Class Book__^VLl5_ A U R I K K HISTORY OF MAINE BY GEORCxE J. VARNEY MEMBER OF MAINE HISTORICAL SOCIETY ILLUSTRATED PORTr.ANM), ME. McLELLAN, MOSIIER & CO, 1888 ■ 01 Copyright By McLellan, Moshek & Co. 1888 Stcrebtype(l and Printed by B. THURSTON & CO. Portland, Me. cr\^- TO THE YOUNG PEOPLE OF MAINE THIS STORY OF THE STATE IS DEDICATED PREFACE. Tnis nooK includes the author's earlier "Young People's History," and six entirely new chapters. The former work eiuled at the si'ttltMiient of the State boundaries in 1842, — a dale so remote that the book was less useful and enter- taininjjj than the eyitire story of the State, now for the first time presented to the people of Maine. Dealing exclusively with the formative period of the State, all mention in detail of the Temperance movement, then just beginning, was necessarily excluded. Whatever may ]>v the ultimate outcome of our legislation on the subject, there can bo no gainsaying the good accomplished by our laws relating to this subject, both directly and even more powerfully in the wide-spread indirect influence over public opinion that has resulted therefrom. In the " Maine Law" a new phrase has been given to the political vocabulary — a phrase which has become known throughout the civilized world. The story of Maine in the Rebellion, — that noble record of brave men who helped save the Union, — and the later de- velopment of our natural resources, including the extension of railways and the 1)uilding up of industries of all kinds, which, since the war, have gone on with very little hindrance, were also left untold. These things imperatively demanded a hearing, and in 8 PREFACE. this edition they are given in as exliaustive a manner as due regard to limits for general reading would allow. In thus extending our survey, it also seemed needful to give a new title to the work — one that would not convey the idea of in- completeness so noticeable in the former title-page. The new frontispiece will commend itself as moi-e appropriate than the State House, bringing to mind a stirring event of a critical time, while an index now appended is an increased convenience to every student. Finally, that the history of a State should be familiar to its children, whether old or young, would seem to require no elaborate argument. Within the past year this view has liad practical recognition in the issue of various historical series designed to this end. We have therefore undertaken in the following pages to piesenl, in a compact and pleas- ing manner, our own State history; believing that there is not a word of it that any of Maine's sons and daughters could wish were otherwise,— but that her name and fame are an heritage of honor to all ages. CONTENTS. CHAPTER PAGB I The Coast Explored .... 13 II The First Colony of Xew En-,-land . 20 III Early Events on the Coast of Maine . 27 IV Colonies and Colonists ... 33 V Politics, Property and Civil Affairs . 40 VI Counties, Customs and Characters . 45 VII Wars and Rumors of Wars ... 52 VIII Tlie Indians of Maine ... 57 IX The First Indian War .... OS X The First Indian War, continued . 77 XI The First French and Indian War . , 00 XII Tlie First Frencli and Indian War, continued 93 XIII Witchcraft, Piracies and an Indian Treaty 111 XIV Queen Anne's War . . . .115 XV The Beginning of Lovewell's War . . 123 XVI The Destruction of Xurridgewock . . 131 XVII Lovewell's Fight .... 136 XVUI Manners and Customs of the English Settlers 144 XIX King George's War . • . .155 10 CONTENTS. CHAPTER PAGE XX King George's "War, continued . 102 XXI The Sixth and Last Indian War . . 167 XXII The Dawn of the Eevolution . . 177 XXIII Early Events of the Eevolution . . 184 XXIV Arnold's Expedition, and the War in the East 191 XXV Events of the Revolution on Sea and Land 199 XXVI After the Eevolution . . . .209 XXVII The Malta War .... 216 XXVIII The War of 1812 . . . .223 XXIX The British on the Penobscot . . 231 XXX The Sepai'ation and Attendant Events . 238 XXXI Men and Affairs after the Separation . 247 XXXII Aroostook War,and Settlementof Boundaries 252 XXXIII The Temperance Movement . . 258 XXXIV Jlaine in the Eebellion . . .272 XXXV From Williamsburg to Gettysburg . 281 XXXVI From Gettysburg to the Close of the War 2S9 XXXVII State Development, 1865-1888 . . 299 XXX Vni The same — concluded ... 313 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. The Enterprize and Boxer . . . frontispiece Olil Apple Tree Planted at York in KiJi) . , .44 Ancient Indian Inscription at Macliiasi)ort . . GG Garrison House at York, built about 1045 . . 103 Monument of Halle, Xorrid^ewoek . . . 135 View of LovcwcU's Battle-ground . . . 142 Sir William Peppercll ..... 158 Last Block House of Fort Halifax . . . . 1C9 Governor Thomas Pownal .... 173 General Henry Knox . . . . .217 Governor William King ..... 242 BRIEF HISTORY OF MAINE. CHAPTER I. 1. My young friends will remember tliat Cliristo- ])lier Columbus made his famous voj^age of discovery ill 1492. On this voyage he discovered islands only, and did not reach the great western continent until his third voyage, in 1498. 2. But John Cabot and his son, Sebastian, were before him here ; for they had sailed along the coast from Newfoundland to Albermarle Sound the year previous. They took possession of the country in the name of the English sovereign; but England soon became so busy with affairs at home that she made no attem[)t to settle the new country for nearly a hundred years. 3. Yet J should here speak of other visits made long before this time. Certain marks found on the rocks of Monhegan Island and at one or two points on the mainland, are thought by some to show that the Norwegians, who peopled Iceland and Greenland, also visited the coast of Maine about the year 990, and later. It is also said that our coast was seen by Verrazzani, a French navigator, in 1524 ; by Gomez, a S[)aniard, in 1525; and by an Englishman named Rut, in 1527. Again, in 1556, a Catholic priest named Andre Thevet sailed in a French ship along the whole coast; spending several days in Penobscot Bay, where he held conferences with the natives. Yet all these belong to the ancient period, and noth- ing came of any of them. 14 HISTORY OF MAINE. 16^2 4. It was in 1602, the last year of the reign of the "Good Q.ieen Bsss," that Bartholemew Gosnold sailed along the coast of Maine ; and, though he did not give any exact account of his voyage, we know that he touched at the Isles of Shoals, and at other points northward. He came at last to a long, bending arm of land stretching out to sea, where he caught many codfish, and therefore called it Cape Cod. The next year^ just a few days after the death of Queen Ehza- beth,' Martin Pring started from England with two vessels, bound on a trading voyage to America. One of his vessels was named "Speedwell," and carried thirty men and boys ; the other was the "Discoverer," carrying only thirteen men and one boy. Early in June they sailed into a bay which contained many islands ; and beyond it was "a high country full of great woods." It was Penobscot Bay, They found here good anchorage and plenty of fish. Some of the company went ashore at the islands, seeing on one of them some silver-gray foxes ; so they gave this group the name of Fox Islands, which it bears to this day. Captain Pring had brought a stock of bright colored clothing, with hatchets, knives, kettles, brass and silver bracelets, rings, and other cheap and showy orna- ments, such as savages hke, in order to trade with the natives. Not meeting with any of these about the Penobscot, he sailed southward, passing through Casco Bay, and ascending Saco river six miles. The compa- nies were dehghted with the many fine groves and strange animals they saw, but found no Indians until they came to Narragansett Bay. Here they ex- changed their merchandise for furs and sassafras, and went back to England with a valuable cargo, 5. Then King James sent out Captain George Wey- mouth in the ship Archangel ; who, in May, 1605, an- chored his vessel on the north side of an island, now known to be Monhegan. The long boat was lowered, and Captain Weymouth went on sliore and took pos- 1605 THE COAST EXrLOKED. 15 session in tlie name of liis sovereign. He named the island St. George ; also setting up a cross in token that he meant to esta1)lish there the Christian religion. They found ashes and coals, showing where a fire had been only a short time before ; and they knew by this there were human beings near. Close by the fire, too, were the shells of eggs — bigger than those of a goose; and they saw many sea fowl about the place — some of them large enough to have laid the eggs. They also caught from the vessel thirty large cod and had- dock. A mimber of small mountains were in view from here, while away to the w^est were the grand White Mountains of New llampslm-e, which these ^•^)yagers called the "Crystal Hills." Then, sailing toward these hills, they (juickly came to a tine haven in the maiidand, wdiich Captain Weymouth named Pentecost Harbor, because they entered it on that day of the Christian year. This is supposed by some to be Townsend Harbor in Boothbay, though others believe it to have been George's Island Harbor, wdiicli is a little to the east. Here they staid for several days, resting themselves from their long voyage. Some planted a garden, and sowed barley and pease ; while others explored the rivers, harbors and islands. In sixteen days from the planting of their garden some of the vegetal)les had grown to eight inches in height. These were the first fruits of English culture on the shores of New England. 6. Though Captain Pring fouiul no Indians here, Captain AVeymouth met wnth a great number ; and they brought many furs to exchange with him for triidcets. There was no hah' on the face of these Indians, and that on their heads was black, coarse and straight. It was cut short over the forehead, and the remainder tied up in a single mass, which hung over their l)acks. Their skin was of a dark copper color, where it was not painted ; and the oidy clothing they wore was a short coat about the waist. At one time several 16 HISTOKY OF MAINE. 1605 women and two boys came clown tLe shore to- look at the white strangers and their ship. The boys were only two or three years old — fat, liv ely httle fellows ; but all naked except that they wore leathern buskins laced nearly to the knees, and held in place by strings running up to a belt about their waists ; and tliis belt was hung full of little round pieces of copper. 7. One day the natives met the Enghsh, as they came ashore, with more than usual pohteness, and led them to some fires around which many others of the Indians sat laughing and talking, while puffs of smoke rose trom their mouths. Probably these sailors had never before seen any one smoke, for tobacco was an Ameri- can plant, then but httle known in Europe, The English were seated on deer-skins ; and the pipe, made of a lobster's claw, was passed to them ; and they sucked the smoke into their mouths just as the chrty natives did. Doubtless it made them feel quite sick, but they pretended that it was good. They called this operation "drinldng tobacco." 8. Not long after, the English and Indians grew suspicious of each other ; and both parties were quite cautious in their intercourse. "When Captain Wey- mouth was nearly ready to leave the place, two canoes came to the ship, with three Indians in each. Two of them from one of the canoes climbed on board, and they were immediately thrust below deck. The one who had been left in the canoe pretty soon put ashore, having heard, probably, the outcries of his imprisoned companions. Those in the other canoe did not come on board, and a dish of pease was given them wher& they were. They went ashore to cat them ; and when these were finished they sent a brisk young fellow back with the bowl. So the sailors caught him; and then seven or eight of them went in a boat which they called the "light horseman," to capture the other savages, taking with them another dish of pease, — an article of which the natives were very fond. They I 1605 THE COAST EXPLORED. 17 went to the fire the savages had kindled ; hut the one who had been frightened ashore ran away into the woods. The other two remained; and when well occupied with the viands, they were seized and forced down to the shore. It was as much as the eight men could do to get them into the boat ; for their clothing was not sufiicient to hold them, and they had to l)e dragged on board by their topknots. This act of Captain Weymouth was no doubt wrong ; but it must be remembered that the ideas of personal rights in that day were not as clear as ours ; besides, he intended to have them instructed in his language and rehgion, which, certainly, would be a benefit to them and their brethren, as well as to the English merchants and colonists. 9. As Captain Weymouth was preparing to sail, two other canoes with seven savages came to the sliip. These were very stylishly fixed up with paint, furs, feathers and jewels. Some of their faces were painted black, with white eyebrows; other faces were red, with a stripe of blue across the nose, upper lip and chin. They had jewels in their ears, and bracelets of round bits of bone on their arras. One had a coronet of fine stutf lilvc stifi' hair colored red, while others wore on then" heads the skins of birds with the feathers on. This was a royal embassy which had come to invite the strangers to the court of the Bashaba, or King of the Inihans. I do not know what Weymouth said to them, but he did not want to go ; for, you know, lie had at that very moment five of the Bas- hal)a's sulijects shut up in tlie hold of his vessel. When the eml)assadors left, Ca[)tain Weymouth sailed away as soon as he could. When he got to England he gave three of the Indians to Sir Ferdinando Gorges, — of whom we shall presently learn more. 10. The French, also, were growing more active on the northern coast ; and this, probably, was one reason why Weymouth had been scut there. A year before 18 HISTORY OF MAINE. 1605 liis voyage a company had left France to found a colony somewhere hi the north. It was led by Sieur de Monts, a Huguenot, or French Protestant; while his seventy followers were both Huguenots and Catho lies. Their pilot was Samuel Champlain, who had already explored the St. Lawrence River in the service of France. De Monts explored the Bay of Fundy, and discovered the St. John's River; but they chosa for the place of settlement an island at the mouth of the St. Croix River, since called St. Croix or Neutral Island. Here tliey built a fort, and within it several cabins and a chapel. So much wood was used in building, that little remained on the island ; and they were obliged to go to the mainland on the west for both water and fuel. They suffered dread- fully with the scurvy, and before spring half their number died. As soon as warm weather came, all that remained of the colony went again on board the vessel, and sailed away westward in search of a more suitable place for a plantation. They first visited Penobscot Bay, having before heard of the region under its Indian name, J^orumbegua. Continuing their voyage, they went unconsciously past Pentecost Harbor, where, probably, Weymouth's vessel then lay at anchor. At Kennebec, De Monts set up a cross and claimed the country in the name of the king of France. But this was of no effect, as Weymouth had already taken possession for the English Idng ; and according to the usage of the Christian world, any new country belonged to the nation which first took pos- session in due form. Next, Casco Bay spread its smooth waters and picturesque islands before the rov- ing Fren(;hmen; but still they sailed on, past rocky headlands, sparkling rivers and verdant hills, until the sandy curves of Cape Cod hemmed them in. At this point they encountered savages, with whom they had a skirmish. They went no farther, but turned back to then' starting place ; finding at St. John's another ves- 1605 THE COAST EXPLORED. 19 sol witli forty more colonisto. Both ships now went ac'i'oss the bay, where they founded a town wliich they called Port Eoyal. It was on the site of the present town of Annapolis. Here, for nearly three years, they lived an easy, roHicking life. They carried on a profitable trade with the natives about them, obtauiing abundance of corn, venison and furs. Eut the vessels of the Dutch merchants now came along the coast and interfered with their trade, and, worse still, the kmg revoked their charter; so, in the spring of 1608, they abandoned the country. In what year was the continent of America discovered? la what year did Gosnold visit the coast of Maine? What islands were named by Pring ? Wliat river did he ascend? Who took possession of the territory of Maine in the name of the English king? What name did he give to the While Mountains of New Hampshire? What was his object in carrying away Indians? What Frenchman was on the coast of Maine at the same time with Weymouth? Where did De Mont's colony pass the prcvioui •winter? 20 HISTORY OF MAINE. 1606 CHAPTEE 11. 1. Yoli have now learned of four famous voyages to tliis coast, and that none of them formed any settle- ment which was sustained. But when the ships returned, their companies showed the many curious tilings they had brought, and told such wonderful stories about what they had seen, that a great many people became interested in the far off country be- neath the sunset. So in 1606 a number of noblemen, gentlemen and merchants belonging about London and Plymouth in England, joined themselves together for the purpose of sending out colonies, and of making Christians of the heathen natives. This association was called the "jS'orth and South Virginia Company;" and Kmg James granted to it ail the territory between the thirty-fourth and forty-fifth degrees of north lati- tude. The London men chose for their portion the division south of the Hudson River, while those of Ply- mouth took the part north of the mouth of that river. 2. In August of the same year the Plymouth com- pany sent out two ships under Tliomas Hanham, one of the company, to make a settlement at Sagadahoc ; but one of the vessels was caj)tured by the Spaniards, and the otlier, after a short stay on the coast, returned to England. Li December the London company sent out three ships with planters; and these became the founders of Jamestown in Virginia. Li June of the next year tlie Plymouth company again sent out two vessels with an hundred and twenty colonists. The leader of the expedition was Captain George Popham, brother to Lord Jolm Popham, chief justice of Eng- land. His ship was named the "Gift of God"; and the other, the "Mary and John," was commanded by 1G07 THE FIRST COLONY OF NEW ENGLAND. 21 Captain Raleigli Gilbert. On the sixteenth of August they hinded on an ishmd; finding a cross, by which they knew it to be the one Captain Weymouth had visited, afterward called Monhegan. 3. On board of the "Mary and John" was Skid- warroes, one of the savages who had been carried away by Weymouth two years before. AVhen the poor fellow found himself once more so near his home he became much excited, and wished to go at once to liis native place near by on the mainland. Near mid- iiiglit Captain Gilbert manned his boat; and, guided liy the eager savage, ere dawn they were at Pema- •piid, now the town of Bristol. They landed in the early light of the morning, and approached a village of tlie natives. There was a sudden cry of alarm; and the warriors ran with hastily snatched weapons to drive the wliite men back. At the head of Ins braves was the chief of the village, Nahanada, — who was also one of those carried away by Weymouth, but returned the year before by Hanham. As soon a3 Nalianada and Skidwarroes perceived each other, tliey ran together and eml)raced. Tlien the brethren and family of the restored savage came forward and joined in the hearty greetings. Two hours soon ])assed, wlien Gilbert's party returned to the vessel, taking Skidwarroes with them. 4. The next day was Sunday ; and the companies of both ships went asliorc on Monhegan; and here, beside tlie cross which Weymouth had planted, was preached the first sermon of New England. On Monday CaptrJns Popliam and Gill)ert, with fifty men, went again to Pemacpiid. Skidwarroes was with them, but Nahanada and his braves appeared dls- ti-ustful. The sight of so many armed men made them fear that the treachery of Weymouth was to be re- peated. Suddenly the savages withdrew into the wood, and Skidwarroes with tliem; wliere, from be- hind the trees, they menaced the white men with their 22 HISTORY OF MAINE. 1<507 arrows. It was the desire of the English to avoid bloodshed; so they retired to the boats and rowed across to the other side of the harbor, where they spent the night. The ships next sailed westward in search of the river Sagadahoc, or Kennebec. They passed Segnin (which they called Sutquin) without recognizing it, and examined the islands on the north- ern shore of Casco Bay. Then a storm arose and drove them away to the eastward. When the storm wa§ over they again tm'ned westward; and just at night the "Gift of God" got into the month of the river Sagadahoc; and in the morning she sent her boat and helped in the "Mary and John." 5. They now searched about for a good site for their town, and finally chose the peninsula of Sabino, so called from Sebenoa, the sagamore of the region. This peninsula is part of the present town of Phips- burg. It lies on the western side of the Kennebec at its mouth, and contains, perhaps, one or two hun- dred acres. It is almost an island, having the Ken- nel)ec on the east, the sea on the south, Atkin's Bay on the north and west, while a narrow neck on the southwest alone connects it with the mainland. Fort Popliam, a fine fortification of stone, now stands on the northeastern extr.emity, commanding the river; on the northern shore are a few small houses ; and on the east of the steep woody hill that runs across the peninsula from north to soutli, stands a fine old house with a flag staft' in front. A little southward of this liouse, at the foot of a grassy slope, is a beautiful little sheet of fresh water ; while, only a few rods away on the other side of a bank of sand scantily covered with vegetation, beat the surges of old ocean ; and the waves have been known in time of storms to dash quite over the narrow bound into the quiet httle pond. 6. On Wednesday, the 29th day of August, 1607, the colonists went on shore and engaged in a religious service, led by Kichard Seymour, their chaplain. The 1007 THE FIRST COLONY OF NEW ENGLAND. 23 Plymouth company had given them a sealed package containing the laws and a list of ol'Hcers for the gov- ernment of the colony ; and after the service this was opened and read. They found that Captain Geoi-ge Popham was their president, and Captain Raleigh Gill)ert admiral. Tlien they went to work building a fort, storehouse and dwellings, and even a vessel. Digby, a ship carpenter from London, was the master l)uilder. She was called "Virginia," and her size was thirty tons. Her first voyage was made the next spring to Virginia, and thence to England. Therefore tiie Kennebec river, which has since sent out so many vessels, has the lionor of producing the first vessel built by English hands in America. 7. While the colonists were erecting their dwellings, Captain Gilbert and his crew explored the coast, going through Casco Bay quite to Cape Elizabeth, lie next ascended the river on which the settlement was made, where he saw many natives, and visited one of their villages. Me offered them tobacco in exchange for their skins, but those they brought were so poor that he would not purchase tliem. This made the Indians angry, and the English barely got away without a serious fight. 8. By and by some of the Wawennock tribe from the eastward visited the plantation, representing tiuit the Bashaba, their king, expected all strangers coming into his dominions to pay their respects at his court. The president sent a deputation to visit him, but it was driven back by a storm. AVhen the Bashaba learned of this misfortune he sent his son with a reti- nue to visit the president at Sabino. After such Iroatment as these people had received from Wey- mouth, this action was a mark of a generous nature. 1). The Indians were for some time after this quite intimate with the colonists. At one time forty men, women and children, being on a visit to the planta- tion, sat down to meat with the English. Thcj 24 HISTORY OF MAINE. 1^07 attended worship, also, behaving with great reverence. Indeed, they were so much impressed with the gov- ernment and religion of the Engli.di, that they would say, "King James is a good king, and his God is a good God ; bnt our god, Tanto, is a nau2:hty god." 10. The colonists were industrious; and by the time the winter came on with its sleet and snow, they had finished a storehouse, one large dwelling, and a num- ber of small cottages. They had also completed their fort, which they named St. George, in honor of their president. But with the winter came trouble. Quar- rels arose between them and the natives ; and tradition tells us of two fatal affrays. Once the planters got the Indians to assist in moving one of the cannon in the fort; and while they were pulling on a long rope directly in range of the gun, it was discharged. Though the gun was loaded with powder only, some were killed, others knocked over and injured, and the remamder badly frightened. 11. The men, probably, liad not intended to do them any harm, but to impress them with a wholesome dread of their weapons; yet this action only tended to produce the very liostility they feared. In a quarrel which luippened a little later, one of the English was killed and the others driven out of the fort, leaving the Indians in possession. In ransacking the store- house, which was within the fort, tlie Indians came upon a cask of powder; not being able to make out what it was, they scattered it about very freely. Pretty soon it caught tire, and then there was an explosion. I do not know how many of the Indians were killed, but all the others were quite overcome with terror. They thought the God of the English had done it because he was angry with them for killing the white stranger; and they besought the planters to forgive them and be their friends. But their peni- tence did not last long, and they were soon more hos- tile than ever. 1608 THE FIRST COLOXT OF NEW ENGLAND. 25 12. The explosion liad set the storehouse on fire, and all the provisions of the colonists and the furs they liad bought were burned up ; and for the remainder of the winter they were obliged to live on fish, a little lean game, and even dog meat. The season, too, was a terribly cold one ; and their weak, little cabins could not keep out the doleful winds and biting frosts. With all these privations and misfortunes, it is no wonder that the men grew low-spirited, and longed to be in their native England again. Many became sickly; but the only one who died was their good presi- dent, George Pupham. "I die content," said he; "for my name will be always associated with the first planting of the Enghsh race in the new world. My remains will not be neglected away from the home of my fathers and my kindred."" You see that he did not suppose the plantation would be given up; and the belief that he had been useful to his country was a consolation to the last hours of this aged pioneer. Yet the spot of his burial remains unknown to this day. 13. The "Mary and John," and prol)ably, the "Gift of God," had returned to England in the autumn ; but in the spring a ship came with supphes. It brought the news of the death of cliief justice Popham, and of Sir John, brother of Ca])tain Gilbert. The death of the president had left Gilbert the chief in command; but, being his brother's heir, he determined to go back to England. In these men the colonists believed they had lost their best friends, and were altogether dis- couraged; so some returned to England witii Captain Gilbert, while otlicrs went in the little vessel they had built to Jamestown in Virginia. What company scut the first English colonies to America? Where was the tirst colony sent ? In what year was the settlement made in Virginia? In what year was the first colony planted ia Maine ? Who was the leader of this colony ? On what peninsula 26 HISTORY OF MAINE. ^607 did tliey settle ? Where is Habino ? What did they uame their fort? What name did they give to the vessel they built? Where was the first voyage of this vessel made ? What explorations did Captain Gilbert make ? What Indians often visited the colonists? What happened to their storehouse during the winter? What one of their number died during the winter? What ill news did they bear in the spring? What effect did these misfortunes have upun the colonists? ^613 EAELY EVENTS ON THE COAST. 27 CHAPTEK m. 1. The next colony settled at Mt. Desert Island, wliich was then called St. Saviour. It was sent out in 1613 by the French Cathohcs,and consisted of twenty- five colonists, together with the Jesuits, Biard and Massd, who had come to the coast a few years before. 2. The Virginia magistrates soon heard of this set- tlement, and decided to remove the intruders at once ; for Mt. Desert was within the hniits of the charter which the English king had granted to the North and South Virginia Company. Eleven fishing vessels with fourteen pieces of cannon and sixty soldiers, under the command of Captain Samuel Argal, were sent against them. The French had two vessels in the harbor and a small fortification on shore; but this attack took them by surprise, and the place was easily captured. 3. Several were wounded in this conflict, but the only one killed was a Jesuit named Gilbert Du Thet, who fell by a musket ball wliile in the act of aiming a ship's gun against the English. Argal treated his prisoners with kindness, giving them the choice to return to France by such vessels as they coidd find, or to go with him to Virginia. He also visited and captured Port Royal, where the French had again planted a small colony. 4. All who have read tlie liistory of the United States will remember about Captain John Smith and Pocahontas. The same Captain Smith came in 1614 to the coast of Maine. He had two sliips and forty-five men, and meant on this or a later voyage to form a settle- ment. They touched at Monhegan first, then went to Sagadahoc. In this vicinity he built seven boats. Some of these were used by his men in fishing, wliilo 28 HISTORY OF MAINE. 1614 witli others he explored the coast and rivers. The men spent the best part of the fishing 'season in catch- ing whales, and in search of gold and copper mines. They found no mines, and the whales were not such as yield much oil; thus a great deal of time was wasted. They had one skirmish with the savages, in which they killed several, but came off themselves without loss. 5. • Late in the summer Smith returned to England with a valuable cargo of fish and furs; but the other vessel staid behind. Her master was Thomas Hunt. Smith indignantly says of him, "He purposely tarried beliind to prevent me from maldng a plantation, and to steal savages." Hunt prowled along the coast as far as Cape Cod, capturing natives at several places. Finally he sailed away with twenty-seven of them; and going to Malaga, he sold them to the Spaniards for slaves. 6. The next year Smith started again for the shores of Maine; but on the way he was captured by the French, and his colonizing schemes broken up. He always made good use of his time, however ; and soon after his liberation he published a map and a short history of the northeastern coast. It was in this work that the portion of our country called New England first received its name. Smith had explored the coast from Sagadahoc to Cape Cod, finding twenty-five har- bors and several large rivers, and visiting forty villages of the natives. 7. How the rough islands. Jagged capes, and the many bays and snug Httle havens must have surprised him, as he paddled industriously among them ; and how pleasing the numerous rivers, with their woody liilh and grassy intervales ! Yet he did not see the lakes and the myriad ponds that held back the water from the sea, or the cataracts that throw it down; where, in after years, the ringing saws should cut up the for- est for house and ship, or larger mills spin and weave the wool and the cotton into cloth for the comfort of man. '^614 EARLY EVENTS ON THE COAST. 29 8. The natives of Maine were at this time united in a confederation under a chief sachem, or king, called the Bashaba. They were divided into three nations; the Sokolds, who lived about the Saco river; the Abna- kis, on the Androscoggin, Kennebec, and several smaller rivers eastward; and the Etechemins, who occupied the country from the Penobscot river to the St. John's, in Nova Scotia. The Bashaba belonged to the Wawennocks, a powerful tribe of the Abnakis, wlio dwelt upon the small rivers on the coast between the Kennebec and Penobscot. 9. Shortly after Captain Smith's visit, the Tarra- tines, or Penobscot Indians, who had become very nu- merous,. rebelled against the Bashaba. They defeated the warriors sent to subdue them; and, invading the Wawennock territory, killed the monarch, burned his villages, and nearly destroyed the tribe. Then other quarrels haj^pened among them, and many more were killed. After the war came a pestilence; and the Indians died in great numbers — even whole villages being swept away. The disease was so rapid and fatal that in some places none were left to bury the dead ; and their wliite bones were long after seen bleaching on the ground. The plague was the worst in the win- ter of 1616 and 1617; and a company of Englishmen spent this very season at the mouth of the Saco river. 10. They visited the sick, and spent many nights with them in their cabins ; yet not one of the English had even so nnich as a headache. The leader of this company was Richard Vines, who had been educated a physician; and probably it was the cleanly and whole- some habits which he enforced among liis men, that saved them from the fhsease. Vines was in the employ of Sh" Ferdinando Gorges, and spent the winter on tliis sliore by his request, to try if the climate was too severe for English folk to endure. The place was named Winter lIarl)or; and Vines must have been much ])leased witli it, for he soon after made the Saco river liis permanent residence. 30 HISTORY OF MAINE. 1^19 11. Gorges now persuaded tlie Plymoiitli company to make another attempt at settlement; therefore in 1618 they sent out a vessel under Edward Rocroft. He was to find Captain Thomas Dermer, then at New- foundland, and proceed with him to form a plantation. He did not meet Dermer, but kept on to Monhegan. There he captured a French trading vessel and a large quantity of furs ; sending the Frenchmen to England in his own vessel, wliich was smallest. His crew soon after formed a plot to murder him for the sake of the cargo. But he discovered the plot ; and, running into Winter Harbor, set the conspirators ashore. Then he sailed away to Virghiia, where he was killed in a quar- rel with a planter. Probably Vines and his company had gone from Winter Harbor, or would not allow the conspirators to stay with them; for they made their way to Monhegan, and spent the winter there. 12. Next came Captain Dermer, looking for Rocroft. He found the Indians very hostile, on account of the wickedness of Hunt and others in stealing away their people for slaves. Dermer had brought back two of Hunt's captives, Samoset and Squanto; and these gave him a great deal of assistance in pacifying the angry savages. Near Cape Cod he found and re- deemed a Frenchman, the sole sm'vivor of the crew of a French ship which had been wrecked on the coast a few years before. The crew had escaped to the shore, where the savages prowled about them until they killed all but three or four. They made prisoners of these, sending them about from one tribe to another to be tortured for their sport. When the poor men reproached them for their babarity, and warned them that the wrath of God would come upon them, the savages laughed, and said scornfully that they were "too many for God," In less than two years after, great numbers of them died of the plague. 13. Among other places. Captain Dermer visited Martha's Vineyard ; but the natives here, instead of Us- '621 EARLY EVENTS ON THE COAST. 31 toning to terms of ]icace, made a mm-derous assault upon a l)oat's crew which went asliore. They were nearly all killed; and an Indian had Captain Dermer down, and would have cut his head off had not the rescued Frenchman come to his aid. Dermer remained on the coast until midsummer of 1620; and in December the Pilgrims came and founded their famous town. Though he had made peace with the natives to the northward, those about Cape Cod remained hostile, waylaying and killing the settlers whenever they could. l-i. Just at the close of that first gloomy winter at Plymouth, the afflicted pilgrims were one day startled by the sight of a stately savage walking from the woods toward their cabins. But instead of the war-whoop, they heard from his lips, "Welcome, Englishmen I welcome, Enghslnnen!" Yet they looked fearfully about, lest some stealthy followers might fall upon them unawares. Bow and arrows were in his hands, but he ofiered no one any harm. It was Samoset, native lord of Pemaquid. His captivity had saved him from war and pestilence; and he had been re- stored to his native sliores to find his country desolate and his kindred perished. 15. The pilgrims entertained the chieftain with food and lodging. In return he told them about the plague which had carried away the people, and gave them nnich needful information in regard to the country, lie went away the next morning, but retm-ned a few (lays after, bringing other natives to visit them, among whom was the famous Massasoit. 16. When Captain Levett, in 1623, sailed along the coast in search of a place to settle, he met Samoset near Pemaquid, and received from him the same generous welcome. He aided Levett in obtaining furs, and introduced his squaw. Levett says, "The next day I sailed for Quack, or York, with the king,* queen and prince, bow and arrows, dog and kittcni, in my vessel; libs noble attendants rowing by us in their canoes." * See close of chapter. 32 HISTOEY OF MAINE. 1625 17. Soon after tliis, Samoset sold to one John Brown a tract of land at Pemaquid, comprising the present towns of Bristol and Damariscotta. The deed of the sale was made in 1625, and is the fii'st ever given by a native of America. 18. The noble sachem lived for many years after at Pemaquid, always remaining the good friend of the Enghsh. He was remarkable for his love of truth and justice, and his generous confidence in others. * The person taken on board bis vessel, and spoken of by Levett as a king, was Cogawesco, sagamore of "Quack," who had his lodge on Stroudwater river, in old Falmouth. Who drove the Jesuits from Mt. Desert Island ? In what year did Capt. Smith visit the coast of Maine ? How did his men waste much time ? How many harbors did Smith explore ? How many villages of the natives did he visit ? What name did he give the northern country in his history ? Who stole natives of Maine for slaves ? What three nations of Indians occupied Mfiine at this time ? What happened among the Indians soon after ? In what years did Richard Vines spend a winter at Saco ? Who made peace with the Indians on the coast soon after? What noted chieftain of Maine met the pilgrims with words of welcome? What was the character of Samoset ? 1G20 COLONIES AND COLONISTS. 33 CHAPTER IV. 1. Early in the year 1620 tlie Plymoiitli, or North- em branch of tlie North and South V'irginia Company gave up its charter, A new company was then formed, consisting of forty noblemen, knights, and gentlemen. It was described as "The Council estab- lished at Plymouth in the County of Devon, for plant- ing, ruling and governing New England in America;" but it was usually called the New England Company. The king granted to it the territory from a little south of the Hudson Piver to the Bay of Chaleur on the north, and from "sea to sea." Sir Ferdinando Gor- ges, who had been president of the old company, was made cliief agent of the new one. 2. This gentleman was born in the year 1573, in the county of Somerset, in England. Before he was thirty years old lie had won great honor in the war with Spain; and the king, to reward his services, made him governor of the fortified town of Plymouth, in the soutli-western part of England. Among his friends were Sir AValter llaleigh and Sir Humphrey Gilbert; and from these he, no doubt, imbibed that enthusiasm for America which made him through a long life the constant friend of the colonies. 3. The French, who had two or more colonies on the St. Lawrence river, were now attempting settlements furtlier southward within the limits of the New Eng- land Company's patent. It was plain that this north- ern boundary was likely to cause trouble. Gorges, to reheve himself of the clitiiculty, procured for Sir Wil- liam Alexander, Secretary of State for Scotland, a grant of all the territory east of the St. Croix, and 34 HISTORY OF MAINE. ^630 northward on tlie line of this river to the St. Lawrence. All this region was at that time known as Canada, but the new proprietor named it Nova Scotia, or New Scotland. It was his intention to settle it with Scotch, who, it was thought, would prove an effectual barrier against the French. 4. Gorges was constantly on the watch for persons desirous of a home in the new world ; and thus he came to learn of a number of English famihes who had removed to Leyden in Holland that they might be at liberty to worship God in the way which they believed to be right. They at first chose the Hudson as the place for their plantation ; but, landing on the shores of Massachusetts, they concluded to make that their residence ; and Gorges obtained for them a grant of the place where they had settled. Thus were intro- duced to the world the famous Pilgrims of New Plymouth. 5. In its political action the EngHsh government always regarded Popham's colony as the initial settlement of New England ; though it was not per- manently maintained. It is, however, quite certain that some points in Maine — as Mouhegan, Pemaquid and Saco, had been occupied for several years previous to the settlement of Plymouth ; but the inhabitants were fishermen, and prol^ably few of them remained at any of these places throughout the year. I think, therefore, that the pilgrims of the Mayflower must, in a social sense, be considered the first settlers of New England ; for in this colony were found man, woman and child — the triple parts of the integer of human hfe. In 1622 the New England Company granted to Gorges and Captain John Mason the whole territory between the Merrimac river and the Kennebec. The proprietors named this country Laconia. It was described as the paradise of the North, having a salu- brious chmate, fine scenery, bays and rivers swarmuig with fish, and forests full of game. 16'^3 COLONIES AND COLONISTS. 35 6. These gorgeous reports brought many good peo- ple to our shores; but there hjul come, also, niauyhiwless adventurers. Complaints soon reached the proprie- tors that persons without right or license were carrying away timber, burning the forests, destroying the game and catching the fish. The Indians, too, were becom- ing enraged by these acts, and because the traders cheated them and made them drunken; and frequent bloody quarrels happened between them and the Eng- lish. So in 1623 the New England Company sent out Robert Gorges, a son of Sir Eerdinando, as governor. They also sent an admiral to regulate trade and fishery about the coasts, and a minister to oversee reh'gious afl'airs. These three were to a])])oint civil officers, and to sit as judges on all cases which should arise in the province. But Parliament opposed the privileges of tlie company, and the governor was recalled; the min- ister found his office unwelcome; while the fishermen were so stubborn that the a(hnii'al could do nothing witli them; — so in a year or two all had returned to Eiigland. Y. Meantime many people who were oppressed at home sought refuge in this country; and the settle- ments increased all along the coast. The little band of pilgrims had been joined by others of their breth- ren, and were profitably engaged in fishing and in trade with the Indians ; having a trading house on the renol)Scot, and another at Sagadahoc near the site of Popham's fort. In order to favor this persevering colony and to aid in spreading Christianity among the natives, the New England Company gave them a tract of land on the Kennebec, reaching from near Swan Island northward fifteen miles from each shore to the great ])end of the river. In this territory they had exclusive rights of trade and fislicry, and the legal ]wwer necessary for the protection of their property. Here they erected other trading houses, — one in the present town of Riehmond, and another at Cushnoc, now AuiTusta. 36 HISTORY OF MAINE. ^^27 8. These houses were stocked with blankets, coats, shoes, u'on implements, hard bread, and various sorts of ornaments and trinkets suited to the fancy of the savages. They had also wampum, which served the Indians for both ornament and money. This was a kind of bead made by the Indians west of Narragan- sett Bay from the inner part of the shells of the whelk and quahog. It was of two kinds, — the purple and the white ; white being valued at a farthing each and the pm'ple at two farthings; but later the value changed. In 1627 some Puritans in England received from the New England Company a grant of the land embraced between New Plymouth and the Merrimac river. These became the Massachusetts Bay Colony; and the king gave them a charter of their territory with the right of government within its limits. In 1629 a divi- sion of Laconia was made between Gorges and Mason. The latter took the part south of the Piscataqua, wliich he named New Hampshire; and thus was fixed the south-western boundary of the State of Maine. 9. The next notable patent was that of Lygonia, is^-u- ed in 1630, and sometimes called the "Plough Patent," from the name of the vessel which brought over the colonists. The vessel bore this name because the com- pany intended to plough the land and raise crops as their principal business, instead of trading with the natives and iisliing, like the other plantations. Their territory extended from the Kennebunk to Royal's river; and they settled near Casco Bay. This colony was laughed at a great deal, because it broke up within a year; other plantations southward. 10. The same year the territory lying between Mus- congus Bay and Medomac River at the east was granted to some persons who had trading houses there. Tliis was called the "Muscongus Patent ; " but nearly a hundred years later it passed into the possession of the "Waldo family, and was afterwai-d known as the "Waldo 1G27 COLONIES AND COLONISTS. 37 Patent." The "Pemaai*t against Cromwell's party. King Charles lost his cause, and Gorges was thrown into prison. He was now over seventy years old ; and, 1'5^7 POLITICS AXD CIVIL AFFAIRS. 45 worn out by misfortune and liardsliip, lie died in 1647, soon after his release. He had ever been the earnest advocate of settle- ments in America, and the constant friend of the colo- nists; and for these reasons he is very properly called the "Father of American Colonization." For more than forty years he had fostered the settlements on. our coasts, his cliief motives being in his o^vn simple but noble words, — "The enlargement of the christian faith, the support of justice, and the love of peace." Into how many provinces was Maine divided in 1635 ? Wliich of these were given to Gorges? What was Gorges' province called ? Where was the first court held ? Who was now ap- pohited governor of New England? Did he ever come to this country? What was his province called under the king's charter? Where did the settlers obtain clothes, meal and flour ? What did they export to the West Indies ? What city did Gorges found for his capital ? To what was it afterward changed ? What title has sometimes been applied to Gorges ? CHAPTER YI. 1. At the death of Gorges in 1647 the present terri- tory of Maine was under six governments, all entirely independent of each other. The whole country east of tlie Penobscot was held by the French ; while west of that river was, first, tlie Muscongus Patent, then tlie Peraaquld, next the Kennebec, then the Lygonia, or "Plough Patent," — and, lastly, the remnant of Gorges' Province of Maine. So many governments, each jealous of the other, caused much disorder in the country ; for evil doers in one provin^'c or patent took refuge in another, and thus, too often, escaped the punfslmient due to then' offenses. 46 HISTOET OF MAINE. 1634 2. Once a magistrate of Plymouth, named John Alden, was arrested in the streets of Boston on the charge of mm'dering a man on the Kennebec River, John was a Pilgrim boy, one of the company who came over in the Mayflower — and the first person, it is said, to spring ashore when they landed. He is the same John Alden of whom Longfellow tells us in the "Courtship of Miles Standish." Perhaps you will re- member that Standish, the Puritan warrior, sent his friend John Alden to court the fair Priscilla for him. John was then young and ruddy ; and it is no wonder that when he plead the cause of the doughty widower, the blushing maiden shou.ld exclaim, "Why don't you speak for yourself, John ?" And no doubt all will remember that after a while John did speak for him- self ; and that Priscilla became his wife, and rode home after the led by a rope. 3. The Plymouth colony, you know, had the ex- clusive right of trade on this river ;*and when in 1634 a vessel from J^ew Hampshire came there to trade, this John Alden, who was then in charge of the col- ony affairs in the region, ordered it away. Instead of obeying, the captain (whose name was Haskins) brought Ills vessel still farther up the river ; therefore Alden sent some men to cut the ropes by which she was moored. They had severed one, when Haskins, seizing a musket, swore that if a man of them touched the other he would shoot him. The boatmen had too much courage to neglect their duty for a mere threat ; and one raised his axe to strike, but before it could fall the angry captain had shot him dead. A moment later Captain Haskins fell in his turn, pierced by a bullet from a comrade of the man he had killed. The Plymouth folk advocated Alden's cause ; and finally the Bay magistrates pronounced the act "justifiable homicide." So there was no one punished. * The Kennebec. 16o2 COUNTIES, CUSTOMS AND CHARACTERS. 47 4. Thomas Pnr(;luis, who lived at the head of New Meadow River in Brunswick, (then Pcjepscot) o\vned an extensive tract of hind on both sides of the An- droscoggin River. He had opened a trachng house at this point about tlie year 1625 ; but becoming fear- ful of the Indians around him, he, in* 1639, put his territory under the government of Massachusetts for protection. 5. Indeed, this government was so often called upon for arbitration and protection, that its chief men began to contrive how they might obtain more com- plete control of the eastern settlements. On examin- ing their cliarter the magistrates thought that its words would allow them to take the source of the Merrimac river as the northern extremity of their territory, instead of the mouth of that river, which had before been considered the limit. So their sm*- veyors presently found the new boundary to be a direct hne from the northern part of Winnipesaukee Lake to the mouth of the Presumpscot river ; and, behold, Gorges' province of Maine, tiie Lygonia Pa- tent and Mason's grant of New Ilampsliire were under the Puritan charter ! 6. In 1652 the commissioners appointed by Massa- chusetts came into the province of Maine to set up their government. A meeting was called in Gorgeana to consider the change. The authorities of the province were there, headed by Governor Godfrey; and on the other hand sat the commissioners. The governor har- rangued the ])eople against submission ; the commis- sioners replied, promising that there should be no interference with religious worship nor with the estates of the settlers. AVhen the cpiestion was referred to the people, to the great astonishment of the governor, every vote beside liis own was in favor of Massachu- setts. 7. Thus all went smoothly with the Bay colony's pro- ject iu the western part of the pro vmce of Maine \ but 48 HiSTOET OF m:ai:o:. "^^^^ when it came to the collection of taxes, there was trouble in Lygonia. The foremost to resist the col- lecting officers was John Bonython of Saco. He fur- tliermore wrote a defiant letter to the General Com't, denying the right of Massachnsetts within the Lygonia Patent. He seems in this action only to have stood up for the rights of the proprietor of the patent ; yet he was declared an ontlaw by the Massachusetts mag- istrates, and a price set upon his body. But no do-ubt he was a bold, perhaps an unscrupulous man; for when he died some person wrote this couplet on his tombstone for an epitaph : — "Here lies Bonython, sagamore of Saco ; He lived a rogue and died a knave, and went to Hobomoko." 8. The province of Maine was now made a county of Massachusetts under the name of Yorkshire, and sent two delegates to the General Court, as the legislature of Massachusetts was called. A court was held in the county twice a year, alternately at Kittery and York. A part of the magistrates were chosen by the General Court, and others by the people of the county ; and besides trying civil and criminal cases^ these were au- thorized to appoint three commissioners in each town to decide petty cases. 9. A militia was organized the same as in Massa- cliusetts. The smallest division was the "trainband," which consisted of not fewer than fifty-four men nor more than two hundred. Its ofiicers were a captain, lieutenant and ensign, and a sergeant for the pilvcmen. The sergeant was armed with a halberd, — a weapon formed by the combination of an axe and spear, and set on a long handle. The other officers wore swords and pistols ; and the chief officers carried "partisans," whicli are colored rods, indicating leadership. The soldiers were armed with pikes and muskets. The pike, or spear, was a staff about ten feet in length with a sharp point of metal; but sometimes, instead 1C^2 CUSTOMS, COUNTIES AND CnARACTERS. 49 of a proper spear head, they tied on a stout Icnife or a piece of scythe. Men of Lirge stature were always chosen for pikemen; and there were twice as many musketeers as ])ikemen in a trainband. Some mus- kets liad matchlocks, but most had the flintlock. Each musketeer, at tramings, carried a crotched stick called a rest, on which the gun was laid in taking aim. 10. In fighthig Lidians the soldiers must be good marksmen ; for generally these foes scattered widely apart, or hid behind stumps, stones and trees. Mas- sachusetts had already been througli one Indian war, when her forces destroyed the Pequots; and she knew now how to meet savages. Each soldier wore about liim a bandoleer, containing little leather boxes for powder and bullets. Some of them wore corselets of iron, which covered the breast and stomach; while others had their coats tliickly padded with cotton to protect them from arrows. They m.nst have been queer looking soldiers, plated with iron and stuffed with cotton, — no two being dressed ahke; yet they were men of courage, daring to face the scalping sav- age in his forest ambush. But when it really came to fighting savages, the pilces, breastplates and stuffing were all abandoned ; nothing but guns, hatchets and knives or swords were of any service. At first there was company training every Saturday, but after a few months they were less frequent. All males, from stout men of forty-five down to beardless boys of six- teen, were enrolled in the mihtia; and I have no doubt that the boy soldiers enjoyed "training-day" p-eatly. Yet they had for a long time no music but a drum ; neither had they bright colored uniforms, nor shining arms to reheve the sombre appearance of the ranks. 11. On training as on other days our brave fore- fathers had regard to the Great Being who presides over all the affairs of men ; and prayer was offered at the opening of the day's driU and at the close. But 50 HISTORY OF MAINE. ^652 on training days there was also an unusual draft on the barrels and butts of West India rum and Holland gin, which were kept in almost every shop; for the law against dealers was not then strictly enforced ; but if any became ch'unken and quarrelsome, they were set in the stocks, where the fit might wear itself harm- lessly out. 12. These instruments were usually ready, and nigh at hand. For there were fom* or five tilings wliich the good people of those days placed as near the center of then- settlements as possible ; and these were the church, the graveyard, the school-house and the stocks. Usually, also, there were a whipping post, a pillory and a ducking stool. The last was quite an amusing instrument. It consisted of a long plank suspended near the middle, and having a chau* fas- tened on the end overhanging a pool of water. When the oifender was tied in place the fight end of the plank was let go, and the chair with its occupant splashed in the water. 13. The penalty for a great number of crimes was death; for lesser ones there were whipping, cropping the ears, and branding with a hot iron. There was not much imprisonment in those times, for the very good reason that criminals did not choose to stay in the weak jails. But the people of Maine were not the makers of these laws, and they were not here car- ried to such extremes as in Massachusetts. 14. The people of Maine, too, were allowed to vote without becoixiing members of the Puritan chvu-ch ; yet the promise made to them at their union with Massachusetts that there should be entire freedom of worship, was not fully carried out. The Rev. Kobert Jordon, at this time the only Episcopal minister in the province, was persecuted for baptizing children and performing other duties belonging to Ifis pastorate ; while the Baptists and Friends were fined and whip- ped, Cromwell favored the Pm-itans ; but when Charles II. came to the throne he at once ordered 1652 CUSTOMS, COUNTIES AND CHAEACTERS. 51 Massachusetts to cease interfering in reb'gious matters. Then all societies again liad freedom to observe the christian ordinances in the manner which their con- sciences approved. 15. But I must not close the present chapter with- out telhng you something about the Rev. John Brock, a noted Puritan minister of this period. The Isles of Slioals, then a part of Maine, were the scene of liis lal)ors for many years; and his inliuonce over the isl- anders and the fishermen who frequented their shores was very excellent. He had a happy talent in con- versation, his sermons were animated, and his faith was very remarkable. A fisherman of his parish had been wont generously to use his boat in helping the inlialiitants of other islands in the group to the one on which public worsliip was held; but one day in a vio- lent storm the boat broke away from its fastenings and was lost. Wliile the poor man was lamenting it, Mr. Brock said to him, "Go home contented, good sir ; ril mention the matter to the Lord ; — to-morrow you may expect to find your boat." This boat had been of sucli service to the poor that the good minis- ter felt that its recovery might properly be made the sul)ject of prayer ; and, sure enough, the next day the boat was brought up on the flulces of an anclior. Many other quite interesting things were done by him during his ministry at tliis and other places, some of which are told us by Rev. Cotton Mather in his "MagnaUa." How many separate governments existed in Maine in 1647? What incident happened on the Kennebec ? What government tried this case ? What proprietor in Maine put himself under the protection of Massachusetts? By what means did Massaclmsetts extend her jurisdiction over Maine ? Where did the Massachu- setts officers meet with difficulty? What troublesome person led the opposition ? Into what county was the province of Maine now made? What anus did the militia bear? What was done with those who became drunken? What objects were usually to be found near the center of a Puritan settlement ? 52 HISTORY OF MAINE. 1^54 CHAPTER VII. 1. The principal reason why the inhabitants of Maine submitted to become a part of Massachusetts, was that every one feared a war with the Indians, and thought if they yielded readily to the wishes of their powerful neighbor they would receive the more assistance from her. England was at this time at war with Holland ; and it was believed that the Dutch were inciting the Indi- ans to rise against the English colonies. The Massa- chusetts magistrates wrote to the Dutch governor at Manhattan about the matter, and he wrote back indig- nantly denying the charge, and regretting that they should put any confidence in the statements of the natives. Yet the magistrates were not satisfied, and apphed to the British government for aid to drive the Dutch away. After several months the ships came ; and five hundi-ed men were enlisted in the colonies to operate with them against Manhattan. Before the ex- pedition set out England and Holland had made peace with each other ; and Cromwell, tlie Lord Protector, ordered the forces to take possession of Acadia. This was really the point of greatest danger from the Indi- ans ; for the French had been selling them guns and hatchets, and inciting them to hatred towards the English. The enterprise was therefore very pleasing to the people of Maine. 2. The first point of attack was Biguyduce, on Pe- nobscot Bay ; but the place was not defended, and they proceeded to La Tour's settlement on the site of the present city of St, John, in New Brunswick. He ap- peared quite willing to change njasters, if only his property might be secure. The governor, Le Borgne, 1664 WAES AND RUMORS OF WARS. 53 made some resistance ; but in August Acadia, or New Scotland, was again in possession of the English. Tho leaders of this expedition were Major Kobert Sedgwick and Captain John Leverett ; and Captain Leverett ■s^;as left in charge of the province until Sir Thomas Temple was appointed governor. Su* Thomas brought in many settlers, and carried on a largo busi- ness in fish, furs and lumber. It has been said of him that he was "as true a gentleman as ever set foot in America." He was noted for his humane and gener- ous disposition. "When Massachusetts was hanging Quakers or Friends, who came into her borders preach- ing their doctrines, he told the magistrates that if they really, as they said, desired "the Quaker's lives absent rather than their deaths present," he would carry tliein away and provide for them at his own expense. 3. In the year 1664: the king granted to his brother, the Duke of York, the country about Hudson River, and the territory between the Kennebec and St. Croix rivers. The duke was also made viceroy of New England, and sent Colonel Nichols over as his governor. Gorges' son soon after sent an agent with a letter from the king to the Puritan authorities, order- ing them to restore the province of Maine to its owner. But Massachusetts was unwilling to give up her con- trol ; and she kept possession until the next year. At tliat time three commissioners, who had been sent by the king to aid Colonel Nichols, came into the county of Yorkshire, and, organizing a court and legislative body, revived the old province of Gorges. Thus the people of Maine had the hard fate of being subject to two conflicting governments, and were liable to be punished by each for obeying the other. When they had settled afiairs in the province of Maine, the conimisioners went eastward to attend to the Duke of York's possession. They called the region between the Kennebec and Penobscot the "county of Cornwall," of which the Sheepscot plantation was 64 HISTORY OF MAINE. 1668 made tlie sliire town, and named Kew Dartmouth. They made Pemaquid (Bristol) their capital, where one of them remained until 1665, regulating the affairs of the colonies. 4. Soon after his departure, a war broke out between England and France ; and the colonies began to look for a conflict with the French and Indians. This afforded a good opportunity for Massachusetts to re- estabhsh her authority in Yorkshire ; and commission- ers were accordingly appointed for that purpose. When Governor Nichols heard of this at New York, he wrote to the Massachusetts magistrates, warning them not to meddle with the province of Maine, and intimating bloodshed if they persisted. He soon after retm-ned to England, and Grovernor Lovelace succeeded him. The Puritans were not much alarmed by the warnings of the retiring governor, and her commis- sioners soon after set about their task of changing a province into a county. They entered Maine with a small company of horsemen and footmen in brilliant array, and issued their orders for an election of depu- ties to the general court. A county court was held by them in a meeting house at York. The morning ses- sion over, they went to their dinner. After dinner, as they walked unsuspectingly back, the province marshal marched through the streets proclaiming with as much authority as if he had an ai-my behind him, "Observe ye and obey the commands of his majesty's justices." When the commissioners came to the meet- ing-house, behold, it was full of people, and the jus- tices of the province were preparing to hold a court of their own ! 5. "Give place to the commissioners;" cried their marshal, as he went before them to the benches where the justices sat, "You are the autliors of an affront we httle expect- ed," said the commissioners to the justices, "but your course will avail you nothing ; you might have called 1668 ;^^Rs AND RUMORS OF WARS. 55 your meeting elsewhere, and at anotlier time. Depend upon this^ we shall not be deterred from exe- cuting any part of the delegated trust to wliich we are commissioned." Then the people fell to disputing among themselves, and for a while confusion reigned supreme ; but the province justices at length were able to read the King's letter ordering Massachusetts to restore the province government to Gorges. To meet this, the commis- sioners could only urge the new charter boundary under which they had at iirst set up their claim. But the justices and their adherents had a prudent regard for that troop of "horse and foot", and they finally gave way. And thus was etfected what has been hu- morously termed the "Conquest of Maine," which ended the "Commissioners' War." A few years later Rigby's claim to Lygonia was abandoned, and Gorges' right was purchased by Mas- sachusetts; so that the whole region from the Piscata- qua to the Kennebec became rightfully subject to the Puritan government, and was all included in the coun- ty of Yorkshire. 6. By an article tacked on to the treaty of Breda in 1668, the French were again in possession of Acadia, with its boundary at the Penobscot, or, possibly, farther west. The inha])itants did not relish the prospect of becoming French subjects ; so they turned for aid to the only government that could ])rotect them — wdiich was that of Massachusetts. Under these circumstances Avlmt could the Bay colony do but examine again her very elastic cliarter, and order a new survey to correct tlie errors of the first ? Tliis was precisely wliat she did; and by it her boundaries were made to include the chiefest part of the county of Cornwall. In 1773 the Dutch re-captured New York, and Gov- ernor Lovelace went home. There were now none of the Duke of York's oflicers in the way ; and the next year Cornwall was made a part of Massachusetts, and received the name of the county of Devonshii-e. 66 HISTOET OF MAIIN'E. 1675 7. I^ow for a short time, tlie settlements flourislied, 60 that in tlie beginning of the year 1675 there were thirteen towns and phmtations within the present hmits of Maine, wliile the inhabitants nnmbered between five and six thousand souls. The vessels of the villagers bore away ample freights of lumber from the mills, furs from the trading houses on the rivers, or loaded themselves with fish from the sea ; the fields yielded abundantly, and thriving herds of cattle were in the woody pastures. 8. Then came the Indian wars; and the scene was changed. Several years previous to this time there had been war between the eastern Indians and the Mohawks, who lived about the Hudson river, in the State of New York. A decisive battle was fought in the year 1669, in which the Eastern Indians were beaten. The victorious Mohawks pursued their assailants into Maine, destroying the villages of the Tarratines, and penetrat- ing nearly to the St. Croix ; and many generations after the Indians pointed out on the shores of one of the Passamaquoddy ponds the scene of the final battle. But in a few years the tribes had greatly recovered from their losses ; and, encom-aged by their new friends, the French, they were eager for war with their Wliat was the chief reason that Maine so readily submitted to Massachusetts ? Who were found to be inciting the Indians against the EngUsh ? What English ruler ordered the colonial forces to take possession of Acadia ? To whom was the territory between the Kennebec and St. Croix granted? What did the Kings com- missioners form in the Duke of York's territory ? When the com- missioners were gone what did Massachusetts do ? What has this lour of the commissioners been humorously called ? By what means did Massachusetts obtain the right of control in the province of Maine ? By what treaty did France again obtain possession of Acadia? How did Massachusetts obtain control of the Duke of York's settlements ? What county did she make of this new pos- session ? THE INDIANS OF MAINE. 57 CHAPTER yin. 1. Before I tell about the wars with the Indiaas, some further account of these people will, I thinlc, be interesting to my readers. The natives of Maine are generally called Abnakis, though the name has been more especially applied by American writers to those dwelling on the Androscoggin and Kennebec rivers. This name comes from A wahhenahghi, the name ap- plied to the Maine Indians by those living west of the Hudson river. It signifies our fathers at the sun rise. According to their own account, the Indians of Maine are all descended from a common stock. The Sokokis, who dwelt on the Saco river, were oldest ; and the Anasaguuticooks or Androscoggins, Canil)as or Kennebeeks, AVawennocks andEtechemins followed in order. The last nation was composed of the Tar- rathies, or Penobscots, the Openangoes, or "Quoddy" Indians, who dwelt on the ponds and rivers emptying into Passamaquoddy Bay, and the Marechites, who occupied the region of the St. John's river. The peninsula of Nova Scotia was inhabited by the Mic- macs, who were of a separate origin, and differed widely in language and customs. 2. The word "Etechcmins,'' in English, is canoe mcn^ and was probably given them because they made such hmg journeys at sea. "Openangoes" means lit- tle sables, and signifies that they were a very cunning people. The Wawcunocks were a very brave people, aiul tliat is what the name means. At the time of Captain Smltli's visit to the coast, this was the superior tril)c in Maine ; and tlicir sachem, called tlie Bashaba, was ruler over the tribes from the St. Jolui'a river to the Merrimac. The rcy;ion between 58 HISTORY OF MAINE. 1675 the Penobscot and Kennebec, occupied by tbem, was known as Mavooshen. 3. The mouths of the small rivers in this vicinity were specially noted for the abundance of oysters they produced. There are at this day on the banks of sheltered coves along our coasts long mounds composed almost wholly of the shells of oysters and clams. Those on the Damariscotta river are in some places fifteen feet deep and twenty rods in width. Layers of charcoal scattered through the mass show where the fires were made ; and among the shells are found knives, gouges and spear-heads of stone and horn, and bits of pottery. Bones and whole skeletons of human beings have also been found, but no tradi- tion tells us whence they came or why they are buried there. The Indians told Popham's colonists frightful stories of a nation of cannibals living to the northward, who were of great size and had teeth an inch long. The Jesuits of the early French missions upon the St. Lawrence river also relate that there was a tri1)e about the mouth of that river who devoured the bodies of their enemies. Uncas, chief of the Mohegans, was once seen by wliite men to eat the flesh of his foe ; and English captives who escaped from the Lidians have told of similar barbarities. These facts lead us to conclude that at the time of the discovery of this country, many of the native tribes sometimes fed on human flesh ; and I fear that this must explain the presence of human bones in the shell heaps of Damariscotta. Before the breaking out of the war between the settlers and the Indians in Maine, the Wawennoeks had ceased to exist as a tribe. A few had joined the Canibas, but the larger portion, influenced by the Jesuits, had re- moved to the River St. Francis, in Canada. 4:. The natives of Maine wore taller than the aver- age of white men ; and, if no stronger, were usually more agile. Their complexion was a copper brown, and their black, coarse hair usually hung in a long 1675 THE INDIANS OF MAINE. 59 mass over their backs, though tlie womeir s was some- times braided, while the men's was more frequently cut short over the forehead and the remainder tied in a knot at the top or back of the head. They had broad, beardless faces, retreating foreheads, prominent check bones, small, ghstening, black eyes, and large white teeth. Many of their women were of comely face and figure, and some of them would have been almost handsome, had they been cleanly. Yet both women and men were generally morose in countenance and manner. 5. In the summer the dress of men and women was rarely more than a girdle of leather having a short skirt or fringe below the waist, with the addition of moc- casins, if they were hunting or travehng. In the win- ter the busJvins, leggins and mantle of fur formed a warmer attire ; but there were some families so poor that they were at times obliged to wear hard, furless sldns, even in the cold weather. They had a way of tanning and dressing skins which made them very soft and phable ; one substance used in this process being an oil prepared from the brains of animals. 6. The household work and the cultivation of the soil were left almost wholly to the women and children. The only labor of this sort which the warriors under- took was the raising of theii* tobacco ; and the boys were very impatient to become old enough for hunters and warriors, as they were then freed from the drudg- ery of the wigwams and cornfields. But sometimes to save the crop, the whole family took hold together, and made quick work with the cornfield. When not engaged in war or hunting, the men occupied them- selves chiefly in making their l)ows, arrows, spears, knives and other implements. This was really a slow and laborious process, as flint and shells were theu* keenest tools. 7. On war and liunting trips, especially when these were short, the squaws were left behind, and tlie men 60 HISTORY OF MAINE. 1676 did their own cooking. Their wigwams at these times being only for temporary use, were of small size and of the simplest construction. They were generally form- ed of straight poles set on the ground in a large circle, but coming together at the top, and covered with broad strips of bark. The cabins in the villages were larger, with the top arched by bending the upper parts of the poles and binding the overlapping ends together. Others were in the form of a rectangle, with tall crotch- ed posts along the middle and sides, supporting the ridge and eave poles. The largest wigwams of wliich we have any account in Maine were not over forty feet in length ; and such were occupied by several families. Each family had its own fire, and there was sometimes a slight division of stakes and bark between. They obtained fire by rapidly twirling a dry stick with the end in a hollow in another, some light material being laid close about it to catch the first spark or tongue of flame. There was no fireplace except a hole in the ground or a few large stones to support the sticks. The smoke flowed and eddied to every part of the cabin before it found the opening at the top left for its escape. In this smoke along the highest part of the room were slender poles, where, in the hunting season, hung strips of flesh cut from the carcases of deer, bear and moose, being dried to preserve it for use in later moons. 8. Every winter the hunters went away to the streams and ponds at the heads of the rivers to hunt deer, moose and beaver ; though smaller parties hunt- ed game for food at all seasons and in all directions. Poor hunters would rarely kill moose or bear, and would secure few even of the smaller animals. But my readers will remember that the Indians had no guns or other weapons of metal, until the white men furnished them, so that, with their w(;ak weapons, much skill and prowess was necessary. Sometimes a com- pany of hunters would join for the capture of a herd 1C75 THE INDIANS OF MAINE. 61 of deer. Having surrounded them with fire, they posted themselves near tlie open passages of the forest, then started the lierd by frightful shouts ; and large numbers of the beautiful animals would be killed as they tried to escape from the enclosure. At other times the lumter would encase himself in the skin of a Dioose or deer, and steal toward the herd, imitating their moveincnts. Tliey also made up large parties for duck hunting. The time was chosen in the month of August, when the old birds had shed their feathers, and the young were of good size, but yet unable to fly. The Inmters, sweeping the pond in their canoes, di'ove the birds into the creeks and coves at the borders, where they were killed by thousands with clubs and paddles. 9. The ordinary canoe was very liglit, being form- ed of l)irch bark on a frame work of wood. They also made them of logs, wliich they burned hollow, then smoothed with their stone gouges. These log canoes were sometimes long enough to carry forty per- sons. They made fish hooks of bone and deer's horn, and with tlie same material they sometimes tipped tlieir arrows and spears, though they generally used flint or jasper for this purpose, Tlieir knives, axes and chisels were also made of some hard stone. They made thread, hues, and nets of the bark of trees, of strong grass, and of deer sinews. They built weirs of great stones and stakes in the ponds and rivers, in which the fish became entangled ; but usually tliey caught them in nets, or with hooks, and speared them from their canoes by firelight. 10. When the sanup (liusband) was lazy or a poor lumter the family depended mainly on the maize, beans and crookneck squashes which the squaw raised. She also gatliered tlie fuel, dressed the game and cooked tlic food. This was first served to the sanup, and otlicr grown up males; and wlien these had eaten, the squaw might satisiy her own hunger and that of the 62 HISTOEY OF MAINE. 1675 children. When venison was plenty, and corn in the milk, the Indians fared snmptnously. The corn they roasted on the ear, or, boihng it with new beans, made the disli called succotash. The dry corn was parched and ponnded into a coarse meal, which they called nokehike. Then there was sam/py which was corn hnlled in boihng lye ; and hmniny, which was corn broken and boiled. The season of berries aiforded them a dehcious relish, and they laid up great stores of nuts ; and sometimes in the spring they were obhged by Bcarcity of food to dig groundnuts, which they roasted in the ashes. Maple syrup they could make only in small quantities until the white men came and brought them kettles; theh boiling before this time being done chiefly in wooden troughs, by dropping in hot stones. Neither did they know how to make bread of their corn until taught by Europeans. Their food was eaten from the troughs in which it was cooked, or from wooden bowls. They had, too, a rude sort of earthern ware, but it appears to have been quite soft and frag- ile. Neither chair nor table was found in their cabins, and they sat or lay on mats and skins on the bare ground, or on a low platform of bark, or of hemlock boughs about the sides of the cabin. 11. Here the httle Indians, dirty and fat, rolled and ran about, while the small pappoose cooed and cried on its cradle of bark. At sunset the maidens went forth to dance on the green, clad in their choicest garments, that theymjght attract the eyes of the bold young warriors. Perhaps the daughter of the chief was with them, the green crest of the heron contrast- ing in her black hair with the scarlet feathers of the tanager,her armlets and leggins of soft deerskin mark- ed with bright dyes, her moccasins gay with porcupine quills, and her skirt bright with embroidered threads ; while strings of the white teeth of the sable and otter gleamed upon her dusky bosom. 1673 THE INDIANS OF MAINE. 63 12. Yery often indeed a young brave became enam- ored of a comely maiden. When this happened he tokl his parents, who then held a talk about it with her parents. If her parents proved favorable, he then sent her a present, — a deer, a Ijcautiful bird, furs or beads. Lest she should be unwilling when asked to live in his wigwam, he must now pay other attentions. So in the shades of the evening he took his station near her cabin, and did his best to charm her listening ear by his singing, or the rude music of his fife ; or, if he was not musical, he must please her at the merry mak- ings of the young by his wit or feats of strength and agility. When she accepted him as her sanup (hus- band) lie made more presents ; and then the desired guests were invited to the wigwam of her parents. Then followed feasts and dances for two or three nights, the young couple keeping beside each other until the frolics were over. Then the savage bridegroom led home his bride ; who thenceforth devoted herself to preparing his food, making his clothes and keeping his wigwam tii'e alive. 13. Foot-races, wrestling, quoits, ball playing, and a sort of draughts were frequent amusements ; and they were much addicted to gambling by every possi- ble means. The Indians were much given to smok- ing, also ; and the offer of a pipe of tobacco was a token of hospitality and peace. At all feasts the guest must eat all that nn'ght be put in his bowl, no matter how many times it was tilled or how unlike it he felt ; otherwise he would give offense to his host. So many a poor Indian often went back to his wig- wam with a pain in his stomach. 14. Many people suppose the Indians to have been very healthy ; l)ut this is a mistake. The Indian had fewer diseases than the white man, but these were more generally fatal. They doctored chieHy with sweating, astringents, salves and washes. They also had vegeta- ble teas for ordinary kinds of sickness. But their 64 HISTORY OF MAINE. 1675 knowledge of medicine was very limited ; and any in- telligent country housewife of the present day far sur- passes them in skill. Yet, being natives of the country, they were able to instruct the settlers in the uses of numerous plants. If a savage was very ill the "pow- wow" was called upon. Tliis was the Indian medicine- man, or physician. His method of treatment was very mysterious to common Indians, and was supposed to have supernatural power. Drums were beaten, he made strange gestures, uttered wild cries, — sometimes over the patient, at others, shut up in a wigwam alone. He also carried at his waist a small bag containing bones, sticks and stones, which were thought to have virtue as charms against evil spu-its, diseases and mis- fortunes. 15. The Abnakis believed in a good spirit. Tan- tiiin^ or Tanto ; and in an evil spirit, which they call- ed Mojahondo ; but in general these were confused in one, and called by the name of the good spirit. Hocko- raock was another word used by some Indians, which the settlers took to signify the devil. At every new moon they worshipped the evil spirit for fear, because they beheved he had power to kill them, and to send storm, pestilence, drought and tamine. 16. Sometimes certain old men in each tribe, who kept in mind their treaties and traditions, were ap- pointed to teach them to the young. Beside the chiefs who were war leaders, there were others who presided over the village and regulated petty matters, somewhat lilce our police justices. Botli these were generally called sagamores. Over all was the sachem^ who was chosen for his wisdom ; though, usually, he was the son of the sachem or of a chief. Yet his authority was not absolute, all important matters being decided in council. These were composed of the chiefs and old men ; and, sometimes, the aged squaws were present also. Thei'e was perfect order on these occasions ; when one was speaking aU others kept silent, and even 1675 THE INDIANS OF MAINE. 65 after he had ceased he was allowed several minutes in which to recollect anything he might have omitted with- out intention. It was considered very unmannerly to interrupt another, even in ordinary conversation. Thus we see that in soiue respects these ignorant and cruel savages set us a good example. 17. The language of the Abnakis is easy of utter- ance, and quite smooth and agreeable to the ear ; but its words are few and unfitted for nice distinctions. For instance, in the Tarratine dialect thou or you is "keah," but "keah-olet-haut-tamoria" means no more than thy ivill ; and their word for to-day consists of eight syllables, and many other ideas arc equally diffi- cult of expression. Names of places are generally descriptive, ag Mattawarrikeag ^ from mattUy much, — wanvpa, wliite, or clear, — keag^ or kik, earth ; and Anasagunticook (tril)e) — properly, Amasacontecook, — from namaous^ iifli, — konte, stream, — cook from kik, place; meaning. The region of the fish river. For heaven they use the word, spumkeag, i. e., above the earth. "Metun- gus" is father^ a man is "sanumbee," and boy is "skeenooses." If a Tarratine should inquire after your health he would probably say, Pah-quQ-num-se-eld. 18. Their dialects were constantly changing, for they had no written characters to preserve the form of their words ; so that when modern natives have been -asked the moaning of some phrase long ago recorded by the English or French they have been unable to give it, but yet recollected the words as "old Indian." IS till they very generally conveyed information by means of rude drawings, often leaving these records on trees and pieces of bark at points visited by them ; and these were readily understood by others of the tribe, who came after. A rock at the sea shore at ]\rachias])(>rt furnishes an interesting example of this kind of writing ; and it is prol>ably the most extended Lidian inscription in New England. 66 HISTORY OF MAINE. 1675 1675 TjjE INDIANS OF MAINE. 67 19. In the earliest days of Englisli settlements when an Indian signed a treaty, deed or other writing, it was usually by a rude figure of some animal, — as a deer, beaver, tortoise, snake, heron, hawk, or eagle. This was called t\\etoie7n and was the family "coat of arms" ; and in some tribes they seemed to believe that they had descended from these animals. It was often the case that a great hunter or warrior received a name descriptive of liis character or exploits ; therefore we may conclude that these "totems" only represented Bome remarkable ancestor, whose distinguishing title had become the name of a nmnerous clan. Under what general name are the Indians of Maine classed ? What does this name signify ? What were the distinctive names of the Indian tribes of Maine? Where did each dwell? What reniarliablo mounds are found on the Damariscotta River ? What became of the Wawennocks ? Of wliat materials did they make their weapons ? What vegetable did they raise ? IIow did they boil their food before they had kettles? What sports and games had the Indians ? What is said of the diseases of the Indians ? By what means did their pow-wows pretend to cure diseases? Did the Indians believe in good and evil spirits ? What were the titles of their chiefs ? Which was superior in authority ? By what means were important matters decided ? What was their practice in speaking and conversation ? Did they have any letters or written words ? By what means did they sometimes convey infer- mation? What arc "Totems" ? 68 HISTOEY OF MAINE. 1675 CHAPTEE IX. 1. I have now given you an account of the Indians as they were when the English first came to the coun- try; but from that time their habits and customs be- gan to change. The traders soon supplied them with domestic utensils, cloths and guns; so that they were able to obtain game and cook their food with more ease, and to dress themselves more comfortably. The French mmgled with the natives like brothers; and some of them, with their usual easy habit, even took Indian women for then- wives. Very soon, French Jesuits were in all then' villages ; and before the year 1720 they had nearly all become Eoman Cathohcs. Therefore, in any war that arose between the Engh'sh and the French, the Indians, if they took any part, were sure to be on the side of the French. Neither did the Jesuits confine themselves to the rehgious instruction of the natives, but were the ever willing agents of the French government to incite the In- dians to hostility against the Enghsh settlers. 2. The authorities of the colonies were quite aware of their danger, and made prudent laws to restrain the settlers and natives from wronging each other. None were allowed to settle or to hunt and fish upon the territory of the natives unless the right was first ob- tained of them; and the sale of intoxicating hquors was forbidden, according to the wish of the chiefs. Yet the English made crafty bargains for then* land, obtaining deeds of extensive tracts before the ignorant savages understood fully the efiect of such writings. Often, too, the traders would sell them rum; for this yielded a large profit, and they could also make better bargains for fui'S when their owners were a httle in ICCO THE FIRST INDIAN WAR COMMENCES. 69 drink. The natives, at long intervals, sometimes revenged their wrongs by killing cattle or burning buildings; yet the tribes in most cases were quite ready to pay the damages when the acts were traced to their members. 3. Doubtless a principal reason for the continued peaceable conduct of the natives toward tlie Enghsh was found in the wars among themselves, and the pestilences with which they were often visited. In 1614, when Captain Smith visited the coast, the native population of Maine must have been nearly thirty thousand. In the war whicli happened soon after, the Wawennocks had been almost destroyed, and the Tarratines also lost severely. Then the plague came, working fearful havoc from Penobscot to Cape Cod. Following these were the wars with the Mohawk Indians, which raged at intervals for above half a centmy ; while the small pox became a frequent scourge. From these causes then- numljcr had fallen before the year 1675 to about twelve thou- sand. 4. Some of the tribes did not at first join in the hostilities against the English. Among these vere the Penobscot Indians, and all those at the eastward, and the Pennacooks in New Hampshire. Passaconaway, !i sachem of the Pennacooks, was noted for his sagac- ity and cunning. He made liis Indians believe that he could restore tlie ashes of a burnt leaf to their orig- inal form, raise a Hve serpent from the skin of a dead one, and change himself into a flame of fire. When he became old he called his tribe to a great feast, and there made to them liis farewell address. "Hearken," said lie, "to the last words of your father and friend. The white men are the sons of the morning. The Great Spirit is their father. His sun shines bright about them. Never make war with them. Sure as you hght the fires the breath of Heaven will turn the flames upon you, and destroy you. Listen to my ad- 70 HISTORY OF MAINE. 1670 vice. It is the last I shall be allowed to give you. Kemember it and live," 5. Wonnolancet, his son, was now sachem of the tribe; and as long as he lived their friendship with the English remained unbroken. Howies, the sagamore of the Piscataqua Indians, likewise saw that the white men would become the masters of the country. He lived in Berwick on inti- mate terms with the settlers. When he became old, and could no more go out of his dwelling, he sent to the principal inen of the town this petition : "Being loaded with years, I had expected a visit in my infirmi- ties, — especially from those who are now tenants on the land of my fathers. Though all these plantations are, of right, my children's, I am forced in this age of evils humbly to request a few hundred acres of land to be marked out for them and recorded as a pubHc act in the town books; so that when I am gone they may not be perishing beggars in the pleasant places of tlieir birth. For I know a great war will shortly break out between the white men and Indians over the whole country. At first the Indians will kill many and pre- vail ; l)ut after three years they will be great sufferers, and finally be rooted out and utterly destroyed." 6. But Squando, sachem of the Sokokis, had never been friendly to the Enghsh ; and about this time an incident took place which made liim a most bitter enemy. His squaw with her httle child was crossing the Saco Biver in a canoe, when a party of sailors saw them and determined to have some sport. They had heard that Indian children swam from instinct; so they upset the canoe, tumbhng the poor mother and her infant into the water. The child sank to the bot- tom ; the mother dived after it, and succeeded in bringing it up ahve. Soon after this affair it sick- ened and died. Squando believed that its death was owing to the cruel treatment of the white men; and he vowed to be revenged. This chieftain was the 1G75 THE FIRST INDIAN WAR COMMENCES. 71 most remarkable Indian of his time. Sometimes his conduct was qnite Innnane and generous toward the settlers, and at otlier times very barbarous. He was not only the sachem, but the pow-wow of his tribe, and made liis people beheve that he had revelations from the spirit world. At one time when he wished to incite them to war against the Englisli he said to them: "An angel of light has commanded me to wor- ship the Great Spirit, and to stop limiting and laboring on tlie Sal>bath; and God himself tells me he has left the EngHsh people to be destroyed by the Indians." You perceive that the prophecies of these sachems did not agree; but it was not then so easy to decide which was false. 7. At length tlie alarm sounded. In July, 1675, the first blow of King Philip's war was struck. The Massachusetts authorities immediately sent the news to those of Maine, with the advice that the Indians should be deprived of their guns and knives. Some of the leading residents of Sagadahoc, or Lower Ken- nebec, innnediately visited the Indians near them, and prevailed upon them to give up a few of their guns. They gave them many presents, and so won their favor that Mo-ho-tiwormet, the old Canibas sachem, made a dance in lionor of the agreement of peace be- tween them. The Androscoggins acted differently. They had for a long time felt very revengeful towards Thomas Purchas, wlio was a trader at tlie head of New Meadows River in Brunswick, because they be- lieved that he had cheated them in trade. One of their sagamores declared that he had paid an hundred pounds for w^ater from Pm-chas' well. His Indians must have drunk much rum to have the water in it reach that amount. It is no wonder that they wasted away. 8. It happened one day early in September that Mr. Piu-chas and his boys went off, leaving the 72 HISTOKY OF MAINE. 1675 women unprotected. While thej were gone a party of Indians came to the house, pretending that they wanted to trade ; but as soon as they found the men were away, they fell to plundering the store and build- ings of whatever they wanted. While they were thus engaged one of the boys was seen returning on horse- back. Before reaching the spot he discovered the In- dians, and halted. A stout fellow started out towards him with his gun under his blanket; but the boy, per- ceiving his purpose, wheeled his horse about and fled. He carried the alarm to the coast; and a party went up the river with a sloop and two boats to bring away whatever the Indians had left. Mrs. Purchas some- how escaped ; but the men with the vessel found more Indians at the settlement, and were di'iven off with loss. 9. On the twelfth of September the savages burned the house of John Walvely, near the mouth of the Presumpscot River, in Falmouth. The smoke and flames were seen at Casco Neck (Portland) ; and a party started at once for their relief. They were too late. The bodies of seven persons lay among the smoking ruins, half burned and shockingly mangled. It proved that two others, a girl of eleven years and a young child, had been carried away. None knew what became of the child ; and the poor girl, (whose name was Elizabeth) now left without father, mother, brother or sister, was forced to traverse the wilderness through long and tedious months in company with the murderers of her relatives. 10. Soon after this bloody affah', a friendly Soko- kis came to John Bonython at Saco and said to him privately, "A strange Indian from the westward and several Anasaguuticooks have been at my wigwam, and are persuading all our brothers to lift the toma- hawk against the white people." Bonython warned his neighbors ; and that very night they all retired for safety to the house of Major William Philhps, on the 1675 THE FIRST IXDLVN WAR COMMENCES. 73 Biddoford side of the rivor, near the foils. The next morning the attack was made. The first notice was Bonython's honse in flames; then an Indian was seen skidking behind a fence. Major Philhps had been looking at the flames, and as he turned from the win- dow a bullet pierced his shoulder. The savages were amlnishcd all around the house ! When Major Phil- lij>s disa|>})eaj-ed so suddenly from the window the In- dians, su])|>osing him to be killed, set up a great shout. Tlio English were watching from every side of the house, and instantly fired at the shouters ; and several of them fell badly wounded. At dark the savages set fire to a small house, and to Phillip's mill; then they came up crying, "Come now, you Enghsli coward dogs; come put out the fire, if you dare." The Eng- lish didn't come; but they sent out their leaden mes- sengers wherever an Indian exposed himself. 11. At four o'clock the moon set; and then the savages contiivcd another mode of attack. They built up on the forward end of an ox-cart a tier of lumber, then filled the body with shavings, birch bark and sticks. A number of them took hold of the tongue, where they were protected by the screen of lumber, and pushed the cart toward the honse. They meant to set the house on fire, and Idll the people as they ran out ! Fifty persons were crowded into this building, — most of them women and chil- dren. The cart was steadily approaching — nearer and nearer it came. Already the tiny tongues of flame gleamed upward through the mass; and the V'jices of the besieged grew hushed with fear, or some excited girl screamed in frenzy. But the cart comes steadily on, — one wheel drops into a gutter, and the cart swings about. The savages who hold the tongue ai-e in view ; and the muskets of the English ring out in the still night. Several of the assailants dropped to the ground, and the remainder ran away, leaving then- load of burning sticks to hght up the fields. 74 HISTOEY OF MAINE. 1^75 The savages were discouraged; for they had killed none, while six of their number were dead, and fif- teen, including their leader, badly wounded. In the morning not an ludian was to be found; and a day or two after, Major Phillips and his company reached the settlement at Winter Harljor in safety. 12. When it was known at Newichawannock (South Berwick) that the Indians had attacked Saco, Captain Wincoln and sixteen volunteers, with noble spirit, set out for Winter Harbor to render all tlie aid possible. They had just landed at the mouth of the river, and were proceeding towards the village, when a large body of savages rushed out of the woods upon them. Wincoln and his company took refuge behind a huge pile of shingle blocks, firing with such effect that they kept at bay a hundred and fifty savages. The report of the guns was heard at the village, and a party of nine men started out to join the reinforcement, — for such they knew it must be ; but the savages am- bushed theii* path and shot down every man. 13. The next attack was at Kewichawannock, on the house of John Tozier, who had gone with Captain Wincoln, leaving his family unprotected. His was one of the outermost houses of the settlement; and in it were gathered at that moment fifteen women and chikh-en. A young lady of eighteen was the first to discover the Indians. She had only time to warn the family, when the savages reached the house. Fearful that the weak door fastenings would give away, she staid and held them until the hatchets of the savages had broken through. They dashed in the door; but the family had escaped from the other side of the house, and were running towardis the garrison. A part of the Indians pursued them, catching two chil- dren who were hindmost. One of these, only three years old, they killed on the spot; and the other they kept in captivity six months. But the heroic girl at the door, — the savages were so angry at finding the 1675 THE FIRST INDIAN WAR COMMENCES. 75 house empty that they bent her to death, as they thou<2;ht. After they had gone she revived, and lived to recover from her wounds. I wish I knew her name, for no personage in this history would more brightly ornament its pages. 14. The next day the Indians appeared again, and burned the dwelluig and storehouse of Captain Win- coin, then escaped in the darkness of night. It was now the golden month of October ; but in Maine muc-li of the crops remained ungathered; and the scarlet forests seemed to the affrighted settlers but tokens of fire and blood. October Tth was observed as a day of fasting and prayer on account of the great calami- ties. The Indians celebrated it at Newichawannock by shooting a man off his horse, and robbing two boys of their guns and clothing. Again on the sixteenth they assailed it in force, kilhng Richard Tozier, and making his son a prisoner. The commander of the garrison, Lieut. Roger Plaisted. perceiving Indians in the distance, sent out nine men to rcconnoiter. The savages saw them coming, and hiding themselves, shot down three of the party before they could es- cape. Lieut. Plaisted, with twenty men and a team, started to bring in the Ijodies of their slain compan- ions. They went silently past the house where Tozier had been killed, and reached the place of the ambush; the corpses were placed in the cart, and they turned toward the garrison with a feeling of security; for they supposed their numbers had frightened the sav- ages away. Vain thought ! A multitude of dusky figures rushed into view from behind fences, logs and bushes, pouring a volley of bullets upon the startled company. The oxen ran toward tlie garrison, and most of the men followed ; but Lieut. Plaisted with his son and another valiant soldier disdained to fly. Repeatedly the Indians called upon Plaisted to sur- render, — for savages as they wei-e, they greatly re- spected courage; but the intrepid man refused to 76 HISTORY OF MAINE. 1675 yield, and he was literally cut in pieces by tlieir hatchets. 15. The savages soon after went farther down the river, burning and killing wherever they dared. As they were making an attack upon a house at the mouth of the river, a cannon was fired at them from tlie Portsmouth battery, on the opposite side, causing them to run oif in great alarm. A light snow had just fallen, and a force in pursuit was able to follow them very rapidly. In a few hours the savages were over- taken on the borders of a great swamp, which, loaded as they were, they could not pass. They dared not ventui-e on a fair fight; so they threw ofi' their plun- der, and plunged through the swamp. In passing through Wells they killed three men and burned a house; but it was their last depredation in Maine this year. 16. Three months had passed since this savage slaughter and destruction began, and in that brief time eighty persons had been killed between the Pis- cataqua and Kennebec. Yet the Inchans had lost a larger number, though they had every advantage. They never fought in open battle, but chose tlieu- own time and place for attack; and, being familiar with the country, their scattered bands could easily elude pursuit. A large force was now raised to assail the hostile tribes in their winter fastnesses. The soldiers were not ready to march until the tenth of Decem- ber ; but the snow had then fallen to fom* feet in depth, and the campaign was abandoned. The In- dians now desired peace in order that they might hunt; for on account of the war they had raised less corn than usual, and had nothing else to live upon. So a treaty was made with the Sagamores, by which the Indians agreed to return all the captives without ransom. Between this time and the next summer many were restored; and among the rest Squando brought in Elizabeth Wakely, the poor girl who was 1675 FIRST INDIAN WAR CONTINUED. 77 made an orphiiii by the massacre at Presumpscot Eiver. What nation mingled familiarly with tlie Indians ? In the wars between the English and French which side did the Indians always take? Did the English colonies endeavor to deal justly with the Indians ? What was the number of the Indians in Maine in lG7o ? WLat great sachem warned his tribe not to war against the Eng- lish? In what year did King Philip's war begin ? What settle- ment was first attacked in ]\laine ? Where did the Indians commit sliocking barbarities? How long did the siege of Major Phillip's garrison in Biddeford continue ? What took place at Winter Har- bor ? What noble action was performed by a young lady in Ber- wick ? What brave officer was cut in pieces by the savages a few days after ? How many persons were killed in Maine by tho liidians this year ? What was the loss of the Indians ? CHAPTER X. 1. If the English had been magnanimous toward tlic Indians it is quite possible that the war in Maine would have closed in the same season it began. Though a treaty had been made, and a few prisoners returned, yet the fears of tlie settlers all the winter tilled the air with runn)rs of treachery and bloodshed. Perhaps some incidents occurred to make these ru- mors plausible ; for Major Waldron, one of the Indian commissioners, issued general warrants by which every man wlio held one could seize any Indian who might be accused of kilhng a white man, or who had conspired against the peace, or refused to obey the authorities. Among others, several sliipraasters ob- tained copies of these warrants, and began to seize Indians all along the coast. One came to Pemaquid for this purpose, where the peace had never been 78 HISTORY OF MAINE. 1676 broken. The English besought him to depart, but he would not; and they warned the Indians against him. Yet he finally caught several, and carried them away to a foreign port and sold them for slaves. Of course the natives were very angry at these outrages. To pacify them Abraham Shm-te and Capt. Sylvanus Davis met the chiefs in council at Teconnet (Wins- low). Mr. Shurte was a noble and venerable man, who had long been the chief magistrate at Pemaquid ; and it was mostly owing to his judicious course that the natives at the eastward had remained peaceable. The Indians demanded that their brothers who had been stolen away should be restored to them, and that the English should sell them sufficient ammunition to procure game for food. These were reasonable de- mands, but the agents were unable to comply with them; and the council broke up without profit. 2. On August 12th, 1676, King Philip was killed, which ended the war in Massachusetts and Coimecti- cut; but many of his tribe escaped and mingled with the Indians of Maine. These brought with them an intense hatred of the English ; and, johiing with the most violent of the Abnakis, they quickly excited the hesitating tribes to renewed hostilities. Early in August one of the refugees known as "Simon, the Yankee-killer," made himself familiar at the house of Anthony Brackett, at Back Cove in Falmouth, now Portland. A few days after, Mr. Brackett lost one of his cows. When Simon was informed of the mis- fortune, he said, "I can show you the fellows that killed the creature;" and very soon he went away. Mr. Brackett suspected treachery; and the settlers at once sent messengers to Major Waldron at Dover for aid. Before their return Simon came l)ack at the liead of a party of savages, saying to Mr. Brackett, "Here are the Indians that took your cow." They immediately fell upon the family, consisting of Brackett, Ins wife, five children and a negro servant. 16"G FIRST INDIAN WAR CONTINUED. 79 ILivhio; Ixnmd these, they went to tlie other liousesin the vicinity, killinii; and taking captive thirty-four per- sons. The remainder of tlie inhabitants escaped to Munjoy's garrison on the hill, and from here tlieysoon removed to Bang's Island. Two days after this attack a party of natives came at nightfall to the house of Richard Hammond at Stinson's Point in Woolwich, who gave the squaws ]:>ermission to lodge on the kitchen floor. A girl of the family became so alarmed b}' certain tokens of malice and treachery among the squaws that she ran out of the house; but some of them l)rought her back and tried to allay her fears. A little after, she escaped again from the dwelling and liid in the cornfield. By and by she heard a great tumult in the house, — heavy blows, shrieks, and tlie yells of warriors, whom the squaws had let in. At this the girl left her hiding ])lace and fled to the near- est settlement on the mainland, twelve long miles away. 3. From Hammond's a party of savages w^ent up the river, where they took several prisoners, while an- other party crossed to Ari-owsic, and concealed them- selves near the fort of Messrs. Clark and Lake. It was Sunday morning ; and when the slee])y sentinel left liis post and entered the gate, the lurking savage was at his heels. The sentinel was struck down, and the Indians were quickly masters of the fort. Mr Lake, Captain Davis and two others, who were in an u]t])er room, got out through a back passage, and rushing to their boat, made for an island on the east The savages followed swiftly, firing u})on them and Mounding Captain Davis. On reaching the shore he ci-ept up the clilf, and hid among the rocks; where the sun, shining in the faces of his pursuers, dazzled their eyes so tliat they could not see him. Lake was overtaken anckawando, sachem of the Tarra- tines. The terms of this treaty were that all acts of hostility should cease, all English captives, vessels and goods be restored, full satisfaction rendered for dam- ages, that his tribe should luiy ammunition of those 84 HISTORY OF MAINE. 1676 only whom tlie governor should appoint, and that the Indians of Penobscot should take up arms against the Androscoggins and other eastern natives, if' thej per- sisted in the war. "In proof of my sincerity and honor," said Mugg, "I pleclge myself an hostage in your hands till the cap- tives, vessels and goods are restored; and I lift my hand to Heaven in witness of my honest heart in this treaty." 10. It was certainly a strange treaty for a victori- ous leader to make, as all its stipulations were in favor of the Enghsh. A vessel was sent to Penobscot with him to have the treaty ratified by the sagamores, and to bring home the captives. The treaty was agreed to, but only some eighteen or twenty prisoners were restored, though there nnist have been more than fifty at this time among the Indians. Mugg now set out for the Kennebec for the pm-pose of inducing the Canibas tribe to join in the peace. He pretended to be in much fear of harm tbr having made so easy a peace ; saying to the captain of the vessel, "If I do not return in four days you may conclude I am cer- tainly bereft of life or liberty." A week passed, yet nothing was heard from Mugg; and the vessel went back to Boston with the treaty and the captives. 11. There was still a fear among the settlements that peace and safety were not secured. Few of the prisoners were restored, and Mugg's conduct was sus- picious; besides, it was believed that Indians from Narragansett were in Maine inciting the natives to resume the war. At length it began to be quite cer- tain that hostilities would be resumed in the spring unless some decisive steps were taken ; therefore in February of 1677, Majors Waldron and Frost were sent eastward with an hundred and fifty men to see what the savages were about, and to obtain further pledges of peace. The troops landed at Marc Point in Brunswick ; 1G77 FIRST INDIAN WAR CONTINUED. 85 iiicetini^ tliere a p«ii'ty of Indians led by Sqiiando, the Sokokis sachem, and Simon, the Yankee-killer, — with whom they liad a skirmish. Unahle to obtain aiiy ca])tives here, the troops re-embarked and went to the Kennel )ee. Here a party was sent to Merrymeeting Bay in search of the Canibas Indians, Avhile Waldron kept on to Penobscot with the remainder. 12. About the last of the month he met a com- pany of Tarratines at Pemaqnid. At the first inter- view they agreed to dehver up some prisoners whom they had received from the Canibas, for twelve beaver skins each and some good liquor. Major Waldi-on and five men were to bring the articles in the after- noon; and both they and the Indians who met them were to be unarmed. Oidy three captives were brought. Waldron suspected treachery, and looking about he espied the point of a lance under a board. This led to the discovery of other weapons. Seizing one, he brandished it in their faces, exclaiming, "Per- fidious wretches ! you intended to get our goods and tlicn kill us, did you ?" For a moment tlie savages were confounded; then they rushed upon him and tried to wrest the weapon from his hands. He waved his cap to the ship, and bravely continued the strug- gle. His companions armed themselves from a jnle of guns which they had uncovered, while other In- dians came to join in the afiray. A re-enforcement Avliich had started from the vessels at tlie waving of the cap, now reached the shore, — and just then a stout 6(|uaw seized her arms full of tlie hidden guns, and ran away with them into the woods. Finding themselves overpowered, the natives fled, some into their canoes and others into the woods. The boats attacked the canoes, siidveral of the Indians. A pow-wow and two saga- mores — ^lattaliando and the bloody Megunnaway — were killed, and a sister of the sachem Madocka- wando was taken prisoner. The whole force now re- 86 HISTOEY OF MAINE. 1^77 turned to Boston, witli the exception of forty men nnder Captain Davis, who remained as a garrison at the mouth of the Kennebec. This expedition did more harm than good; for the natives were not paci- fied, but rendered more revengeful. 13. In the spnng the General Court decided to employ the Mohawks in the war ; though many good people thought it wrong to seek the aid of the heath- en. The Mohawks were the hereditary enemies of the eastern Indians; and the first thing they did was to kill some of a friendly tril^e, not knowing tlie differ- ence between friends and foes. Among others who fell by their hands was a sagamore called Blind Will; but the English did not feel very sorry for his death, because of his duphcity. Finally these heatlien allies were dismissed; but t^he news that the English were bringing the Mohawks to fight them went lilce the wind through the tribes from Piscataqua to Cape Sable, exciting them to the highest pitch of activity. 14. The garrison at Kennebec, sometime in March, attempted to bury the bodies of those slain on Arrowsic Island seven months before ; but the In- dians were watching them, and nine were killed before they could escape in their boats. This point was soon after abandoned; and now there remained in Maine only the settlements of York, Wells, Kittery, ]!^ewich- awannock and Winter Harbor. On tlie seventh of April the savages killed eight men while at work in their fields in York; and the next day they were heard from in Wells, where they prowled about in large and small parties, kilhng and burning, all through the month. 15. Black Point had now been garrisoned anew; and on May 16th it was again attacked. After three days a sharp shooter in the fort brought down the In- dian leader, and the siege was soon after abandoned; but the Enghsh had lost four men, one of whom was tortured to death. On the twenty-eighth of June 1^"7 FIRST INDIAN WAR CONTINUED. 87 Captain Biinjaniiu Swctt and Lieutenant Rieliardson with a tbi'ce of English and friendly Indians arrived to aid in the defense of this place and Winter Harbor. The next day they marched out in search of the ene- my. They soon came upon a party, which kamedi- ately retreated, leading the whole pursuing force hetween a swamp and a dense thicket about two miles from the fort. The party was only a decoy. The moment the Enghsh reached the most exposed point they heard the terril)]e war whoop, and a volley from a host of ambushed savages laid many a brave man low. Soon Lieutenant Richardson fell; and the fight became hand to hand. 16. It was now plain that the English were greatly outnumbered; yet Captain Swett, with great bravery and coolness, repeatedly rallied his old lighters to cover the retreat of the new recruits, and to bring off tlie wounded. lie had received many wounds, and was becoming weak. The savages, seeing liis condi- tion, grap])le(l him, and, tlirowing him to the ground, cut him in pieces before the eyes of the garrison. "With liim fell forty English, and twenty friendly In- dians, — just two thirds of the number he led into action. The chief who had been shot from tliis garrison in May, wliich had caused the Indians to withdraw, proved to be Mugg, the Tarratine. He was a savage more than usually brave and cunning. You will re- meml)er that he made a treaty for liis tribe the year l)efore, and was sent to persuade the Canibas to join in the peace. lie pretended to be very much afraid tliat they would kill liini for his services to the Eng- lisli; but I suspect that he was as much opposed to a pLM-manent pea(;e as they were, for he even made sug- gestions to them for tlie next season's campaign, "I know how we can even burn Boston and drive all the country before us," said he. " We must go to the fishing islands and take all the white mail's vessels.''^ 88 HISTORY OF MAINE. 1^77 17. Accordingly, when tlie time of year came for Bay fishing, the savages proceeded to execute this plan. In the daytime they prowled along the shores, spymg out their prey; and in the darkness of night they slid out noiselessly in their light canoes, boarding the motionless vessels, and Idlling or captnring their sleeping crews. In the month of July they secured about twenty vessels, each of them having a crew of from three to six men. When these captures became known, a large ship was sent out after them. She was supplied with plenty of cannon and small arms, and manned by forty seamen and soldiers. It was expected that this vessel would somewhere encounter the Indian fleet, whicli she would capture or sink, and at the same time destroy a multitude of savages. She came upon the vessels, — one here, another there, — some aground, and others beating against the rocks, — ^but not an Indian in any of them. The vessels were so large they could not be navigated by paddles; and the sails flew and flapped about, while the vessels went in any direction but that which their dusky sailors de- sired; consequently they soon abandoned the prizes in fright and disgust. 18. Manhattan had now been regained by the English, and again become "New York"; and Sir Ed- mund Andros was sent over as governor. He saw liow the eastern settlements were overrun by the sav- ages; and, fearing that the French might take posses- sion of the Duke of York's province, he sent a strong military force to Pemaquid. The Indians were much discouraged by the failure of their naval project, and the sight of so largo a force broke their courage down entirely; and the Tarratines very soon made a treaty with the commander, and gave np their captives and some booty. The next spring the commissioners of Massachu- setts and the sagamores of the Sokokis, Androscog- gins and Canibas met at Casco (Falmouth) and made 1G78 FIRST INDIAN WAR CONTINUED. 89 a treaty. The a^-reeineut was that all captives should be restored without ransom, and that the inhabitants should possess their lands on condition of paying to the natives a peck of corn annually for each family. This closed the first Indian war, which had raged three years. In this war two Imndred and sixty inhabitants of Maine were known to have been killed or carried into captivity from which they never re- turned; while more than half the settlements were laid waste. What excellent magistrate lived at Pemaquid? Wlien did King Philip's war close ? AVliat fugitive from Philip's forces led the attack on Fahnonth ? What places at Sagadahoc were captured by the Indians soon after ? What took place at Dover soon after these events ? What happened at Peak's Island while Capt. Haw- thorn was rebuilding the fort at Casco Neck? What chieftain led the attack on Black Point and Wells ? For what point did a large force set out to meet the Indians ? Who came into Piscata- qua to make peace a few days after? Where did Major Waldron go in February to meet the Indians? What happened this spring at Arrowsic Island ? What two brave English leaders fell at Black Point this season ? What noted sagamore was killed by a shot from the fort in ]May? What was ^Mugg'a plan for attacking the Bcttlements? What events put an cud to the war? Uow many settlemeuts had been destroyed ? 90 HISTORY OF MAINE. 1687 CnAPTEH XI. 1. Several years 1)efore tlie first Indian war a French- man called Baron Castine had come to Bignydace, on the eastern side of Penobscot Bay, and opened a trade with the natives. He had originally come to Canada in command of a regiment; and when that was dis- banded, feeling himself aggrieved, he phmged into the wilderness far away from all his kindred and na- tion. Here he soon married a daughter of Madocka- wando, sachem of the Penobscot Indians, and himself became a sagamore of that tribe. Twice during the war the Dutch drove him away from his settlement; and in 1676 the Enghsli drove the Dutch away. Then, as the Dutch hked the region so well, and there were too many at New York, Governor Andros settled several f^imilies of them about Pemaquid. 2. In 1687 Andros was appointed governor of New England; and, taking a tour eastward in the spring of tlie next year, lie, also, made a descent upon Castine's settlem.ent. He found there a fort, dwelling house, trading house, and chapel; but Castme liimself with all his people had cautiously retired to the woods. Like Castine, Andros was a Papist; so he touched nothing in the chapel, which was very richly decor- ated, but carried away all else that was movable, — furniture, firearms and goods. On his return he met some of the Tarratines at Pemaquid, and told them not to fear or follow the French, ofiering them his protection. "Tell your friend Caotine," said Andros, "if he will render loyal obedience to the King of Eng- land, every article taken from him shall be restored." In order to make sure of the good will of the Indians, he made them presents of clothing, and treated them with ardent spirits. 1688 FIRST FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 91 The colonists did not liavc much confidence in the peace-making of Governor Andros, and wanted to prepare for war; but he would not allow them. A little more than two months later the war broke out. 3. It was about the middle of August, 1688, that the Indians wajlayed two men in North Yarmouth as they were out looking for their oxen. Other savages then approached a party who were at work on the garrison house, and soon commenced a fight with them. The English retired to the river, where they were partially protected by the high, steep l)ank, and made a brave defense until their ammunition was gone. The people Hving on the other side of the river had become aware of the fight. One of these, Captain AYalter Gendell, perceiving that his country- men had ceased firing, seized a bag of ammunition and liastened in his boat to their relief; but as he reached the shore he was shot fatally by the sav-agcs upon the bank. He had just strength enough to tlirow the ammunition to his friends, and say, "I have lost my hfe in your service," — tlien breathed his last. With this fresh supply tlie English beat ofi" their foes. 4. At midnight the Indians repaired to Lane's Isl- and, a short distance out in the bay; where they held their horrid carousal, butchering the two men whom they captured before the fight. The settlers consid- ered it imprudent to remam any longer at North Yar- mouth, and soon removed to the islands; being fiercely attacked here also, they finall}^ fled to Boston. Early in August a band of near a hundred Indians, unknown to the inhabitants, hung about the village of Jamestown at Pemaquid, and at length captured a man passing from tliere toward tlie Kennel)ec. Learning from their prisoner the condition of the set- tlement, they proceeded to make an attack. One party followed Judge Gyles, who, witli fourteen men, had gone to work on the farms at the falls three miles 5 92 HISTORY or MAmE. 1688 above; wliile tli« others entered tlie village, and sue ceeded in getting possession of several dwellings, and from this shelter made their assault on the fort. 5. At night the garrison were summoned to sur- render: the cool reply was, "We are weary and want sleep." They expected, doubtless, that the party from the farms would return as soon as the darkness was sufficient to cover them. The night passed, but there were no tidings of the absent men. Two days more the garrison held out, and all hopes from Gyles and his men were given up. Weems, the commander of the fort, had fallen, and his little company found themselves obliged to yield. They were allowed, ac- cording to the stipulations, to retain their arms, and depart in a sloop which lay in tlie harbor. The In- dians then destroyed the fort and houses, and departed with their spoil and prisoners. 6. It was soon after noon of the first day of the siege when about forty warriors led by a chief named Moxus came upon Gyles' party. Tlie savages at once gave them a volley ; then with demoniac yells rushed upon them. A few only escaped, the larger number be- ing either killed or captured. Judge Gyles was mor- tally wounded, and his sons James and John taken pris- oners. In answer to a taunt of Moxus, the old man made reply: "I am a dying man, and ask no favors but to pray with my sons." Tliis having been grant- ed, the poor old gentleman was led aside and dis- patched with a hatchet. Soon after this the boys met with their mother and two little sisters, also captives; but these were redeemed within a few months. John remained in captivity nine years, enduring many hard- ships and abuses. At last he was purchased by a French trader, and restored to his surviving relatives. Afterward he served the government as interpreter and as a soldier for many years. His brother fared worse. After three years of captivity he attempted to escape, but was retaken, and put to torture on the lieigl ts of Castiue. 1689 FIRST FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 93 7. In consequence of the ftill of Jamestown at Pemaquid, the coast east of the Kennebec Avas now deserted; and it remained without inhabitants for nearly thirty years. Governor Andros still pursued his peace pohcy, setting; the Indian captives at liberty, and attemptin*;- to treat witli the tri])es at several times and places. Not meeting with the least success, the governor took a violent turn the other way; and, raisinir ei^ht hundred men, he sent them eastward to wreak terrific vengeance on the refractory savages. By setting out late in November, they suffered greatly during the whole campaign from cold and exposure; and failed to kill or capture a single savage, or even to see one of them. In the spring the Massachusetts people revolted against Governor Andros, and sent him a prisoner to England ; for King James II., who appointed him to otHce, liad abdicated the throne, and WiUiam and Mary were king and queen of England. The government chosen by the people of New England was again re- vived; Deputy Governor Danforth of Massachusetts being governor of the province of Maine. 8. The new government sent peaceful messages to Earon Castine and to the Tarratines, hoping that tliesc and the well-manned garrisons might prevent the renewal of hostilities. The hope was vain. My readers will remember the affair at Dover in the first war, called "Waldron's Ruse." That evil seed now bore its dreadful fruit. On the evening of the seventh of June, 1680, two squaws came to the garrison at this place, and begged for lodgings. Their request was granted. At the most silent hour of night, when all others in the garrison were sunk in repose, the treacherous squaws opened the gates; and two hun- dred savages who had been crouching outside, rushed in at the moment. The commander of the garrison was the same l\rajor Waldron who, twelve years be- fore, had broken liis faith with the Indians, and made 94 HISTORY OF MAINE. 1689 four hundred of tliem prisoners. But his fi_Qjhting days were now well nigh over, for he was eighty years of age. The Indians quickly found the apartment where he and liis young wile lay asleep. The door was bro- ken; but, wakened by the noise, the old hero sprang from his bed and drove his assailants back through two rooms with liis sword. As he turned back for his pistols he was stunned by a blow upon the head ; and in a moment he was in the grasp of the savages. They dragged the white-haired old man into the hall, and bound him into his own arm chair, which they had placed upon the long table. Often for many years past, had he sat at this table as justice of the peace, setthng the disputes of both the English and the In- dians. It was a wild group that now gathered in that room, beneath the ruddy glare of the torches, — tliat brave old man, his white hair and loose garments waving in the midnight wind, — and about liim the cruel fjices of the painted savages. 9. "I cross out my account," cried they, as each of the two hundred in turn drew his knife across the body of their victim. When his flesh was filled with gashes, they cut off liis nose and ears, and thrust them into his moiitli; and, to close this .scene of vengeance, they tumbled the dying man over'upon his sword held erect upon the table. So died the noble Major Wal- dron, and the revenge of the savages was accomplish- ed. Then they set the village un Are, killed twenty- three of the inhabitants, and carried away captive twenty-nine others, whom they sold to the French for servants. The Indians now ranged through the provinces of Maine and Sagadahock; in the daytime waylaying the traveler upon his road and the husbandman upon liis farm, in the darkness prowling about the blockhouses and stockades, to surprise the unwary inmates; so that before the summer of this year was past, all the country eastward of Falmouth was deserted. At the 1G89 FIRST FREXCn AND INDIAN WAR. 95 last of August M.MJor Swaine was sent eastward from Massachusetts with near six hundred men; with whom he {rove t]\e Indians from Scarborough and Fahnouth, though at the expense of nearly half of Capt, Hall's company. 10. About three weeks after, Benjamin Church, who had been very successful in King Philip's war, was juit in chief command in Maine. At Fort Loyal, on Ciisco Neck, (Portland) he met a daughter of Major AValdron, wlio had just been rescued from the Indians by a Dutch pri> ateer, then in the harbor. She told Major Church "that the Indians, who had brought her into the bay, numbered near seven hundred; and that several Fi-enchmen were with them. Church detc^Tmined to be ready for them ; and at daylight he pasted two companies of English and In- dians under Ca])tain Hall among some small trees near the head of Back Cove, about half a mile northwest of the village. Before the Major had finished his breakfast Captain Ilall discovered the savages on the opposite side of the cove, and immediately crossed and attacked them. Church now learned that nearly the whole stock of Indlets was too large for the guns; and he had them cut up into slugs as quickly as possi- ble. Messengers were sent to the cove witli a su]»])ly lor Captain Hall, but the tide was up, and they dared not go o\er. In this dilemma an Indian ot^ Hall's force, called Captain Lightfoot, threw down his gun and forded the stream to meet the messengers; and taking a knapsack of powder on his head and a kettle of buUots in each hand, he waded safely back; so the con.panies were enabled to maintain their position. 11. Meantime Major Church had gone up the stream in order to cross the bridge and tall upon the rear of the enemy. Just beyond the bridge the sav- ages liad built breastworks of logs and bushes, be- hind which they were hiding. Clunvh ordered hia men to scatter and rash across ; but before they could 56 HISTORY OF MAINE. ^^^^ T'eacli tlie breastworks every Indian liad fled. Before Olmrcli could find them, those in front of Captain Hall liad also retreated, escaping into a cedar swamp at the west. After this repulse the Indians were not seen again for the season, though the forces ranged as far east as Kennebec; therefore when winter came on. Church returned to Massachusetts, leaving sixty of his soldiers to garrison Fort Loyal. Through the season of snows the Indians were occupied as usual in procuring their necessary food, and the settlers of Maine had rest; but with the opening of the spring the war was re- newed with increased vigor. 12. At daybreak of the eighteenth of March, 1690, the inhabitants of Newichawannock (Berwick) were aroused by the yells of the savages at their doors. The attacking party consisted of fifty-two French and Indians under M. D'Artel of Canada, and Hopehood, a chieftain of the Kennebec. The people defended themselves bravely, but thirty-four were killed, while fifty-four, mostly women and children, fell into the hands of the savages, and were carried into captivity. There were at this time about twenty-seven houses in the village, which, together with the barns, mills, and many cattle, were destroyed. 13. In the May follo-sving, four or five hundred French and Indians came into Casco Bay from the Kennebec and Penobscot in a great flotilla of canoes. Probably they were alarmed by the fleet of Commo- dore Phipps, who had just sailed past this coast on his way to Acadia ; for they did not make their attack at once, but encamped somewhere in Falmouth, rav- aging among the cattle of the settlers. Meantime a force of one hundred mihtia from the western towns, together with a part of the garrison of Fort Loyal, were sent out in search of them. While they were absent thirty young volunteers from the garrison as- tended Mun joy's Ilill, to see if any savages were Im-k IC90 FIRST FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 97 ing in that vicinity. On tliis hill, about half a mile from the fort, was a long green lane leading to a house at the edge of the woods. As tliey passed through this lane they noticed that the cattle were staring strangely at the fence; and, suspecting that Indians miglit be hidden there, they rushed towards the point with a loud "huzza." Yery dearly did they pay for their rashness; for the watchful savages poured upon them a volley which brought fourteen of theii' number to the ground. The remainder fled to the village, closely pursued by the French and Indians. These assailed with great fury the houses where the people had taken refuge, and killed a great many of them ; but in the night those who were left escaped to Fort Loyal. The next morning the enemy plundered the village and set it on lire. They next attacked the fort, but the cannon kept them at such a distance that they could do little harm. But they soon found a deep gulley not far away where the guns could not touch them; and here they began to mine toward the garri- son. After several days an underground passage had been carried very near the walls of the fort ; and its surrender was demanded. The commander was mor- tally wounded ; and, as the enemy offered ftiir terms and kind treatment, the garrison capitulated. Ma- dockawando, the Tarratine, with his son-in-law, Baron Castine, were the chief Indian leaders ; and the whole was under the command of a Frenchman named Burneffe. The leaders made little attempt to restrain the savages; and the wounded, together with many of the women and children, were brutally murdered, and the others treated in a most barbarous manner. 1-1. Fort Loyal having fallen, all the garrisons as fir west as Wells were now al)andoned; and again the. IndiaiH ranged victoriously over Maine, making cap- tives and l)urning buildings in every quarter. Many of these captives were detained for months in the wil- derness; made to carry the packs of plunder tlirough 98 HISTORY OF MAINE. 1690 rough woods and tangled swamps, over rugged hills, in rain, snow and cold, — ^poorly clad and often half starved, — and still urged on by di*eadful threats and the points of the Indians' weapons. "WTiat Frenchman lived at Biguyduce at the time of the first Indian war ? Who was appointed governor of New England in 1G87? In what year did the second Indian war break out ? "What noble deed was performed at Yarmouth, and bj'' whom ? "What place east of the Kennebec was captured by the Indians ? How long did the region east of Sagadahoc now remain without inhab- itants ? At the abdication of James 11. what happened in New England ? Can j'^ou give an account of the massacre at Cocheco, or Dover ? Who was placed in command of the forces in Maine In 1G8!) ? Give an account of his engagement with the Indians at Casco Neck. Who led the attack on Newichavvannock the next ipring? In what bay did the Indians next appear? Who were the leaders of the attack on Fort Loyal ? What was the most •asterly settlement now remaining? CHAPTER XII. 1. Soon after the capture of Fort Loyal the French withdrew from Maine; for Sir Wilham Phipps was giving them employment enough in then* own terri- tory, Phipps was a Maine boy, the son of a gunsmith at Woolwich on the Sheepscot River, where he was born in the year 1650. He had twenty-five brothers and sisters, Ijeing himself the tenth cliild. Wlien he was about sixteen years of age his father died, leaving ht- tle else than a small farm for the support of his nu- merous family. Wilham continued to work on the farm until he was eighteen, when he was apprenticed to a ship carpenter for four years. At the close of 1690 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR CONTINUED. 99 Ills appreuticGship he went to Boston and worked at his trade, and learned to read and write. A year o^ two later he married; and soon after this he went back to his old home on the Sheepscot River, and built a ship for some Boston men. The vessel was completed just as the first Indian war broke out. lie had purchased a cargo of lumber to take to Boston wlien he delivered the ship to its owners; but, seeing the inhabitants in distress and in danger of destruction by the savages, he abandoned his lumber at a great loss, and, taking the afflicted people on board, carried them away to a place of safety. 2. After building vessels and making voyages for several years he learned that a Spanish ship laden with treasure had been sunk near the Bahama Islands. He told his story to the Duke of Albermarle, who aided him in obtaining one of the king's ships, in which he sailed in search of the ^^^'eck. The tirst voyage was unsuccessful, l)ut on the second he found it lying under forty or lifty feet of water. lie ob- tained from it thirtj'-four tons of silver, beside gold, pearls and jewels, worth in all $1,350,000. His part of this amounted to $70,000. For the fair manner in which he treated the crew, and the honest divi- sion he made of the spoil, tlie king made him a knight; and the Duke and Duchess of Albermarle sent his wife a golden cup worth fom* thousand dol- lars, as a special mark of esteem. At home, when the expedition against Acadia was planned, he was thought to be the fittest person to command it; and so he was made commodore. He •sailed from Boston early in May, 1690, with a frigate of forty guns and eight other vessels. He took pos- session of the country, captured the authorities, and, at the close of tlie same month, returned to Boston, bringing suthcient of the enemy's merchanchse to pay the expense of the expedition. 3. The suci<;ss of Phipps cncom*aged the colonistfl LcfC. 100 HISTORY OF MAINE. 1690 to send an expedition against Canada, which started early in the next August — the sea forces only be- ing under his command. The land forces were to march from New York by way of Lake Champlain, and meet the fleet on the St. Lawrence. But the army met with discouragements and turned back ; and Pliipps, not receiving the promised aid from Eng land, was repulsed before the strong fortifications of Que- bec. On his return a great storm wrecked many of the vessels, and scattered the remainder so that they came into Boston one by one, some of them not arriv- ing for nearly a month after. The colonies had counted on success, and had expected the spoils to pay the expense, as before ; and there was no money in the treasury to pay the men, and very little specie among the inhabitants. Then for the first time in America, paper money was contrived. Li December the General Court of Massachusetts issued what were called "Bills of Credit," with which the public debts were paid. It soon depreciated so that one dollar in specie was worth four dollars in bills; but they afterward in- creased in value until that they were worth as much as the coin. 4. A few weeks after Phipps set out for the St. Lawrence Major Church was sent again into Maine. He landed at Maquoit, and marched directly to the falls at Pejepscot (Brunswick). Not finding any In- dians, he continued up the river. A little past noon of the next day he came in sight of the cataract at a place called by the Indians Amity onp onto ok, now, known as Lewiston Falls. Before they came to the Little Androscoggin, which was still between them and the Indian fort, they were discovered by a savage near the river. In order to surprise the Indians, Church was obliged to act with all possible speed ; and, while one company staid with the baggage, the other two, with Church at then- head, waded tho 1690 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR CONTINUED. 10] river, and ran swiftly towards the fort. But tlie In- dian they had seen was there before them ; and just as tliey burst in the soutli i^ate the savages rushed out. at the north, and retreated down the hill to the large rivor. But Church's men had cut them oft' from their canoes; and some of them were shot in the water, M'hile only one gained the opposite bank — for the current here was very strong, it being just below the falls. The larger number of Indians, however, had run under the cataract, and hid in the rocky caverns behind the falling waters, and thus escaped. Sev- eral prisoners were taken at the fort, among whom were the wives and children of Worumbee, the sachem of the region, and of Kancamagus, a Pennacook chief- tain. "Tell the sagamores," said Church, as he de- parted, "tliat they may lind their ^\dves and children at WeUs." 5. On his return he had a skirmish with a body of savages at the mouth of the Saco, and another at Cape Elizabeth, — in both of which the enemy was beaten. In October these chiefs with several other Indians, came to Wells, and were much gratified to receive again their wives and children. "The French have made fools of us," said they; "we will go to war against you no more ; we are ready to meet your head men at any time and place you ap- point, and enter into a treaty." Accordingly, on the last of November, six saga- mores met the commissioners at Sagadahock, where they surrendered a few prisoners and signed a truce. The truce was to continue until the next May, when they were to bring the remaining prisoners to Wells, and make a lasting peace. G. Yet it was a dismal winter to the people of Maine; for they had known too much of Indian treachery to feel at ease respecting the next season. Every town east of Wells had been destroyed ; and only the settlements of Wells, York, Kittcry and the 102 HISTORY OF MAINE. 1691 IsL'S of Slioals now remained. The settlement in Wells was near the beach, where there were several houses of hewn timber, with flankers and watch tow- ers — a little village of block houses. In some of these the upper storj was largest, projecting over the lower story; while others had the upper story turned so that the corners projected beyond the sides of the lower story. Tliis was for the purpose of firing down upon assailants, if they should come close to the build- ing. The sides were also pierced with long, narrow openings for the guns. T. In May, 1691, the time set for the treaty, Mr. Danforth, President of the province, with several other members of the government, came to Wells to meet the Indians. None appeared; but Captain Con- verse found several lurking in the neighborhood, and brought them in. When asked why the sagamores were not present according to promise, their answer was, "We no remember the time. But still we now give up two captives ; and we promise, certain, to bring the rest in ten days." They departed, and though the oflflcers waited, nothing more was seen of them. On the ninth of June thirty-five soldiers came to reinforce the garrison at Wells; and in half an hour after their arrival the place was attacked by two hun- dred Indians under the famous Moxus. Being re- pulsed here they went to Cape Neddock, in York, where they killed the crew of a vessel, and burned the houses. 8. Two or three weeks later, four companies under Captain King started in search of the savages, meeting them at Maquoit Bay, in Brunswick, where he had a sharp sldrmish. During the remainder of the season the Indians shunned to meet the English forces, but hung about the coast and remaining villages, burning exposed buildings, and shooting down or taking cap- tive lone men, women and children. 1G92 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR CONTINUED. 103 Early in the morning of February fifth, 1092, tlie inhabitants of York, wliilc yet in their beds, heard the report of a gun. It was the Indians' signal of attack. Between two and three hundred savages, led by Fronclimen, instantly fell upon the unarmed settlers; and in lialf of an hour, more than a hundred and sixty of the inhabitants were helpless captives, or lay bleeding on the cold snow. There were four strongly fortified houses in the settlement, and the people who found shelter in these alone escaped ; and when the savages demanded a surrender, their answer was, "Never, till we have shed the last drop of blood." OAliKISON HOUSE AT YOKK, BUILT ABOUT 1G45. 9. So after plundering and setting fire to tlie re- maining houses the Indians went away, carrying with them nearly a hundred prisoners. The sutferings of these from hunger, cold and fatigue must have been 104 HISTORY OF MAINE. ^^92 very great; yet tliere was one pleasant inci{leT)t in this terrible ali'air. In Captain King's expedition from York eastward in the sninmer previous he left un- harmed four or five Indian women and their children whom lie found at Pejepscot; and for this the savages now sent hack to the garrison several elderly women and young children. The garrison at Wells at this time consisted of only fifteen soldiers under Captain Converse; and on the ninth of June two sloops came in with supplies and a reinforcement. About an hour after their arrival the cattle ran in from the pastures, frightened and bleeding. By this the settlers knew that there were Indians in the vicinity, and at once made all possible prepara- tions for safety. The next morning at daybreak five liundred French and Indians appeared before the gar- rison. They were led by Madockawando, Egereraet, Moxus, Worumbee, and other sagamores, together with Labrocree, a French ofiicer; all being under the command of M. Portneuf, who had been the leader at the destruction of Falmouth. 10. They learned from a prisoner captured outside of the fort, that it contained only thirty soldiers ; and, being confident of success, they apportioned among themselves the prisoners wliom they expected soon to have. Then with hideous shouts, they commenced an attack, which was continued all day ; but still the gar- rison held out. Meantime they constructed a rough breastwork of timber and hay, from which they fired upon the vessels; setting them on fire several times with their fire arrows. But the crews put out the flames with wet mops on long poles ; and their bullets pierced through the breastwork so often that the ene- my was forced to leave it. Then thej built a shot- proof breastwork on wheels, and rolled it towards the shore. One wheel sunk in the soft earth, and as a Frenchman applied his shoulder to Hft it out a shot from the vessel brought him down ; then another who 1G92 FREXCU AND INDIAN WAR CONTINUED. 105 took his place shared the same fate, and this, too, was abandoned. 11. A scout of six men had been sent out to look for Indians only a few hom's before they appeared. The next morning after the attack these approached the fort just at dayliglit, on tlieir return. The cor- poral, discovering a party of Indians elosT by, criod out, "Captain Converse, wheel yoin* men round the liill, and these few dogs are ours." The savages, thinking tliat Converse was at their heels, fled in great haste ; and the scout got safely into the fort. The enemy, prol)al)ly ashamed of this flight, soon after advanced in full force to attack the fort. One of tlie S(jldiers now sigliingly suggested a surrender. "Utter the word again," said Converse, "and you are a dead man. All lie close; fire not a gun until it will do execution." 12. The enemy came up firmly, and, arriving witliin range, gave three wild shouts, then poured a volley upon the fort. Those in the garrison exerted themselves to the utmost, — even the women bringing animunition, and the brands to discharge their little cannon; and for a few moments the walls blazed with- fire from the muskets and cannon, causing the enemy to retreat in disorder with gi-eat loss. Falling to prevail against tlie vessels by means of breastworks, the French and Indians now constructed a raft ; and lieaping it high with combustibles, they set it on fire, and puslied it oft'. The tide bore the l)urning mass directly toward the vessels ; but these, having l)een lashed together for better defense, could not ha moved out of the way, and their destruction seemed inevitable. But a kind Providence, just at the criti(r:d moment, sent a breeze, and drove the raft away to the opposite shore, where it burned luu-m- lessly out. 13. The enemy before the fort now sent a flag of truce, demanding a surrender and inquiring what terms were desu-ed. 106 HISTORY OF MAINE. 1692 "I want nothing but men to tiglit," replied Captain Converse. "Then if you, Converse, are so stout, why don't you come out and fight in the field like a man, and not stay in a garrison like a squaw ?" said one of the In- dians. "Wliat fools are you ? Think you my thirty are a match for your five hundred ? Come upon the plains with only thirty, and I'm ready for you." "No, no; we think English fashion — you kill me, me kill you — all one fool. Not so; better lie some- where and shoot 'em Englishmen when he no see; — that's the best soldier." 14. The Indian bearing the flag threw it down and ran away; and the enemy began to fire again, keep- ing up a scattering discharge until midnight. In the morning they were gone. They had not killed a man in the garrison, and but one on board of the vessels. In revenge for the death of Labrocree, one of their leaders, they put their only captive to torture. They scalped him, slit his hands between the fingers, and his feet between the toes, cut deep gashes in his body, and stuck the gaping wounds full of hghted torches ; then they left him to die by degrees. 15. In the spring of 1692 the king issued a new charter for Massachusetts and Maine, even including Acadia; and under it appointed Sir William Phipps as governor. The new ruler had a warm regard for his native place, and was resolved that it should be better defended than formerly ; therefore in the au- tumn of the same year he built a great stone fort at Pemaquid. While this was in process of construction the brave Church, now colonel, with one company of the men, ascended the Penobscot again in search of the natives. He came to Seven-hundred-acre Island, near which they dwelt in large numbers; but they discovered his approach and escaped in their canoes. Yet he captured a few of them, and secured quantities of corn, together with moose and beaver skins. 1G02 FiiENCn AND INDIAN WAR CONTINUED. 107 IG. He soon after ascended the Kennebec, where he had a smart light not tar from Swan Ishind. Here a part of tlic Indians were driven into the woods, while others fled in their canoes up the river to their fort at Tecounct, in the present town of Winslow. Church followed them; but as soon as he was dis- cerned approaching, the savages set fire to their huts and ran away into the forests. This exploit closed Church's third expedition eastward. In the autumn M. Iberville, then newly made French commander in Acadia, came to Pemaquid with a body of French and Indians to capture the place ; but when he saw how strong the fort was, ho gave u]) the project in despair — while the savages stamped the ground in rage. 17. The next spi-ing the intrepid Captain Converse was made major; and the garrisons of Maine and Sagadahock, together with three hundred and fifty new levies, were put under his command. He built a stone fort at Saco, and hunted the Indians to the mountains, scouting as far cast as the Penobscot. The Indians were also in fear of an incursion of the ]\[ohawks, while the Frencli had been obhged to leave them in order to defend their own settlements; there- fore early in August, 1693, thirteen sagamores, repre- senting all the tribes from Saco to St. Croix, came to Pemaquid and made a treaty of peace. They agreed to restore all their captives without ransom, to buy tlicir su])])lies at the English trading houses, and gave U}) all claims to the possessions of the English inhabit- ants. But they were iunnediately dissuaded by the French from surrendering the prisoners and from car- rying the treaty into efiect in other respects. 18. A Jesuit priest now resided in each of the four principal native settlements in Maine ; and these were ever the ready agents of the French government in their intrigues. Very soon the Indians were again engaged in open hostilities; and within a few weeks 108 HISTORY OF MAINE. 1696 tliej made another descent upon Coclieco, wliicJi was now the second time destroyed. They contmued to kill, capture and burn; and though strenuous eflForts were made to obtain a new treaty, every attempt proved a failure. In February, 1696, the sagamores Egeremet, Toxus and Abenquid, with a number of their followers, came into the fort at Pemaquid to pro- cure an exchange of prisoners; but by order of Cap- tain Chubb, the commander, they were treacher- ously attacked by the garrison, and two of the chiefs with several of their followers killed, and others thrust into confinement ; only Toxus and a few others of the most athletic escaping. This was in retaliation for an attack upon a party of his soldiers in the neigh- borhood the autumn before, by which four of them were killed and six wounded. I am sorry to say that even the Puritans at this period seem to have im- bibed somewhat of the brutahty of the savages, for the General Court offered a bounty of fifty pounds each for Indian scalps, and the same for captive squaws and children. Yet we must remember that there was no other convenient way for the soldiers to prove the number they had killed in order to get their bounty. Certainly war is a brutahzing occupation, 19. In July, 1696, Iberville came against Pema- quid with three ships of war, two companies of French soldiers, and two hundred and fifty Indians in canoes. On the way he had met and beaten an Enghsh arma- ment in the Bay of Fundy ; and he now confidently demanded the surrender of the fortress. "I shall not give up the fort though the sea be cov- ered with French vessels, and the land with wild In- dians," replied Captain Chubb, pompously. This fort, you remember, was the one built by Gov- ernor Phipps, and was of stone, very large and strong for those days. It mounted fifteen heavy guns, and was garrisoned by ninety-five soldiers, — ^having also an abundance of arms, ammunition and provisions ; so 1696 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR CONTINUED. 109 tliat the coininiinder tliouglit he was much more tluin a match for the enemy. A ratthug fire of musketry- was ke[)t up until dark ; but during the night the Frcncli hinded some cannon and mortars on the otlier side of the little l)ay. By the next afternoon tliey had tliem in position, and threw several bombs into the fort. This was something Captain Chubb had not considered; and it frightened him and his garrison so much that he surrendered at once — only stipulating for a safe passage to Boston. There Chubb was tried by a court martial; and being found guilty of coward- ice, lost his commission. Two years later the Indians found out his residence, and killed him, in revenge for his treachery toward the flag of truce. 20. A squadron of armed vessels was sent by tlie colonies in pursuit of Iberville's fleet, but it was too late; and they ca])tured only an officer and twenty soldiers, who liad lingered beliind in a shallop. At tlie last of August Colonel Church again went east- ward, ascending the Penol>scot as far as Oldtown, but without meeting any large number of Indians. Ho also visited the J3ay of Fundy, where he took valuable 8]ioil ; for this region had now been recovered by the French. The next year Major March was sent eastward with five huTidred men to chastise the Indians. On the nintli of September, as his forces were landing at Damariscotta, the Indians rushed out from an ambush, and giving the war-whoop, poured a fearful volley of bullets upon the troops. The English instantly rallied and answered with a well-aimed fire, then charged witli bayonets; and the savages ran away, leaving their dead upon the field. 2 1 . In Deceml)cr, 1097, news came that peace had been made between England and France by the treaty of Rvswick ; and this long war drew to a close. Peace was not definitely settled with the Indians until January, 1699, when a treaty was made at Mare 110 HISTOEY OF MAINE. ^^^^ Point, ill Brunswick, This was the second Indian war, sometimes called the old French and Indian war, and Baron Castine's war ; also William and Mary's war, from having occurred during their reign. It had lasted above ten years, and in that time about four hundred and fifty English had fallen, and two hundi'ed and fifty been carried into captivity. What noted man was born in Woolwich ? For what was he knighted? What naval expedition did he command? In what year did Major Church make his famous expedition up the An- droscoggin ? What place was attacked soon after the time set for the treaty ? Describe the disastrous attack upon York. Describe the attack on Wells the next year. Whom did the king appoint governor of New England in 1692 ? What did Governor Phipps do for the protection of his native region? Where did Major Church meet the Indians at this time? Who prevented the In- diajis from carrying out the provisions of the treaty made at Pema- quid ? Did Iberville's second expedition against Pemaquid meet with success? What happened at Damariscotta the next year? What treaty operated to close this war ? How long had the war lasted ? How many English had fallen ? How many had been carried into captivity ? 1694 WITCHCRAFT, PIRACIES AND TREATY. Ill CHAPTER XIII. 1. TVliile the people of Maine were sufferin£^ from the attacks of the French and Indians, those of Massachu- setts were afflicted by the witchcraft dehision, in which many good, as well as some bad people were put to death. About the year 1G50 two or three persons in Massachusetts professed themselves witches, and were tlierefore hanged. I suppose they had some nervous disorder, or perhaps mesmerism and clairvoyance were at the l)ottom of much of this mischief. More cases of the kind hapjiened in 1688; but it was not until tlie spring of 109:i that the delusion came on, which spread like a contagious disease all through the towns, and proved such a terrible calamity. Governor Phipps had not meddled with the matter, though his friend, Rev. Cotton Mather, was among the foremost in these ])rosccutions; Imt while tlie governor was away in Maine, his kind-hearted wife signed an order for the release of a lady who was in prison for witchcraft. Then Mistress Phipps also was accused of being a witch. This was the situation of things when the gov- ernor returned. It opened his eyes; and he soon put a stop to the terrible work. 2. Phii)ps soon after went to England, where ho died in IGD-t; the Earl of Bcllamont being his suc- cessor. The Earl had for some time been governor of New York, and his adnu'nistration in New England also proved ared themselves against a surprise. Many inhabitants of jMaine, since the news of an- other war came, had decided to remove to safer regions; but, reassured by this treaty, they now con- cluded to remain; while some from the older colonies southward, attracted by the excellent forests and the fertile soil, began to make preparations to settle in the province. 5. It afterward became known that three days after the treaty a body of French joined the natives, — whicli explained clearly why some of the Indians wished to delay the talk. They were too late to pre vent the making of the treaty, l)ut not too late for its breaking; and within two months of Captain Simmons sounding speech, the wampum pledge, and the pretty allegory of the "Two Brothers," these same tribes were in the full tide of war. Yet there had already been opportunity for a party of English to commit an outrage at Penobscot. Baron Castine had gone back to France, and his son known as "Castine, the young- er," succeeded to the Gstaldishment at Biguyduce. A lawless band, visiting the place under the mask of friendship, gained access to the premises, and robbed the unsuspecting half-breed of all his most valuable goods. G. Baron Castine, you remember, married the daughter of Madockawaudo, sachem of the Tai-ratines, 114 HISTORY OF MAINE. 1^03 and, consequently, was liimself a sachem after the death of his fatl\er-in-law. Wlien the Baron returned to liis native country, his son succeeded to the cliieftain- sliip ; and at his father's death he became a baron of France. He was also a miUtary officer under the king, and had a handsome nniform; but he seldom wore it, preferring to appear in the simple dress of his tribe. He might have complained to the king of the outrage which had been committed npon him, and de- manded French troops to enable him to obtain satis- faction of the English; or he might have roused his tribe to action to avenge his injuries; but instead of this the magnanimous chief only expostulated vidth the Massachusetts rulers about the injustice of his treat- ment. The act was regarded by the government as base treachery; and the anthorities promised to pun- ish the oifenders and to make ample restitution. Cas- tine, the younger, was ever the friend of peace ; and though a portion of the Tarratines, urged by the French, engaged in hostilities against the English, they did so without his consent. We must here dismiss young Castine for the present, but he will again ap- pear in this history. What delusion occurred in New England during the second In- dian war ? What opened the eyes of Governor Phipps in regard to the delusion? Who succeeded Phipps as governor of New England ? What were the most noted occurrences during the ad ministration of the Earl of Bellamont ? What war broJve out in 1703 ? What tribes engaged in the treaty ? Witli what ceremo- nies did the treaty conclude ? How soon after this did the war break out? What outrage was perpetrated just before ? What can you relate of Castine, the younger ? 1703 QUEEN ANNE's WAK, 115 CIIAPTEH XIY. In Aii2;nst, 1T03, the war with the French and In- dians called Queen Anne's war commenced. Six or seven lar£!;e parties of the enemy fell at once npon AVells, Ca]')e Porpoise (Kennebnnkport), Saco, Scar- boron«2;h, Spurwink and Purpooduck in Cape Elizabeth, and Casco Neck, now Portland. In this attack Wells lost thirty-nine killed and taken captive, while Cape Porj>oise was wholly destroyed. The garrison at AVinter Harbor was overpowered by nnrabers, but the fort at Saco was able successfully to resist the attack. At Scarborough, just as the garrison was almost ex- liaustcd, a reinforcement arrived ; and the savages witlidrew, having already suffered severely. At Spur- wink twenty-two of the settlers were Idlled or taken captive. Purpooduck had no garrison, and there was not a man at home when the attack was made. Only eight ])ersons were carried away prisoners, twenty-five being butchered on the spot. 2. The first knowledge the garrison at Casco Neck liad that Indians were in the vicinity, was the approadi of a small party of them led Ijy Moxus, Wanangonet and Assacombuit. They held out their empty hands to show that they were unarmed, then sent a flag of truce to the fort to invite the commander to an inter- view ; pretending that they bore an important mes- sage. Cai^tain March, the commander, went out with two old men to meet them. At the first word uttered every Indian drew a hatchet from under his mantle, and rushed upon them, killing the two old men at once ; but March, being a man of gi-eat courage and strength, wrested a hatchet from an Indian, with which he parried the blows of the others. In a few 6 116 HISTOEY OF MAINE. 1^03 minutes a party from tlie fort reached the spot, and the savages ran away, leaving Captain March unharm- ed. The foe seemed quite disconcerted by the faihire of their plot to kill or capture the commander of the fort; yet they still continued in the neighborhood, burnino; houses and butcherinor cattle. On the return of the other parties from their work of destruction, they gathered at Falmouth ; and the attack on Fort Loyal commenced. They had captured three small vessels in the harbor, and were attempting to under- mine the fort as before, when fortunately Captain Southwick arrived in an armed galley. He at once retook the vessels, and scattered the Indians in their two hundred bii-chen canoes, Hke leaves before the wind. 3. The attack on the settlements so soon after the treaty, took them by surprise, and they sutfered accord- ingly, more than one hundred and fifty persons having been Idlled within a few days. A troop of horse was now stationed at Portsmouth, and another in Wells, ready to move at a moment's notice wherever the sav- ages might appear ; wliile a force of three hundred and sixty men marched for Pigwacket (Fryeburg) and another party to the Ossipee Ponds in New Hamp- shire, to assail the savages at their headquarters. Still large numbers of Indians hung about the coast, capturing boats and small vessels, burning houses, butchering cattle, and murdering and carrying away captives men, women and children. One morning a party of twenty men started out from the garrison at the Neck in Scarborough to col- lect and drive in the cattle which had been left to feed where they liked through the summer. It was supposed that the Indians had all left the vicinity, and the party went on in utter carelessness. Their leader, Richard Hunniwell, had no arms whatever except a pistol. Soon after they left the garrison one of his companions asking him why he had not taken his gun, I™3 QUEEN ANNE's WAR. 117 he joooselj replied, that if a gun was needed he might take it from the first person killed. They little thought as they approached the western end of Great Pond that in the alder thicket beside it two hundred Indians were hidden ! But they were there ; and as the un- suspecting settlers passed by, the Indians took deliberate aim, and nineteen of the party fell before that fatal discharge. One alone escaped to the gar rison to tell the dreadful story. 4. The men who came to bury the bodies found tliat of Ilunniwell horribly mangled. The savages had in this way glutted their vengeance on the man they so mucli hated and feared ; for he had killed a great number of their people. Ilis wife and child liad some years before been murdered by them, kindhng in Ills mind such enduring hatred that he would Idll an Indian wherever he met him, in war or peace. On one occasion he entei-ed a house where two of them were M^arming at the fire. He could not keep quiet, but continued to pace the floor ; for his murdered wife and babe seemed before his eyes. Two guns stood in a corner of the room ; and he took up one of them, and putting it to liis shoulder, moved it from side to side, as if taking aim at birds on the wing. Presently tlie Indians' heads came in range, and he fired and killed tliem both. Soon after the slaughter in Scarborough, the sav- ages attaclced Berwick, Init were repulsed with con- siderable loss. Late in the season. Captain Marcli with three hundred men penetrated the wilderness to the Indian stronghold at Pigwaeket, where he made the first captures of this war, killing six of the enemy and taking prisoners six more. During the winter several private parties in Western Maine went out on snow shoes after Indians, but very few were taken. The Sokokis had gone far up into New Ilampsliire ; from whence in February they fell upon Deerficld and other of the outermost settlements in Massachusetts. 118 HISTORY OF MAINE. 1704 5. The following spring tlie farmers dared not go into their fields to plant, and the only cultivated places were the lands immediately around the garrisons. As Berwick was an important point, ninety-five Pequods and Mohegans from Connecticut were placed there for its protection. The Maine Indians were at first some- what frightened by these, but they soon became as bold as ever. In May some French privateers appeared upon the coast; and the government again sent Colonel Church eastward with a force of five hundred and fifty men in fourteen transports, having also thirty-six whaleboats and a scout shallop. Ascending the Penobscot, he captured several French and Indians, among whom was the wife of Castine, the younger, with her chil- di'en. He next visited Passamaquoddy Bay, where he captured Gourdon andSharkee, two French officers who had married Indian wives ; and who were at this time engaged in raising a party of savages to go against the settlements. From here Church proceeded with his flotilla to the Bay of Fundy, where he destroyed several villages of the French. Port Poyal was found too strong to be assailed successfully ; so he returned without attacking it, having taken an hundred prisoners and much spoil, and lost only six men. 6. The Indians committed few depredations on the settlements during the remainder of the season ; for Church's expedition had driven them away from the coast to their winter fastnesses at the head of the rivers. In the midst of the winter a force of two hun- dred and seventy men under Capt. Hilton was sent against Norridgewock. The snow was four feet deep, and the troops were obliged to travel almost the whole distance on snow shoes. But the Indians discovered their approach, and when the force arrived they found the village deserted. So they turned back again; and after enduring many hardships, reached their starting 1707 QUEEN ANNE's WAR. 119 point without loss ; yet having accomplished notliing except the l)nrning of the Indian village. Through the summer and autumn of the next year [1705] the French privateers still haunted our coast, taking many of our vessels ; while the Indians were continually in ambush about the settlement, where they were too successful in kiUing and capturing the poor, distressed iiduibitauts. Thus the war continued for two years more ; tlie savages lurking about, killing and capturing a few un- wary persons, and keeping the settlers from working tlieir farms. 7. In January of 1707 Colonel Hilton marched to- ward Casco in search of a body of Indians who had been seen about the settlement. Striking a trail, they soon came upon four warriors, and a squaw with her pappoose. The squaw in her fright told where eighteen other Indians lay asleep ; and Hilton with his men, coming upon them suddenly, killed or cap- tured every one. In the summer another expedition consisting of one thousand men under Colonel March was sent against Acadia in the expectation of subduing it to the English. He was unsuccessfid, and Maine soon had to suffer in consequence ; for the triumph of the French encouraged the Indians to renewed depredations. Yet they met with no very brilhant success. The most noted engagement of the year was at Winter Harbor, where one hundred and fifty Indians in tifty canoes, attacked two sail boats in which were eight men bi'hmging in the garrison and settlement. After a tight of tln-cc hours tlie Ln(Hans succeeded in capturing one boat, and killing one man; but they lost nine of "their own men and had several others wounded. In the two following years very little damage was done by the IniUans, except in hindering the cultiva- tion of the land, lumbering and other industrial opera- tions. Steps were taken on both sides to bring about 120 mSTOEY OF MAINE. 1710 a peace, yet no treaty was made ; for the Indians paid little attention to treaty obligations, if inclined to war. 8. In tlie spring of 1710, a fleet with a regiment of mariners arrived from England to aid in the conquest of Acadia. To these were joined regiments of troops from New England, the whole force being un- der the command of General Nicholson. The pro- vince was unable to withstand such an armament as this; and, after one day's bombardment. Port Royal sur- rendered, and Subercase, the French governor, yield ed up his province. By this easy victory the whole of Acadia fell into the hands of the English, ever after to remain in their possession as New Scotland ; being divided, many years later, into the provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Major Livingston, a brave young officer, was at once sent to Canada to in- form the governor of that country of the English pos- session of Acadia, and that the inhabitants were ac- counted prisoners of war, and would be treated as such unless the French ceased to incite the savages to hos- tilities against the English. Livingston journeyed by the way of the Penobscot, and thence by land through the unbroken wilderness to the St. Lawrence. With him went that friend of peace, Castine, the younger, to guard him against savage rage, and to procure guides and supplies. Yet neither this event, nor the desire of some of their chiefs for peace, prevented large numbers of the Indians from continuing their treacherous warfare. Therefore on his way home from the conquest of Aca- dia, Colonel Walton with one hundred and seventy men scoured the coast in search of savages. At Sa- gadahock he captured a sagamore and his family and some of his tribe. Soon after, another message came from the Indians, desiring peace ; yet parties of them still continued to maraud. The next year twenty-six persons were killed in Maine, by attacking sohtary 1712 QUEEN ANNE's WAR. 121 families, or waylajnng venturesome travelers. Tlieir last hostile act in this war was in the autumn of 1712, at AYells. 9. Oil that day a joyous company were gath- ered at the home of Captain Wlieelwi'ight, to witness the wedding of his daugliter with young Plaisted of Portsmouth. The ceremony was over, guests made their gratulations, and were preparing to depart, when it was found tliat two of the horses were missing. Sev- eral persons started in scarcli of them, but, going near the place where the Indians were in andmsh, two of them were shot down and others made prisoners. The report of the guns informed the neighborliood of the presence of Indians ; and a dozen men started across lots from the garrison to intercept the enemy, while Captains Lane, Robinson and Ilurd, with the bridegroom and several others, vaulted upon the re- mainiug steeds and galloped eagerly to the rescue. In a few minutes these, also, fell into an ambush. Captain Robinson was killed outright, and the others were unhorsed ; but every one of them, except the now unhappy bridegroom succeeded in escaping. In the mansion where a few moments before, peace and happiness had reigned su])reiue, were now consterna- tion and rage, tlie wailing of widowed women, and the anguish of the lovely bride. After a few days, how- ever, the bridegroom regained his liberty ; but it cost his father three luuidred pounds, as a ransom. 10. In 1713, peace was made between England and France, by the celebrated treaty of Utrecht ; and now no longer incited and aided by the French, the Indians sought peace in earnest. Accordingly on the eleventh of July, the governor, with twenty councilors and niauy other gentlemen, met the delegates of the hos- tile tribes at Portsmouth in Xew Ilampshire. The Indians acknowledged tlieir offence, and begged for the ]>ardon and favor of the Enghsh. Then a written treaty was made, by which the Indians agreed to yield 122 HISTORY OF MAINE. ^^^^ to the Englisli settlers all tlie lands occupied by tliem, and to observe the regulations which had been made by former treaties in regard, to trading, hunting and fishing. Each sagamore signed the document by making the figure of the quadruped, bkd or fish, which was the totem of his family. When the ceremonies were over, some of the au- thorities went to Casco Bay, where they found Moxus, a Penobscot sagamore, with a large body of Lidians waiting to learn about the treaty. It was read aloud to them by the English, and explained by the interpre- ters ; and when tlie reachng was finished the Indians Iiuzzaed in approval. Then the Englisli authorities distributed to them the usual presents. The next day Moxus came to the English desiring more ; saying that the young Indians had stolen the presents away. This was very strange ; for the Indians, especially the younger men, always treat their sagamores with the greatest respect. Yet Moxus did not sign the treaty, though he pretended to be chief sagamore of the tribes from Penobscot to St. Croix ; but the Englisli knew liini to be a very subtle Indian, and did not believe his statements at all. Upon what places did the Indiaus make a simultaneous attack? What treacherous attempt did they make at Fort Loyal ? What afterward happened at Scarborough ? Who were the next year stationed for the defense of Berwick? Where was Colonel Church sent the nextytar? Where was Capt. Hilton sent the next winter ? What was done by the French and Indians in the two years following ? What was the result of Colonel March's expedition against Acadia? Wl:o commanded the expedition against Acadia in 1710 ? How long thereafter did the country remain in possession of the English ? i'i7 lovewell's WxVR commences. 123 CnAPTER XV. 1. As soon as Queen Anne's war was over there was a rusli of settlers to Maine ; and mills began to be buih and villages to spring up all along the coast from Piscataqua to Penobscot. This was very pleasing to the English ; but the Lidians watched with jealousy the damming up of the rivers and the destruction of the wood^, l)y which their hunting and tishing grounds were contiiuially narrowed. The French Jesuits, wlio resided among the natives, were ever watchful for the interests of France, and used every occasion to em- bitter the minds of Indians against the English. Tlie natives did not understand the nature of the writings called "deeds," believing that their forefathers, in giv- ing them, had intended only to convey the use of the lands during theii* own lifetime ; therefore the Jesuits easily persuaded them that every new fort, jnill, or dwelling was an intrusion upon theii- rights. 2. An English society for the education of the heathen had before attempted to give the Indians some rehgious instruction; and the General Court of Massachusetts now voted to pay seven liundred and lifty dollars annually for missions to the Indians, with board and lodging for the missionaries. So there were at various times missionaries on the Androscog- gin river at Brunswick, at Fort Halifax on the Ken- nel)ec, at St. Georges and Penobscot ; while provision was also made for a school master to reside at Bruns- MJck, and lifty dollars were voted for books and re- wards for the young Indians wJio might become his ]>upils. It was thouglit best as a matter of duty to remove, if possible, the false teaching of tlie Jesuits; uud it was also beheved that tliis would be the best 124 HISTORY OF MAINE. 1718 method of pacifying the Indians. According to Bomazeen, a sachem of Norridgewock, the priest of that place had instructed the Indians that "the Yirgin Mary was a French lady, and that her son, Jesus Christ, was murdered by the Enghsh, but had since risen and gone to Heaven; and that all who would gain his favor must avenge his blood." Perhaps the wily chief spoke falsely, but the English beheved him. 3. This provision for missionaries was made in 1717; and the next year Governor Shute with his council met the natives at Arrowsic. The governor presented the sagamores with an English Bible, and another translated into the Indian tongue, telling them that they contained the true rehgion. "All people love their own ministers," said the chief speaker, in reply. " Your bibles we do not care to keep. God has given us teaching, and if we go from that we offend God." It was found that they could not be moved from their devotion to the Jesuits; and the remainder of the discussions was on the land rights of the Enghsh and Indians. A part of the Indian talk made on this occasion was nearly as follows: — 4. "Indians and white men have one Great Father. He has given every tribe of us a goodly river, which yields us fine salmon and other fish. The borders of our rivers are wide and pleasant. Here, from ancient time, our people have hunted the ])ear, the moose and the beaver. It is our own country, where our fathers died, where ourselves and our children were born; — we cannot leave it. The Indian has riglits and loves good as well as the Englishman; — yes, we have a sense, too, of what is kind and great. When you first came over tlic waters of the morning we took you into our arms. We thought you children of the sun, and we fed you with our best meat. Never went a white nan cold and starving from the cal)in of an Indian. Do we not speak truth? But you have retm'ued us i7i« lovewell's war commences. 125 evil for good. Yon put the burning cup to our lips; it tilled our veins with poison; it wasted the pride of our strength. Ay, and when the drunken fit was on us, you took advantage — ^}^ou made gains of us. You made our beaver cheap, then you paid us in watered rum and trifles. We shed your blood ; we avenged your affronts. Then you promised us equal trade and good commodities. Have Christian Englishmen lived u}) to their engagements ? They asked leave of our fathers to live in the land as brothers. It was freely granted. The earth is for the life and the range of man. We are told that our country, spreading far away from the sea, is passing away to you forever, — perhaps for nothing, because of tlie names and seals of our sagamores. Such deeds be far from them. They never turned their children from their homes to suffer. Their hearts were too full of love and kindness, — their souls were too great. Whither shall we go ? There is no land so much our own, — none can be half so dear to us. Why should we flee before our destroyers ? We fear them not. Sooner, far, \vill we sing the war song, and again light up our council fires. So shall the great spirits of our sires own their sons." 5. Yet the old men and many others were opposed to war at this time ; for they feared to be driven away from their cornfields and their pleasant villages, to undergo the sutierings of a wandering life. So they promised to inquire into the injuries committed by their brethren, and presented the English with a lot of beaver skins, as a pledge of their fidelity. They also placed four young Indians in their hands to be held as hostages for the good behavior of the tribes; and those were taken to Boston and educated. Tln-ee years later ninety canoes of Indians came early in the month of August to Sagadahock. They bore the French flag, and were well armed and clad. Tliere were also several Frenchmen with them, amontr 126 HISTORY OF MAINE. ^721 whom were Castine, the younger, and the Jesuit, Ealle. The leaders of this company visited Arrowsic and dehvered to Captain Penhallow, in the name of the tribes, a message warning the settlers on that river that if they did not remove in three weeks the Indians would come and destroy their cattle, burn their houses and kill them all; "for," said they, "you have taken away the lands which the Great God has given to our fathers and us." 6. This, no doubt, meant war; and immediate measures were taken for defence. The Indians did not immediately come to put their threat into execu- tion, but, as usual, watched for a favorable moment. In December a force was sent under Colonel West- brook to Norridgewock, to capture Ralle, who was the chief instigator of the savages against the Enghsh. They reached the place undiscovered, for the braves were mostly away on their winter hunt ; but before the soldiers could surround the village, Ralle had es- caped to the woods. No blood was shed or captive taken by this exi^edition; but the troops brought away a dictionary of the Abnaki language, written by the Jesuit, the result of many years of study. 7. Castine, the younger, having been in the com- pany which made the threats against the Sagadahock settlements, was soon after seized and carried to Bos- ton, where he was kept a prisoner several months; but as no evidence could be found against his peaceful character, he was set at hberty in the spring. The government at this time sent presents and peace- ful messages to the tribes, in the hope of softening their feelings toward the Enghsh, in order to avert, if possible, the threatened destruction of the settlements. All means proved useless; for in June, 1722, the savages fell upon the settlement on the northern shore of Merrymeeting Bay, kilhng or carrying away iuto ca«3tivity nine entu-e families. They soon after attempted to siiri^rise the fort at St. George's River 1722 LOVEWELl's WAR COMMENCES. 127 l)ut only Buccccck'd in l)urning a sloop and taking a few prisoners. In July another attack was made on the same fort, nnder the lead of a Romish priest. This time they undermined a portion of the walls; but a rain caused the ])anks of the trench to fall in upon them ; and, having lost twenty of their number, while the garrison lost only five, they gave up the siege and retired. The savages were now on the war path in all directions; and vessels were captured, houses burned, and settlers murdered or carried into captivity from every quarter. 8. Al)()ut the middle of July, 1722, Fort George, in Brunswick, was attacked, and the village burned. The news reached the mouth of the Kennebec within a few hours, and Captain Harmon with thirty-four men immechately started up the river in pursuit of the ])erpetrat()rs. Late in tlio niglit they discovered fires on the western shore of Merry meeting Bay, in what is now the town of Topsham. They happened to land at the very spot where eleven (ianocs were drawn ashore. They ran directly to one of the fires, and, blinded by the light, actually stum])le(l over the sleep- ing savages. They had l)een torturing a ]>risoncr, and had kept up their dancing and carousing until a late hour, aiul were now in a drunken, stupid sloe]); and the whole number were killed on tlie spot without the loss of a man to the Englisli. Another party, lying at a little distance from tlio first, were aroused by the tumult; but after firing a few guns, tliey fied into the woods and escaped. 9. In Se|)tember four or five hundred warriors chiefly St. Francis Indians from Canada, and Mic- macs from Nova Scotia, made a sudden descent upon Arrowsic. The garrison was prepared for them, and in a few days drove them from the island ; l)ut in the meantime they had killed fifty head of cattle and burned twenty-six houses. In August, 1723, sixty-three Mohawks, including 128 HISTORY OF MAINE.. 1723 many principal men, came to Boston in response to numerons invitations from the anthorities, to make a treaty against the eastern Indians. They were re- ceived by tlie Lientenant Governor, wlio presented them with a belt of wampnm ; and they, in retnrn, gave him pieces of plate curiously engraved with the figures of a turtle, bear, wolf, hatchet and other fig- ures — totems of their several tribes. The authorities also gave the Indians a fat ox, which they killed with then* arrows ; and then they held a feast, which closed with songs and dances. 10. The tribes could not be induced to take up the hatchet, but gave their young men hberty to enter the service of the English; yet only two accepted the offer. These were sent to Fort Kichmond, on the Kennebec. A few days after their arrival they were sent out on a scout in company with a small party of English. They had gone scarcely three miles when the two Mohawks said they smelt fire, and refused to go further without a reinforcement. A messenger went back to the fort and brought thirteen more men ; and, again advancing, they came upon thirty of the enemy. In the brief conflict that ensued, two of these were killed; while the remainder retreated to their canoes in such haste as to leave their packs on the ground. The English lost their leader. Sergeant Colby, killed, and two others, wounded. But the Mo- hawks had already become sick of the service, and soon after this af'Tair returned to Boston. 11. In September, 1723, Colonel Westbrook was sent eastward with two Imnch-ed and thirty men in search of the enemy. He ascended the Penobscot river in boats to the vicinity of Marsh Bay, where he landed, and continued up the river through the woods. After four or five days they came upon a large fort not far from the present site of the city of Bangor. They entered it without resistance, finding it abandoned, and every article of value removed. 1"23 LOVEWELL's war COMMENCES. 129 The fort was found to be seventy yards in length by fifty in breadtli ; the walls, which were fourteen feet high, consisting of stockades, or strong wooden stakes driven into the ground. Inside the walls were twenty- three good wigwams, the dwelling of the priest, and a chapel twenty by sixty feet in size, and liandsoniely furnished. Committing these to the flaiuoG, tliey re- turned down the river, and searched other parts of the coast with no better success. 12. The next year the Lidians killed and carried into captivity from twenty to tliirty persons ; four men and three children being captm-ed at one time while engaged in piclcing berries in the town of Scar])or- ough. There were skirmishes at Casco Neck, and on the Kennebec; and the Indians made another fruitless attack on the fort at St. George's River. In the winter a third expedition was sent to Nor- ridgcwock under Captain Moulton to capture Ralle. Again he escaped them ; but they secured his books antl papers, and retired without doing any further injury. Among these papers were letters from the governor of Canada directing the Jesuit "to push on tiie Indians with aU imaginable zeal against tho English." 13. The fort on St. George's River, being tho most advanced post of the settlers received the par ticular hatred of the savages, and the attacks it suifer- cd during tlie war were botli frequent and severe. It was on a beautiful May morning in 1724 tliat Captain Josiah Winslow, the young commander, set out from the fort with sixteen men in two wdiale boats, — pro- ceeding dc^wn the river, and thence to the Green Isl- ands in Penobscot Bay. It was the season for fowl- ing, and they expected to find Indians somewhere on tlie route, snaring or shooting sea-fowl. None were discovered, however; and the party returned tlie next day to St. Georges'. But the -wary savages had seen then- hunters, and now lay in ambush along the bank 130 HISTOEY OF MAINE. ^'^^^ of the river. Captain Winslow's boat was near the middle of the river, and some chstance in advance, the other having hngered, against the request of Winslow, to look for ducks along the shore. Suddenly the In- dians opened fire upon the imprudent crew, but it was briskly returned. Captain Winslow, seeing that the crew was outnumbered and in great danger, turned back to their assistance. 14. Thirty canoes containing ninety savages im- mediately shot out from the shore, and with a terrible whoop fell upon the devoted crews. The Enghsh saw that there was no hope of escape, and every man determined to sell his life dearly. In a brief time nearly all were dead or mortally wounded. Wins- low's boat had floated ashoj-e, and he sprang upon the bank, though his thigh was shattered by a ball. An Indian met him, and for a few moments they fought hand to hand ; but Winslow beat off his foe. By this time the savages were pressing upon him from all sides ; but the brave young soldier killed another, sup- porting himself on one knee, before they could dis- patch him. Did the natives fully understand how their lauds had become the property of the English ? What threat did a party of sav- ages make at Arrowsic ? What did the government do the next spring? How many families did the Indians take captive on Merrymeeting Bay? At what date was Brunswick burned? Where did Capt. Harmon find the Indians? What tribes made an attack on Arrowsic in September ? What did Col. Westbrook find near the present site of Bangor ? What was accomplished by the thh-d expedition to Norridgewock ? Uive an account of the fight on St. George's River. 1'2* DESTRUCTION OF NORRIDGEWOCK. 131 CHAPTER XVI. 1. In the summer of 1724 another and final expe- dition was sent against Norridgewock. It was led by Captains Moulton, Harmon, Bourne and Bane; and consisted of two hundred and eight men. This force left the fort at Richmond on the nineteenth day of August, ascending the river in seventeen whale boats. The next day they arrived at Teconet, where they left their boats with a guard of forty men. The remain- der of the journey must have been made on the east- ern bank of the river, and they consequently passed the site of the village of Skowliegan in the forenoon of the twenty-second day of the month. At a little past noon they discerned the smoke of the Inchan set- tlement. Captain Harmon with sixty men made a detour towards the cornfields opposite and above the mouth of Sandy River, while Cajitain Moulton with tlie residue of tlie troops went directly towards the village. They moved in the utmost stillness, noting the wigwams, the cliapcl, the dwelling of the priest, the trees marked by hatchets, the broad stones tossed by the Indians in their sports; but there was not a human being in sight. They were witlun pistol shot of the cabins, when an Indian looked out and saw them. Instantly he gave the Avar whoop, and sixty warriors sprang out to meet the English. 2. The first volley of the savages did not harm a man, but the guns of the Englisli made fearful havoc. The Indians stayed only to fire a second volley, then rusbourned a mill and sev- eral dwelling houses, killed many cattle, and departed, having captured but a single prisoner. Meantime a party of young warriors from Penobscot and Nor- ridgewock nuirked Fort Frederick, at Pemaquid, for their prize. Coming near the fort they met a wo- man whom they shot in the shoulder, tlien made pris- oner. This was only about three Inuidred yards from the walls; and the sound of the gun, together witli 160 HISTORY OF MAINE. 1^45 tlie shrieks of the wounded woman, alarmed the garri- son, — who immediately gave the savages a telling vol- ley. In the smoke and confusion the woman broke away from her captor and escaped to the fort. 9. The foiled braves now set their hideous faces westward, appearing a few days later at North Yar- mouth. Their first approach was discovered by a dog; and, turning back, they committed other barbarities eastward. Again they laid an ambush at Yarmouth. Unconscious of then* presence, three men approached their hiding place ; and one was instantly killed, an- other was made prisoner, while the third escaped. The Indians now scattered themselves along the ridge between the two forts, and fired upon the men as they rushed out of the houses below to repel the attack; but they speedily retreated to the woods when the English bullets began to whistle about them. It was now considered more than imprudent to work on the farms except in large and well armed parties ; for people away from the garrison were hable to be shot down at any moment. 10. But it was on St. George's River that the savages were the most numerous and watchful; for these settlements were the furthest advanced upon the territories of the tribe best able to resist such en- croachment. Here a whole party, consisting of sev- eral men, were killed and scalped only a short distance from the garrison ; two men going down river in a boat to collect rockweed were taken and carried to Canada; two women while milking their cows close to the garrison were surprised, and one of them cap- tured, while the other narrowly escaped to the fort. So many had been drawn from Maine by the Lom'sburg expedition that scarcely as many men as there were families remained for defense; and one hundred and seventy-five soldiers were drawn from Massachusetts to reinforce the garrisons. This raised the number in military service in Maine to about six 1745 KING George's war. 161 liundrcd; and scouting parties now frequently trav- ersed the region in the rear of the towns from Berwick to St. George. 11. At length another demand was made upon the tribes at Penobscot and Norridgewock in a somewhat dirtercnt form. It was that they sliould deliver up the parties guilty of the recent outrages in the East, or hostages for them, or else furnish at least thirty fighting men within fourteen days — otherwise the treaty was to be considered broken, and war declared. The tribes made no response ; therefore on the 23d of August government declared war against all the east- ern tribes. The bounties oftcred for each Indian cap- tive or scalp taken were one hundred pounds to a soldier in public service, two hundred and fifty pounds to a person receiving provisions and not wages, and four hundred pounds to a volunteer having neither pay nor rations. Though by these inducements many small companies were drawn into occasional service, the depredations of the savages were not wholl}'- pre- vented. One inhabitant fell here and another there, all along the coast ; and, though scouting parties were constantly out, few Indians were taken — the most successful party being that of Lieutenant Proctor, who had a skirmish near St. George's River, in which two Indian chiefs, "Colonel Morris" and "Captain Sam," were killed, and "Colonel Job" taken prisoner. 12. During the ^vinter a rumor that the French were preparing to join the Indians and fall upon some of the towns, caused a further addition of about four hundi-ed men to the garrisons from Massachusetts, together with four small field pieces and a s-«avel. But no attempt was made by the enemy ; and, though greatly distressed, the inhabitants had not to mourn other friends fallen, or property destroyed. What war commenced in 1744? Who at this time held Cape Breton ? What town upon this island was very strongly fortilicd ? Who were the leaders of the expedition against Louisburg ? What 162 HISTORT OF MAINE. 1746 motto did "Wliitefield give for tlie expedition ? Give a brief ac- count of the siege. To whom did the credit of these achievements belong ? What revpard did Pepperell receive ? Who after this supplied the Indians with arms and ammunition ? What fort was first attacked ? What Indians attacked Fort Frederick ? To what place did the savages next proceed? Why was war declared against the eastern tribes ? CHAPTER XX. 1. In tlie following spring the Indians renewed tlieir depredations in greater force and more vengeful mood. In Gorham several persons were killed or cap- tured while at work in their fields. A Mr, Bryant and his son being surprised by them, the two ran different ways, and the father was overtaken and killed. The boy getting out of their sight, plunged into the brook. He pushed his head above water among the roots of a free, so as to breathe ; but he was so well hidden that when the Indians arrived at the spot they were unable to find him. They then went to Mr. Bryant's house, and killed four children, and took ofi^ their scalps. One of the savages pulled the baby from its cradle by the feet, and dashed its head against the fire-place be- fore the eyes of its mother. Then he tossed it into a kettle of water that was boiling on the fire, shouting with fiendish glee, "Hot water good for Indian dog, good for pappoose, too." This horrible act was in revenge for its mother's cruelty in throwing hot suds upon him more than a year before. Then the savage danced about her, pointing with bloody fingers at her 174G -^-^Q George's war continued. 1G3 husbands' scalp in tlie girdle of tlie cliief. They car- ried the widowed and bereaved woman away with them to Canada, where she was sold to the Frenchmen. 2. In May a large body of Indians attacked Wal- doboroiigh, burning the dwellings, killing many of the inhabitants, and taking many prisoners. They kept np this sort of warfare until winter, almost every town losing inhabitants, buikhngs and cattle. The people were forced to remain in the garrison houses, and could only plant and gather their crops under a strong guard, and at times they dared not even milk their cows, though these were kept in pastures adjoining the gar- risons. There had been so many wars that the two races had now learned each other's devices ; so that while fewer of the settlers were killed, the savages, on their part, came so secretly and fled so swiftly that the English could not often meet or overtake them. The dogs of the English generally showed great antipathy to the Indians, growling, barking and bristling witli rage Avhenever any of these people were near. They could scent them at a long distance, too ; and often gave timely warning of their ap])roach. Therefore these animals became a great advantage to the settlers ; and the scouts, also, found then* keen scent of much use in following Indian trails. The Indians soon came to fear the white men's dogs, and the killing of them by the savages was often found a precursor of hostile attacks. 3. The French were now planning to recapture Louisburg and Nova Scotia ; and in the autumn of 1746 a fleet of seventy ships with upwards of three thousand land troops was sent for this purpose. Sev- eral of the largest ships were so nnich disabled by a storm that they had to be sent back ; and on landing at Chebucto, (Halifax) it was found that nearly one- half the troops had died of scorbutic fever, while the renmant were so weak that they could not endure tho least fati<2;ue. A force of seventeen hundi'ed men had 164 HISTORY OF MAINE. 1747 discouraged by its not arriving at the time agreed upon, all except four hundred of them had returned. The Duke D'Anville, commander of the expedition, was so overcome by these disasters that four days after the arrival he died of chagrin. In a council of war held by the officers after his death, the vice-admiral propos- ed to return at once to France, but Jonquiere, the gov- ernor of Canada, and third in command, wished to attack Annapolis. A majority joined with the gov- ernor ; and the vice admiral fell into a delirious fever, and threw himself upon his sword. "When oif Cape Sable, on the way to Annapolis, the fleet was again overtaken by a storm, and so scattered that the vessels were obliged to return to France. The Indians caught the fever of the French, and it raged fearfully among them, and great numbers of them died. Thus Provi- dence itself seemed to war against the designs of the French, utterly defeating their great fleet, and destroy- ing their troops without the aid of man. 4. The next spring the garrisons in Maine were increased by five hundred men, but the country was already swarming with savages. Tliirty men under Captain Jordan were stationed at Topsham, but with this exception the inhabitants from Kennebec to Wells were left to their own defense. A few volunteer com- panies were raised at various times ; that of Captain Ilsley of Falmouth being among the most useful. Yet these received neither pay nor rations ; their only re- ward being the bounties for the Indians and French captured or killed. In May a second fleet sent from France to retrieve the misfortunes of the first, was met and defeated by a fleet of the British ; so that the hopes of the French in America were again doomed to disappointment. Yet the French and Indians made attacks upon the forts at Pemaquid and St. George's, though without success ; and predatory bands harassed the settlers until July, izr.o 5JJIQ George's war continued. 1G5 1748, wlion the peace of Aix-la-Cliapelle closed the war. Early in the spring of the next year a delega- tion of chiefs appeared at Boston, desu'ing to make a treaty ; and again a treaty was made. 5. In December, 1749, a quarrel happened between some Indians and Eughsh in which one of the Indians was Idlled. The guilty parties were placed in prison 10 wait tlieir trial ; yet, being incited by the French authorities, the St. Francis tribe the next season sent a band of warriors into Maine to glut their still unsat- isfied vengence. They were joined by some young Canibas fighters, swelling the party to about one luin- dred. Their first attack was in September, 1750, upon Fort Ilichmond, in the present town of that name. The garrison consisted of only fourteen men ; but while the greedy savages were killing cattle and burn- ing houses in tlie vicinity a reinforcement reached the fort. As soon as the Indians learned this, they gave up the attempt, and departed down the river, destroy- ing property and kilKug or ( apturing all who came in their way. 6. One party attacked Wiscasset, setting some of the houses on fire, and taking two prisoners. An- otlier party went to Parker's Island, at the mouth of the Kennebec. Coming to a house just within call of the fort they were discovered, and dared not approach nearer; for they feared the cannon with which the garrisons were now generally supplied. The owner of the house was at that time its only occupant, but he fought bravely against his savage assailants. AVlien at length they had cut down the door with their hatchets, he escaped tln-ough a window in the rear. Being cut off from tlie fort, he ran toward the river and plunged in, with the intention of swimming to Arrowsic Island. The Indians pursued him to tlie shore; and two of them, springing nimbly into a canoe, continued the chase. They came rapidly up with him, and could ahuost reach him with then- pad- 166 HISTOEY OF MAINE. ^750 dies ; but he suddenly turned upon them and upset the canoe, then resumed his course, — leaving the dis- comfited savages floundering in the water, 7. Passing from the Kennebec region, the Indians visited Falmouth, Gorham and Windham, committing the usual acts of destruction, and carrying away twenty or thirty prisoners. On their return to Canada they came upon the camp of two hunters, named Snow and Butterfield, in what is now the town of Paris. Startled by a hideous yell, the two men looked up to discover a pack of savages close upon them. The foremost wore U2)on his head a hood formed of a hawkskin, tlie wings and tail reaching down to his shoulders and back. He was the chief. Snow was sitting down with his gun in his lap, picking its flint, at the moment he discovered the Indians; and he deliberately rose and aimed at the leader. He had been a captive once, and found the experience too painful to be repeated ; so he deter- mined to fight to the death. Tlicre was a flasli and a report ; and the hauglity form of the chief pitched forward and lay stretched upon the ground. The infuriated Indians instantly poured a volley upon the bold hunter, and he fell dead beside his companion, pierced through and through with bullets. 8. So much alarm was created by this incursion, that one hundred and fifty men were detailed from the Yorkshire regiment to scour the woods between Saco and St. Georges', and the forts were restocked with ammunition, in readiness for the savages, should they come again. But this raid proved the last ; though a few revengeful individuals continued to rob, murder and burn, wherever they dared, until the sum- mer of 1751 ; when a new treaty settled all difficulties and confirmed the peace. What settlement was attacked by the lucliaus iu the spring of 174G ? What place was attacked in May ? For what purpose did the French send a powerful fleet lo America in 1746 ? What happen- 1753 THE SIXTH AND LAST INDIAN WAR. 167 ed to this force ? "What happened to the fleet sent out by France the next year? What treaty closed this war ? What was done by a band of Indians from St. Francis River ? What happened on the return of this party ? What was the conduct of tlie Indians from this time until the treaty of 1751 ? CHAPTER XXI. 1. Hardly had tlie afflicted settlers of Maine joined again the broken links of business, when the actions of the French filled them with fresh alarm. Among the captures of the last war were two famihes of children, taken in Frankfort, now Dresden. Their fathers vis- ited Canada in search of them, finding the children in Montreal, to their great delight. But now the French governor interfered, and would not let them go. This was in violation of the treaty and of Innnanity ; and when the aftiicted parents returned and made the facts known to Governor Shirley, he sent a messenger to Canada, who brought the children away by authority. Then the French began to form settlements along the river Chaudiere, which has its source near the head waters of the Kennebec; and the Indians on this river resorted to the French for suj)plies. In Nova Scotia their actions were warlike, but the first positive act of hostilit}' was the nnu'der of some English set- tlers on Lake Erie. The messenger sent to protest against these outrages was George Wasliington, now aj)peariug for the iii-.st time in national aftairs; 1)ut all the reply he could obtain from the French commuu- 168 HISTORY OF MAINE. 1^54 der was that the territory was French, and that he had orders to expel all intruders. 2. There were unsettled questions about bounda- ries, both on the east and north of Maine and in the valley of the Ohio River ; and these were now under discussion at Paris. In the meantime France was pushing her settlements and forts in every direction, with the evident intention of holding all she had and getting all she could. There were Louisburg, on Cape Breton Island, which had been restored to her by the last treaty, four forts in Nova Scotia — though by the same treaty this province had been ceded to England ; on the St. Lawrence were the strong cities of Mon- treal and Quebec — while southward were Crown Point on lake Charaplain ; Ticonderoga, between lakes C'lamplain and St. Greorge ; Fort Frontenac, at the outlet of Lake Ontario ; Fort Niagara, just be- low the great falls; and Fort Du Quesue, [du kane] on the site of the present city of Pittsburg, in Penn- sylvania. 3. The greatest efforts were made by the authori- ties of Maine to keep the natives peaceful, conferences being held with them, and many valuable presents given ; so that at the last of these conferences, held in July, 1754, the Indians, in seeming good faith, placed five young savages in the hands of the English aa hostages for the good beliavior of the tribes. Three of these were Canibas, and two Tarratines ; and they were taken to Boston to be educated. Yet the authorities thought well of the old adage, "In time of peace prepare for war" ; so they strength- ened the old forts and built several new ones. The first, called Fort Hahfax, was situated at the junction of the Sebasticook River with the Kennebec, in the present town of Winslow. It was a quadrangular structure of hewn pine, one hundred feet long and forty feet wide. It contained two block houses, and was mounted with several small cannon and a swivel. 1754 THE SIXTH AND LAST INDIAN WAR. 169 LAST BLOCK HOUSE OF FOKT HALIFAX. 4. The proprietors of the Plymouth Patent had biiilt a fort a year before at Cushnoc, (Augusta) on tlie eastern side of the river, whieli they named Fort Western. It was constructed in nearly the same man- ner as Fort Halifax, but was nut quite so large, and had only four guns. This year the same proprietors built another within the present town of Dresden, about a mile above the northerly end of Swan Island. This they named Fort Shirley, in honor of the gov- ernor. It was formed of stockades, and enclosed a parade ground two hundred feet square, together with two block houses. Another small fort was built at the second falls of the Androscoggin, in the present town of Lisbon. On the sixth of N'ovember, ITSi, before the fortifi- cations were entii'ely finished, the Indians attacked a detachment of the garrison at Fort Halifax, as they 170 HISTORY OF MAINE. 1766 were hauling wood. The governor immediately sent them a reinforcemcDt of one hundred men with five cohorn mortars, wliile six companies of minute men were ordered to be in readiness to march at the short- est notice; but no further attack was made at this time. 5. Early in the year 1755 occurred the famous de- feat of General Braddock by the French and Indians, when Colonel George Washington behaved so gal- lantly. The war soon raged from the eastern to the western settlements, on land and water; and two thousand men were raised, chiefly in Massachusetts and Maine, to drive the intruding French from Nova Scotia. Forty-one small vessels conveyed them to Chignecto Bay, at the northeastern extremity of the Bay of Fundy, where Colonel Monkton, a British offi- cer, joined them with a few pieces of artillery and about three hundred men. Monkton took the chief command, but the New Englanders did the fighting. A strong fortification on the Missiquash River, well garrisoned with French troops, was attacked by them with such spirit that tlie French fled to Beau-sejour, a fort farther up the river. This fort mounted tv/enty- six guns, and was supphcd with plenty of ammunition and soldiers ; but after a siege of four days it was sur- rendered. The troops soon appeared before the re- maining forts, all of which surrendered in turn. It was an easy victory; and the total loss of the English in the campaign was only twenty men. 6. Much the larger portion of the inhabitants of this province hved about the bays of Minas and Chig- necto, where were several populous villages. But the people were of French parentage, and would not take the oath of allegiance, — and from this cause they were generally spoken of as the French Neutrals. They were a peaceful people when left alone; yet, longing to be under the government of their own nation, they were always ready to rise in rebelKou at the l)idding 1755 THE SIXTH AND LAST INDIAN WAR. 171 of French authority. This rendered tliein an exceed- ingly dangerous community to the EngHsh ; therefore it was now decided by the British authorities of the province, that they must be removed. So the Acadi- ans were forced to leave forever their pleasant homes, with their houses and lands, their flocks and herds, — and were scattered among the English colonies from Maine to Louisiana. The poet Longfellow has in "EvangeUne" told us their touching story. T. Meanwhile the Indians flitted like shadows among the settlements of Maine. There was scarcely a town where houses were not burned, and men, women and children killed or carried into captivity. Fifty men scouted constantly from the Piscataqua Ponds to Saco River; fifty more from New Boston (Gray) by way of Sebago Pond and New Gloucester; ninety from New Boston to Fort Shirley, in Dresden; and one hundred from thence to St. George's River. All these could not wholly prevent the destructive rage of the savages from making many victims ; but when the fate of the French in Nova Scotia became known, the Indians, alarmed for themselves, forsook the frontiers and retired to the northern wilds. 8. The Indians who had been engaged in these hostilities were the Anasagunticooks, Canibas and St. Francis. The Tarratines still remained neutral, and no hostile acts had been committed by them dur- ing the war; yet a Captaui Cargill, who had raised a company to tight the northern In(Hans, coming upon a party of Tarratine hunters near Owl's Head on Penobscot Bay, immediately shot down twelve of them. There was no (;all for such a force as Cargill's in that region ; neither was any care taken before they tired upon the hunters, to learn whether they were friends or foes. Cargill was very justly arrested for this act; but thougli he was kept in prison for two years, no Indian appeared against him, and he was at last discharj^ed. Govermnent did what it could to 172 HISTORY OF MAINE. 1756 avert vengeance for the outrage, sending a letter of condolence to the fainihes of the slain Indians, and loading with presents a party of the tribe who soon after visited Boston. 9. The governor not long after required the Penob- scot Indians to furnish a number of warriors to join the English against the hostile tribes, according to their agreement in the last treaty ; threatening to treat them as enemies if they refused. They were unwilhng at any time to take up arms against their brethren of the Kennebec and St. Francis, and were now especially bitter against the English; wliile the French, who were of the same religion, were urging them to join their cause; — yet they decided to remain neutral. So government declared war against them because they did not fulfil their treaty obligations. The next spring [1756] the Indians again com- menced hostilities against the settlements, small par- ties of them being heard from in every quarter, from St. Georges to Saco. New Gloucester, especially, was so perilous a place that the inhabitants were offered the value of two pounds colonial money each, if they would stay in the town through the year. 10. In Windham one morning in May ten men started to work upon the farm of one of their number, about a mile and a half from the garrison. They were all armed with guns, as usual, and had with them a yoke of oxen attached to a sled, — for carts were difii- ciJt to be got in those days. When nearlj^ to the field two of them went ahead to let down the bars for the oxen, and were shot down by the Indians from an ambush. One of them having two balls lodged in his heart, died instantly; the other, named Winship, had one ball pass through his head near the eye, and another lodge in his arm ; and he also fell. The In- dians scalped them both; but Winship was conscious all the time, though feigning to be dead, so as to escape the knife or tomahawk of the savages. At the report 1750 THE SIXTH AND LxVST INDIAN WAR. 173 of the guns four of the men ran back to the fort, while the others, led by Abraham Anderson and Stephen Manchester, crept silently forward to the spot, and hid behind a great log. Manchester put his cap on the end of his gun and pushed it into view of the In- dians, from behind a tree ; and one of them instantly fired at it, thinking it covered a white man's head. As the Indian turned aside to load, Manchester stood up and shot him dead on the spot. The other Indians instantly gave a loud shout and ran into the woods, supposing that a large company was after them. The Indian who was shot proved to be a chief named Poland, who claimed all the lands on the Presump- scot River, and had refused to make peace with the English until they allowed his claim. 11. The two men now placed the bodies of their companions on the sled and returned to the fort. After these liad gone, the Indians returned. Bending down a small tree until its roots at one side were lifted from the grouTid, they thrust the body of the chief underneath ; then the tree, being released, sprang back and covered it up ; but they had first cut off an arm, to be placed in some consecrated burying ground of the Catholic church. It would weary you if I should relate the incidents of this year in Maine. Everywhere the inhabitants fell singly, or by twos and threes, before the lurking foe ; their buildings were burned, their cattle slaugh- tered, — and whatever crops escaped the Indians were l)adly damaged by worms, while in many locahties the inhabitants were wasted l)y disease. There had been no mihtary successes; forts with many regiments of troops had been surrendered in the west, the expedi- tions up the Kennebec and Androscoggin rivers had accomphshcd nothing; and the people were over- whelmed with pubhc debt. It was a terrible year. In 1758 several events took place whicli quite revived the spirits of our people. The first was the 174 HISTOEY OF MAINE. 1758 capture of Fort Du Quesne, at Pittsljurg, by Gen- eral Forbes, — followed by that of Louisbiirg, which now fell the second thne into the hands of the English. In the siege of the latter place the famous General Wolfe took a brilliant part; and the six hundred sol- diers furnished by Maine also did themselves honor. 12. Maine raised at about the same time, three hundred men for her own defense. There was need of them ; for in August the fort at St. George's was attacked by four hundred French and Indians. For- tunately the governor got wind of the movement just in time to throw a strong reinforcement into the fort; and, unable to gain any advantage, the foe withdrew in great rage. Their next attack was on the fort at Meduncook, (Friendship) where they killed or cap- tured eight men, but failed to take the fort. This was the last notable attack of the Indians upon the Eng- lish settlements ; and with this season the outrages and massacres by the tribes of Maine forever ceased; and the Abnaki, Etechemin and Mikmak have ever since been peaceful subjects of the English race. 13. But the result was not yet secured. Indians and French still held their ground, the one in Canada and about the great lakes, and the other in the remote forests of Maine. Therefore, in 1 759, Governor Thomas Pownal, who had succeeded Shirley, sailed up the Penobscot River, looking for a site whereon to erect a fortress. It was the season when the fine scenery of this river is at its finest ; and the governor expressed his regret that this noble region had been left so long to the savages. The place chosen for the fort was a crescent-like hill on the western side of the river, in what is now the town of Prosi3ect. The fortification was ninety feet on each side, and the breastwork was ten feet in height. Around it was a ditch fifteen feet wide and five feet deep; and in the midst of the ditch was a high paUsade, making a fatal obstacle to an Indian 1759 THE SIXTH AND LAST INDIAN WAR. 175 enemy. At each corner was a flanker tliii'ty-three feet square, and in the center stood a block liouso forty-four feet square and two stories high, liaving a sentry box on the top. This fortitication was named Fort Pownal, in lionor of the governor who was its buikler. 14. While the fort was being built, Governor Pow- nal and General Waldo with a guard explored the river to the first falls, in Bangor. General Waldo was niueli interested in the new fort, because it was within the Muscongus, or Waldo Patent, in which he was a large owner. The northern limit of this patent was then thought to be near the pohit on the east of the river where tlie party halted. General Waldo, walking out a little distance from the others, stopped, looked about, and made the remark, "Here is my bound." He soon after dropped down in a fit of apoplexy, and died on the spot. Meanwhile great l)attles were in progress at the west ; and soon the glad news came that Fort Niagara had surrendered to the English, and that General Amherst had driven the enemy from Ticonderoga and Crown Point, while a strong force was besieging Que- bec. Then tlie tidings came that the intrepid General Wolfe had won a victory over the French on the plains of Abraham, sealing the triumph with his life. 15. A few days before the fall of Quebec, Colonel Rogers was sent from Ticonderoga with two hundred rangers to destroy the Indian villages about the St. Francis River, just nortliwcst of Maine. For twenty- t)ne days they inarelied through unl)roken wilds, when, from the top of a tall pine, one of the men discovered the village three miles distant. That night the In- dians held a great feast and dance; and while this was going on Colonel Rogers with two of his oflicers wandered through the village unnoticed. Towards morning, when the weary savages were sunk in a di'uukeu sleep, the rangers fell upon them, kUhng a 176 HISTORY OF MAINE. ^^^^ large number, and putting the rest to utter rout. In the morning the victors beheld a sight which made their blood run cold; for before them, on tall poles in the midst of the village, several hundred English scalps hung swinging in the wind. 16. The fall of Quebec filled the whole country with joy, for it was the harbinger of security and peace, and of many prosperous years. The towns of Maine celebrated the event with illuminations, while a day of public thanksgiving was held throughout the British dominions. The power of France was broken in the north, and the long-suffering settlers of Maine no more met the Frenchman as a foe. When the trying days of the revolution came, the French forces, led by the gallant Lafayette, made amends to our young and struggling nation for the evils their countrymen had inflicted on the fathers, while sul>jects of Great Britain. What unsettled questions brought on the last war with the French and Indians ? How far southward had the French ex- tended their fortresses? What noted man first appeared in national affairs at this period ? What forts were built in Maine about this time ? Where did the Indians make their first attack in Maine ? What events occurred in Nova Scotia during this war ? Why was war declared against the Tarratines ? What Indian vil- lage at the northwest of Maine was destroyed ? What effect did the fall of Quebec have ? How did the French nation atone for their injuries to our forefathers ? 1760 TUE DA\VN OF TUE REVOLUTION. 177 CnAPTER XXII. 1. After years of bloody strife the sun of the eastern tribes had set in darkness, and the power whicli had uri^ed them on to useless wars was overthrown. It is with a feeling of relief that we turn from scenes of savage cruelty to scan the fair Holds of peace and prosperity. The population of Maine in 1742 (a few years before the last Indian war connnenced) was twelve thousand souls, — aside from the Indians, who at the close of this war numbered nearly fifteen hundred. The towns and plantations at this date had increased to about twenty-five ; extending as far eastward as St. Greorge's River, northward to Cushnoc (Augi>sta), and west- ward to Tow-woh (Lcl)anon) and New Gloucester. The population of Massaclnisetts, Rhode Island and Comie(;ticut had increased greatly beyond that of Maine ; for their settlements had not suffered for more tlian a century from the incursion of an enemy, except on tlicir extreme northern borders. But Maine was all border; her small luimlets stretching in a slender line along an hundred miles of coast, with a vast wil- derness i>ehind tliem. I tliink tliat Massachusetts could well afford a few men to garrison our forts ; for if the settlements of Maine had been overrun, the sav- age foe would have carried terror and destruction into her own villages. Surely there was much of heroism in the founders of our State, or they would not have chosen to come where forests must be felled, and the rough earth swept by fire before the seed could be l>lanted and crops grown, and where tliey were ever liable to sudden destruction from the revengeful and bloodthirsty savage. No wonder that their bodies grew stunly and their manners rude ! Yet if their 178 HISTORY OF MAINE. ^^^^ natures were rugged, like the hills among which they dwelt, the sweetness of the valleys lived in their deep affection towards the dear ones for whom they toiled and suffered. 2. In 1760, two new counties were formed, our present Lincoln and Cumberland. The boundaries of Cumberland have remained nearly unchanged ; but Lincoln included all the country nortliward of the Androscoggin, and eastward to the St. Croix River. Its shh'e town was Pownall)orough ; of which the towns of Dresden, Wiscasset and Ahia were after- wards formed. Governor Pownal, for whom this town had been named, was much interested for the eastern people, so, of course, they greatly esteemed him. He was popu- lar in Boston, too, though not a Puritan ; and when he embarked for England at the close of his official term the members of the government attended him to his barge. He was afterward a member of Parliament ; GOVERNOR THOMAS POWNAL. 17G2 THE DAWN OF THE REVOLUTION. 179 and by opposiiij^ tlie ucts of oppression :igainst the colonies, proved hiuiself a trnc friend of America. Sir Francis Bernard, who a few months hiter succeeded him as governor, was on the contrary, entirely sub- servient to tlie wishes of the Parliament and King. The first Englisli settlements east of the Penobscot were made shortly before the year 1762. In this year twelve townships lying eastward of that river, were granted to several hundred potitioners, a few of whom had already settled there. The chief condition of these grants was, that sixty protestant families should become resident in each within six years. One lot in each township was reserved for a church, another for the first minister who should be settled there, a third for Harvard College, and a fourth for the use of schools. 3. The years 1761-62 were long remembered ia Maine for the sickness, drought and tires. In the latter year the fresh vegetation of June was shriveled and blighted, and in July the flames, breaking out in the New Hampshire woods, swept eastward through the towns in York and Cuml)orland counties to the sea. It was not \intll late in August that tlieir devas- tation was checked by copious rains. Soon after the close of L ovewcll's war, Parliament made several laws, called Act8 of Trade, for the pur- pose of benefiting British revejiues. One was the "Iron Act," by which all mills for working iron or steel were prohibited in the colonies; so that they were obliged to export the "pigs" (or bars of iron) from tlieir mines to England, taking in return, in accordance with another law, woolen cloths and other fabrics, and implements of iron and steel. There was still another law imposing a high import tax on the mo- lasses and sugar which the colonists of Maine received from the West Indies in return for lumber; this and lish being nearly all they had to sell. Then the mo- lasses and sugar had to be carried to the southern colonies to pay for their corn and pork; so that by 180 HISTORY OF MAINE. ^765 this time little remained to be turned into money or other property. Now that the wars had ceased, these laws were enforced with rigor; and tlie British gov- ernment began to plan how it might realize still greater revenues from America. So in 1765 Parlia^ ment passed the celebrated "Stamp Act," by which all papers for ships, transfers of property, college diplomas, marriage licenses, and newspapers must be made of stamped papor, which was supplied at a high price by the government. 4. Tlie feelino; in Maine was strong against these />ppressions, thougli few acts of violence were com- mitted on account of them ; but in other parts of the country the boldest royalists and stamp-masters were liung in effigy, and the latter forced to resign their offi(;es. In England that great man, William Pitt, Earl of Cliatha)n, said in a speech before Parliament on this act, "Sir, I rejoice that America has resisted. Three millions of people, so dead to all the feelings of liberty as to submit to be slaves, would have been fit instruments to mike slaves of all the rest." Yet no representative of the colonies was admitted to a seat in Parliament ; and our countrymen boldly declared that ''''Taxition without representation is tyranny P In 1766 the obnoxious act was repealed; and the event was celebrated in Maine by bonfires and illuminations, the firing of cannon and display of flags. The next year another form of taxation was tried on the colonies ; a duty being imposed upon all paper, glass, colors, and teas brought into the country. Tliis tax was not, like the former, opposed by force; but the representatives of the colonies met together and ex- pressed their detestation of British exactions, and took all lawful means for the redress of their wrongs; recommending the people to a manly defense of their rights, whetlier it brought relief or led to warlike resistance. Meanwhile by means of newspapers, ora- tions and pamphlets, patriots like Samuel and John 1768 THE DAWX OF THE REVOLUTION. 181 Adams, with Otis and Mayliew, in Boston, Livingstoa of New York, and Gadsden of South Carolina, instruct- ed the ])jo[)b in their rights and stimulated the spine ot liherty in tlieir breasts. 5. In 1708 seven hundred British soldiers arrived at Boston to enforce these iniquitous laws. The^ landed under cover of the guns of their vessels, antj witli loaded muskets and bayonets fixed, marched uj! to the Common. This, of course, greatly incensed the people; and Governor Bernard, being unable to pre- vail on the General Court to agree to any of liisj measures, the next year departed from the country in great disgust. His successor, Thomas Hutchinson, was a native of Boston, and a man of learning, abilitv and wealth ; l)ut, hoping to receive from the king an order of nobility, he became a foe to the liberties oi his country. Having a familiar acquaintance with the people, he thought he could carry the Idng's measure? by persuasion and skilful management. So the duty was taken off most of the articles in the new tax list, with the principal exception of tea. Such a concession might have satisfied the peoplo at first, but it did not now; and they formed associa tions, the mend>ei's of which were ])ledged to drink na tea, in order thus to make a peaceable protest againsV the tax. Not that they cared much for so small a matter of itself, but their eyes were now open to see the danger and wickedness of being taxed by a gov- ernment in which they had no representative. 6. Soon after this a sad afi'air happened in Boston. General Gage had sent some of his red-coated soldiL«-s from New York to aid Hutchinson in governing Bos- ton. Parties of them in passing through the streets were often gazed at and followed by idle men and rude boys, who were called by the soldiers, "Damned Yan- kees," and "Rebels" ; while the rabble retorted by shouting, "Lol)sters," and "Bloody Backs." The last taunt was a very bitter one to the soldiers; for it waa 182 HISTORY OF MAINE. 1^73 ill iiilusioii to the practice of flogging wliicli then pre- vailed in the British army. So the soldiers and the rabble quickly got to quarrehng; and one day (the fifth of March, 1770,) the soldiers fired on a party of sailors who attacked them, killing four and wounding several others. This was the famous "Boston Mas- sacre," which produced such excitement. 7. In Maine there had long been a bitterness between the surveyors of the khig's woods and the lumbermen, which led to frequent fisticufiss; but the affair at Portland in 1771 was the first in our State which had special relation to the Revolution. The king's collector of revenue at this port was absent; and the comptroller, who was next in authority, seized the schooner of Mr. Tyng, then in harbor, for the breach of some rule or other. This act was regarded by the people of Portland as unwarrantable, and pro- duced great resentment, — at last resulting in a mob, which treated the unfortunate comptroller with the indignities common with such gatherings. 8. As the people of the colonies refused to drink tea the merchants refused to buy it ; and the tiers of tea chests grew higher and higher in the warehouses of the East India Company in England. Something must be done, or the company would sufier great loss; so in December, 1773, they sent several shiploads of the article to America. You know what happened then. Some men dressed like Indians went on board the vessels and broke open the boxes of the dainty herb, and threw them overboard, until they reached up the ship's sides and tumbled back on deck; for just at that time the tide was out, and the heaps of tea chests rested on the dock mud. 9. This.aflfair alarmed Governor Hutchinson, and soon after he, also, left for England; and he never came back. Then General Gage was appointed gov- ernor ; thus becoming the chief ruler of Maine, as well as Massachusetts, because we were then a part of the 1774 THE DAWX OF THE KEVOLUTIOX. 183 same province. Tlie kinii; and tlic tory members of his government were very mncli enraged at the spoil- ing of tlie tea; and Parliament ordered the port of Boston to be closed from tlie first day of June, 1774. "When the order went into effect the bells of Falmouth and other towns in Maine tolled all day in token of sympathy with the oppressed city. On the 17th, Governor Gage dissolved the General Court, — but they had already chosen delegates to meet others from the colonies in a congress at Philadelphia. 10. The people of Maine and Massachusetts soon after elected representatives, who met in Salem in October. They formed themselves into a Provincial Congress, and chose John Hancock as its president. They also elected a Committee of Safety, and a Com- mittee of Supplies, and chose five delegates to repre- sent Maine and Massachusetts in the new Continental Congress. They also made laws for the formation and drill of military companies in every town, and reconunended the people to grow more flax, to be made into linen, and to enlarge their flocks of sheep, so as to produce more wool, — that the colonies might be prepared for the events which seemed to be ap- proaching. What was the population of Maine in 1742 ? IIow many settle- ments were there at this date ? Why had not the population of Maine increased as rapidly as that of other New England States ? What counties were formed in 17G0 ? At what time were the first English settlements made east of the Penobscot ? What happened in Maine in the year 1701-02 ? IIow did Great Britain oppress the colonies at the close of the Indian wars ? What great principle did our forefathers proclaim ? What noted aifray took place in 1770 ? What was the first outbreak connected with the Revolution in Maine ? What happened in Boston in 1773 ? What was done by the people of Maine and Massachusetts soon after this event ? 184 HISTOEY OF MAINE. 1775 CHAPTER XXIII. 1. In March, 1775, the Cansean, a British sloop of war, came to Falmoutli, (Portland) for tlie purpose of forcing the citizens to allow the unloading of a tory vessel. She was commanded by Captain Mo watt, who afterwards proved the especial scourge of Maine. From ^ahnouth he went to the Penobscot, where he robbed Fort Pownal of all its guns and ammunition, and nearly broke up the rich trade here carried on with the natives. Government had at this point taken especial care for the comfort of the Indians, having erected build- ings for then- use when they came to trade. It had also supplied a devoted minister of the gospel for the benefit of tlie garrison and such natives as would listen to his instructions. One or more ministers had also long been sustained at or near Fort Shirley, on the Kennebec; and the Indians on these rivers, ])eing re- lieved from French influence, became so favorably in- clined toward the colonists that neither the British agents nor their brethren in New Brunswick were able to prevail upon them to take up arms against their white neighbors. In the very next month after Mowatt's visit the bat- tle of Lexington was fought, giving the signal of open war throughout the colonies. The news arrived in York at evening. In the morning the citizens flocked together, a company was enhsted, armed and equipped, and the following night it reached New Hampshire on the way to Boston. Three days later Falmouth sent a company ; and shortly after. Colonel Scammon of Biddeford readied Cambridge with a regiment. New Gloucester raised twenty men, paying their wages and 1''75 EARLY EVENTS OF THE REVOLUTION. 185 supporting their fiiunlies during tlieir absence. Thus did our good State of Maine answer the summons of liberty. 2. The inhal)itants eastward wore too remote and scattered to furnish any more troops than were neces- sary to protect their own exposed borders ; yet, as wt shall see, they were not in the least behind tlieir wes- tern brothers in courage and patriotism. "When the news of Lexington tight reached Bath, the people de- cided that war had begun, and that all persons under British control must be treated as enemies of American liberty. It happened that a c()m[)any of Britioh werf. then preparing masts at tlic Icing's dock ; and Colonel Sewall, with tliirty other inlial)itants, maiciied down to seize them. Tlie workmen hastily jumped into their boats and got on board the vessels, which then sailev* away down the river and escaped ; but the naval agent was left in the hands of the citizens. A few days after this affair, Lieutenant Colonel Thompson, of Brunswick or Topsham, learned that the Canseau was again at Falmontli, and that her com- mander. Captain Mowatt, spent much time on shore ; and, raising a company of volunteers, he proceeded thither in hopes to capture him. The standard of tho company was a spruce pole with a green tuft at the top, while each man had a sprig of evergreen in his cap. Having ascertained that Captain Mowatt was to dine on shore, tliey concealed themselves in a small wood on the east side of the peninsula and awaited his ap- pearance. Tlie dinner hour passed ; and soon the cap- tain, his surgeon and a citizen sauntered down near the grove, and all three were quietly taken prisoners. 3. When the capture become known on board hia vessel, the officer next hi command sent word to the authorities, that unless Captain Mowatt was released within two hours he would bombard the town. This created great alarm ; and many began to pac-k tlieir goods and send them olf in carts into the country. 186 HISTORY OF MAINE. ^775 But Mowatt promised the town authorities that if they wouhl permit him to go on board his vessel he would prevent the bombardment ; so two of the leading citi- zens became security to Colonel Thompson for liim, and he was permitted to depart, on agreement to re- turn the next morning. He professed the utmost gra- titude to the citizens for their interference in his favor ; but, once on board his sloop, he staid there ; and sail- ing away, left his sureties to pay the forfeit. Then came the battle of Bunker Hill, where the brilliant ranks of the British marched up towards the silent breastworks, and "Old Put" rode back and forth upon his white horse, — when the silent Ijreastworks sud- denly became sheeted with Hame, and there was rattle of musketry and roar of cannon, — where the smoke of burning Charleston poured about them, and the swell- ing forces of the British still came on, until the out- numbered patriots, with powder spent and useless guns, retired before the bristling bayonets of the enemy. There were Maine men wlio fought bravely in the ranks that day, and some were left lying in their gore upon the bloody held. 4. There were also desperate conflicts at home, and successful ones, though not on so grand a scale. In May the Margaretta, an armed schooner of the enemy, came to Machias for the purpose of convoying some lumber vessels to the British at Boston. Seeing a liberty pole, the captain came on shore and inquired who erected It. He was informed that it was done by order of the town. He told them it must be taken down, or he would fire upon the village. The citizens held a meet- ing and voted not to take it down. Some were dissat- isfied, and another meeting was appointed for the next Monday. On Sunday the captain and some of his ofiicers attended church in the village. Happening to look out of the window during the service, he saw a company of men armed with guns crossing the river on the logs. The frightened captain quickly leaped 1^75 EARLY EVENTS OF THE REVOLUTION". 187 out of the window and fled to his vessel, Tlie band wliich ]iad sent liiin off in such haste consisted of Benjamin Foster and some other bold young fellows, whose plan it had been to surround the church and seize the British as they came out. A few shots were exclianged between this party and the schooner, but she soon sailed down the river beyond their reach. 5. The next day Foster and his company were joined by six tine brothers, named O'Brien, with an- other company. In the course of a day or two both had set off in search of the Margarctta ; Foster in a small coaster, and the O'Briens m the wood sloop, "Liberty." They found the schooner in the bay, and ran alongside with the intention of boarding. She received them witli a discharge of swivel guns, mus- kets and hand grenades, by which several were killed. The vessels fell apart, only Jolm O'Brien, one of the six brothers, having got on board the enemy. Seven of the British instantly fired at him, but not a bullet touched liim. Then they charged upon him with their bayonets; but before they could reacli him he was overboard, and swimming to his sloop. Several of the enemy had fallen by the fire of the Americans, and among them their captain ; and when the vessels were again brought together the officer in command fled below in terror, and the crew yielded at once. Tliis was the first British vessel captured by Ameri- cans; and the action brought the captors much applause. 6. O'Brien's sloop w^as then fitted up with bulwarks, armed with the guns of the captured schooner, and sent oft' on a cruise. A month later she fell in at Buck's Harbor witli two vessels whicli had been sent out to recapture the Margaretta. These were the Diligent, a schooner of eight guns and carrying fifty men, with her tender, armed witli swivels and caiTyiug twenty men. Foster, in liis coaster, came to O'Brien's aid; and the Diligent and her tender were captured 9 188 HISTORY OF MAINE. 1776 without the loss of a man. For these brilliant exploits Foster and the O'Briens received the thanks of Con- gress. Only once since Mowatt dishonored his word and sailed away, had the good people of Falmouth sufi'ered the least intimidation from the enemy ; that was when a sloop of war came to help away some tories with their goods. Again in October the inhabitants were alarmed by the sight of four British vessels entering then- harbor ; but when they saw that Mo watt's vessel was the flag ship of the squadron their minds were more at ease; l3ecause they trusted in his gratitude for the favor they had done him five months before. Great was their consternation when, the next day, he Bent a letter ashore, stating that in two hours he should open a bombardment on the town, 7. At this time the place consisted of about five hundred dwelHngs and stores, with many barns and stables. Some hundred of the poorer sort of houses were scattered over the peninsula to the south and west, but the main portion were clustered together in the midst of the slope towards the harbor. The place was entirely defenseless from an attack by sea; but as no provocation had been given no such event was looked for. The time allowed the inhabitants to secure their safety was cruelly short; and a committee was sent to inquire the cause of such an extraordinary proceeding. Mowatt made them this answer: — "My orders I have received from Admiral Graves, and they direct me to repair to this place with all possible ex- pedition, take my position near the town, and burn, sink and destroy, — and this without giving the people warning. The note you have had is of special grace, at the risk of my commission." 8. The committee protested against the barbarity of the order, and urged the town's claims for the favor done him a few months ago l)y its citizens; but lie oidy rephed that his orders related to every seaport upon 1775 EARLY EVENTS OF THE KEVOLUTION. 189 the continent. Yet he finally said that if they would deliver him four pieces of cannon, their small arms and tlieir ammunition by eight o'clock the next morn- ing, he would spare them until he could hear from the admiral, who miglit be induced to spare the town; or if tliey would give him eight stands of small arms immediately they should not be molested until the hour named. They were completely at the mercy of this petty tyrant ; and in order to save something from their liomcs to keep their tamilies alive, they sent him the eight stands of arms. At daylight the next morn- ing tlie citizens held a meeting, and resolved to give up nothing more, but to sacrifice their dwelHngs rather than lose the remainder of their precious guns and ammunition. The committee informed Captain Mowatt of the decision, and besought him for hum;iiuty's sake to allow them further time. "I ^vill give you thirty mmutes and no more," re- plied the cruel and ungrateful man. 9. There were few teams in the place, and most of tlie household goods still remained in the dwellings or piled up before the doors when the vessels opened their batteries upon the town. The firing was rapid, and the cannon balls, bombs and grape shot poured in a terrible shower upon the defenseless village. No spot was safe from them, and the inhabitants were forced to flee for their fives — many of them saving only what they bore away on their backs. Under cover of the guns, armed parties came from the ships and aj^plied the torch to the buildings; yet the citizens, with devoted courage, followed after them, putting out the fires at the risk of their fives; but in spite of their efi'urts the flames prevailed. Towards niglit the bombardment ceased, but the fair and flourishing vil- lage of yesterday was riddled with shot and shell, or lay in aslies. St. Paul's church, the new court-house, the town-house, the pubfic Hbrary, the fii-e cugine, — 190 HISTOEY OF MAINE. 1776 all were gone ; and the houseless people gazed from afar on the fading smoke columns that marked the places of then' desolated homes. 10. Scattered over the peninsula there were still nearly an hundred houses whicli had escaped the bom- bardment; and the owners of these, with such other of the inhabitants as decided to remain, began at once to prepare against any future attack. All the heavy arms tliey could procure were two six pounders; and before the walls of .the battery were built, another vessel came into the liarbor and forbade their going on witli the work. She carried a heavier armament than all of Mowatt's fleet put together ; but the people only pressed their fortifications more vigorously, and began to contrive ways to capture the vessel. As soon as the commander found his threats disregarded, he hoisted sail and left the harbor, — probably think- ing that he had a good ship to lose, but nothing to gain. What fort was dismantled by Cant. Mowatt? II dw soon after this did the battle of Lexington take place ? What troops were immediately sent from Maine ? What happened at Bath ? What affair occmTed soon after in Falmouth ? Where was the first cap- ture of British vessels made by Americans? Give an account of the burning of Falmouth. What happened subsequeatly when a vessel of the enemy threatened the place ? 1775 Arnold's ExrEDiTiON. 191 CHAPTER XXIV. 1. The expedition against Quebec through Maine, in 1775, was one of the most famous, and also one of the most unfortunate events of the Eevohition. It was led by Benedict Arnold, who subsequently proved a traitor to his country. Ilis army consisted of ten com- panies of musketry, from Maine and Massachusetts, and three companies of riflemen, from Pennsylvania and Virginia, — altogether about 1,100 men. Several per- sons connected with this expedition afterward l)ecamc noted as war leaders and ]nil)lic men ; among whom were Daniel Morgan,c()mmandcr of the riflemen ; Aaron Burr, subs('(|uently Vice President, tlien a youth of twen- ty ; and Henry Dearborn, of Pittston on the Kennebec, wlio afterwjirds became Secretary of War. The plan was to ascend Kennebec Piver and its chief western tributary to the range of hills which forms the boun- dary of Maine on the northwest, whence they would soon strike the head waters of the Chaudiere, a river emptying into the St. Lawrence. Th-o expedition sailed from Newlniryport on the 18th of September ; and, entering the Kennebec, ascended to Pittston, where two hundred bateaux were in readiness. Dismissing the vessels, the troops entered the bateaux and con- tinued on to Fort Western, in Augusta, where they spent several days in procuring guides and provisions. 2. First of all went a small exploring party ; after this followed Morgan with the ritiemen, then Green, Bigelow and Meigs with the main body of the troops, while Colonel Enos brought up the rear. Arnold staid to see the last boat load depart ; then, entering an Indian canoe, he passed one company after another, overtaking the riflemen on the tliii'd day at Bombazee Rips in Korridgewock. Here the boats had all to be 192 HISTORY OF MAINE. 1775 drawn asliore and carried a mile and a quarter to reach the navigable water above. It was found that the boats were leaky, and that a great part of the provis- ion was spoiled or damaged ; and seven days elapsed before repairs were completed and they again em- barked on the river. After passing Carratunk Falls the stream grew so rapid that the men were obhged to wade and push the boats more than half the way to the Great Carry- ing Place, twelve miles below the Forks. The carry was fourteen miles long; but three httle ponds on the way afforded them as many rests, and a plenty of de- licious trout. Then they met Dead River flowing calmly through grand old forests resplendent with all the brilliant hues of autumn. Passing falls and rapids, they at length beheld rising above the woods a lofty mountain already white with snow. Here Arnold en- camped for three days, displaying from a tall staff over his tent the Continental flag ; while Major Bigelow ascended the mountain in tlie vain hope of seeing the spires of Quebec. The township in which the camps were pitched is now called Flagstafl' Plantation, and the mountain bears the name of Bigelow, in commem- oration of those events. 3. Soon after leaving this point a heavy rain storm set in. The water rushed in torrents do^^^l the liills, the river channel filled with drift wood, and the water burst into the valley where the soldiers were encamped with such suddenness that they had scarcely time to retreat to the bateaux before the whole plain w^as cov- ered with water. Worse than all, seven boats were upset, and the stores lost ; leaving them only twelve days provisions, with thhty miles more of hills, woods and marshes between them and the head waters of the Chaudiere. Many had become sick from toil and ex- posure, and were sent back to the division of Colonel Enos, who was now ordered to send the invalids to the settlements, and come on as fast as possible with his 1775 Arnold's expedition. 193 best men, and provisions for fifteen clays. He had only three days provisions ; and, at a council of his otiiccrs, it was decided that the whole division must return or perish. The rain had changed to snow, and the ponds, marshes and streams became covered with ice; yet the men were often obliged to wade and push the bateaux. Many of the boats were abandoned, for the oxen had been killed for food ; antl everytliing had to be carried hy the men. On the 27th of Octo])er the boats were lifted for the last time from the waters of Maine, and a portage of four miles l^rought them to a small stream down whicli they urged the remaining l)ateaux to Lake Megantic, the chief source of the Chaudiere. 4. The next morning a party of fifty-five men was sent forward througli the woods to the French settle- ments, still seventy miles further, for provisions, while Arnold with thirteen men set ofi' in five bateaux and a canoe. They were without a guide ; and no sooner had they left the lake and entered the river than they were obliged to lash their freight to the boats lest it should be thrown overboard by the turbulent current. The roar of the stream increased. Three boats were dashed in pieces upon the rocks, their contents lost, and then' crews left struggling in the water. The main body of the troops followed on as rap- idly as they could. In a few days nothing was left except a little flour, which was eaten with water with- out salt. On coming near the sandy beach of the river some keen-eyed soldier would be seen to dart from the ranks down to tlie water's edge, closely followed by half a dozen more. They had cauglit sight of some water plant, supposed to be eata'ble, and the foremost man dug it up with his fingers and instantly devoured it witliout washing. A little lean dogl)elonging to one of the otiiccrs disa])]K'ared one night, and the nt-xt day a few of the soldiers had some thin, greenish fluid which they called bear's broth, though no one liad 194 HISTORY OF MAINE. 1775 heard that a bear had been killed. Old moose hide breeches were boiled and then broiled on the coals, and eaten. Many men died with hunger and fatigue, frequently four or five minutes after making their last effort and sitting down. 5. Friday, November 3d, was a memorable day to the little army. Weary, despairing, starving, few could have kept on much longer, when they were met by some cattle sent back by the advanced party with Arnold. They were saved from starvation ; but most of them lived for a bloodier death. After many un- necessary delays Arnold led them against tlie strong city of Quebec, but the golden moment liad passed. The garrison had been reinforced, and hundreds of these brave men, who, for the sake of gaining this import- ant post, had endured the toil and famine of the wil- derness, lay down before the fatal hail of the artillery, making the blood-stained snow their winding sheet. The brave Montgomery and his victorious little army, fresh from the capture of Montreal, shared their fate. More than four hundred Americans fell in this attack, while four hundred more were taken captive, and suf- fered many months of severe imprisonment. 6. By the close of the year 1775, the Continental ■Congress was fully entered upon its labors of law-mak- ing. Post offices were established and put in operation from Maine to Georgia ; and during the winter the miHtia was arranged anew. Massachusetts was formed into four mihtary divisions, — Maine being one by itself. The militia of each county constituted a brigade, which was again sub-divided into regiments and companies. John Frost, of Ivittery, was Brigadier General of York county, Samuel Thompson, of Brunswick, com- manded the Cumberland militia, and the officer for Lincoln county was Charles Cushing of Pownalborough. Tlie British cruisers were on our coast, and the militia was at once put in condition to meet the red- coats wherever they might set foot on our shores. 177C THE WAR IN TUE EAST. 195 Falmouth was partially rebuilt, having fortifications mounting six cannon, and she now felt herself com- petent with the aid of the militia to beat back any force the British might send against her. But General Washington had driven the British army out of Boston and early in the summer their vessels mostly went southward. On July 4th, 1776, the Continental Congress declared the thirteen United Colonies to be Free and Inde2)end- ent. In Maine the ministers read the Declaration to their people, and the town clerks entered it at full length in their records. We had a country, now, and were no longer rebellious subjects of a foreign power, but citizens and sovereigns of Independent States. The question was no longer whether we would be able to obtain our riglits of Great Britain, but whether we would be a Nation or a subjugated people. Tories were no longer a political party, but enemies, spies and traitors, and to be treated as such, or in pity allowed to depart from the country. This Indej^endence in- fused spirit into the people ; and the citizens of Maine wanted to be doing something by which it might be secured forever. 7. Therefore in September of this year an expe- dition set out from Machias to capture Fort Cumber- land on Chignecto Bay in Nova Scotia. Tlie force consisted only of a schooner and a few whale boats, carrying seventy men. The commander was Jolm- atlum Eddy, who had formerly lived in the neighbor- hood of the fort, l)ut had been driven away by the authorities l)ecause he wished that province to join the otlier colonies. At Chepody Hill, not far from the fort, Colonel Eddy's men cajitured fifteen soldiers with their captain. Two or three days later a vessel came into the harbor witli supplies for the garrison, and Colonel Eddy with twenty-five men sallied out afoot over tlie fiats during a fog, and made lier a prize. Many of Eddy's old neighbors joined him, so that he soon had a force of one hundred and fifty men. 196 HISTORY OF MAINE. 1776 At length on a cloudy night the attack was made on the fort. Its embankments were very high, and along the top were placed heavy logs, ready to roll down upon any assailants. The garrison had been reinforced and was expecting the assault ; and Colonel Eddy was repulsed with much loss. The result of this expedition was very painful. The enemy pursued the little band, destroyed their camp, and captured their vessels, forcing them to make their retreat througli the wilderness. After twenty-five days of toil and suffer- ing the straggling remnant arrived at Machias, hungry and gaunt, with clothing half stripped from their bodies. The houses of such as lived at Chignecto were burned by troops from the fort, and their families left home- less and destitute until the next spring, when, after ex- treme sufferings, they were brought away by a vessel under a flag of truce. 8. Another patriotic refugee from Nova Scotia, John Allan, had been a member of the General Assem- bly of the province, but sympathized so openly in the American cause that he was obliged to fly for his life, and had not even time to bring away his family. At the failure of the attack on Fort Cumberland his house was plundered and burned with the rest, and his wife thrown into prison. Congress made him its agent to keep the Indians from joining the British, who were using every means to win them. If they had succeed- ed, all of Maine east of the Penol)scot would probably have now been a part of the British dominions. Col- onel Allan spent most of his time with the Passama- quoddy Indians, keeping a government store for the benefit of tliis and other tribes. After the Indians had joined with the Americans in the repulse of the vessels at Machias, they were in much dread of the British, and rehed greatly on Col- onel Allan for counsel and aid in case of an attack upon them. They were also very much attached to him J yet, as he was obliged to leave them frequently 1777 THE WAR IN THE EAST. 197 for otlier duties, they feared lie might forsake them entirely ; and at last they refused to permit his depar- ture unless he left his two boys as security for his return. These boys remained with the tribe two years ; and though they must have found much to enjoy, they were many times obliged to live on iish, parched corn, and seal's flesh, and were often ragged, hungry and miserable. Their father did the best he could to keep up their courage and character under these difficult conditions ; often writing them such letters as the fol- lowing : 9. "Be very kind to the Indians, and take particu- lar notice of Nicholas, Francis, Joseph and old Cou- cou-guash. I send you books, paper, pens and ink, wafers, and some otlier little things ; shall send more in two or three days. Let me entreat you, my dear children, to be careful of your company and manners, be moral, solier and discreet. Duly observe your duty to the Almighty, morning and night. Mind the Sab- bath day, not to have either work or play, except ne(;essity compels you. I pray God to bless you, my dear boys." In 1777, Machias was made a national military sta- tion, and su[tplied with two nine pounders, and garri- soned with three hundred men under Colonel Allan. The British remembered well the previous exploits of the Machias people, and as soon as the admiral heard at New York of this new movement he despatched a naval force to destroy the town and to defend the Nova Scotia coasts against the troul>lesome people of Maine. In August of tliis year, and before a garrison was col- lected together, a sloop, two frigates and a brig anchor- ed in Machias Hiver. Ilavhig burned a tide mill and taken a coasthig sloop, they sent the brig, the sloop, and some barges laden with soldiers up the west branch to destr(^y whatever came in their way. They landed at "Indian Brim," where they burned down a few buildings ; then, the wind having died away, they towed 198 HISTORY OF MAINE. 1^77 their brig and sloop up river to a point witliin a mile and a half from the falls. 10. By this time it was late in the afternoon, and the people had learned the position of the enemy, and gathered for the attack. The barges had come np to within half a mile of the falls, and here the firing commenced upon them from both banks of the river. Tlie men were speedily driven from the barges on board the sloop and brig, which drifting down river, made the guns of the British very uncertain in their aim. Soon the brig ran aground, and such a shower of bul- lets was poured down on the deck from the banks that the men were obliged to go below to save their hves. At length a breeze sprang up in a favorable quarter, and the vessels succeeded in getting off. Every man in town capable of bearing arms had now found his place somewhere along the river, and watched to get a shot at the invaders. Colonel Allan had brought down his Indians who whooped in their pecuhar way from their hiding places, and the white people who were scattered through the woods along the river imitated their yells, until the retreating marines thought the forests fall of wild warriors. The British were quite discouraged by this experience from attempting any- thing more; and a day or two later the squadron left the harbor. The great event of this year was the surrender of •the British army under Burgoyne to General Gates at Saratoga; and the news gave a joyful close to the sea- son's campaign in Maine. What famous expedition passed up the Kennebec in 1775? What noted men were connected with it? What was the result of this expedition ? What was done by Congress at the close of the year ? What effect did the declaration of independence have in Maine? What was the result of Johnathan Eddy's expedition against Fort Cumberland ? What valuable service did Col. John Allan render to the American cause ? Describe the action with the British at Machias ? What great victory occurred near the close of the year ? 1778 EVENTS OF THE REVOLUTION. 199 CHAPTER XXV. 1. Tlie Continental currency, which was ahnost the only money in circulation, had constantly fallen in value, until at tliis time it took thirty dollars in bills to ei[ivd\ one in specie. Six dollars in currency was the price of a pair of stockings; seven dollars were paid for a pair of common cowhide shoes, — while beef was live and six dollars a pound. In 1779 corn sold for thirty-iive dollars per bushel, wheat meal for about seventy-five dollars, molasses at sixteen dollars a gal- lon, and tea at nineteen dollars a pound. Yet the high price of some of these articles was owing }>artially to the injury of the crops l)y drought. Surely these were times when men's courage and strength were tried to the utmost. The pay received by a private soldier was insufficient to keep his family from want; yet the ranks of the army, thinned by battle and disease, must be filled up, — if not by volunteers, then by draft. 2. Early in the year 1778 Hon. John Adams was appointed minister at the French Court. This was an important appointment; for it was hoped that France would be induced to aid us in our arduous struggle. His safe conveyance to that country was entrusted to Commodore Tucker, afterward a citizen of Bremen in this state. He was then in command of the frigate Jjosto?i, and in Feljruary he sailed for France with Mr. Adams on board. He soon found himself pursued by three British ships, wliich had been on the watch for the minister's departure. It is diffi- cult to escape from two swift vessels, the fugitive being almost sure to be intercepted on one side or the other ; but if there is a third to follow up in a direct line it must ordinarily be impossible to avoid an en- counter. By uncommon skill in maneuvering Tucker 200 HISTORY OF MAINE. ^778 eluded them for several days. As tliey entered the Gulf Stream a great storm arose, and the Boston saw its pursuers no more. 3. A few days later they discovered an English ship ahead; and this both the captain and his noble passenger desired to capture. Mr, Adams, havnig obtained a musket, placed himself among the marines with the determination of taking a part in the figlit. Captain Tucker soon caught sight of the minister; and, stepping up to him, placed a hand upon his shoulder, saying sternly, "Mr. Adams, T am com- manded by the Continental Congress to deliver you safe in France, and you must go below, sir." Mr. Adams smiled and went down to the cabin. When within range a shot was fired at the Martha, which was the name of the enemy's vessel, to bring her to. She replied l>y a discharge of three guns, wliich cut away some of the rigging; and a piece from the mizzen cauie down upon the captain's head, felling him to the deck. But he was upon his feet the next moment, and sooii had his frigate in position for a rak- ing fire upon the enemy. The mariues were at their posts, the great guns were shotted, the matchstocks of the gunners were smoking, — still the order to fire was not given. The men grew impatient, and began to mur- mur and swear bitterly that so fine a chance should l)e allowed to pass, — when the commander shouted in that stentorian voice for which he was famous, "Hold on, my men; I wish to save that egg without brealdng the shell." They did not have to wait long; for the enemy overheard the order, and took the hint ; and his flag came down immediately. 4. It is said that Tu(;ker captured more guns from the enemy than any other naval commander of the Hevolution. By his success he amassed considerable property, and resided in a fine mansion on a fashionable street in Boston ; but, becoming fatally addicted to strong drink, he lost his standing with government, 1779 EVENTS OF THE REVOLUTION. 201 his property slipped from his lifinds, and he was reduced at leugtli to a farm in Bristol, Maine, where in a rough house of three rooms he and his family lived many years. The ambassador had been safely landed in France; and in the following June, Count d'Estaing reached our shores with a Heet to aid the American cause. This event, with the success of our arms in the battle of Monmouth, lifted the gloomy (douds and gave assurance that Independence Avould finally be won. In 1779 Congress divided the whole country into districts, for the purposes of revenue and better admin- istration of national laws; and thus it was that we became the District of Maine, — still a ])art of Massa- chusetts, yet having a United States court and the district officers, as we have had ever since. 5. The British commanders now saw that some- thing must be done to check Maine, or she would wrest Nova Scotia from them; so in July, 1779, Gen- eral McLane with a force of seven or eight vessels and nine hundred men, came to Penobscot and took possession of Castine. The place was undefended; and the larger portion of the fleet soon departed, leaving three shxips of war under Mo watt to assist the troops in holding the position. Steps were im- mediately taken to dislodge them; and about the middle of July a flotilla reached Townsend (now Boothbay) IIarl)or, where the land forces awaited them. The fleet was commanded l)y Commodore Saltonstall, of Connecticut, and had on board a few companies of marines and a company of ordnance under Col. Paul Kevere. Brigadier Generals Frost, Thompson and Cushing, of Maine, were there with their militia, ready to embark on the patriotic enter- prise. The fleet consisted of the flag ship Warren, which was a fine, new Continental frigate of thirty- two guns, together with nine ships, six brigs and three sloops, — the whole carrying three hundred and forty- 202 HISTORY OF MAINE. 1^79 four guns. General Lovell, of Massachusetts, was commander of the laud forces, and his associate was Adjutant General Peleg Wadswortli, afterward a resi- dent of Maine. The British commander at Castine had heard of the expedition several days before its arrival, and had done his utmost to prepare for the attack. As soon as it appeared in sight lie concluded that defense was impossible, except he was reinforced; and he sent at once to Halifax for aid. 6. Early in the morning of July 28th the vessels were drawn up in a line liefore the British position on the peninsula, and four hundred men were sent ashore under cover of the fog to commence the attack. The neck had been separated froui the mainland by a broad, deep trench, and the sides were so well defended that the troops could only be landed on the northwest, where the shore, at one point, rose precipitously nearly one hundred feet. As they bft the boats the cannon balls from the British ships began to whistle over their heads, and a line of soldiers posted along the lieights threw down a l)risk hre of musketry into their faces. They immediately divided into three parties, — the center remaining to engage the enemy, while the other parties climl)ed the bank at right and left. On reaching the top thoy suddenly closed in upon the British line, which hastily retreated, leaving thirty of their number killed, wounded and prisoners. It was a short but sharp encounter, lasting only twenty min- utes; but in that time we lost one hundred men. There was scarcely a more brilliant engagement during the war ; and if the action had ])een followed up by the fleet the place must in a short time have surren- dered. A council was now held, in which it was proposed that a surrender shoidd be demanded; but Saltonstall opposed, and it was not done. 7. But General Lovell still pressed his advantage on shore, reducing the enemy's outworks and captur- 1779 EVEXTS OF THE REVOLUTION. 203 ing several ticl