CJisss Book COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT / "The countenance is the portrait of the soul,"— Cicero. FACIOLOGY. "To see oursels as ithers see lis."— Burns. HUMAN NATURE, BRAINS AND FORMS, THE SCIENCE OF CHARACTER. **The truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth." BY LA VERGNE BELDEN STEVENS, LL. B. Author of "Criminology," Lecturer on Physiognomy and Phrenology. NEW, PRACTICAL, SCIENTIFIC, ILLUSTRATED. EXTRACTS FROM LAVATER- Know then thyself, presume not God to scan, The proper study of mankind is man." —Pope. DONOHUE. HENNEBERRY & CO. Publishers and Booksellkrs, CHICAGO. " Your face, my thane, is a book, where men May read strang-e matters." — Shakspeare. How to Read Faces and Heads LA VERGNE BELDEN STEVENS. LL. B. "TliP oonntenancp is the portrait of the soul,"— Ci'oero. FACIOLOGY "To see oursels as ithers see us."-^Bwrns. HUMAN NATURE, BRAINS AND FORMS, THE SCIENCE OF CHARACTER. '*The truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth." LA VERGNE BELDEN 'STEVENS, LL. B. Author of "Criminology," Lecturer on Physiognomy and Phrenology. NEW, PRACTICAL, SCIENTIFIC, ILLUSTRATED. / EXTRACTS FROM LAVATER i^ ^ •> " Know then thyself, presume not God to scan, "V/ ^/" w The proper study of mankind is man." —Pope. l7RT^ 13 uu 2314 2314 221/3 25 S3 231^ 24 241/, 23 V4 HATS AND HEADS. Size Hat. HeadJnches Size Hat. HeadJnches 6 19 20^ 21V^ 21% 7^8 22Mi 23 6^ 6^ 0%:. :::::: ::::■:;■ ny^ SJ::::::::::::::::: ::: 7% 24"* 7?£ 24U ^ 7% 25 ft k^. :. 25M 50 FACIOLOGY. FiQ. 4. Model Head. Mental Faculties as they are located on the skuil. A\ENTAL TACULTIES BRIEFLY Described. THE SOCIAL PROCLIVITIES. This group of faculties are located in the lower back head and when large give fullness in this region. Amativeness — The lover; the Creator; connubial love ; the attachment of the sexes ; sexual admiration, courtesy and harmony ; adapated for the continuance of the race. Excess or perverted : Licentiousness ; prostitution ; sensuality. Deficiency ; no desire to marry; indifference towards the opposite sex; lack affection. Constancy — Fidelity ; conjugality ; a desire of union for life ; a disposition to live with the person loved forever. Excess : Great difficulty in transferring your love from one of the opposite sex to an- other. Deficiency : capriciousness in love ; lack conjugal affection. Parental Love — The nurse ; Philopro- genitiveness ; attach- Large. Small. Fig. 5. Victoria:— Large so- cial, moral and intel- the love of ^ectual hpad. Affec- tiic luve ui tionate wife and de- ment to one's off- children, pets, the ^°^^^ °i^ther. Fig. 6. Johnson :— Social procliYities, very small. Fine intel- lectual powers. young and helpless. • It is the faculty that 61 52 FACIOLOGY. cuddles and babies. Excess : Causes parents to spoil children by too much indulgence and excessive caress- ing. Deficiency : Makes careless and neglectful of the young. ^ Friendship — The confider ; sociability ; love of friends and associations. Excess : Extremely fond of society, when perverted leads to bad companionship, and unworthy attachments. Deficiency : No lover of social ties ; neglect of friendly associations ; the hermit disposition. Inhabitiveness. — The patriot ; the love of home and country ; fondness for the place where living, patriotism, etc. Excess : Homesickness when away from home ; prejudice against foreign places. Deficiency: Causes the roving disposition ; a disregard for home and associations of the homestead. Continuity — The one-thing-at-a-time faculty; the ability to concentrate the mind on a subject until it is completed ; it gives unity and connectedness to mental operations. Excess: Prolixity; excessive amplifica- tion. Deficiency : Excessive fondness for variety ; in- ability to apply one's energies and forces to one par- ticular thing until it is finished ; seldom complete any- thing ; always have several irons in the fire at once. aspiring group. These faculties are located in the crown of the head, and when large give elevation upward and backward from the ears. Approbativeness — The aristocrat. Pride of charac- ter, love of publicity and popular applause, praise, dis- play, fame, esteem, fashion, social position, etc. Excess : vanity, self-praise, extreme sensitiveness to comment. BRAINS AND FORMS. 53 Deficiency: causes one to care little for public opinion, disregard for fashion, society, or personal display. Self-esteem — The leader. Dignity, manliness, self- Small. Large. elevating and command- ing instinct, love of author- ity. Excess: causes an ar- rogant, domineering spirit, iraperiousness, too author- itative. Deficiency: Poor appreciation of one's own abilities ; lack dignity and self-reliance. Firmness — Decision, sta- bility, steadfastness, tenac- ity of purpose, capacity to endure, reluctant to yield. Excess : Stubborness, obstinacy, self-willed. Deficiency : Causes one to be fickle-minded, instability of character, no mind of his own. Fig. 7. Governing fac- ulties weak; lack self-reliance, dig- nity and self- esteem. Fig. 8. Aspiring organs large; dignity, au- thority, self- esteem very large. SELFISH PROPENSITIES. These organs are located in the side-head, a little above and around the ears. When large they give great breadth to the head in the basilar region. Destructiveness — The murderer. The faculty gives executiveness, thoroughness and severity, the love of exterminating, tearing down, destroyinc; that which impedes or obstructs; the cat-right-through faculty. Excess: Causes one to be malicious, levengeful. retali- ating; cruel, murderous disposition. Deficiency: Causes tameness, inefficiency, want of resolution and executive ability. CoMBATiYENESS — The defender; gives force of char- acter, courage, snap, self-defence, love of competition. 54 i^AClOLOGt. Small. Fig. 9. Pugilist :— Propen- sities large; moral nature, small. Fig. 10. Moralist ;— Ve r y large moral senti- ments; selfishness, deficient. resistance; makes one energetic. Excess: Makes one contentious, pugilistic, fiery, quick tempered. Defi- Large. cicncj : Makcs cow- ards, lack courage and pluck, never contend or argue, inability to defend one's self, would not be efl&cient in any calling. YiTATivENESs — The doctor; love and ten- acity of life; ability to resist disease, lon- gevity, toughness of constitution. Excess : Fear of death, extreme clinging to life. Deficiency : Causes one to give up too easily ; inability to fight disease ; lack love of life. Appetite — The eater. Desire for food ; love and en- joyment of food and drink. Excess : Causes intemper- ance, gluttony, drunkenness. Deficiency: Poor appe- tite ; indifference to food and drink. Acquisitiveness — The banker. Economy, thrift, the love of wealth ; a disposition to save and accumulate. Excess : Makes one miserly and avaricious ; thieving and selfish. Deficiency: Prodigality, spendthrift, inabilty to appreciate the value and usefulness of money Secretiveness- — The concealer. Causes one to use policy; tact, self-restraint, cunning. Excess: Makes the liar, hypocrite, double-dealing, concealer. Defic- iency : Lack tact, policy ; too frank, too out- spoken ; no self-restraint. Cautiousness — The sentinel. Circumspection ; look- ing before leaping ; carefulness, watchfulness ; appre- fiRAlNS AND FORMS. 55 hension of danger ; prejudice, fear. Excess : Procras- tination, cowardliness, timidit3^ Deficiency : Careless- ness, imprudeiice, heedless, reckless, too hast3\ MORAL SENTIMENTS. This group occupies the coronal region of the head, and when large gives height and fullness to the top head. See figure 10. Conscientiousness — The judge; the justice- bar of the soul; an intuitive appreciation of right and wrong; moral sentiment ; integrity; scrupulousness in matters of duty and obligation. This faculty proves one to be true to his convictions. Excess: self-condemnation; Large. Small. Fig. 11. Benovelence and moral nature very weak. Cruel, vicious de- structive and murderous. Fig. 12. Intellectual, moral, benev- olent. . Selfishness deficient. Mental temperament. an undue censure of others ; remorse ; censoriousness. Deficiency : no penitence for crime or compunction for sin ; a self-justification for all things, whether right or Hope — The anticipator ; the faculty that sees a silver lining in every cloud ; expectation of future success; 56" . FACIOLOGY. happiness; confidence of immortality. Excess: build- ing castles in the air ; extravagant expectations. Defi- ciency : despondency ; melancholy ; gloom. SpiEiTtiALiTY — The clairvoyant; an intuitive belief and appreciation of spiritual existence; a prophetic guidance ; a second sight. Excess : belief in appari- tions and ghosts; superstitious. Deficiency: makes skeptics ; incredulity ; inability to believe in spiritual existence ; lack faith. Veneration — The preacher ; devotion ; the worship- ing faculty ; love of prayer ; reverence for religion and things old and sacred ; respect for old age and great men. Excess : idolatry ; worship of images and idols ; undue distinction of persons. Deficiency : disregard for matters sacred and religious ; lack religious tenden- cies and powers to worship. Benevolence — The philanthropist. The faculty that proves one to be kind, humane, benevolent, char- itable and sympathetic. Excess : too easily pained and touched by the afiiictions of others ; morbidly gener- ous ; give to the undeserving. Deficiency : extreme selfishness ; indifference to the sufferings of others ; un- kind, unsympathetic, uncharitable. semi-intellectfal, oe perfective faculties. They are located in the region of the temples, giving breadth and fullness to that part of the head. Constructiveness — The inventor; mechanical inge- nuity, the ability to invent, the tool-using faculty, power to construct. Excess : attempting impossibili- ties; impractical contrivances. Deficiency: inability to comprehend the mechanism of machinery; lack the skill to use tools ; no mechanical skill or aptitude. Ideality — The Artist; this is the aBsthetic faculty that BRAINS AND FORMS. 6T loves the beautiful and perfect in nature and art. It is the poetic faculty ; it causes the idealist; it gives re- Large. Small. Fig. 13. Japanese Woman. Per- fecting and intellectual pow- ers small. She possesses poor taste and but little refine- ment. ^V FiC 14. Elizabeth Canning. Large intellectual and perfecting faculties. A face full of in- telligence and culture. Men- tal temperament. finement, finish and polish to all that it does. Excess : causes fastidiousness ; a dislike for the common things of life ; makes romance. Deficiency : such are unable to appreciate the beauties of the works of God or man; they perceive no excellence in poetry, art, sculpture or scenery ; beauty has no value to them ; it causes rough- ness, vulgarity, poor taste. Sublimity — The lover of the stupendous in nature or art ; the ability to appreciate the grand and sublime, the wild and romantic;such works as mountain scenery, the vastnessof the ocean, the Niagara Falls excite this function. Excess: extravagant representations; ex- aggerated statements. Deficiency : manifest an indif- ference to the mighty elements of creation, inability to appreciate the grandeur of a great thunder storm, the lightning chain, the roaring artillery, etc. Imitation — The Actor ; elocutionist ; this is the 5B FACIOLOGY. copying ability ; it gives the sculptor power to imi- tate his model ; the actor to impersonate ; the artist to pattern ; it aids one in society by copying manners, habits and customs. Excess : mimicry, servile imita- tion. Deficiency : inability to copy, imitate or con- form to manners and customs of society. MiRTHFULNESs. — The Comedian; the fun making faculty; wit, humor, the ability to joke, and enjoy a laugh. It aids reason by pointing out the ridiculous, absurd and incongruous. Excess : improp- erly making fun of sacred things or the infirmities of others; too funny. Deficiency: excessive sedateness, too much gravity and seriousness,inability to make fun, to crack a pun or a joke, no love for comedy. REASONING FACULTIES. They are located in the upper region of the forehead, when large give fullness and squareness to that section. Casualitt — The Thinker; the ability to reason ; to think abstractly ; to comprehend principles ; to under- stand the why and wherefore of subjects ; to deduce conclusions from cause to effect. Ex- cess : too theoretical, too much thinking over impractical phil- osophy. Deficiency : poor reason, no or- iginality, no ability to plan, think or phil- osophize ; weak judg- FlG. 15. Reflectives large; perceptives small; more theoretical than practical. ment. See fio-ure 12 Fig. 16. Perceptives large; better observer than thinker; brilliant but not profound. Comparison — The Critic; the analyzing faculty; power BRAINS AND FORMS. 5^ to criticise, to illustrate, to contrast and compare; power to use metaphors, parables and proverbs; reasons analogously. Excess : captious criticism. Deficiency : inability to reason by analogy, poor critic, no power to deduce conclusions from comparisons. Human jSTature— The Physiognomist; ability to read character by intuition ; a natural ability to discern and judge men by their looks and actions. Excess : induces intense personal prejudice; derogatory criticism of character. Deficiency : all people look alike ; an indis- criminating regard for everybody. Urbanity — Mr. Suavity; agreeableness ; the ability to speak efi'ectively and winningly ; a persuasive man- ner ; makes disagreeable things sound agreeable ; power to make the rough appear smooth. Excess: affectation ; blarney. Deficiency : disagreeable in manner. literary faculties. They are located across the middle section of the forehead and when large give fullness in that locality. Eventuality — The historian, the ability to remem- ber stories, anecdotes and experiences. The record- keeper of the mind. Excess : tedious relations of stories and anecdotes. Deficiency : a poor historical memory ; poor relator of stories and experiences ; inability to remember events. Time — The mental watch. A consciousness of the duration of time ; tells the time of day ; gives memory of dates ; aids the musician to keep time. Excess •. undue particularity as to matters of time. Deficiency: inability to keep time ; poor memory of dates. Tune — The musician. Th'fe memory and apprecia- tion of tunes and sounds ; ability to learn music by 60 FACtOtOGit. ear. Excess : a disposition to play or sing, without regard to place or time. Deficiency : inability to learn music; unable to distinguish or appreciate different tunes. Expression — The orator. This faculty is developed by the lobe of the brain, immediately behind the eye, when large, makes the eye prominent or forming a sack under it. It gives fluency in the use of words. Quick ability to learn languages. Excess: verbose; more words than thoughts ; garrulity. Deficiency : deficient in the powers of expression. Poor memory of words. PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES. These organs are located at the lower section of the forehead, and when large gives length from the opening of the ears to the brows. (Figure 16.) Individuality — The observer. A desire to see things and to recognize points of thought ; power to individ- ualize. It gathers knowledge for the other faculties to examine and classify. Excess: an impertinent eager- ness to see; a prying curiosity and too inquisitive. Deficiency : poor observer. Attention must be directly drawn before it sees and particularizes. Weight — The balancer. It enables man to keep his equilibrium ; it adapts him to the laws of gravitation ; makes one a good shot, horseback rider, bicyclist, rope- walker; it enables one to judge the weight of anything by lifting it. Excess : a desire to mount high places, perform difficult feats of balancing, hazardous as rope- walking, etc. Deficiency : ungraceful walker and dancer; poor balancer; inability to judge the perpen- dicular of anything. Form — The carver. When large makes the eyes BRAINS AND FORMS. ^ 61 appear far apart. Ability to remember faces and coun- tenances, shapes and figures. People who draw from eve have this sign large. Excess : aggravated at the appearance of lack of harmony in forms, figures and faces. Deficiency : inability to remember faces, fig- ures and countenances; cannot draw with skill or accuracy. Size — Ability to judge and estimate things and dis- tances by their measurement. Excess : a constant com^ parison of sizes of things and persons. Deficiency ; inability to estimate distance or judge quantity by size. Color — The painter. The ability to discriminate hues and tints and remember colors. "Women have it larger than men, therefore are more fond of colored attire. Excess : fastidiousness as to colors. Defic- iency : inability to distinguish colors, color blindness. Order — The House-wife. Methodical, systematic, regular, neat, tidy. Excess : waste time in constant arrangement, undue neatness. Deficiency: slovenli- ness, irregular, unmethodical, untidy. Calculation — The mathematician. An appreciation of numbers ; ability to learn arithmetic. Excess : a desire to calculate and reckon everything. Deficiency: no memory of numbers. Inability to learn arithmetic. Locality — The traveler. A disposition to travel and explore ; ability to remember places and localities ; a good geographical memory. Excess : a constant desire to travel, a roving disposition. Deficiency: poor geographical ability, easily lost in strange localities. HUMAN rORMS. THE LAWS OF TEMPERAMENTS. From the soul the body form dotli take, For soul is form and doth the body make." '"' — Edmund Spencer. The study of the laws of temperaments is the most interesting, most practical and most valuable branch in the curriculum of human science. In contemplat- ing mankind we at once take cognizance of the fact that there are no two individuals constructed in the same proportion. There is an infinite variety of human shapes, while the constituent elements in every human being are the same. Each have the same number of bones, the same number of vital organs, the same num- ber of physical functions and mental faculties, but in different degree of development. Some are tall, lean, short, fat ; some have large bones, others small , some are coarse and strong, others fine and delicate ; some arei active and energetic, others sluggish and inactive. The variety of dispositions and physical organizations are caused by a predominance of some vital organ, or system of organs, and the element predominating is called the temperament. Many years of experience and observation have taught us to associate certain mental traits of character and dispositions to certain or corresponding physical combinations. Mental science teaches and proves that the mind moulds and shapes the body, therefore by a BRAINS AND FORMS. 63 study of the different ph3'^sical conditions we can determine the mental conditions which certain physi- cal states confer and represent. ' In brief, the constitu- tion of the body determines the constitution of the mind. Every internal change, condition or operation of the mentality has a corresponding external expres- sion on the physiognomy. With a refined mind we find a refined and polished body. A coarse body is the consequence of a coarse, untutored mmd. To make this idea practical let us illustrate by supposing a man who, in performing his occupations of life has never to any extent brought into activity his spiritual nature, the mind has remained dormant, as the Indian, barbarian, and fre- quently the inhabitants of rural districts, many even in our cities and towns. Cowboys are good examples of this type. We discover on examination of their physical attributes that the hair is bristly and coarse ; we observe how rough and unrefined is the skin ; wit^ ness the hands, feet, limbs, features of the face how well and truly do they represent the life he has lived. The fibres and texture of his muscles are harsh and coarse. The whole make-up is profane, unpolished and jagged like a piece of rough marble. Compare and contrast this uncouth, uncultured in- dividual with a man whose vocation in life has been of a thoughtful, stud ious temperate nature as the lawyer, doc- tor, editor, literary man, business man, etc., whose mind is trained, cultivated and tutored; whose life has brought into activity the functions of the brain, as well as the body; what a different picture we have presented. In this organization we -note how fine and magnetic is the hair; how clear and active is the skin; observe too, how 64 FACIOLOGY. brilliant and luminous are the eyes; see how expressive is the mouth; behold how intelligent is the countenance. Reason itself would not permit us to look for wisdom, learning, brilliancy, eloquence or refinment in the former, or ignorance, profanity and vulgarity in the latter. Their physiognomies tell the truthful tale of their lives, and writes their biographies in plain legible language on the exterior. The body being the ma- chine of the mind must exhibit its peculiar character. The philosophers of ancient Greece ascribe the di- versity of disposition to the texture of the frame, not to the features, nor to the proportions, or the shape of the skull, but rather to the mixture of the elements of the body, and more to the fluids than to the solids. Hippocrates treated these humors under four heads: sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric and melancholic. People in those days accounted for man's temper by the humor he was in. Their theory haslong been exploded, yet it has given color to our language, and we still speak of a person in a peculiar humor, as they did in the times of Hippocrates. Horace spoke of his "liver swelling with bile in a fit of jealousy." Shakespeare describes a coward as " lily-livered " and " lacking gall to make oppression bitter." All physiologists recog- nize different temperaments in the human body, but dif- fer mainly in the manner of classification of the organs or functions that produce them, and causes the diiferent influences on the mind. The most popular classification in Paris was arranged by Dr. Thomas, i, e., the abdominal, thoracic and the cephalic. Andrew Jack- son Davis, of New York, in his work "Harmonial Phil- osophy" makes seven divisions i. e,, the nutritive, motive, muscular, mental, spiritual and Jia^rmoniaL BRAINS AND FORMS. 65 There is another called the European classification and was introduced by Dr. Spurzheim, one of the founders and first expounders of phrenology viz.: Lym- phatic, Sanguine, Bilious and Nervous; this division is perhaps the most popular in England. The most prac- tical and most scientific classification was made by O. S. and L. K. Fowler in 1839, two expert phrenologists and of world wide experience, viz.: Vital, Mental and Motive, these names are based upon natural division of the bodily S3^stems, and the very names define the func- tions and characteristics of each, this may be called the American classification, and I believe the most practi- cal and scientific. THE VITAL. The vital temperament comprises the nourishing apparatus of the entire system, the lungs, the stomach, the liver, the glands, veins, arteries and the whole alimentary canal. It embraces all the organs within the trunk. The functions of this temperament is to provide fuel and nourishment to sustain the brain and body, to manufacture vitality, to oxygenate the blood, to create and sustain animal life. 'It fires, stimulates, intensifies and electrifies the body, builds up torn down tissues expended from mental and physical labor. A person with this temperament predominating is characterized by a deep chest, large abdomen, stocky form, broad and deep, short and thick, full round face, breadth of nose indicating great breathing capacity, flushed complexion, red, brown or sandy hair or whis- kers. They manufacture more nutrition than is neces- sary to carry on the operations of mind and body, consequently they take on flesh and become fat and heavy. Such persons are prone to enjoy life, pleasures, 4 66 FACIOLOGY. are gay and festive livers, good feelers, easy goers. In- dividuals thus constructed possess happy, placid and con- tented minds and faces. In spirit they are amiable, impulsive, candid, practical and conceited, more busi- ness than study, more practical than scientific. Such persons with this temperament predominating learn more from observation, experience and conversation, than mental drill, abstruse reasonings, long medita- tions. They manifest more fondness for stirring out-of- door life, more commercial than literary. Usually shrewd, plenty of tact, sociable and friendly. Persons in whom this is the leading temperament, and only a moderate degree of the mental, are lovers of excitement, amusement, fast driving, theatres and social pastimes. This physical type usually possesses or accompanies very large amativeness, therefore are very ardent lovers, large social proclivities, large selfish propensities, a head more broad than high in propor- tion, excellent powers of observation and good, practi- cal reasoners. For the reason of their strong vital system and their powerful social natures, they are more predisposed to dissipation, more subject to perversions of the passions and appetites. Sports, gamblers, har- lots, etc., are usually perverted examples of this combi- nation. The occupations most frequently found in are hotels, restaurants, butchers, grocers, saloon-keepers. When united with a strong mental temperament we find lawyers, doctors, orators, politicians, of which professions we have many illustrious examples. A healthy development of this temperament is essential to all literary pursuits, in fact all occupations and BRAINS AND FORMS. 67 callings in life, for upon this vital system all the functions of brain and body depend for life and ani- mation. Fig. 17. Vital Temperament, excessively developed. Large percep- tives, executive ability, firmness and amativeness. Great capacity to endure mental labor. The vital temperament represents what was formerly called the Lymphatic and Sanguine temperaments by the old phrenologists. I am of the opinion that there does not exist a lymphatic influence, that can be properly called a temperament, but it represents more fittingly a diseased condition of the vital, and not a normal condition. It is characterized by a fullness and 68 FACIOLOGY. rotundity of form and limbs, sallow, thick, leaden, inexpressive features ; J^hick lips, full blunt chin, light sparkless eyes, pale complexion, thin soft magnetic light hair, circulation feeble, muscles soft and plastic, vitality languid, a lifeless wreckless" appearance to the whole physiognomy. It is produced by a predomi- nance of the stomach. l^Tever Jook for a great mind with these external symptoms. They prefer resting to working, or even to playing, they would rather sleep than think; they are lazy, worthless lubbers, with hardly energy enough to laugh heartily ; they are incapable of anything severe, intense, ardent in any manifestation of mind or body. Such people excel in sleeping and eating, in feasting and fattening ; they are usually gluttons, but good-natured and harmless, slip-shod, go-easy people. If perchance, as I have observed, this temperament, or rather condition, is joined with a good brain, such never over- work or worry, but sleep and eat well in the greatest crisis. Instead of being fleshy and rosy as in health they are fat and pale. The vital temperament, is peculiarly the tempera- ment of woman. Women in whom this temperament is deficient have small narrow chests, poor necks, and straight and shapeless limbs and arms, almost destitute of the elements that give beauty to the form and grace to the body. Some of the world's celebrities with a strong vital temperament are : Yictoria, Bismarck, Cleveland, Martin Luther, Tom Keed, William McKinley, Eobert G. Ingersol, Ignatius Donnelly. THE MOTIVE. The Motive Temperament comprises the mechanical I'IG. 18. Charles Stratton Tom Figr. 19. Abraham Lincoln. Motive Temper- Thumb." Motive Tompera- ament large. Height about six feet, fire ment smaU. About three inches feet in height. GO 70 jB'Aciology. apparatus of the man — the locomotive functions of the bod}^ It constitutes the framework or the skeleton, bones, muscles and tendons. It gives form, size, shape; it enables us to walk, move, stand and sit ; it makes us strong, enduring and tough. Individuals in whom this temperament is predominating are physically peculiar- ized by a muscular bony appearance, spare and lean, rather than plump and fat ; large bones, prominent joints, broad shoulders, angular face, high cheek bones, large nose, usually Koman or Jewish type, large jaws, strong teeth, homely features, hard coarse hair. This temperament governing produces toughness, endurance and perseverance, and obliges one to follow pursuits requiring activity and locomotion, energy and authority. - Such persons are distinguished for their force of character, executive ability, usually authorita- tive and domineering ; they love to boss and manage. The brain of such people is usually high and long, large perceptives, firmness and combativeness. All the great generals, from Julius Caesar to Grant- have been gifted with highly developed motive temper- aments. The leaders, overseers, managers in every calling in life, Avhere the employment demands thought and action, perseverance, power, toughness and endur- ance, will be found to possess an inordinate degree of this temperament, whether on the battle field, in com- mercial, professional or literary strife and activity, or on the farm. All historical tribes and races that have manifested warlike inclinations have possessed this motive element; cowboys, Indians, inhabitants of the rural districts have this temperament largely predominating; it confers the very qualities that enables them to successfully carry on that calling. BRAINS AND FORMS. 71 This temperament is more common to man than woman ; it is peculiarly the masculine temperament. Women in 'whom this temperament is predominating are well known by their manly appearance, their unusual pluck, energy, perseverance, endurance ; they love au- thorit}^ and independence ; they are ambitious for com- mercial occupations and enterprises of a masculine nature. Women that are a success as traveling agents will be found to possess this temperament ; such women love to govern their own households and manage their own affairs. Individuals with this temperament predominating are predisposed to a special class of diseases, as rheuma- tism, indigestion, imperfect circulation of the blood, derangements of liver, bilious tendencies, piles, gravel and chronic troubles. This temperament was formerly called the bilious temperament, as such people were more naturally subject to' bilious disorders. The diseases of the vital temperament are more acute than chronic, as fevers, inflammations, diseases of the heart, apoplexy, rush of blood to the head, etc., while in the motive they are more lingering than inflammatorv. Disease takes a powerful hold on this type of people ; but they possess greater toughness to endure it. Some of the noted personages who possess this temperament predominating are: Duke of Wellington, Lord Brough- am, Gladstone, Oliver Cromwell, Lincoln, Sherman, Meade, Faragut, etc. THE MENTAL. The mental temperament comprises the brain and nervous system — the organs of mental manifestation. Through this system we feel, smell, hear, taste and see. It produces intelligence, intellect, thought, feeling, 1^ FACfOLOGY passions and propensities. The characteristics of the persons in whom this mental temperament is predomi- nating, are frail bodies in proportion to the size of the head, a forehead high and broad at the top, face oval, hair soft and fine, usually brown or light, muscles small and compact in texture, countenance mobile, strong, intellectual expression, a serene and thoughtful look, eyes blue or gray and luminous, skin clear and transparent, light and fragile activ^e form. Such persons are naturally studious, sensitive and refined, highly susceptible to mental impressions, love mental labor and pursuits, desire to think and study ; they are noted for their clearness, precision and activ- ity ; they think, love and aspire with great ardor and devotion; they enjoy extremely and suffer intensely. The mental is obviously the most important tempera- Fig. 20. A licentious and brutal flat head Indian man, of Cape Flattery, Washing'ton Terri- tory, America. Mental Tem- perament small. This face ia sensual, low, coarse, cruel, perverted type. Fig. 21. Dr. Spraker, President of Wit- tenberg College, at Springfield, Ohio. He has studied, taught, lectured and preached all his life. Mental Temperament large. Observe the pyriform shape of the face. Broad, deep forehead. ment that belongs to the combination of man, for with the brain weak, all others are worthless and valueless. This confers the poetic and artistic elements in man; BRAINS AND FORMS. tB it deals entirely with the mind ; it is the medium of the intelhgence and spiritual action ; its habits and tastes are purel}^ of a mental nature. This tempera- ment produces the geniuses, philosophers, scientists, poets, authors, etc. It causes the dreamer, the idealist. All the great lights of the world have this temperament well devel- oped. The brainy people live in a realm, a separate existence, from the rest of mankind ; they soar higher than earth ; every- thing to them is poetic ; all they feel and do is like flaming pas- sions to them. The beauties and blessings of this tempera- ment are indescribable; they are known only to those who are fortunate to possess it in a healthy degree. The diseases that persons with an excess of this temperament are most sub- ject to, are brain and nervous diseases, dyspepsia, consump- tion and spinal complaints. Some of the great representa-'^ tives of this type are: Whit- NapCeonTsfort in stature, tier. Holmes, Alex. H. Stephens, ^^^i^^S&i&l^l^foo^Vof^^ General Fremont, George J^tion. Mental- vital Tempera- Combe, John B. Gough, Horace Greely, President Benj. Harrison. Every person must possess some of all three of these 74 FACIOLOGY. temperaments ; each is a vital constituent in the life of man ; each temperament performs send executes differ- ent functions ; each defines its duties by the organs which compose it, and the characteristics it ' produces; each has in- clinations the other is incapable of; each temperament is good or bad, bitter or sweet in proportion as they are mixed and har- monized; each tem- perament is greater than the other ; each executes a special life's workjthe Yital provides the fuel and gets up the steam, the Motive gives the strength, power, loco- motion and endur- ance. The Mental is the highest tempera- ment of the organiza- tion, indispensable and invaluable to the j^iQ. 23. others, for it is this Mrs. Lily Langtry. Well proportioned Tern- ^^.^fpyy, fUr,f n-n^rjifAQ perament, with strong Vital development. b^bieiu biidb upeiaieb both of the others; the motive and the vital are but its tools, the others are subordinate and inferior to it ; all the functionaries of the body are but servants of this mental system ; when the brain is deficient the BRAINS AND FORMS. 76 others are weak, the reason for this is plain, it is the temperament that characterizes and gives power to the mind. The more brain the more mind. THE HARMONIOUS TEMPERAMENT. In nearly every individual some one temperament is usually predominating, and it is the variety in degree of these combinations that causes the- variety in human shapes. The temperament predominating has an over- whelming influence on the individual's careers in occu- pation, health, mind and happiness. The most satis- factory mixture of these physical elements is a harmoni- ous development of all three temperaments, this is the best combination for highest enjoyment and efficiency; it makes an all-around man, it gives general genius and true greatness; it gives strength and harmony of character; it gives consistency as well as power; it makes one large but not too large ; strong, but not coarse ; plump, but not too plump ; emotional, but not eratic ; animative, but not excitable. Such characters are seldom. We find good illustrations in the figures of Washington, Adams, General Lee and Grant. PART II. PART II. " Expatiate free o'er all this scene of man: A mighty maze! but not without a plan," — Pope. THE HUMAN FACE "THE MIRROR OF THE MIND." 12345 6 789 1. Darwin. 2. Socrates- 3. Blaine 4. Correffio. 5. Gladstone. 6. Andrew Jackson, 7. Dukeof "Wellingrton. 8. Robert G. IngersoU. 9. Thomos D'Urfey. "The outward forms result from the degree of development of the fntaincd organs." —Sir Charles Dell. " A face that had a story to tell. How different faces are in this par- ticular! Some of them speak not. They are books in which not a line Is written, save perhaps a date." — Longfellow, 73 FACnOLOGT. INITIAL. Phrenology and Faciology are Siamese twins in men- tal science, and their vital connection must not be sev- ered by any student who desires to be expert in the art of delineating character. These two branches of an- thropology taken together form the most complete system of mental philosophy yet devised by man. Both are founded on the physiology and functions of the brain. Phrenology, strictly speaking, marks the standard of man's true natural powers, native abilities, special talent, and his possibilities. Faciology, as it is gener- ally understood and practiced, expresses merely the present condition of the mind, the activities of the mental faculties, whether dormant or excessive, the functions chiefly exercised and ignored , and should be studied as an important auxiliary to phrenology. I submit, and I am ready to argue, that the countenance is more significant with meaning, that it is the complete mirror of the whole man, mind and body ; that each mental faculty and physical function has its facial pole; that from the features of the face we can tell the shape of the skull, the quality of the brain, the temperament of the body ; that it is the true indicator of what man is, has been, or can be. True, phrenology is better established as a science ; yet faciology is true, and far more practical. To use phrenology it is essential to have full observation of the head, which is so frequently impossible, as the head is usually covered by the hat, and in the case of woman the contour of the cranium is lost by a profusion of long and fashioned hair; but the face, a perfect picture of the real man, is ever ready for observation and study; BRAINS AND FORMS. 79 the forehead, eyes, nose, mouth, chin, cheeks, ears, hair, are always on'the witness stand,and the veracity of their testimony will never be questioned by one who under- stands their language. THE LAW OF HOMOGENEOUSNESS. The chief scientific principle upon which Faciology is established, is that grand law of homogeneousness or correspondence, i. e., Every part of a tiling GOTres- ponds with every other — mid with the whole — briefly, the character of the whole is in every part. Cuvier could determine the size of an unknown animal from a single bone. Professor Agassiz could from the scale of a fish construct the whole body. This law is universal. The practical botanist can tell the charac- ter, size and quality of a strange plant or tree by its branch, leaf or even its fruit. Tall trees have long branches and leaves, etc. The human, as well as the animal physiognomy is formulated upon this wise law. Every feature of the face and member of the body partakes of the nature of the entire man. Thus the hair, skin, hands, arms, legs will evidence the general charac- teristics of the mind and body. The face, the compen- dium of the soul, registers all its peculiar powers and faculties. The mind, brain and face, have a perfect relationship ; the character of one predicts the charac- ter of the other. From the alpha to the omega of the the world, no two faces will be found alike, because there never has been nor never will be, two minds equally developed. The Revelations op the Tace. THE PHILOSOPHY OF BEAUTY. ** The countenance is more eloquent than the tongue." — Lavater. " The countenance is the portrait of the soul." — Cicero. "The face is the index of a feeling mind." — CrdbUe. "Oh, that deceit should dw;ell in such a gorgeous palace."— Shakespeare. "A sweet expression is the highest type of female loveliness." — Dr. J. V. G. Smith. "A. face without a heart." — Shakespeare. "Alas, how few of nature's faces are to gladden us by their hQdMij ."—-Dickens. "God has given you one face, ana you make yourselves another." Shakespeare. " Some women's faces are, in their brightness, a prophecy; and some, in their sadness, a history." — Dickens. "A February face, so full of frost, of storm and cloudiness."— Shakespeare. " Features are the great soul's apparent sesit."— Bryant. " The tongue is more easily controlled than the features of the face ; and though the heart be secret, the face is transparent," — Helen Hunt. What a noble and intellectual pleasure is the study of the " Human Face Divine." How wonderful, how marvelous, when we hesitate to consider out of all the millions of inhabitants on the face of the earth, there are no two faces alike ; each is unique, each is peculiar. How impossible it would seem, at first blush, to think of a space not a foot square, to change into all these w BRAINS AND lOEMS. 81 millions of countenances, each distinguishable from all the others, and each bearing the resemblance of a human being. The prettiest picture in all the world is an expressive face. The face is the photograph of the mind. Every person discloses their image in the countenance. Every life is a fairy-tale written in eloquent language on the face. What a man is or has been is evidenced in this small confinement. In these fair embellishments, the hills and valleys, the forests and glens of facial beauty, we trace every mental condition, anger, pain, love, despair, hope and despondency. The face records man's whole biography, it relates the varied story of life's experiences. The face indicates the active quali- ties of the mind, its present condition, it exhibits both the pleasant and unpleasant thoughts and emotions, success, failure, happiness, subordination, humiliation, purity, sensuality, wisdom, ignorance, these are all alike impartially manifested in the countenance. Each with its separate and unique accent make their appear- ance in picturesque scenes of facial expression. Who would be so absurd as to doubt that the mind manifests itself in the face. See how the eyes snap in anger ; how the lips pout in contempt ; in joy how the face wreathes with smiles ; how grave the face in sorrow ; how calm and soothing the melting eye of love ; how gladness illuminates it ; how sadness draws it ; how hatred hardens it ; how love softens it; how sympathy expands it; how frivolity fades it ; how meanness deforms it, and evidences too numerous to mention. In view of these and hundreds of illustrations our conclusions must be, that the mind and face are interrelated ; that every mental operation 82 FACIOLOGT. is signaled in the countenance ; that the face is the kaleidoscope of the mind. There is perfect duality between the face and the mind, every faculty of the mind has its facial pole, its physiognomical sign in the countenance ; all perhaps have not been discovered as yet, but that they are there, I truly believe. The development of the mind is shown by the development of the face ; an idiotic mind, an idiotic expression ; a baby mind, a childish face ; a feeble mind, a weak face, etc. When the moral senti- ments are the predominating faculties of the mind, we have the spiritual and benevolent look ; when the sel- fish propensities are the ruling powers of the soul, we have an avaricious, selfish, worldly f ace ; when the social proclivities are the largest and most active, we have the affectionate and friendly countenance to behold ; when the intellect is the strongest division of the mind we have associated with it a wise, intelli- gent face ; a harmonious mind, a well proportioned face. The weakness and strength of all the faculties of the mind are accurately reflected m the face. A deficiency of any power of the mind will cause a corresponding weakness or vacancy in the face ; an excessive develop- ment of one function will be represented by a relative feature in the face equally abnormally developed. A healthy and natural action of all the faculties of the mind and all the physical functions are necessary for the highest type of beauty, as a harmonious and healthy action of all the functions of the body are essential for complete health and happiness. A perversion of any mental faculty is manifested in the face. Love is one of the greatest beautifiers of the BRAINS AND FORMS. 83 soul, it spreads over the countenancejaffection, amia- bility, attractiveness, persuasiveness; it sweetens the voice, makes the eyes lustrous ; and makes kissable the lips. Although a person may be intellectual and religious, the brain that is deficient in amativeness has always a weakness in the face, a vacancy causing a cold friggid, chilh% unaffectionate expression. Without love no face can be truly beautiful. Love, the greatest of decorators, is, when perverted, the greatest destroyer of beauty. It gives the face a sensual, low, animal appearance ; it makes red the lid?, and blurs and dims the eyes ; it changes the loving expression of the mouth, to something vulgar ; it clouds the complexion and mars the beauty of the whole countenance. Observe the faces of libertines, prostitutes, pimps, to see how perverted love kills beauty. Criminal. Preacher. Fig. 25. Louis W. Jackson, who murdered a man in Illinois for -f'jOO, He pos- sesses a low, coarse mental and phs'sical make-up. Fig. 26. A Great Divine. A natural nreach- er, a reformer and moralist. What a noble countenance. How large the intellect; how high the moral sentiments. There is nothing superfluous in man's nature ; every function of his anatomy, every faculty of his mind is 84 FACIOLOGY. necessary to his enjo^^ment and perfection in mind and body. Man is naturally selfish, and these propensities are as essential to his welfare as his moral sentiments or his intellect; but their functions are not so lofty and noble as the moral and intellectual powers, lower in their nature, animal and worldly in their objects. Man in order to exist must attack, defend, destroy, secrete, ac- quire, etc., but these selfish elements must never pre- dominate, they must be subdued, they must be governed by the higher powers of the mind ; God indicated by their position in the basement of the brain, the relative importance of their functions. A face without a due development of the selfish nature is weak, lacks energy, force, courage, perseverance, combativeness ; Conscientious. Dishonest. Fig. 28, Fig. 29. Good boy: Broad, intelligent brow; Bad boy; Observe how narrow all the higher departments are large. find flat his forehead, and how large the propensities are. How truly his face indicates the low, mean, ig- norant nature. they are deficient in aggressive and executive abihty. In this gold-mad country of ours, where the dollar is the greatest God beneath the sun, where wealth is character, where the highest ambition is to hoard the shining gelt, we will not wonder that this selfish nature in the American brain is largely predominating ; that it liKAlNS AND FORMS. 85 is the ruUno^ passion. Yet how lamentable is the truth; how observable in the faces of the purely worldly minded. Look at the face of the Jew, how supremely self sits on that countenance (exceptions, but as a class); how subordinated are the higher natures. Contrast the face of the philanthropist with the miser; the gentleman with the criminal ; the glutton with the abstemious; the inebriate with the temperate ; the mor- alist with the sensualist ; the minister with the pugilist, the lady with the prostitute, and you will detect and distinguish the noble from the low, the intelligent from the ignorant, the moral from the immoral, the gentle from the cruel, the honest from the liar, passion's slave from passion's ruler. It does not require an expert's eye to decipher these differences ; but they are so noticeable that the most inexperienced reader of character can mark them. How perverted destructiveness gives a cruel, savage aspect to the face, as in the Indian, murderer, barbar- ians. How perverted secretiveness shows itself in the squint of the eye, the foxy look and stealthy walk. How perverted combative- ness makes the look of the fighter, the pugilist, the town bully. Ap- petite uncontrolled gives the face an animal appearance, gross fat jaws, blotted, shapeless inflamed cheeks, large protruding lips. How perverted intellect causes the face to be " sickled o'er with the pale cast of thought." " How many have I seen in my time," A Selfish Face. Fig. 27. Observe the breadth of head between the ears. Sel- fish nature predominates. See how the face corres- ponds. 86 J'ACIOLOGY. sa^^s Montaigne, " totally brutiiied by an immoderate thirst after knowledge/' Thus we could go through the alphabet of faculties and find the abnormal action of every power manifesting its condition in a legible lauguage in the face. A face to be the highest standard of beauty must be the picture of a mind developed in every depart- ment morally, intellectually, socially and selfishly. The mere silent prestige of features alone will not make a face handsome, any more than man can be eloquent by the aid of speech alone. Snakes have pretty skins, but we shudder at their sight. I have seen faces most excellent in outline, beautifully chiseled features, flow- ery complexion, but, like pieces of statuary, they were expressionless, soulless. Who would consider a corpse beautiful, however exquisite was the contour of the face. Physical beauty cannot be over-estimated, but it is the mind that gives value to the countenance, it illuminates, brightens it, animates it, electrifies it, gives it a mental dross. The life of beauty consists in expression. Physical beauty attracts, mental charms ; personal beauty will please the eye, but it is the intellect that wins the heart. Common beauty is youthfulness and health, but true beauty is gracefulness and sweetness of expression. Mental beauty is eternal, physical beauty is divorced with wrinkles and age. E"o language can fitly estimate the true worth of a handsome face ; letters of credit are valueless in its comparison ; riches have no such currency ; dignity has no such station ; rank, titles and social positions must give way to a noble expression, a beautiful face. All men instinctively admire a handsome form and face. People congregate to the most popular churches, BKAINS AND FORMS. SY theatres, streets, wherever people gather, to feast upon human beauty. Probably no gift has been so universe]y desiredby all mankind as thatof personal beauty. Wealth and po^Yer have not been as hungered for. All human beings, the rich and the poor, high and low, civilized and savage, have longed for and craved a handsome physiognom}^ The criterion of beauty varies with the centuries and races, the standard that was eagerly sought in one generation is found ungainly in another; the style of features adored by the Chinese would appear ridiculous to an American ; what would be esteemed loveliness by the savages would be crude and outlandish to civilized eyes. Man as well as woman is afflicted with this common aspiration of humanity. Oh, beauty, what a powerful weapon thou art! The bravest men are made cowards in its presence; the strongest fall smitten by its mighty power ; all other ambitions are cast aside to pay homage to their shrine of beauty. Can we wonder that every conceivable device, contrivance and expedients are resorted to for the purpose of prolonging its joyous spell ? Is it any wonder that complexion specialists, quacks, impostors who advertise ^* a thin form made plump," " a plain face made beautiful," " freckles removed in three days," find dupes to make them rich ? Every one naturally loves the beautiful, there is something hypnotizing in beauty that electrifies and awakens the innermost recesses of the soul. The saying, " beauty is only skin deep," is but a skin deep saying. A beautiful face is a silent commenda- tion. It speaks of health, virtue, purity, morality and intelhgence ; while a homely, vacant, ugly, distorted face indicates something negative, denotes a deformed, 88 FACrOLOGY. eccentric mind, and disproportionate soul and body. The face is the thermometer of both the mind and body. Any disproportionment of the physical func- tions is clearly indexed in the face ; all the conditions of our vital constitution in health and disease are sig- naled on the countenance. A well proportioned face signifies that all the temperaments are harmoniously blended] together. A face with the physiognomical signs well balanced denotes a well balanced mind. Woman, who possesses more beauty, symmetry and harmony in form than man, also possesses more perfec- tion in character. "Woman is not so strong and power- ful as man, but possesses a more refined organization, a higher quality, and more susceptible minds. They are man's equal, mentally and physically. What they lack in size they make up in quality. The more beau- tiful the form, the more harmonious the character. Irreg- ular features indicate an ill balanced mind. If the features are strong in a particular member, you will find traits of character strong in a given direction. Extremes in features, extremes in mind. Yery fre- quently we find with a homely face a benevolent heart, with distorted features, a talented mind ; with uneven features, a sweet disposition ; but always in such people the mind will be unevenly developed in some direction. As the face is so is the mind. A strong face denotes a strong mind ; a weak face, a feeble mind ; a bright face, a bright mind ; a dumb face, an obtuse mind ; a sensual face, a sensual mind ; a criminal face, a criminal mind, etc. The mind is the great sculptor of the face. He who thinks, reads, studies and meditates will carve the stamp of intelligence on his brow ; the soul that is full BRAOS AND FORMS. 89 of benevolence, love, charity and affection fashions the face in its own angelic likeness. A thoughtless mind An Honest Face. tak^es all the beauty from a shapely face; a sensual appetite deforms the handsomest feat- ures ; a cold, mis- erly, selfish soul shrivels and mars the best counte- nance. Fig. 30. xt i • Lincoln: Before and after he became presi- iiabltual COn- dent. How care and responsibility tell on the , . . faces of those thus burdened. You who saw pres- dltions of the ident Cleveland before he was president, can observe a wonderful change in his countenance mind Stamp anal- ogous expressions upon the face, and frequently changes the original stamp of nature. One who has lived a life of pleasure, health and happiness will show it by a health- ful, joj^ous appearance on the face ; one who has lived burdened with cares and responsibilities, will manifest it in the lines of the features; one who has dissipated, been a slave to appetite and passion, will disclose it in the eye, mouth and countenance ; one who has allowed anger to reign supreme in his mind, will show it by the scowls of the brow, a belligerent look; one who has spent a life of good deeds and charitable actions will bear a kind, benevolent look; a life passed in ignorance will be known by a dull, stupid expression. "A man passes for what he is worth. What he is engraves itself on his face, on his form, on his fortunes in letters of light which all men may read but himself. Concealment' avails him nothing; boasting, nothing. 90 tAClOLOG-r. There is confession in the glances of our eyes, in otir smiles, in salutations, and the grasp of hands. His sin bedaubs him, mars all his good impressions. Men know not why they do not trust him, but they do not trust him. His vice glasses his eye, demeans his cheek, pinches the nose, sets the mark of the beast on the back of the head and writes, "0 fool! fool! on the forehead of a king." — Emerson (essay Spiritual Laws 143.) The most moral are the most beautiful. It is true some of the most beautiful are immoral, but it is not because they are handsome that they are wicked, but the fact that they are good looking shows, that they are naturally moral. Like the lovely rose, as soon as you pluck it from its nourishing stem, it begins to fade and decay, so too, as soon as you sever a beautiful face from virtue, temperance and true love, it begins to loose its bloom and beauty. Yirtue beautifies ; intellect illuminates ; ignorance mars ; vice deforms. The most moral and intellectual have the most attractive faces. Observe the faces of our greatest artists and poets, and we can trace in the lines and curves of their counte- nances and discover the rich artistic minds within. Behold the handsome faces of Raphael, Rubens and Vandyke. Study the faces of Burns, Byron, Milton, Lowell, Longfellow, Scott, Shelley. Look at the faces of the intellectual lights of all history, the scientists, philosophers, judges, poets, authors, they have possessed the finest faces. Genius lights the countenance, gives it an enamel finish, an air of learning, a peculiar individual- ity, a unique expression, which become only those who have traveled over the mountains in the atmosphere of thought and culture. BKAINS AKD FORMS. 91 Lavater sa3^s " Who views the antique gems must see enlarged intelligence in Cicero, enterprising resolution in Caesar, profound thought in Solon, iuvincible forti- tude in Brutus, in Plato God-like wisdom, or in modern medals the height of human sagacity ; in Montesquen, in Walker the energetic, contemplative look and most refined taste; the deep reasoner in Locke,, and the witty satirist in Yoltaire." The Ideal Head. Fig. 31. The Man of Galilee. The embodiment of human perfection. Nothing excessive, nothing deficient. '* A man's looks" says Montaigne" is a feeble war- ranty, and yet is something considerable too. " Mon- taigne relates that on one occasion he was taken pris- oner by a marauding party, and liberated by their captain because of his countenance. He says men of good looks and handsome persons are, other things 92 FACIOLOGT. being equal, the natural leaders of men ; and Aristotle says '* the right to command belongs to them." Bacon in his essay "Of Beauty " writes " that Augustus Caesar, Titus Yespasian, Ed- ward the Fourth, Alcibi- ades, Ishmael of Persia, were all high and great spirits; and the most beautiful men of their times." Sophocles and Pericles are as famous for their physical beau- ty as for their intellec- tual gifts. Behold the great ISTazarene, by Eaphael, what a. beautiful picture of love; whether real or imaginary, it is a perfect likeness of the great and sublime character of Jesus. l^o selfishness reigns on that countenance ; no mean traits are visible, the expression is gentle but there is no weakness ; in the head the moral sentiments predominate over the propensities. I believe this is a good portrait of Christ. Luke was a painter and other apostles, and undoubtedly they had a desire to preserve the likeness of their Master. "What a study is the face of Plato, thought, pene- tration, culture and harmony so richly displayed. Plato was a great thinker as well as an athlete, and his speech was of such sweetness it is traditionally said, that a bee settled upon his lips while in bis cradle. What Fig. 32. Harmonious Org-anization. A practical intellect, sound judg-ement, strong firm- ness, indomitable erierg-y, large benevo- lence, his leading traits. BRAINS AND FORMS. 93 matchless beauty do we find in the face of Goethe, " The Shakespeare of Germany," what marvelous powers are here combined ; observe the bust of that Fig. 33. Gen. Phil. Sheridan. A face powerful in per- ception, force and strength. " intellectual spendthrift " Shakespeare. What a com- plete man! A mental prodig3\ Who can fail to recognize in the face of Newton that broad, deep, philosophical mind ? Who can behold the magnanimous countenance of Washington, and not see congregated benevolence, wisdom and bravery ? Who can view the head of Adams and doubt his marvelous intellectual powers ; who can look upon the massive brow of Webster and fail to discern ^that intellectual giant ? Who ever beheld the grand countenance of James G. Blaine and did not see reflected the greatest statesman 94 FAOIOLOGT. of his time ? Does not the face of General Phil. Sheri- dan place him Chef d' oeuvre of fighting Generals of modern times ; what keen perception ; what penetrating eyes; what decision, determination, combativeness is shown in this face. These are but few renowned A Great Writer. examples from the gallery of immortals, whose faces are silent witnesses of the ^ 3at minds within. Who \ >uld look for a Hamil- l Ji, an Adams, a Webster, I Blaine, a Longfellow in 1 face like this (figure 35). L ason and sense revolt i^ such a thought ; who would be so devoid of judgment to thmk a great spiritual nature could dwell behind such a face. Imag- Caesar with so little resolution; IsTapoleon with so little firmness; a Socrates with a forehead like that. This is a face without a mind, to give it brightness and illumination. It is the mind that makes the face beautiful a.nd body graceful. If you would improve the face you must first improve the mind. Oranges do not grow on apple trees, neither shall we look into a thoughtless face for an intelligent mind. Iniquity never shines through a polished countenance. Yice and ignorance never blossom on an attractive face. Attractiveness of face does not depend wholly upon regularity of features, for how many common faces are made pleasing by rays of a cultui'ed mind sparkling through them, Fig. Si. Goethe: A handsome man; larg'e brain; great intellect; Harmonious iyio Temperament, BRAINS AND FORMS. 95 Yice distorts, and incessantly repeated produces durable scars and indelible disfigurations. ISToble and benevolent condi- tions of the mind im- prove and beautify the countenance, and let me write that inseparable truth, that it renovates the entire system, the mind and body. Peo- ple who are unfortunate to be born with ugly bad faces, can beautify and improve them only by virtue, morality, cul- ture and self-mastery ; by combating the pas- sions, appetites and ex- cesses. The ancient physiognomist, Zophyrus, said of Socrates that he " was stupid, brutal, sensual and ad- dicted to drunkenness," and the disciples of the great philosopher ridiculed the opinion as altogether^ wrong, the latter said " he is right. By nature lam addicted to all the vices and they were only restrained and vanquished by the continual practice of virtue." Socrates possessed a massive brain, a broad deep fore- head, but a face ugly and distorted, a confirmed snub nose, his features however were greatly modified and improved by culture. I have known children born in a hut of vice, nursed on the bosom of ignorance, inhaled the breath of crime, adopted into a well regulated family, with divine influences, refined asso- FlG. 35. Tommy: Whoso brain was so small, "that he could not siicceed in any calling. Note how inexpressive is the face — idi- otic. FACIOLOaT. ciations and healthful environments, and noted .the results. ' * Sown in dishonor but raised in glory." They not only became handsome in person, but their Avhole character was changed, industry, temperance and studiousness was produced ; a good face and complexion, bright eyes, a well formed body, active and supple. Have you never witnessed the reformation of a drunkard ? How his dissipated, haggard countenance changes in expression ; how the inflamed stagnate com- plexion whitens and assumes the tint of normality, as the system carries away the poisonous deposits; see how the eyes clear up, as the beautiful sky after a heavy rain ; observe the mouth, how its beauty is enhanced by a temperate life; listen to his voice, the Fia. 3b". Fig. 37. Sai-ah Smith : an ignorant, coarse, Elizabeth Cady Stanton : A face stupid face. The result of a wild full of intelligence, culture and growth. refinement. harsh grating sounds that were wont to be, ring now like a neglected instrument put in tune ; notice his BRAINS AND FORMS. 97 whole jDhysiognoui}^, what a transformation takes place in the man. Man's degeneration is as rapid and apparent as his evolution. Man is either progressing or retrograding, going forward or backward. Man may fall as well as rise. Debauchery and excess will disfigure and totally change a lovely countenance. We are all witnesses of this truth ; too many examples are constantly before our gaze. How many young men do we know that are bright, promising, with strong native powers, great possibilities, that are staggering and grappling under the sins of intemper- ance, and how truly we can mark each degree of their down-fall by the face, the dissipated expression, blurred eyes, shameful look, infirm step. Beware young man of the picture you make. The beauty and deformity of the face is the true index to determine the intellectual and moral purity of the mind. Compare the physiognomies of the inmates of our reformatory institutions, for boys and girls, and prisons and houses of correction, for men and women, where we discover every type of degeneration, the criminal, the stupid, the indolent, the vulgar, the brutal, the vicious; with the 3"oung and old in our colleges and universities ; with those in free, cultured and enlightened homes and communities ; what marked contrasts we note in the development of the faces, what a boon in favor of culture, virtue and moralit}^ ; what an array of facts and proofs to corroborate the ^reat science of faciology. How man has lived is written in his countenance and is more reliable and more truthful than theic autobiography. Look upon this picture (38), then upon this (39), a fair 7 98 FACIOLOGY. representation of two boys, both naturally bright and intelligent, the one brought up and nurtured under benign influences, benevolence and parental love,, in Fig. 38. Fig. 39. refinement and culture ; the other has been subjected to the caprices of a brutal father and ignorant, vicious mother, and in evil associations ; he never experienced BRAINS AND FORMS. 99 the divine blessings of a mother's love, her cautious vratchfulness for his welfare ; or had the advantage of fatherly advice, kindness and protection. The one has lived m sunshine, pleasure and love ; the other has lived in deforming in JBLuences of vice, ignorance, anger and pas- sion. How biographical are their physiognomies. The one has a face kind, loving, intelligent — eyes bright and sparkling, countenance open and features smooth. The other, how different! The face is wrinkled and scowled, lips pouting, forehead with frowns of anger, eyes fiery, his countenance badly marred and disfigured frcftn the life he has lived. As we develop the brain we shape the face ; as we educate our minds we mould the countenances. Min- isters, doctors, lawyers, actors, artists, poets, business men, farmers, all professions, are known by peculiar physiognomies, expressive of their particular vocations. The reason for this is obvious. One in following a cer- tain trade or calling brings into constant use certain faculties of the mind more than others, and as a matter of natural law the activities and conditions of these powers of the soul must be reflected in the mind's mirror, the face. All ministers have a clerical appear- ance that distinguishes them from the doctor, the lawyer, the business man. Clergymen possess large and active moral sentiments. They may differ essentially in all other developments of the brain, yet because, as a class, they use these religious en- dowments more than other professions, this habitual exercise paints a noble, benevolent, gentle, humane ex- pression on the countenance. True, there are men wearing the mantle of Christ whose facial visage is cold, austere, selfish, ambitious, minus of the kind and 100 FACIOLOGY. philanthropic expressions that should cliaracterize the countenance of one in so high a calling. The heads of such ministers' will differ in shape from their noble brothers' as widely as their appearances. The expres- sion that is predominant in the face will determine the faculties that are predominant in the mind. The man who seeks the pulpit, whose head is too broad for its height, where the propensities are large and sentiments small, he may be learned and sociable, but to do good will not be his ruling passion. He will utilize the min- isterial profession to gratify personal ambitions. Preachers as a class have the best brains and finest faces, and are unselfish people. Poets and artists usually have beautiful faces and show a strong resemblance. The same powers of the mind that paint the landscape with the brush, de- scribe the scene with words. They are both artists, they differ only in the tools they use to construct their ideas and imaginations. Ideality is the seat of art^ beauty and poetry. This perfecting faculty of the mind adds an assthetic charm to the face. "Faciology " corresponds with craniology; like brains like faces ; as the mind differs in character the face differs in expression. There are no two persons alike in nature ; there are no two persons alike in appearance. All criminals have mean, low, base looks, yet the face of the niurderer, liar and thief show that different pro- pensities predominate, causing their different disppsi- tions in crime. But the selfish department of the brain is larger and stronger thaA the higher natures in every case, and the faces in all indicate great deficiency in moral rectitude and intelligence. A person may look smart and mean at the same time. An intel- BRAINS AND FOEMS. 101 lectual villain, the head will be low in the crown, broad around the ears and a good forehead. Sometimes wo see a face that looks ignorant, obtuse, yfet it possesses no mean qualities, but appears good and kind. Ser- vants often have such faces who have small brows, no education or culture, but their heads will be high in benevolence and conscience, and small at the base, the region of the propensities. From the face alone we can determine man's whole phrenology. The only way to look bright and intelligent . is to develop the intellect ; to look moral, good and kind, is to exercise and use the moral sentiments; to appear friendly, amiable, affectionate, is to augment the social nature of the brain. Individual beauty is wholly a condition of mental growth. God gave each one that wonderful power, of being the architect of their own facial edifice, as they desire to appear. Education, circumstances, associations, occupations, have a more potent power in changing man's facial beauty than heredity. Environments good or bad, happy or dull; the associations, moral or immoral ; the home enlightened and attractive, or full of meanness and ignorance, are as influential in changing the face as the mind, the brain as the character. Animal nature and human nature are the same so far as they possess like functions ; the same natural law effect both in a similar manner. Take the animal from his native wilds, cha.nge his habits of life, give him new associations and different diet, we soon thereby change the character of his mind and you will also observe a change in the physiognomy. Darwin tells us how domesticsition changes their natures, and in so doing reforms the foundation of all, th€ brain ; and has pro- 102 FACIOLOGY, duced endless modification^ of the external appear- ances. The newfoundland, bull dog, greyhound and pug are undoubtedly from the same remote ancestry, but so different in characteristics, that it seems absurd and unwise to consider them from a common species. Take the wild plant from its natural soil, how cultiva- tion, improved nourishment, changes its type and foliage. But in order to change the external conforma- tion, we must change the internal characteristics. To change the face we must change the mind. "Cleanse first that which is within, that the outside may be clean also." Matt, xxiii: 20 PHYSIOGNOMONICAL ANECDOTES. I. I require nothing of thee, said a father to his inno- cent son, when bidding him farewell, but that thou shouldest bring me back this thy countenance. 2. A noble, amiable, and innocent young lady, who had been chiefly educated in the country, saw her face in the glass, as she passed it with a candle in her hand, retiring from evening prayer, and having just laid down her Bible. Her eyes were cast to the ground, .with inexpressible modesty, at the sight of her own image. She passed the winter in town, .surrounded by adorers, hurried away by dissipation, and plunged in trifling amusement; she forgot her Bible and her devotion. In the beginning of spring she returned again to her country seat, her chamber, and the table on which her Bible lay. Again she had the candle in her hand, and again saw herself in the glass. She turned pale, put down the candle, retreated to a sofa BRAINS AND FORMS. l03 and fell on her knees. — " Oh. God ! I no longer know my own face. How am 1 degraded I My follies and vanities are all written in my 'countenance. Wherefore have they been unseen, illegible till this instant ? Oh, come and expel, come and utterly efface them, mild tranquility, sweet devotion, and 3^e gentle cares of benevolent love ! " 3. " I will forfeit my life," said Titus of the priest Tacitus, '' if this man be not an arch knave. I have three times observed him sigh and weep without cause ; and ten times turn aside, to conceal a laugh he could not restrain, when vice or misfortune were men- tioned," 4. A stranger said to a physiognomist, " How many dollars is my facdworth ? " " It is hard to determine," replied the latter. *' It is worth fifteen hundred," continued the questioner, " for so many has a person lent me upon it to whom I was a total stranger." 5. A poor man asked alms. " How much do you want ? " said the person of whom he asked, astonished at the peculiar honesty of his countenance. "How shall I dare to fix the sum ? " answered the needy per- son : "give me what you please, Sir, I shall be con- tented and thankful." " JSTot so," replied the physiog- nomist, " as God lives I will give you what you want, be it little or much." " Then, Sir, be pleased to give me eight shillings." " Here they are ; had you asked a hundred guineas, you should have had dfiem." 104 FACIOLOGY. TME rOREHEAD, " The starlight of the brain."— iV. P. Willis. "iThe forehead is the gate of the mind." — Cicero. " The intellect of man sits enthroned visible on his forehead." — Longfellow. " God has placed no limit to the mte\\ect.—Baco7i. " On the front appear light and gloom, ioy and anxiety, stupidity, ignorance and vice. On this brazen table are deeply engraved every combination of sense and soul. I can conceive no spectator to whom the forehead can appear uninteresting. Here all the graces revel, or all the Cyclops thunder, Nature has left it bare, that by it the coun- tenance may be enlightened or darkened . " Fig. 42. Foreheads and Faces expressive of different grades of intelligence. THE FOKEHEAD IS THE SEAT OF THE INTELLECT. The intellectual greatness of man is evidenced hy the brow. The forehead embraces the frontal section of the head above the eyebrows to the coronal region, and not, as is commonly supposed, that which is merely bald ; for this may or may not be a positive test. This premature baldness or loss of hair does not indicate intellect, but an unhealthful condition of the scalp or an inherited predisposition to baldness. Nevertheless, BRAmS AND FORMS. 105 it is a fact that intellectual people are usually hairless to the limits of the forehead, caused perhaps from the excess of heat generated by constant use of these powers of the brain, which is injurious to hair growth. The proper way to determine th^ capacity of the fore- head is to measure the distance from the center of the ear to the arch of the eyebrows, and in the same man- ner to the arch of the upper part of the forehead, and the amount of surface between determines its size. This division of the head is the feature of the face which shows most conspicuously the great demarka- tion between man and brute. It is this part of the facial development that we estimate the intellectual acumen of man; it is the index to man's reasoning, retentive and perceptive powers. The intellect is man's great propelling force; the beacon light of the mind; the governor of the soul; man's only true guide ; it is the dictator over our mentalities. God has defined its high and important power by placing it the foremost part of the brain. God has stamped man's intelligence upon his face for all mankind to behold. The forhead indicates the calibre and true greatness of man. All great men have good foreheads. Observe the busts, portraits, pictures of the intellectual lights of all history, Socrates, Plato, Dante, Kewton, Shakespeare, Bacon, Webster, Clay, Blaine, Harrison and all think- ers, ' philosophers, statesmen, authors in ancient and modern times who have won name, fame and distinc- tion for intellectual superiority and genius, you will discover the potent fact that they all, without exception have had large broad foreheads; while on the other hand all weak minded people, fools and weaklings of 106 FAGIOLOGY. the race, unless generated by disease, have small, narrow, pinched-up foreheads. Make a scientific visit to institutions for the feeble minded, State prisons, reform schools, and study the foreheads of the inmates, notice how small, narrow and retreating most all are. Where you discover one above the average in depth and breadth, we will find ,upon examination this individual will be superior in intellectual power, according to his higher develop- ments. Animals possessing the largest foreheads are the most intelligent and easiest trained. While observing the animals in a zoological garden, an experienced elephant trainer informed me that Asiatic elephants had a sinking in the middle of the forehead and it was impossible to teach them anything; while the African elephants were full in this locality of the front head, and he could teach them many tricks. This observa- tion made by this animal teacher was without any knowledge of science, but from long experience; it nevertheless confirms a great scientific fact. Man naturally, intuitively, looks for intelligence from a good brow. Painters, sculptors, artists never in drawing from there imaginations paint or chisel an igno- ramus with a forehead of a Lowell or a Whittier, or in representing a criminal give him the intellectual stamp of a Beecher or a Swing. What inconsistency there would be in such a production. Common observation is all that is necessary to learn the functions of the forehead. In order to obtain a comprehensive knowledge of the different forms of foreheads, and their associated char- acteristics we must briefly consider the phrenological divisions of the intellect, and special faculties or mem- BRA.1NS AND FOKMS. 107 bers composing these sections, as they are developed by the anterior lobes of the brain and outlined by the brow. There is an infinite variety of shaped foreheads- the}^ are as various as the different people and intellects^ some are high, low, flat, retreating, perpendicular, concave, convex, broad, narrow. As the forehead is so is the intellect. Phrenologically speaking, the forehead is divided into three stories, the first story, comprising the per- ceptives, is located just above the eyes, they are the Plato. Lavater. Fig. 43. Observe the high standard of in- tellectuality represented by the brow; how beautiful, thought- ful, and penetrating are the eyes, nose straight and classical; a mouth expressive of nobleness, love and purity Fig. 44. This face possesses many worthy qualities. The eyes 11- luminous with expression; the nose strong and asrgressive; the mouth and chin affectionate. observing powers, which adapt man to the physical world. They give the ability and perception to judge and estimate the quality, size, weight distances, colors, forms, order, and numbers of things and objects. This 108 FAOIOLOGY. perceptive intellect is composed of the faculties of individuality, form, size, color, weight, order, calcula- tion. "When these organs predominate or project out beyond the section of the head a,bove, we behold an observer. Such persons are more perceptive than reflective, more practical than profound, good natural" ists but poor originators. They possess a great deal of ready knowledge, and found usually in those spheres and occupations demanding practical and ready action. Make a comparative examination of the foreheads of Lavater, (figure M) and Plato, (figure 43). You observe the brow of Lavater to be very retreating, the distance from the center of the ear to the perceptive faculties is much longer than to the reflectives, located in the upper region of the forehead. This peculiar type, if the size of the head was very small, would indicate idiocism, feeble intelligence. Many noted personages have retreating brows, but the distance of the head to these intellectual organs* will always be found to be long. Always where theobservins: powers predominate largely over the reasoning organs, as in the case of Lavater, such persons will be good naturalists but poor philo- sophers ; they will possess more brilliancy than pro- fundity ; more practical than scientific. Observe Plato's forehead, it measures large to every part ; he was an intellectual giant ; he was both perceptive and reflective ; an observer and a thinker ; a naturalist and a philosopher. Lavater was an astute observer; retentive powers and language large; he was a prolific writer, but he was deficient in the logical abilities, in reason, to originate, to investigate the causes and efl'ects of that which he observed. His works correspond with his character, they are fragmentary, without system, method, or science. BRAESrS AND FORMS. 109 Man's reasoning powers compose the faculties of the upper or third sto)y of the brow, and when large give a perpendicular appearance to the forehead, and some- times when very large it gives an over-hanging cast to that part of the head as in Franklin and Socrates. These faculties make man originate, invent, investigate, philosophize, analyze, discriminate and classify. This reasoning section is made up of the faculties of caus- ality and comparison. Causality reasons from cause to effect ; Comparison reasons from analogy. All great philosophers and thinkers have this part of the brain largely developed, it gives breadth, height and promi- nence to the forehead. The middle or second story is occupied by the reten- tives or what they are sometimes termed the literary or historical faculties. They are located between the perceptives and reflectives, and when large, give ful- ness to the head in this region, and when very large gives a convex shape to this locality, as the brow of Wilkie Collins, the novelist. Fig. 45. Such persons with these facul- ties-well developed have great capacity for literary information, good mem- ory of dates, events, exper- fig.45. , , 1 X i. Wilkie Collins, the novelist, very lence, anecdotes and laCtS laro-ellterary and retentive faculties , TT- . • •» A fine brain and organization.* m ofeneral. Historians and authors possess this type of brow, as Hume, Macaulay, Bancroft are illustrious examples wiih this group of 110 FACIOLOGT. the intellect very largely developed. This division is composed of the faculties, Eventuality, Time, Tune, Language. An intellect that is well constructed in all three stories of the forehead, that is harmoniously developed, high, wide and deep ; perceptive, retentive and reflective, we have a great intellect. Such persons are philosophers and scientists, thinkers and observers, theorizers and naturalists. We find such brows on the busts of Socrates, Newton, Bacon, Shakespeare, Humbolt, Plato, Webster, Franklin. I have often in my practice examined heads where the reasoning and observing faculties were large, while the literary or retentive powers were deficient, giving a concave appearance to the middle region of the forehead where this section is located. Such persons are shrewd observers and good logicians, but they are deficient in the power to recall their knowledge readil}^ or express what they have learned fluently and with effect. A forehead that is unusualh^ small and low will never be found on great or brilliant people, but it truly indicates a weak, feeble intellect and observed only on ignoramuses. There is, however, persons who are developed in the first and second stories, in perce]3tion and retentives, and will appear brilliant and scholarh% for they have power to see and learn from observation, also the ability to remember and express the knowledge they accumulate, they will be more brilliant than pro- found ; have more tact than talent ; they haven't the reasoning powers to give them originality and depth ; they pass for more than their calibre is worth ; they merely reproduce what some thinkers have studied and BRAIIJS AND FOKMS. Ill thought out. A forehead that is very small and very retreating indicates idiocism, and found only on fools, simpletons, and persons of weak mentality. This type of forehead is nearer like that of brutes than man, and almost destitute of the reasoning and higher powers of the intellect, which raise man above the animal and give him his advanced standing amongst the inhabi- tants of the earth. THE WINDOWS or THE SOUL. THE LANGUAGE OF THE EYE AND EYEBROWS. " Sweet silent rhetoric of persuading eyes."— /^> W, Davenant. " Her eyes are homes of silent prayer." — Tennysoii. " Soul deep eyes of darkest night." — Joaquin Miller, " Woman's glances express what they dare not speak." — Alphonse Karr. " An eye like Mars to threaten and command." — Shak. '*Eyes so transparent that through them one sees the lucent soul." — TheopMle Oautier. ' ' The eyes are the windows of a woman's heart you may enter that way." — Eugene Sue. "Stabbed with a wench's black eye." — Shak. " Beautiful eyes in the face of a handsome woman are like eloquence to speech." — Bulver Lytton. " Guns, swords, batteries, armies and ships of -war are set in motion by man for the subjugation of an enemy. Women bring conquerers to their feet by the magic of their eyes." — Br. J. V. G. Smith. "All the gazers of the skies read not in the fair haven's story expresser truth or truer story than they might in her bright eyes." — Ben Johnson. "And eyes disclosed what eyes alone could iQlV^Bwight. " The images of our secret agitations are particularly painted in the eyes. The eye appertains more to the soul than any other organ ; seems affected by, and to participate in, all its emotions ; expresses sensations the most lively, passions the most tumultuous, feelings the most delightful, and sentiments the most delicate. It explains them in all their force, in all their purity, as they take birth, and transmits them by traits so rapid as to infuse into other minds the fire, the activity, the very image with which themselves m BRAINS AND FOEMS. 113 are inspired. The eye at once receives and reflects the intelligence of thought, and the warmth of sensibility ; it is the sense of the mind, the tongue of the understanding." What a wondrous and curious piece of mechanism is the eye. How delicate and complicated in its con- struction ; how accurate m its delineations ; how com- prehensive in its objects; how prodigious are the func- tions of this little organ ; how the passions, emotions, sensations and feelings are converged in this little receptacle, the eye ; it is the seat of love, anger, pride and avarice ; they are all visible in these small orbs. The eye converses in all languages ; it tarries for no introduction, but kindly opens the soul of man and bids you welcome. It is the portal of the house within, a common thoroughfare where the mind passes in and out. You need not rap at the entrance ; it knows no rank or class ; riches or power, learning or virtue, but you can look into the soul in a moment's time and depart with rich satisfaction of what was lurking within. It is through this member of the face that we are animated with pleasure, and made pregnant with knowledge. The eye enriches the entire man; it is to life what the sun is to the world ; it is like a beacon light in the rocky tower lighting the course of the ship, by protecting, guarding and educating surround- ing life ; keeping from harm, warning them of danger, leading and protecting them safely on. Notice how nature has provided the eye with defense ; see how wonderfully this stupendous machine is com- posed ; how well they are secured in the bony hollow, yet sufficiently prominent to perform its many duties. 114: FACIOLOGY. How admirably are its movements directed by its little muscles; observe with what perspicuity the humors transmit the light, and how perfectly the rays are re- fracted by their figure. Marvelous, indeed, when we consider the number of objects the eye is capacitated to view at once, and at the same time distinguish the characteristics of what it sees ; the quality, form, shape, color, etc.; it can behold the earth and view the heavens in a moment's time. So* full of meaning, so exuberant with thought, so luminous with love, so fiery with passion, so expressive of mental character, that the student of human nature in order to delineate character with precision and ac- ' curacy, must understand the grammar of the eye. Other features of the face may indicate particular traits or powers of the mind, but the eye more than all the others combined, indexes the true character; the eye speaks of the quality and intensity of the mind. The eye foretells the truth when all the other features deceive us. " When the eye says one thing and the tongue another," says Emerson, " the practical man relies on the former." The fair lover, with reproof on her lips, says " I hate you," but the smile in her eye gives him courage. "Faster than his tongue did make offense His eye did heal it uip."—Shak. All the virtues that emanate from the soul, gather their soft lustre in the eyes. If crime lurks in the mind the eyes are first to tell it. If evil thoughts, sensual desires, base aims, are caged within the brain^ the eyes reveal the secret. "True eyes, Too pure and too honest in aught to disguise Jhe sweet soul shining through them." BEAIKS AND PORMS. 115 The eye speaks a beautiful discourse under any con- dition ; even at rest, it is most interesting and eloquent. A beautiful eye gives currency to an ugly face. What intelligent person will doubt that the mind manifests the conditions of both mind and body. AYhy grows the eye hot and fiery in anger ? Why melting in sorrow ? Why sparkling in joy ? Why soft and tender in love ? Why mild and gentle in sympathy ? Why dim and lusterless in sickness ? Why dull and blank in ignorance ? Why inflamed in fever ? Why cloudy in disease i — and many other evidences to prove the assertion that the mind and body indicate their condition in the eyes. In observing the eye of another, the first thing that marks our attention is the brightness, or illumination. This lustre is as various as the different passions, emo- tions and intellects, and speaks according to the pre- dominance of the one or the other. The color of the eye frequently looses its charm in the presence of this lustre. A bright eye is the most infallible index to youthfulness and health, whereas the lack of lustre is the sign of a feeble constitution and are poor windows from which Cupid can shoot her arrows. Xo wonder the poets have search. ed all nature for analogies to the brilliancy of the maiden's eye. They have been com- pared to the beautiful and briUiant things of the heavens and earth, the sky, stars, sun, flowers, dia- monds, crystals dew-drops , and all that has beauty, radiance and splendor. There has been many theories introduced to explain the lustrous dross which gives the eye so much beauty. This freshness is due to the moisture of the conjunc- tiva. Its brilliancy is greater or less according to the 116 FACIOLOGlf. movements of the eyelids. The conjunctiva consists of six or eight layers of cells. It is an extremely thin and highly sensitive membrane which lines the surface of the eyeballs, as well as the eyelids on the inside. It is in this membrane that we experience so much pain when anything comes in contact with the eye, as cin- ders, particles of dust, etc. It is these lachrymal glands that washes and cleans and lubricates the cornea, and in strong emotions of the mind, as in grief, sorrow, laughter, consolidates into tears. As the rose is sweeter when washed with dew, so the eye is brightest with a fresh suppl}^ of this lachrymal fluid. It is then the eye emulates the diamond. After a refreshing sleep or a walk in the open air the eyes are the most lustrous. After a severe cry the glands are temporarily exhausted and it is with difficulty the lids are raised. When the health is poor, vitality low, these glands, like all the functions of the body, fail to perform well their duties, hence the eyes lose their charm. The shapely brow may speak intelligence, the nose of force, the mouth of refinement, the chin of affection, but if the eyes speak differently, believe the eyes. When the light glimmers dimly through the well- stained windows of the soul there is no fire within — the light has exhausted the fuel, the soul is dying behind it. The pupil of the eye is always black in all people and animals. In the middle of the white sclerotic is a membrane which gives the eyes their characteristics, variations of color, the iris or rainbow curtain. JSJo other syllable of the human face has been so eloquently written upon as the color of the eye. The poets and novelists have so beautifully and truthfully extolled Mains and foxims. 11? the language of each in their turn, the black, biue, brown, hazel and the gray. The color of the eye is due to small pigment granules in its inner layer. The function of these pigments is to absorb any excess of light wlj^ich enters the eye. If the membrane was des- titute of these granules all the light would be reflected and create a glare and confusion that no object could be seen. The Albino is an anomalous case where the pigment granules are almost absent, causes a pink color to the iris; and observe that because of this deficiency there is an excess of light, and it is with great difficulty, and then only by partially closing the curtains of the eye, can they see in the daylight. Natural selec- tion makes the eye blacker as we approach the tropics, and it is clearly obvious why the inhabitants of the sunny climes should have more of this pigmentary mat- ter in the eyes. This iris in some is so dark that it is easily confounded with the pupil, but in northern parts the pupil is perceptible no matter what the color of the eye may be. The Esquimax, living as they do in the constant glare and reflection of the ice and snow-fields, is equally protected as the negro on the sunny plains of Africa, and their eyes are equally as black. " The most common colors of the eyes," says Lavater, ^'are orange, green, blue, and gray mixed with white. The blue and orange are most predominant and are often found in the same eye. Eves supposed to be black are only yellow, brown or deep orange. To con- vince ourselves of this you only need to observe them closely, for when seen at a distance or turned towards the light they appear to be black ; there being such a contrast to the white. Eyes of less dark color, pass lis faciology. for black eyes, but are not esteemed so fine as the others, because the contrast is not so great — the finest eyes are those we imagine to be l^lue or black." The peculiar surroundings of the eye, as very heavy dark eyebrows often make a light eye appear black, so too, great lustre robs the eyes of their native hue. Dark eyes are usually accompanied by an analogous temperament the brunette type. The dark eye, broadly speaking, is the southern eye ; the light, the northern eye. The dark eye usually associates itself with black hair, dark complexion. It indicates strong passions and great intensity of mind ; it denotes man- hood, strength and toughness of constitution. Such manifest a very acute and keen intellect, but r\pt so versatile and profound as the light. Dark eyes indi- cate more physical strength and manhood than the light. Light eyes are considered effeminate, but some of the most powerful pepple physically and mentally have possessed them. " Those black eyes so dark and deep." "Thy brown eyes have looks like bii'ds, Flying- straightway to the light." " Soul deep eyes of the darkest night." Light eyes, the blue and the gray, usually accompany the blonde or medium temperament, they always accompany a light complexion, but very frequently found associated with dark or brown hair. They indicate natures mild and calm ; with amiable and agreeable dispositions. They are less sensitive and possess splendid refinement, great susceptibilit}'- and capable of endurance. The light eyes are more truty the intellectual eyes. Great men have more often been found with blue eyes than any other color; Shakespeare, Socrates, Locke, Bacon, Franklin, l^apo- BRAIN8 AND FOBMS. 119 leon, Bismark, Gladstone, Huxley, Yirchow, Milton, Edison and Renan, all the presidents of the United States except Harrison, are all said to have been blue- eyed. Where we observe light eyes with dark hair we have one of the finest combinations, it indicates masculine strength and feminine grace and refinement. " Within her tender eye the heaven of April with its changing light." " Her eyes were blue and calm as the sky in the serenest noon." " They are the fountains of thought and song." " The bright black, the melting blue I cannot choose between the two; But that is dearest all the while Which wears for me the sweetest smile.*' "Let the blue eye tell of love. And the black of beauty, But the gray soars far above In the realm of duty. Ardor for the black proclaim, Gentle sympathy for blue; But the gray may be the same. And the gray is ever true. The blue is the measured radiance of moonlight glances lonely, And the black the sparkle of midnight when the stars are gleaming only; But the gray is the eye of the morning, and a truthful daylight brightness Controls the passionate black with a flashing of silvery whiteness. Sing, then, of the blue eyes love, Sing the hazel eye of beauty; But the gray is crowned above, Radiant in the realm of duty." The body of the eye is so deeply deposited in its fair encasements that its form and solidity is of but little 120 FACIOLOGY. practical importance. The size of the eye as we view it at first blush is determined by the droopings and openings of the eyelids, hence it is to these formal draperies of beauty that we learn its form, size and volume. Large eyes were admired iu Greece, where they still prevail. They are the finest of all when they have the internal look, which is not common. The stag or antelope eye of the Orientals is beautiful and lamping, but is accused of looking skittish and indifferent. "The epithet of 'stag-eyed,' " says Lady Wortley Montagu, speak- ing of a Turkish love-song, "pleases me extremely; and I think it a very lively image of the fire and indifference in his mistress's eye." — Leigh Runt. Large eyes have been extolled since the origin of poetry. Mohammedan heaven is inhabited with " vir- gins with chaste mien and large black eyes." Arabian poets compare their idols to those of the gazelle and the deer. Greek literature tells us that large eyes were emblems of beauty as well as mental superiority. Who has not read of Homer's ox-eyed Juno. Large eyes indicate greater activity, more vivacity and liveliness than small ones, this is equally true with animals and insects. The rabbit, squirrel, cat, mouse, sheep and goat have large eyes and great activity, while the elephant, pig, rhinocerous have compara- tively small eyes and are very slow and inactive. Drooping eyelids sometimes cause a large eye to appear small, but seldom. Large expressive eyes indicate large language, easy expression, fluent talkers and good entertainers. Large ejres see more than small ones and found usually on persons more perceptive than reflective. Yery large eyes, open and conspicuous, are sensitive, and often impudent, where they show the whites above and below. Large eyes, deep, slow and even-motioned, iJRAINS AND FORMS. l2l indicate a thoughtful, mild and uniform character. Sharp, quick-motioned ej^es denote a fiery, emotional character. Eyes inclined downward show a larger development of the mental faculty of language. When the external angle of the eye extends upward it indi- cates a large organ of bibativeness, the love of liquids, often found on faces of great drinkers. Long eyes show greater penetration, more thought and mental acumen than round ones, as found in chil- dren who talk more than they think. The reason for this seems obvious, as soon as persons begin to think, they partially close their eyelids ; we don't think by staring with our eyes wide open, but by turning our gaze upon our minds, so to speak. Eyes full, but not too prominent, tnose that generously open and form an acute angle with the nose, shows brilliancy of mind and sound under- standing. CONJUGALITY OR CONSTANCY. The facial organ of this faculty is found in the eye. When the individual's love is polygamous or the affections vacillating, the commissure or opening be- tween the lids is almond-shaped or narrow; if the com- missure has large vertical measurement the love is connubial and fidelity strong. Observe the eyes of Brigham Young, the noted polygamist, for the deficiency in this faculty. THE CURTAINS Or TME EYE. Overhanging, shading and protecting the celestial, radiant windows of the soul are the eyebrows. They are the chief seat of individuality, and truly reveal the story of character. The nature and mobility of the eyebrow makes them very significant in expression. We see there displayed with equal clearness anger, pride, contempt, gentleness, firmness, nobleness and quality of character. Eyebrows that are gently arched and regular are characteristic of femininity ; while on the other hand eyebrows that are horizontal, heavy and bushy give a masculine appearance to the countenance. Weak eyebrows are found on persons with phleg- matic temperament and denotes debility and weakness ; while strong, angular, waving eyebrows indicate firm- ness activity and fire. Eyebrows that are high and remote from the eyes are never the confines of the brows of thinkers or men of fortitude, but a mark of thoughtless volatile charac- ter. Dark eyebrows indicate strength and firmness; while light ones denote effeminacy. Eyebrows that are thick and bushy, but not wild and luxuriant in appearance and closely overshadowing the eyes is a positive proof of profound wisdom, true conception and a manly character. As on the head of Webster, Darwin, Bryant, Schiller, Sir Walter Scott, Dr, Chalmers and others. 122 BRAINS AND FORMS. 123 The closer the eyebrows are to the eyes the more earnestjthoughtful and firm will the character be fouDd. Eyebrows meeting in the center are frequently found on honest, amiable and worthy people. They have been noted as a mark of beauty by the Arabs and other nationalities. Tennyson speaks of '' the charm of the married brows." But I fail to apprehend any aesthetic quality in them, especially on women, they give the face a masculine, severe, grave and gloomy appearance. It often evidences a wry spirit and a troubled mind. Shaggy, rough, coarse eyebrows indicate a gross, rough, irregular character and usually accompany the motive temperament, while thin delicate eyebrows denote a fine sensitive mind and found on the mental temperament. NASOLOGY. WHAT S IN A NOSE. No. I. James Parton No. 2. A. M. Rice. No. 6. No 3. Wm. M. Evarts. No. 7, No. 1. General Wisewell. No. 8. Fig. 46. PORTRAITS FROM LIFE IN " HEADS AND FACES." No. .5. Emperor Paul of Priisssia. No. 9 George Eliot. King Frederick the Strong, Prof. George Bush. General Napier. No. 10. Otho the Great. No. 11. African. The nose is a very important physiological organ. " God breathed into his nostrils the breath of life." The nose is nature's wonderful filterer and purifier. How perfectly this little organ is constructed ; how its hairy ducts rid the air of its impurities, germs and dust; and warms the cold draughts of air before they enter the delicate tubes of the lungs ; how highly sensitive are its olefactory nerves to the most delicate odor ; what a channel to much pleasure ; what a safety valve to health ; how beneficiently it is stationed over the mouth, to guard that which we eat, and prevent us by its sensitiveness, from partaking of that which is un^ healthful and injurious. 124 BRAINS AND FORMS. 125 To have a good nose and follow its guidance is the shortest way so enjoy good health. Yet how many there are who disregard this natural law of inhaling Hfe through these nasal ducts, but instead breathe through their mouths, and the dreaded diseases of catarrh, con- sumption, fevers and contagious diseases are brought upon them. The Indians, Catlin tells us, recognize this first principle of good health, and early train their children the proper use of the nose, and when care- lessly opened their lips were pressed together ; and he appends this important fact, the common disease in our country is almost unknown to that race. The nose gives beauty to the whole countenance ; it is poised like a cliff sheltering fair vales below. This foremost feature, this most conspicuous member of the face must be conceded by all to have some physiognomical significance. Suppose we destroy or amputate the nose, we disfigure and mar the beauty of the face more than the destruction of any other mem- ber. A well moulded nose is an unspeakable weight in giving symmetry , harmony and attractiveness to the countenance. There can be no real beauty with an ugly nose. A face with an ill shaped nose can only be redeemed by a shapely mouth below and lovely eyes above. The nose is the index finger of the mind, it points the natural bent of the soul ; why this is so is a mystery, but it is true. The nose represents the combativeness of the individual, the force, intensity and strength, which runs in the direction of the predominating mental faculties. It is to be well observed, however, no matter how shapely the nose, or to what class it belongs, whether Koman^ Jewish or snub, it is not indi- 126 FACIOLOGY. oative of power or force, unless accompanied by other features, more particularly speaking, a good brow and a strong chin, for a short retreating chin is invariably the sign of weakness and indecision, it speaks of some- thing negative. If the nose is prominent a small chin is more noticeable and more significant of weakness. If you observe the faces of great men from portraits, bust or from life, you will sometimes find one with a weak nose, but will never discover one with a weak chin. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS. Large bony noses usually accompany the motive temperament, and indicate force, power, courage and perseverance. Great men generally possess great noses ; the great leaders in every sphere of life, generals, warriors, statesmen, orators, physicians, and criminals usually have large noses, for the reason that this type of nose represents the temperament and the elements in man's combination that leads on to 'greatness ; not because any mental power is located there. The nose represents the propensities more than the intellect ; the driving power not the thinking ; the force and strength rather than reason and invention. There are many eminent, and intellectual, and brainy men and women, who have small noses, but the power of their greatness runs in a different channel, more to the imagination reason, intellect, rather than the push, ambition com- battiveness, energy, contention and perseverance. Sharp pointed noses most frequently accompany the mental temperament, and signify the quick, clear, penetrating and sagacious mind. Such persons have quick insight and positiveness in everything the mind undertakes. They manifest snap, fervor, glow in all the functions of mind and body. BRAINS AND FORMS. 127 Broad noses represent the vital tejinperament and indicate large lungs and vital organs ; they denote great strength of constitution and strong animal passions. Persons with this type of nose usualh^ have broad base brains, the region of the selfish propensities, therefore it denotes selfishness. Narrow noses at the base indicate small propensities, weak lungs and feeble vital powers; such people have a predisposition to bronchial and lung diseases. " Small nostrils are usually an indubitable sign of unenterprising timidity. The open, breathing nostril, is as certain a token of sen- sibility, which may easily degenerate into sensuality." — Says Lavater. Well proportioned and symmetrical noses are about as rare as harmonious characters ; it should be in length about one-third that of the face; in breadth it should measure about two-thirds its length. As much as the nose varies from this proportion, there will be a variance in character. Where the nose is too broad for its length, as is frequently found on the faces of the Jews, Negroes, Chinese and the lower elements of society and others, the selfish and worldly minded, we find the propensities predominating over the higher faculties, and the individual characteristics and the inclination of the mind will be prone in that direction, selfish and worldly. If the opposite development is the case, not broad enough for its length, the person will be more deficient in the selfish faculties, and their character will be more refined, elevated, benevolent and humane. "The Tartars, generally, have tlat, indented noses; the negroes broad, and the Jews, hawk noses. The noses of Englishmen are seldom pointed, but generally round. If we may judge from their portraits, the Dutch seldom have handsome or significant noses. The nose of the Italian is large and energetic. The great men of France, 128 FACIOLOGY. in my opinion, have the characteristic of their greatness, generally, in the nose, to prove which, examine the collections of portraits by Perrault and Morin. — Lavater. MENTAL TRAITS BEPEESENTED BY THE BRIDGE OF THE NOSE- The perpendicular length of the nose downwards to the tip, indicates the degree of Apprehensiveness. Persons with this sign excessively marked are suspicious and distrustful ; they always act with caution, always on the alert, watchful of future events, and often connected with a keen insight in human nature. Such persons have a disposition to despondency and gloom. Til is facial sign was a marked feature of Calvin, Knox. Dante and George Eliot. (Fig. 46.) Lavater says: " Noses much turned down are never truly great. They indicate thoughts and inclinations tending to earth; a close, cold, heartless, incommunicative disposition; often combined with malicious sarcasm, ill humor and hypochondriac or melancholic temperament." The length of the horizontal extension of the nose outward indicates the degree of inquisitiveness. When apprehension is small and inquisitiveness large, there is a tendency to turn up at tiie end, and very large, the nose turns up partly forming the arc of the interroga- tion point, and we have the sign of the interrogating disposition, the questioning- and inquisitive mind. When both apprehensiveness and inquisiveness are very large, the one pushing the nose out, and the other the nose down, causing it to project out, and makes an enlarge- ment aL the end of the nasal organ, has been well called the bottle nose. The height and size of the ridge of the nose is the part that denotes the faculty of Combativeness, power and strength of a person. The qualities^ bgwQverj BKAIXS AND FOEMS. 129 vary, and are represented according to the location ; but this prominence is best studied and classified under three heads, i. e.^ defense, defend and attack ; or, self- defense, relative defense, and aggression. Self-defense is characterized by the anterior projec- tion of the nose immediately above the tip. The qual- ity of this prominence is defensive; when unduly large the person who possesses it is alwa3^s contrary, and on the opposite side; such people dislike interference and are easily provoked ; in debate they will have the last word ; on their own territory they would, fight to a finish. Kelative defense, or the prominence of the ridge at the middle of the organ, just above the sign of defense, represents the quality that always espouses the cause of others. When others' rights are encroached or trespassed upon they are always ready to fight in their behalf, especially the weak and gentler members who cannot defend themselves. If it accompanies a pre- dominating mental temperament we find one that is excessively irritable. Aggression, or the quality of attack, is indicated by the prominence of the upper portion of the ridge, just above the sign of relative defense. This type of nose will be mentioned later on as the Roman nose. A face bearing this sign prominent, as it is on the faces of most all generals, have a disposition to attack, to create war and strife. W^en possessed by a vulgar, brutal and ignorant type of humanity, they are constantly picking quarrels, pugnacious, and a menace to a communit3^ Such persons seldom agree with those who possess an}^ of the other types, but on the contrary are vexa- tious and unendurable. Inteilectual men possessing this 130 FACIOLOGY. sign very large are continually attacking the creed, opin- ions and doctrines of others ; they attack persons rather than ideas. MENTAL QUALITIES INDICATED BY THE BASE. We will now observe the base of the nose, which possesses signs as numerous and qualities as significant as the ridge. When we study the nose in profile we discover that the shape of this part varies as much as any other portion. First let us look at the portion of the nose properly called the septum, which divides the nostrils. The downward extension of the septum indi- cates three qualities: (1) invention, (2) anal3^sis, (3) combination. When the anterior portion of the septam extends downward it indicates the faculty of discovery and invention. Persons with this sign prominent are noted for their originality in thought and action, in whatever course the mind pursues ; such plan for themselves. This inventive faculty manifests itself in many direc- tions, in some people in scientific discoveries ; others in novel inventions ; others new thoughts and ideas ; others new methods and customs in commercial enter- prises; others will be original in other ways. This faculty always works in the direction of the natural bent of the mind. Combination is represented by the prominence of the middle portion of the septum. Persons with this sign well marked possess the ability to combine ideas and words together, it facilitates the lecturer, conver- sationalist to discourse connectedly and \yith ease. When the posterior portion of the septum extends downward conspicuously, we have the sign of Analysis. BRAINS AND FORMS. • 131 Such a one possesses the faculty of penetrating the constitutents of matter and things ; a desire to know the essence of the subject at hand. Scientists with analytical turn of* mind possess this sign highly developed. Persons who study things minutely in detail have it larger than those who do not. The breadth of the septum denotes the faculty of Metaphor. Persons thus marked^ have the ability to use metaphors fluently and use figures of speech freely. Let us now direct our gaze to the profile view of the wings of the.nose, which are indicative of many signs of character. The faculty of Comparison is denoted by the widen- ing of the anterior part of the wing of the nose where it joins the septum. Such individuals reason more by analogy, that is, by comparing one thing with another, than from cause to efi'ect. Example is a quality represented by the downward extension to the anterior part of the wing. It has fre- quently formed a perpendicular ridge on this part of the nose. This sign denotes the ability and desire to teach by example. Such people on whom it is large are fond of setting patterns for others to imitate. The faculty of Imitation gives a downward length to the posterior part of the wing ; when large, the extension at this point is long. Children who learn mostly by imitation have this sign larger than adults. Persons upon whom this sign is very large have a love of mimicry, and the ability to imitate the character and manners of others. The faculty of Reason is represented by the height of the upward curve of the wing of the nose. This sign 132 tAOIOLOGT. represents the ability to reason from cause to effect; it is found largely developed on the faces of Plato, Dr. Gall and Lavater. (See figures of their faces.) NOSES CLASSIFIED. There are as many types of noses as there are peo- ple, but the most popular and the most practical classi- fication *is based on the profile view into six common types: (1) Roman, or aggressive. (2) Grecian, or artistic. (3) Jewish, or acquisitive. (4) Celestial, or inquisitive. (5) Snub. (6) Cogitating, or thinking. The Homan. The Greek. The Jewish. The Snub. The Celestial. Fig. 47. THE ROMAN. The Roman nose is eminently the nose of attack, as described heretofore ; it is the courageous, the execu- tive and governing nose. This type is discovered on all great leaders, managers and generals; all the famous military generals from Julius Csesar to Gen- eral Lee have been gifted with a nose closely related to this. A well-defined example of this nose is found BRAINS AND FORMS. " 13^ on the face of the Duke of Wellington, and for that reason it is sometimes called the Wellington nose. This nose is characteristic of the masterful Eoraan race, and hence is called the Koman. American Indians usually possess this type. Arabs make good warriors and possess this shaped nose. Saint Paul, the greatest of the Apostles, is pictured with a nose of this style ; what a persevering, invincible man he was. General Booth, the founder of the Salvation Army, possessed an excellent type of the Koman, and surely he has shown his strenuous a,nd conquering nature. A verv large per cent of American statesmen have possessed Roman noses, some, perhaps, with slight modifications with the other types. Washington's face presents the Roman cut, and what a remarkable example of indom- itable physical energy, conquering and executive power. Sex greatly modifies the charm of the nose ; the Roman, while it is sometimes becoming to manly dig- nity, strength and courage, is not generally admired, in a pronounced cut, on the feminine face, although a slight bridge of the Roman has added aesthetic charm to some fair faces. Large masculine noses on the faces of women are not usually admired by men. Such women are manly in nature; strong, governing and aggressive in disposition ; the very opposite traits of character that man generally adores -in woman, there- fore women exhibiting this Roman bridge highl}^ de- veloped have few admirers' of the sterner sex. Man is the oak, woman the vine; man desires to protect, rather than be protected ; man loves effeminacy, ten- derness, vivaciousness, flippancy, the very opposite qualities he himself possesses. Man and woman desire 134 FAClOLOGt. their counterpart, that which united to themselves would make them more complete. We observe effem- inate men as often, perhaps, as masculine women, and it is not strange to say, that there is a natural attrac- tion between a small-nosed man and a large-nosed v^^oman. Thus nature again asserts herself, by uniting these opposite types, and furnishes each with their counterpart, and the tendency of a marriage oi such selections is to harmonize the extremes in the offspring and produce a more perfect being. Womanly men are usually proud of a wife who is aggressive, strong, ex- ecutive, ambitious and governing, for they supply the very elements in which he is deficient, while, on the other hand, she would prefer by nature to govern than be governed, rather protect and aid, than receive the care of a man's strong right arm, there would be no rivalry. CLASSICAL OR AMERICAN. Noses vary in shape as do skulls, and. as much as two noses differ in combination, so will the characteristics differ in manifestation. There is a very interesting compound, which is made up of the Graeco-Roman type; so common is it that it represents a separate class. It is found on the typical American; it is a common nose in France, while the Roman is more pe- culiar to the English. It bespeaks less of the physical, but more of the mental power than the Roman ; it indicates culture, love of arts and letters ; it is refined as well as energetic. It is well represented on the face of Christ. Some of the grandest characters in all history have borne this type: JSTapoleon, Richelieu, Sir Walter Raleigh, Alexander the Great, Milton, Goethe (Fig. 34) BRAINS AND FORMS. 135 and many famous Americans are examples. This is the most classical of noses, and is to be chosen in pref- erence to either the pure Greek or pure Roman. Some anonymous writer says : " It is particularly profitable to compare the noses of the great antagonists, Wellington and Napoleon. That of the first was purely Roman and that of the second, Graeco-Roman. Napoleon was devious and designing in his ways, and skillful in politics. Wel- lington went straight forward to conquer, never sparing himself. He was rich in saving common sense when it was a question of handling men for fighting purposes, but clumsy in politics. Napol- eon loved arts and letters ; Wellington disregarded them. Welling- ton was braver physically that Napoleon. It is said that the latter took a deep interest in nasology, remarking on one occasion : " Give me a man with a good allowance of nose. Strange as it may appear, when I want any good headwork done, I choose a man — provided his education has been suitable — with a long nose." THE JEWISH. The Jewish nose (Fig. 47) is most emphaticalh'' the commercial type, and found in its most pronounced type on the faces of the Hebrew people, hence its name. This shape of nose is not peculiar to the Jews alone, but it is also characteristic of the Syrians, and Ancient Phoenicians, as the Egyptian Obelisks disclose, and all these races were historically noted for their commercial smartness. Thisnose indicates power of acquisitiveness, the love of money for its own sake, the abilit}^ to get and the power to keep it; it denotes commercial tact and shrewdness. This type is found on the faces of most all men that are famous for their great wealth and commercial abilities, the Eothschilds and the Astors are examples, the Yanderbilts have some of the Roman combined with the Jewish. The developments of the Jewish nose when separ- l36 FACIOLCIGY. ately analyzed indicates several important signs in nasology. The breadth of the wings represents the faculty of Secretiveness, the ability to conceal, the power of tact, the use of policy, very essential elements in commercial success ; this quality is a leading feature of the cogitative type, to be mentioned later on. Immediately above this sign of Secretiveness is the physiognomical sign of the faculty of Acquisitiveness, and is indicated by the breadth of the nose above the wrings, opposite the sign of self-defense, and signifies the ability to acquire v/ealth; it is the quality that inspires all commercial enterprises, and plays an im- portant part in all human actions. This facial sign is also sometimes found connected with all -the other types of noses. Just above the sign of Acquisitiveness and opposite the ridge of relative-defense, is the sign of the quality of economy, the ability to save and keep what acquisitiveness acquires. We frequently meet people who have power to acquire money v^^ithout the desire to hoard it, the ability to get is not always associated with the power to keep. I have seen women who had ability of economy well marked, but w^as deficient in the power to make. These signs are all well displayed on the Jewish nose, as will be observed by its great width, when noticed from the front. Its perpendicular length is also a very noticable feature of this type, this shows great apprehensiveness, suspiciousness, seriousness,deep insight into human nature. The pure hawk nose is never united with true great- ness, magnanimous nature, exalted intellect or brilliant genius. It represents a worldy mind, an avaricious BRAINS AND FORMS. 137 disposition, a hoarding trait. Such people are not "open as the day to melting charity" they do not feel "that it is more blessed to give than to receive." Tacitus speaks of avarice as being the one serious blot on the character of the great Vespasian, a,nd the form of that emperor's nose, which is more Jewish than Eoman, bears out the statement. The exquisite painter Corregio, (Fig. 21) bore the reputation of being miserly, and his face presents a nose of the pure Hebrew type. Disraeli (Lord Beaconsfield) was a great English states- man, a distinguished author and a Jew, but his nose was not a Jewish shape. THE CELESTIAL. The Celestial or Nez retrousse (Fig. 47) is the inter- rogating nose, denoting an inquisitive mind, the ridge of the nose shows the defensive quality predominating. This is the common type of childhood, and who asks more questions than children ? Adults v/ith this nose have innocent childlike dispositions; they also have strong self assertion; the bent of the nose indicates high and lofty aspirations. This type is very common to the faces of women, and is not without its. beauty. The snub and celestial noses are frequently confounded by careless observers, but they should not be for they are distinct. The former is a brokenlike back and turned up at the end, the latter has a gradual and continuous curve from ti p to root. It is just the reverse of that of the Jewish. Some anon3mious writer has praised the Celestial nose in this language: We confess a lurking penchant; a sort of sneaking affection which we cannot resist, for the celestial nose in a woman. It does not 138 FACIOLOGY. command our admiration and respect like the Greek, to wMcli we could bow down as to a goddess, but it makes sad work with our affections. The former too, is not so unbearable as in a man. It is a great marrer of beauty, undoubtedly; but merely regarded as an index of weakness, it claims our kindly consideration. Weakness in a woman, which is gentleness, feminancy, is excusable and rather lovable; while in a man it is detestable. It is woman's place to be supported, not to support. Hence, the classical emblem of the vine and the elm is felt to be beautiful and true, because it portrays ac- curately the natural mutual position of husband and wife. A celestial nose in a woman is frequently an index of wit. Wit is a talent not emanating from wisdom; quite the reverse. The wisest men are oft-times the slowest. Wisdom comes after thought, wit before it." Fig. 48. Virpril. Grecian Nose. Beautiful features. Fig. 49. Emperor Paul. Snub Nose. THE GEEEK. The Greek type, or the straio^ht nose, might properly be called the artistic nose (fig. 48) and is the best and prettiest of noses. This nose indicates an even smooth character ; its possessors are usually artistic, refined and cultured, to have a rare appreciation of the beau- tiful. This nose was the national type of the Grecian race, a people who were pioneers of art, culture and BRAINS AND FORMS. 139 education ; no nation has ever displayed such a high standard of intellect ual development as the Greeks. This nose is not so courageous and aggressive as the Roman, not so forcible and combative ; but more fin- ished, cultured and refined, in taste and talent. This nose is found energetic in occupations that are agree- able to its possessor's taste, but unlike the Roman, it does not show force in every direction. This nose is most frequently found on the faces of poets, artists and authors ; more often on the faces of woman than man. It always adds aesthetic charm to the face of women. Some of the famous men who are not Greeks, Tvho have this type of nose are : Raphael, Titian,Yoltaire, B;^ronand Shelley. They all possessed great intellects and had a keen appreciation of the refined and beautiful. A perfect illustration of the Greek nose will be found on the face of the woman on the silver dollar of the TJ. S. THE SNUB. The Snub nose is a type unpleasant to behold, and unfortunate to possess ; it is a freak of nature, a kind of deformity; it denotes a state of undevelopment. The Snub is evidenced by a short, weak ridge, and a very abrupt turn up at the end, making an ill deformed and ugly appearance ; it is the most ungainly of all the shapes and signifies in itself but little virtue. It is the sign of weakness — of something negative. (Fig. 49.) The snub, however,is not incompatible with learning, talent and eloquence ; it is observed on the busts of some illustrious and eminent historical characters. Socrates, the father of philosophy, had a snub nose,yet 140 FACIOLOGY. undoubtedly, it had been greatly modified and improved by profound thought and study, and patient regard to high moral prinoiples ; a thoughtful and moral life beautifies, renovates the entire man. Boerhaave and Rabelais possessed this type and they were truly great men. The observing Lavater remarking on this nasal type says : " A hundred flat snub-noses may be met with in men of great prudence, discretion, and abilities of various kinds. But when the nose is very small, and has inappropriate upper lip ; or when it exceeds a certain degree of flatness,no other feature or lineament of the countenance can rectify it." I have observed many excellent and worthy charac- ters in both sexes with a snubbish nose, but always their other features were splendid, and in a great degree rectified this facial deformity, especially was the fore- head, mouth and chin good. It is imprudent to make a positive estimation of character from any one feature, when we have the opportunity to study the whole face, we should particularly take into consideration the size and shape of the brain, the quality and temperament of the body, in making a fair and accurate delineation of the mind. The confirmed snub nose will be found principally in the lower strata of society, where virtue is a crime, culture unknown, refinement is wanting, ambition and energy a freak. It is characteristic of South Sea Islanders, Africans, and most of the inhabitants of Oriental climes, who are an indolent, worthless, low, ignorant people. Great men and good women with true snub noses (if any) are the exceptions rather than the rule. Where braIns and forms. 141 the nose is radically bad, we may find a good intellect, if the forehead be cultured, but the character invaria- bly will be found to possess low, unrefined, rude, worldly tendencies, some weakness or depravity; the}^ will either be guilty of indolence or sensuality. Such people to overcome the evil pronings of their natures should possess the patience, indomitable will and supreme moral courage of a Socrates. True, I have met innumerable characters, smart, noble, intellectual, brainy and brilliant with a nose that presented a concave or hollow back in profile; but their greatness of character, true worth and ambitions soared in a diiferent direction from the Roman and Jew. Lavater further commenting on the nose says : "Noses which are somewhat turned up at the point, and con- spicuously sink in at the root (or top) under a rather perpendicular than retreating forehead, are by nature inclined to pleasure, ease, jealousy, pertinacity. At the same time they may possess refined sense, eloquence, benevoien. and be rich in talents." THE COGITATING. The cogitating type, is the thinking nose, and is indicated by a great broadening of the nostrils, slightly encroaching upon the cheeks, and is usually combined with the Greek type; but often found united with other styles, the other physiognomical signs usually being well developed. It was first designated by some the religious nose, because so often found on the faces of divines ; but continued observation disclosed the fact, that it could be as frequently discovered on the face of statesmen, scientists, diploraates, philosophers and great thinkers in every department of mental activity. But always its possessors were thinkers in some sphere, and were men of philosophic tendencies. Such men 142 FACIOLOGY. are great meditators and have great concentration of thought. Their thoughts are never barren or Utopian, but full of flesh and moment. Some of the most illustrious men in all history have been marked with this quaUty of nose ; it is seldom found on women, it is the most masculine of noses. It is visible on the portraits of Wickliffe, Bunyan, Kew ton, Bacon, Cuvier, Descartes, Wesley, Franklin, Humboldt, Galileo, Shakespeare. We see it on the faces of Gladstone, (Fig. 24) Evart, Dickens, Blaine (Fig. 24) and other eminent characters. While all these great thinkers bear in common this one quality of the nose, they are noticeably different in other delineations. No great thinker ever lived without this widening of the nostrils well developed. Washington had this quality in connection with the Koman. He was able to cogitate and execute; to fight and to plan. Thackeray had a small short nose but this quality w^as well marked. This sign can be acquired and developed by hard study and continued meditation in the proper direction. Dante, Chaucer, Bacon, Shakespeare, developed this sign later in life as have many others. Many a nose> that is slightly on the snub order, not too much turned up, can be changed into a Graeco-cogitative by honest mental labor. Culture beautifies the nose, while thoughtlessness and ignorance result in the deteriora tion of a shapely one. It is far better to improve the features of the face by developing and refining the mind, than to submit to the skillful wizard of the lancet, which is hrzardous to say the least. THE HISTORY Or TME AOUTH. "I now come to the inferior part of the face, oir which nature bestowed a mask for the male ; and, in my opinion, not without reason. . Here are displayed those marks of sensuality, which ought to be hidden. All know how much the upper lip betokens the sen- sations of taste, desire, appetite, and the enjoyments of love ; how much it is curved by pride and anger, drawn thin by cunning, smoothed by benevolence, made flaccid by effeminacy ; how love and desire, sighs and kisses, cling to it, by indescribable traits. The under lip is little more than its supporter, the rosy cushion on which the crown of majesty reposes. If the parts of any two bodies can be pronounced to be exactly adapted to each other, such are the lips of man, when the mouth is closed." — Ancient Writer. " It is exceedingly necessary to observe the arrangement of the teeth and the circular conformation of the cheeks. The chaste and delicate mouth is, perhaps, one of the first recommendations to be met with in the common intercourse of life. Words are the pictures of the mind. We judge of the host by the portal. He holds the flaggon of truth, of love and endearing, friendship." — Ancient Writer. "Whoever internally feels the worth of this member, so different from every other member, so inseparable, so not-to-be defined, so simple, yet so various ; whoever, I say, knows and feels this worth, will speak and act with divine wisdom. Oh, wherefore can I only, imperfectly and tremblingly, declare all the honors of the mouth ; the chief seat of wisdom and folly, power and debility, virtue and vice, beauty and deformity, of the human mind; the seat of all love, all hatred, all sincerity, all falsehood, all humility, all pride, all dissimulation, and all truth ! Oh! with what adoration would I speak, and be silent, were la more perfect man! " — Lavater. " Other features are made for us, but we make our mouths." The mouth is the phonograph of the mind. The 143 144 FACIOLOGY. ever changing emotions of the mind are communicated to the lips. Unconsciously the student of human nature judges character more by the mouth than any other feature of the face. The mouth is the most accurate and positive index to character. Every mouth is a history. J^oblenesSj benevolence, kindness, love, virtue, reveal themselves in the mouth. Sensuality, worthlessness, stupidity and weakness speak loudly in the infallible truth-telling lines of this orifice. When speech prevaricates, the mouth will tell the truth. What eloquence is expressed in the mouth even when mute ; it makes us love or hate ; it inspires or depresses us ; we adore or scorn before the words have been uttered ; the soul expression centres here. The nose once formed, seldom changes, but the mouth keeps pace with the always changing mind. A life well spent will change a naturally ugly mouth into an expressive one. One ^vho devotes their time to charity, friendship and love, will cause a growing beauty in the mouth. The eyes lose their brightness, the face becomes seared with wrinkles, yet under these failing signs we see still a beautiful and expres- sive mouth. Care, culture and benevolence will ever modify the beauty of the mouth. The nose and fore- head, its bony structure speak what a man is by nature or what he might become, but the mouth indicates what he is. In the mouth we find the seat of jBrmness, courage, weakness, magnanimity and brutality. There we come in contact with love, scorn and contempt. Here we first recognize victory, tribulation and tempta- tion. No face can be called homely with a beautiful mouth ; no face can be called beautjfu] with an ugly mouth. BRAINS AND FORMS. 145 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.^ What the mouth is so is the man. Lips that are firm indicate a firm, resokite character; while weak lips bespeak a weak and wavering character. In a mouth where the lips are scarcely visible and look like a single line, we find coldness, order, precision and industry. If the ends of the mouth are drawn we discover vanity, pretension, affectation, and often malice. Lips that are very fleshy are accompanied by a sensual or indolent character. Lips that naturally close, that is without constraint and well proportioned and delineated, indicate discretion, firmness and decision of character; it also denotes courage and fortitude. A mouth where the lips part slightly, betokens frank- ness and candidness in character. LAVATER. '' TVell-defined, large and proportionate lips, the middle line of which is equally serpentine, on both sides, and easy to be drawn, though they may denote an inclination 4o pleasure, are never seen in a bad, mean, common, false, crouching, vicious countenance." "All disproportion between the upper and under lip, is a sign of folly or wickedness. The wisest and best men have well-proportioned upper and lower lips. Yery large, though well-proportioned lips, always denote a gross, sensual, indelicate, and sometimes a stupid or wicked man." THE Lirs. Lips are the facial emblems of taste and its asso- ciated desires and appetites. Thick lips have a greater 10 146 FACIOLOGY. capacity for taste than narrow thin ones. Lips indi- cate the quality of taste. Coarse lips, vulgar taste; delicate lips refined taste ; large lips great appetency. Germans usually possess strong appetites and have large full lips ; while the French are very choice and delicate in taste and have corresponding lips. The negro (fig. 46) has coarse lips and possesses a coarse, vulgar quality of taste, aud he is noted for his gusta- tivenesss. Lips that lack beauty in proportion, thatis,irregLdar in outline, bespeak an analagous character ; while lips with a fine, regular, well defined shape, have a corres- ponding perfection of taste and associated propensities. In the mouth is located a strong and delicate sense of touch, more acute than any other part of the face. The lips touch the food before it is masticated by the teeth or tasted by the glands in the tongue. This fine sense of touch in the lips of inferior animals fulfils the place and corresponds to the sense of touch in man's fingers. SOCIAL NATURE. There is life in the lips of true lovers. — G. Owain. Her lips, whose kisses pout to leave their nests. — Byron. Heart on her lips and soul in her eye. — Byron. Lips moulded in love are tremulously full of the glowing soft- ness they borrow from the heart, and electrically obedient to its im- pulse. — Grace GreeniDood. Once he drew With one long kiss my whole soul through my lips. Many an evening by the waters did we watch the stately ships, And our spirits rushed together at the touching of the lips. — Tennyson. The facial citadel of man's social affections is found in the red or fleshy portion of the lips. When naturally BRAINS AND FORMS. 147 closed the sign is internal, and has a tendency to per- turb the lips when large. Dr. Redfield attributes the sign of fondness to the upper and kissing to the lower lip. The lips are the pjiysiognomical pole of the men- tal faculty of araativeness, located in the cerrebellum. InvariabW one that is amative, has plump, red lips and indicate a warm heart and loving disposition. But when the lips are excessively large it denotes a perver- sion of this faculty and is the sign of sensuality, bru- tality and licentiousness ; while a deficiency signifies an un affectionate nature, cold, chilly disposition, and have but little true love for the opposite sex. Young persons contemplating matrimony would do well to note this facial sign, and according to their own disposition they can choose a congenial companion in love. It is an infallible guide. The reliable facial pole for the faculty of Amative- ness or love is indicated by the breadth of the middle part of the lips. Their redness indicates present activity; paleness or absence of color denotes inactivity or sickness. When the lips are red and full, we find one that rs amorous and affectionate; such desire to kiss and be kissed. The fact that the loving function has its seat on the lips explains the whole philosophy of kissing. Kissing is not a mere arbitrary sign, but the natural language of the affections. The faculty of Friendship has its physiognomical sign indicated in the red of the lip by its wrinkles. When the trait is largely developed the lines converge, and small when the lines are straight. Persons in whom this sign is large easily make friends and are themselves indeed true friends. One may possess love and affection and yet have but little friendship. FACiOLOG-Y. Friendship is one of the sweetest powers of the mind ; around its shrine cling the richest blessings of life. Small curved lines or furrows, slightly backward from the corners of the mouth, represent the facial sign of hospitality, which is closely allied to friend- ship. These wrinkles are very faint in composure, but very conspicuous when the person meets a friend. The host or hostess who wears these emblems of hospitality entertain because they love to, while those who do not possess them entertain for vanity and custom. Jealousy, the great parasite of love, is indicated in facial expression by an oblique fullness on each side of the lower lip, running towards the corners. There is no true love without jealousy, yet jealousy often exists without love. Pride causes jealousy. It is fre- quently found without cause or provocation. Where circumstances are such that jealousy is constantly aroused into activity, we wall discover a swelling as is described on each side of the lower lip under the red part. Contempt, a close associate of jeal- ousy, is on the face a very near neighbor, and is indicated bya protrud- ing of the middle of the lower lip ; when very large causes a swelling in the lip between the two signs of jealousy. "He who has contempt on his lips, has no love in his heart. He, the ends of whose lips sink conspicuously and obliquely downwards, has contempt on his lips and is devoid of love in his heart — especially when the under lip is larger and more projecting than the upper." Lavater. Urains and iokms. 149 Scorn, the brother of contempt, is marked by a drawing upwards of the integument of the chin. When both these signs are large it causes a transverse wrinkle betw^een the lip and chin, — Many otherw^ise beautiful faces have I observed, but distorted and marred by these depraving traits and signs of scorn and contempt. When the child expresses the feeling of contempt, notice his protruding under lip. Man, beware of the small, little passions, as they seem, for they greatly disfigure your divine features. Such use- less habits change the style of nature, distort and make ugl}^ Fig. 10. Approbativeness. Love of Distinction. Firmness. Self-esteem. The mental faculty of Approbativeness or Ambition has its physiognomical pole in the curl or slight lifting of the upper lip. Persons on whom this sign is large like to shine well in society. They love popular ap- plause ; they are ambitious to obtain distinction, name or notoriety for some ability in some way, depending essentially the direction the mind is proned and capable of leading. Such, love reputation as a priceless jewel, and regard public opinion as a sacred possession. When this sign is, excessively large and perverted there is a selfish desire to lead and outshine others. Nor- mally acting, this faculty is the golden link that holds 150 PACIOLOGY. society together, and makes man and woman We a good reputation and regard public opinion. Self-esteem, an important mental faculty, has its facial pole represented by the full stiffness of the middle of the upper lip. This faculty, so generally misunder- stood, is one of the grandest powers of the mind, and is one of the chief essentials to success in any calling in life. It confers the very elements that insure success ; it gives self-confidence, self-reliance, self-control, dignity, the power to manage and lead; but when erverted its action is detestable and almost intolerable — it causes one to be conceited,egotistical, authoratative, domineering and overbearing. But normally acting it make one possessor of himself. Dissatisfaction is denoted by drawing the lip back- wards and downwards. Such persons are never theatrical, but are natural in all they say and do, and should pass for what they seem. Complacenc}^ is represented by a long muscle passing from the corner of the mouth to the arch of the cheek bone. Cheerfulness is indicated by a muscle in front of the sign of complacency, from the corners of the mouth upwards to the clieek, drawing the corners of the mouth upwards in that direction. Gloominess, the opposite of cheerfulness, has its facial sign by drawing o^ depressing them slightly downwards. It gives a sad, dejected expression to the countenance. Gravity is a quality marked by an exaggeration of the sign of gloominess, by drawing the corners of the mouth downwards so that it lengthens the breadth of the upper lip. Gladstone has a grave expression, (fig. 24.) Simplicity of character is evidenced in the face by a BRAINS AND FORMS. 151 curve in the corners of the mouth upwards and towards the nose. Persons noted for their simplicity of nature have this sign large. Envv is designated by a curve in the lower lip. Persons in whom this sign is large, feel that people are more often distinguished from circumstances station than from merit and abilitv. Envy to which the ignoble mind is a slave Is emulation in the noble and the brave. — Pope. Let us direct our obser- vation now to the white portion of the upper lip, which displa3"s several sig- nificant faculties. Concentrativeness is in- dicated by the length of the middle line of the white surface of the upper lip, when large it sometimes encroaches upon the red part of the lip. Such persons observe in detail and take into consideration little things that are ordinarily overlooked. It gives a mas- culine appearance to the mouth. It is seldom found on woman. Comprehensiveness is found on each side of concen- trativeness. It denotes the ability to- take broad and liberal views of subjects and things. The faculty of Continuity or application is discovered outward from comprehensiveness. It marks the ability Fig.sS- \. Concentrativeness. 7. Patriotistn. _ a. Comprehension. 8. Cosmopolitanism. '3. Application^ i 4. Gravity. '- -^ 5. Love of Travel; .6. Love of,. Home. a. Clearness. *. Prectsioni c. CheerfijlneSs. d. Love; 152 faciologV. to apply the mind steadily to a subject to a finish. It is large usually in soientilic men and writers. Turning our attention now to the white surface of the lower lip. Love of travel is represented by the length of the middle of the lower lip. Persons on whom this sign is well marked have a wandering dis- position. The faculty of Inhabitativeness, the love of home and country are located side by side and immediately opposite comprehensiveness and application and give width and fullness to the lip in that location. To such persons home is the dearest spot on earth, however humble, to them it is yet home. They desire a place where they can live, learn and enjoy. They are patriotic, love their country, and are loyal and faithful citizens. Such persons are ready to defend their coun- try's principles and rights. Magnanimity is opposite the sign of gravity. Dr. Eediield has called it cosmopolitanism. It gives a magnificent expression to the mouth. It indicates purity and nobleness. It is evidenced by a pushing out of the nether lip upon the upper. The face of Wash- ington has this sign well marked. The Facial Poles or Health and Disease. " Health and beauty are boon compamons." * " Health's crowning beauty-glow on cheek and lip." " Let not your nose blush for the sins of your mouth." One of the most interesting studies in " Faciology " are the signs of health and disease. The face is not only the looking-glass of man's mental calibre and worth, but it is the thermometer of our physiologies; the condition of the body as well as the mind have their physiognomical signs on the countenance. What marvelous accuracy each variation of the vigor and tone of our constitution registers its strength and power on the face. The eyes, lips, cheeks, nose, com- plexion, all the features, tell the ever changing symp- toms of the physical natures. The brain, liver, kidneys, lungs, heart, stomach, all have their separate facial seats ; all the different functions of the body are represented in the formation of the face. The laws of temperaments are'as readable from the features as the whole physiognomy. The Motive temperament is expressed by large noses and bony, angular faces, and denotes great endurance and physical strength; the Vital temperament is indicated by full cheeks, fleshy noses, ruddy complexion, bright eyes; this shows great recuperative powers, good digestion and strong lung action; the Mental temperament, face is broader at top, cheeks thin, there will be a look of refinement and culture ; this signifies mental activity and power, but physical weakness. The dermatologist and face specialist may do much 153 154 J^ACiOLOGY. in beautifying the face, by giving temporary aids, but the only and sure remedy for physical beauty is health, and to attain this should be every one's highest duty. If the lungs are strong and digestion weak, the face will indicate it, mce versa ; the stomach and lungs may be strong, but if the heart is feeble, circulation is poor, and the face is deformed ; all the organs may be strong and splendid, but if the blood is impure, the complexion is first to tell it ; any disease of the nervous system affects all the others, therefore makes the face look more wretched and changed that the abuse of any other organ. The drinker, glutton, smoker, prostitute, scars and mars the wax work of the countenance in proportion as their indulgences become excessive. The expres- sions of the various dissipators differ according to the organs injured ; the opium fiend can be distinguished from the one addicted to the liquor habit ; the cigarette fop from the gormandizer ; the drunkard from the glutton. All facial degeneracy has its cause mental or physical ; to improve and perfect the face we must remove the cause. The Digestive functionary, or the faculty of alimen- tativeness, has its physiognomical pole on the cheek between the corners of the mouth and the lower part of the ear, in the middle of the cheeks opposite the molar teeth. When this region of the face is full it indicates naturally good digestion; when sunken at this location we observe constitutional dyspeptics. This digestive pole is frequently deficient on the faces of students and literary men, caused from over- taxing the brain at the expense of other vital organs, from sedentary occupations and the want of BRAINS AND FOKMS. 155 proper exercise. It usually accompanies the mental and motive temperaments. FIGrRE51. FIGUBE52. Stomach very Strong. Stomach weak. David Hume. He could partake Gustavus III, King of Sweden of a hearty meal, and immed- who suffered several years with lately apply himself to severe dyspepsia, mental labour, without ex- periencing the least inconven- ience. Large language is indicated by his full eyes. Perception and literary or Retentive faculties are very large. Strong affec- tionate nature is evidenced by the mouth. The capacity of the Lungs is evidenced in the face by the size of the ridge between the nose and cheek bones. This sign is particularly observable in laughter, the larger the muscle the less tendency there is to con- sumption, the thinner and smaller the more predisposed the individual is to lung diseases. Experience and observation has learned us that polarity of the lungs is obviously connected with the face as above described. It is where the roses of health bud and blossom, and where the hectic flush appears in the consumptive. The cheek at this particular point corresponds to the con- dition of the lungs; rosy when they are in a healthy condition. 156 FACIOLOGY. riGUiiE 51. Consutntionaldy.spf^ptic; circulatiou good. Lung pow- er weak. FIGURE ?>i. Circulation pooi and digestion good. lungs Circulatory system, the heart, veins and arteries, has its facial pole in the fullness of the chin. A large, broad chin indicates a strong heart and circulatory power, animal strength and passional nature. A weak chin denotes slow circulation and feeble passions. The heart of such persons beats slow and irregular ; instead of the blood running to the extremities to build up the bodies, it congests in the vital organs. Such persons are easy prey to disease ; they experience cold extrem- ities, hands and feet, and unable to withstand the cold. People who have this facial sign well developed have full, round chin, their circulation is regular, extremities warm, ruddy complexion, bright eyes, possess vigor in mind and body, and can stand cold and are less liable to sickness. Mr. Fowler, in Human Science, says : " This polarity shows why and how all the minutest shading and phases of health conditions report themselves in the face ; that is why the countenance of all proclaim so perfectly all the bodily conditions, including their pre- BRAINS AND FORMS. 16t cise states of health and disease, and thereby inciden- tally showing why a good complexion is a paramount condition of beauty, and beauty a sign of lovableness because it indicates normality and purity." It is not the purpose of this chapter to give an extensive professional treatise on dmgnosis ov prognosis^ but merely the signs of health and disease that are always observable and readily recognized. These facial poles represent the great vital systems of the human physiology, and all other facial signs and symptoms are but variations and shadings of these primary poles. These signs cannot fail to be interesting to allpractical observers The face is the index where the physician observes to obtain a correct diagnosis of the health and disease of the patient. These physiognomical signs are infallible. THE CHEEK. Let lis now turn our attention to the bony formation of the cheek, having thus far briefly considered the muscular portion. An angular face with prominent cheek bones usually accom- panies a Motive tem- perament, and indi- Fia. 56. and well. How the sick »g-noinies tell their condi Face to face, well their phj-sic tions. The prints of transgression are clearly indicated on the face of the first; the blossoms of a temperate life bloom on the other's countenance. cates an executive bative Many of energetic, and com- character. the most heroic men and wom- en have possessed the 158 FACIOLOGT. square upper face, great warriors, the natures that love the clash of arms, the din of battle; great surgeons who have carved their names out of disease and deformity. The faculty of Destructiveness is indicated by the breadth of the face over the molar bones or the prom- inence of the cheeks. The width of the face at this part corresponds to the size of the skull just over the ears where the organ of this faculty is located in the brain. Indians have large cheek bones and broad through the face here, have also very large Destructiveness. This faculty is also indicated by the relative positions of the upper and lower jaws ; when the upper jaw extends out over the lower, it denotes large destructiveness, this sign is well marked on all carniverous animals and birds, as lions, tigers, rats, woodchucks, eagles, hawks, etc., that live upon the destruction of inferiors ; while all graniverous animals, as the sheep, cows, horses, etc., have small destructiveness and the lower jaw extends out even or beyond the upper. Cheeks well delineated, clearly carved, hardly out- lined through the muscles, indicates more refinement, culture and intelligence. Where the malar or cheek bone is prominent under the external angle of the eye we have the sign that indicates the faculty of protec- tion. Dr. Redfield says one with this sign large likes to have good fences around his premises, is fond of stone walls and fortifications and if a general or public man he will pay considerable attention to national de- fenses. This sign is found large on the faces of our great engineers, military leaders and surgeons. The Chinese have It largely developed and their empire is walled in; Egyptians, the great pyramid builders, have BKAINS AND FORMS. 159 this indication prominent; it is also found large on the faces of Indians. Prominence or fullness of the orbitar process of the eye characterizes the wave motion. Graceful dancers and walkers, lovers of wave motion, swing amusements, riding on rough seas etc., possess this feature highly marked. Spanish dancers have it unusually large; the French and Italians have it large; the Spaniards who are noted for their graceful carriage and wave motion dances, have it very large. The prominence of the malar bone immediately under the eye denotes the sign of watchfulness. Napo- leon who has the sign very large, it is related of him to have taken only five hours out of the twenty-four for sleep. Doctors, nurses, watchmen, generals, com- manders usually possess this sign highly developed. One who has this sign la.rge can do with less sleep than one who has it deficient. Where the malar process projects downward from the sign of protection we discover the sign of love of rest, the natural language of this faculty is noted when we rest the head on the elbow, the hand rests on this point. In sleep it is very common for the person on whom it is large to place his hand between this sign and the place on the pillow on which he rests. Love of repose is located a little outward from the sign of love of rest, and indicates a great fondness for rocking chairs, cushions and lounges. Character A\anifestcd by the Chin. Mark you, when you speak to her, The amorous movement of her chin — That fair round chin. —Old Play. There is no feature of the face of greater physiog- nomical value than the chin, and yet its real worth is so commonly slighted. The chin represents the fundamental and permanent traits in the character. Passing thoughts and emotions of the mind have little or no effect on its solid formation. Education, culture and circumstances leave less effect upon its architecture than upon any other feature of the face. The chin once formed is fixed and unchangeable, its signs are reliable and permanent, and for this reason it must have great physiognomical value in estimating the real and original traits of character. The chin, analogously speaking, is to the face what the foundation is to the house, and to be good must be in harmony, symmetrical and in proportion to the superstructure, the whole countenance. Where this is not the case, appearances indicate the fact that there is internal discord, disproportion, inharmony and unstable basis. AMATIVENESS AND CEREBELLUM. It is a fact worthy of note that the chin is related in formation to the small brain or the cerebellum, The 160 BRAINS AND FORMS. 161 breadth of the cerebellum is' indicated by the width of the jaws between the angles. The length of the cere- bellum corresponds to that of the jaw, from angle to the front of the chin. The cerebellum is the seat of amativeness, man's affectional nature, therefore we judge from this facial pole, the chin, the degree of the development of this faculty and its power. In- variably we j&nd a small cerebellum with a weak chin. The chin represents both the love function and the will power. Animals, properly speaking, have no for- mation that we can call a chin, yet they are amative and possess a small cerebellum ; but their love is simply a blind passion, which manifests itself periodically, and the absence of a chin indicates that this instinct is not controlled by the will. Natural idiots have retreating and feeble chins — and very small cerebellums — as their face and heads always indicate. If an idiot ever man- ifests love, it is simply an impulse, as in the case of animals. The most prolific races of men, as the Germans, Irish, Scotch, English, and all the Anglo-Saxons have all, as races, well developed chins and corresponding cerebellums ; while the races that are less prolific, as the Chinese, Hindoos, Malays, Japanese and most Oriental races, have much smaller chins and cerebel- lums. A weak chin is a very noticeable deficiency on the faces of North American Indians, and manifesta- tions of love are seldom noticed from either sex. Eth- nologists w4io have lived among them and studied their habits and characters tell us that an Indian fam- ily seldom consists of more than two or three children. Man's loving nature in its different manifestations is displayed in the chin, and indicated by the length of 162 FACIOLOGT. the anterior and lateral projection of the chin forward from the angle of the jaw. Pointed chins desire a congenial, agreeable lover, and will often sacrifice their life in single blessedness, then marry one that does not exactly suit. Indented chins have a strong desire to be loved ; it signifies strong parental love and a sunny nature. This sign is frequently found on man. In woman it is the sign of a coquette. Square, ISTarrow chin indicates a desire to love. People wdth this type of chin frequently do not marry their equals, but often give their love as a favor. Rank, w^ealth, station is not the object of their affec- tions. They desire to promote the good of those who, for lack of personal charms have few admirers. Broad, Square chin is the masculine form, and seldom found on w^oman. This character sign shows ardent devotion ; such persons love with jealousy, often distrustful and violent, often love to desperation. Broad, Round chin is the sign of constancy and faith- fullness in love. Found most frequently on the faces of women. Such are usually faithful to their wedded vows, and seldom cause occasion for separation. THE WILL, EXPRESSED BY THE CHIN. The power of the will, in its many directions, is man- ifested in the downward extension of the chin and jaw. Downward extension of the middle of the chin, as shown, represents the power of engrossment or the ability of confining the mind on a subject and not allow the thoughts and imagination to soar astray. Such persons are qualified to study material things and the physical sciences — usually found large on the faces of great anatomists, physiologists and surgeons. BRAINS AND FORMS. 163 Charles XII of Sweden, authority large. Sign of (fig- Downward of the jaw, just forward of the angle, indi- cates resolution. It is nearly akin to perseverance, and they usually accompany each other. It represents the ability to carry out whatever is resolved. This sign is large on the faces of Cassar, l^apol- eon and Jackson. Closely related to resol- ution is the love of responsi- bility, and is indicated by a downward extension of the jaw just below the ear. Such people love to show and display their authority. •57.) On each side of the chin under the canine teeth we observe the sign of self-control or self-will. When large there is a downward extension at this point. Such persons have strength and moral fixedness of charac- ter, a concentration of purpose, however its effects, selfish or benevolent. There can be no great character without a good degree of self-will. Downward extension of the middle of the jaw indi- cates perseverance. It is the never rest-until-accomp- lished faculty. It is one of the best faculties of the will. A fullness under the chin, or what is generally called a double chin, denotes economy. Such people are thrifty and frugal. This sign is found on the faces of both sexes, and it is especially noticeable on economists and bankers, etc. Franklin had this sign highly 164 FACIOLOaY. marked. His maxims illustrate his economy and fru- gality. It is a very pleasing feature on both the faces of man and woman.- Breadth in the central portion of the jaw indicates the love of physical beauty. Such persons are idola- ters of physical charms and liable to sensuality. Its legitimate and proper manifestation is caressing, fond- ling and gratifying the love in beholding the object loved. Breadth of the jaw backward — from this sign is the mark of insane love, and indicates uncontrollable and excessive amativeness. Women, beware of men with this sign large. The Hair and What it Indicates. The Crown or Glory." <<' "Her head was bare but for the native ornament of the hair, which, in a simple knot, was tied above — sweet negligence, unheeded bait of love." — Dryden. •'Her sunny locks hang on her temples like a golden fleece." — Shakespeare "Hissilver hairs will purchase us a good opinion and buy men's voices to command our deeds." — Sliakespeare. "Gray hairs are death's blossoms." — Schiller. " Robed in the long night of her dark hair." — Tennyson "The hair is the finest ornament women have. Of old, virgins used to wear it loose, except when they were in mourning." — Luther " The same may be observed of the hair, from the parts and posi- tion of which conclusions may be drawn. Why has the negro wooly hair? The thickness of .the skin prevents the escape of cer. tain of the particles of perspiration, and these render the skin opaque and black; hence the hair shoots with difliculty, and scarcely has it penetrated before it curls and its growth ceases. The hair spreads according to the form of the skull and the position of the muscles, and gives occasion to the physiognomist to draw con- clusions from the hair to the position of the muscles, and to deduce other consequences." — Ancient. The hair is nature's chief orDament and decoration to the dome of domes, the haman head. What tlie hair does to change and modify the aesthetic value of the human face words cannot estimate. Anala^^ouslv speaking the hair is to the human form what the leaves and blossoms are to the trees and plants ; what the trees and plants are to the earth. To rob the young 165 166 FACIOLOGt* maid of her golden fleece, this silky mantel, the wavy, ebony locks, would deprive her of her richest drapery, her fairest charm, cupid's daintiest bait. To amputate the flowing bangs from off the brow of the dude you take his life. The eyes are the portals of thought and intellect ; the mouth speaks of taste, love and worth ; the chin firm- ness and affection ; the forehead announces that man is the embryo of a God ; the shapely undulations of the body indicate grace and power, but the hair, which does not speak, and to which sensitiveness has been denied, cannot lie ; it manifests truly the character of the man. The hair may multiply a hundred fold every other beauty, of every other feature, and hide in its infinite labyrinths as much poetry as one is capable of expressing and creating. What an elegant garment to clothe the throne room of the soul, give it tem^perature and protect it from injury. So beautiful, so soft and silk}^, yet how well it fulfils its office. Even after this castle of the soul has been laid to rest these rich fleecy locks continue to spread and form a rich canopy to cover our raoulder- ino" remains. The hair alone looks beautiful when all other charms are dead. HOW THE HAIR GROWS. " The ancients held that the hair is a kind of excres- cence, fed only with excremetitious matters, and no proper part of the living body. They added, that the hair does not grow by means of a, juice circulating within it, as in other parts of the body, but like the nails, by juxtaposition. The hair does truly live, however, though it must be admitted that its growth is of a different kind from that of the rest of the body. BRAINS AND FORMS. 167 and is not immediately derived therefrom, or reciproca- ted therewith. It derives its food from juices in the body, but not from the same juices which nourish the body, hence it may live and thrive though the body be starved. '' Wulferus, in bis ^ Philosophical Collections,' gives an account of a woman buried at ^uremburg, whose grave was opened forty- three years after the death, when hair was found issuing from the coffin. The cover being removed, the whole corpse appeared in its perfect shape, but from the crown of the head to the foot, covered with a thick coat of hair, long and curled. Several other instances of this post mortem growth are recorded.^ — S. i?. Wells. INDICATIONS OF CHARACTER. What a mantel of fashion is the hair. It bends to a thousand caprices of the taste. What an infinite variety of assthetic combinations it makes with the features. How it is braided, curled, crimped, waved and tied to suit and harmonize with the formations of the head, and bring forth new beauties and effects. What a variety of pictures it will make out of one face. The eyes are permanent and fixed ; the nose has its imposing shape ; the lips their eloquent expression ; but the hair is living matter, yielding with infinite docility to the will, taste, desire, art, style and fashion. It has a perennial growth, giving beauty warmth, protection and the language of the mind. Thankful and happy many people should feel that nature has given them just such a cover to hide and disguise their mental deformities and hide from view their ill-shaped brains. Different nations attribute different importance to 168 FACIOLOGY. the hair. The hair is the only reliable feature to determine the race and nationality of a person. " Dark hair, as a general rule, prevails in southern countries, and light hair in more temperate latitudes. There are many exceptions to this rule, howe^^er, to explain which would take us too far into the domains of ethnology. Among the Americans and the English brown hair of various shades predominates ; among the Germans, sandy, flaxen and yellow hair; among the French, dark brown and black; amono: the Spanish, black; among the Eussians, light hair, of various shades; and among the Poles and Hungarians, dark liair."— A^. R. Wells. Abundance of hair signifies good animal strength and functional power ; a thin growth ; weak con- stitutional strength. Coarse hair is found only on persons with a coarse, rough make-up of body, and characterizes a corresponding rough, unpolished, uncouth and unrefined mind; it also indicates physical power and endurance. In- dians, savages, barbarians and cowboys possess this strong, coarse hair. People with this kind of hair are best contented with rough, hard w^ork, employing their physical functions ; they are unfit by nature for men- tal, close, or sedentary occupations. Animals that have the coarsest hair are always the most powerful and the most savage, as the lion, bear and tiger. " Hair parting naturally in the middle and falling over the temples, as it generally does in w^omen and sometimes in men, indicates the feminine element, and in man symmetry and beauty of soul — genius of a certain kind, which implies the feeling of the woman combined with the tliougld of the man. It is a very BRAINS AND FOEMS. 109 commoi characteristic among poets and artists, as seen in Homer, Virgil, Shiakespeare, Milton, Goethe, Dante, Eaphael, Titian, Burns, Keats, Mozart, Longfellow, and many others. In pictures of Christ, and other highly-refrned, exalted and beautiful characters, this peculiarity is always introduced by the artist." — S. R. Fine hair, a fine mind. The quality of the hair is indicative of the quality of the constitution throughout. Soft, fine hair is found only on persons of refinement,, culture, sensitiveness and delicacy ; they are usually found in mental occupations, as writers, lecturers, editors, teachers, etc. This hair accompanies the mental temperament. Fine haired animals, as the deer, horse, hare, fox, dog, beaver, etc., are usually gentle, tame, and the most intelligent ; they do not possess the great physical powers of the coarse-haired animals. " Black curly hair," says Lavater, " will never be found on the delicate, tender, medullary head." It denotes an uneven, versatile disposition and character ; black, straight, stiff hair indicates great application and a strong character; smooth, shining hair signifies self-consistency and even character. Curls denote specialties, snap, vivacity, variety of traits, impulsiveness. Soft, fine brown hair is found only on persons of excellent minds and intellectual tendencies. Red hair is indicative of ardour, passion, quickness of temper, and accompanies a sanguine- vital tempera- ment. Auburn hair denotes delicacy and refinement, and in cultured persons it indicates fine moral and intellectual susceptibilities. Wrinkles. THE TELATJTOGEAPH OF THE MIND. Wrinkles on the brow are the imprints of exploits. — Racine. Times irreparable footprints. — Eugene Sue. Wrinkles are beauty's deathlines. — J. L. Basford. Wrinkles on his forehead are the marks which his mighty deeds have engraved there and still indicate what he was in former days. — Corneille. Wrinkles are the footprints which marks the path- way of the mind's actions ; the flowers of activity , the scars of usefulness ; the traces of experience ; the signs of time. Wrinkles are the blossoms of old age, yet we find them budding on youthful faces. All mental states, traits, conditions, sensations, emotions and feel- ings, record their labor in their own handwriting on the register of the face. Study, thought, jo3^ happi- ness, anger, pride, grief, prosperity, contentment, humiliation, print their experiences on the countenance in unmistakable characters. Habitual traits of char- acter stamp their exploits indelibly upon the features of the face. Where happiness has always reigned the face naturally assumes a joyous, pleasant and happy appearance. If anger has continually clouded the spirits the lines of the brow will tell it. An intellec- tual life give traces of thoughtfulness. If grief, sor- row and adversity has been a person's lot how per- fectly the face proclaims it. If one has led a life of active benevolence and charity how the wrinkles of 170 BRAI^iS AND FORMS. 171 the forehead and expressions of the mouth will indi- cate it, and so all mental emotions make their mark. To prevent the occurence of wrinkles we would have to place a damper on the action of the mind, for what the mind does the face must manifest. The more emotional the mind is, the more crevices and lines will be found in the face. All wrinkles do not mar the aesthetic value of the countenance, on the contrary some enhance it, while others have disastrous effects. It depends of course upon what traits produce them. All noble and intellectual traits entwine about the face vines of beauty, but all low, sensual, brutal and animal propensities sear and blemish and make ugly the loveliest features. Babies and children usually have smooth faces devoid of wrinkles, because their minds have not yet been seriously brought into activity. Adults, who have infant faces, smooth and waxy, have had few adven- tures ; performed few noble deeds ; suffered but little adversity , experienced but little trouble and anxiety ; used but little mental energy. It is a feeble indication to see a face without its positive sigus of utility. Experience and events more fitly mark the duration of time than hours or years, or as Bacon says : Oae may be old in hours but young in years if he has lost no time. Some will look more matured at twenty than others at forty, and if we would trace their lives we would discover that they had lived as long in reality. The lines of the face records the life's career. A man will be old or young as his face testifies, no matter what his age. The wrinkles of the face expressing definite traits of 12 172 S'ACIOLOGY. character are numerous, many of which I have given under different heads. The lines made by the rauscles surrounding the eyes indicate the love of truth; the wrinkles curving upwards from the outward corners of the eyes is the sign of personal truthfulness or probity. Dr. Redfield says that such persons always keep their promise. The wrinkles curving downward from the outward corners of the eyes indicate the mirth, love of fun and laughter. A sack-like fulness uuder the eyes is the sign of large and active faculty of language, the power of expression. Persons marked thus, tell what they know fluently; have good command of lan- guage; express their thoughts easily. Where there is one perpendicular line running in the middle of the space between the brows is the sign of closeness, exactness and strict honesty in little money matters. I know a doctor with this mark who would argue with a drayman for half an hour over tvfenty-five cents, and yet he was noted for his gener- osity in matters of deep concern. Two lines on each side of the space between the eyebrows demand justice in others; while three lines or more, indicate a disposi- tion to apply justice to one's self. These signs are very common and well established. The wrinkles horizontally across the root of the nose is a sign of love of command, and found usually on generals, teachers, and persons who are fond of ex- ercising authority. Irregular, confused wrinkles on the forehead, are the signs of a tendency to puzzle-headedness; deep, angular wrinkles indicate mental worry and irritability. O bserve a person in these conditions of mind at the brow and you readily see how these lines are produced, if the mind BKAINS AXD iOKMS. 173 is habitually in that state. The wrinkles running across the forehead horizontally signifies active benev- olence ; when these lines are continued at the outer edge and curve down we have the indication of active hope. Lines running parallel across the upper part of the brow denote an active intellect and clearness in thought. A lineless forehead is indeed a bad sign. Natural Language op the Mental Taculties. " Suit the action to the word, and the word to the action." — Sliakespeare . "A man may be known by his look, and one that hath under- standing by his countenance, when thou meetest him. A man's attire and excessive laughter and gait show what he is, — Ecclesiasti- cus xix: 29, 30. The character of an individual should be observed and studied in a more comprehensive sense, than a mere glance of the eye, the expression of the mouth, the delineation of the nose, the peculiar formation of the chin, the capacity of the forehead, the form of the cranium, the shape of the body; but we should note the poise of the head, the attitude and bearing of the body, the movements of the arras and legs, the walk, the laugh, the language, the voice, the clothes, observe the man all in all; everything from hair to toes reveal something of the person; all that one does is the out- ward expression of the inner man; it is the straws that indicate the direction of the wind more than big things ; the leaves and branches truly represent the real character of the tree, so too the details, the little things and actions, work as a cipher to unravel man's entire character. ^' A man is judged by his fruits." ''Each faculty, sentiment and propensity of the human mind has its natural language — is capable of being translated into action, the most impressive dialect 174 BRAINS AND FORMS. 175 Physiognomy known to man, and the one most readily and univer- sially understood," says Mr. Wells in his work on ^' :N'ew When opportunity permits, without intru- sion or impertinence, observe two or more young society belles in animated conversation, perhaps " after the ball is over " study closely 'f their facial expression ; I how each gesture cor- responds to the prevail- ing thought ; how the word suits the action Fig. 58. Animated Conversation. and the action the word. Whenhatred takes possession of the mind, how the brows net and scowl; when joy and pleasure is in the thought,how the face becomes wreathed with smiles ; how sympathy softens the expression and makes tender the eye; when anger comes, how the eyes snap and the foot stamps. How each emotion of their minds and mental operation produces a corresponding expression on the ph^^siognomies. How different and distinguishable is the natural language of hate from pride; mirth from vanity; dignity from bashfulness; love from friendship; deceit from candidness innocence from guilt. The gesture, laugh, smile, the lustre of the eye, all facial expression indicates the passing thoughts. One may know the gist of their conversation, hear the elo- quence of their minds, the discourse of their thoughts, just by listening through their eyes to the inaudible dialogue, when versed in the language of psychological expression. SOUL IN THE VOICE. " Mirah's was the sort of voice that gives the impression of being meant, like a bird's wooing for an audience near and beloved" — George Eliot. " The voice is the flower of beauty." — Zeno. " The voice is sweet as if it took its music from thy face.— X. E. Landon. "A sweet voice, a little indistinct and muffled, which caresses and does not thrill; an utterance which glides on without emphasis and lays stress only on what is deeply felt." — George Sand. " In social circles how pleasant it is to, hear a woman talk in that low key which always characterizes the true lady." — Lamh. "Rosseau calls the human voice the warder of the mind." — N. P. Willis. "Thy voice Is a celestial mQ\o(ij."—Longfdlow. " The voice is a human sound which nothing inanimate can per- fectly imitate. It has an authority and an insinuating property which writing lacks. It is not mjerely so much air, but air modulated and impregnated with life." — Joubert. " Her voice was ever soft, gentle and low — an excellent thing in woman . " — Shakespeare. ' ' How sweetly sounds the voice of a good woman ! It is so sel- dom heard that when it speaks it ravishes all senses." — Massinger. "The soft contralto notes of a woman's voice are born in the immediate region of the }ieBXi"^ Alfred de Musset. " The devil hath not, in all his quiver's choice, an arrow for the heart like a sweet Yoice."^ Byron. ■ " Canst thou thunder with a voice like him? "—Bible. There is soul in the voice. How charming, enchanting, how inspiring, is a sweet, pure, transparent voice in song, speech, conversation or laughter; the 176 BRAINS AND FORMS. 177 sweetest music known to man is the human voice; no musical invention can bear any comparison to the mel- odies from the larynx. The mind's nobility and grace, firmness and weakness, cautiousness and frankness, kindness and generosity, gravity and severity, are sounded in the voice ; all degrees of the affection have their tone; all shades of sorrow, all variations of mental emotion, all expressions of anger and pride, have their notes in the voice; all the passion's propensities, sentiments and faculties find ventilation through this natural outlet of the soul. The tone, intensity and emphasis of the voice, more than the words pronounced, arouse our anger, excite our passions, invite our love, provoke our laughter, thrill our souls produce contempt, make us hate, cause friend- ship, create sympathy, stimulates courage. The quali- ties of the voice represent the different mental states. The voice is not only the echo of the mind but the tuning-fork of the system. Physical vigor is expressed in the sound of the voice. All the vital functions sig- nify their condition in this organ of speech. Any vital exhaustion or physical abuse weakens and enfeebles the action of the larynx ; immorality clouds it ; intem- perance clogs it; dissipation unstrings the vocal cords and destroys its music. A powerful voice full of force signifies a strong and powerful con- stitution throughout. Women, as a rule, have more delicate voices than men, for their natures are more refined and delicate; a weak voice, constitu- tional deficiency ; such people lack vigor and strength in all they undertake. All consumptives have weak voices. The screech of the owl grates on our ears, but the 12 178 FACIOLOGT. song of the canary delights us ; yet the difference of their voices is no greater than their natures. ]^o one hearing the bark of a terrier would imagine it to be a bull-dog ; how changed is the bellow of the cow from that of the calf; the bleat of the lamb and that of the sheep. The growth of their natures makes the differ- ence ; we do not look for the fine notes from the base viol that we reap from the violin. E'o one ever listened to a pleasing, gentle, sweet re- fined voice from a rough, uncultured, ignorant looking and acting fellow; who ever heard an ignoramus sing- sweetly, a ruffian orate eloquently, or a brutal mind converse pleasingly. The most charming vocalists have the loveliest minds and most refined bodies; the great orators have all had cultured minds and polished and trained physical natures; the famous actors have possessed the happy combination of good minds and bodies. Ph3^sical culture and mental discipline are both necessary to secure the best vocal effect. The voice like all other functions of the body must be exercised and cultivated, properlj'- used, or it will lack vigor. It usually follows that where there are strong lungs there is a powerful voice, the lungs and vocal chords bear the same relation to each other as the bellows of the organ do to the pipes, the loudness in- creases with the strength of the blasts from the bellows. All singers, actors and orators know how important lung gymnastics are to secure brilliant vocal powers. The head is the sounding board of the larynx; the tone of the voice corresponds to the shape of the cranium. This can be proven by placing the hands on and pressing the skull while using the voice, and the sound will vary with the movements of the hands. BRAIN SAND FORMS. 179 Broad base brains where the propensities are located is usually accompanied by a heavy deep voice, as in the ruffian, pugilist, lion, tiger and bull dog. As to the degree of the width and height of the head, the voice varies in pitch, power and volume, this is true in birds and animals. The feminine nature is more refined, the brains are nari-ower, less of the pro- pensities, more of the sentiments than the masculine, and the voices distinguish the difference. Men who have constitutions delicate and refined like women, have corresponding voices, and women who are mas- culine in make-up, have voices like men. People that are nearest alike in brain and body will have voices nearest alike. We often see brothers, father and son mother and daughter so near alike in character that the voices can hardly be distinguished. But we never find two voices similar unless the characters are similar. As there is an affinity between the brain and voice, it obviously follows that the face and voice are also related. ]S"ature never united a harsh, wicked voice with a mild, gentle face; cold, belligerent tones never issued from the lips of a pleasing and inviting counte- nance. If we were partitioned from a par^ry in loud conversation, how easy it would be to picture the faces, expressions, and general physiognomies, and on entering the room, how easy it would be to select the different ones, that made particular remarks by means of the voices you heard. Contrast the voices of the miser and the philanthro- pist ; the pugilist and the preacher ; the intellectual w^th the ignorant ; the brutal with the humane ; the sensual with the virtuous : the well with the sick. 180 FACIOLOOY, All culture refines and improves the voice, as it does the mind, by refining the instrument that produces it. Where there is affectation in the voice, the person will be found to be artficial, and theatrical in manner and character ; such people try to be what they are not ; they endeavor to assume a grace, a tone not their own ; the voice of such, will not correspond with their faces. A clear voice, a clear mind; a harsh voice an analogous nature. The Pihlosophy op Laughter. "How miicli lies in laughter — the cipher-key wherewith we decipher the whole man! Some men wear an everlasting barren simper; in the smile of others lies the cold glitter, as. of ice; the fewest are able to laugh, what can be called laughing, but only sniff and titter and sniggle from the throat outwards, or at least produce some whiffing, husky cachinnations, as if they were laughing through wool. Of none such comes good. — Carlyle. "Laugh and be fat, sir." — Ben. Jolmson. "Give me an honest laugher." — 8cott. "Wisdom jests as well as preaches." — WM'pple. "Though laughter is allowable, a horse laugh is abominable." — Cicero. "Hypocrits weep, and you cannot tell their tears from those of saints; but no bad man ever laughed sweetly." — Ouida. "Laughter is a most healthy exertion; it is one of the greatest helps to digestion witli which I am acquainted; and the custom prevalent among our forefathers, of exciting it at the table by jes- ters and buffoons, was founded on true medical principles. — Dr. Hubeland. Laughter is the channel through which the faculty of Mirth seeks to exhaust itself. A smile is but the infancy of laughter. All feelings, sentimental or pas- sional, pleasurable or painful, discharge their nervous excitement through the muscular system ; all the emo- tions of the mind receive their ventilation in the func- tions of the body. Discontent has vent in a troubled countenance and a wrinkled forehead ; anger scowls and nets the brows, gives fire to the eye, force and quickness to all the movements ; pain by a distressed look and wr}' face ; pleasure by a joyous look, smiling 181 182 FACIOLOGY. mouth, happy eyes ; contempt by a pm^turbing of the nether lip ; firmness by upright, stiff attitude and com- pressed lips; so in sundry other cases. The more intense the sensation the more vehement the muscular action ; grief at first causes merely the melting of the eye ; if it becomes intense it causes prostration and Fig. 59. James T. Powers,— Laughtei-, large Mirth even death ; mirth begins with a smile, then laughter, but if greatly excited it causes tears to flow, and I have known of severe cases where persons have BIJAINS AND FORMS. 1 83 laufi^hed themselves to death. So grief is not the only emotion that causes tears, any more than the apprecia- tion of the ludicrous or apj^earance of the incongruous are the only sensations that produce laughter, for when any feeling becomes so intense that it cannot discharge itself through its natural or usual course, it must of necessity pass through some other vent. Mirth, like all mental sensations, seeks first its most habitual routes to relieve itself, in laughter; if this channel is not sufficient it resorts to the next frequent- ly used. Unless directed by the v/ill for a special object, as in escaping from danger, etc., the muscular functions most frequently used in discharging mental energy are the organs of speech — the mouth, tongue and larynx, and the muscles operating them — even the most ordinary emotions effect these parts ; a slight sen- sation of pleasure or pain first contracts the muscles about the mouth and causes a smile or compression. After these the organs that are next most frequently moved b}^ sensations of pain or pleasure are the respir- atory organs ; all emotion touch to a greater or less degree lung action ; they are most constantly impli- cated in the various acts which our feelings impel us, than any of the other organs, and hence when there is a discharge of mental energy not directed by the will, if the quantity be sufficient, it convulses not only cer- tain of the articulation and vocal functions, but also those which expel the air from the lungs: The comic Garrick reasons well when he says : " Fun gives you a forcible hug and shakes laughter out of you, whether you will or no." The phenomena of laughter can be scientificall}^ explained by tracing physiological prin- ciples due to the general law of reflex action. 184 FACIOLOGY. Man may be said to be the only laughing animal. ^'Smiles from reason How, to brutes denied, and are to love, the food," says Milton. The faculty of mirth is the servant of reason. It points out the absurd, appreciates the ludicrous, observes the incongruous. Every human being has some humor in his soul, as he has love, friendship, reason, power of observation, ability to eat, etc. It is a primitive faculty, but like all the powers of the mind, it varies in activity and acuteness in dif- ferent individuals. A¥hat would excite one to laughter would draw faintly a smile on the mouth of another. A man who is deficient in this mirthful faculty is de- serving of our pity, because there is a wheel loose in his brain, so to speak ; a weak organ, as one who is defi- cient in the faculty of tune cannot appreciate the charms of music ; his face is drawn and sad, no smile beautifies the mouth, no laughing sparkle darts from the eye ; their countenance has the gloomy aspect of one mourning their lost lover ; they can neither crack a joke or make a pun ; they never participate in any merriment, but live like Charles I., who never laughed after he became king. Socially they are dry and intolerable. Shakespeare, the matchless delineator of mankind, thus quaintly notices these sons of melan- choly and mirth : "Now, by two-headed Janus, Nature has made strange fellows in her time: Some that will ever more peep through their eyes And laugh like parrots at a bag-piper; And others of such vinegar aspect. That they'll not show their teeth by way of smile, Though Nestor swear the jest be laughable." Where mirthfulness is large it will be evidenced by wrinkles outward and downward, obliquely, from the UJiAi.W. AND lOIiMS. 185 outer corner of the eyes ; the skull will be full where this faculty is located in the forehead ; the mouth will possess a quasi-smile, the whole countenance will have a humorous and knowing expression. Shakespeare, describino^ a man w4th large mirth, says : " From the crown of his head to the sole of his foot he is all mirth ; he hath twice or thrice cut cupid's bowstring, and the little hangman dare not shoot at him ; he hath a heart as sound as a bell, and his tongue is the clapper; for, w^hat his heart thinks his tongue speaks." The soul resounds in laughter. What a revealer of character ! Generally speaking, a loud laugh signifies power; a weak laugh weakness; a gentle laugh gentle- ness ; a laugh that is hearty and shakes the sides indi- cates a generous, whole-souled, resolute character; a laugh suppressed or muffled signifies a person of self- control, of large secretiveness, of a cunning character; while an outbursting, spontaneous laugh denotes can- didness, sincerity of character, lack of policy and self- control. A person with a short, giggling laugh, if forceful and loud, they do everything in a forceful and speedy manner ; but if the laugh is without energy, they do nothing with force. A person who laughs Avith a spurt, and then tapers off, starts in all things briskly, but lacks continuity, and soon slacks up ; and vice versa. Lavater says ^'He who always prefaces his tale with laughter is poisoned between impertinence and folly." In speaking of the loud, vulgar laugh, the same author says: "The horse laugh indicates brutality of character." Character in Salutation and Mand-Shaking. To the critical observer of human nature there is no single evidence of character, so strongly regarded as the peculiarities of hand shaking. " There is nothing," says the observing Lavater, " do we lay ourselves so open as in our manner of meeting and salutation." Hand-shaking is a traditional habit of our race ; it is an ancient Snstom frequently spoken of in the old Dispen- sation. '^ Is thine heart right, as my heart is, with thy heart ? If it be, give me thy hand." This not only an old-fashioned method of greeting, but it is a natural one ; it is the language of friendship as kisses are the natural language of love. This salutation is as appro- priate as it is natural, when we meet a friend, or part from one, how important it is, to have some practical means, to reciprocate our feelings ; how convenient, how fitting, to place together the palms of the hands whose surfaces are so magnetic, and sensitive, that the feelings themselves are really exchanged ; so it is not merely a figm^ative expression. Other races and climes have other customs and .manners. Friends in the Anglo-Saxon race, no matter v>'here they may roam or live, salute each other with the grip of the hand ; the Laplander rubs noses, applying the proboscis not too gently, to the person they delight to honor ; the Japanese it is said takes off 186 BRAINS AND FORMS. 187 his slippers and the Aracanian his sandals when they wish to be civil ; the Philippine Islander- takes your hand or foot and gently rubs his face with it ; the Greeks and Romans manifested their esteem by the inferiors kissing the hands of the superiors; so different tribes and nations have different modes of showing tiieir friendship and regards, but how much more dignified, natural and expressive is our method, by shaking the hand. The numerous styles of hand-shaking indicates many different traits of character; it shows man's culture, refinement, suavity, politeness, generosity, friendship, love and esteem ; it is especially characteristic of his social disposition. As every man is peculiar in char- acter so, too, every one has a different way of shak- ing hands. It would be natural to suppose that the cultured gentleman would have a different clasp from the barbarian; the generous from the miserly; the strong from the weak ; the aristocratic from the demo- cratic ; the master from the servant. It will be impossible to give only the most ordinary methods of handshaking. • (1) The Hand and Heart clasp is a form that always comes from a good heart and soul ; it is a natural, but generous, pledge of fidelity and esteem ; it characterizes one that is full-hearted and truthful ; such people at once win our admiration and friendship. (2) The electric grip will be noticed when the hand is full of life, warmth and vigor ; the touch feels mag- netic like the bell of a mild electric battery ; such individuals have magnetic personalities, animated and full of life and energy. Their character throughout is analogous. 188 ^ FACIOLOGY. (3) Artistic salute. In former times, when the royal aristocracy deigned to honor the humble democ- racy they extend one finger to be shaken. There is yet in our time a few people who think it a conde- scension to take the hand of a person in a humbler position then themselves, and extend one or two fingers to be shaken ; there is nothing so positively insulting. Such people have a stuck-up feeling, an ostentatious being of one, who thought themselves higher and pos- sessed special prerogations under his divine grace. It is such a breach of social manners, that no true man or woman, will be guilty of it; true gentility always extends the whole hand, when it is necessary to shake at all. (4) Pump-handle shake. Ignorant coarse people always have a clumsy, awkward, stiff movement of the arm ; sometimes it is rude and has a crushing effect to your hand ; there may be affection in such a shake, but it is rude and uncultured. (5) Flabby flop style. This is usually Miss "Weak- ness whose hand is cold, chilly, lifeless and flabby ; it reminds one of corpse, death ; it repels us, like Uriah Heep's " it is as ghostly to the touch as to the sight." It is a grievous mistake made by some young ladies to im- agine,that cold,soft,clammy hands are pretty and attrac- tive, when they are simply the sign of disease. The old saying "cold hands and a warm heart" is unscientific and untrue, it is contrary to physiological laws. Where there is warmth there is life, cold is the sign of death. Where the extremities are cold the vitals are congested, and are signals of danger , they are symtoms of a feeble condition of the system. People thus afflicted should resort at once to exercise and lung BRAINS AND FORMS. 189 gymnastics to equalize circulation. To have good health the blood must diffuse itself to the utmost ex- tremities of the body, to carry away its waste matter and build up its wornout functions ; it is this health}^ circulation of the blood that warms, animates, invigor- ates and stimulates the body and brain. As a man feels so will he shake hands ; a sickly person shakes feebly ; a vigorous person firmly ; a cul- tured person courteously ; a generous person freely and cordially ; an ignorant person rudely what ever will be his feelings, he will have an inelegant way of expressing them. It is through the process of hand-shaking that we come closer in contact with that ablest and most won- derful member of the body, the hand ; which is almost as expressive of character as the face. If some unknown person was to put their hand through a screen with no other part of the body visible, we could deter- mine the general characteristics of the whole man, the size, height, shape and quality of the body ; the temperament and the general inclinations and the pronings of the mind. If the hands and fingers are long and slender so will the face and the body be tall and angular ; if the hand is plump and sho.rt, the form will be short in stature ; as the hand is, so is the con- stitution of the mind and body, a whole volume can be written of the revelations of the hand. Walks and Attitudes. What They Mean. " The visible carriage or action of the individual, as resulting from his organization and his will combined, we call manners. What are they but thought entering the hands and feet and con- trolling the movements of the body, the speech, and the behavior ?" — Emerson. "If the manner of walking of a woman be disgusting, decidedly disgusting, not only disagreeable, but impetuous, without dignity, contemptible, verging sideways — let neither her beauty allure thee to her, nor her understanding deceive thee, nor the confidence she may seem to repose in thee, betray thee. — Her mouth will be like her gait; and her conduct harsh and false like her mouth. She will not thank thee for all thou mayest do for her, but take fearful revenge for the slightest thing thou mayest omit. — Compare her gait with the lines of her forehead, and the wrinkles about the mouth, and an astonishing conformity will be discovered between them." — Lavater. Fig. 60. Approbativeness. Ignoramus. Siekly. Approbativeness. Harmony. Fop or Dude. The walk of man is peculiarly expressive of the character; every person manifests their individuality 190 BRAINS AND FORMS. 191 in their gait. How frequently we identify persons at a distance solely by their walk ; we recognize people by the sound of their footsteps before we see their physiognomies. To verify our assertion, that the walk is a true and faithful indicator of character, station yourself on some prominent corner, of some busy thoroughfare in the city, and observe closely the walk and carriage of people as they pass, and you will notice how expressive of real character is the gait. This occupa- tion you will find as amusing as instructive. As animals differ in character so they differ in walk; compare the active trotter with the slow clumsy Clydes- dale, how true are their movements to their natures ; how sprightly and quick is the deer, how poky and awkward is the bear, yet how perfectly their charac- ters coinQJde with their walks ; the fox has a sly, stealthy walk, and what a thief is he ; the lion has a bold, defiant gait, and what a courageous animal, the king of beasts; animals that are, timid and jump at the crack of a bush, or at the dart of their shadow, will be found to have none of the faculties in their brain that give force, pluck and destructiveness, they will be nar- row between the ears. The style of man's walk corresponds with his mind ; a man possessing a large novice of self-esteem on his cranium, walks dignified and stately , he has an aristo- cratic bearing; he shows self-confidence, self-reliance; such a person will be found commanding and authorita- tive in all that he does; they may be brainy or not, they ])lace a premium on what they know and do. The man with a large development of firmness has a firm and positive step ; a man with very large cautious- ness is sure footed and never stumbles; if approbative- 192 FACIOLOGY. ness is excessive, vanity and ostentation will be mani- fested in every movement ; when secretiveness and ac- quisitiveness are the ruling propensities the walk will be sly, quite like that of the fox ; the profound philosopher with his large reasoning powers usually tip the head forward in a meditative atti- tude, his walk is leisurely and with- out much force. Such men usuall}'' have more talent than tact ; they lack force and self-esteem. When the walk is full of force, energy and activity, the arms a Large cautrousness. swiugiug, the push-right-through gait, such men have large combativeness and destruct- iveness ; they have pluck and courage ; they love competition and rivalry ; the contentions of the com- mercial world, or the controversies of the forum. Such characters will be found to be leaders in the vocation to which they belong. We often observe a walk that is slipshod, dragging, shuffling, loose-jointed, without energy or action; such an individual has but little character ; they possess none of the essentials that lead on to success in this active world ; the}^ are nonentities, without talent, force or vitality. While, on the other hand, a walk full of snap, energy, sprightliness indicates a character full of brightness and energy. . We sometimes observe an artificial walk, a gait that is of affectation ; such people are false characters ; they endeavor to appear what they are not ; they travel under a borrowed grace. Then again we see a walk that is abrupt, angular, turn-quick and snappy ; such. BRAINS AND J'ORMS. 193 people are irregular, irritable and uneven characters. We never find external grace without internal har- mony. A person with a firm, genteel, graceful and regular walk will possess even and harmonious char- acters. Individuals who are slow, easy and take their time, will think, act and live just as they walk * they are constructed on a slow key, while persons with a fast, rapid step have analogous characters ; they are quick to think, to act, to see and to do. Contrast the walks of the people in the different positions in life ; see how each corresponds to its pos- sessor's rank and station in the world. Observe the walk of the manager, overseer, prince, how lordly, stately and pedantic ; then compare this, with the walk of the servant, laborer or slave, see how submis- sive, spiritless and subordinated. The attitude as the walk bespeaks many traits of character, temporary emotions and activities of the mind. When there is a constant repetition of a certain bend of the body, as in scholars, literary men, some trades and professions, it will often reveal the perma- nent character of the person and tell his occupation in life. The attitude often tells an interesting tale of a life's history. The activit}^ of the mind in fulfilling the regular duties in the various spheres of human employ- ment, inclines the form in a corresponding direction, the blacksmith, tailor, cobbler, farmer, merchant manager, philosopher, reveal their respective callings by their attitudes. A man full of energy, life and vitality is never found sitting in a posture doubled up, folded together, like an unstarched dish-cloth; no, he sits and stands erect? 13 194: FACIOLOGY. firmly and positively, every member of his body is in a position indicative of his manhood. While a lifeless, indolentjlazy person sits and stands in a similiar manner, as if they were destitute of any back bone, devoid of energy and ambition. Their lifeless person presents a lifeless aspect. A person slow, easy-going, take time, never-in-hurry disposition will be found assuming the most comfort- able posture obtainable, always lounging, leaning and dozing. Persons who depend upon something to hold their bodies up, usually depend on some one to keep their souls alive. A graceful attitude denotes an innate polish and even character. Many of the leading mental faculties are disclosed in the attitude. » INDEX TO FIICIOLOGY MD PHRENOLOGICE CHMT. To word and arrange a printed chart so as to give a full and accurate delineation of character is impossible ; we pretend here only to approximate this standard. Each individual is peculiar unto himself, and presents a different combination of temperaments and physiological conditions, affecting the manifestations of the mind, which must be cautiously considered in each case. For a more perfect and satisfactory analysis, each chart should be supple- mented by copious oral statements, or a carefully written descrip- tion to suit the individual case. As all the English language con- sists in combining the twenty-six letters of the alphabet, so all the different talents, dispositions, traits and peculiarities of human na- ture are the result of certain combinations of mind and body and associations of the mental faculties developed in certain degrees. EXPLANATION OF SCALE. We have marked the degree of development of each faculty with pen, in the little bracket at the right of each name, the scale run- ning from one to seven, as follows : 1. (Very small). The capacity of the function is very small and will exhibit a very feeble manifestation of its duties. 2. (Small). The organ is small in size, but will manifest more strength than one, yet nothing reliable, 3. (Moderate). This function is moderate in development ; will manifest still better condition, yet will lack strength and force. 4. (Fair). This organ shows a fair degree of streng h and power, and if pressed by demand of exigencies, will serve with considerable force. 5. (A-verage). In this function you reach the average in size and capacity ; will manifest good power, and under stimulating circum- stances much strength and energy. 6. (Large). The faculty is large in size, and its manifestations strong and powerful, and its influence will be felt throughout the entire character. 7. (Very Large). In the following chart I have described the func- tions and faculties under this degree, in order to make it more com- prehensive to the one examined. C, marked by the faculty, means to cultivate; R means to re- strain. Cliart of By Professor Date 195 196 46 46 S0 DESCRIPTION. Organic Quality.— ( ) (7.) Very Good. — You have a remarkably refined, sensitive, and delicate organization; are susceptible of exquisite enjoyment and intense suffering; and are greatly affected by extremes of heat and cold, especially the latter. ' You are adapted to fine and light work rather than to that which is coarse and heavy, have poetic and artistic tastes, lofty aspirations, tender sympathies, and a longing for con- genial companionship. Being inclined to live too far above4he common interests and pursuits of life, you fail to find full appre- ciation, and are- subjected to much suffering by the rude contacts involved among the every-day realities of this life. Cultivate a more robust bodily condition — eat, drink, sleep, and grow fat — and try to live more in the real and less in the ideal world. 65 67 17 Vital Temperament.-( ) (?) Very Largely Developed. — This temperament is characterized by rotundity. You are plump, stout, full-chested, and fond of fresh air and the luxuries of life; but you like play better than hard work. In mental char- acter there is a tendency to impulsiveness, enthusiasm, versatility, practicality, and to tttke a matter-of-fact view of things. Your fondness for good living, jovial company, sports and amusements, render you liable to fall into habits of intemperance, against which you must be continually von your guard. If you find yourself inclined to an uncomfortable obesity, your remedy must be loork, and a spare diet. Keep both body Muc_of thedesci'iptive matter in this chart I have taken from a number of others. 197 60 154 DESCRIPTION. 51 156 54 155 68 126 153' 19 and mind actively engaged, and avoid in- dolence and the indulgences of the table as your greatest foes. By a rigid adherence to a low and moderate diet, and by vigorous manual labor, you may greatly modify and improve your temperament. Digestive Power- —( )('J') Very Good. — Your digestion is almost perfect, and you can eat with impunity any sort of food suit- able, under any circumstances, to be re- ceived into the human stomach. Circulation-— ( ) (7) Very Good.— You have an excellent circulation; a strong, steady pulse; perspire freely; and are able to withstand great cold and heat without ' discomfort. Breathing Power.— ( ) (7.) Very Good. — Your respiratory organs are admira- bly developed, and their functions well-nigh perfectly performed. You breathe freely and deeply, moviug the abdominal muscles as well as the lungs, and filling your chest at every inspiration. Your face is full at its facial pole. Motive Temperament.— ( ) (7.) Very Strongly DEVELorED. — The bony frame- work of your structure is strongly marked, and encased with only muscle enough to bind all firmly together; but what flesh you have is dense, tough, compact and wiry. There is a tendency to angularity in your configur- ation. You love active, muscular work, and 198 F^, « 71 126 153 21 12 DESCRIPTION. are endowed with great physical power and capacity for severe and prolonged exertion of both body and mind. In character you are energetic, efficient, determined and per- sistent. You are adapted to active life, and to such enterprises as will give your energy, steadfastness, and perseverence full and free scope. Mental Tern perament.—( )(7.)Very Largely Developed. — You are delicate in structure, with small bones, a moderate development of muscle, finely cut features, and a high organic condition generally. Brain predominates over body, and your mental states have a powerful influence over your physical condition. You are refined in your tastes; quick and delicate in your perceptions; rapid in your mental opera- tions ; emotional, sympathetic, aspiring, earnest, eager, and easily excited. You are admirably adapted, so far as constitutional qualities are concerned, to literary or artistic pursuits. If a mechanic, a manufacturer, or a merchant, one of the lighter and more elegant branches in these departments would suit you best. State of Health.-( ) (7) Very Good.- Your constitution is apparently in a health- ful condition ; you have normal action of all your vital organs; you are vigorous, active and hearty, and should devote both mind and body to their highest employment. Degree of Activity.— ( ) (?) Very Great.— You are very agile, lithe-limbed, 199 P8 35 S5 DESCRIPTION. 46 47 48 and quick-motioned, and your mental opera- tions are equally rapid and facile. You are always wide-awake, eager, knowing and brilliant. You are liable to overwork your- self and become prematurely exhausted. Degree of Excitability.— ( ) (7.) Very Great. — You are remarkably impressible, very easily excited, subject to extremes of feeling; greatly exalted at one moment and much depressed the next; driven now this way and then that by consfantly changing impulses; and very much disposed to exag- gerate everything, whether good or bad. Your need is to restrain this excitability, first, by avoiding all stimulating food and drink, and all unnatural or violent mental excitements; and, second, by cultivating a calm, quiet, enjoyable frame of mind. Re- pose is the proper antidote of too great activity. Size of Head. inches. ( ) (7.) Very Large. — If your organic quality be good and your activity sufficient, you should man- ifest extraordinary mental power; and if there be also a proper balance between the various groups of faculties, you are capable of taking a place in the first ranks, among the intellectual giants of the age. Such a mind, backed up by adequate physical stamina, will overcome all obstacles, and 1 achieve greatness in spite of all difficulties. I You may not have had your full powers I called out, but the capacity is here. 200 50 50 50 50 50 51 51 51 52 52 160 147 121 147 152 fa aa DESCRIPTION. FACULTIES. -( ) ('<'•) Very Large. MENTAL AmatEveness. You possess in a pre-emiiien,t degree the desire to love and to be loved; are irresistibly- attracted by the opposite sex, and are capable of exerting a similar power over your oppo- site. Conjugality-— ( ) C^-) Very Large.— Your love must be concentrated upon one person of the opposite sex, who will be to you the embodiment of all that is good and lovely, and if fully satisfied in this respect, you will enjoy the marriage relation very highly. Parental Love-— ( ) C?-) Very Large.— Are passionately fond of all children, of pets, etc.; a general favorite with them; very indulgent and playful; idolize your own children; are liable to over-indulge them. Friendship-— ( ) 0-) Very Large.— You love friends with indescribable tender- ness and strength of feeling; will sacrifice almost everything upon the altar of friend- ship; with Amativeness and Conjugality full or large, are susceptible of the most devoted connubial love; fall in love easily. Inhabitiveness.— ( ){T-) Very Large. — Regard ho7ne as the dearest, sweetest spot on earth; feel homesick when away; dislike changing residence; are pre-eminently patri- otic; think of native place with intense in- terest. mm 201 50 i, ^ o o M pJ CO p» -<1 o o M oj Q ;^ « 0} 52 151 50 153 50 54 128 33 9 50^ 53 158 50 54 154 DESCRIPTION. Continuity.— ( ) C^-) Very Large.— Place the mind upon subjects slowly; can not leave them unfinished, nor attend to but one thing at once; very tedious; have great application, yet lack ^?^^e?ls^7y and_??(?zn^. Vitativeness-— ( )(T.) Very Large.— However wretched, shrink from and shud- der at the thought of dying and being dead; feel that you can not give up existence. Combativeness-— ( ) (7.)— Very Large. — Are powerful in opposition, prone to dis- pute, attack, etc.; contrary, have violent temper, govern it with difiiculty. 11 Dest ru cti ve ness-— ( ) (7.)— Very Large. — When provoked, you are vindic- tive, cruel, disposed to hurt, take revenge, etc.; bitter and implacable as an enemy ;'y67'y forcible. 50 54 136 51 Aliment ivenes s.— ( ) (7.)— Very Large. — Set too much by the indulgence of the palate; eat with the keenest appetite; perhaps too much. • Acq u i siti-veness.— ( ) (7.)— Very Large. — Make money your idol; grudge it; are tempted to get it dishonestly; penurious, sordid, covetous, etc. Have a strong desire to acquire property; are frugal, saving of money, close and particular in dealings, de- voted to money-making, trading, etc.; gen- erally get the value of your money. 203 DESCRIPTION. 50 54 136 50 50 54 Secretiveness.— ( ) (7.)— Very Large. — Seldom appear what you are, or say what you mean; often equivocate and deceive; are mysterious, dark, cunning, artful, given to double-dealing, eye service, etc. Seldom disclose your plans, opinions, etc. ; are hard to be found out; reserved; non-committal. 61 Cautiousness-— ( ) (7.)— Very Large. — Hesitate too much; suffer greatly from groundless fears; timid, easily frightened, etc. 52 149 10 50 53 150 8 10 50 53 8 10 Approbativeness-— ( ) (7.)— Very Large. — Regard honor and character as the apple of the eye; are even morUdly sensi- tive to praise and censure: overfond of show, fashion, praise, style, etc.; extremely polite, ceremonious , etc. Set everything by charac- ter, honor, etc.; are keenly alive to the frowns and smiles of public opinion, praise, etc.; try to show off to good advantage; affable, ambitious, apt to praise self. Self-Esteem.— ( ) (7.)— Very Large.— Have an unbounded self-confidence; endure no restraint; take no advice; are rather haughty, imperious, etc. Are high-minded, independent, self-coDfident, dignified, your own master; aspire to he and do something worthy of yourself, assume responsibilities; do few little things. Firmness.— ( )(7.)— Very Large. — Are willful and so tenacious and unchangeable of opinion, purpose, etc., that you seldom give up anything. 203 50 56 o 50 55 172 50 50 55 55 50i 56 50 56 DESCRIPTION. 26 Veneration.— ( ) (7.) Very large.— You 31 are eminently respectful and inclined to be religious, prayerful, and devoted to the wor- sliip of God. You are profoundly respect- ful towards the aged, the good, or the great. 28 31 10 Conscientiousness.— ( ) (7.)— Very Large. — You are scrupulously exact in matters of right; perfectly honest in motive; always condemning self and repenting; make duti/ everything; expediency nothing. You are honest; faithful; upright; moral in feeling ; penitent; mean well; consult duty before expediency; love and mean to speak the truth; can not tolerate wrong. Hope.— ( ) C''.) Very Large.— You have unbounded hopes ; build a world of castles in the air ; live in the future ; have too many irons in the fire. 31 Spirituality.— ( ) (7.) Very Large.— You '10 have strong intuitive perceptions of what is right and best; have faith in spiritual moni- tions. You have a sensitive clairvoyant na- ture; you are prone to believe in dreams, omens, etc. 12 Benevolence-— ( ) (7.) Very Large.— 31 Do all the good in your power ; gladly sacri- fice self upon the altar of pure benovolence; scatter happiness wherever you go; are one of the kindest -hearted of persons. Constructiveness.— ( Large. — You could be a ) (7.) Very mechanic of the 204 50 50 50 56 100 57 57 50 58 50 58 DESCRIPTION. 14 14 131 172 109 131 14 59 43 15 first order; a true genius; love it too well to leave it; show extraordinary skill in it; man- ifest mechanical dexterity and ingenuity in the use of tools. Ideality.— ( ) C^-) VeryLarge.— You love the beautiful in art and nature extremely; you possess exquisite taste, the highest de- gree of refinement; you are imaginative and live in a separate world by yourself. You are liable to be too fastidious. Sublimity.— ( ) ('<'.) Very large.— Area passionate admirer of the wild and romantic; feel the sublimest emotions while contem- plating the grand or awful in nature; dash- ing cataracts, towering mountains, crashing thunder, and other commotions of the ele- ments. Imitation.— ( ) C?.) Very large.— Can mimic, act out, and copy almost anything; describe, relate anecdotes, etc. , to the very life; have a theatrical taste and talent; sel- dom without gestures. IVIirthfulness.~( ) 0-) VeryLarge.— Are quick and apt at turning things into ridicule; incline to constant sallies of wit; are too facetious, jocose, etc. Causal ity.-( ) C^-) Very Large.— Are endowed with a deep, strong, original com- prehensive mind, powerful reasoning facul- ties, great vigor and energy of thought, first rate judgment, and a grand intellect. 205 V, ;?; o o H m « < D Er; < Q 1^ 50 58 131 109 50 59 50 50 59 61 50 59 50 59 o DESCRIPTION. 15 Comparison.— ( ) C?.) Very Large.— Have a happy talent for comparing, illus- trating, criticising, arguing from similar cases, discriminating between what is and is not analogous, or in point, classifying phe- nomena, and thereby ascertaining their laws, etc. 44 33 45 Human NatU re.— ( ) (7.) Vert Large.— You are a natural physiognomist, or rather, an intuitive discerner of character, forming- correct estimates of the disposition and moral status of those you meet, especially if they be of the opposite sex. You can trust your first impressions of character. Affability.— ( ) (V-) Very Large.— You are remarkably bland, winning, and persua- sive; very conciliatory; and generally please everybody. Locality.— ( ) (7) Very Large.— Never forget the looks, location or geography of any place or thing once seen ; are even pas- sionately fond of traveling, scenery, geogra- phy, etc. Eventuality.— ( ) 0) Very Large.— Never forget any occurrence, even though it be trifling ; have a craving thirst for in- formation and experiment ; literally devour books, newspapers, etc. ; command a great amount of information. Time.— ( ) (7) Very Large.— Remember with wonderful accuracy, the time of occur- rences : are punctual ; tell the time, etc. 206 50 50 50 59 60 121 DESCRIPTION. Tune-— ( )0) Very Large,— Learn tunes by hearing them once or twice ; are literally- enchanted by music ; show intuitive skill in learning it, and perform with melting pathos. 44 Language.— ( ) (7)— Very Large.— Have by nature astonishing command of words, copiousness and eloquence of expression, and verbal memory ; quote with ease ; are an in- cessent talker ; have too many words ; you are a free, easy, ready, fluent talker and speaker ; use good language ; commit easily; seldon hesitate for words. 60 44 50 60 50 50 61 60 44 33 16 32 16 33 61 Individuality.— ( ) C?.) Very Large.— Have great desire to know, investigate, examine, experience, etc., are an observer of men and things; quick of perception; see what is transpiring, what should be done, etc. Form.— ( ) 0) Very Large.— Never forget the countenance, form, etc., of persons and things seen; easily learn to read and spell correctly ; recognize things at a great distance; have keen discrimination, ize»— ( ) i^i) Very Large.— Detect dispro- portion, and judge of size, with wonderful accuracy, by intuition, and about as well without as with instruments; could estimate the weight of cattle by size. Weight.— ( ) C^) Very Large.— Can walk on a high or narrow place; hold a steady hand, throw a stone or ball, and shoot, straight; balance, dance, ride a fractious horse, etc., very well. SOT fa H 50 61 50 50 61 61 DESCRIPTION. 16 Color.— ( ) Ct) Very Large.— Are passion- ately fond of colors ; have great taste and talent in comparing, arranging and mingling hues, tints and colors. Are delighted with paintings. Order.— ( ) W Very Large.— Are very- precise and particular to have every little thing in its place ; are pained by disorder ; fastidious. Calculation— ( )C7) Very Large.— Have an intuitive faculty for reckoning even com- plicated sums of figures in the head ; delight in it ; can add, subtract, divide, etc., in the head, with facility and correctness ; become a rapid, correct accountant, delight and excel in arithmetic. EXAMINATIONS FROM PHOTOGRAPHS, /^f "We have the question frequently propounded to us " Can 'accu- rate delineations of character be made from photographs?" To which we unhesitatingly answer, yes ; even from properly taken tin- types, which are much cheaper. This is an important fact, for thousands of aspiring young people who desire self-knowledge for self-culture, to know their capabilities and powers, their adapta- tions to business, questions pertaining to their health and beauty, who are prevented on account of residence, etc., from receiving a personal examioation, would gladly submit their photographs or likenesses. From a likeness of the face alone, we can glean the leading characteristics of both mind and body, and give a very fair analysis of the whole man. But for a complete and thorough examination of head and face, certain instructions must be followed in sitting for the picture : The hair should be wet and brushed smoothly qver the head so as to reveal its contour. Men on whom the hair is cut short it is not of much importance, but in the case of women there is more or less frizzing and banging of the hair, which sometimes utterly disguises the forehead to the eyebrows. Each description of character is carefully written on typewriter, and with the photo- graphs promptly returned to the address sent. Each examination contains a general delineation of the entire character, each mental faculty in detail ; the applicant's adaptation to the business world and profession he will best succeed in ; a full de- scription of suitable life's companion in matrimony ; the individual's constitutional condition, what vital organs are weak and strong and how to cultivate them. INFORMATION DESIRED BY EXAMINER. Circumference of Head in inches around base of brain. From opening of Ears over top-head. From ear to ear over brow just above eyebrow. Height of Person. General Weight. Size of Chest under the Arms. Size around the waist. Color of Hair. Color of Eyes. Complexion, light or dark. ■ Extent of Education. Occupation hitherto Condition of health. Married or single. Name and jiddressin full. Examination complete, Two Dollars, to be sent m stamps or pos- tal order. Direct all orders to my permanent address. PROF. L.B. STEVENS, BlTJFFTON, iNDIAliA, ?08 LIFE SIZE BUST PORTRAITS. (LITHOGRAPHS.) Size 22x28 Black and White, Will be furnished students, lecturers, lawyers, doctors, teachers, business men, for oflSces, halls, homes, of the following — EMINENT MEN AND WOMEN. Miscellaneous. Columbus, Napoleon I. Lafayette, F. H. E. Von Humboldt, Washington, Benj. Franklin, John Quincy Adams, Thomas Jefferson. Bismarck, Dr. Robert Koch, Prof. Agassiz, Thos. A. Edison, Ralph Waldo Emerson, James G. Blaine. Longfellow, Schiller, Goethe, Bryant, Whittier, Burns, Shakespeare, Scott. Composers. Handel, Mozart, Haydn, Beethoven, Verdi, Rossini, Wagner. Price thirty cents each. Four for address postpaid upon receipt of price. Women. Martha Washington, Mrs. F. C. Cleveland, Mary Queen of Scots, Isabella. Jenny Lind, Adelina Patti, Harriet Beecher Stowe. Writers. Victor Hugo, Oliver Wendell Holmes, James Russell Lowell Charles Dickens, Washington Irving. One Dollar. Sent to any A PHKENOLOGICAL BUST. Students of Human Nature and all who would know how to read character should not fail to secure a bust. This bust is made of Plaster of Paris and is so lettered that it showa the exact location of each Phrenological Organ. The Head is nearly life-size, and very ornamental, and would look attractive on parlor table, office desk or mantel. Each bust is accompanied by a book giving a description of each faculty and a key to the head. We send it carefully packed, upon the receipt of One Dollar Twenty-five cents ($1.25); cheaper than it was ever offered before. Address all orders to Headquarters. PROF. L. B. STEVENS & CO. Bluffton, Indiana. 209 ^c s^< LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 027 324 750 6