SBZH9 U5& J&36 SB 249 U58 1836 Copy 1 •v WOODBURY'S TABLES AND NOTES ON THE CttUftotiou, $&uuufaKivLvt f mt® jForcfgtf &v#tft OF COTTON. ■i WASHINGTON: PRINTED BY BLAIR & RIVES 1836. \ n B These tabular statements, showing the extent of the cultivation, manufac- ture, and export of cotton, were prepared by the Secretary of the Treasury, under the circumstances stated in his report to the House, of Representa- tives, in answer to the call on him to lay them before that body. A large number of them was ordered to be printed by the House ; but so many im- portant facts upon an interesting branch of statistical research were ascer- tained to 'have been condensed in these tables, and the notes accompanying them, as to inspire a strongly expressed wish that an edition might be pub- lished for general circulation, independent of that printed for Congress. This was acquiesced in by the author, and the present edition is accordingly submitted to the public without any addition or amendment. 21th Congress, [ Doc. No. 146. ] Ifo - OF Kefs - 1st Session. Treas. Dept. COTTON. CULTIVATION, MANUFACTURE AND FOREIGN TRADR OF'. I, E T T E R from THE SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY, TRANSMITTING Tables and notes on the Cultivation, Manufacture, and Foreign Trade of Cotton. March 4, 1836. Referred to the Committee on Manufactures, and 15,000 extra copies ordered to be printed under the direction of the Secretary of the Treasury. Treasury Department, Feb. 29, 1836. Sir: Certain tabular statements and notes on the cultivation and manu- facture, together with the imports and exports of cotton, are herewith sub- mitted to the House of Representatives, in compliance with their resolution of the 12th instant; -■ Resolved, That the Secretary of the Treasury be directed to transmit to this House the tables indicated 'in a note to his annual report, showing the progress in the cultivation and manufacture of cotton in the United States, and in other countries ; also, showing the comparative quantity and value of exports and imports of cotton, and cotton manufactures, in the United States and other countries." In order that the true character of these tables may be understood, and no expectation as to their contents be formed, which an examination of therh might disappoint, a brief explanation will be given of their origin. progress, "and present state of completion. They were not commenced till the last year; were at first very limited in their object, and have been attended to since, only at a few brief inter- vals of leisure. In the course of that year, while making official investi- gations, they were begun, with a view to the collection of such general statistical facts as might enable me to form a satisfactory opinion, upon the extent of influence which the rapid increase of the growth and manufac- ture of cotton in this country had exercised, and was likely to exercise for a few ensuing years, upon our revenue from foreign importations, and from the sales of the public lands in the southwestern States and Territories. In the pursuit of these inquiries, the influences of the trade in cotton, whether raw or manufactured, on our exports of domestic products, on our imports of cotton fabrics in particular, and generally upon all our Blair & Rives, printers. 2 [ Doc. No. 146. 1 foreign importation, as far as dependent on the amount of our exports ; and, in fine, its effect upon our whole foreign commerce, as well as on many other branches of our national prosperity, became highly interesting portions of the principal investigation. That investigation was also originally confined to the culture and manu- facture of cotton in this country since the adoption of our constitution. But in the course of my inquiries, finding that the cultivation of cotton here, and the extent of our exportations of it, were intimately connected with the growth and exportation as well as the manufacture of it in other countries, and that not only our foreign trade, but our foreign relations of peace and war, would probably be hereafter much influenced by the com- mercial connections which the growth and manufacture of cotton appeared to have established between them and us, I endeavored, incidentally, to collect and preserve, and afterwards arrange, such general statistical facts 'upon these points, during the same period, in relation to other countries,, but chiefly England and France, as could be obtained amidst the pressure of other business in the short time partially devoted to the investigation o! this subject. Many of the statements in the columns from books and reports mighl doubtless have been made fuller, could I have commanded greater leisure for this object, and especially might more have been added by way of esti- mate from a few important data embraced under several particular heads. The whole topic, likewise, of the domestic trade in raw cotton and its ma- nufactures, between different portions of the same country, and especially of the United States, might have been usefully embraced, had it come more directly within the scope of my inquiries, and had time permitted. It would throw much light on the coasting trade; communication by roads- and canals; different habits and pursuits of the people in different portions of the same country, and their reciprocal dependence for certain raw and! manufactured articles, tending so strongly, as for example it does here, to preserve frequent, constant, and friendly inteicourse, and to cultivate and strengthen, for both convenience and interest, the bonds of harmony and union. But unable to enlarge on that, my great solicitude was to obtain, m the first place, pertinent facts, in as great a number as practicable, with a view to form afterwards such estimates and inferences connected with the general object originally proposed, as might throw some new light upon it. The sources whence most of those facts were drawn I noted down, in order to determine afterwards the degree of reliance which should be placed on such as might be found to appear doubtful. In the notes appended to the several tables,. the authorities for most of the tacts are accordingly referred to. Where the authorities are not given, the statements in the columns are usually the result of my own computations, deduced from the best information at my command. Having proceeded far enough in the inquiries and statements to answer the purposes originally contemplated. I formed the general estimates, deduc- tions, and opinions, upon the influence of the growth and manufacture of cotton in this country over its revenue, commerce, and prosperity, which were expressed in several places in my last annual report, and which, with some comparative statements connected with this subject, are, on account of their intimate connection, extracted and appended. (Marked Q,.) These tables being now called for by the House of Representatives, they [ Doc. No. 146. ] 3 are submitted without many of those details, which exist on all points, and particularly on such as relate to the different species and localities of the manufactures, and to the kinds of machinery employed in the several opera- tions. These last were easily obtainable, and to some inquirers might be very desirable. But as that minuteness did not come within the scope of my original examinations, what I have thus hastily collected and presented must be regarded rather as a few general facts for comparison, and as hints or suggestions to be followed out by others who enjoy more leisure, than as a full compilation of statistics on the subject of cotton. Yet in their present imperfect and meagre state, under some heads, they still contain under each, it is hoped, a few data which may prove useful since they bring together, in a condensed and systematic view, many scattered details on a subject very important to the finances of the country at this time, as well as to its future prosperity in each of the three great branches of national industry— agriculture, commerce, and manufactures. Any inferences or suggestions on the influence of tariffs, upon the growth or manufacture of cotton, or on the propriety of protection to manufac- tures, or other branches of our national interests, which have been so much agitated in former years, were studiously avoided, as not called for by the occasion, or the present condition of the country. The notes contain numerous illustrations, additional explanations, and facts, which could not be conveniently incorporated into the tables ; and some of which are very material for deciding correctly upon the accuracy of the figures and statements contained in the different columns. The general arrangement of the tables and notes is such, as to present first the facts and estimates on the growth or the crop of cotton, so far as practicable, for a number of different years, in those countries in the world where it is most cultivated. They exhibit next the foreign trade in raw cotton, by giving the exports and imports of it at several periods from and to most of the places abroad where it constitutes an article of much com- merce. The third set of tables shows the amount and condition of the manufac- ture of cotton, and its consumption at different dates, in most of the coun- tries where it is extensively used ; and the last series shows the foreign trade in those manufactures, during a number of years, from and to many of the principal places engaged in it. A more minute explanation of the contents of each table and its notes is given, for convenience of reference, in the schedule annexed. With these hasty explanatory remarks, I have the honor to be. Very respectfully, Your obedient servant, LEVI WOODBURY, Secretary of the Treasury. Hon. James K. Polk, Speaker of the House of Representatives^ 4 [ Doc. No, 146. ] SCHEDULE OF THE TABLES AND NOTES. A, B, and C, relate to the crop or growth of raw cotton. A, gives the quantity supposed to be raised in the world at a few different periods, and in each country where it grows. B. gives the quantity computed to be grown, at several dates, m each of the southern and southwestern States of this Union. 0, gives the prices of it here, and in England, for many years ; the capital and the number of persons estimated to be employed' in growing it, and the value of the whole crop here and elsewhere. D, E, F] G, H, relate to the foreign trade, or the exports and imports of raw cotton. D, gives the exports from the different quarters of the world chiefly en gaged in that trade, at a few separate periods. E, gives the exports from most of the important places in the United States where it is shipped. F, gives the exports from, and to, most of the countries, engaged extensively in this trade. ', gives the imports of it into England, at several dates, and the amount from each of the most important countries raising it. H, gives the imports into France, and whence, as well as the imports into k number of other places. J, K. L, relate to the manufacture and consumption of raw cotton, in several countries. 1, gives the amount used and manufactured in most oi the countries where raw cotton is much worked up. K, gives the value of the manufactures of it in several countries, and the amount of capital employed in them. L, gives the spindles and number of persons employed in the manufacture, in some places, at different poriods. M, A 7 , O, relate to the foreign trade in cotton manufactures. M, gives the exports of them from several countries. N, gives the exports of them from England, and the amounts exported thence to several enumerated places, at different periods, so as to exhibit in the same table the imports of them into the same places from England. O, gives the exports of them from several other countries, and whither. P, is the last of the tables, and merely presents an exhibit of the dates of the most important changes in the growth, manufacture, and foreign trade of cotton, within the period chiefly referred to in the other tables. ( I Doc. No. 146. j INTRODUCTORY NOTES. hi the subsequent tabhs the quantity of raw cotton has been computed in pounds, and when stated in the weights of other countries by the authors referred to, the edition (1831) of Kelly's Cambist lias been followed as a guide about the contents of the kilogramme, maud, picul, &c. The prices and values, when found in the denominations of foreign currencies, have also generally been reduced to dollars and cents, computing the pound sterling at $4 80; and the statements of all considerable quantities and amounts have usually been made only in millions and large fractions of millions. This has been done for convenience and uniformity, and was supposed to be sufficient, if not better, for the comparative and genera! purposes contemplated in the original formation of the tables. As most persons in conversation, and most authors, speak of " bales," or "'bags," rather than pounds, of cotton, whether refenng to the crop, the manufacture, or the exports and imports of it, some further explanation may be proper, to show why the term has not been employed in the state- ments contained in any of these tables. It was early discovered, in the preparation of them, that many contra- dictions and errors happened, from the uncertain quantity indicated by different persons in the use of those terms, and which might be obviated by always making the statements in pounds, and giving in a note the amount computed to be contained in bales and bags in different countries, so that the pounds could, when desirable, be converted again readily into bales or bags. By pursuing this course of using only the term pounds, the great object of comparison between the quantities of cotton grown or man- ufactured or exported at different periods, and in different countries, could also be more clearly and quicklv accomplished. In illustration of these remarks, and to furnish the quantity usually con- tained in each bale, bag, osing that only a little more than half the population of the globe, estimated at four hundred and fifty millions, use cotton, the consumption would, on an average, at only two pounds per head, be quite equal to the estimated crop for the whole world. For some years past it is supposed that the consumption of cotton has been greater than the crop, and hence, that the old stocks on hands have been more exhausted, and a larger portion of the new crop called for early (see table I). This has sustained the price and required an augmented crop of at least 20 millions of pounds per annum. See post, and Evidence before the French Chambers, February, 1835. [ Doc. No. 146. ] 9 [3.] The crop as well as the export of cotton of the United States, from 1809 to 1815, was sensibly diminished by means of our commercial restric- tions and war, and the crop of other countries was increased to supply the place of ours in foreign consumption. Oar crop has been estimated with more care, and from better data, than the crop of other portions of the world. From 1821 to 1834 it has been estimated by others much lower than in the table and as follows: Y( ">■<,. 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 MilVs of lbs. Years. Ill 1828 12H 1829 136" 1830 152| 1831 169| 1832 21 If 1833 285 1S34 Mill's of lbs. 213| 255£ 292 311f 296i 360 3201 The above is from Marshall's tables on the trade, manufactures, &c. of England, page 110. In McCulloch's Commercial Dictionary, page 434, Reuss' tables, page 270, and Baines's History of Cotton, page 303, similar .statements are made, but they are manifestly too low, as being often less in quantity than our exports ; and they may differ occasionally from being founded on the exports of a particular year, as 1825, and which were chiefly made up of the smaller crop grown in a previous year, as in 1824. They are incorrect even then, as our crop for many calendar years has been from 50 to 90 millions of pounds more than the exports of each sue- 1 ceeding fiscal year ; this last being composed of the growth of the pre- I vious calendar year, with a small portion of it brought to market from the 1st of August to the 1st of October, omitted, and a like portion of the subsequent calendar year included. The 50 to 90 millions of pounds are the quantity consumed at home, and which quantity lessens in amount as we go back to the periods when our manufactures were fewer, and when we consumed in them some cotton oi foreign growth. -See another estimate in the 3d volume of the Parliamentary Reports, (1833) page 89. Another difference may arise from the bale made up here, being abroad computed often at. only 300 pounds, (see on this ante and post). The crop in the United States in 1834, was injured in the northern parts of the cotton growing States; but so much new land was put into cultivation, that the whole exports were a little larger, and the home con- sumption is presumed also to have been more. The crop for the year 1835, has likewise been more seriously injured in the same quarters ; but the exports of it since September, have, from early ripening, high prices, &c. been larger than either of the two previous years, and some think the whole crop was larger, while it is believed by a few that the whole crop will turn out to be somewhat less, though not so much as apprehended, the in- cr -ase of lands in cultivation has been so great. February 17, ; 1836, the exports ascertained, on the Atlantic, had been 377,420 bags: but to same time in 1835, only 340,379: and in 1834, only 309,976. For a view of our power in the United States to grow more cotton, see table B, note [2]. [4.] The crop of Brazil is computed on its ascertained exports at dif- ferent periods to England and elsewhere, and a home consumption in a small ratio to its population. (See table on exports.) It has been 10 [ Doc. No. 146. J diminished of late years by importing cotton manufactures for home con- sumption, as in 1S33 and '4, from England largely. See tables N and O, and notes, and Pitkin, 384 and '5, where are more details. Cotton was first planted or cultivated in Brazil in 1781, for exportation. Smithers's History of Liverpool. [5] The crop of the West Indies is estimated in a similar manner ; after deducting from their exports the probable portion of cotton brought there from the Spanish Main, raid thence re-exported. In 1812, it is said, that the crop of all the West Indies did not exceed 5i millions, (Colquhoun 378;) and chiefly in Barbadoes, Bahama islands, Dominico, and Granada : 4 Humbolt's Per. Nar. 123 to '5, and notes. But this is believed to have been underrated. England now exports there largely of cotton manufac- tures. See 1833 and "1834, table N, and notes:" and the United States export there some of them yearly, as well as France. All this tends to diminish the crop raised for home consumption, and probably that for export. See exports of Mfts. table O. Cotton was grown first in 1776, at St. Domingo, for export. 2 v. Hist, of Colom. But earlier in other islands, and they furnished a large part of English wants before 1785 ; Edin. Cyclop. Art. "Cotton." In 1789, Hayti, alone, exported over 7 millions of pounds: about 2\ millions of pounds in 1801, and since that, less than 1 million of pounds yearly. See a table in McCulloch, 926. In 1824, a little over 1 mil- lion of pounds, and in 1832 about \\ million. See McCulloch, 927. [6] The supposed crop of Egypt, in former years, is predicated on the authority of the Dictionary of Spanish Commerce and Finance, vol. 3, page 29. On her exports, (see exports) and for 1834, the New Monthly Maga- zine for September, 1835. She imported cotton from Smyrna and Greece till within twenty years. See below note 9th. By the last advices her crop grown, in 1835, is said to be short, not exceeding 18 or 20 millions of pounds. [7] The crop of the rest of Africa is computed from her exports from Morocco, Gambia, &c. and the habits and number of her population, and her soil and climate, where cotton is indigenous, and has always been grown in many sections since first discovered. McCulloch, Die. 436. Of late she imports on the eastern side fewer cotton goods from India, and more there and on the western side from England and the United States. See for 1S33 and '4, from Eng. table N, and notes. See exports from the United States, table O. In the island of Mauritius, iu 1806, nearly two millions of pounds of cotton were raised, but it fell off gradually till in 1831, little or none was produced. 4 Montgomery's History of British Col. page 209. See table N, note [10.] [8] In India, the estimate rests on her exports and vast population, long clothed chiefly in cotton of her own growth. McCulloch, Die. 437. The Isle of Bourbon produced it of a quality almost equal to the Sea Island. London Cyclop. Art. "Cotton." See her exports, Table D. But of late years her exports of manufactured goods have declined, and her importa- tions of them from England alone, exceed $10,000,000 yearly. See exports of manufactures from England and the United States, table N and O, and evidence on the East India Company, 1832, appendix, page 287: [ Doc. No. 146. ] 11 and on the growth and use of cotton in the islands of the India Archi- pelago, see 1 Crawford, History, 177, 207, and 449: 2 Crawford, 350. It is believed, that the cultivation of cotton for export is on the increase; labor is so low, and the trade of India having become more free. The estimates for the crop in India are probably not high enough, rather than being too large. See exports, table E and F, and supplement to Cyclop. Brittan. "Cotton." [9] The rest of Asia, including China, Japan, Persia, Arabia and Turkey, from the mildness of its climate, great population, and cus- tomary clothing, is supposed not to be computed too high. Jin 1766, it was grown much about Smyrna. See Postlethwait's Dictionary, "Cotton." Only about 6 millions of pounds in 1834, near Smyrna, and most of that was shipped to Marseilles and Trieste. McCulloch, page 1069. The cultivation of cotton, in China, began about the 13th century, for purposes of manufacture, though before raised in gardens for ornament. The crop increased rapidly, and was very large, probably much beyond the amount assigned in this column, till 1785 to 1790, when it began to be considerably discontinued for the purpose of raising grain, during and in consequence of famine. Much has since been imported from India, though now in the small statistical knowledge attainable on this point as to China, she may raise more cotton than the large amount computed for her, in connection with Japan, Cochin-China, &c. Supplement to Cyclop. Brit. "Cotton." See exports of raw cotton, table D. Travellers and merchants see but little of China usually, except the south parts and the sea board; and if in the great use of silk, furs, &c. in the colder portions, it is considered that 100 millions of her population use cotton, and from their poverty only lh pounds each, the whole amount would be 150 mil- lions of pounds yearly in China alone. [10] This crop in South America and Mexico rests on similar principles, as the chief clothing was cotton when the country was first discovered by the Spaniards. It is now often of superior quality. (Sec Humboldt's Per. Nar. page 202.) The exports since have been considerable. (See exports.) But of late years the crop must be less, as Mexico, as well as Peru and Chili imports now from England yearly many cottons, besides what they get from the United States and elsewhere. (See exports of manufactures.) Cotton began to be cultivated for export in Caraccas in 1782. The saw gin is not yet used, but wooden rollers. 2 Hist, of Colomb. The plant is found indigenous, (Molliers travels in Colombia, page 121; 4 Humb. Per. N. 123.) In Hall's Columbia, page 27, it is said only about 4 millions of pounds are grown in that Government yearly. This is too small an amount. Cultivated in Surinam since 1735. Smithers's Hist, of Liverpool, page 131. [11] This column includes some remote islands, and the south of Spain, Italy and Greece, and their islands, with the Canaries, where cotton was formerly more raised, and still is considerably. See as to Spain and Italy. 2 Chaptal on French industry, page 6. From Italy and Egypt, in 1825, when cotton was very high, over 23f millions of pounds were exported. McCulloch, 949. Some has been raised in New South Wales. McCul- loch. Diet, of Com. 436 ; Smithers's Hist, of Liverpool, page 126 ; and the cultivation is said to be resumed in Italy. Though some exports were 12 [ Doc. No. 146. ] formerly described as from Portugal, little or no cotton grew there ; and the exports of it thence came chiefly from Brazil. [12] Some confusion has arisen from the different use or application of the word " cotton." It is said to be a word of Arabic origin (Smithers ; s History of Liv. 115) : but the application sometimes of the word "linen," and at others of the word " woollen," to the vegetable of three or four general varieties, and which produces the wool or down now called " cot- ton," has led to some mistakes about its growth and use formerly in certain countries, which it is now difficult to correct. McCulloch's Diet, of Com. 436 and '8. Baines, 287 and ; 96, note 66. But it was probably grown and used largely in ancient times in Arabia, as well as India, America, and Africa, except perhaps in Egypt, where linen, it is supposed, chiefly superseded it, and can now be detected, but no cotton, in the clothing of the mummies, by the joints in the fibres of the stalk of the flax, being visible with a microscope, whereas the fibres of cotton from the pod have no joints. See Thompson's paper in Baines's appendix. London Cyclop, article "Cotton," coutra. The kind of cotton chiefly cultivated now, and especially in the United States, is not the tree or shrub, but the annual and herbaceous varieties. London Cyclop, art. "Cotton." [ Doc. No. 146. ] 13 B. COTTON, RAW Crop of cotton grown in — [1] — [2j bh lbs Millions. OS a rt o lbs. T41 rt O o W lbs. Million?. Millions. 12 13 10 10 18 10 9* to 3 O fa lbs. IDS. Millions. Millions. •JO 40 50 70 73 654 P] 10 'JO 88 /a < lbs. Mill'ns Eh lbs. Mill'ns. 20 45 15 20 65 85 lbs. Mill'ns 20 50 45 o lbs. Mill'ns. 10 45 30 70 85 < lbs Mill'n. 10 38 62 14 [ Doc. No. 146. ] [1] I have not been able to find any official returns of either the General or the State Governments, which give the crops of cotton in each State. The present table has, therefore, been compiled from the best data in my power: such as the foreign exports of cotton from each State, the exports coastwise, the quantity supposed to be exported from each not grown within its limits, and the amount yearly consumed within its limits. Many mistakes are made abroad, and some at home, by considering all the exports of each State as its own crop, or by computing the whole foreign exports as the whole crop, or by estimating all the bales in the United States alike, and only at 300 pounds on an average. See such mistakes in Reuss's Tables on American Trade, 270 ; and Parliamentary Evidence on Manufactures, A. D. 1832. But it is well known in this country, that the exports from New Orleans, both foreign and domestic, are composed in part of the crops of Louisiana, Arkansas," Tennessee, Mississippi, and Alabama. Part of the crops in each of those States is consumed at home, part is exported coastwise to the northern States, and the crops of the southwestern portion of Mississippi, and the southern portion of Alabama, are chiefly exported from Mobile. In addition to some of the above remarks, applicable to the other cotton growing States, it is proper to add, that part of the crop of Georgia is ex- ported from Florida, and part from South Carolina : part of Florida from Alabama ; and part of North Carolina from Virginia. For an explanation of some of the fluctuations in our exports in certain years, see table A, note [3]. [2] From data given under the head of " Capital," in table C, note [3], it will be seen that, in producing the whole cotton crop of the United States, only about two millions of acres of land are cultivated. In table D it appears that all the foreign exports of cotton in the world do not probably exceed 535 millions of pounds, and of which the United States now export about 384 millions of pounds ; a large portion of the residue is from the remotest parts of Asia, very little of it now coming to Europe. But if ne- cessary or profitable, we could raise the whole of the other 150 millions, by putting into cultivation only about 500,000 acres more cotton land, and employing less than 100,000 more field hands in this branch of industry. But supposing that Asia, from her distance and habits, continues to use chiefly her own raw cotton, that the increase of population in the United States should continue much as heretofore, and that the countries in Europe and elsewhere, now supplied with cotton manufactures made chiefly from our crops, should increase in population, or in the use of cotton, as fast as the United States does in population alone, and there would be required to supply the increased annual demand only about 21 millions of pounds more of raw cotton, or the product in the United States of less than 70,000 acres more each year. This lias been nearly our average increase of crops in the last ten years. See table and note in extract from annual Treasury- report. It has required about 11,000 more field laborers a year, or only JLth the annual increase of our whole population. But we probably have now, not in cultivation, more acres of land suitable for cotton, than would be sufficient to raise all the cotton now grown in the world ; as that would require only three to five millions of acres. Hence it must be ob- vious, that there is good cotton land enough in the United States, and at low prices, easily to grow, not only all the cotton wanted for foreign ex- port in the world, but to supply the increased demand for it, probably, for as;es. The only preventive, of which there is much likelihood, seems to [ Doc. No. 146. ] 15 be in the augmented price of such labor as is usually devoted to this cul- ture ; so that it may not be possible to raise the crop at so low a rate as to keep possession of the European market against all competition. In getting possession of that market so fully and rapidly heretofore, (as shown in the extracts from the last annual report,) the United States have been much aided by the good quality of their cotton, the low price of land, and the great improvements in cleaning cotton by Whitney's cotton gin since 1793. One person is able to perform with it in a day the work of 1,000 without it. Cox's Digest of Manufactures, page 667; Gales and Seaton's documents, 2d volume. Besides these advantages, the unusual industry and enterprise of our population, and its freedom from tax- ation compared with the people of most other countries, and the wide ex- tent of our commerce, have promoted our unprecedented progress. Baines's History, 301 : 5 Malte Brim, page 193. The old mode of cleaning it by wooden rollers, and with the bow by hand, is still used in India and Colombia, and it is there sown broad cast instead of in drills, and much neglected afterwards. Baines 64 : see 3 Crawford's History, 350. Tli£_g reat vibrations in the pric es per p ound of raw cotton g rown in the United States, are very striking, as exhibited, in table C. The'' influence of these on the sales of public laiad and our revenue, from both them and the imports of foreign merchandise, has been briefly examined in the last annual report, extracts from which are annexed. The further influence of these on the prosperity of the south, on the rise in the value of their slave property, and on the great profits yielded by all their capital invested in growing cotton, must be very apparent to every careful observer. .The single fact, that in no year has the price been but a fraction below 10 cents per pound, or n rate s ufficien t to yield a fair profit, while it has, at timet been as high as 29, 34, and even 44, and been, on an average, o"veT Cents per pound since 1802, and over 21 since 1790, is probably without a parallel, in showing a large and continued profit. Further details on these and similar considerations must be left to other persons and other occa- sions, [See table C, note 3.] [3] In South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida, the Sea Island cotton, (supposed to have come originally from Persia, and in 1786 from Bahama to the United States) succeeds ; but grows there to perfection only in cer- tain districts near the seacoast. During the last 30 years the average annual crop has been between 9 and 11 million pounds. See exports and prices, and a table in Seybert, 152-3 : Smithers's, 132. But the quality of a part of it is inferior. McCulloch, 436. It has taken the place in Europe of the fine cotton from the isle of Bourbon. London Cyclop, article " cot- ton," and is superior to that. Supplement to Cyclop. Brit. " cotton." [4] The growth of cotton in the United States began as early as 1787, even of the sea island, and of other kinds earlier still, in small quantities. McCulloch, 440, says it began soon after the close of the war of the revo- lution, though not exported till 1790. T. Cox, cited in Rees's Cyclopedia, in article " United States," says cot- ton was raised here in gardens before 1786, but not by planters as a crop, and before 1787 we never exported a bale. [He means of our own growth^ it is presumed. See table F, note 6.] We exported a little before 1787, viz : 1785, five bags ; and in 1786 six bags ; which Smithers's History of Liver- pool, page 129, supposes was grown here, but see table F. note 9. 16 [ Doc. No. 146. ] C— COTTON, RAW. y Crop ■jf cotton grown in- -[1] r Prices per lb. Capital employed in con- Persons employed Value of whole nection with growing. [3] in growing, and crop in dependent. CO w i c/j Ui Si V S CD c5 s £ oj 3 oj W T2 03 02 Si 32 a) ~c a T3 ^ Ki rfl r^J •G OJ & OJ .~> 'eo V £ Oj P *fH "&b ." ^. 2 ."£3 <3J ." o r* H S t!0 P rt C/2 3 CC v K P H m m fc> s t> s 3 >> Cents. Pence. Dollars. Millions. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Millions. Millions. Millions. Millions. Millions. Mil'ons. 1789 12 to 22 1790 Hi 12 to 21 1791 26 13 to 30 33 __i_ 1 40i 1792 29 20 to 30 - 1793 32 13 to 22 1791 33 12 to 18 1795 36i 15 to 27 1796 36§ 12 to 29 1797 34" 12 to 37 1798 39 22 to 45 1799 44 17 to GO 1800 28 16 to 36 1801 44 17 to 38 80 50 _x jj 8 39i 1802 19 12 to 38 I 1803 19 8 to 15 1804 20 10 to 18 1305 23 14 to 19 1806 22 12 to 15 1807 2iv 10 to 14 1808 19 9 to 30 1809 16 10 to 18 1810 16 10 to 19 ' 1811 151 7 to 14 131 _!_ 58 i 7 5 12.\ 37 1812 103* 11 to 14 1 ' 1813 12 16 to 26 1814 15 28 av'rage 1815- 21 201 " 1816 29 V 18* " 1817 26 i 20 " 1818 34 20 " 1819 24 131 " 1820 17 111 " 1821 16 9h ' ' 300 83 1 3" I 29! 37 1822 161 8J " 1823 10&12 8* " 1824 15 81 " 1825 21 111 " 1826 11 6| " 1827 9S 61 " 1828 m 6J " 1829 10 t^4 1830 10 6| " 1831 9i 5| " 650 30 58 3 4 i 385 291 1832 10 6| " 5 1833 11 7| " 1834 13 8* " _ _ 76 36J 1835 161 121 " [2] 800 [3] 31 50 1 [4] |to"l [5] HeT*J [ Doc. No. 146. J 17 [1] From 1802 to 1826, inclusive, the prices for the United States are taken from Marshall's tables, page 110. Since that date, from official re- turns. The prices, given for the United States, are those at the places of ex- portation, and are the average during the year, and including all kinds of cotton : but the sea island cotton is worth usually two hundred and fifty y- per cent, more than the other kinds (see below in note 2) : and formerly the difference was still greater, when the amount grown elsewhere was not so large. The price of c otton for 1790 is from the Treasury report, Loth February, 1791. The prices from 1791 to 1801, inclusive, are from Almy and Brown's "books .at Providence, deducting one cent per pound j for freight, &c. The prices of raw cotton from 17S9 to 1S02, in the United $ States, fluctuated largely, and are quoted somewhat differently in some of ( the prices current during those years. Sec the United States Gazette and Pennsylvania Mercury for that period. • But the differences are not great if an average be taken for the whole year. Where rich lands and labor were low, as in Mississippi and Alabama a few years ago, two cents per pound for cotton in (he seed, or eight cents when cleaned, would pay expenses. It is supposed to be a profitable crop in the southwestern States at ten cents per pound. In Baines's History of Cotton, page 316, it is staled that the planter can make a profit at six cents per pound. • In India, the Bengal cotton, of inferior quality, if is said, ran he raised for three cents per pound, and delivered in England for five cents. See evidence on East India Company, 1832, page 286, appendix: Smithers's History of Liverpool, 116. It has since been said, that it will cost five cents per pound to deliver it on the wharves at Bombay. It sold in India, in 1831 and 1832, at eight to nine cents per pound. See McCuIloch's Dictionary, page 238. In 1820, in 3 Crawford's History, 351, it is said to brins; from eight to nine cents in the Indian islands. [2] The prices in England are given in pence, as they are so much oftener referred to iu that form, but can easily be converted into cents; esti- mating the pound sterling at $4 80; by doubling the number of pence. They are generally the prices at Liverpool; and from 1793 to 1797', and from 1799 to 1814, are from Tooke on Prices, page 11, appendix; and air. of '-Georgia bowed cotton," without the duty. The rest, except from 1789 to 1793, and 1834 and 1835, are from Marshall's tables, nasrc 111; and Baines, page 352-3: differing in some cases a little, and in Marshall giving- the prices of each kind of cotton separately. See a table in Smithers's History of Liverpool, page 149. Those from 1789 to 1793 arc from Baines, page 313, and are of West India cotton; and for 1831 and 1835, the Liver- pool reports have been the guide. As an illustration of the difference in value of different kinds of raw cotton, I annex a statement of their prices at Liverpool, June 16. 1S35: d. d. Uplands ------ from li> to 12| Orleans --_,--•• 10 to 13 Alabama - - « '.>•• to : ' Sea Island - « , » ■ £3 " lo 34 Brazil ---..-<- 13| to 16 2 d. d. from 7 to 8| a 71 u 13* to 14 i< 12| to 14J- 18 [ Doc. No. 146. ] Surats - Bengal _».--- Laguyra - West IndievS - See more on Prices in Edinburg Review, 427, (1832.) McCulloch, page . 437, 441. The finest kinds of sea island often bring four times as much as the inferior qualities. McCulloch, page 437. In 1799 it sold in Liver- pool for five shillings per pound. Smithers, page 156. At Smyrna, before 1767, the price appears to have been six or seven cents per pound. Postlewait's Dictionary. At the river Gambia the price per pound is about four cents. Montgomery's Colonial History. In Demarara the price (in 1815) is said to average about nine to ten cents per pound. Edin- burgh Encyclopedia, article "cotton." In Colombia in 1822 the price per pound was about the same as in the United States, but it fluctuates there and in other Spanish American Governments from eight to fifteen cents a pound, with the quality and the year. See Humboldt and Mollier's Travels. [3] Capital. The capital employed 111 growing cotton, with the income it yields, is a question of much interest and importance. But very little can be found concerning it in books, and the information obtained on it from different correspondents in the United Slates is defective, and is founded on quite different data in different States and by different persons. The elements of any computation must be, the average cost per acre of cotton lands, wild or cleared, and if the former, the expense of clearing them ; the amount of labor necessary per acre to produce a given quantity of raw cotton ; the cost of labor, whether in the form of wages or otherwise ; the expense of tools, horses, > lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. 1770 2,000 [8] Millions. Millions. Millions. Millions. Millions. Millions. Millions. 1789 1790 _4 1 O 1791 1 5 » 20 - 12 - 5 1792 1 -=■ i 1793 1 •J 1794 If - - - - 1 1795 4 - - 20 1796 6 A ' 1797 3f 1798 9* 1799 ?| 1800 l 7f 1801 20 T V - 24 30 17 - 7 1802 27^ Pi " - - - 221 1803 41 tV 1804 38 T V 1805 i% - - 41^ 1806 37^ 1807 66i 1808 12" 1809 53i 1810 9 3A - 1811 62i _ 31 . 7 .. 13 1812 2ft 1813 19 2 1814 171 1815 83° 1816 8l± 1817 85§ 1818 92l 88* 1819 1820 127a 1821 1 24 tV 5 5 28 50 9 . 6 1822 1 4 on the ^crease, from 26,877 bags to I v ft* Koster ' s Travel s, page 146— note. See Smithers's Tables in History of lav. The exports from Brazil were often formerly described to be from Portugal, as she was a dependency, and as most of it was under colonial system shipped first to Portugal, and then re-exported. Little none was raised in the mother country. London Cyclop, art. " Cotton." toffee and sugar are taking the place of cotton in her exports. [5] The exports for 1830 from all places except the United States, are given partly from data in Pitkin's Stat. 484, which show that from India to all Europe m that year they were about 25 millions of pounds ; from Eo-ypt and the Levant about 181 millions of pounds, and from Brazil and West Indies about 491 millions of pounds. Due additions have been made to tnese tor exports elsewhere than to Europe. [6] Of this from India, 60 millions of pounds were shipped from Bombay, and most of the rest from Calcutta. Evid. on East Ind. Comp. pages 13 ?!' a PP endlx > 1S32 > A. D. See 1 Milboum's Orient. Com. It Fs sup- posed that the exports of cotton from India will increase rapidly as her trade is more free since 1833, though less restricted than formerly since 1823. 1 bmith's Com. Digest, page 15. Most of the raw cotton of the India islands has been consumed where T£f " ^oi uIl0ch ' pa 2 e 437 ' The quantities for all the years except iHUo and 1825, are estimates made by knowing the amount of exports to England and the United States, with those in some of the years to China In London Cyclopedia, article « Cotton," the exports from India to China atone, in 1818, are stated at 230 millions of pounds, which must be an error, or all the other computations, as to both crops and exports, are much too low in regard to India. [7] The exports from the West Indies sometimes exceed their whole crop, as it is imported from the Spanish Main, and re-exported. See table A, note I5J. Oolquhoun, page 378, says sometimes double. In 1793 they exported to England considerable cotton grown in the United States femitners, page 156. See more on their exports, table A, note [5j. [8] The exports of cotton from Spanish America in 1802, were chiefly from Vera Cruz, collected there from other places. 1 Dict'y of Span. Com and Finance, pages 63 to 69. From 1804 to 1810 about 54 millions were shipped from Venezuela yearly, (Mollier's Travels in Colombia, 455-note,) a ,o£ f \ milhon from Ne w Granada. Ditto, 456— note. From Laguyra T iqS u Ut one '[ ourth of a million exported. Hall's Colombia, page 152. in IM4, about one-half of a million exported from Caraccas, and U mill- 3ons of pounds from all the Spanish provinces. 2 Hist, of Colombia, 1822 The exports for 1834 are an estimate of my own. Those for 1794 are from 4 Humboldt's Personal Narrative, page 125— note, [ Doc. No. 146. ] 27 of which very nearly half was from Laguyra, (3 do. 192, 6 do. 202,) and 2\ millions of pounds before the revolution, exported from Varagua, Mara- caibo, and the Gulf of Cariaco. See table F, note 9, as to the exports from English territories in America before the revolution, and which were probably grown in the West Indies or Spanish America. [9] Among the places not enumerated which have exported some cotton, it is said in Montgomery's Hist, of Brit. Col. page 604, that 14,900 pounds of raw cotton were exported from the river Gambia, in 1833. In 1775 there was exported to Holland alone from Surinam one-eighth of a million of pounds. 2 Dict'y of Spanish Com. Smithers's Hist, of Liv. The countries more particularly included under " Elsewhere," though not all, and about which much is known of their exports in cotton, are Demarara and Berbice. See imports into England, table G. The data as to exports from Brazil, West Indies, and " Elsewhere," in last column, are chiefly the ascertained imports from those enumerated places into other countries. From Naples and Spain some cotton was, in 1S17, exported to France. 2 Chaptal, page 6. But probably most of the growth of other places. See table A, note [9]. [10] The cost of exportation or freight from the United States to Europe, is usually less than two cents per pound. Smithers, page 139. Even this has been reduced by the improvements which mark the spirit of the age, as the cotton is so pressed in the bales that it occupies less space in a vessel, and the vessels in this trade are so constructed as to carry more when of the same tonnage. tr [11] A small duty is imposed on it in England and France. Baines's His. 317 and 515. Yet in 1769 it was made free to aid the manufacturer. 3 McPhers. Com. 447. But the duty on raw cotton is remitted or allowed in drawback, on exportation of the manufactured article in England, Pebrier says in his tables, in his work on England, though not if the raw article is re-exported. 3 McPherson on Com. page 659. The duty was 6 per cent, ad valorem in England for some years before 1831 on foreign cotton, then raised to 5s. Wd. per cwt. (1 Com. Dig. page 16, by Smith,) and in 1833 reduced to 2s. \ld. per cwt. On cotton from a British posses- sion, the duty is only 4c?. per cwt. See McCulloch, page 440. But for- merly, as in 1799, it was from 8s. 9d. per 100 pounds, to 12s. 6d. from different places; and from 1803 to 1815, from 16s. lOd. to 33s. lOd. See a table in Edinb. Encyclop. article " Cotton." The duty in the United States on foreign cotton imported here is, and always has remained since 1790, at 3 cents per pound. Though Mr. Ha- milton recommended its reduction in 1791, to aid our manufactures. See Rep. Dec. 30, 1791. The duty in France varies, under various circumstances, from 10 to 16 per cent. See McCulloch, page 639, « Havre," and 2 Com. Dig. 73, by Smith. There is said to be no duty on raw cotton in Switzerland. In England, in 1833, it is stated to be 3 farthings per pound, or 10 per cent. West. Rev. for April, *33. 28 [ Doc. No. 146. J E. COTTON, RAW. Exports of cotton from- «j fa 9> a c £5 o 2 M o <£ > ' -ji c3 3 '5b K* 3> O C3 s o c3 O £ Ol3 «Dp o ia o ►J m < as O V fc Pi P 3 >* lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. Dollars. 1789 Millions. Millions. Millions. Millions Millions. Millions. Millions. 1790 1791 1792 1793 - 3 - - - - - 48,285 52,000 51,470 - _ ¥m _ _ 160,000 1794 Millions, i 1795 _ ~ 3 Si 1796 2- 3 - i « H 3* 1797 1798 - " - - - - _ "• ~* — — «_ _ 1799 4-'- 1800 10 ~3 5 1 u 5 1801 _ mm 9-11 1802 bl° 1803 _ i 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 - - - - - - - 2i 1809 8 1810 ~5 40 20 10 15 4 15 1811 _ _ a! 1812 3 J 1813 _ 2i 1814 _ 2i 1815 1816 1817 - ■*■ - - - - - ft 24| 32f 1818 _ _ an 1819 _ 21 1820 30 37 8 25 28 6 3 22* 1821 _ 20} 1822 _ _ 24 1823 _ _ 23i 1824 _ 21f 1825 _ 38J 1826 _ 25 1827 _ _ 29i 1828 _ 22* 1829 __ 26* 1830 120| 55$ 24 49 lli 2 295 1831 25* 1832 _ 31f 1833 _ 36 1834 164 67! 51fc 56J 301 lii 3 49.1 1835 _ _ _ __ 6l£ [1] [2] [3] t Doc. No. 146. ] 29 [1] The exports from each State are the foreign ones, and for 1830 and 1834, from official data ; but prior to that they are estimates from the crop, consumption at home, &c. See table F, note [6], as to some exports before the revolution. The first cotton supposed to be of American growth, brought to New York city, for foreign export, it is said, came from Savannah in 1792. and consisted of only two bags. The amount of exports coastwise lias not been ascertained, for reasons stated in the report. Those for foreign conn- tries from any particular State often include more than the crop of that State, as from New York, which raises no cotton, and from Louisiana which raises but a small part of her exports. See table B. note 1. [2] The portion exported of sea island cotton, was, in 1834, 8,085,935 pounds, and in 1835, was 7,752,736 ; and was chiefly from South Carolina and Georgia. See official returns. Its cultivation was, as remarked in a former table, introduced into South Carolina as early as 1787, from Bahama, and the export of it during the last 20 years has been on an average not far from 8 millions of pounds. It maybe cultivated more extensively, it is supposed, in Florida. See prices in table C and notes, and B, note 3. It is now exported chiefly to England, say seven-ninths, over one-ninth to France, and the rest elsewhere. See McCnlloch. page 440. if has taken the place of the fine cottons formerly from the isle of Bourbon. See a table of exports of it from 1802 to 1816. inclusive, going in some years to nearly 10 millions of pounds, and to others short of one million : but, as before named, being generally about 8 millions of pounds. Seyb. Stat, pages 152 and 4. [3] The value has been computed from the quantity and average price through each year, so far as obtainable from official data. In Seyb. Stat, page 147, is a table of the values from 1S03 to 1817, inclusive. / 30 [ Doc. No. ]46. ] F. COTTON, RAW. Exports of, to what places. CD 1770 1787 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1790 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1S08 1809 1810 1811 1S12 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 -a J3 "bo W o Si 02 lbs O CO CD W 2.000 Ratio of her imports from U. S. _T_ 10 _I_ 1 2 t, _1_ 2 2 3 _1 1 1 _1_ 2 5 ] TT _1_ 1 1 1 1 9 lbs. Millions 16 19 231 27| 25f 32} 241 53i 8 131 36 46| 26 45| 57| 51 58i 51| lbs. c _£CJ "5b W o lbs. [9J Millions. 3 4 2 4 6 41 7 6 2 if 20 18 Mil's. lbs. Mil': 1_ 3 1 Tf .2. 4 2 fii 4 If i 4 3* 61 36 J3 o lbs. Mil's 3 'Eb a W CCS m lbs. Millions. 2i Ratio of impons from Braz. 1 1 I 5 1 ? 1 ■2' 1 4 1 6C W o (3 lbs. Mil's. Ratio. 1 1 3 1 2 1 ! i IT i 3 1 3 2 7 6 - l 3 TU 2 1 9 1 2 2 1 9 TiJ -» 1 i 1 i J 8 1 1 1 2 1 1 ■5" 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 4 1 8 2 1 1 2 9 2 1 5 2 3 3 1 5 1 2 3 1 5 1 1 1 1 4 2 4 1 1 3 3 i l 1 3 2 6 1 1 3 5 2 1 1 3 i 2 a o -He N (5 lbs. Mil's. 3-d T3 "bo (3 13 a. B lbs. Mil's °3 B CO j5 (3 be CO ^3 5 lbs. Mil's. 3 lbs. Mil'ns. f8] 7| [ Doc. No. 146. ] F — Continued. 31 COTTON, RAW. Exports of, to what places. Ut "3 s T3 0J ea ■ 1— 1 • _> (3 % (3 w o a JO o O o *-> -d be 'J3 1 5b c W 03 r -1 •"3 03 61 p.2 . be CO V OS P, w T3 Ufa 53 «W 3 fa M »3 cd CO £> P s> S-i P3 lbs. n bo be < CD lbs ■ lb?. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. Mil's. lbs. lbs. Mil's. lbs. Millions Millions Mil's. Mil's. Mil's. Millions. Mil's. Mil's. Mill'ni 1820 90 - — 23 - 29 6- s ~ 1 - l 4 — ^ 1821 934 274- ^4. 9 - 191 7 ' - 3 4 - 2f 1822 101 2U 8§ 4^ 24f 101 — 4 li ? 3 — 2 1828 142£ 25 8A 15 _ 23£ 7 — — 2 1824 92 40* lj 16£ — 25 r 4 — 7- 7 - — 2 1825 140 30 2} 201 — 33 8 — 19 — 7^ 1826 131 62J 8| 21 — 9| 4f - 10 — 1 1827 1828 217 151f 70^ 53A 20 32i 25 20f 29 7 6 — 5 7 — 11 If 1829 157 67} 23 •25 (qnO 29 41 — 6 - 1 33 1830 211 75 13J 121 33 3i 7 3 ^ 6 § 1831 2051 46 or 50 9 26" 661 31i 2Jr 31 8 7-i li 1832 2171 73 or 77} 16 35 58 20 2 4 9 81 ^f 1833 227$ 76f 9£ 321 — oqi 2 1 — lf 1834 266| 79 T » B 20 32 40 18 4 4 H 7 1835 252 1001 16 3 - 4 42J- (qu.) 25 5* — 9} , w [2] [2] [3] M [5] m 16] [1] The exports to England from different places are given chiefly from Marshall's tables, page 110; London Cyclop, article "Cotton." As to those from the United States, since 1820, see our own commercial tables. A slight difference sometimes occurs from a reference by some t® the ex- ports to Liverpool alone, or to England alone, not including Scotland or Ireland. The exports from the United States to them all were. Year. 1831 1832 1833 Mill's of lbs. 171 228 2381 Ymr. 1834 1835 Mil's of lbs* 284 269^r See Porter's official tables, page 125. Those for 1817, from India t<& England, are from Rees's Cyclop, article " United States," in a note. They 32 [ Doc. No. 146. ] are believed to be too high. The quantities are given in pounds, where ascertainable with accuracy, and where not so, the proportions are stated from table G, which are founded on the imports into England, from the United States and other countries. (See Marshall, page 110, and Smithers, page 146.) The actual quantities exported from the United States to all Great Britain, before I SOU, cannot be obtained by me; but the number of bales to Liverpool alone, can be, and, as a matter of some curiosity, are annexed: 1791, 64; 1792, 503; 1793, 111 ; 1794, 348; 1795, 2,147; 1796, 4,668; 1797, 5,193; 1798, 12,163; 1799, 13,236; 1S00, 24.138. See more in books cited. [2] The exports from the United States to England and France, are sometimes taken from their official reports of imports, and sometimes from ours of exports, occasionally differing a little by losses at sea, imperfect returns, and in the former, not always including Scotland and Ireland. The proportions are given in a few cases where the exact quantity was uncertain, on the principle in table G. For IS 13 and '14, see that table. But the quantities given for 1834 and 1835. are from our own returns. In respect to the other places to which our exports go, a statement is annexed, giving the details since 182U, while our returns have been made up ac- curately and in more detail. STATEMENT of the quantity of Cotton exported from the Vhited Slate's to other places, than Great Britain and France, in the year ending September 30, 1821. to 1835, inclusive. To Russia* 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 18291 1830 1831 1832' 1833 1831 1835! Pounds. 304,680 713,789 309,678 50!,!;;:; 133,934 15,262 147,101 649,791 237,883 111,376 761,735 838,951 1,447,405 1,280,494, 974,801 Holland & Belgium. Pounds. 4,186,096 1,970,258 4,650,548 132, 971 i 1.420,225 4,592,439 '5,861,400 3,780,988 9,595,337 8,561,193 972,659 3,920,016 [2,673,253 6,096,462 5,694,358 Spain. Spanish W. I. Pounds. Pounds. 284,832 772.296 - 445,961 - 3~853 7,990 - 32,210 555,098 2,283,875 758,216 892,967 878,219 Trieste. Pounds. 34,976 210,138 177, 7o9 33,311 1 S3, 204 980,354 ,071,247 2. si 1,477 2,778,858 1,651.775 1,107,600 3,805.312 [,043,061 Hanse Towns. Pound.*. 748,110 2,955,581 2,356,594 292,852 577,109 2,012,679 3,389,514 3,386,108 6,857,796 4,183,047 2,416,765 4,075,122 1,870,620 6,612,895 2,788,147 Italy and Malta. Pounds. 897,804 1,956,253 217,663 980 148.170 407,068 1,056,387 235,265 305,695 580,974 190,842 12,952 All other place's. Pounds. 2,506,777 450,762 833,332 227,529 509,031 1,820.116 1,440,547 1,072. 4 IS 1,261,925 638, H77 2,243,741 2,250,190 1,759,615 1,153,382 1,493,760 [3] The exports to England from other places than the United States for 1834 and "5. are from the last annual report, in January, 1836, at Liver- pool. It is said, in Smithers's History of Liverpool, page 124, that the first imports from India were in 1798, and proved to be very profitable; but they began five or six years earlier to London, if not to Liverpool. See table G, and notes, and same page in Srnitbers,f that Surats were imported in 17S3; in page 125, he says, that 53^ millions of pounds in one of the late years, being then 1824, were shipped from Calcutta to England, but the official tables are lower. [ Doc. No. 146. ] 33 [4] Of the exports from India to China, in 182S, over 12^ millions of pounds were from Calcutta alone. Evidence on East India Company, page 13, 183E For 1834, see Baines's History page 32, which is too low. For other years except 1831 and ; 2, see 1 Milbourne's Oriental Comm. page 281. The cotton trade to China began in the last half century, or about 1787, and the reasons for it are stated in table A, note 9. The exports for 1831 and '2, are from McCulloch, pages 237 and S. China has ed and manufactured cotton since the 13th century, though less since 1787. See table A, note 9. In London Cyclop, article '^Cotton," it is said, that in 1818, about 230 millions of pounds were exported from India to China; but it is probably an error. In supplement to Eneyclop. Brit. art. "Cotton," it is supposed to be one-half what had been yearly consumed in England, (1824) or 50 to 60 millions of pounds, which is higher than Milbourne, but it agrees substantially with McCulloch, whose statement is from official returns; it is the greatest article of trade from India to •China, except opium. See McCulloch, page 236; 3 Crawford. Hist, of Ind Ar. 350. [51 The exports from Brazil to England, began in 1781. Smithers's Hist, of Liverpool, 124, and are often included till 1808, under the head of Por- tugal. Smithers, 146. See table D. [G] The exports from Egypt alone to England, it is said, did not com- mence till 1823, (Smithers's Hist, page 135.) and consisted of 2,108 bags, or short of one-quarter of a million of pounds, as their bags then weighed. See London Cyclop, article -Cotton,"' which says, that before 1790, nearly 6 or 7 millions of pounds yearly, were exported to England from Smyrna. [7] Under West Indies, the years 1834 and '5, include Demarara. and elsewhere, not enumerated", as they are not discriminated in the last annual •report at Liverpool, which is the authority. [8] The exports of 1787, from "all other places" to England, include 1£ million of pounds from Demarara and Berbice. [9] The exports in 1770. were from the then provinces of New York, 3 bales; from Virginia, four bags: and from North Carolina, 3 barrels. Smithers's History, page 153. It was probably all of foreign growth, i. e. of the Spanish Main, Or of the West Indies, as was, it is presumed most if not all, of the eight bags from ".America," -seized in 178 i. Smithers's Hist. 124 and 156. See table B. note. First exports of our own cotton were in small packages front the United Stales, called '•pockets. 7 ' Smithers's Hist. 135. It would seem, that late as 1794, Mr. Jay, when making the treaty with Eng- land, was not aware that any cotton was exporti d from the United States. In SeyS). Stat, page ( .)2, it is said, that the first export of cotloa of our own growth took'] ia< e in 1791. See table B, note L 3 34 [ Doc. No. 146. ] G. COTTON, RAW. Imports of Where from. c GQ V *-> n ^3 ^5 8 1 & W o t— 1 to (5 03 =- Q 5 i — ' *-> W 03 .a u O lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs.- £. Millions. Millions. Millions. Millions. Millions. Millions- 1701 VoorA 1710 7 1 O 1720 2 1730 H 1741 1* 1751 3 1764 3tV ' 1766 3 1780 5 1784 11 1787 22 211 If 6| 5| - 6 1789 32^ : 1790 3lJ Ratio. Ratio. Ratio. Ratio. Ratio. Ratio. Ratio. 1791 28f l l e(To i — * - l 8 1792 35 i I 2 6 i - 3 — l 1 1793 19 i 125 i i — 1 - l IT 1 t 1794 24£ 1 TiJ 2 6 — l 2 - 1 1 1 1 3 1795 26| l 2 5 2 5 — X 2 - 1 1 1 4 a 1796 32 TT "•T i 3 1 I — 1 44 l IS 1797 23* 3l| 1 TT a 1 1 9 1 t - 1 TT 1 2 8 1798 l 6 I 1 4 1 3 - 1 1 5 tIt 1799 431 1 2 7 1 TT » 3 1 — 1 8 1 1800 56 1 4 l 5 1 J — 1 "9 1 i a 1801 56 4 1 l TT 2 "f - 1 1 3 l 3T 1802 601 3 7 h I TT 1 6 - 1 3 l 1 3 5 1803 53£ 4 3 TS ] J - 1 3 a 1 1804 61| i 2 1 1 1 3 — l 2 6 1 TaY 1805 59§ 58| 3 6 1 1 1 1 1 - 1 2 10 l 3 8 1806 3 s 2 7 1 1 1 9 - 1 2 2 1 8 7 1807 75 I 1 1 8 1 >.l 1 1 1 - 1 2 n 1 1 1 8 1808 1809 43£ 92} 2 1 1 s 1 1 4 1 1 8 n i i i __ 1 8 l 1 * 1 2 4 1 3 8 1810 138| 2l 3 1 1 1 5 i 1 8 - 1 4 « 1811 91* 5 9 2 7 1 9 ITS' - 1 7 a 1812 63" 4 2 1 1 2 8 - l [ Doc . No. 146. ] 35 G- -Continued. COTTON, RAW. Imports of Where from. 3 S re Ct.S s -a ■a a* o re fcC a 02 re P. 03 M P re m o s o Sop T3 e i— i o Vi re lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. i* _ Millions. Ratio. Ratio. Ratio. Ratio. Ratio. Ratio. Ratio. 1813 51 l F 3 5 l 1 o l 1 2 - — i 20 1814 73f 96{ s 9 3 .5 _i_ 1 1 1 - — 3ff 1815 4 7 1 4 i 1 i 1 3 4 - -- 1 2 4 1816 971 1 1 3 1 1 4 35 i- — 1 2~4 1817 1261 1 1 1 2 4 2" — — 1 1 4 1818 174 3 7 i 3 1 4 1 5 2 — — 1 1819 137 2 - £ * 1 4ff 1 S 2 - ' t 1820 147* 4 7 l 5 1 4 5 1 7 6 i 5 3 0~ 7 5*1 1821 1261 5 7 1 6 1 4 6 1 5 3 1 1 7 5 1 4 1 1 3 « 1822 14i£ 4 7 1 5 1 3 2 4J 1 35J 3i 1 2 2 6 1823 1831 1471 3 5 3 5 1 F 1 (1 1 7 2 1 i 2 1 T4 3 1 T5" 73 I 1 1 1 7¥ 1824 2 1 '4 1 IS 1825 2441 3 5 1 7 a 1 "5" l 1 7 1 l « 7 1826 170$ 2 F l T7 4 1 1 1 8 9 i 1827 2641 4 1 1 i : 1 "8 1 5 1 1 3 l 2? 1828 222| l 7 A 1 8 1 "2~T F ] 77 1829 218^ 1 1 7 " 1 f9" 3F l. y 1830 259| ftof 7 t0 i 7 i o~ 1 60~ 1 2 5 1831 280 ftol o" 3 J *1 1832 270f I 1 1 3 1 30" 1 8 1833 28S 1 1 1 3 0O~ 1834 320?, F303T .6 [ T Vl 77 a ( ► o" 1 2 • i i 8 1835 361i- 3 1 75 — [303i] [H^il [4] mm I 1*1 \*\ I — ^— t 1 [ll For the early imports of cotton into England, see more in Same's, 346; McCulloch, 438; and Seyb. Stat. 92, note. In 1787 the imports set down as from Turkey and Egypt, were entirely from the former, Smyrna, Greece, &c. and none 'from the last until 1820 and 1823, and since that mostly from Eoypt. The "other places" were chiefly French and Spanish colo- nies in 5 1787: but include India and Turkey where those columns are blank raw the 6 [ Doc. No. 146. ] nk. See a table in Smithcrs's Eistorv raw l*t\ T-'i i • ^ttbi, after the manuftc.re oSlcht EWhJ^ IT? ° f different countries. Tl e W fol '• ', . ?" F* 10 * m the same > and occasionally arethenex^n^^^-: 7 7 ^ ^ P ro P orti ™ but in calculation, as is the calf in fZi °^< otheG ^t £ urn for convenience *all, page ^0^^147. " ^ *"* taHA: See M ^ mto England alone and some do tt ^ s f™^ate between those McCulloch, 439 See a tail in ^n"< " ° P °f 6 , r S Qfficlal ta] ] ^ ^5 : into Ireland one to two m hW J ™ h T ***? MG ' makin S tiie ™portB In Barnes, the q ll0 „ Ste o to dtf ^ ^ ^ J?1)i i!! 181 ^ cases. See also ^g*^^ ^1°^ d ^ »**f in most imported into Ireland and Smfl.nrl « ' ' ! ' j ' ! he usua] quantity has been, during Sl^^ '^Ti^?SS^ * $**, annum, it is believed In IfiS V iS mi!!,0 " s of V°Wte per believed to be re-exported 1,1? ' 0i t,:,,t mr:[ m **&ati ™ and no ^riSW^^^^i ** those of cotton exceeded 6* ™m\ ))Z«Tr ' sin< e 1825 > ^en The largest a^SS ^r 1^3 1m? an ^f lfa, ? es,8 ^ : P^O. ports of January, KSS"!f " ^ ^ U ^ stii ^~ other sources of not so recent dai, ^ M the SCC01ld ""<*, from poffl pr^^^Srtf ztt^wn r 3 -si 18 * — the tables as to Liverpool imporis a! one! 8 d ""* djiki ' SOffie ^ -If^ «ft> 1H)2. 1793 : <,c.were ratio, it will be seer- b "t , 1 ? WeSt Indles ' Slithers, 157. Our vary'as the En S t tun s'iff, " """^ ^ l834 ™ d 1S3 ^ -1 mated amount of her ySu"y im^ C ° nCermn f the »' hole actual or esti- [ Doc. No. 146. ] 37 H.— COTTON, RAW. Imports of Where From. Imports of '* . . !- P* — - ' W^ 2'55Ph fl >— I ~ (A 1 — 1 cS lbs. lbs. 1 lbs. Millions. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. Milli i Milli Vlilli a Millions.'Miilio] Millions. I* 19 1 1790 - - - - - - 97,357 Millions. 1791 _ _ _ _ '4 1792 _ 7 L793 1794 _ ■ 1795 _ ~~ 4 1796 — _ •U 179* _ _ 1>1 1798 1799 _ _ - 3J L800 . 1801 i ~ 1 1 1802 2 ! 4 _ i Oi .J i:m; 6 31 _ : _ _ _ 2i i iO 7 _ - - - ^4 _ 6 - _ _ - 3^ „ a _ _ - — - - 41 _ __ _ _ - _ — - 1 1810 25 _ _ _ _ * 1811 _ _ — _ 181 _ _ _ i 1813 " 10 _ - _ _ - if - : _ i _ - - i r. 1815 _ 20 _ - - - 1 _ 18 i _ _ - — - i 5 : ' - — _ - - - 3 _ _ _ _ _ - 111 1819 _ _ i _ _ - 15 ■:■■ _ l — _ _ — i _ 1 1821 ; - _ G _ § 1822 61 _ _ 1 51 25" _ _ _ _ i s _ _ _ _ 1 ~~ ! 1825 ! 61 30 _ _ i 1826 1 96 j 62| _ 301 I i i 87 i _ 3 1828 1 6! i - 1 ' 1 i ; ' 75 6~ 7~ 38 1?* _ „_ 1 ' ! to 61 ! 4 r > t< 7* 3i 29 18| _ i-38 ■ ' ■ 1832 73 to 77 k 81 31 48 19i _ 60 1 2 1833 1 • 76i 38 19 _ - i -■'• ' ', i to 81 7 4~ 19 J o 45 ] 1 1835 9 91 _ — is [U 1 m 1 1 [3] [4] [5] [6] m [8] [93 38 [ Doc. No. 146. J [1] The value of the imports of raw cotton into each country it has not been deemed necessary to give in detail, as the quantity, and the prices in the United States and Liverpool, with those in India, and some other places occasionally, are presented, and will enable any person easily to make a computation of the whole value of the imports into any particular country. [2] The imports into any country during any particular year, sometimes fall short of the actual consumption in that year, if a large stock from any particular cause be on hand at the begining, or a very small stock at the end of the year. The whole amount imported into any place, and the amount from each country, differ a little occasionally, by mistakes in copy- ing or misprints probably. For imports of 1820 and 1S21, into France, see Quarterly Review, (1824-5). For those of 1S34, see tables of French Com. for '34; and for 1810, Edinburgh Review, page 61, (1829) which states, those for 1828-9, at 80 or 90 millions of pounds; for 1806, see London Cyclop, article "Cotton." Baines. 515. From 1822 to 1832, see a table in McCulloclfs Diet, page 448, which is given below in bags. In 1819, in vol. 3, Diet, of Com. and Finance for Spain, page 244, the value of im- ports of raw cotton is estimated at only $2,000,000, into France, but it must be too low. Those for 1833, and the smallest for 1834 and for 1S35, are from manuscript. Annexed are the quantities in bales, and the stocks on hand each year, from 1822 to 1835 inclusive, from another and similar source, as to the three last years ; the previous ones are from McCulloch. See table T, note [2], as to stocks on hand in England. Statement of the general imports and stocks of Cotton in France in 1835, compared with those of the thirteen preceding years: Sioc/cs, s>rc. 31. 42,545 40,078 17.194 35.306 71.479 85,403 51,812 29,292 61,260 35,810 22.506 51.753 107 J/.096 [3] See Pitkins's Stat, page 485. [4] Those for Saxony, Prussia, and Trieste, are given from Pitkins's Statistics, 485. About one-third comes from the United States, and some of it through France and Holland: from Brazil and the West Indies, one- fourth; from Egypt and Turkey, one-fifth; and from India, one-lenrth. See note 8, below, and McCulloch's Diet. 442. In Saxony and Prussia, the Years. htvpo \ 1822 bales 205,S61 1823 u 169.845 1824 u 251.074 1825 a 204,572 1826 a 320,174 1S27 u 290,617 182S a 206,132 1829 u 242,230 1830 a 282.752 1831 a 218/393 1832 a 259,159 1833 a 305,633 1834 a 274,307 1835 a 324.425 .42s [ Doc. No. 146. ] 39 manufacture of cotton cloth is considerable, but is chiefly from English yarn See exports of manufactures from England, and supplement to Encyclop. Brittamca, article "cotton." The spinning is slowly increasing bv machinery. In 1831 Prussia exported one-tourth more of cotton cloths than in 1826, being 17 millions of yards. Blackwood's Magazine, for January, 1836. T51 Of the imports into Switzerland, quite six millions pass in some rails through France. Genoa imported in 1830, two and one-half million; in 1831, four and one-tenth millions ; 1S32, five and one-tenth. Ha If of this probably goes to Switzerland, and nearly half the imports into Trieste. (See below.) Switzerland has long imported cotton, but it has chiefly been spun by the distaff. Supplement to Encyclop. Brittamca, "Cotton." See more Westminster Review, for April, 1833. [6] Those into Spain were chiefly from provinces in America. 1 Diet, of Fin. and Com. m Except the large sum for 1831, and that for 1832, which are founded on a table in McCulloch, the imports into China are computed from other writers on the exports thither from India, with a small addition rom other places, chiefly islands. See tables D and F, and 3 Crawford s History. Most of the export J from India go to China, except what went to he Uni ed States formerly, and then and now to England. Table G. It is feared that they are not usually stated high enough. Supplement to Encyclop. Brit. < : cotton." [81 The imports into the United States are taken from official returns, and have been very fluctuating in amount; they have come chiefly from Indua See Seybert 92, where he says, that before 1825 we consumed two millions of pounds of it yearly. For a table of imports and exports of foreign raw cotton, from 1800 to 1814, see Seyb. St. page 25/ . [9] Other countries of Europe than those enumerated, import consider- able quantities of raw cotton : e. g. Holland and Belgium, about 10 or 12 millions of pounds, of which., a part passes into Germany, and 5 or b mil- ^ of pounds is from the United States. So into Germany tact* im- ported a/ Trieste alone, from the United States about 4 to 5 mi ho • and some from Eo-ypt and Turkey, in all. making in 1830, , 12| million oi £2£-^k% million of pounds; and 1832, 25| .*J o 'j™^ McCulloch page 442. Into the Hanse towns are imported fiom neie 4 to o SSKSsinore yearly, and about 1 million erf ^"***W &.c. &c. See exports, table F, note 2. Russia imported nto Petersburg, t all, 1830, 21 million of pounds; 1831, -^^^^^jS- 1822 one and eight-tenths million of pounds. In 1834, J^™ » »"■ by Mr. Alexander, to have imported 12* ^f^ftlleS It is said in Westminster Review, for April, 1835, that Lombardy alone con- sumes four million pounds of raw cotton yearly. 40 [ Doc. No. 146. ] I. COTTON, RAW. Quantity consumed and manufactured in xs I a * rt ^ o ■^ £ < H lbs. 11-; lbs. Cm lbs 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 Ih05 1806 1807 180? 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 15 ISh) 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 i833 j 834 i835 '11 3 [ Doc. No. 14G. ] 41 ij [I] It is important to bear in mind that this tabic does not show thecon- I sumption pi wamtfactured cotton] but only the consumption and manu- Ifacture of cotton in its raw state. Hence it includes the quantity of raw j cotton raised in any country and not exported, with the additional quan- tity imported and nol . the -quantities on hand at the | con ■ ani nation ol y6ar to be similar. Most of the qiiantitie; include w .. used in all \va] in made in families as well as in manufa< ; ■ . It also includes whaji is consumed in a raw state, which is calculated to "be, in England, quite T x 4 th. The whole consumption in Europe, m 1830, w s about 387 millions ol pounds, (Pi tk. £ at, L); or less than the | resenl exports of the United States. The consumption in manu- factures i lw cotton in all Europe, in 1803, way estimated at only 60 millions of pounds. Dictionary of. Spanish Commerce; and in London Cyclopedia, article "Cotton," cq only .18 millions of pounds in all Europe, e: pt id and v. . Till 1773 the warp in the web of what was called cotton cloth in , was linen. McCulloch, 438. (See table See 1 elow. note [12]. [2] T; •' qi [and ::r ■ generally taken from Mar- . d"ap roved by Pitkin. Bui P uter, in 0. to 1832.' larger by 5 to 10 millions : . r annum. Part oi' the cliff ren ■ ■ . ■ ■ i :ludi Irei.;. . : . ■ ' ari ! ; nm ti aes !.o< kin ■■ nl I the impo -ts, and di ductingf jthe quai ported: when, in fact, tin ntil on hand at the begin- ning an ' ! of the year, or the actual qn itil entered for home c< sumption itialhj < :: " nt. ' : out 10 to 20 millions of pounds (yearly, ■ i [i :; as li tie as \ to ' th of what is imported is re-exported ifrom Se Baines, 347, and, in Marshall and Pitkin's, schedules pf it. An estim'fi 3 ade in France, was onkr 241 millions of (pounds; an'sl in Ci ber oJ ; ers for 1.S34, was 320 millions of pounds; land by ] \w i. ] 1.6, for 1832, was 288 millions of pounds; While I 'banc I o : ■ ' pterin England, in his late speech, state ' - hom» co iption inT834 was 3 illions of poun andinlS 04 millions o pound . But by the annual Liverpool report in February, 1836, and n con: imption in 1835 is estimated higher tl y 13* milfi s of pounds. Others put 1834 at 3 millions of i : >5 at 330 millions. In the Edinburgh Review, ' eisgivenfro i and Cook's Com. of G. Brit. : iclusive, which is as follows: 1822, ii ; ! millions of 1823, !.47 T V; L824, 174-V; 1825, 169 T V; 1826,] L827, 20Le : L'8.28, I . IS29, I . : ; 1831, 257*. The consu nip- ion in Scot] ■' in part from English imports, exceeded in 1835, 32 millions of pounds. Since 1823, when changes occurred in the luties, Ire nade considerable cotton cloth; in 1825, quite 6-| mil- ipns of yards. But k was chiefly from yarn spun in England; (McCul- och, 4 14;) or from raw cotton exported there from England; which, from J1821 to ■; from U to 2J, millions of pounds per annum. See tables on this in Smithers, 150 and 151. London Cyclopedia, article 'Cotto In :■ see a table on imports and consumption, and tock on hand, same j :ars; at the close of 1823. in England, it was 92 uillions of pounds. See Liverpool annual report, where the stock on hand tth? cl i'i was 59|- millions of pounds, and 1835 was 73| mil- lions of pounds. In 1833 it was about 60 millions of pounds, and had 42 [ Doc. No. 146. ] diminished gradually since 1826, when it was 100 millions of pounds. (Baines, page 318.) See table H, note 2. [3] See on France, Baines, page 525. But the quantity of imports is generally higher than consumption by 5 or 6 millions of pounds (unless the stock on hand is very large when the last is sometimes highest) ; as, of late years especially, France re-exports to the neighbouring countries, by land, S or 9 millions of pounds per annum, occasionally. (French Tables of Commerce, page 156, for 1832-3.) About T \ of these re-exports are to Switzerland, and the rest to Sardinia, Genoa, &c. As for back as 1789 France used but little cotton, except in household manufactures. Q,uar. Rev. (1824-5) page 394. For 1815, see Baines, page 515, and for 1806 see London Cyclopedia, article "Cotton/' In the French Chamber of Peers it was testified, that the consumption in 1834 was 80 millions of pounds. In the Edinburgh Review, page 432, (1832) is a table of raw cotton con- sumed yearly in France from" 1822 to 1831, in which the quantity is different from 1 to 10 or 12 millions in different years, some less and some more, e. g. Years. M. lbs. Years. 1.822 . ... en 51 s - 1824 - - - ri-f 1827 1828 1829 1825 65" 1830 1826 - 84* 1831 M. lbs. 84 72 73 J Those in the table from 1798 to 1S06, and 1817, are from Sup. to Ency. Brit. "Cotton." See table K, into what articles the cotton is made, com- parative prices, &e. [4] The large estimates for 1790, 1800 and 1805, in the United States were made by myself, and the small ones, with that for 1815, are from a report of a Committee of the House of Representatives, February 13, 1816. That for 1810 is from Seybert's Statistics, page 92, and includes what cot- ton was used in household manufactures, as do my own . Mr. Gallatin made a similar one for 1810. Pitkin. 487. Some estimates of earlier date, probably did not include what was used in dwelling houses. Before 1825 we consumed often 2 millions of pounds a year, of "raw cotton grown abroad, (Seyb. 257 and 92) ; and one-fourteenth of the imports and crop in the United States and England is used or consumed in its raw state without being made into either yarn or cloth. Table H. In Coxe-'s report on Man- ufactures for 1810, he gives the manufactures of cotton in families at five millions of dollars value, and number of yards 16.\ millions; winch, at 50 cents, the worth of coarse cloth to each pound of cotton in it. would make 8 or 10 millions of pounds used. Coxe reports a few large manufacto- ries, but without any data to show their consumption of raw cotton; but see table L, spindles, note. They probably used 6 to 8 millions of pounds more. In the French Chamber of Peers the estimate was only 36 millions of pounds consumed in the United States in 1834 (see below). The whole manufacture of cotton in the United States must be as large as the esti- mate, though beyond the usual computation, if we look to the number of spindles, and to the great household manufacture of it in the families of the South and West, for all purposes. [ Doc. No. 146. ] 43 Ao-ain it is to be deduced from the fact, that in the great cheapness and heaUhfulness of cotton manufactures, our population consume each rive to six dollars worth of them yearly, for clothing, bedding, sai s, &c . &c .which, at a census of 14 millions, would be from 70 to 84 millions of dollars ill value In England the consumption is computed to be only a traction less than that, and in France it is $4 per head. In Belgium, Alexander com- putes it at 20 francs, or a little over *3| per head- As we import from Eno-land, France and Germany, about 7 millions of dollars of cotton man- ufactures more than we export, and those articles are finer than our own, it is a fair estimate, that we manufacture in this country, from 50 to fO imi- lions of dollars worth of cotton manufactures; which, at two pounds ol raw cotton or near it per dollar of manufactured cloth, on an average, would, in all, equal about 100 millions of pounds or more oi raw cotton manufactured here. Of this, about 5 to 20 millions of dollars worth are made in domestic form; and 45 to 50 millions of dollars m factories in A. D. 1835. , , . . " ., f . , In 1831, the convention in New York estimated that only 2b millions ol dollars worth of yarn and cloth were made in manufactories; and in 1834, Pitkin, pao-e 484, estimated all manufactures of cotton in the United states at 40 millions of dollars value yearly. This would require in 1831, as in the table, about 77 millions of pounds of raw cotton, as estimated m the j convention at New York, for manufactories in 12 States, bee lVjcLulioch, 448, who supposes it was a committee of Congress. ' As our Population is increasing from 1830 to 1840 at the rate oi nearly ! 4 per cent', or quite 400,000 persons per annum, and as 10 to 12 pounds ol raw cotton are required per head, and our imports of cotton manufactures I do not increase, we must add yearly to our manufactures about 4 to 5 mil- j lions more of raw cotton. This would make an addition from the esti- i mate in 1830, so that the whole consumption would, m 18B5, equal 100 mil- i lions of pounds of raw cotton. An intelligent merchant and manufacturer \ of the north thinks the consumption now is 106 millions of pounds 1 he quantity manufactured here in 1827 is estimated by Reuss,m his hmlesou American Trade, at only 31 millions of pounds, and in 1828 at 36 millions of pounds; but they must be too low, as are the usual estimates for the last three or four years, at only 80 and 85 millions of pounds, or they must in- clude only what was worked up in factories, and the former estimate not alt of that. On the great consumption of cotton in household manufactures in the United States, and the opinion entertained in 1791 on the importance i and expectations of success in the establishment of manufactures by ma- chinery, and its influence on the growth of cotton in the United States, see more in Hamilton's report, A. I). 1791. [51 See Urquhart on Turkey, page 150 and 179, that two pounds per head is manufactured there; and also that 50 millions of dollars worth of mus- lins alone were yearly consumed there and in Africa. They were not all, however, of- domestic manufacture, it is presumed. In Egypt it has been estimated, that from 8 to 9 millions of pounds ot the crop of 1835 will be consumed in that country. See table A, note J. [61 This statement, for Russia in 1824 is from Porter's tables, 545; see Baines 400. In the southwestern parts of Russia, bordering on Germany, manufactories and machinery have been considerably introduced, and yarn I 44 [ Doc. No. 146. ] from England is woven there, as in India and elsewhere, as well as raw cotton, imported chiefly from the United States, either direct or through the ports on the Baltic. See exports of raw cotton, table P, note. "A few others have been established southeast of Moscow. See Lon. Cyclop, article "Cotton," and one cotton mill is in operation in St. Petersburg;!!. Spain in 1803. ,810 yards 3s of tape. [8] In Puebla in Mexico, in 1803, were manufactured 1^ millions of pounds of raw cotton. (4 Dictionary of Spanish Commerce, page 178.1 In Campeachy the manufactures are most extensive. 2 Hist, of Colon;} la. [9] Among the other places is Switzerland, which, hi 1831, con near 19 millions of pounds of raw cotton. Baines, 5; 6; e imports. That country began to use machinery for cotton in 1798. but the progr has been slow, and the establishments are small, though -active. London Cyclop, article •'Cotton.* 1 Muslins have been made There, it is said, a cen- tury and a half. But beside England and France, the cotton spun in the rest of Europe in 1823 was estimated at only ]S pounds. London Cyclop, article "Cotton."' See table K, note. In 1834, it was estimated by Mr. Alexander, thai Belgium consumed 12§ millions of pounds of raw cotton. Sec table, exports ot manufactures and notes. [10] The statements for 1833. 1821, 1811, 1801, and 1791, axe generally computations made from other dam as to the crops in the diff i nt countries named, which were grown and not exported, and the quantities of raw cot- ton imported into each: beyond this, they are rather conjectures than esti- mates, founded i n%efy satisfactory facts. [11] The quantities computed torbe manufactured in India and China are very lar ; but, perhaps, tl few rather than above the truth. See Sup] it to Ency. Brit, article "Cotton;' and tal and F on growth of cotton and exports. In the Indian islands mo; heir raw cotton is made up, though a little i rted to China. 3 Crawfo ry, 350. [12] A table is annexed of the consumption of raw cotton in all Europe, from 183 s to 1835. inclusive, compiled by Lambert cc Co. of Liverpool, and distinguishing 'the estimated portion of it from this country. Consumption of option in Euro\ , ;■ duced to hales of 300 pounds. 1831.1 - 1.272.176. of which - 92 i American. 1832, ■■' . . 1,372,079, " - - 1833, •• - - 1,409,786, - ' - 1834, «■■- - 1,502,559, » - 1,2< 1835, " - - 1.581,501, •■ - - 1.2' [ Doc. No. 146. ] 45 K. COTTON. MANUFACTURES OF (r 789 790 791 792 i: ■ > 79 i 795 79 6 797 ,798 i799 •':):) 801 ile value of, yeai land. France. Dolls Do] Millions. swm Millions. m 833 i 891 305 80S 897 -: ;,; 809 819 ■ 811 '813 1 813 814 ,815 95 'i _ 1818 . :si7 _ 3G 818 1819 1820 18-21 833 72 1823 155 824 1825 MS to 190 1826 1837 171 _ ^828 _ 19 1829 18:39 - i fl83l 1832 Hi 54 1833 $ 178 i - tmi IG&$ GS IS35 _ M HI PI 15 - [Jni ■ . States. •liars. Capital employed in manufacturing b\ r machinery in — [ i] England. , lions. Dollars. Millions. 24 iwl 43 to 50 3091 325 ! 216 160 S 360 \ {.168 { 250 [7] France. Dollar; Million; HE -101 United Sli Dollars. Llipris. 40 40f or 62 44 J m SO 46 [ Doc. No. 146. ] [1] The values in England in the tables are taken, for 1S34, from McCulloch and Aiken, Edin. Rev. 472, (1835,) and Baines, 412; for 1833, in 1st line, from Pebrier on Eng. page 314 ; for 2d line, for 1827, from Edin. Rev. page 22, (1827.) The first edition of McCnlloch agreed with Pebrier, but in the second edition he lowered the amount. Baines, 398, and note. That for 1823 was by Mr. Huskisson. Baines, 399. That for 1824 is from Supplement to Encyclop. Brit. " Cotton.". In McCulloch's Dict'y of Com. and Baines, 406, and Pitkin, 486, it is computed that the present value of the cotton manufacture equals about twice the amount of it exported. It is said that only 37 per cent, is con- sumed of what is made. Aiken's Lectures. See exports. In 1766 Eng- land made about three times as much as she exported of cotton goods, thouo-h Edin. Rev. page 166, (1830,) says she then made only one million of dollars worth. Do. page 18, (1S27.) The estimate for 1815 is in Edinb. Encyclop. art. " Cotton." The items for computing the value of the annual manufacture, are given in Edin. Rev. (1827) page 22, and in Edin. Rev. page 472, (1835.) and in Baines, 412. In Scotlandalone it is said the manufacture of cotton in 1835 equalled in value 11-J- millions of dollars ; but in 1832, was estimated by Kennedy at I2i, though prices higher ; and in Ireland at 1^ millions of dollars. Baines, 409, thinks the exports are nearly that before named from Scotland, and the manufacture double. Page 410. [2] The values in France for 1817 are too high, and that for 1S28 too low, it is believed ; but were extracted, the first from 2 Chaptal on French ■ Industry, page 150, and Sup. to Encyclop. Brit. " Cotton," and the last from some author not remembered. Estimated at 111 millions of dollars by Minerel, but too high. Baines, 521. Those for 1832 and 4 are estimates made on the number of spindles. &c. [3] The value for 1830, in the United States, is from N. Y. Conven. and includes but 12 States and no household goods, otherwise it would equal 40 millions. Pitkin, 483. The whole value in 1835 is my estimate from the quantity of cotton worked up, &c. Pitkin, 482. ■ The value for 1815 is by a Committee of Congress, and is confined to goods made in factories. The whole value of cotton, woollen and flax manufactures in 1810, was computed at only 40 millions of dollars — the value of cotton alone in 1830. [4] The value of manufactured cottons, when the quantity of raw cotton in them is the same, differs greatly according to different periods of time in the same country, and according to the quality of the raw material, and the machinery used, and the skill employed. See table M, note [21. Thus in England, in 20 years after Arkright's invention in spinning, manufactured cottons fell nearly eight-ninths of their former price. Every ten years since, some have computed their fall in price as equal to 50 per cent. In the American Encyclopedia, article "Cotton," it is said, that, from 1815 to 1829, the coarse cloths fell two thirds. See in Pebriers views of England, page 343, a table sho he fall there at different periods. See taHe M, note [3], on official and 1 ] s at different periods. In 1810," yarn, on an average, was worth ;-< 1 .'I :.J. per pound. Report by Gallatin. See * [ Doc. No. 146. ] 47 prices of other articles ii* his report. In 1814 it was estimated under $1 per pound by Cox. In 1S32 it was said that the cost of making most species of yarn had been reduced since 1812 about a half, and that ,of weaving by power looms, &c. still more. See Edm. Rev. 427, (1832,) a list of prices. Some of the differences as to the whole value of manufactured goods spring from not adverting to all the fall in prices, though the yarn and cloth have increased in quantity. See a table of reduction in prices of spinning. In 1786 it cost 10*. per pound of No. 100, in 1824 only 8d. or only 16 cents instead of 240 cents. Supplement to Cyclop. Brit. " Cotton." [5] The best cotton goods are supposed to be made in Switzerland, where the skill and machinery are good, and the climate congenial. But the raw material, being carried so far by land, is expensive, and the manutfieturer cannot compete with England, though 20 per cent, cheaper than in France. Baines, 524. In France many fine goods are made by skill and experience ; but the machinery is poorer, and costs more. Edinb. Rev. page 61, (1829.) Hence the prices in those two countries of the cloth made from a pound of raw cotton, exceed on an average, 50 cents, while in England they are about 50 cents, and in the United States are now somewhat less. In 1806 the cotton was made chiefly into velveteens, nankeens, crapes, muslins, :!' spin- dles compared with England and her capital, a. ,d is in fact at 40 million dol- lars for fixtures alone, and about 22 mi'- hollars for the rest. 35 per spindle. But in the ?\e\v York Convention, in 1S30, are given the details of their estimates, and the buildings and machinery alone cost here, on their computation, near I ; iiidle, and it requires to pay wages, furnish raw cotton and other materials, superintendence, 0 pounds of .. . i rn number 21) and 25 in fineness and about. >. of number 35 and 40. In 1808 the average was computed at 45 pou ds per spindle, of cotton yielding 38 pounds of yarn. (Report to Co: 1810.) The difference in weight between the cotton and the i by loss from dirt and waste is usually estimated from one twelfth to one-eighth.. (Baines, 376) At Lowell 100 pounds of cotton yields 89 poi;:: doth, (Lowell Statistics. 1836,) though the average here used to be ■ oated at only 85 pounds. (!\ T iles Register, (1827) page 211.) wi cotton was not so well cleaned and machinery less perfect. One spindle at ■ ' produces through looms &c. on an average i r \ yards of cloth, daily ; but' this result must differ greatly with the fineness of the thread, exce.ll of the looms, width of the cloth. &c. in 1830, it was computed, that 37 spindles were necessary to supply one loom ; thousrh in 182.7, at Lowell, the actual proportion was only 26, at Exeter in 1831, it was 29, and now at Lowell it is 31. The number of looi ngland in 1832 was only 1 to about 40 spindles, so much more van ' and not woven there, (McCulloch ' I Itho v stly hand as. But in 1834. the number of them was about. 100,000 power loo:: ; 1,000 hand looms or in all, about 1 to 30. (Baines. page 237.) On- - ■ rmerly wove daily, about 20 yards of f eloth of the ordinary seven- t, more df the 26 inches in width used tor calicoes, and less of the 5 quarters wide. The average now is from 30 to 40 yards of No. 20. At Lowell in 1835. it was 38 to 49 yards of No. 14, and 25 to 30 yards of No. 30. It requires 'from 4 to 5 yards of cloth of Nos. 20 to 25 yarn, to weigh one pound, and 5 to 6 yards of Nos. 35 and 40. The power of the spindle, as connected with the number of persons actually employed in factories, is, that, in making plain cloth of ordinary width and fineness; one person is needed to conduct all the business from the raw cotton to the finishing of the cloth lor every 20 spindles. It the cloth be colored and printed or stamped, one person will be wanted for every 7 spindles. This would be about 250 persons for all purposes in a factory of 5,000 spindles, making plain brown cloth. One person can manage from 2 to 3 power looms. 54 [ Doc. No. 146. ] The proportion of spindles to a factory was formerly very small, both in England and this country. Before 1806, it was only one or two hundred sometimes, and seldom exceeded 1,000. Soon after that some mills were built, containing: 4.000 spindles. The average in new mills is now from five to 6,000. In Lowell, 1836, in 27 mills they have 129.828 spindles, or a little under 5,000 to each, though they print, &c. in some. A factory with 5,000 spindles, must be about 155 feet long and 45 wide, 4 stories in height, and cohl i about 140 looms, with other suitable machinery for picking, warping, sizing, &c. Such an one with a few shops and out-houses appurtenant and land and water privilege, would cost from $140,000 to $220,000; according to the materials for building, whether wood, brick or stone, and the d, i from navigable waters, so as to affect cost of privilege, freight, &c. with other circumstances too numerous for recital. If -bleaching or printing cloths lie added, more expense will be ne- cessary, and more persons than the average for such an establishment including machinists. This would be a permanent investment of capital in buildings, water power, machinery and ali'appurtenances equal to $28 or $44 per spindle, independent of the temporary investment of capital to buy raw cotton, pay wages, &c. It would ofn id even exceed the latter sum than only the former. (See table K, on capital.) In 1810 it was computed, that the capital actually invested m machinery and real estate, averaged $60 per spindle. (Report of 1810.) It is not proposed here to go into any comparison' of this expense now with former periods, or with other coun- tries, except in regard to spindle alone, and the machinery as a whole. For the rest see table K. In 1806, when machinery could not by law be exported from England, and the machinists here were unskilful and few, the spindle and its appur- tenances from the picker to the loom inclusive, it is computed, cost $30 each ; or 3 to 400 per cent higher thari it cost at that time in England, and over double its present cost in the United States. The great fall in its cost and value since, with various improvements in machinery, has been the cause of much loss to many capitalists em- ployed in the manufacture. By A. D. 1820, the machinery cost only about double its then value in England 2 \) the machinery was made here on an average, for about ,sll per spindle, and though now lower it still costs from 40 to 60 per cent more than in England. The whole machi- nery there and the mill cost only . I 6 per spindle. (Baines 368, 414,) But that includes probably no looms, eec. and merely the building without the water or stea •> power, and '■■'' mule spindle, moved by hand, and costing is than half what th ndle costs, "and which i& chiefly in use here. In France, in 1832, the spim one, which is about half the ex- pense of all the i lachinei . ci I $8. It used to cost there $10. (See Hocklin's Evkl.) Now the spindle alone costs here about $ U if of the throstle kind, and :s2.\ if of the mule kind, in some places in the United States 5 per cent higher, The former alone cost here, late as 1826, it is said, $8 each. The spindle used in the filling frame, epiite extensively at this time, costsabout . These may constitute useful and sufficient data for further computations. As a matter of some curious interest it may be added that one pound of cotton usually makes S yds. of coarse muslin, and is then increased in value from the raw cotton eight-fold. But if spun into the finest yarn, it is worth 5 [ Doc. No. 146. ] 55 guineas, and in 1780, if woven into muslin and tamboured was worth £15. (5 Anderson's History of Com. S7S.) It may now be converted into a piece of lace worth 100 guineas. Senior's Outline of Polit. Econ. 162, 178. Ill India, in 1786, they could spin cotton threads over 115 miles to the pound ; in England they have since been spun 167 miles long from a single pound. Baines, page 59. Niles' Keg. page 181, March 24, 1821. One pound of cotton spun into No. 100 yarn, extends about 8-1,000 yds. in length. Smithers's His. of Liv. page 127. The yarn spun yearly in England would reach round the globe 203,775 times or over 600 times each day. Baines, page 431. They use flour for sizing, &c. in cotton manufactures, 42-V pounds to each spindle per annum, or four pounds weekly to each loom. In tins country but one pound weekly to each loom. McGui'loch, -448,- as to report of 1832. But at Lowell, 3,800 barrels to 4,197 looms yearly, or near lour pounds each per week. In England three tune-; as many spindles and factories are moved by steam as by water. Edin. Rev. page 472 (1835). In the United States not one in a hundred factories is moved by steam. The power. to move ail the cotton mills in Eng .. : . quals thai of 44,000 horses, of which only 11,000 is by the water wheel. iaines, 395: In 1821, the whole power was estimated at only 10,572 horses. Sup. to Encyclop. Brit. "Cotton." Each factory, of common size and employment, requires from 60 to 80 horse power here, or about 11| horse power to 1,1 i. idles. [6J For the number of spindles in England, in 1789, see Smithers's History of Liverpool, page 124. For 1812, Edinburgh Encyclop. arti- cle "Cotton;" for 1817, Edinburgh Rev. (1827).; for' the rest', in 1811 and in 1824, Sup. to Cyclop. Brit. "Cotton;" and urn others, Barnes's Hist. 368, and McCulloch, 441, &c. dee, The abo'\ e numbers include Scotland. The first cotton mill built in Ireland, was in '11 , London Cyclop, article " Cotton," and Sup. to Encyclop. Brittan. - 'otton.' 1 In 182 ':.' h 'land had 145,000 spindles. Sup. to Encyclop. Brittan. " Cotton." [7\ For 1812, in France, see Quart. Rev. page 397, (4 1,24 '5,) and French Industry, by Chaptal, page 15, who says' they then spun only about 30 millions of pounds; this was a large number for I le c ■ iun, as the spindles were poor and imperfect. For I ;32,.see Nic'ho. K >e Mnfs evidence before the Chamber of Peers; that is from fl le minion too high, as grounded on an English estimate, which was too large, too many for the quantity of cotton spun; > ! L45, iptai's Industry ot v ranee, p< chiefly made from thread or yarn imported : oth England, Switzerland, and the Levant. There were largemumbers cotton pocket handker- chiefs made at Ilouen, Montpelier, &c. curly as 1789. 2 ChaptaFs Indus- try of France, page 4. 'France had, m 1818, 70,000 looms v cloth, and 10,500 for spimng hosiery. % Chaptal -on French Industry, 1 pa nates on all these subjects are considered high. In 1306, her looms for cloth in twenty-two departments are stated at only 28,634. London Cyclop, art. "Cotton,"' In 1806. the estimate, a:, to the number of spin . 3 from the 56 [ Doc. No. 146. ] London Cyclop, art. '■■ Cotton;" it is increased a little, for the rest of France not included in the above article,. and is about one spindle to 25 pounds of raw cotton spun that year, which is a fair proportion, when the goods made are fine, and the machinery is not of, the best quality. See note above, and supplement to Encyclop. . Brit, art. -Cotton/' Power looms are not .nuch used yet in France, West Rev. Ap. '33. [S] Some spindles and looms moved by machinery have heen introduced into India ; but most of the cotton manufactured there is by women and in households : the men, who aid in weaving, are also often laborers on the il 'iq??° J w ! tlle Wmnjitte on the affairs of the East Mia Com. A P p. 310, 1832 Wade on JVhdd. Classes, page 57(3. Yarn is often imported 19 °i n T 131 ^' 1 ' IS th ° rC Spi1D ' S0 nmch chea i ,er ], V machinery. Smithers, + » t° U Xu- X ° ny ' Rllss,! b &c - Supplement to Cy eloped, firit "Cot-' w ; - 1( Chma ' ll ls , sa *&, cotton mills with spin"dles,&c. have been oioidden. Iri Egypt they have been introduced, but do not succeed nf 1- m° n m i l iy T? ° f ? e ' a}r ' itS im P" ritie9 by fine sand, and want of .skill; (Hod|de D) ) but they are still used by the Government. In to£' '^^waT 3 ' 7 °§ ^° rk Sh ° pS { ° r COttOU 0r sm ? l] nia.mtac- tories and 1,494 looms 1 Diet, of Com. G5. 3 do. 198, large*. In cZT, kn e „ ^ ^ Wlth machll ^T- **< built in 1798: London cyclop, art. "Cotton," where is some notice of a few spindles m other parts RnVurS ™ : ? l T n \? ussi % Prussia > &c - ^ in Sup. to Encyclop. Brit ."Cotton; And in West. Rev. for App. 1833. The number in the table is from Sup. to Encyclop. Brit. « Cotton/' [9] The number of spindles in the United Statesman be computed from MrCnlft I g ZT ?? t!: ° Se !)ef ° re 1S35 ' see Pitk - Stat! 526, and McCull6ch page 448, and Reuss: Am. Tr. 270. Those for 1809 and 1810, the last too high m his table-^see Gallatin's Report for the number in 1807 and Ibll Ihose at some other dates are from manuscript. Gales and Seatons Documents, 2 Finance, page 432. Those for 1814, are from Cox a tables. Ditto pap 691, and Seybert Statistics, page 7, and were re" So m rch I : 823. Those for 1835, are estimated bv me on fonuer' dan, • ^ \ ?u X m hlS l ;ibleS returns 2m m WH !;ut too many, if over one- eighth ofthemwere or cotton Very few sp ndles were ■* each of tfSse built before 1807 and -8. The spindles in 1830, are irom the Mnufac turers' convention and only 12 States, but included most of the manufac- tories Those tad 33 506 boms, to about 1| million of spinriies or near 1 to 40. At Lovvell, 1, spin dles exist* to 4,197 looms, or 1 to 32 This is near one-thirteenth of ,11 the spindles in the United States. Lowell Statistics, 1836. The first miUrbdill there was in 1822, and iri 1826, only snould 1 ^ 1 I fr B T S l f ** t0 CarCy - Ah0Ut 7Sm S P M <* * ** should be added here to make cotton cloth sufficient to meet the demand of the present annual addition to our population. The spindles have in- creased somewhat faster than that ratio the last five years, and have increased beyond the exports of cotton goods. Of the number of 'spindles here at d f- feient periods in factories, those in 1790 or 1791, were in one mill at Provi- dence, erected by Slater and Brown ; those in 1805 were mostlv. if not aim be^nnM V ' T^ 'T * f aSsa * us ^ ^ only 8 or 10 mills. One was begun at New Ipswich, in New Hampshire, as early as 1803. it is believed [ Doc. No. 146. ] 57 and one or two in Massachusetts, and one in Connecticut before 1808, one near Philadelphia before 1798, making in" all, at that time, 15 mills. Of the spindles Sn JS15, about 118,000 were in the same State. Galla- tin's Rep. 1810; New Hampshire Gazetteer, article "New Ipswich." The Waltham factory in Massachusetts was not erected till 1810 or 1814, and has since devoted much capital to making machinery. There was a great increase in 1806 and '7; again during the war of 1812; again from 1820 to 1825; and in 1831 and '2. If prices continue high as the past year, and the raw material falls, oris stationary, the new markets in Asia, and increased demands in Europe and America, by increased use of cotton, and increased population, will enlarge the number of factories here ; but il y ea$yi with our extensive "water power, and cotton lands, to overstock the market. It seems that two machines for spinning and carding were, with much difficulty, obtained in this country, at, Philadelphia, early as 1788. One carded 40 pounds of cotton a day, and the other had 50 spindles, and the growth of cotton was urged on the southern States, and Lee use of these machines in families recommended. In 3 Carey's Museum see the descrip- tion more at large. In 5 I !arey's Mi sunn. (A. D. 1700.) it is said, a .model of a cotton mill and machinery, &c. as used in England, had been obtained at Phib, ..*. by the society for promoting manufactures and useful arts. It would seem that T. Cox, Esq. took an active part in urging the cultiva- tion and manufacture of cotton on the country early as 1787. Rees's Cy- clop, art. "Uni fates," and (sales and Seaton's Doe. page 076, vol. 2, of Finance. The English prohibited the export of the cotton machinery, as well as i aigration of their mechanics, under such penalties as delayed the introduction Of it here, and caused the price of machinery for many years to be so high here as to retard, and almost defeat successful competi- tion. See [10] For a detailed account of the different kinds of machinery used m the cotton manufactories, the inventors of them, improvements in them, tfcc See London Cyclop, art. " Cotton," and same article in the New Edinb. En cyclop, and supplement to Encyclop. Brit. "Cotton." [11] The -ears in some places in England, from the hand to the power foom. bias caused some distress, and the employ. of a larger portion of females and children ; now about one-fifth there nen, one-thi] 'ncn. and the. rest children. Wades' Hist, of the filing 1 Classes, i ■ : 570 and 1 '!. The number of hand looms in England, in 1820 and ' was about the same, viz: 240,000, but that of power looms had increased from 14,000 to 55,000. Each of the latter performs as much as three of the former. Wade, 261. Parliamentary papers, in 1830. In 1834 the power looms had become 100,000. Baines, 237. [12] The American throstle spindle revolved 7.500 times before 1833, though it used to run in England only 4,500, and afterwards only 5,400. West. Rev. for April. 1833. page 403. Machinery and skill, and the raw material have so, improved, that where some years ago the threads broke at the rate of 13 per cent., they break now only 3 per cent. Do. Many modern improvements in machinery in England are from America. West. Rev. An. 1833. 58 [ Doc. No. 146. ] M. COTTON, MANUFACTURES OF. Values of exports of their own, from — England. France. Germany. Spain. Turkey and India. IT. Slates. China. * Africa. 1 Year; Dollars. Dollar. 1 ;. Dollars. Dolls. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Million lions. Millions. Mil'ns. Millions. Millions. Millions. Millions. Offi. Valii i 17S9 6 | 1790 8 1791 9 1792 91 1793 8* 1794 11| 1795 11! 1796 15 J 1797 17 1798 17 1799 28 1800 -* 1 . ., 33 1803 37 20 16u3 34 _ 5 , L804 41 1805 45 1806 50 _ 4 1807 48 01 1809' .92 1810 90 1811 68 1812 78 \ tei3 "Real or dec. value, • — _ 18 • 1814 81 95 1815 106 98 1816 86 74 1817 101 76 1818 98 89| 1819 8 -:i 70 1820 1071 79 3 1821 113 77 1822 ! ' 82 137 L824 6£ 1825 135 1827 119 71i ! 157 83A 1 - - - - ■ 10 1 i I! 1828 159i 81 1 l_i 1820 1830 197 188 81 •1| 10 - - _ i - 1 It 1 - 1831 208 83 101 .» t 1 - 1832 209. 83j 10i 1 1 1 3 1833 222 88| 11 • 1 ° ! 2* 1 1834 98* 10 . _ : 2-? I (83) i fl o 1835 88* [8] [9] PI [2] [3]" [4] 1 m I [5] [10] [6] ['] 1 [11] [ Doc. No. 146. ] 59 [1] The exports of English manufactures in 1833 and 4, were about one-third in value in yarn. See Edinburgh Review, 472, (1S35) Baines's and Official Reports. See table K. note on capital. Some years yarn con- stitutes one-half in weight. From 1814 to 1823 inclusive, the value of yarn exported compared with the value of other cotton goods increased slowly, from being about one- seventh and one-sixth, to be about one-fifth. London Cyclopedia, article " Cotton." The proportional increase of yarn has been even greater since. See Parker's speech in Parliament, February, 1836. The yarn exported is understood to be generally coarse ; between No. 18 and 40. From half to three-quarters of tbe lace made is exported chiefly to the continent. It is mostly made of sea-island cotton, and equals near 9 millions of dollars in value yearly, McCulloch, page 744. [2] The difference between the official value on exportation., and the declared value is given above. But the declared, or what is sonletimes called the real value, in the 2d column is still usually from 2\ to 5 per cent, under the actual market value. (Baincs, page 403.) The official value is founded on the quantity, computing the price as it was about the close of the 17th century, or A. D. 1689, The market value has changed more from the official in some arti cles than in others, e. g. In 1829. calicoes plain per yard <■<■ a u a a _ " calicoes printed per yard 1 « (i a ' a " cotton yarn and twist per cwt - £10 u u " u it a J (Baines, page 351.) See more on prices of manufactures, tab note 1. The sum entered for 1835, is only for the year ending 5th Jan. 1835, and not any subsequent; and the second sum for 1831, is lor the year 1834 only to 5th Jan. while the first sum for 1834, is probably for the whole fiscal year. Some discrepancies occasionally arise by the statements being made with different terminations for the year, as some end in April, and some in January, &c. See returns. [3] The exports of cotton manufactures from England are now, and for some years have been, nearly equal to one half of her exports of every kind. The above sums for England are from Baines, page 350. The re- cords for 1813 and before that, for the declared value were burned. Those sums do not include Ireland, amounting from one-tenth to three-tenths of a, million yearly. Aikin says 63 per cent, of what is made in England is exported, and Edinburgh Review, page 472, says, in 1833, that the exports from England were about ISA million pounds sterling, and consumption about twelve and one-tenth million sterling. See for 1831,-2 and 3, McCulloch, 675. Is. 3d. Official. 6 real. 1 6 official 81 real. icial 5 real. l J [4] The exports from ^France in 1823 and 4, are from 2 Dictionary of Spanish Commerce, page 148. In 1829, from Edinburg Review, page 62, (1829.) In 1833, from. Baines 525, note, and in 1831 arid 2J fforn the French tables of commerce, with a slight addition or variation, it is be- lieved, in some cases in the value of the franc. In 1830 from Westmin- ster Review, April, 1833, and Wade on Working Classes, 575, and that 7 millions were printed goods. 60 [ Doc. No. 146. ] [o] Those from Spam in 1S03, were chiefly from her possessions in India and America. Dictionary of Spanish Commerce. Spain of late n"! P °™ gdy ° f COtt0a manufact " r es. See "table O, note 1, and table N. Ihe Moors introduced this manufacture into Spain, early as the 9th or 10th centuries. Baines, page 38. [6] Those from India are estimates, and might be extended, from the fol- lowing data. Her islands and she have lono- had a domestic trade in cotton goods. 3 Crawford's Hist, of Ind. Archipr350. It then spread to other parts of Asia, to the eastern (Toast of Afrjca, and next to Europe. India in 1813, exported to England alone 10 millions of dollars worth of her cotton goods, and now imports as much from England. Mont°-o- mery s Anglo. East, Emp. But she still exports certain lands to Eno-land vakied_in 1831, at about 2 millions of dollars : in 1832, at ij millions' and in 18oo,at 1 million. Some of these are reexported. McCulloch pao- e 672 and 676; Evid. on East Ind. Comp page 310, App. In 1802, 3, and 4; the United States imported cotton goods of India origin, wort,h nearly 3 million clot Jars per year. Seyb. page 218. Hence the exports of cotton manu- tac ures from India formerly were large. But they have fallen off greatly, and especially since 1816, to the United States. Pit'k. Stat. 188 and 9. She often exports raw cotton of late years, instead of cotton manufactures. bupplement to bncyclop. Brift. « Cotton/' See Seyb. Stat, page 289. on our whole imports thence in 1811, and chiefly cottons. See above. m Those exports from the United States are from official tables They doubtless would have increased much more rapidly, had the demand for tliem at home not been so great, by means of their good quality, cheapness and our increasing population. [8] The whole exports of cotton goods from China to Eno-land and her dependencies in 1832, were valued at about | million of dollars. McCul- loch, 237, article « Cotton/' and page 240, where is given the pieces of nan- keens so exported from 1793 to 1831, which alone at 50 cents each would range from M to ^.million of dollars yearly. In page 813. he thinks the exports of nankeens have been on the increase to different quarters From. China the exports of cotton goods consist chiefly of chintzes and nankeen and the amounts in the table are estimates. The former have greatly diminished of late years. Supplement to Encyclop. Britt. "Cotton* She imports now both English and American cotton goods. (See exports of them. Tables N, and O. . *-- ' * In 1802, 3, and 4, the United States alone, it is estimated, imported Chinese cotton goods valued from 1 million of dollars to U million yearly. See official returns of all articles imported from China, Gales and Seatons Doc. page 599 in 1 vol. on Com. and Nav. Formerly the United States. imported largely of nankeens, so as some years to export < mil- lion of dollars of them as in A. D. 1792, Gales and Seaton's Doc. page I? V ?o-„' i ° m ' f nd Nav - But 0lir official returrls since as well as i Co" 6 :l ' 'J ?, n °i cllscriminate the cotton goods imported. From 1818 to It n i \ I °S, ? om about l million ta i million. Pitk. Stat. 305, McCulloch, page 242. ' [ Doc. No. 146. ] 61 [9] The exports of cotton goods from Germany are chiefly by kind and not extensive. This trade conltl not have existed at all formerly, and the estimates are too uncertain for much reliance. In and near Vienna are established considerable cotton manufactures bv machinery. Supplement to Ency. Britt. - Cotton.'- According to McOui- loch Diet, page 448, the. cotton exports from Austria are chiefly in yarn. They are on the increase. See Wade on Working Classes, page 576. [10] From Turkey, including the products of Smyrna and the neigh- borhood as well as Barbary and Morocco, there have been frequently ex- ported in former years, various articles of cotton manufacture ; but not of great value as a whole. This manufacture was introduced into Turkey in Europe in the 14th century by the Turks. Some cotton cloth was im- ported from the coast of Africa to England about the close of the 16th century. The growth and manufacture of cotton were diffused much by the Mahometan conquests. 2 MePherson's Com. 193 ; Baines 32. [11] The barrenness of this table is another illustration of the small extent in the foreign trade of cotton goods except by England, France and the United States. It presents also a singular illustration of the recent date of their progress in it, and of the difficulty in knowing. much of the ancient or older business of India and China in this branch of their trade, with such accuracy as to deserve reliance: though more leisure might probably have enabled me to present some more statistical facts on that subject, than I have yet met with. See the diffusion of this manufacture by the Mahometans from Arabia 1 W a o •5 a i — i o a c3 To a H r3 C 03 — ; w "1 '£ 2 3 -a © 3 -o o a o OJD a '3 Ph W o m y y y> a o 3 .2 a o (0 y y a "3, o N •-< pa o a "So a H 1 Dollars. Millions. 1 Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dol's Mill's • Dollars. Dol's. 1789 Millions. Millions .'Millions Millions Millions Millions Mil's. 1790 4 1791 'I 1792 — i 1793 4r . 1794 1795 « 179G 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 1 1803 1804 — - - , _ 1 i ~ 20 1805 1806 Real Offi. or dec. 17 21 1807 17 21 1808 11 14 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 — i t0 i 1814 • 1 1815 * 1816 . f 1817 1818 1819 — - / 2 3) 2i [ Doc. No. 146. ] 63 N. — Continued. COTTON— MANUFACTURES OF Exports of their ewn — to what places — values of. ■A ' e .5 a -e ^ od " cS $ 02 >, 1 £ d ~C "w nd ►ti tc3 Id ^ S: ITi T3 P. d 3 s <— c5 §;.§ c O CJ 3b be bo bo be 'So 3 ri C3 bo d d d W | d w^ !> > w s- Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Millions. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dol's. Dollars. Dol's. Millions. Millions. Millions. Millions. Mil's. Millions. Mil's. Real Oiii. or dec. Whole .sum. 1820 — 8.700 20 5 4 - - 4- 3 - ^ 1 1S21 6- B - " I > 8,500 18 5 H 1822 Q 2 18,000 19 51 54 1823 7 22,000 141 7 6 1824 7- fi - 10 55,000 13^ .'= 122.000 144 6£ - H 1830 ( Vo '50,000 14 6 — »i 1831 13 240,000 11* .64 n nl'tl - — 3£ 1832 1833 Mr [or 8AJ 318,000 450,000 15| 144 9/, 8 64 64 - 6 64 s 1834 730,000 15| 10 74 s G u- 1835 1 [10] M [9] [2] [5] L°J [?J [9] I'll This table shows chiefly the exports of cotton goods from England to different places, and from 1820 to 1833 the values are mostly taken from official document. ' orter's tables, 161-7, page 300. The statements in different books sometimes differ from referring to different terminations of the year. 121 Since 1832 Belgium has taken, in that year and 1833, about 14 mil- lions of the amount of what is placed to the whole Netherlands irom En- o-land lii 1834, it is said by Alexander, she imported ot cotton goods, from all places, about 2-J roiUJums of dollars, and smuggled twice as much more, that did not appear on t'-o, official returns. 64 [ Doc. No. 146 ] [3] The exact consumption of manufactured cotton goods in each coun- try is seldom attainable. But an approximation to the quantity or value can be easily made from the data given in the tables. Thus the quantity of cotton manufactured in each and not exported, will, with the imports of cotton manufactures not afterwards re-exported, constitute nearly the true amount. Another general mode of computation might be, that in such countries as Turkey, it has been estimated that only two pounds of raw cotton per head, made into manufactures, is consumed. (Urquhart's Views, page 150.) In warmer, and still poorer countries it would be less. In France, each person is estimated to consume $4 worth of cotton goods per year; in England, $5 ; and here probably $6. The exports to Germany and Netherlands are from one-third to one-half in twist and yarn, and are woven there. Porter's tables, page 300, and Baines, 416. So in a great proportion to Russia. Sup. to Eneyciop. Brit. "Cotton;" and some even to India. See table O. So t'hitiiy to Prussia. Blackwood's Magazine, lor January, 1S36. [4] The exports to France from 1789 to 1793 are computed at 5 millions of dollars yearly, in Q.uar. Review. 394-9 (1824-5). See official 'returns for the table, and McCullocli, page 044. But it must include all smuggled, and is then not too high. It equals the whole amount oi all the regular imports of cotton goods into France at that time from all quarters. 2 Chap- tal's Industry of France, page 9. The sums in the table for 17"89, &c. are from Bowring's Report, page 52, who says that '10 millions of dollars worth of English manufactures, and chiefly cotton, are of late years smug- gled from England to France. See also Baines. 517, note. The whole imports of such goods into France in 1823 were 9 millions of dollars; in 1824, 12 millions of dollars. In 1806, about 14^ millions of dollars worth were smuggled. Sup. to Eneyciop. Brit. "Cotton/' See 2 Dictionary of Spanish Commerce, page 214. In 1812 all the legal imports of cotton goods into France were less than a third of a million of dollars. 2 Chaptal, page 9. Of those smuggled, in late years, quite 2 millions of dollars worth were in bobbinet laces. McCulloch, 1051. [5] The exports to India include the islands, and for 1831 and 1832 are' from McCulloch, page 446, and the others mostly from official tables. See more in McCulloch, 235, as to that part by the East India Company. The trade in cotton manufactures has increased greatly since the first opening of it in 1814. Do. 533-4, and 539, another table. [6] These exports to Spain were chiefly from England, France and Italy, and some from Spanish America. (Dictionary of Spanish Commerce.) Those direct to Spain from England, in 1833 and 1834, were only about _L million of dollars. But England exported to Gibraltar, in those years, from 1 to H millions of dollars in cotton goods, (see official tables) and which found their way in part into Spain. McCulloch, Die. page 600. The sum for 1834 is a computation only on the above data, and the fact that France exports therefrom 2 to 2£ millions of dollars yearly. See table O, note [1]. [7] The imports into Russia in 1832 were almost wholly from England. Porter's tables, 545; Baines, 416* In 1833, from England, 6 millions of [ Doc. No. 146. ] 65 dollars; and in 1834 only oh millions of dollars. Some of them go to places in the Black Sea, &c. cotton cloths,i but not yarn page 62 On others her tariff is high. McCulloch, 859. Russia excludes certain Blackwood's Magazine, for February, 1836, 2 Smith's Com. Dig. [8] Exports to Brazil, &c. See McCulloch, 446; Baines, 416; and Offi- cial Reports for 1834 and 1835. [9] England exports largely cotton goods also to Italy and Italian islands : in 1833, 7 millions of dollars; and in 1834, 10 millions of dollars. See more in McCulloch, page 814, and page 1212, some to Venice, now T '^ of a million. The ratio of this kind of exports from England, in 1834, was as follows: 1. Germany; 2. Italy ; 3. United States ; 4. India and China; 5. Holland; 6. Brazil; 7. Russia; 8. Turkey and Greece, in 1833 and 1834, over 4 millions of dollars each year; 9. Portugal and islands, in some years 3 to 4^ millions of dollars; 10. British West Indies ditto, 3 to 3f millions of dollars ; 11. Chili alone 2^ to 3 millions of dollars; 12. States of Rio de la Plata alone 1^ to 2\ millions of dollars. See official returns, and Baines, 416. Those for Germany go largely to Trieste. McCulloch, 1186. The whole exports to Germany in 1833, were estimated to be so divided that from 10 to 11 millions of dollars were in cloths and laces, and the re- mainder in yarn, being 35 millions of pounds. Beside Trieste, part of these exports pass through the Hanse towns, and others through Rotterdam and Antwerp. Blackwood's Magazine, for January, 1836. [10] Those exports to the United States are obtained chiefly from our own official returns of imports,, though some, and especially the earliest are from Enjrlish tables. 66 [ Doc. No. 146. ] O. COTTON, MANUFACTURES OF. Exports of their o^vn, to wh'a places, valu es of, 2 x o o . "■* -a c — i V". o - - ^5 'J « s g.§ sis CU . '— ^< _ <£> 0) t: [3* 00 - 02 .5 o -'- "J i O) P5 If'. Dollars. Millions. Dollars. Millions. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Millions. Millions. Millions. 1/8/ i 1 h 89 17 9!i 179.1 1792 1793 L794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 '- 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 N 1817 1818 181'.) 1820 1821 1822 1823 i l T l ■? - l 2 1 3 [ Doc. No. 146. ] ? — Continued. COTTON, MANUFACTURES OF, 67 1 Exports of their o\v ij to what places, valu 53 Of, I OJ 1 Z ^ i-' CJ O O r. France to the United States. a> 3 O i— t §6 rv, f-i O ri ri, xs ri o S s United Slates t So. Americ and Mexico ^< S.ri ,- ci i— 1 "~ l ri ci "so ■/. — c- 5 C 1— 1 _ o • P-S Dollars. Dollars. ri > Dollars. Millions. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Millions. Millions. Millions. Millions. 1824 l j - - i 1 ■< 4 Whole sum tated. 1825 l. 1 l 10,000 14,000 99,000 1826 «> :! 1 9 13,000 9.000 66.000 1827 o 1 ii 1 1 o 8 22,000 14,900 46,000 1828 1 -if 4 l n 1 B 37,000 26,000 49,000 1829 1. ~~ 1 9 J 1 1 1 75.000 56,000 47,oi hi 1830 '2 "3 * — ') 66.000 49,000 41.000 1831 1 i- 2*0 To 1 1 » ;1 83,000 8S,000 53,000 1832 Mr | T y o 1 to 3 1 To 1 " 120,000 215,000 86,000 1833 1834 It'.t — 6 :i 1 1 1 ItV 186,000 152,000 127,000 1835 F41 [11 [2] • [3] L*J J m Over half of >he export, o^F = m ^-«™ SltoS S r K t^aT^a^ lb,U ^.WOOU of them pc, ye„r °o' n'uLd and Bel S ,um, one-Half million .to Germany , wo a,Kl a Mf™ Uon ,o Spain and %$%»£$£% *£ of^Sito '.o" Holland smuggled. rai Those exports from the United States are compil tables, as far as they go back, diserirninatmg to what r the United Slates, from France and Germany, are returns. [31 Tariff or duty on cotton ttumufadtr manufactnres to any particular country are duty imposed on their importation. A 68 [ Doc. No. 146. ] those countries, in respect to cotton goods, would be tedious, and might be supposed to bear on the question of protection, &c. in the United States, and which question, it is not proposed in these tables or notes, to agitate. It may be added, that the average duty imposed in France, at this time, on the imports of most cotton goods, is very high, amounting almost to a prohibition, except for re-export. So in Russia. Blackwood's Magazine, for January, 183G. In England, it is considered to be about 20 per cent, though low as 10 on some articles. Before 1826, it was much higher, 50 and 67 per cent. See 1 Com. Digest, by Smith, page 98, and Huskisson's speeches, in 1825, in Parliamentary Debates. McCulloch, page 1117. In the United States, the duty in 1790, was about 7^ per cent, on the value of most cotton goods ; in 1794, raised to 12| per cent.; in 1816, to 25 per cent, and a minimum ; in 1824, the same with a certain minimum valuation, making the duty larger ; in 1S2S, increased still more by raising the mini- mum ; in 1832, reduced again. See the different acts of Congress on the tariff, and Pitk. Stat, page 188. This makes the average duty in 1833, on most cotton cloths, and as com- puted by some, about 42 per cent and thus exposes it to a biennal reduc- tion till 1842, when, by the existing laws, it will become only 20 per cent. Campbell on Tariff, page 120. The duty on British cotton manufactures has lately been increased in Java, by the Dutch, from 6 per cent to 25 per cent. Blackwood's Magazine, January 1836, page 51. [4] More could lx? given on the exports of cotton manufactures from a few of the above countries at other periods, but the amount and value of them were so small as to deserve very little notice, and the increases of late years, compared with their meagre and blank condition, in this respect, a quarter and a third of a century ago, are striking indica- tions of the revolution going on in Europe and the United States in the manufacture of cotton. 70 [ Doc. No. 146. ] P. COTTON. Dates of the most important changes in the cultivation, manufacture, and trade of cotton, chiefly within the period to which these tables generally extend. [1] 1730 1735 [2] [6] 1742 1750 175G [3] m 1701 17G3 1767 1768 ]7?-<< thai some similar en patented or used. Baines, 228. Supplement ■ Brit. art. "Cotton." Steam engines used in cotton factories. Baines, 226. C tvented by Bell. B: i 26' Arkwright's paten; expired, and a grea n ulse to n i - of cotton. 4 McPherson, 79 and 81. I" a performed b} r oxymuriatie acid by Bertholett. Baines, 184. tier put in operation in France, though some cotton was used 767. En 107. planted in the United States; and upland cotton first cultivated for use and exporl i time, ot three or four years previous. Somi ay in 1786. See table; I others in 1790* First cotton fi I Slates in Rhode Island. [8] Tv'r.ti ; ower first i to the mule | nnei by Kelly. Baine , 205. The cotton gin invented by E. Whitney, in the United Pta es. This is often stated to be in A. D. 1795; but the patent is dated in 1794, March 14. Sea island cotton chiefly substituted for Bon □ itton in Engla mill and machinery erected in Switzerland for cotton. Spinning machinery introduced into Saxony. Encyelop. Brit. 411. Power looms moved by water or steam succeed in Scotland. Dressing and warping machine for power looms invented by Radnliff and Jackson, and contributed much to their success. Blackwood's Mag. for Jan. 1836. An act passed in in England, requiring in cotton mills, as well as some others, certain clothes for ap- > rentices — not to work them more than 12 hours each day — and certain instructions in letters to be given to them, &c. Wade's History, page 98. [ Doc. No. 146. ] P — Dates of most important changes, §*c. — Continued. 71 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 lHlfi 1817 1818 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 [10] Fii cotton factory built iii Nei Kai pskire. S < table L, note [9]. Power loom, as I. perfected in England, and patented by Harrock. lice full] and-widely introduced into England after many failun i] ition in Spanish America begins to furnish new markets- for cotton manufac- S tnpin cy] ' 's for printing clot! y means of dies introduced at Manchester. i ■ tuch imp ! acott. I I on manufa ures in tl - y Mr. Gallatin, and another by T. Cox, Isq. and lie atten . Co theit s impot tance. A. pal tit for i bobbin ■<■-. machinery, by John Barn; thi i : : ■. i id by Mr. ich, 743. > le . >re free, and more British manufactures sent thei 181 1. Mi : all :h : >38. ■ ■: I lu lintotheUni I : e , at Waltham, in 1815, it is : \ ' lo 'Cotton." ids li ira a account of the minimum in the tariff of 181G. P te year the fi te ttr if preparing b Mr. Holt. Cotton avei I ■ • i h "■ the Uni since 1 1 . .i ■ i ■ I < es. 1 ijiedwitl ••■ ily to lace machinery. [ at Low ill. ixport of raw ittpn i i ! pi '■ lani t f o i cotton mamiJ p'ri le O, note [3]. . • ted in E iberts. Barnes, 207. Sa i ■ ■ . the tn : frame i h ■ ■ ! o Imei i. Cotton rose to 21 csrits per ... ■ ■ i - .... Fi) .'. . an catton ina tufa . :. - any eonsideral : I . in the , United Sta fon tfo i manufactures. Table O, note [3J. [r. Dyer introduces a machi te fi mi the Uniti I St; es in 1 1 i a to make car . ■ '. ufac ures imported into the United Stai Table O. n i . William 4. it was p in England, that, in cotton mills, ^ • on Saturdays. V\ . 113. !'■: er ... tf India rad tcrei thi ■ ket there for English and A c : . 1 : per pom -highei than any o her year since 18:3. of new .- States. [1] In cite 16th cenlury, cotton manufactures came to Europe from India, through the trad:: of Venice. Smithers, 118. 'Je says they were intro- duced i; una from India about 200 years earlier, (Smithers, page 152,) having e d in the latter country from the first knowledge of it. From Venice the trade in them, and th :n the manufacture, went to Flanders about 1560. Tfr i dsted in Arabia in the 7th century. Found in America when d 'red, at the close of the 15th century. [2] In the 17th century, A. D. 1641, raw cotton came to Engl d from Cyprus and Smyrna, and was taken from London to Manchester to be worked up. Smithers, 119. Edin. Rev. (1827) page 2. Though cot- ton manufactures had been imported early as A. D. 1500 ; and the first act of Parliament relating to them, nominally, passed in A. D. 1565, though 72 [ Doc. No. 146. J probably woollens were intended. Table A, note [121. Calicoes were im- ported before 1631. Smithers, page 152. Made in London. A. D. 1681 ; and those from India prohibited, 1721. Smithers, page 153. Baines, 79. Raw cotton, in 18th century, came chiefly from the French West Indies, Surinam, Brazil, and isle of Bourbon, till near its close, when the imports began from the United States, India, &c. Smithers, 123. In 1660, Eng- land prohibited her colonies from sending it to other than British ports or dependencies. 1 McPherson's Com. 486. [3] Muslins first made at Paisly, in Scotland, A. D. 1700 ; but they did not succeed well, nor cambrics, till 1725, in Glasgow. In 1759 French cambrics and lawns were prohibited by law. Smithers, 154. [4] In 1769, Arkwrigbt built cotton mills at Nottingham, and 1780, at Cromford, &c. the first moved by horse, and the next by water power. He made new improvements, and took out new patents, and, in 1780, com- menced actions for violating his patents, in which he failed, (Smithers, 155,) though in some former trials on his first patent he succeeded. Supplement to Encyclop.. Brit. " Cotton." Populace began to destroy cotton machinery in Lancashire in 1779. The first spinning machines had only a few spindles, say 8 ; but after- wards increased to 80, (Do.) and sometimes to 120. McCulloclfs Diet. page 438. On machinery of other kinds, see in table, A. D. 173S. [5] The raw cotton of India, the Surats, and Bourbons, was first imported into England in 17S3. Before, that from Cayenne, Surinam, Demarara, St. Domingo, and Essequibo, was chiefly used. Smithers, 155. [6] But Wyatt's invention does not appear to have been well matured or much brought into use, though he and Paul took out a patent in 1738. Baines's Hist. McCulloch's Diet. 439— note. [7] It is a remarkable fact, that the cotton manufacture was so little known and appreciated in England when Adam Smith published his Wealth of Nations, (in A. D. 1776.) that the subject is believed not to be rdluded to by him in the slightest manner So, in 1794, it is believed Mr. Jay was not aware that cotton was or would be exported from the United States. Pitk. Stat, page 198. See table F, note 9, page 33. In Postleth- waite's Diet. " Cotton," 1766, he urged its cultivation in English plantations suited to it, and seemed to anticipate the increasing importance of its manufacture. [8] Mr. Gallatin states this to be, 1791, in his report on domestic manufac- tures, April 17, 1810. See Gales and Seaton's Doc's, v. 2, on Finance, p. 425. [9] Cloths were sent abroad to be bleached till 1750, and requiied 8 months, then reduced to 4 months, and, in 1784. Watt introduced the practice of bleaching with chlorine into England in a few hours. Baines's Hist. 246 and 7. [10] Many of the above dates and facts appear in the other tables and notes ; but they are collected here in chronological order, with some other material events, for the pjurpose of presenting, in one view or statement, the different periods in winch the chief progress from fifty to a hundred years past has been made in the growth, cultivation, and trade of cotton. [ Doc. No. 146. ] a. 73 Extracts as to the subject of Cotton, from the Annual Treasury Report in December, 1835. « 1 From this it appears that our whole exports of every kind, in ^the last five vears including the estimates for 1835, have not exceeded those, toTsimlar term, from 1803 to 1S07, inclusive, but about forty mi - lion "and benicr a n excess no larger than at most intervening periods wh ie an exS ordinary increase ha/taken place in our exports of domes c OToducts exceeding in value, those during that term more than one hun- dred ami fifty rmU ions, and being quite doubled the excess at most inter- tening per^s. Indeed, it w/be seen that *W *™ ^ *£^ bnnd red ner cent larger than they were in any similar teim ot years pre "l P 8?6 ^Se exceeded y those during such a W*7 ™££ ao-o bvthe sum of about one hundred and fifteen millions, a dnierence heater than "he whole amount of all our exports of domestic products £ the first five years under our present form of government The recKrage rate oLncrease in these exports however has ^t been Wo-e independent of the article of cotton; nor is it likely to augment duriuo- the fow ensuing years. Adopting a comparison between every te n o g f en yeTrs "from 1*792, ^ and '94, to 1832 '33 and '34, and including 111 ancles it appears that he whole exports of domestic produce exhibit an ™ m me last thirty years of less than three P-^-nmiahy - a rate considerably lower than that ol our population, though, in the pre vious term of ten years, by the great prosperity rom oui e w form ot government, and the rapid progress m the ; cultivation of c ^ ^™ f frease was near eight per cent.; and in the high price and laige exporte ot this article in the last term of ten years, it has been abou .five .per ■<**&. annually. But as that price has of late been unusually high, and is now Tower, and as the demand for cotton abroad m the e—gye^ likely to exceed, if it equal, the late customary ratio, and on which some interesting facts may be seen in the statement annexed, (L,) the value ot orwhX S cWstic exports (over one-half of which now consists of cotton) will probably be less in 1836 than m 1835. «2 It may be instructive, in respect to the estimates of our tutuie pro ceedsfrom lands, to recollect that, after the present systen ' co~ed, the sales never amounted, in fact, to one million of acres a yea it 11 IbU nor to two millions a year till the temptations of the credit system, and the greaTrise in the price of cotton to 26 and 34 cents per pound ^induced larger purchases, extending to over two millions ot acres m 1817, .and aoout £ millions m 1819f and thus, even fifteen years ago exceeding m quantity by nearly a million of acres, the large sales of 1834 and exceed L them in the sum promised to be paid, by the almost incredible amount of more than twelve millions of dollars. But the tall of cotton m 1820 to only about half its former price, combined with other causes left the purchasers in debt to the Government over twenty-two mil lions of dollais and with the change from the credit to the cash system, reduced the sales again to much less than a million of acres a year caused near y six m - ions of the former sales to revert, and kept them down to less than a l mil lion in every year after, till the rise of cotton in 1825 gave a new impulse, which being aided by other powerful causes, the sales gradually enlarged 74 [ Doc. No. 146. ] till they reached a million again, in 1S29. Since that, increasing still more rapidly, they have exceeded, during 1834, four millions of acres, and during 1835, probably nine millions. Among those other causes, the more extensive introduction of steam power on the western rivers and northern lakes, with the public improvements in their navigation, and the increased facilities of intercourse by rail-roads and canals, have of late added much to the sales of the public lands beyond previous years, and beyond the proportional increase of population. To the force of these causes have been joined, during the last three years, as formerly suggested, the effect of the pre-emption law, the increase in the price of cotton, and the unusual abundance of surplus capital in 1835 seeking new investments." 3. " Beside what has already been remarked on the influence which the increased cultivation of cotton in this country has in various ways exer- cised, and is likely to exercise hereafter, on our revenue from customs and land*, it might be made a subject of further and very interesting inquiry, in connection with the uncertainty of the estimates on those subjects, affect- ing, as that cultivation does, more remotely, not only our revenue from lands and customs, but the balance of trade and the export of specie, as well as the continuance, by means of mutual dependence among great in- terests, of many of our peaceful and prosperous relations, both at home and abroad. But without entering, on this occasion, into further details concerning any of these points, it may be mentioned as a very striking result connected with the last one, and as furnishing a strong presumption in favor of greater exemption hereafter from fluctuations by war and com- mercial restrictions, that while the quantity of cotton exported from this country has increased from half a million of pounds in 1790, to over three hundred and eighty millions in 1835, and has exceeded in value, during six of the last ten years, all our other exports of domestic products of every description, the manufacture of it at home, and chiefly in the northern States, has increased, from consuming only a few bales more, to ninety millions of pounds yearly, and to that extent creates a new and strong bond of reciprocal advantage and harmony; and that while we now furnish, instead of the small quantity in the first years of our Government, quite fifteen -sixteenths of the whole consumption of raw cotton by Eng- land, and seven-tenths of that by France, all the presents exports of it to Europe from all the rest of the world do not probably equal, if those two nations could obtain the whole, one-third of what they now consume, or one-fourth of what they now import from the United States alone ; and thus, while neither of them produces any of the raw article, except a little in some r mote dependencies, that they have an annual manufacture now relying on it, and chiefly on the United States, equal in France to eighty millions of dollars, and in England to one hundred and eighty millions of dollars, and constituting in the latter, after it supplies her own large neces- sities at home, over one-hall* in value of her great annual exports to all quarters of the globe." [ Doc. No. 4. "Exports of 146. Cotton. ] iO duantity. Value. Yea,". n I Dollars. . 1792 - 1793 1891 133,328 L87,6 ' ! i 32.000 107^272 320j352 — 3)2,227,6* 3 i : 459,624 742,51 i 153,208 Average. 1802 1803 1804 1 27i mil 41 A do. is. o\ millions. do. ; " do. do • ! >2 \ L823 i 1824 6.9 Average. ;.6 144 173 T \ 1 u 9 1 ^ - m ■ 3)460 T " 5 664, 153.5 | 22.1 31| 36 m 1174, Average. 1832 ! L833 | 34 3224 38 ! 3)103 ii i 344 39.1 Average _L - NoTE ._Looki n ,furtherto the ^"^^1?^^ comparison of the quantity and va ue ^ ^^ serve t0 uinstrate, equidistant periods, as «'^^^ ; ^t hi 1 the 'cultivation and exports in a condensed form, th ; ■ S and are likely to exercise hereafter, of cotton alone seem to have exercwed, a ndaic UK y ^ indi _ on the amount of our who le exports s of do^tep ° customs . rectly to affect our importations, a ^ ^^^ have taken the place 76 [ Doc. No. 146. ] 3KM£?S dS ^ S la b st3 n O ve ly t* 3 t0 5 ^ ~* "** that cent, annually. But of at! the r» n n/ § ***" ° n Qn aVG1 ' a - e near 25 P<* greater than Li o f other export ^T cotf on though still milch having fallen from c.u f ^on n- * J ? lm,nished aild m ore settled, sent Governme nt to Iv To n *"!"§ the firSt ten years of °« r P^ whole annuTq uanhtv Z£ T ? *?' Ce ^ dunn - the last te ", though the millions ^oiS^ffioS??*?" 81 * the e T mous amo ™ 1 * 380 quantity now g otn in the uS £ V 111 ^^^ considering the vast in the other Larter of the wonfh ' T d j^Y lu ' ly the Cott ° n ralsed European markers with otL , , ah ' eady been excluded from *e report, may S ^uky tfi ToT^ 8 " amed , in the bod Y of the which has prevailed her f X? n & T" 6 ^ lar ratl ° than ™Y increase in CInsutg te^S^ " """*"* la ^ er tha » * Probabll [ Doc. No. 146. ] 77 While the preceding tables and notes were in the press Mr a i submitted the following resolution, which was consiierecf and a^ee^T Resolved, That the Secretary of the Treasurv , ]n( l P r w^c a- ■ the printing of certain tables and note 'on Ih? iLcfof , f^f ° n placed by tins House, be authorized to add any foSlS beGn on that subject which may occur to him in th fprog e tf&$&£** 78 [ Doc. No. 146. ] ADDENDA. Table A, note 3, page 9. Other statements made in some of the Atlantic States, and at other periods show a smaller difference between the exports of 1835 and 1836. to the last dates. In some accounts of the exports kept in the southwest for the current year, the quantity is represented there to be less at the most recent dates than during- the same period of last year by about 70,000 bales, and the stock on hand to be about 100,000 bales less. Table 13, page 13. Cotton has been raised in Illinois, and even in Penn- sylvania. INiles's Register, February and Marc'hJ 1822, page 371 and 67. But it is believed not to be raised of lute to any considerable extent north of Tennessee and Virginia! This table shows another striking fact : that considerably over half the whole crop of cotton in the United States is now raised in the new southwestern States, whose outlets are on the Gulf of Mexico, and where little was grown, and scarcely any exportation made previous to 1803. Table E, note 2, page 18. In the ninth line from the top, the price named means the price of common cotton. Table L, note 9, page 58. Since these tables were transmitted to the House of Representatives, the original letter which was written in conse- quence of a circular from Mr. Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, on the subject of manufactures, dated June 22, 1791. from Moses Brown to J. S. Dexter, dated July 22. 1791. has been sent to me. It confirms the statement in the notes, that the first cotton mill in Rhode Island was built in 1790. Attempts had been made, Mr. B. says, by him- self, in 1789, to get the machinery into operation by water, by means of models for carding and spining, which the State of Massachusetts had pro- cured from abroad. But no mill was actually begun until the autumn of 1789, when one was commenced by the assistance of Mr. Slater, who had then recently come from England, notwithstanding the obstacles which were opposed to the emigration of artists, and the exportation of machinery. About this time a cotton mill was erected at Beverly, Mass. by an incorpo- rated company. See more in that letter, and in Gales and Seaton's Doc. vol. 1, Finance, page 142. Hamilton's Report on Manufactures, and Pennsylvania Mercury, for 1789. It is said that the model of the machine for weaving by water was procured from England, by some persons in Delaware, early as April, 1788. See Penn. Mercury. [Other small additions to the notes of the later tables were introduced into the body of them in the proper places while they were printing, after the passage of the resolution, inserted immediately before these addenda.] LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 000 931 668 1