the scene. The Indians were 
 defeated, pursued, and killed. Opecancanough, now 100 years 
 old, was himself captured and taken to Jamestown, where he 
 was shot by an enraged soldier. After his death Virginia 
 enjoyed a long season of peace and security. 
 
 Questions. — How were the Indians inclined towards the first Virginia 
 settlers? What did Powhatan say? How were the Pilgrim Fathers greeted 
 by Samoset ? How did the Narragansetts show their hostility ? Why did not 
 Canonicus make war against the Plymouth Colony ? Why did the Virginia In- 
 dians become alarmed ? What prevented them from making war? Who suc- 
 ceeded Powhatan? Tell about the first Indian massacre in Virginia. The 
 first Indian war. How many years of peace followed this war? Tell about 
 the second massacre and war. 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. Territorial Claims of England, France, and Spain. II. Indian Wars of the Virginia Colony. 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Bancroft's Historyoftlu United States, vol. i. 
 Spain v claims ii> the Chesapeake, 59. England's claim extending into the backw nods with- 
 out I tid. 85. Massacre and war, 128. 
 
 Bildreth's History oj ih< United States, vol. i. 
 French claim to North America. It;. Spanish claim, 40. English claim, 37. Indian inas- 
 - i< n - and wars, 124, 526. 
 
 Winsor's Narrativt and Critical History, vol. iii. 
 Indian wars in Virginia, 1 15. 1 17. 
 
 Bryant'e Popular History oftlu United States. 
 Vol. i. Indian massacre of 1622, 178. Vol. ii. Opecancanough and the war of 1644, 203. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 '■i mi for comparative examination of other works and authorities.— Claims, Con- 
 flicting Indian War, First Virginia. Opecancanough. Indian War. Second Virginia, 
 Jamestown, \fassacn of. 
 SreciAL.— Cooke : Virginia, 124, 182. Doyle : Virginia. 
 
THE GROWING COLONIES. 
 
 143 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 INDIAN CONFLICTS '. NORTHERN COLONIES. 
 
 The Pequot War. — The settlers of Connecticut were not 
 permitted to locate without opposition. They had moved too 
 far from the seacoast and had occupied lands which the Indians 
 had resolved not to give up. The most powerful of the Con- 
 necticut tribes was the Pequots, whose chief was Sassacus. 
 
 Scarcely had the colonists established themselves in their 
 new homes, when these Indians made war upon them (1034). 
 
 The Pequots lurked about the Connecticut villages, waylaid 
 settlers, committed murder, and destroyed so far as they could 
 everything belonging to the 
 whites. The colonists realized 
 that there could be no peace 
 unless the Indians were sub- 
 dued. A force of ninety men 
 from Hartford, Wethers- 
 field, and Windsor, under 
 Captain John Mason, marched 
 into the Indian country to at- 
 tack the principal Pequot vil- 
 lage on the Mystic River. 
 Mason and his men were ac- 
 companied by seventy friendly Indians, 
 the Mohegans. 
 
 Mason surprised the Indian village one morning two hours 
 before dawn. The Pequot sentinel had only time to shout 
 " Owanux ! Owanux ! " (" Englishmen ! Englishmen ! ") be- 
 fore the attack began. The village was burned to the* ground 
 and more than five hundred men, women, and children were 
 put to death (1637). 
 
 Sassacus, with 300 warriors, hastened to the assistance of 
 the village, but arrived too late. The whites went on with the 
 war until the Pequot tribe was completely dispersed. Sassacus 
 himself was driven west towards the Hudson. Manv of his 
 
 liLOCKIIOrsK Foil 1)KFKN>K. 
 
 under Uncas, chief of 
 
PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 
 
 people wore captured and sent as slaves to the West Indies. 
 The few warriors that were left joined the Mohegans and Nar- 
 ragansetts. The Pequot War was followed by forty years of 
 peace, during- which the New England colonists increased in 
 number to more than sixty thousand. 
 King Philip's War. — Massasoit (the chief of the Wam- 
 
 panoags), who 
 was friendly to 
 the settlers along 
 the Massachu- 
 setts coast, had 
 been succeeded 
 by his sons Philip 
 and Alexander. 
 They had no 
 friendly feelings 
 for the whites, 
 whose settle- 
 ments were ex- 
 tending every 
 day farther and 
 farther into the 
 interior. They 
 saw how rapidly 
 the English were 
 increasing in 
 n u m b e r , a n d 
 knew that the In- 
 dians would soon 
 have to give up 
 their lands if the 
 whites were not driven away. Many tribes joined Philip, and 
 soon all New England was engaged in a bloody conflict, which 
 is known in history as King Philip's War. 
 
 This war began (HIT.")) with an attack upon Swansea, Mass., 
 in which several persons were killed. The whole country 
 quickly became alarmed, and troops were sent from Boston and 
 
THE GROWING COLONIES. 145 
 
 Plymouth against the savages. Philip was besieged at Pocas- X 
 set for thirteen days, but managed to escape. The Indians 
 next burned the town of Deerfiekl (September 1, 1675), and 
 attempted to do the same with Iladley and Hatfield, but were 
 repulsed. The insecurity of their homes and the sudden at- 
 tacks made by the Indians led the colonists to build block- 
 houses for common refuge and defense. Even in the daytime, 
 and in going to church, it was not safe for them to pass along 
 the road unarmed. 
 
 Attack on the Narragansetts.— The Indian uprising 
 soon extended to the tribes of Maine and New Hampshire. 
 The Narragansetts, who were early friends of Eoger Williams, 
 did not openly join in the hostilities, but it was believed that 
 they encouraged Philip. A force sent against them destroyed 
 one of their towns, in which many had taken refuge. More 
 than a thousand were killed, and the rest then joined Philip. 
 The Indians now attacked town after town, but the colonists 
 successfully defended their homes. 
 
 Philip's Death and its Results. — Philip went to ISTew 
 York and tried in vain to get the Mohawks to join the New 
 England Indians in their war against the whites. Soon after ) 
 his return to his home at Pokanoket, or Mount Hope, he was 
 attacked by Captain Church, one of the most celebrated Indian 
 fighters at that time. In trying to escape, Philip was shot by 
 an Indian deserter acting under Church (August 12, 1076). 
 
 The war in Massachusetts ended with King Philip's death. 
 It was the most destructive war in which the early colonists 
 engaged. More than six hundred settlers were killed and as 
 many dwellings destroyed Put it broke the power of the 
 Indians, and opened more land for settlers. 
 
 Questions. — What was not permitted to the settlers of Connecticut? 
 Why? Who were the Pequots ? Who was the Pequot. chief? What did the 
 Pequots do as soon as the Connecticut settlements were established? What 
 was their manner of fighting ? What did the colonists realize ? Tell what you 
 know of the Pequot War. How many years of peace followed the Pequot War ? 
 What was the next tribe to give trouble ? Who had succeeded Massasoit as 
 chief of the Wampanoags ? Why did they feel unfriendly toward the Connecti- 
 cut settlers ? What was the great conflict with 1 lie New England Indians 
 10 
 
146 PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 
 
 tailed ? With what did King Philip's War begin ? What town was attacked 
 and burned ? What two towns escaped ? What common refuge had the colo- 
 nists when they were attacked ? In what manner did they go to church ? Give 
 a reason why the Narragansetts were attacked. With what did the war in 
 Massachusetts end ? What was the result of King Philip's War? 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. Pequot War. II. King Philip's War. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Bancroft's History of tlu United States, vol. i. 
 
 Pequot War, 266. King Philip's War, 386. 
 Hildreth's History of the United States, vol. i. 
 
 Pequot War, 247. King Philip's War, 477^191. 
 Bryant's Popular Ui*l<>nj of tlu Vailed Stales. 
 
 Ydl. i.— Pequot War begins, 55(5. Vol. ii.— Pequot War, 1-17. Philip's War, 401-410. 
 Fiske's Beginnings of 2V< w England. 
 
 Pequol War, 129. King Philip's War, 211-230. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities.— Pequots, The. 
 
 Sassacus. Mason, Captain Inhn. King Philippe War. Church, Captain. 
 Special.— Doyle's English in America: vol. i.. Puritan Colonies, 215-234; vol. ii., 213-239. 
 
 Lodge: English Colonies, 259, 373. Thwaites: The Colonies, 136. Drake: Making of New 
 
 England. 
 
 CHAPTEE III. 
 
 INDTAN CONFLICTS I SOUTHERN COLONIES. 
 
 The Tuscarora War. — That which had happened to the 
 Northern colonists, when they moved farther into the interior, 
 took place at a later date among the Southern colonies. The 
 
 country back of the North ( !ar< >- 
 Una settlements was occupied 
 by the cruel Tuscaroras, who 
 belonged to the Iroquois family 
 of Indians. During forty years 
 of growth the North Carolina 
 settlements pushed into the in- 
 terior and encroached upon the 
 hunting grounds which afforded 
 the Indians their necessary sup- 
 
 Graffenreid's Colony. 
 
 The fertile lands of Carolina at- 
 tracted a very desirable class of im- 
 migrants. Among the hard-working 
 people who made their way to this 
 region from different European coun- 
 tries was a colony of 600 Germans and 
 Swiss under P.aron de < Jraffenrcid. 
 These established themselves on the 
 Neiise I, her (1710), and called thei/ 
 settlement New Berne. 
 
 cd then/ 
 
THE GROWING COLONIES. 
 
 147 
 
 port. This continual and increasing occupation of their lands 
 aroused the jealousy of the Tuscaroras, who were made still 
 more hostile and revengeful by the unjust t treatment they re- 
 ceived from white traders. Therefore m they determined 
 to attack the settlers at 
 the first opportunity; 
 and such an opportunity 
 occurred when the 
 Albemarle colo- 
 nists were quarrel- 
 ing among them- 
 selves about who 
 should be gov- 
 ernor. The In- 
 dians thought 
 it a good time 
 to begin a 
 massacre. 
 
 The Tusca- 
 r o r a s were 
 joined b y 
 neighboring 
 tribes who 
 were equally 
 alarmed by 
 the spread of 
 white settle- 
 ments, and a 
 conspiracy 
 w as thus 
 formed which 
 aimed at the 
 complete de- 
 struction of the colonists. Beginning on September 11, 1711, 
 an attack was made at several different points and extended 
 from the Roanoke River to the Neuse and to Pamlico Sound. 
 Houses and barns were burned, from which the inhabitants 
 
 INDIAN WARRIORS. 
 
148 PEEIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 
 
 fled only to be horribly massacred by the infuriated savages. 
 On the Koanoke 150 were killed, and about half as many at 
 New Berne. Assistance, however, soon came. 
 
 Defeat of the Tuscaroras. — In the backwoods of Vir- 
 ginia was a trail, or path, leading from Carolina to New York, 
 along which Iroquois and Tuscaroras journeyed when they 
 visited each other. Governor Spottswood of Virginia guarded 
 this trail, and kept the Iroquois back from helping the Tuscaro- 
 ras. Captain John Barnwell came up from South Carolina with 
 
 a force of militia and Yemassee 
 Indians, and defeated the Tusca- 
 roras with great slaughter (1 712). 
 End of the Tuscarora 
 War.— The next year (1713) \ 
 Colonel James Moore attacked 
 the Tuscarora chief, Ilandcock, 
 in his palisaded fort of Xahucke, 
 near what is now the village of 
 Snow Bill. The fort, with 800 
 prisoners, was taken. This ended 
 the war; for it so disheartened 
 the Tuscaroras that they aban- 
 doned Carolina and pushed on 
 to New York, where tliey joined 
 the Iroquois confederacy. The 
 colonists then made a treaty 
 with the Coree and other re- 
 maining tribes. 
 
 The Yemassee War. — 
 The peace that followed the 
 Tuscarora War did not last 
 long. The Yemassees, who had 
 so bravely assisted the whites against the Tuscaroras, were 
 the first to break it. These Indians were incited against the 
 English by the Spaniards of Florida. The Yemassees were 
 joined by warriors from the Muskhogean and other tribes. 
 More than ten thousand enffagred in the bloody work. 
 
 The Natchez War. 
 
 When the French established Fort 
 Rosalie, in the lower Louisiana terri- 
 tory, they were brought in contacl 
 with the Natchez. At ftrsi these In 
 (Hans were friendly, but as time passed 
 their feeling changed. I)e Chopart, 
 the cruel commandant of Port Rosalie, 
 determined to establish an additional 
 settlement, and selected a site upon 
 which the Natchez village of the White 
 Apple was located, lie haughtily de- 
 manded thai the Indians should leave; 
 but they pleaded for time to gather 
 their crops, and meanwhile planned a 
 conspiracy, which was successfully 
 executed (l'i'29). Fori Rosalie was 
 captured. No1 a single building was 
 left standing, of the 700 men that 
 
 garris d the fort, few escaped to tell 
 
 the tale. The success of the Natchez. 
 
 was of short duration, however. A 
 force of French and Choctaws, under 
 Commandant-General Perier, arriving 
 from the lower settlements, compelled 
 
 them to take refuge in the swamps 
 
 beyond the Mississippi, whither they 
 were pursued. Man} of them were 
 captured, and the r mainder took 
 refuge « ith the < Chickasaw s. 
 
 * 
 
THE GROWING COLONIES. 149 
 
 End of the Yemassee War.— The Yemassee War began 
 with an attack upon Pocotaligo (April 15, 1715). In a few 
 hours, more than one hundred settlers were killed. Governor 
 Craven of South Carolina, at the head of a company of cavalry, 
 was fiercely attacked by more than five hundred Yemassee war- 
 riors, bat he repulsed them. Shortly after, Colonel Mackay, 
 with a force from Charleston, destroyed the Yemassee town of 
 Coosawhatchie and drove the Indians toward the south. The 
 war ended after long- and stubborn fighting, by which over 
 four hundred of the whites lost their lives. The Indians were 
 driven beyond the Savannah Eiver, where they were secure from 
 attack, Georgia not yet having been settled by whites. For a 
 long period afterwards the Carolina settlements spread west- 
 ward without opposition. 
 
 Questions. — To what family did the Tuscaroras of North Carolina be- 
 long ? During forty years of growth what had the North Carolina settlements 
 done? What reasons had the Tuscaroras for becoming hostile? What oppor- 
 tunity did they seize to attack the whites? What conspiracy was formed? 
 When did the attack begin? How far did it extend? What resulted? What 
 help did Governor Spottswood of Virginia give the Carolinians? Who defeated 
 the Tuscaroras? Where was the Tuscarora chief Handcock attacked? By 
 whom? How many prisoners were taken? What became of the Tuscaroras ? 
 What was the next tribe to make war upon the whites of Carolina? Who 
 incited the Yemassees ? How many Indians engaged in the war? With what 
 attack did the Yemassee War begin ? When ? What victory did Governor 
 Craven win? What town did Colonel Mackay destroy ? How many whites lost 
 their lives in this war? Where were the Yemassees driven ? 
 
 REFERENCE OUTLINE. 
 
 COLONIAL WARS : INDIAN. 
 
 Indian Wars. 
 
 1622. First Indian War (Opecaneanough), Virginia. 
 1636. Pequot War (Sassacus), Connecticut. 
 1644. Second Indian War (Opecaneanough), Virginia. 
 1G75. Wampanoag War (King Philip), Massachusetts. 
 1711. Tuscarora War (Handcock), North Carolina. 
 1715. Yemassee War (Samite), South Carolina. 
 1729. Natchez War (Great Sun), Louisiana. 
 1757. Cherokee War (Ouconostota), South Carolina.* 
 1763. General Indian War (Pontine), Northwestern Territory.* 
 : See chap, xi., Third Period. 
 
150 PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. The Tuscarora War. II. The Yemassee War. III. The Natchez War. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Bancroft's History of the United *lat<*, vol. ii. 
 
 Tuscarora War, 203-205. Natchez War, 232. 
 Hildreth's History of the United States, vol. ii. 
 
 Xemassees ami Tuscaroras, 22S. Tuscarora War, 208. Yeiuassee War. 276. 
 Winsor's Narrative and Critical History, vol. v. 
 
 Tuscarora War, 2C8. Yemassee War, 318, 321. Natchez War, -Iti. 
 Bryant's Popular History of the United States, vol. iii. 
 
 Tuscarora War, 91. Yemassee War, 04. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities. — Tuscaroras, 
 
 The. Handcock, Chief. Graffenreid's Colony- Yemassees, The. Natchez War, The. 
 Special.— Gayarre's History of Louisiana, vol. L, 309 349: The Natchez. Moore: History 
 of North Carolina. William Gilmore Simms : Th, Yemassee (fiction). Clarke: History 
 Of North Carol nut. 
 
 Review Work. 
 
 Who was the chief of the Virginia Indians before Opecancanongh ? When and where was 
 the fust English settlement in Connecticut made:' What Massachusetts colony did Massasoil 
 befriend? Why did the sons of Massasoil and the Wampanoags become unfriendly to the Con- 
 necticut settlers ? When was the Albemarle Colony founded i What claim had Spain to Georgia 
 and South Carolina ? Which was founded first, New Orleans or Fort Rosalie (Natchez) ? 
 
 CHAPTEK IV. 
 
 THE KAKI.V AMERICAN REBELLION. 
 
 The Virginians' Love of Liberty. — The Virginians 
 were loyal to the king and to the mother country ; bat they 
 also loved liberty and right, and hated tyranny. Two of the 
 royal governors soon learned that the people were willing to 
 fight against injustice and oppression. These two were Sir 
 John Harvey and Sir William Berkeley. 
 
 Sir John Harvey was removed by the Colonial Assembly 
 (1635) because of his tyrannical actions, and particularly be- 
 cause, as was charged, lie had sold lands belonging to the 
 people. The king, though at first disposed to sustain the gov- 
 ernor, became convinced that the people were right, and three 
 years later removed Harvey from office. 
 
THE GROWING COLONIES. 
 
 151 
 
 Sir William Berkeley was governor for thirty years. 
 At first lie was just and courteous to everyone, and the people 
 were greatly pleased with him ; but being an ardent royalist 
 he was removed by Cromwell, who permitted the people to 
 elect their own governor and to make their own laws. 
 
 Although the Virginians were free and prosperous under 
 Cromwell, they were at heart 
 loyal to King Charles 
 and rejoiced when 
 he was restored 
 to the throne. 
 A month be- 
 fore the res- 
 
 toration they reelected Berkeley governor, and the king 
 promptly sent him a commission. Thus far the king and the 
 people of Virginia seemed to be on friendly terms. 
 
 Discontent in Virginia. — But the king, regardless of 
 the rights of the people, gave all the land in Virginia to two 
 
152 PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 
 
 of his noblemen ; he imposed heavy taxes and deprived the 
 people of the liberties they had enjoyed. Berkeley had grown 
 harsh and cruel, and enforced these unpopular measures. The 
 people, therefore, became discontented and indignant, and 
 
 the spirit of resistance sprang 
 up and prevailed throughout 
 the province. 
 
 Berkeley Fails to De- 
 fend the Colonists. — During 
 this period of dissatisfaction the 
 Indians attacked the back settle- 
 ments of Virginia (1075). Gov- 
 ernor Berkeley paid no atten- 
 tion to the attack and made no 
 effort to protect the colonists. 
 They suspected that the reason 
 for this was that he was car- 
 rying on an extensive trade with 
 the Indians for his own benefit, 
 and did not wish to lose this 
 trade by interfering. 
 Bacon's Rebellion.— Nathaniel Bacon, Jr., a brave and 
 popular young lawyer, asked permission to pursue the Indians, 
 but he was refused. When again they ravaged the frontier 
 (16Y6), killing the overseer of Bacon's plantation and one of 
 his servants, he placed himself at the head of a party of colo- 
 nists, and set out without the governor's authority to punish 
 the savages. Berkeley proclaimed him a rebel and ordered 
 him to stop, but Bacon marched on and defeated the Indians 
 at Bloody Run. near the present city of Richmond. - 
 
 The People Uphold Bacon.— Berkeley then tried to put 
 Bacon under arrest, but the people opposed this, and the gov- 
 ernor w.-is forced to give up* the idea. Now was the time for 
 the people to right many wrongs which had been imposed upon 
 them. But first they must punish the Indians. The cry went 
 up for Bacon to lend them. 
 
 Bacon's Attack ; Berkeley Defeated.— With a large 
 
 Beginningof Colonial Dis- 
 content in Virginia. 
 
 Among the causes of discontent 
 were the following : England passed 
 laws which interfered with the trade 
 of the colonists, taking all this trade 
 to herself. She imposed such heavy 
 taxes upon what was raised and sent 
 out of the colony and what was 
 brought into it that the planters had 
 very little profit left for themselves. 
 She took away the right to vote from 
 every colonist unless he owned land 
 or was a "housekeeper" or "free- 
 holder." The royal governors of 
 Virginia prevented the Colonial As- 
 sembly from making popular laws. 
 They did this by " proroguing," or 
 dismissing, the assembly whenever it 
 was about to pass a law which the 
 governor did not approve. 
 
THE GROWING COLONIES. 15:3 
 
 force Bacon proceeded to Jamestown and compelled the gover- 
 nor to issue a commission to him as " General of Indian Wars " ; 
 then marching to the headwaters of the Pamnnkey River, he 
 
 NATHANIEL IIAI'UN AMI lll> MEN. 
 
 drove the Indians from the country. While Bacon was gone 
 upon this expedition, Berkeley again proclaimed him a rebel. 
 Most of the people sided with Bacon, but a few sided with the 
 governor. On Bacon's return civil war followed. Berkeley 
 
154 PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 
 
 was driven from Jamestown and that town was burned to the 
 ground to keep it from ever falling into Berkeley's hands again. 
 The ruins of its church may still be seen. 
 
 Bacon's Death ; Berkeley's Cruelty. — Bacon died in 
 the midst of his success. His party now had no able leader, 
 and Berkeley received assistance from England and once more 
 came into power. He revenged himself most cruelly by put- 
 ting to death twenty-three of the rebels. Even the king was 
 disgusted with Berkeley's cruel conduct and so called him back 
 to England. He died shortly after reaching England and 
 within one year of Bacon's death. 
 
 Questions. — To whom were the Virginia colonists brave and loyal ? 
 What did they love and hate ? What two governors were made to feel this ? 
 What happened to Harvey ? Why ? How long was Berkeley governor ? How 
 did he act at first ? What happened to him ? Why ? What did Cromwell 
 permit the people to do ? Who was reelected ? Before what event ? Tell what 
 you know of the causes of discontent among the Virginians. What spirit pre- 
 vailed ? What happened while the people were thus dissatisfied ? Why did 
 not Berkeley make an effort to protect the colonists from the Indians ? Who 
 asked for permission to pursue the Indians? What did Bacon do when the 
 Indians made a second attack ? What was he proclaimed? Where did he 
 defeal the Indians? For what was now the time? What was the first thing 
 to be done ? Wind did Bacon compel the governor to issue ? Where did he 
 then march ? Who sided with Bacon ? What followed upon Bacon's return ? 
 What happened to Jamestown during t he course of war ? TTow did Berkeley 
 come into power again ? How many rebels did he put to death ? What effect 
 had Berkeley's cruelty ? 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. Sir William Berkeley, Governor of the Virginia Colony. II. The Beginnings of Colonial 
 Discontent with England. III. Bacon's Rebellion. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Bancroft's History of tin United States, vol. i. 
 Sir William Berkeley, 145, 158, 167. The great rebellion in Virginia, 455-468. Colonial dis- 
 at, 154, 156, 173. 
 
 Hildreth's History nf the United States, vol. L 
 Sir William Berkeley, 366. His cruelties, 551. Bacon's Rebellion, 531-533, 548 545. Discon- 
 tents in Virginia, 526. 
 
 Winsor's Narrativi </«-/ Critical History, vol. Hi. 
 Bacon's Rebellion, 150. 
 
 Bryant's Popular History of tfu United States, vol. ii. 
 Colonial discontent, 291. Berkeley's inefficiency, 296. Bacon's Rebellion, 296-313. 
 
THE GROWING COLONIES. 155 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities. — Harvey, Gov. 
 
 John. Berkley, Sir William. Bacon, Nathaniel. 
 Special.— Cooke's Virginia: General Discontent, 230 ; Bacon and Berkeley, 237-298. Doyle's 
 
 ffiiglish in America : volume upon Virginia, Maryland, and the Carolinas, chap. ix. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 A VESTIGE OF SUPERSTITION. 
 
 Witchcraft in Europe. — The belief in witchcraft was a 
 result of that superstition which abounded in the Dark Ages 
 and led to a faith in sorcery, enchantments, and familiarity 
 with evil spirits. The delusion prevailed over a great part of 
 Europe and affected both the ignorant and intelligent classes. 
 During a part of the seventeenth century almost everybody 
 believed in the existence of witches and of their evil work. In 
 England laws were passed against witchcraft, making it a 
 crime, and thousands of women were hanged, burned, or other- 
 wise punished, upon the charge of having committed the 
 crime. 
 
 Witchcraft in America. — The strange infatuation crossed 
 the Atlantic and made Salem, Mass., its chief center. Learned 
 and pious men embraced -and even defended it. Among these 
 was the Rev. Increase Mather, a graduate of Harvard and of 
 Dublin College, and the author of more than a hundred sepa- 
 rate books. He was not'so active in the prosecution of witches 
 as was his son, Cotton Mather, also a graduate of Harvard, a 
 clergyman, and the author of more than three hundred books 
 and pamphlets. It was through the misguided zeal of the son, 
 and largely due to 'his active defense of the reality of witch- 
 craft, that the imaginations of the unlearned were inflamed 
 and the Salem excitement became a mania. 
 
 A most remarkable instance of belief in witches occurred in 
 the history of Massachusetts. The thirteen -year-old daughter 
 of John Goodwin of Boston was reproved by an aged servant of 
 the family. The child, for revenge, pretended to be bewitched 
 and accused the old servant of being the witch. The Rev. Cot- 
 
150 
 
 PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 
 
 ton Mather, two of whose books had done much to spread the 
 belief in witchcraft, brought the old servant to trial, and she 
 was found guilty and put to death (1688). 
 
 Prosecutions by Samuel Parris. — Although the peo- 
 ple were greatly excited over the subject and many more 
 accusations were made, no other prosecution occurred until 
 four years after, when Samuel Parris, a fanatic and narrow- 
 minded minister of Salem, accused his Indian servant, Tituba, 
 of bewitching his daughter and niece. Tituba was whipped 
 until a false confession was wrung from her. Mr. Parris 
 then began to prosecute others. Those whom he accused 
 were generally people whom he disliked. 
 
 The Innocent Suffer. — Sarah Good, Martha Cory, Re- 
 becca Morse, Sarah Cloyce, and others, all good and upright 
 
 women, were accused and put 
 into prison. At the trials Par- 
 ris questioned the witnesses in 
 such a way as to get the answers 
 he wanted, and he kept back all 
 testimony in favor of the pris- 
 oners. Those found guilty were 
 1 Kinged. 
 
 Attention was next directed 
 to those who doubted the ex- 
 istence of witches. Edward 
 Bishop, a farmer, and George 
 Burroughs, a graduate of Har- 
 vard College and a rival of 
 Parris in the ministry, were 
 both imprisoned for disbelief. 
 Magnitude of the Delusion ; Its Sudden Disap- 
 pearance. — For six months the witchcraft delusion raged in 
 Salem. At the end of this period 20 persons had been hanged, 
 55 tortured into confession, 150 thrown into jail, and more 
 than two hundred and fifty accused were awaiting trial. At 
 last the Colonial Assembly of Massachusetts took away the 
 power of the judges who had been trying the witchcraft cases. 
 
 Wardwell. Cory, and Wil- 
 lard. 
 
 In spite uf denials, those arrested 
 were punished. Finally, a woman 
 named Deliverance Bobbs, when ar- 
 rested, pretended to be guilty, she 
 was released, and others, believing 
 Ihis to lie the unly way In escape, also 
 pretended to confess themselves guilty. 
 Samuel Wardwell confessed and was 
 safe; hut, ashamed < if himself fordoing 
 so, retracted his confession ami spoke 
 nut boldly against the superstition. 
 lie was hanged. Stubborn old Giles 
 Corj refused to speak when accused, 
 lie was pressed to death. John Wil- 
 lanl. an officer, was convicted and exe- 
 cuted because he refused to arrest ac- 
 cused persons. 
 
THE GROWING COLONIES. 157 
 
 The delusion then went down as suddenly as it had arisen. 
 The people soon realized that they had been guilty of horrible 
 and cruel acts. Parris was driven from Salem, and remorse 
 tortured many who had taken an active part in the prosecutions. 
 
 Questions.— Of what was the belief in witchcraft a result? How widely 
 did the delusion prevail ? What classes of people were affected by it ? Where 
 were laws made at one time against witchcraft ? In what American town did 
 witchcraft find its chief center ? What sort of men defended it ? Tell some- 
 thing of the two New England men who advocated it. In what colony did a 
 most rjemarkable case of belief in witchcraft occur ? What child was first to 
 accuse anyone of witchcraft ? Whom did she accuse ? Why ? What was done 
 to the old servant ? When did the next prosecution take place ? Who was 
 Samuel Parris ? Whom did he first accuse ? What was done to Tituba ? 
 Whom did Parris then begin to prosecute ? What four good women were 
 among those put in prison ? W T hat kind of questions would Parris put at the 
 trials ? What happened to those who were found guilty ? Who else were pro- 
 secuted besides those accused of witchcraft ? Why were Edward Bishop and 
 George Burroughs imprisoned ? How long did the witchcraft delusion last ? 
 How many were hanged ? Tortured ? Thrown into jail ? How was the de- 
 lusion stopped ? What happened to Parris ? 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 The Salem Witchcraft Delusion. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Bancroft's History of the United States, vol. ii. 
 
 Witchcraft at Salem, 58-65. 
 Hildreth's History of the United States , vol. ii. 
 
 Witchcraft, 145. In Boston, 148. At Salem, 152. 
 Bryant's Popular History of the United States, vol. ii. 
 
 The witchcraft delusioD, 450-47-2. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities.— Salem Witch- 
 craft. Mather, Reverend* Fncreasi and Cotton. Parris, Rev. Samuel. Coi~y, Giles. 
 
 Special.— Doyle's English in America. Puritan Colonies, vol. i.: The witchcraft tragedy. 
 384. Longfellow : Giles Cory (poem). Encyclopaedia Britannica : Witchcraft. 
 
 PREPARATORY GEOGRAPHY LESSON. 
 
 Upon a map of the New England States locate Dover, N. II. ; Salmon Falls, 
 Me. ; Haverhill and Deerfield, Mass. ; and on a map of New York find Schenec- 
 tady. 
 
158 
 
 PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 
 
 Upon a map <>f North America 
 note the nearness at Canada to New 
 England; of Massachusetts to Nova 
 Scotia: of Georgia and South Caro- 
 lina to Florida. 
 
 Upon a relief map of the United 
 States note the valleys that lead from 
 Canada down into New York and 
 New England. 
 
 Upon the accompanying map note 
 the relative positions of St. Augus- 
 tine, Savannah, and Cliarleston. 
 Note how vessels would go from St. 
 Augustine to St. Simon's Island. At 
 the mouth of what river is this island? 
 Note the position of Bloody Marsh, 
 and of Frederica. 
 
 CHAPTER YI. 
 
 COLONIAL QUARRELS : ENGLISH AND FRENCH. 
 
 James II. and His Tyrannies. — Th 
 
 whom New Netherland had been granted 
 
 King of England under the title 
 
 to take away from the English 
 
 people many of their rights and 
 
 lil )c)1 ies. The colonies received 
 
 a large share of his attention. 
 
 Most of them were compelled 
 
 to give up their charters, and 
 
 tyrannical governors were sent 
 
 over by the king to execute his 
 
 commands. 
 
 The Charter Oak.— In 
 Connecticut the people refused 
 to give up their charter. The 
 officer sent by the king called 
 a meeting, at which he made a 
 
 ■ : See chap. Niii . Second Period. 
 
 Duke of York, to 
 
 : in time became 
 
 of dames II. He souffht 
 
 First Colonial Revolts 
 against England. 
 
 When James was deposed in Eng- 
 land his tyrannical governors in Amer- 
 ica were driven from office by the 
 colonists. Sir Edmund Andros, the 
 
 "tyrant of New England," was seized 
 by the people of Boston and impris- 
 oned (K'iSO). Nicholson, the acting 
 governor of New York, was compelled 
 to leave, and Jacob Leisler assumed 
 Charge. Leisler did not promptly sur- 
 render his authority to the new gov- 
 ernor sent over by William and Mary. 
 His delay gave his enemies an excuse 
 ti .Mens.- him of treason. lie was 
 
 found guilty and executed. 
 
 
THE GROWING COLONIES. 
 
 159 
 
 formal demand for it. The charter lay upon the table in full 
 view. Suddenly the candles were put out, and when they; 
 were again lighted the charter had disappeared. William 
 Wadsworth had carried it off, and 
 it was hidden in the hollow of an 
 old oak. Thus the charter was pre- 
 served. 
 
 Revolution of 1688.— But the 
 people of England soon rebelled, and 
 the famous English Eevolution of 
 1688 took place. James was driven 
 from the throne and was succeeded 
 by his daughter, Mary, and her hus- 
 band, William, Prince of Orange. 
 
 ' <-> TUE UHAliTEK OAK. 
 
 Louis XIV., King of France, took 
 
 up the cause of James, and made Avar upon William and Mary. 
 In European history it is called the War of the English Suc- 
 cession. 
 
 King William's War. — The French and English colonies 
 in America had long been jealous of one another, so they also, 
 in sympathy with their mother countries, engaged in war. This 
 war is known in American history as King William's War. It 
 lasted eight years (1689-1697). During the progress of this 
 war the French of Canada and their Indian allies made a 
 number of incursions into English territory. Dover, N. II. 
 (1689), Salmon Falls, Me. (1690), and Schenectady, N. Y. 
 (1690), were surprised and their inhabitants massacred. The 
 last named town was burned, and but two houses were left 
 standing. 
 
 First Colonial Congress ; Haverhill Massacre. — 
 The English colonists were soon aroused to action. A congresSTr 
 composed of representatives from Massachusetts Bay, Plym- 
 outh., Connecticut, and New York, met in New York to decide 
 how best to retaliate upon the French (1690). Two expeditions 
 to Canada were planned, one to go by sea, under Sir William 
 Phips ; the other by land, under General Winthrop. Neither 
 accomplished anything. In the last year of the war Haverhill, 
 
100 PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 
 
 Mass., suffered from Indian attack and massacre. Hostilities 
 ceased when the Treaty of Uvswick was signed (1697). 
 
 Queen Anne's War; Deerflelcl Massacre. — Five years 
 after, there arose in Europe the War of the Spanish Succession 
 (I 702 L713), and in it France and England fought against each 
 other. So the French and English colonists again went to war. 
 Anne, another daughter of James II., had succeeded William 
 and Mary on the throne of England. In American history this 
 Avar is known as Queen Anne's War. Deerfield, a frontier 
 settlement of Massachusetts, was the town to suffer this time. 
 A force under De Rouville came from Montreal, attacked the 
 town (1704), massacred fifty of its inhabitants, took more than 
 one hundred captives, plundered the neighboring villages, and 
 burned the houses. 
 
 The English in turn made an expedition from Boston against 
 Acadia (1710). They captured Port Royal and changed its 
 name to Annapolis. Since that time the province, under the 
 name of Nova Scotia, has belonged to England. 
 
 The capture of Quebec was also planned. The expedition 
 went by sea, but was wrecked at the mouth of the St. Lawrence 
 River. A force of New York, Connecticut, and New Jersey 
 militia, under General Nicholson, set out by land to capture 
 Montreal, but met with no success (1711). Two years after- 
 wards (1 713), peace was declared by the Treaty of Utrecht. 
 
 King- George's War; Capture of Louisburg. — A 
 third war between the colonies, known as King George's War, 
 began in 1741. Like the other two, it had its origin in a 
 European war — the War of the Austrian Succession — which 
 created between French and English fresh enmity that affected 
 their rival colonies in America. It lasted but four years and is 
 marked by but one important event — the capture of Louisburg, 
 one of the strongest fortresses in America (1715). The attack- 
 ing forces were led by Generals Pepperel and Warren, and 
 consisted for the mostpart of Massachusetts colonists, who won 
 much glory by their success. At the close of the war, which 
 ended with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1718), Louisburg 
 was given back to the French. 
 
THE GROWING COLONIES. 101 
 
 Questions. — Under what title did the Duke of York succeed to the throne 
 of England ? What did he seek to do ? What were most of the colonies com- 
 pelled to do ? Whom did the king send to rule them ? Where did the people 
 refuse to give up their charter? Who made a formal demand for it ? What 
 happened? Where was the charter hidden? By whom? What king took sides 
 with James? What did Louis XIV. do? What was this war called ? What 
 did the American colonies of France and England do when these nations went 
 to war? What name was given to this war in America? How long did it last? 
 What three towns were surprised by French and Indians? What met in New 
 York in 1690? Why? What two invasions of Canada were planned? What 
 was the result? What was the last town to suffer from Indian attack? What 
 treaty ended the war? What Avar arose five years afterwards? What was this 
 war called in America? What Massachusetts town suffered from French attack 
 in Queen Anne's War? What successful expedition was made by the; English 
 from Boston ? To what was the name of Port Royal changed? The capture of 
 what other city was planned during Queen Anne's War? Why was the expedi- 
 tion a failure? What peace treaty ended the war ? When was it signed? What 
 was the third war between the colonies called ? In what European war did this 
 war originate? How many years did it last? What was the one important 
 event of this war? By whom was Louisburg captured? How did Louisburg 
 rank as a means of defense? What peace treaty ended this war? What dispo- 
 sition was made of Louisburg? 
 
 . REFERENCE OUTLINE. 
 
 Colonial Wars : English and French. 
 1689-1697— King William's War of English Succession. 
 
 16S!). 
 
 j Dover (New Hampshire) Massacre. 
 I Sir Edmond Andros imprisoned, 
 f Schenectady (New York) Massacre. 
 Salmon Falls. 
 1090. ■{ Colonial Congress at New York. 
 
 Canadian expeditions j w> * 7 
 
 1697. 
 
 Haverhill (Massachusetts) Massacre. 
 Peace Treaty of Ryswick. 
 
 1702 1713.— Queen Anne's War of Spanish Succession. 
 1704. Deerfield (Massachusetts) Massacre. 
 1710. Port Royal (Nova Scotia) taken, 
 j Q ueDec expedition. 
 " ( Montreal expedition (Nicholson). 
 1713. Peace Treaty of Utrecht. 
 
 1744-1748.— King George's War of Austrian Succession. 
 1745. Capture of Louisburg. 
 1748. Peace Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. 
 11 
 
lf>2 PERIOD OT 1 COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. English Revolution of 1688 and its Effect upon American Colonial History. II. First Colo- 
 nial Revolts against English Authority. III. Bang William's War. IV. Queen Anne's War. 
 V. King George's War. VI. First Colonial Congress. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Bancroft's History of th< Unitt </ States. 
 Vol. i— Revolution of less. 598. Massachusetts revolts, 500. Leister's revolt, 601. Vol. ii.— 
 King William's War. 180-185. Qneen Anne's War, 192-206. King George's War, 300, 305- 
 311. Treaty of Otrechl and its territorial results, 211. Aix-la-Chapelle Treaty. 311. 
 
 Hildreth's History of the United States, vol. ii. 
 English Revolution, 11.3. Massachusetts rebels, 113. Leister, 116. First intercolonial war, 
 126, 130-135, 136, 141, 193, 195. Second intercolonial war. 258-276. Third intercolonial war, 
 304-401. First Colonial Congress. 133. 
 
 Bryant's Popular History oflht United States, vol. iii. 
 
 English Revolution, 12. Leister, 11. First intercolonial war. 20. Second, 45. Third, 
 208. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities.— Charter Oak: 
 The. Wadsicorth, William. Andros, Sir Edmund. Leisler, Jam/,. King William's 
 War. Schenectady Massacre. Haverhill, Indian attack upon. Ryswick, Treaty of. 
 Congress, First Colonial. Queen Anne'.* War. Du-rtiiht. Massacr, of. I'orl llmjal, Eng- 
 lish Capture of. Utrecht, Treaty of . King George' 's War. Louisburg, Capture of '. Aix- 
 ln clniii, II, . Treaty of. 
 
 Special.— Fisher : Colonial Era, chaps, xii. xiv. Piske : Beginnings of New England, 271- 
 274. Johnson: History of the French War, chaps, vi.-x. Parkman: Frontenac and New 
 France, chap. xvii. Parkman : A Half Century of Conflict, vol. i., chaps, iii. -v.; vol. ii., 
 chaps, xviii.-xx. 
 
 Review Work. 
 
 IIow long after the founding of Salem did the witchcraft delusion break out ? When was 
 Annapolis, N. S., settled by the French ? What Indian attack in Virginia happened about the 
 same time as King Philip's War in Massachusetts ? When was the first ( lolonial Assembly estab- 
 lished in Virginia f Who was governor of Virginia when the Tascarora War took place f Was 
 this before or after Berkeley's time f 
 
 CI I AFTER VII. 
 
 COLONIAL QUARRELS '. ENGLISH AND SPANISH. 
 
 Queen Anne's War and Carolina.— The Spaniards of 
 Florida proved very troublesome neighbors to the early settlers 
 of South Carolina. In the War of the Spanish Succession, 
 mentioned in the last chapter, both Spain and France were 
 opposed to England. While the English colonies at the north 
 were carrying on war with the French of Canada, the English 
 
THE GROWING COLONIES. 163 
 
 of South Carolina were engaged with the Spaniards of 
 Florida. 
 
 In the first year of the war (1702), Governor Moore of South 
 Carolina, with 1,200 colonists and Indian allies, proceeded 
 against the Spanish fort of St. Augustine ; but he found it too 
 strong and abandoned the enterprise. An expedition against 
 the. Appalachian Indians, who were allies of the Spaniards, 
 was successful. 
 
 Spaniards Attack Charleston and arc Defeated. — 
 A French and Spanish fleet, under Le Feboure, with more than 
 a thousand men, attempted the capture of Charleston (1706). 
 Nine hundred soldiers, under Colonel William Rhett, defended 
 the city. The Spaniards demanded that the English, surrender, 
 but Governor Johnson replied: "I hold this country for the 
 Queen of England. My men will shed the last drop of their 
 blood to defend it from the invader.' 1 The Spaniards landed 
 troops at the three neighboring points of James Island, Wan do 
 Neck, and Seawee Bay. The first force was driven off by 
 Captain Drake ; the second, numbering 200 men, was captured 
 by Captain Cantey ; and the third surrendered to Captain Fen- 
 wick. Colonel Ithett, in the meantime, collected a small fleet 
 and drove off the ships of the enemy. 
 
 War with Spain. — After the war ended, the Spaniards 
 showed their ill-feeling by protecting runaway slaves from 
 South Carolina and inciting the Indians to hostility. Later 
 the colony of Georgia was planted (1733), and soon after- 
 wards it was seen that another war between England and Spain 
 would take place. It was declared in 1739. 
 
 Oglethorpe Invades Florida. — Oglethorpe had returned 
 from England, whither he had gone after establishing the 
 Georgia colony, bringing with him a well-disciplined company 
 of 600 men.* As commander-in-chief of the Carolina and 
 Georgia forces, he was ordered to invade Florida. With ( .'<»*» 
 men, most of whom were friendly Indians, he appeared before 
 St. Augustine (1740), but finding the fort strongly garrisoned 
 he returned without attacking it. 
 
 * See chap, xv., Second Period. 
 
1G4 PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 
 
 In retaliation fifty-six vessels 
 and a force of about seven thou- 
 sand men, under Montiano, gov- 
 ernor of St. Augustine, appeared 
 off St. Simon's Bar, for the pur- 
 pose of attacking Frederica 
 (1742). 
 
 Oglethorpe, from his fort on 
 St. Simon's Island, made a gal- 
 lant defense, but the enemy's 
 ships forced their way past it, 
 and going up the Altamaha 
 River, landed 5,000 men. 
 These marched back to attack 
 the fort, but Oglethorpe aban- 
 doned it before they arrived. 
 
 Battle of Bloody Marsh. 
 — The Spaniards then advanced 
 upon Frederica. A part of 
 their force was routed and 
 driven back some distance. 
 Oglethorpe hastened to Freder- 
 ica for reinforcements. In his 
 absence the men whom he had 
 left to watch the Spaniards were 
 repelled b}*- a force under Don 
 Antonio Barba ; but a platoon 
 and company of rangers, under Lieutenants Mackay and Suth- 
 erland, wheeled aside during the retreat, and, concealing them- 
 selves in agrove of palmettoes, attacked the pursuing Spaniards, 
 whose victory Avas now turned to crushing defeat. This gallant 
 action is known as the Battle of Bloody Marsh. The Spaniards 
 soon after abandoned the attempt to conquer Georgia. 
 
 Oglethorpe's Remarkable Success. — The success of 
 Oglethorpe in this campaign was indeed remarkable. With his 
 little band, numbering scarcely six hundred men, he had de- 
 feated and driven back a well-equipped army of 5,000, destroyed 
 
 Oglethorpe's Stratagem. 
 
 After the battle of Bloody Marsh, 
 Oglethorpe planned a night attack 
 upon the main body of the enemy. 
 His plan was revealed to the Spaniards 
 by one of his men who deserted. 
 Knowing that the deserter would also 
 tell how small was the English force, 
 he thought of a way to deceive the 
 Spanish commander. A Spanish 
 prisoner was set at liberty and given a 
 sum of money to carry a letter to the 
 deserter. This letter pretended to tell 
 the deserter what to do, and thus 
 make it appear to the Spaniards that 
 the deserter was a spy. The letter 
 told the deserter to make the Spaniards 
 believe that the English were weak, 
 and to induce them to make an attack. 
 If he failed in this he was to try to 
 keep them in those parts for time 
 days longer, when a powerful fleet and 
 force from Charleston would arrive. 
 
 As intended, this letter was taken 
 to Montiano. It puzzled the Spanish 
 commander very much, and the de- 
 serter was regarded just as Oglethorpe 
 intended he should he. The Spaniards 
 held a council of war and decided to 
 retreat. Three vessels, coming in 
 sight off the bar just at this time, 
 made it appear that the reinforcements 
 mentioned in Oglethorpe's letter were 
 about to land. The Spaniards hastily 
 embarked, and in the panic to escape 
 abandoned a great quantity of their 
 military stores. 
 
THE GROWING COLONIES. 165 
 
 some of their best troops, captured provisions, ammunition, 
 and military stores, and saved Georgia and Carolina from 
 being overrun and plundered by the Spaniards. 
 
 Questions. — Who proved very troublesome neighbors to the South 
 Carolina and Georgia settlers ? In what war were Spain and France against 
 England ? In the first year of the war who proceeded against St. Augustine ? 
 Why was Governor Moore compelled to abandon the enterprise ? What expedi- 
 tion was more successful ? Under whom did a fleet attack Charleston ? When ? 
 Who defended the city? What did Governor Johnson reply to the Spanish 
 demand for surrender? At what three points were Spanish troops landed? 
 What happened to the first Spanish force ? Second ? Third ? Who in the 
 meantime drove off the enemy's ships? How did the Spaniards show their ill- 
 feeling after the war ended? After Georgia was settled it was seen that what 
 would soon take place ? When was war between Spain and England declared ? 
 Who was commander-in-chief of the Georgia and Carolina forces ? What was 
 he ordered to invade ? Why did he fail to attack St. Augustine ? How did the 
 Spanish retaliate ? What point did Montiano propose to attack ? Up what 
 river did the Spanish ships force their way ? How many men did the Spaniards 
 land ? Why did these march back ? Upon what town did they next advance ? 
 What happened to a part of their force ? What happened while Oglethorpe 
 had gone for reinforcements ? What two lieutenants won the battle of Bloody 
 Marsh ? Why was Oglethorpe's success remarkable ? Prom what did he save 
 Georgia and Carolina ? 
 
 REFERENCE OUTLINE. 
 
 Colonial Wars : English and Spanish. 
 
 South Carolina and Florida. 
 
 1702. Governor Moore invades Florida. 
 170G. Le Feboure fails to capture Charleston. 
 
 Georgia and Florida. 
 
 1739. War between England and Spain declared. 
 
 1740. Oglethorpe invades Florida. 
 1<7<19 S Montiano invades Georgia. 
 
 I Spaniards defeated at battle of Bloody Marsh. 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. Queen Anne's War in the South. II. The War between the Georgia and Florida Colonies. 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Bancroft's History of the United States, vol. ii. 
 Expedition of South Carolina against St. Augustine, 193. Charleston attacked by Spaniards, 
 194. War between England and Spain, and Georgia's part therein, 292-299. 
 
166 
 
 PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 
 
 Hildreth's History of the United states, vol. ii. 
 
 Moore's expedition, 828. Charleston attacked, 2.31. Spanish attack Georgia, 383. 
 Bryant's Popular History of the United States, vol. iii. 
 
 Moore's expedition, 81. Spanish invasion, 85. Spanish invasion of Georgia, 158. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities.— South Carolina, 
 
 Spanish Invasion of. Le Feboure. Rhett, Colonel William. Oglethorpe, General James. 
 
 Montiano. Bloody Marsh, Battle of. 
 Special.— Fisher: Colonial Era, chap. xx. Jones: History of Georgia, vol. i., chap. xxii. 
 
 Bruce : Life of General Oglethorpe, chap. xv. 
 
 Review Work 
 
 When was Savannah settled ? Charleston ? Freder 
 What Huguenot colony had the Spaniards 
 from the South Atlantic coast before South Carol) 
 and Georgia were settled ? Why did Oglethorpe 
 colonize Georgia? How many immigrants 
 Oglethorpe's first colony? What gift did 
 Oglethorpe receive of the Indians? 
 When did Georgia become a royal 
 province ? 
 
 PREPARATORY GEOGRAPHY 
 LESSON. 
 
 Upon t lie accompanying map locale Fort 
 Cumberland, Fort Necessity, Fort Du Quesne, 
 Fort Venango, Fort Le Bumf, and Presque Isle. 
 
 Upon a relief map of the United States note 
 the physical features of the region between Fort 
 Cumberland and Fort Le Ikeuf, such its moun- 
 tain ridges, rivers, etc. 
 
 Upon a map of New York locate Niagara 
 Liver and Oswego. Note that a chain of French 
 forts extended from Fort Frontenac, or Kings- 
 ton, at the head of St. Lawrence River, by way 
 of Oswego, Niagara, and Presque Isle, to Fort 
 Du Quesne. 
 
THE STKTJGGLE FOB SUPREMACY. 167 
 
 Upon a map of British America nolo the relative positions of Louisburg, 
 Quebec, Montreal, and Kingston. 
 
 Upon the accompanying map note the position of Crown Point. At the head 
 of what lake is Ticonderoga ? Where is Fort William Henry? George? 
 Edward? 
 
 The Struggle for Supremacy. 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 A YOUTH AND HIS MISSION. 
 
 Conflicting Claims. — The three intercolonial wars were 
 forerunners of a mighty struggle to decide whether the greater 
 part of North America would belong to England or France. 
 The French claimed the valleys of the Ohio and Mississippi 
 rivers because of the explorations of La Salle and other French 
 pioneers. This claim conflicted with several grants made by 
 England to her colonies, as these grants were intended to 
 extend from sea to sea. 
 
 The Ohio Company. — The English colonies spread west- 
 ward very rapidly, in the period following King George's War. 
 Virginia was the first colony whose extension beyond the 
 Alleghanies was checked by the French claims. The Ohio 
 Company, consisting of Virginia and London gentlemen, had 
 been organized in 1748, and had received from the king a grant 
 to a large tract of land in the region known as the Great 
 Woods, lying between the Kanawha and Monongahela rivers. 
 Surveyors sent out to locate the land for settlement found that 
 French troops were already in possession west of the Ohio 
 River, and had imprisoned three English traders in a fort at 
 Presque Isle [presk-el], on Lake Erie. 
 
 Governor Dinwiddie of Virginia determined to send a formal 
 protest against French occupation of Virginia territory ; and to 
 carry this protest he selected Major George Washington, a 
 young man then only twenty-one years of age, but already 
 noted for courage, intelligence, and good judgment. 
 
 Washing-ton's Journey. — Washington set out with an 
 
168 
 
 PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 
 
 interpreter, and at Will's Creek (now Cumberland, Md.) he was 
 joined by a frontiersman named Gist, an Indian guide. Thence 
 he proceeded through the unbroken wilderness to the French 
 fort Le Boeuf, on French Creek, fifteen miles south of Lake 
 Erie. Here he was politely received by the French command- 
 ant, to whom he delivered Dinwiddle's message. The com- 
 mandant positively refused to withdraw. 
 
 Washington's Return. — Washington returned by way of 
 Venango, the French fort at the 
 mouth of French Creek. His jour- 
 ney back was made in midwinter 
 and he encoun- 
 tered many 
 dangers. At 
 one time, while 
 crossing a river 
 on a rude raft, 
 he fell into the 
 icy water and 
 narrowly es- 
 caped drown- 
 ing. At an- 
 other time he 
 was shot at by 
 an ambushed 
 
 savage, but again escaped. Finally his horse gave out, and he 
 was compelled to go on foot the rest of his way back to the 
 white settlement, where he found another horse. He arrived 
 at "Williamsburg after having been gone eleven weeks. 
 
 Virginians Aroused ; Washington Appointed 
 Lieutenant-Colonel. — The answer brought back by Wash- 
 ington aroused Virginia to activity. The Ohio Company, at 
 his suggestion, sent a party to build a fort at the junction of 
 the Alleghany and Monongahela rivers. Governor Dinwiddie 
 called out six companies of volunteers, and the Assembly voted 
 an appropriation to pay the expenses of defending their prov- 
 ince. Washington was appointed lieutenant-colonel, and set 
 
 GEOItUE WASHINGTON AND THE KKENl II < O.M.MAN DANT. 
 
THE STRUGGLE FOR SUPREMACY. 
 
 169 
 
 out with two companies, April, 
 1754. When he arrived at 
 Will's Creek he learned that 
 the force of the Ohio Company 
 had been driven off by the 
 French, who had completed the 
 fort and called it Du Quesne 
 [doo kan]. 
 
 Great Meadows and Fort 
 Necessity. — Crossing the 
 mountains, he came to a broad 
 plain called Great Meadows. 
 Here he was told by a friendly 
 Indian, named Half-King, that 
 a French scouting party was 
 near. Washington, with forty 
 men, surprised the French, 
 whose leader, Jumonville, was 
 killed, and all but one of the 
 party were either killed or taken 
 prisoners. At Great Meadows 
 Washington now threw up in- 
 trenchments, which he called 
 Fort Necessity. Here he was 
 joined by the rest of the Vir- 
 ginia troops and by a company 
 from South Carolina under Cap- 
 tain Mackay. Colonel Fry died at Will's Creek, and Washing- 
 ton was now in command. 
 
 He began to advance cautiously, but being warned of the 
 approach of the French, he returned to Fort Necessity to await 
 their coming. The fort was soon surrounded by a large force of 
 French and Indians, and an attack was made. The fight lasted 
 all day. At nightfall the French asked for a truce, and offered 
 to let Washington's force march out with their arms and flags, 
 and return unmolested to Fort Cumberland. As Washington's 
 ammunition was exhausted, he accepted the offer. Upon his 
 
 Franklin's Plan of Union. 
 
 The British government saw that to 
 overcome the French it was necessary 
 for the English colonics to act to- 
 gether. It recommended that the 
 colonies form a union. Delegates met 
 at Albany, N. Y. (17T.4), and after 
 entering into a league with the Iroquois 
 Indians, considered a plan of union, 
 drawn tip by Benjamin Franklin, one 
 of America's greatest thinkers. The 
 plan provided for the organization of 
 a general government, consisting of a 
 President-General, appointed by the 
 crown, and a Grand Council, chosen 
 by the Colonial Assemblies. This 
 government was to have power over 
 all the colonies, just as the United 
 States Government now has power 
 over all the States. The plan was 
 favored by all the delegates except 
 those from Connecticut ; but when 
 submitted to the king and to the 
 various colonial assemblies for ap- 
 proval, it was rejected by both, and, 
 curiously enough, for the same reason. 
 
 The king thought that the appoint- 
 ment of the Grand Council by the 
 Colonial Assembly gave the colonics 
 too much power. The colonists 
 thought that the appointment of the 
 President-General by the king gave 
 the king too much power. Thus early 
 did the king see that a union of the 
 colonies was dangerous to his author- 
 ity, and the colonists show that they 
 were unwilling that the king increase 
 his authority over them. 
 
 
170 PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 
 
 return to Virginia the Assembly voted him the thanks of the 
 province. 
 
 Questions. — Of what were the intercolonial wars forerunners ? What 
 was this straggle to decide ? What valleys did the French claim ? Because 
 of whose explorations V With what did this claim conflict? In what period 
 did the English colonies spread westward very rapidly ? What was the first 
 colony to be checked in its westward growth by the French ? What com- 
 pany had been formed ? What grant had it received ? What did its surveyors 
 find upon reaching (he Great Woods ? How did the French show their hostil- 
 ity ? What did Governor Dinwiddie determine to do ? Whom did he select to 
 take Ins message to the French ? How old was Washington at the time ? Give 
 the particulars of Washington's journey. Of Ins return. What effect had the 
 answer brought back by Washington ? What did Governor Dinwiddie do? 
 To what rank was Washington promoted ? What did he learn at Will's Creek? 
 Where did he then go? What was Washington told when he came to Great 
 Meadows? Whom did Washington surprise? Give an account of the result. 
 What name did he give to his intrenchments ? By whom was he joined ? What 
 happened to Washington now? Why? Where did Washington return? Why? 
 Tell what then happened. What offer did Washington accept ? Why ? 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. Conflicting Territorial Claims of Prance and England. It. The Ohio Company. III. Be- 
 ginning of the French and Indian War. IV. Washington's Journey. V. Franklin's Plan 
 of Onion. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Bancroft's History of the United States, vol. ii. 
 French occupation of territory west of Alleghanies, 186. Basis of England's claim to 
 Western Canada, 322. Rival claims to Ohio valley, 343. The Ohio Company, 362. Frank- 
 lin's plan of union, 38;'. Washington's mission. 378. Beginnings of the French War, 381-385. 
 
 Hildreth's History of the United States, vol. ii. 
 Conflicting claims and the Ohio Company, 433. Beginnings of the French War, 4C6-441. 
 Plan of union, 412. 
 
 Bryant's Popular History of the United States, vol. iii. 
 Conflicting claims, 251. Ohio Company, 257. Washington, 259. French begin hostilities, 
 2o0. Union proposed, 261. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Indkx Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities.— Tentorial 
 Claims, French. Territorial Claims, English. Ohio Company, The. Dinwiddie, Gov- 
 ernor. Washington, Oeorge, Early Careerof. Fort Du Quesne. JumonvUle. Necessity, 
 Fort, a rati Meadows, BattU of. Ka« of Union, Franklin's. 
 
 Special. Fisher: Colonial Era, chap, xviii. Johnson: History of the French War, chap. 
 si. Roosevelt's Winning of the West, chap. ii. : The French of the Ohio Valley. Sloane's 
 French War and the Revolution, chap, iii.: English and French in North America. Win- 
 sor's Mississippi Jlctsin ; chap, xiv., Undeclared War ; chap, xv., Rival Claimants for 
 Nortli America. Hart's Formation of the Union, 28 : The Albany Congress. 
 
THE STKUGOLE Kni; Nl'I'KKMACY. 
 
 .171 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 THE OLD FKEXCli WAR. 
 
 England and France Sustain their Colonies. — Thus 
 far the contest had been between Virginia troops and the French 
 forces in the Ohio territory, but the mother countries rallied to 
 the support of their respective colonies. France sent reinforce- 
 ments to Canada. England sent Sir Edward Braddock with 
 two regiments to Virginia (January, 1755) to take charge of 
 military operations as commander-in-chief, and the war known 
 as the French and Indian War began. No formal dec- 
 laration of war had been made, and both nations hesi- 
 tated. The governors 
 of five colonies met in 
 council, and planned 
 three distinct cam- 
 paigns. One of these 
 was against Fort Ni- 
 agara, another against 
 Crown Point, and the 
 third against Fort Du 
 Quesne. 
 
 General Brad- 
 dock's Boastful 
 Advance. — The ex- 
 pedition against Fort 
 Du Quesne was under- 
 taken by the comman- 
 der - in - chief himself. 
 Braddock was a vain, 
 stubborn, and over-confident general who believed that British 
 troops could not be conquered. His campaign preparations 
 were very elaborate. He could not be persuaded that warfare 
 in America was different from what it was in Europe. The 
 advance into the enemy's country was made from Fort Cum- 
 
 FHENt'ii SOLDIERS. 
 
172 PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 
 
 berland, Maryland, with drums beating, flags flying— the army 
 presenting a beautiful appearance. 
 
 Washington, with about one thousand colonial troops from 
 Virginia, Maryland, and New York, had joined the expedition. 
 He was serving as aid-de-camp to the general, and having had 
 
 experience in backwoods fight- 
 ing, he tried to put Braddock 
 on his guard, but in vain. A 
 celebrated woodsman, named 
 Captain Jack, offered to lead 
 the advance with his rangers so 
 as to prevent surprise, but met 
 with a haughty refusal from the 
 English general. Precautions, 
 he thought, were for inexperi- 
 enced colonial troops, but Brit- 
 ish regulars were invincible. 
 
 General Braddock's De- 
 feat and Fall.— The result 
 was as might have been ex- 
 pected. The movements of the 
 English were watched all alone 
 by Indian scouts, who reported 
 to the commandant at Fort Du 
 Quesne. As the British drew 
 near, a young and gallant 
 French ollicer, named De Beau- 
 jeu, sallied out of the fort with 
 a force, arranged his men ad- 
 vantageously in ambush, and 
 when the English came up 
 poured into them a deadly lire 
 that threw them into confusion. Little then did scientific 
 tactics avail. Braddock was mortally wounded, his army 
 routed, and the total destruction of the whole expedition was 
 prevented only by Washington. lie, with his Virginians, 
 covered the rear of the retreating army, and fought the enemy 
 
 Expulsion of Acadians. 
 
 When, daring Queen Anne's War, 
 England took possession of Acadia she 
 permitted the Acadians to remain. 
 They were a quiet, frugal, and indus- 
 trious people, and their settlements 
 had greatly increased. Although their 
 Country belonged to England, the 
 Acadians sympathized with their 
 fellow-countrymen of Canada. They 
 took no active part in the war between 
 the English and French, yet it was 
 thonght that they would do so at the 
 first opportunity. England decided to 
 drive them out of their country and 
 distribute them among the English 
 colonies, where they could do no harm 
 to the English cause. Colonel Monck- 
 ton, with 3,000 troops from Boston, 
 took possession of the Acadian forts 
 about the Bayof Fnndy. tine feature 
 of the expulsion was especially cruel, 
 members of the same family being sep- 
 arated from one another, and villages 
 and farm buildings being burned. 
 More thai, six thousand were torn from 
 their homes, forced on board British 
 
 vessels, and carried away. Man} eg 
 Caped to the u ilderness and were shel- 
 tered by the' Indians. At one point, 
 under ISoishebert. a gallant, and effec- 
 tive resistance was made. Of those 
 
 cairied off, many reached the French 
 settlements in lower Louisiana, where 
 
 their descendants are found to this 
 day. 
 
THE stki GGLE FOE SUPREMACY 
 
 173 
 
 according to his own method. Thus ended in failure the Fort 
 Du Quesne campaign. 
 
 Crown Point Expedition Successful.— The expedition 
 against the French fort at the mouth of the Niagara River was 
 abandoned as soon as General Shirley, the leader of the expe- 
 dition, heard of the Du 
 Quesne failure. The 
 advance against Crown 
 Point, however, met 
 with better success. 
 Baron Dieskau, a brave 
 German officer in the 
 service of France, de- 
 fended this point. The 
 English forces consisted 
 of ill-equipped and in- 
 experienced men from 
 New York and New 
 England. They were 
 led by Sir William John- 
 son, through whose in- 
 fluence a number of 
 Mohawk Indians, under 
 their chief, Ilendrick, \J 
 joined the expedition. \ 
 
 Battle at Lake George ; French Defeated. — The 
 opposing forces met at the head of Lake George. Dieskau 
 defeated an advance party of the English under Colonel 
 Williams, and following up his advantage attacked the main 
 body. In the early part of the battle Johnson was disabled and 
 the command fell to General Lyman. The French were de- 
 feated, and Dieskau, severely wounded, was taken prisoner. 
 After building Fort William Henry near the scene of battle, 
 the victorious army returned. 
 
 Questions. — What had the contest thus far been? Who was appointed 
 
 commander-in-chief of the English? When did lie arrive? Why <li<l both 
 nations hesitate? What three campaigns were planned? Which one did Brad- 
 
 I'.UITISH SOLDIERS. 
 
174 PEKIOP OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 
 
 dock lead? What kind of a general was he? What could he not be persuaded 
 to believe ? In what manner was the advance into the enemy's country made? 
 Who had joined the expedition ? Who offered to lead the advance so as to pre- 
 vent surprise? What French officer sallied out to meet Braddock? What was 
 the result? Who prevented the total destruction of the English army? How? 
 What was the result of the Niagara expedition 1 Which of the three expeditions 
 met with better success ? Who was Dieskau ? Who led the English against 
 Crown Poinl ? Where did the opposing forces meet? What partial success 
 did Dieskau have ? What, was the result of his attack upon the main body? 
 What fort did the English build ? 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. Braddock'a Defeat. II. Johnson's Lake George Expedition. III. Expulsion of the 
 Acadians. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Bancroft's History qf the United States, vol. ii. 
 
 Braddock'a expedition, 4,'() 4-21. Dieskau's defeat, 435-137. Acadians expelled, 429-434. 
 Hildreth's History of the United States, vol. ii. 
 
 Braddoek's defeat, 45'J. Lake George expedition, 4(3:2. Shirley's failure, till. Acadians 
 
 expelled, 456. 
 Bryant's Popular History of the United States, vol. iii. 
 
 Braddock, 263-270. Johnson's expedition. 2S3 28S. Acadians expelled, 274-280. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities. — Braddock, Sir 
 Edward. De Beavjeu. Fort Bu Queen* Expedition. Shirley, General, Expedition qf, 
 against Niagara. Grown Point, Capture qf. Johnson, sir William. Dieskau, Baron. 
 Acadians, Expulsion qf. Boisnebert. 
 
 Special.— Fisher : Colonial Era, chap, xviii. Johnson : French War, chaps, xii. and xiii. 
 Sloane's French War and //a American Revolution, chap, iv.: The Outbreak of the War. 
 WinBor's Mississippi Basin, chap, xix.: 'Pin- Ohio and St. Lawrence won. Hart : Forma- 
 tion of the Union, 30. Read Longfellow's Evangeline. 
 
 CI I APT Ell X. 
 
 ENGLAND VICTORIOUS. 
 
 Montcalm's Successes.— After the capture of Dieskau 
 the command of the French fell to the Marquis de Montcalm, 
 one of the ablest and bravest officers that ever served in the 
 armies of France. This selection of a commander was very 
 important, because now England had formally declared war 
 against France. A fort had been built near Oswego by Shirley, 
 
THE STRUGGLE FOR SUPREMACY. 
 
 175 
 
 L 
 
 upon his return from the unsuccessful Niagara expedition. 
 Montcalm captured and destroyed this fort (1756) ; lie also 
 captured Fort William Henry, with 
 its garrison of 2,000 men under Colo- 
 nel Moore (1757). 
 
 Fort William Henry Massa- 
 cre. — Permission to retire in safety 
 to Fort Edward, farther south, had 
 been granted to the English garrison 
 of Fort William Henry as one of the 
 terms of surrender. Scarcely had 
 they left the fort when they were 
 attacked by the Indians of Mont- 
 calm's army. A horrible massacre montcalm 
 took place. Montcalm and his officers 
 
 did all in their power to stop the slaughter, but they found it 
 impossible to control the fury of the savages. 
 
 William Pitt Prime Minister. — About this time Wil- 
 liam Pitt, a man of great ability, became prime minister of 
 England. From this time on, the English prosecuted the war 
 very vigorously. Officers were sent from England to drill and 
 
 train the men of the colonial 
 armies. Lord Loudon was put 
 in command . Loud on made an 
 attempt to capture Louisburg 
 (1757), but was unsuccessful, 
 and was superseded by Aber- 
 crombie. 
 
 Last Important French 
 Success. — The capture was 
 planned of Louisburg, Ticon- 
 deroga, and i)u Quesne. The 
 three attacking armies gathered 
 at Halifax, Albany, and Phila- 
 delphia. Abercrombie himself led the expedition against Ti- 
 conderoga. Montcalm had greatly strengthened this fort. In 
 attacking it, Abercrombie was defeated with a loss of almost 
 
 Capture of Fort Fronte- 
 nac. 
 
 While Abercrombie wag proceeding 
 
 against Ticonderoga, a smaller ex- 
 pedition, under Colonel Bradstreet, 
 marched to Oswego and embarked 
 for Fort Fontenac, which surrendered 
 after a two days' siege. Large i|iian- 
 tities of stores and ammunition, in- 
 tended for Fort I)u Quesne, fell into 
 the hands of the English. The BUC- 
 (•■■ss of the second English expedition 
 against Fort Du Quesne was thus 
 largely due to the capture of Fort 
 Prontenac. 
 
PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 
 
 SI I: .IKFKISKY A.MIII.K.-T. 
 
 two thousand men. This, however, was the last important 
 French success in the war. 
 
 English Victories. — Generals Amherst and Wolfe led the 
 expedition against Louisburg. After 
 besieging it for two months they cap- 
 tured the city, with almost six thousand 
 prisoners (July, 1758). Amherst next 
 took command in New York, and Ticon- 
 deroga and Crown Point fell into his 
 hands (1759). Fort Du Quesne had al- 
 ready been taken by Washington, and its 
 name had been changed to Fort Pitt. 
 Amherst's success was closely followed 
 by that of General Prideaux, who cap- 
 tured Fort Niagara (1759), but lost his life in the engagement. 
 French Retreat to Canada. — The French were greatly 
 weakened by these English successes. They were receiving 
 little help from the mother countr}\ Driven at all points 
 from the disputed territory, they took refuge in Canada, which 
 the English now determined to conquer. 
 
 The fate of Canada depended on Quebec, the strongest for- 
 tress in America. Eight thousand men, commanded by Gen- 
 eral Wolfe, a gallant young officer, who 
 had distinguished himself under Am- 
 herst at the siege of Louisburg, set out 
 for the St. Lawrence, bent upon the 
 capture of the fortress. Wolfe erected 
 fortifications upon the Island of Or- 
 leans, just below the city, and his bat- 
 teries soon opened lire. 
 
 The Siege of Quebec. — Far up 
 the rugged heights that rose almost 
 perpendicularly from the water's edge 
 stood the principal fort, little affected 
 by the bombardment. The skillful Montcalm was in charge of 
 the French defenses, and for a time it looked as if English suc- 
 cess were doubtful. At last AVolfe found it necessary to resort 
 
THE STliFGGLK FOR Sn'REMACY. 
 
 to desperate measures. In one 
 of his reconnoiterings lie had 
 noticed a rougli, partly hidden 
 path which led to the plains 
 above, known as the Plains of 
 Abraham. 
 
 I-n the 
 darkness of 
 the night 
 his men em- 
 barked and 
 floated si- 
 lently down 
 the river to 
 the foot of 
 the path. 
 By great 
 good f o r- 
 tune the dif- 
 ficult ascent 
 was made, 
 and in the 
 morning the 
 Englishwere 
 drawn up in line of battle on 
 the plains. 
 
 English Capture of Que- 
 bec ; Montreal Surren- 
 ders. — The opposing forces 
 were about equal in number, 
 and the contest was a fierce one. 
 Both commanders displayed the 
 greatest bravery, and both fell 
 mortally wounded. The Eng- 
 lish were successful, the French 
 taking refuge in the city, which 
 The fall of Quebec was followed 
 12 .- . 
 
 UEIiE WOLFE LANDED 
 
 Capture of Fort Du 
 Quesne. 
 
 The expedition against Port Du 
 Quesne was led by General Forbes, a 
 
 gallant Scotch officer (.1758). The 
 
 French had gathered a large number 
 
 of Ottawas and 
 
 Other Indians, and 
 awaited his coming 
 with boasts that 
 they would serve 
 him as they had 
 served Braddock. 
 Forbes was joined 
 at different points 
 by bodies of colo- 
 nial troops, among 
 whom were ( !olonel 
 Washington and 
 other Virginians. 
 The progress of the 
 English army was 
 slow, but their de- 
 lay proved advan- 
 tageous, for many 
 of the Indian allies 
 of the French grew 
 weary of waiting, 
 and went to their 
 homes, leaving the 
 French greatly re- 
 duced in numbers. 
 A reconnoitering 
 party, sent forward 
 under Major Grant, 
 rashly attempted to surprise and cap- 
 ture the fort, but were driven back 
 with great loss. Following up this vic- 
 tory, a strong detachment under De 
 Vitre appeared before the principal 
 encampment of the English and gave 
 battle, but was repulsed. Forbes now 
 advanced upon the fort, but on draw- 
 ing near found only smoking ruins. 
 The French had abandoned the field. 
 From the ashes of Fort Du Quesne 
 sprang the present city of Pittsburg, 
 so named in honor of the great Eng- 
 lish prime minister. 
 
 soon after surrendered (1759). 
 by the surrender of Montreal. 
 
178 PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 
 
 The War Ends; Treaty of Paris.— The power of 
 France in the New "World was now destroyed. All her terri- 
 tory was taken from her except two small islands south of 
 Newfoundland. The treaty which ended the war was signed 
 at Paris ( L763). By this treaty France ceded Canada and the 
 eastern half of the Mississippi Valley to England, and the 
 western half to Spain. In addition to the territory given up 
 by France, England also received Florida from Spain. To 
 compensate the king of Spain for the loss of Florida. France 
 ceded to him the western half of the Mississippi Valley. This 
 territory was that part of Louisiana lying west of the Missis- 
 sippi River, and included "New Orleans and the island on 
 which it stands, ' ' although this k ' island ' ' was east of the Mis- 
 sissippi. 
 
 Questions. — Who succeeded Dieskau in the command of the French? 
 
 Why was this appointment important? What two forts did Montcalm capture? 
 What happened to the garrison of Fort William Eenry ? Who became prime 
 minister of England about this time ? Who were sent from England ? Who 
 was put in command ? What unsuccessful attempt did Loudon make ? Who 
 was then put in command ? The capture of what, three places was planned ? 
 Where did the three attacking armies gather? Which expedition did Aber- 
 crombie lead ? What was the result of his attack upon Ticonderoga ? Who led 
 the expedition against Louisburg ? What was the result of this expedition? 
 Where did Amherst now take command ? What two forts now fell into his 
 hands ? What other fori had already been taken? What new name was given 
 to it? Who captured Niagara? Where did the French take refuge after the 
 English successes? Upon what did the fate of Canada depend? Who set oul 
 to capture Quebec ? How did the English gain the heights? What was the 
 result of the battle of the Plains of Abraham? What other town besides 
 Quebec surrendered ? What treaty ended the war? What territory was ceded 
 by Prance to England by the Treaty of Paris? By Spain ? What territory 
 was ceded by Prance to Spain? For what reason? 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. Montcalm and His Victories. II. London and Abercrombic. III. Amherst. IV. Wolfe 
 ami On- Capture of Quebec. V. Treaty of Paris and its Resulting Territorial Changes. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Bancroft's History of tlu United States, vol. ii. 
 Montcalm's victories, 164, 190, 553. Loudon, nr. Amherst, is'. 508. Wolfe's Quebec 
 expedition, BOS 512. Treaty of Paris and territorial changes, 568. 
 
THE STRUGGLE FOR SUPREMACY. 17:1 
 
 Hildreth's History of the United States, vol. ii. 
 French capture Oswego, 470. Fort, William Henry, 175. Defeat Abercrombie, 4N2. Am- 
 herst captures Louisburg, 481. Ticonderoga anil Crown Point, 486. Wolfe and (Quebec, 
 488-491. Treaty and territorial accessions, 502. 
 
 Bryant's Popular History of the United States, vol. iii. 
 Montcalm, 289-294. Amherst, 297, 302. Wolfe and Quebec, 304-310. Treaty and results, 311. 
 
 Parallel Headings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities. — Montcalm, 
 Marquis de. William, Massacre of Fort. Pitt, William. Lou don, Lord. Abercrombie, 
 General. Amherst, General. Crown Point, Captun of, by Amherst. Niagara, Capture 
 of Fart, by Prideaux. Du Quesne, Cap/ are of, by Forbes. Wolfe, General. Louisburg, 
 captured by Amherst and Wolfe. Qui bee, Fall of. Abraham, Heights of; Battle of. 
 Paris, Peace Tri aty of. 
 
 Special. — Johnson : French War, chaps, xiv.-xxi. Sloane's French War and the Revolu- 
 tion : Chap, v., French successes ; chap, vi., English successes. Winsor's Mississi/ipi Basin, 
 chap, xxi.: The Treaty of Paris. Hart's Forma/inn of the Union : 33, conquest of Canada; 
 34, geographical results. Parkman : Montcalm and Wolfe. 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 OUCONOSTOTA AND PONTIAC. 
 
 Cause of the Cherokee War. — As the French war drew 
 to a close there arose in the South one of the fiercest Indian 
 wars in American history. The Cherokees had long been 
 friends of the English, and had assisted them in the w r ar against 
 the French. A party of young warriorsj while returning 
 through the backwoods of Virginia from the capture of Fort 
 Du Quesne, lost their ow T n horses, and caught some that seemed 
 to be without owners. Those to whom the horses belonged 
 followed these Indians, and, forgetting how bravely the Chero- 
 kees had been helping the English, fired upon them. Fourteen 
 were shot, and many others were made prisoners. 
 
 Governor Lyttleton Imprisons the Chiefs. — This 
 affair was reported to the Cherokee nation, and, contrary to the 
 advice of older men, a band of young braves took the w T ar path 
 and ravaged the Carolina frontier. Governor Lyttleton sum- 
 moned a force and proceeded against them. He was met by 
 thirty-two headmen of the tribe, who explained that the young 
 warriors had resorted to war against the advice of their chiefs. 
 Had the governor acted wisely, lie might have averted the ter- 
 rible war which followed. He received the chiefs very haugh- 
 
180 
 
 PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 
 
 til\\ and threw them into prison at 
 Fort Prince George. This fort was 
 on the Savannah Kiver, 300 
 miles from Charleston. 
 
 Liberated by Treaty. 
 — Here Attakullakulla, 
 the wisest man of 
 the Cherokee 
 nation 
 and 
 the 
 
 A IT .UK IN 
 
 who wielded great influence over 
 
 lifelong friend of the 
 English, appeared, and 
 by his eloquence ef- 
 fected a treaty which 
 liberated a number of 
 the chiefs. Some were 
 detained as hostages 
 until a like number of 
 young depredators 
 should he given up. 
 
 Ouconostota's 
 Revenge. — One of 
 the liberated chiefs was 
 Ouconostota, a man 
 the tribe. Smarting under 
 
THE STRUGGLE FOR SUPREMACY. 181 
 
 his wrongs, lie sought revenge. He drew Captain Cotymore 
 from the fort by stratagem and killed him. For this the hos- 
 tages, twenty-two in number, wen' mercilessly put to death. 
 
 The Cherokee Uprising-. — The whole Cherokee nation 
 now rose, and a terrible period of bloodshed followed. Colonel 
 Montgomery and 1,200 men were sent from Amherst's army at 
 the North (1700) to help the Carolinians. Montgomery captured 
 several villages, but later met with so much resistance that he 
 was glad to give up the attempt to punish the savages. 
 
 Cherokees Defeated ; Treaty Made. — Amherst next 
 sent Colonel James Grant, who took the field with 2,000 men. 
 As he advanced, the Cherokees made desperate attacks upon 
 his troops, all of which he repulsed. Grant taught the Indians 
 a terrible lesson. He burned fourteen of their towns, destroyed 
 their fields, and laid waste their territory. For many a day his 
 name was another word for destruction. Many joined Attakul- 
 lakulla in suing for peace, and a treaty was made. 
 
 Pontiac's War. — The English soon found that, although 
 they had compelled France to give up her territory, they could 
 not occupy it without a further struggle. The Indians were 
 unwilling to surrender their rights. Pontiac, the powerful chief 
 of the Ottawas, beheld with anger his dominion transferred to 
 the English. Possessed of ability rarely met with in an Indian, 
 he organized one of the greatest Indian conspiracies ever formed 
 against the whites. Of the twelve forts about the great lakes, 
 acquired by the English from the French, eight fell into his hands, 
 several of them being captured by stratagem. Detroit escaped 
 surprise by the merest accident. 
 
 End of the War.— Ponti 
 ac's War lasted three years. 
 The power of the Indian con- 
 federacy was broken only by 
 most vigorous measures upon the 
 part of the English. The treaty 
 that ended the war was signed 
 at Oswego (1766) by a number of 
 chiefs assembled for the purpose. 
 
 Battle of Bushy Run. 
 
 The same barbarities which charac- 
 terize every Indian war were practiced 
 in this. The settlements of northwest 
 Virginia and western Pennsylvania 
 suffered most severely. In the early 
 part of the contest Fort Pitt was lie- 
 sieged by the Indians, but Colonel 
 Henry Bouquet marched from Phila- 
 delphia to its relief and defeated the 
 Indians at the battle of Bushy Run 
 (1763). 
 
182 PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 
 
 Questions. — What arose in the South as the French war drew to a close? 
 What tribe had helped the English in this war ? What happened to a party of 
 young Cherokee warriors ? Bow did the young braves of the tribe revenge 
 themselves? Who proceeded against them? Who waited upon Governor Lyttle- 
 ton? What did they explain? Bow did he treat tlie.se thirty-two chiefs? Who 
 was Attakullakulla? What did he effect? Who was Ouconostota? How did he 
 avenge himself ? Whom did the English punish for Captain Cotymore's death? 
 What now followed? Whom did Amherst send from New York to help the 
 Carolinians? What did Colonel Montgomery do? "Whom did Amherst next 
 send ? What did Grant do? Who sued for peace? What did the English soon 
 find? Who was Pontiac? What did lie do? Bow many forts did the Indians 
 capture? What was one of the forts that escaped? How long did Pontiac's 
 War last? Where was the treaty ending the war signed ? When? 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. The Cherokee War. II. Pontiac's War. 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Bancroft's History oftlu. United States. 
 
 Vol.11.: Littleton provokes war with CherokeeB, 513-521, 550. Vol. iii.: Pontiac's War, 
 
 41-49. 
 Hildreth's History oftlu United States, vol. ii. 
 
 Cherokee War, 491, 497. Pontiac's War. 504, 506. 
 Bryant's Popular History of tht United States, vol. iii. 
 
 Pontiac's conspiracj and war. 312 327. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Indkx Guide for comparative examination of oilier works and authorities.— Cfurokees, War 
 with Un. Ouconostota. Attakullakulla. Grant, Col. James. Pontiac's War. Bushy 
 Run, Battlt of. 
 
 Special. Sloane's French War and tht Revolution., chap, ix.: Cherokees and Pontiac. 
 Martin's History of North Carolina, vol. ii., chap. vi. : Cherokee War. Parkman : Con- 
 spiracy of I'm, fine. Clarke ; History of North Carolina. 
 
 The Thirteen English Colonies. 
 CHAPTEK XII. 
 
 COLONIAL PROGRESS. 
 
 Results of the Colonial Wars. — The French and In- 
 dian War is remarkable for its many important results. It 
 made the English power in America supreme. It taught the 
 
 colonies the benefit of acting together, and made them ac- 
 quainted with one another. It gave colonists military training 
 
THE THIRTEEN ENGLISH COLONIES. 
 
 183 
 
 undo,' experienced officers, and this training was soon to be of 
 great service to them. The war inspired them with courage 
 and confidence in themselves. 
 
 The cession of Canada to the English made secure the north- 
 ern frontier of New England and New York. The surrender 
 of French forts and posts in 
 the Ohio and Mississippi valleys 
 removed the barriers that at one 
 time stopped the Atlantic sea- 
 hoard colonies from expanding 
 westward. The conquest of 
 the Indians of the South and 
 West cleared the way for the 
 pioneer who was soon to cross 
 the Alleghanies. 
 
 Increase of Population. 
 — Greatly had the colonies in- 
 creased in population since the 
 time when a few struggled for 
 existence upon the banks of the 
 James. They now numbered 
 almost three millions. This 
 population had every element of 
 strength, as it had been drawn 
 from the liberty-loving of all 
 Europe. America offered many 
 inducements in the way of land 
 
 and homes, and in the undisturbed possession of the fruits of 
 his labor by whoever was enterprising and industrious. The 
 tide of emigration that set in from Europe during colonial 
 days has not yet ceased. 
 
 Traits of Character Developed. — Life in a new region 
 is always full of hardships. Those who first came and wrested 
 their homes from the American wilderness learned many a 
 lesson of courage, perseverance, and endurance. It is no won- 
 der that their descendants showed the same traits of character, 
 and grew to love liberty, right, and country. 
 
 Colonial Governments. 
 
 One by one the colonies of England 
 had been planted along the Atlantic 
 coast, and had finally grouped them- 
 selves into thirteen colonial organi- 
 zations, each separate and distinct 
 from the others in its relation to the 
 mother country. Under the different 
 grants, relinquishments, and pur- 
 chases there had come to exist three 
 forms of colonial government. Vir- 
 ginia, New York, New Jersey, North 
 Carolina, South Carolina, New Hamp- 
 shire, and Georgia were royal prov- 
 inces, whose governors were appointed 
 by the king, and whose laws were 
 made by a legislative body consisting 
 of two houses, the upper one of which 
 was appointed by the king, the lower 
 elected by the people. Maryland, 
 Pennsylvania, and Delaware were pro- 
 prietary colonies, the proprietors ap- 
 pointing the governor. Massachusetts, 
 Connecticut, and Rhode Island were 
 charter colonies, and under their char- 
 ters enjoyed many of the privileges of 
 self-government, such as the choosing 
 of their own governors. 
 
184 PERIOH OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 
 
 Home Life. — The early settlers Lad first to think about 
 slicker and food. In the beginning their dwellings were rude, 
 being sometimes built of hark like the huts of the savages, and 
 sometimes constructed of logs, cut from the trees which had to 
 be felled before the land could be cultivated. 
 
 The furnishings of the house were few, the conveniences for 
 housekeeping fewer still. Platters and bowls of wood often 
 took the place of crockery, and the few cooking utensils brought 
 from the mother country were used in more ways than one. 
 
 Improvements in Life and Industry. — But time 
 brought many improvements. The sawmill was introduced at 
 an early day, and neater structures replaced the cabins of the 
 first settlers. Cattle, hogs, and horses were brought from Eu- 
 rope, and American farm life became comfortable and pros- 
 perous. The natural resources of the country were developed 
 in the several lines of agriculture, commerce, and manufac- 
 tures. In those colonies where staple products became profit- 
 able articles of export, wealth accumulated very rapidly and 
 the luxuries of life soon made their appearance. 
 
 Rise of American Inventive Talent. — In those days 
 of slow sailing, voyages to and from Europe took much time. 
 The colonists had to depend upon themselves for many articles 
 of convenience. The necessity of making and devising articles 
 they needed, or of finding substitutes, developed that spirit 
 of invention for which the Americans have ever since been 
 famous. 
 
 Questions. — Why is the French and Indian War remarkable ? What 
 did it make? What did it teach? What did it give to the colonists ? What 
 did it inspire ? What made the northern frontier secure ? What removed the 
 barriers t<> westward expansion of the English colonics ? What cleared the way 
 for the pioneer ? How many did the English colonists now number? Prom 
 wli.it had the population been drawn ? What did America offer to the enter- 
 prising and indusl rious ? What kind of life is always peculiar to a new region ? 
 What did those who lirsl came learn ? What did (heir descendants grow to 
 love ? What had the early settlers first to think aboui ? What kind of houses 
 hail they at first ? What furnishings and conveniences had they ? What were 
 introduced at an early day ? What were broughl from Europe? What were 
 developed? What took much time in those days? This made the colonists 
 depend upon whom? What developed the American spirit of invention ? 
 
THE THIRTEEN ENGLISH COLONIES. 185 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. Effects of thi 1 French and Indian War upon the English Colonies. II. Colonial and Pio- 
 neer Life. III. Colonial Governments. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Bancroft's History of 'the United States, vol. ii. 
 
 Results of peace, 563. 
 HHdreth's History of thi United States, vol. ii. 
 
 Population and extent of rival colonies, 447. Effects of the war, 51 1. 
 Taylor's Origin and Growth of tin English Constitution: Introduction. 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 I n i > i: x Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities. — French and 
 
 Indian War, Results of. Colonial Life. Colonial Governments. 
 Special.— Hart's Formation of the Union: Effects of the war, 34, 30; colonial government, 
 
 13. Wilson: The State. Flake: Civil Government. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 THE BEGINNING OF AMERICAN INDUSTRIES. 
 
 First Colonial Industry. — Agriculture was among the 
 first industries developed in the New World. The early colo- 
 nists made many attempts to cultivate products that could be 
 readily and profitably sold. Silk-raising, wine-making, hemp- 
 growing, and several other agricultural enterprises were at- 
 tempted, but in none of them was much success attained. 
 
 Virginia's Agricultural Prosperity. — Virginia was 
 the first to succeed, being fortunate in the cultivation of the 
 tobacco plant. The first to experiment successfully with it was 
 John Rolfe, the husband of Pocahontas. The Virginia col- 
 onists soon improved the methods of cultivation used by the 
 Indians. The quality of the leaf became better and the yield 
 greater. Little by little they discovered the best method of 
 curing the leaf, and at an early day they established a system 
 of inspection which permitted only the best quality of tobacco 
 to be sent out of the colony. Virginia tobacco came into great 
 demand in the markets of the world ; and as early as 1736 
 more than twenty-five thousand tons of shipping were required 
 to transport the crop. The tobacco industry spread to North 
 Carolina and Maryland, where it was carried on with like success. 
 
180 
 
 PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 
 
 Carolina's Sources of Wealth. — The early Carolina 
 colonists found sources of great wealth in the immense pine 
 forests which covered that part of the country. Tar, pitch, 
 
 rosin, turpentine, and lumber 
 were produced in abundance, 
 and a profitable trade with the 
 West Indies sprang up. 
 
 Introduction of Rice 
 Culture. — The introduction 
 of rice culture into South Caro- 
 lina marked an era in the de- 
 velopment of that colony. In 
 1696 Thomas Smith obtained 
 some rice seed from the island 
 of Madagascar, planted it, and 
 made the discovery that it did 
 best upon marshy ground. 
 Plantations were laid out along 
 the rivers, and the rice indus- 
 try became very important. In 
 the years following the French 
 and Indian "War the exporta- 
 tion reached nearly seventy mil- 
 lion pounds. Indigo was also 
 cultivated with great success. 
 Charleston soon became a com- 
 mercial center of wealth and 
 refinement, and with a population of 1.5,000 stood fifth in size 
 of the American cities. 
 
 Cotton. — A small quantity of cotton was raised in the 
 Southern colonies, but in those days the lint was separated 
 from the seed by hand, and this made the production of a bale 
 of cotton require a great deal of labor. In time the cotton gin 
 was invented, and cotton became the great agricultural staple 
 of the South. 
 
 Industries of the 3Iiddle Colonics. — The Middle col- 
 onics developed agriculture with great success. Here were nu- 
 
 Colonial Money. 
 
 In theearly days the colonists had 
 very little of what wo call money, 
 '['hey traded by exchanging and bar- 
 tering goods and produce. In Vir- 
 ginia tobacco took the place of money; 
 in South Carolina rice was used in the 
 same way. In I he Indian trade leaden 
 bullets and peculiar species of shells 
 strung together, called by the Indians 
 wampum, were used. When the Vir- 
 ginians began to store their carefully 
 inspected tobacco in warehouses, they 
 received certificates to show who 
 owned the tobacco. Instead of pass- 
 ing the tobacco from hand to hand 
 when they traded, they could more 
 conveniently transfer the tobacco cer- 
 tificates. As the need for money in- 
 creased, foreign coins, particularly 
 those of Spain, came into use. An at- 
 tempt was made by Virginia, in 1645, 
 to establish a mint. Massachusetts, 
 in 1651, was more successful, and 
 among its earliest coins were shillings 
 and sixpences, stamped with the figure 
 of a pine tree. Lord Baltimore estab- 
 lished a mint in London for his Mary- 
 land colony, about the year 1659. 
 Massachusetts issued paper money as 
 early as 1690, and her example was 
 soon followed by other colonies. 
 
THE THIRTEEN ENGLISH COLONIES. 
 
 EMILY AMERICAN COINS. 
 
 merous well-tilled small farms, 
 whose thrifty owners sent their 
 products to the seaport towns. 
 Philadelphia was so well situ- 
 ated that it attracted the prod- 
 uce trade of all the surround- 
 ing country, and soon became 
 the largest city in America. 
 For the same reason, New York 
 became an important center 
 and ranked next in size. 
 
 Industries of the North- 
 ern Colonies. — Soil and cli- 
 mate in the Northern colonies 
 
 Pirates. 
 
 The English colonics carried on a 
 nourishing trade with the West In- 
 dies. Their commerce suffered much 
 from pirates. Vigorous and systematic 
 measures were resorted to. After a 
 desperate battle the pirate Teach, or 
 " Blackbeard," as he was called, was 
 captured at Ocracoke Inlet, in 1718, by 
 Lieutenant Maynard, who was sent 
 for the purpose by Governor Spotts- 
 wood of Virginia, Another, named 
 Steed Bonnett, was captured with all 
 his men by Colonel William Rhett of 
 Charleston. Being found guilty, all 
 were hanged. Captain Kidd, another 
 notorious American pirate, was cap- 
 tured, taken to London, and executed. 
 
188 PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 
 
 were not so well suited to agriculture as in the Middle and 
 Southern colonies. The people had therefore to turn their at- 
 tention to other occupations. All along the coast were exel- 
 lent fishing grounds, and much profit was found in the catch- 
 ing, curing, and exporting of fish. 
 
 Beginnings of Commercial Prosperity in New 
 England. — The New England fisheries were rapidly devel- 
 oped, and soon became famous. With the growth of the 
 fisheries came the building of fishing vessels, which led to 
 development of shipbuilding interests. New-England-built 
 vessels were sent to many parts of the world and sold with 
 their cargoes. Trade by ships was carried on with the "West 
 Indies, to which flour, salted fish, horses, and cattle were ex- 
 ported ; and the same vessels brought back the products of 
 those islands, also Spanish milled dollars, which formed the 
 basis of our currency. The New Englanders also found much 
 profit in trade with the Indians and with the other colonies 
 along the Atlantic seaboard. Many articles were made for 
 exchange ; and manufactures would have sprung up rapidly 
 had not England discouraged them, as she wished to control 
 this trade for her own manufacturers. 
 
 Questions. — What was among the first industries to be developed in the 
 New World ? What products did the colonists make many attempts to culti- 
 vate ? What were some of the agricultural enterprises attempted ? What col- 
 ony was first to succeed ? With what plant ? Who first grew it successfully ? 
 What did the Virginians improve? What rigid system did they establish ? 
 How many tons of shipping were required to transport the crop in 1736 ? To 
 where did the tobacco industry spread ? What natural sources of wealth had 
 the Carolina colonists? What were produced in abundance? What trade 
 sprang up ? Who introduced rice into South Carolina ? When? How many 
 pounds did rice exportation reach? What else did the Carolinians cultivate 
 with success besides rice? What number of population had Charleston? How 
 did it stand in regard to other American cities ? Why was not more cotton 
 raised in those days ? What invention afterwards made cotton the principal 
 crop of the South? What did the Middle colonies develop? Where could 
 farm products be sent? What two cities grew up because of this produce 
 trade ? What was the largest city in America in colonial times ? Why had 
 
 the people of the Northern colonies to turn their attention t cupations other 
 
 than agriculture ? In what did they find much profit ? (live an account of 
 commercial prosperity in New England, 
 
THE THIRTEEN ENGLISH COLONIES. 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. Development of Southern Colonial Industries. II. Industries of the Middle Colonies. 
 III. Industries of the Northern Colonies? IV. Colonial Money. V. Piracy in Colonial 
 Times. 
 
 Keferences and Authorities. 
 
 Hildreth's History of the United States, vol. ii. 
 
 Colonial commerce, 431. Paper money, 285, 2;»0-291, 296. Colonial pirates, 199, 278. 
 
 Indigo culture, 410. 
 Bancroft's History of the United States, vol. ii. 
 
 Colonial commerce with the West Indies, 243. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities.— Tobacco, Cul- 
 ture- of, in Virginia. Bice, Introduction of, into Carolina. Fisheries, Rise of New 
 England. Shipbuilding, Beginnings of New England. ( 'olonial Trade. Colonial Money. 
 Colonial Pirates. Kidd, Captain. Bonnett, Steed. Teach, Edward. 
 Special.— Thwaites's The Colonies, chaps, v., viii., x.: Economic life in the colonies. 
 Hart's Formation of the Union : Colonial development, 8. Bruce : Economic History of 
 Virginia. Weeden : Economic and Social History of New England. Lodge : English 
 Colonies in America. Coffin : Old Times in the Colonies. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 THE DEVELOPMENT OF.SECTIONAL DIFFERENCES. 
 
 Virginia and Massachusetts representing' Sec- 
 tional Colonies. — The first grant of American territory 
 that led to permanent English colonization was a sectional one. 
 By its terms the territory granted was divided into South Vir- 
 ginia and North Virginia, and assigned to the London Com- 
 pany and Plymouth Company respectively. In the southern 
 portion was planted the Colony of Virginia, which was first in 
 point of time ; in the northern, that of Massachusetts. Each 
 of these colonies naturally exerted an influence upon those 
 which followed, and in time each represented, to a fair extent, 
 the thought, development, and progress of its particular 
 section. 
 
 Differences in Character and Sentiment.— Both 
 received their first settlers from England, but the class of 
 people from which one drew its immigrants was different from 
 that of the other. Those who came to Virginia came as to 
 
190 
 
 PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 
 
 another portion of their native country, and brought with them 
 a pride in still being English subjects. They were loyal to 
 both Church and State. Those who came to Massachusetts, and 
 to the other New England colonies, came as to another country 
 altogether. They were thoroughly dissatisfied with the condi- 
 tion of State and Church in England, and they were seeking a 
 place where they would not be interfered with. 
 
 Cavalier and Puritan. — These two classes had been 
 
 HARVARD COLLEGE, 1.3(3. IKKOM THE JI ASS.U lil'SETT* HlM'OllUAL SOCIETY.) 
 
 opposed to each other in England. As Cavaliers and Puritans 
 they were upon opposite sides in the conflict known as the 
 English Revolution of 1642 48. When, as a result of this 
 conflict, King Charles I. was driven from the throne and put 
 to death, Cavalier Virginia sympathized with Ins followers and 
 offered to many a refuge. In time the son of the executed 
 monarch became king, and proceeded to punish those who had 
 caused his father's death. Then Puritan Massachusetts became 
 a place of safety for refugees ; and Connecticut afforded a place 
 
THE THIRTEEN ENGLISH COLONIES. 191 
 
 of concealment to two of the judges who had sentenced 
 Charles I. to death. 
 
 The Effect of Different Interests and Occupa- 
 tions. — But Massachusetts and Virginia were too far apart 
 for these antagonisms to be continued in the New World. In 
 time, both colonies came to have many interests in common. 
 Many occasions arose for them 
 
 to cooperate with and to assist 
 each other, and to regard each 
 other as Americans. But being- 
 separated as they were, and 
 following different occupations, 
 the people of the Northern and 
 Southern colonies grew more 
 and more unlike. This differ- 
 ence showed itself in the way 
 they lived, in what they 
 thought, and in their characters 
 and dispositions. 
 
 Difference in Mode of 
 Life. — In the North the peo- 
 ple lived comparatively near 
 together. Farmhouses were 
 grouped into rural villages; and 
 cities and towns sprang up along the coast. In the South the 
 white families lived long distances apart, for the introduction 
 of slavery made it possible to cultivate large plantations. The 
 South had few large towns and cities. Many of the county 
 seats of Virginia and North Carolina consisted of but a court- 
 house, a jail, an inn, and a store. At the close of the French 
 War Virginia contained the greatest number of inhabitants of 
 all the colonies, and yet Norfolk, its largest town, had a popula- 
 tion of only seven thousand, and in Williamsburg, its capital, 
 there were but two hundred mouses. 
 
 First American Colleges. — All the colonies recognized 
 the necessity of education. The compact settlements of the 
 North made it possible to have common or public schools. The 
 
 Industrial Differences. 
 
 North and South wen.- attaining 
 prosperity along different lines. The 
 interests of the North led to com- 
 merce, and afterwards to manufac- 
 ture. The interests of the South lay 
 in agriculture. Pursuits and occupa- 
 tion have an effect upon character. 
 Hence, as the industrial pursuits of 
 the North and the South became more 
 and more different so did the character 
 of each people. We must remember 
 this when we come to that part of his- 
 tory which will tell us of a bitter war 
 between these two sections. Had the 
 interests of the two sections been the 
 same, no antagonism could ever have 
 arisen. It was only when laws were 
 made which seemed to promote the 
 interests of one at the expense of the 
 other that sectional difference grew 
 into sectional antagonism, and then 
 into sectional conflict. 
 
192 
 
 PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 
 
 
 WILLIAM AND MARY t ( M.I.Ei. H. 
 
 first college in America was established at Cambridge, Mass. , 
 (1638,) and the Rev. John Harvard having bequeathed to it Ins 
 books and half of his estate, the college took his name. The 
 I second college was established at Williamsburg, Va., (1693,) by 
 Rev. James Blair, and, being endowed by the reigning sover- 
 eigns of England, it was given in their honor the name of 
 William and Mary College. The founding of Harvard Col- 
 lege was immediately followed by the introduction of the 
 printing press, the first of which was set up at Cambridge 
 (1639). 
 
 Virginia Characteristics. — The wealth of Virginia in- 
 creased very rapidly. The grand old manor houses became 
 homes of culture and refinement, where hospitality was dis- 
 pensed in a manner so lavish that traditions of it are handed 
 down to this day. Earliest of all the colonies to become a 
 royal province, it had received a number of governors from 
 England who brought with them much of the polish, grace. 
 and courtliness which added so many charms to society in 
 colonial Virginia. 
 
 A few schools were established previous to the founding of 
 William and Mary College, but under the conditions that 
 then existed they were not numerous. In the early years of 
 the colony many wealthy planters sent their sons and daugh- 
 ters to England to be educated ; some engaged private tutors at 
 
THE THIETEEN ENGLISH COLONIES. 193 
 
 their homes ; and often the rector of the parish was tutor in 
 the family of a wealthy planter, or was the schoolmaster for 
 the children of his congregation. Thus opportunities for edu- 
 cation were not lacking, and the intellectual development of 
 this colony was remarkable. Among the Virginians who gath- 
 ered at stated intervals at the county seat or the capital in the 
 later colonial days were some of the brightest minds that have 
 adorned American society. 
 
 The development of legal talent in Virginia was extraor- 
 dinary ; and when the learning and skill of the lawyer matured 
 into the wisdom of the statesman the world beheld with 
 admiration a senate of peerless men, including Patrick Henry, 
 Jefferson, Madison, Lee, Randolph, Pendleton, and others, 
 whose connection with the history of our country has made 
 their names immortal. 
 
 Questions. — Into what was the first grant of English territory divided ? 
 To what company was each division granted ? Which colony was planted first, 
 Massachusetts or Virginia ? What did each of these colonies exert ? How did 
 the colonists who came to Virginia regard America ? To what were they loyal ? 
 How did those who came to Massachusetts regard America ? With what were 
 they dissatisfied ? What were they seeking ? In what had the two classes 
 been opposed to each other ? With what side did Virginia sympathize ? Mas- 
 sachusetts ? To whom did Connecticut afford a place of concealment ? In 
 time, what did both colonies come to have ? What occasions arose V Why did 
 they grow more and more unlike each other ? How did this difference show 
 itself particularly ? How did the people in the North live ? How were rural 
 villages made V How did the people in the South live ? Which section had the 
 more cities and towns ? What made it possible to cultivate large tracts of land 
 in the South ? Which was the more populous colony at the close of the French 
 War ? What did the population of Norfolk number? How many houses had 
 Williamsburg ? What necessity did the colleges recognize ? What made the 
 establishment of common schools possible in the North ? Where was the first 
 American college established V When ? After whom was this college named ? 
 Where was t lie second college founded ? When ? By whom ? In honor of 
 whom was it named ? What important event followed the founding of Harvard 
 College ? What increased very rapidly in Virginia ? What did the old manor 
 houses become ? What did the English governors bring with them V How did 
 wealthy planters secure the education of their sons and daughters ? What ser- 
 vice did the rector of the parish perform ? What opportunities were not lack- 
 ing ? What development was remarkable in Virginia ? Name some of the 
 great men Virginia produced in colonial times. 
 13 
 
PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. Massachusetts aud Virginia as Typical Northern and Southern Colonies. II. cavaliers and 
 Puritans. III. Industrial Differences of the Colonies, and Effects upon Colonial Life and 
 Character. IV. First American Colleges. 
 
 Keferences and Authorities. 
 
 Bancroft's History of the United states. 
 Vol. ii.: Population of the colonies. .'iS'.i :50l. Colonial Life in Virginia, 394. Character of 
 the colonies, 387. Colonial Life in New England. 401. Vol. i.: Cromwell and English 
 Revolution, 329. 
 
 McMaster's History of the People of the United States. 
 
 Colonial life in New England. 11 86, In the South, 
 
 and opinion, 10. 
 Doyle's Virginia, vol. L, 856-874. 
 
 Differences of occupation 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities. — Cromwell, Oliver. 
 
 Rupert, Prince. Cavaliers, 'J'h> . Harvard College, Founding of . Harvard, Rev. John. 
 
 William and Mary College, Founding of. Blair, Rev. James. 'Education in Ho Colonies. 
 
 Coins, Early American. 
 SPECIAL. Fisher's Colonial Era: Blair, and William anil Mary College, 878-890. Cooke: 
 
 Virginia. Bruce-. Economic History of Virginia. Weeden : Economic History of New 
 
 England. Palfrey's New England, vol. U. Lodge: English Colonies. 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW EXERCISE. 
 
 Answer these questions in regard to ea 
 
 Who wi 
 
 ? What did he do ? 
 
 Answer very fully 
 
 when the name 
 
 is given in prominent t] 
 
 rpe. 
 
 Pepperel. 
 
 Le Feboure. 
 
 Mackay. 
 
 Braddock. 
 
 Andros. 
 
 Berkeley. 
 
 Baiba. 
 
 Tituba. 
 
 Graffenreid. 
 
 Barnwell. 
 
 Burroughs. 
 
 Spottswood. 
 
 Bolfe. 
 
 Sassacus. 
 
 Alderman. 
 
 OpecancanougL. 
 
 King Philip. 
 
 Mason. 
 
 Uncus. 
 
 Massasoit. 
 
 Moore. 
 
 ( 'r;i\ ell. 
 
 De Chopart. 
 
 Perier. 
 
 Harvey. 
 
 Bacon. 
 
 Goodwin. 
 
 Mai her. 
 
 Parris. 
 
 Tory. 
 
 Ward well. 
 
 Wiliard. 
 
 Leisler. 
 
 Phips. 
 
 Warren. 
 
 Rhett. 
 
 Sutherland. 
 
 Oglethorpe. 
 
 Diuwiddie. 
 
 Half-Kin-. 
 
 Franklin. 
 
 Juraonville. 
 
 Boisehebert. 
 
 Amherst. 
 
 Monckton. 
 
 Lyman. 
 
 Johnson. 
 
 Montcalm. 
 
 Loudon. 
 
 Abercrombie. 
 
 Prideaux. 
 
 Forbes. 
 
 De Vitre\ 
 
 Wolfe. 
 
 Lyttleton. 
 
 Pontiac. 
 
 Montgomery. 
 
 Ouconostota. 
 
 Grunt. 
 
 Bouquet. 
 
 Thomas Smith. 
 
 Bonnett. 
 
 Kidd. 
 
 Maynard. 
 
 Teach. 
 
 Harvard. 
 
 Blair. 
 
 Cantey. 
 
 Shirley. 
 
 Blackbeard. 
 
 Bradstreet. 
 
 Attakullakulla. 
 
REVIEW <>F THIRD PERIOD. 195 
 
 Reference Outline for Review. 
 The Old French War. 
 
 Operations at Five Objective Points of the War. 
 
 PRELIMINARY. 
 
 1753 Washington's journey. 
 
 ( Fort Du Quesne built. 
 1 754 ] Battle of Great Meadows. 
 
 ' Fort Necessity captured. 
 
 FIVE OBJECTIVE POINTS. 
 
 I. FORT DU QUESNE: 
 
 1 755 Braddock's defeat. 
 
 1758 Captured by Forbes and Washington 
 
 II. FORT NIAGARA : 
 
 1 755 Shirley fails to capture. 
 
 1 756 Montcalm captures Oswego. 
 
 1 759 Captured by Prideaux. 
 
 III. TICONDEROGA AND CROWN POINT: 
 
 _ ( First encounter at Lake George. 
 & }Second encounter at Lake George. 
 1 757 Fort William Henry captured. 
 
 7( _» s Abercrombie's defeat. 
 
 /ow (Fort Frontenac taken by Bradstreet. 
 1 759 Captured by Amherst. 
 
 IV. LOUISBURG: 
 
 1 755 Acadians expelled. 
 
 1 757 Loudon fails to capture. 
 
 1 758 Captured by Amherst and Wolfe. 
 
 V. QUEBEC: 
 
 1 759 Battle of Abraham Heights. 
 1 759 Captured by Wolfe. 
 
 PEACE TREATY. 
 
 1 763 Signed at Paris. 
 
 English reverses in blue; English successes in red. 
 
1755 
 
 1% PERIOD OF COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT. 
 
 Reference Outline for Review. 
 The Old French War. 
 
 Chronological Order of Events. 
 
 1 753 Washington's journey. 
 f Fort Du Quesne built. 
 1 754 Battle of Great Meadows. 
 
 [ Fort Necessity surrendered. 
 1 755 Braddock's defeat. 
 
 r Shirley fails to capture Niagara. 
 First encounter at Lake George. 
 Second encounter at Lake George. 
 I Acadians expelled from Nova Scotia. 
 1'756 Oswego captured by Montcalm. 
 _,__ ( Fort William Henry captured by Montcalm. 
 I Loudon fails to take Louisburg. 
 
 (Fort Du Quesne taken by Forbes and Washington. 
 Abercrombie defeated at Ticonderoga. 
 ,. Bradstreet captures Fort Frontenac. 
 1 75S Louisburg taken by Amherst and Wolfe. 
 1 759 Fort Niagara taken by Pricleaux. 
 1 -7E-Q J Amherst captures Ticonderoga and Crown Point. 
 
 ' Wolfe captures Quebec. 
 1 763 Treaty of Paris. 
 
 PREPARATORY GEOGRAPHY LESSON. 
 
 Upon a map of the United States Dote the relative position of (1) the At- 
 lantic Stairs : (2) of Boston, New Fork, Philadelphia, Charleston, and Williams- 
 burg (Virginia). How would a vessel sail from Boston to Halifax, Nova Scotia ? 
 Prom Boston to Charleston, South Carolina ? 
 
 Upon a map of Massachusetts locate Boston, Cambridge, Lexington, Con- 
 cord. In what direction from Boston is Concord ': 
 
 Upon a map of the New England States cote the direction from Boston to 
 Ticonderoga, New York. Prom Boston to Quebec bj way of the Kennebec 
 River, Maine. Where are the Green Mountains ? 
 
1755. 
 
 ENGLISH POSSESSIONS I I 
 
 FRENCH □ SPANISH I I 
 
 Oi'^d !i>t< $ xhow national claims 
 
 SCALE OF MILES 
 
 TERRIXORUL CLAIMS 
 
 1763. 
 
 (After close ofTrench.and Indian War.) 
 
 SCALE OF MILES . 
 
 °!D0~g00~a60 400500 
 
 ENGRAVED FOR HANSELL'8 HIGHER HISTORY OF THE 
 
IV. PERIOD OF REVOLUTION 
 
 The Struggle for English Liberty in America. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 COMMERCIAL NI.AYKUY, 
 
 Tyranny and Revolution. 
 
 ernraerit deprives the people of 
 their rights, and compels them 
 to obey unjust laws. Such a 
 use of power is called tyranny. 
 When a few people forcibly re- 
 sist the laws, there is insurrec- 
 tion. When a large body 
 of people unite in ov 
 throwing their gover 
 111 e n t , there is 
 rebellion. A re- 
 bellion that suc- 
 ceeds in estab- 
 lishing a new 
 government is a 
 revolution. Tyr- 
 anny often provokes 
 insurrections which 
 lead to rebellions, and end in 
 revolutions. We are now to 
 consider a case of this kind, 
 known as the " American Revo- 
 lution." 
 
 England's Oppressive 
 Policy. — The colonists had 
 
 — Sometimes a king or a gov- 
 
 James Otis and Writs of 
 Assistance. 
 
 To find out if anyone was violating 
 the Navigation and the Importation 
 Acts, authority was granted to colonial 
 courts to issue Writs of Assistance 
 (1761). These: writs were search 
 w arrants, giving the officers of the 
 t authority to search private 
 rellings. James Otis, of Mas- 
 sachusetts, eloquently denied 
 that this authority could be 
 rightly given, and in Bos- 
 ton and Salem the offi- 
 cers were resisted. The 
 eloquence of Otis made 
 a deep impression. 
 Soon the people came 
 to think about this 
 question : "Ought 
 Americans to submit to 
 \Y8 in the making of which 
 they have no share ?" 
 
 The people of England were 
 represented in the lawmaking 
 body known as the House of Parlia- 
 ment, but in this body the colonists 
 u ere not allowed representation. They 
 had lawmaking bodies of their own, 
 which were known as Colonial As- 
 semblies. The colonists soon came to 
 believe that they should obey such laws 
 only as were passed by the Colonial 
 Assemblies. 
 
198 
 
 PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. 
 
 long been dissatisfied with England's policy towards them. 
 They had often to submit to tyrannous governors and un- 
 just laws. Their welfare seemed to concern the mother country 
 very little. They were in every way prevented in their attempts 
 to establish industries and build up enterprises that competed 
 or conflicted with the business interests of England. 
 
 Laws restricting- American Trade and Industry. 
 — Navigation Acts (1651) compelled the colonists to send their 
 products to England, instead of to those markets of the world 
 where better prices could be obtained. Importation Acts ( 1 733) 
 
 made it difficult for the colonists 
 to trade with the West Indies. 
 American shipbuilding was 
 looked upon by England as 
 interfering with the interests of 
 English shipbuilders. Ameri- 
 can manufacturing was pro- 
 hibited (1751), so that English 
 goods might find a ready market 
 in America. Even between any 
 two colonies, trade was discour- 
 aged, so that each would be 
 compelled to deal directly with 
 the mother country to the profit 
 of English merchants. 
 Evasion of Unjust Laws. 
 — The colonists often sought to evade many of the unjust laws 
 passed by the English Government. When they were com- 
 pelled to obey, much ill-feeling resulted. Up to the end of 
 the French and Indian War it had been impossible to resist this 
 oppression. So long as the French held Canada, the English 
 colonists might at any time need the help of England to resist 
 an invasion. Now that this danger was over, the colonists 
 realized more keenly the wrongs imposed upon them by the 
 mother country. 
 
 The Spirit of American Independence. — The colo- 
 nies had also increased greatly in strength and population. 
 
 Two Centers of Political 
 Thought. 
 
 Two centers of political thought 
 were slowly forming— the one in Vir- 
 ginia and the other in Massachusetts. 
 From these centers was to blaze forth 
 the genius of such men as Patrick 
 Henry and James Otis, of Thomas 
 Jefferson and the Adamses, of Pen- 
 dleton, < 'air, Randolph, Lee, Han- 
 cock, and Mason. A serious step was 
 to be taken by the American people. 
 They were to change their condition 
 from being governed to governing. A 
 transf er of sovereignty from England 
 to America was soon to be made, and 
 the principle of self-government, which 
 has done so much for the progress of 
 tin' human race, was to be given to 
 the world. 
 
THE STRUGGLE FOR ENGLISH LIBERTY IN AMERICA. 199 
 
 Success in the Indian and intercolonial wars had given them 
 confidence in themselves. The life they had been leading- 
 taught them to love liberty more and more. Thus the spirit 
 of American independence grew slowly and naturally, and 
 the time Avas near at hand when oppression could no longer be 
 submitted to ; when Englishmen of America would demand 
 equal rights with Englishmen of England ; when the principles 
 of English civil liberty would have to be fought for upon 
 American soil. 
 
 Questions.— What is tyranny ? Rebellion? Revolution? What effect 
 had England's policy long produced upon the colonists ? To what were they 
 compelled often to submit ? What did the Navigation Acts compel the colo- 
 nists to do ? When were they passed ? What effect had the Importation 
 Acts ? W T hen were they passed ? How did England look upon American ship- 
 building? Why did England prohibit American manufacturing? Why was 
 trade between the colonists themselves limited ? When an unjust law was 
 passed, what did they do ? What resulted when officers compelled them to 
 obey an unjust law ? Why had not the colonists all this time resented the 
 injustice of England ? Why did the colonists now feel themselves stronger ? 
 What success had inspired them with confidence in themselves ? What had 
 been growing slowly and naturally ? What time was now near at hand ? 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. English Restrictions upon American Colonial Trade. II. James Otis anil Writs of Assist- 
 ance. III. Virginia and Massachusetts as Leaders in tin' Opposition to England. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Hiklreth's History oftlu United States. 
 Vol. i.: Navigation Acts, 471. Restrictions upon intercolonial trade, 474. Vol. ii.: Rest- 
 lessness of the colonies under trade restrictions, 43U. Writs of Assistance and James Otis, 498. 
 
 Bancroft's History of the United States. 
 Vol. ii.: Speech of James Otis on Writs of Assistance, 547. Laws against manufactures in 
 the colonies, 81. Interference with American industry, 239. Vol. iii.: Navigation Acts 
 evaded by the colonists, 59. Samuel Adams, 76, 157. 
 
 Fiske's American Revolution, i. 
 Writs of Assistance, 12. Virginia Stamp Act Resolutions, 20. Massachusetts's resistance 
 to Stamp Act, 22-23. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guise for comparative examination of other works and authorities. — Navigation 
 Acts. Importation Ads. Otis, James. Writs of Assistance. 
 
 Special.— Winsi n's Xarratire and Criticat History, vol. vi„ chap, i.: The Revolution Im- 
 pending. Hart's Formation of thr Union, 46 : Writs of Assistance, ooke's Virginia, 
 Part III., chap, ix.: Virginia and Massachusetts. 
 
200 
 
 I'EKTol) <)F DEVOLUTION. 
 
 chapter n. 
 
 No Taxation without Representation. — England's 
 
 lawmaking body is called the Parliament. It consists of an 
 upper house, or House of- Lords, and 
 a lower house, or House of Com- 
 mons. In the House of Commons 
 the English people are represented. 
 It has long been an established 
 principle of English government that 
 the people can never be taxed with- 
 out their consent. This consent is 
 expressed by their representatives in 
 the House of Commons. 
 
 Being Englishmen and free, the 
 colonists had come firmly to believe 
 that they, too, could not be taxed 
 without their own consent, and that 
 
 this consent could be expressed only by the lawmaking body in 
 
 which they were represented — 
 
 the Colonial Assembly. When, 
 
 therefore, ( J-renville, Prime Min- 
 ister of England, announced 
 
 (1764) that a tax would be im- 
 posed upon the colonies, by act 
 
 of Parliament and not byacl of 
 
 Colonial Assembly, a storm of 
 
 indignation arose throughout 
 
 the colonies. 
 Passage of the Stamp 
 
 Act.— The measure announced 
 
 was passed (1765), and from the 
 
 peculiar way in which the tax 
 
 Was to be collected it is known 
 
 as the Stamp Act. When news 
 
 The Stamp Act. 
 
 rjnder provisions of the Stamp Ad 
 every legal documenl had to be drawn 
 upon stamped paper furnished by the 
 British Government. Every pam- 
 phlet, newspaper, and almanac pub- 
 lished in the colonies Had to bear a 
 Stamp. The value of the stamps, all 
 of which were to conic from England, 
 ranged from a halfpenny to six pounds. 
 
 England claimed that the colonics 
 
 should pay a part of the cost of the 
 French and Indian War, and this tax 
 u as ie\ ied for that purpose. But the 
 colonists had already borne more than 
 their proportion. They had furnished, 
 fed, anil clothed more than twenty- 
 live thousand men. The Injustice of 
 
 the measure fell, therefore, with all the 
 more force. 
 
TIIK STRUGGLE FOR ENGLISH LIBERTY IN AMERICA. 
 
 201 
 
 of it reached America, everyone realized that an act of tyranny 
 was about to be enforced. Bells were tolled in Boston as if for 
 some great calamity. Tn New York the act was printed and 
 circulated under the heading, 
 " The Folly of England and the 
 Ruin of America." 
 
 The Act Resisted. — Every 
 colony evaded and resisted the 
 Stamp Act. Newspapers were 
 printed, and the picture of a 
 death's head 
 took the place 
 of the required 
 stamp. Law- 
 yers agreed to 
 disregard the 
 absence of 
 stamps from 
 11 court docu- 
 ments. No one 
 w o u Id us e 
 them. Stamp- 
 selling officers 
 were compelled 
 to resign. In 
 
 North Carolina Colonel John 
 Ashe, Speaker of the Colonial 
 Assembly, declared that the 
 people of that colony would re- 
 sist the act to the death. 
 
 Virginia's Defiance. — 
 The first word of defiance came 
 from Virginia. There had been 
 elected to the Virginia Colonial 
 Assembly, from Louisa County, 
 a young lawyer named Patrick 
 Henry. When the Assembly convened, this young orator intro- 
 
 RI< K HENRY 
 
 Patrick Henry. 
 
 Patrick Henry was born at Studley, 
 Hanover County, Virginia, May 29, 
 1736. lie was instructed chiefly by his 
 father, and after engaging in several 
 occupations took up the study of law, 
 lilting himself for his professional 
 duties in a very short time. His prog- 
 ress was at first 
 _ slow ; but a cele- 
 brated case, known 
 as the Parsons 
 Case, made him 
 widely known. 
 This was an action 
 of the clergy against 
 the people. Henry, 
 by his great elo- 
 quence, won a com- 
 plete victory for the 
 people, when at first 
 it was thought that 
 the people's case 
 was hopeless. 
 Henry was ever the 
 friend of popular 
 freedom, and did 
 much to shape pub- 
 lic sentiment and 
 inspire the colonists 
 in their resistance 
 to English oppression. He it was who 
 boldly uttered: "If we wish to be 
 free . . . we must light. . . . There 
 is no retreat, but in submission and 
 slavery. . . . Our Chains are forged. 
 The war is inevitable, and let it 
 come. . . . Is life so dear and peace 
 so sweet as to be purchased at the 
 price of chains and slavery J Forbid 
 it, Almighty God ! I know not what 
 course others may take, but as for me, 
 give me liberty or give me death." 
 Henry became the first governor of the 
 Commonwealth of Virginia. He died 
 in 1799. 
 
202 
 
 I'KKK)]) OF KKYOLUTION. 
 
 duced a series of resolutions, which have since become historical. 
 These resolutions set forth (1) that Virginia had inherited all 
 the rights of English subjects ; (2) that two charters confirmed 
 these rights to the Virginians ; (3) that the taxation of the 
 people by themselves was a distinguishing characteristic of 
 British freedom ; (4) and that the General Assembly of the 
 
 colony had the sole 
 right and power to 
 levy taxes and im- 
 posts on the colo- 
 nists. 
 
 South Caro- 
 lina Supports 
 Virginia. — An ex- 
 cited debate arose 
 over these resolu- 
 tions. Henry's 
 eloquence, however, 
 secured their adop- 
 tion. A ngry ;i t 
 this, Governor Fau- 
 quier, exercising the 
 power vested in 
 royal governors, 
 dissolved the As- 
 sembly. But he 
 was too late, for the 
 work was done. 
 Virginia had given the signal to the continent, and the colo- 
 nies quickly responded. A congress was proposed by Massa- 
 chusetts. South Carolina promptly seconded the proposition, 
 and sent her liberty-loving patriot son, Christopher Gadsden, 
 as her representative. 
 
 The Stamp Act Congress. — The congress assembled in 
 New York City, October T. L765. All the colonies were rep- 
 resented except New Hampshire. Virginia, and North Caro- 
 lina, whose governors had prevented the election of delegates. 
 
THE STRUGGLE FOR ENGLISH LIBERTY IN AMERICA. 
 
 201! 
 
 3^73^? 
 
 Resolutions of a similar character to those which Henry had 
 prepared were adopted ; and respectful memorials and protests 
 to King and Parliament were drawn up. This congress is 
 known as the Stamp Act Congress. 
 
 The Declaratory Act. — The opposition to the Stamp 
 Act resulted in its repeal (March 18, 1766), one year after its 
 passage. But with the repeal the Declaratory Act was passed, 
 asserting that Parliament had a right to make laws for the 
 colonists in every case whatsoever. The next year (1767), 
 instigated by Charles Townshend, Chancellor of the Exchequer, 
 the English Government passed a Revenue Act, imposing a tax, 
 or duty, upon im- 
 ported articles, 
 such as wine, oil, 
 and fruit, tea, 
 glass, lead, paper, 
 and paint. 
 
 The same prin- 
 ciple for which the 
 colonists had been 
 contending was in- 
 volved — no taxa- 
 tion without representation. Again strong opposition arose. 
 Samuel Adams drew up the protest of Massachu setts. Town 
 meetings, to give expression to popular sentiment, were held 
 in Boston and thronged Faniieil Hall, which from that (lav has 
 been called the "cradle of liberty. 1 '' The Virginia Assembly 
 denounced the act, and was again dissolved by the governor. 
 The members repaired to the Raleigh Tavern, near by, and 
 continued to hold meetings. 
 
 The Tea Tax. — The colonists agreed to import nothing 
 from England until this objectionable act should be repealed. 
 The trade of the London merchants suffered greatly when the 
 colonists stopped buying and importing goods from England. 
 Influence was brought to bear upon Parliament, until the act 
 was repealed, with the exception of the clause imposing a tax 
 on tea. It was thought that surely the colonies would thus be 
 
 'ME l; A 1 i;i I , II TAYE1 N. 
 
204 TERIOD OF REVOLUTION. 
 
 satisfied, and the claim of Parliament be maintained. The tax 
 was a very small one, but the colonists were contending for a 
 principle, not for a reduction of taxes. The right to tax 
 America had either to be enforced or given up. 
 
 Questions. — Of what does the English Parliament consist ? In which of 
 the two divisions are the English people represented? What lias been long 
 established as a principle of English government? How is the consent to be 
 taxed expressed? What had the colonists come to believe? How did the 
 colonists believe that their consent to be taxed could only lie expressed ? What 
 did Prime Minister Grenville announce ? When ? How did the colonists receive 
 this announcement ? When was the measure passed ? By what name was it 
 known ? When news of the passage of this measure reached America, what did 
 everyone realize ? What was done in Boston ? In Xew York ? How did the 
 colonies evade the Stamp Act ? What did Colonel Ashe say ? From where 
 did the first word of defiance come? Who introduced resolutions into the 
 Virginia Assembly ? What did these resolutions sei forth? What effeel had 
 Henry's resolutions ? What secured their adoption? What did Governor 
 Fauquier do ? What had Virginia given ? What did Massachusetts propose ? 
 Whom did South Carolina send to take part in the proposed congress? Where 
 did this congress assemble? When? What colonies were not represented? 
 Why? What resolutions did this congress adopt ? What two memorials and 
 protests were drawn up? How is this congress known? When was the Stamp 
 Act repealed ? What acl was passed with the repeal of the Stamp Act? What 
 act was passed in 1767? By whom was this acl instigated? Upon what articles 
 did this act impose taxes, orduties? What principle was involved? What again 
 arose? Who drew up the protest of Massachusetts? What did the Virginia 
 Assembly do? Whose trade suffered when the colonists stopped importing? 
 What did the London merchants do? How much of the aci was repealed ? 
 Why were not the colonists now satisfied ? What had now to be either enforced 
 or given up? 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. The Stamp Act. TI. Patrick Henry. III. The Second Colonial or Stamp Act Congress 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Hildreth's History of tlu United States, vol. ii. 
 
 Taxation of America proposed, 518. Stamp Art. 524. Henry's resolutions, 525. Stamp Act 
 
 Congress, 529. Repeal of Stamp Act, 585. 
 Bancroft's History of th< United States, vol. iii. 
 
 Stamp Art. ;,.-, :,;. 104, 204. Patrick Benry, 66, He. Stamp Act Congress, 149. 
 Ki-kr's American Revolution, vol. i. 
 
 Stamp Act. 17. stamp Act Congress, it. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities. -Stamp Ac/. The. 
 
THE STRUGGLE FOR ENGLISH LIBERTY IN AMERICA. 
 
 205 
 
 Taxation without /.'« jin .* ntalion. Henri/, Patrick, stump Act Resolutions, Virginia. 
 Gadsden, Christopher. Congress, TJu StampAct. Declaratory Act, The. Adams, Samuel. 
 Revenue Act, The. 
 Spbciai.— Winsor's Narrative and Critical History, vol. vi., chap, i.: The Revolution Im- 
 pending. Hart's For/nation of the Union: The Slump Act, 48. Tyler: Patrick Henry. 
 Hosmer : Samuel Attains. Cooke's Virginia, Part III., chap, ii.: Henry the prophet of the 
 Revolution. For an English view of the controversy between Great Britain and America, 
 consult Greg's History of the United States. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 AGITATION. 
 
 -In 1760 George 
 
 Character and Policy of George III 
 
 III. became King of England. 
 By this time the English people 
 had come to be the freest people 
 in Europe. The great ambi- 
 tion of this king, however, was 
 to increase his own power, . 
 
 which he could do only ,yj§fl| 
 by taking away the lib 
 erty of his subjects 
 He wished to be 
 a powerful king 
 in fact as well as 
 in name. 
 
 King George 
 was very igno- 
 rant of the char- 
 
 JOHN II 
 
 acter of the Am- 
 erican colonists and very stub- 
 born in persisting in a course 
 upon which he had once set his 
 mind. Thus it was that he 
 authorized or instigated many oppressive measures which a 
 wiser monarch would never have tried to enforce. 
 
 Acts of oppression became frequent as his reign ad- 
 vanced. The British ship-of-war llomney compelled several 
 
 Significance of the Pend- 
 ing Contest. 
 
 The contest in winch the colonists 
 were now engaged meant more than 
 many suppose. It was a contest upon 
 American soil for English lib- 
 ^^^ erty. A great writer has said 
 
 JPP^B^ that it is impossible for a free 
 people despotically to govern a 
 lent people without en- 
 ing their own freedom, 
 tting aside of the rights 
 ; English in America 
 would have prepared 
 the way for the setting 
 aside nf the rights of 
 the English in Eng- 
 land. Many wise states- 
 men recognized this, 
 and there arose in Eng- 
 land friends of Amer- 
 ica, among whom were 
 Pitt, Burke, Bane, and 
 others, who in Parlia 
 mem opposed all oppressive meas- 
 ures. But the measures of the king, 
 shaped by his ministry, generally 
 prevailed. 
 
200 
 
 PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. 
 
 Battle of Alamance. 
 
 Resistance in North Carolina at our 
 time reached open rebellion. The 
 hardy farmers living in the hack 
 counties, no longer ahle to stand the 
 oppressions of officials, rose in revolt. 
 An organization existed among these 
 farmers, called the Regulators, who, 
 to the number Of about twelve hun- 
 dred, engaged the royal governor. 
 Tryon, in a bloody conflict at \la- 
 mance (1771), in what is now Orange 
 County. They were, however, re- 
 pulsed with severe loss, and Tryon 
 followed up the victory with many 
 acts of cruelty. By some this is re- 
 garded as the first battle of the Ameri- 
 can Revolution. It was certainly the 
 first battle waged upon American soil 
 in opposition to the governmental au- 
 thority of England. 
 
 citizens of Massachusetts to be- 
 come sailors. It also seized a 
 sloop, called the Liberty, be- 
 longing to John Hancock. Two 
 regiments of soldiers were sent 
 to Boston to intimidate the 
 people (1768). These soldiers 
 had to be supported and cared 
 for by the people of the city. 
 
 Acts of Resistance. — The 
 colonists soon began to show a 
 spirit of resistance. A conflict 
 between British soldiers and 
 Boston citizens took place in 
 the streets of Boston, in which 
 encounter four citizens Avere 
 killed and seven wounded (1770). This is known as the Bos- 
 ton Massacre. A war vessel, called the Gaspee, engaged in 
 enforcing the He venue Act, was secretly captured at night by 
 citizens of Rhode Island and 
 burned (1772). 
 
 A Shrewd Subterfuge. — 
 The removal of all duties except 
 that on tea did not mend mut- 
 ters. The colonists refused to 
 import tea from England, and 
 smuggled it from Holland. 
 From this cause the trade of 
 English tea merchants suffered 
 greatly; so the English Govern- 
 ment adopted a shrewd policy, 
 granting to shippers a rebate 
 upon tea sent to America. This 
 rebate enabled dealers, despite 
 the importation tax, to sell the 
 tea more cheaply in America 
 than they could in England or 
 
 Committees of Corre- 
 spondence. 
 
 The necessity for the colonics to act. 
 in harmony had been seriously felt. 
 The first step to this end was taken 
 when young Dabney Carr, a member 
 of the Virginia Assembly, proposed in 
 thai body the organization of a com- 
 mittee to correspond with like com- 
 mittees Of Othei colonies upon matters 
 pertaining to the general welfare 
 (March, 1773). The measure tf as sup- 
 ported by Patrick Henry and Richard 
 Henry Lee, and speedily met with 
 favor in the other colonies. A system 
 of intercolonial committees of corre- 
 spondence was therefore instituted, and 
 
 the colonies were brought into Close 
 communication with one another. 
 Thenceforth they were to aci in con- 
 cert. Massachusetts had alread\ a 
 similar plan in operation among her 
 cities and towns. 
 
'HE STRUGGLE FOE ENGLISH LIBERTY IN AMERICA. 207 
 
PERIOD <>F KKVOI.lTlo.N'. 
 
 / 
 
 Holland. Thus was the endeavor made to tempt the colonists 
 to give up their determination not to be taxed by England; 
 hut the attempt did not succeed. They were contending for 
 something more than cheap tea. 
 
 Boston Tea Party. — Ships loaded with tea set sail for 
 four ports — Boston, Philadelphia, New York, and Charleston. 
 Before their arrival a general plan of action was agreed upon. 
 In Philadelphia, New York, and Charleston those who were 
 
 to receive and to dispose of 
 the tea were compelled to re- 
 sign their commissions. The 
 tea commissioners in Boston 
 refused to resign. The Massa- 
 chusetts colonists, headed by 
 Samuel Adams, demanded that 
 the tea -laden vessels in the 
 port of Boston return to Eng- 
 land. The demand not being 
 complied with, a party of men, 
 about fifty in number, dis- 
 guised themselves as Mohawk 
 Indians, took forcible posses- 
 sion of the vessel one night, 
 and, tearing open the hatches, 
 emptied the contents of 342 
 chests into the sea. This act 
 of the Boston Tea Party, as 
 it was called, was applauded 
 throughout America. In England it was looked upon as riot 
 and Lawlessness, and caused much anger. 
 
 Further Oppressive Pleasures. — The prime minister, 
 who was now Lord North, determined to humble the Massa- 
 chusetts Colony, and show the American people how all- 
 powerful a government can be. The Boston Port Bill (1774) 
 declared the port of Boston closed to shipping of any kind. 
 The Regulating Act annulled the charter of Massachusetts 
 and abolished its \'vn' government; soldiers were again quar- 
 
 The First Continental 
 Congress. 
 
 An impulse was frit to come together 
 lor solemn consultation. Virginia 
 proposed a general congress of the 
 colonics (May 27, 1774). This First 
 Continental Congress assembled at 
 Philadelphia, in Carpenters 1 Hall 
 Si i i •">, 1774 1. It was composed of 
 the most eminent men among the col- 
 onists, and in average of ability and 
 intelligence it has never yet been 
 equaled by any representative gather- 
 ing of which anything is known. 
 Peyton Randolph, of Virginia, was 
 chosen president. The deliberations 
 
 of this body resulted il i in an 
 
 nient to have no intercourse with 
 
 England until all offensive acts were 
 
 repealed ; (2) in the issuance of ad- 
 dresses to the king, to the British 
 people, and to the colonics, formally 
 setting forth colonial grievances ; and 
 (3) in the recommendation that an- 
 other congress assemble in the fol- 
 lowing May. 
 
THE STRUGGLE FOR ENGLISH LIBERTY IN AMERICA. 209 
 
 tered upon the people. A law was passed (1774) forbidding 
 any Massachusetts judge to try any revenue officer or soldier 
 for murder if he should kill any citizen who was enforcing 
 England's objectionable laws. Thus was it that the North- 
 ern colony was singled out to bear the brunt of English 
 anger. 
 
 Colonies Rally to the Support of Massachusetts. 
 — Sympathy for suffering Boston poured in from all sides. 
 Marblehead offered her wharves free of charge to the Boston 
 merchants. Provisions and supplies in great abundance were 
 sent overland from all colonies ; even so remote a colony as 
 South Carolina making contributions. Warm words of en- 
 couragement went up from Virginia. Washington offered to 
 equip, at his own expense, one thousand men and march to the 
 relief of Boston if necessary. "An attack upon Massachu- 
 setts," said Henry, " is an attack upon Virginia." A day was 
 set apart for fasting and prayer. The Almighty was invoked 
 to avert the impending calamity to civil liberty. 
 
 Questions. — When George III. became king, what had the British people 
 come to be ? What was the king's ambition ? Of what was he ignorant ? 
 What did he authorize or instigate ? Why ? What were now committed 
 against the colonists ? What did the Romney do ? Why were soldiers sent to 
 Boston ? W T hat did the colonists soon begin to show ? What was the Boston 
 massacre ? What happened to the Gaspee ? Why did not the removal of all 
 duties except that on tea mend matters ? What shrewd plan did the English 
 Government devise ? Why did it not succeed ? To what four ports were tea- 
 laden vessels sent ? Tn what cities were the tea commissioners compelled to re- 
 sign ? Where did the tea commissioners refuse to resign ? What did Samuel 
 Adams demand ? What happened when his demand was refused ? How was 
 the Boston Tea Party looked upon in England ? Who was now prime minister ? 
 What did he determine to do ? What bill and act wen 1 passed to punish .Massa- 
 chusetts ? What law ? What poured into Boston from all sides ? What did 
 Marblehead offer ? What were sent overland from all the colonies ? What did 
 Washington offer to do if necessary ? What did Henry say ? What was set 
 apart ? 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. English Oppression and Colonial Resistance in Massachusetts, it. Battle of Alamance. 
 III. The Tea Tax and Boston Tea Party. IV. England's Measures to I'unish Massachu- 
 setts. V. Colonial Committees of Correspondencs. VT. The First Continental Congress. 
 14 
 
010 PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Hildretfa'a History of the United Slates. 
 Vol. ii.: Boston riots, 52 7. Non-importation agreement, 632, 541," 551. Boston massacre, 
 554. Vol. iii. : Boston Tea Party, 29. Continental Congress, 42. 
 
 Bancroft V History of the United States, vol. iii. 
 Mutiny Act, 105. Massachusetts plans resistance, 272. Battle of Alamance, 401. Tea 
 tin-own overboard in Boston Harbor, 450. Virginia proposes Committees of Correspondence, 
 l:;r,. Punishment of Massachusetts, 171-432. The First Continental Congress, 61-66. 
 
 Piske's American Revolution. 
 Boston massacre, 66. North Carolina Regulators, 75. Gaspee affair, 76. Committees of 
 Correspondence, 80. Boston tea controversy, 82-90. Boston Port Bill, 95. Continental 
 Congress assembles, 110. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and references.— George ///. 
 Pitt, William. Hancock, John. Boston Massacre, Tlie. Gaspee, Burning of the. Ala- 
 mance, Battle of . Boston Tea Party, The. Boston Port Bill, The. Regulating Act, The. 
 Committees of Correspondence, Colonial. Congress, First Continental. 
 
 SpkciaIi.— Winsor's Narrative and Critical History, vol. vi., chap, i.: The Revolution im- 
 pending. Hart's Formation, of the Fit ion : The spirit of violence in the colonies, 56. 
 Hosmer : Samuel Adams. Clark's History of North Carolina: Battle of Alamance. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 ARMED RESI STANCE. 
 
 Minute Men and the Battle of Lexington. — The 
 
 people of .Massachusetts resisted by force the operation of the 
 Regulating Act. It was now plain that an armed conflict was 
 about to take place. Preparations went rapidly forward. 
 Henry's memorable saying, " Liberty or Death," became the 
 watchword. Men armed and organized themselves into com- 
 panies, and took oath to be ready at a minute's warning. 
 Stores and munitions of war were collected at various points. 
 
 When informed of these preparations, General (rage, the 
 English military governor of Massachusetts, hastened to fortify 
 the peninsular neck of Boston. lie then sent a detachment of 
 troops to destroy some military stores which the Americans 
 had collected at Concord, near Boston. The road to Concord 
 Lay through the town of Lexington. At five o'clock in the 
 morning the British forces entered this town and found op- 
 posed to them a company of 130 " minute men, 1 ' as they were 
 calledj under Captain Parker. Major Pitcairn, of the British, 
 ordered the minute men to disperse, and when they refused 
 
THE STRUGGLE FOR ENGLISH LIBERTY' IX AMERICA. 
 
 211 
 
 •^ 
 
 Seven of them were 
 
 they were fired upon (April 19, 
 killed. 
 
 Paul Revere. — Gage endeavored to keep his Concord ex- 
 pedition a secret from the colonists, but the movements of the 
 British were closely watched. The 
 expedition set out in the night ; but 
 signal lights, hung in the tower of 
 Christ Church, warned of their de- 
 parture, and Paul Revere, waiting 
 upon the other side of the river, with 
 his horse bridled and saddled, set out 
 immediately when he saw the lights, 
 and gave timely notice of the enemy's 
 approach. 
 
 The Country Aroused. — The 
 British went on to Concord, 
 
 § 
 
 m 
 
 but many of the stores had 
 been removed and hidden. 
 Meanwhile the country was 
 aroused, and men from sur- 
 rounding towns poured in 
 with astonishing rapidity. 
 The British, while searching 
 the town, were attacked and 
 compelled to retreat. The 
 march back was one long 
 struggle. The Americans, 
 posting themselves along the 
 road, behind rocks, barns, 
 and trees, poured volley after 
 
 volley into the ranks of the passing soldiers. Thoroughly 
 exhausted, and barely escaping capture, the expedition finally 
 reached Boston after losing 273 of its number. 
 
 War Begins. — Now indeed was the country stirred up. 
 Men from all the New England colonies gathered rapidly about 
 Boston. John Stark came from New Hampshire, Natlnuiael 
 Greene from Rhode Island, and Benedict Arnold from Connec- 
 
 IN-CHIEF OF THE 
 
 lltl.INIA, COMMANDEK- 
 MERICAN ARMY. 
 
212 PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. 
 
 ticut, all leading to the scene of conflict companies of recruits 
 and militia. The number of Americans around Boston soon 
 reached 1,600. Gage found himself besieged, and war had 
 commenced. 
 
 Green Mountain Boys ; the Capture of Ticon- 
 deroga and Crown Point. — The need of cannon and muni- 
 tions of war suggested to Arnold the capture of the old, well- 
 supplied forts of Ticonderoga and Crown Point. Authority was 
 given him to raise a force of 4o<) men among the Berkshire Hills 
 of western Massachusetts for the purpose of capturing the forts. 
 A second expedition, composed of Green Mountain Boys, 
 under the command of Ethan 
 Israel Putnam. Allen, had already set out for 
 
 the same purpose. Arnold over- 
 took and joined this expedition. 
 Ticonderoga was surprised and 
 captured (May 10, 1775), and 
 about the same time another 
 party of Green Mountain Boys, 
 under Seth Warner, took Crown 
 Point. Arnold, with a party 
 of his Berkshire men, then cap- 
 tured the post of St. John's, on Lake Champlain, with its gar- 
 rison, and returned to Boston. 
 
 The Appointment of Commander-in-Chief. — On the 
 day that Ticonderoga fell, the Second Continental Congress 
 assembled at Philadelphia. John Hancock, of Massachusetts, 
 presided. Washington, Franklin, Lee, Henry, John and Samuel 
 Adams, Livingston, Benjamin Harrison, and others took part 
 in the proceedings. This congress had really no authority to 
 act as a government, hut it knew that the people, from a spirit 
 of patriotism, would follow its instructions. The armed patriots 
 assembled around Boston were now looked upon as the Conti- 
 nental Army, and Congress took a most important step when 
 it selected a roimnander-in-cliief. 
 
 John Hancock aspired to the position ; hut there was one 
 whose fitness, experience, and ability were so marked that he 
 
 The eagerness of the New Engend- 
 ers to reach tile scene and to take part 
 in tin- events that were to follow is 
 illustrated in the ease of Israel Put- 
 nam, a noted patriot of Connecticut, 
 who, while plowing, hearing the news 
 of Lexington, dropped the plow- 
 bandies, mounted a horse, and in 
 eighteen hours traveled the hundred 
 miles intervening between his farm 
 and the patriot Camp. 
 
THE STRUGGLE FOE ENGLISH LIBERTY IN AMERICA. 213 
 
 was unanimously chosen. This was Colonel George Wash- 
 ington, of Virginia, who became commander-in-chief of the 
 American Army (June 15, 1775),., Washington accepted the 
 appointment in all modesty. " Since Congress desire it," said 
 he, "I will enter upon the duty and exert every power I possess 
 in their service, and for the glorious cause. But I beg it may 
 be remembered by every gentleman in the room, that I this 
 day declare, with the utmost sincerity, I do not think myself 
 equal to the command I am honored with." 
 
 Questions. — What act did Massachusetts resist ? What was now seen ? 
 What became the watchword ? What oath did men take? What were collected? 
 What did Gage hasten to do? To where did lie dispatch an expedition? Why? 
 What took place at Lexington ? Who gave warning of the British expedition 
 to Concord? Why did the British accomplish very little at Concord? Why 
 were the British compelled to retreat from Concord? How many did they 
 lose on the retreat ? Who were among those to gather about Boston? How 
 many did the Americans number? What did the need of cannon suggest to 
 Arnold? What authority was given him? Who led the Green Mountain 
 Buys? Tell something of the capture of Ticonderoga. Who captured Crown 
 Point? St. John's? Who presided over the Second Continental Congress? 
 Who were among those to take part in its proceedings? What important step 
 did this congress take? AVIio aspired to the position of commander-in-chief ? 
 Who was appointed ? When? What did he say in accepting ? 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. Beginning of the Revolutionary War in Massachusetts. II. Minute Men, Lexington, and 
 Paul Revere. III. Selection of a Commander-in-Chief for the American Army. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Hildreth'e History of tht UniU d States, vol. iii. 
 
 Minute men, 51. Lexington, 07. Selection of officers for Continental Army, 80. 
 Bancroft's History of tht United States, vol. iv. 
 
 Gage's expedition to Concord, 152. Revere, 153. Militia and alarm-men, 154. Lexington, 
 
 156. Washington chosen general, 2ir>. 
 Fiskc's American Revolution, vol. i. 
 
 Revere and Lexington, 121-123. Washington appointed to command, 133-136. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Isjikx Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities. — Minute Men, 
 The. Gage, General. Revere, Paul. Lexington, Battle of Putnam, Israel. Allen, 
 Ethan. Grim Midi hiu', ii Boys. 
 
 Special.— Winsor's XariuCin ami Critical History, vol. vi., chap, ii.: The Revolution Pre- 
 cipitated. Hart's Formation of the Union, 63 : The outbreak of hostilities. Lanier's Lex- 
 Ui'jioii and Longfellow's Paul Reven (poems). 
 
214 PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. 
 
 CHAPTER Y. 
 
 INDEPENDENCE DECLARED. 
 
 Americans Fortify Breed's Hill. — The American forces 
 about Boston were under the temporary command of General 
 
 A D raught of ti,e Towns of 
 
 Boston and CharlesTown 
 
 and the Circumjacent Country fhewingthe 
 
 Works thrown up ly His MAJESTY'S 
 
 Troops, and alfo thofe \>y the Rebels, 
 
 during the Campaign Ml 5. 
 
 Arten ius Ward, whose headquarters were at Cambridge. The 
 first thing to be done was to compel the British to leave Boston. 
 To do this, a position overlooking the town must be fortified, 
 and Bunker Hill was the position selected. At midnight a 
 
Breed's Hill. 
 
 THE STRUGGLE FOR ENGLISH LIBERTY IN AMERICA. 215 
 
 force of 1,200 men, under Colonel Prescott, proceeded to 
 Bunker Hill, but concluded that Breed's Hill, a little farther 
 on, was a better position, and so took possession of it. By 
 morning the fortifications were almost finished. 
 
 The British in Boston now numbered about eleven thousand, 
 Generals Howe, Clinton, and Burgoyne having arrived from 
 England to cooperate with Gage. The British decided that 
 the Americans must not be permitted to retain so threaten- 
 ing a position, hence preparation was made to carry Breed's 
 Hill by storm before the fortifications could be further 
 strengthened. 
 
 Battle of Bunker Hill. — Three thousand British veter- 
 ans, under Generals Howe and Piggott, crossed from Boston 
 and advanced steadily up the hill 
 to the attack (June 17, 177.~>). 
 Would inexperienced Americans By some chancc tniB battlL% fought 
 
 have the courage to stand in ° n Breeds inn. has come to be called 
 
 , . . ° ,..,.. the Battle of Bunker Hill. It was a 
 
 battle against the disciplined dearly bongh1 B ritisb victory, their 
 
 troops Of England? Much de- loss numbering 1,054, while that of the 
 
 j- . Americans was 449. Athough a defeat, 
 
 peilded Upon the manner in j U was a benefit to the Americans, for 
 
 which the defenders of Breed's h showed them tnat - '"experienced as 
 
 they were, they could give battle to 
 Hill WOllld act in this their first British regulars with coolness and 
 
 trial. Bravery meant hope for courage. 
 
 the success of the American 
 
 cause ; cowardice meant discouragement from the effects of 
 
 which it would be difficult to recover. 
 
 The Americans were commanded by Generals Prescott, 
 Stark, and Putnam. Many of the volunteers were excellent 
 marksmen. They were not permitted to fire until the British 
 were quite near, and then they poured into their advancing 
 foes a volley so deadly that none could withstand it. 
 
 The British soon rallied from the confusion into which they 
 had been thrown, and advanced to the second attack with the 
 same result. A third time they charged up the hill. The 
 ammunition of the Americans had now given out. They failed 
 to receive the support that should have reached them from 
 headquarters. With muskets as clubs they tried to hold their 
 
216 
 
 PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. 
 
 ground, but the contest was unequal. They fell back, but 
 they bad shown to the world that in courage the Americans 
 were the equals of the British. 
 
 Washington Takes Command. — Washington arrived 
 from Philadelphia and took command of the army at Cambridge 
 
 (July 3). His first duty was to 
 organize an efficient army out 
 of the raw material there as- 
 sembled. The task was not a 
 small one. Many of the men 
 desired to return to their homes, 
 for their enthusiasm had cooled. 
 Reenforcements, however, from 
 Pennsylvania, Maryland, and 
 Virginia, under the brave Dan- 
 iel Morgan, arrived, and these, 
 by their obedience to orders, set 
 so excellent an example that the 
 army was held together. 
 
 Washington Enters Bos- 
 ton. — Washington was soon 
 ready to begin operations against 
 the British. His first move was 
 to fortify Dorchester Heights, 
 overlooking Boston. The Brit- 
 ish did not dare to pass through 
 another Breed's Hill experi- 
 ence, for they were now opposed 
 by an able commander and by 
 a better disciplined army. They decided to abandon the city. 
 Their entire force embarked (March, 1770), the greater part 
 sailing for Halifax, N. S. Washington entered the city in 
 triumph, and took possession of valuable stores which the 
 British had found impossible to carry away with them. 
 
 British Attack Fort Moultrie. — Sir Henry Clinton had 
 left Boston in January (1776) with 2,000 men to operate against 
 the Southern colonies. He was joined off the coast of the 
 
 Expedition of Montgom- 
 ery, Arnold, and Morgan 
 to Quebec. 
 
 After the American army had driven 
 the British from Boston, and had little 
 to do in that vicinity, Morgan and Ar- 
 nold, with a force, were sent to cooper- 
 ate with General Richard Montgomery, 
 who was leading an expedition against 
 Canada from northern New York. 
 Arnold and Morgan went hy way of 
 Kennebec and C'haudiere Rivers. The 
 journey through the wilds of Maine 
 was made in the dead of winter. The 
 march occupied thirty- three days, and 
 so great were the fatigue and hardship 
 attending it that more than two hun- 
 dred perished, and many more aban- 
 doned the army. With 700 gaunt and 
 Buffering men the indomitable leaders 
 reached Quebec, and were joined by 
 General Montgomery, who had suc- 
 ceeded in capturing Montreal (Novem- 
 ber 3, 1775). Quebec was defended 
 by Sir Guy Carleton. The city was 
 stormed from different points (De- 
 cember 31) with great bravery, and 
 barely escaped capture. Montgomery 
 was killed, Arnold was wounded, and 
 Morgan was captured, but was after- 
 wards exchanged. The expedition 
 proved fruitless. 
 
THE STRUGGLE FOR ENGLISH LIBERTY IN AMERICA. 
 
 217 
 
 Battle of Moore's Creek 
 Bridge, N. C. 
 
 Many sturdy Scotch had settled in 
 
 the interior of the Carolina*. They 
 were loyal to King George III., and 
 proposed to show their loyalty. A 
 force of 1,600 of them were proceeding 
 to the coast to welcome Clinton, when 
 they were intercepted at Moore's 
 Creek Bridge (February 27, 1776) by 
 Colonel Richard Caswell with 1,000 
 militia. The Scots were routed after 
 a fierce engagement, the patriots tak- 
 ing 900 prisoners and capturing 2,000 
 stands of arms. 
 
 Carolinas by Sir Peter Parker, 
 with additional forces and ten 
 ships of war. 
 
 When Clinton and Parker ap- 
 proached Charleston, they found 
 the city defended by a fort upon 
 Sullivan's Island. This fort was 
 built of palmetto logs, and in 
 honor of its commander was 
 called Fort Moultrie. The Brit- 
 ish opened a heavy bombard- 
 ment (June 28), but Colonel 
 Moultrie promptly responded Avith such effect that the British 
 had to withdraw, and Charleston was saved. 
 
 Sergeant Jasper. — During the bombardment Sergeant 
 Jasper performed a brave deed that deserves to be remembered. 
 The flag of the fort had been torn from, its fastenings by a shot 
 from the enemy, and it lay outside of the fortifications. Un- 
 daunted by the hot fire from the fleet, the brave sergeant leaped 
 over the parapet, seized the flag, and affixing it to a sponge 
 staff set it up in full view, so that enemy and friend alike could 
 see that the Americans still held the fort. For this deed he 
 was offered a lieutenant's commission by Governor Rutledge, 
 but modestly declined it. 
 
 First Steps to Secure Independence. — The operations 
 
 -,-.,-- -. around Boston and Charleston 
 
 JP \ \ showed the colonists that England 
 
 was determined to subjugate and 
 
 punish them. To be independent of 
 
 England was now the desire. 
 
 In April, 1776, North Carolina 
 took the first pronounced step toward 
 the independence of all the colonies 
 by authorizing her delegates in Con- 
 gress to concur with the delegates 
 from the other colonies in declaring 
 independence. Virginia followed 
 
218 
 
 PERIOD OF REVOLUTION; 
 
 closely by passing resolutions, drawn up by Pendleton and 
 introduced by Thomas Kelson, instructing her delegates to 
 propose to Congress that it declare the colonies free and inde- 
 pendent States (May 25, 1776). Shortly afterwards the Vir- 
 ginia colonists adopted a Bill of Eights (June 15) and a Consti- 
 
 tution (June 29), under which the Commonwealth was organized, 
 with Patrick Henry as first governor. South Carolina had al- 
 ready organized an independent State government (March, 
 1776), with John Rutledge ;is president and Henry Laurens 
 as vice-president. 
 Lee's Famous Resolution of Independence.— In 
 
THE STRUGGLE FOR ENGLISH LIBERTY IN AMERICA. 219 
 
I'KKIol) ()F REVOLUTION. 
 
 Mecklenburg Declaration 
 of Independence. 
 
 Up tn this time the colonists had 
 little idea of separating themselves 
 from the mother country. They had 
 been simply fighting against wrong 
 and oppression. But American in- 
 dependence was being thought of 
 nicre and more. Christopher Cads- 
 den, of South Carolina, in a public 
 speech had boldly advised independ- 
 ence as early as 1766. After the battle 
 Of Lexington this idea rapidly gained 
 ground. The news of this battle had 
 
 scarcely reached North Carolina when 
 Hi. patriots of Mecklenburg County 
 assembled in convention at Charlotte, 
 and passed formal resolutions (Maj 
 SO, 1775) that were a virtual declaration 
 of independence. 
 
 accordance with the instructions 
 of Virginia, Richard Henry 
 Lee moved in the Continental \ 
 Congress (June 7, 177<'»), assem- 
 bled at Philadelphia: "That 
 these United Colonies are and 
 of right ought to be free and in- 
 
 dependent States . . . and 
 that all political connection be- 
 tAveen them and the State of 
 Great Britain is and ought to be 
 totally diss< >lved. ' ' This motion 
 \v;is seconded by John Adams, 
 )i Massachusetts, who, in the 
 n;i ny days' debate that fol- 
 lowed, urged the adoption of the 
 resolutions with so much el< xjuence as to overcome all opposition. 
 Independence Declared. — The people of the colonies 
 were not unanimous upon the subject of independence. Al- 
 though contending for their rights, many were bound to the 
 mother country by ties of interest and affection. But the king 
 had spurned every petition for a redress of grievances, and an 
 armed conflict had been forced upon America. This conflict 
 was rebellion so long as the colonists considered the king as 
 their sovereign. A formal declaration of independence would 
 make them consider themselves as sov- 
 ereign. They had to choose between 
 two things : either to be oppressed 
 and humiliated, or to he free and in- 
 dependent. The resolution of Lee 
 was adopted (July 2), and a Declara- 
 tion of Independence, drawn up by 
 
 Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia, signed 
 by representatives of all the colonies, 
 
 was proclaimed to the country (July 
 4, 1770). A copy of the Declaration 
 was sent to each <>f the States. 
 
 .ioiin RUTLEDGE. 
 
THE STRUGGLE FOB ENGLISH LIBERTY IN AMERICA. 221 
 
 Great Principles of Human Liberty Announced. 
 
 — This action of the Continental Congress was taken with great 
 care and with a deep sense of its solemnity and importance. 
 Though the paper was drawn up by Thomas Jefferson, there 
 were on the Committee with him John Adams of Massachu- 
 setts, Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania, Roger Sherman of 
 Connecticut, and Robert Livingston of New York. The re- 
 sponsibility felt by these men was expressed by Adams, who 
 declared that ' ' the greatest question has been decided which 
 was ever debated in America, and a greater, perhaps, never 
 was or will be decided among men." 
 
 In those days there Avere no telegraph lines or railroads, but 
 riders were sent posthaste to every State with copies of the 
 Declaration. The soldiers in the army listened to the reading 
 of it with heads uncovered. The news was carried to ever} 7- 
 village, and the joy of the people was expressed by the ringing 
 of bells and the firing of cannon. The feelings which inspired 
 the great statesmen were only a reflection of the desire for 
 independence that thrilled in the hearts of the people. It was 
 felt that thenceforth the fight was not to be for their rights as 
 Englishmen but for their freedom as Americans. 
 
 The hall in which Congress held its memorable meeting has 
 since been known as Independence Hall. The bell which pro- 
 claimed the glad tidings, although its sides are cracked and 
 its voice is hushed, is to-day treasured as the old Liberty Bell. 
 
 Questions. — Who commanded the American forces about Boston? What 
 was the first tiling to be done ? What hill overlooking the town was selected 
 for fortification? What hill was concluded to be more suitable? How many 
 British were now in Boston? Under what generals? Tell something about the 
 Battle of Bunker Hill. When was it fought? When did Washington take 
 command ? What had he to create? Why did many wish to return home? 
 What reinforcements arrived ? What did Washington at once begin to do ? 
 What Heights did he fortify? Why did not the British attack Dorchester 
 Heights? What did they now decide to do? When did the British leave 
 Boston? When had Sir Henry Clinton left Boston? Why? Who joined him? 
 What fort defended Chariest on? Who commanded Port Moultrie? Tell some- 
 thing of the attack upon Fort Moultrie. What brave deed performed during 
 this attack deserves to be remembered? What reward was offered to Sergeant 
 Jasper? What did the operations around Boston and Charleston show the col- 
 
222 PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. 
 
 onists? What was now the desire? What colony took the first step towards 
 independence? What colony followed ? What did North Carolina authorize 
 her delegates in Congress to do? What did Virginia instruct her delegates to 
 do? What State government had already been organized ? What did Richard 
 Henry Lee move in Congress? Who seconded the motion ? Why did not all 
 the Americans believe in independence? Between what two things did the colo- 
 nists have to choose? Who drew up the Declaration of Independence? When 
 was it proclaimed ? The effect of the proclamation? In what hall was Con- 
 gress holding session? Tell something of the Liberty Bell. 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. Siege of Boston. II. Battle of Breed's Hill. IQ. Washington's Operations around Boston. 
 IV. Quebec Expedition of Montgomery, Arnold, and Morgan. V. First British Attack 
 upon Charleston. VI. The Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence. VII. The Virginia 
 Bill of Rights. VTII. The American Declaration of Independence. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Hildreth's History of flu United States, vol. iii. 
 Siege of Boston, 69. Battle of Bunker Hill, 82. Washington assumes command, 85. Inva- 
 sion of Canada, 102. Mecklenburg Declaration, 73. Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge, 119. 
 Independence declared, 136. 
 
 Bancroft's History of tlu United States, vol. iv. 
 Siege of Boston, 16G. Breed's Hill, 215-229. Washington's operations around Boston. 289. 
 326. Montgomery in Canada, 296. Arnold's Quebec expedition, 298-308. Attack on Fort 
 Moultrie, 404-410. Virginia Bill of Rights, 41C. Declaration of Independence, 123, 437-446. 
 
 Fiskc's American Revolution, vol. i. 
 Siege of Boston. 136. Battle of Breed's or Bunker Hill. 140-143. Washington's operations 
 around Boston, 169-171. Canadian operations, 165-168. Declaration of Independence, 183, 
 191-197. 
 
 Lossing's Field Bookoftfn American Bevolvlion. 
 Vol. L: Battle of Bunker Hill, 538-546. Arnold's Quebec expedition, 187. Vol. ii.: Attack 
 upon Charleston, 548. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guise for comparative examination of other works and authorities.— Bunker Hill, 
 Battle of . Washington, commander-in-chief. Boston, Siege of . Fort Moultrie, Attack 
 upon. Moore's Creek Bridge, Battle of. Jasper, Sergeant. Mecklenburg Declaration of 
 Independence, The. tee, Richard Henry. Independence, Declaration of. Jefferson, 
 Thomas. u<dl. Independence. Liberty Bell, The. 
 
 Special.— Winsor's Narrative and Critical History, vol. \i., chap, ii.: The Revolution pre- 
 cipitated. Hart's Formation of tin Union, 77 : Independence declared. Cooke's Virginia, 
 Part m., chap. xiv. : Virginia Bill of Rights, proposal for independence, etc. The student 
 is advised to read carefully Jefferson's Declaration of Independence. Bolmes'e Grand- 
 mother's Story of Bunh r Hill Battle (poem). 
 
 Review Work. 
 What tyrannical governor of colonial Virginia was rebelled against? Why is the Charter 
 
 Oak famOIlB? Who was Sir F.dtnund Andros ? What colony was settled the same year the 
 Importation Acta "ere passed ! When and where (lid the First Colonial Congress assemble :- In 
 what other war besides that of the Revolution "ere Porta TiconderOga and Crown l'oint taken } 
 
THE STRUGGLE FOR ENGLISH LIBERTY IN AMERICA. 
 
 PREPARATORY GEOGRAPHY LESSON. 
 
 Upon the accompanying map note the position of Boston, New York, Phila- 
 delphia, Yorktown. Note the point marked Long Island. Here a battle was 
 fought in defense of New York. Where is Bennington ? Fort Edward? Where 
 is Concord? Lexington? 
 
 From Long Island pass up the Hudson, noting both White Plains and 
 
 Fort 
 Washiiij 
 ton. Cross the Hud- 
 to Fort Lee and 
 continue southwestward. In 
 what State are you then ? Con- 
 tinue until Pennsylvania is 
 reached. What river between Penn- 
 sylvania and New Jersey ? Note the 
 position of Princeton, Trenton, and 
 Morristown. From New York City trace 
 the way a vessel would take to go to the 
 head of Chesapeake Bay. Note the location 
 of Elkton, Brandywine, Germantown, Phila- 
 delphia, Yalley Forge. Trace the route of an 
 army going from Philadelphia to New York by 
 way of Monmouth, N. J. 
 
 Note the position of Crown Point, Ticonder- 
 oga, Bern is Heights, Saratoga. Trace the route 
 of an army going from Oswego toward Bemis 
 Heights, as far as Oriskany and Fort Schuyler. 
 
224 PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. 
 
 The War for American Independence. 
 CHAPTEE VI. 
 
 THE WAR IN THE NORTH. 
 
 Battle of Long Island. — British reinforcements arrived 
 in America, and Washington soon learned that New York 
 would be attacked. Hastening from Boston to the defense of 
 that city, he posted about four thousand men under Generals 
 Sullivan, Stirling, and Putnam on Long Island, near Brook- 
 lyn. General Howe soon arrived from Halifax, and General 
 Clinton from Charleston, where he had been repulsed. Ten 
 thousand Hessians and English, under Grant and Yon Heister, 
 were landed. A battle took place in which the Americans 
 suffered disastrous defeat. Fortunately a dense fog concealed 
 their movements and withheld the British from following up 
 the victory. Washington was thus enabled to withdraw his 
 forces secretly across the East River. 
 
 The British Capture New York. — The defeat on Long 
 [sland compelled Washington to abandon the defense of New 
 York. He retreated up the Hudson, and was followed by the 
 British. In a skirmish at Harlem Heights he gained an ad- 
 vantage over them. The armies next met at White Plains 
 (September 28), where the Americans were again defeated. 
 Crossing to the west bank of the Hudson, Washington posted 
 himself at Fort Lee. Directly opposite, on the east bank, 
 stood Fort Washington, to defend which he had Left Colonel 
 Magaw with 3,000 men. This fort, with its whole garrison, 
 fell into the enemy's hands (November 16), and the capture of 
 Fort Lee closely followed. 
 
 Washington Retreats through Noav Jersey ; 
 Crosses the Delaware. — Washington now retreated into 
 New Jersey, closely pursued by Cornwailis and Knyphausen. 
 Defeats had so discouraged many of his men that his forces 
 were reduced t<> 3,000. Across the State he hastened, and 
 reaching the Delaware crossed to the other side (December 8). 
 
THE WAR FOR AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 225 
 
 He took care to move all the boats for miles up and down the 
 stream beyond the reach of the pursuing British ; so that when 
 Cornwallis reached the river he was compelled to give up the 
 pursuit. Mean- 
 while he quar- 
 tered his men in 
 the several vil- 
 lages and towns 
 near by. 
 
 The Capture 
 of Trenton.— 
 Hearing that the 
 enemy's forces 
 were thus divided. 
 Washington de- 
 termined to strike 
 a quick, bold blow 
 upon one of the 
 divisions. Ee- 
 crossing the river 
 at night, amid the 
 drifting ice, he 
 marched with 
 2,400 men upon 
 Trenton, where 
 Colonel Rahl and 
 some two thou- 
 sand Hessians 
 
 were encamped. The advance was 
 made through a blinding snowstorm, 
 and the surprise was complete (Decem- 
 ber 20). Rahl was mortally wounded, and 
 more than one thousand Hessians captured. Ity morning the 
 Americans were safe again, with their prisoners, on the other 
 side of the river. 
 
 Effect of the Battle of Trenton. — The victory at Tren- 
 ton gave new life to the American cause, for it dispelled much 
 15 
 
 THK ADVANCE ON TRENTON. 
 
226 
 
 PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. 
 
 The Hessians. 
 
 Both the people of America and the 
 people of England were divided among 
 themselves on the question of th<' war 
 now being fought between the two 
 countries. In America those who 
 favored independence were called 
 Patriots. Those who felt no desire to 
 throw off allegiance to the British 
 crown were called Tories. On the 
 other hand, the war was very un- 
 popular with the people of England. 
 The king found it, so difficult to get 
 men for his armies that he was com- 
 pelled to hire soldiers of other powers. 
 Russia indignantly declined to furnish 
 him any, but the rulers of several 
 petty German states, among which 
 was Ilesse-Cassel, were willing to do 
 so. These furnished about twenty 
 thousand men under four experienced 
 generals — Riedesel, Knyphausen, Von 
 Heister, and Donpp. 
 
 of the gloom that had settled 
 upon the country. Many en- 
 listed in the American army, 
 and with an increased force 
 Washington "was able boldly to 
 enter Kew Jersey. Cornwallis 
 now fell back to Princeton, 
 where he received heavy rein- 
 forcements. Then he advanced 
 upon the American position 
 near Trenton, intending to give 
 battle the following day. In 
 the first skirmish, which took 
 place (January 2, 1777), the ad- 
 vantage was with the Patriots. 
 Battle of Princeton. — 
 Washington now showed him- 
 self a skillful general. .V part of the British forces had re- 
 mained at Princeton, and were to arrive before the battle. 
 "Washington determined to attack this force, but Cornwallis in 
 his front was to know nothing of the movement. The Ameri- 
 cans quietly removed their baggage to a safe place, and silently 
 withdrew in the night. Ity morning they were at Princeton. 
 The British forces were up, and about to march forward to 
 join Cornwallis. A hot battle followed (January 3). The 
 persona] bravery of the com- 
 mander-in-chief did much tow- 
 ard winning the victory for the 
 Americans. With a loss of 400 
 men. or four times the American 
 loss, the British were routed. 
 Cornwallis, hearing the sound 
 of distant cannon, hastened to 
 the rescue, but arrived too late. 
 Both armies now went into 
 winter quarters — the Americans 
 at Morristown Heights. 
 
 Foreigners in the Ameri- 
 can Army. 
 
 The gallant struggles of the Ameri- 
 cans were winning the admiration of 
 Europe. Frederick the Great of Prus- 
 sia, one of Europe's greatest generals, 
 
 admired the courage and ability of 
 Washington. Arnold, and other Ameri- 
 can generals. A number of foreigners 
 joined the American army, and did 
 good Ben ice in the canse of liberty. 
 Among these were the French noble- 
 man Lafayette; the Poles. Pulaski 
 and Kosciusko; and the Germans, 
 Jte Kail) and Steuben. 
 
THE WAR FOR AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 227 
 
 The British Enter Philadelphia ; Battle of Brandy- 
 wine. — When operations were again resumed, Washington 
 found himself called to the defense of Philadelphia. Eighteen 
 thousand British under Lord Howe put to sea from New York. 
 Howe, believing the Delaware River to be well defended, sailed 
 around into Chesapeake Bay and landed (August 25, 1777) at 
 Elktbn, Md., seventy miles from the city in which the Ameri- 
 
 STEUBEN DKILLINi; KEc Kill's AT VALLEY FOKC1E 
 
 can Congress was holding its session. Washington intercepted 
 the enemy at Chad's Ford, on Brandywine Creek (September 
 11). The Americans were greatly outnumbered, and were com- 
 pelled to fall back, after making a brave resistance. The Brit- 
 ish entered Philadelphia in triumph. Congress was compelled 
 to adjourn to Lancaster (September 26), and shortly after to 
 York, Pa. 
 
 Germaiitown and Valley Forge. — The main body of 
 
228 
 
 PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. 
 
 The Conway Cabal. 
 
 A famous and unsuccessful plot to 
 displace Washington, known as the 
 Conway Cabal, was brought to light 
 about this time. It had for its object 
 the making of General Gates, of whom 
 we shall learn in the next chapter, 
 commander-in-chief of the Americans. 
 The plot amounted to nothing, for 
 Congress had full confidence in Wash- 
 ington, his men all loved him, and the 
 whole country realized, even in its day 
 of darkest gloom, that none in his 
 position could have better encountered 
 the many difficulties with which he 
 was surrounded, could have better 
 held together his little army and saved 
 them from destruction in the face of 
 overpowering numbers, or could have 
 shown more indomitable qualities in 
 the midst of defeat than this Ameri- 
 can Fabius. as he lias admiringly been 
 called. 
 
 the British encamped at Ger- 
 mantown, six miles from Phila- 
 delphia. Here Washington at- 
 tacked them (Octoher 3), but 
 without success, losing more 
 than eleven hundred men. The 
 British now obtained control 
 of the Delaware by capturing 
 Forts Mercer and Mifflin. The 
 Patriots retired to Yalley Forge, 
 and passed the long, desolate 
 winter in gloom and suffering. 
 Many were without shoes, most 
 were poorty supplied with cloth- 
 
 food. These hardships tried 
 their fortitude and patriotism 
 to a far greater extent than the more exciting experiences of 
 the battlefield. 
 
 At Yalley Forge the Americans were joined by Baron Steu- 
 ben, an eminent and experienced German general, who had 
 enlisted in the American cause. Steuben was of great service 
 in reorganizing the army and drilling the men according to the 
 best methods of war known in Europe. When operations were 
 again resumed, the good results of his labors were clearly seen. 
 
 Questions. — What did Washington soon learn? What did lie tin? Whom 
 did lie post upon Long Island? Tell something of the battle of Long Island. 
 Whatenabled Washington secretly to withdraw his army? What was he now 
 compelled to do? What skirmish did lie have with the pursuing British? 
 Battle? Where did he then post himself? Tell something of the capture of 
 Fori Washington. Where did Washington now retreat ? Followed by whom? 
 Reached what river? What precaution did he take? What did Cornwallisdo? 
 Tell something of the Hessian surprise at Trenton. What did the victory at 
 Trenton give? What was Washington now able to do? Tell something of the 
 battle of Princeton. How many men did the British lose in this battle? Where 
 did the Americans go into winter quarters? What city did Washington now 
 have to defend ? Where did the British land? Where did Washington inter- 
 cept them? Tell something of the battle of chad's Ford, or Brandywine. What 
 was Congress compelled t<> do after the American defeat at Chad's Ford ? Tell 
 
THE WAR FOR AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. 229 
 
 something of the battle of Germantown. What forts on the Delaware fell into 
 the hands of the British? To what winter quarters did the Americans mnv 
 retire? Tell something of their sufferings. Who joined them at Valley Forge? 
 Of what service was Steuben? 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. Washington's Defense of New York City. II. The Hessians. III. Washington's New 
 Jersey Maneuvers. IV. Foreigners in the American army. V. Washington's Defense of 
 Philadelphia. VI. The Conway Cabal. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Hildreth's History oftJu United States, vol. iii. 
 
 Battle of Long Island, 148. White Plains, 154. Washington's retreat, 156. Battle of 
 
 Trenton, 166. Princeton, 168. Brandywine, 218. Germantown, 223. Foreigners in the 
 
 American army, 192-195. Conway Cabal, 232. 
 Bancroft's History of the United s/a/tx. 
 
 Vol. v.: Defense of New York, 26. Long Island, 29-38. White Plains, 71. Washington's 
 
 retreat across New Jersey, 81-85. Capture of Hessians, 97-99. Princeton, 106. Campaigns 
 
 around Philadelphia, 175-181. Vol. iv.: England obtains Hessians. 
 Fiske's American Revolution. 
 
 Vol. i.: Defense of New York, 204-514. New Jersey operations, 224, 230-237. Operations 
 
 around Philadelphia, 312-324. Hiring of German troops, 161. Vol. ii.: Conway Cabal, 34- 
 
 36. 
 Lossing's Field 1 look of the American h'< rolution, vol. ii. 
 
 Long Island, 607. Trenton, 31. Princeton, 36. Brandywine, 169. Germantown, 108. 
 
 Conway Cabal, 130. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities.— Lone/ Island, 
 
 Battle of. Fort Wa.-diington, Surrender of. Washington's Retreat across New Jersey. 
 
 Hessians, The. Trenton, Washington's Capture of . Princeton. Battleof. Brandywine, 
 
 Battlt of. Philadelphia, British Capturt of. Germantown, Battle of. Valley Forge. 
 
 Steuben, Baron. Conway Cabal. 
 Special. — Winsor's Narratid unit Critical History, vol. vi., chaps, iv. and v.: The 
 
 for the Hudson and the struggle for the Delaware. 
 
 CPIAPTER VII. 
 
 THE FIRST GREAT VICTORY. 
 
 Burgoyne's Invasion of New York. — During the 
 early part of 1777 an expedition numbering about eight thou- 
 sand British, Hessians, and Canadians was organized in Can- 
 ada under Sir John Burgoyne for the purpose of invading New 
 York. By overrunning the Hudson Eiver Valley and co- 
 operating with the British forces already in possession of New 
 
230 
 
 PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. 
 
 Fort Schuyler, Oriskany, 
 and Bennington. 
 
 Burgoyne expected many Tories and 
 Indians to join him along the route, 
 and for this reason a part of his expe- 
 dition, under Colonel St. Leger, went 
 hy way of the St. Lawrence River, 
 Lake Ontario, and Oswego, so as to 
 march down the valley before joining 
 Burgoyne's army on the Hudson. St. 
 Leger besieged Fort Schuyler, de- 
 fended by the American Colonel 
 Gansevoort and 700 men, which 
 fort lay in the path of the Britis" 
 A force of militia, under brave Ge 
 eral Herkimer, attempt- 
 ing to relieve this fort, was 
 defeated at the battle of 
 Oriskany. Arnold, from 
 the Hudson River, then ad- 
 vanced. His forces were 
 small, yet he succeeded 
 in making St. Leger be- 
 lieve that the approach- 
 ing Americans were over- 
 whelmingly numerous. 
 St. Leger's allies deserted 
 him and he was com- 
 pelled to beat a hasty 
 retreat, leaving a quan- 
 tity of his supplies to the Ameri- 
 cans. As Burgoyne's army proceeded 
 on its way, a body of troops, under 
 Colonel Baum, was sent eastward to 
 capture and destroy sonic stores that 
 had been collected at Bennington, Vt. 
 A body of New Hampshire militia, 
 under Colonel Stark, hastily gath- 
 ered, and the oncoming British were 
 met and severely repulsed (August 15), 
 losing more than eight hundred men. 
 
 York City, it was hoped to cut 
 off New England from the rest 
 of the revolting- colonies. 
 
 To resist this invasion, Gen- 
 eral Schuyler gathered a force 
 of New York and New England 
 militia in the vicinity of Fort 
 Edward, while Washington sent 
 as many troops from 
 his army as he could 
 spare. In all, the 
 Americans num- 
 bered about five 
 thousand. 
 
 As the British 
 advanced, the 
 Americans fell 
 back, abandoning 
 in succession 
 Forts Cro w n 
 
 DYNE. 
 
 Point, Ticonder- 
 oga, and Edward. Only at the 
 second-named place did they 
 make any resistance. At last, 
 Schuyler took up a position at 
 Stillwater, near Saratoga. 
 
 First Battle near Sara- 
 toga. — The 
 
 fart 
 advanced the 
 
 her 
 more 
 
 southward Burgoyne 
 difficult he found it to obtain supplies for his 
 army. Meanwhile Schuyler, ably assisted 
 by Generals Arnold, Lincoln, and Morgan, 
 was making preparations to receive him. 
 Fortifications directed by Kosciusko were 
 erected on Bemis Heights, near by. 
 
 The plans of the battle were all arranged, 
 
THE WAR FOR AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 231 
 
 The French Alliance. 
 
 France had for some time en- 
 couraged the Americans in their hos- 
 tility against her old enemy, England. 
 The victory of Saratoga so far in- 
 creased her confidence in the success 
 of the Americans that she decided 
 to form an alliance with them. Silas 
 Deaue, Arthur Lee, and Benjamin 
 Franklin, commissioners appointed 
 by Congress (1776), had been trying 
 for some time to bring about this 
 result. They were now successful. 
 Count d'Estaing and a fleet were sent 
 to America, and the Patriot cause was 
 thus greatly strengthened. 
 
 when at the last moment Schuy- 
 ler was, in the opinion of many, 
 unjustly deprived of his com- 
 mand, and Gates, a general of 
 little real ability, was put in his 
 place. On the 19th of Septem- 
 ber' the two armies came to- 
 gether in battle. Most of the 
 fighting on the American side 
 was done by that part of the 
 army commanded by Arnold, 
 who for hours repeatedly re- 
 pulsed the British advance, 
 
 Gates rendering but little assistance and encouragement. The 
 result was indecisive. 
 
 Arnold Displaced. — Arnold was convinced that, had he 
 received the proper reinforcements, a complete victory would 
 have been won. This caused ill feeling between Gates and 
 Arnold, and when everybody praised Arnold for the bravery 
 he had shown in battle, Gates became very jealous. As a con- 
 sequence, he deprived Arnold of command before the next battle 
 took place. 
 
 Second Battle near Saratoga ; Surrender of Bnr- 
 goyne. — A second battle was fought (October 7). The British 
 
 were led by Generals Philips, 
 Eieclesel, and Fraser, three of 
 the most skillful officers ever 
 sent to America. The field was 
 hotly contested. For some time 
 Arnold looked on ; but unable to 
 control himself, he rushed with- 
 out authority into the thickest 
 of the battle. His men received 
 him with loud hurrahs, and his 
 leadership of them turned the 
 tide of battle to complete vic- 
 tory. Burgoyne retreated to 
 
 Peace Overtures of Eng- 
 land. 
 
 About this time the king and min- 
 istry of England began to realize that 
 America was not to be easily con- 
 quered. Overtures were made to the 
 Patriots to bring about peace. Bills 
 conceding everything claimed by the 
 colonists were passed by Parliament. 
 Commissioners were sent to treat with 
 Congress. It was, however, too late. 
 The war now was not for rights 
 claimed, but for American independ- 
 ence, and nothing short of acknowl- 
 edgment by Great Britain of this inde- 
 pendence could end hostilities. 
 
332 
 
 PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. 
 
 Saratoga, where he was sur- 
 rounded. His supplies were cut 
 off, and he was at last compelled 
 to surrender (October 17, 1777). 
 More than live thousand men 
 laid down their arms and be- 
 came prisoners of war. 
 
 British Abandon Phila- 
 delphia. — The Americans now 
 formed an alliance (February 6, 
 1778) with France, much to the 
 alarm of the British at Philadel- 
 phia, who feared that a French 
 fleet would soon arrive and 
 help the Americans to surround 
 them. The British vessels has- 
 tily left for New York, while the 
 army marched overland across 
 New Jersey (June 18). 
 
 Battle of Monmouth. — 
 Washington, having received 
 reinforcements from the North, 
 now, after the surrender of Bur- 
 goyne, followed the British, and attacked them at Monmouth, 
 N. J. (June 28, 1778). The result might have proved very 
 disastrous to the Americans, owing to the fact that one of 
 Washington's commands was disregarded or mistaken by Gen- 
 eral Charles Lee. Washington rode 
 up in time to prevent that general 
 from retreating, and after adminis- 
 tering a passionate rebuke, put him- 
 self at the head of the troops and 
 Led them to victory. 
 
 llhode Island Expedition. 
 — Upon the arrival of the French 
 fleet an expedition was planned 
 against Newport, B. I., and land 
 
 Clark's Conquest of the 
 Northwest Territory. 
 
 About the latter part Of the year 
 1778 some very important operations 
 were being conducted in the region 
 north of the Ohio. That portion of 
 land belonging to Virginia, known as 
 the Northwest Territory, contained 
 several forts and posts that had been 
 taken from the French and were now 
 held by the English. The British gov- 
 ernor, Hamilton, had in every way 
 encouraged the Indians of that region 
 to annoy the colonists, and Patrick 
 Henry, governor of Virginia, sent Colo- 
 Del George Rogers Clark to drive the 
 British from the territory. Easkaskia 
 and Cahokia, in what is now Illinois, 
 and Vincennes, Indiana, fell into the 
 hands of the Virginians, and Hamilton 
 himself was taken prisoner. The 
 achievement was a notable one, and 
 was accomplished in the face of almost 
 insurmountable difficulties. The vast 
 territory was wrested from British 
 rule and restored to the control of Vir- 
 ginia, where it rightfully belonged 
 (1779). The Indians were also im- 
 pressed by the strength of the Ameri- 
 cans, and were not so easily influenced 
 by the British from that time on. 
 
 LDOPTBD r.v CONGRESS, 17 
 
THE WAR FOR AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. 233 
 
 forces under command of General Sullivan were sent to coop- 
 erate. The English Admiral Howe sailed from New York to 
 give the French battle, but the combatants were separated by 
 a storm, which did much damage to the vessels of both. Sulli- 
 van, unassisted by the French fleet, failed in his design ; but 
 being attacked as he was withdrawing, he succeeded in winning 
 a victory from his pursuing foes. 
 
 Questions. — What expedition was formed in 1777? Under whom? Who 
 made preparations to meet the invaders? How many men did Burgoyne have? 
 What forts did he take? What generals assisted Schuyler in this? Where were 
 fortifications erected to receive Burgoyne? By whom was Schuyler superseded ? 
 Tell something of the battle of Bemis Heights, near Saratoga. Of what was 
 Arnold convinced? Why did Gates become jealous of Arnold? What was the 
 consequence of this jealousy? When was a second battle fought? Who led 
 the British? Tell something of this battle. How many men laid down their 
 arms? Why did the British leave Philadelphia? Where did Washington 
 overtake them? Tell something of the battle of Monmouth. What did Wash- 
 ington himself do in tins battle? What expedition was planned when the 
 French fleet arrived? Tell something of Sullivan's expedition to Rhode Island. 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. Burgoyne's Invasion. II. Fort Schuyler, Oriskany, ami Bennington, in. The Battles of 
 Saratoga, or Stillwater. IV. The French Alliance. V. British Retreat from Philadelphia, 
 VI. General George Rogers Clark and Virginia's Conquest of the Northwest Territory. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Hildreth's History of the United States, vol. iii. 
 Burgoyne's invasion, 190-214. British evacuate Philadelphia, 249. Clark's conquest of the 
 Northwest, 260. 
 
 Bancroft's History of the United States, vol. v. 
 Burgoyne's invasion begins, 157. Burgoyne's defeat, 188. French alliance, 241-210. Brit- 
 ish retreat from Philadelphia, 272-277. Clark's conquest of the Northwest, 310-314. 
 
 Fiske's American Revolution. 
 Vol. i.: Burgoyne's advance, 268. Oriskany, 289. Vol. ii.: French alliance, 9. George 
 Rogers Clark, 103-106. 
 
 Lossing's Field Book of the American, Revolution. 
 Vol. i.: Bennington, 398. Stillwater, 47-81. Vol. ii.: Monmouth, 147. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works ami authorities.— Burgoyne, Gen- 
 eral. Gales, General. Schuyler, General. Bennington, Battle of. Saratoga, Battle of. 
 Bemis Heights, Battle of. Arnold at Saratoga. French Alliance, The. Monmouth, Battle 
 of. Clark, General George Rogers. Northwest Territory, Conquest of. 
 
 Special.— Hinsdale's Old Northwest, chap, ix.: The Northwest in the Revolution. English: 
 Conquest of the Country Northwest of the River Ohio. Winsor : Narrative and Critical 
 History, vol. vi., chaps, iv. and v. Cooke's Virginia, Part III., chap, xvi.: The Hannibal 
 of the West. 
 
234 
 
 PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. 
 
 PREPARATORY GEOGRAPHY LESSON. 
 
 Upon the accompanying map note 
 the position of Savannah. Of 
 Ninety-Six. Tracea routeof travel 
 from Ninety-Six (S. C.) toward 
 Savannah as far as Kettle Creek '' " 
 (Ga.). Note the coast from 
 Savannah to Charleston 
 Where is Stono Ferry? 
 Monk's Corner? Cam 
 den ? Note the 
 nearness of 
 Ilobkirk's ^f 
 II 
 
 to Camden, 
 in what part of 
 South Carolina is 
 th( 
 Where is the Catawba 
 River? Waxhaw Creek? 
 Ramsonr's Mill ? Hanging 
 Rock? Fishing Creek? Kinr 
 Mountain? Note the position of 
 Cheraw. Trace a mute of travel 
 from Cheraw to the Cowpens. From 
 Cowpens to the Ban River of Virginia, 
 and note what three rivers are crossed. Note the position of Guilford Court 
 House. Trace a route of travel from Guilford Court House to Torktown, Va., 
 by way of Petersburg. From Guilford Court House to Hobkirk's Hill. Then 
 to Ninety-Six. Note the nearness of Eutaw Springs to Orangeburg. 
 
 CHAPTEIt VIII. 
 
 THE WAE IM THE SOUTH. 
 
 Invasion of the South ; Savannah Captured.— After 
 
 three years of warfare the British found that they were accom- 
 plishing little toward subduing the Northern colonies. They 
 
THE WAR FOR AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 235 
 
 now turned their attention to 
 the South, and Colonel Camp- 
 bell and Admiral Hyde Parker, 
 with 10,000 men, appeared be- 
 fore Savannah, Ga. Only 900 
 men, under General Robert 
 Howe, defended it. Howe made 
 all possible resistance, but was 
 
 ANTHONY WAYNE. 
 
 compelled to surrender the city 
 (December 29, 1778). 
 Battle of Kettle Creek. 
 
 — Following up this success, 
 the British soon overran all the 
 southeastern portion of Georgia. 
 Officers were sent into the inte- 
 rior to rally the Tories. Colonel 
 Boyd collected a body of these 
 Tories at Ninety-Six, S. C, and 
 was leading them to Savannah 
 when he was intercepted and de- 
 feated (February 14, 1779) by 
 some South Carolina and Geor- 
 gia militia, under Colonels Pickens and Clarke, at Kettle 
 Creek, Wilkes Countv, Ga. In the battle Bovd was killed. 
 
 Operations in the North. 
 
 The British in the North were doing 
 but little, except to send out various 
 expeditions for the sake of destroying 
 and plundering. One of these expedi- 
 tions was commanded by Tryon, who 
 ravaged the coast of Connecticut, and 
 inflicted much damage upon the towns 
 <<( New Haven, Fairfield, and Norwalk. 
 To offset this movement, a brilliant 
 exploit was performed by the Ameri- 
 cans. The British were in possession 
 of the strong fort of Stony Point, in 
 New York, on the Hudson. General 
 Anthony Wayne undertook to capture 
 it. Softly approaching the fort at 
 night, he arranged his men in two 
 columns. For fear that an accidental 
 discharge might give the enemy warn- 
 ing, Wayne ordered his men to unload 
 their guns and use only bayonets in 
 the assault. The British sentinel was 
 taken completely by surprise and was 
 overpowered ; but as the Americans 
 steadily advanced up the rocky path 
 to the summit upon which the fort 
 was built they were discovered and 
 fired upon. The charge, however, was 
 irresistible, and though Wayne was 
 wounded in the assault, the fort, with 
 its stores and 600 prisoners, fell into 
 the hands of the Americans (July 15, 
 1779). 
 
 In July, l*£»r-»-body of Tories and 
 Indians, under Major John Butler, 
 had descended upon the village of 
 Wyoming, Pa., captured the fort, and 
 put to death most of the inhabitants, 
 with all the cruelty of savage warfare. 
 Cherry Valley, N. Y., suffered the 
 same fate the November following. 
 These atrocities were avenged by Gen- 
 eral Sullivan, who led an expedition 
 to the Susquehanna country, and sub- 
 sequently to the Mohawk country. A 
 fierce battle was fought near Ehnira, 
 N. Y., August 29, 1779, in which the 
 Tories and Indians were routed, their 
 fields laid waste, and much of their 
 property destroyed. 
 
J'EKIoD OF REVOLUTION. 
 
 Battle of Brier Creek. — Gen- 
 eral Lincoln was now sent to take 
 charge of the American forces in the 
 South. He planned an attack on 
 Savannah, and sent Colonel Ashe, 
 with about two thousand men, on 
 ahead to take up a position on 
 Brier Creek. Here Ashe was sur- 
 prised and defeated by the British 
 General Prevost (March 3, 1779). 
 ,.„ KI , NS . Prevost followed up his advantage 
 
 by advancing upon Charleston 'and 
 demanding its surrender (May 11). This city was defended 
 by Colonel Moultrie, who declined to comply 
 with Prevost's demand. 
 
 Battle of Stono Ferry. — Meanwhile Lin- 
 coln, advancing upon Savannah with a large 
 force, learned of Prevost's victory and subse- 
 quent advance upon Charleston ; so he turned 
 and hastened to the aid of that city. Prevost 
 abandoned the siege, and retreated as Lincoln 
 approached. Lincoln intercepted him about 
 thirty miles from Charleston, but for nearly a 
 month neither side made a movement toward 
 battle. At length Lincoln attacked a portion of the enemy's 
 forces under Colonel Maitland, and the battle of Stono Ferry 
 took place (June 20, 1779). The Americans were repulsed 
 with terrible loss. 
 
 Americans Fail to Retake Savannah. 
 —The French fleet, under D'Estaing, now ar- 
 rived off the coast, and a combined attack on 
 Savannah by the French and Americans was 
 planned. The city was besieged for a month. 
 An attempt was made to carry the enemy's 
 works by storm (October 9), but it was unsuc- 
 cessful. Pulaski fell in the engagement, and 
 the gallant Sergeant Jasper, of Fort Moultrie 
 
THE WAR FOR AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 237 
 
 fame, was mortally wounded. 
 After the repulse D'Estaing 
 refused to cooperate further, 
 and sailed away. Lincoln re- 
 turned to Charleston. 
 
 British Capture Charles- 
 ton. — Sir Henry Clinton, with 
 a large force from New York, 
 now arrived in the South, and, 
 landing thirty miles below 
 Charleston (February 11, 1780), 
 surrounded the city, which was 
 held by Lincoln (March 20). A 
 British fleet, under Admiral 
 Arbuthnot, took up a j)osition 
 in the harbor (April 9). 
 
 A Patriot force, under Huger 
 [hu-je'], hastening to the relief 
 of Charleston, was intercepted 
 and repulsed at Monk's Corner 
 b} r the British Colonel Tarleton. 
 Cut off from all assistance, Lin- 
 coln found it necessary to sur- 
 render after enduring a siege of 
 two months (May 12, 1780). 
 
 British Overrun South 
 Carolina. — After capturing 
 Charleston the British overran 
 South Carolina, just as they had 
 done Georgia after the capture 
 of Savannah. Clinton sent out 
 an expedition to Ninety-Six, 
 under Colonel Cruger; another 
 to Augusta, under Colonel 
 Brown; and a third to Camden, 
 under Lord Cornwallis. The 
 Tories of these sections were 
 
 Paul Jones. 
 
 In the war of the Revolution the 
 Americans had no regular navy. Con- 
 gress however, granted letters of 
 marque and reprisal that authorized 
 shipowners to fit up private vessels of 
 war to prey upon the commerce of the 
 enemy. These were known as priva- 
 teers. By great exertion, however, 
 there had been fitted up in France a 
 small squadron for the Americans, and 
 it was placed under the command of 
 Captain Paul Jones. Jones boldly 
 sailed up and down the Irish, Scottish, 
 and English coasts, seizing and destroy- 
 ing many vessels. His greatest victory 
 was over the Serapis, off Flamborough 
 Head, on the east coast of England 
 (September 23, 1779). No more des- 
 perate naval battle was ever fought. 
 Jones lashed his vessel to the Serapis, 
 and the battle was fought hand to hand. 
 Three times the ships took fire, but each 
 time the flames were extinguished. It 
 is said that at one time during the lat- 
 ter part of the engagement, when there 
 were barely men enough to continue 
 the battle, the captain of the Serapis 
 called out to Jones, "Have you sur- 
 rendered yet 1 " "I have not begun to 
 fight yet," shouted Jones in reply. 
 Jones's vessel, the Bonhomnie Rich- 
 ard, was made worthless in the ac- 
 tion, and when the Serapis surrendered, 
 Jones transferred his crew to the sur- 
 rendered vessel and sailed for Holland. 
 
238 
 
 1'KKIOI) OF REVOLUTION. 
 
 Arnold's Treason. 
 
 About this time news came from the 
 North of a sad blow dealt to the 
 American cause. Arnold, the brave, 
 the gallant, the impetuous, the hero of 
 Quebec, the genius of Saratoga, the 
 trusted friend of Washington, had 
 gone over to the enemy and sold his 
 honor for English gold. In all con- 
 fidence, Washington had given him 
 command of the important post of 
 West Point, N. Y. Whatever may 
 have been his other motives, an offer 
 of £6,315 and a position in the Eng- 
 lish army induced him to turn 
 traitor. lie agreed to surrender 
 West Point, and Major Andre, of 
 the British, was sent from New 
 York to arrange the surrender. 
 On his way back Andre wi 
 stopped by three Patriots, Paul 
 ing, Van Wert, and Wil- 
 liams, who learned the na- 
 ture of his business. In 
 vain he offered them large 
 bribes to let him go, but 
 he was taken prisoner. 
 Arnold, however, was 
 warned in time and es- 
 caped. But never again 
 was he to be contented. 
 He lost the respect of his 
 admirers, the affection of 
 his friends, and died in obscurity in 
 London, unhonored and unmourned. 
 The unfortunate Andre was sentenced 
 to be hanged as a spy, and went to his 
 death pleading to be shot as a soldier 
 should be. His death was greatly la- 
 mented. Captain Nathan Hale had 
 been hanged by the British in New 
 York under as cruel circumstances, 
 and later in the war Colonel Isaac 
 Bayne, of Charleston, was similarly 
 executed by Lord Pawdon. 
 
 very much encouraged by hav- 
 ing British forces near at hand ; 
 so they began to take an active 
 part in the war. 
 
 So cruel did Tories and Brit- 
 ish become that the Patriots in 
 many parts organized into par- 
 tisan bands, and in avenging 
 themselves struck many a blow 
 for freedom. 
 
 Gates Supersedes 
 Lincoln. — Lincoln 
 having been taken pris- 
 oner, another com- 
 mander was sent South. 
 At first the brave 
 and experienced 
 German, De Kalb, 
 was selected, but 
 he was soon super- 
 seded by Gates, as 
 it was thought that 
 the fame of the 
 conqueror of Burgoyne would 
 encourage many to join the Pa- 
 triot ranks. The advance of 
 Gates was looked upon with 
 some uneasiness by the British, 
 and Cornwallis hastened to 
 Camden, where Lord Bawdon, 
 his second in command, had 
 concentrated the British forces. 
 Battle of Sander's Creek ; Gates Defeated.— Gates 
 collected his itrniy at Clermont, some ten miles distant. Each 
 general formed the same plan, which was to surprise the other, 
 and each chose the same time to carry his plan into effect. 
 They came unexpectedly upon each other at Sander's Creek, 
 
 TAKI.KTON. 
 
THE WAR FOR AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. 239 
 
 near Camden, and a battle followed. There was much hard 
 fighting on both sides, but the American militia could not with- 
 stand the steady bayonet charges of the British regulars. Baron 
 De Kalb, who was the hero of this battle, called to the Ameri- 
 cans to hold their ground. He afterwards fell jrierced with 
 eleven wounds. The day was lost, and Gates, utterly routed, 
 foun'd his "northern laurels turned to southern willows." 
 
 Questions. — After the British had tried for three years to overcome the 
 Northern colonies, where did they turn their attention? Who were sent to take 
 Savannah? When did the city surrender? What did the British now do? 
 Tell something of the battle of Kettle Creek. What American general was now 
 sent South? Whom did Lincoln send to Brier Creek? What happened to 
 Ashe? Where did General Prevost go after the battle of Brier Creek? Upon 
 what city was Lincoln advancing? Why did lie turn aside to Charleston instead 
 of going on to Savannah? Tell something of the battle of Stono Ferry. What 
 attack was planned after the arrival of the French fleet? Tell something of the 
 attack upon Savannah. To what place did Lincoln return? Who surrounded 
 Lincoln in Charleston? Who hastened to the relief of Charleston? Where did 
 Tarleton intercept linger? What did Lincoln now do? How long a siege had 
 he endured? What three expeditions did Clinton now send out? What did the 
 Patriots of the Carolinas now have to do? Why was Gates given command in 
 the South instead of De Kalb? Where did Gates collect his army? Tell some- 
 thing of the battle of Sander's Creek. 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. The British Capture of Savannah. II. Campaigns of General Lincoln, in. General 
 Anthony Wayne and Stony Point. IV. Paul Jones and the Bonhomme Richard. V. 
 Arnold's Treason. VI. Southern Campaign of General Uates. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Hildreth's History of the United States, vol. iii. 
 Capture of Savannah, 275. Lincoln's campaigns, 276-280. Stony Point, 282. Paul Jones, 
 300. Treachery of Arnold, 319. Gates in the South, 313. 
 
 Bancroft's Histoi'y of the United States, vol. v. 
 Capture of Savannah, 367. Lincoln's campaigns, 367, 373, 376. Arnold's treason, 428, 431. 
 Gates's Camden campaign, 384-380. 
 
 Fiske's American Revolution, vol. ii. 
 John Paul Jones, 120-129. Stony Point, 113. Lincoln's campaigns, 167-178. Gates in the 
 South, 186-194. Arnold's treason, 216-222. 
 
 Lossing's Field Book of the American Revolution,. 
 Vol. ii.: Savannah, 530, Brier Creek, 507. Stono Ferry, 555, Sander's Creek, 466. Vol. i.: 
 Stony Point, 744, 
 
240 
 
 1'EKIOD OF REVOLUTION. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guise tor comparative examination of other works and authorities.— Savannah, 
 
 Captun of, by British. Kettlt Creek, Buttle of . Brier Creek, Battle of. Prevost, General. 
 
 Stono Ferry, Battle of . Lincoln. General. Stony Point, Captureof. Wyoming Massacre. 
 
 Pulaski, Death of . Jones, Paul. Charleston, BritisA Captain of. Monk's Comer, Battle 
 
 of. CornwaUis, General. Arnold's Treason. Camden, Battle of . De Kalb,Baron. 
 Special.— Winsor's Narrativt and Critical History, vol. vi., chap, vi.: The war in the 
 
 Southern Department Longfellow: Pulaski's Banner (poem). Abbott: Blue Jackets of 
 
 '76. Cooper : The Pilot (fiction). 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 THE PARTISANS OF THE CAROLINAS. 
 
 Men who Rescued the Carolina*. — The disastrous 
 defeal of Gates at Sander's Creek, or Camden, gave the P.ritish 
 for a while full control of the Carolinas. The American 
 cause in the South would have perished altogether had it not 
 been for a few brave men who, under leaders the most cour- 
 ageous a country ever knew, 
 gathered in small bands and 
 engaged in most persistent war- 
 fare. These pal ri< >ts were called 
 Partisans, because they were op- 
 posed by other bands of Ameri- 
 cans who were Tories. 
 
 No suffering could discourage 
 these men, no hardship turn 
 them aside from their deter- 
 mination to serve their country 
 as faithfully and as well as 
 their strength and opportunities would permit. Theyfought no 
 great battles, but every one of their engagements was important, 
 as it served to harass and waste British energies and prevent 
 the return of the British troops to the North, where they 
 miglit have repeated their Carolina successes. 
 
 Partisan Leaders; Marion.— Chief among the Partisan 
 leaders were Generals Marion, Sumter, and Pickens, and Colo- 
 nel Henry Lee. Marion operated in the swamps about the 
 Pedee, where he struck blow after blow for the Patriot cause. 
 
 Partisan Warfare. 
 
 The Tories of the Carolinas were OS 
 
 COnrag is as the Patriots. Ill the 
 
 North the Tories did little more than 
 encourage and provide for the British. 
 In the South they were always ready 
 to fight for them. The achievement* 
 of tin- Southern Patriot leaders are all 
 the more remarkable, when it is un- 
 derstood thai they were contending 
 not only with the \ ietorious troops of 
 a mighty nation, but with many 
 Americans of the same courage ae 
 themselves. 
 
THE WAR FOR AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 241 
 
 Wary and vigilant, be many times 
 eluded capture at the hands of large 
 forces sent to surround him. Often 
 he attacked his pursuers when they 
 were least expecting it. AVhen a 
 1 tattle was in prospect he joined the 
 regular army, and when the Ameri- 
 cans were defeated, as at Camden, 
 he would hurry back to one of his 
 hiding places, from which he would 
 make sudden and secret expeditions 
 to annoy the victors. He often 
 
 rescued prisoners from the British. An event of this kind 
 occurred at Nelson's Ferry (August 20, 1780), when with a 
 handful of men he routed a powerful guard, and released more 
 than one hundred and fifty Patriots who had been captured 
 at the battle of Camden. Truly was he the " Swamp Fox of 
 the Carolinas." 
 
 Sumter, Lee, and Pickens. — The scenes of Sumter's 
 operations lay chiefly along the Catawba ; those of Pickens, 
 near the Saluda. Lee, or "Light-horse Harry," as he was 
 called, had already won a name for bravery in the Northern 
 armies, and throughout the war he was continually engaged in 
 brilliant and active service. When not with the regular army 
 he was engaged in daring enter- 
 prises, cooperating with Pickens, 
 Sumter, or Marion. 
 
 Against these Partisan leaders 
 the British had only one who could 
 meet them with any degree of suc- 
 cess. This was Colonel Tarleton, 
 known as "Bloody" Tarleton 
 from his man} r cruel deeds and 
 fierce method of warfare. 
 
 Tarleton was one of the ablest 
 of the English leaders. In May, 
 1780, he intercepted Colonel 
 
 I OLONKL HENRY 
 
 Hi 
 
242 
 
 PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. 
 
 Buford, who was coming south from Virginia, and surprising 
 him at Waxhaw, N. C, put almost his whole command to 
 death. This victory was in part balanced by the defeat of a 
 Larg< ' 1 >ody of Tories under ( lolonel .Moore. They were attacked 
 
 ' ™m}^^- 
 
 ftr 
 
 : \ i II I c.K kl\,, - Mul \T.M\. 
 
 by Colonel Francis Locke, the battle taking place (June 20, 
 L780) at Ramsour's Mill. N. c. 
 
 At Hanging Rock, S. C, occurred (August 7) one of 
 the best foughl battles between American militia and British 
 
THE WAK FOK AMF.KTOAN INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 243 
 
 regulars. The English, under Brown, 
 were defeated by Sumter, the Ameri- 
 cans talcing a number of prisoners. 
 Good fortune, however, did not dwell 
 long with Sumter, for shortly after- 
 wards he was surprised and routed by 
 Tafleton at Fishing Creek (August 17). 
 Later on, Tarleton was in turn defeated 
 by Sumter at the battle of Blackstock's 
 Ford (November 20, L780). 
 
 The Battle of King's Mountain, nmrait. 
 
 October 7, 1780.— Shortly after the 
 
 defeat of Gates at Camden, 
 Cornwallis sent the British Ma- 
 jor Ferguson with a well-sup- 
 plied force of regulars beyond 
 the Catawba River, for the pur- 
 pose of enlisting the Tories of 
 western North Carolina. Fer- 
 guson's force soon numbered 
 1,100 men. News then went 
 out over the western country of 
 Ferguson's presence and inten- 
 tions. Bands of Patriots be- 
 gan at once to assemble at sev- 
 eral points. Many of these were 
 "mountain men, 11 who had gone 
 beyond the Alleghanies as pioneers 
 into what is now Tennessee. 
 
 Colonels Isaac Shelby, John Se- 
 vier, William Campbell, McDowell, 
 Cleveland, and Williams, and Major 
 Winston were among those who col- 
 lected bodies of men to oppose Fer- 
 guson. The several detachments 
 
 o 
 
 joined forces, and 900 of the strong- 
 est and ablest pushed on after the colohbl isaac shblby. 
 
 The Rear Guard of the 
 American Revolution. 
 
 The mountain men of eastern Ten- 
 nessee and western North Carolina 
 performed a very important part in 
 the war. For years they guarded the 
 passes of the mountains and barred 
 the way against the Indians of the 
 Northwest, who were only too eager 
 to enter the Carolinas and aid their 
 English allies. These men therefore, 
 who prevented the colonists from 
 being attacked in the rear, are famous 
 in our country's annals as being the 
 stanch " rear guard of the American 
 Revolution." 
 
244 TERIOD OF REVOLUTION. 
 
 enemy. Ferguson had taken up a position on the summit of 
 King's Mountain, just over the boundary line into South Caro- 
 lina, where lie thought himself safe. The Patriots attacked 
 liiin from several directions. Their ardor and determination 
 prevailed, and Ferguson was slain. The whole force was taken 
 prisoners. This battle marked the turning point of the war. 
 From that time on the Americans made a steady advance in 
 the direction of success and independence. 
 
 Questions.— What did the defeat of Gates give the British ? The defeat 
 n( Grates at Sander's Creek gave the British control of what ? Who prevented 
 the American cause from perishing altogether in the South ? Wiiat can you 
 say (if these Southern Patriots ? What were they called, anil why ? Name 
 some (if the Partisan leaders. Who was the only British leader who opposed 
 these Partisans with any success? Tell something of Marion. Sumter. Tell 
 something of the battle of AVaxhaw. What American victory balanced this 
 defeat? Tell something of the battle of Hanging Rock. Where did Tarleton 
 drlV.it Sumter? Where did Sumter in turn defeat Tarleton? Who had been 
 scut by Cornwallis to western North Carolina? For what purpose? Who 
 were among those to collect bodies of men to oppose Ferguson ? Tell some- 
 thing of the battle of King's Mountain. What did this battle mark ? 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. Partisan Warfare in the Carolinas. II. The Battle of King's Mountain. III. The Deeds 
 of Marion, Lee, Sumter, Pickens, and Tarleton. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Hildreth'a History of the United states, vol. iii. 
 
 Partisan warfare, 307, 313, 315, 317. Battle of King's Mountain, 326. 
 Bancroft's History of the United States, vol. v. 
 
 Partisans rally, 394. Kind's Mountain, 398-400. Marion, 394, lot. Sumter, 394, 403. 
 Fiske's American Revolution, vol. ii. 
 
 Partisan operations, I!*.",. Marion and Sumter, 183-184. King's Mountain, 245-248. 
 Lossing's Field Book of the American /.'< mint),,,,, vol. ii. 
 
 Kamsour's Mill, 391. Fishing Creek, 454. Hanging Rock. 456. King's Mountain, 426. 
 
 Waxhaw, 458. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Kim \ Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities.— Partisan War- 
 fare. Mariin,, General. Sumter, General. l J iek-n.<, General. Lee, Colonel Henry. 
 Tarleton. Colonel. Waxhaw. X. C, Battle of. Ramsour's Mill. Battle of. Handing 
 Rock, Battli if. Fishing Creek, Until, of. King's Mountain. Battle of . 
 
 Sr-ECiAi..— Moore's and Clark's histories of North Carolina. Gilmore : Rear Guard of the 
 American Revolution, simms: The Partisan (fiction). Roosevelt's Winning of the West: 
 King's Mountain, 241-294. Bryant : Song of Marion's Men (poem). 
 
THE WAR FOR AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. 245 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 AMERICA TRIUMPHANT. 
 
 General Greene. — Upon the defeat of Gates at Camden, 
 General Greene was sent South b} r Congress. In the cam- 
 paigns which followed, Greene proved himself so able that he 
 stands next to Washington as a general. 
 
 Battle of Cowpens. — Greene began operations with 
 barely two thousand men, whom he assembled at Cheraw, S. C. 
 His first move was to send General Morgan westward with 
 half of the number. Cornwallis was about to march north- 
 ward into North Carolina, and knowing that it would not do 
 to leave Morgan behind, sent Tarleton 
 against him. Tarleton and Morgan, 
 with forces about equal, met at a 
 place where cattle were herded, 
 called Cowpens. The battle that fol- 
 lowed was one of the best fought dur- 
 ing the war. Morgan's men had un- 
 bounded confidence in their leader. 
 They received charge after charge of 
 the British without giving way. 
 Tarleton had met his match at last. 
 
 He was defeated (January 17, 1781) with a loss of two-thirds 
 of his men, he himself barely escaping capture at the hands of 
 the American colonel, William Washington, who pursued him 
 for some distance. 
 
 Greene's Famous Retreat. — Angered by Tarleton's 
 defeat, Cornwallis hastened to the scene to punish the victor. 
 Morgan now began a famous retreat, with Cornwallis in hot 
 pursuit. Crossing the Catawba, he was joined by Greene, and 
 the combined forces continued on to the Yadkin, and finally 
 to the Dan River in Virginia, the retreat being conducted so 
 skillfully as to baffle the pursuers all along the route. 
 
 Battle of Guilford Court House. — Cornwallis gave 
 up the chase when the Dan was reached, and turned south 
 
246 PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. 
 
 to Hillsboro, N. C. Greene now received reinforcements, 
 and turning about, followed Cornwallis to Guilford Court 
 House, near Greensboro, where a great battle was fought 
 ( March 15). Greene posted his inexperienced militia in front, 
 with instructions to discharge two volleys before falling back. 
 This they did, and as the British pressed forward, thinking 
 the victory won, they were met by the more experienced divi- 
 sions of Greene's army and were held in check sufficiently long 
 to receive terrible punishment at the hands of the Americans. 
 As Greene withdrew from the field at the close of the battle, 
 the British claimed the victory ; but they were undoubtedly 
 worsted in the encounter, for Corn- 
 up: |^Hk wallis declared : " Another victory 
 
 $ - T ~ : 2 like this, and I am undone. ' ' Corn- 
 
 wallis's army was so badly crippled 
 that he felt it necessary to hasten 
 to Petersburg, Va., and join forces 
 with Arnold and Philips, who had 
 been ravaging and destroying in 
 eastern Virginia. 
 
 Battle of Hobkirk's Hill.— 
 Instead of following Cornwallis, 
 Greene turned southward, deter- 
 mined to wrest South Carolina and 
 Georgia from the British. At Ilobkirk's Hill, near Camden, 
 he fought a battle (April 25) with Lord Iiawdon. The result 
 was similar to that at Guilford Court House. The Americans 
 were unable to withstand the charge of the British, but Eaw- 
 d( m's army was so crippled that he, too, had to escape from 
 ( rreene, so he retired to the region below the Santee. 
 
 Battle of Ninety-Six. — Here Rawdon was harassed by 
 Sumter and Marion, while Greene turned his attention to 
 Ninety-Six, ;i strongly fortified post commanded by Colonel 
 Cruger. Fortifications were erected by Kosciusko, and a 
 siege began that would have resulted in the surrender of the 
 fort had not the arrival of fresh troops from the coast enabled 
 Lord Iiawdon to advance to its rescue. Learning of this 
 
THE WAR FOR AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 247 
 
248 
 
 PERIOD OF REVOLFTIOX. 
 
 advance, the Americans hastened to storm the fort (June 
 L8) ; but the attack was unsuccessful, and Greene was com- 
 pelled to withdraw. 
 
 Battle of Eutaw Springs. — Gallant work was being 
 done by the Partisan leaders all this time. Post after post, in 
 different parts of South Carolina, fell into their hands. Raw- 
 don at last retired to ( 'liarleston and left Stewart in command, 
 near Orangeburg. The hardest fought battle of the war 
 occurred at Eutaw Springs, near by, between Greene and 
 Stewart (September 8). The Americans won the victory, 
 and the enemy retreated to Charleston. Of all the territory the 
 
 British had overrun there re- 
 mained to them by the close 
 of the the year 1780 only the 
 two cities of Savannah and 
 Charleston. 
 
 The Siege of York- 
 town. — Lafayette had been 
 sent to Virginia to check the 
 ravages of Arnold and Phil- 
 ips, but with his small force 
 he could accomplish little. 
 Cornwallis, arriving from 
 North Carolina, continued 
 the work of destruction. 1 1 is 
 cavalry force destroyed prop- 
 erty worth more than ten 
 million dollars. He finally took up a position on the peninsula 
 of Yoi-ktown. Information of this movement was sent to 
 Washington, who A\as still near .New York, occupied with the 
 British under Clinton. Leaving a force to threaten Clinton, 
 In- hastened to Virginia, where, assisted by Virginia militia 
 under Governor Nelson, and by a large force of French that 
 had arrived in America, he surrounded the works of Corn- 
 wallis. The French licet cut oil' all retreat by sea. 
 
 Clinton at New York could not decide whether or not to go 
 to Cornwallis's assistance. If he went, New York might be 
 
 l.AFAYKTTK. 
 
THE WAR FOR AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE. 249 
 
 attacked. Meanwhile he sent out ravaging expeditions, in the 
 vain hope of drawing Washington back. 
 
 Cornwallis Surrenders. — The Americans established 
 
 batteries and opened fire on Cornwallis. Two redoubts of the 
 enemy were carried by storm. There was no hope for the 
 British, and Cornwallis, the ablest general opposed to the 
 Americans in the whole war, was compelled to surrender 
 (October 10, 1781). Seven thousand men laid down their 
 arms. 
 
 End of the War. — This second great victory was a deci- 
 sive one for the American cause. Again had an entire army 
 of one of the strongest nations on earth been captured. The 
 glad news went throughout America, awakening all to demon- 
 strations of joy. It was felt that the war was virtually ended. 
 When news of Cornwallis's surrender reached Lord Xorth, 
 Prime Minister of England, he exclaimed, " O God, it is all 
 over ! ' ' 
 
 It had at last dawned upon the British mind that America 
 could not be subdued. Hostilities ceased. Charleston and 
 Savannah were evacuated. Commissioners met at Paris and 
 signed a treaty of peace (September 3, 1783). The evacuation 
 of New York followed, and the last of the hostile English 
 forces left American shores. 
 
 Treaty of Peace.— By the terms of the treaty, England 
 acknowledged American independence. The colonies were 
 now States. All that portion of territory south of the great 
 lakes and east of the Mississippi, with the exception of Florida, 
 which England ceded to Spain, was their domain. Thence- 
 forth they were to work out their own destiny among the 
 nations of the earth. 
 
 Questions. — Who succeeded Gates in the South? Tell something of 
 General Greene. Where did he assemble his forces ? Whom did he send west- 
 ward ? Tell something of the battle of Cowpens. Who almost captured Tarle- 
 ton at Cowpens ? What did Cornwallis now do ? Tell somet hing of the re1 reat 
 of Morgan and Greene. Where did Cornwallis give up the chase ? Why did 
 Greene turn about and follow Cornwallis ? Tell something of the battle of Guil- 
 ford Court ITouse. Where did Cornwallis go after this battle? Where did 
 Greene go? Tell something of the battle of Hobkirk's Hill. To where did 
 
250 PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. 
 
 Elawdon retire ? Who harassed him here ? What post did Greene now attempt 
 to take ? Who erected fortifications here? Who advanced to the rescue of 
 Ninety-Six? What was Greene compelled to do? Who was left in com* 
 maud of the British at Orangeburg? Tell something of the battle of Eutaw 
 Springs. What two cities alone remained to the British in the South at the 
 close of the year 1780 ? Who had been sent to Virginia against Arnold and 
 Philips ? What value of property did the British destroy ? Upon what penin- 
 sula did Cornwallis finally take up his position ? By whom was he here sur- 
 rounded ? Tell something of Comwallis's surrender. How many men laid 
 down their arms? What effect had this victory upon the American cause? 
 Why did not Clinton goto Comwallis's assistance? How was news of Com- 
 wallis's surrender received throughout America ? What did Lord North 
 exclaim when he heard the news? When was the treaty of peace signed 
 acknowledging American independence? What portion of territory was to be 
 the domain of the United States according to this treaty ? 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. Greene's Campaign in North Carolina. II. Greene's Campaign in South Carolina. III. 
 Comwallis's Surrender. IV. The Treaty (if Peace and Results of the War. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 ffildreth's History oftht United States, vol. iii. 
 Battle of Cowpens, 342. Greene's North Carolina campaign, 341-346. South Carolina 
 campaign, 348-351. Cornwallis in Virginia, 355. Cornwallis surrenders. 369. Peace 
 
 treaty. 418, 433. 
 
 Bancroft's History of the United States, vol. \. 
 Greene assumes command, 178. Cowpens, 480-482. Guilford Court House, 491-1U4. 
 Greene pursues Cornwallis to Wilmington, 495. Greene in South Carolina, 4U7-504. Com- 
 wallis's surrender, 522. Peace negotiations, 370, 373. 
 
 Fiske's American Revolution, vol ii. 
 
 (ireene in North Carolina, siaO '.'tin Creene in South Carolina, 26S-^(!S. Cornwallis in Vir- 
 ginia, 269 283. 
 
 Lossing's Field BookoftJu American Revolution, vol. ii. 
 Cowpens, 131. Guilford Court House, 401. Hobkirk's Hill, 4',-i. Eutaw Springs, 194. 
 
 Yorktown. 307. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide tor comparative examination of other works and authorities. — Greene, Gen- 
 eral Wathanael. Morgan, General Daniel. Cowpens, BatUi of. Guilford Court House, 
 Haiti, of. Hobkirk's urn. Ninety-Six, Battle of. Eutaw Springs, Battle of. La- 
 fayette, Man/nix ,/,. Yorktown, Siege of. Cornwallis, Surrender of. Paris, Second 
 Peace Tn aty of. 
 
 Special, Winsor's Narrativt and Critical History, vol. vi., chap vi.: The War in the 
 Southern Department; vol. vii., chap, ii.: Peace Negotiations of 1782 1783. Hart's For- 
 mation of tfu Union, p. 99 : Political Effects of the War. Cooke's Virginia, Part IH., 
 
 Chap, xviii.: Yorktown. Sitmns : Tfu Scout and The ForayerS (fiction). The student is 
 
 advised to read, if possible, the account of the battle of Guilford Court House in Schenck's 
 
 History Of North Carolina. 
 
BATTLES OF THE REVOLUTION, 
 
 251 
 
 Reference Outline for Review, 
 
 War of the American Revolution. 
 
 f April 19 Lexington, Mass. 
 j May lO Ticonderoga, N. Y. 
 * ! " 1 O Crown Point, N. Y. 
 1 775 ] June 1 7 Bunker Hill, Mass. 
 
 Dec. 3 1 Quebec Expedition. 
 
 Feb 27 (Moore's Creek 
 I Bridge, N. C. 
 
 Pitcalrn. Parker. 
 
 Ethan Allen. 
 Seth Warner. 
 
 Howe. Prescott. 
 
 iSir C u y I 
 
 I Carleton. Montgomery. 
 
 J June 28 Charleston, S. C. 
 
 1776 -j Aug . 22 Long Island, N. Y. 
 
 | Sept. 28 White Plains, N. Y. 
 1 Dec. 26 Trenton, N. J. 
 
 f Jan. 3 Princeton, N. J. 
 I Aug. 1 5 Bennington, Vt. 
 | Sept. 1 1 Brandywine, Pa. 
 
 1777 .< )9 Bemis Heights, N.Y 
 | Oct. 4 Germantown, Pa. 
 
 1 " 7 Saratoga, N.Y. 
 
 \ June 28Monmouth, N. J. 
 1778 j Dec . 29 Savannah, Ga. 
 
 f Feb. 1 4- Kettle Creek, Ga. 
 | Mar. 3 Brier Creek, Ga. 
 1 779 j June 20 Stono Ferry, S. C. 
 I Oct. 9 Savannah, Ga. 
 
 April 14- Monk's Corner, S. C. 
 May 12 Charleston, S. C. 
 
 29 Waxhaw, N. C. 
 June 20R amsO ur's Mill, N. C. 
 Aug. 7Hanging Rock, S. C. 
 
 1 6 Sander's Creek, S. C 
 
 1 7 Fishing Creek, S. C. 
 7King's Mountain, S.C. 
 
 20 ( Blackstock's Ford, 
 ' S. C. 
 
 Oct. 
 
 Nov 
 
 Jan. l7cowpens, N. C. 
 
 \Guilford Cou 
 
 M 
 
 1 5 
 
 House, N. C. 
 April 26Hobkirk's Hill, S. C. 
 June 18 Ninety-Six, S. C 
 Sept. SEutaw Springs, S. C. 
 Oct. 1 9Yorktown, Va. 
 
 Caswell. 
 
 Macdonald. 
 
 Moultrie. 
 
 Clinton. 
 
 Howe. 
 
 Washington. 
 
 Howe. 
 
 Washington. 
 
 Washington. 
 
 Washington. 
 
 Mawhood. 
 
 Stark. 
 
 Baum. 
 
 Howe. 
 
 Washington. 
 Burgoyne. 
 
 Gates. 
 
 Howe. 
 
 Washington. 
 Burgoyrie. 
 
 Gates. 
 
 Washington. 
 
 Clinton. 
 
 Campbell. 
 
 Howe (Robt.) 
 
 Pickens. 
 
 Boyd. 
 
 Prevost. 
 
 Ashe. 
 
 Prevost. 
 
 Lincoln. 
 
 Prevost. 
 
 Lincoln. 
 
 Tarleton. 
 
 Huger. 
 
 Clinton. 
 
 Lincoln. 
 
 Tarleton. 
 
 Buford. 
 
 Locke. 
 Sumter. 
 
 Moore. 
 Brown. 
 
 Cornwallis. 
 
 Gates. 
 
 Tarleton. 
 
 Sumter. 
 Ferguson. 
 
 Campbell. 
 
 Sumter. 
 
 Tarleton. 
 
 
 Tarleton. 
 
 Morgan. 
 
 
 tl 
 
 Cornwallis. 
 
 Greene. 
 
 
 Greene. 
 
 Rawdon. 
 
 Cruger. 
 
 Greene. 
 
 Greene. 
 
 Stewart. 
 Cornwallis. 
 
 English 
 
 etories and officers In red ; America 
 
 Washington. 
 
 indecisive battles in Muck. 
 
PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. 
 
 The Institution of Self-government. 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 THE TRANSFER OF SOVEREIGNTY. 
 
 Two Elements of Government. — Man is of a social 
 nature. He does not live by himself, but in society. For the 
 
 regulation and welfare of soci- 
 ety, government in some form 
 is necessary. In every form of 
 government there are two ele- 
 ments : one is the sovereign, 
 the other is subject. 
 
 Sovereign and Subject. 
 — The sovereign element is the 
 one to whom belongs the power 
 of regulating the affairs of the 
 society and of giving the offi- 
 cers of government their author- 
 ity to govern. The subject ele- 
 ment is the one controlled by 
 the sovereign and governed by 
 the sovereign's appointed offi- 
 cers. No higher authority than the sovereign's exists in a 
 society. 
 
 Monarchy and Democracy. — The power to govern, 
 which a sovereign possesses, is called sovereignty. When in a 
 society one person has this power to govern, the govern- 
 ment is a monarchy. When the power to govern belongs to 
 all the members of the society, the government is called a de- 
 mocracy. In a monarchy the king, emperor, czar, or sultan 
 is sovereign : in a democracy the people are sovereign. In 
 a monarchy the sovereign frequently exercises his authority 
 according t<> his own will and pleasure ; in a democracy the 
 sovereignty of the people is exercised according to the will 
 and desires of the majority. 
 
 Personal Freedom. 
 In some countries complete personal 
 
 freedom is enjoyed by the monarch 
 only. Such a government is a des- 
 potism. In the history of modern 
 enlightened nations, the power of 
 the despot has diminished and the 
 power of the people has increased. 
 Where this has taken place, we say 
 that the power of the monarch has 
 been limited and the government is a 
 
 limited monarchy. The highest form 
 
 of government is to have no monarch 
 
 at all. and to have all citizens free 
 and equal. The republic of the United 
 states of America marks this advance, 
 and to-day presents to the world the 
 best example of a people governing 
 
 themselves. 
 
THE INSTITUTION OF SELF-GOVERNMENT. 253 
 
 Delegation of Governmental Authority. A mon- 
 arch may himself do the governing, or he may appoint others 
 to do it. In appointing these officers lie delegates to them 
 his authority to govern, and they govern in his name. AVhen 
 the members of a democracy 
 are numerous, they also may 
 delegate their authority to gov- 
 ern, and they do so by choosing 
 or electing officers of govern- 
 ment, who govern in the name 
 of the people. Such a democ- 
 racy is a republic. 
 
 Compact and Constitu- 
 tion. — People living near one 
 another, and forming a society, 
 understand that the}^ should 
 not interfere with another's 
 rights, or do anything to injure 
 the society of which they are 
 members. They must also obey 
 the rules and regulations of the 
 society, known as laws, or be 
 punished for any violation of 
 these laws. This understanding 
 or agreement is called a- social 
 compact. A social compact es- 
 tablishes a constitution, which 
 is the foundation upon which 
 every government is based. 
 
 Written and Unwritten 
 Constitutions. — A social 
 compact or constitution may be 
 
 either written or unwritten. In olden times it was never writ- 
 ten, and the sovereign often abused his power and oppressed 
 his subjects. To guard against this abuse of power, compacts 
 and constitutions in more modern times have been written out 
 in full. 
 
 Sovereignty and Govern- 
 ment. 
 
 Sovereignty, or the power to gov- 
 ern, and government do not mean 
 
 the same thin;,', [n an absolute mon- 
 archy tlic sovereign has the power 
 to make laws, to execute those laws, 
 and to sit as judge at the trial of 
 those accused of violating them. So 
 in a republic the people possessing 
 sovereign power may hold mass meet- 
 ings and make their own laws ; may 
 execute those laws, and may again, in 
 mass meeting, sit as judges at the 
 trial of those accused of violating 
 them. While this is true in theory, 
 as a matter of fact neither in a mon- 
 archy nor in a republic does the 
 sovereign do the governing in person. 
 In all civilized countries, whether 
 monarchies or republics, the power to 
 make laws is delegated by the sov- 
 ereign to one set of officers. The 
 liower to execute those laws is dele- 
 gated to another set of officers ; the 
 power to try persons accused of violat- 
 ing those laws, to a third set of offi- 
 cers. But the theory is never lost sight 
 of, and all officers who do the actual 
 governing do it in the name of the 
 sovereign. In the Province of Vir- 
 ginia, before the Revolution, the gov- 
 ernor acted in the name and by the 
 authority of King George ni. In 
 Virginia to-day, the governor acts in 
 the name and by the authority of the 
 people of Virginia. 
 
I'KIMoh (>K KKYoLl TIoX. 
 
 Political Results of Writ- 
 ten Constitutions. 
 In a monarchya written constitution 
 limits the power of the monarch. In 
 a republic a written constitution limits 
 the authority which a majority of the 
 people delegate to the officers of gov- 
 ernment. Tn this way the minority 
 of the people are protected from being 
 oppressed by the majority so long as 
 the terms of the constitution are 
 Btrictly complied with. Let the stu- 
 dent remember this when he comes to 
 consider the several controversies and 
 dissensions characterizing the political 
 history Of the United States, caused 
 by a minority of the people insisting 
 ii] strict compliance, in some in- 
 stances only to be overruled hy the 
 majority. 
 
 Province and State. — A society of individuals, living 
 together under a social compact, is either a province or a state. 
 It is a province if power to govern it rests in the sovereign of 
 
 some other country ; it is a 
 state if the power to govern it 
 rests somewhere within the so- 
 ciety. Many have an idea that 
 "state" or "province" means 
 a certain extent of land with 
 fixed boundaries. This is not 
 correct. The people who live 
 on the land constitute the state 
 or the province. 
 
 Beginning of State Sov- 
 ereignty. — The American col- 
 onies were provinces before the 
 Revolution, for the King of 
 England was their sovereign. 
 1>V declaring independence the 
 people of each colony, or province, assumed full authority to 
 govern themselves. After they had waged successful war 
 against England, this authority was confirmed to them. Thus 
 sovereignty was transferred 
 from the king to the people of 
 each colony, which thereby con- 
 stituted itself an independent 
 state, with sovereignty residing 
 in its people. 
 
 Development of the 
 Idea of American Self- 
 government. — The idea of 
 self-government did not spring 
 up suddenly in America. 
 Throughout the whole history ' 
 
 of the English colonies it went hand in hand with their 
 gradual development of the idea of American independence. 
 The first popular election in America, making Captain John 
 
 Self-government West of 
 the Alleghanies. 
 
 Pioneers who crossed the Allegha- 
 nies. and placed themselves beyond the 
 limits of societies already organized, 
 carried with them ideas of self -govera- 
 ment and put tliem into practical 
 operation in the communities which 
 they established. The first instance 
 of this and of the establishment of 
 free government west of the Allegha- 
 nies was at Watauga, Tenn., in 1772, 
 by pioneers from South Carolina. 
 
THE INSTITUTION OF SELF-GOVERNMENT. 855 
 
 Smith president of Virginia (1609ff*the first representative 
 assembly, by which an American people gained a voice in the 
 
 making of their own laws, instituted in Virginia the year 
 before the Mayflower Compact (1619) ; the transfer from 
 England of the Massachusetts Bay Company and Charter, 
 with its governmental privileges, instituting a high form of 
 self-government for that time in America (1630) — all these 
 marked the first stages of growth in the idea of independence. 
 By the time of the Revolution, liberal ideas upon the subject 
 had become clearly established in the American mind. Under 
 the systematic oppression of England these ideas developed 
 into powerful principles of action. 
 
 Questions. — Why is government necessary? What two elements in 
 every form of government ? What form of government is that in which one 
 person does the governing ? In which all do the governing ? What kind of 
 government when the members of a democracy give their authority to govern 
 to representatives whom they choose ? To whom does a sovereign delegate his 
 authority? How do the people of republics delegate their authority ? What 
 is a social compact ? What is a constitution ? What is the difference between 
 a state and a province ? What incorrect idea have many as to the meaning of 
 "state "and "province"? What three events mark the earlier stages of the 
 growth of self-government in America ? 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. Sovereignty. II. Forms of Government. III. Compacts, Charters, and Constitutions. 
 IV. Development of Self-government in America. V. The Watauua Settlement. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Bancroft's History <>f the Vhitt <l Slates, vol. iv. 
 < longress orders colonies to make governments of their own, :;H. Watauga settlement, -102. 
 
 Fiske's Civil Government, chap, vii.: Written constitutions. 
 
 Wilson's The State: Development of constitutional liberty in the colonies, nit. 
 Lalor's Cyclopedia of Political Scienct ; Articles upon Sovereignty, Constitution. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities. — Sovert ignty. 
 ernment, Forms of . Charter. Compact. Constitution. Watauga Settlement, The. 
 
 Special.— Gilmore's Sear Guard of tht American Revolution and John Sevier as a Com- 
 monwealth Builder, if possible, compare Webster's Dictionary as published in 1844 with 
 Webster's Dictionary as published to-day. and note critically the changes in the definition 
 of compart, constitution, federal, confederation, and state. 
 
256 
 
 PERIOD OF DEVOLUTION. 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 HE DELEGATION OF GOVERNMENTAL POWER. 
 
 Continental Congress. 
 
 Sufferings and Relief of 
 the Army. 
 
 All through the war, Washington 
 
 was worried for want of supplies 
 and ammunition for his men. The 
 pay of Ore soldiers in currency of 
 B0 little value was noi sufficient to 
 keep i hem iii the necessaries of life. 
 \nn\ after army 
 had to be i 
 since the men re- 
 turned ti> their 
 homes as Boon as 
 their terms of en 
 listment had ex- 
 pired, in order to 
 gain subsistence 
 for themselves 
 and families. 
 Wiih the mis- 
 taken idea thai 
 ( longress was to 
 blame for this 
 condition of af- 
 fairs, the whole 
 •■ Ten ns v 1 vania 
 line " of Wash- 
 ington's army at 
 one time revolted 
 and proceeded to 
 Philadelphia, 
 hem upon secur- 
 ing satisfaction ; bui patriotism finally 
 prevailed. In this darkest period of 
 the war there came to the front Robert 
 B rich banker of Philadelphia. 
 
 lie pledged his fortune to establish 
 the credit of Congress. The army 
 waa sustained bj him. Be bronghl 
 to the service of his country all his 
 financial ability ; and no one w 
 pari in the American cause better de- 
 serves the grati t ui remembrance of 
 bis countrymen. 
 
 —The Continental Congress, 
 which met at Philadelphia in 
 L775, exercised certain govern- 
 mental powers in the name of 
 the thirteen colonies. It raised 
 an army to defend the colonies 
 against the king ; appointed a 
 commander - in - chief for the 
 army ; issued 
 bills of credit, 
 as the}' were 
 called, which 
 were used as 
 continental 
 money ; and 
 organized a 
 postal system, 
 
 with Benja- 
 min Franklin 
 as the first 
 post master- 
 general. 
 
 FiMNK.iN-. The power 
 
 of this Con- 
 gress was so limited that the 
 A merican cause suffered greatly. 
 ( longress could only ask a colony 
 to furnish its share of men and 
 money, luit could not compel it 
 to do so. Hence continental 
 money became almost worth- 
 less. ( ►wina: to this, the suffer- 
 
THE INSTITUTION OF SELF-GOVERNMENT. 257 
 
 ings of the patriot soldiers for want of food and clothing 
 were intense. 
 
 State Governments.— Long before July, 1770, each col- 
 ony had expelled the royal governors and other officers of the 
 king, and had assumed control of its own affairs. At first, 
 temporary governments were organized ; but after the Decla- 
 ration of Independence, State constitutions were drawn up and 
 permanent State governments were organized. South Carolina 
 and Virginia, however, adopted their State constitutions before 
 Independence was declared, the 
 former in March, 1776, the lat- 
 ter in June followin 
 
 Articles of Confedera- 
 
 Virginia Bill of Rights. 
 
 In the organization of the Virginia 
 Slate government a very remarkable 
 paper, known as the Virginia Bill of 
 Rights, was drawn up by George 
 Mason. This paper contained many 
 of the principles which were after- 
 wards laid down in the Declaration of 
 Independence. This Bill of Rights 
 and a State constitution drawn up by 
 the same writer were adopted (June, 
 1776) by the Virginia Convention. This 
 same convention instructed delegates 
 to Congress to propose American in- 
 dependence. Both these documents 
 served as models for many of the 
 other colonies. 
 
 tion. — When the Declaration 
 of Independence was signed, 
 the States were already united 
 in resisting the armies of the 
 king ; but the Congress felt the 
 necessity of a written bond of 
 union which would clothe that 
 body with power to act for all 
 the States in matters of com- 
 mon interest, and ratify the 
 acts which Congress had al- 
 ready been forced to perform. Articles of Confederation were 
 therefore proposed in Congress (July 12, 1776), and submitted 
 for acceptance. But it was found that the people were some- 
 what suspicious of being governed from outside of their State. 
 They were engaged in a conflict for independence and self- 
 government, and they could see no difference between a Par- 
 liament in England and a Congress in America, if the latter 
 were given too much power. 
 
 Moreover, the States, though united in their opposition to 
 England, were distrustful of one another. The smaller States, 
 fearing the power of the larger, did not want to go into a gov- 
 ernment in which the larger States would naturally have the 
 most influence. Many objections had to l>»> overcome before 
 17 
 
258 
 
 VKKIOI) OF INVOLUTION. 
 
 The Ordinance of 1 787. 
 
 one of the objections on the part of 
 the smaller States was generously met 
 by Virginia, then the largest and most 
 populous Of all the States. Her vast 
 territory gave her much room for ex- 
 pansion, and with this expansion 
 would come increase of her power and 
 influence. Nevertheless, to aid in 
 bringing about a harmonious con- 
 federation, she proposed to donate to 
 the general government all her terri- 
 tory north of the Ohio. Tins territory- 
 was hers by original grant, and twice 
 she had conquered it. Its inhabitants 
 had taken an oath of allegiance to her 
 after Clark*s conquest. The offer was 
 made in 1783 accepted bj Congress in 
 1783, and in 1787 an ordinance for the 
 government of this Northwest Terri- 
 tory was passed. This ordinance is 
 remarkable because it excluded slav- 
 ery, which then prevailed, more or 
 less, in all the States, and because of 
 its liberal donations of land for public 
 school purposes. 
 
 the Articles of Confederation 
 were finally adopted. Twelve 
 States signed them by July, 
 1 77'.'. But the Articles did not 
 take effect until ratified, March 
 1, 1781. The first Continental 
 Congress acting by authority 
 of the Articles met March 2, 
 17M. live years after the Dec- 
 laration of Independence. By 
 this time the war was nearly 
 over. 
 
 Weakness of the Union 
 under the " Articles." — 
 Under the Articles of Con- 
 federation there was no Presi- 
 dent, and Congress exercised all. 
 governing power. Eacli State 
 was allowed to send to Congress 
 not more than seven delegates, 
 and not loss than two. The delegates were to be elected every 
 year. But each State, whether large or small, had only one 
 vote in deciding upon measures presented for adoption. The 
 powers which Congress was to exercise were carefully speci- 
 fied, such as the power to declare war, to make treaties and 
 to coin money, to issue bills of credit, to fix the proportion of 
 money to be raised by each State for the purpose of carrying 
 on the war, to regulate the number of land and naval forces, 
 etc. These powers, however, could not be exercised except by 
 the assenting votes of nine States. 
 
 With all this authority to declare laws and to make treaties. 
 Congress had no power to enforce its acts. The Articles con- 
 tained the express agreement that each State should retain 
 its sovereignty and independence, and all powers not dele- 
 gated. So jealously had all authority to enforce its measures 
 been withheld from this government, that its weakness was 
 soon seen. 
 
 iC 
 
THE INSTITUTION OF SELF-GOVERNMENT. 
 
 259 
 
 Shays's Rebellion. 
 
 In western Massachusetts a remark- 
 able rebellion, headed by Daniel Shays, 
 a captain in the Revolutionary War, 
 was raised against the courts and offi- 
 cers employed in the forcible collection 
 of taxes. It seemed to Shays and his 
 sympathizers a great act of tyranny to 
 have these courts and tax collectors 
 seize their homes. So the infuriated 
 people arose, and to the number of 
 2,000 marched upon Springfield and 
 Worcester, and were subdued only 
 by superior forces under Generals 
 Lincoln and Shepard. 
 
 Deplorable Condition of the Country at the Close 
 of the War. — At the close of 
 the war, and during the year 
 following, the United States 
 were in a deplorable condition. 
 Congress, under the Articles 
 of Confederation, commanded 
 neither respect abroad nor con- 
 fidence at home. A large debt 
 had been contracted in the name 
 of the United States, and grave 
 
 J <— > uuitcpici, auu wcic dui_»w.u<ju. "my 
 
 questions arOSe about itS pay- by superior forces under Generals ^/ 
 
 s~i i Lincoln and Shepard. 
 
 merit. Congress was powerless 
 
 to levy taxes to redeem its bills 
 
 of credit ; and, indeed, the people in their condition of 
 
 poverty were not disposed to 
 pay them, even if levied by 
 their own State governments. 
 
 Discord Among the 
 States. — Disputes of more 
 than a local nature were arising 
 on every hand. Commerce was 
 not regulated, and competition 
 between the States was causing 
 jealousy and strife. The States 
 were as far apart in feeling as 
 they were in geographical posi- 
 tion. Discord among them 
 seemed to be the result of throw- 
 ing off the power of England. 
 The Articles of Confederation 
 were a failure, and the meet- 
 ings of Congress became less 
 frequent from difficulty in ob- 
 taining a quorum. 
 
 The State of Franklin. \^_ 
 
 In 1785 the pioneer people of what 
 is now eastern Tennessee, but then a 
 part of North Carolina, resolved to 
 form a State government of their own. 
 A constitution was adopted, a legisla- 
 ture chosen, judges appointed, courts 
 organized, and treaties with the In- 
 dians entered into. John Sevier was 
 elected governor. The State was 
 called Franklin, or Frankland, and its 
 seat of government was Jonesborough ; 
 but the State of Franklin did not ex- 
 ist long, for North Carolina claimed 
 its land, and ceded it in 1789 to the 
 United States as a part of what was to 
 be the Territory and State of Tennes- 
 see. The early settlers of eastern 
 Tennessee rendered valuable service 
 in the Revolutionary War ; for not 
 only did they cross the mountains 
 into Carolina and take part in battles 
 against the British, but they barred 
 the way and prevented hordes of 
 savages who were instigated by Eng- 
 lish emissaries from sweeping down 
 upon the western Carolina settlements. 
 
260 
 
 l-KKIol) OF KK VOLUTION. 
 
 Need of Domestic Tranquillity. — This unsettled 
 state of affairs was producing a great restlessness. Many 
 were making their way beyond the 
 Alleghanies, where already John 
 Sevier, James Robertson, Isaac Shel- 
 by, and Daniel Boone, with their 
 hardy followers, had established 
 themselves, after wresting from the 
 savage the fair lands of Kentucky 
 and Tennessee. Many who had 
 the good of their country at heart 
 became sorely perplexed over its 
 "" IN BEVnSR - condition. Independence had been 
 
 won, but it was being gradually realized that the freedom 
 of a people could be destroyed 
 not only by a tyrannical govern- 
 ment, but by the other extreme 
 anarchy and misrule. 
 
 The Great Problem.— A 
 stronger government than the Con- 
 federation was, then, the need of 
 the American people — one with 
 power sufficient not only to make 
 laws but to enforce them for the 
 general welfare ; and yet a govern- 
 ment not strong enough to oppress 
 or be tyrannical. This was the 
 problem now to be solved by the people of the American States 
 
 •IAMES i:oia.l!T-<>\. 
 
 Questions. — In whoso name did the Continental Congress first exercise 
 authority? Whal did Congress do in exercising this authority ? What only 
 could Congress do ? What was the result of this lack of power upon t lie part 
 d!' Congress ? What had become of the royal governorsand officers ? How were 
 most of the colonies governed ? What Slates had already adopted State con- 
 stitutions? What Articles were proposed by Congress ? Why? When? To 
 whom were they submitted? Of what were the people suspicious? Why? 
 When were the Articles finally adopted ? Tell something of the government 
 underthe Articles of Confederation. What powers of Congress were carefully 
 specified in the Articles ? What was expressly agreed? 
 
THE INSTITUTION OF SELF-GOVERNMENT. 261 
 
 In what condition were the States at the close of the Revolutionary War? 
 What had been contracted V What were the people not- disposed to do ? What 
 were arising ? What showed that the government under the Articles of Con- 
 federation was a failure 'i What was the unsettled state of affairs producing 't 
 Who had made their way beyond the Alleghanies ? What besides tyranny can 
 destroy the freedom of a people ? What, then, was the n 1 ? 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. The Continental Congress and its Assumption of Governmental Authority. II. Govern- 
 ment under the Articles of Confederation. III. The Ordinance of 1787. IV. The State of 
 Franklin. 
 
 Keferences and Authorities. 
 
 Hildreth's History of the United States, vol. iii. 
 
 Articles of Confederation, 2(56, 395. The Continental Congress, 401. Robert Morris, 361. 
 
 State of Frankland, 468. Shays's Rebellion, 474. 
 Bancroft's History of the United States. 
 
 Vol. v.: Powers of Congress under the Confederation, 454-155. Robert Morris and the 
 
 finance department, 508 ; vi. : Ordinance of 1787, pp. 277, 2S7. 
 Fiske's Critical Period of American History. 
 
 Anomalous character of the Continental Congress, 92. Articles of Confederation and their 
 
 failure to create a stable government, 93-106, 112, 131. Robert Morris and his immense 
 
 services, 167. Shays's Rebellion, 177-182. Ordinance of 1787, 204. State of Franklin, 200. 
 Schouler's History of the United States, vol i. 
 
 Continental Congress, 12. Defects in Articles of Confederation, 16. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities. — Continental 
 Congress, Limited Powers of . Morris, Robert. South Carolina, First Constitution <f. 
 Bill of Bights, Virginia. Articles of Confederation, The. ordinance of 1787, The. 
 Shays^s Rebellion, Franklin, State of . 
 
 Special.— Winsor's Narrative and Critical History, vol. vii.. chap, iii.: The Confederation. 
 Hart's Formation of the Union: Continental Congress's exercise of authority, 76 : Weak- 
 ness of Congress, 92. Fiske's Civil Government, chap, viii., see. L: Origin of the Federal 
 Union. Wilson's The Slate: The Confederation, 169-472. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION. 
 
 The Annapolis Convention. — A commercial agreement 
 was entered into by the States of Virginia and Maryland, in 
 the spring of 1785, and was working well. For the purpose 
 of including other States in this agreement the legislature of 
 Virginia issued a call (January, 1786) for a convention of 
 
202 
 
 PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. 
 
 States to consider the establishment of a uniform commercial 
 system. In answer to this call, New Jersey, New York, 
 Pennsylvania, and Delaware sent delegates to Annapolis, Aid. 
 (September, 1786). 
 
 Alexander Hamilton. — Many, dissatisfied with the 
 weakness of the existing confederation, saw in the Annapolis 
 meeting an opportunity to unite the States in an agreement, 
 not only for purposes of commerce but for purposes of gov- 
 ernment. There was present 
 as a delegate from New York, 
 Alexander Hamilton, who after- 
 wards became famous as a finan- 
 cier and statesman. He pro- 
 posed an address to the States, 
 recommending a general con- 
 vention to meet in Philadelphia 
 in May of the next year. 
 
 The Philadelphia Con- 
 vention. — Following this sug- 
 gestion, the Annapolis meeting 
 passed a resolution recommend- 
 ing the calling of a second 
 convention to take into con- 
 sideration the situation, and to' 
 propose what might appear 
 necessary to make the Articles 
 of Confederation equal to the 
 needs of the Union. This reso- 
 lution, with an address prepared by Hamilton, was sent to the 
 governors of all the States and to the Continental Congress. 
 The idea of holding such a convention met with favor, and on 
 February 21, 17^7. the Continental Congress, acting for the 
 States, issued a formal call for a convention of delegates to 
 meet in Philadelphia on the second Monday in May ; but the 
 call restricted the power of the convention to the "sole and 
 express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation." In 
 answer to the call of the Continental Congress, delegates from 
 
 The Work of the Federal 
 Convention. 
 
 The Philadelphia Convention had a 
 work before it of the greatest impor- 
 tance, li had to plan a new govern- 
 
 ni. hi which would be satisfactory to 
 :i free people who had already organ- 
 ized themselves into sovereign States, 
 ami who had shown unwillingness to 
 enter into a close political union, or to 
 give u]) any part of their sovereignty. 
 The Convention was in session about 
 four months, and the delegates applied 
 themselves very diligently to what they 
 were there to do. Debates were fre- 
 quen . Delegates were all jealously 
 
 Watchful of the interests of their 
 respective Slates and sections; but. 
 realizing the need of the country, they 
 made concessions and compromises. 
 Prominent among those who led in the 
 work of the Convention were " Light- 
 Horse Barry" Lee, Madison, Hamil- 
 ton, Franklin, Randolph, the two 
 Pinckneys, and Rutledge. 
 
THE INSTITUTION OF SELF-GOVERNMENT. 
 
 203 
 
 twelve States assembled (May, 1787) at Philadelphia. Among 
 them were the most distinguished men of the time, and over 
 the convention thus brought together George Washington was 
 chosen to preside. 
 
 The First Step. — Some of the delegates thought it neces- 
 sary only to amend and strengthen the Articles of Confedera- 
 tion, but others favored the drawing up of an entirely new 
 constitution. The first step in this direction was taken when 
 Randolph of Virginia moved 
 " that a national government 
 ought to be established, con- 
 sisting of a supreme legisla- 
 ture, judiciary, and executive." 
 This resolution was adopted, 
 and Randolph's plan was per- 
 fected in the committee. But 
 on the 20th of June, when it 
 came before the convention, the 
 words " national government" 
 were stricken out, and "gov- 
 ernment of the United States " 
 was substituted. This action 
 showed that a majority of the 
 States now favored a new consti- 
 tution, but were opposed to the 
 national idea, and to a central- 
 ized form of government. The 
 
 The Three Great Com- 
 promises. 
 
 The Convention was divided upon 
 three questions : (1) The control and 
 regulation of commerce by the new 
 government; (2) the slave trade; 
 (3) the manner in which each State 
 should be represented in the new gov- 
 ernment. New Hampshire, Massa- 
 chusetts, and Connecticut desired 
 Congress to have authority to regulate 
 commerce. South Carolina and 
 Georgia wished to continue the im- 
 porting of slave labor. By combining 
 their \otes these States were able to 
 carry through both measures. Thus 
 the regulation of commerce was in- 
 trusted to Congress, and Federal inter- 
 ference with the importation of slaves 
 prohibited until 1K08. The three great, 
 compromises were : That establishing 
 State equality in the Senate ; that 
 establishing the Federal ratio ; and 
 that prohibiting Federal interference 
 in the slave trade until 1808. 
 
 question now arose as to how 
 
 the ( longress, or the supreme legislature, should be constituted. 
 
 The Virginia plan was that Congress should consist of 
 two houses, and that the representation in both houses should 
 be proportioned to population. As this arrangement would 
 give the larger States the greater representation in Congress, 
 and consequently greater influence in the new government, it 
 was opposed by the smaller States. 
 
 The New Jersey plan favored a federal union of the 
 States and opposed the establishment of a national government. 
 
12(14 PEKlOD OF REVOLUTION. 
 
 Jt therefore proposed to give the States equal representation 
 in both houses. To this the larger States objected, as they 
 believed the more people a State had the more it was interested 
 in the government and the more influence it ought to have. 
 
 The Connecticut Compromise. — After a period of 
 earnest debate, in which it seemed no agreement could be 
 reached, a compromise was suggested by Connecticut, that in 
 the lower house of Congress the people should be represented, 
 each State sending representatives according to population ; 
 in the upper house, or senate, each State, large and small alike, 
 should be represented by two senators. This compromise was 
 adopted. 
 
 The Federal Ratio. — The next great point of disagree- 
 ment was whether slaves should be considered a part of the 
 population. Slavery once existed throughout the thirteen 
 States, but was beginning to die out in the Korth. It had 
 become firmly established in the South. If the slaves were to 
 be considered as a part of the population instead of mere prop- 
 erty, the Southern States would have a larger representation. 
 A compromise was reached upon this question also, and it was , 
 provided that five slaves should count as three free inhabitants,./ 
 thus establishing what is known as the Federal Ratio. 
 
 2. 
 
 Dehate over the Executive. — The Convention was 
 divided as to whether the executive should consist of one per- 
 son or more than one. The former, however, was decided 
 upon. There was division, also, as to the manner of choosing 
 for this office. Some wanted the choice to devolve upon Con- 
 gress ; others insisted that it be made by the people. Many 
 held that an election by Congress would be open to the danger 
 of intrigue and combination powerful enough to control the 
 acts of the president. Others saw in an election by the people 
 the danger of their being \rd by unprincipled demagogues. 
 At length that feature of the Constitution which provided for 
 an electoral college was agreed upon. The number of the elec- 
 
THE INSTITUTION OK SELF-GOVERNMENT. 265 
 
 tors composing the college corresponds with the number of / 
 senators and representatives in Congress, and the electors of 
 each State are selected, "in such a manner as the legislature 
 thereof may direct." 
 
 Completion of the Convention's Labors. — The ques- 
 tion of what powers should be given to Congress also caused 
 discussion, but the end was finally reached, and the Federal 
 Constitution stood completed. Although instituting a form of 
 government greatly in advance of any yet established, it was 
 by no means thoroughly satisfactory to those who drew it up. 
 Some of these even refused to 
 sign it. Its compromises were 
 not entirely acceptable to all. 
 There were points in it which 
 left the way dangerously open to 
 different interpretations. Yet, 
 all in all. it was a wonderful 
 achievement, and it stands to- 
 day the greatest written instru- 
 ment ever executed by man. 
 
 The Constitution Sub- 
 mitted to the States. — The 
 proposed Constitution was sub- 
 mitted to a convention of the 
 people in each State, to be dis- 
 cussed and to be accepted or 
 rejected. The leaders were divided. Some opposed the Con- 
 stitution, others favored it. Many clear-thinking, honest- 
 minded men, such as Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams. Richard 
 Henry Lee, George Mason, and Benjamin Harrison, saw in the 
 Constitution possible danger to liberty and self-government 
 so dearly purchased. Others, equally honest-minded, con- 
 sidered that the provisions of the Constitution were sufficient 
 to prevent any interference by the government with the rights 
 of the people. As safeguards against such interference, cer- 
 tain amendments were proposed by Massachusetts and by other 
 States. These amendments were designed to limit the power of 
 
 Beginning of Popular 
 Suffrage. 
 
 The idea of universal suffrage wag 
 in its infancy in the days when the 
 Federal Convention met. It is inter- 
 esting to note the development of this 
 idea in connection with the election of 
 President, At first the people them- 
 selves were cot permitted to vote for 
 presidential electors. The electors 
 were chosen by the State legislature. 
 New Jersey pursued this plan up to 
 181G ; Connecticut to 1820; New 
 York, Delaware, and Vermont to 
 1824; and South Carolina to 1868. 
 At the present day the electors are 
 chosen by the people and are pledged 
 to vote for a certain candidate. Thus 
 indirectly a President of the United 
 States is elected by the people. 
 
266 
 
 PEEK F REVOLUTION. 
 
 Differences of Constitu- 
 tional Interpretation. 
 
 in the light of modem development 
 we have come t" know that a consti- 
 tuted government cannot bear har- 
 moniously upon a people unless this 
 ] pie is a unit in interests, charac- 
 teristics, and modes of life. This the 
 American people were not, nor were 
 they to be for years tocome. Colonial 
 life had developed sectional character- 
 istics ; conditions of climate had 
 Caused diversity of industrial interests. 
 The people were not the same in every 
 section, and therefore a government 
 bearing directly upon till of them 
 could not please them alike. On the 
 other hand, the States, as organized 
 wholes, had many interests in com- 
 mon. Continued existence, uniform 
 regulation of commerce and currency, 
 domestic tranquillity and defensive 
 organization against possible foreign 
 foes, were the needs of all. A State, 
 therefore, as a sovereign, could with 
 reason compact and agree with other 
 States upon the establishment of a 
 central regulative power to be exer- 
 cised for the good of all. Thus 
 thought many who favored the Consti- 
 tution, and its successive ami separate 
 ratifications by the different States 
 
 caused them to regard it as a compact 
 between sovereign States. In time 
 there arose a difference of opinion as 
 to which government, State or Fed- 
 eral, the people had clothed with the 
 greater power. The theory of com- 
 pact gave rise to the doctrine of State 
 Rights, which in time was to main- 
 tain the supreme authority Of a State 
 and its right, to withdraw from the 
 compact -a principle thai was destined 
 to be contended f,ir unsuccessfully, 
 yel heroically, in one of the bitterest 
 Struggles ever chronicled in the 
 world's historv. 
 
 the government and to prevent 
 the taking to itself of any au- 
 thority that had not been given 
 it by the States. It was under- 
 stood by all the States that the 
 amendments would be adopted 
 at the meeting of the first Con- 
 gress. 
 
 The Campaign for Con- 
 stitutional Ratification. — 
 Delaware was the first State to 
 ratify .(December 7, 1T87), fol- 
 lowed in succession by Penn- 
 sylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, 
 Connecticut, Massachusetts, 
 Maryland, South Carolina, New 
 Hampshire, Virginia, and New 
 York. Notwithstanding the 
 assurance that the proposed 
 amendments would be adopted, 
 in many of the States the vote 
 was very close. In Massachu- 
 setts it stood 187 for, and 168 
 against adoption ; in Virginia 
 the Constitution was ratified by 
 the small majority of ten. Thus 
 reluctant were the people to 
 clothe with power any govern- 
 ment outside the limits of their 
 States. The Virginia Conven- 
 tion declared by resolution that -J 
 the people had a right to re- A 
 sume the power whenever they 
 pleased ; and Xew York and Rhode Island made the recogni- 
 tion of this right the condition of their ratification. 
 
 As soon as the Constitution should he ratified by nine States 
 it was to go into effect by the States so ratifying. Eleven did 
 
THE INSTITUTION OF SELF-GOVERNMENT. 
 
 The Federalists. 
 
 The contest between Federalists and 
 Anti-Federalists was a heated one. 
 Among the friends of the Constitu- 
 tion who worked earnestly for its 
 ratification were Washington, Madi- 
 son, Harry Lee, and Marshall, of Vir- 
 ginia ; the Pinckneys (Charles and 
 Cotesworth), Gadsden, and Rutledge, 
 of South Carolina ; Livingston, Jay, 
 and Hamilton, of New York ; Frank- 
 lin, Clymer, and Wilson, of Pennsyl- 
 vania ; and others. The labors of 
 Madison and Hamilton were partic- 
 ularly valuable, and were second only 
 to those of Washington. These two 
 great political thinkers wrote a scries 
 of letters, that appeared in public 
 print and did much to instruct and 
 educate the people bo that they appre- 
 ciated the excellences of the Constitu- 
 tion. These letters were afterwards 
 collected and printed in book form 
 and called " The Federalist." 
 
 so by a certain date, and then 
 proceeded to organize the gov- 
 ernment according to its pro- 
 visions. 
 
 Unanimous Election of 
 the First President. — How- 
 ever divided the American 
 people were upon the question 
 of the Constitution, there w T as 
 but one choice for President, 
 and that choice was George 
 Washington. In January, 1789, 
 the legislatures of the eleven 
 States appointed electors, who 
 met on the first Wednesday of 
 February and elected George 
 Washington President of the 
 United States and John Adams 
 Vice-President. The legislatures elected twenty-two senators, 
 and members of the House of Representatives were chosen by 
 the people of each State. The dates for these events had been 
 fixed by the Continental Congress, which also designated New 
 York as the capital city. Here Congress was to meet on the 
 first Wednesday of March, which happened to fall on the 4th 
 day of the month. As there was no quorum present on that 
 date, the electoral vote w r as not counted until the 6th of April, 
 and Washington's inauguration did 
 not occur until the last of the month. 
 The Federal Union Com- 
 pleted.— North Carolina and Rhode 
 Island took no part in the election of 
 the first President or in the first Con- 
 gress. Both continued as independent 
 republics until the ten amendments 
 were adopted, when North Carolina 
 came into the Union in November, 
 ,/ohn Adams. 1789, and Rhode Island in May, 1 790. 
 
'J i is 
 
 PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. 
 
 Questions. — What call was issued by Virginia ? Why? When? What 
 States responded ? Where were delegates sent ': What opportunity did many 
 see in t he Annapolis Convention ? Tell something about Alexander Hamilton. 
 What was done upon his recommendation ? Where did tins second convention 
 assemble ? When ? How many States scut delegates ? Who was chosen to 
 preside ? What did some of the delegates think it only necessary to do ? 
 What was the first step taken ? What was Randolph's plan ? What did the 
 action on Randolph's plan show ? What question arose for debate ? What 
 was Virginia's plan ? What was the objection to it ? What plan did New 
 Jersey propose ? Who objected to this ? Why ? What compromise did Con- 
 necticut suggest ? What was the next great point of disagreement ? Tell 
 something of the Federal Ratio. 
 
 Tell something of the way the Convention came to decide upon an electoral 
 college. With what does the number of Presidential electors of a State cor- 
 respond ? What also caused much discussion ? Tell something of the Federal 
 Constitution as it stood completed. How does it stand to-day ? What was 
 next done with the proposed Constitution ? Into what two classes were the lead- 
 ers divided ? Name some who opposed the Constitution. What did those who 
 favored it believe ? What did some propose in accepting? What were these 
 amendments to prevent ? What State first ratified the Constitution ? What 
 States followed ? How close was the vote in Massachusetts ? Virginia? When 
 was the Constitution to go into effect ? How many States accepted it ? Who 
 was elected the first President of the United States ? Vice-President ? When 
 did Congress organize? When did North Carolina adopt the Constitution ? 
 Rhode Island V 
 
 REFERENCE OUTLINE. 
 The Federal Constitution. 
 
 1786. 
 
 1787. 
 
 1788. 
 1 789. 
 1700. 
 
 Annapolis Convention (September). 
 Philadelphia Convention assembles (May). 
 Connecticut compromise adopted. 
 Federal Ratio adopted. 
 Slave-trade compromise adopted. 
 
 Method of electing President adopted. 
 
 Work i'|' Convention completed (September 17). 
 Delaware, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey ratify. 
 Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina, 
 New Hampshire, Virginia, and New York ratify. 
 
 Firsl Presidential election. 
 
 North Carolina ratifies. 
 
 Rhode [sland ratifies. 
 
 Federal Union completed (May 29). 
 
THE INSTITUTION OF SELF-GOVERNMENT. 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. Alexander Hamilton. II. The Federal Convention and its Principal Members. III. The 
 Virginia and New .Jersey Plana and the Connecticut Compromise. IV. The Federal Ratio. 
 V. The Constitution and the Slave Trade. VI. The Adoption of the Constitution. VII. 
 Differences of Constitutional Interpretation. VIII. The Federalist. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Hildreth's History of the United States, vol. iii. 
 Federal Convention, 482. Principal members, 483. Virginia plan, 484. The three com- 
 promises, 519-520. The Constitution and the slave trade, 509, 514. Campaign for Constitu- 
 tional adoption, 533-539. The Federalist, 534. Ordinance of 1787, 527. 
 
 Bancroft's History of the United States, vol. vi. 
 Annapolis Convention, 1S5, 192. Plan for Federal Convention, 189. Virginia plan, 214. 
 New Jersey plan, 233. Connecticut compromise, 239, 253. Federal Ratio, 266. 
 
 Fiske's Critical Period of American History. 
 Convention at Annapolis, 210. Hamilton suggests Philadelphia Convention, 217. Leading 
 members of the Federal Convention, 222-229. Virginia plan, 236. New Jersey plan, 245. 
 Connecticut compromise, 250. Federal Ratio, 256-261. Constitution and the slave trade, 
 263. First American political parties, 308. 
 
 Sehouler's History of the United States, vol. i. 
 Influence of Hamilton and Madison, 24. Constitutional Convention, 36-46. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities.— Hamilton, 
 Ale.ramli r. Annapo/ix, Commercial Convention of . Federal Convention, The. Virginia. 
 Plan, The. New Jersey Plan, The. Connecticut Compromise, The. Federal Ratio, The. 
 Constitution, Adoption of the. Federalist, The. President, Election of First. 
 
 Special. Winsor's Xarratire and Critical History, vol. vii., chap, iv.: The Constitution 
 of the United States and its History. Hart's Formation of the Union, chap, vi.: The 
 Federal Constitution. Fiske's Civil Government, chap, vii.: The Federal Union. Wilson : 
 The State, 472-176. Lodge : Alexander Hamilton. Schouler : Thomas Jefferson. If pos- 
 sible, read Woodrow Wilson's article, First in Peace, in Harper's Magazine for September, 
 1896. Read carefully the Constitution of the United States. 
 
 Review Work. 
 
 What colony first established personal freedom in religious matters ? What colony exiled 
 Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson ? What colonies were settled wholly or in part by refugees 
 from religious persecution ? What explorers or colonizers are connected with the following geo- 
 graphical names : Kennebec River ; Cape Cod ; Hudson River ; Ocracoke Inlet : Roanoke Island : 
 two Port Royals ; James River ; Chiekahominy River ; St. John's River ; Matagorda Bay ; Narra- 
 gansett Pay ; Chesapeake Bay; Savannah River. What colonies were royal provinces at the 
 beginning of the Revolution ? When was the Massachusetts charter brought to America ? In 
 what winter-quarters did the American Revolutionary army suffer greatly ? When and where 
 was the first independent State government organized ? When was slavery introduced into the 
 United States ? What was the mistake, and who committed it, by which the French were pre- 
 vented from exploring or settling the territory embraced in the State of New Fork? What rea- 
 sons can you give why the Indians of New England allowed the colonists to settle on tin 
 undisturbed, but rose in the wars of the Peqnots and of King Philip as soon as the colonists began 
 to make settlements in the interior of Connecticut? What two native plants greatly helped and 
 added to the thrift of colonists ? 
 
270 
 
 PERIOD OF REVOLUTION. 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW EXERCISE. 
 
 Answer these questions in regard to each : Who was he ? What did he do ? 
 Answer as fully as possible when the name is printed in bolder type. 
 
 Washington. 
 
 Ferguson. 
 
 Jones. 
 
 Schuyler. 
 
 Andre-. 
 
 Randolph. 
 
 Cleveland. 
 
 Tarleton. 
 
 Riedesel. 
 
 Moultrie. 
 
 Gadsden. 
 
 Nelson, 
 
 Rawdon. 
 
 Lee (A.). 
 
 Stirling. 
 
 Greene. 
 
 Boone. 
 
 Van Wert. 
 
 Clarke. 
 
 Steuben. 
 
 Putnam. 
 
 Henry. 
 
 Shelby. 
 
 Wayne. 
 
 Pitcairn. 
 
 Harrison. 
 
 Adams (S.). 
 
 Campbell. 
 
 Buford. 
 
 Philips. 
 
 Burgoyne. 
 
 Lee (R. H.). 
 
 Mason. 
 
 Hayne. 
 
 Lee (C). 
 
 Jasper. 
 
 Revere. 
 
 Madison. 
 
 Marion. 
 
 Pickens. 
 
 Rutledge. 
 
 Allen. 
 
 Hancock. 
 
 Williams. 
 
 D'Estaing. 
 
 Cornwallis. 
 
 Ward. 
 
 Jefferson. 
 
 McDowell. 
 
 Cruger. 
 
 Lafayette. 
 
 Gates. 
 
 Can-. 
 
 Morris. 
 
 Paulding. 
 
 Kosciusko. 
 
 Morgan. 
 
 Si ark. 
 
 Carleton. 
 
 Moore. 
 
 Franklin. 
 
 Laurens. 
 
 Arnold. 
 
 Otis. 
 
 Sevier. 
 
 Lee (II.). 
 
 Pulaski. 
 
 Howe. 
 
 Adams (J.). 
 
 Stewart. 
 
 Ashe. 
 
 DeKalb. 
 
 Prescott. 
 
 Gage. 
 
 Robertson. 
 
 Prevost. 
 
 Praser. 
 
 Caswell. 
 
 Parker. 
 
 Montgomery, 
 
 Brown. 
 
 Deane. 
 
 Sullivan. 
 
 Warner. 
 
 St. Leger. 
 
 Locke. 
 
 Hamilton. 
 
 Knyphausen. 
 
 Clinton. 
 
 Baum. 
 
 PREPARATORY GEOGRAPHY LESSON, 
 
 Hpon a map of the United States note the location of Washington City. 
 District of Columbia. Note the Mississippi River. In what State does its 
 mouth lie? Note the rivers running into it from the east. Note how much 
 territory is drained by the Ohio and its branches. Name lie' principal of these 
 brauches. In what part of Virginia is Norfolk ? 
 
 Refer to the tinted maps facing page 190. By the ground tints and colors 
 of the cross stripes note the different national possessions and claims : English, 
 red ; French, yellow ; Spanish, green. On map No. 1, Louisiana is shown as 
 French territory. What is it on map No. 2? Now refer to the maps facing 
 this lesson. Under whal national territory is Louisiana shown on map No. 3 ? 
 On map No. 4 V Note the dates of these maps. On map No. 4. Kentucky. 
 Tennessee, and Virginia are marked off as States. What new State appears on 
 map X". 5? Whal new States on map No. 6? By the different tints of the 
 cross stripes name the different national counter-claims on the maps referred 
 i". On map No. 1 note that the ground color of Oregon and a pari oi what is 
 n<>\\ Texas is green. What do the red stripes across Oregon and the yellow 
 
 acr<>-s Texas show ? 
 
 l'|>i)ii a map of North Africa note the countries bordering upon the Mediter- 
 Wherr is Tripoli ? 
 
TKRKITORIAL CLAIMS 
 1783. 
 
 (After close of Revolutionary War.) 
 
 SCALE OF MILES 
 
 from PA Grconwi.-b 
 
ENGRAVED FOR HANSELL'S HIGHER HISTORY OF THE U. 
 
 TERRITORIAL CLAIMS 
 1821 
 
 (After the Florida Purchase) 
 SOLE OF MILE8 
 
 lxmeitude lflO West 
 
 ENGRAVED FOR HANSELL'S HIGHER HISTORY OF THE U, 
 
V. PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 Union 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 THE BEGINNING OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. 
 
 1. 
 
 Washington was inaugurated President of the 
 
 United States, April 30, 1780. The inauguration ceremonies 
 took place in New York City, 
 where Congress had already as- 
 sembled. 
 
 Presidential Cabinet. — 
 Four departments were con- 
 stituted : the Departments of 
 State, of War, of the Treasury, 
 and of Justice. A Secretary 
 presided over each of the first 
 three. Thomas Jefferson was 
 the first Secretary of State ; 
 General Henry Knox, Secretary 
 of War ; Alexander Hamilton, 
 Secretary of the Treasury. The 
 
 Department of Justice was in charge of an Attorney- General, 
 who was the legal adviser of the Government. Edmund Ran- 
 dolph was appointed to this office. 
 
 The Judiciary. — Next followed the organization of the 
 Supreme Court, of which John Jay, of New York, was ap- 
 pointed Chief Justice. 
 
 The Work of the New Government. — There was a 
 very difficult task before the new government. It had t< > esta 1 >- 
 
 The First President. 
 
 The call to the Presidency found 
 Washington at his home, Mount Ver- 
 non, Virginia. He gave up the peace 
 and retirement of his surroundings 
 with great reluctance. In going over- 
 land to New York, where the new 
 government was to be organized, he 
 was met by crowds of people. Every- 
 body was eager to behold and greet 
 one who had done so much for his 
 country, and who was yet to do more. 
 No one better deserved the public 
 confidence, and in no one could the 
 hopes of the American people, at that 
 critical time, be more safely placed. 
 
PERIOD «>F INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 lisli its authority over the people, quiet all jealousies and antag- 
 onisms, and inspire respect for itself both at home and abroad. 
 Hamilton's Reports to Congress. — Hamilton and 
 Jefferson in the President's Cabinet, and Madison in Congress, 
 
 ..I iiKi.i: U A.-IIINc. TON. 
 
 were of greal assistance in making the newly established gov- 
 ernmenl successful. Hamilton presented to Congress reports 
 upon the condition and needs of the country, the desirability 
 of encouraging A.merican manufactures, and the necessity of 
 establishing national credit. 
 
273 
 
 The First National Debt. 
 
 — He advocated the payment 
 in full of the debt contracted in 
 carrying on the war against 
 England. This debt he divided 
 into three parts : (1) That duo 
 by Congress, under the Articles 
 of Confederation, to foreigners. 
 (2) That due to Americans. (3) 
 That due by each colony. This 
 debt amounted, in all, to about 
 seventy -five million dollars. 
 
 Opposition to Hamil- 
 ton's Measures. — The propo- 
 sition that the United States 
 Government pay debts con- 
 tracted by the colonies sepa- 
 rately Avas opposed in Congress. 
 Some of the wealthier States, 
 such as Virginia, had already 
 paid their debts without assist- 
 ance, and their representatives 
 States should do the same. 
 
 The Capital Bargain. — The Northern States were very 
 much in favor of Hamilton's plan, but there was another mat- 
 ter under discussion at this time, and 
 that was the location of a permanent 
 seat of government. The North and 
 the South each wanted the capital. 
 Hamilton won over to his plan the 
 Southern representatives by getting 
 the Northern representatives to favor 
 the locating of the national capital 
 in the South. His measures were 
 finally adopted, and the seat of gov- 
 ernment was established where it now \ 
 Alexander Hamilton. is, on the banks of the Potomac, in 
 
 18 
 
 Jefferson and Hamilton. 
 
 Jefferson and Hamilton rank among 
 America's greatest statesmen. Jeffer- 
 son is noted as the author of many 
 state papers, among them the Declara- 
 tion of Independence. Hamilton is 
 remarkable for the ability with which 
 he managed the finances of the young 
 republic. They differed from each 
 other, however, when it came to the 
 question of what the new government 
 should be. Hamilton believed in a 
 strong central government, and di- 
 rected all his plans accordingly. Jef- 
 ferson was opposed to any increase of 
 power that would strengthen the 
 lViirial Government at the expense of 
 the State. Between the two stood 
 Washington, conservative, guiding the 
 energies and abilities of both with 
 great tact and wisdom, following the 
 counselings of each so far as they 
 conformed in his judgment to what 
 was best for the country, and shaping 
 by the assistance of each the early 
 destinies of the new government, with 
 a success that added the glories of the 
 statesman to those he had already won 
 as a soldier and patriot. 
 
 Congress thought the other 
 
274 
 
 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 the District of Columbia. Until a suitable city could be laid 
 out, PhUadelpia became the capital (1791-1800). 
 
 First Tariff and Internal Revenue Tax. — How was 
 
 this debt to be paid ? In nothing does a government better show 
 its strength and efficiency than in its ability to collect taxes 
 and raise revenue. Upon Hamilton's advice a tariff was levied 
 upon imports, and an internal revenue tax upon distilled liquors. 
 
 First United States Bank. 
 
 Through Hamilton's efforts a bank 
 u itii a capital of ten million dollars 
 was chartered to attend to the money 
 transactions of the Government. The 
 stock of this bank was owned partly 
 by private persons and partly by the 
 United States. It served a useful pur- 
 pose, "in it was opposed by many 
 who thought thai the Government 
 should neither <_'o into the banking 
 business nor lend its influence to help 
 private business interests. The char- 
 ter of the hank expired in 1S11 ami 
 - refused to renew it. 
 
 The Whisky Rebellion. — The collection of the revenue 
 tax was resisted by the farmers of western Pennsylvania, wbo 
 
 had found it more profitable to 
 convert their corn into whisky 
 than to ship it to market. 
 Many "moonshiners" to-day 
 do not understand why the 
 Government requires a special 
 tax to be paid upon their home- 
 made whisky, hence they evade 
 this tax. So it was with these 
 Pennsylvania farmers. They 
 questioned the right of the 
 Government to interfere with 
 their occupation, and resisted its 
 revenue officers. A sufficient military force was sent against 
 tliem, and the rebellion was suppressed without bloodshed. 
 
 Grievance against England. — The attitude of England 
 toward this country after the close of the Revolution had 
 been far from satisfactory. She failed to give up the posts 
 and forts in Ili«' Northwest Territory as she had agreed. She 
 was showing disrespect for the United States Government by 
 declining to send to the national capital such representatives as 
 were sent by her to the capitals of other recognized nations. 
 She was holding in contempt the rights of the United States 
 upon the ocean, by interfering with American commerce and 
 by forcibly making prisoners of American seamen and claiming 
 them ,is her own. 
 
275 
 
 Washington's Policy of Neutrality. — As England 
 and France were now about to begin war with each other, the 
 outrages committed by England influenced the greater part of 
 the American people to sympathize with France. But Wash- 
 ington, believing the United States to be too young a nation 
 to enter into any entangling alliances with foreign powers, 
 issued a proclamation of neu- 
 trality. 
 
 " Citizen " Genet. — This 
 position of neutrality did not 
 please the American friends of 
 France, and their displeasure 
 was taken advantage of by the 
 French minister Genet, who, 
 encouraged by the friendly feel- 
 ing existing toward his country, 
 proceeded to disregard Wash- 
 ington's proclamation, and 
 fitted out vessels of war in 
 American ports to prey upon 
 
 War with Little Turtle. 
 
 The Indians were encouraged in 
 many acts of hostility by the English 
 garrisons who occupied the western 
 forts. Immigration, seeking the fer- 
 tile lands of Ohio and Indiana, was 
 checked for a time. In seven years of 
 Indian depredation inure than fifteen 
 hundred settlers fell victims to savage 
 butchery, while many others were 
 carried off into captivity. General 
 Harrnar, General St. Clair, and Gen- 
 eral Wayne were one after another 
 sent to punish the Indians. Harmar 
 (1790) and St. Clair (1791) were badly 
 defeated by Little Turtle, chief of 
 Miamis. Wayne met with better 
 success. Advancing into the Indian 
 country (1793), he built several forts, 
 and finally won a complete victory 
 over the savages on the banks of the 
 Maumee, in northern Ohio (1794). 
 The defeated savages long remem- 
 bered Wayne, and called him the 
 " chief who never sleeps." The year 
 after their defeat the Indians gave up 
 by treaty all claim to a large extent of 
 territory (1795). 
 
 English commerce (1793). Upon/ 
 the demand of our Government, 
 he was recalled to France. 
 
 Jay's Treaty. — By Genet's 
 actions in opposing Washing- 
 ton, France lost many friends. 
 Many now sided with England. 
 Chief Justice Ja} r was sent to 
 
 London to draw up a treaty. This he did, and the treaty was 
 ratified by the Senate (1795). But it was not satisfactory to 
 the people, for it did not dispose of England's claim to the 
 right of searching American vessels; and it restricted Ameri- 
 can commerce in the West Indies. It did, however, secure the 
 Western posts against occupation by England and prevented 
 a war between the two countries. 
 
 Treaty with Spain.— it was of great importance to the 
 settlers of the Ohio Vallev that the v have full use of the]\Iissis- 
 
27<; 
 
 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 sippi River to its mouth, for that was the only practicable 
 route by which they could ship their produce to market. The 
 lower portion of this river flowed through territory belonging 
 to Spain. Accordingly, a treaty was entered into with that 
 country (1795) by which the free navigation of the Mississippi 
 was conceded. This treaty also established the 31st parallel 
 of latitude as the boundary line between the Spanish province 
 of West Florida and the United States. 
 
 Three new States were added to the original thirteen ; 
 namely, Vermont, Kentucky, and Tennessee. The Constitu- 
 tion provides for the admission of new States, but says that no 
 
 new State may be formed within 
 another State without consent 
 of its legislature. Vermont 
 was claimed by both New York 
 and New Hampshire. The 
 people desired a State govern- 
 ment of their own, and in 1790 
 New^ York gave her consent. 
 Congress passed the act of ad- 
 mission, February 18, and the 
 act went into effect March 4, 
 1791. 
 
 Surrenders of Land 
 Claims. — Six of the original 
 thirteen States had made cessions to the United States of their 
 claims to Western territory. These were New York (1780), 
 Virginia (1784), Massachusetts (1785), Connecticut (1786), South 
 Carolina (1787), and North Carolina (1790). The land so ceded 
 was organized into two territories, the Northwest Territory 
 and the Territory South of the Ohio. 
 
 The State of Kentucky.— The Northwest Territory in- 
 cluded the land extending west from Pennsylvania to the Mis. 
 sissippi and north from the Ohio Eiver to the great lakes. The 
 Territory south of the Ohio was that now occupied by the 
 State of Tennessee, together with a narrow strip south of it, 
 ceded by South Carolina. Between the two Territories was 
 
 Franklin's Anti- slavery 
 Petition. 
 
 African slavery, as an institution, 
 had become firmly established in this 
 country. The question of its aboli- 
 tion, however, had already arisen. 
 Scarcely was the Federal Government 
 organized before a petition for eman- 
 cipation, headed by the signature of 
 Franklin, was presented to Congress 
 (February 19, 1790). After some de- 
 liberation, Congress decided that it 
 had no authority to interfere in the 
 slavery regulations of any State, and 
 the question which afterwards caused 
 fierce agitation was for a time set at 
 
 rest. 
 
UNION. 277 
 
 the District of Kentucky, a part of the domain of Virginia not 
 included in her cession of 1784. The legislature of Virginia 
 consented (December 18, 1789) to the forming of a new State 
 from this district. The act of admission was approved by Con- 
 gress, February 4, 1791, and Kentucky was admitted as a State, 
 June 1, 1792. 
 
 Tennessee. — Under the governorship of William Blount 
 the land south of the Ohio remained a Territory until 1796. 
 JSorth Carolina had specified in her deed of cession that when 
 this land should have a population of 60,000 it should be ad- 
 mitted into the Union as a State. A census was taken in 
 1795, under the direction of the territorial legislature, and 
 showed the required number. The portion ceded by North 
 Carolina was therefore organized as a State. It was named 
 Tennessee, and was admitted into the Union, June 1, 1796. 
 The portion ceded by South Carolina afterwards became the 
 northern part of Alabama, Georgia, and Mississippi. 
 
 Questions. — When and where was Washington inaugurated? What 
 four executive departments were created ? Who was the first Secretary of 
 State ? War ? Treasury ? Who was the Attorney-General ? Who the Chief 
 Justice of the Supreme Court ? What difficult task had the new government 
 before it ? "What three men were of great assistance in making the new 
 government a success ? What did Hamilton present to Congress ? What did 
 he advocate ? Into what three parts did he propose to divide the Revolutionary 
 War debt ? Who were opposed to Hamilton's plan ? Who favored it ? How 
 did Hamilton win over Southern representatives ? Where was the permanent 
 seat of government located ? What city was the capital of the United States 
 from 1791 to 1800 ? In what is the efficiency of a government shown ? What 
 did Hamilton advise in the matter of raising revenue ? 
 
 Tell something of the Whisky Rebellion. In what way did England show 
 disrespect for this country ? How did England treat American commerce and 
 seamen ? With whom did most of the people sympathize when France and 
 England made war upon each other ? Why did Washington proclaim neutral- 
 ity ? Tell what you know of " Citizen " Genet, What did the French minister 
 disregard ? In what respects was Jay's treaty unsatisfactory ? Why was the 
 treaty with Spain important? What were the terms of this treaty? What 
 new States were admitted while Washington was President ? What six States 
 ceded their claims to Western lands to the Federal Government ? Into what 
 two Territories was the land ceded organized? How did Kentucky become a 
 State ? Tennessee ? 
 
1791 
 
 1792 
 
 278 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 REFERENCE OUTLINE. 
 
 Administrations of George Washington, of Virginia. 
 
 First President. 
 
 First and Second Administrations. 
 
 First. Second, Third, and Fourth Congresses. 
 
 Principal Events. 
 
 1789. Inauguration. 
 
 i, Franklin's anti-slavery petition. 
 ( Ilarmar's defeat. 
 [Philadelphia made capital. 
 J Vermont admitted. 
 I National bank established. 
 I, St. Clair's defeat, 
 j Kentucky admitted. 
 ( Washington reelected. 
 ,-,,., j Troubles with France (Genet). 
 
 I Cotton gin invented. (See chap, ix.) 
 
 1794 i Wayne's victory over Little Turtle. 
 ( Whisky Rebellion. 
 
 1795 j Jay's treaty. 
 ( Florida boundary treaty. 
 r Tennessee admitted. 
 
 1796. -j Presidential election — 
 
 ( Candidates : John Adams and Thomas Jefferson. 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. Inauguration of Washington. II. Organization of the Federal Government. III. Alex- 
 ander Hamilton as First Secretary of the Treasury. IV. The Capital Bargain. V. Jays 
 Treaty. VI. Miami War. VII. Territorial Cessions to the General Government. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Sehouler's Histoi ij a/ the United States, vol. i. 
 Inaugural ceremonies, 70. Organization of the First Congress, 80. Executive Departments. 
 93. Judiciary, 90. Hamilton's report on the public debt, 130. Capital bargain, 140. 
 Miami War. 158', 191, 280. Jay's treaty, 289-294. 
 
 Hlldreth's History of the United States, vol. iv. 
 
 Inauguration, 50. Executive departments, 102. Hamilton's reports, 152,253,250. Miami 
 War. 2 IS. 881, 383, 113, 580. Jay's treaty, 539. 
 
 Mi Master's History of the People of the United States. 
 Vol. i.: Inauguration, 540. Hamilton's plan, 569-571. Indian troubles, 533, 597-003. 
 Vol. ii.: Jay's treaty, 212-220. 
 
279 
 
 Parallel Keadings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of oilier works and authorities.— Washington, 
 Inauguration of . Hamilton, Alt-.mnder. Whisky Rebellion, The. Capital Bargain, The. 
 Genet. Jay's Treaty. Little Turtle, Chief. Kentucky, Admission of. Tennessee, Ad- 
 
 mission of. 
 
 Special.— Winsor : Narrative and Critical History of America, vol. ii., 528-536. Hart: 
 Formation of the Union, chap. vii. Lodge: Alexander Hamilton, chap. v. Andrews: 
 History of the United states, vol. i., 243, 254. 258, 203, 209. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 THE RISE OF POLITICAL PARTIES. 
 
 First Division into Political Parties. — The question 
 of accepting or rejecting the Federal Constitution caused, as 
 we have seen, two political par- 
 ties to arise. One favored the 
 adoption of the Constitution and 
 was called the Federalist part) 7 ; 
 the other opposed adoption and 
 was called the Anti-federalist 
 party. 
 
 After this question was settled 
 and the Federal Government 
 came into existence the people 
 continued to be divided. They 
 were now Federalists and Demo- 
 cratic-Republicans. The Federalists believed in giving the 
 Federal Government a great deal of power. The Democratic- 
 Republicans believed that the power of the Federal Govern- 
 ment should be limited to what is necessary to sustain itself and 
 to promote the general welfare. 
 
 Election of John Adams. — A candidate to succeed 
 Washington was nominated by each party : John Adams by the 
 Federalists and Thomas Jefferson by the Democratic-Republi- 
 cans. Xo candidate for Yice-President was put forward in 
 those days. The presidential candidate receiving the second 
 highest number of votes became the Vice-President. The con- 
 
 Political Parties and Plat- 
 forms. 
 
 Strong belief in what a government 
 should do or be leads a man to belong 
 to a political party the members of 
 which think as he does. When repre- 
 sentatives of a party meet in conven- 
 tion and write out what the party be- 
 lieves, and promises to do if put in 
 control of the government, they are 
 said to adopt a party platform. It is 
 the duty of every voter to study plat- 
 forms carefully so that he may vote 
 intelligently. 
 
280 
 
 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 "Millions for Defense." 
 
 The United States, in its desire to 
 avoid war with France, sent Charles 
 Cotesworth Pinckney, Elbridge Gerry, 
 and John Marshall as commissioners 
 to negotiate a treaty, and secure if 
 possible a friendly settlement. The 
 French Directory refused to receive 
 them officially, but sent word to them 
 that a present of $250,000 to the Di- 
 rectory, besides a tribute of money to 
 France, would insure peace. These 
 overtures were indignantly rejected, 
 Pinckney uttering the memorable 
 words, " Millions for defense, but not 
 one cent for tribute." 
 
 test resulted in the election of Adams as President and Jeffer- 
 son as Vice-President. 
 French Hostility to America. — Jay's treaty averted 
 Avar with England, but it 
 greatly displeased the French, 
 who at that time were bitter 
 enemies of England. In vain 
 did Adet, the French minister 
 to this country, urge the Ameri- 
 cans to form an alliance with 
 his country. A feeling of re- 
 sentment against the Ameri- 
 cans arose in France. The 
 American minister was ordered 
 to leave, and French men-of- 
 war began to seize American 
 vessels without any formal no- 
 tice of war having been given. More than one thousand were 
 lost before American shipowners learned of France's actions. 
 
 French Naval War. — The indignities committed by 
 France soon aroused America to 
 action. An army was organized 
 and Washington called to the com- 4 
 mand, with Alexander Hamilton as 
 second in rank. An executive de- 
 partment for naval affairs was cre- 
 ated, and Benjamin Stoddert of 
 Maryland appointed Secretary of 
 the Navy. All past treaties with 
 France were considered at an end, 
 and American men-of-war were 
 made ready for sea. American and 
 
 J CHARLES COTESWOKTH PINCKNEY. 
 
 French vessels met in combat. 
 
 Commodore Truxton in the American frigate Constellation 
 won an important victory near the West Indies over the 
 French forty-gun ship Tnsurgente, and shortly after success- 
 fully encountered the Vengeance. This naval war continued 
 
281 
 
 until Napoleon came to be the head of the French Govern- 
 ment. It was necessary for him to give his whole attention to 
 European affairs, and he was therefore willing to make peace 
 with America. Murray, Ellsworth, and Davie were sent as 
 ambassadors to Paris (1800), and a treaty was concluded. 
 
 .Death of Washington.— About this time the sad intelli- 
 gence was received that Washington was dead (December 14, 
 1799). The news everywhere occasioned manifestations of 
 sorrow. He stands the central figure in American history, 
 numbered among the greatest of 
 all time. Soldiers and states- 
 men of every clime have pro- 
 nounced eulogies upon him, and 
 eloquent tributes to his mem- 
 ory have been again and again 
 repeated. 
 
 Alien and Sedition 
 Laws. — Adams's administra- 
 tion was unsatisfactory to the 
 people. The most unpopular of 
 its acts was the passage of the 
 Alien and Sedition laws. The 
 alien laws gave the President 
 power to order out of the coun- 
 try any foreigner whom he 
 deemed dangerous to public 
 peace, and lengthened a for- 
 eigner's term of residence in this country before he could be 
 naturalized. The sedition laws made it unlawful unduly to 
 criticise the Government, or to publish anything that would 
 bring either Congress or the President into contempt or dis- 
 repute. 
 
 Decline of the Federalist Party. — Dissatisfaction over 
 the passage of the Alien and Sedition laws lost to the Feder- 
 alist party many votes ; and in the following election (1800) 
 the Democratic-Republican party, founded by Thomas Jeffer- 
 son, was successful. 
 
 Kentucky and Virginia 
 Resolutions. 
 
 Man}' thought that by passing the 
 Alien and Sedition laws the Govern- 
 ment was taking upon itself a right 
 which the Constitution had not speci- 
 
 lied. The legislature of Kentucky 
 passed a formal set of resolutions in 
 protest. These resolutions declared 
 that the Alien and Sedition laws 
 violated the Constitution, and as- 
 serted the right of the States to nul- 
 lify all acts of the Federal Govern- 
 ment which were unauthorized by the 
 Constitution. Virginia followed with 
 resolutions declaring the powers of 
 the Federal Government limited by 
 the instrument of compact (the Con- 
 stitution), and that the States arc in 
 duty bound, and have the right to 
 interfere when the dangerous exer- 
 cise of powers not granted by the 
 Constitution is sought. 
 
282 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 Election of 1800. — In two respects this election was very 
 remarkable. First, each party, through a caucus of its lead- 
 ers, nominated two candidates, so that if successful it would 
 elect both President and Vice-President. Adams and C. C. 
 Pinckney were the Federalist candidates ; Jefferson and Burr 
 the Democratic-Republican nominees. Second, a controversy 
 arose between the friends of the successful candidates as to 
 which of the two should be President. 
 
 Jefferson-Burr Contest. — The result of the election 
 showed that Jefferson and Burr had received an equal number 
 of votes. According to the Constitution it was the duty of 
 Congress in case of a tie to choose between the candidates. 
 The Federalist members worked hard to defeat Jefferson, but 
 he was elected, after thirty-six ballots had been taken. To 
 prevent a case of this kind happening again, the 12th Amend- 
 ment was added to the Constitution, by which a candidate for 
 Vice-President is named as well as one for President. 
 
 Washington City Becomes the Capital. — With the 
 close of the eighteenth century the capital of the United States 
 was removed to its permanent location. A tract of land ten 
 miles square, on the Potomac River, had been donated by Vir- 
 ginia and Maryland and named District of Columbia. On the 
 north bank of the river, within this district, a city had been 
 laid out and named Washington in honor of the first President. 
 
 Questions. — What question first divided the people into two political 
 parties ? What difference of belief existed between the Federalists and the 
 Democratic-Republicans ? Who were the presidential candidates of each 
 party ? Which was successful ? How was the Vice-President elected in those 
 days ? What effect had Jay's English treaty upon France ? What hostile acts 
 did France commit against the United States ? What warlike measures did 
 the United States adopt? What two naval battles took place in the French 
 Naval War ? What treaty was concluded? By whom ? What can you say of 
 the death of Washington ? What unpopular laws were passed while Adams 
 was President ? What do you know of the Alien law ? Sedition law ? What 
 effecl had the passage of the Alien and Sedition laws upon the Federalist party ? 
 In what two respects was the election of 1800 remarkable ? What do you know 
 of tlie election of Jefferson ? What amendment changed the method of electing 
 the Vice-Presidenl ? What do you know of the permanent location of the 
 Federal capital ? 
 
1799. 
 
 UNION. 28B 
 
 REFERENCE OUTLINE. 
 
 Administration of John Adams of Massachusetts. 
 
 Second President. 
 Third Administration. 
 Fifth and Sixth Congresses. 
 
 Principal Events. 
 
 ^q^ \ Inauguration. 
 
 I Troubles with Prance. Commissioners sent, 
 f Naval War with France begins, 
 i^qa J Navy Department created. 
 
 j Alien and Sedition laws passed. 
 [_ Kentucky and Virginia resolutions. 
 Death of Washington. 
 Constellation captures the Insurgente. 
 f Capital removed to Washington. 
 Presidential election — 
 1800. - Democratic candidates : Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr. 
 
 Federalist candidates : John Adams and C. C. Pinekney. 
 L Treaty with France. 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. John Adams's Administration. II. The French Naval War. III. Alien and Sedition Laws. 
 IV. Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions. V. Election of Thomas Jefferson and Adoption 
 of the 12th Amendment to the Constitution. VI. Political Parties in the Early Days of the 
 Republic. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Schouler's History of the United States, vol. i. 
 Adams's administration reviewed, 493-500. French Naval War, 386, 403, 429, 430, 477. 
 Kentucky and Virginia resolutions, 423. Election of Jefferson, 481-487. Early political 
 parties, 47-53. 
 
 Hildreth's History of the United States, vol. v. 
 Character and views of John Adams, 33-30. Troubles with France, 50, 55, 125-159, 217- 
 223, 358. Alien acts, 216. Sedition laws, 344-346. Kentucky resolutions, 272. Virginia 
 resolutions, 276. Election of Jefferson, 402-407. 
 
 McMaster's History of the People of the United States, vol. ii. 
 Troubles with France, 367-374, 387, 388, 404-409. Sedition bill, 389. Alien bill, 393. Ken- 
 tucky and Virginia resolutions. 419-422. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities.— Federalist Party, 
 The. Democratic-Republican Party, The. Pinekney, Charles C. French War. Tlie. 
 Washington, Death of. Alien and Sedition Laws, The. Kentucky Resolutions, The. 
 Virginia Resolution, The. Twelfth Amendment. The. 
 Special.— Winsor : Narrative and Critical History, vol. vii., chap. v. Hart : Formation of 
 the Union, chap. viii. Morse: Thomas Jefferson, 197-208. Goldwin Smith : Political 
 History of the United States, 131. Andrews : History of the United Slates, vol. i., 275. 
 
284 
 
 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 CHAPTEE III. 
 
 EXPANSION OF TKKPITORY. 
 
 Jefferson's Inauguration. — Thomas Jefferson believed 
 that our government should be "a government of the people, 
 by the people, and for the people." He maintained that as 
 sovereignty resided with the people the President was but the 
 servant, not the ruler of the people, and so should set an 
 example of Republican simplicity. For that reason very little 
 show and ceremony attended his inauguration (March 4, 1801). 
 General Features of Jefferson's Administration. 
 
 — The Federalists feared his 
 coming into power — his ideas 
 of what the Government should 
 be and do were so different 
 from theirs. But the popu- 
 larity of his administration 
 steadily increased from the 
 first, and he was triumphantly 
 elected to a second term. The 
 progress of the country while 
 Jefferson was President was 
 marked. One new State, Ohio, 
 was admitted into the Union 
 (February 19, 1803), and one 
 of the greatest events in the 
 history of our country oc- 
 curred during his administration. This was the purchase of 
 Louisiana. 
 
 Spanish Control of Mississippi Navigation. — We 
 have seen that Spain acquired Louisiana and the Island of New 
 Orleans by the treaty which ended the French and Indian 
 War ( 1 763) ; and that she gained possession of East and West 
 Florida by making war against England during the American 
 Revolution. For some distance above its mouth, therefore, 
 the Mississippi River ran through Spanish territory. 
 
 Tllo.HA> .IKFFKKMIN. 
 
Importance of the Mississippi to Western Set- 
 tlers. — The free use of this river to the Gulf was of great im- 
 portance to the people rapidly settling the < )hio Yalley; for in 
 those days there were no railroads and it was easier to ship 
 farm produce by flatboat to New Orleans, where it could be 
 reshipped on sea-going vessels, than to haul it in wagons over 
 the Alleghany Mountains to some port on the Atlantic coast. 
 
 Louisiana Given Back. — By the treaty of 1705 Spain 
 had conceded to the Amer- 
 icans the free navigation 
 of the Mississippi. But in 
 1800 Napoleon by the secret 
 treaty of Ildefonso com- 
 pelled Spain to give Loui- 
 siana back to France. The 
 continued use of the Missis- 
 sippi was now in doubt. If 
 the United States could buy 
 a tract of land on one side 
 of the river near its mouth, 
 a depot could be established 
 where Western freight 
 could be received and re- 
 shipped without requiring 
 the permission of any for- 
 eign nation. 
 
 Louisiana Pur- 
 chased. — Livingston, min- 
 ister to France, was author- 
 ized to purchase either West Florida, whose western boundary 
 was the Mississippi, or the Island of New r Orleans. For along 
 time he negotiated without success. Finally James Monroe 
 was sent. 
 
 Monroe arrived in Paris at a time when France Avas about to 
 again engage England in war. Needing money, Napoleon 
 offered to sell the Avhole of Louisiana. The price asked seemed 
 enormous in those days, but Jefferson, Monroe, and Livingston 
 
286 
 
 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE, 
 
 saw how important the full possession, of the Mississippi and 
 its tributaries would be to the welfare of this country ; so the 
 purchase was made (1803), notwithstanding the violent oppo- 
 sition of the New England Fed- 
 eralists. 
 
 Terms of Purchase. — 
 The terms agreed upon were 
 that the United States should 
 pay $11,250,000 to France, and 
 $3,750,000 to citizens who had 
 claims — called Spoliation Claims 
 — against the French Govern- 
 ment on account of the illegal 
 seizing of their vessels during 
 the quarrel with France in 1799. 
 Lewis and Clark Explore 
 the West. — Louisiana con- 
 tained more than one million 
 square miles and more than 
 ninety thousand inhabitants. 
 Immediately after its purchase, 
 Meriwether Lewis and William 
 Clark were sent to explore its 
 western portion (1801). They 
 crossed the Tiocky Mountains, 
 reached the Pacific coast, and 
 returned, after having been en- 
 gaged three years in the under- 
 taking. 
 
 War with Tripoli. 
 
 American commerce in the Mediter- 
 ranean suffered very much from the 
 pirates of the Barbary States of 
 Africa, who often captured American 
 vessels and either held the crews for 
 ransom or sold them into slavery. 
 By paying so much a year to these 
 Barbary pirates a country could pur- 
 chase freedom from interference for 
 its vessels. Several Enropean na- 
 tions were doing this, but the United 
 States declined to submit to such ex- 
 tortion. The Bashaw of Tripoli 
 haughtily declared war (1801). The 
 United States sent a fleet under Com- 
 modore Preble (1803), who, after 
 bringing the Emperor of Morocco to 
 terms, blockaded and bombarded 
 Tripoli, until its piratical ruler was 
 glad to submit (1804). An event con- 
 nected with this blockade was a daring 
 exploit performed by Lieutenant De- 
 catur. The frigate Philadelphia, run- 
 ning aground, had fallen into the 
 hands of the Tripolitans. To prevent 
 her being used by them, the Ameri- 
 cans determined to destroy her. De- 
 catur, with a chosen band in a small 
 vessel, succeeded in reaching the 
 frigate without exciting suspicion, 
 and before resistance could be made 
 leaped aboard, cleared the deck of the 
 enemy, set the vessel on Are, and re- 
 turned without the loss of a single 
 man, though a fierce cannonade was 
 directed upon him from the shore. 
 
 Orders in Council and 
 Decrees. — In the Avar which 
 Napoleon waged against England, American commerce suf- 
 fered greatly. To injure France, England issued several Orders 
 in Council, prohibiting any vessel from entering a French port. 
 In retaliation. Napoleon issued several Decrees forbidding any 
 vessel to carry English goods to any port of Europe or to sub- 
 mit to being searched by any English ship of war. These 
 
Fulton's First Steamboat. 
 
 The application of steam to naviga- 
 tion was successfully made by Robert 
 Fulton dining Jefferson's second 
 term. His first boat was called the 
 Clermont. It was clumsily built, 
 and its progress was much slower 
 than the steam vessels of the present 
 day. Nevertheless, it was a great im- 
 provement upon the methods of trav- 
 eling employed in those days. The 
 first trip was made on the Hudson 
 River from New York to Albany 
 (September 2, 1807). 
 
 UNION. 287 
 
 Decrees were issued while Napoleon was in Berlin and Milan ; 
 hence they are given the names of those cities. 
 
 Interference with American Commerce.— The De- 
 crees and Orders in Council interfered very much with Ameri- 
 can commerce. English ships of war sailed up and down the 
 Atlantic seaboard, intercepting 
 and searching American ves- 
 sels, and seizing American sea- 
 men. Even in the harbors the 
 ships of the United States were 
 not safe from British guns. 
 Outrages upon the high seas 
 became more and more nu- 
 merous, and the patience of the 
 American people was tested to 
 its utmost. 
 
 The Chesapeake Affair. 
 — One of the most flagrant of 
 
 these outrages was that committed upon the American frigate 
 Chesapeake. The Chesapeake, sailing under Captain Barron 
 from Norfolk for the Mediterranean, was stopped by the British 
 ship of war Leopard (June 22, 1807). The 
 British commander claimed several of the 
 Chesapeake's crew as deserters from the 
 English navy, and demanded that they be 
 given up. On being refused, the Leopard 
 opened fire. The attack was a surprise, 
 and the Chesapeake in her unprepared 
 state soon lowered her flag. 
 
 Embargo Act. — News of this outrage 
 bobei-t fulton. caused the greatest indignation throughout 
 
 the United States. Jefferson issued a 
 proclamation ordering all British vessels to leave American 
 ports. He wished, however, to avoid war with England, and 
 pursued a policy which he thought would bring England to 
 terms. Trade with America was an important consideration 
 with English merchants and manufacturers ; England could 
 
period of independence. 
 
 be punished by stopping this trade. An embargo act was 
 passed (December 22, 180?), forbidding American vessels to 
 leave for foreign ports and British vessels to enter the ports 
 of the United States. 
 New England Supports Nullification. — But it was 
 soon found that this act was 
 punishing a section of our coun- 
 try which depended upon com- 
 merce for its prosperity. This 
 was New England. As in later 
 years the people of the Southern 
 States objected to their principal 
 industrial interests being inter- 
 fered with by the United States 
 Government, so in those earlier 
 days did the people of the New 
 England States oppose Federal 
 interference with their com- 
 merce. It was now the turn of 
 Massachusetts to protest against 
 the powers assumed by the 
 Government, as Kentucky and 
 Virginia had previously done. 
 Her legislature condemned the 
 embargo measures as unconsti- 
 tutional. The Governor of Con- 
 necticut refused to comply with 
 the provisions of the act. Thus 
 the idea of nullification — the 
 right of a State to set aside or 
 disobey a law considered uncon- 
 stitutional — was strengthened. 
 Non-intercourse Act.— The Federalist party was the 
 Leading party in New England. Their opposition to the Presi- 
 dent's course passed beyond mere words and almost resulted in 
 the secession of New England from the Union. During the 
 last year of Jefferson's administration he was informed by John 
 
 Aaron Burr. 
 
 Aaron Burr, who was Vice-President 
 during Jefferson's first term, was re- 
 placed by George Clinton during the 
 second. Burr was a very ambitious 
 and selfish man. When associated 
 with Jefferson on the Democratic - 
 Republican ticket, and the selection 
 had to be made by Congress, he 
 showed himself very willing to let 
 the Federalist members make him 
 President over Jefferson, who had 
 been rightly elected. While Vice- 
 President, he became a candidate for 
 Governor of New York (1804), and 
 would have been successful had it 
 not been for Hamilton's influence. 
 As it was, he was defeated, and, 
 stung by disappointment, he seized 
 upon some expressions used by 
 Hamilton in the heat of political de- 
 bate as a pretext for a duel. His 
 challenge was accepted. The duel 
 took place July 11, 1804, at Wee- 
 hawkeu, N. J., and Hamilton was 
 killed. The news was received with 
 profound regret. Burr was after- 
 wards engaged in a treasonable 
 scheme to invade Mexico, and, with as 
 much of the southwestern territory of 
 the United States as he could win to 
 bis cause, to establish such an empire 
 as would realize his dreams and de- 
 sires for power. He was arrested in 
 Alabama and taken to Richmond for 
 trial, but was acquitted for want of 
 sufficient proof. 
 
Quincy Adams that New England had already taken steps to 
 join herself to Canada. Such was the state of feeling in Feb- 
 ruary, 1809. To harmonize matters, the Embargo Act was 
 modified and the Non-intercourse Act passed, which per- 
 mitted commerce 
 with all nations ex- 
 cept England and 
 France. 
 
 J effers oil's 
 Successor. — To 
 succeed Jefferson, 
 who had declined 
 to be a candidate 
 for a third term, 
 tne JJemocratic-ite- fulton's flrst steamboat. 
 
 publican party 
 
 nominated James Madison of Virginia for President and 
 George Clinton of New York for Vice-President. The Feder- 
 alists nominated Charles C. Pinckney of South Carolina and 
 Kufus King of New York. The Democratic candidates were 
 elected. 
 
 Questions. — What did Jefferson believe about our Government ? What 
 do you know of his inauguration ? How did the Federalists look upon his 
 coming into power ? Why ? What State was admitted while he was President ? 
 What is the greatest event connected with his administration ? How had 
 Louisiana been acquired by Spain ? Why was the free navigation of the Mis- 
 sissippi important to the Americans ? By what means did France regain Loui- 
 siana ? What was Livingston authorized to do ? Who was sent to aid him ? 
 What- was the price paid for Louisiana ? Who explored the newly purchased 
 territory of Louisiana ? What were the British Orders in Council ? Why 
 were they issued ? What did Napoleon issue in retaliation ? What did the 
 Berlin and Milan Decrees fori .id ? With what did these decrees and orders 
 interfere ? How did England show her enmity against the United States ? 
 What outrages were committed by her upon American commerce? What do 
 you know of the Chesapeake affair ? What proclamation did Jefferson issue ? 
 Tell something of the Embargo Act ? What effect had it upon New Eng- 
 land ? What inconsistent action did New England advocate in opposition to 
 the Embargo Act ? What was done to harmonize matters ? What was the 
 Non-intercourse Act ? Who were the candidates to succeed Jefferson ? Who 
 were elected ? 
 19 
 
290 
 
 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 REFERENCE OUTLINE. 
 
 Administration of Thomas Jefferson of Virginia 
 
 Third President. 
 
 Fourth and Fifth Administrations. 
 
 Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, and Tenth Congresses. 
 
 Principal 
 1801 
 
 1803 
 
 1804. 
 
 1805, 
 
 1807. 
 
 1808. 
 
 Events. 
 
 j Inauguration. 
 1 War with Tripoli begun, 
 j Ohio admitted. 
 
 ( Louisiana purchased by the United States. 
 Tripoli bombarded. The Philadelphia burned. 
 Louisiana explored by Lewis and Clark. 
 Presidential election — 
 
 Democratic candidates : Jefferson and George Clinton. 
 Federalist candidates : C. C. Pinckney and Rufus King. 
 Tripolitau War ended. Treaty of peace. 
 First steamboat. 
 Troubles with England — 
 Orders in Council. 
 Chesapeake affair. 
 Embargo Act. 
 Troubles with France — 
 Berlin Decree. 
 Milan Decree. 
 
 i Presidential election — 
 Democratic candidates 
 Federalist candidates : 
 Non-intercourse Act. 
 
 : James Madison and George Clinton. 
 C. C. Pinckney and Rufus King. 
 
 III. War with Tripoli 
 VI. Aaron Burr. 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. Thomas Jefferson's Administration. II. The Louisiana Purchase. 
 
 IV. Embargo and Non-intercourse Acts. V. The First Steamboat 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Schouler's History Qftht United State*, vol. ii. 
 
 Louisiana purchase, 36, 41, 44-47. Tripoli War, 67, 98. Embargo, 158-160. Non-intercourse 
 
 Act, 196. Aaron Burr, 33,61, 118-124. 
 Henry Adams's History qfthe United States. 
 
 Vol. ii.: The Louisiana treaty, chap ii. Vol. Hi.: Burr's schemes, chaps, x.-xiv. Vol. [v.: 
 
 The Embargo, chap. vii. 
 Hildreth's History of the United States. 
 
 Vol. v.: Tripoli War, 434, 482, 529, 562. Lousiana, 468-471, 478-180. First steamboat, 551. 
 
 Burr, 518, 591. Vol. vi.: Character of Jefferson, 139. Embargo, 108-110. Non-intercourse 
 
 Act, 136. 
 
291 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities. — Louisiana Pur- 
 chase, The. Spoliation Claims, The. Lewis and Clark, 'Expedition Of. Tripoli, War 
 with. Dec it ur. Lieutenant. Orders in Council. Milan Decree, The. Berlin Decree, The. 
 Chesapeake Affair, The. Embargo Act, The. Non-intercourse Act, The. Fulton, Robert. 
 Burr, Aaron. 
 
 Special.— Hart : Formation of the Union, chap. ix. Morse : Thomas Jefferson, 193-224. 
 Smith : Political History of the United States, chap. iii. Andrews : History of the United 
 States, vol. i., 303. 
 
 PREPARATORY GEOGRAPHY LESSON. 
 
 Upon the accompanying map note the location of Detroit. Where is French- 
 town ? Niagara River ? On which side of the Niagara is Queenstown ? Chip- 
 pewa ? Lnndy's Lane ? Fort Erie ? Where is Buffalo ? Raisin River ? Note 
 the relative position of Fort Meigs and Fort Stephe 
 son. In what part of Lake Erie did a naval battle 
 occur ? Where is Fort Maiden ? Note the posi- 
 tion of the battleground on the Thames jf 
 River. Where is Plattsburg ? Sackett's j^ Chrysler's Field * 
 Harbor ? Trace the course of a fleet 
 from Sackett's Harbor to York, 
 then to Fort George. What 
 direction 
 
 Harbor is Chrysler's 
 Field? Where is St. 
 ; ? La Colle ? 
 a map of the United 
 the position of Wash- 
 Note how near to it 
 the Atlantic coast of 
 Where is Lewiston, Me.? 
 
 Stoninjrton, Con 
 
 Upon a map of Louisiana note the position of New Orleans. What large 
 lake north of it ? Note that Lake Pontchartrain opens into another lake 
 through what are called the Rigolets. What lake is this ? Note that a 
 western arm of Lake Borgne approaches quite near New Orleans, so that vessels 
 sailing into this lake may laud troops not far from the city. 
 
PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 CHAPTER IY. 
 
 THE SPIRIT OF YOUNG AMERICA. 
 
 The Shawnee War. 
 
 The population of the United States, 
 now rapidly spreading westward, 
 numbered 8,000,000. The Indians of 
 the Northwest again resisted the ap- 
 proach of the whites. In this they 
 were encouraged by the British upon 
 the Canadian frontier. Tecumseh, 
 chief of the Shawnees, assisted by his 
 brother, the Prophet, determined to 
 make a final stand. Both were lead- 
 ers of great influence. They were 
 joined by many of the Western and 
 Southwestern tribes, Tecumseh even 
 visiting the Indians of Tennessee and 
 Alabama (1810), and winning them to 
 his purpose. William Henry Harri- 
 son, governor of that portion of the 
 Northwest organized as the Indiana 
 Territory, marched upon the large 
 Indian village of which the Prophet 
 was chief, at the mouth of the Tippe- 
 canoe River. When near the village 
 he was attacked at night by over- 
 whelming numbers (November 7, 
 1811), but being on the alert was not 
 surprised. He administered a crush- 
 ing defeat to the savages, and on the 
 next day advanced to their town and 
 reduced it to ashes. 
 
 America's Endeavors to Avoid War.— The efforts of 
 the United States to avoid war only brought upon it the con- 
 tempt of foreign nations. England and France both continued 
 
 their outrages. Nine hundred 
 American vessels had been taken 
 by England since difficulties 
 began, and more than six thou- 
 sand American seamen had been 
 pressed into English service. 
 Five hundred and fifty vessels 
 had fallen prey to France. 
 Neither nation gave any heed 
 to the protests of our Govern- 
 ment. Our position was indeed 
 humiliating. 
 
 The Americans were slow in 
 showing to the world they could 
 defend their rights. They had 
 won their political independence 
 by the War of the Revolution, 
 and with this achievement they 
 seemed for a long while dis- 
 posed to rest content. 
 
 War Demanded by the 
 People. — But a new genera- 
 tion was coming to the front 
 and making itself felt in American affairs. These younger citi- 
 zens saw their country insulted and humiliated upon every side. 
 They grew restive as outrage after outrage was reported. The 
 honor of America was at stake, and the spirit of young America 
 was eager to defend it. War was demanded. Both England 
 and France had been aggressors ; but the conduct of England 
 had been the more offensive. In addition to her many vindic- 
 
293 
 
 tive acts upon the sea, she had again incited the Indians of 
 the Northwest to hostilities. 
 
 Leaders of the War Party in Congress. — Congress 
 was not unanimous in its desire for war. The elder members 
 counseled peace ; the younger would accept no peace at the 
 expense of national honor. The war party was led by Henry 
 Clay of Kentucky ; John C. Calhoun, AVilliam Lowndes, and 
 Langdon Cheves of South Carolina ; and Felix Grundy of 
 Tennessee — all young men, just beginning to appear in Ameri- 
 can politics. Their eloquence inspired the country and aroused 
 the national spirit, as the eloquence 
 of Henry and Otis had done just 
 before the Revolution. 
 
 President and Little Belt. 
 — The war feeling steadily grew in 
 strength. Strange to say, the West 
 and South, the sections least affected 
 by the commercial interferences of 
 England, were the most eager to be- 
 gin hostilities, while New England, 
 the section whose interests had suf- 
 fered the most, and in whose behalf 
 war was advocated, was opposed. 
 
 An event occurred toward the 
 close of Madison's administration which did much to hasten the 
 approaching conflict. The United States frigate President, 
 commanded by Commodore Rodgers, sailing out of Norfolk, 
 bound for the Mediterranean, hailed a vessel near the coast, 
 and in reply received a shot. The vessel proved to be the 
 British sloop-of-war Little Belt. Instead of lying to and 
 tamely submitting to search, Rodgers cleared his decks for 
 action, and gave the Little Belt a number of broadsides which 
 soon disabled her (May 11, 1811). The news of this punish- 
 ment of British insolence upon the high seas was received 
 with exultation in America. "Free trade and seamen's 
 rights" became the cry, just as "Liberty, or death," had 
 been the watchword of the Revolution. 
 
 JAMES MADISON. 
 
294 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 War Declared. — The impulse to avenge injury and insult 
 soon prevailed. By the time Madison was renominated (May, 
 1812) it was pretty well understood that war was to be entered 
 into with England. As a first step, all vessels were warned 
 not to leave port for ninety days (April 1). Then, as Eng- 
 land showed no intention to revoke her Orders in Council, 
 the President sent a war message to Congress (June 1), and 
 that body passed a bill, on June 19, 1812, formally declaring 
 war. 
 
 Cause of the War of 1812. — Five days before this 
 declaration of war was made England had revoked her Orders 
 in Council, but the news had not yet reached the United States. 
 The Orders were revoked not to satisfy the United States, but 
 to relieve the English merchants and manufacturers. Their 
 trade with America was suffering greatly from the embargo 
 and from the non-intercourse policy of the United States. Had 
 the news reached America earlier it is doubtful whether the 
 war could have been averted, for England proposed to con- 
 tinue the arrest and search of American vessels. The war, 
 then, was fought to assert the right of American vessels to 
 sail undisturbed to any part of the world. 
 
 Questions. — What did the efforts of the United States toavoid hostilities 
 bring? How many American vessels were taken by England ? Seamen? How 
 many by France ? In what were the Americans slow ? What had the Ameri- 
 cans won by the Revolution ? What was now coming to the front and making 
 itself felt ? What did these younger citizens see ? What was demanded ? 
 Which of the two, England and France, had been the more offensive? 
 What difference of opinion existed between the younger and older members of 
 Congress ? Who led the party in favor of war ? What seel ions were in favor 
 of the war ? What section was opposed ?• What do you know of the President 
 and Little Belt affair ? How was news of it received in America ? What be- 
 came the cry ? As a first step to war, what warning was given ? When was 
 war declared ? Why did the British revoke their Orders in Council ? To win 
 what was the War of 1812 fought ? 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 l Administration of James Madison. II. English Outrages upon American Commerce. III. 
 The Shawnee War. IV. The President and the Little Belt. 
 
UNION. 295 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Schooler's History of (he United States, vol. ii. 
 
 British naval outrages, 101, 144. Shawnee War. 331, 332. Little Belt affair, 329. 
 Henry Adams's History of the United States, vol. vi. 
 
 The Little Belt, chap. ii. Shawnee War, 256-258. 
 Hildreth's History of the United State*, vol. vi. 
 Orders in Council, 33, 84. Shawnee War, 256-258. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities. — Impressment of 
 American Seamen. War of 1812, Causes of. President and Little Belt. Shawnee War, 
 The. Tecvmseh. 
 Special.— Goldwin Smith: Political History of the United States, chap. iii. Andrews: 
 History of the United States, vol. i., 315. Hart : Formation of the Union, 200-20". 
 
 CHAPTER Y. 
 
 THE WAR FOR MARITIME INDEPENDENCE. 
 1. 
 
 War Measures. — The United States was unprepared to 
 go to Avar with so powerful a nation as England. There were 
 but twenty or thirty vessels in the American navy, while Eng- 
 land had a thousand. But preparations were hastily pressed 
 forward. Measures were passed for the enlistment of 25,000 
 regular and 50,000 volunteer troops. The States were recom- 
 mended to levy 1()0,000 militia for local defense. A loan of 
 $11,000,000 was authorized to pay the expense of carrying on 
 the war, and provision was made to increase the navy. 
 
 Commander-in-chief Appointed. — General Henry 
 Dearborn of Massachusetts, an old officer of the Revolution, 
 was appointed commander-in-chief of the army. An invasion 
 of the British province of Canada from the Michigan and 
 Niagara frontiers was decided upon. 
 
 Michigan Frontier Operations. — General William 
 Hull, Governor of Michigan Territory, with 1,300 men, ad- 
 vanced into Canada, but hearing that the fort at Mackinaw 
 had been taken by the British, fell back to Detroit. A detach- 
 ment of his army, under Major Yan Home, was ambushed 
 and defeated near Brownstown, Michigan, by the Indian allies 
 of the British under Tecumseh (August 5), but the savages 
 
2% PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 were routed by another detachment under Colonel Miller, near 
 a place called Maguaga, Michigan (August 9).. 
 
 Surrender of Detroit. — General Brock, Governor of 
 Canada, advanced from Maiden to lay siege to Detroit. His 
 forces were inferior to those of Hull. The Americans were 
 eager for the battle, but General Hull hoisted the white flag 
 of surrender before a shot was fired, and his disgusted army 
 were delivered up as prisoners of war (August 16). 
 
 Niagara Frontier Operations. — Shortly after Hull's 
 surrender, the brave General Stephen Van Rensselaer crossed 
 the Niagara River, and with 1,000 men gallantly assaulted and 
 carried Queenstown Heights (October 13). In the engagement 
 General Brock, who had arrived from Detroit, was mortally 
 wounded. Yan Rensselaer returned to the American side of 
 the river for reinforcements, but the rest of his army refused 
 to cross the river, and their comrades at Queenstown, unaided, 
 were overpowered and captured. Van Rensselaer resigned his 
 command and was succeeded by General Alexander Smyth, 
 who proved incompetent and was soon removed. 
 
 Second Year's Plan of Campaign. — The military 
 operations for the next year (1813) were more systematically 
 planned. Three armies were organized : the first to operate 
 in the West, about the shore of Lake Erie ; the second to 
 operate upon the Niagara frontier ; and the third to operate 
 in northern New York. General Harrison was placed in com- 
 mand of the Army of the West, General Wade Hampton of 
 the Army of the North, and the commander-in-chief, General 
 Dearborn, directed the operations of the Army of the Center. 
 
 Army of the West. — Harrison pushed forward to recover 
 the ground Hull had lost. An advance division of his army 
 under General Winchester, after gaining an advantage over the 
 enemy at Frenchtown on the River Raisin, was attacked and 
 defeated by the British and Indians under Proctor and Tecum- 
 seh (January 22, 1813). 
 
 Croghan's Defense of Fort Stephenson. — After de- 
 
297 
 
 f eating Winchester, Proctor advanced and besieged Harri- 
 son at Fort Meigs (May 5). Failing to capture this defense, 
 he proceeded to Fort Stephenson, upon the Sandusky. This 
 fort was defended by 160 men under Major Croghan, a young- 
 man of twenty-one, who employed the limited means of defense 
 at his disposal with such skill that the enemy Avas successfully 
 repulsed (August 2). Shortly afterwards a glorious victory 
 
 BATTLE OF LAKE ERIE. 
 
 was won over the enemy's fleet on Lake Erie by Commodore 
 Perry (September 10). 
 
 Perry's Victory. — The British had been in full possession 
 of Lake Erie, and nothing could be done towards the success- 
 ful invasion of Canada until this lake was cleared of their fleet. 
 Captain Perry was sent to take charge of operations upon the 
 water and to cooperate with General Harrison. With great 
 energy and perseverance he succeeded in building nine small 
 vessels. Sailors were sent overland from the seacoast to man 
 
298 
 
 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 the little fleet ; and though poorly equipped, Perry sailed out 
 into the lake to meet the British squadron under the veteran 
 Commodore Barclay. 
 
 A pennant with the immortal words of Lawrence,* " Don't 
 give up the ship," was flying at the masthead of his flagship. 
 The battle was desperate. Perry's vessel engaged two of the 
 enemy's and was soon badly disabled. Only eight of his men 
 remained, but with these he crossed in an open boat to another 
 of his ships, and continued the engagement so successfully that 
 
 the whole English fleet surren- 
 dered (September 10, 1813). 
 " We have met the enemy, and 
 they are ours," was the brief 
 message Perry sent to Harrison 
 to announce the victory. 
 
 Battle of the Thames.— 
 The British land forces were 
 now compelled to fall back to 
 Canada. Harrison followed and 
 landed his troops near Maiden. 
 A Wattle was fought near the 
 River Thames, and the gallant 
 conduct of some Kentucky rifle- 
 men, under Colonel Richard 
 M. Johnson, turned the tide of 
 ' A victory in favor of the Ameri T 
 cans. The British were com- 
 pletely defeated, and their Indian ally, Tecumseh, was slain in 
 the battle. 
 
 Army of the Center. — Meanwhile General Dearborn had 
 sent a force (April 27, 1813), under General Zebulon Pike, 
 from Sackett's Harbor, New York, to York (Toronto), Canada. 
 Pike drove the British from their batteries and captured the 
 town with many valuable stores. During the engagement the 
 j H >wder magazine of the enemy blew up, causing much loss in the 
 American ranks. General Pike himself was mortallv wounded. 
 
 Massacre at the River 
 Raisin. 
 
 During the engagement General 
 Winchester was captured. Seeing 
 the superior forces of the enemy, 
 he secured a solemn pledge from 
 Proctor to protect and spare the 
 Americana if they surrendered. He 
 then advised his men to lay down 
 their anus, which they did. With a 
 baseness that has poured upon his 
 memory never-ceasing contempt, Proc- 
 tor ignored all pledges, and abandoned 
 the unarmed Americans to the mercy 
 of the savages. The sick and wounded 
 were butchered in cold blood. The 
 able-bodied were either tortured or 
 taken into captivity. The memory 
 of this event spurred the Americana 
 in many an encounter that afterwards 
 took place, and they often went into 
 battle with the cry of "Bemember 
 the River Raisin." 
 
 * See Chap, vi 
 
21)!) 
 
 Sackett's Harbor. — From York the victorious troops. 
 now led by Generals Winder and Chandler, crossed over to 
 the mouth of the Niagara River, and drove the British from 
 Fort George (May 27). Thinking Sackett's Harbor defense- 
 less after the departure of these troops, the British, under 
 General Prevost, descended upon 
 it, but were repulsed by militia 
 under General Brown (May 29). 
 
 Wilkinson's Campaign.— 
 General Dearborn was succeeded 
 as commander-in-chief by Gen- 
 eral James Wilkinson. An at- 
 tack on Montreal was planned. 
 An army of 7,000 men embarked 
 near Sackett's Harbor, and pro- 
 ceeded down the St. Lawrence. 
 They found their progress im- 
 peded by the enemy, and a force 
 under General Brown was landed. 
 The battle was fought at Chrysler's Field (November 11), and 
 the army advanced to a place called St. Regis. Here Hamp- 
 ton was expected to join them with the Army of the North, 
 from Plattsburg on Lake Champlain. Hampton, however, did 
 not appear, and the Montreal expedition was abandoned, Wil- 
 kinson's army going into winter quarters at Fort Covington. 
 In the spring the Americans proceeded to the Sorel River, and 
 
 were defeated at La Colle 
 (March 30, 1814), after which 
 they turned south and joined 
 the troops at Plattsburg. 
 
 i,M JIllllilUE I'lCKin . 
 
 " I'll Try, Sir. 
 
 American success in the battle of 
 Lundy's Lane depended upon tin- 
 capture of a British battery upon a 
 neighboring height. General Brown, 
 arriving upon the scene as the en- 
 gagement was drawing to a close, 
 called to Colonel Miller and asked 
 him if he could take it. " I'll try, 
 sir," was Miller's answer. Leading 
 his men steadily lip tlie ascent, Miller 
 secured the battery and held it against 
 the repeated assaults of the enemy. 
 
 3. 
 
 Third Year's Plan of 
 
 Campaign. — New York was 
 now formed into one military 
 district of two divisions. That 
 of the right was placed under 
 
300 
 
 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 the command of General Ralph Izard, with Generals Windsor, 
 Macomb, Smith, and Bissel as subordinates. That of the left 
 was commanded by General Brown, with Generals Scott, Rip- 
 ley, and Gaines as subordinates. 
 
 Izard's Preparations. — Izard was a thoroughly trained 
 soldier, and proceeded to put the American army at Plattsburg 
 in a condition of perfect dis- 
 cipline, as Steuben had done in 
 the War of the Revolution at 
 Valley Forge. He felt it neces- 
 sary to do this because he had 
 learned that ex- 
 perienced 
 erans 
 England 
 
 The Creek War. 
 
 The result of Tecumseh's visit to 
 the Indians of Alabama was soon 
 seen. While the attention of the 
 Americans was engaged with Eng- 
 land, Weatherford, chief of the 
 Creeks, thought it a favorable oppor- 
 tunity to make war against the United 
 States ; and taking up arms surprised 
 Fort Minis, near Mobile, and mas- 
 sacred more than four hundred of its 
 inhabitants. Forces from the neigh- 
 boring States soon reached the scene. 
 General Coffee arrived from Tennes- 
 see and destroyed the town of Tal- 
 lasehatche, slaying more than a thou- 
 sand Creeks. General Floyd of 
 Georgia burned the Indian town of 
 Autosse (November 24, 1813), while 
 (ieneral Claiborne of Mississippi, and 
 Pushmataha, a friendly Choctaw 
 chief, won a victory over Weather- 
 ford at Eehanachaca (December 23, 
 1813). General Andrew Jackson of 
 Tennessee, who commanded in this 
 district, defeated the Indians at Tal- 
 ladega (November 9, 1813), Emucfau 
 (January 23, 1814), and Tohopeka or 
 Horseshoe Bend (March 27). With 
 this last battle the power of the 
 Creeks was utterly crushed. 
 
 from the success- 
 ful battlefields of Europe, were 
 about to be sent to America. 
 Chippewa and Lnndy's 
 
 Lane.— While Izard was train- 
 ing his army the Americans 
 upon the Niagara frontier were 
 
 actively engaged with the enemy. Generals Scott and Ripley 
 crossed the river, and defeated the British under Riall in a 
 battle near the Chippewa River (July 5). At Lnndy's Lane, 
 near the Falls of Niagara, Scott and Riall again met (July 25). 
 Tli is was one of the hottest engagements of the war. The 
 British far outnumbered the Americans, but Scott not only 
 held his ground, but captured General Riall, wounded his sue- 
 
UNION. 301 
 
 cessor, General Drummond, and drove the British from the 
 field. 
 
 Fort Erie Attacked.— The Americans took up a position 
 at Fort Erie, near the head of the Niagara River. Drum- 
 mond, having received reinforcements, advanced and laid siege 
 (August 4). The Americans under General Gaines made a 
 brilliant attack, carried the enemy's works, and compelled 
 Drummond to retreat (September 17). After destroying Fort 
 Erie the Americans crossed to their own side, where they went 
 into winter quarters. 
 
 Plattsburg and Macdonough's Victory. — These ac- 
 tive operations upon the Niagara frontier rendered it advisable 
 that General Izard with troops from Plattsburg reenforce 
 General Brown. Leaving Macomb in command, General Izard 
 set out upon a long journey overland, and, after overcoming 
 many difficulties, he arrived shortly after the successful sortie 
 of the Fort Erie garrison. After the departure of Izard, a 
 large force under General Prevost descended from Canada 
 upon Plattsburg, but with greatly inferior numbers Macomb 
 won a brilliant victory, and Prevost was compelled to retreat. 
 While Macomb was driving the enemy before him on the shore 
 of Lake Champlain, Macdonough, on the Plattsburg Bay, was 
 fighting the British squadron under Commodore George 
 Downie. With a fleet inferior to that of the British, in the 
 number of vessels, guns, and men, Macdonough captured or 
 destroyed the enemy's ships, and gained the most brilliant vic- 
 tory of the war. For this service he was promoted to the 
 rank of captain, and was awarded a gold medal by Congress. 
 
 Questions. — How did the navies of England and the United States corn- 
 pare ? What measures were passed ? What recommendation was made to the 
 States ? What loan was authorized ? Provision for what was made ? Who 
 was appointed commander-in-chief ? What invasion was decided upon ? Who 
 was governor of Michigan Territory ? What advance did Hull make ? Why 
 did he fall back to Detroit ? What happened to Major Van Home's detach- 
 ment ? Where and by whom were the savages routed ? Who was governor of 
 Canada ? Tell something of Hull's surrender. Who assaulted Queenstown 
 Heights ? Who commanded the British in this engagement? What happened 
 to Brock ? What did Van Rensselaer do ? 
 
302 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 Into how many armies were the American forces organized in 1813 ? What 
 were the three divisions called ? "Who commanded each ? Where did Win- 
 chester gain an advantage ? Where and by whom was Harrison besieged ? 
 Tell something of the defense of Fort Stephenson. What glorious victory did 
 the Americans win September 10 ? Why was it necessary to clear Lake Erie 
 of the British fleet ? Who was the British commander upon Lake Erie ? Tell 
 something of Perry's victory. What do you know of the battle of the Thames ? 
 Who captured York ? What happened to Pike ? Who prevented the British 
 from capturing Sackett's Harbor? Where did the Americans go from York ? 
 Who succeeded General Dearborn ? What do you know of the unsuccessful 
 Montreal expedition ? The battle of La Colle ? 
 
 Into what two divisions was the military district of New York divided in 
 1814 ? Who was placed in command of each division ? What generals were 
 under Izard ? Brown ? Why did Izard think it necessary to put his army in 
 perfect condition ? What was the first battle fought by the Americans on the 
 Niagara frontier ? Where did Scott and Riall next meet ? What did General 
 Gaines do ? Why did Izard leave Plattsburg ? Who commanded in his 
 absence ? Tell something of Macomb's victory over Prevost. What naval 
 victory did Commodore Macdonough win on Lake Cham plain ? 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. Beginning of the War of 1812. II. Harrison's Campaign and the Battle of the Thames. 
 III. Perry's Victory. IV. Lundy's Lane and Chippewa. V. The Victories of Plattsburg 
 and Lake Champlain. VI. The Creek War. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Schouler'e History of tin United states, vol. ii. 
 War debates and preparations, 338-351. Harrison's Army of the West, 358, 382. iVrry's 
 victory, 882. Lnndy's Lane and Chippewa, 404. Plattsburg and Lake Champlain, 406. 
 
 Creek War. 890. 
 
 Henry Adams's History of tin I r nited Statt s. 
 Vol. vi.: War of 1812, chap. xi. Vol. vii.: Battle of the Thames, chap. \i. Campaign 
 among the Creeks, chap. x. 
 
 Hildreth's History of tin !'////<>/ States, vol. vi. 
 Beginning of War of 1812. 303-305. Western Canadian campaigns, 386^342, 359, 392, 433, 
 437. Perry, 411, 434, 435. Plattsburg, 518-521. Creek War, 440-451, 477-479. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities. — Detroit, Hull's 
 Surrender of . Queenstoum, Battle of . Thames, BatlU of. River Raisin, Massacre of. 
 Fort Stephenson, Croghan , s Defense of. Lah Erie, BaM of. York, Pikers Captun of. 
 Wilkinson, General Jam* s, in War of 1812. Chippewa, Battle of . Lundy's Lane, Battle 
 of. Plattsburg, Battlt of. Luke Champlain, Batik of. Creek War, The. 
 
 spk.i i \t Winsor : Narrative and Critical History, vol. vii., chap. vi. nart : Formation 
 oftlu Union, chap. x. Andrews : History oftht United States, Part II., Period I., chap. x. 
 
303 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 SEA TRIUMPHS OF THE YOUNG REPUBLIC. 
 
 American Naval Success. — When the United States 
 took up the cause of the American sailor and declared war 
 against England, few expected the Americans to win many 
 naval victories. The English navy was at the time the most 
 powerful in the world, and the boastful song of British sea- 
 men had long been, k ' Britannia Rules the Waves." 
 
 But as the war progressed the world was filled with astonish- 
 
 
 TI1E FIUOATE CONSTITUTION. 
 
 ment and admiration over the heroic deeds of American naval 
 commanders. In almost all the encounters on sea the Ameri- 
 cans were successful. Out of sixteen principal engagements 
 upon the ocean the British were victorious in but three. 
 
 First Sea Battles ; Porter and Hull.— The first sea 
 battle of importance occurred near Newfoundland, between the 
 American frigate Essex, under Captain Porter, and the British 
 
304 
 
 1'KKIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 sloop Alert, Captain Langhorne commanding (August 13, 
 1812). The Essex was victorious. A few days after (August 
 19), off the coast of Massachusetts, the Constitution, under 
 Captain Hull, vanquished the Guerriere, one of the best 
 equipped frigates of the English navy. Hull was a nephew of 
 the general who so basely surrendered Detroit, and his gallant 
 conduct did much to remove the stain from the family name. 
 Decatur, Bainbridge, and Stewart. — Before the close 
 of the year 1812 important 
 American victories had been 
 won by the "Wasp over the 
 Frolic (October 13), off the coast 
 of North Carolina ; by the ship 
 United States, commanded by 
 Decatur, over the Macedonian, 
 near the Canary Islands (Oc- 
 tober 25) ; and by the Constitu- 
 tion, this time commanded by 
 Bainbridge, over the Java, near 
 Brazil (December 29). The 
 Constitution, because of her 
 many voyages and victories, was 
 one of the most historic vessels 
 ever connected with the Ameri- 
 can navy. Her last victory was 
 in 1815, when, commanded by 
 Stewart, she captured the Brit- 
 ish ships Cyane and Levant 
 (February 20), near the Madeira 
 Islands. 
 Lawrence. — Among the many gallant naval commanders 
 of the war, Captain Lawrence will always be remembered. 
 As commander of the Hornet he captured, off Demerara, the 
 British brig Peacock (February 21, 1813). In command of 
 the Chesapeake he was making ready for sea in the port of 
 Boston, when the British frigate Shannon, all ready for battle, 
 approached the harbor and challenged his vessel. 
 
 The Hartford Convention. 
 
 The Federalists of New England 
 continued throughout the war to show 
 tln-ir dissatisfaction with the national 
 Government They considered it un- 
 constitutional to require the militia of 
 a State to serve outside of the State. 
 To carry on the war successfully the 
 Government found it necessary to 
 compel the militia to serve, and the 
 Federalists took steps to resist. The 
 legislature of Massachusetts issued a 
 call for a convention, and delegates 
 from Connecticut, Rhode Island, New 
 Hampshire, and Vermont, with those 
 of Massachusetts, met at Hartford 
 (December 14, 1814). The sessions of 
 this convention were held in secret, 
 and the records of its proceedings 
 have been carefully suppressed. 
 Suspicion has always existed, how- 
 ever, that this convention met to take 
 steps to have the New England States 
 withdraw from the Union. The event 
 gave a political death-blow to the 
 Federalist party, the spirit of national 
 unity having been greatly strength- 
 ened by the war. 
 
305 
 
 CAI-TA1N JAMES LAWIIENCE. 
 
 The impetuous Lawrence an- 
 swered the challenge at once, 
 
 although his vessel was not yet 
 
 ready for sea. The Shannon 
 
 was much the stronger of the 
 
 tw.o vessels, and the heroism of 
 
 the Americans could not save 
 
 them from defeat. Lawrence 
 
 was mortally wounded. His <* 
 
 dying command, given as he was yt 
 
 carried below, was, " Don't give * 
 
 up the ship." 
 
 Other Naval Engage- 
 ments of 1813.— The victory 
 
 of the Shannon was followed by that of the British sloop Peli- 
 can over the American 1 (rig- 
 Argus (August 14), in the Eng- 
 lish channel. American victo- 
 ries, however, soon made good 
 the losses sustained by these 
 British . successes. The Enter- 
 prise captured the Boxer (Sep- 
 tember 5), near the coast of 
 Maine, and Perry's victory on 
 Lake Erie, the greatest naval 
 achievement of the war, oc- 
 curred shortly after (Septem- 
 ber 10). 
 
 Naval Engagements of 
 1814. — The ship Essex, com- 
 manded by Captain Porter, 
 which had made the first cap- 
 ture in the war. after a brilliant 
 career came to grief in the harbor 
 of Valparaiso. Here the Essex 
 was overpowered by the British 
 vessels Phoebe and ( herub, and 
 20 
 
 British Coast Operations. 
 
 During the progress of the war the 
 whole coast from Maine to Delaware 
 was blockaded. The fisheries and 
 commerce of New England were 
 utterly destroyed for a time. Lewis- 
 ton, Me. (1813), and Stonington, Conn. 
 (1814), suffered bombardment. Ad- 
 miral Cochrane with a powerful fleet 
 entered the Chesapeake (1814), and 
 4,000 veterans under General Ross 
 landed, and marched to Washington 
 after overcoming some opposition 
 (August 24, 1814) at Bladensburg, Md. 
 All the public buildings except the 
 Patent Office were burned by the 
 enemy, and Ross proceeded to ravage 
 Baltimore in a similar manner. Mili- 
 tia were gathered in defense of the 
 city. In a skirmish Ross was killed. 
 The fleet of the British advanced up 
 the Patapsco to cooperate with the 
 army, and began a bombardment of 
 Port McHenry (September 13). The 
 fort gallantly responded, and for 
 eighteen hours maintained a spirited 
 Contest. The enemy's fleet was com 
 pelled to abandon the fight : the army, 
 unsupported, withdrew, and Baltimore 
 was saved. 
 
iOli 
 
 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 Battle of New Orleans. 
 
 General Andrew Jackson, in com- 
 mand at the South, was indefatigable 
 in his exertions to deiend that portion 
 of the country from invasion. March- 
 ing upon Pensacola, where the British 
 had been permitted by the Spaniards 
 to establish quarters, he took posses- 
 ion of their forts. The coast opera- 
 tions of the British extending as far 
 as Louisiana, Jackson hastened to the 
 defense of New Orleans. Here he was 
 joined by some riflemen from Tennes- 
 see and Kentucky, and by many citi- 
 zens of Louisiana. In the southern 
 part of Louisiana is a bay called Bara- 
 taria. Along the shores of this hay 
 dwelt a people engaged in smuggling 
 or other questionable enterprises. 
 Their leader was a man of great dar- 
 ing named Lafitte. Although offered 
 tempting bribes by the British to join 
 them in their attack upon the city, he 
 could not turn against his country, but 
 offered the services of his men to .lack- 
 son, who accepted them. After the 
 battle the United States Government 
 recognized the bravery of these outlaws 
 by offering all who would settle down 
 as law-abiding citizens a full pardon. 
 
 Ports were erected to oppose the 
 advance of the enemy by river. The 
 advance was made, however, by way 
 of the lakes back of the city ; so .lack- 
 son threw up fortifications on the 
 plains of Chalmette, just beyond the 
 suburbs, and awaited their approach. 
 The English army was composed of 
 veteran troops. It was led by Sir Ed- 
 ward Pakenham. The British passed 
 through the swamp, and reaching the 
 field, charged upon the fortifications 
 of the Americans. The battle raged 
 all day, hut the riflemen, citizen sol- 
 diery, and Baratarians stood their 
 ground, and drove the enemy back 
 with terrible slaughter (January S, 
 1815). More than two thousand of 
 their number were lost. Pakenham 
 himself was killed. The loss of the 
 Americans was but eight. The battle 
 was a needless one, for. unknown to 
 the combatants, peace had already 
 been declared. 
 
 Porter was compelled to sur- 
 render (March 28). This was 
 the third and last important 
 British naval victory of the 
 war. 
 
 Last Sea Battles.— The 
 American sloop Peacock, com- 
 manded by Warrington, won a 
 victory over the Epervier off 
 the coast of Florida (April 29, 
 1814) ; and the engagements 
 between the Wasp and Reindeer 
 (June 28, 1814), and between 
 the Hornet and Penguin (March 
 23, 1815), resulted in American 
 victories. 
 
 Peace Negotiations. — 
 The A\ r ar of 1812 had come at a 
 very inconvenient time for Eng- 
 land. The French leader, Na- 
 poleon, had almost succeeded in 
 conquering Europe. England 
 had combined with several 
 other nations against him. The 
 American war was taking up a 
 great deal of the energy that 
 the British nation needed in 
 its war against France. So 
 Russia, one of the allied ] tow- 
 ers, sought to mediate between 
 England and the United States. 
 Her first attempt was unsuc- 
 cessful (March, 1813); but re- 
 newing her efforts, she suc- 
 ceeded in bringing together 
 commissioners from the two 
 countries to treat for peace. 
 
807 
 
 Treaty of Ghent. — The commissioners appointed by the 
 United States were Henry Clay, Albert Gallatin, James Bay- 
 ard, Jonathan Kussell, and John Quincy Adams. The commis- 
 sion met at Ghent, Belgium (July 6, 1814). The attitude of 
 the English commissioners was haughty and exacting, and for 
 along time it seemed impossible to reach a satisfactory con- 
 clusion ; but after five months of negotiation the treaty was 
 signed (December 24, 1814). ' The news of peace took some 
 time to cross the ocean, as there were no ocean cables in those 
 days. Before it reached 
 America the greatest land 
 battle of the war had been 
 fought (January 8, 1815), 
 near New Orleans. 
 
 The results of the War 
 of 1812 seemed at first of 
 little consequence. In real- 
 ity they were of much im- 
 portance. Eespect for the 
 United States greatly in- 
 creased abroad, for a nation 
 that could vanquish the pow- 
 erful ships and experienced 
 veterans of England was no 
 longer to be despised. Na- 
 tional spirit and the idea, of 
 
 union were greatly strengthened at home, for men do not fight 
 and suffer for a government without becoming very much 
 interested in its welfare. The States, which were at first but 
 loosely held together, were now bound more closely by com- 
 mon sympathies and by the memory of gallant deeds and 
 of the glories they had jointly achieved. 
 
 Remaining Events of Madison's Administration. 
 — Two States had been admitted while Madison was President. 
 These were Louisiana (April 8, 1812) and Indiana (December 
 11, 1816). The Algerines were again punished by Commodore 
 Decatur for renewing their depredations in the Mediterranean 
 
 BATTLE MONUMENT OF CHALMETTE. 
 
308 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 (1815). The candidates to succeed Madison were James Mon- 
 roe of Virginia and Rufus King of New York. 
 
 Questions. — At the beginning of the War of 1812 what was not expected ? 
 Tell something of the English navy. What success had the United States on 
 sea ? What was the first sea battle of importance ? Where, when, and by 
 whom fought ? What do you know of Hull's victory ? Over what vessel did 
 the Wasp win a victory ? The ship United States ? What two victories of the 
 Constitution are mentioned ? What do you know of Captain Lawrence ? 
 What were his last words ? What British victory did the Pelican win in 1813 ? 
 Was the capture of the Boxer a British or American victory ? What do you 
 know of Captain Porter and the Essex ? What American naval victories were 
 won in 1814 ? What victory in 1815 ? Why did the European powers wish to 
 make peace between Great Britain and the United States ? Who were ap- 
 pointed commissioners by the United States ? What do you know of the 
 Treaty of Ghent ? What greatly increased abroad as a result of the War of 
 1812 ? What were greatly strengthened at home ? What two States were 
 admitted while Madison was President ? What people were again punished ? 
 Why ? Who were the candidates to succeed Madison ? 
 
 REFERENCE OUTLINE. 
 
 Administration of James Madison of Virginia. 
 
 Fourth President. 
 
 Sixth and Seventh Administrations. 
 
 Eleventh, Twelfth, Thirteenth, and Fourteenth Congresses. 
 
 Principal Events. 
 
 1809. Inauguration. 
 
 j Little Belt affair. 
 ( Shawnee War. 
 Louisiana admit ted (April 8). 
 War with England declared (June 4). 
 
 1812. - Presidential election — 
 Democratic candidates : Madison and Elbridge Gerry. 
 Federalist candidates : De Witt Clinton and Jared Ingersoll. 
 
 1813. Creek War. 
 ( Washington burned (August 24). 
 
 1814. < Hartford Convention (December 15). 
 ( Treaty of Ghent (December 24). 
 j Battle of New Orleans (January 8). 
 I War with Algiers. 
 
 i Indiana admitted (December 11). 
 Presidential election — 
 Democratic candidates : Monroe and Daniel E. Tompkins. 
 Federalist candidates : King and John Howard. 
 
REFERENCE OUTLINE. 
 
 BATTLES OF THE WAR OF 1812. 
 
 (British victories and commanders in italics.) 
 Campaigns on Land. 
 
 Mich- an (Aug. 5.. Browns town Van Home Tecumsek. 
 
 Frontier ' Aug. 9..Maguaga Miller Tecumseh. 
 
 Hull Brock. 
 
 1812 
 
 ■ Frontier. , 
 
 I Aug. 16.. Detroit 
 
 Niagara , 
 
 Frontier i 0ct - 1Z. .Queen stoic n Van 
 
 Frontier 
 
 Rensselaer. . Brock. 
 
 1813 ■ 
 
 f Jan. 22.. Frenchtown, Mich Winchester Proctor. 
 
 Army of ] May 5.. Fort Meigs, Ohio Harrison Proctor. 
 
 the West, j Aug. 2 . . Fort Stephenson Cr oghan Proctor. 
 
 I Oct. 5 . . Thames, Canada Harrison Proctor. 
 
 f April 27- -York, Canada Pike Shi affe. 
 
 Army of J May 27.. Fort George Winder Prevost. 
 
 the Center. 1 May 29. -Sackett's Harbor Brown Prevost. 
 
 I Nov. 11.. Chrysler's Field Brown Pr< rust. 
 
 Division of f July 5 - chi PP ewa Scott 
 
 tii -oft \ July 25..Lundy's Lane Scott.. 
 
 inewai. ( gept 17 .. Fort Erie Gaines. 
 
 .Biall. 
 
 .Drummond. 
 . Drummond, 
 
 Division of ( Mar. 30 . . La Colle Wilkinson Hancock. 
 
 the Right. \ Sept. 11. .Plattsburg Macomb Prevost. 
 
 Coast Operations. 
 
 1814 
 
 1815. 
 
 Aug. 
 Sept. 
 Jan. 
 
 >4 \ Bladen sburg, Md Winder 
 
 \ Capture of Washington. 
 L3.. Bombardment of Fort McHenry, Md. 
 
 8 . . New Orleans Jackson 
 
 Naval Battles. 
 
 j Aug. 12. .Essex Porter over Alert Langhorne 
 
 I Aug. 19 Constitution Hull over Guerriere Lucres. 
 
 1812 -! Oct. 18.. Wasp... Jones over Frolic Muyates. 
 
 I Oct. 25.. United States Decatur over Macedonia Garden. 
 
 [ Dec. 20. Constitution Bainbridge ..over Java Lambert. 
 
 f Feb. 24 Hornet Lawrence over Peacock Peake. 
 
 June 1. .Shannon Broke over Chesapeake Lawrence. 
 
 1813 -1 Aug. 14.. Pelican Maples over Argus Allen. 
 
 Sept. 5.. Enterprise Burroughs . ... over Boxer Blylhe. 
 
 Sept. 10.. American Fleet.... Perry over British Fleet. ...Barclay. 
 
 Mar. 
 
 over Essex Porter. 
 
 j Phoebe BUyar 
 
 1 Cherub Tucker 
 
 April 29. ■ Peacock Warrington .over Epervier Wales. 
 
 June 28. Wasp Blakeley over Reindeer Ifanners. 
 
 Sept. 11. .American Fleet Macdonough.over British Fleet. • • . Downie. 
 
 1815 
 
 Feb. 
 Mar. 
 
 L . .. _. iCyane Falcon. 
 
 . Constitution Stewart over j L ^ vant Dmglas 
 
 .Hornet Biddle over Penguin Dickinson 
 
310 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. Principal Naval Battles of the War of 1812. II. The Hartford Convention. III. British 
 Coast Operations in the War of 1812. IV. The Treaty of Ghent. V. The Battle of New 
 Orleans. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Schouler's History of the United States, vol. ii. 
 Naval battles, 302, 392, 393. Hartford Convention, 425. British coast operations, 394, 407- 
 411. Ghent Treaty, 431. Battle of New Orleans, 438. 
 
 Henry Adams's History of the United States. 
 Vol. vi.: Naval battles, chap. xvii. Vol. viii.: Hartford Convention, chap. ii. Battle of 
 New Orleans, chap. xiv. Vol. ix.: Treaty of Ghent, chap. ii. 
 
 Hildreth's History of the United States, vol. vi. 
 Naval battles, 365-370, 397-399, 420, 430, 486. British Chesapeake operations, 503-512. 
 Battle of New Orleans, 557-565. Ghent Treaty, 567. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities.— IT a?' of 1812, 
 Naval Battles of . Constitution and Guerriere. Chesapeake and Shannon . Washington, 
 Burning of . Fort McBenry, Bombardment of . Hartford Convention, The. Treaty of 
 Ghent. Battle of New Orleans. War with the Algerines. 
 
 Special.— Smith : Political History of th, United States, 171-176. Hart : Formation of the 
 Union, 209-222. Andrews : History of the United Stales, Part II., Period I., chap. x. 
 
 PREPARATORY GEOGRAPHY LESSON. 
 
 Upon a map of the United States note where Wisconsin is. What State 
 next to Georgia, and Alabama on the south? Where are the Everglades of 
 Florida? Where is Lake Okeechobee? Note the boundary line between 
 Canada and Maine. Between New Brunswick and Maine. 
 
 Upon a map of Louisiana note that portion lying between the Pearl River 
 and the Mississippi. What, three lakes south of this portion ? Note how uear 
 the Mississippi flows to Lake Pontchartrain. Where is Baton Rouge? Upon 
 the accompanying map note the boundary lines of West and of East Florida. 
 
 CHAPTER TIL 
 
 THE ERA OF GOOD FEELING. 
 
 Election of Monroe. — The opposition of the Federalists 
 to the War of 1812 had made that party very unpopular. The 
 Democratic-Republican candidate, James Monroe, was with 
 little opposition elected President to succeed Madison. So free 
 
311 
 
 was his administration from political rivalry and excitement 
 that it is often referred to as the " era of good feeling." 
 
 First Seminole War.— Monroe served two terms. Dur- 
 ing his first term troubles arose with 
 the Seminole Indians of the South. 
 These Indians were joined by some 
 Creeks and runaway slaves, and 
 were probably encouraged in their 
 uprising by the Spaniards of Florida. 
 General Andrew Jackson was sent 
 against them. He was a man of 
 great decision and firmness of 
 character, and did thoroughly what- 
 ever he undertook. Determined to 
 inflict severe punishment upon the 
 Indians, he drove them into the 
 Spanish territory of Florida. He 
 not only broke their power, but forced their Spanish sympa 
 thizers to take refuge in Havana, Cuba. Advancing int. 
 West Florida, lie took possession of Pensacola and St. Marks. 
 
 MAP OF WEST FLORIDA. 
 
 Effect of Jackson's Invasion. -When two nations are 
 at peace it is unlawful for one to invade territory belonging to 
 the other. Many considered that Jackson did wrong to invade 
 
312 
 
 J'KIiloI) OF INDKPKXDKXCl-;. 
 
 Florida, as his dome so 
 
 The State of West Florida. 
 
 The Florida that passed into the 
 possession of the English by acl of 
 Spanish cession (1763) extended to 
 the Mississippi liiver, and was divided 
 into East and West Florida, the line 
 of division being the Appalachicola 
 River. During the Revolution, while 
 England was wholly occupied with 
 her revolting American colonies, the 
 Spaniards of the neighboring province 
 of Louisiana seized the opportunity to 
 pass into West Florida some troops, 
 who took forcible possession (1779), 
 capturing Mobile and Pensacola. In 
 1783 both of the Floridas were ceded 
 back to Spain, and in the treaty with 
 the United States (1795) their northern 
 boundary was fixed as the 31st degree 
 of latitude. The larger portion of 
 what was then West Florida forms a 
 part of what is now the State of Loui- 
 siana, bat was not obtained by the 
 Louisiana purchase, the limits of 
 which have already been described 
 (see page 285). Spain maintained her 
 authority in West Florida until the 
 year 1810, but Spanish rule was un- 
 satisfactory to the many Americans 
 who had settled in the province. A 
 revolt was planned and skillfully exe- 
 cuted. A force was collected at St. 
 Francisville under General Philemon 
 Thomas, who marched to Baton 
 Rouge, the most important post in the 
 province, and captured the Spanish 
 garrison (September 23. 1810). A con- 
 vention was held, independence de- 
 clared, and the State of West Florida 
 was organized, with Fulwar Skipwith 
 as Governor. Application was then 
 made to the United states for protec- 
 tion, upon which President Madison 
 issued a proclamation ordering Gov- 
 ernor W. ('. C. Claiborne of the Loui- 
 siana Territory to take possession ; 
 and thus the jurisdiction of the United 
 States was extended over the province 
 that had been wrested by American 
 
 valor from the dominion of Spain. 
 
 dciii sent to Congress ;i 
 
 furnished to Spain a- just cause of 
 complaint. Others, however, 
 saw much to admire in his 
 prompt and determined course 
 in dealing with affairs intrusted 
 to him, and both Congress and 
 the President sustained him in 
 what he had done. 
 
 The Florida Purchase 
 Treaty. — The controversy 
 which might have arisen with 
 Spain was settled by the United 
 States purchasing Florida. The 
 price paid was $5 , 000, 000. The 
 treaty of cession was signed at 
 Washington, February 22, 1819, 
 ratified by the King of Spain, 
 October 21, 1820, and the for- 
 mal transfer of Florida to the 
 United States took place July 
 IT, 1821. By the terms of 
 this treaty Spain relinquished 
 her claim to Oregon, and agreed 
 to the Sabine River as the 
 boundary between the United 
 States and the Spanish posses- 
 sions in the Southwest. 
 
 The Monroe Doctrine. — 
 Mexico and a number of South 
 American provinces were en- 
 deavoring about this time to 
 throw off the yoke of Spain 
 and establish their independ- 
 ence. The people of the United 
 States were in warm sympathy 
 with the movement. The Presi- 
 
 remarkable message, in which his 
 
313 
 
 opinions upon the subject were pointedly expressed (1823). He 
 declared " that the American continents, by the free and inde- 
 pendent position which they have assumed and maintained, 
 are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future 
 colonization by any European 
 power." This is known as the 
 Monroe Doctrine. 
 
 The principal events of 
 Monroe's administration, 
 besides those which have been 
 given, were : (1) The admission 
 of five new States into the 
 Union ; (2) the successful ap- 
 plication of steam to seagoing 
 vessels ; and (3) the memorable 
 visit of Lafayette to this coun- 
 try. The States admitted were 
 Mississippi (December 10, 1817) ; 
 Illinois (December 3, 1818) ; 
 Alabama (December 14, 1819) ; 
 Maine (March 15, 1820) ; and 
 Missouri (August 10, 1821). 
 The first steamship to cross the 
 Atlantic was the Savannah, 
 originated and owned in the 
 city of that name (1819). 
 
 The coming of Lafay- 
 ette (1824) reminded everyone 
 of the gallant services he ren- 
 dered when a young man fight- 
 ing by the side of Washington, 
 age. Great was his pride when he saw the rapid advance made 
 by the young republic he had helped to establish. His visit to 
 the tomb of his old commander, Washington, at Mount Vernon, 
 was very pathetic. He was every where treated with the respi vt 
 due him as the nation's guest, and before his return to France 
 he extended his tour into many of the States. 
 
 Internal Improvement. 
 
 The West was rapidly filling up 
 with settlers, and it was seen thai the 
 prosperity of the country depended 
 upon the establishment of means of 
 communication between the various 
 sections. The South and West were 
 connected by the magnificent Missis- 
 sippi system of waterways, but the 
 Alleghanies made travel and com- 
 merce difficult between the West and 
 East. Several States engaged in the 
 construction of public works. New 
 York, at an expense of $8,000,000, 
 built the Erie Canal, which opened 
 the way for boats from Buffalo to 
 New York City. Many thought that 
 the United States Government should 
 appropriate money for internal im- 
 provement. The Constitution does 
 not exactly authorize this, but It does 
 saj that the Government is to pro- 
 mote the general welfare. Those 
 who believed that this authorized the 
 United States to build roads and 
 canals were called "loose construc- 
 tionists,*' because they construed or 
 explained the Constitution very 
 broadly. Among these was Henry 
 Clay. An appropriation was made to 
 construct a road from Cumberland. 
 Md., to Wheeling, W. Va., and as 
 there were no railroads in those days, 
 the Cumberland road proved of great 
 service. 
 
 He was now seventy years of 
 
314 
 
 l'LKlol) OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 The Beginning of Sec- 
 tional Antagonism. 
 
 Slavery was gradually dying out in 
 the North, and with its decay there 
 was growing upa sentiment of opposi- 
 tion to it. At first, this opposition 
 was directed against the extension of 
 the system to the Territories. When 
 Missouri was ready to become a State, 
 a bitter controversy arose as to whether 
 or not slavery should be permitted 
 within its borders. The States already 
 admitted to the Union had not brought 
 up the question of slavery. Ohio, In- 
 diana, and Illinois were formed from 
 the Northwest Territory, in which sla- 
 very was prohibited from the begin- 
 ning under the Ordinance of 1787. 
 Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, and 
 Alabama were formed from territory 
 originally belonging to States in which 
 slavery was legally recognized. They 
 were, therefore, admitted without 
 restriction. With the exception of 
 Louisiana, in which slavery had long 
 existed before its passing into posses- 
 sion of the United States, Missouri 
 was the first State formed from the 
 Louisiana purchase. The territory of 
 which it constituted apart previous to 
 its admission was the joint possession 
 of all the Slates. Its population hail 
 been drawn from both slave anil free 
 Slates. In many cases tin' settlers 
 from the former had brought their 
 
 slaves with them. When it was read] 
 foi- admission to the Union the op- 
 ponents of slavery were numerous 
 enough to influence Congress. The 
 restriction of slavery by the Federal 
 Government was regarded by many 
 as unconstitutional. Several efforts 
 were made in Congress to pass a bill 
 admitting Missouri without slavery 
 (1819). An amendment, proposed by 
 Senator Thomas of Illinois (January 
 18, 1820), compromised matters bj ad 
 
 mitting Missouri as a slave State, but 
 prohibiting the extension of slavery 
 to any other State formed out. of the 
 Louisiana purchase north of the line 
 that forms the southern boundary of 
 Missouri (36°30'). Tins was the cele- 
 brated Missouri Compromise of lsso. 
 
 Presidential Election of 
 
 1824. — In the presidential 
 election that occurred toward 
 the end of Monroe's second ad- 
 ministration (1824), there was 
 but one political party to place 
 candidates in the field. Four 
 candidates Avere voted for. 
 These were John Quincy Adams 
 of Massachusetts, Henry Clay 
 of Kentucky, Andrew Jackson 
 
 of Tennessee, and William H. 
 ( 'ia\v ford of Georgia. The gal- 
 lantry of Jackson in the War of 
 L812 made him a great favorite 
 with the people, and he received 
 a greater number of electoral 
 votes than any other of the 
 candidates, but not a sufficient 
 number to elect him. Congress 
 therefore had to decide the 
 matter. 
 
 The So-called Clay Bar- 
 grain. — Through the influence 
 
UNION. 315 
 
 of Clay, Adams was selected. The result of this election 
 caused much dissatisfaction, and friends of the defeated can- 
 didates accused Clay of having made a corrupt bargain with 
 Adams. When the new President appointed Clay to the 
 office of Secretary of State, it seemed to many that the accu- 
 sation was true ; but ample testimony has since proved that 
 Clay was thoroughly conscientious and disinterested in his 
 support of Adams. 
 
 The principal events of John Quincy Adams's ad- 
 ministration were : (1) The deaths of John Adams and 
 Thomas Jefferson, both occurring on the 4th of July (1826); 
 (2) the treaty with the Creeks, by which much valuable land 
 in West Georgia was relinquished by its Indian occupants, 
 who were removed beyond the Mississippi (1826) ; (3) the 
 building of the first commercial railways at Quincy, Mass., 
 and at Mauch Chunk, Pa. (1826-1827), on which cars drawn 
 by horses were used ; and (4) the passage of the high-tariff 
 measures of 1828. 
 
 Election of Andrew Jackson. — The popularity of 
 Jackson had steadily increased since his defeat in the elec- 
 tion of 1824. The selection of Adams and the manner of 
 his election had caused general dissatisfaction. The party 
 to which both belonged soon became divided. Those who 
 supported Jackson retained the name of Democratic-Republi- 
 cans. Those who supported Adams for reelection were known 
 as National Republicans. Jackson was elected, and with him 
 was chosen as Yice-President John C. Calhoun of South 
 Carolina. 
 
 Questions. — What made the Federalist party unpopular? By whom 
 was Madison succeeded ? Why is this time referred to as the "era of good 
 feeling" ? What Indian troubles arose during Monroe's first term ? Who 
 was sent against the Seminoles ? Tell something of Jackson's invasion 
 of Florida. Why did many consider that Jackson did wrong to invade 
 Florida? How was the matter settled with Spain? What price did the 
 United States pay for Florida ? What claim did Spain relinquish by the treaty 
 of 1819 ? What boundary did she agree to ? What declaration is known as 
 the "Moni'oe Doctrine"? Out of sympathy for what provinces did Monroe 
 make this declaration ? What States were admitted while Monroe was Presi- 
 dent ? What was the first steamship to cross the Atlantic ? What do you 
 
31G PEKIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 know of Lafayette's visit to this country ? What four candidates were voted 
 for in the election of 1824 ? What do you know of the result of this election ? 
 Of what was Clay accused ? What were the principal events of John Quincy 
 Adams's administration ? What do you know of the Creek treaty ? First rail- 
 mad ? Into what two parties did the Democratic-Republicans divide ? What 
 candidates did each support ? What candidate was elected ? Who was elected 
 Vice-President ? How many terms did Adams serve ? 
 
 REFERENCE OUTLINE. 
 
 Administration' of James Monroe op Virginia. 
 Fifth President. 
 
 Eighth and Ninth Administrations. 
 15th, 16th, 17th, and 18th Congresses. 
 
 Principal Events. 
 
 (Inauguration. 
 
 ( Mississippi admitted (December 10). 
 1«18 i Jackson's invasion of Florida. 
 ( Illinois admitted (December 3). 
 / Florida purchased (February 22). 
 1819. -] First steamship. 
 
 Alabama admitted (December 14). 
 Maine admitted (March 15). 
 : , Presidential election — >» 
 
 I Democratic candidates : Monroe and Tompkinyl 
 No Pederalisl candidates. 
 1821. Missouri admitted (August 10). 
 1823. Monroe Doctrine formulated. 
 
 / Presidential election — 
 1824.- Candidates for President: Andrew Jackson. John Q. Adams, 
 
 ( William II. Crawford, Henry Clay. 
 
 Administration of John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts. 
 Sixth President. 
 Tenth Administration. 
 
 Nineteenth and Twentieth Congresses. 
 Principal Events. 
 
 1825. Inauguration. 
 
 18 9 6 - ( -' reek Treaty. 
 
 ' Death of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson (July 4). 
 1827. First railways in operation. 
 High-tariff Act. 
 Presidential election — 
 
 Democratic candidates : Andrew Jackson and John C. Calhoun. 
 National-Republican candidates : John Q. Adams and Richard 
 Rush. 
 
317 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. Administration of James Monroe. II. Jackson's Invasion of Florida. III. The Spanish 
 
 Treaty of lsi 9. IV. The Stair of West Florida. V. The Monroe Doctrine. VI. The Mis- 
 souri Compromise. VII. Internal Improvements and Loose Constructionists. VIII. Elec- 
 tion of John Quincy Adams. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Schouler's History of tin United States, vol. Hi. 
 Monroe as President, 1-12. Florida invasion, 57-72. Monroe Doctrine, i>8~. Missouri 
 Compromise, 147. 155-171. Internal improvements, 247-257. Election of J. (,>. Adams. 
 234-237, 267, 304, 324 328. 
 
 Hildreth's History of tin- United States, vol. vi. 
 Monroe's election, 020. Jackson's Seminole campaign, 641. Missouri Compromise, 661- 
 676, 687-690, 711. Internal improvement, 660. 
 
 McMuBter'a History of the Peoplt oftht United States. 
 Vol. ill . : West Florida revolution, 369-373. Vol. vi.: Missouri Compromise, 584-593. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Gun> e for comparative examination of other works and authorities. —Era of Good 
 Feeling. Florida, Jackson's Invasion of. Florida Purchase. Monrot Doctrine, The. 
 Erie Canal, The. Loose Constructionists. Lafayette, Visit if. Adams, J. Q., Election 
 
 of. Missouri Compromise, The. 
 
 Special.— Hart : Formation of tic Union, chap. ii. Smith : Political History of the United 
 States, 177-195. Andrews: History of the United States, vol. i., 336, 341. Chambers: West 
 Florida and its Relation to tht Historical Cartography of tin Tnitnl states (Johns Hop- 
 kins University Studies for May, 1898). D. C. Oilman : James Monroe. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 THE RISE OF MODERN POLITICAL METHODS. 
 
 A New Political Era. — The election of Andrew Jackson 
 to the Presidency marks a new era in the political history of 
 our country. He was the first President to come from the 
 States west of the Alleghanies. The eight years during which 
 he served were years of unusual business activity and prosper- 
 ity. The Union gained two new States : Arkansas, admitted 
 June 15, 1836; and Michigan, admitted January 26, L837. 
 The population of the country reached the number of 13,000,000. 
 By 1835 the public debt incurred by the War of L812 was paid 
 in full. 
 
 Progress of Invention.— The development of the West 
 was rapidly progressing. Inventions and improvements were 
 
318 
 
 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 EARLY AMKUlr'.N k.UI.I'.OAD TRAIN. 
 
 contributing to the general advancement. The locomotive 
 took the place of horses upon railroads (1831), and the gigantic 
 railway system of the present day began to develop. The 
 screw propeller was invented by Captain John Ericsson (1836), 
 and by means of this invention ocean commerce has been 
 revolutionized. McCormick's reaping machine, one of the 
 
 greatest labor- 
 ^^*o 5VQa«B«rj saving agricul- 
 
 tural imple- 
 ments ever 
 invented, was 
 patented in 
 
 1834, and brought into use about seven years later. It ren- 
 dered possible the cultivation of larger fields of grain and 
 breadstuffs, and thereby did great service in building up the 
 agricultural interests of the Northwest. 
 
 Black Hawk War. — The tide of population flowing 
 towards the Northwest had reached what is now Wisconsin. 
 Here it again encountered a check from the red men, this time 
 at the hands of the Sac and Fox Indians. 
 These Indians, after ceding their terri- 
 tory, had declined to remove from it, and 
 under a celebrated chieftain, named Black 
 Hawk, resisted the advance of the white 
 settlers. 
 
 The war resulted in the defeat of Black 
 
 Hawk by Generals Atkinson and Scott, and 
 
 in the removal of the Indians to west of the 
 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Cherokee Land Controversy. — 
 
 " BLACK HAWK. 
 
 Other Indian tribes gave trouble, among 
 them the Cherokees of Georgia and the Seminoles of Florida. 
 The Cherokees had by this time become partially civilized ; 
 but complications arose between them and the State govern- 
 ment, and it became necessary for the United States Govern- 
 ment to adjust the difficulty. This was done by paying the 
 Cherokees $5,000,000 to relinquish their lands and move 
 
UNION. 
 
 ANDREW JACKSON. 
 
 (1837-1838) to a region 
 beyond the Mississippi, 
 which had already been 
 organized (1834) as the 
 Indian Territory. 
 
 Political Controver- 
 sies. — Although Jack- 
 son's administration was 
 marked by the increased 
 prosperity of the country, 
 it was remarkable for the 
 many heated contests in 
 which the President was 
 engaged. Among these 
 were the Nullification con- 
 troversy with South Carolina * and the National Bank con- 
 troversy. 
 
 Administrative Respon- 
 sibility.— The President of the 
 United States and the party 
 to which he belongs are held 
 responsible by the American 
 people for the proper adminis- 
 tration of affairs. In order that 
 the policy of an administration 
 be carried out, it is necessary 
 that the leading officials of the 
 government be of the same 
 party as the President. Jack- 
 son was the first President to 
 recognize this principle. Every 
 President who preceded him had 
 retained in office all competent 
 employees of the Government, 
 whether they were of his party 
 or not. The controversies in 
 
 * See chap. ix. 
 
 The Second Seminole 
 War. 
 
 It was attempted to remove the Sem- 
 inoles also to this region ; but these 
 Indians resisted so violently that war 
 ensued and lasted for four years. The 
 hostiles were led hy Micanopy and 
 Osceola. The Indians surprised and 
 massacred Major Dade with one hun- 
 dred and seventeen men, and murdered 
 General Thompson. During the course 
 of the war the Indians were defeated 
 by General Clinch, near the Withla- 
 coochie (December 81, 1835) ; by Gen- 
 eral Gaines, near the same spot (Feb- 
 ruary 29, 1836) ; by Governor Call, in 
 the Wahoo Swamp, not far from 
 Tampa Bay (October, 1836) ; and by 
 Colonel Zachary Taylor, near Okee- 
 chobee Lake in the Everglades. In 
 this last battle the defeat was so 
 crushing that the Indians never again 
 rallied. The various bands scattered 
 throughout the swamps were hunted 
 down. Osceola died a prisoner at 
 Fort Moultrie, and many of the Semi- 
 noles were finally removed. 
 
PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 which Jackson was engaged dur- 
 ing his administration, however, 
 made it absolutely necessary 
 that he surround himself with 
 advisers and subordinates in 
 whom he had perfect confidence. 
 Beginning of the Spoils 
 System. — Moreover, he had 
 many friends who had stood 
 faithfully by him in defeat and 
 victory, and these it gave him 
 much pleasure to reward. C< >n- 
 sequentlyhe deposed from office 
 many government employees 
 who had been appointed b} r his 
 predecessor, and put in men of 
 his own party. Since the time 
 of Jackson, every President has 
 followed this plan, until the 
 practice has been abused by the 
 appointment of men to office, 
 not because they are honest and 
 competent, but because they 
 helped to elect the candidates of their party. William J. 
 Marcy, Jackson's Secretary of War, expressed this principle' 
 when he said, lt To the victors belong the spoils." 
 
 Civil Service Reform. — In opposition to the spoils 
 system, civil service reform measures of the present day have 
 been instituted, whereby appointments to minor offices are 
 made on merit and fitness as ascertained by civil service exami- 
 nations, held at intervals in various parts of the country. 
 
 The Bank of the United 
 States. 
 
 A second National Bank, similar to 
 the one designed by Hamilton, had 
 been established at Philadelphia un- 
 der a charter of twenty years (1816). 
 [ts capital stock was $35,000,000, of 
 which amount the United states held 
 $7,000,000. It had branch institutions 
 at different points, and its purpose 
 was to regulate the currency and 
 serve as the fiscal agent of the Govern- 
 ment. At first its affairs were badly 
 managed, but Langdon C'heves of 
 South Carolina becoming president of 
 the board of directors (1819) ; it attained 
 in the three years of his incumbency a 
 condition of stability and usefulness. 
 
 In 1832 the question of renewing the 
 bank charter came up in Congress. 
 Jackson opposed it. He did not 
 think it right for the Government to 
 go into the banking business, or that 
 any one bank should have the ad- 
 vantage of doing business upon money 
 supplied by the Government. A bill 
 to renew the bank charter was passed, 
 but the President vetoed it. The veto 
 was sustained by Congress. In 1830 
 the charter expired, and the funds 
 belonging to the United states were 
 distributed among several State banks. 
 
 Questions.— What does the election of Jackson mark ? What can you 
 saj of the right years he was President ? What new States were admitted? 
 By what year was the war debt of the United Slates paid in full? To what 
 had the population increased? What took the place of horses on railroads? 
 When and by whom was the screw propeller invented ? The invention of Mc- 
 Cormick's reaper made what possible? What Indians obstructed the tide of 
 
UNION. 321 
 
 Northwest emigration ? What do you know of Black Hawk's War? What 
 Southern Indians also gave trouble 't Bow were the difficulties with the Chero- 
 bees adjusted ? For whal is Jackson's administration remarkable ? Why is it 
 necessary that the principal officers of government be of the same party with 
 
 the President ? Why did Jackson put his friends into office ? Why have civil 
 service reform measures been instituted ? 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. Administration of Andrew Jackson. II. Black Hawk War. III. Seminole War. IV. 
 Spoils System. Y. United States Bank Controversy. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Schouler'a History of the United Slates. 
 Vol. iii.: Spoils System, 453-159. Vol. iv.: Seminole War, 319. United States Bank Con- 
 troversy, 44-52, (1S-70, 132-140. 
 
 Wood row Wilson's Division </,,d "Reunion. 
 Party spirit and policy under Jackson, 23. The bank question, 69. 
 
 Winsor's Wtttrativi and Critical History, vol. vii. 
 
 Political parties during Jackson's administration, 2K2. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities.— Black Hawk 
 War. Seminole War. Spoils System, Tin. United States Bank, The. Jackson, Ad- 
 ministration of. 
 
 Special.— Smith : Political History of the United States, 195-306. Andrews : History of the 
 United States, vol. i.. 355. Sumner : Andrew Jackson, 114-119, 233-251. James Parton : 
 Andrew Jackson, vol. iii., chap. 20. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 THE AMERICAN SYSTEM. 
 1. 
 
 Tariff Controversy of 1832.— The most important po- 
 litical controversy of Jackson's administration was that which 
 arose between the Government of the United States and the 
 State of South Carolina,. It was caused by the attempt of 
 tin's State to nullify what to her was an oppressive and ex- 
 tortionate tariff act passed by Congress in 1832. Before Ave 
 consider this controversy, let us understand something of the 
 nature of a tariff. 
 
 Taxes. — Every good citizen desires to live under an efficient 
 21 
 
PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 government — one that will pro- 
 tect him in his rights and 
 property. To maintain such a 
 government, he pays taxes. 
 These taxes, according to the 
 manner in which they are paid, 
 may be direct or indirect. 
 
 Direct and Indirect 
 Taxation. — Direct taxes are 
 those paid to a government 
 officer called a tax-collector. 
 City, county, and State taxes 
 are of this kind. Indirect taxes 
 are those which make certain 
 articles or goods higher in price 
 than they would be if the tax 
 were not levied. All tariffs 
 upon imported goods are indi- 
 rect taxes. 
 
 How Indirect Taxes are 
 Paid. — If the government lev- 
 ies a tariff of twenty cents upon 
 a yard of imported cloth worth 
 one dollar, the importing mer- 
 chant pays the twenty cents to 
 the United States customs offi- 
 cer at the port of entry or place 
 where the cloth has been landed. 
 Although he pays this amount, 
 the tariff is in reality no tax 
 upon him, for he adds an extra 
 twenty cents to the selling price 
 of the cloth. Whoever pur- 
 chases of this merchant pays 
 one dollar and twenty cents 
 I'm cloth worth one dollar. In 
 this indirect way the purchaser 
 
 Tariff Classification. 
 
 The tariff system of the United 
 States was first instituted to obtain 
 revenue. It now has for its object 
 either revenue or protection. Strictly 
 speaking, a tariff for revenue can be 
 levied only upon SUCh goods anil 
 materials as are not produced in this 
 country ; otherwise American manu- 
 facturers will be unintentionally or 
 incidentally protected. A tariff 
 whose sole object is protection must 
 be high enough to make it unprofit- 
 able to import such goods as compete 
 with those made here ; otherwise 
 there will be incidental revenue. Un- 
 til recently sheet-tin was not manu- 
 factured in this country, therefore the 
 tariff upon it was purely a revenue 
 one ; but the duty on stamped or 
 manufactured tinware is so high that 
 none is imported. The' Government 
 then gets no revenue from this kind of 
 goods, and the tariff on such is, there- 
 fore, a strictly protective tariff. 
 Sugar is imported in large quantities. 
 It is also manufactured iu this coun- 
 try to a limited extent. A tariff on 
 sugar is one for revenue with inci- 
 dental protection. The import tax 
 on manufactured iron is compara- 
 tively high, but not too high to prevent 
 importation whenever the demand for 
 it is greater than can be supplied by 
 home production. The tariff on iron 
 is, therefore, a tariff for protection 
 with incidental revenue. So we find 
 that there are four kinds of tariff: 
 Tariff for revenue, tariff for revenue 
 with incidental protection, tariff for 
 protection, and tariff for protection 
 with incidental revenue. 
 
 The largest revenue which the Gov- 
 ernment receives from tariff comes 
 from the duty on goods not manufac- 
 tured in this country, embracing lux- 
 uries and articles not producible 
 here. On the other hand, the prin- 
 cipal articles of necessity are made 
 here and they are generally protected. 
 This causes few to be imported and 
 gives but little revenue to the Govern- 
 ment. The practical application of 
 these two principles is one of the dif- 
 
UNION. 
 
 ferences existing between the two 
 great political parties of the present 
 day— one claiming that high tariff on 
 articles of necessity is a tax and bur- 
 den on the people individually and 
 that the whole people should not be 
 taxed for the benefit of manufacturers; 
 the other insisting that it is good for 
 the country at large, as it makes us 
 keep our wealth at home, makes our 
 manufacturers prosperous and able to 
 pay good wages, and therefore benefits 
 the people as a whole. 
 
 of the cloth contributes twenty 
 cents to the support of the gov- 
 ernment. 
 Protective Tariffs. — But 
 
 suppose the same kind of cloth 
 is made in this country, and that 
 it could here be sold for one 
 dollar a yard. The manufac- 
 turer, knowing that people are 
 paying a dollar and twenty cents 
 for the imported cloth, may 
 charge the same price for his. lie himself , and not the govern- 
 ment, gets the extra twenty cents, and thus he has an advan- 
 tage over foreign manufacturers; or, in other words, lie is 
 said to be protected, for the tariff makes foreign goods so 
 dear that no foreign manufacturer is able to undersell and 
 stop the business of the home manufacturer. When a tariff is 
 levied solely for the benefit of American manufacturers, it is 
 called a protective tariff. 
 
 Industrial Dependence upon England. — England 
 has always been one of the greatest manufacturing nations 
 of the world. Her goods are sent to every country. We 
 have seen how she tried to discourage the American colonies 
 from manufacturing and trading. Long after the Revolution 
 the United States felt the effects of this early discourage- 
 ment, and up to the year 180T the country was wholly de- 
 pendent upon England for many of those 
 products of industry which go to make up 
 the necessaries, comforts, and conveniences 
 of life. 
 
 Rise of American Manufactures. 
 — The non-intercourse policy of the United 
 States Government prior to and during 
 the War of 1812 demonstrated how incon- 
 venient was this industrial dependence. 
 We commenced making goods for ourselves 
 and found it profitable to do so. The bli whitnet. 
 
P.24 
 
 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 Development of Cotton 
 Manufactures. 
 
 The invention of cotton spinning 
 by machinery was to a great extent 
 perfected in England by Arkwright 
 and Hal-greaves. Several attempts to 
 introduce improved machinery into 
 the United States, and to establish 
 the cotton manufacturing industry, 
 failed. One of these was made as 
 early as 1787 at Beverly, Mass. Sam- 
 uel Slater, a skilled machinist, suc- 
 ceeded, however, ill establishing at 
 Pawtacket, R. I., the first successful 
 cotton mill. In 1803 there were four 
 mills in operation. 
 
 Eleven million dollars of English- 
 made cotton goods were being im- 
 ported annually into this country 
 when commercial intercourse with 
 Great Britain was cut off (1808). The 
 year following, the number of Ameri- 
 can mills in operation suddenly 
 sprang to sixty-two. The mills first 
 established only spun the cotton. 
 The weaving of it was. done by hand. 
 In 1814 Lowell devised an improved 
 power loom, so that weaving could be 
 done by machinery. This made cot- 
 ton manufactures very profitable. 
 Manufacturing towns rapidly arose, 
 and became centers of population. 
 one of the most important of these 
 was built on the Merrimac River, and 
 named after the inventor of the 
 ] lower loom. 
 
 Eli Whitney had given to the world 
 his great invention of the cotton gin 
 1793), by which the seeds were rapidly 
 separated from the cotton, and the 
 fleecy staple was rapidly becoming the 
 most valuable agricultural product of 
 the country. The growth of New 
 England cotton manufactures de- 
 pended upon the supply of raw cotton 
 furnished by the South. Thus one 
 section depended upon the other for 
 its industrial prosperity. Both ad- 
 vanced steadily, and all was harmony 
 until the governmental policy was In- 
 stituted to encourage the interest of 
 the manufacturing section at the ex- 
 pense of the agricultural. Ill feeling 
 and strife then were the natural result. 
 
 interferences of France and Eng- 
 land with our shipping caused 
 many shipowners to invest their 
 money in manufacturing enter- 
 prises. That is the reason why 
 those States that were once in- 
 terested in shipbuilding and 
 commerce have now become 
 great manufacturing States. 
 
 Infant Industries Un- 
 able to Compete. — At the 
 
 close of the War of 1812 com- 
 mercial relations with England 
 were resumed. Years of manu- 
 facturing experience had given 
 to the English the ability to 
 produce cheaper and finer goods 
 than the American factories 
 could at that time make. Eng- 
 lish goods flooded the American 
 markets, and domestic manu- 
 factures, then in the first stages 
 of growth, found it difficult to 
 withstand foreign competition. 
 The industrial development of 
 New England was arrested. 
 Mills stopped work, labor be- 
 came idle, and capital w r as un- 
 employed. 
 
 Growth of the Protec- 
 tive Idea. — It is good that a 
 country should be industrially 
 independent. Many realized 
 this, and the idea took shape to 
 place American manufactures 
 
325 
 
 The American System of 
 Protection. 
 
 Henry Clay was the loading advo- 
 cate of protective legislation. The 
 idea of this great statesman seemed to 
 be that the Federal Government should 
 promote the general welfare. He held 
 that the Government should make 
 internal improvements and encourage 
 domestic manufactures. Protective- 
 tariff measures were passed by Con- 
 gress chiefly through his eloquent 
 advocacy of them, and his protective 
 policy has come to be known as tin- 
 American System. 
 
 upon a firm basis, so that the 
 United States might attain this 
 independence. The desire to 
 protect infant American indus- 
 tries steadily gained ground. 
 The protective principle was 
 slightly recognized in the tariff 
 act of 1810 — a revenue measure 
 to raise funds to pay the public 
 debt incurred in the War of 
 1812. In 1824 a tariff act was 
 passed that was strongly protec- 
 tive in its features. Similar acts were passed in 1828 and 1832. 
 Protection a Sectional Benefit. — These protective- 
 tariff measures were not popular in those sections of the coun- 
 try which were devoted to agriculture. People there desired 
 to buy goods as cheaply as possible, and the increase of prices 
 caused by the high tariff seemed to them unjust. The tariff was 
 benefiting the manufacturing section only, and the people of 
 the South could not see any justice in the Government pro- 
 moting the interests of one section at the expense of another. 
 
 The Position Taken by South Carolina. — The South 
 was already industrially independent, for Southern cotton was 
 
 everywhere in demand. It 
 needed no help nor protec- 
 tion from the Government. 
 This section was therefore 
 violently opposed to protec- 
 tive tariff, but its protests 
 were all ignored. When the 
 tariff act of 1832 was passed, 
 the State of South Carolina 
 determined to prevent its en- 
 forcement within her borders. 
 South Carolina was one of 
 the original thirteen States. 
 Her statesmen believed firmly 
 
 ■ 
 
 HENRY CLAT. 
 
326 
 
 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 that sovereignty resided in the State, not in the Federal Gov- 
 ernment. But they were very much attached to the Union. 
 They had no thought of seceding or breaking up the Union, 
 as had the Federalists of New England during Jefferson's and 
 
 Madison's administrations. Led 
 by the great South Carolinian, 
 John C. Calhoun, they simply 
 hoped to devise a plan whereby 
 the Union would be preserved 
 ami yet no State be made to 
 suffer for any undelegated 
 power which the Federal Gov- 
 ernment might exercise. This 
 plan was based upon the po- 
 litical principle or doctrine of 
 nullification. 
 
 The Nullification Doc- 
 trine. — Certain powers dele- 
 gated to the Federal Govern- 
 ment had been specified in the 
 Constitution. The nullification 
 doctrine held that whenever the 
 Federal Government passed a 
 law which the Constitution does 
 not authorize, a State could 
 nullify it or prevent its being 
 enforced, so far as her citizens 
 were concerned. Therefore, 
 when the tariff act of 1832 was 
 passed, with protective features 
 favorable to manufacturing New 
 England and injuring agricul- 
 tural South Carolina, a convention was held (November, 1832) / - 
 which adopted a nullification ordinance declaring the tariff law J 
 null and void, and forbidding the collection of tariff duties at/\ 
 any port within the State. 
 
 Conflict Imminent. — In taking his office. President 
 
 Secession and Nullifica- 
 tion. 
 
 The idea generally prevailed that 
 the Union was a compact between 
 
 sovereign States, and that each had a 
 right to withdraw from the compact 
 for good and sufficient cause. The 
 utterances of the great men whose 
 labors and eloquence secured the 
 adoption of the Constitution; the 
 Kentucky and Virginia resolutions ; 
 the acts and deeds of the New Eng- 
 land Federalists, particularly those 
 legislative enactments of Massachu- 
 setts and Connecticut leading up to 
 the Hartford Convention— all testify 
 how generally this opinion prevailed. 
 But national pride and love of the 
 Union had been growing in strength, 
 and a school of patriotic statesmen 
 arose, led by John C. Calhoun of 
 South Carolina, who sought a remedy 
 other than secession when the com- 
 pact was broken in regard to any one 
 State. These statesmen held that a 
 State could nullify any law passed by 
 Congress if, in its opinion, the Federal 
 Government under cover of this law 
 assumed powers not delegated to it by 
 the Constitution. The Constitution 
 specifies the right of Congress to levy 
 a tariff for revenue, but makes no 
 mention of a tariff for protection. 
 Therefore South Carolina, perceiving 
 how oppressively a high protective 
 tariff was bearing upon her interests. 
 Chose what to her appeared to be the 
 best remedy for her grievance—that 
 of nullification. 
 
 * 
 
327 
 
 Jackson had sworn to execute the laws of the United States. 
 The attitude of South Carolina was a determined one, and Jack- 
 son, with his characteristic firmness, though personally opposed 
 to a high tariff, proceeded to 
 overcome the opposition to the 
 authority of the Federal Gov- 
 ernment. Preparations were 
 made to resist force with force. 
 Clay's Compromise of 
 1833. — For a time it ap- 
 peared as if a bloody conflict 
 would ensue ; but before such 
 a catastrophe came about, 
 Henry Clay introduced a com- 
 promise measure in Congress. 
 It was accepted by Calhoun, 
 and became a law (1833). 
 New England strongly op- 
 posed a repeal of the tariff ; South Carolina was opposed to its 
 enforcement. The compromise provided for a gradual reduc- 
 tion of duties, which satisfied both. South Carolina then 
 repealed the ordinance of nullification, and tranquillity was 
 restored without sacrifice of principle on the part of either. 
 
 Questions, — What was the most important political controversy of Jack- 
 son's administration ? By what was it caused ? What does every good citizen 
 desire ? What does he do to maintain the government ? In what two ways are 
 taxes paid ? What taxes are direct ? What is the principal method of indirect 
 taxation ? Show how indirect taxes are paid ? Explain how a tariff upon im- 
 ported goods gives the American manufacturer an advantage over the foreign. 
 When is a: tariff said to be protective ? Why did not the American colonies do 
 much manufacturing ? What did the non-intercourse policy of the United Stales 
 demonstrate ? Why did many shipowners put their money into manufactories 
 instead of more ships ? 
 
 When were commercial relations with England resumed ? What resulted ? 
 What idea soon took shape ? What feeling steadily gained ground ? When 
 was the protective principle slightly recognized ? When were other tariff acts 
 passed? Where were protective tariff measures unpopular? Why? What 
 Stale opposed the tariff laws? Why? What did South Carolina statesmen 
 
328 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 hope to devise? Upon what doctrine was their plan based ? What did the 
 nullification doctrine hold? When was the nullification ordinance adopted? 
 Why did Jackson determine to enforce the laws of the United States ? How 
 was a conflict averted ? What do you know of Clay's compromise of 1833 ? 
 
 REFERENCE OUTLINE. 
 
 Administration of Andrew Jackson of Tenn 
 
 Seventh President. 
 
 Eleventh and Twelfth Administrations. 
 
 •J 1st. 22d. 23d, and 24th Congresses. 
 
 Principal Events. 
 
 1829, Inauguration. 
 
 First American locomotive. 
 I Black Hawk War. 
 Bank charter vetoed. 
 Tariff act. 
 
 Nullification controversy. 
 Presidential election — 
 
 Democratic candidates: Andrew Jackson and Marl in Van Buren. 
 
 National Republican candidates: Henry Clay and John Sergeant. 
 (lay's tariff compromise. 
 McCormick's reaper. 
 Seminole War. 
 Screw propeller invented. 
 Arkansas admitted (June 15). 
 Presidential election — 
 
 Democratic candidates : Martin Van Buren and II. M. Johnson. 
 
 National Republican candidates (Whig) : W. II. Harrison and 
 Francis Granger. 
 Michigan admitted (January 26). 
 
 1831. 
 
 1832. 
 
 1833. 
 
 1834. 
 1835. 
 
 1830. 
 
 1837. 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. Direct and [n direct Taxation. II. Protective and Revenue Tariff. III. The Tariff Act el' 
 1832. IV. Tin- American System. Y. Development of American Cotton Manufacturing 
 industries. VI. The Compromise of 1883. VII. The Nullification Controversy. 
 
 Eeferences and Authorities. 
 
 Schouler's History of th> I'ni/,,/ s/u/,.?, vol. h. 
 
 Nullification controversy, 85-106. Protection ami free trade : con 
 facturcs, :,:>. clay's compromise of is:::;. 102. 
 Woodrou Wilson's Division inn! Reunion. 
 
 Effect of the tariff upon the South, 19. South I 'arolina's protests 
 
 Laughlin's Elementsof Political Economy. 
 
 Direct and indirect taxation. 249. Free trade and protection, '.".Hi. 
 
 .a of America 
 
 Nullilicalion, :■.'.). 
 
UNION. 309 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities.— Tariff Question, 
 
 The. American Protective System, The. Cotton Manufactures, Beginnings of American. 
 
 Nullification Controversy, The. Calhoun, John C. 
 Special.— Smith : Political History of the United States, chap. iv. Andrews: History or 
 
 the United State*, vol. i., 348, 382. Taussig : Tariff History of the United States, 108-111. 
 
 Selnirz : Life of Henry Clay, vol. ii., chap. xiv. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 THE PANIC OF 1837. 
 
 The Whig- Party. — The political organization opposed to\ 
 Jackson was known as the Whig party. Henry Clay was the 
 acknowledged leader of this party, and would have been its 
 candidate for President had not his efforts in behalf of the 
 Compromise of 1833 caused him to lose the confidence of many 
 of his followers, who favored protection. It was therefore 
 deemed best to nominate William Henry Harrison of Ohio, 
 the hero of Tippecanoe, as the Whig candidate for President 
 to succeed Jackson. 
 
 Election of Van Buren. — The Jacksonian or Democratic 
 party nominated Martin Van Buren of New York. Van Bu- 
 ren had been Vice-President during Jackson's second term, and 
 had enjoyed the full confidence and friendship of his superior. 
 By Jackson's influence he was 
 nominated and elected (1836). 
 But, unlike his predecessor, he 
 served only one term. The cause 
 of this was the unsatisfactory con- 
 dition of affairs at the time he 
 became President. In the first 
 3 T ear of his administration oc- 
 curred a great business panic 
 (1837). 
 
 Causes of the Panic.— Van 
 Buren was not to blame for this 
 panic. It was caused by two acts 
 of Jackson's administration, the martin van buuen. 
 
330 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 results of which were felt when Van Buren became President. 
 The first of these was the withdrawal of the Government's 
 money from the United States Bank, and the distribution of 
 it among various State banks. The second was Jackson's 
 Specie Circular. 
 
 Effect of the Distribution of the Government's 
 Funds. — Banks are institutions which lend money at interest. 
 The more money they have to lend, the easier it is to borrow 
 from them. When the State banks received these large sums 
 of money to take care of for the Government, they had just so 
 much more money to lend. Borrowing became very easy. 
 Many men went into business upon borrowed money, and more 
 speculated. 
 
 Bank-note Currency. — Instead of lending or paying out 
 coin, a bank sometimes uses printed bills, or bank notes, which 
 are promises to pay coin, or specie, in exchange for the notes, 
 whenever the holder of the note so desires. These bank notes 
 pass from hand to hand during the course of business, just as 
 coin does, so long as everybody has confidence that the bank 
 will make good its promise when called upon to do so. 
 
 " Wild Cat " Banks.— The privilege of issuing notes 
 made banking very profitable. Many banks were started with 
 little or no money. These banks did business on their notes for 
 a while, but when the notes of a bank were presented and there 
 was no money to exchange for them, the bank would fail, and 
 all who held any of its paper promises to pay lost just that 
 amount of money. Such banks were called " wild cat " banks. 
 
 Land Speculation. — One way in which many speculated 
 in those days was to buy up tracts of public land in the West, 
 and sell these tracts when they increased in value. Govern- 
 ment land agents had been accepting bank bills in payment for 
 land sold, but Jackson issued a circular instructing them to ac- 
 cept nothing but specie or coined money. 
 
 General Bankruptcy. — In consequence of this, so many 
 bank bills had to be redeemed, and there was so little gold and 
 silver to do it with, that one bank after another found it impossi- 
 ble to make good its promises, or meet its obligations. Notes and 
 
' 
 
 UNION. 331 
 
 hills became as worthless as so much paper. Thousands who 
 held these notes were ruined. Business men everywhere went 
 into bankruptcy. In New York City alone the loss in the iirst 
 two months amounted to $100,000,000. Even whole States 
 were affected — a number of them could not pay their just debts; 
 and the banks in which the funds of the United States had been 
 placed on deposit were unable to return them to the Govern- 
 ment. 
 
 The Subtreasury System Established. — Van Buren 
 convened Congress in special session to consider measures of 
 relief. The Whig members advocated the establishment of 
 another United States Bank to 
 regulate the future financial 
 affairs of the country. The 
 Democrats proposed instead a 
 subtreasury system, by which 
 the collections of the Govern- 
 ment'were to be made by special 
 officers, bonded by responsible 
 men, and the amounts collected 
 were to be deposited, not in 
 banks, but in subtreasuries. 
 Three years* elapsed before this 
 idea was accepted by Congress 
 
 (1840), and although the law r establishing this system was 
 repealed by the Whigs next year (1841), it was reenacted in 
 1846 and endures to this day. 
 
 The Treasury Department. — The establishment of the 
 United States Subtreasury system was perhaps the greatest 
 event of Van Buren's administration, for before this the busi- 
 ness of the United States Government was associated with the 
 business of the country, both being conducted through banks of 
 some kind. It is now conducted through its own Treasury 
 Department. 
 
 Election of William Henry Harrison. — The business 
 troubles of the country made Van Buren's administration un- 
 popular. When Van Buren and Harrison were again presented 
 
 The Patriot War. 
 
 A rebellion against the British Gov- 
 ernment occurred in Canada (1837) 
 while Van Buren was President. Many 
 in the United States desired to assist 
 the Canada patriots; but the President, 
 not wishing to involve the United 
 States in difficulties through any act of 
 its citizens, opposed it. General Scott 
 was despatched to the Niagara frontier, 
 where preparations were being made to 
 transport a number of Canadian sym- 
 pathizers to the opposite shore. His 
 arrival was effective, putting a stop to 
 further 1 
 
332 
 
 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 to the people as presidential candi- 
 dates i 1*40), the choice fell on the 
 latter. Thus, after forty years of 
 uninterrupted control of public 
 affairs, the Democratic party for / 
 the first time was compelled to give p 
 place to a successful opponent. 
 
 Death of Harrison. — Hani- 
 son served but little more than a 
 month, when he suddenly died 
 (April <i, 1841), and the duties of 
 his office fell to the Vice-President, 
 
 WILLIAM HJSNBY HAURISON. ^<?^~ • • 4 1.1 1 
 
 John lylerol \ lrgmia. Although 
 elected by the "Whigs, Tyler did not believe in all the principles 
 of that party, and when he became President he vetoed a num- 
 ber of their measures. One of these measures was to reestablish v 
 the United States Bank ; and since Tyler's veto no attempt has 
 ever been made to do this. 
 
 Webster-Asbburtoii Treaty. — On account of the disa- 
 greement between the President and the leaders of his party, 
 Tyler's administration was full of minor controversies. At one 
 time all the members of his cabinet resigned, Avith the exception 
 of Daniel Webster, the Secretary of State. He remained to con- 
 clude the Northeast Bound- 
 ary Treaty, which was being 
 negotiated at that time. The 
 treaty was successfully con- 
 cluded (1842), Lord Ashbur- 
 ton acting for the British 
 Government. By it the 
 boundaries between Maine 
 and the Canadian possessions 
 of England were satisfactorily 
 established. 
 
 Dorr's Rebellion. — A 
 number of local disturbances 
 occurred while Tyler was 
 
 UAKIEL \\ tDMhli. 
 
President. Rhode Island bad 
 an old law which gave the rigftt 
 to vote to property owners only. 
 An effort was made to set aside 
 this law, and an uprising re- 
 sulted, which is known as Dorr's 
 Rebellion (18-12). The rebel- 
 lion was suppressed without 
 bloodshed. Its leader, Dorr, 
 was imprisoned. The 
 principle contended 
 for, however, w a s 
 peaceably established 
 a few years after. 
 
 Anti-rent Diffi- 
 culties. — In New 
 York the descend- - m 
 ants of the old Pa- 
 troons living along 
 the Hudson still held 
 the title to great estates 
 inherited from their an 
 cestors. Tenants for genera- 
 tions had occupied these lands 
 and paid rent. The desire to 
 own their homes gained strength 
 among the tenan ts. W i 1 1 i i i g 1 1 > 
 purchase, they refused to pay 
 rent any longer, and disturb- 
 ances became so frequent that 
 the militia of the State was 
 called upon to put down these 
 anti-rent difficulties (1844). The 
 Patroon estates were subsequently divided and sold. 
 
 The Campaign of 1848.— To succeed Tyler, Henry Clay 
 was nominated by the Whigs, and James K. Polk of Tennessee 
 by the Democrats. The principal question of the campaign was 
 
 JOHN TYI.EK 
 
 The Mormons. 
 
 A peculiar religious Beet, called the 
 Mormons, had been founded byJoseph 
 Smith, of Manchester, N. Y. (1830). 
 Smith organized his first congregation 
 at Kirtland, Ohio (1831), and at the end 
 
 Of seven years journey eil westward and 
 
 established himself near independence, 
 Mo., a region of country to which many 
 of his believers had migrated. Here 
 
 the practices of the Mormons became 
 80 offensive to their neighbors that 
 they were compelled to leave. They 
 next established themselves in Illinois, 
 where they founded the city Nau- 
 voo. After living here For some 
 time in peace, troubles again 
 arose and the arrest of Smith was 
 sought. The Mormons 
 • ^^ threatened armed resist- 
 **f|f' \ ance. At length Smith 
 surrendered, and was 
 taken to Carthage, 
 fcte>. '"' il v where he was shot i>\ 
 pJ an excited mob (1844). 
 Another migration be- 
 came necessary, anil under 
 the leadership of Brigham 
 Young about sixteen thousand 
 crossed the Western plains 
 and laid the foundation of Salt 
 Lake City in Utah. Here they 
 have increased in wealth and num- 
 bers. Mormon missionaries visited 
 remote rural districts of different 
 States, as well as different countries 
 of Europe. Such converts as they 
 could win to their faith were obtained 
 more through promises of prosperity 
 than through conviction that the 
 Mormon belief is true. Mormonism 
 has been repeatedly denounced. Many 
 of its practices are vicious, and the 
 United states Government has made 
 several efforts to suppress its worse 
 
 features. These efforts have been 
 unsuccessful until recently. 
 
334 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 whether or not Texas should be annexed. The Whigs opposed 
 it ; the Democrats favored it. This question will be considered 
 in the next chapter. 
 
 Questions. — By what name was the party opposed to Jackson known ? 
 Who was its acknowledged leader ? Who was the Whig candidate to succeed 
 Jackson ? Why was not Clay nominated ? Whom did the Democrats nominate ? 
 What do you know of Van Buren ? Why did he serve but one term ? What 
 caused the business panic of 1837? What are banks? What effect had the 
 distribution of the Government funds among the State banks V What became 
 easy ? What are bank notes or bills ? How long are these bills used as money ? 
 What were "wild cat" banks ? What was one of the ways in which speculation 
 was entered into ? What was Jackson's Specie Circular ? What was the effect 
 of tins circular? What was the result when bank notes became worthless? 
 What did Van Buren do ? What did the Whig members of Congress advocate ? 
 What did the Democrats propose ? What do you know of the Subtreasury 
 system ? Who succeeded Van Buren ? How long did Harrison serve ? What 
 do you know of John Tyler ? What did he do when he became President ? 
 What was one of the measures which Tyler vetoed ? What did the members 
 of his Cabinet at one time do ? Why did not Webster resign ? What do you 
 know of the Webster- Ashburton Treaty ? Dorr's rebellion ? Anti-rent diffi- 
 culties ? Who were the candidates to succeed Tyler ? What was the principal 
 question of the campaign ? 
 
 REVIEW OUTLINE. 
 
 Administration of Martin Van Buren. 
 Eighth President. 
 Thirteenth Administration. 
 Twenty-fifth and Twenty-sixth Congresses. 
 
 Principal Events. 
 
 183.6. Inauguration. 
 
 \ Business panic. 
 ( Patriot War (Canada), 
 f Presidential election — 
 1840. «j Democratic candidates : Martin Van Buren and R. M. Johnson. 
 
 Whig candidates : William Henry Harrison and John Tyler. 
 
 Administration of Harrison and Tyler. 
 Ninth and Tenth Presidents. 
 Fourteenth Administration. 
 Twenty-seventh ami Twenty-eighth Congresses. 
 Principal Events. 
 
 1840. Firs! United States Subtreasury. 
 
 1841. Death of Harrison. - 
 
1842. 
 
 1844. 
 
 union. 335 
 
 \ Dorr's rebellion (Rhode Island). 
 ' Webster-Ashburton Treaty. 
 Anti-rent troubles (New York). 
 Mormon difficulties (Illinois). 
 First telegraph (see page 340). 
 Presidential election — 
 
 Democratic candidates : Polk and George M. Dallas. 
 Whig candidates : Clay and Theodore Frelinghuysen. 
 1845 f Texas annexed (March 1). 
 
 1 Florida admitted (March 3). 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. Henry Clay in Public Life. II. The Whig Party, in. The Business Panic of 1837. IV. 
 The Subtreasury System. V. Election and Death of William Henry Harrison. VI. The 
 Webster-Ashburton Treaty. VII. The Dorr Rebellion. VIII. The Mormons. 
 
 Keferences and Authorities. 
 
 Schouler's History of the United States, vol. iv. 
 Henry Clay, 45, 54, 72, 102, 152. Causes of the panic of 1837, 140, 160, 170, 173, 257-259. Sub- 
 treasury system, 283, 379. Harrison, 364. Tyler, 367-373. Boundary treaty, 396-400. 
 Dorr's rebellion, 462. Mormons, 546-549. 
 
 Woodrow Wilson's Division ami Reunion. 
 Financial crisis, 93. The independent treasury system, 97. Election of Harrison, 98. Dorr's 
 rebellion, 161. 
 
 Schurz's Life of Henry Clay, vol. ii. 
 The removal of the deposits, 23. The crisis of 1837, 113. 
 
 Parallel Headings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities.— ]]7iia Party, 
 The. Business Panic of 1837. Specie Circular, Jackson's. Wild Cat Banks. Subtreas- 
 ii ry System, The. Patriot War, The. Van Buren, Administration of . Harrison, Election 
 and Death of. Tyler, Ail ministration of. Webster-Ashburton Boundary Treaty, The. 
 Anti-rent Difficulties. Mormons, The. 
 
 Special.— Smith : Political History of the United States, chap. iv. Andrews : History of 
 the United States, vol. i., 363. Sumner : Jackson, 021 875. 
 
 PREPARATORY GEOGRAPHY LESSON. 
 
 Upon a map of Texas and New Mexico note the Rio Grande River. Note 
 how much of this river forms part of the boundary of Texas and how much does 
 not. Where is San Antonio ? Gonzales ? Goliad ? Note the region between 
 the Rio Grande and Nueces Rivers. 
 
 Upon a map of Mexico note the position of Saltillo. In what direct ion is 
 Saltillo from San Antonio, Texas ? Where is Matamoras ? 
 
 Upon a map of the United States find Leavenworth, Kansas. Note the dis- 
 tance and direction of Santa Fe, New Mexico, from Leavenworth. Now note 
 the distance and direction of the Californiari coast and of Saltillo, Mexico, from 
 Santa Fe. 
 
336 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 Upon the map, page 344, note the location of the following in order : Port 
 Isabel, Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma, Matamoras, Monterey, Saltillo, Buena 
 
 Vista. 
 
 Upon the map, page 34G, note the line that runs from Vera Cruz through 
 Cerro Gordo, Jala pa, and Puebla to the neighborhood >>\ Mexico City. Locate 
 Contreras, Chapultepec, Alolino del Rey. Where is Guadalupe Hidalgo ? 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 THE ANNEXATION <>F TEXAS. 
 
 1. 
 
 Territorial Extension. — After the Louisiana purchase 
 
 (1803) the region west of the Mississippi was rapidly settled by 
 
 people from the older States. 
 
 It was the " manifest destiny " 
 
 of the United States to have her 
 
 territory reach from one ocean 
 
 to the other. 
 
 The treaty of 1819 had de- 
 
 
 lined the boundaries between 
 the territorial possessions of the 
 United States and those of 
 Spain. By this treaty the 
 United States gave up all claim 
 to Texas, and Spain all claim to 
 Oregon. The United States had 
 
 The Texas Revolution. 
 
 The first battle of the Texas Revo- 
 lution was the fight at Gonzales 
 (October 2, 1835), between General 
 Castenado and Colonel Moore. Its 
 Yorktown was San Jacinto. It hail 
 its minute men, its committees of 
 safety, and its declaration of inde- 
 pendence. Its heroes were Hous- 
 ton, Fannin, Bowie, Crockett, Austin, 
 Milam, Travis, Bonham, and hun- 
 dreds of others. Its principal engage- 
 ments, besides those given, were at 
 < loncepcion, near San Antonio (October 
 23, 1835); the capture of San Antonio 
 (Deeentber 5, 1835) and Colito (March 
 10, 1830)— all Texan victories. Its 
 progress was marked by two of tin 1 
 most cruel deeds that have ever been 
 mentioned in the history of any war. 
 The first of these was the fall of the 
 Alamo (March 6, 1836), and the other 
 was the massacre of brave Colonel 
 Fannin and his men, near Goliad 
 (March 86, 1836). 
 
 After the capture of San Antonio, 
 Colonel W. B.Travis and 1 10 men were 
 left in charge of Hie city. With him 
 were Bowie, Crockett, and Bonham. 
 The approach of a large army under 
 Santa Anna caused this historic band 
 
 to repair to a peculiar fortress near by, 
 
337 
 
 claimed Texas as a part of the 
 Louisiana purchase ; Spain had 
 claimed Oregon by right of 
 early discovery and exploration. 
 Effect upon Texas of 
 Mexican Independence. — 
 In 1821 the Spanish province of 
 Mexico obtained its independ- 
 ence, after eleven years of rev- 
 olution. In 1821 it adopted a 
 constitution similar to that of 
 the United States, and became 
 the United States of Mexico. 
 Under this constitution Texas 
 was united with the Mexican 
 State of Coahuila, south of the 
 Rio Grande. It had been a 
 separate province, with San 
 Antonio as capital, and should 
 have been considered a separate 
 Mexican State. 
 
 American Colonization 
 of Texas. — The rich soil and 
 delightful climate of Texas had 
 early attracted the attention of 
 settlers. The Mexican authori- 
 ties at first encouraged immi- 
 gration. They made liberal 
 grants of land to men called 
 " empresarios, " who contracted 
 to locate a certain number of 
 families upon the grant, some- 
 what after the manner of the 
 Patroons in the early days of New York. 
 
 The Austins. — One of the first of these empresarios was 
 Moses Austin of Missouri ; but he died before his colonization 
 plans were matured. His son, Stephen F. Austin, carried them 
 
 called the Alamo. Here they were be- 
 sieged by a force of 4,000. Day by 
 day the Texans sustained the siege, 
 resisting every attack, and anxiously 
 awaiting reinforcements. At one time 
 they were joined by 32 brave fellows 
 from Goliad, who cut their way to 
 the assistance of the besieged ones. 
 The Mexican lines were drawn closer 
 and closer, and the cannonading was 
 unceasing. The number of Texans 
 slowly dwindled, as one by one the 
 heroes fell. At last there was but a 
 handful to resist the final attack 
 (March 6). Only three persons sur- 
 vived, and these were non-combatants. 
 Crockett was one of the last to fall, but 
 before he died twenty of his enemies 
 lay in death around him. The dead 
 bodies of the Texans were mutilated 
 and burned. 
 
 Fannin and his men, after having 
 repulsed the Mexican General Urrea 
 at the battle of Colito, were sur- 
 rounded by an overwhelming force. 
 With no chance of escape, they ac- 
 cepted honorable terms that were 
 offered them, and surrendered. They 
 were taken to Goliad, where they were 
 ordered by Santa Anna to be executed. 
 All unsuspectingly they were marched 
 out upon a neighboring prairie, and 
 while the bright sun of a Palm Sunday 
 morn shone kindly upon them, they 
 were shot down in cold blood and 
 their bodies consigned to flames. Small 
 wonder was it that these cruelties 
 nerved the men of Houston's army to 
 deeds of prowess. At San Jacinto 
 the battle] cry was, " Remember the 
 Alamo 1 " " Remember Goliad! " and 
 when the Texan onslaught scattered 
 the Mexican forces, and pursuit of the 
 retreating foe was begun, many a 
 Mexican, realizing how little was his 
 claim to mercy, fell on his knees when 
 overtaken, and tremblingly repeated. 
 " Me no Alamo! " " Me no Goliad! " 
 
338 
 
 PERIOD <>K INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 out. Austin located three hundred families in the region about 
 the Brazos River (1821-1825), and afterwards carried out three 
 other colonizing enterprises successfully (1825-1828). This 
 was the beginning of an immigration from the States, and 
 by L830 the English-speaking residents of Texas numbered 
 30,000. 
 
 Texan Grievances. — The union of Texas and Coahuila 
 into one State was very unsatisfactory to the Texans, for it 
 changed the capital from San Antonio to the distant city of 
 Saltillo, and gave the Mexican authorities of Coahuila control 
 of Texas affairs. This deprived the 
 Texans of many of those privileges of 
 self-government to which they had been 
 accustomed. 
 
 Mexican Oppressions. — A num- 
 ber of oppressions, begun in 1830, made 
 the Texans still more discontented. 
 Laws were passed that in every way 
 discriminated against the Americans. 
 No more immigration from the United 
 States was permitted, while immigrants 
 from other countries were welcomed 
 (1830). This kept back many relatives 
 
 GENERAL SAM HOUSTON. v ' * J 
 
 and friends of those who had already 
 come. Exorbitant taxes were levied, ports blockaded, and 
 when anyone expressed dissatisfaction he was punished. 
 
 Texan Protests. — A convention of Texans at last assem- 
 bled jit San Felipe (1833), and drew up a strong memorial to 
 the Mexican Government, praying for a separation from Coa- 
 huila. Stephen F. Austin bore this memorial to the City of 
 Mexico, but his mission proved fruitless ; and returning by way 
 of Saltillo, he was there seized and, without trial, was put into 
 prison, where he remained nineteen months. 
 
 Texan Independence.— When the Texans found that 
 the Mexican Government would not grant their wish to be 
 separated from Coahuila. they determined upon independence. 
 A provisional government was organized (November 12, 1835), 
 
339 
 
 with Henry Smith as governor and J. W. Kobertson as lieu- 
 tenant-governor. Shortly afterwards a convention assembled 
 at Washington (Texas) and formally declared Texas to be a 
 "free, independent and sovereign Eepublic" (March 2, 1836). 
 A constitution was prepared, and David G. Burnet and 
 Lorenzo de Zavalla assumed the duties of President and Vice- 
 President. They served until the close of the year, when a 
 popular election was held, which resulted in the choice of Gen- 
 eral Sam Houston and Mirabeau B. Lamar. 
 
 Battle of San Jacinto. — Meanwhile armed hostilities 
 had been in progress between Texas and Mexico, for Texan 
 independence was won, as American independence had been 
 won, by revolution and force of arms. During the war for 
 local independence a number of battles were fought, in which 
 Texan valor gained the admiration of the civilized world. The 
 last and most important of 
 these battles was that of San 
 Jacinto (April 21, 1830), in 
 which the Texans under Gen- 
 eral Houston, in the face of 
 overwhelming numbers, won a 
 brilliant victory, capturing 
 Santa Anna, the Mexican com- 
 mander-in-chief. A treaty with 
 Santa Anna was signed at Ye- 
 lasco (May 14, 1836). 
 
 2. 
 
 Annexation and Admis- 
 sion of Texas. — With the 
 establishment of its independ- 
 ence, the desire of Texas to en- 
 ter the Union soon manifested 
 itself. A treaty of annexation 
 between the Kepublic of Texas 
 and the United States was pre- 
 sented to the United States Sen- 
 
 Beginning of Sectional 
 Inequality. 
 
 The division of the country upon 
 the subject of slavery was becoming 
 every year more and more marked. 
 Slave and free States were rapidly 
 growing suspicious of one another. 
 In numbers they were about equal, for 
 the policy had been followed of ad- 
 mitting a free State whenever a new 
 slave State joined the Union. Arkan- 
 sas and Michigan (1836) were the last 
 States admitted under this policy. 
 
 With the admission of Arkansas 
 there remained but the Territory of 
 Florida from which to make a slave 
 State, as the Missouri Compromise had 
 restricted slavery to the country south 
 of the parallel of 36° 30', and the 
 region west of Arkansas had been re- 
 served to the Indians. There still 
 remained much territory north of the 
 line from which to form free States. 
 So the free States of the North confi- 
 dently expected to have more power in 
 the Government than the slave States. 
 The annexation of Texas disappointed 
 this expectation and restored for a time 
 the balance between the t \\ < > sections. 
 
:?40 
 
 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 The Progressof Invention. 
 Three important inventions by Ameri- 
 cans were given to the world within a 
 few years of one another. Thefirstof 
 
 these was the electric telegraph. It 
 was invented by Professor S. F. B. 
 Morse, who, after having obtained a 
 patent for it (1837), built aline between 
 Baltimore and Washington (1844). In 
 1846 Elias Howe, of Massachusetts, 
 invented the sewing machine, and in 
 1N47 R. M. Hoe, of New York, the 
 cylinder printing press. The value of 
 these inventions cannot be estimated. 
 They are among the greatest of time 
 and labor-saving devices ever designed 
 by man. More than two hundred 
 thousand miles of telegraph lines are 
 now in operation. The improvements 
 that have been made to Hoe's press 
 render it now possible to print, cut, 
 paste, and fold fifty thousand sheets 
 an hour. 
 
 ate toward the close of Tyler's 
 administration, but was rejected 
 (June 8, 1844). 
 
 The idea of Texas annexation 
 was differently received by the 
 American people. The anti- 
 slavery sentiment of the North 
 bitterly opposed it. The South 
 was earnestly in favor of it. 
 The question was introduced 
 into the politics of the country, 
 the Whigs opposing, the Demo- 
 crats favoring. "Polk and 
 Texas!" and "Clay and no 
 Texas! " became the campaign 
 cries of the presidential elec- 
 tion of 1844. The result showed 
 that there were many in the 
 
 North whose pride in the growth of our common country was 
 
 as strong as was the desire of the South to have more southern 
 
 territory in the Union. Polk was elected and Texas annexed ; 
 
 one of the last acts of President Tyler w r as his approval of the 
 
 measure (March 1, 1845). Later in the year Texas became a 
 
 State and was admitted to the Union 
 
 (December 29, 1845). 
 
 Principal Events of Polk's 
 
 Ad ministration. — The annexa- 
 tion of Texas caused a war between 
 
 the United States and Mexico, 
 
 which will be considered in another 
 
 chapter. The events connected 
 
 with this war occupied the greater 
 
 part of the attention of the country 
 
 while Polk was President. During 
 
 his administration Iowa (1846) and 
 
 Wisconsin i IMS) vrere admitted 
 
 into the Union, making, with james k. polk. 
 
UNION. 341 
 
 Texas, three States in all. James Smithson, an Englishman, 
 had left a legacy to the United States for the purpose of estab- 
 lishing an institution to aid in increasing and disseminating 
 knowledge. It was founded while Polk was President (1846), 
 and is known as the Smithsonian Institution. The Northwest- 
 ern, or Oregon, Boundary Treaty with Great Britain was con- 
 cluded during the same year, the parallel of forty-nine degrees 
 being decided upon. 
 
 Questions. — What was the "manifest destiny "of the United States? 
 What boundaries had the treaty of 1819 defined ? What claim did Spain give 
 up by this treaty ? The United States ? Why had the United States claimed 
 Texas ? Why had Spain claimed Oregon ? When did Mexico obtain its inde- 
 pendence ? When did it adopt its constitution ? With what was Texas united 
 under this constitution ? What had it been ? Who were the empresarios ? 
 What do you know of Stephen F. Austin ? How many did the English-speak- 
 ing population of Texas number in 1830 ? Why was the uniting of Texas and 
 Coahuila unsatisfactory to the Texans ? What made the Texans still more 
 discontented ? What resulted from this discontent ? What did the convention 
 of San Felipe do ? Tell something of Austin's mission. Who was the pro- 
 visional governor of Texas ? When did Texas declare her independence ? 
 Who were elected President and Vice-President of the Texas Republic ? What 
 do you know of the convention of Washington (Texas) ? How was Texan inde- 
 pendence won ? What was the last and most important battle for Texan 
 independence ? 
 
 What desire did Texas manifest after gaining her independence ? How 
 was this desire received by the people of the United States? Who favored it? 
 Opposed ? What did the election of Polk show ? When did the President 
 approve the measure of annexation ? When did Texas become a State ? 
 What were the principal events of Polk's administration ? What important 
 institution was founded at this time ? 
 
 REVIEW OUTLINE. 
 
 Texas. 
 
 1819. Sabine boundary established. 
 
 1821. American colonization begins. 
 
 1824. Union with Coahuila ; Saltillo capital. 
 
 1833. San Felipe convention of protest. 
 
 (^ ... . l Gonzales (Oct. 2). 
 
 Battles of I . v ._ / 00 ^ 
 
 j / Concepcion (Oct. 28). 
 
 lbdd " !«_.., ^ ,| Smith, governor. 
 
 Provisional government formed n ,. ,. , 
 
 [_ ° / Robinson, lieutenant-governor. 
 
- 
 
 s 
 
 N N N. 
 
 ! 
 
 1 i 
 
 J 5 
 
 ■ \ \ -^ 
 
 8 
 
 \ kNCED CI ^SSt S 
 
 DM anft Ant*..- 
 The in- 
 
 f 
 [ 
 
 - 
 
 CHAPTER Ml. 
 
 W \ K W 1 ! ft • \ 
 
 1. 
 
 CtfcttS* Of the W*r with Moxit'O. — IVxan independence, 
 though conceded l\\ Santa Anna after the battle of San Jacinto, 
 bad never boon officially I by the Mexican Govern' 
 
 ment Mexico, therefore, regarded the annexation of Texas 
 
 - S 8< of war. 
 
• 
 
 
 . ; 
 
 ; 
 
 I 
 
 - 
 
 ■ 
 
 
344 
 
 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 directed against Santa Fe, New 
 Mexico ; the second against 
 Chihuahua ; and the third 
 against the Mexican States 
 south of the Rio Grande. 
 
 Kearney's Campaign. — 
 Kearney's expedition, number- 
 ing about sixteen hundred men, 
 started from Fort Leavenworth, 
 Kansas (June, 1846), and after 
 journeying 900 miles over the 
 old Santa Fe Trail, reached and 
 took possession of the New 
 Mexican capital with little oppo- 
 sition (August 18). Leaving 
 Colonel Doniphan in command, 
 Kearney, after organizing a 
 Territorial government for New Mexico, proceeded to California 
 (September 25). 
 
 Doniphan's March. — Doniphan, receiving reinforce- 
 ments from Missouri, after Kearney's departure determined to 
 push southward. Leaving Colonel Sterling Price in command, 
 he set out (December 14, 1840) upon a memorable march, his 
 object being to join "Wool at Chihuahua. Two battles were 
 
 Conquest of California. 
 
 As emigration to Oregon had already 
 begun. Colonel John C Fremont of 
 the United States army had been en- 
 gaged for some time in exploring the 
 Rocky Mountains in search for a pass 
 through which emigrant wagon trains 
 could make their way. Fremont 
 turned south, and hearing that war 
 had been declared against Mexico, he 
 determined to seize California, which 
 then belonged to Mexico. He was 
 aided by American residents and by 
 Commodores Stockton and Sloat. San 
 Francisco, Monterey (Cal.), and Los 
 Angeles were captured without much 
 opposition, and by the time Kearney 
 arrived from New Mexico the conquest 
 had been accomplished. Early in 1847 
 the Mexicans rose in revolt, but were 
 defeated in the battle at San Gabriel, 
 near Los Angeles. 
 
 CAMPAIGN OF GEN. TAYLOR 
 
 SCALE QF MILES 
 
345 
 
 fought upon the march — Bracito (December 25, 1846) and Sac- 
 ramento Creek (February 28, 1847) — in both of which Doni- 
 phan was successful in the face of superior numbers. 
 
 Wool's Campaign. — General Wool, finding too many ob- 
 structions in his path, gave up the idea of capturing Chihuahua, 
 and turned south to Saltillo. Doniphan, however, arriving from 
 Santa Fe, took possession of Chihuahua (March 2, 1847) the day 
 after the battle of Sacramento Creek. From this point the 
 little army made its way to Saltillo, where it arrived in safety 
 (May 22), after making one of the most remarkable marches 
 mentioned in history. 
 
 2. 
 
 Taylor's Campaign. — General Taylor's operations began 
 with the capture of Matamoras (May 18, 1840). From this 
 point he 
 moved west- 
 ward upon 
 Monterey, 
 and with his 
 small force 
 compelled the 
 Mexican Gen- 
 eral Ampudia 
 with 10,000 
 men to sur- 
 render that 
 city (Septem- 
 ber 24). Gen- 
 eral Worth, 
 of Taylor's 
 
 J HAlTLt (11- lilE.\A VISTA. 
 
 c o m m and, 
 
 shortly after took possession of Saltillo, before the arrival of 
 
 General Wool. 
 
 Santa Anna Opposes Taylor. — Taylor soon found him- 
 self confronted by the experienced Santa Anna, who, having 
 collected an army of 20,000 men, confidently counted upon 
 
:34G 
 
 PKKIOD OF IXDKPEXDENCE. 
 
 CAMPAIGN OF GEN. SCOTT 
 
 SCALE OF MILES 
 
 victory, as the Americans numbered little more than live thou- 
 sand. In view of his greatly superior force, the Mexican com- 
 mander thought a battle unnecessary. lie suggested that the 
 Americans surrender. The American commander spent no 
 time in considering the suggestion. "General Taylor never 
 surrenders," was the prompt answer he returned. 
 
 Battle of Buenti Vista. — The opposing forces met at 
 Buena Yista (February 23, 1847). No field was ever more 
 hotly contested. Several times during the battle victory was 
 almost within the grasp of the Mexicans. On one of these 
 occasions the day was saved for the Americans by the bravery 
 and good judgment of Colonel Jefferson Davis and his regiment 
 of Mississippi riflemen ; at another time, by Captain Braxton 
 
 Bragg and his artillery. Gal- 
 lant service was also rendered by 
 the Arkansas and Kentucky 
 cavalry under Colonels Yell and 
 Marshall. After ten hours 1 
 fighting the Mexicans withdrew 
 from the field, and by daylight 
 the next morning were in full 
 retreat. 
 
 Operations of General 
 Winfleld Scott. — As the war 
 
 Success of Scott's Army. 
 
 The defenses ol the City of Mexico 
 were many in number, and Santa An- 
 na was a skilled and sagacious com- 
 mander, willi more than thirty thou- 
 sand men under his direction. The 
 successes of the American arm; were 
 therefore remarkable, ami were no 
 doubt due to the great ability of the 
 subordinate officers of Scott's com- 
 mand, many of whom were to come I" 
 the front as leading generals in the 
 next war which we shall record. 
 
347 
 
 progressed, it was seen that mili- 
 tary operations must be directed 
 against the Mexican capital. 
 These operations were intrusted 
 to General Winfield Scott. 
 Landing near Vera Cruz, Scott 
 attacked tha^" city with a force 
 of 12,000 soldiers, and compelled 
 its surrender (March 29, 1847). 
 Marching inland in a northwest- 
 erly direction, he encountered 
 
 and utterly defeated (April 18) a gbotbal winfield scott. 
 
 large Mexican army, under Santa Anna, at Cerro Gordo. The 
 next day he took possession of the city of Jalapa, from which 
 he pushed on to the city of Puebla. Scott here waited for 
 reinforcements. These soon arrived, and he again took up his 
 
 line of march for the City of 
 Mexico (August 7). 
 
 Contreras and Churu- 
 busco. — On the 20th of August 
 he made a series of attacks upon 
 the positions of the enemy in 
 the vicinity of the Mexican 
 capital. Generals Pillow and 
 Twiggs stormed Contreras, 
 driving the Mexican general, 
 Valencia, from his fortifica- 
 tions, and they followed up the 
 victory the same day by carrying 
 the heights of Churubusco, near 
 by, defeating Santa Anna. 
 
 Mexico City Captured. 
 — The next advance was upon 
 Chapultepec. Molino del Key, 
 one of its outer defenses, was 
 gallantly carried by General 
 Worth (September 7), and the 
 
 Texas Cession and Gads- 
 den Purchase. 
 
 The fixing of the Rio Grande as the 
 boundary between Texas and Mexico 
 gave Texas a claim to much of what is 
 now New Mexico. In 1848 Texas sent 
 officers to take possession of the terri- 
 tory claimed. They found the territory 
 already organized, for Kearney had es- 
 tablished a government immediately 
 after taking possession of Santa Fe 
 (1846). A conflict of authority between 
 the officers appointed by Texas and 
 those appointed by Kearney thus 
 arose, but the controversy was settled 
 by the payment of $10,000,000 by the 
 United States (1850). Half of this 
 amount went to pay off the debt of the 
 old Republic of Texas. The boundary 
 line established by the treaty of Gua- 
 dalupe Hidalgo was so indefinite that a 
 dispute soon arose between the United 
 States and Mexico over the territory 
 south of the Gila River. A settlemenl 
 was effected by the United States pay- 
 ing an additional $10,000,000 for the 
 territory in dispute, General Gadsden 
 effecting the purchase (1853). 
 
348 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 strongly fortified citadel of Chapultepec was successfully 
 stormed shortly after (September 13). The next day Scott en- 
 tered the City of Mexico in triumph. 
 
 Treaty of Peace. — The Mexican Government now gladly 
 consented to terms of peace. The treaty was signed at Guada- 
 lupe Hidalgo (February 2, 1848). By the terms of this treaty 
 Mexico relinquished all claims to upper California and New 
 Mexico, and accepted the Rio Grande as her northeast bound- 
 ary. In consideration of this relinquishment the United States 
 paid $15,000,000 to the Mexican Government, and assumed all 
 debts due by it to citizens of the United States, 
 s. Gold Discovered. — California had scarcely come into the 
 possession of the United States when a discovery was made 
 that caused a rush of settlers to its territory. A laborer cut- 
 ting a mill-race for Captain Sutter's mill, in one of the small 
 branches of the Sacramento River, found particles of gold in 
 the sand. The news spread throughout the country, and the 
 rush of gold-seekers and fortune-hunters began. Those who 
 first arrived alluded to themselves with pride for many years 
 after as " forty-niners." By 1850 San Francisco was a city of 
 15,000 inhabitants, and in the same year the State of California 
 was admitted into the Union. 
 
 Questions. — How did Mexico regard the annexation of Texas? What 
 boundary was in dispute ? What did Mexico claim as the line of separation ? 
 Texas ? What did the admission of Texas make it necessary for the United 
 States to do ? Who was sent to the Rio Grande ? What fort did he erect ? 
 What do you know of Thornton's massacre ? What two battles did Taylor 
 fight before the war was declared ? When was war declared ? What cam- 
 paigns were planned ? What do you know of Kearney's expedition ? Tell 
 something of Doniphan's march. Tell something of General Wool's compaign. 
 
 With what did Taylor's operations begin ? What city did he capture ? Tell 
 something of the battle of Buena Vista. Who particularly distinguished them- 
 selves in this battle? Who led the expedition against the City of Mexico ? 
 Where did it land ? What was its first battle ? Who stormed Contreras ? 
 What other victory was won on the same day ? What two battles caused the 
 surrender of Mexico? Where was the treaty between the United States and 
 Mexico signed ? What did Mexico relinquish ? Accept ? What did the 
 United States pay ? What discovery was made in California ? How was the 
 discovery made ? Who were the " forty-niners " ? 
 
 
ENGRAVED FOR HANSELL'S HIGHER HISTORY OF THE I 
 
349 
 
 REFERENCE OUTLINE. 
 
 f Annexation of Texas. 
 Disputed Territory. 
 
 Mexican Aggression 
 
 CAMPAIGNS. 
 
 -I 
 
 Thornton's Massacre (April 26, 1846). 
 
 Battle of Palo Alto (May 8, 1846). 
 
 Battle of Resaca de la Palma (May 9, 1846). 
 
 Kkabnex's. -! 
 
 Leaves Leavenworth (June, 1846). 
 Arrives at Santa Fe (August 18, 1846). 
 Departs for California (September 25, 1846). 
 
 f March begins December 14, 1846. 
 I Battle of Bracito (December 25, 1846). 
 D -2S?Pi an ' B "! Battle of Sacramento (February 28, 1847). 
 | Capture of Chihuahua (March 2, 1847). 
 I Arrives at Saltillo (May 22, 1847). 
 
 March. 
 
 f Capture of Matamoras (May 18, 1846). 
 J Battle of Monterey (September 24, 1846). 
 j Capture of Saltillo (November 15, 1846). 
 [ Battle of Buena Vista (February 23, 1847). 
 
 Capture of Vera Cruz (March 29, 1847). 
 Battle of Cerro Gordo (April 18, 1847). 
 Battle of Contreras (August 20, 1847). 
 Battle of Churubnsco (August 20, 1847). 
 Battle of Molino del Roy (September 7, 1847). 
 Battle of Chapultepec (September 13, 1847). 
 Capture of Mexico (September 14, 1847). 
 
 Acquisition of Territory. 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. Beginning of the War with Mexico. II. Campaigns of General Zachary Taylor. III. 
 Campaign of General Winfield Scott. IV. Conquest of California. V. Treaty of Gua- 
 dalupe Hidalgo. VI. Gadsden Purchase and the Texas Cession. VII. California Gold 
 Discovery. 
 
 Keferences and Authorities. 
 
 Schouler's History of the United States. 
 Vol. iv. : Taylor's military movements, 521,525. Kearney's conquest of New Mexico, 528. 
 California conquest, 532. Vol. v. : Scott's campaigns, 33-61. Treaty of Guadalupe, si. 
 Gold discovery, 133. Texas cession of claimed territory to the United States, 183, 198, 202. 
 Gadsden Purchase, 296. 
 
 Woodrow Wilson's Division and Reunion. 
 Texas boundary dispute, 149. Taylor's advance, 150. War with Mexico, 150-152. Gadsden 
 Purchase, 189. 
 
 Winsor's Narrative and Critical History, vol. vii. 
 War with Mexico, 408-413. 
 
350 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 Parallel Headings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities.— Mexico, War 
 with. Taylor, General Zachary,in Mexican War. Buena Vista, Battle of. Monterey, 
 Storming of. Doniphan's March. California. Conguest of, by Stockton and Fremont. 
 Scott, General Winfteld, in Mexican 'War. Cerro Gordo, Battle of . CAurubuieo, Battli of. 
 Chapultepec, Storming of . Mexico City, Captvrt of. Guadalupe. Treaty of . Mexican 
 Cession. Gold, Discovery of, in California. Gadsden Purchase, The. 
 
 Special.— Andrews : History of the United Stales, vol. ii., 21. Frost : History of Mexico and 
 the Mexican War. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 THE DEVELOPMENT OF SECTIONAL ANTAGONISM. 
 1. 
 
 Sectional Differences in Colonial Times. — In a pre- 
 vious lesson* we learned that during colonial times the people 
 of the North and the people of the South were unlike in their 
 manner of life and their business interests. When such dif- 
 ferences exist there can be little sympathy, and where there 
 is little sympathy it is easy for misunderstandings to arise. 
 
 After the formation of the Union there sprang up from 
 time to time political questions which forced the people still 
 further apart in their opinions and sympathies. The most 
 important of these questions, upon which North and South 
 could not fully agree, was that of slavery. 
 
 Slavery in the Northern and Southern Colonies. 
 — There had not always been this disagreement. In colonial 
 times slavery existed in the Northern as well as the Southern 
 colonies. New England ships manned by New England crews 
 engaged in the slave trade, and made great profit by buying 
 slaves in Africa ami selling them in Southern seaports. Even 
 then there was a sentiment against slavery, but this sentiment 
 was not confined to the North. At an early date many of 
 the best and wisest men of the South, including Thomas 
 Jefferson, were opposed to the system, and slaves were often 
 set at liberty. 
 
 Slavery Dies Out in the North. — But circumstances 
 
 ♦See chap. xiv.. pp. 189 198. 
 
351 
 
 Labor Systems. 
 
 changed, and when circumstances change opinions also change. 
 Slave labor in the North was found unprofitable. The farm 
 of that section was, as a rule, small, and the owner could 
 cultivate it with the help of his 
 boys. Then, as commerce and 
 manufactures developed, slave 
 labor became less desirable, for 
 greater skill and experience are 
 necessary in these industries. 
 Thus slavery gradually (lied out 
 in the North. Moreover, the 
 slave trade with foreign coun- 
 tries came to an end in 1808, 
 according to the terms of the 
 Constitution, so there was no 
 longer profit for New England 
 vessels in this branch of com- 
 merce. 
 
 Slavery Continued in 
 the South. — The soil on 
 Southern plantations was so 
 rich that even unskilled labor, 
 when intelligently directed, was 
 found very profitable. The 
 invention of the cotton-gin 
 made cotton-planting the chief 
 industry in the South. The 
 slavery system, introduced in 
 colonial times and recognized 
 by the Constitution, seemed to 
 be particularly adapted to this 
 branch of industry. The sys- 
 tem was therefore continued in 
 the South. Millions of bales of cotton were produced annu- 
 ally. Cotton became the principal export of the United States 
 and was the basis of the commercial prosperity of the whole 
 country. 
 
 In the year i860 there prevailed in 
 the United States two labor systems. 
 i hie was the wage system, under which 
 the laborer is paid a certain amount 
 agreed upon for his services and must 
 attend to his own wants. The other 
 was the slavery system, under which 
 the laborer, in return for his services, 
 was cared for by the one for whom he 
 labored. The laborer under the wage 
 system had the advantage of being free 
 to come and go as he pleased. But fear 
 of starvation and desire to satisfy his 
 wants compelled him to work for em- 
 ployers ; to accept the wages that they 
 were willing to pay, however small ; 
 and unless he rose in the world by his 
 own intelligence his condition was 
 worse than was the condition of a 
 majority of the slaves in the South. 
 The slave, on the other hand, had no 
 personal liberty save that which his 
 owner allowed him, but his wants 
 were, as a rule, well provided for, and 
 his health and happiness greatly con- 
 cerned his master, for cheerful toil 
 from an able-bodied workman is more 
 valuable than reluctant services ren- 
 dered by poorly fed and discouraged 
 employees. Under humane conditions 
 many regarded slavery as an admirable 
 system. 
 
 The abolition of slavery introduced 
 into the South a third system, know n 
 as the share system. By this system 
 farm laborers are furnished with land, 
 implements, and supplies of food, ami 
 they pay for these such part of the 
 products of their labor as may have 
 been agreed upon. 
 
352 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 The Spread of Population Westward. — As the popu- 
 lation of the Atlantic States increased, many people had moved 
 westward beyond the Alleghanies. Those who moved from 
 Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia into Alabama, Missis- 
 sippi, Kentucky, and Tennessee took their slaves with them, 
 established new plantations, and continued to live as they 
 always had lived. Northern men who settled in that section 
 acquired slaves. Those who moved from New England and 
 the Middle States into Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois established 
 themselves on small farms, built up towns, and depended as 
 before upon their own labor. For slavery was prohibited in 
 all the Northwest Territory by the Ordinance of 1787, which, 
 it was claimed, was drawn up by Thomas Jefferson for the 
 government of this region. Southern men who came into this 
 region left their slaves behind them. 
 
 Line of Division clearly Denned. — So long as the 
 United States extended only as far as the Mississippi Eiver, 
 there was a clearly marked line of division between the free and 
 slave States. This was the southern boundar}^ line of Pennsyl- 
 vania, originally laid out by Mason and Dixon, and the Ohio 
 Eiver. Thus divided, the sections could each follow its own 
 course in its domestic affairs, maintain its own labor system, 
 and adopt its own methods of living. 
 
 Change Wrought by the Louisiana Purchase.— But 
 the Louisiana purchase changed this condition of peace between 
 the sections. The territory purchased belonged to the whole 
 people, and men of the North and men of the South had an 
 equal right to move into it and take part in the building up of 
 new States. But there were many men in the Northern States 
 who, for political reasons or from conscientious convictions, 
 objected to the extension of slavery into new States. There- 
 fore they demanded that slavery be excluded from this new 
 territory. 
 
 The South Insists upon Constitutional Rights. — 
 But slaves were property, and were so recognized by the Consti- 
 tution. A man has a right to his own property, and to protect 
 this right is one of the principal reasons why governments exist. 
 
The Southern settler felt that 
 he had a right to take his prop- 
 erty with him when he moved 
 beyond the Mississippi. There- 
 fore the South insisted that sla- 
 very should not be prohibited 
 in the acquired territory. 
 
 2. 
 
 The first contest arose 
 
 when it was proposed to admit 
 Missouri as a State. This, as 
 we have seen,* was settled by 
 the Missouri Compromise (1820), 
 which established a line running 
 due west from the Mississippi 
 River, a portion of which 
 line was the southern bound- 
 ary of Missouri. North of this 
 line, according to this compro- 
 mise measure, no slave States 
 should be formed except Mis- 
 souri. South of this line slavery 
 was to be permitted. Slavery 
 had existed in what is now 
 Louisiana before the Louisiana 
 purchase. There was, however, 
 very little other territory of the 
 Louisiana purchase south of the 
 line out of which to form slave 
 States. Those who were op- 
 posed to slavery were anxious 
 that the slave States should not 
 increase in number and influ- 
 ence, and that new territory 
 south of the compromise line 
 
 * Sec page 314 
 
 Anti-slavery Movement. 
 
 The Fugitive Slave Laws of the 
 United States Government provided 
 for the arrest and return of slaves who 
 escaped from their owners into free 
 States. Many in the North declined to 
 obey these laws. Personal Liberty laws 
 were passed by several States, in direct 
 opposition to the laws of the United 
 States, and these laws placed every ob- 
 struction possible in the way of the 
 United States officers who undertook 
 to execute the Fugitive law. 
 
 Many of the Northern people were 
 opposed to slavery, but did not believe 
 that the Federal Government had a 
 right to abolish it. Others believed in 
 the total abolition of slavery. These 
 were termed Abolitionists. At first 
 the Abolitionists were few in number. 
 Their most prominent leader was Wil- 
 liam Lloyd Garrison, who instituted 
 an anti-slavery society as early as 1831. 
 
 For a long time the Abolitionists 
 were regarded in the North with dis- 
 favor, as a band of agitators, endanger- 
 ing the peace and tranquillity of the 
 country. Their meetings were often 
 broken up, their halls burned to the 
 ground, their public speakers mobbed. 
 But in later years, sectional animosity 
 and the passage of the Fugitive Slave 
 Law and other laws caused many to 
 join their ranks. In 1840 the Aboli- 
 tionists went into politics as the Lib- 
 erty party, and nominated for Presi- 
 dent James G. Birney, who received 
 7,509 votes. Birney was again a can- 
 didate in 1S44, and received 62,300 
 votes, a marked increase. 
 
 In 1848 the Abolitionists, with cer- 
 tain anti-slavery elements of the Dem- 
 ocratic and Whig parties, formed 
 themselves into the Free Soil party, 
 whose motto was "Free soil, free 
 speech, free labor, and free men," 
 and nominated ex-President Van Bu- 
 ren, who received 291,263 votes. In the 
 presidential election of 1852 this party 
 lost ground, but in 1856, under the name 
 of the Republican party, it polled 
 1,340,204 votes for John C. Fremont. 
 In 1860 it elected Lincoln. 
 
354 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 should not be added. The annexation of Texas, the war with 
 Mexico, and the acquisition from Mexico of the vast region 
 now forming the southwestern portion of the United States 
 were all unsuccessfully opposed by those who were against 
 slavery. 
 
 The Wilmot Proviso.— Shortly after the beginning of the 
 war with Mexico a bill was before Congress appropriating 
 money to pay Mexico for New Mexico and California, which 
 United States troops were then occupying. It was hoped in this 
 way to end the war. David Wilmot. a Democrat from Penn- 
 sylvania, supported the bill, but offered an amendment known as 
 theAVilmot Proviso, because it " provided '- that slavery should 
 not be permitted in any territory acquired by the purchase. '" 
 The measure failed to pass. At the close of the war, Mexico 
 was paid for the territory which she was compelled to surrender 
 as a result of the war.* 
 
 The Struggle over Slavery in California. — The 
 discovery of gold caused a rush of miners and settlers to Cali- 
 fornia, and that Territory was soon ready to be admitted as a 
 State. But what kind of a State? About one half of it lay 
 south of the Missouri Compromise line, so the people of the 
 Southern States held that slavery could not with justice be 
 excluded. The people of the Northern States opposed making 
 Califcrnia a slave State. 
 
 Fugitive Slave Laws. — Meanwhile strong opposition to 
 slavery itself, wherever found, had grown up in the North. 
 Slaves frequently ran away from their owners and made their 
 way into free States. The Constitution provides for the return 
 of runaway slaves to their owners, but there was a growing dis- 
 position in the North to ignore this provision. More stringent 
 laws compelling obedience to this feature of the Constitution 
 were necessary to prevent serious trouble between the sections. 
 
 The Union in Danger.— The Southern States felt justi- 
 fied in withdrawing from the Union, if the Missouri Compro- 
 mise was set aside by admitting California as a free State, 
 and if Congress did not pass a strict fugitive slave law. Con- 
 
 • See page 848. 
 
355 
 
 MILLAKD FII.L3IOHE. 
 
 ventions were called in the South- 
 ern States to consider what steps 
 were necessary to enforce their 
 rights under the Constitution, 
 and it was seen that enmity be- 
 tween the sections was increas- 
 ing very rapidly. In this crisis 
 Henry Clay, the great peace- 
 maker, proposed a compromise 
 which he embodied in a bill 
 known as the Omnibus Bill. 
 
 The Omnibus Bill (1) pro- 
 vided for the admission of Cali- 
 fornia as a free State ; (2) divided the rest of the Mexican 
 cession into two territories, Utah (including the greater part of 
 Nevada) and New Mexico (including Arizona), without prohib- 
 iting slavery therein, although Utah was north of the Missouri 
 Compromise line ; (3) prevented the buying and selling of slaves 
 in the District of Columbia ; (4) enacted a more stringent law 
 for the return of runaway slaves to their owner than the one 
 passed in 1793 ; and (5) settled the claims of Texas to New 
 Mexico territory. The first and third features of the bill were 
 to satisfy the North ; the second and fourth were to satisfy 
 the South. The Omnibus Bill did not pass, but three separate 
 bills embracing the same provisions were passed, and are 
 known as the Compromise Measures of 1850. These measures 
 
 prevented secession at the time, 
 but failed to bring that lasting 
 peace for which all so earnestly \ 
 hoped. 
 
 The Kansas - Nebraska 
 Bill ; Squatter Sovereign- 
 ty. — The next controversy upon 
 the question of slavery in the 
 Territories arose when it became 
 necessary to organize the Terri- 
 tories of Kansas and Nebraska. 
 
 "Uncle Tom's Cabin." 
 
 The appearance in 1852 of a novel 
 entitled "Uncle Tom's Cabin," by 
 Harriet Beecher Stowe, had done much 
 to increase anti-slavery sentiment in 
 the North and embitter the feelings of 
 the South, thus widening the breach 
 between the two sections. This book 
 contains a false and exaggerated pic- 
 ture of slave life in the South, but it 
 was accepted as true by those people 
 of the North who were ignorantof life 
 in the South as it really was. 
 
356 
 
 PEKIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 FRANKLIN PIERCE. 
 
 For this purpose a bill was introduced 
 into Congress by Stephen A. Douglas 
 of Illinois, recognizing the priuciple of 
 what had been called ' ' squatter sover- 
 eignty." The Kansas-Nebraska Bill 
 authorized the people of each of 
 those Territories to decide for them- 
 selves, before its admission as a, 
 State, whether slavery should exist 
 within its limits or not. The bill 
 was bitterly denounced by anti- slav- 
 ery people in the North, as a viola- 
 tion of the Missouri Compromise of 
 1820, which prohibited slavery north of the Missouri line ; 
 and they objected. The Compromise Measures of 1850, how- 
 ever, had really repealed the Missouri Compromise, for in 
 admitting California as a free State, Congress had prohibited 
 slavery in territory south of the Missouri line. The Kansas- 
 Nebraska Bill was passed (1854). From that time there 
 was no peace for many years. 
 Dred Scott Decision.— 
 A celebrated case, known as the 
 Dred Scott Case, that had been 
 pending in the Supreme Court 
 of the United States, was de- 
 cided in 1857, and increased the 
 slavery excitement. Dred Scott 
 was a slave who, having been 
 brought by his owner into free 
 territory, sued for his freedom. 
 The courts decided that slaves 
 were property, that under the 
 Constitution all property must 
 be protected.: that the taking 
 of a slave into a free State or 
 Territory did not forfeit owner- 
 ship, and that Congress had no 
 
 Matthew F. Maury. 
 
 The laying of the first Atlantic cable 
 
 was successfully accomplished by Cy- 
 rus W. Field ; but the enterprise would 
 never have been undertaken had it not 
 been for Matthew F. Maury, a Vir- 
 ginian in the U. S. Navy and super- 
 intendent of the Naval Observatory at 
 Washington. This eminent navigator 
 and learned scientist, by his original 
 explorations and discoveries in regard 
 to the physical features of the ocean, 
 is without exception the greatest con- 
 tributor to man's geographical knowl- 
 edge that ever lived. From him Field 
 obtained the information which en- 
 abled him to select the place where a 
 cable could be successfully laid across 
 the Atlantic. Two vessels, the Niagara 
 and Agamemnon, were engaged in the 
 work. One end of the cable was landed 
 at Valentia Bay, Ireland, the other at 
 Heart's Content, Newfoundland. 
 
UNION. 357 
 
 power to forbid slavery in the Territories. Under this decision 
 the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. 
 
 The beginning of sectional c nflict took place upon 
 Kansas soil. AVith the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill it 
 became an object with each of the sections to send as many 
 emigrants to the territory as possible, so that one could out- 
 
 I.AVIXi: THE ATLANTIC CAULK. 
 
 vote the other when the question of slavery was to be decided. 
 Two distinct State Constitutions were adopted, one framed by 
 a convention at Topeka in 1855, the other at Lecompton in 
 1857. Both factions resorted to arms. Settlements were 
 broken up, houses were burned, and blood was shed. General 
 lawlessness prevailed until 1858, when the opponents of slavery 
 were successful, although Kansas was not admitted until 1861. 
 
358 TERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 Polk's Successors. — The four Presidents who followed 
 Polk were Zachary Taylor, Millard Fillmore, Franklin Pierce, 
 and James Buchanan. Taylor was elected by the Whigs 
 (1848), and, dying the next year after his inauguration, was 
 succeeded by Yice-President Fillmore. Pierce and Buchanan 
 were Democrats. 
 
 Important Events. — The events that characterized the 
 administration of these Presidents were for the most part 
 those given in connection with the slavery agitation. During 
 Pierce's term a treaty was successfully established between 
 Japan and the United States (1854). During the administra- 
 tion of Buchanan, Minnesota (1858), Oregon (1859), Kansas 
 (1861), were admitted ; and the secession of seven Southern 
 States from the Union occurred (1861). The first successful 
 ocean cable was laid across the Atlantic (1858), though a series 
 of accidents prevented it from being generally used until eight 
 years later (1866). 
 
 Questions.— How did the people of the North and the people of the 
 South grow to be unlike? What was the greatest question upon which the 
 sections could not agree ? Tell something of slavery in the North during 
 Colonial times. In the South. Why did not slavery continue in the North ? 
 When did the foreign slave trade cease ? What invention influenced the South 
 to continue the slavery system of labor ? Tell something of the spread of the 
 people westward beyond the Alleghanies. Why was not slavery introduced in 
 the territory north of the Ohio River ? What line divided slave from free 
 States ? What purchase caused discord over slavery to arise ? Why did the 
 North object to the introduction of slavery into this territory ? Why did the 
 South insist that slavery should not be prohibited ? 
 
 \\" Ji.it was the first contest to arise? Why did the North object to the 
 acquirement of new territory from Mexico? Tell something of the Wilmot 
 Proviso. Why did the South think that California should be a slave State ? 
 What had become necessary by this time to prevent serious trouble between the 
 North and the South ? What action was taken by the Southern States ? What 
 compromise did Clay propose? Tell something of the Omnibus Bill; of the 
 Compromise Measures of 1850. When did the next controversy arise ? What 
 did the Kansas-Nebraska Bill authorize ? What principle is this called ? How 
 did the anti-slavery people of the North look upon this bill ? What was the ef- 
 fect of its passage ? What was the Dred Scott decision ? Tell something of the 
 beginningof sectional conflict. What four Presidents followed Polk ? Tell some 
 of the important events connected with the administrations of Polk's successors. 
 
UNION. 359 
 
 REFERENCE OUTLINE. 
 
 Administration op James K. Polk of Tennessee. 
 
 Eleventh President. 
 Fifteenth Administration. 
 Twenty-ninth and Thirtieth Congresses. 
 
 Principal Events. 
 
 < Inauguration. 
 \ Texas admitted. 
 r Mexican War begins. 
 Iowa admitted. 
 
 Smithsonian Institution founded. 
 OregOD Boundary Treaty. 
 Wisconsin admitted. 
 
 Mexican War ends (treaty signed February 2). 
 Gold discovered. 
 Presidential election — 
 
 Democratic candidates : Lewis Cass and William 0. Butler. 
 Free-soil candidates : Martin Van Buren and Charles Francis 
 
 Adams. 
 Whig candidates : Zachary Taylor and Millard Fillmore. 
 
 1846. 
 
 1848. i 
 
 Administration of Zachary Taylor of Louisiana and Millard Fillmori 
 of New York. 
 
 Twelfth and Thirteenth Presidents. 
 
 Sixteenth Administration. 
 
 Thirty-first and Thirty-second Congresses. 
 
 Principal Events. 
 
 1849. Inaugural imi. 
 Compromise Measures of 1850. 
 
 1850. ■{ Death of Taylor (July 9). Fillmore President. 
 
 {t ompromise .Measures oi 
 Death of Taylor (July 9). 
 California admitted. 
 
 1852. 
 
 Presidential election — 
 
 Democratic candidates: Franklin Pierce and William R. King. 
 Anti-slavery candidates : John P. Hale and George W. Julian. 
 I Whig candidates : Winfield Scott and William A. Graham. 
 
 Administration of Franklin Pierce of Xew Hampshire. 
 
 Fourteenth President. 
 Seventeenth Administration. 
 Thirty-third and Thirty-fourth Congresses. 
 
360 
 
 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 Principal Events. 
 
 Inauguration. 
 Gadsden Purchase. 
 Japan Treaty. 
 Kansas-Nebraska Bill. 
 Presidential election — 
 
 Democratic candidates : James Buchanan and J. C. Breck- 
 inridge. 
 Republican candidates: John C. Fremont and Win. L. Dayton, f 
 
 1853. 
 1854. 
 
 1856. - 
 
 Administration of James Buchanan of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Fifteenth President. 
 Eighteenth Administration. 
 Thirty-fifth and Thirty-sixth Congresses. 
 
 Principal Events. 
 
 18 > 7 j Inauguration 
 
 1858. 
 1859. 
 
 1860. i 
 
 1861. 
 
 j Dred Scott decision. 
 Minnesota admitted. 
 Atlantic cable. 
 Oregon admitted. 
 Presidential election — 
 
 i. T ,, ( Stephen A. Douglas, 
 
 Northern wing. ^ 
 
 Southern wing. J ' C ' Breckinridge, 
 ( Joseph Lane. 
 
 Constitutional Union candidates: John Bell and Edward Everett. 
 Republican candidates : Abraham Lincoln and Hannibal Hamlin. 
 Secession of South Carolina (December 20) 
 Secession of Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, 
 
 and Texas. 
 Organization of Southern Confederacy. 
 Kansas admitted to the Union. 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. Political and Social Differences between the Northern and the Southern people. II. The 
 Anti-slavery Movement. III. The Wilmot Proviso. IV. Clay's Omnibus Bill and the 
 Compromises of 1850. V. Squatter Sovereignty and the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. VI. The 
 Dred Scott Decision. VII. Lieutenant Maury and the Atlantic Cable. 
 
 Keferences and Authorities. 
 
 Schouler's History of the United States, vol. v. 
 
 Fugitive slave excitement, 204. Anti-slavery statesmen, 214. Compromise of 1850, 178, 
 
 212. Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 280, 285. Dred Scott, 376. 
 Woodrow Wilson's Division and Reunion. 
 
 Wilmot Proviso, 153. Compromise of 1850, 169. Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 182. Dred Scott, 
 
 197. The slavery system, 117-132. The Territories and slavery, 161-193. 
 
UNION. 361 
 
 Percy Greg's History of the United States, vol. ii. 
 Economical, social, and moral aspects of Southern slavery, 1. Wilmot Proviso, 41. Com- 
 promise of 1850, 52. Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 74. Dred Scott, 103. The situation of 1860, 
 112. Northern and Southern characteristics, 134. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities.— Slavery. Anti- 
 slavery Movement, The. Omnibus Bill, The. Squatter Sovereignty. Kansas- Nebraska 
 Bill, The. Dred Scott Decision, The. Douglas, Stephen A . Fugitive Slave Laws. Per- 
 ' sonal Liberty Bills. Underground Railroad, The. Abolitionists, The. Garrison, William 
 Lloyd. Wilmot Proviso. Taylor and Fillmore, Administration of. Pierce, Franklin, 
 Administration of. Buchanan's Administration. Japan Treaty, The. Atlantic Cable, 
 First Laying of. 
 
 Special.— Smith : Political History of the United States, 221-243. Andrews : History of the 
 United States, vol. ii., 3, 12, 30, 38, 48, 57. Schurz : Life of Henry Clay, vol. ii., chaps. 
 xvii., xxi., xxv., and xxvi. If possible the student should read Jefferson Davis's account 
 of the Compromise of 1850, to be found in his Pise and Fall of the Confederate Government, 
 vol. i., 14-21. 
 
 PREPARATORY GEOGRAPHY LESSON. 
 
 Upon a relief map of the United States note the physical features of the 
 southeastern part of the United States : the mountain ranges of West Virginia, 
 East Tennessee, North Georgia, Northwest Arkansas; the rivers that drain the 
 Mississippi Valley, and the Atlantic slope. The Atlantic and Gulf coasts. 
 What mountains would be crossed in going from Wheeling to Richmond ? Be- 
 tween what chains of mountains does the Shenandoah River run ? Note that 
 down the Shenandoah Valley means northeast toward the Potomac. 
 
 Upon a political map of the United States note the relative positions of the 
 following cities : Washington, Montgomery, Charleston, Richmond, and At- 
 lanta; St. Louis, Carthage, Springfield, and Lexington, Mo. ; Cairo, and Paducah. 
 Trace a line from Columbus, Ky., through Bowling Green to Cumberland Gap. 
 Beginning at the mouths, trace the Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers to where 
 they cross the Kentucky and Tennessee line; then continue on up the Tennessee 
 until you reach the northeast corner of Mississippi. In what part of Kentucky 
 is Perryville ? In what part of Tennessee is Murfreesboro? Chattanooga? 
 Nashville ? Knoxville ? 
 
 Note the location of Ship Island, southeast of Louisiana. Trace the Mississippi 
 from its mouth to Vicksburg, noting the location of New Orleans, Baton Rouge, 
 Port Hudson. Trace the Mississippi down from St. Louis, noting Cairo; Bel- 
 mont, Mo. ; New Madrid, Mo. ; Memphis, Helena, Arkansas Post. 
 
 Upon a map of Mississippi locate Iuka, Corinth, Holly Springs, Jackson, 
 Port Gibson. Note carefully the location and surroundings of Vicksburg. 
 
 Beginning at Norfolk, Va., trace the coast line of the United States, noting 
 the location of the following : Hatteras Inlet ; Roanoke Island ; Wilmington ; 
 mouth of Cape Fear River ; Charleston ; Port Royal ; Savannah ; Jacksonville ; 
 Pensacola; Mobile ; Sabine Pass ; Galveston. 
 
 Where is Harper's Ferry ? Williamsburg? Petersburg? Fredricksburg ? 
 Note the following rivers of Virginia: Rappahannock, Rapidan, Chickahominy, 
 James. Locate Winchester, and New Market. 
 
302 
 
 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 Disunion. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 THE SECESSION OF THE SOUTHERN STATES. 
 
 1. 
 
 The coming of 1860 found the whole country aroused. 
 It was the year for the election of a President, and all the people 
 by their votes would take sides in the political conflict that 
 
 had been going- on between the 
 party leaders for the past four 
 years. A majority of the 
 Southern leaders were deter- 
 mined to accept no further com- 
 promises, but to demand all 
 their rights under the Constitu- 
 tion. The Supreme Court of 
 the United States, in the Dred 
 Scott Case, had decided that 
 under the Constitution a South- 
 ern man had a right to carry his 
 slaves into the Territories, to 
 have them protected by Con- 
 gress while there, and to re- 
 cover fugitive slaves who had 
 escaped to Northern States. 
 The Abolition leaders in the 
 North had denounced not only 
 the Supreme Court, for making 
 this decision, but the ConstituA 
 tion itself; and had nullified the laws of Congress for the 
 recovery of the fugitive slaves by Personal Liberty bills, which 
 were passed in fourteen Northern States. From these acts the 
 people of the South had come to believe that the people of the 
 North did not respect either the Constitution or the law ; and 
 
 John Brown's Raid. 
 
 The Abolitionists were the most 
 violent opposers of slavery. They 
 abused and condemned the Constitu- 
 tion for permitting that which they so 
 bitterly opposed. They created dis- 
 satisfaction among the negroes of the 
 Smith, and for many years helped the 
 dissatisfied ones to escape into free 
 States. The system by which this 
 was accomplished was called the 
 " underground railroad." 
 
 One of the most fanatical of the 
 Abolitionists was John Brown. He 
 won notoriety in the Kansas troubles 
 through many deeds of violence. In 
 1859, Brown, with twenty friends, 
 invaded Virginia and captured the ar- 
 senal at Harper's Ferry (Oct. 16). He 
 intended to arm the slaves of Virginia 
 and incite them to insurrection. After 
 a stubborn tight the State militia and 
 I'niti'il States marines captured Brown, 
 who was convicted of "treason, ad- 
 vising and conspiring with slaves and 
 others to rebel, and murder in the first 
 degree." He was hanged (Dec. 2, 1859). 
 
363 
 
 this conviction Avas strengthened by the aet of John Drown, 
 who with a small band of followers had invaded Virginia, had 
 captured Harper's Ferry, and had attempted to arm the slaves 
 and incite them to insurrection. 
 
 The Charleston Convention. — The Democratic party 
 vv T as a representative party, for its membership was drawn 
 from every State in the Union. Its convention assembled in 
 Charleston, S. C. (April 23, 1800), to nominate a candidate 
 for President to succeed Buchanan. It was soon found that 
 members from the North and members from the South would 
 not agree upon a platform to be adopted. The Southern 
 Democrats, holding to the consti- 
 tutional right of property in slaves, 
 insisted that the platform should 
 state clearly the equal right of all 
 citizens to settle with their prop- 
 erty in territory belonging to the 
 United States, and should affirm 
 the duty of Congress to protect 
 this right. The majority of North- 
 ern delegates favored the principle 
 of " squatter sovereignty," accord- 
 ing to which the settlers in a Ter- 
 ritory should decide the question 
 of slavery for themselves. Several 
 compromises were proposed, but were voted down. Finally 
 the squatter sovereignty platform was adopted by a vote of 
 105 to 138. V>y this vote the convention had refused to recog- 
 nize the right of slave-owners to have their property protected 
 in territory under the control of Congress ; and the delega- 
 tions from Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, South Carolina, 
 Florida, Texas, Delaware, Arkansas, ami Georgia withdrew. 
 The remaining delegates tried to nominate a candidate, but 
 failed, after which the convention adjourned. 
 
 The Republican Party. — In the North there were many 
 who were determined to prevent the extension of slavery into 
 the Territories and to prevent the return of fugitive slaves. 
 
 i.mh> ur< IIANAN. 
 
:J04 
 
 PEKIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 They first called themselves the Free Soil party, and among 
 the leaders were many Abolitionists, although the party denied 
 that it intended to abolish slavery. In 1856 the Free Soil 
 party had taken the name of Republican party, and had grown 
 in strength since that time. The membership was confined 
 entirely to the Northern States. 
 The Nomination of Abraham Lincoln. — The Repub- 
 lican party held its 
 nominating conven- 
 tion in C h i c a g o 
 (May 10, 1860), and 
 selected Abraham 
 Lincoln of Illinois as 
 its candidate. Its 
 platform declared 
 that the natural con- 
 dition of territory 
 belonging to the 
 United States was 
 that of freedom , and 
 that the Constitu- 
 tion could not be 
 made to show that 
 slavery in a Terri- 
 tory was a right to, 
 be protected by Con-\ 
 gress. It also de- 
 clared that the party 
 did not want to interfere with slavery in the States, and it 
 denounced John Brown's raid. 
 
 Two Democratic Candidates.— According to adjourn- 
 ment, the Democratic Convention reassembled in Baltimore 
 (June 18, 1860). The majority refused to readmit the delega- 
 tions from Alabama and Louisiana; and a number of delegates 
 from Northern States, with Caleb Cushing of Massachusetts, 
 president of the convention, withdrew and joined the Southern 
 faction. The remaining delegates nominated Stephen A. 
 
 .IKFFKKSON DAVIS. 
 
mr, 
 
 Douglas of Illinois, on the squatter sovereignty platform. 
 The delegates who had withdrawn, representing twenty States, 
 having organized a separate convention, nominated John C. 
 Breckinridge of Kentucky and Joseph Lane of Oregon, on the 
 platform which had been rejected at Charleston, and which 
 affirmed it to be the duty of Congress to protect all property, 
 including slaves, in the Territories under its control. 
 
 Constitutional Union Party. — Meanwhile a third 
 party was organized, believing that peace between the sec- 
 tions could be maintained 
 and differences healed if all, 
 for the sake of patriotism 
 and duty, would recognize 
 no principle other than " the 
 Constitution of the country, 
 the union of the States, and 
 the enforcement of laws." 
 This party nominated John 
 Bell of Tennessee. Thus in 
 the election of 1860 there 
 were four candidates in the 
 field. 
 
 Lincoln Elected. — Of 
 the votes cast by the people, 
 Lincoln received a number 
 higher than that cast for 
 any one of his three oppo- 
 nents. Douglas stood second, 
 Breckinridge third, and Bell 
 
 fourth. Had the votes cast against Lincoln been concentrated 
 upon one candidate, the majority over Lincoln would have 
 been almost a million. Presidential elections, however, are 
 not decided by popular vote, but by electoral vote, each State 
 as a whole casting as raanj^ electoral votes as it has Senators 
 and Congressmen. A candidate who carries a State by a 
 small majority gets the same electoral vote from that State as 
 if he carried it by a large majority. In the Electoral College 
 
 From a photograph. 
 
 ALEXANDER II. STEPHENS. 
 
36G 
 
 PERIOD OF IXDEPEXDEXCE. 
 
 Lincoln received 180 votes 
 Douglas, 12. 
 
 Breckinridge, 72 ; Bell, 39 ; and 
 
 The effect of Lincoln's election was to fill the 
 South with alarm. The votes making him President had been 
 cast wholly by Northern States. The party electing him con- 
 tained many whom the South could regard only as enemies and 
 constitution breakers. The Government, under the Constitu- 
 tion, had been formed to insure domestic tranquillity, but for 
 many years this condition had not been enjoyed, and there 
 seemed now no prospect for a more peace- 
 ful condition of affairs. So, notwithstand- 
 ing the affection for the Union which the 
 South had shown from the beginning, the 
 idea had been slowly coming into the minds 
 of the Southern people that they had bet- 
 ter leave the Union and form a govern- 
 ment of their own rather than stay in the 
 Union and live continually in a condition 
 of political disturbance. 
 
 The Southern States Secede.— 
 South Carolina took the first step. A 
 convention of her sovereign people assembled and passed an 
 Ordinance of Secession (December 20, 1860), by which act 
 South Carolina repealed the ordinance by which she had rati- 
 fied the Constitution of the United States, resumed the power 
 which she had surrendered to the Federal Government, and 
 declared herself to be once more a sovereign and independent 
 State. Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, and Louisiana, 
 in the order named, followed the example of South Carolina. 
 
 Seceded States Form a Confederacy. — Delegates from 
 the seceded States met at Montgomery, Ala., and formed a 
 confederation under the name of the Confederate States of 
 America, The Convention was presided over by Howell 
 Cobb of Georgia, A provisional government was organized. 
 Jefferson Davis of Mississippi was elected President, and Alex- 
 
 Vrom <i photograph 
 
 HOWELL COBB 
 
367 
 
 ancler H. Stephens of Georgia Vice-President (February 9). 
 The inauguration of Davis and Stephens took place amid 
 scenes of the wildest enthusiasm (February 18), and loyal 
 support was pledged to the new 
 
 government by everyone con- 
 
 cerned in its organization. The 
 first State admitted after the 
 Confederacy was formed was 
 Texas (March 2, 1861). 
 
 Precautionary Meas- 
 ures. — Meanwhile the gover- 
 nor of each seceded State had 
 taken possession of forts, arse- 
 nals, and other United States 
 property within the State limits. 
 
 This they had a right to do, if the States had a right to 
 secede ; because there is a recognized principle of law under 
 which a State has supreme control over all land within its 
 
 First Confederate 
 Cabinet. 
 
 The first Cabinet selected by Presi- 
 dent Davis consisted of Robert Toombs 
 of Georgia, Secretary of State ; Leroy 
 P. Walker of Alabama, Secretary of 
 War; Stephen B. Mallory of Florida, 
 Secretary of the Navy ; Charles G. 
 Memminger of South Carolina, Secre- 
 tary of the Treasury ; .Tudah P. Ben- 
 jamin of Louisiana, Attorney General; 
 and J. H. Reagan of Texas, Post- 
 master General. 
 
 ^T^ 
 
 borders, and can take any part of it, with- u 
 out consulting the owner, when such \ 
 property is needed for the protection of 
 the State. This principle is known as 
 the law of Eminent Domain. Major 
 Anderson, commanding Fort Sumter in 
 Charleston Harbor, and Lieutenant Slem- 
 mer, commanding Fort Pickens near 
 Pensacola, refused to surrender these 
 forts to the State authorities when the 
 demand was made. The Southern States 
 had hoped to withdraw peaceably from 
 the Union. A nation, however, is surest 
 of peace when best prepared for war. 
 
 The presence of Federal troops in Fort Sumter threatened the 
 
 safety of South Carolina's principal city, so it was determined 
 
 to insist upon their withdrawal. 
 Bombardment of Fort Sumter. — Batteries were erected 
 
 at various points under the direction of General P. G. T. 
 
 m 
 
 From a phutoyraph in 1895. 
 OEN. P. <;. T. BEAUREGARD 
 
368 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 Beauregard, a famous military engineer. The steamer Star of 
 the West, approaching with supplies for the Fort Sumter garri- 
 son, was fired upon and compelled to return. After the inau- 
 guration of President Lincoln, his Secretary of State, Mr. 
 Seward, gave a verbal promise that Anderson and his men 
 
 would soon be withdrawn and 
 that no reinforcements would 
 be sent them. This promise 
 was confirmed by Mr. Seward's 
 historical answer : " Faith as to 
 Sumter fully kept ; wait and 
 see. ' ' Beauregard quietly 
 waited. Bat early in April 
 the Washington authorities sent 
 troops by sea to Anderson's as- 
 sistance, and notified the Gov- 
 ernor of South Carolina that 
 they had done so. It became 
 necessary for Beauregard to act 
 at once. At 4.30 in the morn- 
 ing of April 12th the bombard- 
 ment of Fort Sumter began, 
 the first gun being fired from a 
 Confederate battery on James 
 Island. The North claimed that 
 by firing this gun the South 
 began the war ; the South 
 claimed that by sending troops to reenforce Sumter the North 
 began the Avar. 
 
 Fort Sumter Surrenders. — For thirty-four hours the 
 bombardment continued. The garrison made a gallant resist- 
 ance, winning the respect and admiration of their assailants. 
 At length Anderson was compelled to surrender (April 11th). 
 In the engagement not a man was lost upon either side. The 
 garrison were permitted to give a parting salute to their flag 
 before retiring from the fort, and in doing so one of their 
 number was killed by accident. 
 
 War Preparations. 
 
 Regarding the secession of the 
 Southern States there were different 
 opinions in the North. Some pre- 
 ferred to let the Southern States go 
 in peace rather than have an armed 
 conflict. There were others who de- 
 nied the right of a State to secede, but 
 held that the United States Govern- 
 ment could not legally coerce a State 
 back into the Union. Of this number 
 was Buchanan. But by far the greater 
 number believed that the Union should 
 be preserved at any COBt, and as the 
 time to inaugurate Lincoln drew near 
 it soon became evident that a deter- 
 mination of this kind was forming. 
 In anticipation of the use of force, 
 the Confederate States began to pre- 
 pare for resistance. Several efforts 
 were made by commissions and peace 
 congresses to bring about an amicable 
 adjustment of affairs between the two 
 governments ; but the authorities at 
 Washington held the people of the 
 Southern states to be in rebellion, 
 and so would extend no official recogni- 
 tion to the Confederate Government. 
 Events therefore hastened an armed 
 conflict. 
 
Questions.— In what condition did the year 1860 find the country ? For 
 what reasons did the Southern people determine to accept no compromise ? 
 What party had come into existence by 1860 ? What policy did this party 
 advocate ? Where did the Democratic Convention of 1860 first assemble ? 
 Upon what could the members not agree ? What did the Southern Democrats 
 insist upon ? What did the Northern Democrats favor and insist upon ? What 
 was the result of this difference of view ? Where was the Republican Conven- 
 tion held ? Whom did it select ? What did the Republican platform declare ? 
 Where did the Democratic Convention reassemble ? What two candidates were 
 nominated for President ? What new party was formed ? What did it 
 believe ? Whom did it nominate ? According to the popular votes, how did the 
 four candidates stand ? According to the electoral vote ? What candidate was 
 therefore elected in the election of 1860 ? 
 
 What effect had Lincoln's election upon the South ? Why had the Federal 
 Government been formed ? What idea had been coming into the Southern 
 mind ? What State took the first step in drawing out of the Union ? When 
 was South Carolina's Ordinance of Secession passed ? What States followed 
 South Carolina's example ? What did delegates from the seceded States do at 
 Montgomery ? Who presided over the meeting ? Who were elected President 
 and Vice-President of the Confederate States of America ? What was the first 
 State admitted to the Southern Confederacy ? What did the governors of the 
 seceded States do ? On what principle of law did they do this ? What forts 
 refused to surrender ? Under whose direction were batteries erected in the 
 vicinity of Charleston ? TelL what you know of the bombardment of Fort 
 Sumter. How long did it continue? When did it surrender ? 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. Political Issues of I860. II. "Uncle Tom's Cabin " and John Brown's Raid. III. The 
 Charleston Convention. IV. Election of Abraham Lincoln. V. Secession of the Southern 
 States. VI. Organization of the Southern Confederacy. VII. Fall of Fort Sumter. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Battles and Leaders of the Civil War (Century War Book), vol. i. 
 Political issues of 1860, 1. Organization of the Confederate Government, 6, 90. Fort 
 Sumter, 74. 
 
 Schouler's History of the United States, vol. v. 
 Brown's raid, 437-447. Charleston Convention, 454. Election of 1860, 468. Secession, 474. 
 Confederacy organized, 490. 
 
 Davis's fiise and Fall of the Confederate Government, vol. i. 
 Political issues, 51. Organization of the Confederacy, 229. 
 
 Wilson's Division and Beunion. 
 "Uncle Tom's Cabin," 181. Election of 1860, 204-210. Secession, 210-215, 239-242. Fort 
 Sumter, 218. Constitution and government of the Confederate States, chap. x. 
 24 
 
:!70 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities.— Historical : 
 Charleston Convention, The. Southern Slates, Secession of . Fort Sumter, Bombardment 
 of. Confederate States Government. 
 
 Biographical : Breckinridge, J. C. Brown, John. Douglas, Stephen A. Lincoln, Abra- 
 ham. Davis, Jefferson. Stephens, Alexander. Beauregard, General P. G. T. 
 
 Special.— For biographical data relating to this and succeeding chapters consult the Century 
 Dictionary of Names and other biographical dictionaries ; or apply the above index guide 
 to any of the general or special works mentioned to which the student may have access. 
 For information upon political topics see Lalor's Cyclopedia, Johnston's History of Ameri- 
 can Politics, Davis's Risen ml Fall of the Confederate Government, Stephens's War between 
 the States, Shaffner's Secession War in America, Curry's Southern States of the American 
 Union, and Wilson's Division and Reunion. Upon military matters consult the Century 
 Company's Battles and Leaders of the Civil War for accounts by participants on each 
 side; Draper's History of the American Civil War and Dodge's Bird's-eye View of Our 
 Civil War for a Northern view, and Pollard's Lost Cause and Greg's History of tlu United 
 Slates for a Southern view, of the many engagements. Both views should be carefully 
 noted, so that the student may be exercised in drawing correct conclusions. The student is 
 also advised to read Uncle Tom's Cabin, and compare its scenes of Southern life with those 
 in Marse Chan, Meh Lady, and other stories by Thomas Nelson Page. Read also Jefferson 
 Davis's farewell address to the Senate of the United States. 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 THE ADVANCE ON RICHMOND. 
 
 President Lincoln's Call for Troops. — The fall of 
 Fort Sumter caused great excitement throughout the country. 
 It was seen that only by force could the South be brought back 
 into the Union. Force meant war, and Congress alone has the 
 right to declare war. But Congress was not in session at the 
 time. Impelled by the rapidly rising war feeling in the North, 
 President Lincoln issued a call for 75,000 troops. This was 
 thought by many to be sufficient to conquer the South. General 
 Sherman, who in time rose to the highest rank in the United 
 States army, declared that three hundred thousand would not 
 be sufficient. For this he was ridiculed, and some even charged 
 him with not being in his right mind. But he knew the temper 
 and spirit of the Southern people much better than many other 
 Northern men, for he had been living in the South, and at the 
 time of South Carolina's secession he was president of the 
 Louisiana State University. 
 
 The Southern Confederacy Completed. — The gov 
 ernors of the Northern States responded promptly to the Pres- 
 
371 
 
 ident's call for troops. The 
 governors of the Southern 
 States that still remained in the 
 Onion refused to do so, as they 
 beld that any State had a right 
 tp draw "lit of the Union and 
 could not rightfully be com- 
 pelled to come bark-. As soon 
 as it was seen that force was to 
 
 From a photograph. 
 
 GENKHAL JOSEPH E. JOHNSTON'. 
 
 be employed, four more States 
 
 seceded. These were : Virginia 
 
 (April 17, L861), Arkansas (May 
 6), North Carolina (May 20), 
 and Tennessee (June 8). These 
 Sintes subsequently joined the 
 ( Jonfederacy. The secession of 
 Virginia inspired the Southern 
 people "with hope and enthu- 
 
 The Question of Loyalty. 
 
 When the passions and the prejn- 
 
 -. akened by the war between 
 
 the States were yet fresh in the minds 
 
 of the people, much thai was bitter 
 
 and untrue found its way into the 
 
 printed histories of oar country. It 
 
 is now seen, however, thai one section 
 
 Ictions as the 
 
 other ; and that neither excelled in 
 
 fidelity and loyalty to idea- and princi- 
 
 hough the South was the more 
 i ied, and goffered the more for 
 its faith ti 
 
 The term "rebel," once applied to 
 the men of the Southern armies, i- 
 now no longer current. The use of 
 this term causes the question of loy- 
 alty to government to arise, and on 
 this point the North and the South 
 honestly differed in their opinions. 
 The North had received a great many 
 immigrants from Euro 
 Revolution. These people came t i 
 the '• United states." and in their 
 minds were citizens of the United 
 states more than thej were citizens of 
 any particular State. To them and 
 their descendants, loyalty meant alle- 
 gianceand fidelity to the Government 
 of the United state-, or " The Union." 
 
 The Southern states had received 
 \'j. few of these immigrants. The 
 w hite people of the South wen- the 
 same in blood, thought, and fa 
 they were at the time of the Revolu- 
 tion. They held to the ideas that at 
 one time all Americans believed in. 
 
 which were, thai theState,and not the 
 
 tl i lovernment,wae the sovereign 
 
 authority, and that a state had the 
 
 right to secede from the Union. The 
 
 people of the South were therefore 
 
 loyal to their state governments. 
 
 The Southern people loved the 
 Union, but when the time came for 
 them to choose between Union and 
 
 Slate, their idea of duly compelled 
 
 them to side with their state-. The 
 
 Choice Was often made \\ ith sorrow , 
 
 particularly by those w ho had i i 
 the service of the Unit i 
 
 eminent. Men like Robert E. U f 
 
 Virginia, who in the United 
 
372 
 
 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 Army was regarded as an officer lead- 
 ing all others in military capacity, 
 weighed the matter thoughtfully, and 
 
 in deciding listened to the voice of 
 duty, feeling that their hands could 
 not be raised against their native 
 State On the other hand, duty im- 
 pelled other Southern men, such as 
 General George II. Thomas, the " gen- 
 eral who never lost a battle, " to side 
 with the Union. 
 
 The senators and congressmen from 
 the South resigned their positions 
 when their States seceded, and sev- 
 ered their connection with the United 
 States i tovernment in sadness and with 
 solemnity. The farewell address of 
 Jefferson Davis of Mississippi to his 
 colleagues in the United States Senate 
 will ever stand as a noble and sincere 
 expression of the feeling prevailing in 
 the South at the time, that secession 
 was legal and that the step in with- 
 drawing from the Union was taken 
 with reluctance ami for no other pur- 
 pose than to end the turmoil into 
 which the country had been plunged 
 for a long time. 
 
 Only the purest and most intense 
 patriotism could have sustained the 
 men of the Southern armies through 
 the weary years of suffering and con- 
 lliet which they were called upon to 
 face. Should the restored Union ever 
 he imperiled, or the American people 
 he called upon to maintain before the 
 world the dignity becoming to a mighty 
 nation, the first to take up arms — be it 
 to defend or to maintain— will be the 
 sons and grandsons of those who sub 
 milted the courage of their convictions 
 to (he trying ordeals of the great sec 
 tional conflict. 
 
 had 
 
 siasm. For the State that 
 done so much to secure inde- 
 pendence and to establish the 
 Union had declared, in ratify- 
 ing the Constitution, that her 
 
 From u phutiiijruiih. 
 MAJOR-GENERAL GEORGE B. McCLELLAN. 
 
 people reserved the right to re- 
 sume the powers which by that 
 act she granted to the Govern- 
 ment of the United States. 
 Richmond was made the Con- 
 federate capital (May 21). 
 The " Border States." — The people of Kentucky, Mis- 
 souri, and Maryland were divided. A majority favored the 
 South, but pref erred remaining in the Union as neutrals. 
 Federal troops soon occupied these States, and made secession 
 impossible after the war began. Their citizens entered the 
 armies of both North and South, according to their convictions 
 as lo which side was in the right. 
 
From a photograph. 
 MAJOR-GENERAL J. B. MAGRUDER, 
 
 CONFEDERATE. 
 
 The Inevitable Conflict at 
 Hand. — The Confederate Govern- 
 ment at Richmond was soon as busy 
 preparing for war as the Federal 
 Government at Washington. If 
 the American people could have 
 known what horrors, strife, and 
 bloodshed would follow these prepa- 
 rations, what ruin and devastation 
 would be inflicted upon some of the 
 fairest portions of our land, what 
 sorrows and miseries would be felt 
 in a million American homes, they 
 might well have paused before meet- 
 ing one another upon the first bat- 
 tlefield. But the seeds of conflict had long been sown, and the 
 harvest was now at hand. The old American spirit of deter- 
 mined resistance was once more aroused. North and South, 
 divided in their opinions, were ready to fight and die for what 
 they thought was right, as their forefathers had done. No 
 blame or reproach is to be cast upon either, for both conducted 
 themselves with courage on many battlefields, and each came 
 out of the war with a profound re- 
 spect for the other. 
 
 Federal Troops Assemble. — 
 In response to Lincoln's call for 
 troops, bodies of volunteers assem- 
 bled and were located at three prin- 
 cipal points : At Wheeling, western 
 Virginia, under General McClellan ; 
 near Harper's Ferry, under General 
 M'^Er' C j r /P Patterson ; and at Washington, 
 
 under General McDowell. General 
 Winiield Scott was commander-in- 
 chief. A body of Massachusetts 
 troops on their way to Washington 
 passed through Baltimore without 
 
 LIEUTENANT-GENERAL D. 
 CONFEDERATE. 
 
374 
 
 >!•' IM>KI'I',.NIH:X('K. 
 
 MA.IOK-liENKIIAI, I. McBOWEI.I,, 
 
 the permission of State or city author- 
 ities, and against the protest of the citi- 
 zens. In changing from one depot to 
 another they encountered some resist- 
 ance on the part of the angered people. 
 A number of the citizens and soldiers 
 were killed in the encounter (April 19, 
 1861). 
 
 Confederates Establish a Line 
 of Defense. — To meet the threatened 
 invasion of Virginia, the Confederates 
 hastened to establish a line of defense. 
 General Garnett was sent into northwestern Virginia ; General 
 J. E. Johnston was posted near Harper's Ferry to defend the 
 Shenandoah Valley; General Beauregard assumed command of 
 troops at Manassas Junction, near Washington ; General Ma- 
 gruder was stationed on Yorktown peninsula ; and General 
 linger was intrusted with the defense of Norfolk. Thus a 
 line of defense was established extending from the mountains 
 of western Virginia to the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. 
 
 Military Operations Begin.— McClellan's advance into 
 western Virginia was marked by two unimportant but success- 
 ful engagements, at Rich Moun- 
 tain (July 11) and at Car rick's 
 Ford (July 14j. A part of John- 
 ston's forces under General Jack- 
 son blocked Patterson's advance 
 at Falling Waters, near Mart ins- 
 burg (July 2), after which they 
 fell back and rejoined Johnston. 
 The Federal advance into south- 
 eastern Virginia was checked by 
 a part of General Magruder's 
 forces under Colonel D. Ft. Hill, 
 who won a victory at Big Bethel, 
 halfway between Yorktown and 
 Norfolk (June 10). 
 
 warn v 
 
 From a photograph. 
 
 . KIIIP.Y 
 •'EI1EKATE. 
 
375 
 
 " On to Richmond ! " — The idea generally prevailed in 
 the North that the capture of the Confederate capital would 
 end hostilities. " On to Eichmond ! " became theory. It soon 
 became evident that the first important battle would take place 
 when the advance was made from Washington. Here an army 
 
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 HEADQUARTERS ^S, 
 
 PLAN OP THE BATTLEFIELD OF MANASSAS. 
 
 of 60, 000 men assembled. General Scott, who had fought his 
 first battles in the War of 1812, was now too old to take the 
 field, so the command fell to General Irwin McDowell. 
 
 First Battle of Manassas, or Bull Run.— McDowell's 
 army set out from Washington so confident of success that 
 
376 PEKIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 :cur- 
 reek 
 loah 
 
 they regarded their march as something like a holiday excur- 
 sion. They encountered the Confederates at Bull Run C 
 (July 18). On the 20th Johnston, with part of his Shenandoah 
 forces, joined Beauregard. A battle was fought on the 21st. 
 It seemed at first as if the Confederates would be defeated, for 
 the Federals forced back the Confederate left under Evans 
 and Bee. But a brigade of troops under General Thomas 
 Jonathan Jackson was drawn up in the rear within support- 
 ing distance. Then Bee rode up to Jackson and exclaimed : 
 ' ' General, they are beating us back. " " Sir, ' ' quietly answered 
 Jackson, " we will give them the bayonet." The effect of his 
 words was wonderful. Bee galloped back to his men, shout- 
 ing : " Look, there is Jackson standing like a stone Avail ; let 
 us determine to die here, and we will conquer." Bee's men 
 rallied and formed on the right of Jackson. Here they were 
 joined by Colonel Wade Hampton. The advance of the Fed- 
 erals was checked, additional troops on both sides were brought 
 up, and long the battle raged. The arrival of the remainder 
 of Johnston's troops, under General Kirby Smith, and a charge 
 by Early's brigade decided the battle in favor of the Con- 
 federates. The Union forces, becoming panic-stricken, hastily 
 abandoned all ammunition and accouterments, and hurried 
 back to Washington. Thenceforth Jackson was known as 
 " Stonewall " Jackson. 
 
 Questions.— What did the fall of Fort Sumter cause ? What call did 
 Lincoln issue? Who thought the President's call not sufficient? Why ? Who 
 responded to Lincoln's call for troops? Who refused? Why? What four 
 States now joined the Confederacy? What effect had the secession of Virginia 
 upon the South? With whom did the people of border States side? It might 
 have averted war if the American people had known what ? At what three 
 points were Federal volunteers located ? Under what three generals ? What 
 happened in Baltimore? What five Confederate generals established a line of 
 defense? Where was each posted ? What happened in western Virginia? At 
 Falling Waters? Big Bethel ? What in the Opinion of the North would end 
 tlif war? Who led t lie advance from Washington upon Richmond? Near what 
 -i ream did the first encounter occur ? Tell what you know of the first battle of 
 Manassas, What Confederate generals were prominent in this action ? What 
 general turned the battle in favor of the Confederates? How did General 
 Jackson obtain the name "Stonewall"' ? 
 
 
DISUNION. 377 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. War Preparations, North and South. II. The Question of Loyalty. III. Beginning of the 
 War in West Virginia. IV. First Cam >aign against Richmond— Manassas, or Bull Run. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, vol. i. 
 
 War preparations, 84. McClellan in West Virginia, 126. Bull Run, 167. 
 Draper's Ilistw-y of the American Civil War, vol. ii. 
 
 War in West Virginia, 241-247. Bull Run, 114-126. 
 Pollard's Lost Cause. 
 
 West Virginia, 141, 169. Manassas, 143. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities.— Historical : 
 
 Virginia, Secession of. Border States, The. Rich Mountain, Battle of. Carriers Ford, 
 
 Battle of. Big Bethel, Battle of. Bull Bun, First Battle of. 
 Biographical : Johnston, Joseph E. Magruder, General J. B. McClellan, General 
 
 George B. McDowell, General Irwin. Jackson, General T. J. 
 Special.— Rossiter Johnson : Short History of the War of Secession, chaps, iv. and v. 
 
 Swinton : Twelve Decisive Battles of the War, chap, i., Bull Run. V. A. Lewis : History 
 
 of West Virginia, chap, xxviii. Roman : Life of Beauregard. John Esten Cooke : Life 
 
 of Stonewall Jackson. Hughes: Life of Joseph E. Johnston. Dodge: Bird's-eye View of 
 
 the Civil War, chaps, iii. and iv. Henderson : Stonewall Jackson. 
 
 CHAPTER XYI. 
 
 EARLY BATTLES IN THE WEST. 
 
 The victory at Manassas filled the people of the South 
 with exultation. They believed that their success was assured, 
 and they did not continue war preparations as energetically as 
 at first. Upon the North the effect of this battle was very 
 different. It convinced the people of that section that the 
 Union could be preserved only by a w r ar carefully planned and 
 seriously prosecuted. The energies and resources of the Fed- 
 eral Government were at once brought into activity. Congress 
 appropriated $500,000,000 and voted to raise 500,000 men to 
 carry on the war. 
 
 Army of the Potomac Organized. — There was soon 
 assembled, organized, and equipped in the vicinity of Wash- 
 ington one of the largest armies of modern times. It num- 
 bered more than 150,000 men, and was called the Army of the 
 Potomac. Several months, however, elapsed before this army 
 
378 
 
 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 Sibley's Expedition. 
 
 Shortly after the battle of Manassas, 
 
 or Bull Run, General II. II. Sibley \\ as 
 sent to Texas to raise a brigade to 
 prevent a threatened invasion from 
 New Mexico. With three regiments 
 he set out from San Antonio, and by 
 way of the Rio Grande Valley arrived 
 at the scene of his operations after 
 having performed a memorable march. 
 Battles were fought with the Union 
 forces already in possession of the 
 Territory, at Yalverde (February 21, 
 18G2), Glorietta (March 27), and Pe- 
 ralta (April 23), in all of which the 
 Texans displayed their proverbial 
 valor. To hold the country, however, 
 wasfound to be impracticable, and the 
 men of Sibley's Brigade returned to 
 take part in other and more important 
 scenes and actions. 
 
 was ready to begin active opera- 
 tions. Meanwhile important 
 events were happening in the 
 West, where even larger armies 
 were organized under Generals 
 II. W. Ilalleck and Don Carlos 
 Buell. 
 
 Early Operations in Mis- 
 souri. — The Missouri Conven- 
 tion voted to remain in the 
 Union, and neutral. The peo- 
 ple sympathized with the South, 
 and Governor Jackson declined 
 to answer Mr. Lincoln's call 
 for troops. Subsequently Cap- 
 tain Lyon of the Federal Army 
 broke up a cam]) of militia near St. Louis, and took forcible 
 possession of that city (May 10, 1861). This caused great 
 excitement, and the governor 
 issued a call (June 13) for 
 50,0110 militia, "to preserve 
 order and enforce the law 
 within the State." Lyon's 
 activity compelled the gov- 
 ernor, with the militia that 
 had assembled, to retire to 
 the southwestern part of the 
 State. General Sigel, with 
 l,loo troops, tried to inter- 
 cept him near Carthage, but 
 he routed Sigel (July 5). 
 General Sterling Price then 
 took charge of the • State 
 troops. He joined with Gen- 
 eral Me( Julloch's Confederate 
 brigade and an Arkansas bri- 
 gade under General Pearce. 
 
379 
 
 These forces met Lyon at Oak Hill, or Wilson's Creek, near 
 Springfield, where Lyon was defeated and killed (August 10, 
 1861). The Confederate brigades then returned to Arkansas, 
 and Price marched northward to Lexington, which he captured 
 (September 20), with 3,500 prisoners and a large amount of 
 stores. 
 
 Confederates Establish a Western Line of De- 
 fense. — In its preparations to resist invasion, the Confederate 
 Government intrusted its Western defenses to General Albert 
 Sidney Johnston, an experienced officer and one of the ablest 
 
 tSmit£\_-o, 
 / A R R^ N g.( A 
 
 Little Koek 
 
 Mill Spring-: 
 
 Nashville Knox 
 jf°°E S 
 
 Murfreesboio , 
 Memphis PittsTmrg Ldg. 
 
 hiloh Chati.-m ,-a, 
 
 *"" .V-^—^ '/\ '•Chu~,... 
 
 Sprs. ■-^^ K \ • K — 
 
 Tupelo- / A L A B A y^gf - j- 
 
 MISSISSIPPI/ 7 \g/E O R G I 
 
 i l L 
 
 CAIt. 
 
 MAP OF THE WAK IN THE WEST. 
 
 soldiers of his time. Johnston established east of the Missis- 
 sippi a line of defense whose principal points were Columbus, 
 Ky., Forts Henry and Donelson upon the Tennessee and 
 Cumberland rivers, Bowling Green and Cumberland Gap, 
 Ky. ; while General Earl Van Dorn was placed in command 
 west of the Mississippi. 
 
 Disposition of Federal Forces iii the West. — Hal- 
 leck, from his headquarters at St. Louis, sent a part of his 
 forces, under General Curtis, to southern Missouri to operate 
 against Tan Dorn. The remainder were collected at Cairo, 
 
jso 
 
 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 111., under General TJlysess S. Grant, and at Paducah, Ivy., un- 
 der General C. F. Smith. Buell's forces were assembled at 
 various points in eastern Kentucky, and were to cooperate with 
 Halleck in breaking through the Southern line of defense. 
 
 Battle of Pea Ridge. — To resist Curtis, Yan Dorn gath- 
 ered the forces of Price and McCulloch, and was joined by Gen- 
 eral Albert Pike with several regiments of Indians from the 
 Indian Territory, whom he had suc- 
 ceeded in winning- 
 
 MaJtGen.Sterling Price 
 
 From a Photo. Confederau 
 
 Maj.-Gen.EarlVan Dorn 
 
 Photo in '6Z Comffofra tf. 
 
 BriG:Gen.AlbertPike. 
 
 Photo in '88. Cokfeofratf. 
 
 to the cause of the 
 
 Confederacy. The combined forces at- 
 tacked Curtis at Elkhorn Tavern, near Benton ville, in north- 
 western Arkansas, and the engagement that took place (March 
 5-8, 1862) is known as the Battle of Pea Ridge. A part of 
 Van Dora's army was routed, with the loss of two of the 
 bravest officers on the Confederate side — McCulloch and 
 Mcintosh. The other part kept up the fight with energy ; so 
 neither side gained a complete victory. Curtis returned to 
 Missouri, and the Confederates soon after were summoned 
 east of the Mississippi to cooperate with Beauregard against 
 Halleck. 
 
 Grant's Campaign in Western Kentucky and Ten- 
 nessee. — General Leonidas Polk, in command of Johnston's 
 forces at Columbus, Ky., established a camp across the river at 
 
381 
 
 From a photograph. 
 MAJOR-GENERAL H. W. HALLECK, 
 
 Belmont, Mo. General Grant, de- 
 scending the river from Cairo, 
 landed and attacked this camp, 
 but reinforcements sent by Polk 
 crossed the river and drove him 
 back to his gunboats (November 
 7. 1861). Grant's next opera- 
 tions, however, were more suc- 
 cessful. Uniting forces with Gen- 
 eral Smith, and with the aid of a 
 powerful fleet of gunboats under 
 Commodore Foote, he captured 
 the Confederate strongholds of 
 Fort Henry, on the Tennessee 
 
 Eiver (February 6, 1862), and Fort Donelson, on the Cumber- 
 land River (February 16). 
 
 Buell's Campaign in Eastern Kentucky. — The loss 
 of Fort Donelson was a severe blow to the South, for with it 
 
 more than 7,000 
 men were taken 
 prisoners, and the 
 rivers were opened 
 to the Federal gun- 
 boats. In its cap- 
 ture General Grant 
 first manifested 
 those qualities of 
 determination and 
 perseverance which 
 were to make him 
 tj|L the greatest general 
 |||lpMJ on the Northern 
 side. Meanwhile 
 the Confederate 
 forces in southeast- 
 ern Kentucky, un- 
 der Generals Crit- 
 
 Froiii a photograph 
 
 GENERAL ULYSSES S. 
 
383 
 
 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 tenden and Zollicoffer, had been defeated (January 19) by a 
 part of Buell's forces under General George H. Thomas, near 
 Mill Springs, General Zollicoffer losing his life in the action. 
 The disasters of Fort Donelson and Mill Springs compelled 
 Johnston to fall back from Bowling Green and establish a new 
 line of defense, which extended from New Madrid, Mo., through 
 Jackson, Tenn., to Mnrfreesboro. Nashville was occupied by 
 Buell (February 25). 
 
 Grant's Advance Southward. — After the capture of 
 Fort Donelson, Grant was relieved of his command for a short 
 
 Lieut. Gen.LeonidasPolkv^. 
 
 AsDiiHOP Or La., in lS60.Jm. 
 
 C^ONfSOEflA TE 
 L0f\P5 Co/1MAHOEf\Sl' 
 
 \Lieut.Gen.W-J. Hardee. 
 
 time. When lie was reinstated he joined his army, which had 
 been carried in steamboats up the Tennessee River to Pittsburg 
 Landing, near the State line of Mississippi. Here Buell had 
 been ordered to reenforce him. Johnston determined to attack 
 Grant before the two armies could unite. By skillful general- 
 ship he concentrated the widely scattered divisions of his com- 
 mand and organized them into three corps under Generals 
 Bragg, Folk, and Hardee al Corinth, Miss. General Beaure- 
 gard was with Johnston as second in command. 
 
 Battle of Shiloli. — Johnston's plan was to take Grant by 
 surprise. In this lie was completely successful. Advancing 
 
w.\ 
 
384 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 quietly, he attacked the Federal camps near Shiloh Church, 
 about two miles from the Tennessee Kiver (April 6), and 
 although he was greatly outnumbered, he forced the Federals 
 back to the river, capturing many prisoners and stores. But 
 the victory was dearly won. In the heat of battle Johnston 
 received a wound to which he gave little attention. The extent 
 of his injury was not realized, and he died from loss of blood. 
 The death of Johnston largely determined subsequent events 
 in the West. Beauregard, who was ill and with the rear 
 guard, assumed command, and late in the afternoon ordered 
 the troops to withdraw, intending to renew the battle the next 
 day. 
 
 The Second Day's Battle. — During the night BuelPs 
 army arrived. With this heavy reenforcement the Federals 
 were enabled to renew the engagement the next day, and re- 
 gain the ground they had lost. The Confederates then fell 
 back to Corinth, where they were joined by reinforcements 
 under Yan Dorn and Price, who, having fought the battle of 
 Pea Ridge, had crossed the Mississippi from Arkansas. Ilal- 
 leck arrived from St. Louis and assumed command of the Fed- 
 eral forces. He concentrated 100,000 men near Shiloh, on the 
 Tennessee River. By the end of May he had intrenched his 
 army before Corinth, ready to attack. Beauregard, having 
 only 53,000 men, quietly withdrew from Corinth, and within 
 a week reached Tupelo, Miss., fifty-five miles south, without 
 serious loss. On account of ill-health he was relieved of his 
 command, and General Bragg was appointed to succeed him. 
 
 Iuka and Corinth. — Halleck occupied Corinth, and im- 
 mediately sent part of his army, under Buell, east along the 
 Memphis & Charleston Railroad, to attack Chattanooga. He 
 also sent a part of his army west, under Grant, to hold north- 
 ern Mississippi and western Tennessee. About the middle of 
 July. Halleck was made general-in-chief of the Army of the 
 United States, and went to Washington, leaving Grant in com- 
 mand of the district, and Rosecrans at Corinth. Meanwhile 
 Bragg had gone with the main body of his army to Chatta- 
 nooga, to oppose Buell, leaving Price with about 15,000 men in 
 
385 
 
 command at Tupelo, and Van Dorn with a smaller force in 
 western Mississippi. Price captured Iuka, and five days later 
 had started back to join Van Dorn, when he was unsuccess- 
 fully attacked by Eosecrans (September 19). Being informed 
 during the night that Grant with reinforcements was near, 
 Price moved off at early dawn and returned to Baldwin. 
 Later, Van Dorn and Price united, and attacked Eosecrans, 
 strongly intrenched, at Corinth (October 3-4, 1S62). Many 
 times their men gallantly charged the Federal forts, and cap- 
 
 Maj.Gen.W.S.Rosecrans. 
 
 Army or thc Combcrl and. 
 
 MajGcn.Geo.H Thomas. 
 
 Army or thc Cumbcruno. 
 
 FederalGenerals 
 
 ffjOl Original Pf/oroGZAf>rfS. 
 
 Maj.GenD.C.Buell. 
 
 Army or the Ohio. 
 
 tured a part of the town, but they were finally driven back 
 with heavy loss. Grant sent reinforcements to Eosecrans, 
 and the Confederates finally gave up the attack and retreated 
 south. 
 
 Bragg's Kentucky Campaign.— For the purpose of 
 drawing Buell from Alabama and Tennessee, Bragg ordered 
 Kirby Smith, who was at Knoxville with 10,000 men, to move 
 forward into Kentucky. The order was skillfully executed, 
 and on the 30th of August he gained a decisive victory at 
 Eichmond, capturing 5,000 prisoners. He took possession of 
 25 
 
386 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 Frankfort and Lexington, and advanced to within twelve miles 
 of Louisville. At the same time that Smith started from Knox- 
 ville, Bragg left Chattanooga with 28,000 men. On the 16th 
 of September he captured Munfordville, Kv., with 4-, 500 pris- 
 oners. He reached Frankfort, October 1st, and inaugurated 
 Hon. Richard Hawes as provisional governor of the State. 
 At Louisville was a force of 30,000 men, while 15,000 were 
 collected at Cincinnati, to oppose Bragg. Buell hastened 
 from Nashville with an army of 51,000 to reach Louisville and 
 unite all the Federal forces before Bragg could capture the 
 city. The advance of both armies took the form of a race. 
 Buell arrived at Louisville first, and Bragg decided to fall 
 back. He was overtaken at Perryville (October 8), where a 
 severe engagement followed, but the Confederates gained a 
 decided advantage, and being joined by General Smith on the 
 10th, returned unmolested to Tennessee, bringing their long 
 wagon-trains. 
 
 Questions.— What was the effect of the battle of Manassas, or Bull Run, 
 upon the South ? Upon the North ? What soon assembled at Washington ? 
 What action did the Missouri Convention take ? With whom did the people 
 sympathize? Tell something of Captain Lyon. To where were the Missouri 
 governor and troops compelled to retire ? What battle did they win on the 
 way ? Under whom did Arkansas troops join those of Missouri ? What battle 
 was fought by the combined forces? When? What was the result ? When 
 and by whom was Lexington taken? To whom had the Confederate Govern- 
 ment intrusted its Western defenses? What were the five principal points in 
 Johnston's line of defense ? Who was placed in command west of the Missis- 
 sippi ? Under whom did Halleck send a part of his forces to operate against 
 Van Dorn ? Where did the remainder collect ? Under whom ? What forces 
 did Van Dorn gather ? What was the result of the battle of Pea Ridge ? Who 
 commanded Johnston's forces at Columbus ? What was the result of the battle 
 of Belmont? What forts did Grant capture after his defeat at Belmont? 
 When? What victory did the Federal General Thomas win in Kentucky? 
 What was Johnston now compelled to do? Who occupied Nashville? Tell 
 what you know of the battle of Shiloh. How did the Federal and Confederate 
 forces compare in strength ? What happened to Johnston ? Who took his 
 place? How large an army gathered under General Halleck near Shiloh ? To 
 what point did Beauregard withdraw after leaving Corinth? Tell something 
 of the battles of luka and Corinth. Who was made commander-in-chief of the 
 Federal armies? Against whom did General Bragg operate? Price and Van 
 Dorn ? What battles occurred in Bragg's Kentucky campaign? 
 
FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. Sibley's Expedition to Now Mexico. II. Beginning of the War in Missouri : Carthage, 
 Wilson's Creek, and Lexington. III. Curtis's Advance into Arkansas : Pea Ridge. IV. 
 Grant's Campaign in Western Kentucky and Tennessee : Belmont, Fort Donelson. V. 
 Federal Campaign in Eastern Kentucky : Mill Springs. VI. Battles of Shiloh and Pittsburg 
 Landing. VII. Grant and Rosecrans in North Mississippi : Iuka, Corinth. VIII. Bragg's 
 Kentucky Campaign : IVrryville. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 The Century Company's Battles and Leaders of the Civil War. 
 Vol. ii.: Sibley's expedition, 103. First year of the war in Missouri, vol. i., 262. Pea Ridge, 
 314. Western Tennessee and Kentucky campaign, 338. Eastern Kentucky campaign, 373. 
 Shiloh, 463. Vol. iii. : Perry ville, 1. Vol. ii. : Iuka and Corinth, 717. 
 
 Draper's History of the American Civil War, vol. ii. 
 Civil and military actions in Missouri, chap, xlvii. West Kentucky campaign, 226, 260-271. 
 East Kentucky campaign, 273. Shiloh, chap. 1. Iuka and Corinth, 312-317. Bragg's cam- 
 paign, chap. liii. 
 
 Pollard s Lost Cause. 
 Missouri campaign, 154-169, 222. Belmont and Donelson, 182, 203. Shiloh, 237. Corinth, 
 320, 334. Bragg's Kentucky campaign, 327. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities.— Historical : 
 New Mexico, Confederate Invasion of. Carthage, Battle of. Wilson's Creel.-, Buttle of. 
 Pea Ridge, Battle of, Belmont, Battle of . Donelson, Fall of Fort. Mill Springs, Battle 
 of. Shiloh, Battle of . Pittsburg, Battle of . Iuka, Battle of . Corinth, Battle of. Parry- 
 ville, Battle of. 
 
 Biographical: Sibley, General II. II Lyon, Captain Nathaniel. Sigel, General Franz. 
 Price, General Sterling. Johnston, General Albert Sidney. Van Bom, General Earl. 
 Grant, General V. S. Buell, General D. C. Curtis, General S. R. Polk, General 
 Leonidas. Thomas, General Geo. H. Bragg, General Braxton. 
 Special.— Thomas L. Snead : Tht Fight for Missouri. Grant: Memoirs. Johnston: Life 
 of Albert Sidney Johnston. Swinton: Twelve Decisive Battles, chap, ii., Donelson and 
 Shiloh. Roman : Military Operations of Beauregard. Johnson: short History of the 
 War of Secession. Bodge: Bird's-eye View. Duke: History of Morgan's Cavalry. Jor- 
 dan and Pryor ; Campaigns of N. B. Forrest, 
 
 CHAPTEB XVII. 
 
 THE WAR IN VIRGINIA. 
 
 Confederate Success in Virginia. — The Union suc- 
 cesses by which the Confederacy's western line of defense was 
 hroken were more than offset by a number of remarkable 
 Confederate victories in Virginia. After the battle of Manassas, 
 General J. E. Johnston remained in command of the Confed- 
 
PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 erate forces in Virginia. Stonewall Jackson was sent to the 
 valley through which the Shenandoah River runs. 
 
 Second Federal Advance into Virginia. — McClellan 
 was called from western Virginia and placed at the head of the 
 Army of the Potomac, which was to move upon Richmond. 
 General Banks 
 advanced into the 
 Shenandoah Val- 
 ley fro m t h e 
 north, and troops 
 under General 
 Fremont entered 
 it from the 
 to oppo 
 Jackson. 
 
 The Peninsula Campaign. — 
 
 Instead of marching overland toward 
 Richmond and thereby encountering 
 
 Johnston's army, McClellan transferred his army by boats to 
 the historic peninsula between the York and James rivers, leav- 
 ing McDowell with about 40,000 men between Washington and 
 Johnston's army. 
 
 To oppose the advance of McClellan' s army was a force of 
 
10,000 under General Magruder at Yorktown. So skillfully 
 were these few troops arranged, and so bold a front did they 
 present, that McClellan was completely deceived. He lost a 
 whole month in the siege of Yorktown and in calling for rein- 
 forcements. This gave Johnston time to move his army nearer 
 Richmond and join Magruder with reinforcements. McDowell 
 could not follow him, for Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley, 
 near by, was threatening Washington. When McClellan at 
 last decided to advance, Johnston evacuated Yorktown and 
 retired up the Peninsula. At 
 Williamsburg (May 5, 1862) he 
 made a stand, to gain time for 
 his wagon trains to pass on. 
 McClellan attacked him, but 
 was repulsed ; and during the 
 night John- 
 ston moved 
 on toward 
 Richmond, 
 1 e a v i n g 
 McClellan 
 in posses- 
 sion of 
 the field. 
 John- 
 ston's 
 
 army and wagon trains 
 Richmond in safety. 
 
 Seven Pines and Fair 
 Oaks. — One corps of McClellan's 
 army had already gone by water 
 to White House on the Pamunkey 
 River, and by the middle of May 
 his whole army was united in that 
 vicinity, where McDowell, march- 
 ing overland from Fredericks- 
 burg, was expected to join him. 
 
 Jackson's Valley Cam- 
 paign. 
 
 Before the spring of 1862 fairly 
 opened in the Shenandoah Valley, 
 Jackson hurled his little army of 3,500 
 against 7,000 of Banks's army 
 under General Shields, at Kerns- 
 town (March 23). Though un- 
 successful, the boldness of this 
 movement awakened such con- 
 sternation that reinforcements 
 designed for McClellan's army 
 on the Peninsula were retained 
 for the defense of Washington. 
 In moving from Manassas to 
 confront McClellan in the York- 
 town Peninsula, Johnston had 
 left a few troops under General 
 Ewell to oppose any advance 
 made by McDowell, whom Mc- 
 Clellan had left to defend Wash- 
 ington. A division of Fre- 
 mont's forces under Colonels 
 Milroy and Schenck, advancing 
 from western Virginia, had 
 taken post at a place called Mc- 
 Dowell, situated without the 
 Valley, about forty miles west 
 of Staunton. Here they were 
 opposed by a few Confederate 
 troops under General Edward 
 Johnson. The genius of Jack- 
 son for making rapid and skill- 
 ful military combinations now 
 shone forth. Summoning Ewell 
 to confront Banks so as to con- 
 ceal his own movements, he 
 marched his men up the Valley, 
 with incredible rapidity, a dis- 
 
PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 tance of 100 miles, joined forces with 
 Johnson, drove Milroy and Schenck 
 out of McDowell, chased them for two 
 days, and before Banks knew that the 
 Confederate commander had disap- 
 peared from his front he had per- 
 formed another march of 120 miles 
 and was back again. Joining forces 
 with Ewell, he completely routed 
 Hanks at Front Royal (May 23), and 
 pushed him northward to Winchester. 
 Here Banks was again defeated 
 (May 35), and after the battle 
 refuge beyond the Potomac. 
 Active effort was now niai 
 to capture the intrepid Con- 
 federate leader. McDowell 
 was ordered to cross the 
 mountains into the valley, 
 Banks and Fremont to ad- 
 vance, and thus by a con- 
 vergence of columns sur- 
 round him. In all, the 
 forces opposed numbered 
 aboul 60,000. Jackson, how- 
 ever, was too quick for 
 his adversaries. Falling 
 rapidly back from Banks, 
 and burning the bridges 
 over the Shenandoah 
 so that Fremont's 
 and McDowell's 
 forces — the latter 
 under Shields— could 
 not unite, he reached 
 a point within striking 
 distance of each, and 
 fell upon them at ( 'ross 
 Keys (June 8) and 
 Porl Republic (June 9) 
 in rapid succession, gaining an ad- 
 ditional victory in each instance. 
 Before bis bewildered antagonists 
 realized what had happened, Jack- 
 son had slipped out of the Vallej 
 in safety, with all the spoils of his 
 victories, and was on his way to join 
 Lee in the Seven Days' Battles. He 
 had, in three months, marched 400 
 miles, defeated four armies, captured 
 3,500 prisoners, and with forces al no 
 
 time exceeding 17, had occupied 
 
 the attention of 00.000 Federals. In 
 the Army of Virginia his corps was 
 known as " Jackson's foot cavalry.' 1 
 
 TONKWAI.l 
 
 But Jackson's success in the 
 Valley kept McDowell at Frede- 
 ricksburg. McClellan advanced 
 toward Richmond, and by the 
 end of May was in sight of 
 the church spires of that city. 
 The Chickahominy River di- 
 vided his army. Johnston took 
 advantage of this and at- 
 tacked the two corps 
 which were south 
 »f the river at 
 Seven Pines and 
 at Fair Oaks 
 Station (May 31 
 and June 1). On 
 the first day the 
 Confederates won ; 
 hut during the 
 night McClel- 
 lan sent rein- 
 forcements to 
 Fair Oaks, and 
 on the second 
 day the Confed- 
 erates retired to- 
 ward Richmond, 
 first day's battle 
 Johnston was wounded. Gen- 
 eral Robert E. Lee was then 
 appointed commander of the 
 Confederate Army in Virginia. 
 Stuart's Ride around 
 McClellan. — While McClel- 
 lan was waiting for McDowell, 
 the Confederate General J. E. 
 1) Stuart, with a body of cav- 
 
 Durinj}- the 
 
391 
 
 JEN. JOHN c. 
 
 FEDERAL. 
 
 airy, rode completely around McClellan's army. It required 
 several days to do this. ( )n the way the cavalry captured a 
 number of prisoners, and obtained information concerning 
 the Federal forces that was of great 
 value to Lee. 
 
 . Seven Days' Battles. — Mean- 
 while Jackson had executed his brilliant 
 Valley campaign and had prevented 
 McDowell from reen forcing McClellan. 
 While the Federals were looking for 
 Jackson in the Valley, he suddenly ap- 
 peared with his cor]); north' of Rich- 
 mond, and joining Lee's left, led the 
 attack upon McClellan. Seven days of 
 battle now followed (June 25— July 
 1), during which McClellan was driven 
 from point to point, and only upon the 
 
 last day, at Malvern Hill, did he succeed in checking the vic- 
 torious advance of Lee. That night he reached the shelter of 
 the gunboats at Harrison's Landing, on the James River. The 
 Peninsula campaign was a failure for the 
 Federals. 
 
 Third Campaign against Rich- 
 mond. — Ten days after the battle of 
 Malvern Hill, Halleck was appointed 
 general-in-chief of the Federal army. 
 The troops of Banks, Fremont, and 
 McDowell had already been organized 
 into an army under the command of 
 General John Pope. Part of McClellan's 
 men were brought by water to strengthen 
 Pope, whose advance division under 
 Banks was at Culpeper Court House. 
 To oppose Pope, Lee sent a force under 
 Jackson, who defeated Banks at Cedar Mountain, not far from 
 Culpeper Court House. 
 
 Jackson gained Pope's rear, destroyed his supplies at Manas- 
 
 ,.IO];-i;ENERAI. N. P. BANKS, 
 FEDERAL. 
 
392 
 
 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 sas, and moved toward Washington. Pope promptly followed, 
 and McClellan's army was ordered up from the Peninsula to 
 help Pope. Lee with the remainder of his command under 
 Longstreet joined Jackson, who had taken a position on the 
 old battlefield of Manassas. Here the 
 second battle of 
 Manassas 
 
 
 fought (August 29, 
 30). Lee's army 
 
 numbered 49,000 ; Pope's combined 
 forces, 70,000. Pope was defeated and retreated toward Wash- 
 ington. This ended the third campaign against Richmond. 
 
 Lee's First Invasion of the North. — Lee now deter- 
 mined to transfer the war to the North. He crossed the Poto- 
 tomac into Maryland, sending Jackson to Harper's Ferry, 
 where a Federal force of 13,000 was stationed. Jackson be- 
 sieged, stormed, and captured the place, taking the whole gar- 
 rison prisoners (September 15, 1862), after which he joined 
 Lee. McClellan, who was again placed in command of the 
 Federal army, hastily advanced to meet Lee. General D. H. 
 Hill, at South Mountain (September 14), prevented McClellan 
 from relieving Harper's Ferry and attacking Lee. 
 
 Sharpsburg', or Antietam. — The opposing forces of Lee 
 and McClellan met at Antietam Creek, near Sharpsburg, Md. 
 The main attack was made (September 17) by the Federals on 
 
the Confederate left, which was several times broken. An 
 attack on the Confederate right was repulsed. The Confeder- 
 ates held all of their positions, and the Federals retired from 
 the field. The next day Lee awaited another attack, but none 
 came. To remain longer would enable McClellan to gather 
 fresh reinforcements ; so on the following day Lee recrossed 
 the Potomac without being molested. McClellan sent a force 
 across the river in pursuit, but it was driven back with severe 
 loss. As a battle, Sharpsburg was indecisive ; as a result, Lee 
 abandoned his Maryland campaign. 
 
 Fourth Campaign against Richmond. — McClellan 
 was blamed for not following Lee, and was relieved of his com- 
 mand. The Army of the Potomac was reorganized under Gen- 
 eral Ambrose E. Burnside, and advanced for the fourth time 
 to take Richmond. Burnside attacked Lee at Fredericksburg 
 (December 13). The Federal army made a gallant fight, but 
 again sustained a disastrous defeat. For the rest of the winter 
 the two armies faced each other at Fredericksburg, separated 
 only by the Rappahannock River. 
 
 A fifth campaign against Richmond was planned 
 by General Joseph Hooker, who had superseded Burnside in 
 January, 1863. With an army of 130,000, Hooker was con- 
 fident of success, since the Confederate army numbered but 
 60,000. A part of his army, under General Sedgwick, crossed 
 the Rappahannock (April 29) below Fredericksburg, to occupy 
 the attention of Lee ; and on the same day the main body 
 crossed the river some distance above, and took position at 
 Chancellorsville, twelve miles west of Fredericksburg, on the 
 rear of Lee's army. A splendid corps of cavalry, 10,000 
 strong, under General Stoneman, was sent around Lee's army, 
 between him and Richmond, to destroy the railroads and cut 
 off his retreat. Hooker's plan was to surround and destroy 
 Lee's army. 
 
 Chancellorsville. — Lee left 10,000 men on the Heights of 
 Fredericksburg to hold Sedgwick in check, and promptly 
 moved the rest of his army toward Chancellorsville. A 
 daring plan was conceived by Jackson, and executed with 
 
394 
 
 PERIOD OF IXDKI'HXDKXCE. 
 
 Lee's permission. Jackson with his corps made a forced march 
 of twenty miles from Fredericksburg across the entire front 
 of the Federal army. His movements were concealed by the 
 
 forests and shrubbery surround- 
 ing Chancellorsville. Coming 
 late in the afternoon (May 
 2) upon the right flank of 
 Hooker's army — the flank 
 farthest from Fredericksburg 
 — he fell unexpectedly upon 
 General Howard, who com- 
 manded that part of the field. 
 The surprise was complete. 
 Nothing could stay the resistless 
 energy with which the Confed- 
 erate ranks emerged from the 
 
 w Is and advanced upon the 
 
 Union works. Howard was 
 driven back in confusion, and 
 darkness ended the light. Dur- 
 ing the night Stonewall Jack- 
 son was mortally wounded by 
 his own men, who mistook him 
 i'nv an enemy. 
 
 The next morning (May 3) 
 both wings of Lee's army at- 
 tacked Hooker and drove him 
 back toward the river. At the 
 same time, Sedgwick, marching 
 to Hooker's relief, carried the 
 Heights of Fredericksburg, but 
 in the afternoon was faced by 
 Lee with three divisions of his troops and defeated. Lee 
 turned to renew the attack on Hooker, but that officer with 
 his whole army had gained the river, which they recrossed 
 ( May 5). This ended the fifth Federal campaign against 
 Richmond. 
 
 Death of Stonewall Jack- 
 son. 
 
 Although the Confederate successes 
 of the Chancellorsville campaign were 
 brilliant in the extreme, they neverthe- 
 less proved dearly bought victories. 
 Jackson's attack upon Hooker's right 
 flank ended at twilight. Expecting to 
 continue the attack the next day, he 
 rode forward with several members of 
 his staff to reconnoiter. Returning, 
 the reconnoitering party were in the 
 dusk mistaken for Federal cavalry, 
 and a body of Confederate soldiers 
 fired upon them. Jackson received a 
 wound that directly afterward has- 
 tened his death. The illustrious soldier 
 passed away (May 10) at Guinea Sta- 
 tion. 
 
 His loss was irreparable to the Con- 
 federacy. A man of pure and spotless 
 character, both North and South unite 
 in honoring his memory. His life was 
 given to the service of his State. As a 
 teacher, he instructed her youth in her 
 Military Institute at Lexington. As -a 
 patriot, he hastened to her defense at 
 the first indication that she was to be 
 attacked. As a devout Christian, he 
 never failed to render to the Almighty 
 the prayerful tribute of a strong and 
 earnest nature before every battle. As 
 a general, he inspired unlimited confi- 
 dence in the hearts of his men, and 
 they had come to believe that where he 
 was, defeat could not be. As a military 
 genius, he stands among the greatest 
 military commanders the world has 
 produced. 
 
THE LAST MEETING OF 
 
 LEE AND JACKSON ON THE NHJHT BEFOKE CHANCELLOIISVILLE. 
 
 Lee's Second Invasion of the North.— After the 
 victory of Chancellorsville, Lee again determined to carry 
 the war into the North. He left the main body of his cavalry 
 in Virginia under Stuart, to watch Hooker. Moving his army 
 
39G 
 
 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 in three corps, under Generals Ewell, Longstreet, and A. P. 
 Hill, to the Shenandoah Valley, he proceeded northward into 
 Pennsylvania, took possession of Chambersburg and York, 
 and threatened Philadelphia, Harrisburg, and Washington. 
 Hearing of the advance of the Federals, he decided (July 29) 
 to concentrate his army at Gettysburg. 
 
 Gettysburg. — Hooker was ordered to hurry his army from 
 Virginia towards Pennsylvania to oppose Lee. After cross- 
 ing the Potomac, Hooker was relieved, and General George 
 G. Meade was appointed in his place (June 28). Meade pushed 
 
 Lieut.6enAP.Hili 
 
 From a Photograph. 
 
 COMFfDfRATE 
 
 CORPSCOMMANDERS 
 
 A T GETTYSBURG. 
 
 LieutGenRS Ewell 
 
 EMM A P»0 
 
 on, and two days later his advance corps suddenly met part 
 of Lee's army at Gettysburg (July 1). In the fight which 
 followed, Meade's men were driven back with heavy loss, 
 but retreated to Cemetery Ridge, south of the town. 
 
 The Second Day. — The rest of Meade's army was hurried 
 forward, and during that night and the next day concentrated 
 on Cemetery Ridge and the hills which flanked it on the east 
 and south. During the second day (July 2) Lee made repeated 
 attacks on the Ridge and the flanking hills with some success ; 
 but in the evening Meacle still held a strong position, which 
 every hour was made stronger. That night, Lee determined 
 to storm Cemetery Ridge next day and carry it by assault, if 
 
398 
 
 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 MAJ.-GEN. GEOKGE 
 FEDERAL. 
 
 possible. Orders were issued and prepa- 
 rations made. Pickett's division, 4,900 
 strong, and Heth's division, 5,000 strong, 
 under General Pettigrew, were selected 
 to make the charge. Scales's and Lane's 
 _ < ^ L X';, '' brigades of Pender's division, under Gen- 
 !Pk._JP ImWv eral Trimble, and Wilcox's division were 
 to support this charge. 
 
 The Third Day; Pickett's Charge. 
 — At one o'clock (July 3) the Confederate 
 artillery which stretched along the ridges 
 opposite the Federal position opened a 
 fire which was promptly returned. For two hours the roar 
 of artillery lasted. At the end of that time the Federal lire 
 slackened, and a long gray line with bristling bayonets came 
 out into the open field and started across the ' intervening 
 space. Moving firmly as if on dress parade, they crossed the 
 open valley, unshaken by the storm of shot and shell that 
 worked sad havoc to their ranks, and charged up to the Union 
 intrenchments with a gallantry that thrilled both enemies and 
 friends with admiration. Over the earthworks they poured, 
 only to find overwhelming numbers concentrated at the point 
 of attack, ready to receive them. A deadly fire was rained 
 upon their rapidly thinning ranks. Generals Garnett and 
 Armistead fell dead, and Generals Kemper, Fry, and Trimble 
 were wounded. The charge was re- 
 pulsed. Though victory was not 
 won, yet fame will rest upon their 
 memories forever, because they gave 
 to the world an example of heroism 
 that has seldom been equaled and 
 never surpassed. 
 
 Return of Lee to Virginia. — 
 The battle of Gettysburg ended with 
 the third day. On the fourth, Lee 
 waited in position for Meade to ad- 
 vance, but that general remained well 
 
Lee at Gettysburg. 
 
 Never did Lee show the attributes of 
 a great commander more unmistakably 
 than when he rode out to meet the 
 men returning from the memorable 
 Gettysburg charge. "All this will come 
 right in the end. . . . All good men 
 must rally. We want all good and true 
 men just now," said be in his kindly 
 tone as he rallied them. Too often army 
 commanders lay the blame for failure 
 upon their subordinate officers. This 
 Lee never did. To General Wilcox, 
 who rode up and almost Bobbed as he 
 told of the loss of his men, Lee held 
 out his hand and said : " Never mind, 
 General, all this has been my fault. 
 It is I who have Inst this tight, and you 
 must help me out of it the best way 
 you can." 
 
 satisfied with having repelled 
 the attack of his antagonist. 
 The Confederates then pro- 
 ceeded to fall back to the Poto- 
 mac, Meade following leisurely 
 without venturing another 
 battle, and the seat of war was 
 again transferred to Virginia. 
 
 Questions. — Who remained in 
 command of the Confederate forces at 
 Manassas? In the Shenandoah Valley? 
 What three Federal generals were pre- 
 paring to advance? How did MeClel- 
 lan advance upon Richmond? What 
 force interposed between him and Rich- 
 mond? Why was resistance offered at 
 Williamsburg? What battle was fought 
 after MeC'lellan had crossed part of his army over the Chickahominy? What 
 happened to Johnston? Who succeeded Johnston? What remarkable achieve- 
 ment did Stuart perform? What was the result of the Seven Days' Battles? 
 After McClellan's failure to capture Richmond, who arrived and took charge of 
 military operations? Under whom did another Federal army take the field? 
 Between whom was the battle of Cedar Mountain fought? What do you know 
 of the second battle of Manassas? 
 
 What did Lee now determine? Whom did Lee send to Harper's Ferry? 
 What did Jackson succeed in doing? Who held back the Federals at South 
 Mountain? Who was again placed in command of the Federals? What do 
 you know of the battle of Sharpsburg? Who now succeeded McClellan ? Where 
 did the armies of Lee and Burnside meet? What was the result of the battle 
 of Fredericksburg? Who succeeded Burnside? What do you know of the battle 
 of Chancellorsville? What part did Jackson take in this battle? What three 
 generals led the second Confederate advance northward? What large cities 
 were threatened by the Confederate advance? How many days did the battle of 
 Gettysburg last? What was the result of the first day? What do you know of 
 the second day's battle? What do you know of Pickett's charge? 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. Jackson's Valley Campaign. II. Second Campaign against Richmond : Williamsburg, 
 Seven Pines, Seven Days' Battles. III. Third Campaign against Richmond : Cedar Moun- 
 tain, Second Lull Run. IV. Lee's First Northern Invasion : Harper's Ferry, Sharpsburg 
 or Antietain. V. Fourth Campaign against Richmond: Fredericksburg. VI. Fifth Cam- 
 paign against Richmond : Chancellorsville. VII. Death of Stonewall Jackson. VIII. 
 Lee's Second Northern Invasion : Gettysburg. 
 
400 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Battles and Leaders of the Civil War. 
 Vol. ii. : Valley campaign, 282. Williamsburg and Seven Pines, 160. Seven Days' Battles, 
 319. Cedar Mountain and Second Bull Run, 449. Harper's Ferry and Antietam, 545. 
 Vol. iii. : Fredericksburg, 70. Chancellorsville, 152. Gettysburg, 244. 
 
 Draper's History of the American Civil War. 
 Vol. ii. : Valley campaign, 390-396. Second Richmond campaign, 367-389, 397-417. Third 
 Richmond campaign, 433-447. Lee's first invasion, 449-466. Fourth Richmond campaign, 
 470-476. Vol. iii. : Fifth campaign, 106-123. Jackson's death, 115. Lee's second invasion, 
 133-152, 154-158. 
 
 Pollard's Lost Cause. 
 Valley campaign, 264, 274. Second campaign against Richmond, 267, 280, 283. Third cam- 
 paign, 302, 305. First invasion, 310-318. Fredericksburg, 339. Chancellorsville, 372. 
 Jackson's death, 379. Gettysburg, 406. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities.— Historical : 
 Peninsular Campaign, The. Williamsburg, Battle of. Fair Oaks, Battle of. Valley Cam- 
 paign, Jackson's. Front Royal, Battle of. Cross Keys, Battle of. Port Republic, Battle 
 of. Seven Bays' Battles. Malvern Hill, Battle of . Cedar Mountain or Cedar Run, Battle 
 of. Bull Run, Second Battle of. Sharpsburg, Battle of. Harper's Ferry, Capture of. 
 Fredericksburg, Battle of. Chancellorsville, Battle of. Jackson, Death of. Gettysburg, 
 Battle of. Pickett's Charge. 
 
 Biographical (in addition to names already given) : Stuart, General J. E. B. Banks, Gen- 
 eral N. P. Lee, General Robert E. Pope, General John. Longstreet, General James. 
 Hill, General D. H. Ewell, General Richard. Burnside, General Ambrose. Hooker, 
 General Joseph. Hill, General A. P. Meade, General George. Hancock, General W. S. 
 
 Special.— Swinton : Twelve Decisive Battles, chap, iii., Antietam ; chap, iv., Gettysburg. 
 Swintou : Army of the Potomac. Johnson : Short History of the War of Secession. 
 Dodge : Bird's-eye View. Allan : Army of Northern Virginia (a most thorough and pains- 
 taking work). Taylor : Four Tears with General Lee. Mrs. M. A. Jackson : Life and 
 Letters of Stonewall Jackson. McClellan : Own Story. Johnston : Narrative of Military 
 Operations. Doubleday : Gettysburg Made Plain. Long : Memoirs of General R. E. Lee. 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 COAST, RIVER, AND SEA. 
 
 1. 
 
 Two Modes of Warfare. — There are two ways in whicli 
 a nation may be overcome. One is by defeating and disband- 
 ing its armies ; the other is by weakening its resources and 
 destroying its sources of supply so that it cannot furnish 
 its armies with necessary food, ammunition, and equipments. 
 The first few battles of the war made it plain that Confederate 
 armies could not be easily defeated ; therefore, to conquer the 
 
401 
 
 military operations 
 
 Confederacy, the second method as well as the first would 
 have to be employed. 
 
 Federal Military Plans.— Federal 
 were now more carefully sys- 
 tematized. As the war pro- 
 gressed five different ideas took 
 shape in the conduct of these 
 operations : First, Richmond, 
 the Confederate capital, must be 
 captured ; second, the Confed- 
 erate armies must be destroyed ; 
 third, Southern seaports must 
 be blockaded ; 
 fourth, the Mis- 
 sissippi Eiver to 
 its mouth must 
 be taken posses- 
 sion of, so as to 
 cut the Confed- 
 eracy in two, and 
 prevent one por- 
 tion from help- 
 ing the other ; fifth, the most 
 fertile sections of the South must 
 be laid waste, so that they could 
 not furnish food for the South- 
 ern army. 
 
 The Blockade. — C otton 
 had long been the principal ex- 
 port of the whole country, and 
 the principal source of wealth 
 for the Southern States. To 
 prevent this product from being- 
 sent to Europe, and supplies be- 
 ing received from Europe in return, the blockade of all South- 
 ern ports was proclaimed by President Lincoln (April 11>, 
 1861), and was enforced by placing Federal ships of war 
 
 ^IIOES WORN BY 
 ERATE SOLDIER 
 
 What the Blockade 
 Teaches. 
 
 The blockade demonstrated very 
 plainly that the strongest and most in- 
 dependent nations are those whose 
 people are engaged in every variety of 
 occupations, and who produce every- 
 thing necessary to their needs at home. 
 The South had for years purchased her 
 necessaries, conveniences, and luxuries 
 with the millions of bales of cotton 
 sent annually abroad. The blockade 
 stopped these purchases, and, in time, 
 articles once regarded as neces- 
 saries became great luxuries. 
 Many a Southern household sent 
 all its men to the front, 
 while the women and 
 children remained at 
 home and battled 
 against want and 
 starvation as nobly as 
 did their husbands, 
 sons, and brothers 
 against the Federal 
 army. No history has 
 ever done full justice to the women 
 of the South in this war. From first 
 to last they inspired the men. They 
 learned to card and spin ; to knit and 
 weave ; to make homespun cloth into 
 clothing, and to braid straw into hats. 
 They did not hesitate to plow and hoe 
 v lieu it was necessary. For what they 
 needed and could not get, they in- 
 vented all kinds of substitutes. All 
 their hardships and the sufferings of 
 the men in the Southern armies were 
 due to the fact that the South had but 
 one industry — cotton raising— and this 
 industry was paralyzed by the Federal 
 blockade. 
 
402 
 
 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 along the coast, so as to shut out all commerce with these 
 ports. As supplies became more and more needed in the Con- 
 federacy, fleet little vessels were fitted and sent out upon the 
 desperate undertaking of running the blockade. Man}-, by 
 taking advantage of dark nights and by using skillful seaman- 
 ship, succeeded in escaping the notice of the blockading ves- 
 sels. Nassau, in the Bahama Islands, and Havana, in Cuba, 
 
 were the two principal points to which blockade runners 
 resorted. Before the Federals occupied the Southwest, much 
 cotton was sent to Mexico, and many needed supplies were there 
 obtained by means of long wagon-trains plying from Shrew- 
 port, La., to the Rio Grande River. 
 
 Atlantic Coast Operations. — The success of the block- 
 ade-runners made it necessary for the Federals to obtain 
 possession of the ports and harbors of the Confederacy. As 
 many of these ports were defended by strong forts, combined 
 military and naval operations were undertaken against them. 
 
The forts at Hatteras Inlet were captured (August 29, 1861) ; 
 and before the year was out, Commodore Dupont captured Port 
 Royal, S. C, after a most gallant resistance (November 7). 
 Roanoke Island, lying between North Carolina's two largest 
 sounds, was taken early the next }^ear (February 8, 1S62) ; 
 but the Confederate ram Albemarle, built on the Roanoke 
 River, controlled Albemarle Sound during the latter part of the 
 war. She was sunk by a torpedo in the fall of 180-1. Fort 
 Pulaski, defending Savannah, fell into the hands of the Fed- 
 erals (April 11, 1802). Repeated attacks upon Fort Sumter, 
 defending Charleston, however, failed. 
 
 The Virginia and the Monitor. — The presence of Fed- 
 eral ships of war along the coast and the inability of the South 
 to fit out formidable fleets incited Southern inventive talent 
 to design a low, heavy, iron- 
 clad, and sharp-prowed vessel 
 called a ' ' ram. ' ' A number of 
 such vessels were built at several 
 points in the South. The first 
 and most celebrated of the Con- 
 federate rams was constructed 
 out of the Federal frigate Merri- 
 mac, which had been sunk in 
 the beginning of the war when 
 the Federals abandoned Nor- 
 folk. The Confederates raised 
 the Merrimac and converted her 
 into the powerful ironclad Vir- 
 
 ■ 
 
 Significance of the Vir- 
 ginia-Monitor Combat. 
 
 Up to this time all the great naval 
 battles of history had been fought in 
 wooden vessels. The success of the 
 Virginia made wooden vessels worth- 
 less as ships of war. The ironclad 
 principle embodied in the Virginia and 
 successfully tested at Hampton Roads 
 is now employed in all the great navies 
 of the world, and is seen in every 
 heavily armored battleship and pro- 
 tected cruiser of to-day. The principle 
 of the revolving turret has also come 
 into general use. Thus this one naval 
 engagement revolutionized modern 
 naval construction, destroyed the ef- 
 fectiveness of all wooden ships of war, 
 and caused the maritime nations of 
 the earth to begin anew the construc- 
 tion of their navies. 
 
 ginia, the first ironclad 
 ship ever built. 
 
 Under Captain Buchanan the 
 Virginia steamed out into Hampton Roads one afternoon 
 (March 8, 1802), and alone attacked the six Federal warships 
 blockading that harbor. It struck and sank the Cumberland ; 
 riddled, captured, and destroyed the Congress ; and made for 
 the Minnesota, which had grounded near Newport News. 
 Unable to get near enough to destroy the stranded vessel. 
 
PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 because of the shal- 
 low water, the Vir- 
 ginia steamed to- 
 ward SewelPs Point 
 and waited until 
 next day to renew 
 the combat. In the 
 night there arrived 
 from New York a 
 queer little vessel 
 that looked like a 
 " cheese box on a 
 
 raft." It was the Monitor, designed by John Ericsson, a 
 Swedish inventor. Its most novel feature was a circular re- 
 volving turret upon its deck, in which were located two of the 
 most powerful guns constructed up to that time. The Moni- 
 tor and the Virginia immediately engaged in battle, but with- 
 
 MAP OF CHARLESTON' HARBOR. 
 
DISUNION. 
 
 ■to: 
 
 out result, for the shot and shell of one seemed to have not the 
 slightest effect upon the other. After a contest of six hours 
 the Monitor withdrew, and the Virginia remained in control 
 of Hampton Roads until McClellan occupied the Peninsula, 
 when the Confederates, having decided to abandon Norfolk, 
 destroyed the vessel to keep it from falling into Federal hands. 
 
 Fort Fisher.— One of the 
 last Confederate coast defenses 
 to fall was Fort Fisher, at the 
 mouth of the Cape Fear River, 
 N. C. Wilmington, near by, 
 was one of the most important 
 blockade-running ports of the 
 Confederacy, and the longest 
 to resist capture. Not until 
 near the close of the war was it 
 taken, and then only after two 
 most desperate assaults upon 
 its works (December 24-25, 
 1864, and January 15, 1865). 
 For the final attack the Federals 
 collected under Admiral Porter 
 the largest fleet engaged in any 
 single operation of the war, 
 while the attacking land forces 
 numbered more than 8,500 men. 
 The garrison of only 1,900 men 
 made one of the most heroic 
 defenses ever mentioned in his- 
 tory, and would have held the 
 fort to the end had reinforce- 
 ments been at hand. 
 
 Federal Control of the 
 Mississippi. — To secure full 
 control of the Mississippi, Fed- 
 
 Defense of Charleston. 
 
 The defenses of Charleston had been 
 planned by General Beauregard as 
 early as April, 1861. They included 
 eight principal forts and batteries. 
 Like other ports, Charleston was sub- 
 jected to the blockade. On January 
 31, 1861, the two Confederate rams — 
 Palmetto State, commanded by Lieu- 
 tenant John Itutledge, and Chicora, 
 commanded by Captain John I?. 
 Tucker— steamed out of Charleston 
 Harbor, and attacking the Federal 
 blockading fleet, captured two vessels, 
 disabled two, and dispersed the rest. 
 This raised the blockade for the time. 
 
 After the battle of Shiloh, Beaure- 
 gard was sent to Charleston. With 
 the energetic assistance of the people 
 of Charleston and of the State, he 
 completed the work of defense. 
 
 Commodore Du Pont, with a for- 
 midable fleet including eight moni- 
 tors, entered the harbor and opened a 
 fierce fire upon Fort Sumter (April 7, 
 1863). After an engagement of two 
 hours and twenty-five minutes the 
 fleet retired badly crippled. 
 
 The next attempt against Charleston 
 was undertaken by General Quincy A. 
 Gillmore. The Federals made two 
 desperate assaults upon Battery Wag- 
 ner on Morris Island, south of the har- 
 bor entrance, but were repulsed 
 (July 11, 1803). Charleston was never 
 captured by attack during the war. 
 Toward the close of the war, as Sher- 
 man's vast army marched northward 
 from Savannah, the Confederates 
 withdrew from Charleston (February 
 17, 1865). In after years, when Beau- 
 regard died, his sword was presented 
 to the city he had so long and ably 
 defended. 
 
406 
 
 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 fi:ih:i:al gunboat he kalb. 
 
 eral operations were carried forward both in the upper and 
 lower portions of the river. While Grant Mas ascending the 
 Tennessee River upon his Shiloh campaign, Commodore Foote 
 with a fleet of gunboats was moving down the Mississippi. 
 Slipping past the intrenchments on Island No. 1<>, near New 
 Madrid, Mo., he joined Pope in cutting off the garrison, which 
 surrendered (April 7, 1862). Foote then passed down to Fort 
 Pillow, which stopped him until the fall of Corinth forced the 
 
 Confederates to abandon it (June 
 5). Pushing on, they reached 
 Memphis, which to escape bom- 
 bardment surrendered (June 6, 
 L862). The Federals soon con- 
 trolled the river as far south 
 as Vicksburg, the strongest 
 point on the Mississippi. 
 
 The Capture of New 
 Orleans. — Commodore David 
 G. Farragut arrived at Ship 
 Island on the coast of Missis- 
 sippi, and landing there a force 
 of 17,000 men under General 
 Butler, proceeded with his fleet to the mouth of the Missis- 
 sippi and began the ascent. Thirty miles up he found Forts 
 Jackson and St. Philip greatly strengthened and ready to 
 receive him. The Confederates had stretched chains across 
 
 AD.MIHAL DAVID (;. FARI!A(H'T. 
 
407 
 
 the river to impede his prog- 
 ress, and had prepared lire 
 rafts to be set ablaze and sent 
 drifting- out into the stream to 
 endanger his fleet. There were 
 only a few ill-prepared Con- 
 federate gunboats to cooperate 
 with the forts, but these fought 
 most heroically. 
 
 Farragut bombarded the forts 
 for a week, but made little or 
 no impression upon them. lie 
 then decided upon the bold plan 
 of forcing his vessels past the 
 forts with the risk of being shot 
 to pieces \>y them, lie had the 
 chains across the river cut at 
 night during a heavy bombard- 
 ment of the forts by Admiral 
 Porter. Selecting a dark night 
 and using every kind of device 
 to conceal the movements of his 
 vessels, he formed his fleet in line 
 of battle and with as little noise 
 as possible steamed up the river. 
 His intentions were discovered, 
 and a fiery rain of shot and 
 shell was poured upon him from 
 forts and gunboats. His cour- 
 age and good fortune, however, 
 enabled him to make the pas- 
 sage successfully. He continued 
 on his way up the river, and was 
 soon before the largest city of 
 the South. The city itself had 
 no means of defense, and most 
 of its citizens were away taking 
 
 Vicksburg Campaign. 
 
 The campaign against Vicksburg 
 
 was planned by Grant shortly after 
 the battles of Iuka and Corinth. The 
 forces under General Sherman, who 
 was posted at Memphis, were ordered 
 to descend the river and cooperate. 
 Grant proceeded from Holly Springs, 
 where lie hail established his base of 
 supplies. Van Dorn, at the head of a 
 small body of cavalry, captured Holly 
 Springs, ami destroyed the large quan- 
 tity of supplies which Grant had there 
 accumulated. This compelled Grant 
 in postpone his advance upon Vicks- 
 burg. 
 
 Meanwhile Sherman arrived in that 
 vicinity of Vicksburg which was de- 
 fended by General Stephen D. Lee. 
 Sherman attacked Lee at Chickasaw 
 Bayou (December 29, 1862), but was 
 severely repulsed. 
 
 When Grant next advanced, he 
 crossed Ins troops to the west bank of 
 the Mississippi and proceeded down to 
 a point opposite Vicksburg. Here he 
 
 found i f the sharp bends peculiar 
 
 to the liver, and across the narrow 
 tongue of land he attempted without 
 success to cut a canal. Passing far- 
 ther down, while the Federal gunboats 
 cooperating with him ran the fire of 
 the Confederate batteries, he passed 
 over to the east side and approached 
 the city from the south. 
 
 The Confederates were forced back 
 from Port Gibson (May 1) and were 
 compelled to abandon their position at 
 Grand Gulf (May 14). Another Con- 
 federate force was defeated at Ray- 
 mond, and General J. E. Johnston, 
 advancing to the assistance of Vicks- 
 burg, was turned back at Jackson (May 
 14), the city falling into Federal hands. 
 
 General Pemberton commanded the 
 defenses of Vicksburg. Grant, after 
 his capture of Jackson, Immediately 
 moved upon Pemberton and forced 
 him back from Champion Hills (May 
 10), then from Black River Bridge, and 
 compelled him to take refuge behind 
 the fortifications of the city. 
 
 Grant made several assaults upon 
 the Confederate works, but was re- 
 
408 
 
 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 pulsed with great loss each time. He 
 then settled down to a siege of the city. 
 For forty seven days the siege con- 
 tinued. The garrison and the people, 
 cut off from all communication with 
 the outside, suffered all the horrors of 
 starvation and the terrors of bombard- 
 ment. At length the city was forced 
 to capitulate, and on the day after 
 Pickett's gallant charge was made at 
 Gettysburg, Vicksburg surrendered 
 (July 4, 1863). 
 
 part in the battles in Virginia 
 and Tennessee ; so it surren- 
 dered (April 29, 1862). Forts 
 Jackson and St. Philip, having 
 the source of their supplies cut 
 off, had already surrendered to 
 Commodore Porter. The full 
 control of the Mississippi, how- 
 ever, was not obtained by the 
 Federals until more than a year 
 after, when Yicksburg surrendered to General Grant after a 
 most heroic siege (July 4, 1863), and Port Hudson, La., the 
 last important Confederate post upon the Mississippi, yielded 
 shortly after (July 9). 
 
 Naval Operations on the Gulf. — The Texas coast had 
 been blockaded for some time by the West Gulf Blockading 
 Squadron, and through the efforts of Farragut the three impor- 
 tant ports of Corpus Christi, Galveston, and Sabine Pass had 
 fallen under Federal control. But J. B. Magruder, the Con- 
 federate general, was placed in charge of the Texas defenses 
 and his energy soon made itself felt. He attacked the land 
 
 FIliE OF TUB FORTS. 
 
409 
 
 and naval forces at Galveston with such success that one of 
 the Union vessels was destroyed, another — the Harriet Lane — 
 was captured, and the garrison was 
 forced to sur- 
 
 render (January 1, 
 
 1863). Shortly after this came another 
 Confederate success at Sabine Pass, where two cotton-clad 
 steamers darted most daringly out from Sabine Lake and cap- 
 tured two Federal blockading vessels — the Yelocit}^ and the 
 Morning Light (June 21). 
 
 In the eastern part of the Gulf the Federal naval operations 
 were not so successful as else- 
 where. Fort McRee, defending 
 Pensacola, Fla,, had been at- 
 tacked in vain in the early part 
 of the war (November 22-23, 
 1861) ; and Mobile, Ala., was so 
 well defended by forts and iron- 
 clads that it was retained by the 
 Confederates until the very end 
 of the war. Commodore Far- 
 ragut at one time made a most 
 heroic attempt to take the city 
 (August 5, 1864). Although the 
 bay had been well planted with 
 torpedoes, he forced his way in. 
 
 General Banks in the 
 Southwest. 
 
 New Orleans, after its capture by 
 Farragut, was occupied bj land forces 
 under General B. F. Butler, who es- 
 tablished a rigid military government 
 for the city. lie was superseded by 
 General Banks (December 23, 1862). 
 
 Banks sent General Franklin with 
 5,000 men around by sea to effect a 
 landing at Sabine Pass and march 
 upon Beaumont and Houston. Sabine 
 Pass at this time was defended by a 
 rude fortification which was occupied 
 by forty-two men. This handful of 
 men disabled and captured two ves- 
 sels of the attacking fleet, and took 
 almost four times as many prisoners 
 as they themselves numbered (Sep- 
 tember S, 1803). Franklin made no 
 
410 
 
 PEKIol) OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 attempl to land, but returned to Ber- 
 wick Bay. 
 
 Banks next endeavored to pain a 
 foothold in southwest Texas. He oc- 
 cupied Brazos Island (November 2) 
 and Point Isabel (November 8), and 
 captured Fort Esperanza at the head 
 of Matagorda Bay (December 30). At 
 this point he was ordered by the au- 
 thorities to return to New Orleans 
 and continue his operations against 
 Texas by way of the Red River. 
 
 The Confederate defenses of Loui- 
 siana were now intrusted to General 
 Richard Taylor, son of Zachary Tay- 
 lor, twelfth President of the United 
 States. As Banks, with forces num- 
 
 l.IKl T.-OEN. RICHABD TAYLOK, 
 CONFEDERATE. 
 
 bering 31,000 men, proceeded up Red 
 River he was met and defeated at Sa- 
 bine Cross Roads, near Mansfield, La. 
 (April 8, 1804). The Federal army re- 
 treated lo Pleasant Hill, where it was 
 again attacked and made to fall back 
 (April 9). Discouraged, Banks aban- 
 doned the campaign. The water in 
 Red River was now very low, and near 
 Alexandria, La., was a shallow place 
 over which large boats could not pass. 
 Banks would have bad to abandon all 
 his transports to the Confederates had 
 not Colonel Joseph Bailey of the Fed- 
 eral army, with great ingenuity, con- 
 structed a dam that raised the level of 
 the water sufficiently high to enable 
 the Federal vessels to float safely over. 
 
 The Confederate ram Tennessee, 
 under Admiral Buchanan, who 
 had commanded the Virginia, 
 assisted onty by three small 
 gunboats, attacked the entire 
 Federal fleet. Buchanan's rud- 
 der chain being carried away by 
 a, cannon-ball, he was forced to 
 surrender. A land force cap- 
 tured Forts Morgan and Gaines 
 at the entrance to the bay, but 
 Farragut made no further at- 
 tempts to capture the city. 
 
 3. 
 
 Naval Battles upon the 
 High Seas. — At the beginning 
 of the war neither North nor 
 South had a sufficient number 
 of warships to undertake exten- 
 sive 1 na val operations. By press- 
 ing into service many merchant 
 vessels, and by forcing the 
 ii winy shipyards of that section 
 to turn out work as fast as pos- 
 sible, the North was soon en- 
 abled to place fleets of war upon 
 the sea. The South had little 
 experience in shipbuilding, but 
 several very effective ironclad 
 rams, modeled after the Vir- 
 ginia, were built in Southern 
 rivers to defend the harbors. 
 The number of mechanics was 
 limited, machinery and engines 
 difficult to get, and the Soutli 
 was compelled to secure vessels 
 
411 
 
 abroad. The few thus obtained, instead of i 
 turning to the American coast to be overcome in 
 battle by the overwhelming naval forces of the North, cruised 
 in various parts of the world and destroyed or captured every 
 Union merchant vessel to be found. The most important of the 
 Confederate cruisers, or commerce destroyers, was the Ala- 
 bama, commanded by Admiral Raphael Senimes. 
 
 The Alabama. — Although the Alabama's object was to 
 §weep Federal commerce from the seas, yet she engaged in two 
 naval battles which are famous in history. The first of these 
 was in the Gulf of Mexico, near Galves- 
 ton. The Alabama had slipped into 
 the Gulf very quietly, and finding five 
 blockading vessels before Galveston, 
 pretended to be a blockade-runner. 
 The Federal ship-of-war llatteras was 
 sent in pursuit. Semmes permitted 
 himself to be chased until the TIatteras 
 was too far from the rest of the fleet 
 to receive assistance ; then he turned 
 and gave battle. Both vessels were 
 about equally matched, but it took the 
 Alabama only thirteen minutes to sink 
 the llatteras. 
 
 From a photo. 
 DMIRAL RAPHAEL SEMMES, 
 CONFEDERATE. 
 
412 
 
 PEIUOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 So destructive was the Alabama to Federal commerce that 
 the Federal Government despatched the powerful ship-of-war 
 Kearsarge to follow Semmes wherever he went, and to destroy 
 his vessel. The Kearsarge, learning that the Alabama had put 
 into the port of Cherbourg, France, to land prisoners and refit, 
 took up a position outside the harbor to prevent Semmes from 
 escaping. But Semmes had no intention of trying to escape. 
 Although his vessel was poorly pre- 
 pared for battle, 
 
 he came out to 
 
 fight. He believed the Kearsarge to 
 lie a wooden vessel like his own, and he knew he could depend 
 upon the skill and bravery of his men. But the Kearsarge had 
 been completely encased in chains which served as armor to 
 protect the wooden sides ; and Semmes's ammunition, after his 
 long cruise, was of a very poor quality. A shell from the Ala- 
 bama struck the rudder post of the Kearsarge and should have 
 exploded. Had it done so, that would have been the end 
 of the Federal vessel. The contest was unequal, for the 
 Alabama's shot had very little effect. The Confederate ves- 
 sel was finally sunk (June lit, 1864). Semmes and some of 
 his cicw were picked up by an English yacht and carried to 
 England. 
 
 Other Confederate Cruisers. — There were a number of 
 other Confederate cruisers which were very successful as com- 
 merce destroyers. The first to win fame was the Sumter, 
 
DISUNION. 413 
 
 commanded by Semmes. It was sold before the Alabama was 
 built. The Florida, under Captain J. N. Maffitt, was especially 
 successful and made a number of prizes. She was captured by 
 a Federal sloop-of-war at Bahia, Brazil, in violation of inter- 
 national law. The Shenandoah, sailing in 1864 under Captain 
 James I. "Waddell, made several prizes, and in June, 1865, 
 destroyed the American whaling fleet in Bering Strait. 
 Learning, about the last of June, that the war was over, Cap- 
 tain Waddell carried his vessel into Liverpool and surrendered 
 her to the British Government. The Tallahassee, fitted out 
 at Wilmington, N. C, under Commander Wood, destroyed 
 thirty small vessels off the New England coast. 
 
 Questions. — In what two ways may a nation be overcome in war? What 
 did the first few battles of the war make plain? Federal military operations 
 were planned with how many ideas in view? What was the first? Second? 
 Third? Fourth? Fifth? Why was the Federal blockade of Southern ports 
 proclaimed? How was the blockade sometimes evaded by the Confederates? 
 To what two foreign ports did blockade-runners principally go? Where else were 
 much cotton sent and supplies obtained ? The success of the blockade-runners 
 made it necessary for the Federals to do what? When was Hatteras Inlet cap- 
 tured? Port Royal? Roanoke Island? What kind of vessel was invented in the 
 South? What was the most celebrated Confederate ram? Tell something of 
 the Albemarle. What two Federal ships of war did the Virginia destroy? 
 What was the Monitor? Give an account of t lie battle between the Virginia 
 and the Monitor. What Confederate fort was one of the last to fall? 
 
 When and by whom was Island No. 10 captured? Where is this island? 
 What other two captures did Federal gunboats descending the Mississippi make? 
 What commodore undertook operations in the lower portion of the Mississippi 
 River? What preparations of defense did the Confederates make near the mouth 
 of the river? (Jive an account of Farragufs passage of the Mississippi River 
 forts. When was New Orleans taken? Vicksburg? Port Hudson? What 
 three Texas ports fell into the hands of the Federals? What Confederate gen- 
 eral was intrusted with the defense of Texas? Give an account of Magruder's 
 recapture of Galveston. What success had the Confederates at Sabine Pass? 
 What important Gulf port was retained by the Confederates until near the end 
 of the war? Give an account of Farragufs attack upon Mobile. 
 
 Why were the Confederates compelled to have their ships of war built 
 abroad? What was the most celebrated of the Confederate cruisers? Who 
 commanded the Alabama? Give an account of the Alabama and the Batteras. 
 Of the Alabama and the Kearsarge. Of other Confederate cruisers. 
 
414 PEKIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. The Federal Blockade. II. Atlantic Coast Operations : Hatteras Inlet ; Roanoke Island ; 
 Port Royal ; Charleston ; Fort Fisher. III. The Virginia and the Monitor. IV. Grant's 
 
 Vieksburg Campaign. V. Opening the Mississippi : Island No. 10 ; Memphis ; New 
 Orleans; Port Hudson. VI. Gulf Coast Operations: Galveston; Sabine Pass; Mobile. 
 VII. The Cruiser Alabama. VIII. Banks's Red River Campaign. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Battles <u,<t Leaders of the Civil War. 
 Vol. L: Coast operations in the Carolinas, 632. Virginia and Monitor, 692. Vol. ii. : Gulf 
 coast, 13 ; and vol. iv., 379. Vol. ii. : New Orleans, 22. Vol. iii. : Vieksburg, 493. Vol. 
 iv. : Red River campaign, 345. Confederate cruisers, 595. Fort Fisher, 642. 
 
 Diaper's History of the American Civil War. 
 Vol. ii. : The blockade, 203 ; also vol. iii., 189. Vol. ii.: Atlantic coast. 480-495; also vol. 
 iii., 521. Vol. ii.: Virginia and Monitor, 419-426. Vieksburg, 318-326 ; also vol. iii., 25-53. 
 Vol. iii.: Capture of New Orleans, 327-340. The Alabama, 200-202. Gulf coast, 220-228. 
 Red River, 229-239. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities.— Historical : 
 Blockade, The Federal. Hatteras Inlet, capture of. Roanoh Island, Capture of. Port 
 Royal, Capture of. Charleston, Federal Siege of. Fort Wagner, Attack upon. Fort 
 Fisher, Capture of. Virginia and Monitor. Vieksburg, Siege of. New Orleans. Capture 
 of. Galveston, Attack upon. Sabine Pass, Defense of. Mobile Bay, Farragut in. Ala- 
 bama, Tli-. Mansfield, Batik <;''. Pleasant EUl, Battle of . 
 
 Biographical an addition to names already given) : Farragut, David G. Du Pont, Sam- 
 <><!/■'. Semmes, Raphael. Buchanan, Franklin. Foot e, A. II. Lee, General Stephen />■ 
 Pemberton, General J. C. Taylor, c.m rat Richard. 
 
 Special.— Maclay : ITv<t<vtj <>f tin American Navy, vol. ii. Soley : Blockade and the Crui- 
 sers. AmiiK'ii : Atlantic Coast. Mataan : Gulf ami tin Inland Waters. Swinton : 
 Twelve Decisive Battles : chap, vii., Vieksburg. Dodge: Bird's-eye View. Semmee 
 vice Afloat in tht War between the Stales. Sinclair: Two Years on tht Alabama. Roman: 
 Military Operations of General Beauregard. Grant : Memoirs. Taylor : Destruction and 
 Reconstruction. 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 LIGHTS AND SHADOWS OF APPOMATTOX. 
 1. 
 
 Events in the Middle West : Murfreesboro. — After 
 the 1 tattle of Perryville, Bragg retired into Tennessee with his 
 immense wagon-train of captured supplies. Buell vv as blamed 
 for permitting Bragg to escape, and Rosecrans was appointed 
 commander of the Federal army, which went into winter quar- 
 ters at Nashville, Tenn. Bragg's army was on Stone River, 
 
415 
 
 near Murf reesboro, Term., forty 
 miles south of Nashville. Here 
 he was attacked by Rosecrans 
 (December 31, 1862). All day 
 the battle raged, but the Con- 
 federates had the advantage. 
 No fighting took place the next 
 day, but on the second day 
 Rosecrans made a most deter- 
 mined attempt to gain a decisive 
 victory. The Confederates, 
 however, held their 
 
 Lit u GenN.EFForres t. 
 
 Prom a Picture ih Memphis 7?m. 
 
 Military Operations in 
 Arkansas. 
 
 After the battle of Pea Ridge, Ark., 
 Van Dorn and his men fell back to 
 DesArc, on the White River. Here 
 receiving orders to join General Albert 
 Sidney Johnston, he crossed the Mis- 
 sissippi hut. arrived too late to take 
 part in the battle of Shiloh. His de- 
 parture left Arkansas almost defense- 
 less, and the Federal General Curtis 
 soon advanced as far as Batesville 
 (May 3, 1862). 
 
 General T. C. Hindman, who had dis- 
 tinguished himself upon the battle- 
 field of Shiloh, was now 
 sent to rally what forces 
 
 v^-ftiv. Joseph WHt^y 
 
 , Conpeoeratp 
 
 Cava l R\Co/ifiA^DEf{s / . 
 
 Western Army. 
 
 ground. Hearing 
 that heavy' reinforcements were 
 about to join the Federal army, 
 Bragg fell back to Shelbyville, 
 and Rosecrans occupied Mur- 
 freesboro. The two armies 
 held these positions for nearly 
 six months, during which they 
 fought no great battle, but there 
 were many skirmishes and cav- 
 alry engagements, in which the 
 Confederate Generals Forrest, 
 
 BrigGen.John.H.Morgan. 
 
 Prom a Photograph 
 
 he could for the defense of 
 the State. So energeti- 
 cally did he carry out his mission that 
 he soon had an efficient army of 20,000 
 organized, with which he compelled 
 Curtis to retire through the swamps to 
 Helena on the Mississippi River. 
 
 General T. II. Holmes was now ap- 
 pointed to the command of the 
 Trans-Mississippi Department of the 
 Confederacy, which included Arkan- 
 sas. His headquarters were established 
 at Little Rock: General Hindman was 
 directed to concentrate his forces in 
 the vicinity of Fort Smith, and then 
 report in person at Little Rock to help 
 organize the forces being gathered 
 there. After his departure Ids men 
 
410 
 
 PEKIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 Wheeler, and Morgan distin- 
 guished themselves. 
 
 Chickamauga. — Late in 
 June (1863), Rosecrans moved 
 around Bragg' s army and forced 
 him to retreat to Chattanooga 
 to protect his supplies. Rose- 
 crans next attacked Chattanooga 
 (August 21), and by sending a 
 large force south compelled 
 Bragg to retreat into Georgia 
 (September S). Here Long- 
 street joined him with reinforce- 
 ments from the Army of Vir- 
 ginia. It was decided to make 
 ■ i stand at Chickamauga Creek. 
 In the battle that followed 
 (September 19-20), Longstreet 
 pierced the center and right of 
 the Union lines. Rosecrans was 
 beaten, and hurrying from the 
 field he gave the order to retreat. 
 But on the Federal left General 
 Thomas held his men together, 
 and stubbornly resisted until 
 nightfall every assault of the 
 Confederates. But for this 
 gallant stand, the Union army 
 would have been completely de- 
 stroyed. Thenceforth Thomas 
 was known as the "Rock of 
 Chickamauga." 
 Chattanooga. — Bragg fol- 
 lowed up the retreating Union forces to Chattanooga, which he 
 besieged. The principal Confederate fortifications were upon 
 .Missionary Ridge and Lookout Mountain, which commanded 
 the Tennessee River and all approaches to Chattanooga. For 
 
 encountered successfully the Federal 
 General Salomon near Newtonia (Sep-- 
 tember 30, 1862), but fell back upon 
 the approach of heavy Federal rein- 
 forcements. 
 
 Hindman was now directed to send 
 10,000 of his men to the assistance of 
 Vicksbnrg, which was then the ob- 
 jective point of Grant's operations. 
 Before complying he determined to 
 give battle to the Federal General 
 Hi'iron. who was invading northwest- 
 ern Arkansas from Missouri, and was 
 endeavoring to unite with a fc >ree under 
 General Blunt, who was coming from 
 Kansas. The junction was formed, 
 however, and the opposing forces mel 
 at Prairie Grove (December 7, 1862). 
 At the close of the battle the Con- 
 federates were in possession of the 
 field ; but their provisions being ex- 
 hausted, they fell back the next day. 
 
 The Confederates next suffered a re- 
 verse in the capture of Arkansas 
 Post by the Federal forces ordered 
 from Memphis to coOperate with Grant 
 against Vicksbnrg (January 11, 18G3). 
 Later in the year Holmes made an un- 
 saccessful assault upon Helena (July 
 I. 1863). The capture of Vicksbnrg 
 enabled the Federals to reenforce this 
 
 point, so the Federal General Steele 
 advanced by way of De Vall's Bluff 
 upon Little Rock. 
 
 The Confederate forces had been 
 greatlj weakened by the departure of 
 a huge body of Arkansas troops, un- 
 der General Thomas J. Churchill, for 
 Louisiana, to join General Dick Taylor 
 in his campaign against Banks. In 
 consequence of this, the Confederate 
 General Price was.unable to hold Little 
 Rock, and the city was given up to the 
 Federals i September 10, 1863). From 
 this nine ii. the close of the war the 
 Federals retained possession of a large 
 portion of the State. 
 
417 
 
 two months Rosecrans was locked in, and suffered for want of 
 food. Meanwhile Longstreet was detached from Bragg's army 
 to proceed against General Burnside in East Tennessee. Burn- 
 side was shut up in Knoxville, and the Confederates laid siege 
 to that place also. 
 
 The victory of Vicksburg had inspired the Washington 
 authorities with great confidence in General Grant. For this 
 reason he was placed in command of all the Union forces 
 operating in the middle West. Slipping into Chattanooga, he 
 
 took command. Heavy reinforcements under Generals Sher- 
 man and Hooker arrived near Chattanooga to cooperate with 
 the garrison. 
 
 Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge. — Hooker, 
 with a large force, was sent quietly up to the top of the ridge 
 known as Lookout Mountain, some distance south of the Con- 
 federate force posted there. Having the ad van tage thus gained, 
 he advanced toward Chattanooga and drove out the Confeder- 
 ates from the trenches around the point. During the night 
 the Confederates retired from the mountain and joined Bragg. 
 
 * General Thomas commanded the Army of the Cumberland 
 portrait is given on page 385. 
 27 
 
 the Atlanta campaign. His 
 
418 
 
 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 The next day (November 25) Grant carried Missionary Ridge. 
 The attacking forces charged gallantly up the ridge, broke the 
 Confederate line, and defeated Bragg. Had Longstreet and 
 his command not been sent off to Ivnoxville, the result might 
 have been different. As it was, Bragg was compelled to re- 
 tire to the vicinity of Dalton, Ga. 
 
 Grant made Commander-in-chief. — Grant was now 
 raised to the command of all 
 the armies of the United States 
 (March, 1864). Leaving Sher- 
 man in command in Tennessee, 
 he proceeded to Virginia to lead 
 the army opposed to Lee. Sher- 
 man concentrated the Union 
 forces in the West until he had 
 assembled an army of more than 
 100,000 men. With these he 
 entered Georgia. The Confed- 
 erate army there numbered less 
 than 50,000. General Bragg 
 had been superseded by General 
 J. E. Johnston. General Long- 
 street, after fiercely assaulting 
 the defenses at Ivnoxville with- 
 out success, had rejoined Lee in 
 Virginia. 
 
 Sherman's Advance. — 
 Johnston with great skill op- 
 posed Sherman's progress. Both 
 he and Sherman were thoroughly trained soldiers and knew 
 perfectly the art of war. The country was mountainous, and 
 the maneuvers of the two armies Avere very intricate. The 
 superior numbers of the Federal army enabled Sherman to 
 place a heavy force in Johnston's front and with the remainder 
 to pass around the side of the Confederate army, thus compel- 
 ling Johnston to fall back and form a new front to avoid being 
 surrounded. Durum; the course of these movements several 
 
 Federal Invasion of 
 Florida. 
 
 The capture of Port Royal, S. C., 
 gave the Federals a base from which 
 to operate in that part of the Confed- 
 eracy. In the early part of 1804 Gen- 
 eral Truman Seymour embarked from 
 there with 7,000 men and landed at 
 Jacksonville, with the intention of 
 overrunning Florida and reclaiming it 
 for the Union in time to take pari 
 in the Presidential election of that 
 year. 
 
 General Joseph Finnegan collected 
 forces to oppose Seymour; and reen- 
 forcements under General A. H. Col- 
 quitt, from Georgia, increased the 
 number of Finne<_ r an"s men to about 
 5,400. A battle was fought at Olustee, 
 or Ocean Pond, in which the Confed- 
 erates were thoroughly successful, 
 winning deserved praise for the cour- 
 age with which they held their lines 
 after their ammunition had given out. 
 They stood firm in the face of a gall- 
 ing tire until a fresh supply was 
 brought up from a distance, after 
 which they boldly advanced and won 
 the victory (February 20, 1864). 
 
DISUNION. 
 
 419 
 
 heavy engagements occurred, the principal ones being Resaca, 
 Dallas, and Kenesaw Mountain. In every battle the Confeder- 
 ates held their positions and repelled the attack, but were again 
 and again forced to retreat to avoid being flan Iced. Lieutenant- 
 General Leonidas Polk was killed near Marietta, Ga. 
 
 Capture of Atlanta. — Although Johnston acted through- 
 out this campaign with great skill and prudence, yet the advance 
 of Sherman so far into the heart of the Confederacy was caus- 
 ing much apprehension in the South. At Atlanta, Johnston was 
 
 Lieut.GemA.P Stewart. 
 
 From a Photograph. 
 
 ConeederateCommanders 
 
 Atlanta* 
 
 L/EUT. GeN.StePHEnD. 1 ££. 
 From a Photo, in !89l. 
 
 relieved of command, and John B. Hood, one of the greatest 
 ' k fighting " generals of the war upon either side, took his place. 
 In the vicinity of Atlanta, Hood made recklessly fierce attacks 
 upon Sherman; but the overwhelming numbers opposed to 
 him were too much for even his desperate courage, and he was 
 repulsed with great loss (July 20, 22, 1864). On the last day 
 each army lost a distinguished officer, Major-General McPher- 
 son, Union, and Major-General W. II. T. Walker, Confederate, 
 being killed. For a month Sherman's army lay before At- 
 lanta and shelled the city. There was more fighting as he 
 
 * Another infantry corps was commanded by General Hardee, and the cavalry corps was led 
 by General Wheeler. Their portraits have already been given. 
 
420 
 
 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 extended his line west and south. Finally, he occupied the 
 railroad leading south. Hood was thus forced to abandon At- 
 lanta. He destroyed all the military stores and marched out 
 with his army (September 2, 1864). The Federals at once 
 entered the city. 
 
 Hood Threatens Tennessee. — After leaving Atlanta, 
 Hood captured Dal ton, destroyed many miles of railroad 
 over which Sherman received supplies, and then moved to 
 Alabama so as to threaten Tennessee, and compel Sherman to 
 return or to divide his army. It was also his idea, if Sherman 
 sent part of his forces to Tennessee, to 
 defeat that part, 
 
 M a JtGen. Pa t.R.Cleburne. 
 
 Wo ,h/86$. a>Hfeoc**re. 
 
 and then possibly 
 
 to unite with Lee in Virginia and crush 
 Grant. Sherman sent part of his army, under Thomas, to 
 Nashville to hold Tennessee, and after burning Atlanta he 
 himself started south (November 15) with the remainder of 
 his command. 
 
 Nashville. — Leaving a force in Georgia under the famous 
 cavalry leader. General Joseph Wheeler, to harass Sherman 
 as much as possible, Hood with :!7, <)<»() men crossed into Ten- 
 nessee, the three divisions of his army led by Generals Stephen 
 D. Lee, A. P. Stewart, and 15. F. Cheatham. He was joined by 
 cavalry under another very celebrated leader, General N. P>. 
 Forrest. At Franklin, Tenn., a large Federal force under 
 General Schofield was intercepted and repulsed (November 30), 
 
421 
 
 Cavalry Leaders. 
 
 but the Confederates suffered a severe loss in the death of 
 General Pat Cleburne, one of their most gallant and beloved 
 officers. 
 
 With a reduced force Hood laid siege to Nashville. Eeen- 
 forcements from beyond the Mississippi having been promised 
 him, he concluded to wait. All the North was clamoring for 
 Thomas to show more activity, 
 but the Federal commander 
 perfected his plans with great 
 deliberation, and when he was 
 fully ready he came out from his 
 Nashville defenses with 55,000 
 men and dealt the besieging 
 army a most crushing blow 
 (December 10). The rout was 
 checked by the gallantry of 
 Clayton's division. In the re- 
 treat that followed, Major- 
 General E. C. Walthall com- 
 manded the rear guard, made 
 up of eight picked brigades and 
 Forrest's cavalry. The rem- 
 nants of Hood's army reached 
 Tupelo (January 10). Some 
 
 The war between the North and the 
 South was characterized by the num- 
 ber and brilliant exploits of the cavalry 
 officers on both sides. The most fa- 
 mous on the Union side were Kilpat- 
 rick, Pleasanton, Sheridan, Stoneman, 
 and (Jrierson. But in this branch of 
 military service the Confederates were 
 preeminent. General J. E. B. Stuart 
 and General Fitzhugh Lee, command- 
 ing the cavalry of the Confederate 
 army of Virginia, were like the knights 
 of old, in bearing, personal courage, 
 and chivalry. General Joseph Wheeler, 
 who led the cavalry in the armies of 
 Bragg, Johnston, and Hood, was aptly 
 termed "Fighting Joe," and for his 
 many gallant exploits was raised to 
 the highest rank in the Confederate 
 service before the end of the war. 
 General N. B. Forrest was one of the 
 most remarkable men produced upon 
 either side. Without education and 
 with only his own force of character 
 and bravery, he rose step by step from 
 the position of a soldier in the ranks to 
 that of a commanding general. Gen- 
 eral John Morgan was particularly fa- 
 mous for his daring raids. One of 
 these extended far into Indiana and 
 Ohio, and threatened the safety of 
 Cincinnati. 
 
 regiments were furloughed, 
 some were sent to Mobile, and 
 some to Johnston in North 
 Carolina. 
 
 Sherman's March. — The 
 return of Hood to Tennessee 
 caused Sherman no uneasiness about the cutting off of supplies 
 for the Federal army. He was in a rich and productive coun- 
 try, a region which had been one of the main sources of sup- 
 plies for the Confederate armies since the war began. lie could 
 obtain hy foraging everything his army needed. With no foe 
 to oppose him, Sherman set out upon his famous march to the 
 sea. His idea was that war is terrible, and the more terrible 
 
422 
 
 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 it can be made the sooner it comes to an end. In his march 
 he certainly carried out this idea. His vast army advanced in 
 four columns, covering a strip of country forty miles wide. Ter- 
 ror and consternation went before him ; desolation and destruc- 
 tion followed in his path. It is a rule of civilized warfare that 
 the persons and property of the helpless, the aged, the infirm, 
 women, children, and other non-combatants should not be need- 
 lessly interfered with. But this rule was not enforced or ob- 
 served. In every large army there will be found a greater or 
 
 MAT SHOWIM, SI1KKMAN s MARCH. 
 
 enlist 
 
 principle or o'f 
 country. Such men 
 in Sherman's army added robbery and plunder to the woes 
 which the people suffered from the passing of so large an 
 armed force. Sherman's march inflicted a loss upon one of 
 the fairest portions of the South of more than one hundred 
 million dollars ($100,000,000). 
 
 Sherman reached Savannah, captured Fort McAlister. and 
 took possession of the city (December 21, 1864), the Confeder- 
 ate forces having retreated to South Carolina. Then turning 
 northward he marched across South Carolina, burning on the 
 
way South Carolina's beautiful capital city, Columbia. Arriv- 
 ing in North Carolina he found Johnston, restored to com- 
 mand and again ready to oppose his progress. Engagements 
 followed at Averysboro (March 10, 1865) and at Bentonville 
 (March 19). 
 
 3. 
 
 Grant Takes Command in Virginia.— Meanwhile, in 
 the spring of 1864, Grant was in command of the Federal forces 
 in Virginia and 
 had begun the 
 sixth campaign 
 against Rich- 
 mond, on the 
 same day that 
 Sherman entered 
 Georgia on his 
 Atlanta cam- 
 paign. Lee's 
 army of about 
 62.000 men was 
 stationed along 
 the R a p i d a n 
 River, near Fred- 
 ericksburg. 
 Grant himself 
 was with the 
 A r m y of the 
 Potomac, which 
 numbered 120,- 
 000 men, under 
 General Meade, 
 and was north 
 
 of the Rapidan, ready to move against Lee. 
 had been placed side by side in one line, 
 been fifty-one miles long. Lee's men arranged in the same 
 way would have extended twenty-eight miles. To prevent Lee 
 
 GENERAL ROBERT E. LEE. 
 
 If Grant's men 
 this Line would have 
 
124 
 
 PERIOD ()F INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 from being reenforced, a force under General Sigel entered the 
 Shenandoah Valley, while 30,000 men under General Butler 
 advanced upon Richmond by way of the James River. These 
 two armies gave little help to Grant, however; for Butler | 
 was forced by General Beauregard into the little peninsula at ' 
 Bermuda Hundred, formed Iry a bend in the James River, and\ 
 there held " bottled up," as Grant expressed it. Sigel was de-/ 
 feated at New Market by General Breckinridge (May 15, 186-1). 
 Battle of the Wilderness. — Grant crossed the Rapidan 
 and attacked Lee in that portion of the country known as the 
 "Wilderness," near where the battle of Chancellorsville had 
 been fought. The fighting was terrible and lasted three days 
 (May 5, 0, and 7, 1864). Grant lost very heavily, and accom- 
 plished nothing save the infliction of a smaller loss upon the 
 Confederates. 
 
 Spottsylvania Court House. — Having failed to break 
 the Confederate lines, Grant next tried to move around their 
 right flank. But Lee was too quick for him. When he 
 reached Spottsylvania Court House, he found the Confederate 
 army again before him and ready for battle. Now followed 
 the bloody struggle of Spottsylvania Court House (May 9-12, 
 1861), marked by most sublime hero- 
 ism upon both sides. The gallant 
 Federal General Winfield S. Hancock 
 by a most daring charge captured an 
 advanced position of the Confederate 
 line, taking a number of prisoners. 
 Unless this position were retaken, or 
 the line formed anew, defeat to the 
 Confederates was sure to follow. Lee 
 in desperation boldly dashed into the 
 ranks., to lead a charge in person ; 
 but when the Confederate soldiers be- 
 held their beloved commander in such 
 extreme peril, they rushed around him 
 shouting, " General Lee to the rear! 
 General Lee to the rear ! ' ' and promised 
 
 Portrait furnish, il hij his irifr. 
 
 MAJOR-GENERAL W. S. 1IANCOCK, 
 FEl>EitAL. 
 
425 
 
 him if he would only go back 
 out of reach of danger they 
 would hold their position. This 
 they did. So hotly was this 
 part of the field contested, and 
 so. fierce was the fire that swept 
 over its 
 surface, 
 that a 
 
 
 Federal Invasion of the 
 Shenandoah Valley. 
 
 A remarkable fact connected with 
 the battle of New Market, Va., was the 
 
 presence upon the field and gallant 
 participation in the engagement of a 
 (nips of cadets from the Virginia Mil- 
 itary Institute. They were only mere 
 boys, but under their commander, 
 Colonel Shipp, they went through the 
 trials of a long, toilsome march, took 
 their place and held most unflinchingly 
 a very important position 
 in the Confederate line of 
 battle, left their young 
 dead upon the field to the 
 
 Lieu.-Gen.Ju 
 
 Photo /-v '35. 
 
 tree eighteen 
 inches in diameter 
 standing back of 
 the Confederate lines was cut to 
 the ground by the bullets which 
 poured from the Federal attack- 
 ing forces. 
 
 Cold Harbor. — Failing at 
 Spottsylvania, Grant again 
 moved around Lee's right, and 
 again did he find Lee confront- 
 ing him, at the Xorth Anna 
 Eiver, in a position so wisely 
 chosen that he himself said it 
 could not be taken or flanked. 
 Crossing the Pamunkey Eiver. 
 Grant again found the Confed- 
 erate army in front of him. 
 
 many a 
 mother's heart, and after the battle 
 was won marched back, and again 
 tookup their school work ami studies. 
 The Federal Generals Hunter and 
 Averill replaced Sigel in the conduct 
 of Valley operations, and Generals 
 Early and Gordon were sent by Lee to 
 ree'nforce Breckinridge. The Federal 
 forces were driven in confusion from 
 Lynchburg, to which place they had 
 advanced (June is. 1864). Early, 
 marching down the Valley, crossed the 
 Potomac and defeated General Lew 
 Wallace at Monocacy, Md. (July 9), 
 after which, returning to the Valley, 
 he defeated a Union force under Gen- 
 eral Wright at Winchester (July 24, 
 18G4). Early then invaded Pennsyl- 
 
t26 
 
 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 vania, burned Chambersburg, and 
 threatened to advance on Washington, 
 
 compelling heavy forces under Gen- 
 eral Sheridan to be detached from 
 Grant's army to drive the Confederates 
 out of the Valley. 
 
 Sheridan and Early met at Win- 
 chester (September 19), and again at 
 Fisher Hill (September 22), both bat- 
 tles resulting in favor of the Federals. 
 But, at Cedar Creek, Early attacked 
 and surprised Sheridan's army and 
 forced it into a rapid retreat (Octo- 
 ber 19). The Confederates were so 
 sorely tempted by the abundance of 
 good things the Federals had aban- 
 doned in their camps that they stayed 
 their victorious pursuit to take posses- 
 sion of and enjoy the much-needed 
 stores captured. This gave Sheridan, 
 who had been away from his com- 
 mand during the battle, time to return 
 from Winchester. Rallying his re- 
 treating men, he in turn surprised the 
 Confederates and deprived them of the 
 fruits of their victory. 
 
 Lee, being in great need of men in 
 his encounters with Grant, was com- 
 pelled to withdraw the Confederate 
 troops from the Valley. In order that 
 this portion of the country should no 
 further require the attention of the 
 Federals, Sheridan followed the ex- 
 ample of Sherman in Georgia. He 
 laid waste and destroyed from one end 
 of the Valley to the other, until, as he 
 boasted, a crow would not be able to 
 fly across without taking rations along. 
 
 There was sharp fighting the 
 Jirst day. The next day Grant 
 prepared his men for a grand 
 attack, and early on the morn- 
 ing of June 3d he attempted to 
 carry the Confederate line by 
 assault. Column after column 
 charged the Confederate line, 
 attempting to break it, but they 
 were repulsed with terrible loss. 
 Grant was forced to abandon 
 the idea of crushing Lee. He 
 had lost 54,000 men in thirty • 
 days in the attempt. A few 
 days later he moved his army 
 across the peninsula to the 
 James River. Crossing the 
 river, he released Butler's forces 
 and laid siege to Petersburg. 
 
 Yellow Tavern. — After 
 the battle of the Wilderness, 
 Grant sent a large cavalry force 
 under General Sheridan south 
 of Lee, to cut off the supplies 
 of the Confederate army and to 
 threaten Richmond. At Yel- 
 
 low Tavern, six miles from Rich- 
 mond, Sheridan encountered Lee's cavalry under General J. E. 
 B. Stuart, and in the battle which followed (May 11) Stuart 
 was killed. General Wade Hampton succeeded him in com- 
 mand. Sheridan passed east of Richmond, crossed the Chick - 
 ahominy River, and joined Grant on the North Anna. After 
 the 1 Kittle of Cold Harbor, Sheridan made another raid and 
 cut the railroad in the rear of Lee's army. A fight occurred 
 at Trevilian Station with the Confederate cavalry under Hamp- 
 ton and Fitzhugh Lee. Sheridan was forced to retreat, and 
 retraced his steps to the North Anna River. 
 
427 
 
 Siege of Petersburg. — Grant's army was soon strongly 
 intrenched east of Petersburg, facing the Confederate works 
 around that city. To make an opening through these works, a 
 mine was laid under them in July and was exploded. A Union 
 column promptly entered the breach and advanced a short dis- 
 tance beyond, but the Confederates massed a column of attack 
 and drove them out. All through the fall and winter the 
 siege continued. Attacks were made day after day, and the 
 Federal line was gradually extended around Petersburg, so that 
 the line of attack and defense grew longer and longer. Grant 
 could well afford to do this, for he had a sufficient number of 
 
 Z ieutGen. \a/a de Hampton 
 
 Prom a Photograph /a/ /896. 
 
 /f «G fw j¥.B.St^ 
 
 Confederate 
 
 CAVALRyCo/iMAN'DEfiS'. 
 
 Army or Northern I/a . 
 
 Ma j. Gem Fitzhugh Lee. 
 
 From a Photograph /// /896. 
 
 troops to maintain a long line of attack and still have enough 
 left to mass for decisive action at any particular point. With 
 Lee it was different. The Confederacy for four long years had 
 been carrying on the struggle with limited resources. Death 
 and disaster had been rapidly thinning the ranks of the Con- 
 federate army, and there were now very few recruits to replace 
 the veterans who fell. The longer Lee's line of defense was 
 drawn out, the weaker and thinner it became. 
 
 Hampton Roads Conference.— In February President 
 Lincoln and Mr. Seward met Alexander II. Stephens and two 
 other commissioners at Hampton Koads to discuss peace. No 
 
428 
 
 PEKIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 LIEUT. -GEN. K. H. ANDERmiN. 
 <>NE OF LEE'S CORPS COMMANDERS. 
 
 authority was given to the commissioners to agree that the 
 Southern States should come back into the Union, and Mr. 
 Lincoln would not treat on any other basis. The war went on. 
 The Fall of Richmond. — Grant's lines below Petersburg 
 were gradually extended westward, 
 and a large body of cavalry under 
 Sheridan constantly threatened the 
 railroads by which Lee's army re- 
 ceived supplies. General John B. 
 Gordon tried to break Grant's line, 
 and stormed and captured Fort 
 Stedman (March 25), but could not 
 hold it against overwhelming num- 
 bers. On the 1st of April Sheridan 
 defeated the Confederates at Five 
 Forks, a fort protecting the railroad 
 line twelve miles southwest of Peters- 
 burg. The next day the Federals assaulted the works of Peters- 
 burg and carried the outer line after desperate resistance, in 
 which General A. P. Hill was killed. That night Lee's army 
 abandoned Petersburg and Rich- 
 mond. Before leaving Richmond 
 the Confederates set lire to the 
 tobacco warehouses. The flames 
 spread, and the whole business por- 
 tion of the city was burned. The 
 next morning (April 3), Grant occu- 
 pied both cities. 
 
 Appomattox. — Lee, with the 
 remnant of his army, moved toward 
 Lynchburg, along the north side of 
 the Appomattox River, intending to 
 reach the mountains. lie was fol- 
 lowed by a large Federal force under Grant in person, while 
 the entire Federal cavalry was sent west to cut off his retreat. 
 Lee's provision trains were captured by Federal cavalry, and 
 finally, on the 9th of April, he found himself with only 8,000 
 
 From photo about 1883. 
 GENERAL PHILIP II. SHERIDAN. 
 
429 
 
 half-starved men in the ranks, with nothing for them to eat, and 
 surrounded by the entire Federal army. He realized that the 
 end had come. The leaders and the men of this little Spartan 
 band had done their best, and they could with honor lay down 
 their arms. Grant was very generous in the hour of his triumph. 
 He offered honorable terms, which Lee accepted. The surren- 
 der was made April 9, 1865. The Confederate officers retained 
 their swords, and the men their horses and other private prop- 
 erty. There was no bitterness manifested .between those who 
 had lost and those who had won in this great conflict. Men in 
 blue and men in gray gathered 
 around the same camp fires, the 
 well-fed Northern soldier shar- 
 ing his rations with his half- 
 starved Southern brother : in 
 war enemies, in peace friends. 
 Each had won the respect of 
 the other, and this respect was 
 generously yielded as became 
 high - minded, honorable men. 
 Defeat was thus robbed of its 
 sting for the one ; and in the 
 other, triumph was deprived of 
 exultation. 
 
 The South Accepts in 
 Good Faith. — The issue as 
 decided by the surrender of 
 
 Lee's army was accepted in good faith, and the Confederate 
 forces in other parts of the South laid down their arms. Gen- 
 eral Johnston in North Carolina surrendered to Sherman, near 
 Durham, N". C. (April 26, 1865). Confederate generals in 
 other departments also surrendered, General Kirby Smith, in 
 Texas, being the last. The last battle of the war was at Brazos 
 Santiago, Texas (May 13, 1865). 
 
 A Northern Estimate of 
 Southern Valor. 
 
 A Northern historian, in eulogizing 
 the Federal Army of the Potomac, has 
 this to Bay of Lee's army against which 
 it contended: "Nor can there fail to 
 arise the image of that other army that 
 was the adversary of the Army of the 
 Potomac, and which — who can ever 
 forget that once looked upon it?— that 
 army of tattered uniforms and bright 
 muskets— that body of incomparable 
 infantry, the Army of Northern Vir- 
 ginia, which for four long years carried 
 the revolt upon its bayonets— oppos- 
 ing a constant front to the mighty con- 
 centration of power brought against 
 it ; winch, receiving terrible blows, did 
 not fail to give the like, and which, 
 vital in all its parts, died only with its 
 annihilation." 
 
 Questions. — What did Bragg do after the battle of Perryville? Who 
 succeeded Buell? Where did Rosecrans attack the Confederates? Tell some- 
 thing of the battle of Stone River, or Murfreesboro. Who joined Bragg in 
 
430 PEKIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 Georgia? Tell something of the battle of Chickamauga. What Federal general 
 distinguished himself in this battle? Where and how long did Bragg besiege 
 the Federal forces? Where did Longstreet proceed? Who now took command 
 of the Federal forces at Chattanooga? Tell something of the battle of Lookout 
 Mountain. Missionary Ridge. Where did Grant go from Chattanooga? Why? 
 Who succeeded Grant in Tennessee? Who superseded Bragg? Tell something 
 of the struggle between Sherman and Johnston. Why was Hood placed in 
 command of the Confederates ? Tell something about Hood's attack upon 
 Sherman. When did Atlanta fall? What did flood do after leaving Atlanta? 
 Tell something of the battle of Franklin. Nashville. Tell something of Sher- 
 man's march. What amount of loss was inflicted upon the country passed 
 through? When did Sherman reach Savannah? What city did he burn? 
 What battles did he fight upon his arrival in North Carolina? 
 
 What campaign against Richmond did Grant undertake? What two forces 
 were to cooperate with him? What was their fate? Tell something of the 
 battle of the Wilderness. Spottsylvania Court House. Tell something of the 
 battle of Cold Harbor. How many men did Grant sacrifice in this campaign 
 against Lee? What happened at Yellow Tavern? What city was next besieged? 
 Tell something of the Petersburg mine. What took place at the Hampton 
 Roads conference? What battle necessitated the evacuation of Richmond? 
 When was Richmond evacuated? What number was now left in Lee's army? 
 Why was it decided to surrender? What terms did Grant give? Tell some- 
 thing of the meeting of the men of both armies after the surrender. What 
 other Confederate commanders now laid down their arms? What was the last 
 engagement of the war? 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. Rosecrans's Tennessee Campaign : Murfreesboro, Chickamauga. II. Battles of Chatta- 
 nooga. III. Sherman's Advance into Georgia ; Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta. 
 IV. Hood's Tennessee Campaign: Franklin, Nashville. V. Sherman's March to the Sea. 
 VI. The War in Arkansas: Prairie Grove. VII. Federal Invasion of Florida: Olustee. 
 \ III. Shenandoah Valley Operations : New Market, Winchester, Fisher Hill, Cedar Creek. 
 IX. sixth Campaign against Richmond: Wilderness, Spottsylvania. Cold Harbor, Five 
 Forks. Petersburg, Richmond. X. Appomattox Surrender and Close of the War, 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Battles and Leaders ofth* Civil War. 
 
 Vol. iii.: Murfreesboro, 600. Chickamauga, 035. Chattanooga. 670. Vol. [v.: Sherman's 
 advance. 202. Hood's Tennessee campaign, 425. Vol. iii.: The war in Arkansas, 441. 
 Vol. iv.: Olustee, 76. Shenandoah Valley, 4sn. Sixth campaign against Richmond, 97, 533. 
 Sherman's march, 663. Richmond and Appomattox, 725. 
 
 Draper's History of the American aril War. 
 Vol. ii. : Campaign of Rosecrans, 360-366. Vol. iii.: 00-74. Chattanooga, 74-105. Sherman's 
 advance, 260-307. Hood's Tennessee campaign, 343-303. Sherman's march, 310-341. 
 Shenandoah Valley, 392-393, 406-414. Sixth campaign, 364-387, 398-105, 560, 579. Appo- 
 mattox, 580-594. 
 
DISUNION. 431 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities.— Historical : 
 Murfreesboro, Battle of. Chickamauga, Buttle of. Missionary Ridge, Battle of. Look- 
 out Mountain, Battle of. Chattanooga, Siege of. Kno.rrille, Siege of. Atlanta, Battles 
 near. Franklin, Batik of. NashviUt . BattU of. Sherman's March. Columbia, Burn- 
 ing of. Bentonvitte, Battle of. Arirysboro, Battle of. Prairu Grovi Church. Battle of. 
 Olustee, Battle of . Ifevj Market, Battleof. Winchester, Fisher //if/. Cedar Creek, Battles 
 of. Wilderness, Spottsy/vania. Cold Harbor, Battles of: Petersburg, Siege of. Rich- 
 
 • rnond, Capture of. Appomattox Surrender. 
 
 Biographical: Thomas, General George II. Sherman. General II". /'. Hood, General 
 John B. Wheeler, General Joseph. Morgan, General John. Forrest, General N. B. 
 Sheridan. General PhU. Early. GeneralJubal. Lee, General Fitzhugh. Gordon, General 
 John B. Bosecrans, Genera! W. 8. Smith, General E. Kirby. 
 
 Special.— Swinton : Tu-elve Decisive Battles: chap, v., Murfreesboro ; chap, x., Atlanta; 
 chap, xi., Nashville; chap, xiii., Five Forks. Swinton: History of the Army of the Poto- 
 mac. Sheridan: Personal Memoirs. Duke: History o! Morgan's Cavalry. Hood: 
 Advance and Retreat Jordan and Pryor : Campaigns of General X. B. Forrest. Grant: 
 Memoirs. Sherman: Memoirs. Cooke: Lee and Jackson. Dodge: Bird's-eye View. 
 Rossiter Johnson : Short History of the War of Secession. For an interesting account of 
 the Virginia Military Institute boys in the battle of New Market, see the Century Magazine 
 for January, 1889, illustrated article by John S. Wise. 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 THE READMISSION OF THE SOUTHERN STATES. 
 
 The Trent Affair. — At the beginning of the war the Con- 
 federate Government sent John Slidell and James M. Mason as 
 commissioners to England. The British steamer Trent, upon 
 which they took passage from Havana, was stopped on the 
 high sea by the United States ship-of-war San Jacinto, whose 
 captain took the commissioners from the British vessel by force 
 (November 8). This act was a violation of international law, 
 and only by the prompt release of the commissioners was war 
 with England averted. 
 
 Emancipation Proclamation. — Mr. Lincoln, both be- 
 fore and after his election, declared that his party did not 
 intend to interfere with slavery where it then existed. As 
 late as August, 1802, he wrote : " If I could save the Union 
 without freeing any slave, I would do it." A month later he 
 notified the Confederate States that if they did not come back 
 into the Union within one hundred days he would declare their 
 slaves forever free. As these States did not return to the 
 Union, Mr. Lincoln, " as a military necessity," on January 1, 
 
432 
 
 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 1863, issued his Emancipation Proclamation, which declared 
 all slaves in the Confederate States free. His proclamation 
 did not interfere with slavery in the States which had not 
 seceded, and it had no effect in the Confederate States until 
 after the surrender, but it won for him the active support of 
 many in the North. To abolish slavery, Congress proposed 
 the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution. 
 
 West Virginia and Nevada. — While Lincoln was Pres- 
 ident, two States were admitted to the Union : West Vir- 
 ginia in 1863 and Nevada, in 1864. After the Federal army 
 
 occupied the western counties of 
 Virginia, the members of the 
 Legislature from those counties 
 which were opposed to seces- 
 sion met, and applied for their 
 counties to be admitted to the 
 Union as a State. This could 
 not be done without Virginia's 
 consent ; but these same coun- 
 ties, although less than a third 
 of the old State, gave consent 
 for her, and Congress organized 
 the State of West Virginia. 
 
 Lincoln's Assassination. 
 — Lincoln was elected to a sec- 
 ond term, with Andrew Johnson 
 of Tennessee as Vice-President. 
 The Democratic candidates unsuccessfully opposing Lincoln and 
 Johnson were General George B. McClellan and George II. 
 Pendleton. The close of the war, and the prospect of a speedy 
 return of peace, caused great rejoicing. This rejoicing, how- 
 ever, was of short duration, for only five days after the sur- 
 render at Appomattox the whole country was stunned by the 
 news that the President had been assassinated in Ford's Theatre, 
 in Washington (April 14, L865). The deed was committed by 
 a misguided actor, John Wilkes Booth, who imagined him- 
 self performing the part of a patriot. The assassin sought 
 
 Maximilian in Mexico. 
 
 While the attention of the American 
 people was occupied by the war, 
 France seized the opportunity to gain 
 a foothold in Mexico. A French army 
 was landed, and cooperating w ith sonic 
 Mexican revolutionists established a 
 monarchical form of government with 
 Maximilian. Grand Duke of Austria, 
 as Emperor, After the war, the United 
 States insisted upon French non-inter- 
 ference with Mexican affairs. so French 
 troops were withdrawn. Maximilian 
 himself did not leave, however. He 
 was of a gentle and refined character, 
 and was persuaded that the Mexican 
 people desired him to continue as their 
 ruler. But when no longer supported 
 by French troops, he found that he had 
 been ill advised. His subjects rose in 
 revolt, took him prisoner, and executed 
 him (June 19, 1861 1. 
 
433 
 
 Re- 
 
 to escape, but was pursued, sur- 
 rounded, and when he refused 
 to surrender, was shot. 
 
 Lincoln's Plan of 
 storing the Union. 
 — .Mr. Lincoln's death 
 proved very unfortunate 
 for the South. He cher- 
 ished no ill-feeling for 
 that section, and his 
 only desire was to pre- 
 serve the Union and 
 m ah e a peace that 
 would be lasting. lie 
 believed that a State 
 had no power to secede, 
 that the acts of seces- 
 sion were void, and that 
 all the States were still 
 in the Union. 
 His idea was, 
 if possible, to 
 defeat the Con- 
 federate ar- 
 mies, and to 
 p u t those 
 States in the 
 control of 
 citizens who ^-**J 
 
 were Union l§j 
 men. During 
 
 the Avar he abbaham 
 
 organized a 
 
 State government of Union 
 men in that part of Tennessee 
 under Federal control. He did 
 the same thingin those parts of 
 28 
 
 Abraham Lincoln. 
 
 Abraham Lincoln will ever hold a 
 foremost place among those whose 
 names and lives have become a part of 
 American history. His career may well 
 be studied, for it exemplifies to an em- 
 inent degree the conditions of Ameri- 
 can life which enable one to rise from 
 the humblest position to the most ex- 
 alted place. One year covered all the 
 instruction he received al school. But 
 at nine years of age he had 
 learned to read, write, and 
 cipher, and he became 
 an industrious reader of 
 books and a most per- 
 gevering student. Herose 
 by his own efforts. Split- 
 ting rails to fence his 
 father's frontier farm; flat- 
 boating down the Western 
 rivers, going at one time 
 as far south as New Or- 
 leans ; clerking in a coun- 
 try store, which he did 
 rather inefficiently, owing 
 to his constant devo- 
 tion to his books ; 
 leading a company 
 of volunteers in the 
 Black Hawk War ; 
 serving as a member 
 of the Illinois Legis- 
 lature, where he 
 soon attracted at- 
 tention; repre- 
 senting his State 
 in the Congress of 
 the United States; 
 canvassing the 
 State in opposi- 
 tion to Stephen A. 
 Douglas, one of 
 the greatest ora- 
 tors and states- 
 
 ' 
 
 men of this cen- 
 
 
 tury, and van- 
 
 ■ U.N. 
 
 quishing him in 
 
 
 public debate ; di- 
 
 recting 
 
 the destinies of the Union as 
 
 President, at the most critical period 
 
 of our 
 
 country's history— these were 
 
 the se^ 
 
 oral significant steps of hie 
 
 career. 
 
 
434 
 
 PK1II0D OF IKDEl'KNDK.NCK. 
 
 Louisiana, Virginia, and Arkan- 
 sas which came under Federal 
 control ; and after Lee's sur- 
 render the Union governments 
 thus organized in those States 
 were placed in power. He had 
 refused to sign a bill passed by 
 Congress (1864) putting the 
 Confederate States under con- 
 trol of that body. Had he 
 lived, his plan would have un- 
 doubtedly been carried out. 
 Vice-President Andrew John- 
 son, who succeeded him, held 
 the same views as to secession, 
 but had a plan of his own for 
 restoring each State to the con- 
 trol of its Union citizens. 
 
 Johnson's First Acts. — 
 The South was already occupied 
 by the Federal army. Upon 
 President Johnson's order, Jef- 
 ferson Davis was followed, cap- 
 tured, and confined in Fortress 
 Monroe ; Stephens and others, 
 including several governors and State officers, were arrested at 
 their homes and imprisoned. Civil government was abolished. 
 In every city and town Federal troops were stationed, and the 
 army officers were in charge. This condition continued for 
 more than a month while the President was perfecting h is plans. 
 Andrew Johnson's plan of reconstruction was 
 as follows : He appointed provisional governors for these 
 States, and instructed them to call conventions to amend the 
 State constitutions. Only white citizens voted for delegates 
 to the conventions, but every man who held office before 
 the war, and afterward served the Confederacy, was disfran- 
 chised. When these conventions met, they were required to do 
 
 Lincoln was called to administer the 
 Government when all was uncertainty 
 and confusion. As a politician he was 
 ambitious, but his ambition gave place 
 to the strong, earnest devotion of a 
 patriot. His election had endangered 
 t he Union ; and to save it from this 
 danger he labored day and night faith- 
 fully, earnestly, and sorrowfully. 
 Among all the vexations and trials 
 with which he was surrounded while 
 President, and facing many discour- 
 agements, he sought to " adhere to the 
 right as God gives us to see the right." 
 Viewed through the mists of passion 
 and prejudice which overspread the 
 country during the mighty conflict in 
 which he was the central figure, he was 
 often misjudged and misunderstood. 
 As time passed on, however, the 
 strength and singleness of purpose in 
 his character made themselves felt. 
 Now that these passions and prejudices 
 have passed away, we see in all their 
 simplicity the elements of greatness 
 that make his life and character he- 
 roic. His death was a calamity to the 
 South, for it was the prayer of his 
 heart to restore the Union in such a 
 way as to leave to both sides t lie few- 
 est bitter memories. Had he lived, the 
 evils of reconstruction would not have 
 postponed so long the day when "a 
 lasting peace would be achieved and 
 cherished among ourselves." 
 
435 
 
 three things : First, to repeal 
 the ordinances of secession ; v 
 second, to abolish slavery in the 
 State ; third, to repudiate for- 
 ever all debts incurred in carry- 
 ing on the war. This was 
 promptly done in every case ; 
 after which, State officers and 
 legislatures were elected. The 
 legislatures met promptly, rati- 
 fied the Thirteenth Amend- 
 ment, and this amendment 
 became a part of the Con- 
 stitution (December IS, 1865). 
 Among the States counted to 
 make the twenty-seven needed 
 to adopt it were Virginia, North 
 Carolina, South Carolina, Geor- " 
 gia, Louisiana, Arkansas, and 
 Tennessee, and this led the 
 Southern States to believe that 
 they were once more in the 
 Union. 
 
 Congressional Plan for 
 Reconstruction. — Congress 
 met in December, and refused 
 to recognize the President's 
 plan of reconstruction. It 
 claimed that in treating with 
 the Confederate States during 
 the war it had recognized them 
 as being out of the Union ; 
 that now they were not States, 
 but territory conquered by the 
 armies of the United States 
 and subject to the control of 
 Congress only. The State gov- 
 
 Freedmen's Bureau and 
 Carpet-baggers. 
 
 When the Federal armies occupied 
 any particular part of a Southern 
 
 State, many who lived there aban- 
 doned their homes and moved within 
 the Confederate lines. The negroes 
 in these sections left the plantations 
 and collected around the camps, where 
 they had to be fed and taken care of. 
 To look after these, Congress in 1865 
 created a " Bureau of Freedmen, Refu- 
 gees, and Abandoned Lands," com- 
 monly called the Freedmen's Bureau. 
 The commanding general in each State 
 managed the bureau for that, State, 
 while in each county, bureau agents 
 were appointed to look after the freed- 
 men. These local agents were taken 
 largely from the commissaries' and 
 quartermasters 1 departments of the 
 Federal army. Their influence over 
 the negroes was great, and they were 
 responsible for most of the political 
 trouble that followed. They assumed 
 and exercised extraordinary powers. 
 Under the reconstruction act manj of 
 them were appointed to till county 
 offices. They organized the negro 
 voters, and secured their own election 
 to State and county offices. Many of 
 these came South, their only property 
 being the wearing apparel which they 
 carried in their carpet bags, which 
 were then in useas traveling bags. For 
 this reason they were called "carpel 
 baggers." Many of them were noto- 
 riously corrupt and dishonest, and 
 became rich as soon as they were 
 elected to office. Wherever in the 
 South they gained control of a State 
 or city government, exorbitant taxes 
 were levied and enormous public debts 
 accumulated. It was not until eleven 
 or twelve years after the war that the 
 people of the South regained control 
 
 of their own governments. In e 
 
 cases this control was secured only by 
 
 popular uprisings in which bl 1 was 
 
 shed. This was notably the case in 
 Louisiana, a State that suffered much, 
 and whose citizens at the peri] of their 
 lives wrested their State from " carpet- 
 bag domination." 
 
136 
 
 PERIOD OF [NDEPENDENCE. 
 
 ernments which the President had organized were permitted 
 to continue, but the names of these States were left off the 
 rolls of Congress and their senators and representatives refused 
 admission. The Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution 
 of the United States was proposed, which gave the negroes the 
 right to vote and denied this right to a huge number of South- 
 ern whites. President Johnson vetoed this and other hills 
 relating to the South, hut they were passed over his veto. The 
 Southern States were required to ratify this amendment in 
 order to he readmitted to the Union. 
 
 Congressional Plan Enforced. — Tennessee, being con- 
 trolled by Republicans, ratified the 
 Fourteenth Amendment and was re- 
 admitted. The ten other Confed- 
 erate States refused to ratify. Con- 
 gress then (March. 1867) passed the 
 Reconstruction Act, which divided 
 the* South into live military dis- 
 tricts. Each district was under 
 command of a Federal general. .V 
 convention was to he held in each 
 State. Negroes were given the right 
 to vote for delegates and to sit as 
 members in this convention, which 
 was to form a constitution. If the 
 constitution formed was acceptable to Congress and if the 
 legislature elected under it ratified the Fourteenth Amendment, 
 the State would he readmitted. The commanding generals of 
 the districts removed the governors and other officers of the 
 States, appointed army officers to till their places, and held the 
 elections. The conventions thus elected were controlled by 
 Northern men who had come South after the war. and were 
 called "carpet-baggers." Under these constitutions, when 
 framed, carpet-baggers and negroes were State officers and 
 members of the legislatures. In seven States— North Caro- 
 lina, South Carolina. Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Louisiana, 
 and Arkansas carpet-hag legislatures ratified the Four 
 
 A 
 
 A\i>i:i:\\ joiinsox. 
 
DISUNION. 487 
 
 teentb Amendment and the States were readmitted. In Mis- 
 sissippi, Virginia, and Texas the new constitutions were re- 
 jected by a popular vote. 
 
 Impeachment of President Johnson. All political 
 acts of Congress had been bitterly opposed and promptly 
 vetoed by President Johnson. Congress, with equal prompt- 
 ness, had passed cadi act over his veto. The feeling between 
 him and Congress was extremely bitter. The President made 
 a tour through the North, and delivered public speeches in 
 which he denounced Congress, and declared that it was not a 
 true Congress ; that its acts were null and void, because it had 
 refused to admit the representatives from ten States of the 
 Union. When Congress met. the Leaders of thai body, fearing 
 that the President would prevent thecarrying out of the recon- 
 struction laws, passed certain acts to limit his power. One of 
 these required that all orders to the army should pass through 
 General Grant, although, under the Constitution, the President 
 was commander-in-chief. Another was the Tenure of Office 
 Act, which prohibited the President from removing a member 
 of his cabinet or any officer whose appointment had been con- 
 firmed by Congress. In violation of this act. the President re- 
 moved from office Edwin M. Stanton, Secretary of War. and 
 was impeached by < Jongress for high crimes and misdemeanors. 
 He was tried before the Senate and acquitted (May 26, L868). 
 
 General Amnesty.— Still another ad, of Congress, in- 
 tended to Limit the power of the President, had taken from him 
 the right to grant pardons by general proclamation. Notwith- 
 standing this, on Christmas Day, L868, President Johnson 
 issued a general amnesty proclamation, granting pardon to all 
 who had taken part on the side of the South, during tin- war. 
 
 In February following, the prosecuti< I' Jefferson Davis was 
 
 abandoned, because it was thought impossible to convict him 
 upon tin' charges against him. lie had been in prison two* 
 years, without trial, but had been released on hail in L867. 
 
 Grant Elected President.— During Johnson's adminis- 
 tration, Nebraska was admitted as a State(1867); and Alaska 
 was purchased of Russia, the price paid being $7,200,000. 
 
438 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 In the Presidential election of 1SGS the Republican candidates 
 were Ulysses S. Grant and Schuyler Colfax. The Democratic 
 candidates were Horatio Seymour and Francis P. Blair. Grant 
 and Colfax were elected. 
 
 Questions. — Tell something of the Trent affair. What support did 
 Lincoln win by proclaiming freedom to slaves? When was his proclamation 
 issued? What amendment to the Constitution confirmed the abolition of 
 slavery? Tell something of the organization and admission of West Virginia. 
 When was Nevada admitted? Who were the opposing candidates in the elec- 
 tion of 1864? Tell something of the assassination of President Lincoln. Why 
 was Lincoln's death unfortunate for the South? How did he regard the position 
 of the South? What was his plan for restoring the Union? Who became Presi- 
 dent after his death? What were some of Johnson's first acts? Give some 
 account of his plan of reconstruction. How did Congress treat tins plan? 
 What, were some features of lliis plan? How was the congressional plan en- 
 forced? What were the Southern States compelled to do before being read- 
 mitted? Who were the carpet-baggers? Tell something of Johnson's opposi- 
 tion to Congress. How did he treat the acts of Congress? Tell something of 
 Johnson's impeachment. Of the easeagainsl Jefferson Davis. What State was 
 admitted while Johnson was President? What purchase was made? Who were 
 the opposing candidates in the election of 1808? 
 
 REFERENCE OUTLINE, 
 
 Administrations of Lincoln and Johnson. 
 
 Sixteenth and Seventeenth Presidents. 
 
 Nineteenth and Twentieth Administrations. 
 
 Thirty-seventh, Thirty-eighth, Thirty-ninth, and Fortieth Congresses. 
 
 Principal Events. 
 
 1861. 
 
 lsc,::. 
 
 'Inauguration. 
 
 Surrender of Fort Sumter (April 14). 
 
 t Virginia (April IT). 
 
 „ Arkansas (May 6). 
 .Secession of < , T , ,. ,,, 
 
 J North Carolina (May 20). 
 
 [ Tennessee (June 8). 
 
 War for Southern independence begins. 
 
 Trent affair. 
 
 Emancipation Proclamation (January 1). 
 ! West Virginia admitted. 
 
1864. 
 
 I86:i. 
 
 lsc, 
 
 1868. 
 
 'Nevada admitted. 
 Presidential election — 
 
 Democratic candidates : 
 
 Pendleton. 
 Republican candidates: 
 Johnson. 
 
 George B. McClellan and George II. 
 Abraham Lincoln and Andrew 
 
 '" I 
 
 Appomattox surrender (April 9). 
 Lincoln assassinated (April 14). 
 Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution adopted. 
 
 Nebraska admitted. 
 Alaska purchased. 
 
 Impeachment of Johnson. 
 Fourteenth Amendment adopted. 
 Presidential election — 
 
 Democratic candidates: Eoratio Seymour and Francis P. 
 
 Blair. 
 Republican candidates : Ulysses S. Grant and Schuyler 
 Colfax. 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. The Trent Affair. II. Maximilian in Mexico. III. Emancipation of Southern Slaves. IV. 
 
 Assassination of President Lincoln. V. Reconstruction. VI. Impeachment of President 
 Johnson. VII. Readmission of the Southern States. Purchase of Alaska. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Wilson's Dirixiim and lit union. 
 Trent affair, 221. Emancipation, 22G. Lincoln's assassination, 216. Reconstruction, 
 254-270. Impeachment of Johnson, 270. Alaska, 272. 
 
 Andrews's History of (he United states, vol. ii. 
 Trent Affair, 184. Emancipation, 50, 190. Reconstruction, 194-202. Impeachment, 201. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities. — Trent Affair, 
 The. Mason and Slidell, Confederate Commissioners. Emanci/ia/iim Proclamation, The. 
 Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments' West Virginia, Admission of. 
 Lincoln, Assassination of. Reconst ruction. Civil Rights Bill, Tin.. Military Act, The. 
 Johnson, Impeachment of. Alaska, Purchase of. 
 
 Special.— Curry's Southern States oftlu American Union: Honors of Reconstruction, 225. 
 Davis: Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government, vol. ii.: chaps, hi. and lvii. 
 Evils of Reconstruction. Andrews: The Last Quarter Century in thi United States, vol. 
 ii., 18-20. Johnston : History of American Polities, 196-207. Brooke: Lifeqf Lincoln. 
 Morse: Life of Lincoln. Blaine: Twenty Years in Congress. Mayes: Lit'- of L. Q- C. 
 Lamar. The fullest information upon Reconstruction times in the South maybe had in 
 the volume, Why the Solid South ? contributed to and prepared by a number of eminent 
 Southern statesmen. 
 
PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 TOPICAL OUTLINE. 
 
 Industrial 
 Differences. 
 
 | Slavery dies out in the North. 
 I Slavery continues in the South. 
 
 Territorial Expan- ( The Louisiana purchase. 
 
 sion. I The acquisition of California and New Mexico. 
 
 1847 The Wilmot Proviso. 
 
 1850 Compromise Measures of 1850. 
 
 1854 Passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. 
 
 1831^48 Anti-slavery societies. Free soil parties. 
 
 1852 Publication of "Uncle Tom's Cabin. 1 ' 
 
 1850-00 Fugitive Slave Laws enforced. 
 
 1850-55 Personal Liberty Laws in Northern States. 
 
 1857 Supreme Court Died Scott Decision. 
 
 j The struggle for Kansas. 
 
 I Rise of tlie Republican party. 
 
 sectional Antago- 
 nism. 
 
 1S51- 
 
 s,,ii,,nal Actions. 
 
 1859 The John Brown raid into Virginia. 
 
 J r >latforln adopted by the Charleston Convention. 
 
 1 Election of Lincoln as President. 
 
 C Secession of Southern States. 
 
 1861 -j Organization of the Southern Confederacy. 
 
 I The decision to reSnforce Fort Sumter. 
 
 First 
 Encounti n 
 
 Important Battles 
 in tin West. 
 
 I Bombardment of Fort Sumter. 
 
 ' Battle of Manassas, Ya. Wilson's Creek, Mo. 
 
 r r Mill Sp 
 
 1862 ■ Shiloh. 
 
 f'orintli 
 
 1863 
 
 1864 
 
 rings. Fort Donelson. Pea Ridge. 
 Pittsburg Landing. New Orleans. 
 Corinth. Perryville. Murfreesboro. 
 VickBburg. Chickamauga. Chattanooga. 
 Resaca. Dallas. Kenesaw. Atlanta. 
 
 Xaral Operations 
 
 Important Battles 
 in tin Fast. 
 
 IS.Iatnl A, /ions. 
 
 lsiil Blockade of Southern ports. 
 
 1861-65 Atlantic coast. Mississippi River. 
 
 1862 llanijiton Roads— Virginia and Monitor. 
 
 lsii'i (it Alabama and Ilatteras. Alabama and Kearsarge. 
 
 I si;-.' 
 
 ( Seven Pines. Valley Campaign. Seven Days' Battles. 
 I Second Manassas. Sharpsbnrg (Antietam). 
 
 1863 Chancellorsville. Gettysburg. 
 
 1864 Wilderness. Spottsylvania. Cold Harbor. 
 
 1864 65 Sherman's march. Savannah. Bentonville, X. C. 
 . j Five Forks. Petersburg. Richmond. 
 * Appomattox. Lee surrenders to Grant. 
 
 I si 
 
 lsc,:? 
 
 i Seizure and release of Slide!! and Mason. 
 
 ' Lincoln's Kinancipation Proclamation. 
 
 I'niiin Histonil. 
 
 Thirteenth Amendment abolishing slavery 
 Reconstruction by the President. 
 Reconstruction by Congress. 
 
 I Fifteenth Amendment. 
 
441 
 
 Reunion. 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 AFTER THE WAR. 
 
 Events of Grant's Administrations. — Grant served 
 two terms as President, and during the entire time "carpet- 
 baggers " and negroes continued to control some of the South- 
 ern States. Federal soldiers 
 were kept in those States to sus- 
 tain the "carpet-bag govern- 
 ments." The principal events 
 that marked the administrations 
 of Grant were : The comple- 
 tion of the first railroad across 
 the continent, built by the 
 Union Pacific and Central Paci- 
 fic Railroad Companies (1869) ; 
 the death of Robert E. Lee (Oc- 
 tober 12, 1870) ; the Treaty of 
 Washington (1871) ; War with 
 the Modoc Indians (1872) and 
 with the Sioux (1876) ; the great 
 ( tentennial Celebration at Phila- 
 delphia (1876) ; the admission 
 of Colorado as a State (1876), 
 and the Chicago (1871) and 
 Boston (1872) fires. 
 
 The Fifteenth Amend- 
 ment. — Congress proposed 
 (1869) the Fifteenth Amend- 
 ment to the Constitution of the 
 United States. This amend- 
 ment was intended to give ( !on- 
 gress the power to enforce the 
 civil riffhts of the nee-roes. The 
 
 Death of Robert E. Lee. 
 
 When a great man dies, and the 
 tribute of a nation is paid to his mem- 
 ory, the badges of mourning ami 
 other outward indications of a peo- 
 ple's sorrow seldom mean more than 
 respect and regret. But when tin- 
 news of Robert E. Lee's death went 
 forth from the little town of Lexing- 
 ton, Va., there thrilled from heart to 
 heart throughout tin- South a feeling 
 more intense than regret or respect 
 the grief thai is feltwhen one nearand 
 dear has passed away. 
 
 The world admired him ; his conn 
 try held him in high esteem ; hi- peo 
 pie loved and venerated him. The 
 South centered its affections in him 
 because he was her very own ; because 
 he was her champion and defender 
 through years of bloody conflict ; l»' 
 cause his fidelity to her brought upon 
 him sacrifice and sorrow ; and becausi 
 when peace came, he pointed her the 
 way to resignation, forbearance, and 
 trust in the God of nations who work 
 , Hi all things well. 
 
 lie was a model for the young to 
 
 pattern after, in conduct and in all th<' 
 relations of life. A demerit mark was 
 
 never attached to his name in the four 
 fong years he attended that strictest of 
 military academies "West Point. To 
 
 him, dvty was the noblest word in the 
 English language. The gentleness and 
 
 COUrtesj with which inferiors are 
 
 treated characterize every true gentle 
 man. Can any liner example of this 
 gentleness and courtesy he cited than 
 
442 
 
 >K INDKI'KXhl \( I . 
 
 Robert E. Lee touching his hat to an 
 aged negro who, bowing and scrap- 
 ing, and with hat in hand, greeted 
 "Marse Robert" as ho was passing 
 along the street. To a friend who ex- 
 pressed surprise at the act, Lee simply 
 said : "] could not let an ignorant old 
 negro excel me in politeness." 
 
 Lee was fifty-four years old when 
 the war between the States began. At 
 that tinu- he was a noble specimen of 
 \ igorOUS manhood, tall, imposing, and 
 
 massive. In the estimate of his official 
 
 superiors he outranked in ability all 
 other officers in the military Service of 
 the United States, from which service 
 he resigned to dedicate his sword to the 
 defense of his native State. It is said 
 that General Scott, then commander- 
 in-chief of the army, had already fixed 
 upon Lee as bis successor, age being 
 about to compel him to retire. 
 
 At the close of the war i.ee became 
 president of Washington College, Vir- 
 ginia, and thus the remaining years of 
 his life were spent in instructing youth. 
 From all over the South young men 
 came to him, and many of these feel to 
 
 this day the effects of his influence and 
 
 character. The college over which be 
 presided has come to be the famous 
 educational institution, Washington 
 and Lee University, named from the 
 two brightest stars which Virginia has 
 placed in the galaxy ef eminent Ameri- 
 cans. 
 
 Every honor was paid the remains 
 of the dead chieftain of the Southern 
 ( lonfederacy. Thousands participated 
 in the funeral procession, and tens of 
 thousands separated by distance were 
 presenl in spirit at the graveside. But 
 better than pomp and funereal pag- 
 eantry were the tears in the eyes and 
 the prayers in the hearts of millions of 
 iiis people, as the hero lay dead in his 
 Lexington home. Said a great London 
 journal : "A country which has given 
 birth to men like him, and those who 
 followed him, may look the chivalry 
 of Europe in the face without shame : 
 for the fatherlands of Sidney and of 
 
 Bayard never produced a nobler sol- 
 dier, gentleman, and Christian than 
 General Robert E. Lee." 
 
 seven Southern States which 
 had been readmitted under Re- 
 publican, or carpet-bag, gov- 
 ernments at once ratified the 
 amendment, while the three 
 States which were still ex- 
 cluded were required to ratify 
 it as an additional condition 
 for readinission. The amend- 
 ment was declared adopted in 
 L870, and about the close of the 
 same year, Mississippi, Texas, 
 and Virginia were finally read- 
 mitted to the Union, the two 
 former under carpet-bag gov- 
 ernments, but Virginia under 
 the government of her own 
 people, the carpet-bag ticket 
 having been defeated. Vir- 
 ginia was the only Southern 
 State that escaped misrule. 
 Georgia was readmitted in 1868, 
 and the people of the State 
 voted in the Presidential elec- 
 tion. This State was again ex- 
 cluded, again reconstructed, and 
 finally readmitted in 1870. 
 
 The Washington Treaty. 
 — The "Washington treaty set 
 tied several disputes that had 
 arisen between the United States 
 and England. The Northwest- 
 ern boundary, and the damage 
 done to the commerce of the 
 United States by Confederate 
 war vessels built in England, 
 were the principal points ;it 
 
issue. The treaty referred the boundary question to the Em- 
 peror of Germany as arbitrator, who decided in favor of the 
 United States. It also referred the claim for damage to a 
 board of arbitrators, which, assembling- at Geneva, Switzer- 
 land, awarded the United States si:>,5oo,000. This award 
 lias taken the name of the place in which it was made, and the 
 money paid is known as the Alabama, Claims, from the name 
 of the principal Confederate vessel built in England. 
 
 Indian Wars. — The war with the Modocs was caused by 
 
 CUSTER'S LAST RALLY. 
 
 attempts to remove these Indians from their lands in southern 
 Oregon. That with the Sioux was caused by the great influx 
 of whites into the Sioux reservation in Montana, immediately 
 upon the discovery of gold in the Black Hills. The leader of 
 the Modocs was Captain Jack, who was captured and hanged 
 for the murder of General Canby, the commissioner sent to 
 treat with him before the war was begun. The leader of the 
 Sioux was Sitting Bull, who, with his band, was finally driven 
 northward into British America. A sad episode conneete< I with 
 
444 
 
 PEBIOD <>F INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 the Sioux war was the massacre of a 
 regiment of soldiers under General Cus- 
 ter. They had unwisely penetrated too 
 far into the country of the hostiles, and 
 were surrounded by the whole tribe near 
 the Big Horn River, and put to death. 
 
 Panic of 1873.— The debt of the 
 United States Government incurred by 
 the war amounted to about two thou- 
 sand seven hundred and fifty million dol- 
 lars ($2,750,000,000). This debt rapidly 
 decreased while Grant was President. 
 
 A part of the Government debt was 
 represented by bills — called from their 
 color "greenbacks " — which the Government had promised to 
 redeem in coin. It will be remembered that the panic of 1837 
 was caused by the large number of bank bills in circulation and 
 the scarcity of specie, or coin. The large number of green- 
 backs in circulation and the withdrawal of coin by speculators 
 produced a similar result in 18731 
 
 Presidential Campaign of 187G. — To succeed Grant, 
 the Republicans nominated Rutherford 15. Hayes of Ohio, 
 and for Vice-President, William A. Wheeler of New York. 
 
 The candidates of the Democrats were 
 New York and Thomas A. Hendricks of 
 Indiana. The contest Avas very close. 
 A number of fraudulent and corrupt 
 practices in several departments of the 
 Government had been brought to light 
 during Grant's administration. The 
 President himself was a man of integ- 
 rity, but had been unwise in the choice 
 of several of his subordinates, who 
 proved false to the trust reposed in them. 
 The discovery of these frauds greatly 
 weakened the Republican party, and the 
 desire of change was so widely felt that 
 
 Samuel J. Tilden of 
 
 KLTHEUKOKD 
 
REUNION. 445 
 
 enough rallied under the campaign cry of " Tilden and Re- 
 form ,,! to make it seem that the Democratic party had carried 
 the election. 
 
 The chief cause for reaction in the political sentiment 
 of the country was the course of the carpet-bag governments 
 in .the South. The people generally had come to realize the 
 true character of these governments and of the leaders in con- 
 trol. Thinking men saw that the foundations of civil liberty 
 were being undermined by the use of the army of the United 
 States to uphold these governments, which were alien to the 
 States where they existed and did not have the support of 
 the citizens. Many patriotic Northern men who had acted 
 with the Republican party now refused to indorse this policy, 
 and voted for Tilden and Hendricks, who had a majority of 
 over 250,000 of the popular vote. 
 
 The Electoral Commission. — The votes of three States, 
 Louisiana, South Carolina,, and Florida, were claimed by both 
 parties. For a time excitement ran high, and a bloody conflict 
 seemed imminent. But the Civil War had taught its lesson, 
 and wiser counsel prevailed. To determine the result of the 
 election, an electoral commission was created. This consisted 
 of fifteen persons, five of whom were judges of the Supreme 
 Court; live, senators; and live, representatives. As consti- 
 tuted, eight were Republicans and seven Democrats. The 
 returns from each of the contested States were examined ; and 
 upon every matter coming up before the commission the deci- 
 sion was reached by a strictly partisan vote — eight to seven. 
 Hayes and Wheeler were declared elected (1876). 
 
 President Hayes's "Peace Policy."— One of the first 
 and most important acts of Hayes was to order the withdrawal 
 of Federal troops from the Southern States. The carpet-bag 
 svstem at once fell to pieces, and the government of those 
 States was left in the hands of white citizens. Peace and pros- 
 perity now came to the South, after ten years of political dis- 
 turbance following the five years of war. 
 
 Events of Hayes's Administration. Hayes served 
 one term of office. In the first year of his administration, war 
 
44(5 
 
 PEEIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 Civil Service Reform. 
 
 The custom established by Jackson, 
 
 of bestowing the offices of govern- 
 ment as rewards for political services 
 rendered the President or party, has 
 been very generally followed. As a 
 result, with every new President there 
 was a general change of officers of 
 government. No successful business 
 man discharges his employees without 
 '■■ill-' after they have become efficienl 
 and experienced. The belief was 
 slowly gaining ground that Govern- 
 
 in employees should be selected 
 
 not because they are successful poli- 
 ticians, but because of their ability; 
 and when once selected these servants 
 should be retained as long as they 
 render efficienl and satisfactory ser- 
 vice. For that reason a Civil Service 
 Reform movement, in opposition to 
 the Spoils System, as it is usually 
 called, has been gaining steadily in 
 strength. While Grant was President 
 an act was passed (March 3, 1871) es- 
 tablishing a commission to examine 
 into the fitness of candidates for ap- 
 pointment to office. The politicians in 
 ( oiiL r t<>s so opposed this commission 
 that it could not carry out the pur- 
 pose for which it was created. But 
 the killing of Garfield by a disap- 
 pointed office-seeker was so strong an 
 argument for reform in the method of 
 appointing to office thai the Pendleton 
 Bill, a Democratic measure, was passed 
 (January hi. 1888) establishing 
 Service Commission. Dorman 
 Eaton, John M. Gregory, and Leroy" 
 D.Thoman were the first Civil Service 
 Commissioners. Since the establish- 
 ment of the commission, competitive 
 examinations are held at various in- 
 tervals in different cities. At these 
 examinations anyone who desires to 
 
 enter the employ of the Government 
 may have hi- atness and capacity 
 
 passed upon. From those making the 
 highest average, candidates for vacan- 
 cies are selected and are appointed on 
 probation for six months. At the end 
 of this term those who have proved 
 themselves qualified receive regular 
 appointments. 
 
 as oasseu 
 
 g a Civil -J 
 man By 
 
 with the small tribe of Nez 
 Perce [na-per-sa'J Indians in 
 the Northwest arose ; it was 
 brought to an end by General 
 O. O. Howard, who pursued 
 the hostiles 1,500 miles, and 
 compelled them to surrender. 
 Several calamities befell the 
 country during the course of 
 this administration. These in- 
 cluded great railroad strikes 
 and yellow fever epidemics. 
 The railroad strikes (IS 77) ex- 
 tended over a large part of the 
 country and resulted in danger- 
 ous riots in Pittsburg, Chicago, 
 St. Louis, and other places. In 
 the first-named city more than 
 one hundred lives were lost, and 
 three million dollars 1 worth of 
 property was destroyed. 
 
 Yellow lever epidemics 
 occurred in 1878 and 1879. 
 Many places in the South were 
 visited by the fatal disease, that 
 portion suffering most being 
 the Mississippi Valley. Science 
 has of late proved that this 
 dread scourge originates in the 
 warmer latitudes, and that it 
 can be excluded from this coun- 
 try by disinfecting and holding 
 in quarantine all vessels coming 
 from ports where yellow fever 
 exists. A most perfect quaran- 
 tine system is now in success- 
 ful operation at a station estab- 
 
447 
 
 lished for the purpose by the 
 
 State of Louisiana, near the 
 
 mouth of the Mississippi River. 
 
 Presidential Election of 
 
 1880. — In the Presidential 
 
 election of 1880 the principal 
 
 candidates were James A. Gar- 
 field of Ohio and Chester A. 
 
 Arthur of New York, proposed 
 
 by the Republicans ; Winfield 
 
 Scott Hancock of New York 
 
 and William II. English of 
 
 Indiana, by the Democrats. 
 
 The Republican candidates were 
 
 elected. The newly elected 
 
 President was a man of unusual 
 
 ability, and his administration 
 
 bade fair to be as wise and well 
 
 directed as any with which 
 
 this country has been blessed. 
 
 But he had scarcely served four months when he was cruelly 
 
 assassinated, and Arthur became President. 
 
 Arthur, President. — Called suddenly to the highest 
 
 office in the land, Vice-President Arthur manifested unexpected 
 
 ability in the administration of its affairs. The country was n< >w 
 entering upon an era of great industrial 
 prosperity. In 1881 there was held at 
 Atlanta an exposition that revealed to an 
 astonishing extent how rapidly the South 
 was conforming to new industrial con- 
 ditions. At New Orleans, three years 
 after, a World's Cotton Centennial Ex- 
 position was opened to commemorate the 
 one hundredth anniversary of the ship- 
 ment of the first bale of cotton from 
 America. The main building of this 
 exposition exceeded in floor space any 
 
 Death of Garfield. 
 
 In the National Republican Conven- 
 tion of 1SS0, certain extremists known 
 aa •stalwarts" supported Grant for 
 a third term as President, They called 
 the conservative Republicans who op- 
 posed them "Half-breeds." After a 
 bitter contest, Garfield (Conservative) 
 was nominated as a compromise. To 
 reunite the party, Arthur (Stalwart) 
 was nominated for Vice-President ; 
 and James G. Blaine, who had been 
 the leading Conservative candidate 
 for President, became Secretary of 
 State. Garfield's refusal to appoint 
 certain Stalwarts to office reopened 
 the breach in the party. Two Stal- 
 wart senators, Conkling and Piatt of 
 New York, resigned their seats, but 
 were not reelected by the State Legis- 
 lature. The factional feeling grew 
 intense, and a man named Guiteau, of 
 uncertain mental balance, who favored 
 the Stalwarts, assassinated the Presi- 
 dent in Washington (July 2, 1880), 
 and after eighty days of suffering Gar- 
 field passed a wa\ (September 10. 1881). 
 
44* 
 
 PERIOD <)F INDErENDKNCK. 
 
 building ever erected before. President 
 Arthur, at Washington, set in motion the 
 massive and intricate machinery con- 
 nected with this exposition, by means of 
 a current of electricity over a telegraph 
 wire to New Orleans. 
 
 Presidential Election of 1884.— 
 In the election for a successor to Arthur, 
 the candidates of the principal parties 
 were, of the Republicans, JaraesG. Blaine 
 of Maine and John A. Logan of Illinois ; 
 of the Democrats, (i rover Cleveland of 
 New York and Thomas A. Hendricks of Indiana. Cleveland 
 was elected. Thus, after an interruption of twenty-four 
 years, a J >emocratic President was again called to administer 
 the executive affairs of the Government. 
 
 Important Acts. — While Arthur was President, Congress 
 passed Pendleton's Civil Service Reform Bill, a Democratic 
 measure ; established a National Bureau of Labor Statistics to 
 promote the interests of workingmen ; prohibited Chinese 
 immigration and the bringing in of foreign laborers under 
 contract, to compete with American workmen ; and prohibited 
 polygamy in the United States. 
 
 Questions.— What continued in the South during the entire time of 
 Grant's administration ? What were the principal events of Grant's adminis- 
 tration ? What was the Fifteenth Amendment intended to do ? What States 
 ratified the amendment ? What do you know of the Washington Treaty ? 
 What was the " Geneva Award " ? Whal was the cause of the Modoc Wai ? 
 Sioux War? Wlio was Captain Jack ? What do you know of Custer's mas- 
 sacre ? What do you know of the panic of L873 ? Who were the candidates to 
 succeed Grani ? What had -really weakened the Republican party in the esti- 
 mation of the people ? What caused reaction in the political sentiment of the 
 country ? II<>w was the result of the election decided ? What do you know of 
 the " Electoral Commission" ? What do you know of the Nez Perce War? Of 
 the railroad strikes? Yellow fever epidemics? Who were the candidates to 
 succeed Hayes ? Who was elected ? flow long did Garfield serve ? What can 
 you say of Arthur as President ? What expositions were held during his term ? 
 What did the New Orleans Exposition commemorate? Who were the candi 
 
 dales to Succeed Arthur ? What candidates were successful ? What important 
 
 ads wen- passed during Arthur's term ? 
 
k law i ox. 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 1. Life, Character, and Death of Robert E. Lee. II. The Washington Trealy. III. Wars 
 with the Modocs and Sioux. IV. The Business Panic of 1873. V. The Disputed Election 
 of 1876. VI. Events of Hayes's Administration. VII. Election and Death of Garfield. 
 VIII. Civil Service Reform. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Andrews's History of the Last Quartet Century in the United States, vol. i. 
 Washington Treaty, 87-95. Indian wars, 169-193. Business panic, 352-263. D 
 flection, 211-221. Garfield, 319-336. Civil Service Reform, 231-236, 341, 
 
 Wilson's Division and Reunion. 
 Washington Treaty, 278. Disputed election, 283. Civil Service Reform, 277, 293. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities.—/.,;. Robert 
 E. Union Pacific Railroad, Completion of. Washington Treaty, The. Modoc War, The. 
 Sioux War, The. Custer Massacre, The. Philadelphia Centennial, T/ie. Chicago Fire, 
 
 The. Alabama Claims, The. Geneva Award, The. Electoral Commission, The. &ez 
 Perce War, The. Garfield, Death of . Civil Service Reform. 
 
 Special.— Cooke's Life of R. E. Lee. Southern Historical /'a/ieis, vols, iii., vi., and viii. 
 Lalor: Cyclopedia of Political Science, ii., 572, 331-333 ; vol. iii., 943. Judson : Growth of 
 the American Nation. Stanwood : History of Presidential Elections. Bead, it' possible, 
 Margaret J. Preston's General Lee after the War in Century Magazine for June, 1889. 
 
 REFERENCE OUTLINE. 
 
 Administrations ok Ulysses S. Grant of Illinois. 
 
 Eighteenth President. 
 
 Twenty-first and Twenty-second Administrations. 
 
 Forty-first, Forty-second, Forty-third and Forty-fourth Congresses. 
 
 Principal Events. 
 
 j Inauguration. 
 
 ( Union Pacific Railroad built. 
 
 j Death of Robert E. Lee (October 12). 
 ' ' I Fifteenth Amendment adopted. 
 
 j Washington Treaty. 
 ( Modoc War. 
 
 ( Presidential election — 
 
 1872. \ Democratic candidates : Horace Greeley and B. Gratz Brown. 
 ( Republican candidates : U. S. Grant and Henry Wilson. 
 
 1873. Business panic. 
 29 
 
450 
 
 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 1876. 
 
 Sioux War. 
 
 Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia. 
 
 Colorado admitted. 
 
 Presidential election — 
 
 Democratic candidates : Samuel J. Tilden and Thomas A. 
 
 Hendricks. 
 Republican candidates : Rutherford 13. Hayes and "William A. 
 Wheeler. 
 Electoral Commission. 
 
 Administration of Rutherford B. Hayes of Ohio. 
 
 Nineteenth President. 
 Twenty-third Administration. 
 Forty-fifth and Forty-sixth Congresses. 
 
 Principal Events. 
 
 {Inauguration. 
 Nez Perce War. 
 Kail road riots. 
 
 is; 
 
 18*0. 
 
 Great yellow fever epidemic. 
 
 Presidential election — 
 
 Democratic candidates : Winfield S. Hancock and William II. 
 
 English. 
 Republican candidates : James A. Garfield and Chester A. 
 
 Arthur. 
 
 AliMI.VISTRATION OF GARFIELD OF OniO AND ARTHUR OF NEW YORK. 
 
 Twentieth and Twenty-first Presidents. 
 Twenty-fourth Administration. 
 Forty-seventh and Forty-eighth Congresses. 
 
 Principal Events. 
 
 { Inauguration. 
 Garfield assassinated (July 2). 
 Atlanta Exposition. 
 
 INS:!. Civil Service Commission instituted. 
 
 1SS4. 
 
 World's Cotton Centennial Exposition. 
 Presidential election — 
 
 Democratic candidates : Cleveland and Hendricks. 
 
 Republican candidates : James G. Blaine and John A. Logan. 
 
REUNION. 
 
 451 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 REOPENING OF THE TARIFF QUESTION. 
 
 Cleveland as President. — The return of the Democratic 
 party to power caused the Republicans to predict that the 
 business of the country Would be disturbed and its prosperity 
 checked. Nothing of the sort happened. Cleveland's good 
 judgment was shown in his choice of a Cabinet remarkable for 
 its high order of ability and for its representative character. 
 The idea that controlled him in his administration was ex- 
 presssed in his own memorable words : 
 ' •' Public office is a public trust, ' ' and 
 his conduct of affairs was such as to 
 convince all that this trust had not 
 been misplaced. 
 
 Events of Cleveland's Ad- 
 ministration. — While Cleveland 
 was President there was erected in 
 New York Harbor a gigantic statue, 
 Liberty Enlightening the World, de- 
 signed by the eminent sculptor Bar- 
 tholdi, and presented by the people 
 of France to the people of America 
 
 (October 28, 1886). In the same year a disastrous earthquake 
 visited the south Atlantic coast of the United States. In the 
 city of Charleston many buildings were laid in ruins. The 
 citizens devoted themselves to the work of rebuilding with such 
 energy that little trace of the disaster now remains. 
 
 Death of General Grant. — The period covered by Cleve- 
 land's first administration was remarkable for the number of 
 deaths of eminent Americans. Among these were Grant, 
 McClellan, Hendricks, Tilden, and Hancock. The death of 
 Grant (July 23, 1885) awakened profound sorrow through the 
 country. Notwithstanding the relentless energy he had shown 
 in the war between the North and South, and the exalted 
 rank he held among the great men of the world, he was really 
 
 GHOVER CLEVELAND. 
 
452 
 
 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 of th 
 
 at heart the gentlest and sim 
 plest of men. His " Memoirs ' 
 reveal the character of this si 
 lent man of action. 
 
 J lis funeral was one 
 most imposing this coun- 
 try ever beheld. As it 
 passed through the 
 streets of New York 
 City it extended over a 
 distance of eight miles. 
 General Joseph E. John- 
 ston and General S. B. 
 Buckner stood shoulder 
 to shoulder with Gen- 
 erals Sherman, Sheri- 
 dan, and Logan among 
 the pall-bear- 
 ers. Generals 
 Wade Hamp- 
 ton, Fitzhugh 
 Lee, and 
 John B. Gor- 
 don were also 
 present. Xo 
 event had jffi jj^ 
 ever given ^"3 
 stronger evi- = 
 dence of the 
 fact that sec- 
 tional antag- 
 onism was dying than this ming- 
 ling of Blue and Gray at his 
 grave and this joint tribute to 
 the man whose greatest utter- 
 ance in all his eventful life 
 was : " Let us have peace." 
 
 The Interstate Commerce 
 Commission. 
 
 The railroads of the country had in- 
 creased to a remarkable extent both 
 in number and mileage. With this 
 increase came much rivalry and com- 
 petition. Where more than one road 
 competed for the freight business of a 
 town or city, one road would underbill 
 another until freight rates became very 
 low. It was different with towns that 
 had but a single line of railway. Here 
 ailroad managers could charge cs 
 high freight rates as they desired, and 
 thus make good the losses they 
 f/** might sustain by the low freight 
 • rates at competitive points. Some- 
 %W times the freight charges on mer- 
 chandise hauled a short distance 
 where there was but a single rail- 
 road would be more than on the 
 same merchandise hauled over 
 lone; distances between places 
 having several competing rail- 
 roads. This H.'IS 
 very unfair, for it 
 d i s c r i m i n a t e d 
 against business 
 men in smaller 
 places and favored 
 business men in 
 larger places. The 
 idea that the rail- 
 roads were treating 
 thepcopletinjustly. 
 git caused some to ad- 
 
 ill^ vocate the control 
 
 of the railroads by 
 S aj^-. the Government, 
 ]\\>\ as it has the 
 SgjE^ management of the 
 & post-office busim as 
 of the country. 
 Many opposed this 
 1 • idea, fearing that it 
 
 would give the 
 Government too much power. How- 
 ever, all realized that something must 
 be done to protect the people against 
 the discriminations which a railroad 
 might make. An interstate commerce 
 law was passed, and an Interstate 
 Commerce Commission consisting of 
 five persons was established (Febru- 
 
ary 7, 1887). To this commission is 
 given the power of supervision over all 
 railroads whose lines extend through 
 more than one State. It sees that all 
 rates are reasonable and just ; that no 
 discrimination is made in favor of any 
 particular shipper of freight; and 
 .that freight charges for short hauls 
 must be less than freight charges for 
 long hauls, and in proportion to them. 
 The spirit and intent of the Interstate 
 Commerce Act is not to interfere with 
 railroads and work in jury to them, but 
 to maintain just relations between rail- 
 road owners and railroad users. In 
 this respect, the commission accords 
 with the main purpose of our Govern- 
 ment, which is to promote the general 
 welfare. 
 
 Presidential Success i on 
 Act. — The death of Vice-Presi- 
 dent Hendricks (November 25, 
 1885) left a Republican next 
 in succession to Cleveland as 
 President. Congress saw that 
 some enemy might be tempted 
 to assassinate the President in 
 order to bring the opposition 
 party into power. To guard 
 against this danger, both parties 
 united on a new law to gov- 
 ern the Presidential succession. 
 Under this law, if both Presi- 
 dent and Yice- President should die, the Cabinet officers, who 
 are of the same political party as the President, succeed in 
 regular order, beginning with the Secretary of State. 
 
 Apache War.— The Indian difficulties in the West that 
 claimed the attention of the Government were those arising 
 with the warlike Apaches of Ari- 
 zona. To stop the many atro- 
 cities they were committing, 
 General Crook, a famous Indian 
 fighter, was sent against them. 
 He pursued the hostiles into 
 Mexico, surrounded them in a 
 secluded spot in the wilds of the 
 Sierra Mad re Mountains, and 
 compelled their chief, Gero- 
 nimo, and a large party of his 
 followers to surrender. These 
 were taken to Fort Pickens, 
 near Pensacola, Florida, where, 
 far from the scenes of their atro- 
 cities, they were for a time kept 
 under strict guard. 
 
 The " Educational Cam- 
 paign." 
 
 The masses of the people are con- 
 sumers of articles protected by the 
 tariff. As we have seen,* tariff raises 
 the cost and consumers receive little 
 direct benefit from an increase of 
 prices. To win over these consumers 
 to the side of protection, new argu 
 nients had to be used. It could hardly 
 be said now that American manufac- 
 tures were in their infancy, so protec- 
 tion for infant industries could no 
 longer be urged. The argument now 
 was that a protective tariff benefited 
 Hie laborer and the farmer, inasmuch 
 as the protected manufacturers who 
 
 received higher prices for their g !- 
 
 were able to pay higher wages i<> their 
 workmen, who, in turn, were able i" 
 pay (he farmers better prices I'm the 
 necessaries of life. 
 
 
454 
 
 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 The Tariff Question 
 Again. — Cleveland's adminis- 
 tration was characterized by a 
 reopening of the tariff question. 
 The United States Government 
 in its long- contest with the 
 Southern States had incurred, 
 as we have seen, a heavy public 
 debt. In the years following 
 the war, high tariffs were levied, 
 and by the time Cleveland be- 
 came President the increased 
 revenues of the Government 
 were sufficient not only to pay 
 off the debt as it matured, but 
 to leave a large surplus in the 
 public treasury. 
 
 In a masterly message to 
 Congress, Cleveland maintained 
 that the tariff was a tax, and 
 that the accumulation of a sur- 
 plus in the United States treas- 
 ury was evidence that the people 
 were being unnecessarily taxed. 
 lie therefore recommended a 
 reduction of the tariff. In this 
 he was sustained by his party, 
 and revenue reduction became the leading issue in the presi- 
 dential campaign of 1888. 
 
 Presidential Campaign of 1888.— The candidates put 
 forward by the Republicans at the end of Cleveland's term 
 of office were : For President, Benjamin Harrison of Indiana ; 
 for Vice-President, Levi P. Morton of New York. The 
 Democrats renominated Grover Cleveland, and placed upon 
 the ticket with him, for Vice-President, Allen G. Thurman 
 of Ohio. 
 
 The high revenue tariffs had served many of the purposes of 
 
 On the other hand it was urged, by 
 those opposed to high tariff, that pro- 
 tection had caused an unhealthy in- 
 crease in the number of factories, that 
 overproduction and competition were 
 causing a decrease of profits, render- 
 ing necessary a lowering of wages ; 
 that the multiplication of producing 
 agents in the various industries had 
 brought info operation the public evil 
 called "trusts," which are powerful 
 combinations to control the products 
 of an industry, and by limiting the 
 supply cause the prices to rise above 
 values, to the injury of the consumers. 
 This limiting of production has been 
 accomplished in many instances by 
 closing down a number of the facto- 
 ries organized into a trust, whose own- 
 ers lose nothing by the stoppage, as 
 they share in the increased profits of 
 the combination. But the workmen 
 thus thrown out of employment are 
 sufferers. 
 
 Thus it would seem that for every 
 benefit afforded by protection there is 
 a corresponding evil. As to which of 
 the two — benefit or evil— predomi- 
 nates, it yet remains for the American 
 people fully to understand. The pres- 
 idential contest of 1888 has been 
 termed an "educational campaign," 
 for never before had American thought 
 been so awakened to the consideration 
 of wages, profits, consumption, ex- 
 change, the inter-relations of an 
 industrial people, and other subjects 
 pertaining to the study of political 
 economy. 
 
protection. The Kepublican party was opposed to any reduc- 
 tion that would interfere with the protective feature of these 
 tariffs. Those who were benefited or imagined themselves to 
 be benefited by protection rallied strongly to the cause of the 
 Republicans, and Harrison and Morton were elected. 
 
 Questions. — What was feared by the Republicans in the success of the 
 
 Democratic party ? How did Cleveland meet these fears ? What memorable 
 words were uttered by him ? What were some of the events of Cleveland's 
 administration? What prominent men died while Cleveland was President? 
 Tell something of the life and character of Grant. Of his death and funeral. 
 Of the Presidential Succession Act. What do you know of the Apache War ? 
 What question was now reopened ? What did Cleveland maintain in his mes- 
 sage to Congress ? What did he recommend ? Who were the candidates for 
 President at the close of Cleveland's term ? Who were elected ? 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. Events of Cleveland's First Administration. II. The Interstate Commerce Commission. 
 III. The Apache War. IV. The Educational Campaign of 1888. 
 
 References and Authorities. 
 
 Andrews's History of the Last Quarter Cintury, vol. ii. 
 Cleveland's first administration, 91-127. 
 
 Wilson's Division and Reunion. 
 Interstate Commission, 294. Educational campaign, 290. 291. 
 
 Parallel Readings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities. — Statut of 
 Liberty, Bartholin's. Charleston Earthquake, The. Interstate Commera Cotnmission, 
 The. Grant, Death of . Apache War, The. Geronimo. Presidential Campaign of '1888. 
 
 Special.- King : Campaigning with Crook. 
 
 Note.— The events of this and the succeeding chapters are of such recent occurrence as not 
 yet to have found their way into the permanent literature of the country. Only meager reference 
 to books therefore is possible. For information independent of the text-book the student is 
 advised (1) to question some intelligent elderly acquaintance upon his knowledge of the several 
 topics given, for they have no doubt attracted his attention as they successively came into public 
 notice. (2) Consult newspaper files. These will be found in public libraries and offices of pub- 
 lication. (3) Examine back numbers of magazines published shortly after the topic under inves- 
 tigation became a subject for public thought. A complete file of the ff< vit w of Reviews will be 
 of invaluable service along this line, and no school library should be withoul it, as il is easilj 
 obtainable. McClttre's Magazine, Century, Harper's, Atlantic, Forum. North American Re- 
 view, will all be found rich in valuable material and interesting to the student. Public Opinion, 
 Harpt /'.-■ Weekly, and Frank Leslie's Weekly are also very valuable publications. (4) Appleton's 
 Annual C,,, ■/,,/> <fm will be found to contain full information Upon historical and political events 
 of each year, and is issued up to a very recent date. 
 
4.-.I! 
 
 1'EKIoD OF INDEPENDENCE 
 
 REFERENCE OUTLINE. 
 
 First Administration of Groves Cleveland of New Yoiik. 
 
 Twenty-second President. 
 Twenty-fifth Administration. 
 Forty-ninth and Fiftietli Congresses. 
 
 Principal Events. 
 
 {Inauguration. 
 / Grant (July 23). 
 Death of - McClellan (October 20). 
 ' Hendricks (November 25). 
 ( Charleston earthquake. 
 ( Interstate Commerce Commission instituted. 
 1887. Apache War. 
 
 i Presidential election- 
 Democratic candidates : Cleveland and Thurman. 
 Republican candidates : Benjamin Harrison and Levi P. Morton. 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 HOME PRODUCTIONS AM) FoKEKiX MARKETS. 
 
 I. 
 
 Harrison's Administration. 
 
 Harrison's 
 
 UAllKISON. 
 
 One of the first steps of 
 administration was an 
 effort to secure new trade in Central 
 and South America. This effort was 
 due to James G. Blaine, Secretary of 
 State in Harrison's Cabinet. Blaine 
 is often called the Henry Clay of the 
 Republican party, because, although 
 for many years its ablest leader, he 
 twice failed to get its nomination for 
 President, and finally, when nomi- 
 nated, was defeated by Cleveland. 
 
 l*aii-American Congress. — 
 Me. Blaine invited the Republics of 
 Central America and South America, 
 
REUNION. 457 
 
 and Mexico, to send delegates to Washington to a meeting 
 called the Pan- American Congress. The word "pan" means 
 ' ' all, ' ' and the name was given to the meeting because it was 
 to include "all America." The congress was held (1889), and 
 the Bureau of American Republics was established to furnish 
 information and to promote commercial relations between the 
 republics. Little new trade was gained, because we could not 
 sell our goods at as low prices as England and Germany. 
 
 Three foreign controversies occurred during the 
 }^ears 1889 and 1891. Germany was about to annex the Samoan 
 Islands, but was met by objections arising from American and 
 British interests. A treaty was finally agreed to by which 
 Germany, England, and the United States jointly control the 
 islands. During a civil war in Chile, the United States Mini- 
 ster had excited the prejudices of the Chilean people against our 
 citizens, and as a result a mob attacked a party of United States 
 sailors, killing two and wounding eighteen. Our Government 
 demanded and obtained reparation. In New Orleans, certain 
 Italians, members of a secret society called the Mafia, assassi- 
 nated the Chief of Police.' When the jury failed to convict, a 
 party of citizens entered the jail and shot the assassins (March 
 11, 1891). For the benefit of their families our Government 
 paid $25,000 as damages. 
 
 Events of Harrison's Administration. — While Harri- 
 son was President six new States were admitted to the Union. 
 These were North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Idaho, 
 Washington, and Wyoming. A large part of the Indian Terri- 
 tory, once set aside to the exclusive use of the red man, was 
 opened up, by proclamation of the President, to white settlers 
 (March 27, 1889). The rush of homeseekers to this part of the 
 country is known as the "Oklahoma boom." Two events 
 happening within the confines of Pennsylvania occupied wide- 
 spread attention. One, occurring in the Conemaugh Valley, 
 was the bursting of a reservoir dam, which wrecked the town 
 of Johnstown and destroyed by Hood thousands of lives and 
 millions of value in property. The other, happening in the 
 town of Homestead, was the breaking out of Labor riots, which 
 
458 
 
 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 resulted in much bloodshed and 
 violence. The one hundredth 
 anniversary of Washington's 
 inauguration was fitly cele- 
 brated in New York City, 
 April 30, 1889. 
 
 The McKinley Tariff 
 Law. — Congress was controlled 
 by the Republicans, who be- 
 lieved that in electing Harrison 
 the people had indorsed a tar- 
 iff for protection. Therefore 
 they passed (1890) a very high- 
 tariff law, called the McKinley 
 Bill, after its author. It was 
 thought that this high tariff 
 would increase manufactures, 
 and the influence of Mr. Blaine 
 secured the addition to the Mc- 
 Kinley Bill of a clause which he 
 hoped would make new markets 
 abroad for our increased manu- 
 factures. No duty was charged 
 on sugar, molasses, tea, coffee, 
 and raw hides coming from any 
 country that would "recipro- 
 cate" by admitting our products 
 and manufactures free of duty. 
 This was called ' ' reciprocity, ' ' 
 a new name for an old idea. It 
 did not give the foreign trade 
 desired f < >r our goods. The Mc- 
 Kinley tariff increased the prices 
 of many articles and reduced 
 the income of the Government. 
 
 Cleveland elected Presi- 
 dent. — By the time the presi- 
 
 Jefferson Davis. 
 
 A number of men who had been 
 prominent in our country's affairs 
 died while Harrison was President. 
 Among these were Jefferson Davis, 
 Rutherford B. Hayes, James G. Blaine, 
 and General P. G. T. Beauregard. 
 
 Jefferson Davis was among the 
 greatest exponents of the principles 
 of State sovereignty whose voices had 
 been heard in the hall of Congress. 
 Born (1808) in Christian County, Ky., 
 he was brought to Mississippi when 
 a child and grew np in that State. 
 He was graduated from West Point 
 (1828) and served seven years in the 
 regular army of the United States. In 
 1835 he returned to his plantation in 
 Warren County, Miss. He entered 
 public life in 1845, serving as member 
 of Congress, United States senator, 
 member of the President's Cabinet, 
 and again United States senator until 
 the withdrawal of his State from the 
 Union caused him to cast his destiny 
 with that of his people. 
 
 As colonel of the First Mississippi 
 Regiment of Volunteer Rifles in the 
 Mexican War he won distinguished 
 honor at Monterey and saved the day 
 at Buena Vista. As Secretary of War 
 during Pierce's administration he in- 
 creased the strength and efficiency of 
 the regular army. While in public life, 
 no statesman stood higher ; none had 
 more to hope for in the way of political 
 preferment ; and none made greater 
 sacrifices for the cause he embraced. 
 
 With the fall of the Confederacy his 
 public career closed. II is last days 
 were spent at, his beautiful country 
 home. Beau voir, in southern Missis- 
 sippi, mar the Gulf shore. Here sev- 
 eral works of great literary and historic 
 value wert' produced by him. Upon a 
 journey to another part of the State he 
 was stricken with his last illness, ami 
 was brought to New Orleans, where he 
 died (Dec. 6, 1889). All realized that a 
 man whose life and character were 
 spotless had passed away. His fune- 
 ral was attended by large delegations 
 of leading citizens from every South- 
 ern State, and while the remains re- 
 
459 
 
 posed in state in the City Hall of New 
 ( )i leans, they were viewed by more 
 than one hundred thousand who had 
 assembled from far and near to obtain 
 a last look at the dead chieftain. In 
 Slay, 1893. his remains were removed 
 to Richmond, Va. Respected by the 
 aged and reverenced by the youth of 
 that South whose past is linked with 
 his, and whose future he and his gen- 
 eration have filled with memories un- 
 dying, he rests in the capital city of 
 that Confederacy of which he was the 
 only President. 
 
 dential election came on in 1892, 
 there was much dissatisfaction 
 with the McKinley tariff, and 
 the Democrats again nominated 
 Grover Cleveland of New York 
 for President, on a platform 
 which denounced the system 
 of protection as ' ' robbery ' ' of 
 the many for the benefit of the 
 few, and favored a tariff for 
 revenue. Adlai E. Stevenson 
 of Illinois was nominated for Vice-President. The Republi- 
 cans renominated Harrison, with Whitelaw Reid of New York 
 for Vice-President, on a platform which favored a high protec- 
 tive tariff. These platforms made the tariff question the great 
 issue in thecampaign. Cleveland 
 and Stevenson were elected. 
 
 The People's Party.— At 
 this presidential election a third 
 party secured twenty-two elec- 
 toral votes for James B. Weaver 
 for President and James G.Fiekhc.i 
 f or Yice-President. Many farm- 
 ers had been members of an 
 organization called the Farmers' 
 Alliance ; many workingmen 
 were members of the Knights of 
 Labor. These united in 1S91 and 
 formed the "People's Party." 
 Their platform proposed that 
 the Government should estab- 
 lish a subtreasury in each State 
 to lend money at two per cent 
 interest on corn, wheat, cotton, 
 and like products as security, 
 and that the mints should be 
 free to coin all silver. 
 
 The McKinley Tariff Law. 
 
 To admit sugar and molasses from 
 foreign countries free of duty took 
 away protection from our own pro- 
 ducers of sugar, and yet they were 
 equally entitled to protection under a 
 protective system. To compensate 
 these home producers for this loss of 
 protection, the McKinley tariff hill 
 provided that one cent should he paid 
 them on every pound of sugar they 
 produced. This was called a "bounty," 
 because the Government did not buy 
 the sugar. The McKinley tariff law 
 continued in force until August 27, 
 1894, and the deficit in the revenue 
 under it was $17,0(10,000 in 1891, 827,- 
 000,000 in 1892, $4,000,000 in 1893, and 
 $70,000,000 in 1894. Reciprocity trea- 
 ties were made with Brazil, llayti, San 
 Domingo, Nicaragua. Honduras, Gua- 
 temala, Salvador, Germany, Austro- 
 Bungary, and with England for the 
 Wot Indies and with Spain for Cuba 
 and PortO BiCO. Under the treaties, 
 our gales to those countries for the 
 year ending June 30, 1893, wen 
 
 178,665 : and in 1896, after the treaties 
 were abolished, our trade was $1 15,- 
 096,048. 
 
4G0 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 3. 
 
 Events of Cleveland's Second Administration. — 
 
 Utah was admitted as a State, Januaiy 4, 1896. The boundary 
 line between Venezuela and British Guiana had been in dispute 
 for many years. England was about to take possession of the 
 disputed territory, and Venezuela appealed to the United States. 
 In consequence of our firm stand, England abandoned the idea, 
 and a commission was appointed to settle the boundary. A 
 dispute between the United States and Great Britain as to the 
 right to catch seals in Bering Sea was submitted to arbitration. 
 The arbitrators decided that the United States had no right to 
 prohibit sealing, but they recommended that the fur-bearing 
 seals should be protected by international arrangement. 
 
 Commemorative Celebrations. — The four hundredth 
 anniversary of the discovery of America was made memorable 
 by the holding of a great World's Fair, or Columbian Exposi- 
 tion, at Chicago. The buildings erected for the purpose con- 
 stituted a ""White City" whose architectural beauty and 
 grandeur have never been surpassed in all the world's history. 
 The Exposition was dedicated October 12, 1892, was opened 
 May 1, 1893, and closed October 31 of the same year. It 
 was visited by more than twelve million people ; but as some 
 entered more than once, the number of gate admissions exceeded 
 twenty-seven millions. Two years after the Chicago fair, an- 
 other exposition was held (1895) at Atlanta, Ga., which was 
 attended by immense crowds. 
 
 The Panic of 1893.— Harrison's administration had in- 
 creased the Government's expenses and reduced the income. 
 The surplus in the Treasury had been spent, and it was known 
 that the Government did not have cash to pay its bills. PricesJ 
 began to fall and money grew scarce. European bankers who j 
 had loaned money on our railroad stocks and bonds became 
 alarmed. They returned our securities and took back our gold 
 in payment. This started a panic. Prices fell still lower ; 
 banks failed in every part of the country ; money became still 
 scarcer, and by the opening of summer people were compelled 
 
401 
 
 to use substitutes. Mr. Cleve- 
 land believed that the trouble 
 was due to a law called the 
 Sherman Act, which obliged the 
 Government to buy 4,500,000 
 ounces of silver every month 
 and give Government notes in 
 payment. He called a special 
 session of Congress and urged 
 the repeal of the purchasing 
 clause of the law. This was 
 done, but it did not bring relief. 
 The Wilson Tariff Law. 
 — At the first regular session of 
 Congress a bill was introduced 
 which embodied the Democratic 
 ideas of tariff for revenue, and 
 was called the Wilson Bill after 
 its author. The Democrats 
 were as anxious as the Repub- 
 licans to build up a foreign 
 trade, but their plan for doing 
 this was to reduce the price of 
 our goods by admitting free of 
 duty raw materials necessary to 
 manufacture them. The bill 
 was so amended in the Senate 
 that it no longer represented 
 Democratic ideas. The House 
 was forced to accept the amend- 
 ments, but Cleveland refused to 
 sign the bill, and it became a 
 law (August, ISO-f) without his 
 name. A tax on incomes was 
 levied, but was pronounced un- 
 constitutional by the Supreme 
 Court, and so the Wilson Bill 
 
 The History of Silver 
 Legislation. 
 
 When Congress 1 1792) created our 
 system of money, a silver dollar equal 
 to the Spanish milled dollar was made 
 the standard by which the weight and 
 value of all our other coins wnv fixed. 
 A piece of gold weighing one-fif- 
 teenth as much as a silver dollar was 
 made the gold dollar. Thus the ratio 
 was fifteen to one. The system w::s 
 bimetallic, and the mints were free to 
 coin both gold and silver. The ratio 
 was changed to sixteen to one in is:; i 
 by putting less gold in gold coin. 
 When the war began (1801), gold and 
 silver coins were locked up and " paper 
 money " only was used for eighteen 
 years. In 1879 the Government began 
 to pay its notes in coin. This was 
 called "resumption,' 1 and one hun- 
 dred million dollars in gold, known as 
 the "reserve fund," was kept in the 
 Treasury by the Secretary as a guar- 
 antee that the Government was able 
 to pay its debts. In 1873, while only 
 " paper money " was in use, Congress 
 passed a new coinage act, which made 
 the gold dollar the standard and 
 dropped the silver dollar from the list 
 of coins. This demonetized silver, as 
 England had done many years before, 
 and made all debts of more than five 
 dollars, public and private, payable 
 in gold only. In 1878 the Democrats, 
 who controlled the House of Repre- 
 sentatives, passed the Bland Bill for 
 the free coinage of silver ; but the 
 Senate, being Republican, added the 
 Allison amendment, which gave us the 
 Bland-Allison law. This act made 
 silver a legal tender and required not 
 less than two nor more than four 
 million silver dollars to be bought and 
 coined each month. This was " lim- 
 ited,'* not "free" coinage. In 1890 
 the Senate (Republican) passed a bill 
 for the free coinage of silver, which 
 the House (Republican) rejected ; and 
 as a compromise, the Sherman Art was 
 passed. This required 4,500,000 ounces 
 of silver to be bought by the United 
 States Treasurer each month, at the 
 market price, and paid for in Treasury 
 
462 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 uotes, but did uot require it to be 
 coined. 
 
 In 1873 the silver in a dollar was 
 worth $1.02 in gold; in 1803 it was 
 worth 55 cents in gold. By this 
 time the leading countries of Europe 
 had adopted the gold standard and 
 England had stopped coining silver for 
 India. Conferences were held and 
 strong efforts made to persuade the 
 countries of Europe to agree with us 
 on the free coinage of silver, but all 
 efforts failed. Nearly all the world, 
 except Europe and the United Stairs, 
 uses silver as the standard money. 
 
 also failed to bring in revenue 
 to pay the expenses of the Gov- 
 ernment. 
 The Bond Sales.— When 
 
 gold was withdrawn from the 
 Treasury, Mr. Cleveland issued 
 one hundred million dollars in 
 bonds and sold them for gold 
 to replace it. More gold was 
 withdrawn, and more bonds 
 were issued. Under the last 
 year of the McKinley tariff law 
 the income of the Government lacked seventy millions of 
 paying the expenses, so the President ordered a third series 
 of bonds. As the deficit continued under the Wilson tariff 
 law, a fourth series of bonds was issued. These bonds added 
 $262,000,000 to the national debt. 
 
 The hard times continued for four years. Wages were 
 reduced and factories closed. The great labor strike occurred 
 in Chicago, which stopped business and threatened the destruc- 
 tion of railroad propert}- . Mr. Cleveland sent United States 
 troops there to preserve order. Prices of cotton, wheat, and 
 corn continued to fall. Land and houses declined in value, 
 many railroads became bankrupt and were sold out for their 
 debts. Under this condition of things a new issue was brought 
 before the people. This was the money question. 
 
 The Money Question. — Gold and silver are known as the 
 money metals of the world, and from the day the first mint 
 was opened, any man who had either metal was free to have it 
 coined into money. But in L8Y3 this was changed. Since then 
 only the men who owned gold have been free to have it coined. 
 Many believed that this made an unnatural demand for gold, 
 and raised its price so that by comparison with it all other 
 prices seemed to have fallen. This, they thought, was the 
 cause of low prices, scarce money, and hard times. As a 
 remedy, they claimed that the mints should be free to coin 
 silver as they did gold; and that sixteen ounces of silver 
 
REUNION. 46:5 
 
 should be coined into the same number of dollars as one 
 ounce of gold. Those who favored this were called " free 
 silver" men. On the other hand, many people believed that 
 prices declined because money had been taken out of business 
 and locked up; that this had been done because men who had 
 money were afraid that the Government would permit too 
 much silver to be coined ; and that the people to whom they 
 loaned this money would pay them back in silver dollars, which 
 in Europe and the rest of the world would bring only fifty- 
 three cents each in gold. They claimed that by adopting the 
 gold standard confidence would be restored, and that the money 
 then locked up would come back into use and prosperity would 
 return. These were called "gold'' men. The silver men 
 claimed that free coinage would make the silver in a silver 
 dollar worth as much as the gold in a gold dollar. The gold 
 men denied that it would do this unless Europe joined us in 
 free coinage. 
 
 Nominating Conventions. — The Democratic National 
 Convention, which assembled at Chicago, 1896, adopted a 
 platform which declared for the free' coinage of silver at the 
 ratio of sixteen to one. William J. Bryan, an eloquent orator 
 from Nebraska, who had won fame as an advocate of free silver, 
 was nominated for President, and Arthur Sewall of Maine for 
 Vice-President. The Republican Convention met at St. Louis, 
 and adopted a platform which declared for the gold standard 
 until such time as the nations of Europe wo aid agree to the free 
 coinage of silver. They nominated for President William 
 McKinley of Ohio, the author of the McKinley Pill, and for 
 Yice-President Garret A. Ilobart of New Jersey. A number 
 of gold standard Democrats would not support Bryan and 
 Sewall. These held a convention at Indianapolis, adopted a 
 gold platform, and nominated John M. Palmer of Illinois and 
 Simon B. Buckner of Kentucky. On the other hand, a number 
 of free silver Republicans would not support McKinley and 
 Ilobart. They held a convention and indorsed Bryan. Tims 
 the two great parties were divided on the money question. The 
 People's Party, or " Populists " as they were called, were silver 
 
4(i-4 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 men, and supported Bryan for President, but nominated Thomas 
 E. Watson of Georgia, one of their own party, for Vice- 
 President. McKinley and Hobart were elected. 
 
 Results of the Campaign. — Never bad the people be- 
 come so aroused since the days when slavery was made a polit- 
 ical question. The innumerable articles which appeared in 
 the newspapers and the many public speeches that were made 
 in every part of the country gave the people very valuable in- 
 struction in the principles of finance. 
 
 Questions. — What step was taken to get the trade of Central and South 
 America ? Who led in this effort ? Tell something of the Pan-American Con 
 gress. Of the Samoan controversy. Of the Chilean "controversy. Of the 
 Italian controversy. What six States were admitted while Harrison was Presi- 
 dent ? What Territory was opened to settlement ? What calamity happened 
 in Pennsylvania ? What riots ? What historical event was celebrated ? What 
 were some features of the McKinley tariff bill. In the election of 1892 who 
 were the opposing candidates ? What third party was formed ? What was its 
 platform ? What important events occurred during Cleveland's second term ? 
 What remarkable celebration ? Tell something of the panic of 1893. Of the 
 Wilson Bill. Of the bond sales. Of the hard times. Of the money question. 
 What candidates were elected in the campaign of 1896 ? What State was 
 admitted during the same year '? 
 
 WORK FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. Foreign Controversies during Harrison's Administration. II. Life, Character, and Death 
 of Jefferson Davis. III. The Chicago World's Columbian Exposition. IV. Events of 
 Cleveland's Second Administration. V. The McKinley Tariff Law. VI. Silver Legisla- 
 tion. VII. The Wilson Tariff Law. VIII. Campaign of 1896 and its Results. 
 
 Parallel Headings. 
 
 Index Guide for comparative examination of other works and authorities.— Sa?noan Con- 
 troversy, The. Chilean Affair, The Italian Controversy, The. Davis, Jefferson, Death 
 of. Johnstown Flood, The. Homestead Mots, The. Chicago World's Fair, The. Pull- 
 man Strike, The. McKinley, William. Bryan, William J. Chicago Platform, The. 
 Money Question, The. Populist Party, The, Resumption, Coinage, Specie. 
 (For sources of information, see note at the end of Chapter xxii.) 
 
 REFERENCE OUTLINE. 
 
 Administration of Benjamin IIarkisox of Indiana. 
 
 Twenty-third President. 
 Twenty-sixth Administration. 
 Fifty-first and Fiftv-second Congresses. 
 
KE UNION. 
 
 465 
 
 1889. 
 
 IS! tO. 
 
 1891. 
 
 Principal Events. 
 
 Inauguration. 
 
 Samoan controversy. 
 
 Oklahoma Territory opened (March 27). 
 
 Celebration of Washington's inauguration (April 30). 
 
 Conemaugh disaster (May 31). 
 
 North and South Dakota admitted (November 2). 
 
 Montana admitted (November 8). 
 
 Washington Territory admitted (November 11). 
 L Death of Jefferson Davis (December 5). 
 (' Idaho and Wyoming admitted. 
 ( McKinley tariff law. 
 ( Italian controversy. 
 ( Chilean controversy. 
 [ Presidential election — 
 
 Democratic candidates : Cleveland and Adlai E. Stevenson. 
 Republican candidates : Harrison and Whitelaw Reid. 
 
 Dedication of World's Columbian Exhibition at Chicago (Octo- 
 [_ ber 12). 
 r i Hayes (January 17). 
 
 Death of \ Blaine (January 27). 
 
 ( Beauregard (February 20). 
 
 Hawaiian Islands apply for annexation. (See p. 469.) 
 
 1893. 
 
 Second Administration of G rover Cleveland of New York. 
 
 Twenty-fourth President. 
 Twenty-seventh Administration. 
 Fifty-third and Fifty-fourth Congresses. 
 
 Principal Events. 
 
 ( Inauguration. 
 
 I Opening of the Chicago World's Fair. 
 
 j Chicago labor riots. 
 
 ( Wilson tariff law. 
 
 Atlanta Exposition, 
 f Utah admitted (January 4). 
 Cuba appeals for recognition (January ?). 
 Presidential election- 
 Democratic candidates : William J. Bryan and Arthur Sewall. 
 Populist candidates : Bryan and Thomas E. Watson. 
 Sound Money candidates; John M. Palmer and Simon 15. 
 
 Buckner. 
 Republican candidates : William McKinley and Gam I A. 
 Hobart. 
 30 
 
 181)3. 
 
 1805. 
 
 1806. 
 
466 
 
 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 PREPARATORY GEOGRAPHY LESSON. 
 
 Upon a globe or map of the world note the relative positions of Spain, 
 Cape Verde Islands, West Indies, Florida, San Francisco, Hawaii, Ladrone 
 Islands, and Philippine Islands. 
 
 Upon a map of the United States locate Key West, Tampa, Fernandina. 
 Jacksonville, and Norfolk. Note how far Key West is from Havana. 
 
 Upon a map of the West Indies note the relative positions of Havana and 
 Santiago, Cuba ; Ponce and San Juan, Porto Rico. 
 
 Upon a map of Oceaniea locate the cities of Manila, Hongkong, Honolulu. 
 About how far from San Francisco is Manila ? 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 THE WAU WITH SPAIN. 
 
 McKinley President. — McKinley was inaugurated March 
 4, 189 7. With the return of the Republican party to power, 
 the tariff laws of the country w^ere again changed. The bill 
 embodying these changes is known as the Dingley Bill. The 
 peace enjoyed by the United States for thirty-three years, or 
 since the close of the war between 
 the States, was broken while McKin- 
 ley was President. Nations engage 
 in war from various motives : some- 
 times it is to acquire new territory; 
 at other times it is to destroy the 
 power of a rival nation or to revenge 
 insult. But the war against Spain, 
 entered into by the United States, 
 was from a higher motive than any 
 of these. It was undertaken in the 
 cause of humanity and to put an end 
 to human suffering. 
 The Revolution in Cuba. — In 1894 the Cuban patriots 
 took up arms against the rule of Spain, and began a revolution 
 to make Cuba free. Many similar efforts had been made 
 during the present century, but always without success. The 
 Cubans had the sympathy of the United States, but the laws 
 
 -LIAM M'KIM.IiV. 
 
KEUNION. 467 
 
 of nations made it impossible for our Government to help 
 them, although strong efforts were made to induce us to recog- 
 nize the rebels as belligerents. Spain had made but little 
 progress in suppressing the Cuban revolt. Large armies had 
 overrun the island, but the Cubans, like the Partisans of the 
 Carolinas in the War of the American Ee volution, confined 
 their operations to sudden attacks and to harassing the enemy. 
 Becoming desperate, the Spanish commander-in-chief, General 
 Weyler, changed his policy from military campaigning to one 
 of destruction and great cruelty. Rural parts of the island were 
 laid waste, and innocent people — women, children, and non- 
 combatants — were ordered to the towns occupied by Spanish 
 troops. Here, deprived of their means of subsistence, these 
 " reconcentrados, " as they were called, slowly starved to death, 
 exciting no pity in the hearts of their cruel captors. Thou- 
 sands perished. 
 
 The United States Protests.— So lamentable a condition 
 of affairs could not long be tolerated by the American people. 
 Notice was given to Spain that the war must end. This inter- 
 ference infuriated the Spaniards. The lives of many Ameri- 
 cans living in Cuba became unsafe. But for the firmness and 
 courage of Consul-General Fitzhugh Lee, at Havana, serious 
 trouble might have occurred. 
 
 The Maine in Havana Harbor. — To protect American 
 interests, the United States battleship Maine, commanded by 
 Captain Sigsbee, was sent to Havana. One night, while at 
 anchor over a spot specially assigned it by the Spanish 
 authorities, the ship was blown up (February 15, 1898). Two 
 hundred and sixty-six officers and men lost their lives, without 
 the least opportunity of saving themselves. Investigation 
 proved that the Maine was destroyed not by accident, but by 
 a submarine mine treacherously placed under the ship. Spain 
 denied this, but the American people were convinced that it 
 was true, and the whole country was aroused. It was evident 
 that war was near at hand. 
 
 War Preparations. — Congress promptly appropriated 
 $50,000,000 for the country's defense. Navy yards became 
 
408 
 
 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 places of intense activity. The United States began pur- 
 chasing Avar vessels abroad, and negotiating for merchant ves- 
 sels at home to be converted into ships of war. Spain con- 
 centrated armored cruisers and torpedo 
 boats at the Cape Verde Islands, to 
 await orders for crossing the Atlantic. 
 The fleetest war- 
 ships of the United 
 concen- 
 
 trated in Hampton 
 Eoads, Ya. , and 
 were formed into 
 
 a flying squadron, under Commodore 
 Schley, ready to proceed to any point. 
 The North Atlantic squadron, under 
 Acting Admiral Sampson, gathered at Key West, Fla., con- 
 venient to Cuba. 
 
 War Begins. — Joint resolutions were adopted by Con- 
 gress (April 19) recognizing Cuban independence and demand- 
 ing that Spain remove all her forces from the island. Spain 
 immediately dismissed the American Minister at Madrid 
 (April 21), before he had the opportunity of formally pre- 
 senting the final demand, or ultimatum. Spain's act was a 
 virtual declaration of war. The President's call for 125,000 
 volunteers (April 23) was promptly answered. On April 25, 
 L898, Congress passed a formal declaration of war. 
 
 Dewey's Victory at Manila. — The United States for 
 some time had been keeping in Asiatic waters a squadron of 
 six vessels, commanded by Commodore George Dewey. Upon 
 the declaration of war, Dewey proceeded to the Philippine 
 
469 
 
 Islands, Spain's richest colonial possession. He found a power- 
 ful Spanish fleet in Manila Harbor. The guns of the combined 
 forts and fleet, together with the numerous torpedoes in the har- 
 bor, would have made an ordi- 
 nary commander hesitate before 
 attacking. But Dewey quietly, 
 during the night, passed into 
 the harbor, and on May 1 en- 
 gaged forts and fleet, and 
 destroyed every Spanish vessel 
 opposed to him. The fact that 
 the Americans did not lose a 
 single man during the fight 
 makes this one of the most re- 
 markable naval engagements in 
 the world's history. For this 
 victory Dewey was raised to 
 the rank of Admiral. After 
 the news of Dewey's victory 
 was received, the United States 
 sent troops under General Mer- 
 ritt to occupy the islands and 
 carry on the war by land. 
 
 The Blockade.— A block- 
 ade of the leading Cuban ports 
 was declared (April 22), and the 
 squadron at Key West was 
 sent to enforce it. During the 
 blockade a number of Spanish 
 vessels were captured, and shots 
 were often exchanged between 
 the Spanish forts and the block- 
 ading fleet. Our forces suc- 
 ceeded in landing supplies for 
 
 the Cubans, and our smaller vessels entered many of the Cuban 
 harbors. On May 11, in an action off Cardenas, a gallant 
 young officer, Ensign Worth Bagley of North Carolina, was 
 
 Annexation of Hawaii. 
 
 Although under native rulers the 
 Hawaiian Islands, the most important 
 group in the mid-Pacific, had greatly 
 increased in wealth and importance, 
 this increase was due to the fact that 
 a large number of Americans had 
 taken up their residence in the islands 
 and had built up extensive commercial 
 and agricultural enterprises. While 
 Benjamin Harrison was President, the 
 Hawaiian Government became very 
 oppressive towards its English-speak- 
 ing subjects. The result was a revo- 
 lution in which the Government was 
 overthrown. From a monarchy it was 
 changed toa provisional republic (Jan- 
 uary, 1893), and application was made 
 for annexation to the United States. 
 Public sentiment in the United States 
 seemed to favor annexation, but Harri- 
 son's administration drew to a close 
 while a treaty to that effect was be- 
 fore the Senate. Cleveland seemed 
 indisposed to make this territorial 
 acquisition, and Hawaii then con- 
 stituted itself an independent repub- 
 lic. The voyage across the Pacific 
 is a very long one, and after Dewey's 
 victory at Manila, when troops and 
 supplies had to be sent to the Philip- 
 pines from San Francisco, it was 
 realized how valuable the possession 
 of the Hawaiian Islands would be to 
 the United States. The question of 
 annexation was revived and was acted 
 upon favorably by Congress. So, 
 greatly to the satisfaction of a ma- 
 jority of the Hawaiian people, the 
 islands are now a part of the United 
 States, the American flag being raised 
 and sovereignty formally assumed at 
 Honolulu, August 12, 1898. 
 
470 
 
 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 killed. He was executive officer of the torpedo boat Winslow, 
 and was the first American officer killed during the war. 
 
 The War in Cuba. — A formidable fleet, comprising Spain's 
 armored cruisers, commanded by Admiral Cervera, the ablest 
 of the Spanish naval commanders, crossed the Atlantic for the 
 purpose of breaking the blockade. Sampson moved his fleet to 
 Porto Rico, where Cervera was expected to land for coal which 
 he must have after his long voyage. The Flying Squadron 
 hurried southward to intercept Cervera if he should approach 
 
 
 P^^.^R*«Q3!B"*HI-- LtiSmS^^^^^—^S^^^^^^gggg^gBg^B 
 
 Havana from the west. Cervera, however, kept out of the 
 way of both squadrons, and slipped into the landlocked harbor 
 of Santiago. 
 
 The Spanish Fleet " Bottled up."— When it was be- 
 lieved that the Spanish fleet was anchored in Santiago Harbor, 
 Schley was ordered to take his squadron there, to find out if 
 Cervera was really within the bay, and to prevent his escape. 
 Sampson, who had returned from Porto Rico, hurried with his 
 fleet to Santiago. He had already determined to make the 
 " bottling up " of the Spanish admiral complete by sinking a 
 Large coaling vessel across the narrow entrance. The under- 
 
REUNION. 471 
 
 taking meant almost certain death to those who should enter 
 upon it, and Admiral Sampson called for volunteers. Every 
 man of the fleet responded, and Naval Constructor Richmond 
 P. Hobson was selected to command the expedition. 
 
 In the darkness of night (June 3), with seven carefully se- 
 lected companions, Hobson steamed into the harbor on the 
 coal-transport Merrimac. He was promptly discovered and 
 fired upon from all sides. The vessel was blown up and sunk 
 near the selected spot. Hobson and his men, uninjured, clung 
 to a raft until daybreak, when they surrendered to Cervera 
 himself, who came out in a launch to view the wreck. The 
 Spanish admiral was profoundly touched by their gallantry, 
 and he very courteously sent word, under 
 a flag of truce, to the American admiral 
 that the heroes were safe and would be well 
 cared for. All were subsequently released 
 in the first exchange of prisoners. 
 
 Cervera's Dash. — The Spanish ad- 
 miral received positive orders to force his 
 way out of Santiago Harbor. The Merri- 
 mac did not fully obstruct the entrance, as 
 was intended. Selecting a Sunday morn- 
 ing (July 3), when the American ships' 
 crews would be at the religious services 
 and consequently less watchful, Cervera's fleet in swift proces- 
 sion steamed out of Santiago Harbor and turned westward. 
 Sampson was steaming eastward on his flagship to a point 
 where he was to hold a consultation with General Shatter. 
 Schley was in command, and under his direction every ship 
 commander acted promptly in carrying out the plan which had 
 been carefully arranged beforehand. A running battle ensued, 
 and the victory of Manila was repeated. Not one of the Span- 
 ish ships escaped ; all were torn to pieces, burned, sunk, or run 
 on shore. Cervera and many of his men were taken prisoners 
 and kindly cared for. 
 
 Santiago Surrenders.— Meanwhile the Spanish outposts 
 of San Juan and El Caney had been attacked and carried by 
 
472 
 
 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 storm (July 1-2). The next day Shafter demanded the sur- 
 render of Santiago. This was refused, and the city was bom- 
 barded. Finally the surrender was made (July IT), and it 
 in eluded all the Spanish garrisons of eastern Cuba, numbering 
 about 25,000. 
 
 The Advance on Porto Rico. — Following the fall of 
 Santiago, General Nelson A. Miles 
 landed (July 25) with a force upon the 
 southern coast of Porto Rico and took 
 'lis line of 
 
 . Gen. Wm.R. Shafter. 
 
 Maj. Gen. Wesley Merritt. 
 
 hold of San Juan 
 
 on the northern 
 
 coast. On the way 
 
 he took possession of Ponce (July 28), 
 
 one of the largest and most important 
 
 cities of the island. He Avas welcomed 
 
 by the people, who seemed to desire release from the dominion 
 
 of Spain. 
 
 Spain Snes for Peace.— The destruction of nearly all of 
 Spain's war vessels, the capture of Santiago, the invasion of 
 Porto Rico, and the preparations being made to send a pow- 
 erful fleet across the Atlantic to carry on the war in European 
 waters, brought Spain to a realization that it was useless to 
 contend any longer against the United States. Accordingly, 
 the Spanish Government asked President McKinley (July 26) 
 upon what terms he would consent to peace. In reply (July 
 30), terms were dictated by the United States and were accepted. 
 The protocol ending hostilities was signed at Washington, 
 
REUNION. 
 
 473 
 
 August 12, the French Minister 
 acting for Spain. The blockade 
 of Cuba was raised. 
 
 Dewey and Merritt Cap- 
 ture Manila. — Just as, in the 
 AVjir of 1812, a battle was fought 
 before news of peace was re- 
 ceived, so in the war with Spain, 
 an important engagement took 
 place after the signing of the 
 protocol. Dewey had long 
 waited to be reenforced by land 
 troops before continuing his 
 operations in the Philippines. 
 Upon the arrival of General 
 Merritt with a sufficient force, 
 Manila was bombarded and its 
 land defenses carried by assault. 
 The city surrendered August 
 13. Lieutenant Brumby, of 
 Georgia, a gallant officer of 
 Dewey's flagship, was the first 
 to raise the American flag over 
 the surrendered city. 
 
 The Treaty of Peace. — 
 Ten commissioners — five ap- 
 pointed by the United States 
 and five by Spain — met in Paris 
 (October 1, 1898) and drew up 
 a treaty, which they concluded 
 and signed December 10. It 
 provides : That Spain relin- 
 quishes her claim to Cuba ; that 
 Porto Rico, the Island of Guam 
 (of the Ladrones), and the Phi] 
 ippines be ceded to the United 
 States, the last named for a 
 
 Our New Navy. 
 
 The fight between the Virginia and 
 the Monitor caused the nations of 
 Europe to build new battleships, 
 which, like the Virginia, are protected 
 by armor belts, and, like the Monitor, 
 are provided with turrets. The old 
 ships were called " ships of the line, 1 ' 
 "frigates," "brigs," etc. The new 
 ships are called "gunboats," "cruis- 
 ers," "battleships," and " monitors." 
 The old warships were built of wood; 
 the modern warships are of steel. The 
 gunboats are of light draft, for use 
 in rivers. Cruisers are.built for speed, 
 to destroy commerce of other nations, 
 not for fighting. A protected cruiser 
 has a steel deck, shaped like the back 
 of a turtle, rising in the center and 
 coming down below the water line on 
 all sides. The engines and machinery 
 are placed under this deck. An ar- 
 mored cruiser has a turtle-back deck, 
 and also a belt of steel armor from 
 three to five inches thick, inclosing 
 the guns ami machinery. It has speed 
 and good fighting qualities. The bat- 
 tleship has the protected deck, and a 
 steel armor belt from fourteen to eigh- 
 teen inches thick. It has less speed, 
 but is a better fighter. The illustra- 
 tions show how the steel-protected 
 deck and the armor belts are placed 
 in these ships, and also how the coal 
 is placed to assist in protecting them. 
 Monitors, with one turret or two, are 
 built for coast defence. The small 
 torpedo boats are for destroying ships 
 of war with torpedoes ; and a s« il'tcr 
 boat, called the torpedo-boat destroyer, 
 is designed to destroy the torpedo 
 boats. 
 
 Our new navy of modern steel ships 
 was begun under Arthur, and the lirel 
 vessels were three cruisers— the Chi- 
 cago, the Boston, ami the Atlanta 
 which were finished in Cleveland's 
 first term. The Texas and the Maine 
 were our first battleships, the New 
 York our first armored cruiser. Our 
 gunboats are named for battlefields, 
 as tin- Vorktown; our cruisers for 
 cities, as the Olvmpia ; our battle- 
 ships fni- States, as the Oregon. 
 
474 
 
 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 compensation of $20,000,000 ; and that the treaty must be 
 ratified by the two governments within six months from the 
 date of signing. The United States Senate ratified the treaty 
 February 6, 1809. 
 
 Filipinos Attack Manila; Iloilo Surrenders. — In 
 the spring of 1898 the natives of the Philippines, called Fili- 
 pinos, formed a revolutionary government under Aguinaldo, 
 
 Armored Cruiser 
 
 n n 
 
 Battleship 
 
 DO'JBU BOTTOM 
 
 their most noted leader, whom they elected president. The 
 day before the treaty was ratified they attacked the American 
 forces under General Otis, at Manila. A battle followed, in 
 which Admiral Dewey's ships gave important assistance. The 
 natives were defeated, with an estimated loss of 4,000 men. 
 The American loss was four killed and forty-five wounded. 
 Five days later (February 1 1 ) the second city of the Philippines, 
 Iloilo, on the Island of Panay, surrendered to General Miller. 
 
 Questions. — What laws were changed after the Republican party re- 
 turned to power ? What interrupted the peace of the United States ? What 
 cruellies were perpetrated upon the Cubans? What notice was served upon 
 Spain? What was the result ? What prevented the lives of many Americans 
 living in Cuba from being lost? Tell something of the loss of the Maine. 
 What efl'eet had this loss upon the people of the United States ? What prepara- 
 tions forwarwere made? What was the Flying Squadron? What demand 
 was sent to Spain ? What was the result ? What call did the President issue ? 
 
REUNION. 475 
 
 What was declared ? Tell something of Dewey's victory. Under whom were 
 land forces sent to the Philippines ? Give some account of the blockade. What 
 officer was the first killed during the war ? Tell something of Cervera's fleet. 
 Of the movements of our fleets to capture Cervera. What plan was proposed 
 for the capture of the Spanish fleet ? Tell something of Ilobson's bravery in 
 executing this plan. Of the battle between Schley and Cervera. Of the sur- 
 render of Santiago. Of the invasion of Porto Rico. Why did Spain now sue 
 for peace ? What was the result of this request ? Tell something of the cap- 
 ture of Manila. Of the treaty of peace. Of the attack on Manila. What other 
 Philippine city surrendered, and when ? 
 
 FOR ADVANCED CLASSES. 
 
 Topics for Discussion. 
 
 I. The War with Spain. II. Unity of Interests among the Sections. III. The End of 
 Sectional Antagonism. 
 
 (For sources of information, see note at end of Chapter xxii.) 
 
 REFERENCE OUTLINE FOR REVIEW. 
 
 The War with Spain. 
 Causes. 
 
 American interference with Spanish barbarities in Cuba. 
 Blowing up of American battleship Maine (February 15, 1898). 
 
 Principal Events. 
 
 ' Congress votes $50,000,000 for defensive purposes (March 9). 
 
 Report of Maine Board of Inquiry received (March 25). 
 
 Consul-General Lee leaves Havana (April 9). 
 
 Congress recognizes independence of Cuba (April 19). 
 
 United States sends its ultimatum to Spain (April 20). 
 
 American Minister Woodford dismissed from Madrid (April 21). 
 
 President calls for 125,000 volunteers (April 28). 
 
 Formal Declaration of War passed by Congress (April 25). 
 
 Dewey destroys Spanish fleet in Manila Harbor (May 1). 
 
 Battles of El Caney and San Juan (July 1-2). 
 
 Sampson and Schley destroy Cervera's fleet (July 3). 
 
 Santiago surrenders (July 17). 
 
 Miles lands in Porto Rico (July 25); captures Ponce (July 28). 
 
 Spain sues for peace (July 2G). 
 
 United States takes formal possession of Hawaii (August 12). 
 
 Protocol terminating hostilities signed (August 12). 
 
 Dewey and Merritt capture Manila (August 13). 
 . Treaty of Peace signed at Paris (December 10). 
 
 1899. 
 
 ( Treaty of Peace ratified by the United Stales Senate (February G). 
 ( Filipinos attack Manila (February 5); Iloilo surrenders (February 11). 
 
476 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 Results. 
 
 Elevation of the United States in power and importance among the 
 
 nations. 
 Union of sections strengthened by fellowship in a common cause. 
 American patriotism intensified. 
 New territory acquired. 
 
 Conclusion. 
 
 Retrospect . — The close of McKinley's administration 
 brings the history of our country down to the year 1900. As 
 we have reached the end of the century, we may well look over 
 the past and see what this history has been. Great changes, re- 
 markable growth, and wonderful progress are noticeable. The 
 States have increased in number from thirteen to forty-five. 
 The dominion of the Federal Union reaches far out into the 
 Atlantic and Pacific. The three millions of people in Revo- 
 lutionary times have become seventy millions. In the wealth, 
 intelligence, and patriotism of its people the United States is 
 second to no other nation on the globe. 
 
 The United States of To-day; Unity of Interests. 
 — The people living in the various sections are becoming alike, 
 so far as their interests are concerned. The coal and iron in- 
 dustries, once confined to Pennsylvania, now extend southward 
 to Virginia, Tennessee, and Alabama. The pine forests of the 
 Southern States are now yielding the wealth that Maine and 
 Michigan once monopolized. Mississippi and Georgia have 
 dairy interests as well as New York and Illinois. Louisiana is 
 as much interested in protection of industries as is Massachu- 
 setts. Chattanooga, Birmingham, and Atlanta are being built 
 up by the same agencies of trade and labor that have made 
 mighty cities of Chicago, Cleveland, and Pittsburg. New 
 England cotton mills are moving southward. Providence and 
 Lowell are no more interested in the prosperity of American 
 manufactures than are Augusta and Columbia. New Orleans, 
 Savannah, and Galveston recognize the importance of com- 
 merce as much as do New York, Boston, and Philadelphia. 
 
 Unity of Sentiment. — In thought and feeling the sec- 
 tions are drawing closer together. In the old days, Charleston 
 
477 
 
 sent her food supplies to the 
 closed port of Boston ; in 
 later times, Boston sends her 
 sympathy and aid to the earth- 
 quake-stricken city. An epi- 
 demic in Florida, a storm- 
 ravaged coast in Texas, an 
 overflow in the delta of the 
 Mississippi, a conflagration in 
 the Northwest, a disastrous 
 inundation in a Pennsylvania 
 valley, each attended by human 
 misery and suffering, called 
 forth, of late, generous aid from 
 the American people as a whole, 
 bringing the sections together 
 into closer fellowship. 
 
 Our Inheritance. — The 
 antagonisms of the past are 
 dying out. The veterans that 
 once opposed one another now 
 meet upon the old battlefields 
 in reunions that establish ties of 
 lasting friendship. The North 
 and West are no more prompt 
 in rushing to the defense of the 
 flag against a foreign foe than 
 is the South. The strains of 
 "Dixie" and of the "Star 
 Spangled Banner" are alike 
 cheered wherever heard. When 
 a Northern soldier dies, a South- 
 ern soldier is often found sor- 
 rowing by the bier. When a 
 Southern youth displays genius 
 and talent, Northern hands 
 applaud and beckon him on to 
 
 Some Results of the War 
 with Spain. 
 
 The achievements of the United 
 stairs on land and sea in this war 
 awakened the astonishment of Eu- 
 ropean nations. It is realized that a 
 new power has arisen which will have 
 to be reckoned with in the future his- 
 tory of the world. The war proved 
 that success in modern naval warfare 
 depended upon accurate marksman- 
 ship and skillful handling of the in- 
 tricate machinery of a great battle- 
 ship; that superior intelligence as well 
 as courage is necessary. It showed 
 that the energetic, business-loving 
 American citizen can be converted at 
 short notice into a fighter whose 
 bravery is fully equal to that of the 
 long and regularly trained soldier of 
 other countries. Not only has this 
 war raised us in the estimation of 
 foreign nations, but it has caused a 
 wave of patriotism to sweep through 
 the country, breaking through sec- 
 tional and class distinctions. It 
 has brought millionaires and cow- 
 boys to fight together, shoulder to 
 shoulder in the same ranks, thus 
 placing the stamp of respect where 
 it deservedly belongs— upon true man- 
 hood and not upon earthly posses 
 sions. It has united the sections 
 as nothing else could have done, and 
 no question of the South's loyalty 
 to the Union will ever again arise. 
 For it will never be forgotten that the 
 men of the Southern States rallied 
 promptly to the first call for troops. 
 The honor of the United States was 
 upheld at Havana by Fitzhugh Lee. 
 Another old Confederate soldier, Joe 
 Wheeler, sick on a litter, ordered 
 himself to be carried to the front of 
 the battle around Santiago, where he 
 commanded the charge that brought 
 victory to the American arms. Nor 
 will it be forgotten that the most mem- 
 orable act of individual heroism in the 
 war was performed by Hobson, of 
 Alabama ; and that the first officer to 
 lay down his life for his country in 
 the war was gallant young Ensign 
 Worth P.agley. of North Carolina. 
 
478 PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 further advancement. The graves of dead heroes of the Civil 
 War are now hallowed and honored, irrespective of the side 
 upon which they fought. Marble shafts in memory of many a 
 valiant deed point upward in all their massiveness, indicative of 
 the greatness and the aspirations of those who wore the gray 
 as well as those who wore the blue. From many a pedestal 
 there look down upon us the sculptured forms of those whose 
 memories neither North nor South will willingly let die. His- 
 tory will preserve them, and you who have studied these lessons 
 in our country's history, when you come to perform your part 
 — humble or exalted — in the social, political, and moral life of 
 the reunited nation, remember that the past has given you a 
 heritage ; that the present, becoming the past, will leave to 
 posterity another heritage ; that whatever the bequest is to be 
 depends upon your intelligence and integrity as a citizen : for 
 the greatness of a country lies, not in broad extent of terri- 
 tory, nor in its past achievements, but in the men who make 
 up the rank and file of its citizens. 
 
MS 
 
 FM^AMr^ 
 
 107 Longitude WCbi 
 
 " r/. 
 
 ' k J'^ ISLANDS..' 
 
 ^180 aLon gxa West ^^ from l60 Green wich 1 
 
U *" MAP SHOWING THE 
 
 TERRITORIAL GROWTH 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES 
 
 The fiaures under the State names indicate the daiesof 'their 
 
 teen States, the date of their ratification of the Constitution. 
 SCALE OF MILES 
 100 200 
 
 ENGRAVED FOR HANSELL'6 HIGHER HISTORt OF THE U.S. 
 
479 
 
 Review Work. 
 
 When and where was Washington inaugurated ? Who composed his Cabinet ? What was 
 the Capital Bargain? Whisky Rebellion!' What Presidents served two terms? One term ? 
 Died in office ? How and when was Louisiana acquired ? Florida ? Texas ? California ? 
 Alaska? What do you know of the Northwest Territory ? The organization and admission of 
 Tennessee and Kentucky? Who was Genet? What were the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions? 
 What wars have occurred with the Barbary States ? What do you know of Burr's conspiracy ? 
 Fulton's first steamboat ? What were the causes of the War of 1812 ? Mexican War ? What 
 Indian wars have occurred since the establishment of the Federal Government? When and why 
 was the Indian Territory organized ? What two campaigns were executed in the first year of the 
 War ol 1812? Three in the second? Two in the third? Name the principal American generals. 
 British? American naval commanders? British? American naval victories? British? What do 
 you know of the battle of New Orleans? The State of West Florida? Internal improvements? 
 What is the Monroe Doctrine? The Era of Good Feeling? The American system? Nullification? 
 What is a tariff? A tax? How may tariffs be classified? What do you know of the growth of 
 cotton manufactures? The business panic of 1837? When did similar panics occur? What is 
 the Subtreasury system and when established ? What do you know of the Mormons ? The 
 annexation of Texas? The Texas Revolution? What three campaigns were accomplished in the 
 Mexican War? What were the principal battles of each? How did an antagonism between the 
 sections originate? What was the Missouri Compromise? The Omnibus Bill? The Dred Scott 
 Decision? The Fugitive Slave Law? The Kansas-Nebraska Bill ? What do you know of the 
 beginning and progress of the anti-slavery movement ? Why did the Southern States secede? 
 What do you know of the organization of the Confederate Government? Why was Fort Sumter 
 fired upon ? What battles of the Civil War occurred in Virginia? Missouri ? Kentucky? 
 Arkansas ? Tennessee ? Mississippi ? Georgia ? North Carolina ? Louisiana? Texas ? New 
 Mexico? West Virginia ? Pennsylvania? The Shenandoah Valley? What do you know of 
 Stonewall Jackson? Name the five greatest Confederate victories of the Civil War. Federal. 
 Five decisive battles, and tell why. What effect had the blockade? What do you know of the 
 Alabama ? The Virginia ? The Tennessee ? Give the principal military operations along the 
 Mississippi River. The principal coast operations. Name some of the principal cavalry leaders 
 on the Confederate side. Federal. Name as many Confederate generals as you may know, with 
 a battle in which each participated. Federal. Name the battles in which Grant took part. 
 Ten of Lee's battles. Seven of J. E. Johnston's. Four of McClellan's. Four of Rosecrans's. 
 Two of Banks's. Five of Price's. Two of Van Dorn's. Three of Hood's. Four of Bragg's. 
 Six of Sherman's. What do you know of the capture of New Orleans? Vicksburg? Last charge 
 at Gettysburg? Defense of Sabine Pass? Battle of Olustee? Sherman's march? Jackson's Val- 
 ley Campaign ? Banks's Red River expeditions? Magruder's capture of Galveston ? Valley 
 operations of Early? Battle of New Market ? Appomattox surrender ? What was the last en- 
 gagement of the war? What do you know of the Trent affair? Maximilian invasion of Mexico? 
 Abolition of slavery? Death and character of Lincoln ? What contest arose between President 
 Johnson and Congress concerning the readmission of the Southern States? What was the policy 
 of each ? Why was Johnson impeached ? State the principal events of Grant's administrations. 
 Features of the carpet-bag governments. Object of the Fifteenth Amendment. Cause of the 
 panic of 1873. What was the Geneva award? What do you know of the disputed election of 
 1876 ? How was the decision reached ? What do you know of Hayes's " peace policy " ? Of the 
 election and death of Garfield ? The important events of Garfield's administration ? Of Arthur's ? 
 The Educational campaign of 1888 ? The important events that have happened since Cleveland's 
 election and before McKinley's ? Give an account of the Pan-American Congress. Of the Mc- 
 Kinley Bill. Wilson Bill. Money question. Panic of 1893. What Indian wars have occurred 
 since 1865 ? Give an account of the War with Spain. Its cause. The condition of Cuba and its 
 people. Principal land battles in Cuba and in the Philippines. Naval battles. Principal generals 
 in action. Naval officers. Terms of tlfe treaty. Influence of the Spanish War upon national 
 unity. What Presidents were elected by the Democratic-Republican party? The National Re- 
 publican or Whig party? The Democratic party? The Republican party? Name some political 
 parties that have been unsuccessful in electing a President. Give some principal events of the 
 administration of each President in order. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 The Declaration of Independence. 
 
 In Congress, July 4, 1776. 
 
 TnE Unanimous 'Declaration op the Thirteen United States of 
 America. 
 
 When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people 
 to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, 
 and to assume, among the Powers of the earth, the separate and equal station 
 to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent 
 respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the 
 causes which impel them to the separation. 
 
 We hold these truths to be self-evident : that all men are created equal, 
 that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights ; 
 that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That to 
 secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their 
 just powers from the consent of the governed ; that whenever any form of 
 government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people 
 to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its founda- 
 tion on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them 
 shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, in- 
 deed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed 
 for light and transient causes ; and accordingly all experience hath shown 
 that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to 
 right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. 
 But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the 
 same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it 
 is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide 
 new guards for their future security. — Such has been the patient sufferance 
 of these colonies ; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to 
 alter their former systems of government. The history of the present king 
 of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having 
 in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these States. 
 To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world. 
 
 He has refused his assent to law r s the most wholesome and necessary for 
 the public good. 
 
ii APPENDIX. 
 
 He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing 
 importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be 
 obtained ; and when so suspended, lie has utterly neglected to attend to 
 them. 
 
 He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large dis- 
 tricts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of repre- 
 sentation in the legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to 
 tyrants only. 
 
 He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, 
 and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole pur- 
 pose of fatiguing them into compliance with 1 1 is measures. 
 
 He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, with 
 manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. 
 
 He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others 
 to be elected ; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, 
 have returned to the people at large for their exercise ; the State remaining, 
 in the meantime, exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and 
 convulsions within. 
 
 He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States ; for that 
 purpose obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners ; refusing to 
 pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions 
 of new appropriations of lands. 
 
 He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent 
 to laws for establishing judiciary powers. 
 
 He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their 
 offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. 
 
 He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of 
 officers to harrass our people and cat out their substance. 
 
 He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies without the 
 consent of our legislatures. 
 
 He has affected to render the military independent of and superior to the 
 civil power. 
 
 He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to 
 our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving his assent to 
 their acts of pretended legislation : 
 
 For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : 
 
 For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murders 
 which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States : 
 
 For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world : 
 
 For imposing taxes on us without our consent : 
 
 For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury : 
 
 For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended offenses: 
 
 For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province, 
 
THE DECLARATION OF [NDEPENDENCE. ill 
 
 establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its bound- 
 aries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introdu- 
 cing the same absolute rule into these colonies : 
 
 For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and 
 altering fundamentally the forms of our governments : 
 
 For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves invested 
 with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 
 
 He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection, 
 and waging war against us. 
 
 He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and 
 destroyed the lives of our people. 
 
 He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to 
 complete the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun, with 
 circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most bar- 
 barous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. 
 
 He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, to 
 bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of ttffcir friends 
 and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. 
 
 He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored 
 to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian savages, 
 whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, 
 sexes, and conditions. 
 
 In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in the 
 most humble terms : our repeated petitions have been answered only by 
 repeated injury. A prince, whose character is thus marked by every act 
 which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. 
 
 Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. "We 
 have warned them, from time to time; of attempts by their legislature to 
 extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of 
 the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have ap- 
 pealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured 
 them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, 
 which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. 
 They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We 
 must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separation, 
 and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace 
 friends. 
 
 We, therefore, the Representatives of the United States of Anierica, in 
 general Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world 
 for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name, and by authority of the 
 good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these 
 United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent State-: 
 that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all 
 
iv APPENDIX. 
 
 political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and 
 ought to be, totally dissolved ; and that, as free and independent States, 
 they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, estab- 
 lish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent 
 States may of right do. And for the support of this declaration, with a firm 
 reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each 
 other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 
 
 John Hancock. 
 
 New Hampshire — Josiah Bartlett, Wm. Whipple, Matthew Thornton. 
 
 Massachusetts Bay — Saml. Adams, John Adams, Robt. Treat Paine, El- 
 bridge Gerry. 
 
 Rhode Island — Step. Hopkins, William Ellery. 
 
 Connecticut — Roger Sherman, Sam'el Huntington, Wm. Williams, Oliver 
 Wolcott. 
 
 New York — Wm. Floyd, Phil. Livingston, Frans. Lewis, Lewis Morris. 
 
 New Jersey — Richd. Stockton, Jno. Witherspoon, Fras. Hopkinson, John 
 Hart, Abra. Clark. 
 
 Pennsylvania — Robt. Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benja. Franklin, John 
 Morton, Geo. Clymer, Jas. Smith, Geo. Taylor, James Wilson, Geo. Ross. 
 
 JJtlatnoe—Cxsar Rodney, Geo. Read, Tho. M'Kean. 
 
 Maryland— Samuel Chase, Wm. Paca, Thos. Stone, Charles Carroll of 
 Carrollton. 
 
 Virginia — George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Th. Jefferson, Benja. 
 Harrison, Thos. Nelson, Jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton. 
 
 North Carolina — Wm. Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn. 
 
 South Carolina — Edward Rutledge, Thos. Heyward, Junr., Thomas 
 Lynch, Junr., Arthur Middleton. 
 
 Georgia — Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, Geo. Walton, 
 
Constitution of the United States of America. 
 
 Preamble. 
 
 We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect 
 union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the com- 
 mon defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of lib- 
 erty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitu- 
 tion for the United States of America. 
 
 Article I. 
 
 Legislative 
 powers. 
 
 Section I. 1. All legislative powers herein granted 
 shall be vested in a Congress ' of the United Slates, which 
 shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. 
 
 Sec. II. 1. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members 
 
 chosen every second year, by the people of the several 
 
 States ; and the electors in each State shall have the Hoi J B ®. of Repre " 
 ,. , . .... . sentatives. 
 
 qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous 
 
 branch of the State Legislature. 
 
 2. No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the 
 
 age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of 
 
 the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Salifications of 
 . representatives, 
 
 inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen. 
 
 3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the 
 several States winch may be included within tins Union, according to their 
 respective numbers, 2 which shall be determined by adding 
 
 to the whole number of free persons, including those Apportionment of 
 
 . ., , ;. representatives. 
 
 bound to service for a term of years, and excluding In- 
 dians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. 3 The actual enumeration 
 shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of 
 the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such 
 manner as they shall by law direct. The number of representatives shall 
 not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least 
 one representative ; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State 
 of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, 
 Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut rive, New York 
 
 1 The body of senators and representatives for each term of two years for which representatives 
 
 air chosen is failed one Congress. Each ( 'on^ress expires at noon of the 4th of March next suc- 
 ceeding the beginning of its second regular session, when a new Congress lupins. 
 
 2 The apportionment under the census of 1890 is one representative to every 173,901 pet 
 
 3 This refers to slaves, and is no longer in force (see Amendment XIII.). 
 
vi APPENDIX. 
 
 six. New- Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six. Vir- 
 ginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. 
 
 4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any State, the 
 
 executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to 
 Vacancies. fin such vacancie8 . 
 
 5. The House of Representatives shall choose their 
 
 Officers, how speaker and other officers, 1 and shall have the sole power 
 
 appointed. ' I 
 
 of impeachment. 
 
 Sec. III. 1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two 
 
 senators from each State, chosen by the legislature there- 
 Senate 
 
 of for six years; and each senator shall have one vote. 
 
 2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first 
 
 election, they shall be divided, as equally as may be, into 
 
 Classification of t]n . ee classes The geatg of th senators f t i, e first class 
 
 senators. 
 
 shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of 
 
 the second class, at the expiration of the fourth year, and of the third class, 
 
 at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every 
 
 second year; and if vacancies happen, by resignation or otherwise, during 
 
 the recess of the legislature of any State, the executive thereof may make 
 
 temporary appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, which 
 
 shall then .till such vacancies. 
 
 3. No person shall be a senator who shall not have 
 
 Qua l ca lonso attained to the atje of thirty years, and been nine years a 
 senators. ° J J ' J 
 
 citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when 
 
 elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. 
 
 4. The Vice-President of the United States shall be 
 President of the president of the Senate; but shall have no vote, unless 
 
 they be equally divided. 
 
 5. The Senate shall choose their other officers 2 and also a president pro 
 tempore, in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the 
 office of President of the United States. 
 
 li. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When 
 Senate a court for s i ttin S Ior that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirm a- 
 trial of impeach- tion. When the President of the United States is tried, 
 ments. the chief justice shall preside; and no person shall be 
 
 convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. 
 
 7. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to 
 removal from office, and disqualification to hold and en- 
 Judgment incase • office of ]lo tnig( . 0] . fit uiuk>r the Tj n j t ed 
 of conviction. 1 , , .-,!,, , , , ,• 
 Mates; but the party convicted shall, nevertheless, be ba- 
 
 1 Clerk, sergeant-at-arms, doorkeeper and postmaster, and others. The speaker is the presiding 
 officer. 
 
 2 Secretary, sergeant-at-arms, doorkeeper and post master, and others. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. vn 
 
 ble and subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment, according 
 to law. 
 
 Sec. IV. 1. The times, places and manner of holding elections for 
 senators and representatives, shall be prescribed in each Ei ec ti ns of sen " 
 State by the legislature thereof ; but the Congress may at ators and of rep- 
 any time by law make or alter such regulations, except resentatives. 
 as to the places of choosing senators. 
 
 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every 
 year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in _ ress 
 December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. 
 
 Sec. V. 1. Each House shall lie the judge of the elections, returns and 
 
 qualifications of its own members, and a majority of 
 
 each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a Organiza ion o 
 
 1 Congress, 
 
 smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may 
 
 be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner 
 
 and under such penalties as each House may provide. 
 
 2. Each House may determine the rules of its proceed- 
 ings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, . ° P rocee 
 
 ° ' * J ' ' ing. 
 
 with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. 
 
 3. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to 
 time publish the same, excepting such parts as may in 
 
 their judgment require secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of Journal ° on " 
 
 the members of either House on any question shall, at 
 
 the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. 
 
 4. Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the con- 
 sent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor 
 
 to any other place than that in which the two Houses f^™™™ 1 ° f 
 shall be sitting. 
 
 Sec. VI. 1. The senators and representatives shall receive a compensa- 
 tion ' for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treas- 
 ury of the United States. They shall, in all cases, except 
 treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged f e ^ g a ° f members, 
 from arrest during their attendance at the session of their 
 respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for 
 any speech or debate in either House they shall not be questioned in any 
 other place. 
 
 2. No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was 
 elected, be appointed to any civil orfice, under the au- 
 thority of the United States, which shall have been ere- officesprohibited. 
 ated, or the emoluments whereof shall have been in- 
 creased, during such time; and no person holding any office under the 
 
 1 The present compensation is $5,000 a year, with twentj cents for every mile of travel by the 
 most usually traveled post route to and from the national eapital. 
 
viii APPENDIX. 
 
 United States shall be a member of either House during his continuance in 
 
 office. 
 
 Sec. VII. 1. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of 
 
 Representatives: but the Senate may propose or concur 
 Revenue bills. \ 1,1, 
 
 with amendments, as on other bills. 
 
 2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives ami 
 the Senate shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President of 
 the United States. If he approve, he shall sign it, but if not, he shall 
 return it, with his objections, to that House in which it shall have origi- 
 natedj who shall enter the objections at large on their 
 How bills become j ou ,. na ] ? and p roC eed to reconsider it. If, after such re- 
 consideration, two-thirds of that House shall agree to 
 pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other 
 House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two- 
 thirds of that House it shall become a law. But, in all such cases, the 
 votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names 
 of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal 
 of each House respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the Presi- 
 dent within ten days (Sundays excepted) alter it shall have been presented 
 to him, the same shall be a law in like manner as if he had signed it, unless 
 the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall 
 not be a law. 
 
 :!. Every order, resolution or vote, to which the concurrence of the Sen- 
 AnDroval and ate an< ^ House of Representatives maybe necessary (except 
 
 veto powers of the on a question of adjournment), shall be presented to the 
 President. President of the United States; and before the same shall 
 
 take effect shall be approved by him, or, being disapproved by him. shall 
 lie repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, 
 according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a lull. 
 Sec. VIII. The Congress shall have power — 
 
 1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, 
 Powers vested m t() {]w (k , 1)(s amI prov i,3 e f ort he common defense and 
 
 Congress. l J l 
 
 general welfare of the United States; but all duties, im- 
 posts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States; 
 
 2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States; 
 
 3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several 
 States, and with the Indian tribes; 
 
 4. To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the 
 subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States; 
 
 5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and 
 fix the standards of weights and measures ; 
 
 G. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and 
 current coin of the United States ; 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. ix 
 
 7. To establish postofficcs and postroada ; 
 
 8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing, for 
 Limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their re- 
 spective writings and discoveries ; 
 
 9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ; 
 
 10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high 
 seas, and offenses against the law of nations ; 
 
 11. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules 
 concerning captures on land and water ; 
 
 12. To raise and support armies ; but no appropriation of money to that 
 use shall be for a longer term than two years ; 
 
 13. To provide and maintain a navy ; 
 
 14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and 
 naval forces ; 
 
 15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the 
 Union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions ; 
 
 16. To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, and 
 for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the 
 United States, reserving to the States respectively the appointment of the 
 officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline 
 prescribed by Congress ; 
 
 17. To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases whatsoever, over such 
 district (not exceeding ten miles s< pi are) as may, by cession of particular 
 States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of government of 
 the United States, 1 and to exercise like authority over all places purchased, 
 by the consent of the legislature of the State in which the same shall be, 
 for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards and other needful 
 buildings ; and 
 
 18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying 
 into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this 
 Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department 
 or officer thereof. 
 
 Sec. IX. 1. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the 
 States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not 
 be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one J^JS^ 8 ^ 
 thousand eight hundred and eight ; but a tax or duty 
 may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each 
 person." 
 
 2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not he suspended, unless 
 
 when, in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety „ , 
 
 . . Habeas corpus, 
 
 may require it. 
 
 1 The District of Columbia. 
 
 2 This tins reference to the foreign slave trade. 
 
X APPENDIX. 
 
 . , 3. No bill of attainder, or ex post facto law, shall be 
 
 Attainder. , x J 
 
 passed. 
 
 4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to 
 
 the census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be 
 Direct taxes. ta]<eu 
 
 5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. 
 
 6. No preference shall be given, by any regulation of 
 
 Regulations re- commerce or revenue, to the ports of one State over those 
 garding duties. l 
 
 of another ; nor shall vessels bound to or from one State 
 
 be obliged to enter, clear or pay duties in another. 
 
 7. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of 
 
 appropriations made by law ; and a regular statement and 
 
 Moneys, how account of the receipts and expenditures of all public 
 
 drawn. . . . 
 
 money shall be published from time to time. 
 
 8. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States, and no per- 
 
 son holding any office of profit or trust under them shall. 
 Titles of nobility w ithout the consent of the Congress, accept of any pres- 
 ent, emolument, office or title of any kind whatever, from 
 any king, prince or foreign State. 
 
 Sec. X. 1. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance or confedera- 
 tion ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money ; 
 Powers of States emit bnis of cmlit . make ailvt i lins? i nit „ ] ( i an d silver 
 denned. . , . , , _, . ... . 
 
 coin a tender in payment ol debts ; pass any bill oi 
 
 attainder, ex font facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts; or 
 grant any title of nobility. 
 
 2. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts 
 or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary 
 for executing its inspection laws ; and the net produce of all duties and 
 imposts, laid by any State on imports or exports, shall be for the use of 
 the treasury of the United States, and all such laws shall be subject to the 
 revision and control of the Congress. 
 
 3. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lav any duty of ton- 
 nage, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement 
 or compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, 
 unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of 
 delay. 
 
 Article II. 
 
 Section I. 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the 
 United States of America. lie shall hold his office during 
 
 Executive power, fche tmn of fom . am] togethci . w j t j, the Vice. 
 
 lii whom vested. . , , , L i r ,, 
 
 President, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMKKICA. xi 
 
 2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof 
 
 may direct, a number of electors equal to the whole number of senators 
 
 and representatives to which the State may be entitled 
 
 ,, n , , , ,. Electors, 
 
 in the Congress; but no senator, or representative, or 
 
 person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be 
 appointed an elector. 
 
 [3. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot 
 for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the 
 same State with themselves. And they shall make a list 
 of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes JJg"^ ing8 ° f 
 for each; which list they shall sign and certify, and trans- 
 mit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to 
 the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the 
 presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certifi- 
 cates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest 
 number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the 
 whole number of electors appointed; and if there be more than one who 
 have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of 
 Representatives shall immediately choose, by ballot, one 
 
 of them for President; and if no person have a majority, * nd of H ° u f? of 
 
 J J ' Representatives, 
 then from the five highest on the list the said House shall 
 
 in like manner choose the President. But in choosing the President, the 
 votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having 
 one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members 
 from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be 
 necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, the 
 person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the Vice- 
 President. But, if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, 
 the Senate shall choose from them, by ballot, t lie Vice-President. ] ' 
 
 4. The Congress may determine the time of choosing 
 
 the electors, and the day on which they shall give their T . im , e of choosia S 
 
 ' J . electors, 
 
 votes; which day shall be the same throughout the United 
 
 States. 2 
 
 5. No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United 
 
 States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, 
 
 shall be eligible to the office of President; neither shall Q ua l ifications of 
 
 ° the President, 
 
 any person be eligible to that office who shall not have 
 
 attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident 
 
 within the United States. 
 
 1 This paragraph, within brackets, has been superseded by tin- Twelfth Amendment. 
 
 2 The electors are chosen on the Tuesday nexl after the first Mondaj in November preceding 
 the expiration of a presidential term, ami vote forpresident andvice-presidonl on the Brsl w ednes 
 day of the December following. The votes are counted and declared in Congress the second 
 Wednesday of the following February. 
 
xii APPENDIX. 
 
 C. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, 
 resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said 
 
 office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President; and 
 Resort in ^ case o ^ Congress may. by law, provide for the case of removal, 
 
 death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and 
 Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as President; and such 
 officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President 
 shall be elected. 
 
 7. The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compen- 
 
 sation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished 
 p a a lT ° t during the period for which he shall have been elected; 
 
 and lie shall not receive within that period any other 
 emolument from the United States, or any of them. 1 
 
 8. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the billow- 
 
 ing oath or affirmation : "1 do solemnly swear (or affirm) 
 that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the 
 
 United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and 
 
 defend the Constitution of the United States." 
 
 SEC. II. 1. The President shall be commander-in-chief of the army and 
 
 navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States, when 
 
 called into the actual service of the United States; he 
 Duties of the Pres- • it • ... ? ^, ... 
 
 ., . may require the opinion, m writing, oi the principal 
 
 officer, in each of the executive departments, upon any 
 
 subject relating to the duties of their respective offices; and he shall have 
 
 power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, 
 
 except in cases of impeachment. 
 
 2. He shall have power, by ami with the advice and consent of the Senate, 
 
 to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the senators present concur; and 
 
 he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and con- 
 May make trea- 
 ties, appoint am- sent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other pub- 
 bassadors, judges, lie ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, 
 etc> and all other officers of the United States whose appoint- 
 
 ments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established 
 by law; but the Congress may, by law, vest the appointment of such 
 inferior officers as they think proper in the President alone, in the courts of 
 law, or in the heads of departments. 
 
 :'». The President shall have power to till up all vacancies that may happen 
 
 during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions 
 
 y . which shall expire at the end of their next session. 
 
 vacancies. 
 
 Sec. III. 1. lie shall from time to time give to the 
 
 Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend to their 
 
 1 The salary <>f the President was $25,000 a year until 1872, when it was increased to $50,000. 
 That of the Vice-President is $8,1)00 a year. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. xiii 
 
 consideration such measures as lie shall judge necessary and expedient'; 
 lie may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses, or either of then), 
 and, ill case of disagreement between them with respect 
 
 to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such May convene 
 
 Congress, 
 time as he shall think proper; he shall receive ambassa- 
 dors and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be fait h- 
 ful.ly executed; and shall commission all the officers of the United States. 
 
 Sec. IV. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the 
 United States, shall be removed from office on impeach- 
 ment for, and conviction of treason, bribery or other high " ow office 5 s ma y 
 
 ' . J ° be removed, 
 
 crimes and misdemeanors. 
 
 A.RTICLE III. 
 
 Section I. 1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in 
 
 one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as the 
 
 Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. Judicial power, 
 
 ° - now vested. 
 
 The judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall 
 
 hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive 
 for their services a compensation which shall not be diminished during their 
 continuance in office. 
 
 Sec. II. 1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and 
 equity arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and 
 treaties made, or which shall be made, under their author- 
 ity; to all eases affecting ambassadors, other public min- ° w , a cases * 
 
 1 extends, 
 
 isters and consuls; to all eases of admiralty and maritime 
 
 jurisdiction; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party; 
 to controversies between two or more States; between a State and citizens 
 of another State' 2 ; between citizens of different States; between citizens of 
 the same State claiming lands under grants of different States; and between 
 a State or the citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens or subjects. 
 
 2. In all eases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, 
 and those in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme jurisdiction of 
 Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all the other the Supreme 
 cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have Court, 
 appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions and 
 under such regulations as the Congress shall make. 
 
 3. The trial of all crimes, except in eases of impeach- 
 ments, shall be by jury, ami such trial shall he held in ^ reSpeCtmg ' 
 the State where the said crimes shall have been com- 
 
 1 The President <lws this in messages ;it the opening of each session. Washington and John 
 Mams read their messages in person to both houses of Congress Jefferson introduced the pres- 
 enl practii f sending by his private secretary to the two Bouses a written message. 
 
 - Sec Amendments, Art. XI. 
 
xiv APPENDIX. 
 
 rnitted; but when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at 
 sucl) place or places as the Congress may by law have directed. 
 
 Sec. III. 1. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levy- 
 ing war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, 
 Treason defined. - . ., . , , e . , T . ,, , 
 
 giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be con- 
 victed of treason, unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same 
 overt act, or on confession in open court. 
 
 2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punish- 
 How punished. ment of treason ; but no attainder of treason shall work 
 corruption of blood or forfeiture, except during the life 
 of the person attainted. 
 
 Article IV. 
 
 Section I. 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the 
 
 public acts, records and judicial proceedings of every 
 
 Rights of States. l J 1 J 
 
 other State. And the ( ongress may, by general laws, 
 
 prescribe the manner in which such acts, records and proceedings shall be 
 proved, and the effect thereof. 
 
 Sec. II. 1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled 
 Privileges of citi- t() . (1 , , )riv jw es aiul immunities of citizens in the sev- 
 zens. ' ° 
 
 eral States. 
 
 2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony or other crime, 
 
 who shall flee from justice, and be found in another 
 Executive requi- gta( . shal , ()n demand of tbe execu ti V e authority of the 
 sition. ' J 
 
 State from which he fled, be delivered up to be removed 
 
 to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. 
 
 3. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, 
 
 escaping into another, shall in consequence of any law or 
 
 c^jo/ff^ow 11 ^ regulation therein be discharged from such service or 
 service or labor. _ ° 
 
 labor; but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to 
 
 whom such service or labor may be due. 
 
 Sec. III. 1. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this 
 New States how Union; but no new States shall be formed or erected 
 formed and ad- within the jurisdiction of any other State, nor any State 
 mitted. be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts 
 
 of States, without the consent of the legislatures of the States concerned, 
 as well as of the Congress. 
 
 2. The ( 'ongress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful 
 rules and regulations respecting the territory or other 
 Power of Congress K>rtv belonging to the United States; and nothing in 
 
 over public lands. . ° ° ... 
 
 I his Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice 
 
 any claims of the United States, or of any particular State. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. xv 
 
 Sbc. IV. 1. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this 
 Union a republican form of government, and shall protect R eTm h]ican s-ov- 
 each of them against invasion ; and on application of the ernmeiit guaran- 
 legislature or of the executive (when the legislature cannot teed - 
 be convened), against domestic violence. 
 
 Article V. 
 
 1. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it 
 necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution; or, on the appli- 
 cation of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a 
 convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid 
 to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, 
 when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the Constitution how 
 
 , • • j- ,1 , to be amended, 
 
 several States, or by conventions m three-fourths thereof, 
 
 as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Con- 
 gress; Provided, that no amendment which may be made prior to the year 
 one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first 
 and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and that no 
 State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the 
 Senate. 
 
 Article VI. 
 
 1. All debts contracted and engagements entered into, 
 
 before the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid V a a i ldlty ° f debts 
 
 1 ' recognized, 
 
 against the United States under this Constitution, as 
 
 under the Confederation. 
 
 2. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be 
 made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or 
 
 which shall be made, under the authority of the United f^eJand defined 
 States, shall be the supreme law of the land ; and the 
 judges in every State shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution 
 or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. 
 
 3. The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the members 
 of the several State legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both 
 of the United States and of the several States, shall be Oath- of whom 
 bound by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution ; required, and for 
 but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualifica- wttat - 
 
 tion to any office or public trust under the United States. 
 
 Article VII. 
 
 1. The ratification of the conventions of nine States shall be sufficient 
 
 for the establishment of this Constitution between the _ .. 
 
 ., . , Ratification. 
 
 States so ratifying the same. 
 
xvi APPENDIX. 
 
 Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the States present, the 
 seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand 
 seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the independence of the 
 United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof, we have 
 hereunto subscribed our names. 1 
 
 George Washington, 
 Presidt. and deputy from Virginia. 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 John Laiigdon, 
 Nicholas Oilman. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Nathaniel Gorham, 
 Rufus King. 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 Wm Saml. Johnson, 
 Roarer Sherman. 
 
 DELAWARE. 
 
 Geo: Read, 
 
 Gunning Bedford, Jun'r, 
 John Dickinson, 
 Richard Bassett, 
 Jaco: Broom. 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 
 James McHenry. 
 
 Dan : of St. Thos. Jenifer. 
 
 Danl. Carroll. 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 Alexander Hamilton. 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 
 Wil: Livingston, 
 David Brearley, 
 Wm. Paterson, 
 Jona: Dayton. 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 John Blair, 
 
 .lames Madison, Jr. 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Wm. Blount, 
 
 Richd. Dobbs Spaight, 
 
 Iln. Williamson. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 B. Franklin, 
 Thomas Mifflin, 
 Robt. Morris, 
 Geo-: Clvnier, 
 Thos: Fitzsimons, 
 J a red Ingersoll, 
 James Wilson, 
 Gouv : Morris. 
 
 J. Rutledge, 
 
 Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, 
 Charles Pinckney, 
 Pierce Butler. 
 
 William Few, 
 Abr. Baldwin. 
 
 Altesi : 
 
 William Jackson, Secretary. 
 
 i The number of delegates chosen to the convent ion was sixty-five ; ten did not attend; sixteen 
 declined Bigning the "Constitution, or left the eon vent ion before it was read; to be signed. Thirty- 
 nine signed. 
 
((INSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. xvii 
 
 Amendments to the Constitution. 
 
 'Art. I. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of 
 
 religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ; or 
 
 abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press ; or the F ee om *? re 
 
 ° ° l l ' gion, speech, 
 
 right of the people peaceably to assemble and to petition p re ss. 
 
 the government for a redress of grievances. 
 .Art. II. A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a 
 
 free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms . 
 
 i 11 ,!•*•• i Militia, 
 
 shall not be infringed. 
 
 Art. III. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house, 
 
 without the consent of the owner ; nor in time of war but 
 
 , . -iiii Soldiers, 
 
 in a manner to be prescribed by law. 
 
 Art. IV. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, 
 
 papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and „ 
 
 , ., , . ■ , . j n . , ,, ■ Search warrants, 
 
 seizures, shall not be violated ; and no warrants shall issue 
 
 but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly 
 
 describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 
 
 Art. V. No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise 
 infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, 
 except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when 
 in actual service in time of war or public danger ; nor 
 shall any person be subject for the same offense to be 
 twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled, in any crimi- 
 nal case, to be a witness against himself ; nor be deprived of life, liberty, 
 or property, without due process of law ; nor shall private property .be 
 taken for public use, without just compensation. 
 
 Art. VI. In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall eujoy the right 
 to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district 
 wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have 
 
 been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed „ . . . . 
 
 c L-i i c \ .• li Trial by jury. 
 
 01 the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be con- 
 fronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for 
 obtaining witnesses in his favor ; and to have the assistance of counsel for 
 his defense. 
 
 Art. VII. In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall 
 exceed twenty dollars, the light of trial by jury shall be guits at common 
 preserved ; and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise law. 
 reexamined, in any court of the United States, than according to the rules 
 of the common law. 
 
 Art. VIII. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor 
 
 „ ■ , , , , • , Bail, fines, etc. 
 
 excessive fanes imposed, nor cruel and unusual punish- 
 ment inflicted. 
 
 1 The first tun amendments were proposed in 1789, and declared adopted in 1791. 
 
XVlll APPENDIX. 
 
 Art. IX. The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall 
 
 . , not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by 
 
 Certain rights. ,, J l ° J 
 
 the people. 
 
 Art. X. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Consti- 
 tution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to 
 Powers reserved. ,,_,,, . , 
 
 the States respectively, or to the people. 
 
 'Art. XI. The judicial power of the United States 
 
 r *ted P ° Wer shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or 
 
 equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the 
 
 United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any 
 
 foreign State. 
 
 2 Art. XII. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote 
 by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not 
 be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves: they shall name in 
 their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the 
 person voted for as Vice-President; and they shall make distinct lists of all 
 persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-Presi- 
 dent, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and 
 certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the Government of the United 
 States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Sen- 
 ate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of 
 Amendment to , ,. .... ._ , 
 
 Art II Sec 4 re- Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes 
 
 specting election shall then be counted; the person having the greatest 
 of President and number of votes for President shall be the President, if 
 such number be a majority of the whole number of electors 
 appointed ; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons 
 having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted 
 for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by 
 ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be 
 taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote; a 
 quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two- 
 thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a 
 choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President, 
 whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth 
 day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, 
 as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the Presi- 
 dent. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, 
 shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole num- 
 ber of electors appointed; and if no person have a majority, then from the 
 two highest numbers on the list the Senate shall choose the Vice-President ; 
 a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number 
 
 1 The Eleventh Amendment was proposed in 1794, and declared adopted in 1798. 
 3 The Twelfth Amendment was proposed in 1803, and declared adopted in 1804. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF A.MERICA. xix 
 
 of senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a 
 choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President, 
 shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. 
 
 1 Ai:t. XIII. Sec. I. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as 
 a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been 
 duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or ^* 
 
 any place subject to their jurisdiction. 
 
 Sec. II. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appro- 
 priate legislation. 
 
 "Art. XIV. Sec. I. All persons born or naturalized in the United 
 States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United 
 States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce 
 any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the 
 United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty or 
 property, without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its 
 jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. 
 
 Sec. II. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States 
 according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of per- 
 sons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to 
 vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-Presi- 
 dent of the United States, representatives in Congress, the executive or 
 judicial officers of a State, or the members of the legislature thereof, is 
 denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one 
 years of age and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, 
 except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representa- 
 tion therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such 
 male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one 
 years of age in such State. 
 
 Sec. III. No person shall be a senator or representative in Congress, or 
 elector of President or Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, 
 under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken 
 an oath as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or 
 as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer 
 of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have 
 engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or com- 
 fort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of 
 each House, remove such disability. 
 
 ' Sec IV. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized 
 by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for 
 services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. 
 But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or 
 
 1 The Thirteenth Amendment was proposed ami adopted in 1865. 
 
 ' The Fourteenth Amendment was proposed in 1866, ami adopted in 1868, 
 
XX APPENDIX. 
 
 obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United 
 States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave ; but all such 
 debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void. 
 
 Sec. V. Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legisla- 
 tion, the provisions of this article. 
 
 1 Art. XV. Sec. I. The rights of citizens of the United States to vote 
 shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on 
 account of race, color or previous condition of servitude. 
 
 Sec. II. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate 
 legislation. 
 
 1 The Fifteenth Amendment was proposed in 18U9, and adopted in 1870. 
 
PRONUNCIATIONS. 
 
 Acadie, ah-kah-dB'. 
 
 Aix-la-Chapelle, aks-lah-shah-pel'. 
 
 Alamo, ah'lah-mo. 
 
 Albert, ahl-bare'. 
 
 Ampudia, am-poo'de-ah. 
 
 Antietam, an-te'tam. 
 
 Apache, a-patch'I. 
 
 Arista, ah-res'tah. 
 
 Ayllon, il-yOn'. 
 
 Balboa, bal-bo'ah. 
 
 Bartholonieu Diaz, bar-tol'o-mu de'ahz. 
 
 Bayou, bi'oo. 
 
 Bienville, beyanh'vBl. 
 
 Bonhomme Richard, bon-om' re-shahr'. 
 
 Bracito, brah-se'to. 
 
 Buena Vista, bwa'nah ves'tah. 
 
 Cabeza, ka-ba'za. 
 
 Cabot, kab'ot. 
 
 Canonicus, ka-non'I-eus. 
 
 Cartier, kar'tyS. 
 
 Cervera, ser-va'rah. 
 
 Chaleurs, shah-ler'. 
 
 Chapultepec, chah-pool'ta-pek. 
 
 Chichimecs, che-ehE-meks. 
 
 Chickamauga, cliik-a niaw'ga. 
 
 Chicora, shB-ko'rah. 
 
 Chihuahua, chB-wah'wah . 
 
 Christoforo, kres-to-fo'ro. 
 
 Churubusco, ehoo-roo-boos'ko. 
 
 Coahuila, ko-ah-wB'lah. 
 
 Coligny, ko-l6n-y5'. 
 
 Colito, ko-lB'to. 
 
 Colombo, ko-lom'bo. 
 
 Colorado, kol-5-rah'do. 
 
 Contreras, kon-tra'rahs. 
 
 Coronado, kor-o-nah'do. 
 
 Cortez, kor'tez. 
 
 Coureurs de bois, koo-rer' deli bwah. 
 
 Creve Cceur, krfiv ker'. 
 
 Crozat, kro'zaht. 
 
 De Monts, deh monh'. 
 
 Denys, deh-ne'. 
 
 De Rouville, deh roo-vel'. 
 
 De Soto, da so'to. 
 
 De Vaca, deh vak'kah. 
 
 Dieskau, des'kow. 
 
 Du Quesne, doo kan'. 
 
 Enciso, en-se'so. 
 
 Ericson, Ericsson, er'ik-son. 
 
 Espejo, es-pa'ho. 
 
 Fanueil, fan'el or t'un'el. 
 
 Filipinos, fe-li-pe'noz. 
 
 Francisco, frahn-ses'eo. 
 
 Frobisher, frob'ish-ev. 
 
 Frontenac, fron'teh-nac or front-nak'. 
 
 Genet, zheh-na'. 
 
 Genoa, jen'o-wah. 
 
 Ghent, gent (not jent). 
 
 Gila, helah. 
 
 Grijalva, gre-hal'vah. 
 
 Groseilliers, gro-sS'ya. 
 
 Guadalupe Hidalgo, gwali-dah-loo'pa e- 
 
 dahl'go. 
 Guerriere, ger-ryair'. 
 Hispaniola, his-pan-yo'la. 
 Hochelaga, ho-shel'ah-gah. 
 Huger, liu-je'. 
 Huguenot, huge-nut. 
 Iberville, B-ber-vel'. 
 Iloilo, e-lo-e'lo. 
 Insurgente, anh-soor-zhant' 
 Iroquois, lr'o-kwoi. 
 Jacques, zlialdv. 
 Jalapa, hah-lah'pah. 
 Joliet, zho-lyil'. 
 Juan, hwahn. 
 
 Jumonville, zh nn-mon h- vel'. 
 Kearney, kar'ni. 
 Kieft, keft. 
 La Belle, lah bel'. 
 
I'liONUM'lATlMXs. 
 
 Lafayette, lah-fah-yet'. 
 
 Lafitte, lah-fet'. 
 
 La Noche Triste, la no'ehS tres'ta. 
 
 La Salle, lah sahl'. 
 
 Laudonniere, lo-don-yah"'. 
 
 Le Boeuf, leh buff. 
 
 Le Feboure, leh fa-boor'. 
 
 Lemoine, leh-mwahn'. 
 
 Leif (Ericson), II f. 
 
 Luys de Moscoso, loo -5s' da mos-ko'so 
 
 Macdonough, mac-don'o. 
 
 Mafia, mah-fe'ah. 
 
 Magellan, ma-jel'an. 
 
 Managua, man-ah'gwah. 
 
 Manchac, raan-shak'. 
 
 Marquette, mahr-ket'. 
 
 Maurepas, mo-ra-pah'. 
 
 Mendocino, men-do-se'no. 
 
 Menendez, ma-nen'dez. 
 
 Minuit, min'oo-it. 
 
 Molino del Key, mo-le'no dal rS. 
 
 Montana, nion-tah'nah. 
 
 Montcalm, mont-kahm'. 
 
 Monterey, mon-teh-ra'. 
 
 Montezuma, mon-tS-zoo'mah. 
 
 Montiano, mon-te-ah'no. 
 
 Moultrie, mol'tre. 
 
 Narvaez, nar-vah'ez. 
 
 Natchitoches, nak'5 tosh. 
 
 Nez Perce, na per-sa'. 
 
 Nicollet, ne'co-la. 
 
 Nina, nen'yah. 
 
 Nueces, nwa'ses. 
 
 Nunez, noon'yez. 
 
 Ojeda, o-ha'dah. 
 
 Oklahoma, o-kla-ho'ma. 
 
 Opecancanough, o-peh-kan'kan-o. 
 
 Ouachita, wash'I-tah. 
 
 Ouconostota, oo-con-o-sto'tah. 
 
 Palo Alto, pah'lo ahl'to. 
 
 Panphilo, pahn-fe'l5. 
 
 Pascua Florida,palis-koo'ali flor-6'dal 
 
 Philippine, lil ip-in. 
 
 Phoenician, fen-ish Ian. 
 
 Pierre, pe-air. 
 
 Pineda, pe-na'dah. 
 
 Pinta, p5n'tah. 
 
 Pizarro, pB-zahr'ro. 
 
 Ponce de Leon, pon'sa da la'on. 
 
 Porto Rico, por'to re'ko. 
 
 Powhatan, pow-ha-tan'. 
 
 Presque Isle, pres-kel'. 
 
 Prideaux, pie-do'. 
 
 Prima Vista, pre'mali ves'tah. 
 
 Prudhomme, proo-dom'. 
 
 Puebla, pweb'lah. 
 
 Raleigh, raw'li. 
 
 Reconcentrados, ra-con-een-trah'doz. 
 
 Resaca de la Palma, ra-sah'ka da lah 
 
 Ribault, L'e-bo . 
 
 Rio Grande, rB'o grahn'da, nr rio grand. 
 
 Roche, rosh. 
 
 Rodrigo de Triana, ro-dre'go da tre-ah'- 
 
 nah. 
 Ryswick, iT's'wTk. 
 Saltillo, sahl-tel'yo. 
 San Felipe, sail fa-le'pa. 
 San Jacinto, sail liali -sTn'to. 
 St. Augustine, aw'gus ten. 
 Santa Fe, sahn'tah fa. 
 Santa Mariah, san tali tnah-re'ah, 
 Santiago, sahn-te-ah'go. 
 Schley, schli. 
 Sioux, soo. 
 
 Stuyvesant, sti'veh-sant. 
 Swansea, swon'zi. 
 Tenochtitlan, ten-5k-t5t'lan. 
 Tomochichi, to-mo-che'eh5. 
 Tripoli, trip'o-lY. 
 Utrecht, oo'trecht. 
 
 Vasco da Gama, vahs'ko dah gah'mah. 
 Vasquez, vahs'kez. 
 Velasquez, va-lahs'kez. 
 Vera Cruz, v a rail krooz. 
 Verrazano, rer-raht-tsah'no. 
 Villegagnon, vel-gahn-yonh. 
 Wampanoags, wam-pah-no'ags. 
 Yeamans, ye'mans. 
 Yeardley, ygrd'ly. 
 
 yem-a-se 
 Zuni, zoon'yg. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Abercrombie, General, 175. 
 
 Abolitionists, 353, 31 8. 
 
 Acadia, settled, 36 ; expulsion from, 172. 
 
 Acts of Resistance, 200. 
 
 Adams, Charles Francis. 359. 
 
 Adams, John, 212,220, 221 ; Vice-President, 867 ; 
 
 President, 279. 
 
 Adams, John Quincy, 289, 307. 
 
 Adams. Samuel, 208, 265. 
 
 Alabama, explored. 33 ; admitted, 313 ; secedes, 
 366 ; readmitted, 436. 
 
 Alabama, Confederate warship, 411, 412; claims, 
 443. 
 
 Alamance, battle of, 200. 
 
 Alamo, battle of, £35. 
 
 Alaska, purchase of, 437. 
 
 Albany, trading post, 05 ; colonial convention 
 at, 1G9. 
 
 Albemarle, Colony, 122 ; Duke of, 121, 122. 
 
 Albemarle, Confederate ram, 403. 
 
 Albert, Captain, 06. 
 
 Alert, British war-sloop, 304. 
 
 Algonquin Indians, 37. 
 
 Alien and Sedition laws, 281. 
 
 Allen, Ethan, 212. 
 
 America, discovered, 16 ; named, 23. 
 
 Amherst, General, 176, 181. 
 
 Amidas, Philip. 69. 
 
 Amnesty proclamation, 437. 
 
 Anderson, Major, 367. 
 
 Andre, Major, 238. 
 
 Annapolis, Md., named, 114 ; commercial con- 
 vention at, 261. 
 
 Annapolis, X. 8., captured and named, 160. 
 
 Antietam Creek, battle at, see Sharpsburg. 
 
 Anti-Federalist party, 279. 
 
 Anti-slavery petition, Franklin's. 270; Society. 
 353. 
 
 Apache War, 453. 
 
 Appomattox, Lee's surrender at, 428. 
 
 Argall, Captain Samuel. 90. 
 
 Argus, American war vessel, 305. 
 
 Arista, Mexican general, 343. 
 
 Arizona Territory, 355. 
 
 Arkansas, explored, 33 ; admitted, 317 ; sei edes, 
 371; readmitted. 430. 
 
 Arkansas Post captured, 410. 
 
 Armistead, General, 398. 
 
 Army of the Potomac organized, 377'. 
 
 Arnold, Benedict, 211 ; at Ticonderoga, 212 ; at 
 
 Quebec, 210; at Saratoga, 230, 231 ; treason 
 
 of, 238 ; as a British officer, 246. 
 Arthur, Chester, Vice-President, 447; President, 
 
 44S. 
 Articles of Confederation, 257, 258. 
 Ashe, Colonel John, 201, 236. 
 Atlanta captured, 419. 
 Atlanta Exposition, 1881, 447. 
 Atlantic cable laid, 358. 
 Attakullakulla, Indian chief, 180. 
 Austin, Moses, 337. 
 Austin, Stephen F., 337. 
 Averill, General, 425. 
 Averysboro, N. C, battles of, 423. 
 Ayllon, Vasquez de, 26. 
 Aztecs, 28-30, 47-50. 
 
 Bacon's Rebellion, 152-154. 
 
 Bagley, Ensign Worth, 469, 477. 
 
 Bahama Islands discovered. 17. 
 
 Bailey, Colonel Joseph, 410. 
 
 Bainbridge, Commodore, 304. 
 
 Balboa, Nunez de, 28. 
 
 Baltimore, founded, 114; Democratic conven- 
 tions at, 364. 
 
 Baltimore, Lords, first and second, 112. 
 
 Banks, General N. P., 388, 391, 409. 
 
 Baratarians, 306. 
 
 Barlow, Arthur, 09. 
 
 Barnwell, Captain John, 148. 
 
 Bartholdi, sculptor, 451. 
 
 Battles, of the Revolution, 251 ; of the War 
 of 1812, 309 ; of the War with Mexico, 349 ; of 
 the Civil War, 440. 
 
 Baum, Colonel, 230. 
 
 Bayard, James, Commissioner, 307. 
 
 Beaujeu, 172. 
 
 Beauregard, General P. G. T., 368, 374, 382, 384, 
 424. 
 
 Bee, General, 376. 
 
 Bell, John, 365. 
 
 Belmont, Mo., battle of, 381. 
 
 Bemis Heights, battle of, 230. 
 
 Benjamin, Judah P.. 307. 
 
 Bennington, battle of, 230. 
 
 Bentonville, N. C, battle of, 423. 
 
Berkeley, Lord, 97. 
 
 Berkeley, sir William, 151. 
 
 Bienville, 181, 132. 
 
 Big Bethel, battle of, 374. 
 
 Bill of Rights, Virginia, 218. 
 
 Biloxi, settlement of, 132. 
 
 " Blackboard," pirate,"187. 
 
 Black Hawk. Indian chic;, 318. 
 
 Blackstock's Ford, battle of, 243. 
 
 Blackstone, William, 103, 105. 
 
 Blaine, James G., 410. 448, 458. 
 
 Blair, Francis P., 437. 
 
 Blair, Rev. .lames, 192. 
 
 Blockade, of Southern ports, 401.402. 
 
 Bloody Marsh, battle of, 164. 
 
 Bloody Run, battle of, 152. 
 
 Blount, Governor William, 277. 
 
 Blue Laws, 108. 
 
 Bonhomme Richard, warship, 237. 
 
 Boone, Daniel, 2(50. 
 
 Booth, John Wilkes, 432. 
 
 Border states, 372. 
 
 Boston, settlement of, 105; massacre, 20G ; tea 
 
 party, 208 ; Are, HI. 
 Boyd, Colonel, 235. 
 Bounty for sugar, 459. 
 Bouquet, Henry, 181. 
 Boxer, warship, captured, 305. 
 Braddock, Sir Edward, 171. 
 Bradford, William, 100. 
 Bradstreet, Colonel, 175. 
 Bragg, General Braxton, 34C ; Confederate, 382, 
 
 3S5, 411, 418. 
 Brandywine, bailie of. 227. 
 Brazos Santiago, battle of, 429. 
 Breckinridge, John c. candidate for President. 
 
 305 ; Confederate officer, 424, 425. 
 Breed's Hill, 215. 
 Brewster, William, 100. 
 Brier ('nek, battle of, 230. 
 Brock, General, 290. 
 
 Brown, Colonel, 237. 
 
 Brown, General, 300, 301. 
 
 Brown. John, 302, 301. 
 
 Brownstown, battle of, 295. 
 
 Brule, discoverer, 39. 
 
 Bryan, William J., 463. 
 
 Buchanan, captain of Confederate cruiser. 103. 
 
 Buchanan, James, President, 358 ; on secession, 
 
 368. 
 Buckner, General S. I'.., 152, 403. 
 Buell, General I). C., 378, 381, 382, 385. 
 Buena Vista, battleof, 346. 
 Buford, Colonel, 242. 
 Bull Hun. see Manassas. 
 Bunker Hill, battle of, 215. 
 Bareau of American Republics, 157. 
 
 Burgoyne, Sir John, 215, 229-232 ; invades New- 
 York, 229. 
 
 Burnett, David G., 339. 
 
 Burnside, General A. E., 393, 417. 
 
 Burr, Aaron. Vice-President, 282 ; lights duel, 
 288 ; arrest of, 288. 
 
 Bushy Run, battle of, 181. 
 
 Butler, General B. P., 409, 421. 
 
 Butler, William O., 359. 
 
 Cabinet, first organized, 271 ; first Confederate, 
 307. 
 
 Cabot, Join., 21. 
 
 Cabot, Sebastian, 22. 
 
 Cabrillo, 32. 
 
 Calhoun, John C, 293 ; Vice-president, 315; on 
 nullification, 320. 
 
 California, conquered, 341 ; gold discovered in, 
 318 ; admitted, 348. 
 
 Calvert, Bee Baltimore. 
 
 Camden, battleof, 239. 
 
 Campbell, British colonel, 235. 
 
 Campbell, William, 213. 
 
 Canada. French retreat lo, 170; ceded to Eng- 
 land, 178. 
 
 Canary Islands, 15. 
 
 Canby, General, murder of, 443. 
 
 Canonicus, Indian chief, 109. 
 
 Cantey, Captain, 103. 
 
 Cape Breton Island, 32. 
 
 Cape Cod, named, 73. 
 
 ( 'ape Fear Fiver, 122. 
 
 capital Bargain, 273. 
 
 Capital, located at Washington, 273. 
 
 Carleton, Sir Guy, 216. 
 
 Carolina, settled and named, 120; divided, 121. 
 
 Carpetbaggers, 435, 430. 
 
 Carr, Dabney, 206. 
 
 Carterel Colony, 123. 
 
 Carteret, sir George, 97. 
 
 Cat tier, Jacques, 30. 
 
 Carver, John, 100. 
 
 ( lass, Lew is. candidate for President, 359. 
 
 Castenado, General, 330. 
 
 Caswell, Colonel Richard, 217. 
 
 Cavaliers, in Virginia, 1£0. 
 
 Cavalry leaders, Confederate. 421. 
 
 Cedar Creek, battleof, 420. 
 
 Cedar Mountain, battle of, 391. 
 
 i lentennial celebration at Philadelphia, 411. 
 
 Centennial Exposition, New Orleans, 447. 
 
 i lentral America discovered, 20. 
 
 Cerro Gordo, battleof. 317. 
 
 Cervera, Spanish admiral. 470. 
 
 Chad's Ford, battleof. 227. 
 
 Chalmette, battle <>\'. 306. 
 
 Chambersburg, Pa., burned, 126. 
 
 
Champlain, Samuel, 36. 
 
 Chandler, General, 899. 
 
 Chancellorsville, battle of, 393, 394. 
 
 Chapultepec, battle of, 348. 
 
 Charleston, founded, 123 ; attacked, 163 ; com- 
 mercial center. 186 ; captured, 23?" ; Demo- 
 cratic conventions, 363; defense of, 405; earth- 
 quake, 451. 
 
 Charter, of 1600, 74 ; of 1609, 84 ; Massachusetts 
 Bay Company, 104 ; Rhode Island, 109 ; 
 Maryland, 112 ; Perm's, 115; Carolina, 12Cr; 
 Georgia, 126. 
 
 Charter Oak, 159. 
 
 Chattanooga besieged, 416. 
 
 Cheatham, General B. F.. 420. 
 
 Cherokee War, 179-181. 
 
 Cherry Valley massacre. 235. 
 
 Cherub, British warship, 305. 
 
 Chesapeake Bay. 77. 84. 
 
 Chesapeake, frigate, 304. 
 
 Cheves, Langdon, 293. 
 
 Chichimecs. 47. 
 
 Chickamauga, battle of, 416. 
 
 Chicora (S. Carolina), 28. 
 
 Chicora, Confederate ram, 105. 
 
 Chilean controversy, 457. 
 
 Chinese immigration prohibited, 448. 
 
 Chippewa, battle of, 300. 
 
 Chrysler's Field, battle of. 299. 
 
 Churchill, Thomas J., 416. 
 
 Civil service reform, 320, 416, 44S. 
 
 Claiborne. General, 300. 
 
 Claiborne. Governor \V. C. ('.. 312. 
 
 Clarendon Colony, 122. 
 
 Clark, Colonel George Rogers, 232. 
 
 Clark. William, explorer, 286. 
 
 Clarke, Colonel, 235. 
 
 Clay, Henry, 293; commissioner, 307; on in- 
 ternal improvements, 313; presidential candi- 
 date. 31 t. 333 ; Secretary of state. 315 ; on pro- 
 tective tariff. 325 ; Compromise Bill of, 355. 
 
 Clayborne's Rebellion, 112. 
 
 Clayton, General II. 1)., 421. 
 
 Cleburne, General Pat, 421. 
 
 Cleveland. Grover. President, 448-454 ; his sec- 
 ond term, 45K, 460. 
 
 Clermont, first steamboat, 287. 
 
 Cliff-dwellers, Indian. 58. 
 
 Clinch, General, 319. 
 
 Clinton, George, 289. 
 
 Clinton, Sir Henry, 215-217, 224, 237. 
 
 Cochrane. Admiral. 305. 
 
 Cobb, Howell, 366. 
 
 Coddington, William, 109. 
 
 Coffee, General, 300. 
 
 Cold Harbor, battle of, 425. 
 
 Colfax, Schuyler, 437. 
 
 Coins, early American, 187. 
 
 Coligny, Admiral, 65. 
 
 Colito, battle of, 336. 
 
 Colonial Assembly, 91, 200, 201. 
 
 Colonial Congress, first, 159. 
 
 Colonial government, first, 77 ; three forms of, 
 183. 
 
 Colonial industries, 185. 
 
 Colonial life, differences in, 191. 
 
 Colonial money, 186. 
 
 Colonial progress, 182; home life. 184. 
 
 Colonial revolts, first, 158. 
 
 Colorado, admission of, 441. 
 
 Colquitt, Governor A. II.. 118. 
 
 Columbia. S. ('., burned. 123. 
 
 Columbian World's Fair, 460. 
 
 Columbus, 8-20, 61. 
 
 Compromise, Missouri, 314; tariff, 1833, 327; 
 of 1850, 355. 
 
 Compromises, Three Great, 263. 
 
 Commercial convention. Annapolis. 262. 
 
 Committees of correspondence, 206. 
 
 Concepcion, battle of, 336. 
 
 Concord, British expedition to, 210. 
 
 Confederate States, government of, organized, 
 366 ; completed, 370. 
 
 Congress, Federal, first meeting of, 267.271. 
 
 Connecticut explored, 94 : settled, los ; written 
 constitution of. 108 : cedes land, 276. 
 
 Constellation, frigate, 280. 
 
 Constitution, Federal, debate upon, 263-265; 
 adopted by the States, 266, 267; text of, see 
 Appendix, v; amendments to, xvii. 
 
 Constitution, first Virginia, 92 ; first written, 
 108. 
 
 Constitution, frigate, 303, 304. 
 
 Constitutional Union party, 365. 
 
 Continental army. 212. 228. 
 
 Continental Congress, First, 208 ; Second, 212 ; 
 at Philadelphia. 1776, 220, 227: power- and 
 limitations of, 256 ; under Articles of Con- 
 federation, 258. 
 
 Contreras, battle of, 347. 
 
 Conway Cabal, 228. 
 
 Cooper, Sir Ashley, 122. 
 
 Corinth, battle of, 3S5. 
 
 Cornwallis, 221, 226. 238, 245 ; surrenders, 249. 
 
 Corpus Christi captured, 108. 
 
 Coronado, 32. 
 
 Cortez, Hernando, 28. 
 
 Cotton gin invented, 324. 
 
 Cotton industry, production. 186 : manufacture, 
 324; and commercial prosperity, 351, 401. 
 
 Cotymore, Captain, 181. 
 
 Coureurs de bois, 39. 
 
 ( unpens, battle lit'. 245. 
 
 Craven, Governor, 149. 
 
Crawford, William H., 314. 
 
 Creek War, 300. 
 
 Crittenden, General, 381. 
 
 Croatan, 71, 72. 
 
 Crockett, David, 33G. 
 
 Croghan, Major, 296. 
 
 Crook, General, Indian fighter, 452. 
 
 Cross Keys, battle of, 390. 
 
 Crozat, Anthony, 133. 
 
 Cruger, Colonel, 237. 
 
 Cuba, discovery of. 19. 
 
 Cuban Revolution, 4C6. 
 
 Cumberland road, 313. 
 
 Curtis, General, 379, 415. 
 
 Cashing, Caleb, 304. 
 
 Caster, General, massacre of, 444. 
 
 Cyane, British war vessel, 304. 
 
 Dade, Major, massacre of. 319. 
 
 T)a Gama, Yasco, navigator, 20. 
 
 Dale, Sir Thomas, 87, 90. 
 
 Dallas. Ga., battle of , 419. 
 
 Dare, Virginia, 72. 
 
 Dark Ages, 6. 
 
 Davenport, John, 108. 
 
 Davis, John, 44. 
 
 Davis, Jellerson, in Mexican War, 340 ; Presi- 
 dent Of the Confederacy, 300 ; leaving the 
 Senate, 372 ; obituary of, 458. 
 
 Deane, Silas, 231. 
 
 Dearborn, General Henry, 295, 299. 
 
 Debt, Revolutionary War, 259 ; Civil War, 444^ 
 462. 
 
 Decatur, Lieutenant, 286, 304, 307. 
 
 De Chopart, 148. 
 
 Declaration of Independence, 220, 221; Appen- 
 dix, i. 
 
 Declaratory Act, 203. 
 
 Decrees, Berlin and Milan, 287. 
 
 Deerfteld Massacre, 1C0. 
 
 De Gourgues, Dominique, 07. 
 
 De Kalb, General, 226, 238, 239. 
 
 Delaware, Lord, 85. 
 
 Delaware, Swedish settlement in, 96 ; in Penn's 
 grant, 118. 
 
 De Leon, Alonzo, 182. 
 
 De Leon, Ponce, 25. 
 
 I democratic party, 329. 
 
 Democratic-Republican party, 279, 315. 
 
 De Monts, 30. 
 
 De Moscoso, Luys, 33. 
 
 Denys, John, 36. 
 
 De Rouville, 160. 
 
 De Soto, Hernando, 32. 
 
 D'Estaing, Count, 231, 236. 
 
 Detroit, surrender of , 296. 
 
 Dewey, Admiral George, 168. 
 
 De Vaca, Cabeza, 26, 31. 
 
 De Vitre, 177. 
 
 Diaz, Bartholomeu, 7. 
 
 Dieskau, Baron, 173. 
 
 Dinwiddie, Governor, 167. 
 
 District of Columbia, 282. 
 
 Doniphan, Colonel, 344. 
 
 Dorchester Heights, 210. 
 
 Dorr's Rebellion, 333. 
 
 Douglas, Stephen A., frames Kansas-Nebraska 
 
 Bill, 356; presidential nominee, 305. 
 Dover, N. H., massacre, 159. 
 Downie, Commodore George, 301. 
 Drake, Sir Francis, 45, 70. 
 Drake, Captain, 163. 
 Dred Scott Decision, 356, 362. 
 Drummond, General, 301. 
 Drummond, William, 122. 
 Duhault, 132. 
 
 Dupont, Rear-Admiral, 403. 405, 409. 
 Dutch, in New Xethcrland, 91 ; in Connecticut 
 
 96. 
 
 Early, General Jubal, 425, 426. 
 
 East India Company, 94. 
 
 Educational Campaign, 452. 
 
 Election, lirst, by the people, 84. 
 
 Electoral college, 204. 
 
 Electoral Commission, 445. 
 
 Elizabeth, Queen of England, 43, 69, 71. 
 
 Elizabeth Island settled, 74. 
 
 Elmira, battle of, 235. 
 
 Emancipation proclamation, 431. 
 
 Embargo Act, 287. 
 
 Eminent Domain, principle of, 307. 
 
 Empresarios, 337. 
 
 Enciso, Spanish explorer, 27. 
 
 Endicott, John, 104. 
 
 English, William II., 447. 
 
 Enterprise, British war- vessel, 305. 
 
 Epervier, British war-vessel, 300. 
 
 •' Era of good feeling," 311. 
 
 Ericsson, Captain John, 318. 
 
 Erie Canal, 313. 
 
 Espejo, 32. 
 
 Essex, frigate, 303, 305. 
 
 Eutaw Springs, battle of, 248. 
 
 Evans, General, 376. 
 
 Everett, Edward, 300. 
 
 Ewell, General R. S., 389, 396. 
 
 Executive departments organized, 271. 
 
 Fair Oaks, battle of, 389. 
 Falling Waters, bailie of. 374. 
 Faneuil Hall, 203. 
 Farragut, Admiral. 406-409. 
 Fauquier, Governor, 202. 
 
Federalists, 207. 
 
 "Federalist, The," 867. 
 
 Federal Convention, work of, 202. 
 
 Federal ratio. 264. 
 
 Fenwick, Captain, 10:!. 
 
 Ferdinand, King of Spain, 12. 
 
 Ferguson, Major, 213. 
 
 Field, Cyrus W., 350. 
 
 Fifteenth Amendment, 111 ; sec Appendix, xx. 
 
 Fillmore, Millard, President. 358. 
 
 Finnegan, GeneralJoseph, 418. 
 
 Financial distress of 1775, 250. 
 
 Fisher Hill, battle of, 126. 
 
 Fishing Creek, battle of, 213. 
 
 Five Forks, battle of, 428. 
 
 Five Nations, 53, 54. 
 
 Flag, Federal, 2:12. 
 
 Florida, discovered. 25; settled, 86; Fast and 
 West. 311 ; purchased. 312 : secedes. 300 ; in- 
 vasion of, 41S; readmitted, 430. 
 
 Floyd, General, 300. 
 
 Foote, Rear-Admiral, 381, 400, 409. 
 
 Forbes, General, 177. 
 
 Forrest, General N. B., 115, 120, 421. 
 
 Fort Brown, 343. 
 
 Fort Caroline, 00. 
 
 Fori Casimir built, 90. 
 
 Fort Creve Coeur built, 41. 
 
 Fort Christina, 90. 
 
 Fort Covington, 293. 
 
 Fort Crown Point, 173, 170, 212, 230. 
 
 Fort Cumberland, 169. 
 
 Fort Donelson captured, 381. 
 
 Fort Dnqueshe, built, 169; expedition against, 
 171-173 ; captured, 170. 
 
 Fort Edward, 175, 230. 
 
 Fort Erie destroyed, 301. 
 
 Fort Fisher captured, 405. 
 
 Fort Frontenac captured, 175. 
 
 Fort Gaines captured, 110. 
 
 Fori George captured. 299. 
 
 Fort Henry captured, 381. 
 
 Fort, Hope built, 96, 108. 
 
 Fort Jackson surrendered, 408. 
 
 Fort La Navidad, 19. 
 
 Fori I.e Boeuf, 1C8. 
 
 Fort Lee captured. 224. 
 
 Fort Leavenworth, 344. 
 
 Fort Mi Henry bombarded, 305. 
 
 FortMcBee defended, 111!). 
 
 Fori Mercer captured, 228. 
 
 Fort Meigs besieged, 297. 
 Fort Mifflin captured, 228. 
 Fort Minis massacre, 300. 
 Fori Morgan captured, 110. 
 Fort "Moultrie bombarded, 217. 
 Fort Nabncke, 148. 
 
 Fort Necessity. 109. 
 
 Fort Niagara, 171. 
 
 Fort Ninety-Six, 210. 
 
 Fori orange, 95. 
 
 Fort Pickens, 307. 
 
 Fort Pillow abandoned, 406. 
 
 Fort Pitt, 170. 
 
 Fori Presque Isle, 107. 
 
 Fort Pulaski captured, 103. 
 
 Fort Rosalie built, 133 ; captured, 118. 
 
 Fori St. Louis, 132. 
 
 Fort St. Philip surrendered, 408. 
 
 Fort Schuyler, 230. 
 
 Fort Sumter bombarded, 307 ; surrendered, 308. 
 
 Fort Venango, 108. 
 
 Fori Washington captured, 224. 
 
 Fort William Henry built, 173 ; massacre at, 175. 
 
 Fourteenth Amendment, 436 ; Appendix, xix. 
 
 France, alliance with, 231 ; naval war with, 2S0. 
 
 Frankfort. Ky., captured, 380. 
 
 Franklin, Tenn., battle of, 420. 
 
 Franklin, Benjamin, his plan of Union, 109 ; on 
 Committee of Declaration, 221 : Commis- 
 sioner to France, 231 ; Postmaster-General, 
 25 i ; anti-slavery petition, 270. 
 
 Franklin, General, 409. 
 
 Franklin, State of, 259. 
 
 Frederica founded, 128. 
 
 Frederick the Great, 226. 
 
 Fredericksburg, battle of, 393. 
 
 Fremont, John C, Colonel, 311; presidential 
 candidate, 353 ; General, 388, 391. 
 
 Free-Soil party, 353. 
 
 French and Indian War, 171-178. 
 
 French Directory, tribute money for, 280. 
 
 Frenchtown, battle of, 290. 
 
 Frobisher, Martin, 43. 
 
 Frolic, British frigate, 301. 
 
 Frontenac, Count, 40. 
 
 Front Royal, battle of, 390. 
 
 Fugitive Slave Law. 351, 355. 
 
 Fulton, Robert, 287. 
 
 Fu Sang, 56. 
 
 Gadsden, Christopher, 202, 220. 
 
 Gadsden purchase, 347. 
 
 i Sage, t (eneral, 210. 
 
 Gaines, General, 301, 310. 
 
 Gallatin, Albert, Commissioner. 307. 
 
 Galveston caj hired, 409. 
 
 Gama, Vasco da, 20. 
 
 < lansevoort, < lolonel, 230. 
 
 Garfield, James A., President, 147; 
 
 lion of, 447. 
 Garnett, General, 371. 398. 
 Garrison, William Lloyd, 353. 
 Gaspee, war vessel, 806 
 
Gates, General, 231,238, 240. 
 
 Gates, Sir Thomas, 85, 86. 
 
 General Court, Boston, 104. 
 
 Genet, "Citizen," 275. 
 
 Geneva award, 413. 
 
 Genoa, 8. 
 
 Georgia, charter, 126 ; settled, 127 ; slavery pro- 
 hibited in. 128; a royal province, 129; secedes, 
 366 ; readmitted. 136. 
 
 Germantown, battle of, 227. 
 
 Geronimo, Apache chief, 453. 
 
 Gerry, Elbridge, 280. 
 
 ( tettysburg, battle of, 390-390. 
 
 Gilbert, Raleigh, 75. 
 
 Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 09. 
 
 Glorietta, battle of, 378. 
 
 Goliad massacre, 337. 
 
 Gonzales, battle of, 330. 
 
 Good Hope, Cape of, 7, 20. 
 
 Gordon, General .1. B., 425, 128,452. 
 
 (.(Hues, Sir Ferdinand, 107. 
 
 Gosnold, Bartholomew, 73, 78. 
 
 Gourgues, Dominique de, 07. 
 
 Government explained and defined, 252-255. 
 
 Graffenreid, Baron, 1 16. 
 
 Grand Model, the, 122. 
 
 Grant, Colonel .lames, 181. 
 
 Grant, Ulysses s., Ids campaign in the West. 
 380-385,417; at Vieksburg, 407 ; commander- 
 in-chief, 418 ; in the Virginia campaign, 423- 
 429 ; as President, 138-144 : his death. 451. 
 
 Grant, Major. 177. 
 
 Great Meadows. 169. 
 
 Great Woods, 167. 
 
 Green, Rev. Roger, 120. 
 
 Greenbacks, war money, 444. 
 
 Green Mountain Hoys, 212. 
 
 Greene, General Nathanael, 211, 245, 246. 
 
 Grenville, Prime Minister, 200. 
 
 Grijalva, explorer, 28. 
 
 Grundy, Felix, 293. 
 
 Gucrriere, frigate. 3 14. 
 
 Guilford Court lb, use, battle of, 245. 
 
 Guiteau, 447. 
 
 Hale, Nathan, 238. 
 Hall' King, Indian chief, 109. 
 Half Moon, ship, 45, 
 Halleck, General II. W., 378, 384, 391. 
 Hamilton, Alexander. 262, 267, 871-273. 
 Hamilton, Governor, 232. 
 Hamlin, Bannibal, Vice President, 360. 
 Hampton, General Wade (1813), 296. 
 Hampton, General Wade (I860), 376, 426, 152. 
 Hampton Roads, naval battle. 103; conference 
 at, 127. 
 
 Hancock, General W. S., 424. nr. 451. 
 
 Hancock, John, 200, 212. 
 
 Hancock, Tuscarora chief, 148. 
 
 Hanging Rock, battle of, 242. 
 
 Hardee, General W. J., 382. 
 
 Harlem Heights, battle of, 224. 
 
 Harmar, General, 275. 
 
 Harper's Perry, captured, 392. 
 
 Harrison, Benjamin (1775), 212. 
 
 Harrison, Benjamin (1888), President, 454, 456, 
 
 459. 
 Harrison, William Henry, 292, 290. 
 Hartford, settled, 108. 
 Hartford Convention, 304. 
 Harvard College, 190, 192. 
 Harvard, Rev. John, 192. 
 Harvey, Sir John, 150. 
 Ilatteras, Federal warship, sunk, 411. 
 Hatteras Inlet captured, 403. 
 Haverhill massacre, 159. 
 Hawaiian annexation, 469. 
 Hayes, Rutherford B., President, 414, 445. 
 Ilayti discovered, 19. 
 Hayne, Colonel Isaac, 238. 
 Hendrick, Mohawk chief, 173. 
 Hendricks, Thomas A., 444, 448, 451. 
 Hennepin, Father, 41. 
 Henry, Patrick, 201. 
 Herkimer, General, 230. 
 Hessians, British soldiers. 224, 220. 
 Hill, Genera) A. P.. 396, 128. 
 Hill, General 1). II., 373, 374. 
 Hindman, General T. C., 415. 
 Hispanioki discovered, 19. 
 Hobart, Garrel A., 103. 
 llobkirk'sllill. battle of. 210. 
 Hobson, Naval Constructor R. P., 471. 
 Hoe, R. M., inventor. 3 in. 
 Hoei Shin, discoverer, 50. 
 Holland, separatists in. 99. 
 Holly Springs captured, 107. 
 Holmes Genera] T. II., 415. 
 Homestead riots, 457. 
 Hood, General. I. P., 119 121. 
 Hooker, General Joseph, 393-390, 417. 
 Hooker, Rev. Thomas, IDS. 
 Hornet, warship, 304. 
 Horseshoe Bend, battle of , 300. 
 House of Burgesses, 92. 
 House of Commons, 200. 
 House of Representatives, 264, 267. 
 Houston. General Sam, 386, 339. 
 Howard, General 0. *>., 894, in;. 
 Howe, Admiral, 233. 
 Howe, Blias, inventor. 340. 
 
 Howe. General Robert, 235. 
 
 Howe, General William. 815, 221. 227. 
 
 Hudson, Henry, 45. 
 
Hudson River discovered, 45. 
 
 Buger, Colonel, 237. 
 
 Huger, General Benjamin, 374. 
 
 Huguenots, French Protestants, 65, 121. 
 
 Hull, naval captain, 304. 
 
 Hull, General William, surrenders. 396. 
 
 Hunter, General, 4:25. 
 
 Hutchinson, Anne, 105. 
 
 Iberville, French explorer, 131, 132. 
 
 Idaho admitted, 457. 
 
 Illinois, explored, 11 : admitted, 313. 
 
 Importation Acts. 198. 
 
 Impressment of seamen, 292. 
 
 Independence Hall, 221. 
 
 Indiana admitted, 307. 
 
 Indian, races, classification of, 52; religion, 
 
 54 ; massacres, 141. 
 Indian Territory, 310, 457. 
 Indigo, culture of, 18G. 
 Insurgente, warship, 280. 
 Internal improvements, 313. 
 Interstate Commerce Commission, 152. 
 Invention, progress of, 340. 
 Iowa admitted, 340. 
 Iroquois Indians, 37, 51. 
 Isabella, Queen of Spain, 1-,'. 
 Island No. 10 captured, 400. 
 Italian controversy. 457. 
 Inka, battle of, 385. 
 Izard, General Ralph, 300, 301. 
 
 Jack, Captain, 172; Modoc leader, 443. 
 
 Jackson, General Andrew, 300, 306, 314 ; elected 
 President, 315; opposes nullification, 327. 
 
 Jackson, General T. J. ("Stonewall"), at 
 Manassas, 376; in Shenandoah Valley, 388 
 391 ; at Harper's Ferry, 392; at Chancellors- 
 ville, 393 ; death of, 394. 
 
 Jackson, Governor of Missouri, 378. 
 
 Jamaica discovered, 20. 
 
 James II., 158. 
 
 Jamestown settled, 77; starving time in, 86 ; 
 massacres at, 141. 
 
 Jasper, Sergeant, 217, 236. 
 
 Jay, John, Chief Justice, 271 ; treaty of, 275. 
 
 Java, British frigate, 304. 
 
 Jefferson, Thomas, draws up the Declaration. 
 221; Secretary of State, 271-273; President. 
 284 : death of, 315. 
 
 Jesuit explorers, 37. 
 
 Johnson, Andrew, Vice-President. 132 ; Presi- 
 dent, 434, 437 ; impeachment of, 437. 
 
 Johnson, Colonel R. M., 298. 
 
 Johnson, General Edward, 389. 
 
 Johnson, British governor, 163. 
 
 Johnson, Herschel V., 360. 
 
 Johnson, Sir William, 173. 
 
 Johnston, General A. S.. 379, 382, 3*1. 115. 
 
 Johnston, General J. E., 371, 371, 387, lis. 129, 
 
 452. 
 Joliet, explorer, 40. 
 Jones, < laptain John Paul, 237. 
 Judiciary Department organized, 271. 
 Jumonville, 169. 
 Jury trial, first, 78. 
 
 Kansas, struggle for, 357' ; admission of, 35S. 
 Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 355. 
 Kearney, General, 344. 
 Kearsarge, Federal war vessel, 412. 
 Kemper, General, 398. 
 Kendall, George, 78. 
 Kenesaw Mountain, battle of, 11!). 
 Kent, Isle of, 112. 
 
 Kentucky, settled, 260; admitted, 277; resolu- 
 tions, 281 ; in Civil War, 372. 
 Kernstown, battle of, 389. 
 Kettle Creek, battle of, 235. 
 Kidd, Captain, pirate. 187. 
 Kieft, Governor William, 96. 
 Kilpatrick, General, 421. 
 King Charles I., 190. 
 King George III., 205. 
 King George's War, 160. 
 King Philip's War, 144. 
 King, Rufus, 289. 
 King William's War, 159. 
 King's Mountain, battle of. 213. 
 Knyphausen, General, 224. 226. 
 Knox, General Henry, 271. 
 Kosciusko, General, 226, 230, 246. 
 
 Labor statistics. Bureau of, 448. 
 Labrador discovered, 61. 
 La Code, battle of, 299. 
 
 Lafayette, Marquis do, 226 ; visit to Washing- 
 ton, 313. 
 Lafitte, Baratarian leader, 306. 
 Lake Erie, battle of, 298. 
 Lake George, battle of, 173. 
 Lamar, Mirabeau B.. 339. 
 Lancaster, Pa.. Congress at, 227. 
 Lane, Joseph, 365. 
 Lane, Ralph, 70. 
 Langhorne, Captain, 304. 
 La Noche Triste, 30. 
 La Salle, 40, 181. 
 Laudonniere, 66. 
 Laurens, Henry, 218. 
 Law, John, 134. 
 Lawrence, Captain, 304. 
 Lee, Arthur, 231. 
 
Lee, General Chailcs, 232. 
 
 Lee, Genera] Fitzhngh, 121, 426, 452, 467. 
 
 Lee, Colonel Henry (.Light Horse Harry), 240, 
 241, 207. 
 
 Lee, General Robert E., his idea of loyalty, 371 ; 
 commands Virginia force's, 300 ; his cam- 
 paigns in Virginia. 301-3'.):), 423-429 ; obituary 
 of, 441. 
 
 Lee, Richard Henry, 206 ; Resolution of, 220. 
 
 Lee, General S. D., 407, 420. 
 
 Le Feboure, 163. 
 
 Leif Ericson, explorer, 61. 
 
 Leisler, Jacob, 158. 
 
 Leopard, British warship, 287. 
 
 Levant, British warship, 304. 
 
 Lewis, Meriwether, explorer, 286. 
 
 Lexington, battle of, 210. 
 
 Lexington, Ky., captured, 386. 
 
 Lexington, Mo., captured, 379. 
 
 Liberty Bell, 221. 
 
 Liberty, Statue of, 451. 
 
 Lincoln, Abraham, early life, in Congress, de- 
 bate with Douglas, etc.. 433 : nominated, 364 ; 
 as President, 427, 431-433 ; assassination of, 
 132. 
 
 Lincoln, General, 230, 236-238. 
 
 Little Belt, war vessel, surrendered, 203. 
 
 Little Bock, Ark., captured. 416. 
 
 Little Turtle, Indian chief, 275. 
 
 Livingston, Robert R., on Declaration Commit- 
 tee, 221 ; minister to France, 285. 
 
 Locke, Colonel Francis, 242. 
 
 Locke, John, 122. 
 
 Logan, John A., 448. 
 
 London Company, 75, 84. 
 
 Long Island, battle of, 224. 
 
 Longstreet, General James, 392, 396, 416, 418. 
 
 Lookout Mountain, battle of, 417. 
 
 Lords Proprietors, 120. 
 
 London, Lord, 175. 
 
 Louisburg captured, 160. 
 
 Louisiana explored and named, 42 ; settled, 131- 
 134 ; ceded to Spain, 17S ; re-ceded to France, 
 285 ; territory purchased, 285 : admitted, 307 : 
 slavery in, 352 : secedes, 366 : readmitted, 
 436. 
 
 Lowndes, William, 203. 
 
 Loyalty, question of, 371. 
 
 Lundy's Lane, battle of, 300. 
 
 Lyman, General, 173. 
 
 Lyon, General, 378. 
 
 Lyttleton, Governor, 179. 
 
 McClellan, General G. B., 372, 373, I 
 151. 
 
 McCormick's reaper, 318. 
 McCullough, General, 378, 380. 
 
 I::'-'. 
 
 Macdonough, Commodore Thomas, 301. 
 
 Macedonian, British frigate. 304, 
 
 McDowell, Genera] Irwin, 373, 374, 389. 
 
 Mackay. Colonel. 140. 
 
 Mackay, Lieutenant, 164. 
 
 Mcintosh, General, 380. 
 
 McKinley Bill, 458, 459. 
 
 McKinley, William, President, 406-474. 
 
 Macomb, General, 300, 301. 
 
 Macpherson, General J. B., 417, 419. 
 
 Madison. James. 207, 2;2 ; President, 280. 
 
 Mad,,-, early voyager, 60. 
 
 Maria, Italian society, 457. 
 
 Matlitt, Captain J. N., 413. 
 
 Magaw, Colonel, 224. 
 
 Magellan, 28. 
 
 Magruder, General J. B., 374, 380, 408. 
 
 Maguaga, battle of. 200. 
 
 Maine, settled, 107 ; admitted, 313. 
 
 Maine, battleship, 467. 
 
 Maitland, Colonel, 230. 
 
 Mallory, Stephen B., 307. 
 
 Malvern Hill, battle of, 391. 
 
 Manassas, rtist battle of. 375; second battle of, 
 392. 
 
 Mandeville, John. 6. 
 
 Manhattan Island sellled, 01. 
 
 Mansfield, battle of, 410. 
 
 Manufactures, Hamilton on, 272 ; and protec- 
 tion, 323. 
 
 Marco, Father. 32. 
 
 Marion. General Francis, 240. 
 
 Marquette, Father, 40. 
 
 Marshall, Colonel, 346. 
 
 Marshall, John. 280. 
 
 Maryland named. 112 ; settled, 112. 
 
 Mason and Dixon's line, 114. 
 
 Mason, George, 257, 265. 
 
 Mason, James M., 431. 
 
 Mas, ,ii. Captain John, 107. 143. 
 
 Massachusetts Bay Company, 101. 255. 
 
 Massachusetts, explored, 73; charter of, 104; 
 cedes land, 270 ; favors nullification, 288. 
 
 Massasoit, Indian chief, 102. 
 
 Matagorda Bay, 132. 
 
 Mather, Cotton, 155. 
 
 Mather, Increase, 155. 
 
 Maumee, battle of, 275. 
 
 Maurepas, Lake, 132. 
 
 Maury, Lieutenant M. F., 356. 
 
 Maximilian in Mexico, 432. 
 
 Mayflower Compact. 100, 255. 
 
 Mayflower, ship, 99. 
 
 Maynard, Lieutenant, 187. 
 
 Meade, General George G., 396, 398, 423. 
 
 Mecklenburg Declarati >f Independence, 220. 
 
 Memminger, Charles «... 367. 
 
Menendez, Spanish officer, 66 ; massacres the 
 
 French, 07. 
 Mendoza, Antonio de, 32. 
 Merritt, Major-General W., 472. 
 Mexican War, 342-348. 
 Mexico, discovered, 28 ; conquered, 28 ; origin 
 
 of name, 47 ; war with Texas, 330 ; revolution 
 
 in, 432. 
 Micancopy, Indian chief, 319. 
 Michigan, admitted, 317. 
 Miles, Major-General N. A., 472. 
 Military Act, 430. 
 Mill Springs, battle of, 382. 
 Miller, Colonel, 290. 
 Minnesota admitted, 358. 
 Minuit, Peter, 96. 
 Minute men, 210. 
 Missionary Ridge, battle of, 418. 
 Mississippi Company, 134. 
 Mississippi River, discovered, 33, 40 ; explored. 
 
 40, 41 ; mouth of, reached by La Salle, 42 ; 
 
 free navigation of, 285; in Civil War, 405. 
 Mississippi, State of, explored, 132 ; admitted, 
 
 313 ; secedes, 300 ; readmitted, 442. 
 Missouri, admitted, 313 ; Compromise, 314, 353- 
 
 356. 
 Mobile settled, 132 : attacked, 409. 
 Modoc War, 441, 443. 
 Molino del Rey, battle of. 347. 
 Monckton, Colonel, 172. 
 Monk's Corner, battle of, 237. 
 Monitor, war vessel, 403, 405. 
 Monmouth, battle of, 232. 
 Monroe, James, Commissioner to France, 285 ; 
 
 President, 310-313. 
 Montana admitted, 457. 
 Montcalm, General, 174-177. 
 Monterey, battle of, 345. 
 Montezuma, Aztec king, 20. 
 Montgomery, Confederate capital, 306. 
 Montgomery. Colonel. 1st. 
 Montgomery. General Richard, 210. 
 Montiano, Governor, 104. 
 Montreal captured, 177. 
 Moore, Colonel, 242. 
 Moore, Governor, 123, 103. 
 Moore's Creek Bridge, battle of, 217. 
 Morgan, General Daniel. 210, 230, 210. 
 Morgan, General John II., 410. 
 Mormons, 383. 
 Morris, Robert, 256. 
 Morristovvn Heights, 226. 
 Morse, Rebecca, 156. 
 Morse, S. F. B., inventor, 840, 
 Morton, Levi P., Vice-President, 454. 
 Mount Vernon, 313. 
 Moultrie, Colonel, 217, 230. 
 
 Mound-builders, 56. 
 Munfordville, battle of, 386. 
 Murfreesboro, battle of, 415. 
 
 Napoleon, 285, 286, 306. 
 
 Narragansett Indians, 52, 140, 145. 
 
 Narvaez, Spanish explorer, 26. 
 
 Nashville, battle of, 421. 
 
 Natchez Indians, 51, 53, 148. 
 
 Natchez War, 148. 
 
 Natchitoches, 133. 
 
 National Republican party, 315. 
 
 Navigation Acts, 198. 
 
 Navy Department organized, 280. 
 
 Nebraska admitted, 437. 
 
 Nelson, Thomas, 218. 
 
 Nelson, Governor, 248. 
 
 Nevada admitted, 432. 
 
 New Albion (Oregon), 45. 
 
 New Amsterdam settled, 04. 
 
 .New Berne settled, 140; massacre at, 148. 
 
 Newfoundland discovered, 21. 
 
 New France settled and named, 30. 
 
 New Hampshire settled and named, 107, 108. 
 
 New Jersey, settled, 96 ; a royal province, 97. 
 
 New Market, battle of, 424, 425. 
 
 New Mexico, explored, 32 ; Territory, 344. 
 
 New Netherland settled, 95, 90. 
 
 New Orleans, founded, 134 ; battle of, 306, 307 ; 
 captured, 406. 
 
 Newport, < Japtain, 78, 83, 85. 
 
 Newport founded, 109. 
 
 New Spain, 27, 31. 
 
 New Sweden settled, 96. 
 
 Newtonia, battle of, 416. 
 
 New York, settled by the Dutch, 04 ; English 
 possession of, 96 ; named, 07 ; cedes territory, 
 276. 
 
 New York City, colonial congress in, 159 ; cap 
 tured, 224 ; Federal capital, 207. 
 
 Nez Perce Indians, 446. 
 
 Nicholson, Governor, 158. 
 
 Nicholson, South Carolina governor, 123. 
 
 Nicollet, explorer, 30. 
 
 Nina, 14. 
 
 Ninety-Six, battle of, 246. 
 
 Nonconformists, 90. 
 
 Non-intercourse Act, 288. 
 
 Norsemen, discoverers, 50. 
 
 North Carolina, explored, 69; settled, [20; 
 cedes land, 259, 276; secedes, 371; read- 
 mitted, 436. 
 
 North Dakota admitted, 457. 
 
 North, Lord, 808, 210. 
 
 Northwest passage, search for, 43, 44. 
 
 Northwest Territory, conquest of, 232 ; organ- 
 ized, 876, 
 
Nullification, doctrine of, 388 ; Ordinance of, 
 
 320. 
 Nunez, Alvar, 86. 
 
 Oglethorpe, .lames, 126, 1C3, 164. 
 < ihin Company, 167. 
 Ohio, admission of, 284. 
 Ojeda, 23. 
 Oklahoma, 457. 
 Olustee, battle of, 418. 
 Omnibus Bill, 355. 
 t mate, Juan de, 32. 
 
 Opecancanough, Indian chief, 83, 141. 
 Orders in Council, 286. 
 Ordinance of 1787, 258. 
 
 Oregon discovered, 45 ; explored, 286; bound- 
 ary treaties, 312, 341 ; admitted, 358. 
 Oriskany, battle of, 230. 
 Orinoco River, 20. 
 Osceola, Indian chief, 319. 
 Otis, Major-General E. S., 474. 
 Otis, James, 197. 
 Ouconostota, Indian chief, 180. 
 
 Pacific Ocean discovered, 28. 
 
 Pacific railroads built, 441. 
 
 Pakenham, Sir Edward, 306. 
 
 Palmetto State. Confederate ram, 405. 
 
 Palo Alto, battle of, 343. 
 
 Pan-American Congress, 456. 
 
 Palos, 12. 
 
 Panic of 1837, 329 ; of 1873, 444 ; of 1893, 460. 
 
 Parker, Admiral II., 235. 
 
 Parker. Captain, 210. 
 
 Parker, Sir Peter, 217. 
 
 Parliament, English, 200. 
 
 Parris, Samuel, 156. 
 
 Partisan warfare and leaders, 240. 
 
 Patriot War, 331. 
 
 Patriots, American, 2213, 238, 240. 
 
 Patroons, 95. 
 
 Patterson, Oeneral. 373. 
 
 Paulding, Patriot, 238. 
 
 Pea Ridge, battle of, 380. 
 
 Peacock, British brig, 304, 306. 
 
 Pearce, General, 378. 
 
 Pelican, British sloop, 305. 
 
 Pendleton, George 11.. 432. lit;. 
 
 Penguin, British war-vessel. 3011. 
 
 Penn, William, 115 ; his treaty, 116. 
 
 Pennsylvania, settlement of, llti. 
 
 "Pennsylvania Line," revolt, of, 250. 
 
 People's party, 159, 403. 
 
 Pepperel, General, 160. 
 
 Pequol Indians, 143. 
 
 Pequot War, 1 13. 
 
 Peri \, George, \ irginia governor, 85. 
 
 Perestrello, Portuguese navigator, 8. 
 
 Perier, General, 148. 
 
 Perry, Commodore, 297, 298. 
 
 Perryville, battle of, 386. 
 
 Personal Liberty Bills. 302. 
 
 Peru, ancient, conquest of. 30. 
 
 Petersburg besieged, 427 ; evacuated, 428. 
 
 Pettigrew, General, 398. 
 
 Philadelphia, founded, 116; entered by British, 
 227 ; constitutional convention at, 262 : Fed- 
 eral capital, 274. 
 
 Philadelphia, frigate. 2S0. 
 
 Philip, son of Massasoit, 144. 
 
 Philips, General, 231. 
 
 Phips, Sir William, 159. 
 
 Phoebe, British war-vessel, 305. 
 
 Phoenicians, discoverers. 59. 
 
 Pickens. General, 235, 240,241. 
 
 Pickett, General George E., 398. 
 
 Pierce, Franklin, President, 358. 
 
 Piggott, General, 215. 
 
 Pike, General Albert, 380. 
 
 Pike. General Zebulon, 298. 
 
 Pilgrims, origin of, 100 ; landing of, 100. 
 
 Pillow, General, 347. 
 
 Pinckney, Charles C, 880, 282, 289. 
 
 Pineda, explorer, 28. 
 
 Pinta, 14. 
 
 Piu/.ous. Spanish uavigators, 14. 
 
 Pirates, in colonial times, 187 ; of Barbary, 886. 
 
 Pitcairn, Major, 210. 
 
 Pitt, William. 175. 
 
 Pittsburg, city of, named, 177. 
 
 Pizarro, Francisco, 30. 
 
 Plains of Abraham, 177. 
 
 Plattsburg, battle of, 301. 
 
 Pleasant Hill, battle of, 410. 
 
 Pleasanton, General, 421. 
 
 Plymouth, Company and charter, 75 ; Colony 
 and settlement, 100 ; Rock, 100. 
 
 Pocahontas, 83. 
 
 Pocotaligo Massacre, 1 19. 
 
 Political thought, centers of, 198. 
 
 Political parties, origin of. 279. 
 
 Polk, General Leonidas, 380, 382, 385, (l'.i. 
 
 Polk, James K., President, 333-341. 
 
 Polo, Marco, 15. 
 
 Ponce de Leon, 25. 
 
 Pontchartrain, Lake, 132. 
 
 Pontiac, Indian chief, 1S1 ; his war, 1S1. 
 
 Pope, Oeneral John, 391. 392, 100. 
 
 Popham Colony, 75. 
 
 Pophani, George, 75 ; Sir John, 75. 
 
 Port Bill, Boston, 208. 
 
 Port Hudson, captured, 10S. 
 
 Port Royal, N. s., settled. 36; captured and 
 named Annapolis. 100. 
 
Port Royal, S. C, settled. 00 ; captured, 403. 
 41*. 
 
 Port Republic, battle of, 390. 
 
 Porter, Captain, 303,306. 
 
 Porter, Admiral David I)., 405, 407, 409. 
 
 Porto Rico, 25. 
 
 Portuguese sailors, 0. 
 
 Postal Department established. 856. 
 
 Routrincourt, French explorer, 36. 
 
 Power loom invented, 324. 
 
 Powhatan. Indian chief, 83. 140, 141. 
 
 Prairie Grove, battle of. 416. 
 
 Preble, Commodore. 886. 
 
 Prescott, General, 815. 
 
 President, U. 8. frigate, 293. 
 
 Presidential el' «icn, methods of, discussed, 264. 
 
 Presidentai accession, 453. 
 
 Prevost, General, 030. 299, 301. 
 
 Price, Genera] Stirling, 378,384. 
 
 Prideaux, General, 176. 
 
 Prima Vista, 22. 
 
 Princeton, battle of, 226. 
 
 Pring, Martin, 74. 
 
 Printing press, improved, 340. 
 
 Proctor, General, 396, 398. 
 
 Prophet, Indian chief, 292. 
 
 Protestants, branch of Church, 65. 
 
 Providence founded, 109. 
 
 Province denned, 254. 
 
 Pueblos. Indian race, 58. 
 
 Pulaski, Count, 226, 236. 
 
 Puritans, origin of, 99 ; intolerance of, 105 ; con- 
 trasted with Cavaliers. 190. 
 
 Putnam, General, 212, 215, 224. 
 
 Quakers, settlement of, 115-117. 
 Quebec ruptured, 177 ; expedition to, 216. 
 Queen Anne's War, 100. 102. 
 Queenstown, battle of, 296. 
 
 Rahl, Colonel, 225. 
 
 Railroad, first, 315. 318 ; 'strikes, 446, 462. 
 
 Raisin River Massacre, 298. 
 
 Raleigh, Sir Walter, 69, 70. 
 
 Raleigh Tavern, 203. 
 
 Ramsour's Mill, battle of, 242. 
 
 Randolph, Edmund, 203, 271. 
 
 Randolph, Peyton, 208. 
 
 RatclifE, John, 78. 
 
 Rawdon, Lord, 238, 246. 
 
 Reagan, J. H., 367. 
 
 Reciprocity in trade, 458, 459. 
 
 Reconstruction policy, 
 
 Red River expedition, 410. 
 
 Regicides, English, 191. 
 
 Regulating Act, 208. 
 
 Regulators, Texas, 206. 
 
 Reid, Whitelaw. 459. 
 
 Reindeer, war vessel, 306. 
 
 RensBelaer, Stephen Y., 296. 
 
 Republican party, 303. 
 
 Resaca de la Palma, battle of, 343. 
 
 Resaca, Ga., battle of, 419. 
 
 Reserve fund. 461. 
 
 Resumption of specie payment, 461. 
 
 Revenue Act, Townshend, 203. 
 
 Revere, Paul, 211. 
 
 Revolution of 1088, 159. 
 
 Rhett, Colonel William. 103, 187. 
 
 Rhode Island, settled. 109 ; charter. 109 ; expedi- 
 tion. 232 : ratifies the Constitution, 207. 
 
 Riall, General, 300. 
 
 Ribault, John, 66. 
 
 Rice, culture introduced, 186 ; as money, 186. 
 
 Richmond, explored, 78 ; Confederate capital, 
 372 ; campaigns against, 388. 393. 423 ; evac- 
 uated. 42S. 
 
 Richmond, Ky., battle of, 385. 
 
 Riedesel, General. 220, 231. 
 
 Ripley. General, 300. 
 
 River of May. 00. 
 
 Roanoke Island, settled, 70 ; captured, 403. 
 
 Roanoke Massacre, 148. 
 
 Robertson, James, 260. 
 
 Robertson, J. W., Lieutenant-Governor, 339. 
 
 Rodgers, Commodore, 293. 
 
 Rolfe, John, 83, ia5. 
 
 Rosecrans, General W. s.. 384, 385, 414-417. 
 
 Ross, British general, 305. 
 
 Russell, Jonathan, commissioner, 307. 
 
 Russia, peace mediator, 300. 
 
 Rutledge, John, President of South Carolina, 218; 
 delegate, 262. 
 
 Rutledge, Lieutenant John, 405. 
 
 Sabine Pass, battle of, 409. 
 Sackett's Harbor, defense of, 299. 
 Sacramento Creek, battle of, 345. 
 Sagadahoc River (Kennebec), 74. 
 St. Augustine founded. 60. 
 St. Clair, General, 275. 
 St. Lawrence, Gulf of, explored, 30. 
 st. Leger, General, 230. 
 St. Mary's settlement, 112. 
 Salamanca, Council of, 12. 
 Salmon Falls Massacre. 159. 
 Salzburgers, colonists, 128. 
 Samoan controversy. 157. 
 Saruoset, Indian chief, 102. 
 Sampson, Rear- Admiral W. T., 468. 
 Sander's Creek, battle of, 238. 
 San Felipe Convention. 338. 
 San Jacinto, battle of, 339. 
 San Jacinto, warship, 431. 
 
San Salvador discovered, 17. 
 
 Santa Anna, General, 337, 339, 345, 347. 
 
 Santa Fe. founded, 32; expedition and capture 
 of, 341. 
 
 Santa Maria. 14. 
 
 Saratoga, battles of, 230, 231. 
 Indian chief. 143. 
 founded, 127 ; captured, 231 ; be- 
 sieged, 236 : evacuated, 423. 
 
 Saybrook founded, 108. 
 
 Sayle, William, 122. 
 
 Shafter, Major-General W, R., 473. 
 
 Schenectady Massacre, 159. 
 
 Schley, Rear-Admiral W. S., 468. 
 
 Schofield, General, 417, 420. 
 
 Schuyler. General, 230. 
 
 Scott, General Winfield, 300, 347. 348, 359, 375. 
 
 Screw propeller introduced. 31S. 
 
 Secession of Southern States, 366. 
 
 Sectional antagonism, 314, 350. 
 
 Sedgwick, General. 393, 394. 
 
 Seminole War, 311, 319. 
 
 Semmes, Admiral Raphael, 411. 
 
 Separatists, 99. 
 
 Seven Days' Battles, 391. 
 
 Seven Pines, battle of, 389. 
 
 Sevier, Colonel John, 243, 259. 
 
 Sewall, Arthur, 463. 
 
 Seward, W. H., 368. 
 
 Sewing machine invented, 340. 
 
 Seymour. Horatio, 438. 
 
 Seymour. General Truman, 418. 
 
 Shannon. British frigate, 304. 
 
 Sharpsburg, battle of, 392. 
 
 Shawnee War. 292. 
 
 Shays's Rebellion, 259. 
 
 Shelby, Colonel Isaac, 260. 
 
 Sheridan, General P. H., 421, 425, 426, 428, 452. 
 
 Sherman. General W. T., 370, 417-422, 429, 452. 
 
 Sherman. Roger, 221. 
 
 Shields, General, 389. 
 
 Shiloh, battle of, 384. 
 
 Shirley, General, 173. 
 
 Sibley's brigade, 378. 
 
 Sigel, General, 378, 423. 
 
 Silver legislation, 461, 462. 
 
 Sioux War, 441, 443. 
 
 Sitting Bull, Sioux chief, 443. 
 
 Skipvvith, Governor Pulwar, 312. 
 
 Slavery, introduced, 89 ; affecting Southern in- 
 dustries. 191 ; in the Constitution, 264, 432 ; in 
 Texas, 339 ; growing opposition to, 350-357 ; 
 abolition of, 435. 
 
 Slater, Samuel, cotton millwright, 324. 
 
 Slemme'r, Lieuteuant, 367. 
 
 Slid.ll. John, 431. 
 
 Smith, General C. F., 380. 
 
 Smith, General E. Kirby, 374. 376. 385, 429. 
 Smith. Governor Henry, 339. 
 Smith, Captain John. 78, 82, 83, 255. 
 Smith, Joseph. Mormon, 333. 
 Smithsonian Institution, 341. 
 Smyth, General Alexander, 296. 
 Snorri, Norse child, 61. 
 Somers, Sir George. 85, 86. 
 
 South Carolina, settled, 120 ; revolution of 1719, 
 123; organized as a State, 218; cedes land, 
 276 ; passes Nullification Ordinance, 326 : se- 
 cedes, 36i; ; readmitted, 430. 
 South Dakota admitted, 457. 
 South Mountain, battle of, 392. 
 Sovereignty explained. 252. 
 Spain, war with (1739), 163 ; war with (1898), 
 
 468. 
 Speedwell, ship, 99. 
 Spoils system, 320. 
 Spoliation claims, 286. 
 Spottswood, Governor, 148, 187. 
 Spottsylvania, battle of, 421. 
 
 Squanto, Indian, 102. 
 
 Squatter sovereignty, 356, 303, 365. 
 
 Stamp Act, 200-203. 
 
 Standish, Captain Miles, 100. 
 
 Stanton, Edwin M., Secretary of War, 437. 
 
 Stark, Colonel John, 211, 230. 
 
 Star of tlie West, steamer, 368. 
 
 State defined, 254. 
 
 State rights, 266. 
 
 Steamboat, first, 287. 
 
 Steamship, first, 313. 
 
 Steele. General Frederick, 416. 
 
 Stephens, Alexander II., Confederate Vice-Presi- 
 dent, 367. 
 
 Steuben, Baron, 226, 228. 
 
 Stevenson, Adlai E., 459. 
 
 Stewart, General A. P., 420. 
 
 Stirling, General, 224. 
 
 Stockton, Commodore, 344. 
 
 Stoddert, Benjamin, Secretary of Navy, 280. 
 
 Stoneman, General, 393, 421. 
 
 Stono Ferry, battle of, 236. 
 
 Stuart, General J. E. B., 421, 426. 
 
 Stuvvesant, Peter, 96. 
 
 Subtreasury system, 331. 
 
 Suffrage, universal, 265. 
 
 Sullivan, General, at Long Island, 224 ; expedi- 
 tion of, 233, 235. 
 
 Sumter, General, 240, 241, 243. 
 
 Sumter, Confederate cruiser, 412. 
 
 Supreme Court, organized, 271. 
 
 Surplus, Treasury, 460. 
 
 Sutherland, Lieutenant, 164. 
 
 Swansea Massacre, 144. 
 
 Swedish settlements, 96. 
 
Talladega, battle of, 300. 
 
 Tallahassee, Confederate cruiser, 413. 
 
 Tariff, first levied, 274 ; defined and classified, 
 322 ; of 1824, 325 ; of 1832, 321, 326 ; under 
 Cleveland, 453, 461 . 
 
 Tarleton, Colonel, 237, 241, 243, 245. 
 
 Taxation without representation, 200-203. 
 
 Taxes defined, 321, 322. 
 
 Taylor, General Richard, 410, 416. 
 
 Taylor, General Zachary, 343-346; President, 
 358. 
 
 Tea tax, 203. 
 
 Teach, pirate, 187. 
 
 Tecumseh, Indian chief, 292, 296, 298. 
 
 Telegraph, first, 340. 
 
 Tennessee, settled, 260 ; admitted, 276 ; secedes, 
 371 ; readmitted, 436. 
 
 Tenochtitlan, Mexican capital, 48. 
 
 Tenure of Office Act, 437. 
 
 Territory, South of the Ohio, 276. 
 
 Territory, State cessions of,-276. 
 
 Texas, exploration of, 132 ; colonized, 337 ; rev- 
 olution and independence, 338. 339 ; annexed 
 and admitted, 340 : secedes. 367 : readmitted, 
 442. 
 
 Thames, battle of, 298. 
 
 Thirteenth Amendment, 435: Appendix, xix. 
 
 Thomas, General George H., 372, 382, 420. 
 
 Thomas, General Philemon, 312. 
 
 Thomas, Senator, 314. 
 
 Thornton Massacre, 343. 
 
 Thurman, Allen (... 454. 
 
 Ticonderoga captured, 176, 212. 
 
 Tildcn, Samuel J., 444, 451. 
 
 Tobacco, culture of, 88, 185 ; as money, 186. 
 
 Tolerance, religious. 65. 
 
 TolteCS, Indian race, 47. 
 
 Tomochichi, Indian chief, 127, 128. 
 
 Tonty, Henri de. 40. 
 
 Toombs, Robert, 367. 
 
 Tories, American, 226, 230, 235, £38. 
 
 Townshend, chancellor. 203. 
 
 Travis, Colonel W. B.. 336. 
 
 Treaty, Penn's, 1 16 ; of Rvswiek, 160 ; of Utrecht, 
 160; of Aix-la-Chapelle, 160; of Paris, 178; 
 of Oswego, 181 ; of Paris, 249 ; with France, 
 232, 281; Jay's, 275; witli Spain. 876; of 
 Ildefonso, 285; of Ghent, 307; with Spain. 
 312; with Creek Indians, 315: Webster-Ash- 
 burton, 332 ; with Texas, 339 ; with Mexico, 
 348 ; with Japan. 358 : of Washington, 442 ; 
 Northwest Boundary. 341 ; Samoan, 457; with 
 Spain, 473. 
 
 Trent affair, 431. 
 
 Trenton, battle of. 225. 
 
 Truxton. Commodore, 280. 
 
 Tryon, Commodore, 235. 
 
 Tucker, Captain John R., 405. 
 
 Tupelo, Miss., 384. 
 
 Tuscarora, Indians, 146 ; War, 147. 
 
 Twelfth Amendment, 282 ; text of, Appendix, 
 
 xviii. 
 Twiggs, General, 347. 
 Tyler, John, President, 3C2-340. 
 
 "Uncle Tom's Cabin," 355. 
 Underground Railroad, 362. 
 United States Bank, 274, 320, 330. 
 I'rrea. Mexican general, 337. 
 Utah, settled, 333 : admitted, 460. 
 
 Vaca, Cabeza de, 26. 
 
 Valencia, General, 347. 
 
 Valley Forge, army at, 228. 
 
 Valley campaign, Shenandoah, 389. 
 
 Valverde, battle of, 378. 
 
 Van Buren, Martin, President. 329-331. 
 
 Van Dorn, General Earl, 379, 384, 407, 415. 
 
 Van Home, Major, 295. 
 
 Van Rensselaer, General, 296. 
 
 Van Twiller, Wouter, 96. 
 
 Van Wert, Patriot, 238. 
 
 Velasquez, Governor, 28. 
 
 Venezuela controversy, 460. 
 
 Vera Cruz, battle of, 347. 
 
 Vermont admitted, 276. 
 
 Verrazauo, 35. 
 
 Vespucius, Americus, 23. 
 
 Vicksburg besieged and captured. 407, 408, 416. 
 
 Vikings, discoveries by, 60. 
 
 Vinland, 61. 
 
 Virginia, explored, 69; named. 70; settled, 77- 
 89; charters, 74, 84, 85 ; intellectual and social 
 development in, 192 : adopts a constitution, 
 218; Bill of Rights. 257 : cedes land, 258, 276 ; 
 Resolutions of 1798, 281 ; secedes, 371 ; read- 
 mitted, 442. 
 
 Virginia, Confederate ram, 403. 
 
 Von Heister, General, 221, 226. 
 
 Waddell, Captain James I., 413. 
 Waldsee-.Muller, geographer, 23. 
 Walker, Leroy P., 367. 
 Walker, General W. II. T., 419. 
 Wallace, General Lewis, 425. 
 Walloons, Dutch Protestants, 96. 
 Walthall, General E. ('., 421. 
 Ward, General Artemus, 214. 
 Wardwell. Samuel, 156. 
 Warner, Seth, 212. 
 War of 1812, cause of, 294. 
 War with Tripoli, 286. 
 Warren, General, 160. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Washington, George, youthful mission of, 167- 
 169 ; commander-in-chief, 213 ; at Dorchester 
 Heights, 216 ; at New York, 224 ; crosses the 
 Delaware, 224 ; presides over Constitutional 
 Convention, 263 ; elected President, 267 ; in- 
 augurated, 271 ; death of, 281. 
 
 Washington, Colonel William, 245. 
 
 Washington < ity, made the capital, 882 ; cap- 
 tured by British, 305. 
 
 Washington (Texas) Convention, 339. 
 
 Washington Territory, admitted, 457. 
 
 Wa^p. frigate, 304, 306. 
 
 Watson, Thomas B., 464. 
 
 Waxhaw, battle of. 242. 
 
 Wayne, General Anthony, 235, 275. 
 
 Weatherford, Indian chief, 300. 
 
 Webster, Daniel, 332. 
 
 West. Governor Joseph, 123. 
 
 West Fieri. la. State of, 312. 
 
 West India Company. 95. 
 
 West Virginia admitted, 432. 
 
 Weymouth^ George, 74. 
 
 Wheeler. General Joseph H., 416, 420, 421, 477. 
 
 Wheeler, W. A.. 444. 
 
 Whig party, 329, 331. 
 
 Whisky Rebellion, 274. 
 
 White, Governor John, 72. 
 
 White Apple village, 1 18. 
 
 White Plains, battle of. 224. 
 
 Whitney. Eli, inventor, 324. 
 
 Wilcox, General, 398. 
 
 •■ Wild cat " hanks, 330. 
 
 Wilderness, battle of, 124. 
 
 Wilkinson, General .lames, 299. 
 
 William and Mary College, 192. 
 
 Williams, Colonel. 173. 
 
 Williams. Patriot, 2J 8. 
 
 Williams, Roger, 105, 109. 
 
 Williamsburg, battle of, 389. 
 
 Wilmot Proviso, 354. 
 
 Wilson's Creek, battle of, 379. 
 
 Wilson Tariff Law, 461. 
 
 Winchester, battle of, 425, 426. 
 
 Winchester, General, 290, 298. 
 
 Winder, General, 299. 
 
 Windsor, Connecticut, settled, 108. 
 
 Windsor, General, 300. 
 
 Wingfield, Edward. 78. 
 
 Winthrop, General, 159. 
 
 Winthrop, John, 104. 
 
 Wisconsin, explored, 41 ; admitted, 340. 
 
 Witchcraft, Salem, 155-157. 
 
 Wolfe, General, 176. 
 
 Wood. Commander J. T.. 413. 
 
 Wool, General, 343, 345. 
 
 World's Exposition, New Orleans, 447. 
 
 Worth, General. 345. 347. 
 
 Writs of Assistance, 197. 
 
 Wyatt. Sir Francis, 92, 
 
 Wyoming Massacre. £35. 
 
 Wyoming admitted, 457. 
 
 Yeamans, sir .John. 122. 
 Yeardly, Governor, 91. 
 
 Yell. Colonel. 340. 
 Yellow fever, lit;. 
 Yellow Tavern, battle of, 120. 
 , i emassee, [ndians, 148 : war, 148. 
 York. Canada, captured. 298. 
 York, Duke of, 97, 118. 
 York, Pa., Congress at, 227. 
 Yorktown, siege of, 248; 1862, 389 
 Young, Brigham. 333. 
 
 Zavalla, Lorenzo de. 339. 
 Zollicoffer, General, 302. 
 
AIDS TO THE STUDY OF HISTORY 
 
 HISTORICAL NOVELS, read at home by the 
 pupils, will awaken an interest in the study of 
 history and help to fix leading facts in their 
 memory. The famous Committee of Ten of the 
 National Educational Association recommend that the 
 teaching of history "should be intimately connected with 
 the teaching of English * * * by reading historical 
 sketches, biographies and novels outside of the class 
 work." In following these suggestions there are three 
 practical difficulties : ist. The pupil cannot afford to 
 buy a sufficient number of complete novels. 2d. He 
 has not time to spare for reading complete novels. 
 3d. Even the best of novels contain details of no his- 
 torical value, and often questionable incidents. 
 
 We have removed these difficulties by condensing 
 a number of standard historical novels. We have cut 
 out dry, tedious details and questionable incidents, but 
 have left, in the author's exact language, a story so 
 complete that the pupil does not notice the eliminations ; 
 so brief that he can read many of them, and so cheap 
 that he can afford to buy them. The introduction 
 of each volume gives a map and a brief historical 
 sketch of the true history of the period upon which 
 the story is based. The following numbers of the 
 Standard Literature Series are recommended : 
 
 1. Tales of the Alhambra — the introduction con- 
 taining a brief history of Spain — may be read while the 
 class is studying the voyages of Columbus and the 
 Spanish settlements. Paper, 12/2 cents. 
 
2. Westward Ho ! may be read with the voyages 
 of Drake. Paper, 20 cents. 
 
 3. Kenilworth may be read with the attempt at 
 settlements in Virginia. Paper, 20 cents. 
 
 4. The Last of the Mohicans, with the French 
 and Indian war. Paper, 20 cents. 
 
 5. Knickerbocker Stories relate to Dutch rule 
 in New York. Paper, 12^ cents. 
 
 6. The Water Witch may be read in connection 
 with Queen Anne's war. Paper, 20 cents. 
 
 7. The Yemassee, in connection with the Caro- 
 linas. Paper, 20 cents. 
 
 8. The Deerslayer and The Last of the flohi= 
 cans should be read in connection with the French and 
 Indian war. Paper, 20 cents. 
 
 9. The Spy, in connection with the Revolution : 
 Operations about New York. Paper, 12^ cents. 
 
 10. Horse=Shoe Robinson, in connection with 
 the Revolution: Operations in the Carolinas. Paper, 
 20 cents. 
 
 11. The Pilot, in connection with naval opera- 
 tions during the Revolution. Paper, 20 cents. 
 
 12. Ninety=Three should be read in connection 
 with Washington's administration when the French 
 Revolution was in progress. The introduction to this 
 volume gives a history of that Revolution, which was 
 such a prominent factor in our politics during Washing- 
 ton's administration and which led to the War of 181 2. 
 Paper, 20 cents. 
 
 The complete set of 12 volumes will be sent by mail, postage 
 prepaid, to any teacher, for $1.75, cash with order. 
 
 UNIVERSITY PUBLISHING COHPANY 
 43=47 East Tenth Street, NEW YORK 
 
First on the list of books recommended by the History 
 Committee of the United Confederate Veterans. 
 
 HANSELL'S HISTORIES 
 
 ARE THE ADOPTED BOOKS 
 
 FOR 
 
 The State of Louisiana, 
 
 The State of North Carolina, 
 
 The State of South Carolina, 
 
 AND FOR MANY OF THE COUNTIES OF 
 
 Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi* 
 
 Hansen's School History of the United States, . .60 
 Hansen's Higher History of the United States, . $1.00 
 
MAURY'S GEOGRAPHIES 
 
 Have Been ADOPTED by the Following Cities 
 and Counties in Virginia Since August I, 1898: 
 
 ALEXANDRIA 
 BRISTOL 
 
 BUENA VISTA 
 DANVILLE 
 NORFOLK 
 
 THE CITIES OF... 
 
 PORTSMOUTH 
 RADFORD 
 
 RICHMOND 
 
 (Maury's Elementary Geography) 
 WILLIAMSBURG 
 
 PETERSBURG 
 
 WINCHESTER 
 
 .THE COUNTIES OF. 
 
 Albemarle 
 
 Fairfax 
 
 Lee 
 
 Princess Anne 
 
 Alexandria 
 
 Floyd 
 
 Loudoun 
 
 Pulaski 
 
 Alleghany 
 
 Fluvanna 
 
 Louisa 
 
 Rappahannock 
 
 Amelia 
 
 Franklin 
 
 Lunenburg 
 
 Roanoke 
 
 Amherst 
 
 Frederick 
 
 Madison 
 
 Rockbridge 
 
 Augusta 
 
 Giles 
 
 Mathews 
 
 Rockingham 
 
 Bath 
 
 Gloucester 
 
 Mecklenburg 
 
 Russell 
 
 Bedford 
 
 Goochland 
 
 Middlesex 
 
 Scott 
 
 Bland 
 
 Grayson 
 
 Montgomery 
 
 Smyth 
 
 Botetourt 
 
 Greene 
 
 Nansemond 
 
 Southampton 
 
 Brunswick 
 
 Greensville 
 
 Nelson 
 
 Stafford 
 
 Campbell 
 
 Halifax 
 
 New Kent 
 
 Surry 
 
 Caroline 
 
 Hanover 
 
 Nottoway 
 
 Sussex 
 
 Carroll 
 
 Henrico 
 
 Orange 
 
 Tazewell 
 
 Charles City 
 
 Henry 
 
 Page 
 
 Warren 
 
 Charlotte 
 
 Highland 
 
 Patrick 
 
 Warwick 
 
 Chesterfield 
 
 Isle of Wight 
 
 Pittsylvania 
 
 Washington 
 
 Craig 
 
 James City 
 
 Prince Edward 
 
 Wise 
 
 Dickenson 
 
 King & Queen 
 
 Prince George 
 
 Wythe 
 
 Dinwiddie 
 
 King George 
 
 Prince William 
 
 York 
 
 Essex 
 
 King William 
 
 
 
 *5S-5 9&&&€€€€€6«* 
 
 Maury's books teach geography, and are not mere picture- 
 books, full of fanciful theories and incorrect statements. They 
 have stood the "test" of the schoolroom. There is no series 
 published which is so fully " up-to-date." 
 
 6 3$