H- 1"^ .LL/ _C.C / M. / ( r/ ( ( c ^ !«fc._ -I-- W- pSi^ fiSStt^ iiii>iwai8OT-xHv Or; d 1^0 saloon Tn+t^f Valley. " EDUCATION. FROM the earliest settlement of the State, \'ermonters have taken great interest in the matter of education, and from the rude log school house with its hard benches, warmed by the open fireplace, if it can be said that it was warmed at all, in which the scholars were given the rudiments of an education by the faithful schoolmaster, who boarded around, and made his way through storms and snow drifts, often a mile or more to the scene of his labor, made his own fire, cared for the buildings, and taught six days in a week and as long as daylight lasted, receiving as compensation from $8 to $12 per month, to the 11 conditions of the present, we fmd that progress here has kept pace with the advance in other di- reiitions. In the early grants of land in the State a por- tion was reserved in each town for the use of schools, and this has been a perpetual income, as the lands were all rented, and the rents turn- ed over yearly to the school fund. Today the schools are well maintained, and though suffer- ing in some instances from lack of scholars, it is the purpose of Vermont to provide that each child raised upon its soil shall have the benefit of a free school to attend, within a reasonable dis- tance, or if remote from school privileges, to pro- vide for transporting to and from school. The State goes further than to provide schools. It makes the attendance of children within cer- tain ages compulsory, and provides punishment for the parent or guardian who neglects or refuses to send them. Though the common schools are the bed-rock upon which is grounded the educa- tional system, and the schools from which a ma- jority of the scholars recei^■e all the privileges they ever acquire, there are provided excellent HAYMAKING. institutions for higher and professional training. The largest and oldest of these higher institutes is the l^ni- versity of Vermont, located at Burlington, which has connected with it the State Agricultural College and Experiment Station, and an excellent medical college. It has the several departments usually found at modern universities, embracing classical, agricultural, scien- tific, civil, mechanical and ele6lrical engineering, all of which are supported by an able corps of professors. Middlebury College at Middlebury was chartered in 1800, nine years later than the University of Vermont, but was the first college to graduate students, holding its first commencement in 1802. This college has a classical and scientific course. Norwich University was founded in 1820, and established at Norwich. It was removed to Northfield in 1866. The distinctive feature is its course in civil engineering and military science. Two hundred seventy-three commissioned officers from tliis institution served in the Mexican and civil wars. Besides its three colleges, Vermont has excellent schools lor higher education located at St. Johnsbury, Saxtons River, Poultney, Peacham, Bakersfield. Burlington, Bellows Falls, Barre, Mont- pelier, South Woodstock, Lyndon, Derby, New Haven and Craftsbury, three normal schools for training teach- ers, at Randolph, Johnson and Castleton, and graded schools in nearly all the larger towns, in many of which students are fitted for a college course. TEMPERANCE. e^SELY connected with the subjeiit of education in the minds of Vermonters is the subject of tem- perance. Vermont was one of the first States to ena6t laws restricting the sale of intoxicating liquors, and makes temperance one of tlie subjects to be taught in the common schools. For years the State has had a stringent prohibitory law, and the result of the efforts made on this subject has been to very greatly restrict the traffic. At the present time there are few violations, except in the larger towns, and here public sentiment is coming to demand a more thorough enforcement of the law : and where this is demanded the traffic cannot long endure, as \'ermont law on this subject carries sharp and severe punishment. The police regulations of the State are of the best. Ample provision is made for all offenders at the vari- 13 i.Kuii' OK .Viii^ini;!'; c a i i i. ous State institutions. The prison at Windsor, liouse of correction at Rutland, and reform school at Ver- gennes are ample in their accommodation for the needs of the State, and it is a matter of credit that the}' are not crowded with inmates. AGRICULTURE. IN few places is it more literally true than in Vermont that agriculture is the foundation upon which all other industries are builded. Until quite recently agri- culture has been almost the only industry of the State, and very great attention is given to the study of the best methods and the proper lines upon which to work in or- der to secure the best results. The farming land of Ver- mont is of great fertility, composed largely of disinte- grated rock. It has an enduring qualit}- found in few localities. After a hundred years of cultivation and con- tinuous cropping, it is found, by consulting the census of 1890, that the record of its products takes a high place. In raising wheat only one State produced as much per acre : of corn, two States only exceeded Vermont's record : four States only produced more potatoes to the acre : in buckwheat only one State exceeded \'ermont ; five States produced more barley per acre : five States produced more rye per acre : one State more oats. Vermont occupies the first place in both quantity and quality of maple sugar produced. Taken as a whole, Vermont takes the first place in a general average of quantity and value ot all these farm crops per acre. From the census it also appears that the average value of farm crops for each person employed is $400, against an average for the United States of $289. It also appears that from 1880 to 1890 the taxable prop- erty of the State showed an increase of 86 per cent, the average for the I'nited States being 43.46 per cent. Only sixteen of the States and territories showed as large an increase, and of these all except Florida were west of the Mississippi river, and had received large ga-ns in population. Again, the census shows taxa- ble property to each person in Vermont as $485.98, and an average for the United States of $387.62. POPULATION. THE consideration of the foregoing fa6ts naturally leads to an inquiry in regard to the population of the State, and in this it is found that the State has 15 GHOl'I" (.-1 II i;--i ■» c A 1 I I. remained nearly stationary. The larger towns have nearly all showed an increase, and the smaller or farming towns have fewer people than ten or twenty years ago. Several causes have contributed to pro- duce this condition, among which may be noted the large emigration that has gone out from the State to settle new territory. The building up of manufa6turing and the development of mining and quarrying has tended to draw from the rural districts, and others have not come to fill the places made vacant. This has led to a scarcity of help among the farmers, and the partial or complete neglecft in certain localities of good farming land. There has also come a change in the methods of farming, intensive taking the place of extensive methods, and b}- this means less land is required to produce the same amount than formerly, and this has put a portion of the larger holdings on the market. It is probably true that few localities can offer so good an opportunity to undertake farming on a small capital as Vermont. l^he Board of Agriculture has issued a catalogue this season, containing descriptions of about 200 Ver- mont farms that are at the present time without tenants, and on the market at a very low price. This pam- phlet, as well as others issued in recent years by the board, in which \^ermont and its industries are de- scribed, will be sent to any who may apply lor the same to Vit^tor I. Spear, Braintree, Vt. DAIRYING. I HE leading agricultural interest of Vermont at the present time is dairying, and the rapid advance made in the past few years indicates for it an impor- tant future. The methods employed, the stock kept, the feed supplied, have all undergone a transforma- tion. At the present time the majority of the milk produced is made up into its produ6ts of butter and cheese in the private dairy, though the establishment of creameries has gone forward at quite a rapid pace within the past few years, and in no }'ear have so many been established as within the past twelve months. The)' are proving of great benefit, especially to the dairyman with only a few cows, who cannot afford to give up his time to dairy work. The separ- ator and cold deep setting systems are both in use, but the past year or two has witnessed a tendency in favor 17 GREEN MOUNTAIN STOCK I'AUM {Tin Home ul lliu I,;ivgcst lUrd of 'I'hnrouKlibixil Jersey CiUlk in New EngUiiid). of the separator. The largest creamery in the world is located at St. Albans, and is supplied by about 60 separators along the lines of railway centering at St. Albans. This creamery has 1,000 patrons who own 15,000 cows. In 1892, 2,060,000 pounds of butter was made, the most made any day being 18,000 pounds. This creamery has a capacity of 25,000 pounds per day. It has so far been unable to supply the demand of the market for its butter. The State is found to be admirably adapted to dairying, and its dairy pro- clui5fs have always taken a high rank. The sweet feed of the June pastures, and the rich grasses and corn stored for winter feed, and the pure water which everywhere abounds, are all essential elements of successful dairy- ing. In recent years the Vermont farmer has found that by means of the rapid communication between the farm and the cit}' it is possible to suppl)' not only cream, but in man}' cases milk, to the cit}' trade. The favorable loca- tion of Vermont, within five or six hours of all the principal cities of New England and New York, is a very important advantage to the V^ermont dairyman, as it enables him to supply the trade with produiits that are fresh, and ileliver whenever needed. The quality of \'ermont dairy products is pretty well established 19 "X^^C^^^^ -^i?-^ir_ixr 4:H/i rRA/^KU/l- si'EciMKx ^•^;RMo^•T iioissiis. from competitions made with the world, the last two of which, at Paris and Madison Square, both resulted in bringing the gold medal to Vermont, in the first in- stance going to the Moulton Brothers, of Randolph, proprietors of the Green Mountain Stock Farm, and in the latter case to Hon. Homer W. Vail, of Pomfret. Another important fat!:tor in Vermont dairying is the cow used for the purpose, and probably no one element is more important. After trials extending to all breeds, it is pretty well established in the minds of \'ermont dairymen, and there is a praiitical unanimity of judg- ment among them, that the Jersey cow is the animal adapted to the purpose and the conditions that here prevail. Not that other breeds do not have their advo- cates and friends : they do, and in some sections the Guernsey is a formidable rival lor public favor. In the vicinity of cheese factories, and where the milk is to be sold to families, the Ayrshires have many friends, and have made a good record. Some, also, are friendly to the Holstein, others adhere to the Durham or the Devon, and each may have advantages to meet a par- ticular case. Man\- dairies in \'ermont are producing an average of 300 pounds of butter per cow per year, some exceeding this amount largely, and one, a dairy of 21 cows, having exceeded 400 pounds in 1892. No estimate made in 1889 fairly represents the dairy in- terest of 1892. The progress has been marked in many localities, and the 140 pounds average of the State, made from the census of 1889, would need to be added to in representing the present average.- HORSES. I HE reputation of Vermont in the produ6tion of horses rests upon the fame achieved by the Mor- gan breed. This class of horses sprung from the use of a stallion owned b\' one Justin Morgan, of the town of Randolph. This stallion in his day did not attraiit very great attention, but had a local reputation for great strength and endurance, coupled with a good degree of speed, but was rather below the ordinary size. The descendants of this sire retained his quali- ties in a remarkable degree, and established the breed of horses bearing the name of the owner, a breed in which \'ermont takes great interest and pride, and to which the horses of the country are largely indebted for the best qualities possessed at the present time. 21 f:'; "^^l '•'^wv.vii.'io,,;,, i,/,Mi'll!„f|Wl' m^j^^MBw^ VERMONT MERINO SHEEP, 1893. Vermont has been found to be- adapted for develop- Morgan, and from this blood have received much of ing and perfetiting animals of medium or small size, that which is best, for a time \'ermonters were in- whether in horses, cattle or sheep, and the Morgan clined to neglecft this stock on account of the demand horse possessed just those qualities which were adapted for larger horses, and during these years of neglect a to Vermont conditions. This blood has been sought large proportion of this stock was sold, and has since for by the breeders of the country, and a large per laid the foundation for successful horse breeding in cent of the noted horses trace back to the Vermont other States. At the present time great interest is 22 being taken in preserving what is left of tliis blood, and rapid advances have been made in the past ten years in producing a fine class of horses. For the class of horses termed "gentlemen's drivers" the Ver- mont Morgan horse has won the first place. In this blood is found united in a remarkable degree the quali- ties demanded — fair size, free action, great endurance, willing workers and intelligence. Vermont has at the present time some fine specimens of this breed of horses, two noted sires of the present day being shown in the accompanying engraving. Some intelligent breed- ers of this class of horses are receiving a liberal reward for their labor and skill, and it may be doubted if there is any department of agriculture offering better returns at the present time than intelligent effort in producing the horses demanded by men of wealth. And it is a question hardly susceptible of doubt that in no seiition can this work be followed with more advantages than in Vermont. In Vermont one finds a climate exactly adapted to developing to the highest perfection. Feed, whether from pasture or meadow, rich in all the qualities of flesh produdfion, lands to be bought at a low price, breeding stock available of the highest excellence, and the advantage of breeding on the same ground that has developed this particular class of horses — with these advantages in their favor, it is confidently expedfed that breeding superior horses in Vermont will increase, and thereby add to the prosperity of both the State and the breed- ers. SHEEP. I HE history of sheep husbandry in Vermont extends back to the earliest settlements of the State. The wool formerly spun and woven in the homes of the early settlers, from which clothing for the family was provided, was raised upon the few sheep which every settler thouglit it necessary to own. From raising wool for the use of the family the industr}- extended, and wool was produced to sell to the local fa6fories which came into existence, and from that extended until it became Ihc source of income to the farmer. Oxen were kept to do the work, sometimes a horse by the more prosperous to take the family to church, a cow to provide milk and butter for the family, and the bal- ance of the farm crops were mainly fed to sheep, and 23 the income from the sale of wool was almost the sole the Merino has done in the way of improving the source of monev revenue from the farm. This indus- Heeces of \'ermont sheep. Vermonters have found try increased rapidly, and early attention was given to large profits in impro\ing and developing the Spanish improving tiie quality and quantitv of product per ani- Merino, not only from increasing the wool product of mal. This desire for improvement led to importing their tiocks, but also in supph'ing this stock to the sheep from Spain for this purpose. Importations of flock masters of this and foreign countries, the Spanish Merinos were first made earl}- in the pres- In \'ermont the Merino sheep found favorable con- ent century, and during the war with England the ditions, and a people disposed to give them every price of Merino wool reached the phenomenal sum of advantage of skill and care ; and there are in the $2.50 per pound. Farmers were wild with desire to State today many flocks that for more than half a possess sheep, and especially Merinos, and prices for century have been bred upon the same farms by the Merino stock rams reached to $1,000 per head. original owners and their descendants. This persist- Following this excitement, at the close of the war, a ence and devotion to this stock, together with the dead calm settled over the sheep industry for a time, favorable conditions of the State, among which may and the thousand dollar sheep came to be sold at about be enumerated soil, climate, water and feed, has a dollar per head, but still the number of sheep on the placed the Vermont Merino in the front in every mar- farms continued to increase, and in 1840 reached the ket, and the \'ermont standard is more largely accepted number of 1,681,819, producing on an average 2.2 in this and tbreign countries than any other. Ample pounds of wool per head. In 1890 the number of evidence to sustain this claim is found in the long list sheep had decreased to 362,112, averaging 6.1 pounds of gold medals and first prizes which have come to per head. With only about one-fifth as many sheep, Vermont breeders from the international expositions Vermont is producing two-thirds as manv pounds of held at Hamburgh. Philadelphia and Paris. Probably wool now as in 1840. These figures from our census no business employing a like capital has ever brought reports are perhaps a sufKcient commentary as to what to the State so much money as the Merino sheep. 24 The^breeding at the present time is limited to a lew persons who have made it a life business, and will be slow to abandon an industry that has been so success- ful for nearly a century. There have always been seasons of high prices for this stock, followed by cor- responding low prices ; so that in any season when prices rule low, and tlie demand for breeding stock light, it is expected that in the next turn history will repeat itself and good prices prevail. Perhaps in no other occupation has there been so large a demand for faith in the future as in Merino sheep breeding, and each time those who have possessed faith have been rewarded. There is renewed interest in sheep in some portions of the State, in view of tlie fa6t that our mar- kets are calling for mutton in recent 3'ears, and it is found that \'ermont is admirably adapted to supplying this demand. The markets of the large towns of the State, as well as the cities of New England, take all that can be produced of good mutton at remunerative prices. The low price of \'ermont farming land makes it possible to raise this producit in competition with any section of the country, and to have the added advan- tage of markets within easy reach. Sheep raising in Vermont has undergone a marked change in the past fifty years, but to the man who has kept abreast of the times, and made his produiJ't to suit the demand of the present markets, it has been found fairly profitable, and indications at the present time are that the industry is likelv to increase. MAPLE SUGAR. I HE single produft in which Vermont excels all other States, in both quantity and quality, is maple sugar. The entire produiit of the country for 1889 was only about 50,000,000 pounds, or less than a pound for each of its population. Of this amount \"ermont produced nearly or quite one-third, and in producing it onlj' used from one-third to one-half of the maples of the State. So, although one of the earliest industries of the State, there are few that lack so much of being fully developed as this, and it would seem that a produiit that is so generally known, appreciated and sought after, should yield a profit sufficient to insure its producl^tion to the limit of the capacity of the State. Improved methods of manufacture, together with an 25 MODliRN SIGAU MAKING. increasing demand for the best quality as an article of luxury, is doing much to increase produ6lion. There is a wide contrast between past and present methods of making maple sugar. In the early days the first settlers used to tap their trees with an axe or tapping iron, catch the sap in troughs dug out of basswood logs, and boil in a kettle swung upon a pole, where it was possible to boil from fiity to one hundred gallons of sap per day, and to make from it a product dark in color, possessing sweet- ness, and also flavored with the various impurities of charcoal, ashes, leaves, etc., incident to the ex- posed condition of doing the work. The wooden troughs were first replaced with wooden pails or buckets, and later with tin ; the iron potash kettle, first with the small pan, and next the evaporator. The work has been transformed from the open woods to neat and comfortable sugar houses. The sap which used to be carried upon the shoulders of the sugar- makers, making their way much of the time upon snow shoes, is now drawn with teams in suitable tanks or tubs, or conducted through Hues of piping dire6f to the storage provided at the sugar house. All these changes indicate the progress that has taken place in this work, and accounts for the fa6t that much of the best sugar produced at the present time is sus- pected of being adulterated, because the flavor and color of former days is found lacking. At the present time only a few hours after the sap leaves the tree it is in the form of syrup or sugar, and ready to be mar- keted. The cuts employed show very well past and present methods and conveniences for making maple sugar. Among the best sugar makers sap is seldom, if ever, allowed to stand over night before boiling. Teams or men are kept at work gathering during the 27 day and deli\ering to tlic c\aporator, which is capable and which can on!}- l:>c used under certain restricrtions. of reducing to svrup witli great rapidilx , the capacity Persons lni\ ing sugar or svriip bearing tlie label of \arving with size of rig from 25 to 100 gallons per this association, can be certain of securing a jnirc and hour, liy means of this frequent gathering and rapid first-class article. The names of the members will be boiling the sap is in contai.H with the air but a short turnished on application to the secretar}', A.J. Croft, time, and discoloring is prevented. Could sap be Knosburgh Falls. \'t. evaporated without exposure to the air and loss of Though, as has been said, a large part of tin- avail- time, the produa would be almost absolutelj- white. ,^\,l^, niaples are at the present time unused, and though The market for this produ(5f has extended, and tin- Uiere are farms on the market today for a less price uses for it multiplied. It is little used at present as a than the value of the maples upon them tor sugar ]iur- domestic necessity, but as a luxury, and large quantities poses, improved methods in making and marketing are are sold as maple syrup or honey, which is put in air having their effecH. and the business at the present time tight packages and sealed while hot. and il" properly is increasing each year, put up will keep indelinitely. ^Pl^^, ^..^^.^^. ^.^,,j,„„ „i _,„^,.„. j^.^.^-,^.,^ j„ ^^,,j^.,, ^^.,^^,,^. Maple sugar is used extensively by confec'doners for neighborhoods are invited, has not passed away, and maple candy, by the housewife for making cakes, pies, the old and the young gather with old time interest to cookies, etc., it giving a Havor for such uses superior eat sugar spread upon snow, with the accompaniment to any other sugar. The demand for the maple produi't of doughnuts : nor has the preterence for the scum that has given rise to much adulteration and counterfeiting, rises in process of boiling lost caste. Todav the sugar and it is probably true that there is more of the coun- maker tests his svru|i by thermometer or hydrometer, terfeit Uian the genuine on the market. Tt) ]iroteCt knowing exactly the condition ol his produO-t, and their customers against fraud the Vermont maple sugar whether it is lit tor syrup, tub sugar or cakes. The makers have formed an association, and adopted a trade custom of testing by means of watching it apron from mark for their goods which is protei^ted by a copyright, the ladle or ilipper, by dropping in cold water, or 28 blowing from a brown splint, has been superceded by the flocks, but an}' general efforts in the way of man- accurate and reliable scientific tests. It is not claimed ufat!:turing are of comparative recent date. There were that all the maple sugar produced in Vermont at the obstacles in the way of such enterprises, of which the present time is of standard quality ; but the proportion of this class of goods is increasing each year, and when so made the industry is found to be profitable. And in proportion as the markets come to know pure from adulterated maple sugar, and the sugar makers learn to produce the best quality of produ^-t, will the business increase and become more profitable. MANUFACTURING. main one was a lack of good roads and cheap transpor- tation facilities. And even when railroads were estab- lished, thev for a long time failed to appreciate that man- ufatrturing was desirable, and made rates that, as com- pared with other seiitions, were praiitically prohibitory. More recentlv, as the State has come to be meshed with railroads, and competition has cheapened trans- portation from juncrtion points, it has been found profit- able to harness a portion of the unlimited water pow er with which the State abounds, and many important manufaL^uring plants have grown up and added largely pXCEPT that, in a certain sense, every home in to the material resources of the State. Some of these i^^ Vermont did manufa*;:turing in former times, it are closely identified with the State, producing either can be said that verv little attention was paid to this the produe^ts of Vermont genius or Vermont quarries business. Artisans in the various trades supplied the in such proportions as to ha\'e commanded the atlcn- demands of the first settlers. The blacksmith, the tion of the world, and taken the foremost rank. Of carpenter, the wheelv\'right and the cobbler were found this class is the Fairbanks Scale Works at Si. johns- in e\'er\' co:nmunit\- pursuing their various vocations. bur\'. ^Fhe Fairbanks scale was the in\ention ot But establishments for producing manufac^tured goods Thaddeus Fairbanks, and the first produiits were made did not receive earlv attention. Woolen mills were and produced in a small way. finding a limited sale among the first to be erected to utilize the produ(its of among his neighbors. Under good management the 29 ^^-x.^^Sa7"q :e?,;k^, business grew, until at tlie present lime it occupies buildings as shown in the cut, and claims the largest sale of scales of any factory in the world, and its scales are the standard for all European countries, North and South America, India, China. Japan, Australia, Africa, and the East and West Indies. A close competitor in this department of manufaiituring is the Howe Scale Company, located at Rutland, a j'ounger company, that was for a time unfortunate in its management, but at the present is fast winning public favor through the excellence of its workmanship, and gi\es promise of a successful future. x\t Brattleboro is located another industr\' of Xev- mont origin, the Estey Organ Works. The Estev organ was the invention of Jacob Estey, and com- menced under the most humble circumstances. For several years the in\entor used to drix'e through the country with his own team, sellinrf musical instruments to the people of the adjoining country. Good business ta6f, together with having produced a good organ, brought its reward, and though since o\ertaken by tlood and other misfortunes, the business has grown to be the largest of its kind in the world, and last \'ear the com- pletion of the last of 250,000 organs was celebrated in a fitting manner. And as in the past, so now, no effort is spared to keep true the claim of the company that the "Estey leads the world."' One of the largest woolen manutae^tories of New England is located at Winooski, the Burlington Woolen Company. This C()mpan\- uses 5,000 pounds of wool per da}', or more than 1,500.000 pounds per year, nearly as much as the State of \'ermont produces. Other important woolen mills are located at Hartford. North Hartland. Jolinsou. Ludlow, Springfield and Bennington, and smaller mills at other places. The Lane Manufaiituring Company, at Montpelier, is the leading firm in New England in producing saw- mill machinery. The maniifaiiture of the various wood products are scattered through nearly every town in the State, producing about $4,000,000 worth of goods per annum. The principal lumber market of the State is Bur- lington, whose favorable location on Lake Champlain, giving cheap means of transportation to consuming points, has enabled it to maintain its rank as one of the leading markets in the United States. Besides the works mentioned there are cotton mills, machine shops, foundries, canning factories, shoe fac- 31 r HOWE SCAI.li \\ t)KK,S. tories, paper mills, etc., many of which have lately come into the State, and all of which have found in Vermont conditions favorable to success. Prominent among them is the Vermont Farm Machine Company, of Bellows Falls, which was organized in 1873, and first manufa6lured an evaporator for maple sap and sorghum. Four years later the manufacture of dairy apparatus was added, and a specialty was made of the Cooley Creamer, which has taken first place among gravity processes of raising cream, and received the gold medal at the Paris Exposition. Over 100,000 of these creamers have been sold. The business of this firm commenced in a room 25 x 30, and has since been enlarged as business has increased, and are now the largest in their line in the United States. The main building of the Company is 365 x 60 feet. They now manufacture a full line of dairy and creamery apparatus, including the Centrifugal Separator, and have a trade extending to all parts ol the United States, Europe and Australia. According to statistics recently taken, it is shown that in the past two years nearly $2,000,000 has been in\-ested in e.stablit^hingnew maimfaiitories in Vermont. This estimate does not include the working capital. but the amount invested in buildings and machinery with which to conduCt the business. These various enterprises have utilized many of V^ermont's idle water powers, but many others are yet unemployed, and waiting for tlie person who shall first discover for what purpose they can be profitably turned from their present course and made to perform useful service. QUARRYING. e)SELY allied to, and in many respeCts a portion of Vermont manufactures is its quarrying, and in treating it under a separate heading it is done because of itself it forms a very important part of Vermont's industrial growth, and because the produCt in its fin- ished condition represents Vermont's raw material, Vermont labor and Vermont skill. Taken from the mountains, a free gift to those who discover it, there is no expense that enters into this produCt except the use of capital to conduCl the business, and the labor be- stowed upon it. Until ver}' recently this source of wealth has been entirely unknown, and at the present time scarcely a 33 j=ii:v»***« ' 1 < ^ ' 1 1 ^ T*T-rTNi-»-— "i^' M. u^ >f- a ■ '35 a_ A ■ V\U G P iJ R l) ■ MF'U- CT VliltMONT I'AKM MACIIINK COMPANY. beginning has been made in revealing its possibility, and it requires no strain upon the imagination to fore- see greater wealth from beneath the soil in quarrying the various rocks and minerals with which it is under- laid than all that has ever come from the surface. The growth and success of this business to the present time certainly suggest all and more than this. The marble industry was the first to receive atten- tion, and for a long time was carried on with slight knowledge of the business and with doubtful success. The early means of transportation with teams over poor roads were not such as to favor a business of this kind, and only about half a century ago, it is claimed that so little was known of this business that the entire tract of land now covered by the West Rutland quar- ries, which was then used for a sheep pasture, was traded even for an old horse of doubtful value. Whether this is true or not it is unnecessary to inquire, as it is known that it might easily have been true of the site of the West Rutland or other quarries of the State at that time. It is only about twenty years since this business took form, and commenced to be con- du61:ed in a way to make it profitable. The use of marble has demonstrated its capability of withstanding the effects of air and sun and rain, and no stone is so highly valued for monumental or building purposes. At the present time over half of all the marble used in the United States is quarried in Vermont, and nearly 90 per cent of all monumental marble is obtained here. Quarries of marble are now operated at different points along the western portion of the State, extending from the earliest known black marble of Isle La Motte to the quarries of Bennington county. In 1891 there were 3,317 men employed in this work, receiving in wages and salaries $1,162,746; and capital invested amounting to $7,394,525. The largest company operating in marble in the world is the Vermont Marble Company, whose head- quarters are at Pro6tor. This company, through its efficient first president, Redfield Proftor, did a great work in simplifying the means of production, and introducing machinery to supplant manual labor in many of the processes of manufacture. It is claimed that the process of sawing marble by means of sand and a toothless strip of iron was the invention of Isaac Markham, of Middlebury. The claim is made that the entire western part of V'ermont is underlaid with a marble formation, of which 35 it is impossible to know anything as to where the valuable deposits are located, except as chance or investigation reveals it. The principal portion of lhe marble now produced in Vermont is wiihin a radius of five miles from the city of Rutland, and to esti- mate the future possibilities which may lie in this diretftion is suggested as a problem suitable to em- ploy the most vivid imagination in its solution. GRANITE. YOUNGER than the marble industry, but not less important, is the production of granite. It was quarried as early as 1812, and used for building pur- poses in walls, window caps, and underpinning to a limited extent, and was found upon the surface through- out a large portion of the State. The building of the second State Capitol of Vermont, nearly sixty years ago, from this m.aterial, gave to us one of the finest Cap- itols in New England, and at the same time informed the world of the wealth of this product which lay stored in the granite hills of Barre. But it is of very recent date that anything has been done toward bringing granite working to the position it now occupies. In 1875 the town of Barre became connected with the Central Vermont system of railroads by a donation of $55,000 for the building of a branch road. This furnished an outlet for the production of her quarries, and the beginning of the manufacture of monumental work was made. Though still in its infancy, this indus- try has become of great importance, not only to Barre, but to the State. Another railroad, costing $250,000, has been made to the quarries, and over this road 1,000 tons of granite have been carried in one da}', and 100,000 tons, besides 22,000 passengers, in a year. More than 70 acres of quarry have been uncovered, and equipped with the latest improved derricks, steam drills, and other machinery, and the granite works in the village have an aggregate floor space of more than six acres. If all the plants engaged in the finishing of this mate- rial in Barre could be combined in one manufacturing center it would occupy a space of more than 50 acres, give employment to 3,000 men, and pay them yearly 37 rM;ATyim£^'^o'^9erG^AN''r£. (pMPs^r,^ ^. f^^^rji^7^-:v'?es^tiH^^^?ra^ $2,000,000. And this industry is the growth of only twelve years ! The granite business has changed the population of the town froii 2,000 to 10,000, increased its valuation from $700,000 to $3,500,000, and furnished monu- mental work, made from the best quality of granite, to every State in the republic. The manufacfturers have an exhibit of Barre granite at the World's Columbian Exposition. It may be seen in the building devoted to manufactures and arts, in the northwest corner. Their agent at Secition H, Group 92, will furnish any information required. Granite quarries have been opened in other towns, among which are Hardwick, Williamstown, Dummers- ton, Berlin, Woodbury and Ryegate, and many other localities report large deposits of this mineral, and some are already doing a small business and others organizing. No industry in which Vermont has ever been engaged has employed so large an amount of labor for capital employed as granite, and the produc- tion of the State is only limited by the demands of the market. Slate is another of Vermont's important mineral produ6ts, and is a close competitor with marble and granite. It is quarried now principally at Fair Haven and Poultney, in Rutland county. Other localities have quarries that are being worked to some extent, and others that are now idle. Nearl}' 50 companies are now engaged in this industry, and employed in 1891, 1,323 persons, paying in salaries and wages $572,515 per year. Nearly one-fifth of all the slate produced in the United States comes from Vermont, no State except Pennsylvania producing as much. The improved machinery and methods now employed in this work are likely to render profitable some of the quarries that have been abandoned in the past, and place the business upon a profitable basis, and in this way largely increase the produ6l from the State. Besides these three leading mineral resources, the State has deposits of others that have been worked to some extent. Among these is copper that has formerly been produced in Vershire and Strafford, employing a large force of workmen. Something is now being done in this work, though the failure of the companies formerly operating, by bad business management, has served to check and retard producftion. Paint is found at Brandon and has been largely used, is of a durable character, but lacks somewhat in fineness. Iron, talc. 39 soapstone, freestone, asbestos, kaolin, and quartz are also found in several localities, and in some seiitions something is being done in the way of working them. SCENERY. THE scenery of Vermont is a subjecft that has often engaged the thoughts and pens of the best writers of both this and foreign lands, and each has viewed it iVom a s tandpoint of his own, and taken in that portion which was within his range of vision, and each new writer has found a new field and new subjecfts upon which to exercise his descriptive powers. Its mountains, with their peculiar beauty, timbered and green to their summit, lofty and magnificent in their proportions, and beautiful in their disorderly yet har- monious arrangement, has inspired many an attempt to place them betbre the world in a word pidfure as the}' appeared to the eye. The landscape viewed from the summit of these mountains, in which could be seen vil- lages, farms, lakes, and rivers within a radius of 50 or more miles in either direction, has called forth ardent appreciation, and been often written upon by those who have been privileged to behold it. The valleys, too, have called forth frequent praise from those who have enjoyed the fine drives along their course. The rivers on their way to the sea, sometimes wild with fury in passing the steep declivities in their course, at other times sluggish while winding their sinuous course through the meadow lands, alwaj's clear as crj'stal and pure as the fountains from which they sprung, have elicited much admiration, both by those who have followed their course in pursuit of the gamey trout with which they abound, and by lovers of nature in either her peaceful or wrathful moods. The thousands of ponds and lakes hid among the mountains, and surrounded by some of the finest scen- er}' that the eye ever beheld, have afforded pleasant retreats for many a sportsman and lover of nature who annually testify to their appreciation by a return to spend a season in their vicinity. The pure air of the mountains, free from contaminating poisons or germs, which is filled with health and vigor for those who breathe it, has many times been extolled by those whose salvation it has been. The quiet, industrious life of the people, free alike from the enervating influence of 41 liKAUlOHU SIAIION AM) (. ONNEC 1 II UT RIVER. wealth or the dependent servility of poverty, and the absence of both aristocracy and peasantry, have elicited much unsought praise from those who have come to know them. The historic interest of Vermont dates back to its first settlement. The Green Mountain Boys at Lake Dunmore, and in their subsequent operations in preparing their attack upon Crown Point and Ticon- deroga, the bloody fields of Hubbardton and Benning- ton, the massacre of Westminster, and the raids of the Indians, have made memorable many localities, and as one comes to know the State, it is a surprise to find how much of its territory is historic because of deeds of heroism or suffering, self-sacrifice or torture that is connedted with the spot, and the annals of the State have been well preserved by those who have known of its events. The love of Vermonters for their State has often been a topic of discussion and sometimes of surprise to those who have known nothing of the conditions, and many things have been written and said in praise of the State as its absent sons have gathered to revive the memories of youth, and to sweeten age with pure draughts of fond recollections of the State of their nativity. Notwithstanding all these things that have been so well written upon or talked about, it is impos- sible for the stranger to know Vermont until it has been seen. Though hundreds of places and events have been described, there are thousands that neither cam- era has taken, pencil portrayed, or pen described that are of equal interest and beauty, and events of history and charafteristics of the people that are continually new. The feature of Vermont scenery is that its story cannot be told nor pi6lured. To the lover of nature it is one grand gallery of divine art and beauty, and each step that is taken gives a new point of sight from which the scene puts on a new and different aspect. Perhaps it would be more proper to say that it was beautiful rather than grand, restful instead of exciting, and pleasing rather than surprising. Of all I have seen in the way of description of Vermont scenery, nothing better than the following from the pen of Rev. William H. Lord has ever come to my attention : "A few regions God has made more beautiful tlian others. His hand has fashioned some dreams or symbols of heaven in certain landscapes of earth ; and we have always thought that the Almighty intended, when he. formed the hills of Vermont and shook out the green drapery of the forests over their sloping shoulders, and made them fall in folds like the robe of a king along their sides, to give us a dim picture of the new creation and the celestial realm. Italy is a land of rarer sunsets and deeper sky, of haunting songs and grander 43 memories: Switzerland is ,i region of more towering siiljlimitv and unapproaclialile grandeur; but in all the galleries of God there is none that so shows the exquisite genius of creative art, the blending of all that is beautiful and attractive with nothing to terrify the eye, the mingling of so much of the material glory, both of the earth and the heavens, with so little to appal the sense. Vermont in summer is the Almighty's noblest gallery of divine art." Though impossible to even mention the points of peculiar interest in the State, a word of explanation or history is here given of some of the points represented in the engravings we have used. And it is but just to ourselves and to localities that are not given a place to say that the preparation of this work was decided upon just at the approach of winter, and it has been imprac- ticable to take views of scenery to any great extent for this work, and we have been obliged to select and arrange to the best advantage from such material as could be found with our artists. Lake Dunmore is and will always remain a point of interest to Vermonters, not only from its natural beauty and situation, at the base of the western slope of the Green Mountains, from whose eastern shore there rises to their full altitude the mountain range, with no inter- vale or cleared or cultivated field to break the rugged character of the scene, but because on its eastern shore was located the earliest rendezvous of the Green Moun- tain Boys in their organization to resist the authority of New York over land granted bj' New Hampshire. Also upon the bosom and along the eastern shore are located the scenes of the opening chapters of Thomp- son's story of the Green Mountain Boys, and accord- ing to his narrative the first punishment administered by these mountaineers was a bath to their enemies in the quiet waters of Dunmore. Farther back in the mountains, and at a short dis- tance from Dunmore, is Silver Lake, one of the clear, beautiful bodies of water in the State, and one which draws many visitors each season. Of Lake Champlain, of which glimpses of scenery are shown, a proper reference to its many seductive retreats and their magical beauty, or to recall the his- toric events that have taken place upon its bosom, would fill the entire space at our disposal. It was while sailing up this lake in 1609 that Samuel Cham- plain first discovered the range of mountains which gave their name to the State. It was upon the waters of this lake that expeditions were fitted out against the colonists during the war of the revolution, and upon this lake at the hands of McDonough that the English 45 fi^CN^D^^jL^l^^^^l j9(/Wr/iC'^A/0 f^ll^_ /o^Y WAr£/{.Mr^'^ received their final chastisement that ever since has remained as a wholesome remembrance. On one of the islands of this lake, La Motte, was erected the first fort upon Vermont soil, and today along the shore and upon the islands of Champlain thousands of people pitch their tents, or come to spend a brief season at some of the hotels, and drink in health, enjoyment and recreation, by partaking of the fruits and products of this beautiful se6tion, and in studying and appreciating its many beauties. Memphremagog, on our northern boundary, is next in size to Champlain, and has many attraftive and striking features. The high and rugged prominence known as Owl's Head, upon its western shore, the islands it contains, the beautiful and thriving village of Newport at its southern extremity, and a rich and thriving larming community upon the east, are a few of the many features that have helped to render this point a favorite resort for many people each season. Not so well known, but rapidly gaining in promi- nnence, is Willoughby Lake in the town of Westmore, of which a recent writer has well said : " I believe I am warranted in saying that nature has done more and art less for Willoughby Lake than any other spot in Vermont. Its entire length of six or seven miles, with a breadth of from one to one and a half miles, are so many miles of nature's grandest panorama. High mountains of rugged, bold rock, bound the lake on either side. On the easterly side of the lake is a car- riage road, hard, smooth, and near enough to the lake on one side so that the spray from the waves, breaking over the rocks in high wind, does away with the neces- sity for sprinklers made by hand, while on the easterly side the road is bounded by almost perpendicular moun- tains, with cooling streams forming cascades equal to those more celebrated in the White Mountains ; a lake of clear, cold water, with fish uncaught, enough for many genefations." Recently an improvement com- pany has been organized at Willoughby Lake for the purpose of building roads and erecting a large hotel. At Greensboro is Caspian Lake, located at an alti- tude of 1,500 feet above the sea, and one of the favor- ite resorts for camping parties. Several cottages have been ere6ted by those who return year after year to spend their vacation here. The water of this lake is from springs, and always cool and clear. It is a favorite home of the speckled troiU, with which it is well supplied. The land adjoining this lake is high 47 and dry, and one of the chief inducements to passing some of one's summer here is in the facft that mosqui- toes and malaria are unknown. Lake Morey, in the town of Fairlee, has also become prominent as a place of resort during the heat of the summer, and the number of people who spend here a portion of each summer is annually increasing. It is not lacking in any of the attractions in the way of natural scenery that go to make Vermont lakes popu- lar as summer resorts, and has an added advantage in being somewhat nearer Boston and the cities of New England than its more northern rivals. Recent inves- tigation as to whom belonged the credit of first apply- ing steam to the propulsion of boats, on the part of the friends of Capt. Samuel Morey, has led to the conclu- sion that the engine and machinery used by Capt. Morey in his first application of his invention in 1792, was afterwards used to propel a boat upon Lake Morey, and was sunk there between the years 1820 and 1825. Efforts to discover this craft have so far been unavailing, but the point where it was sunk is claimed to be known, and is pointed out with much certainty, and the faCt that it has not been found is explained by the muddy charaifter of the bottom of the lake at this place, and the boat is supposed to have sunk into the mud beyond reach, having been filled with stones when it was sunk. Vermonters take quite an interest in the work of Capt. Morey with his first steamboat, espec- ially from the ia6i that in his last days he was a resi- dent of the State ; and it appears reasonably conclusive that fourteen or fifteen years before Fulton made his memorable trip from New York to Albany in 1807, Capt. Samuel Morey steamed up the Connedticut river in a craft of his own construction against the current, at a speed of four miles an hour, and that Fulton afterwards applied the principle of Capt. Morey's craft to the invention for which the world has accorded him credit. Lake Bomoseen, in Castleton, a body of water con- taining 15,000 acres, has long been noted as a summer resort, and is well provided with hotel accommoda- tions. Lake St. Catherine, in Poultney, has also its patrons in seasons of summer travel. Besides the lakes mentioned the State has some fif- teen or twenty others less widely known, having areas of 1,000 to 5,000 acres each, upon whose shores one may find charming sites for summer cottages, and 49 (0/yi^fyy'^,-q(iiy.,;i,„ iiicnrj^^^f/u J — ~^ -^•.■: I f d-^rjjes^oi'it' ^^,op3^): j^^^dmM^ ROCK DUNDER. upon whose waters can be found every opportunity to enjoy the pleasures of boating, or rare inducements to indulge in the angler's art. Of the mountains, of which no attempt will be made either to describe their own intrinsic beauty or the views of surpassing loveliness that may be seen from their summits, probably Mansfield is best known, and accredited with the highest altitude. Fancy has con- ceived the summit of this mountain in its irregular outline to resemble the appearance of an old man's face turned upward, and the two prominent peaks of the range, designated as nose and chin, suggest that these features are quite prominent in the face repre- sented. Mansfield Mountain is located in Underbill, and has a passable carriage road to the summit. South of Mansfield, in the town of Duxbury, is seen the summit of Camel's Hump, which is over 4,000 feet above the sea. Killington, in Sherburne, which is seen from many portions of the State, ranks next to Mansfield in alti- tude, and has a place in the memory of nearly every one who has been familiar with Vermont. Like a lone sentinel on guard stands Ascutnej' on the eastern border of the State. Up from the banks of the Conne6ficut river, it rises to a height of over 3,300 feet. The pleasant and thriving village of Windsor is at its feet, and large and excellent deposits of granite have been opened upon its side. Unlike most Vermont mountains no trees cover the summit, and no other mountains being near, an unobstructed view can there be obtained for nearly fifty miles in each direction. Back from the village of Woodstock is Mount Tom, not of high altitude, but of interest, because at great 51 WII.I.OUGHBY I.AKK. expense the late Frederick Billings built excellent roads to its top and along its sides, which render it attradlive and interesting to tourists. Six miles below Woodstock, along the course of the Ottaquechee river, is found, not a mountain, but a gorge or gulf of considerable notoriety, known as Quechee Gulf. The almost perpendicular sides of this chasm to a depth of nearly 200 feet have served to class it among the points of interest in the State. At the point where the Woodstock railroad crosses this chasm the bridge has a total length of 200 feet, and the distance from the railroad track to the water is 165 feet. When it is considered that the entire 157 miles from north to south in Vermont is traversed by a high moun- tain range, it is easily seen how little of this can be referred to. All Vermonters take pride in their moun- tains, and Sterling and Pico, Jay Peak, Pisgah, and Equinox all have features peculiar to themselves and of interest to the lover of mountain scenery, while rising out of the level country of Addison county. Snake or Grand View Mountain seems higher than many points of greater altitude, and is the pride of the people of the locality, and valued highly for the fine view from its summit. The economic value of Vermont scenery is a feature new to most of the people of the State, and people who have found their way into the State to spend a portion of each season have, as a rule, come without invitation or inducement from the citizens. Clinging close to the traditions of the past and to former customs, it is but recently that the people of the State have seen any advantage in soliciting a portion of the travel which each season seeks a rest and change by means of a few weeks in some interesting and inviting retreat. The result of the little that has yet been done has been to supply our summer resorts and hotels with more cus- tom than they could accommodate, and many a farm- er's home has been utilized to the mutual advantage of both host and guest. New hotels are each year being ere6led, new sedfions are being beautified, homes are being opened to this travel, and many are buying small tra6fs of land and building neat cottages for summer homes for their families, where they may escape the heat, the dust, and disease of the cities, and become strong by close communion with nature, surrounded with her richest privileges. 53 liT)portant \/eriT)or)t [oWns and Tities. WERMONT can claim no large city within her bor- ^ ders, and the facft that there are beautiful and well kept villages and cities is almost lost sight of in mak- ing up a list of \"ermont attra6lions. Because other states have more populous towns, it does not follow that they are more attradtive or pleasant, or provided with finer buildings, or contain more pri^-ileges. BURLINGTON, The Qiieen City and pride of Vermont, with its 15,000 population, located on the east shore of Lake Cham- plain : the seat of the State University ; the center of a large lumber trade and extensive manufafturing ; possesses all the advantages of location, either for busi- ness or for scenic effect, that could be asked for by the most exa6ting. It is provided with fine public build- ings, excellent schools and charitable institutions, and extensive business blocks. The people are enterpris- ing and take great interest in the welfare of the city. It is the second oldest city in the State, having been incorporated in 1864. It has many fine private resi- dences, and has become a favorite resort for men of wealth from the larger cities who have built homes and made their residence there. The growth of Burling- ton has been steady and legitimate, and at no time greater than at the present. RUTLAND, The second city in size, and sometimes known as the Marble City, is the center of the marble trade of the State, and has several important manufactures. The largest of these is the Howe Scale Works. The build- ings of Rutland are many of them fine, and the mar- ble which enters largely into their construction gives them a rich appearance. Several lines of railroad center at Rutland, giving it many advantages as a shipping point. VERGENNES, The oldest city in the State, was incorporated in 1788. It is situated eight miles from Lake Champlain, at the lower falls of Otter Creek, which is navigable to this 55 ox IIIE O'lTAt^llKCUEJ;, MCAl! WOODSTOCK. HIHTIIIM.AL'E OK IIIUAM POWERS. point. It has an extensive water power, only a portion of which is at present employed. ST. ALBANS, Located on St. Albans Bay, in the northwest portion of the State, contains the shops and offices of the Cen- tral Vermont Railroad. Considerable manufaiituring is done here, and it is one of the leading markets of New England for butter and flour. It is surrounded by as rich farming lands as the State possesses, and is one of the growing towns of the State. MIDDLEBURY, On Otter Creek, is the seat of Middlebury College, and one of the finest villages in the State. Its broad and shady streets and fine buildings are a feature always noticed by those who visit the town. It has valuable marble quarries, some manufa6furing, and is the chief market for Merino sheep in the State. BRANDON Is a beautiful and enterprising village. Considerable marble is quarried here, and beds of ochre and kaolin are worked with profit. It has a curiosity in a frozen well, in which ice may be found throughout the year. PROCTOR, On Otter Creek, at Sutherland Falls, one of the high- est waterfalls in the State, being 122 feet, is the head- quarters of the Vermont Marble Company, which has at this place the largest quarry in the world. The town is exclusively given to quarrying and manufac- turing marble. FAIR HAVEN, On the Castleton River, is the leading slate producing town in the State. BELLOWS FALLS Is one of the important manufa6luring towns of the State, possessed of abundant water power, which is largely used in the manufadfure of paper. It has one of the largest plants for paper manufacture in the country. It is also an important railroad center. 57 WINDSOH AND ASlUTXEV MOlXr.MV. the fatt of being the oldest town in the western part of the State, and because an important battle in the war of the revolu- tion was fought near here in 1777, which is commemorated by a monument which was recently completed. The Soldiers' Home is also located here. BRATTLEBORO, In the southeastern part of the State, on the Conneiiticut River, is an important rail- road center and an important manufae^tur- ing town, the largest manufa6turing indus- try being the Estey Organs. Fort Dum- mer, of importance in the early history of the State, was located near the present Ku.LixGTux MOUNTAIN. village of Brattlcboro. BHNNINGTON, WESTMINSTER, Near the southwest corner of the State, has beds of kaolin, from which pottery is made, and of ochre. Also a Conne6ticut River town, was in early times the from which paints and paper filling is manufactured. shire town of Cumberland county. It is a small vil- It is an important manufafturing town, having exten- lage, but an excellent farming town, which had an sive hosiery mills, and of great historic interest from importance in the early history of the State from the 59 PATI'IKI.O NliAK \VOOI>srOCK. fafts that it was here tliat the convention met that declared Vermont to be an independent State, and here, also, that was shed the first blood of the revolu- tion, that of William French. SPRINGFIELD Is almost exclusively a manufafturing town. It is sit- uated on the Black River, which falls in a series of cascades at this point, furnishing one of the finest water powers in the State. WINDSOR, At the base of Ascutney mountain and on the Con- ne6ticut River, was the place at which was framed the first constitution of Vermont, and the place of meeting of the first legislature of Vermont, in March, 1778. WOODSTOCK Has always been noted for the natural beauty of its location and has many fine buildings, both public and private. It is the terminus of the Woodstock Railroad, which connects it with White River Jundion. RANDOLPH Is the most populous and wealthiest town in Orange county. It is located on the Central Vermont Rail- road, and on one of the branches of White River. It is one of the best farming towns in the State, and the principal village, West Randolph, is a well kept, thriving place, having considerable manufacturing. ST. JOHNSBURY, Which has been termed by one writer, " the model village of the world," is the headquarters of the Fair- banks Scale Works and other important manufactures. It has fine public buildings, a beautiful location, fine residences and business blocks and the best of school privileges. MONTPELIER, The capital of the State, located near its center, on the Winooski River, has important manufacfturing inter- ests. Its public buildings are among the best in the country. It has excellent school privileges, and many fine private residences. 61 \1K\VS OF LAKE MOKEY. iriGIinATE SPlilNGS. BARRE, Six miles from Monlpelier, has been already referred to in conne(ftion with the crranite industry. NEWPORT, On Lake Memphremagog, is a pleasant, wide-awake town, having a large trade in lumber, i|uite extensive manufacturing, is a favorite summer resort, and has made a steady increase in population. ))(;in)iT)er fyesorts. TVlTHOIGII nearly every town in ihe State ^ lias its summer visitors, and any list at- tempted must be very incomplete, a few of the best known places, in addition to the towns named, where special provisions have been made to entertain,' are here given : Middletown Springs, Clarendon Springs, Iodine Springs in South Hero, Alburgh Springs, HighgaleSprin^->, Sheldon Spiings, Hrunswick Springs, Lake Dun- more in Salisbury, Willoughby Lake in Westmore, Lake Bomoseen in Castleton, Lake St. Catherine in Poultney, Bread Loaf Inn in Ripton. Hyde Manor in Sudbury, Equinox Springs in Manchester. Hotels especially intended to accommodate summer travel are Ibund in Woodstock, Springfield, Brandon, Randolph. Peacham, Morrisville, Newport, Bradford, Stowe, and Wilmington, and the hotels at other places nearly all make pr<>vi-;i()Ps for accommodating this custom. /vTrm^ont, ^^ l^)W lt]e mar) \Vhos? Wibl] dod car? ■ QX \x^ t)atenidl a(;i^s J)Oun