Ill Class ^:_49_ Book XlX_ Copyright]^!' COPyRlGHT DEPOSIT Thomas Chittenden The first governor of Vermont HISTORY OF VERMONT BY EDWARD DAY COLLINS, Ph.D. Formerly Instructor in History in Yale University WITH GEOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL NOTES, BIBLIOGRAPHY, CHRONOLOGY, MAPS, AND ILLUSTRATIONS BOSTON, U.S.A. GINN &L COMPANY, PUBLISHERS d)e ^tl)ensettm pregg * 1903 THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, Two CoPtcS Received OCT :9 1903 ICLAS8 A-XXc No, UC{ t ^ ^ COPY B. Copyright, 1903, by EDWARD DAY COLLINS ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PREFACE The charm of romance surrounds the discovery, explo- ration, and settlement of Vermont. The early records of the state offer an exceptional field for the study of social groups placed in altogether primitive and almost isolated conditions ; while in political organization this commonwealth illustrates the development of a truly organic unity. The state was for fourteen years an independent republic, prosperous and well administered. This book is an attempt to portray the conditions of life in this state since its discovery by white men, and to indicate what the essential features of its social, eco- nomic, and political development have been. It is an attempt, furthermore, to do this in such a way as to furnish those who are placed under legal requirement to give instruction in the history of the state an oppor- tunity to comply with the spirit as well as with the letter of the law. Instruction in state history rests on a perfectly sound pedagogical and historical basis. It only demands that the same facilities be afforded in the way of texts, biblio- graphical aids, and statistical data, as are demanded in any other field of historical work, and that the most approved methods of study and teaching be followed. Indeed, in certain respects state history offers a superior field for instruction in the public schools. It affords the student an opportunity to study at first hand the vi PREFACE development of those institutions which are to demand the activities and interests of his maturer Hfe. These institutions are state rather than national. Furthermore, in the interplay of local and federal politics state history illustrates the evolution of the essential relations between local institutions and the central government. It is thus a direct preparation for the study of civics and national history. It certainly is pragmatic to acquaint students with the genesis of the social, economic, and political conditions in which they find themselves placed and forced to act ; but this is quite in touch with the trend of the present educational movement. The rapidly changing conception of what history really is appHes, of course, to this department of his- torical study as to any other. These green hills and fertile valleys would have been peopled and tilled by men of essentially the same fiber if Ethan Allen had not succeeded in his audacious attempt on Ticonderoga, if Stark had not won a brilliant victory at Bennington, or if Macdonough had not been successful in a naval battle off Cumberland Head. While the political des- tiny of the state may have been shaped to some degree by military events, the social and industrial organiza- tion within the body politic has developed essentially unchanged thereby. From this point of view military events necessarily play a relatively unimportant part, and industrial activities a relatively important one. To those who may use this book for instruction a few suggestions are due. Since the subject is taught to different grades in different schools, no attempt has been PREFACE vii made to limit the scope of the work to the requirements of any one grade. It has been left to the teacher to deter- mine in each case the possibilities of his own classes. The work indicated in the map exercises on page 280 should always precede the study of the narrative. The source extracts at the beginning of the chapters and in the text illustrate the kind of material from which his- tory is written, and provide means for further analytical study. Constructive ability may best be developed by individual research and reports on topics of local interest. The statistical tables will furnish material for both ana- lytical and constructive work of a still different nature on the plan illustrated on pages 211, 212, 215, and espe- cially 221-223. The pupils should always be required to study the maps and illustrations in connection with the narrative. I wish to acknowledge a special indebtedness to Pro- fessor George H. Perkins for suggestions on the archae- ological portions of the history ; to Hon. G. G. Benedict for a similar service on the portions dealing with the military history of the state during the Civil War ; and to Mr. F. D. Nichols for his efforts in securing the illustra- tions by which the volume is so materially enriched. Barton Landing, E. D. COLLINS. Sept. 16, 1903. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chai'Ter Page I. The Strength of the Hills i II. The French and Indian Wars .... 13 III. The Widening Trail 38 IV. The Debatable Land ...... 66 V. The American Revolution 90 VI. The Gods of the Hills iii VII. An Independent Republic 120 VIII. From the Revolution to the War of 1812 . 140 IX. The War of 1812 172 X. From the War of 181 2 to the Civil War . 192 XL The Civil War '■34 XII. From the Civil War to the Spanish War . 255 APPENDIX PART I GEOGRAPHICAL AND GEOLOGICAL NOTES Geographical Notes: Mountains, Rivers, Lakes and Ponds, Counties .......... 273 Geological Notes : Metals and Minerals and their Distribution 278 PART II FOR REFERENCE AND FURTHER STUDY Map Exercises 280 , List of Maps 281 I. Vermont at the Close of the French and Indian Wars facing 40 II. Early Map of New Hampshire, soon after the Erection of Fort Dummer 69 ix X - CONTENTS List of Maps — continued Page III, The First Political Division of Vermont ... 74 IV. Vermont at the Close of the Revolution . facing 122 V. Railroad Map of Vermont . . . . " 220 VI. Geographical Map of Vermont ... " 273 VII. Township Map of Vermont, in colors . . " 301 Topics 282 Bibliographical Note 286 Chronological Table 289 PART III STATISTICAL TABLES Table A. New York Land Grants in Vermont . . . 296 B. Governors of Vermont ...... 297 C. Congressional Districts and Senators in Congress . 298 D. Population of the State by Decades from the First Census ........ 299 E. Population of the State by Counties from the First Census . 300 F. Population of the State by Towns in 1900 . . 301 G. Growth of Manufactures in Vermont since 1850 . 305 H. Farms, Acreage, and Values of Farm Property since 1850 305 I. Agricultural Products in 1850 306 J. Leading Manufactures 307 I. In 1840. II. In i860. IIL In 1870, IV. In 1 88a V. In 1890, VI. In 1900 Index HISTORY OF VERMONT CHAPTER I THE STRENGTH OF THE HILLS Continuing our route along the west side of the lake, contemplat- ing the country, I saw on the east side very high mountains, capped with snow\ I asked the Indians if those parts were inhabited. They answered me yes, and that they were Iroquois, and there were in those parts beautiful valleys and fields fertile in corn as good as any I had eaten in the country, with an infinitude of other fruits, and that the lake extended close to the mountains, which were according to my judgment, fifteen leagues from us. — Extract from Champlairi's narrative, ibog. First Discoveries by White Men In the year 1534 Jacques Cartier, sailing under com- mission from the king of France, passed through the Strait of Belle Isle into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, pos- sessed of a belief that he was on the high road to Cathay. The Breton sailor had but little time that summer to make explorations before the coming of the autumn winds bade him seek again the shores of France. With the following spring, however, he returned to his quest and sailed far up the river in eager search for a water way to the East Indies through this continent. That way he never found, but on this trip an incident befell him which has some interest for us. 2 HISTORY OF VERMONT In October, 1535, he came to a place on the shore of the river where the Indians had a settlement. It was then called Hochelaga ; at the same place, three fourths of a century later, the French laid the foundations of the city of Montreal. The Indians received the white men kindly, and during their brief stay guided them to the top of the mountain which rose behind their town. If that day was clear when Cartier looked eastward over the miles of frost-painted forest, he saw lying sharply against the sky line in the distance the pointed summit of Jay Peak, flanked by its domelike neighbors. Years were to come and go before white men drew near to the land of those dark hills, but when the time came they were countrymen of his who claimed the honor. It was nearly three quarters of a century later — and nearly three centuries ago — when Samuel de Champlain, servant of France in the New World, founded the city of Quebec. In that year, 1608, Milton was born; John Smith's story of the Jamestown settlement was printed in London; Sir Walter Raleigh lay imprisoned in the Tower of London writing his history of the world. The Pilgrims were then leaving the shores of old England for their brief stay in Holland before coming to the bleak coast of Plymouth; Henry Hudson had not then carried the Dutch flag into the river that bears his name ; the King James version of our Bible had not been finished ; and Shakespeare had not laid aside his pen. In the following year Vermont was first visited by white men. When the April sun had loosened the grip of ice and snow on lake and river the gallant Frenchman started on a voyage of exploration. He left Quebec, THE STRENGTH OF THE HILLS 3 accompanied by a few of his own men and a party of Indians in their birch canoes, and set out up the river in a chaloupe. Where the RicheHeu empties into the St. Lawrence he took the smaller stream, and in June came to the Falls of Chambly. Here he left the chaloupe and went on in canoes with two of his own men and the Indians. On the morning of July 4, 1609, Champlain and his companions glided silently into the waters of that beautiful lake which henceforth was to bear his name. He wrote: There are many pretty islands here, low and containing very fine woods and meadows with abundance of fowl and such ani- mals of the chase as stags, fallow-deer, fawns, roebucks, bears and others, which go from the mainland to these islands. We captured a large number of these animals. There are also many beavers, not only in this river but also in numerous other little ones that flow into it. These regions, although they are pleasant, are not inhabited by any savages on account of their wars; but they withdraw as far as possible from the rivers into the interior in order not to be suddenly surprised. They paddled on past the islands, and the further scenes which his eyes beheld Champlain recorded in the words which you read at the beginning of the chapter. The Land and its People Before Champlain and his followers left the lake they had stained their hands with blood. It was no peaceful, undisputed territory into which they had so boldly come. It was a border land between great Indian nations, the hunting ground and fighting ground of Algonquins and Iroquois. 4 HISTORY OF VERMONT South of the great lakes and eastward to the Hudson River and Lake Champlain Hved the Iroquois, compris- ing powerful tribes ; while through New England and the St. Lawrence region, and even to New Brunswick, were scattered the various Algonquin tribes. The Indi- ans who accompanied Champlain well knew the dangers of this trip, and came with him only on the under- standing that he would help them fight the Iroquois if they should chance to meet. They did meet, and Champlain kept his promise. The Iroquois fled from the deadly guns of the Europeans, — weapons which were new and strange to them. But they did not forget, and they were slow to forgive. So the little battle by the lakeside, in which the arquebuses of three white men won the day, was destined to breed trouble for the French in Canada in later years. It turned the friendship of the Iroquois away from the French toward the English ; it counted much in that long contest between the two nations which was to determine the destiny of this continent. But Champlain and his two countrymen could not foresee that. They sat in the red light of the camp fire that evening and watched their Indians tormenting the captives with tortures which to Christian eyes must have seemed strange and pitiless. The great basin of the Champlain and its tributaries furnished scenes for many such combats of which history has no record. The shores of the lake and the lands as far eastward as the mountains were not safe for perma- nent settlement by either of the two great rival tribes. Although the Indians told Champlain that the Iroquois THE STRENGTH OF THE HILLS 5 dwelt in those parts, it is not likely that they were more than hunting grounds through which parties might rove in search of game without making a fixed abode. At any rate the Iroquois left here no name of mountain, lake, or river. The Indian names which are preserved by us are those of the Abenakis. The Green Mountains formed a natural barrier through the length of the state which red men rarely crossed until the days of the French and Indian wars. The Coosuck Indians, another branch of Algonquins, dwelt undisturbed on the broad flats which stretch back from the Connecticut River at Newbury and above — known to early rangers and settlers as the Cohasse intervals, or Coos meadows — until the white men came and drove them to Canada. Men now living have seen near Wells River the remains of an old Indian village and fort ; and within the memory of some the St. Francis Indians made periodical visits to Charleston, and pointed out to white settlers the seams and scars in old maples where their ancestors had tapped the trees in spring for their annual sugar making. Relics of the Past We must not think because there were no tribes in peaceful possession of the land when white men first came, that such had always been the case. There are traces of more than a transient residence by Indians. Such relics as we possess inform us of the fact of their occupancy, but they give no certain knowledge by which we can tell who those early inhabitants were. 6 HISTORY OF VERMONT The following description was given in 1873 of an old burial place of these people. It is the only such place within the state of which we have any knowledge. About two miles north of the village of S wanton in north- western Vermont is a sandy ridge, which was formerly covered by a dense growth of Norway pines ; the thickly set, straight trees resembling somewhat a huge growth of hemp. The place was at one time called " the old hemp yard," a name which still chngs to it. Rather more than twelve years ago it was discovered that beneath this forest stone implements were buried, and further investigation has shown that the spot which was so covered with large trees and stumps when the white men first came into the region had been, ages before, used as a burial place by some people whose only records are the various objects which the affec- tionate care of the living placed in the graves of the dead. From directly beneath the largest trees or half-decayed stumps some of these relics were taken, so that we may feel sure that before the great pines which for many years, perhaps centuries, grew, flourished, and decayed, had germinated, these graves were dug, and with unknown ceremonies the bodies of the dead were placed in them, together with those articles that had been used during life, or were supposed to be needed in a future existence. We cannot know how many successive growths of trees may have followed each other since the forest began to usurp the place set apart for sepulture. We find also very many relics of more recent Indian life and occupancy. Along the borders of the streams which empty into Lake Champlain, along the higher lands beside them, on the shores of the lake itself, and on the islands, the specimens of their handiwork and arts have been frequently found. In a few instances multiplicity of domestic implements has indicated the site of a village or a frequently visited Prehistoric Implements found in Vermont Slate knives ; gouges or hollow chisels ; points and scrapers ; pipes. 8 HISTORY OF VERMONT camping ground. One such place was near Swanton, where the St. Francis Indians had a village near the river which they had occupied from ancient times. Here, too, was an old burial place, four or five miles from the ancient graves mentioned above. The Indians had no knowledge of these earher graves, but knew only those of their own kinsmen. Across the lake, on a sand ridge north of Piatt sburg, there were kilns where pottery was burned. Here were scattered about clus- ters of burned stones, masses of burned clay, and numerous bits of pottery. Remains of old fortifications have been found, with many arrow and spear points near by, while on Grand Isle in the lake the remains of many arrow and spear points and unfinished articles show that once there was a manu- factory of them there. Less common than arrow and spear points are the gouges and chisels of various kinds of stone, some hard enough to scrape the charred embers from logs which were burning out for canoes, others so soft as to be of little use except to smooth the seams of deerskin garments or be used in dressing leather. Stone pestles and mortars for pounding corn were not uncommon ; while other pestles, made of slate, were sometimes used to crush or mash the grain by rolling Copper Knives and Points t It • •I Prehistoric Implements found in Vermont Ornamental jar found at Colchester ; a larger globular jar ; triangular, quadrangular, double and single edged axes or celts ; points ; ceremonial stones, lO HISTORY OF VERMONT it upon a flat stone or log. The slate if used in sharp contact with another stone would have left too much grit in the grain even for an Indian's taste. Stone axes and hatchets have been found. Fragments of soapstone pots and jars have been found, but only two entire jars are now in existence. In fact only four or five from the whole of New England are now known to exist. Other pots and jars, made of burned clay, have been found more plentifully. They are of various shapes and sizes, and some are quite remarkable. One exception- ally fine specimen of an ornamental jar of Indian manu- facture was found at Colchester, near Burlington, in 1825. Copper articles seem to have been rare among the Indians of this state. Those which have been found are apparently made of native copper which probably came from Lake Superior, beaten into the desired shape. They must have come here in the course of war or trade. Agricultural implements are also rare. Some flint or hornstone spades have been discovered, and some of these might have been attached to handles and used as hoes. In Indian ceremonials and tribal proceedings perhaps no single article was so important as the calumet, or pipe. It was indispensable in declaring war or peace, in ratify- ing treaties, and in the settlement of religious questions. Specimens of pipes have been found in the Champlain Valley, some of them carved and variously ornamented with designs of animals. In two places within the state the Indians left inscrip- tions on rocks. One of these, known as ** Indian Rock," is at Brattleboro, near the junction of the West and THE STRENGTH OF THE HILLS ii Connecticut rivers. It has pictured on its surface ten or eleven figures of birds, mammals, and snakes. The other inscriptions are on two granite rocks near the Connecticut at Bellows Falls. One of the rocks bears on it the rudely graven figure of a large head, some twenty inches long, surmounted by rays ; the other has twenty heads of varying sizes but all smaller than the one just mentioned. Some of these also have rays, and all are similarly made, being roughly outlined with a broad shallow groove, the eyes and mouth consisting in most cases of mere circular depressions, and the nose being usually omitted altogether. Various guesses have been made as to the meaning of these inscriptions, but we have little reason to suppose that they were designed to convey any special message. From these scattered relics and others that have been found it will be seen that although the Indians left no written records they did leave many things which tell us of their lives in war and peace. We have the measure of their skill in the weapons and tools which they fash- ioned ; and these silent witnesses to their arts and crafts enable us to form some idea of their degree of civilization. We can see how far they learned to use the gifts of nature as raw material for their crude workmanship. We have evidences of what their taste and skill in ornamentation were. From their tools we can gather what their highest attempts were in rough carpentry and agriculture. We know also that here in our state, when it was but an unnamed wilderness, were hunting grounds inhabited by many kinds of game in abundance. Here and there on the broad intervals of the larger rivers were fertile 12 HISTORY OF VERMONT fields where the Indian women could raise maize and their few vegetables ; while the hunters roamed the forest for game, or sought the streams where salmon ran, the mountain brooks where trout were ever abundant, and the lakes where lay great maskinonge. From the skins of the deer, elk, moose, and beaver they could fashion their rough garments and frame some protection from the winter's cold. The flesh of their slaughtered game furnished the main part of their sus- tenance ; and thus through the changing seasons they lived, halfway between the hunting stage and the agri- cultural stage, depending on Nature's bounty, till the white men came. CHAPTER II THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WARS Voted, That it will be of great service to all the western frontiers, both in this and the neighboring government of Connecticut, to build a Block House above Northfield, in the most convenient place on the lands call'd the Equivalent Lands,i and to post in it forty able men, English and Western Indians, to be employed in scouting at a good distance up the Connecticut River, West River, Otter Creek, and some- times eastwardly, above great Monadnuck, for the discovery of the enemy coming towards any of the frontier towns. — Massachusetts Court Records, Dec. sj, 1^28. Colonial Politics It was not very many years after the French had estabUshed settlements in the St. Lawrence Valley, at Quebec and Montreal, before English settlers sought homes on the rocky New England coast, and the Dutch sat down to trade on the island of Manhattan, in that 1 The " equivalent lands " were tracts lying in the southern part of the present state of Vermont which were given by Massachusetts to Connecticut, to take the place of some Connecticut land which Mass- achusetts had by mistake been granting. Boundaries were a little uncertain in early days, and when in 171 3 they were determined, it was found that Massachusetts had granted 107,793 acres which did not belong to her. But since she very naturally wished to retain the juris- diction over the settlers, it was arranged that Connecticut should accept an equal number of acres in ungranted territory. They were called for this reason the " equivalent lands." Connecticut sold them at public auction, at Hartford, in 1716, for ;i^683, New England currency. The money thus obtained was donated to Yale College, then a young institution of learning. The lands were bought by gentlemen from Connecticut, Massachusetts, and London. 13 14 HISTORY OF VERMONT wonderful harbor which is the glory of all true New Yorkers. So it came to pass that three great powers of the Old World found themselves neighbors in the New World also. From the time when they opened their eyes to this fact they began a struggle for the possession of this part of our continent. The Dutch did not struggle long, for in the year 1664 an English squadron sailed into the harbor and compelled the crusty old Dutch governor, Peter Stuyvesant, to yield the city. Its name was then changed from New Amster- dam to New York, in honor of the king's brother, the Duke of York. News like this made the French settlers in Canada and the French government in France more anxious than ever to curb the growing power of the English here in America. And the English, as they heard how the French were finding their way far up the rivers and even beyond the great lakes, grew more and more anxious to curb the growing power of the French. One could say that it became the poHcy of the French to drive the English from America, and the policy of the English to drive out the French. This was the great theme of colonial politics. Instead of taking sides for candidates and talking about the men who wanted to be president or governor, the English in America all took sides against the French, saying to themselves, '< We must drive them out of Canada." This was as accurate an expression of their political creed as modern party platforms are of ours to-day. When two great nations hold such utterly contradic- tory notions about the same thing it does not require THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WARS 15 a prophet to foresee trouble. Of course so long as the French remained quietly in Canada and the English remained quietly in New England, with a great stretch of uninhabited country between them, they could not enter on this great and necessary work of driving each other out. So it came to pass that in their attempts to get rid of each other the colonists of the two nations and their allies crossed and recrossed this intervening territory in a long series of raids and forays which have gone down in history as the French and Indian wars. This is the real meaning of those wars : the French and English were trying to oust each other from the land. What especially concerns us is the fact that a ver)^ important part of this country through which they made their bloody trails was the land which came in after years to be our state of Vermont. The French, the English, and the Lndians It would be well if we could remember how very differently the French and EngHsh colonists went about their work of gaining a foothold in the New World. It would help to explain many things. It would tell us why their interests clashed and why they hated each other so ; why the French pushed so rapidly through leagues of forest and stream, while the English clung close to the coasts ; why the Indians hated the English and clove to the French and so helped them in these savage wars. While the English cut away the forests to make clear- ings for their little homes and farms which they could till, the French went here and there through uncut l6 HISTORY OF VERMONT forests, trading with the Indians for furs. In conse- quence of this, while the English were confined to little settlements along the shores and near the mouths of the larger streams, the French had made their way along the St. Lawrence River, through the great lakes, northward, far, far up the rivers into the heart of the Hudson Bay country, and southward back of the line of English colonies which stretched like a narrow fringe along the Atlantic coast. As for the Indians, they looked upon the English clearing away the forest and destroying the old hunt- ing grounds, and they knew that although the settle- ments at first were small and the settlers ready to be friendly, the time would surely come when the settlements would be large and the white men their enemies. The French, on the contrary, destroyed no hunting grounds. Their fur trade depended on the hunting grounds. They came, too, and dwelt like brothers among the Indians and ranged the forests with them, sharing their hardships. In fact, sometimes they were brothers, for they took dusky Indian maidens to wife. They built a fort here or established a trading post there ; but these served the Indians as well as the French, and were primarily headquarters for trade, at which only a white man or two would be found in sole charge for weeks and months at a time. There was another cause of friendship between the Indians and the French. Jesuit missionaries went in hardship and suffering establishing missions among the different tribes, converting them and winning them to the faith and the friendship of their countrymen. Many THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WARS 1/ records and letters were left by these Jesuits, which are now called the Jesuit Relations. These are to-day the most important and valuable sources of knowledge which we have of these Indian tribes at the time when the white men first came among them. When we thoroughly understand the French method of occupying Canada, we have discovered something which has a direct bearing on the conduct of the French and Indian wars. For example, we see that in all the long line of their widely scattered trading posts, in all the broad expanse of territory which the French held in name, there were really in Canada but two towns of great importance, Quebec and Montreal. We see that the English colonists, if they wished to harm the French, must prepare expeditions large enough and strong enough to take these two fortresses, the bulwarks of the French occupation of Canada. To do this they must have ships and cannon as well as men. On the other hand it was quite an easy matter for a French commander at Mont- real to send out day after day little bands of Indians through that great forest which stretched toward the English settlements, to fall upon the scattered and almost defenseless cabins on the frontier. Those cabins were not mere trading posts ; they were homes in which were women and the precious children, treasures dearer than furs, more precious than life itself. The Indian Trails These raids of marauding bands of Indians and French will have more than a passing interest for us when we recall that the main routes which were traversed lay l8 HISTORY OF VERMONT across our state, although it was long before that state was settled or bore a name. There were some four or five of these routes which we ought to remember, and to do so will not be difficult if we trace them on the map. If we bear in mind the starting points, the destination, and the principal water courses which lay between, we shall be guided, as the Indians were, by the natural features of the country into the easiest and for that reason the most frequented routes. The French were at Montreal ; the English settlers were east of the Con- necticut River or along its lower waters. That river furnished war parties with a great highway in summer or winter into the heart of the enemy's country. The first route to be named lay across the north- western corner of the state. A party would follow this route by coming up the St. Francis River to Lake Memphremagog and leaving the lake through the Clyde River. That would take them to Island Pond, from which they could make a short carry to the Nulhegan and be guided to the more northern stretches of the Connecticut. If our war party wished to reach a point on the river a little farther south, it would leave Lake Mem- phremagog by way of the Barton River, following it to Crystal Lake, and thence going up over the height of land where the springs lie close together that empty north and south, and follow down the valley of the lit- tle brook that leads, ever widening, to the Passumpsic, which in turn would take them to the Connecticut near the Cohasse intervals. THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WARS 19 But there were easier and quicker routes than these, especially for large parties coming from Montreal. Just as a great river stretched along the eastern border, so a great lake lay on the western border of the state and offered them miles of easy travel by canoe instead of tedious marches overland through the forest. So the Lake Champlain routes were more often used than those which led through Lake Memphremagog. There were three of these Champlain routes : one leading across the state by way of the Winooski River, one by the Otter Creek, and one by the Pawlet River. Coming to the lake by the ancient way which Champlain had followed, a party could turn in at the Winooski, follow the stream up through the mountains, cross from its upper waters to those of the White River, and follow that till it joined the Connecticut at the place where White River Junction now stands. It was along this route that Rouville led his band of French and Indians in their murderous raid on Deerfield in 1 704 ; hither part of the company retraced their steps, leading along the icebound streams through the snows of February the half-clad and half-starved captives who had escaped massacre. We cannot wonder that the settlers long called the Winooski ''the French River." Still another route there was, by way of the Otter Creek. Where it becomes a swift mountain stream the Indians would leave it, cross by trail the height of land, and going down on the east side of the hills, follow either the Black River or West River, as they chose, to the Connecticut. This was an easy route and came to be much used, so that it was known as "the Indian road.'' 20 HISTORY OF VERMONT It was nearest to Crown Point on the Champlain side ; and when the French had been driven away, and the wars had ceased, the settlers took it up and made it the basis of one of their first roads through the woods, from Number Four to Crown Point. The last of these routes, that one which followed the Pawlet River, was of less importance. It began at the head of the lake, and after reaching that point on the river where the crossing was easiest over the summit, led to West River on the eastern side of the mountains. In all these routes the eastern highway of the raiding parties was the Connecticut River. As Lake Champlain was the great water way on the west, so this long, quiet stream lay at their service east of the mountains, whether it were open for canoes in the pleasant warmth of sum- mer months or locked in ice in winter, secure and solid beneath the tread of moccasined feet. Indian Raids As a general statement one might say that from 1689 to 1763 the border settlements on the Connecticut and Merrimac rivers were never safe from the ravages of scouting parties harassing the frontier. If you should chance to run across the memoranda of a certain French officer at Montreal in 1746, you would read a record made day after day of parties of Indians sent out to ** strike a blow " at the English, now in this direction, now in that, but especially "towards Boston." You would read also records of the scalps brought back, until you sickened at the thought of it, and wondered no longer that the very name of the French was hated in THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WARS 21 New England, and that settlers lived in daily dread of the sound of the war whoop and the sight of a brandished tomahawk. You will recall, too, that when Rogers's rangers destroyed the village of St. Francis they found hundreds of English scalps hanging at the doors of the lodges. In all the long series of conflicts which go to make up the French and Indian wars, probably no single attack came with so sudden a shock or has been retold more times than that famous raid on the village of Deerfield, Massachusetts, made in the winter of 1704 by Hertel de Rouville and his band of two hundred French and one hundred and forty-two Indians. Coming by the Winooski trail, under the snow-laden branches of the forest, they passed down the Connecticut River on the ice and reached Deerfield on the evening of the 28th of Febru- ary. Recently fallen snows had drifted high against the palisade of the village at the northeast corner. When the watchman left his post in the early hours of morning, little dreaming that an enemy lay shivering under the pines two miles north of the village, the settlement was helplessly at the mercy of the raiders. Climbing over the palisade on the crusted snow, they scattered through the town and were soon ready to begin their work of mur- der. It was quickly over. Forty-seven of the inhabitants were slain, the village was set on fire, and when the sun was an hour high the march to Canada had begun. On the night of the fourth day of the march the party stopped near the site of Brattleboro and built light sledges on which to carry the children, the sick, and the wounded. The march was then renewed, and was rapid 22 HISTORY OF VERMONT over the ice of the river. At the mouth of the White River, Rouville divided his party. One division went by the White River, crossed the highlands, and took the Winooski trail. On coming to the lake they turned aside to rest a few days at the Indian village near Swanton ; then they went on to Montreal. The other division kept on up the Connecticut till they came to the great meadows at Newbury, — the Cohasse intervals, — where, half-starved, they stopped till corn-planting time. They lived meantime on game, but they dared not stay for the harvest of corn, fearing the vengeance of the English. The First White Occupancy The success of the Deerfield raid encouraged many more, and for some years the frontiers of the New England provinces were one continuous scene of merci- less pillage. So it is no wonder that the General Court of Massachusetts passed the vote which stands at the beginning of the chapter. The torment of Indians on the frontier and the necessity of building such outposts for defense explain why the first inhabitants of the state were not settlers who had come to hew homes from the forest, but garrisons at these blockhouses or forts, guarding the frontier on the edge of the wilderness. The blockhouse which was built above Northfield by the order of the General Court of Massachusetts was by no means the first of its kind within the state. Up in the northwest corner, on an island in Lake Champlain, the French had done the same thing years before. It happened in this way. Monsieur de Tracy, who was THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WARS 23 then governor of New France, as the French possessions in Canada were called, began in 1664 a line of fortifica- tions from the mouth of the Richelieu River to Lake Champlain. During the first year he built three forts along the river, and in the next spring he ordered Captain de La Motte to proceed up the lake and build a fort on an island. He did so that same year and called the fort St. Anne ; but that name was later changed to La Motte after the builder's name. Long after the fort crumbled to decay the island bore the name of the French captain and bears it to this day. That is how the French first built in Vermont and why one of the islands in Grand Isle County is called Isle La Motte. For a long time the French held this fort as a garrison ; the island they dwelt upon for nearly a hundred years. From this fort the French soldiers and their allies of Indians hunted deer and elk and sent out expeditions against the Mohawks. Many years after, at Colchester Point, which would be about a day's journey by canoe from St. Anne, our early settlers found the remains of an old chimney bottom and a wall. Near by there grew some very old red and white currant bushes ; and on the beach by the lake they picked up a number of curious old things, — Indian arrows, leaden balls, scraps of iron, pieces of silver and copper coins, bones of animals, and the remains of two human skeletons which had washed out from the neighboring banks at high water. Such evidences make it appear very probable that there was once a French settlement at Colchester Point, made perhaps in connection with the garrisoned fortress of St. Anne. 24 HISTORY OF VERMONT The advancing operations of the French in that quarter did not come as welcome tidings to the English ; and New York authorities sent some officers and men with a few Mohawk Indians to look into affairs about the lake and see what it all meant. So we find that in early spring in 1690 a certain Captain de Warm was in the country on the west side of the lake with about seven- teen white men and twenty Indians, acting on orders from the New York authorities at Albany. We find, too, that another captain, Abraham Schuyler by name, was ordered to go to the mouth of the Otter Creek and there "to watch day and night for one month, and daily communicate with Captain de Warm." De Warm meantime crossed to the eastern side of the lake and built a little stone fort at Chimney Point in Addison. When in August of the same year Captain Schuyler led the first English war party that ever passed through the lake, they stopped at the little stone fort and near there killed two elk. But the English did not keep up the occupancy of it, and in 1731 the French came down and made a settlement there. We now see that the first three places in Vermont to be occupied for any length of time by white people were military outposts built by the French and the English. With the possible exception of the French settlements, whose extent we do not know, there was no colonization attempted at these posts. They were establishments from which scouting parties might range the country, keep a watchful eye on the operations of the enemy, and in cases of emergency meet for defense. They were also what the English and French governments would THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WARS 25 have called "marks of possession," had they been trying to agree on a boundary line instead of trying to drive each other out ; but such marks of possession, as you may have noticed, amount to but very little when two countries are fighting for the same thing, because the stronger can always take it and usually does. There is, however, an observation about these posts which is of some significance. That is, that the English and the French were creeping nearer to each other in this country and getting ready to spring at each other's throat ; that both were very evidently possessed of a growing determination in their policy; that just as fast as they grew strong they would use their strength against each other. From what we have now learned it would not require much wisdom to conjecture that these two nations would never inhabit this country together in peace, but that sooner or later one of them would be whipped from its shores. The old fortress of St. Anne crumbled to decay, and the walls of the little stone fort at Chimney Point fell into ruins, but the blockhouse at Fort Dummer lasted on. The English occupancy about it never ceased, so we will turn back once more to that. The blockhouse was begun in F'ebruary next after the vote of the General Court. Colonel John Stoddard of Northampton had the general supervision of the work, and he sent up " four carpenters, twelve soldiers with narrow axes, and two teams," under T. D wight, to build it. It is said that **the soldiers slept in the woods and earned two shillings per diem besides their stated pay. The horses worked hard, eat oats and nothing else." 26 HISTORY OF VERMONT The carpenters from Northfield received five shillings a day, except John Crowfoot, — who was not a Northfield carpenter at all, but a Springfield Indian, — and he received six shillings. M^jr Will ards hcui,e ^ Proy/ince a ■C "r- Cdnnon mounted in it Built ■sttl the ouT ^i"| £ 30 ^i. S,cle b] y^ Province The Perade The Phisoqnomy of fort Dumer CollVWi (lards hou-ie Buitt by The Phisognomy of Fort Dumer They all must have worked pretty hard, for by the time the maples and birches were in full leaf and sum- mer showed her fresh green in the clearing the fort was ready to be occupied. It was named Fort Dummer, in FuRT DUMMEK THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WARS 2/ honor of the man who was Heutenant governor of Massa- chusetts. It was a right good fort, built for the busi- ness it would have to face, and was pitched on the west bank of the Con- necticut, in the southeast corner of the present town of Brattleboro, on the Dummer meadows. It was stoutly built of the yellow pines that grew close at hand and was made nearly one hundred and eighty feet square. Houses were built inside the inclo- sure with their backs to the wall of the fort and facing the hollow square or parade ground in the center. If the enemy broke through the gates or scaled the walls, as they had done at Deerfield, the garrison could barricade themselves in the houses and fire upon the foe in the hollow square. Scouting Parties During the unsafe and troubled times which followed for many years we could not expect to find settlers building homes in the wilderness. That was a task all too hard in the most favorable times ; it could not be thought of when the woods were full of scouting parties of New France ready to destroy the growing crops, to plunder and ruin the homes, burn the little cabins, take prisoners the inmates and carry them as captives to Canada, or strike the murderous blow if they were too 28 HISTORY OF VERMONT feeble to endure the terrible march of two hundred miles through the wilderness. From these forts, therefore, or outposts like the blockhouse on the Dummer meadows, we may only expect to find that scouting parties go out and return, making the fort their headquarters at which to receive their orders, report their trips, and equip themselves for tiresome tramps through the forests and along the streams. The extracts from Captain Kellogg' s journal show that such scouting parties began to range the country promptly in the fall of the same year that Fort Dummer was built. I have sent out [the record runs] several scouts, an account of which I here present. The first on November 30, we went on ye ^ west side of Connecticut River and crossing ye West River went up to ye Great Falls and returned, making no discovery of any Enemy. [The great falls mentioned here are the Bellows Falls of to-day.] The next scout went up ye West River 6 miles, and then crossed ye wood up to ye Great Falls, and returned making no discovery of any new signs of an enemy. The next scout I sent out west from Northfield about 12 miles and from thence northward, crossing West River thro ye woods ; then steering east, they came to ye Canoo place about 16 or 17 miles above Northfield. The next scout I sent out northwest about 6 miles, and then they steered north until they crossed West River, and so thro ye woods to ye Great Meadows below ye Great Falls, then they crossed Connecticut River and came down on ye East side untill they came to Northfield without any new discovery, this Meadow being about 32 miles from Northfield. 1 The old formJ^',? is the same as the and so pronounced, the t \\\ ye. being the obsolete form of th. THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WARS 29 The next scout I sent up ye West River Mountain, and there to Lodge on ye top and view Evening and Morning for smoaks, and from thence up to ye mountain at ye Great Falls and there also to Lodge on ye top and view morning and evening for smoaks ; but these making no discovery returned. The next scout I sent up ye West River 5 miles and then north till they came upon Sexton's River, 6 miles from ye mouth of it, wc empties itself at ye foot of ye Great Falls, and then they came down till they came to ye mouth of it, and so returned, but made no discovery of any enemy. So the purpose of the fort was served, and the settle- ments rested a little more easily in the knowledge that if Indians did come there were now up at Fort Dummer stanch men keeping watch by night and day, scanning with keen eyes the pathless forest ; and they knew that it would be a small band indeed that could slip past undiscovered and not have the great gun of the fort send its warning echoes booming through the woods. Of the tale of war and politics which kept both French and English in a turmoil until that memorable day upon the Plains of Abraham, we can tell but little here. But we may note that over in the Champlain Valley the border fights went on until boys grew to be men ; and all along the shores of the lake, and among the streams, and through the neighboring hills, scouting parties toiled at t?ie same tasks as those we have seen busying the men at Fort Dummer. The Tide Turns The operations in the Champlain Valley finally resulted in the abandonment of Ticonderoga, Fort Frederick, and Chimney Point by the French and the withdrawal to 30 HISTORY OF VERMONT Canada of garrisons and settlers in 1759. This evacua- tion of the country west of the Green Mountains brought a sense of reHef to the frontiers of New England as well as to those of New York, because if it did not remove the source of depredations entirely, it put into friendly hands possession of the channel through which some of them had come. Furthermore, it left the Enghsh rangers free to begin a more aggressive work in exter- minating their foe; and in the fall of 1759 an expedition was made for this purpose which certainly is entitled to a place in Vermont history. The leaves were beginning to change color and the wild fowl to think of their southern homes, when Robert Rogers led a party of rangers through the woods and swamps of Canada to destroy the Indian village of St. Francis. This village lay about halfway between Montreal and Quebec, some three miles back from the St. Lawrence River. Here dwelt that tribe of Indians which for three quarters of a century had been the scourge of the New England border. Setting out from Crown Point in whaleboats, the party managed to escape the French vessels which were still in armed activity on the lake, and coming to Missis- quoi Bay, at the north end of the lake, they hid their boats and some provisions there. Then they started on their long march across country, through tangled swamps and untrodden ways. Within two days friendly Indians overtook Rogers with the news that his boats had been discovered by the French. The party was said to num- ber four hundred men, and half of them were on his track. Rogers did not turn from his purpose. He THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WARS 31 determined to outfoot his pursuers, destroy the village as he had planned, and escape by pushing on through the woods to the Connecticut River, instead of return- ing to Crown Point. He sent word to Crown Point to have provisions brought up the Connecticut River to the upper Ammonoosuc, to which it was hoped he might bring his party safely through. Rogers's own account of this expedition was published over one hundred and thirty years ago, in London, and from the musty pages of the old book we can catch a glimpse or two of the story. The 22d. day after my departure from Crown Point, I came in sight of the Indian town St. Francis, in the evening, which I discovered from a tree that I climbed, at about three miles dis- tance. ... At half an hour before sunrise I surprised the town when they were all fast asleep, on the right, left and center, which was done with so much alacrity by both officers and men, that the enemy had not time to recover themselves or take arms for their own defence. ... A little after sunrise I set fire to all their houses, except three, in which there was corn, that I reserved for the use of the party. About seven o'clock in the morning the affair was completely over, in which time we had killed at least 200 Indians and taken 20 of their women and children prisoners, 15 of whom I let go their own way, and five I brought with me, viz. two Indian boys and three Indian girls. I Hkewise retook five English captives which I also took under my care. When I had paraded my detachment I found I had Capt. Ogden badly wounded. . . . I also had six men slightly wounded and one Stockbridge Indian killed. The hardest part of his task was yet before him. He was in the enemy's country, and all hope of return by the way he had come was cut off. His one chance lay in getting through to the Connecticut, and pursuers were 32 HISTORY OF VERMONT hot on his trail. After much hardship he reached Lake Memphremagog, but he dared not try to hold the party- together any longer. The supply of corn had failed. In order to enable them more easily to sustain themselves on such rough fare as the forest offered, he divided the company there east of the lake and told the detachments to assemble at the Ammonoosuc, if they could reach it. Then they parted, taking different routes. Some were captured by the pursuing Indians ; some were killed ; some sick and starving staggered through to the Con- necticut River. His own party turned southward, on the east side of the lake, followed the Barton River to Crystal Lake, and went on over the summit into the Passumpsic Valley. Meantime men with two canoes laden with provisions had made their way up the Connecticut River from Charlestown, New Hampshire, then known as Number Four, had come to Round Island near the mouth of the Passumpsic and camped there. On the second morning, fearing that an Indian party was in the neighborhood, they left the island and went back down the river, tak- ing the provisions with them. At that moment, but a few miles up the Passumpsic, Rogers and his few fam- ished stragglers were coming through the woods. They came to the Connecticut about noon of the same day and saw the smoke of the still smoldering fires of the relief party on the island. Signal guns were fired. The relief party heard them and hurried away down the river faster than ever. Making his way across to the island as best he could, Rogers found there only the smoking embers. THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WARS 33 "It is hardly possible," wrote he, "to describe the grief and consternation of those of us who came to the Cohasse Intervals. Upon our arrival there after so many days' tedious march, over steep and rocky mountains, or through wet, dirty swamps, with the terrible attendants of fatigue and hunger, we found that here was no relief for us, where we had encouraged ourselves that we should find it." He continues: "At length I came to a resolution to push as fast as possible towards Number Four, leaving the remains of my party now unable to march further to get such wretched subsistence as the barren wilderness could afford." With Captain Ogden, a ranger, and an Indian boy, Rogers set out on a raft made of dry pines, and "after being once wrecked and under- going further disasters, at length reached the settle- ments more dead than alive, and sent back help to those of his comrades who were still living. A few years before this a young man by the name of John Stark, of whom we shall hear more later, w^as captured by Indians while out hunting in the woods on the New Hampshire side of the Connecticut and was taken with his brother and two companions to Canada by much the same route that these half-starved wanderers of Rogers's party traversed. They went up the Connect- icut, across to Lake Memphremagog, and thence into Canada. Stark showed so much bravery and spirit that he became a favorite with his captors and was treated kindly. Between the time of Stark's capture and the great blow which Rogers struck at Indian power the settlers of New England carried on a more or less persistent and 34 HISTORY OF VERMONT systematic warfare against the Indians. The government of Massachusetts offered a reward for every Indian killed or captured ; and ranging parties scoured the woods between the Connecticut and Hudson rivers, and as far north as Black River. Companies of thirty or more men would take their course through the woods, marching either in divisions or by one common route through thickly wooded up- lands, over jagged hills and steep mountains, across foaming rivers or beside gravel-bedded brooks. They adopted the Indian mode of warfare and beat the Indi- ans at it. Nerve, capacity for endurance, courage, and unfailing marksmanship were trained in those days of forest ranging. What better stuff for peopling this state, for battling with the forests, and for building up the homes, could there be than the men who had thus wrenched it from the savagery of border wars and gained their schooling at the hands of Nature ? Spying out the Land From such accounts as Rogers left and from the pages of Colonel Kellogg's journal we can see one thing very clearly. If men were not settling in the wilderness, they were at least finding out a great deal about it, so that when days of peace and quiet should come men would know where it was good to go and settle. The work of the rangers was something like that of the spies whom Moses sent to search the land of Canaan before the children of Israel went into it. Perhaps this is the best service of the scouting parties. They did not harm the French much; they did not harm THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WARS 35 the Indians much; they alarmed them; and they helped a little in the work of carrying out the great English policy : but the great fact is, they made known the land. It would be a mistake to suppose that our colonists settled this affair between England and France. It was not fought out altogether in the New World; and what the rangers did toward it in the Green Mountains we can dismiss with few words. But we do need to think a great deal about this work of theirs in finding what the land truly was ; for behind every homestead that was ever taken up and carved out of this wilderness there lay a good and sufficient reason, and we cannot understand the history of our state unless we think of these things. Many of the names given in these records are the same that we use to-day for the same streams and places. You could follow many of the courses which the rangers took, as the historian Parkman when a college student tramped over the route of Rogers, from Lake Memphremagog to the Connecticut River. Think how much could be learned on those swift, silent forest trips, — where the timber lay, and all the different kinds which grew, maple, birch, beech, oak, ash, cedar, spruce, hemlock, pines, and all the rest. Very many pines there were in those days, and noble ones too, so noble that the king of England said that they must be marked and saved for masts and spars to go in his royal navy. Then, too, from the tops of the mountains, where parties lay whiling away the hours watching for ''smoaks" of Indian camp fires, many things besides smokes would be seen. You could not help seeing them, watching so sharply in all directions 36 HISTORY OF VERMONT for smokes, — the contour of the land, for mstance ; the courses of streams through the valleys ; and here and there a bit of interval or stretch of beaver meadow, where a settler could cut the first hay for his cattle to last through the winter before his own land was cleared. On those long journeys what woodcraft secrets would the forest farer learn ! What little joys of discovery would come to him every hour of the day ! He would learn where the deer yarded on the mountain, or browsed in the timber, or came down to the water in favorite runways. He would find which slopes the moose loved best. He would note the track of the bear and the curious work of the beaver. He would learn how far up the streams the salmon ran to their spawning beds ; he would learn where the trout were always plentiful ; and he would never forget where the water, choking up in a narrow channel and leaping over the rocks, would let a settler build the first mill to saw logs or grind grain. When the corn that was planted at the fort had ripened in the summer's sun, and the grass had turned sere and brown on the marshes, and crimson and gold leaves were carpeting the forest, then it was time to think of the fall hunt. Then deer were fat and sleek and venison was sweetest. Then the tongue and steak of Bruin replenished the larder. The crackling fires of winter must be provided for and many a sturdy oak, maple, and birch laid low for the blaze of the great fireplace. When of an evening the men recounted their tales around the hearth, what wonder that the passion of the wilderness grew upon them ! What wonder that when peace came and they were free at THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WARS 37 last from their enemy, the voices of the forest called them back to claim as their own the wilderness from which they had driven their foe ! It was theirs now, this wilderness teeming with game, these lands where the Indian had hunted, these streams where he had fished. It was the white man's now, to enter in and possess. CHAPTER III THE WIDENING TRAIL RvEGATE, Feb. 7, 1774. We have now built a house and Hve very comfortably though we are not much troubled with our neighbors. ... In the township above us (Barnet) there are about fifteen families, and in the township below (Newbury) about sixty. . . . There are some settlers sixty miles beyond us on the river. There are no settlers to the west of us till you come to Lake Champlain. There is a road now begun to be cut from Con- necticut River to the lake, which goes through the middle of our pur- chase, and is reasoned to be a considerable advantage to us, as it will be the chief post road to Canada. . . . We have a grist mill within six miles of us, and a saw-mill within two and a half. We know nothing of the hardship of settling a new place, for the first settlers in the town below, only ten years ago, had not a neighbor nearer than sixty miles, and the nearest mill was one hundred and twenty miles down the river. The people here are hospitable, social, and decent. One thing I know, that here they are very strict in keeping the Sabbath. — Extracts from a letter of General Whitelaw to his father in Scotland. Roads in the Woods The military operations during the latter part of the French and Indian wars served another purpose than that of a training school for settlers. They opened up better roadways than the dim trails of the Indians or the blazed paths of white men. Rude roads they would seem to this age of graded highways, railroads, elec- tric trolleys, and pneumatic tires ; even in old stage- coach days, when wagon springs were rarer and leather thorough-braces were a luxury, they would have seemed poor ; but they were first steps, and we must not overlook them or deem them of slight importance. 38 THE WIDENING TRAIL 39 The course of the old Indian road was first made public by the diary of a traveler who passed o\'er it from Fort Dummer to Lake Champlain in 1730. The government of Massachusetts wanted to ascertain the exact course of this Indian thoroughfare, and obtained from James Cross the diary of his journal for this pur- pose. It runs as follows : Monday, ye 27th. April, 1730, at about twelve of ye clock we left Fort Dummer, and travailed that day three miles, and lay down that night by West River, which is three miles distant from Fort Dummer. Notabene. I travailed with twelve Canady Mohawks that drank to great excess at ye fort and killed a Scata- cook Indian in their drunken condition, that came to smoke with them. Tuesday. We travailed upon the great River ^ ahout ten miles. Wednesday, We kept up ye same course upon ye great River, travailed about ten miles, and eat a drowned Buck that night. Thursday. We travailed upon the great River within two miles of ye Great Falls "-^ in said River, then we went upon Land to the Black River above ye Great Falls, went up in that River and lodged about a mile and a half from the mouth of Black River, which day's travail we judged was about ten miles. Fryday. We cross Black River at ye Falls,^ afterwards trav- ail through ye woods N.N.W., then cross Black River again about 17 miles above our first crossing, afterwards travailed ye same course, and pitched our tent upon ye homeward side of Black River. Saturday. W^e crossed Black River, left a great mountain on ye right hand and another on ye left.^ Keep a N.W. course till we pitch our tent after 1 1 miles travail by a Brook which we called a branch of Black River. Sabbath Day. . . . We travail to Black River. At three islands, between which and a large pound we past ye River, enter 1 Connecticut River. =^ Center Village in town of Springfield. 2 Bellows Falls. ^ In the township of Ludlow. 40 HISTORY OF VERMONT a mountain that afforded us a prospect of ye place of Fort Dum- mer. Soon after we enter a descending country, and travail till we arrive at Arthur Creek ^ in a descending land. In this day's trav- ail which is 21 miles, we came upon seven Brooks which run a S.W. course at ye north end of ye said Mountain. From Black River to Arthur Creek we judge is 25 miles. Monday. Made Canoes. Tuesday. Hindered travailing by rain. Wednesday. We go in our Canoes upon Arthur Creek, till we meet two great falls in said River.^ Said River is very Black and deep and surrounded with good land to ye extremity of our prospect. This day's travail 35 miles. Thursday. We sail 40 miles in Arthur Creek. We meet with great Falls, ^ and a little below them we meet with two other great Falls,^ and about 10 miles below ye said Falls we meet two other pretty large Falls.^ We carryd our Canoes by these Falls and come to ye Lake." ^ Eighteen years later Captam Eleazer Melvin with eighteen men in his command set out on a military expedition from Fort Dummer through the wilderness toward Crown Point. He followed much the same route that Cross had taken, and he too left a journal of the road. We can locate the places which he de- scribes, in the same way that we have located those of the earlier narrative. They started from Fort Dummer May 13, 1748, went 1 Otter Creek. 2 Probably in the town of Rutland. 3 Middlebury Falls. ^ Weybridge. ^ Vergennes. ^ This is the diary of James Cross (or Coss) of his journey from Fort Dummer to Lake Champlain, made in April and May, 1730. I am indebted to B. H. Hall, History of Eastern Vermont, I, 21-23, for it, never having seen it elsewhere in print. It is- probable that Hall took it from the original manuscript in the office of the Secretary of State, Massachusetts, A xxxviii, 126, 127. — E. I). C. N.B.Connecticut River has been actually sur- vey d no further than to the Great Inter- bu-t the course of the River in gen- eral thro these Intervales has been set by Compass. & the length ^ » -. Cohass is here drawn according' ^^ li » to the best judgment of several -who ^ '^ have travelled thro it _-^~ these Rivh-i ^^0%^. ±fZs White Pines v/i' „?'<< ) " Fairfield ' h briage^ rlinglon. )lchesteH .^S* .N.Strat/or Concor, tJohnsbury^^iJ\Vfiefcl Railroad Map of Vermont FROM THE WAR OF 1812 TO THE CIVIL WAR 221 The coming of the railroads marked an era in the history of Vermont as it has in every other state. Rail- roads could fetch and carry ; they created new markets and transformed country life. The lumbering industry took a new lease of life, and sawmills whose business had been limited to local needs now found a wider demand for their products. All crops could now be marketed, and the slow, tedious trips by horse teams to Portland and Boston were no longer necessary. The business of the country store expanded, and a host of middlemen arose to take the butter, cheese, eggs, wool, and other products of the farm. Ready money became more plentiful, and store goods began to take the place of homespun. D. Manufacturing and Business We cannot hope to cover the history of manufactur- ing during half a century in the brief space here allotted ; but perhaps we can cite enough important enterprises to illustrate the kind of change which was going on in Ver- mont's manufacturing and commercial work. To begin with, we ought to notice that although there was an important growth of manufacturing previous to i860, and especially in the decade just preceding that date, there was not proportionately a large amount of Ver- mont wealth invested in manufacturing industries, or of Vermont people engaged in conducting them, . A few figures will make this plain. The total value of farm property in i860 was ^114,196,989. There were at that date probably over thirty thousand farms in cultivation. There were, however, all told, only 222 HISTORY OF VERMONT 1883 separate establishments devoted to manufactur- ing, and the total capitalization of these was less than $9,500,000. The population of the state was 315,098 ; but the manufacturing wage earners numbered only 10,497, that is, about one in every thirty of the population. But if we compare now the figures for i860 with those for 1850, we shall notice another fact which is quite as striking. In 1850 there were 1849 establish- ments, employing 8445 wage earners, and capitalized at almost exactly $5,000,000. The wages paid in 1850 were something over two million dollars ; in i860 they were over three million. The value of the products made was over eight million five hundred thousand dollars in 1850; over fourteen million five hundred thousand dollars in i860. That is to say, summing it all up, in ten years practically the same number of establishments employed twenty-five per cent more people, paid them over thirty-six per cent more wages, and made over seventy per cent more in value of products. From this little study of figures we learn two things : There was a rapid increase in the value of manufactured goods just before the Civil War, but there was a com- paratively slight increase in the number of manufac- turing establishments. From this we may go on still further and draw an inference : There had been develop- ing a limited number of large and expanding industries instead of a large number of small and limited industries. This brings us to the heart of the whole matter ; for such a course of development is only possible when FROM THE WAR OF 1812 TO THE CIVIL WAR 223 local markets are disregarded. This, then, is the transi- tion which has come to Vermont's manufacturing, — she has ceased to produce for herself alone and begun to produce for others. This is a far different state of things from that of the earlier days when the blacksmith shop, the sawmill, the gristmill, the tannery, the carding mill, and the fulling mill composed the list of enterprises that could boast of being manufactories. It is true that many small estab- lishments lingered on, supplying local needs ; but the other side of the case becomes startlingly apparent when we notice that out of the total $14,637,837 produced in i860 over one half was sent out by concerns dealing with the five products, wool, marble, lumber, leather, and grain. A few illustrations will serve to show better this evolution of industry. In 181 5 Joseph Fairbanks came into the Moose River Valley and set up a grist and saw mill at St. Johnsbury. His sons had a mechanical turn of mind and went into the wheelwright and foundry business. They manufactured hoes, pitchforks, cast- iron plows, and stoves. They gained a reputation for skill and rehability, and in 1830 were awarded a contract for making hemp-dressing machines, which were required for cleaning the hemp and preparing the fiber for market, — a new industry then springing up. Some method of weighing rough hemp by the wagonload was sorely needed. This led to an investigation of the principle of levers as combined in weighing machines, and resulted in the invention and perfection of the platform scale by Thaddaeus Fairbanks. What was started as a mere 224 HISTORY OF VERMONT incident of a comparatively small business grew into an extensive commerce in an article that set the standard for the world. An equally humble beginning was that made by Jacob Estey in 1846, when he commenced to make musical instruments, and drove about the country selling them from his own wagon. His business also grew into the largest one of its kind in the world, — the Estey Organ Works. - „_____ In this period "~' our three great quarrying indus- tries were put on a firm foun- dation. The be- ginning of mar- ble quarrying has been men- tioned in an Birthplace of Chester A. Arthur, 1830, • i • AT Fairfield earlier period ; it had an extensive growth before the Civil War. Granite quarrying was begun about the time of the War of 18 12, but did not greatly develop until after the Civil War. The first slate quarry opened in the state was at Fairhaven, where work began in 1839. Some eight years later roofing slate began to be made, and the industry has maintained considerable magnitude ever since. In this period Vermont enterprise extended into other fields of business. Some of the most honored fiduciary institutions of the state began their existence before FROM THE WAR OF 1812 TO THE CIVIL WAR 225 the middle of the last century. Banks were incor- porated, and fire and life insurance companies were established. The Vermont Mutual dates from 1827, the National Life from 1848. Vermont inventiveness deserves a tribute all the more since it has not always exacted tribute or recognition. Morey's invention of the steamboat has already been mentioned. But the use of electricity as a moving principle in machinery was demonstrated by Thomas Davenport to be practicable half a century before the world was ready for the dis- covery. The electric motor, the electric tele- graph, the electric loco- motive, and the electric piano were products of his brain. Professor Alonzo Jackman of Nor- wich University conceived the feasibility of the subma- rine cable in 1842. Phineas Bailey of Chelsea devised a phonetic method of shorthand in 18 19 — eighteen years before Pitman's. The six-shooting revolver was invented at Brattleboro fourteen years before Colt's weapon was made. Last but not least in its beneficent influence comes the modern cook stove, the creation of P. P. Stewart of Pawlet. These inventions, like the new order of manufacturing estabUshments, were not for local needs. They appealed Chester A. Arthur 226 HISTORY OF VERMONT for wider application. Thanks to developed transporta- tion and the rapid transmission of news, Vermont had got in touch with wider needs ; she had gone out to seek the markets of the world. E. Education The work of education in the state went on quietly, unobtrusively, attracting no great attention, heralding no startling results; yet there were men here who were in a sense educational prophets, for they laid the founda- tion in a humble, inconspicuous way for some of the most important developments of our American educational ideals. Transition in educational aims and methods con- sisted of development rather than change up to the time of the Civil War. The results of this work may be briefly summed up as follows : The beginning of some educational system for the state, including supervision ; the training of teach- ers ; the opening of special schools for women ; and the growth of educational institutions, especially academies, colleges, and military schools. Not all these are due to public or state enterprise. Indeed, in such matters, the work of making a beginning, as well as the con- ception of the ideals, falls often to the lot of those who are full of service for others, whose vision pierces the future, and whose hopes are reenforced by invincible confidence. That is, they are teachers in the real sense of the word. At first, although the fathers of the state laid the foundations for a broad, comprehensive educational sys- tem, there was little done to perfect such a system in FROM THE WAR OF 1812 TO THE CIVIL WAR 22/ its details. The separate districts had their own way, secured their own teachers, and paid them at the end of the term without supervision or oversight by town or state or any outside authority. The inevitable result of such a method, or lack of method, was that there were no guaranties of competent instruction, because there was no standard of requirements put upon the teachers ; and no guaranties of equal advantages to the different schools, because there was no efficient supervision. Some schools might be good, others poor, others very poor. A Type of the "Old Red Schoolhouse" The effort to inaugurate a system began to bear fruit about 1827, when it was proposed that a board of com- missioners be appointed to collect and disseminate edu- cational information, and that licenses be required of teachers. Both recommendations were adopted for a few years. Then, in 1845, another effort was made to put the teaching force of the state on a higher level. The plan of licenses was permanently adopted; schools 228 HISTORY OF VERMONT were put under the supervision of town and county superintendents; and a state superintendent of educa- tion was annually appointed. In a few years the county superintendents were discontinued, and in 1851 the state superintendent ceased to be appointed. Five years later the state board of education was created. Interior of the "Old Red Schoolhouse" These efforts were tentative, and not altogether success- ful; yet a beginning had been made which was some approach to a system of state control. In 1823 Samuel R. Hall, a home missionary and pastor of the Congregational Church at Concord, in Essex County, established a seminary for the training of teachers. It was incorporated by the legislature the same fall. In 1825 it was reincorporated under the name of the Essex County Grammar School. Teachers' classes FROM THE WAR OF 1812 TO THE CIVIL WAR 229 were formed, and a special course of study was arranged. In 1829 "Father" Hall published a volume of lectures on school keeping, " the first attempt of the kind on the Western Continent." The work ran through several editions. Ten thousand copies were sold to the state of New York and distributed through the school districts of that state. Mr. Hall also introduced the use of the blackboard into schools, organized the American Insti- tute of Instruction, and was for a time principal of Andover Academy. The Middlebury Female ^l*t Seminary, which had been ^^ ^^ established in 1800, the same year as the college, was taken charge of in 1807 by Miss Emma Hart, who later became Mrs. Willard, the founder of Troy Female Seminary, which set a hifi^h standard for the „ ^ ,. ^ ^ Hon. George I*. Edmunds education of women. A few years later, in 18 14, she opened a school at her own home. The State Teachers' Association was organized in 1850; endowed libraries began to appear; some of the schools of academic grade were founded which have lasted on, doing good work to the present time ; the work of the colleges went on nobly. Among the gradu- ates of Middlebury College were young men who were destined to make educators, authors, scholars, statesmen, and college presidents. The University of Vermont ^ /** 230 HISTORY OF VERMONT began to send forth youth who were to fill offices of state, — judges of higher courts, members of Con- gress, governors of Vermont, and. even one Vice-Presi- dent, — besides college presidents and many college and seminary instructors. Norwich University, the oldest military college in this country with the exception of West Point, was established in 1820. Its graduates served in the second Seminole War, and have served in every subsequent war of the country. No less than two hundred and seventy-three commissioned officers from this institution served in the Mexican and Civil wars. Two men who long honored their state and the nation in the Senate chamber at Washington put themselves on record as 0t champions of the cause of edu- ^ S P l> ^^ cation in no narrow or mean ^^4w^ "■ sense. George F. Edmunds was ^^^^^^ the great exponent of a national ^f^BB^ ^\ university at Washington ; Justin ^"^1^^^ \ S. Morrill successfully labored ■^ .^ ^ *i for the establishment of agricul- tural colleges in all the states. Hon. Justin S. Morrill ^^^ congressional grant of 1 860 to provide education in the agricultural and mechanical arts in every state in the Union was the most important single educational enactment ever passed in America. This act alone would be sufficient to perpetuate Senator Morrill's name as the author of what is destined to be the most practical, democratic, and beneficent educa- tional work of this country. FROM THE WAR OF 1812 TO THE CIVIL WAR 231 The Impending Crisis While our state was thus passing through manifold and important changes, the United States had come to the worst experience that can ever face a government, — the storm and stress of a great civil war. When a country is attacked from without, its people flock together to support the common cause, and thus form a more com- pact and cohesive union within. But when a country begins to break up within, and envy, hatred, and strife fill the hearts of its people, woe be it ! The saying is very old and very true that a house divided against itself shall not stand. This is the third time in the history of the state that we have had to stop in our study of its development to follow the consequences of war in which it has been involved by the course of national politics. The other two wars were wars to defend so- called rights from foreign aggression. This one is a war to preserve the Union from the disruptive forces which have long been acting within. Since the early settlement of these American colonies the keeping of slaves had been a part of their history. There had been white slaves and black slaves, slaves in the North and slaves in the South. But white servi- tude had never been so prevalent as that of negroes, and the terms by which whites were bound to forced labor allowed them to work out their freedom in a given term of years. So white servitude outgrew itself in time. Not so with negro slavery. A black slave was a slave for life, and all his children. All children of the mother, too, were slaves, although the father might 232 HISTORY OF VERMONT be white. A drop of negro blood was like the mark of Cain, — it tainted the man for life. Negro slavery, therefore, was self -perpetuating. It would last as long as the negro race endured. In the North, for climatic and economic reasons, black slavery had but a slight hold ; but in the South all the condi- tions were favorable for it, and it became so strongly rooted in the social and economic order of things that it was not easily dislodged. The men who formed the Constitution of the United States should have pre- vented this. They saw slavery as a cloud on the hori- zon of national politics. It was a little cloud then, no larger than a man's hand, but it certainly should have needed no prophet Elijah to tell them this cloud would brew a storm of blood. They had written in their own Declaration that all men were created free and equal ; they should have made that principle true to the very letter in their new State, if they believed it to be true for themselves. Slave trading from Africa ceased to be legal ; but smuggling of slaves began, and but one conviction ever occurred in the history of the country. When the importation from Africa fell off, the matter was in no wise helped ; for in the northern tier of slaveholding states negroes were bred, taken to the South like droves of cattle, and like cattle sold at the auction block. So the thing went on, till men had vast estates in slaves and little else. A plantation was worth nothing without slaves to work it. Skilled slaves were worth hundreds of dollars each ; and a Southern man could not see why his slaves — his sole support — should be taken from FROM THE WAR OF 1812 TO THE CIVIL WAR 233 him any more than a Northern man could have seen the justice of taking away his less valuable horses or cattle or sheep. The larger the country grew the larger grew this question with it. It got into politics and saturated every public measure. Instead of settling it, the poli- ticians temporized, procrastinated, and compromised. The issue grew and grew until it passed the point of any more compromises, and then war came. CHAPTER XI THE CIVIL WAR I am desirous to learn your views as to the expediency of legisla- tion in the Free States at the present time touching the affairs of the General Government and the action of certain Southern States. . . . Should the plans of the Secessionists in South Carolina and the cotton States be persevered in and culminate in the design to seize upon the National Capital, will it be prudent to delay a demonstration on the part of the Free States assuring the General Government of their united cooperation in putting down rebellion and sustaining the Con- stitution and the dignity of the United States Government? — Extract from a letter of Governor Erastiis Fairbanks to the governor of Con- necticut in 1861. Vermont's Status on the Slavery Question The position of Vermont on the question of human slavery has never been equivocal. Her official expres- sion on the matter was made in the very first article of her constitution in the following words: No male person born in this country, or brought from over sea, ought to be holden by law to serve any person as a servant, slave, or apprentice, after he arrives to the age of twenty-one years, nor female in like manner, after she arrives to the age of eighteen years, unless they are bound by their own consent, after they arrive to such age, or bound by law for the payment of debts, damages, fines, costs, or the like. Before the constitution had been distributed the officers of the new state began to interpret the spirit of this article ; and from the time when Ebenezer Allen in 1778 freed the slave Dinah Mattis, who had been 234 THE CIVIL WAR 235 taken among the prisoners of a raid near Ticonderoga, and gave her a certificate of her emancipation duly recorded in the office of the town clerk at Benning- ton, down to the President's call for troops, Vermont had stood stanchly for the freedom of man. In 1803 Judge Harrington of the Supreme Court said that a bill of sale from Almighty God was the necessary proof that one man could hold another as his slave. In 1828 the abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison was at Bennington, editing XhQ Joiniial of the Times, which, although run primarily for campaign purposes in the political race of John Quincy Adams against Andrew Jackson for the presidency, showed unmistakably the trend of its editor's views on the slavery question. Garrison announced as one of the great objects of his life the emancipation of slaves. Clear and vehement were his utterances. " We are resolved to agitate this subject to the utmost," said Garrison; and he sent to Congress a petition signed by twenty-three hundred and fifty-two citizens of this state requesting Con- gress to abolish slavery in the District of Columbia. The government of that district rested with Congress, and it was literally true that negroes were driven to market past the doors of the national capitol wherein sat the chosen apostles of American liberty ; but the appeal was ahead of the times. Public men in the state kept an anxious eye on the great lurid cloud of national politics. Time passed with- out bringing war, until in 1861 the governor of the state wrote to the governor of one of the neighboring states on the duty of the North in this issue. This 236 HISTORY OF VERMONT action of the chief executive of the state shows that he was fully abreast of the times and aware of the signifi- cance of the action of the South in this great crisis. Vermont's Preparation for the War When President Lincoln issued his call for troops, Vermont presented no exception to the other Northern states in lack of adequate preparation for even the slightest military service. It seemed as if the entire North lay in a state of lethargy. Federal forts and arsenals had been appropriated by Southern militiamen ; state after state had passed ordinances of secession; they even invaded the North and transferred one hun- dred and thirty thousand stand of arms from the heart of New England ^ to Southern depots, and no one lifted a finger to stop it. After the War of 1812 military drills had been kept up for a time, after a fashion ; but the martial spirit flagged before the tasks of peaceful industry, and after 1845 there was hardly a semblance of military organi- zation left within the state. The state had given up making appropriations for the support of the militia. One by one the uniformed companies had disbanded, and June trainings became a jest and sport for the countryside. From 1858 to i860 pubhc interest in the militia began to be aroused. By the close of the latter year there were several organized companies again in existence, nominally forming a brigade of four regiments. They 1 From the United States Arsenal at Springfield, Massachusetts. THE CIVIL WAR 237 had as arms smooth-bore percussion and flintlock mus- kets ! On New Year's day, 1861, the state possessed less than a thousand stand of arms, seven six-pound fieldpieces, five hundred and three Colt's pistols of no use whatever, and about a hundred tents. One regi- ment could be equipped with superannuated stuff. On the 1 2th of April, that same year, the booming of cannon sounded through Charleston Harbor. Fort Sumter, one of the three or four military posts in the South which remained in federal possession, was fired upon. In two days the garrison surrendered. President Lincoln's call for troops was sent broadcast through the North, and war was on. Now witness a change. No longer the North was sleep- ing. Mass meetings and flag raisings were so numerous that the newspapers could not find space to tell of them. From every pubUc building flew the stars and stripes, and from private buildings, too, so long as flags could be obtained, or red, white, and blue bunting could be had for love or money. A public meeting was held at Burlington on the i8th of April, in the town hall; but hundreds were turned away from the doors, unable to find room within. Hon. George P. Marsh, then on the eve of his departure as United States minister to Italy, was the principal speaker. As he addressed the crowded hall, from one of the galleries were flung the broad folds of the stars and stripes ; in an instant the audience were on their feet, in a contagion of enthusiasm and emotion, cheering, shouting, and crying like children. Meantime men and money were offered all over the state. Private persons offered to the state sums ranging 238 HISTORY OF VERMONT all the way from one thousand to twenty thousand dol- lars each. Towns voted to raise money on their grand list, and subscribed to equip the militia and support the families of volunteers. Banks at MontpeUer placed twenty-five thousand dollars each at the disposal of the governor to equip the troops ; at Burlington and St. Albans they offered ten per cent of their capital, and more if needed. The students of the University of Vermont and Middlebury College organized into com- panies and began to drill. 4^ .»5^ Railroad and transportation companies offered their lines and boats for the gratuitous transportation of troops and .^ ^ munitions of war. Wherever companies were forming, the *? "4 women labored to make uni- forms for the recruits. So much for public opinion. Erastus Fairbanks -rt. cc. r ^i ^ i. u i The officers of the state had The First " War Governor "of Vermont not bccu idlc. Whcu thc President called for troops Governor Fairbanks at once issued a proclamation announcing the outbreak of armed rebellion, called for a special session of the legislature, and for a regiment for immediate service. We have seen that there was not a regiment in the state ready to march. But when the field officers of the militia met at Burlington on the 19th of the month to select the companies which should make up the first THE CIVIL WAR 239 regiment of Vermont volunteers it was reported that eight companies — from Bradford, Brandon, Burhngton, Northfield, Rutland, St. Albans, Swanton, and Wood- stock — were substantially filled and in efficient condi- tion. Other companies were in partial readiness, and preparations were everywhere being made. The special session of the legislature had been called for the 25th of April. The members were greeted at the capitol with the roar of the two brass field- pieces which Stark had taken from the Hessians at the battle of Bennington pouring out the national salute of thirty-four guns. Within twenty-four hours both houses had passed by unanimous vote an appro- priation of one million dollars for war expenses. In forty-two hours from the time it met the legislature adjourned, with its work completed. It had passed acts providing for the organizing, arming, and equip- ping of six more regiments for two years' service — the government had called for only three months' troops — and had voted seven dollars per month pay in addition to the thirteen dollars offered by the government ; had provided for the relief of the fam- ilies of volunteers in cases of destitution, and had laid the first war tax, — ten cents on the dollar of the grand list. This work was without precedent, and was equalled by the records of but few states. Vermont had voted for the war an appropriation of a larger sum than had been voted by any other state in proportion to the popu- lation, and had made provision for her sons and their families, which took from first to last four millions from 240 HISTORY OF VERMONT the treasury of the state, to say nothing of the other expenses of the war. Commissions for the recruiting troops were issued by the governor on the 7th of May, and three days later the services of fifty full companies were offered to the government, — more than twice as many as it was then ready to accept. Vermont Troops in Service The Civil War practically involved the conquest of the South. In point of military tactics, therefore, it had to be an offensive war on the part of the Union forces, and was, conversely, defensive on the part of the South- ern army, with the exception of Lee's projected invasion of the North. The Alleghany Mountains and the Mississippi River cut the field of action into three great sections. The Mississippi and its tributaries made important naval operations possible in the West, and there the Federal forces were almost uniformly successful. Not so in the East. The scene of conflict was here mainly in Vir- ginia, which was for four years the battle ground of two armies: one — the Army of the Potomac — trying to defend Washington, conquer Virginia, and capture Richmond ; the other — the Army of Northern Virginia — trying to defend Richmond and Virginia, attack Washington, and invade Maryland and Pennsylvania. It was on this ground, in the region around and between the two capitals, Washington and Richmond, where the fighting came thick and fast, that the THE CIVIL WAR 241 Vermont troops rendered the heaviest part of their service in the Army of the Potomac. The First Regiment was ordered at once into service ; for, said General Scott, '' I want your Vermont regi- ments, all of them. I have not forgotten the Vermont men on the Niagara frontier." So they went forward. Their term of enlistment expired in August of the same year, for it was not anticipated that the war would be of long duration, and the President's call was for only three months' service. But their service did not end ; for when the period of this regiment's enlistment expired five out of every six of its rank and file reenlisted ; the field, staff, and line officers returned to the serv- ice almost to a man ; and no less than one hundred and sixty-one of its members became officers in Ver- mont regiments and batteries which were afterward organized. In the fall of 1861 the Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth regiments were formed into the Vermont Brigade, as it was then called ; and later, when a second brigade was formed of regiments subsequently enlisted, it was known as the First Vermont Brigade, or the " Old Brigade." It will be absolutely impossible to follow the history of these troops in all their service. Indeed it would tax our limits to tell the history of any one regiment. For instance, Benedict, in his history, Ver- moiit in the Civil War, which is our authority for this period, says of the Second Regiment : " It had a share in almost every battle fought by the Army of the Potomac, from the first Bull Run to the surrender of Lee; and its quality as a fighting regiment is indicated by the fact that 242 HISTORY OF VERMONT its list of killed and wounded in action numbered no less than seven hundred and fifty-one, or forty per cent of its aggregate of eighteen hundred and fifty-eight officers and men ; while its ratio of killed and mortally wounded was more than eight times the general ratio of killed and mortally wounded in the Union army. In March, 1862, McClellan, then in command of the Army of the Potomac, began what is known as the Peninsular campaign, a plan to advance on Richmond, the Confederate capital, from the east. He was slow in moving, and found the Confederates ready for him, fortified at every point. By the end of May he had succeeded in getting within ten miles of Richmond ; but Lee and ''Stonewall" Jackson attacked him so per- sistently that he decided to withdraw, and then they continued hammering away at him during the seven days' retreat. This campaign gave the Vermont troops plenty of service. They took part in engagements at Lee's Mill, WilHamsburg, Golding's Farm, Savage's Station, and White Oak Swamp. The battle of Lee's Mill was one of the bloodiest in proportion to numbers in which our troops took part during the war. The first assault on the enemy's works was made by the Third Vermont Regiment, four com- panies of which, led by Captain Samuel E. Pingree (later a governor of the state), made a daring dash across War- wick Creek, assaulting and carrying the rifle pits of the enemy. After McClellan had decided to abandon the siege of Richmond and to retreat, the Vermont troops once more rendered brilliant service in the battle of Savage's Sta- tion. The importance of this action becomes apparent THE CIVIL WAR 243 when we learn that the success of McClellan's retreat depended first of all on getting an army of one hundred and fifteen thousand men, with an immense army train of five thousand wagons, through the White Oak Swamp. This great natural barrier stretched half way across the peninsula south of Richmond, squarely across his line of retreat, and was passable only through one narrow way. The stand of the rear guard, therefore, at Savage's Station was, as Benedict says, "3. notable passage in the history of the Peninsular campaign, and the battle will ever be memorable to Vermont ers as that in which one of our regiments, the Fifth, suffered the greatest loss in killed and wounded ever sustained by a Vermont regiment in action." The Fifth Regiment had orders to advance through the woods in front of them. A regiment of Union troops recently recruited had thrown themselves on the ground in the woods and refused to advance. They were under fire for the first time. The men of the Fifth Vermont walked over them and marched on. ''I remember as if it were yesterday," said one of the sergeants, "the way we tramped over that line of cringing men, cursing them roundly for their cowardice." The enemy's battery was raking the woods with a terrible fire, but the regi- ment went on into the open field. They kept on till they met the enemy, made a bayonet charge, then halted and opened fire on the infantry line across the hollow in front of them. Meanwhile they were themselves exposed to the fire of two regiments, a battery of grape and canister, and a raking cross fire of musketry from the edge of the woods 244 HISTORY OF VERMONT to their left. In twenty minutes every other man in Une had been killed or wounded. And yet the regiment held its position, silenced the enemy in front, and did not go back until hours afterward, when it was ordered to the rear with the brigade. The men had sixty rounds of cartridges and used them all, taking the guns of their fallen comrades when their own became heated. The surgeon who visited the field the next day said in a letter : '' Thirty men of the Fifth Vermont were found lying side by side, dressed in as perfect a line as for a dress parade, who were all stricken down by one dis- charge of grape and canister from the enemy's battery." One company had three commissioned officers and fifty- six men in line ; seven came out unharmed. Of the rest, twenty-five were killed or died of their wounds. The second eastern campaign of 1862 — the second Bull Run campaign — resulted in the Union army being driven back toward Washington and the Confederates being emboldened to carry the war into the North. Then came the storming of Crampton's Gap and the battle of Antietam, and more good work by the Vermont troops. The Fourth Regiment especially distinguished itself at the storming of Crampton's Gap, where on Sep- tember 14 it captured, on the crest of the mountain, a Confederate major, five line officers, one hundred and fifteen men, and the colors of the Sixteenth Virginia. These colors are preserved among the trophies of the War Department at Washington. A war correspondent of the New York Tribune reported the following from Antietam : THE CIVIL WAR 245 Smith was ordered to retake the cornfields and woods which had been so hotly contested. It was done in the handsomest style. His Maine and Vermont regiments and the rest went forward on the run, and, cheering as they went, swept like an avalanche through the cornfield, fell upon the woods, cleared them in ten minutes, and held them. They were not again retaken. The field and its ghastly harvest remained with us. Four times it had been lost and won. The dead are strewn so thickly that as you ride over it you cannot guide your horse's steps too carefully. After the bloody battle of Antietam McClellan was superseded in command by General Burnside. The Con- federates fortified Marye's Heights, behind Fredericks- burg, on the south side of the Rappahannock. The position was almost impregnable, but Burnside attacked it, only to be repulsed with a terrible loss. *' Fighting Joe " Hooker was then placed in command of the Army of the Potomac. From the middle of December, 1862, to the end of the following April the Army of the Potomac remained quietly in camp opposite Fredericksburg, and the Con- federates retained their strong position on Marye's Heights. At length Hooker began to operate. In the storming of Marye's Heights, May 3, 1863, at the second battle of Fredericksburg, the Vermont brigade accom- plished more than ever before to establish its reputation as a fighting brigade. A New Jersey officer describes the taking of Marye's Heights as follows : As we approached the foot of the hills, we could see the rebel gunners limbering up their pieces. The Second Vermont, which had got a little ahead of us, were now moving up the steep slope on our right, in beautiful line ; and presently we also commenced the ascent. A terrible volley thinned the ranks of the Vermonters ; 246 HISTORY OF VERMONT but they pressed on, and the enemy began to give way. As we reached the top of the hill we could see the flying foe, crossing through a gully and ascending the rise of ground opposite. The terrible Fredericksburg Heights had been captured. The heights were carried so rapidly that the Con- federate general, Jubal Early, who had the greater part of his division within supporting distance, could not reenforce his lines in time to save them. Benedict says : *' No similar assault on the Southern side during the war equaled this in brilliancy and success ; and in these respects it was surpassed on the Northern side, if at all, only by Lookout Mountain and the final storming of Lee's Hnes at Petersburg." The regiments moved with the precision of ordinary drill, none rushing, none lagging. Nevertheless Lee outgeneraled Hooker at Chancellors- ville and in four days dealt the Army of the Potomac a terrible blow. He again decided to invade the North. Then came the campaign which led to Gettysburg. Lee crossed the Potomac and entered Pennsylvania. The Army of the Potomac kept between him and Washington. Hooker was succeeded by General Meade. On July i, 1863, the armies came together at the little village of Gettysburg, and the Union troops being driven back in a bloody battle to a strong position known as Cem- etery Ridge, Meade determined to fight the decisive battle there. On the next day the Confederates attacked vigorously, drove back the Union left, and secured a position which threatened the whole line. Meantime the Sixth Corps, which had been lying quietly at Manchester, some thirty THE CIVIL WAR 247 miles from the scene of battle, was rushed over the Baltimore and Gettysburg turnpike in the most rapid and exciting march in its history. The fate of the army and indeed the outcome of the whole war might depend on the presence of these troops. It was then that General Sedgwick gave his famous order : *' Put the Vermonters ahead and keep the column well closed up." They had a reputation for marching as well as for fighting. At General Meade's headquarters, about six o'clock that evening, there stood an anxious group of ofificers. The Confederates had been forcing back the Union left, and the sound of battle grew louder and nearer. Presently a cloud of dust appeared down the Baltimore pike. What did that cloud hide ? Had the enemy gained the rear ? As the officers stood looking through their field glasses, one said : " It is not cavalry, but infantry. There is the flag. It is the Sixth Corps." During the next day and the final day of the battle the Second Vermont Brigade won laurels on the left center. The Confederates were driven out of one posi- tion on the extreme right of the Union lines, and every attack was repelled. Lee determined to make one more assault, and sent Pickett with fifteen thousand men against the Union center. They were repulsed with awful loss. The fate of the charge was sealed by the flank attack of Stannard's brigade. Veazey and the Sixteenth Vermont Regiment charged upon and dis- persed two Confederate brigades under Wilcox. This action closed the battle of Gettysburg. Lee's invasion of the North was ended. 248 HISTORY OF VERMONT General Grant, who had been winning brilhant suc- cesses in the Western campaign, was now placed in entire charge of the Union armies ; Sherman began his famous march to the sea; Thomas destroyed Hood's army; and Grant, with the Army of the Potomac, took up again in May, 1864, the task of destroying Lee's army and taking Richmond. Then followed the battles of the Wilderness, Spottsyl- vania. Cold Harbor, and Petersburg. A thousand Ver- monters were killed or wounded in the first day's fight- ing of the Wilderness campaign. Two hundred fell the second day. The Third Regiment went into the first day's fight with about five hundred muskets, and in the next month's fighting lost two out of every three men. The Fourth Regiment fought at Spottsylvania in the front line. At Cold Harbor it was again engaged. In the movement to Petersburg it suffered the greatest loss by capture that it ever experienced. Out of two hun- dred men taken to the skirmish line, but sixty-seven answered to the roll call the next morning, with three commissioned officers. Nearly one half of the captured men died in Confederate prisons. The colors were saved. Although it was only one of thirty-two infantry brigades, the Vermont brigade suffered one tenth of the entire loss of Grant's army in killed and wounded in the Wilderness campaign. Lee forestalled Grant and occupied Petersburg. Grant sat down to a nine months' siege before it. Lee stood the pressure until it became intolerable; then he sent one of his ablest generals, Jubal Early, with a detach- ment to penetrate the Shenandoah Valley and seize THE CIVIL WAR 249 Washington, thinking that this might divert Grant. Grant gave Sheridan forty thousand men and sent him after Early. Early reached Washington, but was just a little too late to seize it; while Sheridan on this Shen- andoah campaign drove the Confederates back, destroyed everything eatable that could be found to support an army, and rejoined Grant at Petersburg in November, 1864. In this campaign of the Shenandoah Valley, Vermont troops did good service; they shared in the engagements at Charlestown, the Opequan, Winchester, Fishers Hill, and Cedar Creek. The battle of the Opequan restored the lower valley to Union control, put an end to invasions in Maryland and to raids against the national capital. At Cedar Creek what looked like a Confederate victory was turned into a complete rout, upon Sheridan's appear- ance after his famous ride of twenty miles from Winches- ter. Out of a total of forty-eight guns captured, the First Vermont Cavalry brought in twenty-three. Then back to Petersburg. As soon as it was possi- ble to move in the following spring the Northern soldiers began the final campaign of the war. The South was a mere shell. Sherman had moved at will; and not an important seaport remained in Southern hands. Grant, rejoined by Sheridan, made it impossible for Lee to hold Richmond any longer. The South had put every fight- ing man and every dollar she had into the war. Lee's army dwindled as his men began to despair of their cause. When Sheridan on his way to Jetersville asked, "Where are the rebels.? " an old colored patriarch, lean- ing on the fence, replied, " Siftin' souf, sah; siftin' souf," with a smile and wave of his hand. The Union army 250 ■ HISTORY OF VERMONT outnumbered the Confederate two to one. Lee tried to escape by the valley of the Appomattox to the mountains, hoping possibly to unite with Johnston's forces. But at last the Northern soldiers were too quick for him. He was caught and cornered with the van of his starving army at the Appomattox Courthouse. He surrendered, and the war came to an end. In the operations which led to the end Vermont troops again had their share. The Second Regiment once more distinguished itself in the final assault on the defenses of Petersburg, with many instances of individ- ual gallantry. A portion of the Ninth Regiment was the first to carry a Union flag into the rebel capital. After the fall of Richmond the Second Regiment joined in the pursuit of Lee, and in a skirmish with the rear guard on the evening of April 6 fired the last shot discharged in action by the Sixth Corps. The Third Regiment did its last fighting in the final assault on Petersburg. This regiment lost two hundred ofificers and men who were killed or died of wounds received in action, and many more died of disease or starvation while prisoners in the enemy's hands. The Fifth Regi- ment led the storming column when the Sixth Corps broke through the enemy's lines in front of Petersburg on the 2d of April, and first planted the colors of the Sixth Corps on the enemy's works. The final state- ment of the regiment shows that of all the Vermont regiments it lost the largest percentage of men killed and mortally wounded in action. The old brigade was engaged in thirty battles. Not one of its colors fell into hostile hands. General McMahon THE CIVIL WAR 251 said: " No body of troops in or out of the Army of the Potomac made their record more gallantly, sustained it more heroically, or wore their honors more modestly. The Vermont brigade were the model and type of the volunteer soldier." Besides the seventeen infantry regiments which Ver- mont sent from first to last into the war, she sent also three batteries of light artillery, one regiment of cavalry, The Vermont Soldiers' Home at Bennington and a larger proportion of sharpshooters than any other state, not to speak of the Vermont men who served as staff officers, soldiers in the regular army, and as privates and commissioned officers in other states. Her cavalry regiment was raised in the fall of 1861, and was the first full regiment of mounted men raised in New England. It was the largest regiment but one sent from Vermont, comprising from first to last twenty- two hundred and ninety-seven officers and men. It had 252 HISTORY OF VERMONT a notable history. Previous Vermont regiments had been raised by state authority; the cavalry was raised under the direct authority of the United States. The regiment served in the Shenandoah Valley, at Gettysburg, in the Wilderness campaign, and under Sheridan. The organization of United States sharpshooters was an attempt to meet the marksmen of the Confederates with equally skilled shots armed with long-range rifles. They were a distinct branch of the service. There were two such regiments raised in the first year of the war, of whose total num- ber this state fur- nished over one sixth. They shared in almost every battle fought by the Army of the Potomac, and made a brilliant record, sec- ond to that of no other equal number of enlisted men. Some of Vermont's sons occupied important positions as staff officers. To them fell the duties of keeping the troops supplied, of giving the soldiers medical and sur- gical care, of keeping regimental and brigade and corps accounts and records, of preparing and transmitting orders in camp and field. Vermont had a higher percentage of men killed in action than any other state, while the percentage of the The St. Albans Raid Demanding Funds at the Bank THE CIVIL WAR 253 old brigade was higher even than that of the state. The five original regiments of this brigade gave 4747 officers and men to the service of the government ; 4070 more were added to these during the war, making an aggre- gate of 8817 officers and men. The total wounded was 2328; 774 died in Union hospitals; 578 were killed in action; 395 died of wounds; 135 died in Confederate prisons. Vermont sent to the war ten men out of every hun- dred of her popu- lation. She was credited with nearly thirty- four thousand volunteers, out of a total enroll- ment of thirty- seven thousand men liable to do militia duty. None of her colors were ever yielded in action, while in proportion to total numbers her troops took more rebel colors than those of any other state. In 1867 General Sheri- dan, in the State House at Montpelier, said: ''When I saw these old flags I thought I ought to say as much as this : I have never commanded troops in whom I had more confidence than I had in Vermont troops, and I do not know but I can say that I never commanded troops in whom I had as much confidence as those of this gallant state." The St. Albans Raid Seizing Horses on Main Street 254 HISTORY OF VERMONT With one more incident we will close the story of the war. On the 19th of October, 1864, a party of strangers came into the village of St. Albans in small squads, scattered about the place, and made a secret and simultaneous entrance at the three banks. They closed the doors of the banks, made the inmates prison- ers, relieved the institutions of their available assets, and made their escape, firing pistols promiscuously. They also attempted to set fire to some of the buildings. Excitement was intense ; it was feared that the party was but an advance guard of a larger invading host. At Mont- pelier, where the legislature was in session, members gallantly volun- teered to serve in military capacity to repel the invaders. But no invasion came. A party was hastily formed, and started after the raiders, following them into Canada. Two hundred thou- sand dollars had been taken from the banks. Fourteen of the men were taken, and eighty-six thousand dollars were recovered. After this affair two companies of cavalry were raised to protect the northern frontier from further similar invasion. The companies were stationed at St. Albans, and did guard duty for about six months. The St. Albans Raid The Burning of Sheldon Bridge CHAPTER XII FROM THE CIVIL WAR TO THE SPANISH WAR Effects of the War Vermont shared in the general disturbances caused by the war, and it was many years before the direct traces of the great national calamity disappeared. Busi- ness cannot cease when war is in progress, because the same number of people have to be provided for, whether they are fighting or working. They must eat, be clothed and sheltered. Since the armies took so many able- bodied men from the field of industry, it naturally fol- lowed that the products of labor grew scarcer and the prices of it rose. And as prices of merchandise rose the correspondingly greater value of the labor of the workers became apparent and wages rose. Farm values went up along with the general rise in prices, for the products of the farms are among the first necessities of life. Stock, cereals, wool, and other farm produce went rapidly up to nearly or quite double the former prices. Some farmers took advantage of the unusual conditions and held their products till they reaped large profits ; others tried the same experiment and held them too long, until prices went tumbling down again. The wages paid to farm laborers advanced, and eventually the prices of farms themselves. 255 256 HISTORY OF VERMONT Along with the derangement of vakies went financial derangement. The paper money which was issued to tide the government along depreciated, and there was as high a premium on gold as on anything else. The high scale of prices could not be maintained from the very nature of the case, because it was due to causes which were not going to operate continuously. The war ended, and in the years which followed, until prices had reached their normal level, there was a decline of values which operated with hardship on many. Men who thought that war brought them wealth found that peace brought them poverty. Young men returning from the war, and buying farms at the inflated prices which prevailed, soon found that they must pay for them with the proceeds of labor, farm animals, and crops which were steadily falling, and that when paid for the farm itself would be worth only a fraction of the purchase price. Such men often lost everything they had. Many of the returning veterans sought fortunes in the West rather than attempt to take up life again in the old communities. Little had been saved from their pay during the war ; many had families at home to be supported. Middle-aged men found themselves forced to begin life anew. Some were too shattered in health to be equal to the task. Some took up soldiers' rights in western lands and adapted their agricultural knowledge to new conditions. Others went back to the old farms. Still others engaged in manufacturing and business. The westward movement, thus stimulated by the war, remained active for another reason. So long as our FKOM THE CIVIL WAR TO THE SPANISH WAR 257 interests remained agricultural, any increase in popu- lation beyond a certain limit was bound to overflow, because the agricultural density of population is not yet great in America. That is, when people live on farms they are not so thickly placed as when they live in cities or villages. We have seen that Vermont is a state of farms and small villages rather than of great centers of population. Until manufactures increase sufficiently to support large villages and cities, we must expect to find the population remaining about stationary and the natural increase of our families going away to other parts. If you look at the census returns you will see the extent to which this has been the case. From 1 860 to 1 870 the state showed a very slight increase in popula- tion ; from 1870 to 1880 it dropped still lower, being only one half of one per cent ; while from 1880 to 1890 it reached low ebb, there being practically no gain in population for the decade. From 1890 to 1900 it began to increase very slowly. From now on but little gain can be expected. For a good many years the agricultural population is not likely to reach a much greater density; while the additional number of people who can be supported by new industries is so slight in comparison with the total population of the state that it will not be likely to have a large percentage of increase. This does not mean that Vermonters are dying out ; it means that they are carrying their influence into other communities, where they take up the battle for right and the struggle for good citizenship and good order. 258 HISTORY OF VERMONT Growth of Industry Any one can ascertani the extent and the diversity of the industries of Vermont by looking into the last census report. It will be the function of this section, there- fore, instead of attempting to describe the variety which modern life has imposed upon our industrial arts, to point out some less apparent features in the develop- ment of our most important industries, separately and in allied groups. According to the census of 1900 the ten leading industries of the state are : factory production of butter, cheese, and condensed milk ; flouring and gristmilling ; foundry and machine-shop work ; the manufacture of hosiery and knit goods ; the production of lumber and timber ; planing-mill manufactures, including sashes, doors, and blinds ; marble and stone work ; the manu- facture of monuments and tombstones ; the making of wood pulp and paper ; and wool manufactures. Now, if you will observe this list, you will notice that certain of these industries — and they are the most important ones — deal with the natural products of the farms and the forests. The milling of cereals had not changed much, but the dairying industry has been profoundly modified by the development of the creamery system. It is a fine specimen of intelligent cooperation. The factory turns out a uniform product, secures a market for it, does the accounting, and settles with the farmer, relieving both him and his wife of a great deal of bother, and securing for the consumer a better article. It is because it FROM THE CIVIL WAR TO THE SPANISH WAR 259 makes both the dairyman and the user of dairy products better off that this industry has had its rapid growth. The development of fast freight and express facihties has allowed the business to diversify, and the sending of milk, of pasteurized milk, and of cream daily to the cities has grown up. Condensed-milk factories take a portion of the product of the dairies ; while other farm products like corn and fruit find in some sections of the state a near-by market in the canning factories. In a similar way a great change has come over the industries which deal with the forest resources of the state. The manufacturing of sashes, doors, blinds, rough and dressed lumber has long been a standard occupation of our mills ; but the manufacture of paper from wood pulp has caused a tremendous growth of the pulp and paper business in the state since the Civil War. A large proportion of the spruce of New England now goes into wood pulp. Great plants with costly machin- ery are established, and an interest in practical forestry is aroused with a view to the permanence of the busi- ness ; for the great cost of such plants does not allow their abandonment in a few years, like an old-fashioned, inexpensive sawmill. Farsighted lumbermen, therefore, are attempting plans of systematic lumbering which will preserve their ranges as productive estates of increasing value, instead of leaving them, at the end of a few years, abandoned wildernesses. There is an increasing tendency in the lumber busi- ness, as in other enterprises, to do more finished work near the place where the raw material is furnished. This is partly because it is expensive to pay freights on 26o HISTORY OF VERMONT waste which is to be taken off in dressing lumber, and partly because it is less expensive to run business in the country than in the city. Large concerns, therefore, engaged in the making of boxes, tubs, piano backs, piano sounding-boards, etc., have located in country towns as near as possible to their source of supply, either local or Canadian or both. Bobbin factories in many places have arisen to make use of the hard wood which in earlier days of lumbering was often left uncut in the forest on account of the greater expense of manu- facturing and marketing it. If you will look again at the list of leading industries, you will see that a series of them starts with the work which men have taken out of the hands of women. We are apt to think that woman is getting very modern and mannish in occupation, but is it not true that man has entered her field and left her much less of the old kind of work to do ? He invaded the kitchen and took the spinning wheel, the loom, and the dye pot. Presently he could be seen building a factory, and when it was done hosiery was made there by machinery. Th°en another factory went up, and there shirts, underclothes, and women's garments were triumphantly evolved. But the man had not finished : not only would he make his own shirts, but he would wash them also. So the modern steam laundry was installed, and presently the woman found her own dry goods going the way of the man's. The domestic laundry was invaded. But employment for women did not cease, for, although they may no longer do work in the old-fashioned way, they may do it with the most improved machinery. . FROM THE CIVIL WAR TO THE SPANISH WAR 261 You will find establishments for making hosiery, knit goods, and women's apparel in the state for much the same reason that mills were located in the country ; girls can be hired for lower wages because they can live more cheaply, and in the country their work can be done under cleaner and more wholesome conditions than in the crowded shops of the city. Some of these shops are models of their kind. Turning once more to our list of industries, we find that the most important ones which remain for analysis rest upon the geological wealth of the state. Little iron is now locally produced. The three great geological industries are connected with the production of slate, marble, and granite. The slate industry, which has apparently changed but Httle in recent years, really illus- trates the development of modern conditions as well as the other two ; for this is true, that although the slate business is not on the increase, its present status depends as much on the foreign demand and market as upon home consumption, — a condition which could not have prevailed so very many years ago. Now exports of slate are made to South Africa, London, Bristol, and Newcastle. The marble business has grown for over a century, until Vermont has become the marble center of the world ; for not only does she produce the larger part of all that is produced in the United States, but she exports to the uttermost parts of the earth, — to India, China, Japan, and Australia. In 1898 Georgia and Tennessee produced more marble sold in the rough than Vermont did ; but this state furnished more art stone, nearly ten 262 HISTORY OF VERMONT times as much monumental stone, and more than six times as much of both as all other states put together. Vermont, in fact, has supplied the need of the country for ornamental and building marble more largely than all other states combined. In recent years the sales of Vermont marble for building purposes have shown a notable increase. It is important that the coarser grades of stone can be thus used, since much of the product of a quarry would be wasted if only the monumental grades could be utilized, and some quarries could not be profitably worked at all on that basis. The expense of opening and working a marble quarry is so large that only a firm with a large capital can undertake it. Most of the marble used in the country is produced by a few great concerns. This might well be remembered by those who decry the concentration of capital, for one of the greatest industries of our state is made possible only by such concentration. The Ver- mont Marble Company, which was built up by Redfield Proctor, is the largest marble-producing company in the world. The increase in this business, therefore, is an increase not in the number of separate establishments but in their output, an increase amounting in the last decade to nearly fifty per cent. When we turn to the granite business we notice quite a different set of conditions. This business has had an even more rapid growth since the Civil War than the marble business; but while the marble industry is con- fined to a limited area, the granite industry is distributed throughout the state. There are quarries at East Dorset, FROM THE CIVIL WAR TO THE SPANISH WAR 263 South Dorset, Rutland, Proctor, West Rutland, Bristol, Burlington, Pittsford, Brandon, Middlebury, Williams- town, Woodbury, Dummerston, Kirby, South Calais, Ricker's Mills, Beebe Plain,' Groton, to say nothing of the large beds practically untouched which will furnish an unlimited supply for years to come. Vermont has enough available granite to supply the world. This granite is of the best quality, fine grained, compact, strong, of very even texture and color, and is found in all shades of gray. No red granite is produced. Great wealth has come into the state from these hitherto barren ledges. The capital invested in conducting the business is widely distributed, and there are many com- panies engaged. Within comparatively few years Barre has grown from a little village into a granite city. The state is rapidly becoming the granite center of the world. In the production of finer kinds of monumental work Vermont already leads, producing more than twice the quantity yielded by any other state. Sales of cut gran- ite for building purposes are larger in some other states, although of this kind of stone Vermont sells more in the rough. Very little of her granite is used as paving stones. There are many surface quarries, and since the stone can be used from the start in the ledges, a small amount of capital is often sufficient to start a quarry. Education The educational work of the state has progressed, not with unbroken uniformity, but with commendable spirit and in the main with practical wisdom ; for Vermont has 264 HISTORY OF VERMONT arrived at the underlying principle of an efficient public- school system, — state control. The cardinal points of the system are revealed in state requirements put upon the schools, in state aid furnished to the schools, and in the centralization of administrative machinery in the State Department of Education. These three features reach all the parties primarily The Kellogg-Hubbard Library, Montpelier connected with the schools ; that is, the towns which maintain the schools, the pupils who attend the schools, and the teachers who teach the schools. For example, in the matter of requirements : towns must maintain a school year of certain length in order to meet the require- ments of legal schools ; compulsory attendance is re- quired of the pupils ; and examination and certification is required of teachers. FROM THE CIVIL WAR TO THE SPANISH WAR 265 In the same way the state aims to aid all connected with the public-school system. State funds are appor- tioned among the towns; it is directed that free text- books be supplied by the towns to the pupils ; and normal schools are maintained for the better training of teachers. The centralization of the system is illustrated by the The Norman Williams Library, Woodstock requirement that reports of all schools be returned to the Department of Education ; by the system of examina- tion and certification of teachers ; by the maintenance of the normal schools at Johnson, Castleton, and Randolph ; by the teachers' institutes and summer schools ; by circulars of information issued by the Department of Education ; and by the general supervision exercised by the State Superintendent of Education. The county 266 HISTORY OF VERMONT examinations form a sort of bridge between the local and central systems. These features of our educational system have not all come at once. They are the result of an evolution. The normal schools began their work in 1866. The office of state superintendent was revived in 1874. Museum of Natural History, St. Johnsbury County examiners were provided for in 1 890. The town system was established in 1892. So little by little the advance has been made. The result is that to-day hardly a state in the Union can show a more generous support of its schools than this state, in proportion to wealth or population ; that no state can show better schools or school buildings or appliances than can be shown in FROM THE CIVIL WAR TO THE SPANISH WAR 267 places of corresponding size in this state ; and that Vermont teachers are in demand in other states. The town system has done more to secure equaliza- tion of school privileges than any other one measure. The normal schools are doing progressive work. The spirit and zeal of the teachers of the state are shown by the support they give to institutes and educational The Mark Skinner Library, Manchester meetings. Popular feeling is indicated by the erection of better school buildings and the beautifying of school grounds. A few public kindergartens have been estab- lished and have met with favor. The high schools are a feature in the school develop- ment of the last quarter of a century. The position they hold was formerly held by a smaller number of institu- tions of academic or grammar grade, dependent partly 268 HISTORY OF VERMONT on endowment but mostly on tuition, — such institutions, for example, as Burr and Burton Seminary, Vermont Academy at Saxtons River, Brattleboro Academy, St. Johnsbury Academy, Lyndon Institute, Brigham Acad- emy at Bakersfield, Montpelier Seminary, Newbury Seminary, and the academies at Derby, Craftsbury, Brownington, Thetford, Barre, Peacham, and elsewhere. V^4'^'*- if I ^ •^ « &K. . i -A \Xm Wj^^ sAy, \, if 3^ ^^^^-"'W^^Kfm ■ ^ 1 uff ""'fll^^^^^H w^^^&nm^^^Kk n The Billings Library, Burlington They did good work and some of them are yet strong institutions which fit well into the public-school system in their respective towns by filling the function of the high school which would otherwise be necessary. The schools at Castleton, Randolph, and Johnson became state normal schools in 1867. But the new institutions are high schools, not academies. High-school attendance has doubled in twenty years ; and recent legislation has FROM THE CIVIL WAR TO THE SPANISH WAR 269 placed free secondary education within reach of the aspiring youth of the state. The growth of Hbraries and library facilities through- out the state is a most encouraging sign of the times. Many of the high schools have libraries, some possess- ing as many as four thousand volumes. The same is The Athen^um, St. Johnsbury true of the normal schools. Other libraries have been established by bequests of individuals, and have perma- nent endowments and artistic buildings. Of the colleges little need be said save that they have grown in their work, proving their worth, and that they have added to their buildings, equipment, courses of study, teaching staff, and number of students. 2^o HISTORY OF VERMONT The Spanish War ,<^><^ National politics once more involved us in war ; but this time it was waged on foreign shores, not on our own, and was not so great a contest as to affect business and social condi- tions seriously. It would be a hazardous matter to pass judgment here on the merits of this war. It will be sufficient to call atten- tion to the fact that in the war two of Vermont's sons brought added distinction to themselves and to their state. To Commodore Dewey was due the credit of the victory of Manila Bay ; to Admiral George Dewey Birthplace of Admiral Dewey at Montpelier FROM THE CIVIL WAR TO THE SPANISH WAR 271 Rear Admiral C. E. Clark's Birthplace, Bradford Captain Clark of the Oregon was due the credit of taking that wonderful mechanism, a mod- ern war-ship, on a voyage of more than half the cir- cumference of the globe, from the coast of California around Cape Horn, to join the Atlantic squadron, a feat which was accomplished in a little more than two months, without a rivet or a bolt or a gearing broken or out of place. Vermont statesmen have taken a leading and intelligent interest in try- ing to arrive at a broad and liberal solution of the vexed problems of administering our new possessions, and not a few of her sons have been called to take up active duty in the field of civil and educational service in the Philip- a missionary enterprise as any that Rear Admiral C. E. Clark pines in as truly exists to-dav. 272 HISTORY OF VERMONT So here we leave the story of our state. More has been left unsaid than has been told ; but we have gained great glimpses here and there of audacious courage, sublime faith, magnificent statesmanship, true patriotism, and loyal devotion to duty. In the comparatively brief ^^^ period of our state's history we have seen reflected the ■* "- ,;. wide range of human life and " ' ^L, development from an exist- ^■Bk mM ence the most simple and ^^^Hj^^i^^B primitive to the civilization of ^HH^^HBf the twentieth century. The ^JJHIPPP^^ ^^^^ story and the greatest inspiration are the lives of Rowland E. Robinson x.he men and women them- Vermont's Blind Author , .1 1 • • 1 selves, — the plam, simple people of the hills, whose characters stand out like great elemental forces as they moved through life, ever ready to take their chances with the hard things, ever responsive to the call of duty, strong, true, ardent, just, versatile, and independent. Geographical Map of Vermont APPENDIX Part I GEOGRAPHICAL AND GEOLOGICAL NOTES GEOGRAPHICAL NOTES VERMONT Latitude, north, 42^ 44' to 45°. Longitude, east from Washington, 3° 35' to 5° 29'. Length, 157^ miles. Width at northern border, 90 miles. Width at southern border, 41 miles. Average width, 57^ miles. Total area, 9565 square miles. 1 Water surface, 430 square miles. Land area, 9135 square miles, or 5,846,400 acres. Mountains The surface of the state is thoroughly broken by hills, individual mountains, and mountain ranges. The configuration thus formed gives the state a diversified and picturesque scenery, which is enhanced by the beauty of the valleys and the numerous little streams, lakes, and ponds. The mountains of the state form four main divisions, which are known as the Green Mountains, the Taconic Mountains, the Granitic Mountains, and the Red Sandrock Mountains. 1 Census 1900. The area of the state has been variously given by different authorities. 273 274 HISTORY OF VERMONT The Green Mountains form the principal mountain chain, and consist of a range which takes a northerly direction through the state for its entire length, a little to the west of the center. The highest peaks in the state belong to this range. Beginning at the north, the principal summits are as follows : Jay Peak, 4018 feet. Lowell Mountain. Sterling Peak, 3700 feet. Mt. Mansfield, 4364 feet. Bone Mountain. Camel's Hump, 4088 feet. Potato Hill, or Lincoln Moun- tain, 4078 feet. Bread Loaf. Moosalamoo. Hogback, 2347 feet.i Pico Peak, 3967 feet.i Killington Peak, 4241 feet.i Shrewsbury Peak, y]y] feet.i Saltash Mountain, 3278 feet.i White's Hill, 2922 feet.i Mt. Tabor, 3584 feet.i Stratton Mountain. Somerset Mountain, 3605 feet.i Haystack (Searsburg), 3462 feet.^ Bald Mountain (Woodford). Prospect Mountain. The Taconic Mountains are independent of the Green Mountain range and nearly parallel, in the southwestern part of the state, extending from the Massachusetts line as far north as Brandon. The principal summits are as follows : Bird Mountain. Herrick Mountain, 2692 feet. Moose Horn Mountain. Danby Mountain. Eolus. Master's Mountain. Haystack (Pawlet). Bear Mountain. Seymour Peak. Equinox, 3872 feet. Minister's Hill. Red Mountain. West Mountain. Bald Mountain (Arlington). Spruce Peak. Mt. Anthony, 2505 feet. Petersburg Mountain. The Granitic Mountains lie in eastern Vermont. They do not form a range, although they extend for nearly the length of the state, but are disconnected, separate uplifts. The ascent to the 1 United States Geological Survey. This survey has not been completed for the entire state. Heights of mountains not thus marked may be taken to be only approximately correct. APPENDIX 275 summit is not infrequently steeper on the southern than on the northern side. The most important elevations are the following : Granite Hill. Mt. John. Bear Hill. Bluff Mountain. Mt. Pisgah. Mt. Hor. Mt. Seneca. Joe's Hill. Mack's Mountain. Pidgeon Hill. Pine Mountain. Knox Mountain. Cobble Hill. Millstone Hill. Ascutney, 3320 feet. Black Mountain. The Red Sandrock group is a series of uplifts in northwestern Vermont, lying in Addison, Chittenden, and FrankHn counties. They are characterized by a gradual slope on the eastern side, and a more rugged and bold escarpment on the western. The formation is usually limestone or calcareous slate, capped with siliceous rock, " red sand rock," from which the mountains take their name. These elevations are : Snake Mountain. Buck Mountain. Bridgeman's Hill. Rice Hill, 2947 feet.i Prospect Hill. Snake Hill. Cobble Hill (Milton). Mutton Hill. Pease Hill. Sugar Loaf, or Mt. Philo. Florona, 1035 i^^^- Shell House Mountain. Mars Hill. Rivers The situation of the mountains determines, of course, the water- sheds and the course of the streams. Since the principal watershed coincides with the range of the Green Mountains, the rivers on the eastern side of the state empty into the Connecticut River, after taking for the most part an easterly or southeasterly course from their sources among the hills. The Passumpsic and the Deerfield flow south. These rivers are, beginning at the north : Nulhegan. Ompompanoosuc. Williams. Passumpsic. White. West. Waits. Quechee. Deerfield. Wells. Black. 1 United States Geological Survey. This survey has not been completed for the entire state. Heights of mountains not thus marked may be taken to be only approximately correct. 276 HISTORY OF VERMONT In the northern part of the state, in what is often known as " the Y of the Green Mountains," but really in the basin between the Granitic and the Green mountains, a smaller group of rivers rises and flows northward into Lake Memphremagog. These are the Clyde, the Barton, and the Black. On the western side of the state, tributary to Lake Champlain, there is a smaller number of rivers larger than those on the east- ern side, these being the Missisquoi, the Lamoille, the Winooski, the Otter Creek, the Poultney, and the Pawlet. The Battenkill and the Hoosac empty into the Hudson. Lakes and Ponds Although the Fish Commissioners' reports contain a list of the many lakes and ponds in the state, and the kinds of fish which they contain, there are no accurate data on the acreage of these waters. The following figures are approximately correct for the most important bodies : Acres Acres Berlin Pond, Berlin, 650 Joe's Pond, Cabot and Dan- Big Leach, or Wallace Pond, ville, 1000 Canaan, 1200 Lake Bomoseen, Castleton, 15000 Caspian Lake, Greensboro, 1200 Lake Dunmore, Salisbury Colchester Pond, Colchester, 800 and Leicester, 3000 Crystal Lake, Barton, 1400 Lake St. Catherine, Wells Echo Pond, Charleston, 800 and Poultney, 2000 Fairfield Pond, Fail-field, 1500 Little Averill Pond, Averill, 800 Fairlee Lake, Fairlee and Maidstone Lake, Maidstone, 1000 Thetford, 1500 May Pond, Barton, 1000 Franklin Pond, Franklin, 1800 Memphremagog, Derby and Great Averill Pond, Averill, 1200 Newport, (in Vermont) 8000 Great Hosmer Pond, Albany, 1000 Morey Lake, Fairlee, 1300 Groton Pond, Groton, 1800 Salem Pond, Derby, 1000 Hosmer Pond, Craftsbury, 650 Seymour Lake, Morgan, 5000 Island Pond, Brighton, 1500 Shelburne Pond, Shelburne, 700 Willoughby Lake, Westmore, 5500 APPENDIX 2TJ Counties Previous to the declaration of independence by the state in 1777, the territory of the New Hampshire Grants lay within the limits of four counties : Cumberland, Gloucester, Charlotte, and Albany. The boundaries of these counties are shown on page 74, Cumberland County lay east of the Green Mountains and extended from the southern boundary of the state as far north as the southern part of the present county of Orange. This county was established by the Colonial Legislature of New York in 1766. The act was annulled by royal decree in 1767, but was renewed in the following year, and the county was incorporated in March, 1768. The first shire town was Chester, but the county seat was removed to Westminster in 1772. Gloucester County, which was formed in 1770, with Newbury as shire town, comprised all of the grants north of Cumberland County and east of the mountains. Charlotte County included a portion of New York and the part of the grants which lay west of the Green Mountains and north of the towns of Arlington and Sunderland. The county was formed in 1772, with its shire at Skenesboro, now Whitehall. Albany County comprised the remainder of the state west of the Green Mountains and south of Charlotte County, as well as part of New York. The present counties of the state were organized as follows : Bennington, 1779 Chittenden, 1782 Orleans, 1792 Windham, 1779 Addison, 1787 Grand Isle, 1802 Rutland, 1781 Franklin, 1792 Washington, 1810 Windsor, 1781 Caledonia, 1792 Lamoille, 1835 Orange, 1781 Essex, 1792 2"]^ HISTORY OF VERMONT GEOLOGICAL NOTES i Vermont has, in proportion to her population, greater wealth in quarries than any other state. As a mining state, however, she never has been important and never can be ; for although she possesses a diversity of metals, they do not exist under such con- ditions that they can be profitably obtained in any appreciable quantities. For instance, gold has been found in many places in the state, but nowhere in paying quantities. It occurs in both the sands of streams and in gold-bearing rocks. But not every quartz vein is gold bearing, and if gold-bearing quartz is found it still remains to get the rock out of the ground and the gold out of the rock. The process of separating gold from quartz is complex and involves the use of expensive machinery, so that it costs more to get the metal than it is worth. The only mining which has been extensively carried on to any profit is copper mining. In a few localities this has probably paid. Copper has been mined to some extent for over eighty years, although there have been intervals of inactivity. There is no native copper in the state, that is, copper in a pure form, such as exists in the great beds of the Lake Superior copper region ; but it occurs as chalcopyrite or copper pyrites, a sulphide of cop- per, which is usually largely mixed with iron sulphide. Within the last few years there has been an increased demand for copper owing to its use in electrical equipments ; and owing to this and a corresponding increase in price some renewed interest has been shown in the copper mines of Vermont, and copper is again mined at the old Ely mine in Vershire, the Elizabeth mine in South Strafford, the Reynolds mine in Strafford, and the mine of the Vermont and Boston Mining Company in Berkshire. Lead is found in many parts of the state, and although a few attempts have been made to work lead mines, the quantity has been insufficient to develop them. In 1880, according to the Census Report, this state produced two hundred and fifty tons of 1 Taken from the Report of the State Geologist, G. H. Perkins, for 1900, and from the Fourteenth Agricultural Report. APPENDIX 279 metallic iron. Little has been produced since, and no beds are now worked, although many towns possess deposits of iron asso- ciated with ocher, kaolin, clays, etc. Bog manganese is found here and there over the state. S capstone, freestone, asbestos, talc, and paint have been found in sufficient quantities to tempt experiments at working them. One bed of kaolin, worked at Monkton, has been used in the manufacture of china ware and fire clay. The Rutland Fire Clay Company digs clay to use in stove linings. The principal beds of ocher are at Brandon, Shaftsbury, and Bennington. There are quarries of quartzite which have been worked by the Pike Manufacturing Company of Brownington for scythestones. The first quarries to be opened were naturally those in which building material was sought. But the construction of stone buildings involves the use of mortar, and as this is obtained from limestone it follows that the latter must have been quarried early. Nearly all the limestone in this state is found in the western part, not far from Lake Champlain. For more than a century stone has been taken out at the southern end of Isle La Motte, an almost black limestone with few fossils. At Grand Isle two quarries have been worked, mostly for railroad construction. Quarries at Highgate and Swanton have been worked since the early part of the nineteenth century, furnishing the stone for extensive kilns from which lime is made. It has also been obtained at Col- chester, Brandon, Leicester Junction, and elsewhere. East of this narrow strip of limestone the rocks are mostly schist, granite, gneiss, quartzite, and other metamorphic rocks. The especially important quarries are those of slate, marble, and granite. The location of the first two industries is very interesting. They are both situated in a long, narrow area, one east and the other west of the Taconic range. By far the larger part of both kinds of quarries is in Rutland County. The Taconic hills are a complete barrier between them. No marble is found west of the hills, no slate east. The marble belt reaches farther north than the slate belt, but the southern limit is about the same. The marble area is about twice as iong from north to south as the slate area, and is somewhat wider from east to west. 28o HISTORY OF VERMONT The great slate belt begins on the north, near Glen Lake at West Castleton, and extends southward on each side of Lake Bomoseen, through Scotch Hill, New Haven, Blissville, Poultney, South Poultney, Wells, Pawlet, and West Pawlet, south of which no quarries are now worked, although they formerly extended as far as West Rupert. From north to south this slate region is about thirty miles in length ; it is from five to six miles wide for the most part, and nowhere more than eight or ten miles in width. A number of different varieties of slate are produced, — unfading green, sea green, purple, variegated, and dark gray. There have been about one hundred and fifty quarries either temporarily or permanently worked in this area. Especial mention has been made of both the marble and the granite industries in the closing chapter of the history, so that little further need be said here, save to note that the distribution of the granite is not so confined as that of the slate and marble, it occurring widely on the eastern side of the Green Mountains. Part II FOR REFERENCE AND FURTHER STUDY MAP EXERCISES Draw an outline of the state. Indicate the name of the adja- cent territory. Show on the map the latitude and longitude of Vermont. State in miles the length of Vermont and the approxi- mate width at the northern and southern boundaries. Indicate the area in square miles and the acreage, both land and water. On an outline map such as the above show the course of the Green Mountain range and the situation of the Taconic, Granitic, and Red Sandrock mountains. Indicate the heights of the prin- cipal peaks. On an outline map of the state insert the courses of the princi- pal water ways tributary to the Connecticut River, the Hudson APPENDIX 281 River, Lake Memphremagog, and Lake Champlain. In drawing these rivers be careful to locate their sources properly, to show the territory which they drain, and their exits into the larger bodies of water. Tell where these larger bodies empty into the sea. Draw on this map the lakes of Vermont. Sketch the county divisions on an outline map of the state. Indicate the names of the counties, the dates of organization, and the population. Show where the earliest settlements were made, with dates. Locate the cities and large towns. Draw the railroad lines which lie within the state. Compare Vermont with the other New England states in respect to size and population. Compare it also with any three of the Middle, Southern, and Western states. Compare it with England, France, Switzerland, Italy. Note. — These are foundation exercises, and, if necessary, should be repeated until good work can be shown. The maps should be drawn in class, from mem- ory, should be carefully scrutinized by the teacher, and returned with whatever comment or criticism is needed. Oral questions should supplement the exercises. The following list of maps will be found useful for reference. List of Maps I. Vermont at the close of the French and Indian wars,l facing p. 40. II. Early Map of New Hampshire, soon after the erection of Fort Dum- mer, p. 69. III. The First Political Division of Vermont, p. 74. IV. Vermont at the close of the Revolution,2 facing p. 122. V. Railroad Map of Vermont, facing p. 220. VI. Geographical Map of Vermont, facing p. 2"]-^. VII. Township Map of Vermont, in colors, facing p. 301. ^ This map shows French occupancy in the Champlain Valley ; two of the old Indian routes ; Governor Wentworth's early grants ; the beginning of English settlement ; the military outposts at Crown Point, Ticonderoga, Fort William Henry, Number Four, Fort Dummer, and Fort Hoosac; the first road across the state; and the extent to which the wilderness had been explored. The original of this map bears no date, but internal evidence would indicate that it was made between 1759 ^"^ 1764- 2 This map shows the extent to which townships had been granted before the close of the Revolution. A comparison with map I will indicate the very rapid develop- ment of the state following the close of the French and Indian wars. The town- ships marked Y were granted by governors of New York. The dotted lines indicate conflicting grants. 282 HISTORY OF VERMONT TOPICS 1 Chapter I. Did Cartier see a part of Vermont? Distinguish between the possibiHty, the probability, and the certainty of it. The first contact of Indians and white men. Champlain's route to the lake. Champlain's impressions of the country : what would be his standard of comparison ? The fauna of Vermont in 1609. Could the Indians be depended on for accurate accounts of the country.? Modern weapons and Indian warfare. What reason is there to think that Champlain mistook limestone rocks for snow on the mountains? Distinguish what we positively know about the aborigines of Vermont from what we can reasonably infer. Describe the old burial ground at Swanton, and give the evidence of its antiquity. Indian relics and their uses. Describe Indian life from data given in this chapter. Chapter II. Compare the French and English methods of colonizing, and mention some of the results. The French and Indian wars as an incident of colonial policy. Condition of our state at the time of these wars. How much of its geography was known? Describe the red men's roads. Illustrate the methods of warfare by the Deerfield raid and Rogers's exploit. Describe the building of Fort Dummer and the life of the scouts. How the French entered the Champlain Valley. When did it become evi- dent that the French were losing ground ? Find the reason for the failure of the French. The work and value of scouting parties. Chapter III. Enumerate the indirect or secondary results of the French and Indian wars. Give the history of the old Indian road. The Hazen road. Local road building. Why is 1760 an important date in Vermont history? Bennington. Illustrate the choice of locations for settlement and how the first settlers came into the wilderness. What parts of the state were settled first and why? The extent of settlement at the time of the Revo- lution. Colonial society in its social, industrial, and intellectual aspects. Domestic economy. PoHtical issues. 1 The topics are not designed to supply the teachers with a complete Ust of ready-made questions, but to indicate the lines along which they may most profitably direct their own questions. APPENDIX 283 Chapter IV. Why were the early townships called the New Hampshire Grants ? The cause of the dispute between New Hampshire and New York. To whom did all parties turn for appeal? How the question affected the settlers of this state. Hov/ the New Hampshire Grants passed under the jurisdiction of New York. What change of jurisdiction meant. Why the Order in Council of 1 764 did not settle the trouble. Trace the steps in the contest. The settlers' methods of defense : their first appeal ; their next resort ; their final alternative. Were their methods of operation legal? Did the governors of New York act legally? What did the settlers' methods do for them in the way of building up a government? If the king had not issued the first Order in Council is it likely that Vermont would have been a separate state? Were there men in Vermont who had settled in good faith under New York patents ? Could this dispute have been settled by compromise ? Describe the situation leading to the " Westmin- ster Massacre." Is. it an incident of the Revolution or of the grant controversy, or both ? Was it really a massacre ? Were the settlers acting legally ? Chapter V. The relation of the grant controversy to the Revolution, The strategic importance of the Champlain Valley. How the British came to be in possession of the military posts. Colonial projects for securing possession of the Champlain Valley. The relation of the capture of Ticonderoga to the Revolution. The importance of the event as a military operation. The Green Mountain Boys in the war. Naval operations of 1776. The British plan of campaign for 1777. Events leading to the battle of Bennington. What caused Burgoyne's defeat? In what did the value of John Stark's services lie ? The respects in which Bennington was an important battle. In what ways was it simi- lar to the engagements at Lexington and Bunker Hill and unlike the others of the Revolution ? The general effect of the war on frontier settlements. Illustrate. What should make the British think that the New Hampshire Grants would be loyal to the crown ? Chapter VI. What did the Revolution do for Vermont ? How did it create an opportunity for more independent action than the 284 HISTORY OF VERMONT state could otherwise have taken ? Why did Vermont become a state? What was the difference between Vermont and any one of the thirteen colonies? How did the conventions described in this chapter arise, and of whom were they composed ? In what respects did the second differ from the first, the third from the second, and so on ? Why were the conventions held at different places? Distinguish the different kinds of questions which came before the conventions. Name some of the burdens which Ver- mont assumed on becoming a state. The relation between the American Declaration of Independence and Vermont's. Chapter VII. The conditions in Vermont compared with those in other states during the Revolutionary period and immediately following. Name the ways in which war affects the finances and industries of states. Compare Vermont's participation in the Revolution with that of other states. What made her continued growth through the Revolutionary period possible ? Explain the origin of "ministers' lots," "school lots," etc. The location, the causes, and the extent of popular disturbances after the war. Legislative measures to relieve poor debtors. Vermont's case before Congress. History of the East and West unions. The negotiations with the British. What saved Vermont from inva- sion ? Cite the opinions of leading men showing different points of view of the Vermont problem. Explain why Vermont was not admitted to the Union for fourteen years. Explain why she was admitted in 179 1. In what ways can you indicate Governor Chittenden's skill and statesmanship ? Chapter VIII. Transportation as a factor in industrial devel- opment. What things were raised on the farms and where were they marketed ? The first artisans in newly settled places. What things were made at home which we now buy ? Give a descrip- tion of the occupation and life of the people at the end of the eighteenth century. The beginning of quarrying, the lumber trade, steam navigation. Educational work of the early Ver- monters. Banks, paper money, and coinage. Lotteries and how they were used. Differences between the northern and southern parts of the state. The claim of the Caughnawaga Indians and how it was disposed of. APPENDIX 285 Chapter IX. How did Vermont happen to take an active interest in the War of 181 2 ? The effect of this war on the settle- ments. The principal naval events on Lake Champlain. Describe the war policy as revealed in the embargoes. How did it work? Arguments for and against such a policy. Why did New Eng- land not sympathize with such a policy.'* Trace the results in the general respect paid to law and in the course of trade. Did Vermont display loyalty to the government and good citizenship among her people ? Chapter X. What were the differences between rural life in Vermont half a century ago and to-day ? The neighborhood as a center of industry and social Hfe. Discuss the application of labor, transportation, and markets as factors of change in the forms of industry. The growth of manufacturing before the Civil War, with illustrations of important developments. The work of the state on its educational system before the Civil War. In what respects was Vermont a pioneer in educational progress ? How the growth of negro slavery became the dominant issue in national politics. Chapter XI. Vermont's record on the slavery question. The situation of the North on the verge of war. The apprehensions of public men in Vermont on the impending crisis. The outbreak of the war. Activities throughout the state. Illustrate the pri- vate, public, and official feeling on the issue. The raising of troops in the state. A summary of the services of Vermont. Some of the important campaigns in which the First Vermont Brigade served. Opinions of officers on the quality of our sol- diers. The St. Albans Raid. Chapter XII. Trace the effects of war on industry and agri- cultural conditions during the continuance of the contest. The reaction after the war was over. The westward movement of population. The main features of our industrial development since the Civil War. Illustrate the manner in which new indus- tries arise and diversify. The gains made in our educational system. An outline of the present system. Vermont's repre- sentatives in the Spanish War and the importance of the part they played. 286 HISTORY OF VERMONT BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE Bibliography and General Works The most complete bibliography is that published in the Argus and Pat7'iot, by M. D. Oilman, and later in one volume (Burling- ton, 1897). The most detailed and valuable histories of the state were pubHshed comparatively early. Among the best are : Samuel Williams. Natural and Civil History of Vermont. Wal- pole, N.H., 1794. 2d ed., enlarged and corrected. Burlington, Vt., 1809. 2 vols. Zadock Thompson. History of Vermont, Natural, Civil, and Sta- tistical. In three parts. Burlington, 1848. Contains the Gazetteer. Benjamin Homer Hall. The History of Eastern Vermont to the Close of the Eighteenth Century. New York, 1858. Albany, 1865. An original work, involving much research and incorporating new material. "Written from manuscripts in the offices of the secretaries of state of Vermont, New York, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Connecticut. Quite full on the history of the controversy over the grants, and containing much detailed local history. HiLAND Hall. History of Vermont from its Discovery to its Admis- sion into the Union in 1791. Albany, 1868. Written from original documents and personal investigation. In addition to the above there are a few works which deserve mention for special reasons. Such are : Ira Allen. Natural and Political History of the State of Vermont. London, 1798. Reprinted in Vermont Historical Society Collections, I, Montpelier, Vt., 1870. This book has the disadvantage of being written by a partisan, from memory, without the possibility of verifying any doubtful statements. It is, therefore, somewhat prejudiced, uncrit- ical, and inaccurate. But it has the advantage of being the only account we possess of the Haldimand negotiations from an insider, and is there- fore a contribution which cannot be disregarded. It covers the period from 1764 to 1 791. A. M. Hemenway (editor). The Vermont Historical Gazetteer. Five vols. Burlington, 1867-1891. This is sometimes cited as the APPENDIX 287 Vermont Historical Magazine. It is made up of the contributions of local writers, and is therefore not of uniform value. It contains masses of information not elsewhere available, and tells much about the life of the people as well as of the separate towns. Rowland E. Robinson. Vermont. Boston, 1892. The best of the more recent single-volume histories of moderate compass. It combines faithful and painstaking effort for accuracy with good literary workman- ship. A good book for the general reader to own. Records of the Council of Safety and Governor and Coun- cil OF Vermont. 8 vols. Montpelier, 1873-1880. This is the most important series, as well as the most comprehensive, on the history of the state. Invaluable for any original study. William Slade. Vermont State Papers. Middlebury, 1823. A compilation of records and documents, with the Journal of the Council of Safety, the first constitution, and the early journals of the General Assembly. Very valuable for reference. Vermont Historical Society. Collections, 2 vols., 1870, 187 1. Proceedings, i vol., 1898. Separate printed reports of proceedings, papers read, etc., of various dates. Chiefly occupied with the history of the state during the Revolution and immediately afterward, and with the history of the controversy with New York. Archaeology George H. Perkins. Some Relics of the Indians of Vermont {American Naturalist, March, 187 1). On Some Fragments of Pottery from Vermont (Proceedings of the American Association for the Advance- ment of Science, August, 1876). On an Ancient Burial Ground in Swanton, Vermont (Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1873). The Calumet in the Champlain Valley {Popular Science Monthly, Vol. XLV, 1894). The Stone Axe in Vermont: I, Celts; II, Notched and Grooved Axes {American Naturalist, December, 1885; June, 1886). Archaeological Researches in the Champlain Valley (Memoirs of the International Congress of Anthropology). Archaeology of Vermont {American Naturalist, June, 1 881). Archceology of New England {Prehistoric Implements, Moore- head, Section IV, 1900). David S. Kellogg. Early Mention of Events and Places in the Valley of Lake Champlain (published in Vermont Historical Society Proceedings, 1902), HISTORY OF VERMONT Discoveries and Early History Samuel de Champlain. Works. Translated in Slafter's Champlain. (Prince Society Publications. Portions are translated in O'Callaghan, Documentary History of New York, III.) Pierre E. Radisson. Voyages. (Prince Society Publications, 1885.) New Hampshire Historical Society Collections, V, 207-211. Journal of Eleazer Melvin with eighteen men under his command, in the wilderness toward Crown Point, 1 748. O'Callaghan. Documentary History of New York, IV, 257 ff. Journals of Sir William Johnson's scouts from Lake George to Crown Point, Ticonderoga, and other points, in 1755 and 1756. Also Docu- ments relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York. 15 vols. Albany, 1856-1887. Robert Rogers. Journals of Major Robert Rogers. London, 1765.' These cover his scouting in the Champlain Valley as well as the history- of his famous raid against the St. Francis Indians. Major General John Stark. Memoir and Official Correspondence. (Ed. Caleb Stark.) Concord, i860. Francis Parkman. Champlain and His Associates (Pioneers of France in the New World), Chapters I, IX, X. A Half-Century of Conflict, Chapters I, III, V, XI, XVII, XXIII, XXIV. Montcalm and Wolfe, Introduction and Chapters I, XX, XXVI. E. HoYT. Antiquarian Researches : Comprising a History of the Indian Wars in the Country bordering on the Connecticut River, to 1760. Greenfield, Mass., 1824. J. A. Graham. Descriptive Sketch of Vermont. London, 1797. ' Geology and Geography Albert Hagar. Report on the Economical Geology, Physical Geography, and Scenery of Vermont. 1861. George H. Perkins. Report of the State Geologist on the Mineral Resources of Vermont. 1 899-1 900. In addition to works mentioned above, attention is called to town histories, some of which, like Wells's " History of Newbury," have brought new material to light ; to county histories, some of which, as Smith and Rann's " History of Rutland County," are APPENDIX ' 289 excellent and contain much information about early roads, settle- ments, and the state of society ; to pamphlets published by various local historical societies ; to the Vermont Agricultural Reports, the fourteenth number of which is especially interesting ; to the Census Reports for the data which they furnish on the manu- factures and industries of the state ; to biographical sketches, especially those in J. G. Ullery's "Men of Vermont"; to the many articles and illustrations bearing on the history of the state which have appeared from time to time in The Verinotiter ; to the last report of the Superintendent of Education ; and to the literary efforts of Vermont writers, — notably D. P. Thompson's " The Green Mountain Boys " and " The Rangers," the poems of John G. Saxe and Julia Dorr, and Rowland E. Robinson's " A Hero of Ticonderoga," " A Danvis Pioneer," " Uncle Lisha's Shop," and "Sam Lovell's Camps." The author acknowledges a special indebtedness to G. G. Bene- dict's " Vermont in the Civil War." The material for Chapter XI was taken almost exclusively from this work. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 1607 The English land at Jamestown. 1608 Samuel de Champlain founds the city of Quebec. 1609 On July 4 Champlain enters the lake which bears his name. Henry Hudson explores the Hudson River. 1613 The Dutch establish a trading post at Manhattan. 1 6 14 John Smith explores the New England coast. 1 6 19 A cargo of slaves is landed in Virginia. 1620 The Pilgrims land at Plymouth. 1623 New Amsterdam is settled by the Dutch. Albany is settled. 1629 New Hampshire is granted to Mason. 1630 Boston is founded. 1636 Springfield is settled. 1639 First printing press in America is set up at Cambridge. 1650 New York's eastern boundary provisionally settled. 290 HISTORY OF VERMONT 1654 Northampton settled. 1664 The English conquer New Netherlands. 1665 The French build a fort on Isle La Motte. 1670 Deerfield settled. 1690 Settlement in Vermont. Raid on Schenectady. The English build a Fort at Chimney Point. First English Expedition through Lake Champlain. 1702 Queen Anne's War begins. 1704 The Raid on Deerfield. 1 7 14 Northfield settled. 1715 The "equivalent lands" granted by Massachusetts to Connecticut. 1 71 9 Weekly newspapers established in Boston and Philadelphia. 1724 Fort Dummer is built in Vermont by Massachusetts. 1730 The French settle at Chimney Point. 1731 Fort Frederick (Crown Point) built by the French. 1732 George Washington born. 1736 Township No. i (Westminster) granted by Massachusetts. 1739 Grant of Walloomsac. 1740 Southern boundary of New Hampshire fixed, involving that of Vermont. 1 74 1 Benning Wentworth appointed governor of New Hampshire. 1 744 King George's War with France. Fort Massachusetts built at Williamstown. 1745 French and Indian raid on Saratoga. 1749 Bennington granted by Governor Wentworth. 1750 Protest of Governor Clinton of New York. The boundary question submitted to the king. 1753 Settlement of Bellows Falls. 1754 French and Indian War begun. 1755 The English build Fort WiUiam Henry at the foot of Lake George. 1758 The English try to drive the French from Lake Champlain. 1759 The English take Ticonderoga and Crown Point. Wolfe captures the city of Quebec. Rogers destroys the Indian village of St. Francis. APPENDIX 291 1760 Montreal taken by the English. 1760-63 Governor Wentworth makes many grants. 1 76 1 Bennington settled. Settlers begin to come in rapidly. 1762 Newbury settled. 1763 Peace between England and France. Southern boundary of Canada fixed at 45° north latitude. 1764 Order in Council decides the Connecticut River to be the eastern boundary of New York. Windsor, Manchester, and Guildhall settled. 1 765 New York patents begin to be issued for Vermont lands. The Stamp Act goes into effect. Convention of setders west of the mountains. 1 766 Another convention west of the mountains ; the settlers send Samuel Robinson to England as agent. The Stamp Act repealed. Middlebury settled. Vergennes setded. Cumberland County formed. 1 767 Order in Council forbids New York authorities to make further grants of disputed lands. 1 769 The king's order not observed. 1770 Ejectment suits decided at Albany against the settlers. Ethan Allen appears for the defense. Rutland settled. Gloucester County formed, north of Cumberland. 1 77 1 The raid on Breakenridge's farm. Organization of the Green Mountain Boys. Rewards offered for the arrest of Ethan Allen and other leaders. 1772 Remember Baker captured by Justice Munro, but rescued by neighbors. Settlers hold five meetings of " Committees of Safety." Charlotte County formed, lying on both sides of Lake Cliamplain. 1773 Burlington settled. 1774 Congress of delegates at Philadelphia. Committees of Safety meet in March and April. St. Albans settled. 292 HISTORY OF VERMONT 1775 March 13. The Westminster Massacre. April II. Committee of Safety meets at Westminster. April 19. Battle of Lexington. -, r Capture of Ticonderoija. May 10. ^ ^ ^ . , ^ ^ (^ Continental Congress assembles. Committees of Safety form throughout the colonies. Green Mountain Boys form a regiment. Invasion of Canada. Ethan Allen captured and sent to England. 1776 Retreat from Canada. Carleton's expedition down the lake. June 21. Convention at Westminster. July 4. United States declare their independence. July 24. Convention at Dorset. Sept. 25. Convention at Dorset. Oct. 30. Convention at Westminster. 1777 Jan. 15. Convention at Westminster. Vermont declares her independence. June 4. Convention at Windsor. July 2. Convention at Windsor. Constitution adopted. July 7. Battle of Hubbardton. Burgoyne's invasion. Aug. 16. Battle of Bennington. Oct. 17. Burgoyne surrenders. Dec. 24. Constitutional Convention. 1778 Vermonters build frontier forts. British raid the farms by the lake. Thomas Chittenden elected governor. Legislature meets at Windsor. Tory lands confiscated. Union of western New Hampshire towns with Vermont, First newspaper in Vermont published at Westminster. 1779 Code of laws adopted. New Hampshire and Massachusetts assert claims to Ver- mont territory. Congress appoints a committee to consider the boundary dispute. 1780 Raid of British and Indians on Royalton. The British appear again on the lake. APPENDIX 293 1 78 1 East and West unions formed. Intrigue with the British (Haldimand negotiations). British letters sent to Congress by Ethan Allen and Benjamin Franklin. 1782 George Washington advises Vermont to give up the annexed towns. The legislature relinquishes the unions. " Windham County Rebellion." Offenders banished. 1 783 Peace with Great Britain. 1784 Vermont ceases to press her suit for admission to the Union. State Post Office established. Ludlow settled. 1785 State coinage. Mint at Rupert. 1786 Revision of the state constitution. Montpelier settled. St. Johnsbury settled. 1787 Constitutional Convention at Philadelphia. 1788 Northern states want Vermont admitted to offset Southern influence. Kentucky applies for admission. 1790 Agreement ratified between Vermont and New York. Vermont appropriates $30,000 to pay New York's claims. 1 79 1 Vermont becomes a state of the Union, March 4. 1793 Newport settled. 1800 University of Vermont opened. Middlebury College founded. 1 80 1 Thomas Jefferson, President. 1804 Jefferson reelected. 1806 State banks established at Woodstock and Middlebury. 1807 State prison at Windsor authorized. 1808 Montpelier becomes the state capital. Smuggling on Lake Champlain due to land embargo. Steam transportation begun. Madison elected President. 18 10 State banks fail. 181 1 Private banks chartered. 181 2 Madison reelected. 294 HISTORY OF VERMONT 1812 War with Great Britain. The state levies a war tax. 18 13 Federahst party elects Martin Chittenden as governor. Naval operations on Lake Champlain. 1 814 Sept. II. Battles at Plattsburg and Plattsburg Bay. 181 5 Peace declared. 1 81 6 The " cold season." Monroe elected President. 181 7 President Monroe visits Vermont. 1820 Monroe reelected. 1822 Lake Champlain Canal opened. State Medical School founded. 1825 Lafayette visits Vermont and lays the corner stone of the new university building at Burlington. Erie Canal opened. Board of Canal Commissioners appointed for Vermont. 1827 General school act passed. 1828 WiUiam Lloyd Garrison comes to Bennington. New tariff stimulates wool growing. 1830 First railroad opened in America. Anti-Masonic agitation in Vermont becomes poHtical. 1833 United States deposits withdrawn from branch bank at Burlington, causing distress. Temperance movement results in incipient legislation. 1834 Slavery question prominent. 1837 Great panic. Specie payments suspended. Wheat crop fails. 1839 Legislative protests against slavery in the District of Columbia. 1841-42 Cold winter and terrible epidemic. 1843 Appropriations made for agricultural societies. Warrants for apprehending fugitive slaves forbidden to be issued. 1846-47 Mexican War. 1847 Burlington Savings Bank chartered. Railroads begin to operate. 1848 More protests against slavery. 1849-51 Extension of railroads. APPENDIX 295 1852 Prohibitory law passed. 1858 Vermont passes an emancipation proclamation. All negroes free when on Vermont soil. i860 Lincoln elected President. Secession of Southern states. 1 86 1 April 2. Sumter fired on. April 15. Governor Fairbanks's call for troops. April 19. First Vermont regiment formed. Special session of the legislature. 1862 New regiments formed. Vermont troops distinguish them- selves at Lee's Mill and Savage's Station. 1863 Vermont troops render distinguished service at Marye's Heights and Gettysburg. 1864 Vermont troops in the battles of the V^ilderness, Spottsyl- vania, and the Shenandoah campaign. St. Albans Raid, Oct. 19. 1865 Vermont troops lead the charge at Petersburg and carry the flag into Richmond. End of the war. Assassina- tion of Lincoln, April 14. 1 867 Morrill tariff encourages wool growing and other Vermont industries. 1869 Council of Censors proposes constitutional amendments. 1870 Constitutional Convention, Council of Censors abolished. Legislative sessions made biennial. Biennial state elections. 1873-74 Financial stringency. 1877 Great centennial anniversary celebration at Bennington. 1880 Senator Edmunds nominated for President. Garfield elected, 1885 Edward J. Phelps appointed minister to Great Britain. 1886 State Library completed. 1888 State Farm purchased for agricultural experiments. 1889 Redfield Proctor appointed Secretary of War. 1893 Henry C. Ide appointed Chief Justice of Samoa by Eng- land, Germany, and the United States. 1898 May I. Dewey's victory at Manila. 1902 High-license campaign. President Roosevelt visits Ver- mont. 1903 Local-option law takes effect. HISTORY OF VERMONT Part III STATISTICAL TABLES Table A New York Land Grants made in Vermont, WITH THE Fees Acres Fees Grants made by Lieut. Gov. Golden, T765, 36,000 ^1,125, .00 " " " " " " 1769- -70, 559>5oo 17,484. ■37 " a u u u u 1774- -75> 370,000 11,562. •50 965,500 $30'i7i. ,87 Grants made by Gov. Moore, 1765-69, 144,620 4,519-37 " " " " Dunmore, 1770- -71. 455'95o 14,248, ■44 " " " Tryon, 1771- -74> 486,500 15,203. .12 (' u u u u 1775- -76, 63,040 2,115,610 1,970. .00 Total granted by all the governors $66,112. 16 Additional fees charged for these grants Secretary of the Province , $2 :i, 156.10 Clerk of the Council, 2 1,156.10 Auditor General, 9,784.71 Receiver General, 30,411.87 Attorney General, I 5,867.08 Surveyor General, 2 6,445.13 $124,820.99 Total fees charged, $190,933.79. Of the above grants, all but 180,620 acres were granted in direct disobedience to the Order in Council of 1767. Lieutenant Governor Cadwallader Golden, acting as chief magistrate, treated the grants made by Benning Wentworth as nullities and the settlers as trespassers, and went on making grants after the Order in Council of 1767. Governor Moore respected the order. By the rest it was disregarded. In addi- tion to the above grants there were so-called military patents covering 303,100 acres, making in all 2,418,710 acres granted in this state by New York authorities. It is charged that the military patents were really made largely for the benefit of speculators, to whom the officers and soldiers, having come from Europe and desiring to return thither, disposed of their claims for trifling sums. (Vermont Historical Society Collections, I, 158-159.) APPENDIX 297 Table B Governors of Vermont (^Legislative Directory^ Thomas Chittenden, 1778-89 Moses Robinson, 1789-90 Thomas Chittenden, ^ 1790-97 PaulBrigham,2 Aug. 25-Oct. i6,'97 Isaac Tichenor, 1 797-1 807 Israel Smith, 1807-08 Isaac Tichenor, 1808-09 Jonas Galusha, 1809-13 Martin Chittenden, 181 3-1 5 Jonas Galusha, 1815-20 Richard Skinner, 1820-23 Cornelius P. Van Ness, 1823-26 Ezra Butler, • 1826-28 Samuel C. Crafts, 1828-31 William A. Palmer, ^^3^-35 Silas H. Jennison,^ 1S35-36 Silas H. Jennison, 1836-41 Charles Paine, 1841-43 John Mattocks, 1843-44 William Slade, 1844-46 Horace Eaton, 1846-48 Carlos Coolidge, 1848-50 Charles K. Williams, 1850-52 Erastus Fairbanks, 1852-53 John S. Robinson, 1853-54 Stephen Royce, 1854-56 Ryland Fletcher, 1856-58 Hiland Hall, 185S-60 Erastus Fairbanks, 1860-61 Frederick Holbrook, 1861-63 J. Gregory Smith, 1863-65 Paul Dillingham, 1865-67 John B. Page, 1867-69 Peter T. Washburn, 1 1869-70 George W. Hendee,^ 1870- John W. Stewart, 1870-72 Julius Converse, 1872-74 Asahel Peck, 1874-76 Horace Fairbanks, 1876-78 Redfield Proctor, 1878-80 Roswell Faniham, 1880-82 John L. Barstow, 1882-84 Samuel E. Pingree, 1884-86 Ebenezer J. Ormsbee, 1886-88 William P. Dillingham, 1888-90 Carroll S. Page, 1890-92 Levi K. Fuller, 1892-94 Urban A. Woodbury, 1894-96 Josiah Grout, 1896-98 Edward C. Smith, 1898-1900 William W. Stickney, 1900-02 John G. McCullogh, 1902- 1 Died in ofifice. 2 Lieutenant Governor. 3 Lieutenant Governor. Governor by the death of previous incumbent. Governor by failure of the people to elect. 298 HISTORY OF VERMONT Table C Congressional Districts and Senators in Congress (^Legislative Directory') The state is divided into two Congressional Districts as follows : District I. Composed of Addison, Bennington, Chittenden, Franklin, Grand Isle, Lamoille, and Rutland counties. District II. Composed of Caledonia, Essex, Orange, Orleans, Washington, Windham, and Windsor counties. Se7iators of the First Moses Robinson, 2 Isaac Tichenor,2 Nathaniel Chipman, Israel Smith,^ Jonathan Robinson, Isaac Tichenor, Horatio Seymour, Benjamin Swift, Samuel S. Phelps, Solomon Foot,^ George F. Edmunds,^ Redfield Proctor, Senators Class ^ Senators of the Second Class ^ 1791-96 Stephen R. Bradley, 1791-95 1796-97 Elijah Paine, 1 795-1801 1797-1803 Stephen R. Bradley, 1801-13 1803-07 Dudley Chase,^ 1813-17 1807-15 James Fisk,2 1817-18 181 5-21 William A. Palmer, 1818-25 1821-33 Dudley Chase, 1825-31 1833-39 Samuel Prentiss,^ 1831-42 1839-51 Samuel C. Crafts, 1842-43 1851-66 William Upham,^ 1843-53 1866-91 Samuel S. Phelps, 1853-54 1891- Lawrence Brainerd, 1854-55 Jacob Collamer,^ 1855-65 Luke P. Poland, 1865-67 Justin S. Morrill,3 1867-99 Jonathan Ross, 1899-1900 William P. Dillingham, 1900- 1 See Constitution United States, Article I, Section 3, clause 2. 2 Resigned. ^ Died in ofifice. APPENDIX 299 Table D Population of the State by Decades from the First Census {Census of i god) Year Population Increase Per Cent Density per S(,)UARe Mile 1790 85,425 9.4 1800 154,465 69,040 80.8 16.9 1810 217.895 63,430 41. 1 23.9 1820 235,981 i8,oS6 8.3 25.8 1830 280,652 44,671 18.9 30.7 1840 291,948 11,296 4.0 32.0 1850 314,120 22,172 7.6 34-4 i860 315,098 978 0.3 34-5 1870 330,551 15,453 4-9 36.2 18S0 332,286 1,735 0.5 36.4 1890 332,422 136 — ^ 36.4 igco 343,641 11,219 3-4 37-6 1 Less than, one tenth of one per cent gain. 300 HISTORY OF VERMONT Table E Population of Vermont f.y Counties from the First Census {O'/isus of i goo) When the first census was taken there were only seven counties. The formation of other counties went on after this until 1835, when the last one was organized. The census reports since 1840, there- fore, contain the distribution of population among all the present counties ; but the earlier reports do not. - Year Addison Benning- ton Cale- donia! Chitten- den Essex Frank- lin Grand . Isle 6,449 12,254 7,295 1800 13,417 14,617 9,377 12,778 1,470 8,782 1810 19.993 15,893 18,730 18,120 3,087 16,427 3.445 1820 20,469 16,125 16,669 16,272 3,284 17,192 3,527 1830 24,940 17,468 20,967 21,765 3,981 24,525 3.696 1840 23,583 16,872 21,891 22,977 4,226 24,531 3,883 1850 26,549 . 18,589 23,595 29,036 4,650 28,586 4,145 i860 24,010 19,436 21,698 28,171 5,786 27,231 4,276 1870 23,484 21,325 22,235 36,480 6,811 30,291, 4,082 1880 24,173 21,950 23,607 32,792 7,931 30,225 4,124 1890 22,277 20,448 23,436 35,389 9,5'i 29,755 3,843 IQOO 2i,gi2 21,705 24,381 39,600 8,056 30,198 4,462 1 Part of Washington. Annexed since i8go. 2 Part annexed to Caledonia since 1890. Year La- Orange Orleans Rutland Wash- Wind- Wind- ington 2 ham sor 1790 10,526 15,591 17,570 15,740 1800 18,238 1.439 23,813 23,581 26,944 iSio 25,247 5,830 29,486 26,760 34.877 1820 24,681 6,976 29,983 14,113 28,457 38,233 1830 27,285 13,980 31,294 21,378 28,748 40,625 1840 10,475 27,873 13,634 30,699 23,506 27,442 40,356 1850 10,872 27,296 15,707 33,059 24,654 29,062 38,320 i860 12,311 25.455 18,981 35.946 27,622 26,982 37,193 1870 12,448 23,090 21,035 40,651 26,520 26,036 36,063 1880 12,684 23.525 22,083 41,829 25,404 26,763 35,196 1890 12,831 19.575 22,101 45,397 29,606 26,547 31,706 I goo 12,289 19.313 22,024 44,209 36,607 26,660 32,225 APPENDIX 301 Table F Population of Vermont by Towns {Census of i goo) Addison 851 Albany 1,028 Alburg 1)474 Andover Arlington . Athens . . Averill . Avery's Gore 372 M93 180 18 16 Bakersfield 1,158 55 840 L763 3.346 8,448 Baltimore .... Barnard Barnet Barre (town) ... Barre (city) Barton 2,790 Barton Village .... /,ojo Barton Landhig .... 677 Bellows Falls 4?337 Belvidere 428 Bennington (town) . . . 8,033 Benftington (village) . . S^^S^ Benni7tgton Center . . . 21^ N'orth Bennington . . . byo Benson 844 Berkshire L326 BerUn 1,021 Bethel 1,611 Bloomfield 564 Bolton .... Bradford . . . Bradford Village . Braintree . . . Brandon .... Brattleboro (town) Brattleboro Vtllasie 486 L338 614 2,759 6,640 5^297 Bridgewater 972 Bridport 956 Brighton 2,023 Bristol 2,061 Brookfield 996 Brookline 171 Brownington 748 Brunswick 106 Buel's Gore 20 Burke 1,148 Burlington 18,640 Cabot I Cabot Village Calais i Cambridge i Canaan Castleton 2 Cavendish i Charleston i Charlotte i Chelsea i Chester i Chester Village .... Chittenden Clarendon Colchester 5 Concord i Corinth Cornwall Coventry Craftsbury i ,126 226 ,101 ,606 934 ,089 .352 ,025 ,254 ,070 .775 950 621 915 .352 ,129 978 850 728 ,251 Danby 964 Danville 1,628 Derby 3,274 302 HISTORY OF VERMONT Derby Village sgy Derby Line 309 Dorset i,477 Dover 503 Dummerston 726 Duxbury 778 East Haven 171 East Montpelier . . . . 1,061 Eden 73^ Elmore . 550 Enosburg 2,054 Enosburg Falls .... 954 Essex 2,203 Essex Junction . . . . 1,141 Fairfax 1,338 Fairfield 1,830 Fairhaven 2,999 Fairhaven Village . . . 2,4^0 Fairlee 438 Fayston 466 Ferdinand 41 Ferrisburg i»6i9 Fletcher 75° Franklin i)i45 Georgia 1,280 Glastonbury 48 Glover 891 Goshen ....... 286 Grafton 804 Granby 182 Grand Isle 851 Granville 544 Greensboro 874 Groton 1,059 Guildhall 455 Guilford 782 Halifax 662 Hancock 253 Hardwick 2,466 Hardwick Village . . . 1^34 Hartford 3^817 Hartland i>340 Highgate 1,980 Hinesburg 1,216 Holland 838 Hubbardton 488 Huntington 728 Hydepark ^Al~ Hydepark Village . . . 422 Ira 350 Irasburg 939 Isle La Motte 508 Jamaica 800 Jay 530 Jericho 1,373 Johnson 1,391 Johnson Village .... ^Sj Kirby 350 Landgrove 225 Leicester 5°9 Lemington 204 Lewis 8 Lincoln IJS^ Londonderry 961 Lowell 982 Ludlow 2,042 Ludlow Village .... 1,454 Lunenburg 9^8 Lyndon 2,956 Lyndon Center .... 232 Lyndonville i)2 74 APPENDIX 303 Maidstone 206 Manchester i»955 Marlboro 448 Marshfield IJ032 Mendon . 392 Middlebury 3i04S Middlebiiry Villaf^e . . . 1,8 gy Middlesex 883 Middletown Springs . . 746 Milton 1,804 Monkton 912 Montgomery IJ876 Montpelier 6,266 Moretown 902 Morgan 510 Morristown 2,583 Morrisville 1,262 Mount Holly 999 Mount Tabor 494 Newark 500 Newbury 2,125 Newfane 905 New Haven i»io7 Newport 3) 113 Newport Village .... 1,8^4 Northfield 2,855 Northfield Village . . . i,jo8 North Hero 712 North Troy 562 Norton 692 Norwich i»303 Orange 598 Orwell . , 15150 Panton 409 Pawlet 1,731 Peacham 794 Peru 372 Pittsfield 435 Pittsford 1,866 Plainfield 716 Plainfield Village . . . j^i Plymouth 646 Pomfret 777 Poultney 3»io8 Pownal 1.976 Pownal Village .... 401 Proctor 2,136 Proctor Village .... 2,01 j Putney 969 Randolph 3J41 Randolph Village . . . 1,540 Reading 649 Readsboro i>i39 Readsboro Village . . . 6j8 Richford 2,421 Richford Village .... 151 J Richmond i>o57 Ripton 525 Rochester i>250 Rockingham 5,809 Roxbury 712 Royalton 1,427 Rupert 863 Rutland (town) .... 1,109 Rutland (city) 11,499 Ryegate 995 Salisbury 692 Sandgate 482 Searsburg 161 Shaftsbury 1,857 Sharon 709 Sheffield 724 Shelbume 1,202 Sheldon i,34i Sherburne 402 Shoreham 1,193 Shrewsbury 935 304 HISTORY OF VERMONT Somerset 67 South Burlington ... 971 South Hero 917 Springfield 3,432 Springfield Village . . . 2,040 St. Albans (town) . . . 1,715 St. Albans (city) .... 6,239 St. George 90 St. Johnsbury 7,010 St. Johnsbury Village . . J, 666 Stamford 677 Stannard 222 Starksboro 902 Stockbridge 822 Stowe 1,926 Stowe Village ^00 Strafford 1,000 Stratton 271 Sudbury 474 Sunderland 518 Sutton 694 Swanton 3'745 Swanton Village .... 1,168 Thetford 1,249 Tinmouth 404 Topsham 1,117 Townshend 833 Troy 1,467 Tunbridge 885 Underhill 1,140 Vergennes i,753 Vernon 578 Vershire 641 Victory 321 Waitsfield 760 Walden 764 Wallingford i'575 Waltham 264 Wardsboro 637 Warren 826 Warren's Gore .... 18 Washington 820 Waterbury 2,810 Water bury Village . . . A J 97 Waterford 705 Waterville 529 Weathersfield .... 1,089 Wells 606 Wells River 565 West Derby 913 West Fairlee 531 Westfield 646 Westford 888 Westhaven 355 Westminster 1,295 Westmore 390 Weston 756 West Rutland .... 2,914 West Windsor .... 513 Weybridge 518 Wheelock 567 Whiting 361 Whitingham 1,042 Williamstown 1,610 Williston 1,176 Wilmington 1,221 Wilmingtofi Village . . . 410 Windham 356 Windsor ...... 2,119 Windsor Village .... /,65'6 Winhall 449 Winooski 3,786 Wolcott 1,066 Woodbury 862 Woodford 279 Woodstock 2,557 Woodstock Village . . . 1,284 Worcester 636 APPENDIX 305 Table G Growth of Manufacturing in Vermont since 1850 {Censtcs of i goo) Increase Average Number OF Per Cent Capital Number Amount of Value of Year P^STABLISH- IN Value Invested OF Wage Wages Paid Product MENTS Earners OF Product 1850 1,849 $5,001,377 8,445 $2,202,348 $8,570,920 _ i860 1,883 9,498,617 fo,497 3,004,986 14,637,807 70.8 1870 3.270 20,329,637 18,686 6,264,581 32,184,606 119. 9I 1880 2,874 23,26*5,224 17,540 5,164,479 31,354,366 -2.62 i8go 3.031 32,763,291 22,119 8,427,553 38,340,066 22.3 1900 4,071 48,547,964 29,455 12,237,684 57,623,815 50-4 Table H Agricultural Industry in Vermont since 1850 {^Census of i goo) \^Ll^A< Number of Farms Acreage Valuation of Farm Property Value of Product 1S50 i860 1870 1880 1896 I goo 29,763 31,556 33,827 35,522 32,573 33,104 4,125,822 4,274,414 4,528,804 4,882,588 4,395,646 4,724,440 $78,749,737 114,196,989 168,506, 189 3 130,811,490 101,805,370 108,451,427 $34,647,0273 22,082,656 20,364,980 33.570,892 1 The cash valuations of this year, and consequently the ratio, should be scaled down about one fifth, owing to the depreciated currency in which the returns were made. 2 Decrease. 3 Diminish one fifth to reduce to a specie basis. 306 HISTORY OF VERMONT Table I Agricultural Products in i^s'^ {Census of i8 jo) Wool produced 3,400,717 lbs. Butter 12,137,980 Cheese 8,720,834 Maple sugar 6,349,357 Hops 288,023 Beeswax and honey 249,422 Flax 20,852 Hay 866,153 tons Buckwheat 209,819 bu. Barley 42,150 " Peas and beans 104,649 " Irish potatoes 4,951,014 " Orchard products ^3i5>255 Home-made manufactures .... ^267,710 Market gardens ^18,853 APPENDIX 307 Table J I The Leading Manufactures in 1840, arranged in the Order of Relative Imfoktai^ce {Census of 1840) Producing the value of Wool : fulling mills, 239 ^ manufactories, 95/ ^i'33'^'953 Mills : flouring mills, 7 (4,495 bbls.); sawmills, 1,081 ; "1 oil mills, 20; gristmills, 312 ] 1,083,124 Bricks and lime 402,218 Leather, saddlery, etc 361,468 Lumber 346,939 Paper, 17 manufactories 179,720 Carriages and wagons 162,097 Cotton, 7 factories (7,254 spindles) 113,000 Machinery . 101,354 Furniture 83,275 Ships and vessels built 72,000 Hats, caps, and straw^ bonnets 65,251 Granite, marble, etc 62,515 Glasshouses, 2 establishments 55,ooo Drugs, medicines, paints, and dyes 38»475 Various metals (not precious metals) 24,900 Potteries, 8 establishments 23,000 Hardw^are, cutlery, etc 16,650 Value of all manufactures for which figures are given in the census $5,593,842 Total capital invested in manufactures .... $4,326,440 Employees enumerated 7,000 In addition to the above list of manufactures there were produced 718^ tons of pot and pearl ash ; furs and skins to the value of $1,750 ; precious metals to the value of $3,000 ; 39 pounds of silk ; a small amount of flax; 1,158 small arms; 50,300 pounds of soap; 28,687 pounds of tallow ; ginseng and forest products, $2,500 ; musical instruments, $2,200. There were in the state 29 printing offices, 14 binderies, 2 daily news- papers, 26 weeklies, 2 semi-weeklies, 3 periodicals. There were paper manufactures of playing cards, etc., not included in the list above, amounting to $35,000. There were 261 tanneries which tanned 102,763 sides of sole leather and 102,937 sides of upper leather. There were two distilleries making 3,500 gallons of liquor, and one brewery producing 1 2,800 gallons. There were two rope walks making #4,000 worth of cordage. 3o8 HISTORY OF VERMONT II The Leading Manufactures in i860, arranged in the Order of Relative Impoktanck (Census 0/ 1860) Establislutients Producing the value of Woolen goods 45 ^2,936,826 Flour and meal 123 1,659,898 Leather 108 1,002,853 Marble works 50 946,235 Sawed lumber 404 90i»5i9 Marble quarries 16 .... . 7i5'55o Machinery 24 501,276 Carriages 133 475'06o Boots and shoes 148 440,366 Tin, copper, and sheet-iron ware . 60 280,201 Furniture 64 268,735 Clothing 39 250,669 Iron castings 18 231,230 Blacksmithing 167 207,786 Slate quarrying 14 207,150 Industries producing over ^200,000 are given. Ill The Leading Manufactures in 1870, arranged in the Order of Relative Importance (Qv/j-z/j- ^//^/o) Establishme7its Froducing the vahie of Woolen goods ....... 43 ^3'550'962 Sawed lumber ....... 347 3'H2,307 Planed lumber ....... 13 2,526,228 Flouring mills ....... 81 2,071,594 Scales and balances ..... 2 1,629,000 Tanned leather ....... 86 1,249,942 Marble and stone work .... 29 960,984 Carriages and sleds 169 839,029 Leather, curried 64 762,571 Machinery 37 .... . 756,080 Hosiery 7 55^129 Boots and shoes 20 547'789 Cotton goods 8 546,510 Furniture 47 540,521 Agricultural implements ... 45 523,669 Sashes, doors, and blinds ... 43 518,125 Tin, copper, and sheet-iron ware . 97 .... . 505'005 Industries producing over ^500,000 are given. APPENDIX 309 IV The Leading Manufactures in 1880, arranged in the Order of Relative Importance {Census of 1880) Establish inents Producing the value of Sawed lumber 688 Woolen goods 44 Flouring and grist mills . Planed lumber Scales and balances .... Marble and stone work . . . Mixed textiles . . 227 . . 18 • • 3 . . 69 • • 7 Paper, not specified 13 Tanned leather 53 Cotton goods 8 Foundry and machine shops . . 45 Agricultural implements ... 35 Musical instruments, organs, and materials 2 Hosiery and knit goods .... 6 Curried leather . . ■ 24 ,258,816 ,217,807 ,038,688 ,709,522 ,080,474 >303'790 .277»903 ,237,484 ,084,503 915,864 783,828 718,455 680,800 595^270 530,337 Industries producing over ^500,000 are given. The Leading Manufactures in 1890, arranged in the Order of Relative Importance {Census of i8go) Establishments Producing tlie value oj Lumber, and other mill products from logs or bolts 736 Flouring and grist mills . . . . 217 Woolen goods 29 Paper 14 Planing-mill products 31 Marble and stone work .... 46 Cheese, butter, and condensed milk 1 23 Monuments and tombstones . . 96 Foundry and machine shops . . 61 Hosiery and knit goods .... 10 Cotton goods 6 Carpentering 76 Musical instruments 3 Patent medicines and compounds 13 Industries producing over $750,000 are given, $6,843,817 2,890,174 2,723,683 2,289,901 1,868,760 1,656,637 1,602,641 1,492,384 1,199,067 1,105,958 914,685 843'795 794,346 777,111 3IO HISTORY OF VERMONT VI The Leading Manufactures in 1900, arranged in the Order of Relative Importance (Qv/j-^^j ^ /poo) Establishments Producing the value of ^6,131,808 5,656,265 4,045,611 3'384>773 3,222,347 658 255 268 27 211 Lumber and timber Cheese, butter, and condensed milk Monuments and tombstones . Paper and wood pulp .... Flouring and grist mills .... Planing-mill products, including sashes, doors, and blinds . . 46 Woolen goods 23 Marble and stone work .... 54 Foundry and machine shops . . 61 Patent medicines and compounds 24 Hosiery and knit goods .... 14 Furniture factories 24 Carpentering 78 Industries producing over ^1,000,000 are given. 2,598,581 2,572,646 2,484,551 2,185,510 2,125,016 1,834,685 1,252,742 1,245,507 INDEX Abenakis Indians, 5. Adams, J. Q., 138, 235. Agriculture, transition in, between 1812 and Civil War, 213-217; since 1850, 306. Albany, N.Y., trial of cases at, 75, 76; market at, for settlers, 145. Algonquins, battle with Iroquois, 4. Allen, Ebenezer, frees Dinah Mat- tis, 234. Allen, Ethan, 75 ; characteristics of, 78-79 ; reward offered for, 80 ; leads attack on Ticonderoga, 91 ; line of march, 92 ; demands surrender, 93 ; taken prisoner at Montreal, 94 ; sent to England, 94 ; returned to New York, 94 ; ordered to suppress riots in Windham County, 124; ap- proached by British, 130 ; writes to Congress, 131 ; death of, 135. Allen, Ira, on Haldimand negotia- tions, 132-133. American Institute of Instruction, 229. American Revolution, bearing of, on situation in the New Hamp- shire Grants, 90, 111-114, 117- 119; share of Vermont in, 90- 106 ; benefits to Vermont from, 110-112; rapid settlement dur- ing, 122; inducements to set- tlers, 123 ; Ticonderoga, 91-94; Crown Point, 93, 96; retreat from Ticonderoga, 98 ; Hub- bardton, 98-99 ; Bennington, 103-106. See also Bennington and Burgoyne. Amherst, General, at Crown Point, 41, 48. Ammonoosuc, 31, 32. Antietam, battle of, 245. Appendix, 273-310. Apple sauce, apple butter, 205. Arnold, Benedict, joins expedition against Ticonderoga, 91-92; captures British sloop, 93 ; com- mands American flotilla on Lake Champlain, 95 ; bums his fleet, 96. Arrow points, 8 ; illustrations of, 7, 8, 9. Arthur, Chester A., illustration of, 225 ; birthplace of, 224. Artisans in early communities, 141. Asheries, 63; at Burke, 165. Ashes, value of, 62, 63, 147, 168. Association of smugglers, 190; of anti-smugglers, 190. Axes, Indian manufacture of, lo-; illustrations of, 9 ; of settlers, illustration, 193. Bailey, General, at Newbury, 44. Bailey, Phineas, 225. 312 HISTORY OF VERMONT Baker, Remember, reward offered for, 8i. Banks, agitation for, 158; bank measure vetoed, 1 59 ; establish- ment of, in 1806, 159; incor- poration of, 225. Barnard, fort at, during Revolu- tion, 106. Barton, General, builds sawmill, 167. Barton Landing, 168; fight with smugglers at, 189. Barton River, Indian route along, 1 8 ; followed by Rogers's rangers, 32. Barton, settlement of, 167 ; river used by settlers, 168. Baum, at Bennington, loi ; tactics of, 103-104. Beach, Major, 92. Beaver, hunted by Indians, 12; move northward, 144. Bees, logging, clearing, etc., 203, 205, 209 ; cooperative element in, 209 ; social element in, 209. Bellow^s Falls, Indian inscription near, 11. Bennington, grant and settlement of, 47-48 ; action of, regarding disputed titles, 76 ; leadership of, 77 ; military stores at, 100 ; battle of, 103-106; portrait of veterans of, 103; estimate of battle at, 105 ; memorial monu- ment at, 107; newspaper estab- lished at, 157. Berkshire, removal of women and children from, 109. Bethel, fort at, during Revolution, 106. Beverages, 57. Bibliography, 286-289. Bill of credit, facsimile of, 158. Blacksmithing, T42. Black Snake, smuggling boat, 186. Boston, market for settlers, 151. Brattleboro, Indian rock at, 10. Breakenridge, attack on farm of,77. Breweries, built by lottery, 162. Breyman, commander of British reserve, 10 1 ; sent to reenforce Baum, 103, 104. Bridges, built by lottery, 162; bridge over which Hessians marched to Bennington, illustra- tion of, 97. Burgoyne, extract from letter of, 90 ; invasion by, 98 ; captures Ticonderoga, 98 ; march of, ob- structed, 100 ; proclamation of, 107 ; details division to capture supplies, loi ; terror caused by invasion of, 108, 109. Burke, early settlers of, 165. Burlington, threatened attack on, 175 ; field officers meet at, 238 ; old view of, 218; college estab- lished at, 155; lumber trade at, 217. Butchering, 206. Cabinet work in 18 10, 142. Caledonia County, early growth of, 164; settled by Scotch, 164; how named, 165. Calumet, 10. Canada, invasion of, 94 ; retreat from, 94 ; project to invade, 132 ; winter trade to, 147 ; attempted invasion of, 173. INDEX 313 Canadians set fire to barracks at Derby, 187. Canals, 217, 219. Candle making, 60. Carding mills, 152, 153. Carleton, British commander, abandons Montreal, 94 ; cap- tures Crown Point, 96; threat- ens Ticonderoga, 96 ; returns to Canada, 96. Cartier, enters the St. Lawrence, i ; at Hochelaga, 2. Castleton, rendezvous for volun- teers, 91 ; retreat through, 98,99. Catamount Tavern, 47, 79 ; illus- trations of, 78, 79, 80. Cattle, smuggling of, 188-190 ; breeds of, 216. Caughnawaga Indians," market of, 169 ; claim to land in Vermont, 169-170. Chaise, one-horse, illustration of, 210. Chambly, Falls of, 3, 95. Champlain, Samuel de, extract from journal of, i, 3; discovery of Vermont by, 3 ; battle with Iroquois, 4. Champlain Valley, archaeology of, 6, 8 ; scouting in, 24, 29 ; mili- tary posts in, 90 ; campaign of 1777 in, 96, 98-99; in War of 181 2, 173, 174; canal in, 217, 219. Charleston, Indian visits to, 5 ; settlement of, 167. Charlestown, N. H. See Fort Number Four. Cheese basket, 214; press, 215; factory system, 215. Chimney Point, stone fort at, 24 ; evacuation of, 29 ; settlement near, 49. Chisels, Indian manufacture of, 8 ; illustrations of, 7. Chittenden, Martin, Federalist governor, 176, 191. Chittenden, Thomas, letter to Con- gress, 120; negotiations with British, 131 ; character and serv- ices of, 139. Chronological table, 289-295. Churches, 61, 147. Circulars of educational informa- tion, 265. Civil War, 234-254; Vermont's preparation for, 236 ; military equipment in 186 1, 237 ; attack on Fort Sumter, 237 ; popular feeling, 237 ; private donations, 237 ; tactics, field of action, ar- mies of the North and South,240 ; first VeiTTiont regiment, 241 ; succeeding regiments, 241 ; serv- ice of the "Old Brigade," 241- 242 ; Peninsular campaign, 242 ; second Bull Run campaign, 244 ; McClellan superseded by Burn- side, 245 ; storming of Marye's Heights, 245 ; Hooker succeeds Burnside, 245 ; Lee invades the North, 246; Gettysburg, 246- 247 ; General Grant assumes command of Union armies, 248; campaigns under Grant, 248 ; Shenandoah Valley, 249 ; Sheri- dan's ride, 249 ; Sherman's march through the South, 249 ; Lee surrenders, 250; Vermont's con- tribution to the war, 251-253; 314 HISTORY OF VERMONT losses of Vermont troops, 252, 253; McMahon on Vermont troops,25i; Sheridan's eulogy of Vermont soldiers, 253 ; effects of war on industrial conditions, 255-257- Clark, Admiral, birthplace of, 271 ; services of, as captain, 271. Clinton, Governor George, grants land in Vermont, 68. Clinton, Sir Henry, letter to, from Lord Germaine, 132. Clyde River, trout in, 167. Cobblers, 142, 207. Cohasse intervals, 5 ; Indians stop at, with captives, 22 ; Rogers's party at, 23 ! attract settlers, 49-50- Coinage in Vermont, 159. Coins, early Vermont, description of, 1 59-161 ; illustrations of, 160. Colchester, ornamental jar found at, 9, 10. Cold Harbor, battle of, 248. Cold seasons of 181 3 and 181 6, 168, 197-199. Colleges previous to 1812, 155. Colonial politics, 13-15. Colonization, English and French methods of, 15-17. Committees, service of, in Ver- mont, 82, 84 ; in Revolution, 82, 84. Committee system as a revolution- ary organization, 82. Committee of Correspondence, of Dummerston, 86 ; of Boston, 91. Committee of Safety, Massachu- setts, 91. Communal organization, examples of, 58. Conjiance, the, 179. Congress, Continental, vote to pay Green Mountain Boys for serv- ices, 93 ; attitude of, on ques- tion of admitting Vermont to Union, 127, 136, 138; influence of Germaine letter on, 133. Congressional Districts, 298. Connecticut, 46 ; settlers from, 47, 48, 86 ; patriots in, plan to take Ticonderoga, 91. Conventions, 84 ; constitutional, 113-117; nature and origin of, 119, n. Cooperation throughout all social organization, 194-195. Coos meadows, or Cohasse inter- vals, 5 ; Indians with captives stop at, 22 ; Rogers's party at, 22 ; attract settlers, 49, 50. Coosuck Indians, branch of Algon- quins, 5. Copper articles used by Indians, 10; illustrations of, 8. Corinth, fort at, during Revolution, 106. Corn, shellers, 205 ; husking, 205 ; games with, 205. Cotton, 1 5T ; amount used in 1810, 153; invention of cotton gin, 153; cotton wool, 153. Council of Safety, 79, 82. Counterfeiting, 157, 161. Counties, 163; under New York, 277 ; formation of present, 277. Courthouses, building of, 162, 191. Coventry, famine in, 168. Crab Island Shoal, 176. INDEX 315 Craftsbury, smugglers' cattle guarded at, 189. Crampton's Gap, battle of, 244. Crawford Notch, route through, 166. Crops, failure of, in 1 816, 198-199 ; diversity of early, 201-202. Cross, James, diary of, 39. Crown Point, captured by Warner, 93; American fleet overtaken at, 96 ; captured by Carleton, 96. Crystal Lake, point on Indian route, 18; Rogers stops at, 32; old Indian camping ground, 167. Cumberland County, roads in, 43 ; court of, 87. Cumberland Head, 176. Dairy products in 1840, 215; mod- ern dairy system, 258-259. Danby, training school for teach- ers at, 155. Davenport, Thomas, electrical in- ventions of, 225. Debtors, 125; legislation for, 126. Deerfield, raid on, 21. Delaplace, commander at Ticon- deroga, 93. Derby in War of 1812, 173, 174, 180, 187, 188. Dewey, Admiral, services of, as commodore, 270 ; illustration of, birthplace of, 270. Dishes, w'ooden, 194. Disorder in Rutland and Windsor counties, 126. Distaff, 151. Dorset, regiment formed at, 94 ; constitutional conventions at. 1 1 3-1 14; manufacture of mar- ble fireplace stones at, 148. Dummer, Fort, building of, 25-27 ; Captain Kellogg at, 28; scouting parties of, 27-29, 41 ; life at, 36. Dummerston, leads movement against royal authority, 86 ; chooses committee of corre- spondence, 86. Dutch settle at Manhattan, 13. Dyes, homemade vegetable, 208. Eagle, The, 175. Echo Pond, 167. Edmunds, George F., Senator, 229 ; work fornational university, 230. Education, first schools, 61-63 '> previous to 1812, 154-155; de- velopment of, before Civil War, 226-230; "oldredschoolhouse," 227 ; services of "Father" Hall, 228-229; teachers' association, 229; educational work since Civil War, 263-269 ; normal schools, 265, 267, 268 ; teachers' institutes, 265 ; county examina- tions, 266 ; town system, 267 ; school buildings, 267 ; develop- ment of high schools, 267-268 ; recent legislation, 268. See also Superintendent of education. Electrical inventions, 225. Embargo, of 1807, effect of, on trade, 182; of 1808, 183. English settlers, colonial politics of, 14. "Equivalent lands," 13, n. Erie Canal, 218-219. Estey, Jacob, 224 ; Estey organs, 224. 3i6 HISTORY OF VERMONT Factory system, development of, 260-261. Fairbanks, Governor Erastus, on slavery issue, 234, 238; calls special session of legislature, 238. Fairbanks, Joseph, 223. Fairbanks, Thaddaeus, inventor of scales, 223. Fairhaven, paper mill at, 146. Farming, farm property in i860, 221; early hay farms, 144; dairy farms, 144 ; farm products before 1812, 145; changes in farm implements, 216. Fay, Stephen, landlord of Cata- mount Tavern, 79. Fences, board, 59 ; slash, 201 ; Virginia, 201. Fireplaces, 59; used for cooking, 60; illustration of, 61 ; in school- houses, 62; in Catamount Tav- ern, 80. Flannel, home manufacture of, 152 ; uses of, 152. Flax, 151 ; illustration of wheel, 152. Fly, The, revenue cutter, captures Black Snake, 186. Foot pans, 203, 204. Fort Number Four, 20 ; relief party sent from, 32; Rogers arrives at, 33; Melvin's party calls at, 41 ; road cut from, to Crown Point, 42, 44 ; settlers obtain supplies from, 50. Fortifications, remains of Indian, 8. Forts, temporarily occupied dur- ing Revolution, 106 ; French, on Richelieu River, 23; on Isle Ea Motte, 23 ; English at Chimney Point, 24 ; Dummer, 25-29, 36, 40, 41. See also Crown Point, Ticonderoga, and Fort Number Four. Franklin, Benjamin, obtains Ger- maine letter, 132. Franklin County, smuggling through, 190. French, colonial politics of, 14; methods of colonizing, 15. French and Indian wars, 13-37; cause of, 1 5 ; result of, 46 ; Indian raids, 20-22; Indian trails, 17- 20; scouting parties, 27-29, 34; Rogers's raid, 30-33. See also St. Francis Indians, Fort Dum- mer, Deei-field, Crown Point, and Stark. French River, 19. French, William, shot at West- minster, 88, 89. Frontier life, 51-65; posts, 22-24. Fruit raising by first settlers, 57, 145- Fur trade, its bearing on colonial politics, 16. Game, prevalence of, 12; gradual extinction of, 144, 169. Games, with corn for counters, 205. Garrison, William Eloyd, at Ben- nington, 235. Geographical notes, 273-277. Geological notes, 278-280. Geological wealth, industries de- pending on, 261. George III, 68, 73. Germaine, Eord George, letter to, 90, 107; letter of, 132, 137. INDEX 317 Gettysburg, battle of, 246-247. Glass factory at Lake Dunmore, 147. Gouges, Indian manufacture of, 8. Government, in the New Hamp- shire Grants and in New York, contrasted, 71 ; early form of, in the grants, 81-84. ^ee also Vermont. Governors of Vermont, list of, 297. Graham, J. A., Descriptive Sketch of Vermont, 143, n. Grammar schools and academies, 155- Grand Isle, Indian relics on, 8. Granite industry, 224, 262-263. Granitic Mountains, 274-275. Grants, number and" extent of, in 1765, 50 ; controversy with New York, 66-89; form of self-gov- ernment, 81-84. Green Mountains, 5, 274. Green Mountain Boys, 78 ; choose their own leaders, 92, 94 ; cap- ture Ticonderoga, 92-93 ; fur- ther service of, in Revolutionary War, 94, 95. Gristmills, 55, 58; tolls taken at, 53- Growler, The, 175. Ilaldimand negotiations, 130-133, 137- Hall, Samuel R., educational pio- neer, 228, 229. Hamilton, Alexander, public serv- ices of, 1 35 ; position of, concern- ing the New York controversy, 135- Hampton, General, stationed at Burlington, 175. Hams, smoking, 206. Harmon, Reuben, coins copper money, i 59. Harrington, Judge, pronuncia- mento on slavery, 235. Hart, Miss Emma, teacher, 229. Harvesting, 205. Hatchels, 150, 151. Hay reeve, 58. Haying, 202. Hazen road, the, 44, 45, 164, 188. Hochelaga, Indian village of, 2. Hog ward', 58. Homes, early, primitive character of, 54, 58-60. Honey, use of, in place of sugar, 56, 57- Hoosac Valley, 47. Horses, Morgan, 215. Hosiery and knit goods, manufac- ture of, 260. Houses, brick and mortar, 145- 146. Howe, General, 193. Hubbardton, battle of, 98-99. Indian road, the, 19-20; Melvin's expedition on, 41 ; cut out by white men as a military road, 42. Indians, degree of civilization of, 1 1 ; mode of life of, 11, 12; atti- tudes of, toward the French and English, 16; trails of, 17-20; raids of, 20-22, 108-109; claims of, to land in Vermont, 1 69-1 70 ; peaceful visits of, 5, 168, 169. Industries, rise of, 63 ; develop- ment of, due to transportation, 3i8 HISTORY OF VERMONT 140; changes in, after the War of 1 81 2, 140; extractive, 192; or- ganization of, 195; leading, in 1900, 258; analysis of, 258-263. Inscriptions, Indian, 10, 11. Insurance companies, 225. -Intelligence, evidence of, in early communities, 61-63, 155-156. Internal improvements, 218. Inventiveness, American, 193-194. Irasburg, smugglers at, 190. Iron industry, early foundries and forges, 142-144; effect of the War of 1812 on, 143, 174. Iroquois, battle with Algonquins, 4. Isle La Motte, Arnold at, 95 ; Brit- ish fleet at, 176. Itinerant craftsmen, cobblers and weavers, 207. Jackman, Alonzo, 225. Jails, building of, 191. Jarvis, William, consul to Portu- gal, sends merino sheep to Ver- mont, 213. Jay, John, land grant to, 136. Jefferson, Thomas, visits Vermont, 183; embargo policy of, 183; proclamation of, 184; reply of St. Albans citizens to, 185 ; rela- tion of, to internal improve- ments, 218. Jesuit Relations, 17. Jesuits, work among Indians, 16. Journal of the Times, 235. Jurisdiction, change of, in New Hampshire Grants, 70-71. Kellogg, Captain, at Fort Dummer, 28; journal of, 28-29. Lake Champlain, discovered by Samuel de Champlain, 3 ; Indian battle on shore of, 4; Indian route on, 19, 20 ; forts on, 23, 24 ; naval engagements on, 95-96; in War of 1812, 174-181; lum- ber trade on, 149-150; steam navigation on, 149-183; smug- gling on, 184-186. See also Crown Point and Ticonderoga. Lake George, Burgoyne's portage from, 98. Lake Memphremagog, an Indian fishing ground, 168. Lakes and ponds, 276. Land tenure in New York and in the New Hampshire Grants, 70- 71- Lead mine, 146. Lee's Mill, battle of, 241. Libraries, early town, 155; growth of endowed, 229; spread of, since Civil War, 269. Lime, early use of, as fertilizer, 144. Lincoln, President, calls for troops, 237, 238. Linen, process of making, 151; quantity made in 18 10, 152, 154. Linnet, The, 177. Looms, in 18 10, 154; illustration of, with rag carpet, 208. Lotteries, uses of, 161-162. Lumber, small value of, to early settlers, 63; early trade in, 149- 150; industry in 1900,259; busi- ness transition in, 260. Lyndon, early market for northern towns, 167. INDEX 319 Macdonough, 172, 175, 176, 177, 178, 181. Manchester, Stark at, 102 ; schools of, 146. Manhattan, settlement of, 13. Manufactures, leading, from 1840 to 1900, 307-310. Manufacturing, in i860, 221-224; growth of, since 1850, 305. Map exercises, 280-281. Maple sugar, early method of making, 56 ; Indian mode of making, 56 ; old and modern methods compared, 199-200. Maps, list of, 281. Marble, quarry at Middlebury, 148 ; industry before Civil War, 224; industry since Civil War, 261- 262. Markets, colonial local, 142 ; at Boston, 151; at Portland, 151; at Montreal, 150, 168, 171 ; at Quebec, 149, 150, 168, 171; at Albany, 145; at Troy, 144; at New York, 145, 217, 218. Marsh, George P., minister to Italy, 237. Marye's Heights, storming of, 245. Massachusetts, gives the "equiv- alent lands " to Connecticut, 13, n.; votes to build blockhouse, 13, 22; votes to survey military road, 42 ; western boundary of, 67 ; settlers from, 86 ; Committee of Safety, 91 ; claims Vermont territory, 128. Massachusetts Court Records, ex- tract from, 13. Mattis, Dinah, freed from slavery, 234- McClellan, General, 242, 243, 245. Melvin, Captain E., miUtary ex- pedition of, 40-41. Memorial of people of St. Albans, 185. Memphremagog, Rogers at Lake, 32, 35> 135- Merino sheep, importation of, 213. Middlebury, cotton factory at, 148; marble quarry at, 148. Middlebury College, incorporated, 155; graduates of, 155, 229; students drill for Civil War, 238. Middlebury Female Seminary, 229. Military campaigns of 1775, ^77^^ 1777, 96. Military road, surveyed by order of Massachusetts, 42 ; com- pleted in 1759, 42; course of, 42 ; illustration of, 43. Mills, grist, 53, 55, 58 ; saw, 58, 59 ; fulling, 142; corn, at Windsor, 146; carding, 152-153. Ministers, character of early, 63, 165. Molly Stark cannon, illustration of, 106. Money, scarcity of, 125; issue of paper, 157-158; copper, coined, 159; counterfeit, 157. Montreal, visited by Cartier, 2 ; French stronghold in Canada, 17; expeditions from, against English, 17; becomes a market for settlers, 150, 168, 171. Monument marking Stark's camp- ing ground, 99. Moose, 144, 165. Morey, Samuel, inventor of steam- boat, 148. 320 HISTORY OF VERMONT Morrill, Justin S., Senator, work for education, 230. Mortars and pestles, Indian manu- facture of, 8. Morton, Levi P., birthplace of, illustration of, 219. Mountain ranges, 273. Navigation, sailing vessels, 149; steamers, 148-149; steamers on the Connecticut River, 219-220. Navy yards on Lake Champlain, 95- Newbury meadows, 22 ; settlement of, 50; fort at, during Revolu- tion, 106 ; project to attack, 108 ; aqueduct at, 146; church at, 146; seminary at, 268; illustra- tion of seminary, facing page 230. New Connecticut, name first given to state of Vermont, 116. New England, plan of British cam- paign against, 97. New Hampshire, western bound- ary of, ill-defined, 67 ; early map of, 69. New Hampshire Grants, contro- versy over jurisdiction and land titles of, 67-84 ; two regiments furnished by, 96; position of, not revolutionary, 81 ; organiza- tion forced upon, by controversy with New York, 81-83. Newspapers, first in state, 156; at Bennington, Windsor, Rutland, 157- New York, taken by English, 14; protest of Governor Clinton, 67 ; boundary of, declared by king, 68 ; proclamation concern- ing grants, 70 ; surveys disputed territory, 72 ; forbidden to make further grants, 73 ; governors of, disobey the order, 73 ; court de- bars settlers' evidence, 75; at- tempts to execute writs, 76 ; met by armed resistance, 77 ; com- promise effected, 135; $30,000 indemnity paid to, 135; extent of land grants in Vermont, with fees, 296. New York Tribune, 244. Northampton, Mass., New York officers imprisoned at, 88. Norwich University, 230. Nulhegan River, Indian route, 18. Ogden, Captain, companion of Rogers, 31, ^T)- Order in Council, of 1764, 68; of 1 767, extract from, 66 ; effect of, 73; ignored by New^ York, 73. Orwell, salt spring at, 146. Otter Creek, Indian road follow- ing, 19; English scout posted at the mouth of, 24 ; mentioned in James Cross's journal, 40 ; followed by Melvin, 41 ; military road follows, 42; American fleet burned at mouth of, 96 ; English attempt to enter, 176. Palmer, Governor, house, 162. Paper money, in colonies, 157; in Vermont, 158; during Civil War, 256. Parkman, historian, 35. Passumpsic Turnpike Company, 164. INDEX 321 Passumpsic Valley, settlers enter, 166. Pastoral life from 181 2 to Civil War, 196-210. Patterns of woven cloths, 207. Pawlet, educational society at, 1 55. Peacham, fort at, during Revolu- tion, 106; academy at, 268. Pearlash, 63; marketed in Que- bec, 168, 171. Penn, William, frame of govern- ment of, 119, n. Pestles, stone, Indian manufacture of, 8. Petersburg, battle of, 248 ; siege of, 248-249. Phelps, Benajah, witness of battle of Plattsburg Bay, 179. Phelps, Noah, spy at Ticonder- oga, 92. Pines to be saved for royal navy, 35' 146. Pingree, Samuel E., leads charge at Lee's Mill, 242. Pipes, Indian, 10. Plattsburg, barracks destroyed at, 175; American forces assemble at, 176; battle of, 177, 178, 180- 181 ; old print of, 177. Plows, iron, introduced, 216. Plumping-mill, 55. Points, arrow and spear, 8; illus- trations of, 7, 8, 9. Politics, of early settlers, 65; in- terplay of local and federal, 139- Poor debtors, 125; legislation for, 126. Population, movement of, 212; slight growth of, 257; by decades, 299; by counties, 300; by towns, 301-304. Portland, market at, 151. Post offices, early establishment of, 166; routes, 166. Postage, rates of, how paid, 166. Potash. See Ashes, Asheries, Pearlash, Salts. Pots and jars, fragments of, 10. Pottery, aboriginal, 8, 10 ; illustra- tion of, 9. Prehistoric implements, illustra- tions of, 7, 8, 9. Presidential campaign, Adams versus Jackson, 235. Prices during Civil War, 255. Printing, first office established at Westminster, 156; first press in America, illustration of, 156. Quebec, stronghold of French, 17; Quebec bill, 86; attack on, 94; lumber trade to, 149-150; mar- ket for pearlash at, 168, 171. Rafts of lumber, 150. Railroads, agitation for, 220-221; incorporation of, 220; begin- ning of, 220; effect of, on rural communities, 221. Red Sandrock Mountains, 275. Reels, illustrations of, 151. Religious condition of early com- munities, 63. Resourcefulness of early farmers, 192-194. Reward offered for Indians, 34; for Ethan Allen, 80; for Re- member Baker, 81. Richford, Indians visit, 169. 322 HISTORY OF VERMONT Rivers of Vermont, 275-276. Roads, early building of, 45, 64; through Irasburg, 168; stage roads, 211. See also Military road and Hazen road. Robinson, Rowland, illustration of, 272. Rogers, Robert, destroys Indian village, 2 1 , 30-34 ; extracts from journal of, 31. Round Island, Rogers's party at, 32. Routes, Indian, across Vermont, 18-19. Rouville, Hertel de, leader of raid on Deerfield, 19, 21. Royalton, raid on, 108, 109. Rutland, early oil mill, brewery, and hat factory at, 146; news- paper established at, 157. Ryegate, 38 ; settledby Scotch, 165. Salts, 147, 165, 168. Saranac River, 177. Saratoga, The, 177. Savage's Station, battle of, 242. Sawmills, 258, 259. Schools, first established, 61, 62; academies and grammar, previ- ous to 1800, 146, 147. Schuyler, General, opposition of, to Burgoyne's advance, 98. Scotch, farming companies of, 164, 165; settlers in Caledonia County, 164-165; character of, 165. Scouting parties, records of, 28-29, 34; service of, 35-37- Season of 18 16, failure of crops, 197-199. Senators in Congress, 298. Settlement of new land, 147 ; of northern Vermont after the Revolution, 164. Settlements, extent of, in 1760, 46; conditions of life in, 51-65; ex- tent of, in 1777, 106. Settlers, attitude of, toward New York, 71, 72, 75; titles of, ques- tioned, 71 ; menaced by Bur- goyne's invasion, 108-109; treat- ment of Tories, 109. Sheep raising, 213-215. Skenesboro, 95, 98; capture of American galleys near, 99. Slate quarrying, 224. Slavery, effect of, on cotton in- dustry, 1 54 ; growth of, becomes national issue, 231-232. Smuggling, 181-191 ; cause of, 182, 183; effect of embargo on, 182- 183. Social, conditions in early settle- ments, 51-65; disturbances fol- lowing Revolution, 123-126. Society, democracy of, in early period, 51 ; communal organiza- tion of, 58. Soldiers' Home, 251. Sorel River, 169. Spades, flint and homstone, 10. Spanish money in Vermont, 158. Spanish War, 270-271. Spaulding, Lieutenant, alleged treason of, imprisonment and release of, 86. Spinning, wheel, illustration of, 152; jennies, 154; women's work, 206. Spooner''s Vermont Journal, 184. Spottsylvania, battle of, 248. INDEX 323 St. Albans, reply of, to Jefferson, 185 ; raid on, 254. St. Anne, French fort at, 23. St. Armand, English force cap- tured at, 175. St. Clair, plans of, 98 ; march to Castleton, 99. St. Francis Indians, 5 ; destruction of, by Rogers, 30-33. St. Francis River, Indian route on, 18. St. John's, sloop captured at, 93 ; navy yard at, 95. St. Johnsbury, market for northern towns, 167. St. Regis, smuggling to, 191. Stanstead, smuggled goods bought at, 187 ; party from, sets fire to Derby, 187. Stark, John, captured by Indians, ^2 ; cuts out military road, 42 portrait of, 100; career of, 102 tactics of, at Bennington, 102 military services of, 105; promo- tion of, 105. State house at Montpelier, 163. State prison, 186. Steam navigation, 148; Samuel Morey's invention, 148 ; Fulton, 148; on Lake Champlain, 183. Stewart, P. P., inventor, 225. Stuyvesant, Peter, surrenders New Amsterdam, 14. Sugar making, Indian mode of, 56 ; early settlers' mode of, 200, 201 ; old utensils of, illustrated, 200. Sunday old-time services, 203-204 ; music at, 203-204. Superior, Lake, copper from, used by Indians, 10. Superintendent of education, of- fice created, 228 ; general super- vision exercised by, 265 ; circu- lars of educational information, 265. Surveyors sent to the New Hamp- shire Grants from New York, 72. Swanton, Indian relics of, 6 ; an- cient burial ground near, 6 ; In- dian village near, 8. Swifts, illustration of, 153. Swine pastured in woods, 58. Taconic Mountains, 274. Tanneries in 18 10, 142. Tariff of 1828, effect of, on wool growing, 214. Tavern, typical old, illustration of, 64 ; old turnpike, illustration of, 211. Taxes, worked out, paid in kind, 53- Teachers, in first schools, 62 ; first school for training of, 1 55 ; asso- ciation of, organized, 229 ; insti- tutes held for, 265. Ten Eyck, sheriff, repelled at Breakenridge's farm, 77. Ticonderoga, evacuation of, by French, 29 ; captured by Green Mountain Boys, 91-93; results of capture of, 94 ; threatened by Carleton, 96; recaptured by Burgoyne, 98. Titles annulled in the New Hamp- shire Grants, 71. Tolls, 53, 56 ; tollgate, 146. Topics for research and review, 282-285. 324 HISTORY OF VERMONT Tories, raids of, 108-109; treat- ment of, 109. Towns, decline of hill, 211; list of, with population, 301-304. Tracy, M. de, builds forts, 22-23. Transition, periods of, 196; at middle of last century, 210-21 1. Transportation, in colonial epoch, 141; by canal, 217; effects of railroads on, 221. Trees, 35. Trial at Albany, 75. Troy, N.Y., markets at, 144, 145. Troy, Vt., visited by Indians in 1799, 168. Turnpikes, 162-163; Passumpsic Turnpike Company, 164. Underhill, skirmish with smugglers at, 189. Unions, East and West, 127-130, 134, 137- University of Vermont, incor- porated in 1791, 155; during War of 181 2, 155; graduates of, 155, 229-230, 238. Valleys, settled later than hills, 211. Vermont, discovery of, events con- temporaneous with, 2; traversed by Indian war parties, 1 5 ; coun- ties of, under New York, 74 ; participation of, in Revolution, 90-1 10 ; advantage to, from Rev- olution, 109-111, 114; declares her independence, 1 1 1 , 115, 117- 119; self-government of, 112; constitutional conventions of, 1 1 3-1 17, ii9n. ; an independent republic, 120-139; internal con- ditions from 1777 to 1 79 1, 120- 1 26 ; flag of, illustration of, 121; life in, during Revolution, 121- 1 22 ; union with New Hampshire towns, 127 ; controversy of, with New Hampshire, 127-130; ne- gotiations with the British, 1 30- 133, 137 ; East and West unions dissolved, 134; admission of, 134, 135; settles New York claim, 135; latitude, longitude, length, width, area, 273. Vermont Gazette, 125, 156. Versatility of early settlers, 52, 192-194. Walloomsac Valley, 47. Warm, Captain de, builds fort at Chimney Point, 24. Warner, Seth, 92 ; captures Crown Point, 93 ; commander of regi- ment, 94 ; service of, in Canada, 94 ; commands rear guard at Hubbardton, 99 ; service of, at Bennington, 102, 104. War of 1812, 172-191 ; situation of northern Vermont in, 173- 174; preparation for, in Cham- plain Valley, 174; national re- verses, 1 74 ; first naval action on Lake Champlain, 175 ; compari- son of English and American fleets, 181 ; retreat of British from Plattsburg, 181. Washington, D.C., fighting in vicin- ity of, by Vermont troops, 240. Washington, George, letter from, on conditions in Vermont, 133. Water courses, utility of, 43. INDEX 325 Weaving, at home, 151 ; women's work, 206; professional weav- ers, 207. Wentworth, Governor Benning, 66 ; illustration of, 67 ; grants made by, 47, 67, 68, 70. Westminster, assembly at, 88 ; constitutional conventions at, 114, 115; printing office at, 156. "Westminster Massacre," 84-89. Westward movement, 256. Weybridge, raid on, 108. Wheat, raising, 145; market at New York for, 145; market at Montreal for, 151. Whisky distilleries in i8ro, 141. Whitcomb, Lieutenant, 108. Whitelaw, General, letter of, 38. Whitney, Eli, 153. Wilderness, battle of, 248. Williams, Dr., of Rutland, 156. Windsor, constitutional conven- tions at, 116-117; corn mill at, 146; early newspaper at, 157. Winooski River, Indian route, 19; smugglers in the, 186. Witherspoon, Rev. John, sells land in Ryegate, 165. Women, status of, in early com- munities, 60-61. Wool, 151; carding of, 152; in 1810, 153; cards, illustrations of, 150, 207; prices of, 214. Wooster, commander of American army in Canada, 94. THE BEGINNER'S AMERICAN HISTORY By D. H. MONTGOMERY, Author of the "Leadifig Facts of History Series." Cloth. 231 pages. Fully illustrated. For introduction, 60 cents. Edition of 1899, including the Spanish 'War. The author is Mr. Montgomery, the eminent and successful writer of historical text-books, whose books have stood the test of everyday use in thousands of schools in all parts of the country. This book is in no sense an abridgment of the author's "American History," but is entirely new and distinct, and arranged on a very different plan. All the main points are covered by interesting biographies. It is almost purely biographical, but care has been taken to make the stories cover, either directly or incidentally, all the main points of the history of our country. It comprises thirty biog- raphies, all in the compass of two hundred and twenty pages, followed by a list of reference books for teachers and a very full index. This makes prominent the biographical idea, and the principal history makers stand out prominently before the eye. The special aim of the book is to present those facts and principles in the lives of some of the great men of American history which will be of interest and value to boys and girls who are just beginning to be concerned about the history of their country. Great pains has been taken to relate only such incidents and anecdotes as are believed to rest on authorities beyond question. Montgomery's Beginner's American History has never failed to awaken the interest of wide-awake pupils ; to please earnest teachers ; to maintain its position with school authorities ; to retain its popularity in the schoolroom ; to fascinate by its clear, direct style ; and to teach boys and girls the principles of true patriotism. GINN & COMPANY, Publishers, Boston. New York. Chicago. Atlanta. Dallas. Blaisdell's Books on History By ALBERT F. BLAISDELL Stories from English History lamo. Cloth. 191 pages. Illustrated. List price, 40 cents ; mailing price, 50 cents. This is a supplementary reader consisting of about forty of the most dramatic and interesting events in English history, from the earliest times to the present day, carefully edited and rewritten from standard writers. The material has been arranged in the form of stories, with the intent to arouse a lively interest in his- torical reading and a keen desire to know more about the history of our mother country. The Story of American History i2mo. Cloth. 440 pages. Illustrated. List price , 60 cents ; mailing price, 75 cents. This book is intended to be preliminary to the study of a more advanced work in the higher grammar grades. Only the leading events of certain periods and the personal achievements of a few representative " makers of our country " are treated in any detail. Some prominence is given to exceptional deeds of valor, details of everyday living in olden times, dramatic episodes, and important incidents. Hero Stories from American History For Elementary Schools. By Albert F. Blaisdell, and Francis K. Ball, Instruc- tor in Phillips Exeter Academy, lamo. Cloth, xii + 259 pages. Illustrated. List price, ; mailing price, This book may be used either as a supplementary reader in American history for the fifth and sixth grades in elementary schools, or for collateral reading in connection with a formal text- book of a somewhat higher grade. The following are among the subjects treated: The Hero of Vincennes ; A Midwinter Cam- paign; The Patriot Spy; Our Greatest Patriot; A Midnight Sur- prise ; The Defeat of the Red Dragoons; From Teamster to Major General ; A Daring Exploit; "Old Ironsides" ; A Hero's Welcome. The book contains many pictures, most of which are the work of artists who make a specialty of historical illustration. GINN & COMPANY Publishers Reading Books on American History FOE SUPPLEMENTARY USE IN SCHOOLS. By NINA MOORE TIFFANY. Pilgrims and Puritans. The Story of the Planting of Plymouth and Boston. Sq. i6mo. Cloth. 197 pages. Illustrated. For intro- duction, 60 cents. From Colony to Commonwealth: Stories of the Revolutionary Days in Boston. Sq. i6mo. Cloth. 180 pages. Illustrated. For introduction, 60 cents. "Pilgrims and Puritans" is a book of easy reading, contain- ing sketches of the early days of Massachusetts — Massachusetts Indians, the Pilgrims of Plymouth, English Boston, William Blackstone, John Winthrop, Extracts from Wood's New Eng- land's Prospects ; with notes and appendix. It is intended for children who have not yet begun or are just beginning the study of United States history, and to supplement or prepare the way for the ordinary text-book. The book has been often used by children under ten years of age. It is provided with maps and illustrations. "From Colony to Commonwealth" is second in the series of which "Pilgrims and Puritans" is the first. These two little volumes are intended as an introduction to the study of United States history in school or at home. Geo. H. Martin, Supervisor of Schools, Boston: I am delighted to find a child's book of history both accurate and interest- ing. It was a happy thought of the author to incorporate so much of the original into the work. F. Treudley, Superintendent of Schools, Youttgstown, Ohio : It is a very delightful little book, written in a very interesting manner, and one of the best I know of for children. Miss E. M. Reed, Principal of Train- ing School, Springfield, Mass.: It is charmingly written, and done in beautiful style. I consider it one of the most valu- able books of its class. The Advance, Chicago: This little vol- ume, designed to be a kind of first lessons in American history for young readers, is admirably suited to its purpose. Evening Post, New York : Miss Nina Moore has, with no little dexterity, told in an attractive way, easily intelligible to children, "the story of the planting of Plymouth and Boston." She has drawn textually more or less upon the original authorities, and by means of plenty of maps, portraits, and views, has made the narrative impressive at every stage. GINN & COMPANY, Publishers, Boston. New York. Chicago. Atlanta. Dallas. OCT 19 1903 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 014 042 956 9 •