tw WITH THE LATIN INTERPRETATION OF RILffiUS, AND THE ENGLISH NOTES OF DAVIDSON. TO WHICH IS ADDED A LARGE VARIETY OF Botanical, Mythological, and Historical Notes f SELECTED AND ORIGINAL, With a view to facilitate the acquisition of the meaning, and to promote a taste for the beauties of the illustrious author, by WILLIAM STAUGHTON, D. D, PHILADELPHIA: PUBLISHED BY PKlLIP H. NICKLIK WXLLIA5T *»Y, PRINTEB. 1813. Kj District of Pennsylvania, to wi*: ******** BE IT REMEMBERED, That on the twentieth day of February, in * seal. » the thirty-seventh year of the independence of the United States of Ame- 1******* rica » A D - ^813, Philip H. Nicklin, of the said district, have deposited in this office, the titlo of a book, the rigkt whereof he claims as proprietor, in the words following, to wit: " The Works of Virgil; with the Latin Interpretation of Ruaeus, and the English Notes of Davidson. To which is added a large variety of Botanical, Mythological, and Historical Notes, selected and original, with a view to facilitate the acquisition of the Meaning, and to promote a Taste for the Beauties of the illustrious Author, By Wil- liam Staughton, D. D." In qrmformity to the act of the congress of the United States, intitled, " An act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies during the times therein mentioned." — And also to the act, entitled, " An act supplementary to an act, entituled, " An act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies during the time therein mentioned," and ex- tending the benefits thereof to the arts of designing, engraving, and etching historical and other prints." D. CALDWELL, Clerk of the District of Pennsylvania- I PREFACE. IT is generally admitted not only that the ancient poets furnish the most elegant and correct specimens of fine writing, but that their effu- sions deserve to be regarded as standards of taste. Of these Virgil is one of the most eminent. The increasing zeal of parents and preceptors to render our American youth familiar with his works, must afford the liveliest pleasure to the lovers of classic learning. Every measure that has for its object the removal of difficulties from the young reader, and the inspiring a taste for the exalted beauties of such a writer as the Man- tuan bard, will, at least, secure public approbation, should it even fail of its full design. The value, and in many cases the necessity, of notes for illustrating the text of our author have been generally acknowledged. His allusions frequently relate to sentiments and facts which require to be stated and explained. His moral, though always beautiful, is not always obvious. Some of his constructions are obscure. The distance of time at which we are placed from the writing of his works, the errors of copiers, and the circumstance that the iEneid is itself a composition which never re- ceived the perfecting touch of the poet, have created a thousand critical conjectures. These are sometimes ridiculous, but often ingenious, pro- bable, and instructive. Few editions, comparatively, of Virgil have been published, without numerous notes. It is however to be regretted that the greatest proportion of these is written in Latin. The Delphin, one of the most popular and correct of the editions of Virgil, and which abounds with copious illustrations, la- bours under this inconvenience. Tutors, especially such as have several classes under their care, have not leisure to translate them to their pu- pils, and the pupils, at the time they begin to read Virgil, possess too small an acquaintance with the Roman tongue distinctly to comprehend their meaning. Hence they are almost generally disregarded. Martyn, the celebrated professor of botany at Cambridge, has given large English notes on the Bucolics and Georgics. To him the reader is indebted for many useful observations, particularly such as relate to a botanical deter- mination of the plants named by our poet. Trapp and Wharton have A vi v PREFACE. appended a variety of notes to their respective translations. A few have been added by Dryden to his. But no one of these is a school book. Davidson's notes, many of which have been taken from the above- named authors, are confessedly good. It is believed that the large addi- tion here made to them will prove an acceptable present to the friends of literature. A body of the most valuable observations of Ruaeus, Mi- nelius, Heyne, Marty n, Trapp, Wharton, Wakefield, &c. together with many critical observations selected from Addison, Johnson, and others, will be found in the following pages; and with them some original remarks which the habit of reading and teaching Virgil for many years has sug- gested. The substance of the ideas of Dr. Warburton on the descent of iEneas into hell is prefixed to the sixth book of the iEneid. It may be proper to remark, that in some cases where the interpretation of Ruaeus, the notes of Davidson, or the additional illustrations in the present edi- tion have contradicted or clashed with each other, the preservation of each entire has been preferred to the making of alterations which, though harmonious among themselves, might be found harmoniously wrong. In such instances the good sense of the reader must determine the mean- ing he will adopt. ._ 1 THE LIFE OF VIRGIL. V IRGIL was born at Mantua, in the first consulship of Pompey the Great and Licinius Crassus, in the year of Rome dclxxxiv., sixty- nine years before the birth of our Saviour, on the fifteenth of October, a day which the Latin poets observed annually in commemoration of his birth. His father Maro was a person of humble extraction; but his mo- ther, whose name was Maia, was nearly related to Quintilius Varus, who was of an illustrious family. He passed the first seven years of his life at Mantua; thence went to Cremona, where he lived to his seventeenth year; at which age, as Was usual among the Romans, he put on the toga virilism Pompey and Cras- sus being that year, a second time, consuls. From Cremona he went to Naples, where he studied the Greek and Latin languages with the utmost application and assiduity: he afterwards applied himself closely to the study of physic and the mathematics, in which he made a very great proficiency. To this early tincture of geo- metrical learning were owing that regularity of thought, propriety of ex- pression, and exactness of conducting all subjects, for which he is so re- markable. He learned the Epicurean philosophy under the celebrated Syro, of whom Cicero speaks with the greatest encomiums both of his learning and virtue. His acquaintance with Varo, his first patron, com- menced by his being fellow student with him under this philosopher, for whom Virgil seems to have retained a lively affection. After he had spent some years at Naples, he went thence to Rome, where he soon attracted the notice of some of the great men at court, who showed the high esteem they had of him by introducing him to Au- gustus. But whether Virgil disliked the hurry and bustle of a court life, or the air of Rome did not agree with his sickly constitution, is uncer- tain; however, he again retired to Naples, where he set about writing his Bucolics, chiefly with a design to celebrate the praises of Pollio, Varius, and Gallus, who recommended him to Maecenas. By his inte- rest he was particularly exempted from the common calamity of the poor Mantuans; whose lands, as a reward to the veterans for their bra- very at the t>attle of Philippi, were divided among them. Virgil's was excepted, as appears by the first Eclogue, in which he expresses the ut- viii THE LIFE OF VIRGIL. most gratitude for so singular a favour, in such a manner as ingratiated him more in the favour of Augustus. It is said he spent three years in writing his Eclogues; and had he spent as many more, the time would have been well employed, that produced the finest pastorals in the Ro- man, or perhaps any other language. He used to revise his verses with extreme severity. He would dictate a great number of lines in the mor- ning, and spend the rest of the day in revising and abridging them. He compared himself to a she bear, which licks her cubs into shape. His behaviour was so benevolent and inoffensive, that most of his contempo- rary poets (even the genus irritabile vaturn) though they degraded each other, agreed in loving and esteeming him. Italy being now reduced to extremity, the lands lying uncultivated, and the inhabitants being in want of the very necessaries of life, the fa- tal but natural consequences of a civil war, in so much that the state seemed to be in danger, the people throwing all the blame upon Augus- tus; Maecenas, sensible of the great parts and unbounded knowledge of Virgil, set him about writing the Georgics for the improvement of hus- bandry, the only mean left to save Italy from utter ruin; in which Virgil succeeded so well, that, after their publication, Italy began to put on a new appearance. The Georgics are not only the most perfect of all Vir- gil's works, but the rules for the improvement of husbandry are so just, and at the same time so general, that they not only suit the climate for which he wrote them, but have been found of such extensive use, that the greatest part of them are put in practice in most places of the world at this very day. Virgil was now thirty-four years of age; having spent seven of the prime of his years in composing this inimitable poem, which has been, and ever will be admired as the most finished and complete piece that ever poet produced: for here indeed he shines in his meridian glory. Having finished his Georgics; after a few years' respite, he set about the iEneid, when turned of forty; though it is generally believed he laid the foundation of that great and arduous work more early. To this he seems to allude in his sixth pastoral: Cum canerem reges et przelia, Cynthius aurem Vellit, et admonuit: .Pastorem, Tityre, pingues Pascere oportet oves, deductum dicere carmen. But when I try'd her tender voice, too young 1 , And fighting kings and bloody battles sung-, Apollo check'd my pride; and bade me feed My fatt'ning flocks, nor dare beyond the reed. Virgil's design of writing the iEneid being announced, the expectations of the Romans were raised so high that Sextus Propertius did not scru- ple to prophesy, THE LIFE OF VIRGIL, ix Cedite, Romani scriptores, cedite Graii, Nescio quid majus nascitur Iliade. Had Virgil designed the ^Eneid only as an encomium on Augustus, he might surely have written short panegyrics on his prince, as Horace has done, at several times, and on proper occasions, at a far less expense of time and labour than the ^Eneid must of necessity have cost him: for he has not only given Augustus' character under that of ^Eneas, but has wrought into his work the whole compass of the Roman history, with that of the several nations, from the earliest times down to his own; and that with such exactness as to deserve the title of the Roman historian, much better than Homer did that of writer of the Trojan war: most of the Romans, in any controverted point, submitting rather to his autho- rity than to that of the most learned historian. The iEneid is an epic poem, which being the noblest composition in poetry, requires an exact judgment, a fruitful invention, a lively imagi- nation, and a universal knowledge. These must center in one and the same person, as they did in Virgil, whose prodigious genius has been the admiration of all mankind, and will be so, while learning and good sense have a place in the world. Virgil spent about seven years in wri- ting the first six books of this admirable poem, some part of which Au- gustus and Octavia longed to hear him rehearse, and at length prevailed with him, after many entreaties- Virgil for this purpose fixed on the sixth, which, not without reason, he thought would affect them most; as in it he had, with his usual dexterity, inserted the funeral panegyric of young Marcellus (who died a little before) whom Augustus designed for his successor, and who was the darling of his mother Octavia, and of all the Romans. After he had raised their passions by reciting these inimitable lines, O nate, ingentem luciurn ne quaere tuoruni: Ostendent terris hunc tantum fata, neque ultra Esse sinent. Nimium vobis Romana propago Visa potens, superi, propria hsec si dona fuissent. Quantos ille viruui magnam Mavortis ad urbem Campus aget gemitus! vel quae, Tyberine, vide bis Funera, cumtumulum prxterlabere recentem! Nee puer Iliac a quisquam de gente Latinos In tantum spe toilet avos: nee Romula quondam Ullo se tantum tellus jactabit alumno. Heu pietas! heu prisca fides! invictaque bello Dextera! non ilii quisquam se impune tulisset Obvius armato, seu cum pedes iret in hostem, Seu spumantis equi foderet calcaribus armos He at last surprises them with X THE LIFE OF VIRGIL. Hen miserande puer! si qua fata aspera rumpas, Tu Marcellus eris. \ At which affecting words the emperor and Octavia burst both into tears, and Octavia fell into a swoon. Upon her recovery she ordered the poet ten sesterces for every line, each sesterce making about seventy-eight pounds of our money. A prodigious sum for the whole! but they were Virgil's verses. In about four years more he finished the iEneid, and then set out for Greece, where he designed to revise it at his leisure; proposing to de- vote the chief of the remaining part of his days to philosophy. This had been always his darling study, as he himself informs us in these charm- ing lines: Me vero primumdulces ante omnia Musae, Quarum sacra fero ing'enti perculsus amore, Accipiant; coelique vias etsidera monstrent, Defectus solisvarios, lunaeque labores; •Unde tremor terris; qua vi maria alta tumescant Obicibus ruptis, rursusque in seipsa residant; Quid tantum oceano properent se tingere soles Hiberni, vel quae tardis mora noctibus obstet. Ye sacred muses, with whose beauty fir'd, • My soul is ravish'd and my brain inspir'd, Whose priest I am, whose holy fillets wear, Would you your poet's first petition hear: Give me the ways of wand'ring stars to know, The depths of heaven above and hell below; Teach me the various labours of the moon, And whence proceed th' eclipses of the sun; Why flowing tides prevail upon the main, And in what dark recess they shrink again; What shakes the solid earth, what cause delays The summer-nights, and shortens winter- days. But he had not been long in Greece, before he was seized with a lin- gering disease. Augustus returning about this time from his eastern expedition, Virgil was willing to accompany him home; but he no sooner reached Brundusium than he died there ; in the year of Rome dccxxxv., and in the fifty-first year of his age, and was buried at Naples, where his tomb is shown to this day. He was tall and of a swarthy complexion, very careless of his dress, extremely temperate, but of a sickly constitution, being often troubled with a pain in his head and stomach, and with spitting of blood: he was bashful to a fault; he would frequently run into the shops to prevent being gazed at in the streets of Rome; and had a hesitation in his speech, as often happens to great men, it being rarely found that a very , fluent elocution and depth of judgment meet in the same person. THE LIFE OF VIRCxIL. x [ He was one of the best and wisest men of his time; and in such po- pular esteem, that one hundred thousand Romans rose up when he came into the theatre, showing him the same respect they did to Caesar him- self: and as he was beloved in his life, he was universally lamented at his death. He went out of the world with that calmness of mind that became so great and good a man, leaving Augustus his executor, who committed the care of publishing the iEneid to Tucca and Varius, strictly charging them, neither to cancel, nor add one word, nor so much as fill up the breaks or half-verses. In the publication of the iEneid the world has to be grateful to Augustus, who, though the modesty and genius of Virgil requested that the work might be burned, because it had not re- ceived his last corrections, could not refrain from giving it to mankind. A little before his death, it is said, he wrote this inscription for his monument, which does him the more honour, as it savours not the least of ostentation. Mantua me genuit; Calabrirapuere; tenet nunc Parthenope: cecini pascua, rura, duces. I sang flocks, tillage, heroes; Mantua gave Me life, Brundusium death, Naples a grave. Mr. Pope has finely contrasted Virgil with Homer: " Methinks the two poets resemble the heroes they celebrate; Homer, boundless and irresistible as Achilles, bears all before him, and shines more and more as the tumult increases. Virgil, calmly daring like ^Eneas, appears undisturbed in the midst of the action, and conquers with tranquillity: or when we look on their machines, Homer seems like his own Jupiter in his terrors shaking Olympus, scattering the light- nings and firing the heavens. Virgil, like the same power in his benevo- lence counselling with the gods, laying plans for empires, and regularly ordering his whole creation." PREFACE TO THE BUCOLICS. -PASTORAL poetry, arising naturally out of the simplicity and plea- sures of pastoral life, appears to have been cultivated at an early period in the history of man. The life of a shepherd was favourable to the study of astronomy, the sheep requiring his vigilant protection more during the silent hours of the night, than while the day continued. It was in character with rustics *' Chatting- in a row," to place the ram and the bull, the lion and the bear, a fair damsel and a water bearer, among the constellations. But such a life was equally fa- vourable to music and to verse; and as in primitive times the occupation of the swain was not painful and servile, but joyous and honourable, the understanding was as active to correct, as was the fancy to form, the " native wood-note." According to Dr. Johnson, a pastoral is " a poem in which any action or passion is represented by its effects upon a country life." Whatever circumstances can occur in a country become therefore suitable materials for Bucolic measure. Virgil deserves no censure for introducing the predictions of the sage, the mythology of the priest, the philosophy of the schools, and the simplicity and piety of domestic circles, into his inimi- table pastorals. It is acknowledged that our author has kept Theocritus ever in his eye; but where the delicacy of taste, the contrivance of art, or the so- briety of judgment were required, he is in every respect the Grecian's superior. A finer compliment can scarcely be passed upon a writer than that paid our author by Mr. Addison. " We receive more strong and lively ideas from his words than we could have done from the objects them- selves, and find our imaginations more affected by his descriptions than they would have been by the very si^ht of what he describes." Such as suppose the intoxication of Silenus in the sixth pastoral to mean no more than the inspiration of the gods appear to err by an excess of kindness. They who apply his fourth to the birth of the Messiah are well support- ed by the elegant Pollio of Mr. Pope. P. VIRGILII MARONIS BUCOLICA. ECLOGA I. TITYRUS. MEL. Melibosus, Tityrus, INTERERETATIO. mel. Tityre, tu jaeens sub umbracuto fagi opaeae, modularis cantilenam pasto- ralem cum parva fistula: nos 5 deseriraus termbos patrite^ et agros amdsQOS; nos eximus c patria: tu, i ityre, otio- sus sub umbra, doces arbo- res referre nomen pulchra; Amaryllidis. tit. When Augustus had settled himself in the Roman empire, that he might reward his veteran troops for their past service, he dis- tributed among them all the lands that lay about Mantua and Cremona, turning out the right owners for having sided with his enemies. Virgil (or his father) was a suf- ferer among the rest; but he recovered his estate by the intercession of Maecenas, Pol- lio, and Varus. Virgil, as an instance of his gratitude, composed the following pastoral; where he sets out his father's good fortune in the person of Tityrus, and the calamities of his Mantuan neighbours in the charac- ter of Meliboeus. To this piece of history Martial refers in the following lines: . Sint Msecenates, non deerunt, Flacce, Marones; Virgiliumque tibi vel tuarura dabunt. Jugera perdiderat miserae vicina Cre- mona, Flebat et ahductas Tityrus xgeroves. Risit Thuscus eques, paupertatemque malignam Reppulit, ut celeri jussit abire fuga. Accipe divitias, etvatum maximus esto, Tu licet, et nostrum, dixit, Alexin ames. 1. Fagi. We commonly make the fagus the same tree, as the esculus; but Ovid B v. 91, 92. 2. Silvestrem Musam, i. e. rusticum car» men, Lucretius, lib. II. Fistula silvestrem ne cesset findere Mu- sam. 2. Meditaris, i. e. exerces, exercise your rural muse, as in Plautus, Stichu II. 1= 34. Ad cursum meditabcr me, And Cic. 1. de Orat. 62. Demosthenes perfecit meditando^ ut nemo planius eo locutus putaretur. 2. Avend. For fistula avenacea. The mu- sical instruments used by shepherds were at first made of oat and wheat straw; then of reeds and hollow pipes of box; afterwards of the leg bones of cranes, horns of animal% metals, &c. Hence they are called, avena 3 stipula, calamus, arundo, fistula, buxus 9 tibia, cornu, ces, &c. 4. The primitive meaning of lentus is slow,' but here it implies being at rest, and at lei- sure. 5. Amaryllida. By Amaryllis some un- derstand Rome, and Virgil's friends at Rome: but there is no occasion for such re- finement: the pastoral will appear more beautiful by considering Amaryllis simply as the shepherd's mistress, whose praises lie sings at his ease. See Theocritus, Idvll III. 9. Errare To feed at large 2 P. VIRGILJI MARONIS cum tantus sit tumuitus Usque adeo turbatur agris. En ipse capellas [totis toto rure. Ecce ego race- p rotenus g,™ ago: hanc etiam vix Tityre, duco: rens abigo pra; me capel- . & o ' / » las, ethane, oTityre, difficile Hie inter densas corylos modo namque gemellos, traho: raodo enim enixa ge- Spem gregis, ah! silice in nuda connixa reliquit. 15 minos>*«* ,qui erant spes s ma lum hoc nobis, si mens non laeva fuisset, eregis, proh dolor/ deseruit ~ r . . . ,. ' eos rigidoin saxo, inter spis- De coelo tactas memini praedicere quercus: sas corylos. Memini quercus Ssepe sinistra cava prsedixit ab ilice cornix. afflatas fulmine sspe pr«- s e d tamen, ille Deus qui sit, da, Tityre, nobis. nunciasse nobis banc calami- TT , .. * n A ', ... . tatem, nisi animus impru- ti. Urbem, quam dicunt Romam, Melibcee, putavi dens fuisset; ssepe cornix fa- Stultus ego huic nostras similem, quo saepe solemus nestaadmonuit ex dice putri. p as tores ovium teneros depellere foetus. 22 5£2*aTSS?SJ; ^c canibus catulos similes, sic matribus hcedos Ego demens, 6 Melibcee, ex- No ram: sic parvis componere magna solebam. istimavi urbem, quaevocatur Verum hsec tantum alias inter caput extulit urbes, jfeat??d "S Q-ntum lenta solent inter viburna cupressi. 26 pastores consuevimus dedu- mel. Lt quae tanta iuit Romam tibi causa videndi: cere agnos teuellos. Quem tit. Libertas: quae sera, tamen respexit inertem; admodum sciebam catulos Ca ndidior Dostquam tondenti barba cadebat: - canibus, et hcedos capelhs es- N se similes: quemadmodum Respexit tamen, et longo post tempore vemt, # 30 solebam comparare magna Postquam nos Amaryllis habet, Galatea reliquit. parns. Sed urbs ilia tantum N amque (fatebor enim) dum me Galatea tenebat, emmet inter cameras, quan- XT k V... . ' , A tum cupressi solent eminere Nec S P? S libertatis erat, nec cura peculi: inter viburna flexilia. mel. Quamvis multa meis exiret victima septis, Et qua; tanta necessitas te pinguis e t ingratae premeretur caseus urbi, 35 LiDlKas^q^S 6 tarda,* Non unquam gravis sere domum mihi dextra redibat. tamen aspexit me desidem, mrl. Mirabar, quid moesta Deos, Amarylli, vocares, cum jam cana barba deci- Q u i pendere sua patereris in arbore poma. tS. ewSt pottos' Tityrushinc aberat. Ipsae te, Tityre, pinus, annos servitutis: ex quo se- Ipsi te lontes, ipsa haec arbusta vocabant. 40 cutussumAmarjllida,etre- TIT . Quid facerem? neq; servitio me exire licebat, liqui Galateam. Scilicet, jj t praesentes alibi coe;noscere divos. quamdiu amavi Galateam • .,, i . .. . __ & (fatebor enim) nec speravi Hie ilium vidi juvenem, Melibcee, quotannis libertatem, nec curavi patri- Bis senos cui nostra dies altaria fumant. monium: licet educerem ex Hic mihi responsum primus dedit ille petenti: 45 ovihbus meis multas victi- _. . r v . * , ., .,5 ^ mas, et coagularem optimos Pascite, ut ante, boves, pueri: submittite tauros. caseos arf iisum ingratse ur-MEL. Fortunate senex! ergo tua rura manebunt: bis; nunquam referebam do- Et ^j ma gna satis: quamvis lapis omnia nudus, mummanus plenas pecuma. T . ° , , , L mel. Mirabar cur tristis in- Limosoque palus obclucat pascua junco: vocares Deos, 6 Amarylli, cui servares poma pendentia suis qu\ia contagies vicini gregis inficiet eas. O felix senex! hie prope amnes cognitos, et fontes dicatos JWimphis fru- em umbra frigid*. Ex alia parte scpes limitis propin- qui, in qua Acs salicum carpitur semper a Siculis apibus, sa?pe tenui mur-. mure apy.m te invrtabit, ut somno indulgeas. Ex alia 60 parte putator frondium ex- celso in colle cantabit ?A au- ras. "Neque tamen interim raucse palumbes, quae simt tuas delicise, neque turtur de- sinet queri ex ulmo sublimi. ^ tit. Prius igitur aples eer- 65 vi paseent in aere, et maria deseVent in litore pisees de- fectos aqua: Prius extorris Parthia potabit Ararim, aut Germania Tigrim, regioni- bus mutuo permutatis, qukm «q forma iliius juvenis excidat mini ex animo. mel Nos vera hinc pulsi partim ibi- mus in Africam arid am, partim petemus Scythiam, aut celerem Oaxem Cretse, ^ aut Britannos omnino sepa- 75 ratos a caeteris populis. Nun- quamne post diuturnum tempus, post aliquot annos, revisam cum admiratione patriam regionem, et tectum casse pauperis extructum e gleba, qu£ tota erat mea posses- sio? Sceleratus miles possidebit hsec arva tam culta? peregrinus has messes? Ecce quo calami- talis dissensio adegit cives infortunatos : ecce propter quos seminavimus arva. Nunc, 6 Meli- baae, insere pyros, digere vineas in ordinem. Ite, ite, mes capellse, grex olim fortunate, Non ego deinde stratus viridi in spelunca aspiciam vos procul spinosa e rupe pendere: NOTES. 1. A'- slave. % a boy in opposition to a girl. 3. Puerilis cetas. 50 Graves foetas, i. e. prcegnantes: Nam feta sine addito, et de gravida, et de puerpera dicitur. In the first sense it occurs. Mn. VIII. 640. Fecerat et viridi fetam Mavortis in antro Procubuisse lupam. 52. Inter flumina. The Mincio and the Po. 53. Frigus opacum. Literally, the shady tss. 54. Ab vicino limite. The same as in, ifc- 55. Florem depasta salicti. AGrecism,the same as habens florem salicti depasium- 55. Hybl&is apibus, i. e. bees such as those of Hybla, a mountain in Sicily, pro- ductive of the finest honey. 57. Frondator. Servius gives it three sig- nifications: 1. The woodman in general: 2. The vine-dresser, who clears away the vine -leaves when they are too thick, and lavs the grapes more open to the sun: 3. Any bird that sings among the boughs; e some render it the nightingale. 57. Ad auras. To the breezes: or per- haps it means aloud, so as to pierce the skies, as the phrase is used elsewhere. 63. Parthus is not here to be taken for a particular native of Parthia, but for the Parthian nation in general; as Germania in the other part of the verse signifies the Ger- mans in a body. The meaning therefore is, That these tvio nations shall sooner exchange countries vjith one another, than, Sec Had the critics attended to this, it might have saved them a great deal of needless trouble. 70. Aliquot aristas. Some years, accord- ing to some, as Claudian says, decimas emensus aristas. But this agrees not with longo post tempore,- the one implying a long, and the other a short duration; or at best it would be an idle repetition of the same idea. Therefore by aristas it seems better to un- derstand thinfields of corn, where are but a few ears to be seen; which also suits best with mea regna, which in the natural order of construction must refer to aliquot aristas, not to culmen pauperis tuguri. 4 P. VIRGILII MARONIS cantilenam nullam modula- Carmina nulla canam: non, me pascente, capellae bor: non tondebitis, d capel- pi orentem cytisum et Salices carpetis amaras. 70 las, cvtisum norentem et sa- TTX ' , * . • lices" amaras, me custode. tit. Hie tamen hanc mecum poteris reqwescere tit. Tamen poteris bac Fronde super viridi. Sunt nobis mitia poma, [noctera nocte quicscere hjc mecum Castanese molles, et pressi copia lactis. r«r^ StB jam summa procul villarum cnlmina fumant, neas molles, et multum co- Majoresque cadunt altisde montibus umbrae. act) lactis. Et jam summa pagorumtecta procul fumant, et umbra grandiores porriguntur ex altis monUbus. NOTE. 82. Castanets molles. Molles may either 53. the one being smooth in the husk, the signify ripe, or such ches?iuts as we're called other rough and jagged. soft, in opposition to the hirsute, Eel. VII. EC LOG A II ALEXIS. interpretatio. FORMOSUM pastor Corydon ardebat Alexim, Pastor Corydon amabat Delicias domini: nee, quid speraret, habebat. £*£'£&'£ STantum inter densas, umbrosa cacumina, fagos ipsi spes ulla: solummodo Assidue veniebat: ibi haec incondita solus veniebat frequenter ad spis- Montibus et sylvis studio jactabat inani. 5 ZgPJSETSXo crudelis Alexi ' nihiI ™ea carmina curas: debat inutiliter montibus et Nil nostri miserere: mori me denique coges. nemoribus hsee verba incom- N unc etiam pecudes umbras et frigora captant; 5* ^"f^Nunc « ri de3 etiam occnltant spineta lacertos: nullo modo miserescis mei: denique coges me mori. Nunc ipsa pecora fruuntur umbra et frigore: nunc Lacerti ipsi virides latent in vepribus: NOTES. By Corydon here some would have us to with a suitable present of nuts and apples; understand Virgil himself, and by Alexis a but, when be finds that nothing will prevail, young slave of Maecenas, for whom Virgil he resolves to quit his troublesome amour, had conceived a violent affection, and soli- and betake himself again to his former bu- cited his patron to make him a present of the siness. boy; to which Martial is thought to allude There is certainly something more in- in the verses above quoted, Eel. L Be that as tended in this pastoral than a description of it will, Corydon is here represented ma- friendship or Platonic love; the sentiments, king love to this beautiful youth. His way though chaste, are too warm and passionate of courtship is wholly pastoral: he com- for a mere Platonic lover. But there is no plains of the boy's coyness; recommends reason to charge Virgil on that account with himself for his beauty and skill in piping; the unnatural love of boys; a poet may show invites the youth into the country* where his talent in describing a passion which 'he. he promises him the diversions of the place, by no means approves. BUCOLICA. ECL. II. 10 et Thcstylis content herbas odorit'eras, rdliunvet scrpyl- lum, messoribus fatigatis ob graVera acstum. Interim, dum scquor tua vestigia, rae- cum ad solem fcrventem . raucte cicada strepitant per *5 loca consita arboribus. Nonnc tuissct melius tolc- rare graves irasetimperiosa fastidia Amaryllidis? Nonnc fuisset melius tolerare Me- nalean? licet ille fuscus sit s 20 licfet tu albus sis. O formosc puer, ne nimis confidas colo- ri. Ligastra jacent humi s quamvis Candida; vaccinia colliguntur, quamvis nigra. Me contemnis, 6 Alexi, nee consideras quis ego sim r 25 qukm multas possideam o- rhestylis etrapido fessis messoribus aestu Allia serpyllumque herbas contundit olentes. At raecum raucis, tua dum vestigia lustro, Sole sub ardenti resonant arbusta cicadis. Nonne fuit satius tristes Amaryllidis iras, Atq; superba pati fastidia? nonne Menalcan? Quamvis ille niger, quamvis tu candidus esses. O formose puer, nimium ne crede colori: Alba ligustra cadunt, vaccinia nigra leguntur. Despectus tibi sum, nee qui sim quaeris, Alexi: Quam dives pecoris, nivei quam lactis abundans Mille meae Siculis errant in montibus agnae: Lac mihi non ae state novum, non frigore defit. Canto, quae solitus, si quando armenta vocabat, Amphion Dircaeus in Actaeo Aracyntho. Nee sum aded informis: nuper me in litore vidi Cum placidum ventis staret mare: non ego Daphnim, ves, qukm multum habeam Judice te, Bietuam, si nunquam Mat imago, O tantum libeat mecum tibi sordida rura, Atque humiles habitare casas, et figere cervos, Hoedorumq; gregem viridi compellere hibisco! Mecum una in sylvis imitabere Pana canendo. Pan primus calamos cera conjungere plures Instituit; Pan curat oves, oviumque magistros. Nee te poeniteat calamo trivisse labellum. Haec eadem ut sciret, quid non faciebat Amyntas? Est mihi disparibus septem compacta cicutis Fistula, Damcetas dono mihi quam dedit olim: Et dixit moriens: Te nunc habet ista secundum. Dixit Damoetas: invidit stultus Amyntas* Praeterea duo, nee tuta mihi valle reperti, Capreoli, sparsis etiam nunc pellibus albo ? Bina die siccant ovisubera: quos tibi servo. rem induxit nectere cera multas arundines: mete vagantur in monti- bus Siciliae: lac novum non deest mihi per sestatem s oq nee per hyemem. Cano ea qua? Amphion Thebanus so- lebat can ere in Ai'aeyntho maritimo. Nee sum tarn ds- formis: nuper vidi me e li- tore, cum mare tranquillum. non moveretur vento. Ego non timerem Daphnim, te 3 6 *P so a r bitro: nisi aliquando forma me decipiat. Utinam velis tantummodo mecum incolere agros tibi viles, do- mosque parvas: et transfo- dere cervos, et ducere gre- gem hcedorum ad hibiscum virentem. In sylvis sirau! mecum imitaberis Pana can- tando. Pan primus in mo- Pan protegit oves et pastores ovium. Nee pig eat 40' te labra atterere fistula. Quid non faciebat Amyntas, ut disceret hsec eadem a me? Habeo fts.- tulam conflatam e septem cicutis insequalibus, quam Damcetas quondam donavit mihi: et dixit moriens: Tu nunc istam secundus possides. Damcetas hoc dixit, Amyntas stolidus invidit. In- super duo eapreoli ihventi a me in valle, non sine periculo: quorum pedes sunt adhuc distine- tx maculis candidis, quotidie exhauriunt gemina ovis ubera: hos servo tibi. NOTES. 18. Vaccinia. Some will have this to be was the fountain Dirce: it is called Actteo. bilberries; Servius makes it the violet; but from that Virgil himself plainly distinguish- es it, Eel. X. 39. Et nignv violas sunt % et vaccinia nigra. Salmasius and others explain it of the hya- cinth, chiefly because vaccinium answers to uawv9oj in that line of Theocritus, which Virgil here not only imitates, but almost literally translates: &ai to tov fjuhav tvlt x.cu et-ygocvlcic VKKtvdog. 24. Amphion. The famous king of Thebes who built the walls of that city; the stones whereof he is said to have made to dance into their places by the music of his lyre. He is called Dircaeus, either from Dirce his stepmother, whom he put to death for the injuries she had done to his mother Antiope; or from a fountain in Bceo- tia of that name. 24. Aracyntho. Aracynthus was a town on the confines of Attica and Bceotia, where from Acta or Acte, the country about At- tica, Ovid. Met. lib. II. 720. Sic super Ac- taeas agilis Cyllenius arces inclinat cursus. 28. Tibi sordida rura. Servius, and all the commentators after him, join tibi with sordi- da, the country which gives you such dis- gust. But that construction seems not so na- tural; perhaps it would be better to join tibi with libeat. As for sordida, it is a proper- epithet for cottages and villages, which are mean and poorly furnished. Or he speaks in the character of a lover, who thinks nothing good enough for his beloved object. 30. Hibisco. A slender twig or rush; as appears from Eel. X. 71. Dura sedet, et gracili Jiscellam texet hibisco. 36. Cicutis. Hemlock, here used for any hollow reeds. 38. Te nunc, &c. Literally, now it has you its second master* C P.- VIRGILII MARONIS Jamdudum Thestylis cona- Jampridem a me illos abducere Thestylis orat: ^'stESrs&ig ^r i uoniam sordent tibi ™ n ™ "<•**• donameatibivilescunt. Hue Hue ades, 6 formose puer. Tibi lilia plenis 45 veni, 6 formose puer. En Ecce ferunt Nymphae calathis: tibi Candida Nai's J&StiSMi.S*'^ ™ la | et ™ a P^era carpens, bi colligens violas pallidas et Narcissum et florem jungit bene olentis anethi: capita papaverum, addit nar- Turn casia, atque aliis intexens suavibus herbis, cissum et florem anethi odo- Mollia luteoia { [t vaccinia cakha> 50 nferi: demde miscens cum T T & 1 , . casia et aliis herbis dulcibus, l V se e g° cana legam tenera lanugine mala, omat mollia vaccinia calthis Castaneasque nuces, mea quas Amaryllis amabat. croceis Ego verd cofflgam Addam cerea pruna: et honos erit huic quoq; porno: poma albentia molh lanu- x?. * « • n ^ r gine, et nuces castaneas, h } vos \° Iauri > carpam, et te, proxima myrte; quas mea Amaryllis dilige- Sic positae quoniam suaves miscetis odores. 55 bat. Adjungam pruna flava, Rusticus es, Corydon; nee munera curat Alexis: S^^rS^Tft toI Nec simuneribus certes, concedat lolas. ri; et te, myrte, lauris vicina: Eheu, quid volui misero mihi? floribus Austrum quia ita junctas emittitis Perditus, et liquidis immisi fontibus apros. rc^t'Te. iEfc'JS Q«e™ f"S is > <*> demens! habitarunt dii quoq; sylvas,60 movetur tuis donis: et.. si Dardanmsq; Pans. Pallas, quas condidit arces, contendas donis, lolas non Ipsa colat: nobis placeant ante omnia sylvae. fedf ^isfAutuSl'Torvale^na lupum sequiwr: lupus ipse capellam: ribus, et apros puris fonti- * lorentem cytisum sequitur lasciva capella: bus, imprudens! Ah, stulte, Te Corydon, 6 Alexi: trahit suaquemq; voluptas. 65 quem fugis? Dii ipsi bco- Aspice, aratra jugo referunt suspensa juvenci, luerunt nemora, et Paris,-. r , ; J j , it- J i Trojanus. Pallas incolat Et so1 crescentes decedens duphcat umbras. ipsa urbes quas extruxit: Me tamen urit amor: quis enim modus adsit amori? syh-as autem placeant nobis Ah, Corydon, Corydon, quae te dementia cepit! fena StpiTpt Semiputata tibi frondosa vitis in ulmo est. 70 ipse capellam, -petulans ca- Quin tu aliquid saltern potius, quorum indiget usus, pella sectatur cytisum: te Viminibus molliq; paras detexere junco? S5^«S Invenies alium > si te hic fastidit - Alexim - iuptate. Vide, era juvenci referunt domum aratra sublevata jugo: et sol occidens auget crescen- tes umbras: me tamen amor inflam mat: nam quis potest esse finis in amore? Ah Corydon, Co- rydon, qu«nam insania teoccupavit! liabes in ulmo frondosa vitem media ex parte recisam: cur non potius conaris saltern texere vimine, aut junco flexili, aliquid earum rerum, quarum eget vita rustica? Reperies alium Alexim, si hic te despicit. NOTES. 51. Mala. We would translate it quinces, Pubentesque rosse primos moriuntur ad with Servius, and all the commentators; austros. whereof the white are the best and most 61. Dardanius que Paris. Vans was exposed fragrant. See Pliny, XXI. 6. But the de- by his father in a wood, in order to elude scription here given seems rather to suit the the oracle, which foretold that he was to peach, as Mr. Dryden renders it. be the destruction of Troy. 53. Cerea. Of a beautiful colour as wax. - 61. Pallas condidit. Meaning that she first See La Cerda. ' invented and taught persons to build stately 57- lolas. Those who think Corydon per- structures, sonates Virgil, and Alexis the slave of Mae- 66. Aratra jugo suspensa. These words cenas whom he loved, by lolas here of allude to the manner of bringing home the course understand Maecenas. plough, when the labour of the day is over. 58. Floribus Austrum immisi. A prover- It is then drawn backward: thus the share bial expression, applicable to those who not entering the ground, glides easily along, wish for things that prove destructive to and may be said to be only just hung upon them; the south wind by its hot sultry qua- the yoke, lity being noxious to flowers. Hence Papin. lib. III. Svlv. BUCOLICA. ECL. Ill ECLOGA III. PALiEMON. Men. Menalcas, DAMoeTAs, Paljemox. 1KTERPRETATIO. men. O Damreta, die mi- DIC mihi, Damoeta, cuium pecus? an Meliboei? da. Non, verum ^gonis: nuper mihi tradidit jEgan-&ffi 'ISTm^ me. Infelix 6 semper oves pecus! ipse Neaeram Dum fovet, ac, ne me sibi praet'erat ilia, veretur, Hie alienus oves custos bis mulget in hora: Et succus pecori, et lac subducitur agnis. da. Parcius ista viris tamen objicienda memento. Novimus et qui te, transversa tuentibus hircis, Et quo, sed faciles Nymphas risere, saceilo. me. Turn, credo, cum me arbustum videre Myconis, Atque mala vites incidere falce novellas. d. Aut hie adveteres fagos, quum Daphnidis arcum Fregisti et calamos: quae tu, perverse Menalca, Et cum vidisti puero donata, dolebas; Et, si non aliqua nocuisses, mortuus esses. me. Quid domini facient, audent cum talia fures? Non ego te vidi Damonis, pessime, caprum Excipere insidiis, multum latrante lycisca? Et cum clamarem; " Quo nunc se proripit ille? Tityre, coge pecus:" tu post carecta latebas. da. An mihi cantando victus non redderet ille, Quern mea carminibus meruisset fistula, caprum? Si nescis, meus ille caper fuit; et mihi Damon Ipse fatebatur, sed reddere posse negabat. m. Cantando tu ilium? aut unquam tibi 'fistula cera. Juncta fuit? non tu in triviis, indocte, solebas Stridenti miserum stipula disperdere carmen? sed est iEgonis: iEgon mihi nuper ilium commisit. m e n - . c O oves, pecudes semper in- faustse! dum *£gon ipse de- mulcet Neaeram, ac timet ne ilia me anteponat ipsi: mercenarius iste pastor Da- mcetas exprimit lac o\ibus bis singulis horis: Et sac- lOcus subripitur gregi, etlac agnis. dam. Memineris tamen ista cautius esse ex- probranda viris. Scimus et qui te corruperint, hcedis oblique spectantibus, et quo i c in delubro, sed bonse Nym- phaj riserunt. men. Tunc, puto, riserunt^ cum vide- runt me amputare improba falce arbores, et novas vites Myconis. dam. Vel potius hie prope fagos antiquas, 20 quando rupisti arcum et sa- gittas Daphnidis : quse tu, maligne Menalca, quando vidisti data esse puero illi et invidebas, et periisses, nisi damnum aliquod /p-wintulis- ses. men. Quid faciet he- rus &gon: siquidem sennis 2 6 fur ax audet talia mihi di- cere? Nonne ego te vidi, nequissime, dolo furari ca- prum Damonis lycisca multum latrante? Et cum clamai*em: " Quem in locum fugit ille? Tityre, collige gregem:" tu delite3cebas post carecta. dam. An ille, canendo superatus, mihi non red- didisset caprum, quem avena mea meruerat cantilenis? si ignoras, caper ille erat meus, et ipse Damon id fatebatur, sed dicebat se non posse reddere. men. Tu ilium vicisti canendo? an un- quam habuisti avenam cera compactam? Nonne tu, imperite, solebas rauca cicuta spargei'e in plateis miserabiles cantilenas? NOT Damoetas and Menalcas, after some smart strokes of rustic raillery, resolve to try who has the most skill at a song; and according- ly make their neighbour Pal aemon judge of their performance; who, after a full hear- ing of both parties, declares himself unqua- lified to decide so important a controversy, and leaves the victory undetermined. 7. Viris. A particidar emphasis rests on wis; as much as to say, such indignities may be borne by such varlets as you, but 'iot bv msn of honour ES. 10. Turn, credo, &c Menalcas here slily accuses Damcetas of what he charges him- self with. 16. Fures, i. e. slaves; because slaves were much addicted to pilfering: hence Plautus speaking to a slave, says: tu trium literarum homo, vituperas me? i. e. tu fur. 18. Lycisca. The mongrel breed of a wolf and a bitch, from \vy.oq lupus, and kva i can is. 20. Coge, i. e. examine that none of them be wanting. 5 P. VIRGILII MARONIS bam. Visne igitur ut priva- da. Vis er^o inter nos, quid possit uterque vicissim ^tTaiSt^trr Experiamur? ego banc vitulam (ne fond recuses, mine? ego do pignori banc " ls venit ad mulctram, binos aht ubere foetus) 30 juvencam. nefortasse rejici-Depono: tu die, mecum, quo pignore certes. as earn, bis mulgctur, edu- ME j) e 2r re p. e non ausim quicquam deponere tecum. cat lacte geminos vitulos: tu . , . . P to . n n . . r die quo pignore contendas ^ st ml » l namque domi pater, est injusta noverca: mecum. men. De grege Bisque die numerant ambo pecus, alter et hoedos. non ausim collocare quic- Verum, id quod multo tute ipse fatebere majus, 35 quam in sponsione tecum: T . ... ' . ., . r , J babeo enim domi patrem, Insanire hbet quoniam tibi, pocula ponam habeo novercam difficilcm: Fagina, coelatum divini opus Alcimedontis: ct bis quotidie recensent Lenta quibus torno facili superaddita vitis wr^haS^At, siiuidem Diffusos hedera vestit pallente corymbos. tibi placet stultum esse, op- In medio duo signa, Conon: et quis fuit alter, 40 ponam id quod tu ipse fate- Descripsit radio totum qui gentibus orbem? Se^c^Sropus Tempora qu* messor, qu* curvus arator haberet? incisum a prsestantissimo Al- Necdum lllis labra admovi, sed condita servo. cimedonte; in quibus vimen da. Et nobis idem Alcimedon duo pocula fecit, %SLE&§B3& & T m ci . rc * ra e - st ansas amplexus acantho: 45 bus hedera; paliidae corym- Orpheaq; in medio posuit, sylvasque sequentes. bos sitos dispersos. In medio, Necdum illis labra admovi, sed condita servo. du« sunt effigies, Conon: et si ad v i tulam spe ctes, nihil est quod pocula laudes. quis fait alter, qui virea uis- xr , r ,. ' n . r A tinxit populis totum mun- M - Nunquam hodie effugies: veniam quocunque voca- dum, et tempora quse essent ris. apta messori, quse curvo ara- Audiat haec tantum vel qui venit: ecce, Palaemon: 50 tori? Neque adhuc ulos rare- ^ re • .1 ' i resattigi labiis, sed servo ab- Efficiam posthac ne quemquam voce lacessas. ditos. dam. Mihi quoque d. Quin age, si quid habes; in me mora non erit ullas idem Alcimedon fabricavit Nee quemquam fugio: tantum, vicine Palaemon, ST^r^XTeS; Sensibus h*c imis, res est non parva, reponas. et locavitin medio Orpheum pal. Dicite: quandoquidem in molli consedimus herba: et arbores sequentes. Ne- Et nunc omnis ager, nunc omnis parturit arbos: 56 que adhuc^los attigi la- Nunc frondent s lv2e nunc formosissimus annus. mis, sed servo abditos. bi_. J J- • i a *.* • tamen ad juvencam respici- Incipe, Damopta: tu demde sequere Menalca. es, non est cur aestimes cali- Alternis dicetis: amant alterna Camenae. ces. men. Nullatenus ho- die evitabis certamen: descendam ad quascunque conditiones we adduxeris. Tantummodo, idem ille qui venit, ea audiat: En Pateemon: Faciam ne deinceps ullum provoces cantu. dam. Ergo age, si habes aliquid; ego nullo modo morabor: neque recuso ullum judicem. Unum precor, 6 Paleemon mi vicine; id penitus defige animo, res est non levis. pal. Canite, siquidem sedi- musin tenero gramine; et nunc omnis arbor, nunc omnis campus parit: nunc nemora virescunt, nunc annus pulcherrimus est. Incipe, 6 Damceta; tu deinde suceedes, 6 Menalca: canetis vi- eissim, vicissitudo placet Musis. NOTES. 31. Mecum quo pignore certes. Literally, 40. Quisfuit alter? supposed to mean ei- With what stake you will contend with me. ther Aratus or Archimedes. 38. Lenta quibus, &c. These two verses 45. Acantho. Acanthus is properly the are somewhat intricate, and the commen- plant called bearVfoot, or bear's-breech. tators have made them much more so by 49. Nunquam hodie effugies. Damcetas their glosses. Ruxus takes vitis for vimen, seemed to construe Menalcas' backward- but quotes no authority: and the whole of ness to stake a heifer as an attempt to evade Ins interpretation appears harder than the the combat, and still insisted on that condi- origmal. Vitis we would take in the usual tion; upon which Menalcas tarns short up- sense, by torno facili, the easy carving-tool, on him, retorts the charge of fainthearted- understand the ingenious carver, who han- ness, and takes bim on his own terms: nun- dies the graving-tool with ease and address; quam hodie, &c. Think not that any of your and by diffusos edere pallente corymbos, the evasive arts will serve your turn; veniam berries diffused on the ivy-boughs: so that quocunque vocdris; I will descend to any the plain meaning will be, that each cup terms you name; if you insist on my staking was engraven with vine and ivy-branches a heifer, be it so; I agree to that, or any interwoven, in such sort, that the ivy-ber- other condition you name, ries were shaded by the mantling vine 54. Sensibus imis. Literally, Lay up these matters in your deepest thoughts. BUCOLICA. ECL. III. 9 da. Ab Jore principium, Musae: Jovis omnia plena: dam. A Jove ducamus initi- Illc colit terras, illi mca carmina curse. 6 1 um » d T Wus*: omnia plena t^ r»i u m t - . sw#f Jove: ille lceeundatter- ME. Lt me Phoebus amat: Phoebo sua semper apud rogj m e curat meos versiw . Munera sunt, lauri, et suave* rubens hyacinthus. [me men. Phrebus quoque me da. Malo me Galatea petit, lasci va puella: a . mat: sunt g»Pf ^pud me -•-.<*• 1 .• • ti .1 -_ dona sacra rhoebo, luun, et Et fugit ad salices, et se cupit ante videri. 65 hyacinthus suaviter purpur- men. At mini sese offert ultro meus ignis Amyntas: ascens. dam. Galatea, joco- Notior ut jam sit canibus non Delia nostris. «J puella, me ferit malo, et da. Parta meae Veneri sunt munera: namq; notavi vi ^ a ™ prim^mtx^t Ipse locum, aeriae quo congessere paiumbes. at. men. Amyntas vero, me. Quod potui, puero sylvestri ex arbore lecta 70 meus amor, se sponte exhi- Aurea mala decern mfai: eras altera mittam, ^otASttSS da. O quoties, et quse nobis Galatea locuta est: bus mek, dam. Dona jam Partem aliquam, venti, divum referatis ad aures. parata sunt arnicas mess: M. Quid prodest, ^m. ipse animo non spemis.jf; J u ?^Si P 1^ U S Si, dum tu secturxs apros, ego retia servo: \_ Amynta, dificaverunt. men. Misi A- da. Phyllida mitte mihi, meus est natalis, lola. 76 myntse decern mala flava Cum faeiam vhula ^ro frugibus, ipse venito £*• ZjfiXfiZg me. Phyllida arao ante anas: nam me discedere tievit; cra3 mittam totidem alia. Et, " longum, formose, vale, vale," inquit, lola. dam. O quoties, et quae da. Triste lupus stabulis, maturis frugibus imbres, verba mihi dixit Galatea! O \ , ., r . , • » II* v • 01 venti, ferte ad auras Deorum Arboribus venti: nobis Amaryllidis irae. # 81 aUquam CTmOT partem. m. Dulce satis humor, depulsis arbutus hcedis, men. Quid prodest mihi, 6 Lenta salix fceto pecori: mihi solus Amyntas. Amynta, quod tu me non ■n „• r . ^ -xt aspernaris ammo, si ceo ser- d. Pollio amat nostram, quamvis est rustica, Alusam. V o retia, dum tu apros inse- Pierides, vitulam lectori pascite vestro. 85 queris? dam. O lola, mitte m. Pollio et ipse facit nova carmina: pascite taurum, a ^ me PM 11 ^ meus est Jam cornu petat, et pedibus qui spargat arenam {& ^ "iTuel d. Qui te, Pollio, amat; veniat quo te quoq; gaudet: tibus, tu ipse veni. men. O lola, diligo Phyllida prae aliis, me enim abeunte ploravit, et diu, dixit: vale, vale, 6 formose. da. Lupus funesta res est gregibus, pluvia segetibus maturis, venti arboribus: nobis ira Amaryllidis, men. Humor grata res est teneris segetibus, arbutus hcedis d lacte depulsis; salix flexilis gregi prcsgnanti: mihi solus Amyntas. dam. Pollio diligit mea carmina, licet sint agrestia: 6 musx-, nutrite juvencam Polliaru, ■qui vos legit, men. Ipseetiam Pollio componit novos versus: nutrite illi taurum, qui jam cornibas feriatj et spargat arenam ealeibus. dam. Quisquis te diligit, 6 Pol- lio, perveniat ad ea, ad qu?3 lsetatur te quoque pervenisse: NOTES. 63. Lauri— -hyacinthus. The laurel and hya- respond with formose, but is to be eonstru- ckith were sacred to Apollo; the one on ed at the beginning- of the couplet, as in account of Daphne, Apollo's mistress, who the couplet preceding, was transformed into the laurel; and the 77. Faeiam vituld, i. e. Faeiam sacra ex ether of Hyacinthus, his favourite boy, vituld. whom he accidentally killed with-a coit, 78. Me discedere jlevit, for discessum metim and from whose blood sprang the flower of Jlevit, a Grecism. his name. See Earner's Mythology. 80. Stabulis. Stalls are here put for herds 68. Veneri The Greek and Roman po- or flocks of cattle, ets frequently use Venus for a mistress. 82. Depulsis, d lacte understood. It is 74. Quid prodest, &c. Damoetas mentions expressed in the 7th eclogue, the happiness he had enjoyed in his mis- Depulsosd lacte domi quxclauderet agnos. tress's presence and converse; and in her 82. Arbutus. The strawberry -tree, so call- absence solaces himself with the delight- ed from the resemblance of its fruit to a ful remembrance thereof: Menalcas here strawberry. strives to go beyond him in sentiments of 86. Nova, i. e. magna, niiranda, such as love and tenderness, and shows that it is are rare and unmatched, impossible for him to have an enjoyment of 88. Veniat qud. May he arrive at the Con = himself while Amyntas is absent, nay, un- sulship, and all those honours which you less he share with him every danger. have attained, 76 lola, The vocative lola does*notcor- c 10 P. VIRGILII MARONIS Uli mei fluat, et vepres rigi-Mella fluant illi, ferat et rubus asper amomum. J E /S? „„»": «• Qui Barium non odit, amet to. carmjna Mam: 90 vium, amet tuos versus, d Atque idem jungat vulpes, et mulgeat hircos. Msevi! idemque subHget ju- d. Qui legitis flores, et humi nascentia fraga, go vulpes, etexpnmat lac ex prigidus, 6 pueri! fugite nine, latet anguis in herba. hircis. DAM.Opuen, qui col- n ' • -t i_ > • ligitis flores, et fraga nascen- M - Parcite oves nimium procedere: non bene ripae tiahumi,hinc fugite: serpens Creditur: ipse aries etiam nunc vellera siccat. 95 lethalis occuitus est sub era- DAM> Tityre, pascentes a flumine reice capellas: mine. men. O oves, absti- T . . ' r . ♦ r i r_ nete longius ire, non tuto Ipse* ubl tempus ent, omnes in fonte lavabo. fiditur rip»: ipse aries siccat men. Cogite oves, pueri: si lac praeceperit sestus, adhucvillos DAM.OTityre, ut nuper, frustra pressabimus ubera palmis. 99 remove a nuvio pascentes r>-% \ L -l- • . t capellas: ego purgabo eas D - Ehe u> quam pingui macer est mini taurus in arvo! omnes in fonte, cum eritop- Idem amor exitium pecori est, pecorisq; magistro. portunum. men. O pueri, M# jjj s cert £ neq . amor causa est: vix ossibus haerent. tS^^SfiS^ZZ^ 6 quis teneros oculus mih. fascinat agnos. te paucos dies, incassum n. Die quibus in terns, et ens mini magnus Apollo, prememus mammas mani-Tres pateat coeli spatium non amplius ulnas. 105 ■Jto* hibS^SSfa S: £• Dic ^*>™ 1" *«* ;n^ ri P» n °»»ua «gum tili agro: idem amor perdit Nascantur flores: et Phyllida solus habeto. gregem, et dominum gregis. pal. Non nostrum inter vos tantas componere lites. tapo;tS hi s Ce ^r°^ Et vitula tu dignus, et hie: et quisquis amores tamenvix stant ossibus. Nes- Aut metuet dulces, aut expenetur amaros. 1 10 cio quis oculus corrumpit Claudite jam rivos, pueri: sat prata biberunt. mihi juniores agnos. dam. Dic qua in regione, coeli spatium apertum sit ulnis non plusquam tribus, et eris mihi magnus vates. men. Dic qua in regione oriantur flores notati regum nominibus: et possidebis solus Phyl- lida. pal. Non meumest dirimere tantam contentionem inter vos: Tu mereris vitulam, et hie quoque: et quicunque aut diffidet amoribus prosperis, aut experietur tristes. Nunc obstruite rivos, 6 juvenes: prata satis irrigata sunt. NOTES. 89. Rubus, is without doubt the black- 106. Inscripti notnina regum, &c The berry bush. flower here meant is probably the hyacinth, 89. Amomum. What is commonly called of which Pliny says: Hyacinthum comitatur amomum Plinii, or berry-bearing night- fabula duplex, Juctum prceferens ejus quem shade: but Salmasius thinks that the anci- Apollo dilexerat, aut ex Ajacis cruore editi, ents called every sweet odor amomum. ita discurrentibus vents, ut figura literarum When Damcetas wishes that Pollio's friends Grcecarum Ai legatur inscripta, Lib. XXI, may gather amomum (some spice or per- Chap. 11. This account, I doubt, is like fume) from brambles, he makes an allusion many others in Pliny, built on a slight foun- to the golden age: dation: but it is sufficient for Virgil if there Assyrium vulgo nascetur amomum. was such a tradition. Minelius observes Dryden renders amomum, myrrh. that some suppose that this is to be under- 96. Reice. Here is first a syncope, rejice stood of the money coined in the time of being changed into reice, then a contraction Augustus, by Florus the trj»mvir, on which of the two short vowels into a long diph= a flower was impressed. Vsl thong. So eicit for ejicit in Lucretius 1.3.891- 110. Metuet dulcesp&c Literally, Shall Na radicitus e vitd se toilet et eicit. either fear sweet amours, or" Experience the 98. Praceperit- Shall take it before us. bitter, i. e. shall sing the fears and jealousies 100. In arvo. Several manuscripts read in that mingle with sweet successful love, and ervo. The ervum is a leguminous plant call- from experience describe the pangs and bitter- ed the vetch. Aristotle and Pliny represent ness of disappointment. The one was the it as useful for fattening cattle. case of Menalcas, Dulce satis humor, &c. 104. Dic quibus, &c. Observing Menalcas the other that of Damcetas, Triste lupus sta~ prepared to continue his responses, to put bulis, &c. In the language of poetry, per- an end to the contest, Damcetas offers what sons are said to do what they naturally de- he supposes an enigma too difficult for solu- scribe. So Eel. VI. 62. tion. Turn Phaethontiadas musco circumdat a* 105. Tres pateat, &c. may mean, In the mora, bottom of a well. Some suppose the shield Cortids, &c. of Achilles is meant, on which the constel- 111. Claudite, &c. An allegorical expres- lations were depicted. Professor Martyn sion, demoting that it was time to give over conceives it may allude to the space or body their songs, now that they had given suflv of the heavens as seen on a celestial globe, dent proof of their talent. So in Catullus, Globes had been before this time (probably Claudite ostia, virgines, lusimus satis. by Atlas) invented BUCOLICA. ECL. IV. 11 ECLOUA IY POLLXO. SICELIDES Musae, pauld majora canamus. Non omnes arbusta juvant, humilesq; myricae* Si canimus sylvas, sylvae sint consule dignse. Ultima Cumsei venit jam carminis aetas: Magnus ab integro sseclorum nascitur ordo. Jam redit et Virgo, redeunt Satumia regna; Jam nova progenies coslo demittitur alto. Tu modd nascenti puero, quo ferrea primum Desinet, ac toto surget gens aurea mundo, Casta fave Lucina: tuus jam regnat Apollo. hominum mittitur e summo coslo. Tu tantum, 6 pudica Diana, adsis nascenti puero: sub quo fer- rea cetas primum finietur, et aurea per totum orbem orietur: tuus /rater Apollo jam imperat INTERPRETATIO. O Musse Siculas, cante- mus pauld grandiora. Arbo- res, et parvse myriese non placent omnibus. Si canta- 5 mus sylvas, sylvae deceant eonsulem. Nunc attigimus extremum sseculumvaticinii Cumese Sibylla. Magna aeries temporum oritur de novo. Nunc Astrsea rever- titur, regnum Saturni re- 1 vertitur; nunc novum genus NOTES. Among the various conjectures about the 3. Sylvce. Woods, here put for pastoral, design of this pastoral, the most probable rural subjects. is, that Virgil therein celebrates the birth 3. Consule dignce. Minelitis is of opinion of the famous Marcellus, the nephew of that the poet alludes to a custom of the old Augustus by Octavia; the same who died Romans, among whom it was provided, in the flower of his age, and whose memo ry the same poet has perpetuated by that celebrated funeral eulogium in the sixth iEneid. The time of his birth agrees to the year of Pollio's consulship, A. U. C. 714, when the child here described is said to have come into the world. This event oc- curred in a happy conjuncture, just after Augustus and Antony had ratified a league of peace, and Octavia, by marrying Anto- that the consuls themselves should have the care of the mountains and woods, lest at any time timber might be found deficient for building vessels for the sea. 5. Magnus ordo. Thought to refer to the great Platonic year, which Cicero says, turn efficitur, cum Solis, et Lurne, et quinque errantium ad eandem inter se comparationem confectis omnium spatiis, est facta conversio. 2. de Nat. Deor. And Clavius, C. 1. Sph*- ny, sealed that peace; which restored plen- rce quo tempore quidam volunt omnia, quce ty to Rome, and reestablished the tranquil- cunque in mundo sunt, eodem ordine esse redi- lity of the empire, as in the time of the golden age. Yet many, not without ground, think this pastoral a prophecy of our blessed Saviour, there being several remarkable passages in it applicable to him cunque in mundo sunt, tura, quo nunc cernuntur. 9. Gens aurea. Hesiod mention five ages of the world. 1. The got*" a S e > in the days of Saturn, when n^ n " v ed like the gods, without labour ^rouble or decay. 2d. 1. Sicelides Musce. Sicilian or pastoral Thew/wr age, in ^ mch men were less hap muses; because Theocritus, the original pastoral poet, was a native of Sicily. 2. Non omnes; for, as Horace observes, Multos castra juvant, et lituo tubce Permistus sonitus, bellaque matribus de- testata. py, being in/<»rious to each other, and in - devest- 3d. The copper or brazen age, in •which rae» made themselves armour, and we r e given to war. 4th. The age of demi- srds ->" a beroes, who warre^ at Thebes fnd Troy- 5th. The iron age", in which He- . Myric*. The tamarisk generally grows si° d u J ed » a ." d wh,ch *r to , end wh £ n the low and shrubby. It is common on the banks ^J^'tTu F^ tuJ'lf S ^Ia HenCe of the rivers in Italy, and was first intra?- K 9 S«£l i the golden age, •:ed into England in the reign of E^^ eth ' h ? a natUral re ° IutI ° nj Was ^turning. 12 P. VIRGILII MARONIS Porr6 sub tuo consulate, 6 Tequc aded decus hoc cevi, te consule, inibit, S±t£^t iJEZ l° m P- et i - ncipient magni p™**™^™*- ■ ses incipient currere. Tele duce, si qua manent scelens vestigia nostri, auctorc, si aliqutc nostri eri- Irrita perpctua solvent formidine terras, minis reiiquue supcrsunt, 11Ic De{im it accipiet, Divisque videbit tunc delete hbcrabunt rami- ~ . , i 1 . , , , n .... dumsetemomctu.Ipse/^rPermixtoshcroas, etipse videbitur ilhs: particcpseritvitte divina;, et Pacatumque reget patriis virtutibus orbem. yidebit heroassociutosdiiset At tibi prima, puer, nullo munuscula cultu, ipse videbitur a& ll us, et gu- r, . r , , r . , «. n bernabit mundum pacatum Errantcs hedcras passim cum baccarc tcllus, patris virtute. Terra au- Mixtaque ridenti colocasia fundet acantho. tem ubique sine eultura ip S3B i acte dornum referent distenta capelte ^^■t^^TelUbera' ncc magnos metuent armenta leones. deras passim cum buccare Ipsa tibi blandos fundent cunabula llores: et colocasia mixta grato a- Occidet et serpens, ct fallax h^rba veneni WinteZr.S^Occidet: Assyrian, vulgo nascetur axnomum. lacte tumentes, nee greges At simul heroum laudes, et facta parentis timebunt magnoa leones: Jam legere, et qua?, sit poteris cognoscere virtus: tSSVStSS^ ? Ioll , i P aullatim flavescet c ? ra P us . arista > que morientur, et morientur Incultisque rubens pendebit sentibus uva, x planta? venenata;, quse colli- Et durae quercus sudabunt rascida mclla: 30 gentem decipiant: amommii Syriacum orietur ubiqus. Scd statim atque poteris jam legere laudes heroum, et gesta tut patris, ac percipere quid sit virtus; tunc agrisensim flaveseent spiels maturb, et racemi rubenfces pendebunt b rubis agrestibus, et duns quercus stillabunt mei instar roris. 15 20. 23 NOTES 11. Inibit is not an unclassical expres- sion; and it is more emphatic than any of those which the commentators have substi- tuted for it: it implies, he shall enter on the happiness of his life, and glories of his reign. 12. JMagni menses . About Virgil's time, Quintilis and Sextilis, or July and August, (from Julius Caesar and Augustus) were added to the calendar. The high compli- ment the words convey is easily discovered 17. Pacatum orbem. After the battle of Actium the temple of Janus was shut, and peace prevailed by land and sea. 18. Nullo munuscula cultu. So Ovid Met 1. 108. sine semine. 19. Hederas. He promises him ivy as a future poet, Eel. VII. 25. Pastores, hederd crescentem ornate po'e'tam. 19. Baccare. The herb baccar, or ladies'- glove, thought to have virtue against fasci- nation. 20. Colocctsiaju?idet acantho. The colocasia is without ew u bt an Egyptian plant. Dios- corides affirms terramque , et spatia mari3, et altum ccelum. V ide, tit cuncta cxultent ob adventum tetatis cures. Utinam restet mihi pars extrema tam prolixse vitic, etanima, quantum suffieiet ut tua gesta celebrein. Non me can tu superabit, aut Orpheus Thracius, aut 'Linus: licet huic Orphee mater fav eat Calliopea; et huic Lino pater puleher Apollo. 13 Tamen latebunt nonnullst retfquise mtktitis veteris, qusc cogant adirc mivibus mare, et chuck-re nrbei mcenibus, ct sulcare terram. Tunc erit « ^ alter Tiphys, et altera Argo, " quse portet electos duces: erunT quoque bella alia, ct in gens Achiik-s rursus ibit ad versus Trojam. V postquam cetas jam robusta te reddiderit virum, ipse eti- 40 am nauta recedet e mari, nee naves e pinu fabricate transferent merces- oniric terra producet omnia: nee ager scindetur rastris, nee vitis falce, Turn quoque for- * . tis agricola auferet jugum bobus; nee assuescet lana si- mulare diversos colores: sed aries ipse in pascuis tinget vellus purpura suariter ru- benti, et croco luteo: Sandyx ultro indttet agnos inter pas- 50cendum. Pares, firmo fato^- rum ordine unanimes dixe- runt suis fusis: 6 talia tern- pora, currite. Accede 6 ad magnos magistratus mox ve= niet tempus accedendi: 6 „ dilecta proles deorum, mag- "ne Jovis alumnel Videmun- NOTES. 31. Pauca vestigia. Men will still cherish avarice and ambition. 32. Tketim. Here taken for the sea. She was the daughter of Nereus, or, as others say, Neptune. 35. Delect os heroes, The Argonauts, so called because they sailed in the ship Argo. These heroes accompanied Jason in his ex- pedition to Colchis to fetch the golden fleece. Tiphys was the pilot in this expe- dition . 37. Firmata virum, &c Literally, Jflien confirmed age shall nmv have made tliee a men, i. e. WJven thou art now arrived at the years of fud maturity. 38. Nautica pinus. Ships used to be built of the pine tree. 44. Murice. The murex was a shell-fish set about with spikes, from which the Ty- rian purple was obtained. 44. Luto, Lutum is an herb with which they dyed yellow. 45. Sandyx. A fine red colour, answering to our redorpiment. Pliny describes it as a cheap material for painting. 46. Talia scecla, currite. Some make the construction to be, currite talia scecla, or per talia sjecla; i. e. interrupt not the course of such happy ages. The expression seems borrow- ed from Catullus, who has, currite ducentes subtemina, currife^f^ The poet represents the Destiniyg^^iFpleasedin spinning such happy evefresfand hastening to bring forth the glorious schemes of fate. 48. Aggredere expresses the greatness of mind with which he was to rise to honour, and surmount all difficulties that opposed his advancement; the assumption of thar. power to himself with which he was tc subdue vice and establish virtue. 50. Aspice convexo nut anion pondere. Some explain it thus: Look Tiiih camp ivorld, nutantem mole vitiorum, laboring and oppressed with guilt and misery. 55. JVon me carminibus vincet.~\ Such will be the glory of thy actions, that though de- scribed by me, an humble poet, my verse shall be unrivalled. Moses gives a fine idea of the eloquence of the speaker, arising not from himself, but from the dignity of his theme. " My doctrine shall drop as the rain, my speech shall distil as the dew, as the small rain upon the tender herb, and as the showers upon the grass, because I will publish the name of the Lord," Dent xxxii. 2,3. 14 P. VIRGILII MARONIS Si Pan ipse contcndat me-p a n etiam Arcadia mecum si judice certet, *Z£8£?2g3Z?* etiam Arcadia d ! cat se J udice victum - esse, Arcadia? arbitrio. In- Incipe, parve puer, risu cognoscere matrem: 60 cipe, parve puer, agnoscere Matri longa decern tulerunt fastidia menses. 2£S^tt ! J&£S d IB P «T P u <*> ™ n ° n risere parentes, tri diuturna tsedb. incipe, Nee Deus hunc mensa, Dea nee dignata cubih est. parve puer: cul parentes non arriserc, hunc nee Deus ad mensam, nee Dea in lectum, excipere dignata est NOTES. 60. Risu cognoscere. Some explain it, Be- gin to distinguish thy mother by smiling on her. 63. Nee Deus, &c. The meaning seems to be this: Begin, sweet boy, to know thy pa- rents by their smile; for thy parents must smile upon thee before thou canst be advanced to that life of the gods mentioned verse 15.' MleDe&m vitam accipiet, &c. For no god or goddess ever promoted any to their society on whom their parents did not smile. Or it may be interpreted thus: Begin, sweet boy, to know thy parents by their smile; for thy parents must smile upon thee before thou canst be honoured with the table of a god, viz. Augustus, or bed of a goddess, viz. Julia. Both which honours Marcellus attained, as Augustus adopted him for his son, and gave him Julia his daughter in marriage. ECLOGA V. BAPHNIS, Menalcas, Mopsus. MEN. INTERPRET AT 10. men. Mopse, siquidem una feumus; periti uterque, tu fis- tula canere, ego canere ver- sus; cur nondum hie procu- buimus inter ulmos mixtas corylis? mop. Tu natu ma- jor, justum est ut tibi obe- diam, 6 Menalca: seu subi- mus umbracula fluctuantia ventis agitantibus, seu potius CUR non, Mopse, b©ni quoniam convenimus ambo, Tu calamos inflare leves, ego dicere versus, Hie corylis mixtas inter consedimus ulmos? mo. Tu major: tibi me est aequum parere, Menalca: Sive sub incertas Zephyris motantibus umbras, Sive antro potius succedimus: aspice ut antrum Sylvestris raris sparsit labrusca racemis. cavernam. Vide quomodo vitis agrestis prsetexit cavernam uvis raris. NOTES. Two shepherds, Menalcas and Mopsus, celebrate the funeral eulogium of Daph- nis. Virgil himself is Menalcas, as appears from verse 85, &c. Mopsus, some other poet of reputation in Rome, but young, and who had probably beenVirgil's disciple. Daphnis some suppose to have been a brother of his, who died in the prime of his age; others Quintilius Varus, of whom Horace says, nulli flebilior quam tibi, Virgili: but here the chronology does not agree; for Quintilius Varus died A. U. C. 730, and Virgil wrote this eclogue fifteen years before: others therefore, with more probability, refer it to the death and deification of Julius Caesar. Mopsus laments his death; Menalcas cele- brates his apotheosis or deification. 7. Labrusca. This was the wild vine of the ancients BUCOLICA. ECL. V. 15 me Montibus in nostris solus tibi certet Amyntas. mek. Arayntas unua tecum mo. QuTd si idem certet Phtfbum superare canendo? l^^^.^Tl me Incipe, Mopse, prior, si quos aut Phylhdis ignes, ^^ cum ip ae contends Am Alconis habes laudes, aut jurgia Codri. Incipe: pascentes servabit Tityrus hoedos. mo. Imrao haec, in viridi nuper qu« cortice fagi Carmina descripsi, et modulans alterna notavi, Experiar: tu deinde jubeto certet Amyntas. me. Lenta salix quantum pallenti cedit olivae, Puniceis humilis quantum saliunca rosetis: Judicio nostro tantum tibi cedit Amyntas. mo. Sed tu desine plura, puer: successimus antro Extinctum Nymphae crudeli funere Daphnim Flebant: vos coryli testes et flumina Nymphis: Ciim, complexa sui corpus miserabile nati, \tque Deos atque astra vocat crudelia mater. Non ulli nastos illis e^ere diebus ^iuiiu p .v, . , ° , „ . „. u„ „ „ «™««™ mgressi sumus in antrum Frigida, Daphni, boves ad flumina: nulla neq; amnem N J mph£e lugebant Daph- Libavit quadrupes, nee graminis attigit herbam. 26 n im defunctum fera morte: Daphni, tuum Poenos etiam ingemuisse leones yos, 6 coryli et fluvii, testes iyayinn, vuu o %„„ n „ n4 .„„ fuistis Nympharum luctus. Internum, moniesque fen sylvaeque loquuntur. J Dvim mSL ( er v amplexa y^se- Daphnis et Armenias curru subjungere tigres randum cadaver filii sui, et Deos et sidera fera appella- ret. O Daphni, nullus boves deduxit e pastu ad fluvios frigidos, per illos dies: nulla quadrupes nee degustavit aquam, nee attigit herbam graminis. O Daphni, et montes inculti, et sylvse, dicunt leones ipsos Africa; doluisse mortem tuam. Daphnis etiam induxit morem subligandi tigres NOTES. 8. Tibi certet, a Grecism, for tecum certet. 20. Daphnim. Daphnis signifies a laurel; 10. Phjllidis ignes. Phyllis, queen of and is well applied to Caesar, who demand me. Mopse, incipe primus, si habes, aut aliquos amo- res Phyllidis, aut laudes Alconis, aut rixas Codri. 1 5 Incipe: Tityrus custodiet hcedos pascentes. mo. Me- ditabor potius ilia carmina, quas nuper scripsi in cortice fagi, et per vices canens in- sculpsi: tu postea fac ut eon- tendat Amyntas. me. Quan- 20 to salix flexilis inferior est oliva, quanto parva saliunea rubentibus rosis, tanto tibi inferior est Amyntas, mea. ' quidem sententia. mo. At tu, puer, omitte plura loqui, antrum. Thrace, fell in love with Demophoon, the son of Theseus, and married him. Some time after, Demophoon having gone to A- thens, and being detained there beyond the time when he had promised to return, Phyl- lis, tortured with the pangs of a jealous lover, grew impatient under his absence, and at last hanged herself in despair. 11. Alconis. A famous Cretan archer, who aimed an arrow so dexterously at a serpent wreathed about his son, as to kill the ani- mal without touching the boy. Servius says he could shoot through a ring placed on a man's head; split a hair with the point of his dart; and stick an arrow without a head on the point of a sword or spear. 11. Jurgia Codri. Codrus was king of the Athenians, and signalized himself by dying for his people. For in a war between them and the Lacedemonians, hearing that an oracle had promised the victory to that people whof.e king should die, and the ene- my being strictly enjoined not to kill the Athenian king; he disguised himself in the habit of a peasant, went in among the ene- my, picked a quarrel with some of them, and was slain in the scuffle. The enemy no sooner found out who he was than they threw down their swords. 16. Lenta salix, &c.~\ The most remarka- ed no higher honour from the senate than permission constantly to wear a laurel crown. 23. Mater. Ruseus is of opinion, that Rome is here meant; the poet calling that city the mother of Julius Caesar. Professor Martyn believes Venus intended, and addu= ces in confirmation of the sentiment an al- most parallel passage from the 15th book of the Metamorphoses. 24. Non ulli. To this Ruseus refers these words of Suetonius, in Jul. Cxs. 81. Prox- imis diebus equorum greges, quos in trajiciende jlumine Rubicone consecrdrat, ac vagos et sine custode dimiserat; comperit pertinacissime pa- bulo abstinere, ubertimque jlere. 25. Nulla neque. La Cerda observes, that this is a Grecism; because in Greek two negatives make the negation stronger; but in Latin they make an affirmative. So in Propertius, in the 19th elegy of book II. Nulla neque ante tuas orietur rixafenestras. 26. Quadrupes. This word is used in se- veral other places in Virgil, and in almost every one of them plainly signifies a horse. The only place where quadrupes is used for any other animal is in the 7th Mneid, where it signifies a stag. Saucius at quadrupes nota inter tecia refugit. 29 Armenias tigres. Yoked tigers drew ble property of the willow is its flexibility, the chariot of Bacchus. Caesar vanquished hence called lenta: the epithet pallenti is no Phavnaces, the king of Pontus. Pontus was Less proper for the olive; for\its leaves are contiguous to Armenia. |of a yellowish green. 29. Curru, for curnd. The genitive and 17. Humilis saliunca, Perhaps the French dative of the 4th declension used to be tiis \ipikenard. and vi. When ids became contracted us, id 16 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 4C Armenia* ad currum, ei ce- Instituit: Daphnis thiasos inducere Baccho* febrandi chore&3 in honoren? rr^ r ,•• , * . 4 > .... , •"" V 'V" V 5 Bacchi, et hiduendi gexfles h T ? tollls }enta . s mtexere molhbus hastas. hastas teneris frondibus. Ut Vltta ut arboribus decori est, ut vitibus uvae, vitis est ornamentum arbo- Ut gregibus tauri, segetes ut pin&uibus arvis: £3 SS^K Tu decus omne tuis: postquum t/fata tulcrunt, sesagrorumfertilium. «ctu*psa Pales agros, atque ipse reliquit Apollo. eras ornamentum omne tu- Grandia saepe quibus mandavimus hordea sulcis, £"?£ S°^ I p nfelix }f™: et steriles dominantur aven*. Apollo deseruit ana. Sape rro molli viola, pro purpureo narcisso, mi8erumlolium,etinf(Bcuri-Carduus et spinis surgit paliurus acutis. SET£3CIL h ^ |P ar ? ite humu ™ fo' iis - inducite fontibus umbras, hordea. Carduus, aut pa- ^stores: mandat lien sibi taha Daphnis. liurus armatus spinis acu- Et tumulum facite, et tumulo superaddite carmen. tis nascitur pro dulci vio- Daphnis ego in sylvis hinc usque ad sidera notus: la, et narcisso purpureo. v> * • ° . ' c ^ . ««.«->. Spargitefrondesperterram, *<>rmosi peCOHS CUStOS, formosiOP ipse. tegite tontes umbraeulis, 6 me. Tale tuum carmen nobis, divine poeta, pastures! Daphnis jubethac Quale sopor fessis in gramine, quale per xstum pall™ U2F2& DulcU «u« sahente shim restinguere rivo. ' chro epitaphium: EgoDaph- Nee calamis solum aequiparas, sed voce magistrum nis hicjaceo, Celebris in syl- Fortunate puer, tu nunc eris alter ab illo: r»g&v3Spt^&S? s tamen hsc quocunq; modo tibi nostra vicissim 5< sepulchrior me. Tales mihi Dicemus, Daphnmq; tuum tollemus ad astra: sunt versus tui, 6 divine Daphnin ad astra feremus: amavit nos quoq; Daphnis, poeta, qualis res e^fatigatis Mop# An qu i cquam no bi s tali sit munere maius? somnus in hei'bis, et qualis r?, . ^ - 1 . . ,. iii««^*«. *n«jua. res est scstuantibus sedare ^ P ue . r J P se IUlt cantari dlgnus, et ISta atim scaturiente rivo dulcis Jampridem Stimicon laudavit carmina nobis. 55 aqus. Nee tantum sequas magistrum fistula, sed etiam voce. Felix juvenis, tu modo eris primus post eum. Nos tamenvi- eissimtibi qualicumque modo canemushtec nostra, et Daphnim tuum tollemus in ccelum: Daph- nis nos etiam dilexit. mop. An ulla res mihi sit pretiosior, quam hoc munus? et puer ipse meruit celebrari, et jamdudum Stimicon laudavit mihi tuos istoa versus. NOTES. was diminished to u. So y£n. 1. 261. parce metu for metui. See also 6. 465. and 9. 605. 35. The contrast in the appearance of nature, on the birth of the child in the pre- ceding eclogue, and the death of Ccesar in the present, is exquisitely beautiful. 37- Lolium, or cockle-weed. Virgil calls it infelix, or hapless; because, says Wharton, its nature is malignant. The modern Ita- lians suppose it the cause of melancholy madness. It is common with them to say of any such person, he has eaten bread vrith foli- um in it, A mangiato pane con foglio. 38. Purpureo narcisso. There are many different kinds of the narcissus or daffodil; Dioscorides particularly mentions one that is xog$vgoeifoe t of a purple hue. 39. Paliurus acutis. Professor Martyn says we can hardly doubt that the paliurus of the ancients is the Rhammxs folio subro- iundofructu compresso, which is cultivated in our gardens under the name of Clmst's thorn; and is supposed to be the thorn of iwhicb. the crown was made, that was put upon our Saviour's head. This shrub grows abundantly in Italy. 40. Spargite humum foliis. It was a cus' torn among the ancients to scatter leaves and flowers on the ground, in honour o; eminent persons. 52. Amavit nos quoque Daph?ris. Virgil was obscure and little known in the time of Ju lius Caesar; but Ruasus thinks that it may be explained of the Mantuans in general, who, with the other people of Cisalpi Gaul, were cherished and protected by Cae- sar. 54. Et puer ipse. Hence Servius infers that the Daphnis here celebrated cannot be Julius Caesar, since puer ill agrees to a man of fifty-six years. Ruxus contends that he may be called pier, as being now a god. whose privilege is to preserve immortal youth. But these refined criticisms are very superfluous; Virgil, in the style of pastoral poetry, represents Daphnis, whoever h was, as a swain; and puer is the word con- stantly used by him in that sense, Eel. IH vlt. VI. 14, &c. BUCOLICA. ECL. V. 17 me. Candidus insuetum miratur limen Olympi, Sub pedibusque videt nubes et sidera Daphnis. Ergo alacris sylvas et caetera rura voluptas, Panaque, pastoresque tenet, Dryadasque puellas. Xec lupus insidias pecori, nee retia cervis Ulla dolum meditantur: amat bonus otia Daphnis. Ipsi lastitia voces ad sidera jactant Intonsi montes: ipsae jam carmina rupes, Ipsa sonant arbusta: Deus, Deus ille, Menalca. Sis bonus 6 felixque tuisl en quatuor aras: Ecce duastibi, Daphni, duoque altaria Phosbo. Pocula bina novo spumantia lacte quotannis, Craterasque duos statuam tibi pinguis olivi: Et multo imprimis hilarans convivia Baccho, Ante focum, si frigus erit; si messis, in umbra, Vina novum fundam calathis Arvisia nectar. Cantabunt mihi Damoetas, et Lycthis .Egon: Saltantes Satyros imitabitur Alphesiboeus. Haec tibi semper erunt; et cum soiennia vota Reddemus Nymphis, et cum lustrabimus agros. Dum juga montis aper, fluvios dum piscis amabit, Dumq; thymo pascentur apes, dum rore cicadae: Semper honos, nomenq; tuum, laudesq; manebunt. L't Baccho Cererique, tibi sic vota quotannis Agricolse facient: damnabis tu quoq; votis. tyrorum. Phee in honorem tuum semper fient, et cum solvemus Nymphis vota annua, et cum cir- cuimus campos cum hostid. Quamdiu aper amabit culmina montium, quamdiu piscis amnes, et quamdiu apes alentur thymo, quamdiu cicadse rore: semper gloria, et n omen tuum, et laudes durabunt. Agrestes singulis annis sic tibi vota facient, quemadmodum Baccho et Cereri. Tu quo- que adiges eos ad vota solvenda. me. Daphnis splendens mi- ratur portas cceli a se nou ant6 visas, et despicit sub pedibus nubila et astra. Ergo lreta voluptas occupat gQ nemora, camposque omnes, et Pana, et pastores, vt Dryadas virgines, Xeque lupus struit insidias gregi, neque ullse plagas moliuntur fraudem cervis: Daphnis bo- nus diligit pacem. Ipsi moti- 65 tes inculti emittunt clamores ad astra pr£ gaudio, ipsej rupes modulantur versus, ipsae arbores modulantur hoc: Deus, 6 Menalca, Deus ille est. Utinam sis commo- -q dus et propitius tuis! ecce quatuor aras, ecce duas tibi, et duo altaria Phrebo erect a. Singulis annis offeram tibi duo vasa recenti lacte un- dantia, et duo vasa pinguis olei. Prsssertimque leetifi- 75 cans epulas copioso vino; ad ignem, si fuerithyeras; sub umbraculis, si fuerit Eestas: effundam e calicibus vina Chia, qiue stint novum nec- tar, Damcetas, et JEgon Cre- Qn tensis mihi canent: Alphe- "^sibcEus exprimet choreas Sa- NOTES. 56. Candidus insuetum. Mopsus lamented the death of Daphnis in 25 verses; Menal- cas celebrates his apotheosis in an equal number. Candidus or a white colour was as- cribed to the gods above, and a black colour to the infernal deities. It was also believed, that the residence of the souls of departed heroes was in the milky way. 56. Olympi. Twelve mountains bear this name. The principal one is in that part of Thessaly which borders on Macedonia. Its top being- so elevated as to penetrate the clouds, it was said to reach to the heavens; and is for that reason used by the poets for heaven itself. 59. Dryadas. Nymphs that presided over woods: oblations of milk, oil, and honey were offered to them, and sometimes a goat was sacrificed. They were not generally considered immortal; but as genii whose lives were terminated with the tree over which they were supposed to preside. 63. Intonsi montes, &c This sublime pas- sage bears a strong resemblance to that of Isaiah; " Break forth into singing, ye moun- tains, O forest and every tree therein." Wharton supposes it probable that Virgil had seen Isaiah's writings. 64. Deus, Deus ille. Pope has imitated this in his Messiah: " A God, a God.' the vocal hills reply; The rocks proclaim tK approaching - - 66. Altaria. Are were altars consecrated indifferently either to the celestial or infer - nal deities; but the altaria only to- the for- mer, and were of a larger form: hence Servius derives the word from altus, fagh. 71. Calathis. Calathus commonly signi- fies a basket, here a drinking vessel. 71. Jfamsia. From Arvisus, a promontory in the island of Chios, famous for excellent wines. JVorwm nectar, i. e. quce sunt novum nectar; rAnes -which are excellent as nectar, the drink of the gods. JVorws here signifies excel- lent, as above, Eel. III. 86. 73. Saltantes Satyros. Martyn supposes that some large sort of monkey or baboon, that had been seen in the woods, gave the first occasion to feign the existence of these half deities. They were a sort of demi-gods that attended upon Bacchus. They are re- presented as having horns upon their heads, crooked hands, shaggy bodies, long tails, and the legs and feet "of goats. All the sa- tyrs ever said to have been seen were no- thing more than large monkeys. 80. Damnabis tu quoqne votis. Literally, Thou shall condemn them to their vo~ws. When the object of the vow or prayer was grant- ed, then the person was reus voti, or dam- natus voti; so that damnare votis is a phrase equivalent to that of granting their vows, or hearing their prayers as a god, D 18 P. VIRGILII MARONIS mo. Qualia tibi, qualia mu- M0 . Q uae tibi, quae tali reddam pro carmine dona? sqss3£asS2SHS MB neque me tan, "r ™™%*m™ *■*. ingruentis, nee ripse undis Nee percussa juvant liuctu tarn litora, nee quae verberatse, sic me delectant, Saxosas inter decurrunt flumina valles. neque fluvii qui inter lapido- Hac te nos f m donabimus ante cicuta. '85 sas valles volvuntur. me. TT _^ ° „ , , , ._ PriustibidabohanctenucmHgec nos, rormosum Corydon ardebat Alexim: fistulam: qua ego didici ca- Haec eadem docuit, Cujum pecus? an Melibcei? ?iere: Formosum Corydon MQ M m sume pec | um quo d me c £ m sa£ p e r0 earet, amabat Alexim; eademque VT ,. A . l , ? ^ ,. r . v ° didici, Cujum pecus? anMe- Non tuht Antigenes (et erat turn dignus aman) liboei? mo. Tu vei-6, Menal-Formosum paribus nodis atque sere, Menalca, 90 ca, accipe pedum insigne nodis a'-qualiter distantibns, et sere: quod Antigenes non obtinuit, licet ssepe a me peteret; et tunc tamen merebatur amari. NOTE. 88. Sume pedum. Accept tins crook:. EC LOG A VI SILENUS. iNTE-RPRETATio. PRIMA Syracosio dignata est ludere versu Musa mea, prima ommum Nostra nec e rubuit sylvas habitare, Thalia. diemata est canere bicula t , N J . . „ ' . earmina: nec earn puduit in- <-um canerem reges et praeha, Cynthms aurem ^olere nemora. Cum cane- Vellit, et admonuit: Pastorem, Tityre, pingues rem reges et bella, Apollo p asce re oportet oves, deductum dicere carmen. 5 mihi velhcavit aurem, et me sic admonuit: Tit5 r re, decet pastorem pascere pingues oves, et componere tenues versus. NOTES. Silenus surprised in a grotto by two shep- 3. Cum canerem reges. It is said that Vir- herds, Chromis and Mnasylus, and by the gil once attempted to describe the actions nymph iEgle, is solicited to perform the of the Alban kings, but that being deterred promise he had long given them of a song, by the harshness of their names, he de- Upon which he explains to them the ori- sisted, and applied himself to the Bucolics gin of the world according to the doctrine 4. Vellit. This is elegantly imitated by of the Epicureans; and then, to gratify Young: their curiosity, entertains them with seve- I sought a patronage; but sought in vain. ral fables agreeable to the simplicity of pas- Apollo twitch' 'd my ear, and cried " Germain" toral. This eclogue is supposed to have been The ear was dedicated to memory, the designed as a compliment to Syro the Epi- forehead to shame, the right hand to friend- curean, who instructed Virgil and Varus ship, the knees to mercy, the nose to deri in the principles of that philosophy. sion; and hence, says Minelius, the man - 1. Prima. Used adverbially for primo. ner arose of exciting or admonishing any 1. Syracosio versu. In Syracusan verse, i. one. e in pastoral poetry, such as Theocritus 4. Pingues pascere oves, i. e. Pascere ui the Syracusan wrote. pinguescant. 2. Thalia. One of the muses; who pre- 5. Deductum dicere carmen. An humble or sided over pastoral and comi<* poetry. She slender song; a metaphor taken from wool is drawn leaning on a column. Her mask, spun out till it becomes fine and slender, her crook, and the shortness of her dress, So Hor. Lib. II 1. 225. Tenvi deducta poe- distinguish her from the rest of her sisters, matajilo. And Tibul Lib. I. 3.86 JJeducat Her name seems here to be put for mvse plena stamina longa colo. in general BUCOLICA. FXL. VI. 19 Nunc ego (namq; super tibi erunt qui dicere laudes, Ego nunc, 6 Vare, exci - Vare, tuas cupiant, et tristia conderc bella) %£& £*&£* Agrestem tenui meditabor arundine Musam. ti suppetent tibi, qui opta Non injussa cano: si quis tamen haec quoque, siquis bunt celebrare laudes tuas. jQet scribere t'unesta bella Canto ea, quse d Phabo jus- sus sum cantare. Si tamen aliquis, si aliquis hsec etiam legat, horum amore perci- tus; te nostras myricte, te omnis sylva resonabit, 6 1 5 Vare: nullaq; pagina magis placet Apollini, quam quse sibi prsefixit Vari nomen Pergite, 6 Musse. Chromis et Mnasilus pueri videruht Silenum in caverna prostra- 9Qtum somno: venis tumenti- bus hesterno vino, ut mos est. Erant procul humi co- ronte, tantum lapsa? e capite: Et grande poculum suspen- sum erat per ansam attri- tam. Hunc invadentes, it)ji- 25 ciunt vincula confecta ex ip- sis coronis: ssepe enim Me se- nex utrumque deceperat spe versuum. iEgle adjungit se sociam, et accedit pavidis: iEgle formosissima Naia- ._. dum: Et ipsi, jam oculos Nec tantum Rhodope miratur et Israarus Orphea. oO a p er i en ti, unit frontem et tempora moris rubris. Ille ridens fraudem: Cur, ait, implicates mihi vincula? expedite me ex Us, O pueri: sufficit quod potuerim deprehendi a vobis. Audite versus quos petitis: vobis versus: huic JEgle, aliud prsemium erit: simul ipse incipit. Tunc vero aspiceres Faunos et feras saltare ad cantum, tunc duras quercus cacuminibus nutare. Nec mons Parnassus adeo leetatur Apolline; nec Rhodope et Ismarus adeo mirantur Orpheum. Captus amore legetj te nostrae, Vare, myricae Te nemus omne canet: nec Phoebo gratior ulla est, Quam sibi quae Vari praescripsit pagina nomen. Pergite, Pierides. Chromis et Mnasilus in antro Silenum pueri somno videre jacentem, Inflatum hesterno venas, ut semper, Iaccho. Serta procul tantum capiti delapsa jacebant: Et gravis attrita pendebat cantharus ansa. Aggressi (nam saepe senex spe carminis ambo Luserat) injiciunt ipsis ex vincula sertis. Addit se sociam, timidisque supervenit iEgle: ^Egle Na'iadum pulcherrima: jamque videnti Sanguineis frontem moris et tempora pingit. Ille dolum ridens: Quo vincula nectitis? inquit, Solvite me, pueri: satis est potuisse videri. Carmina, quae vultis, cognoscite: carmina vobis; Huic aliud mercedis erit: simul incipit ipse. Turn vero in numerum Faunosque ferasque videres Ludere, turn rigidas motare cacumina quercus, Nec tantum Phoebo gaudet Parnassia rupes NOTES. 7 . Vare. Interpreters are divided respect- ing the Varus here intended. It is most probable he was the same with P. Quinti* lius Varus, who was endowed with great honours by Augustus, and was for eight years governor of Syria. The loss of three legions in Germany, which was effected by the treachery of Arminius, so distressed Varus, that he fell upon his own sword; and distracted Augustus to such a degree, that beating his head against the walls and doors, he would cry out, " Vare, legiones redde." Varus, restore my legions. 9. Injussa may mean strains 'which I am forbidden to sing, viz. Varus' battles. 10 Nostras myricce, i. e. humble pastorals. 13. Chromis et Mnasilus, two satyrs or shepherds. Chromis from ^go/tri, a neighing noise; and Mnasilus from ^vaa, I perpetuate, or keep in recollection, and «* q™*™* cornu. fronte. Et ob amorem tauri condo- Ah, virgo mfelix, tu nunc in montibus erras! let Pasiphae: felici, si nun- Hie latus niveum molli fultus hyacintho, quam tauri fuissent. Ah, mu- Ilice gub ni k pailentes rum i nat herbas, lier misera, quae msania te . i .. °. * . ' _. __ occupavit?FillaiPrcetireple. Aut aliquam mmagno sequitur grege. Claudite, Nym- verunt campos falsis mugiti- phce, 55 bus: nulla tamen earMwquaj-i)j ctaeae Nymphse, nemorum jam claudite saltus: suit tarn mfames amplexus J r J pecudum; licet metueret suo co\lo jugum aratri, et ssepe exploraret cornua in fronte polita. Ah, mulier misera, tu jam vagaris per montes! taurus verb reclinans candidum latus in teneris hya- cinthis, sub umbrosa ilice regustat herbas pallidas: vel consectatur aliquam vaccam in numeroso armento. O Nymphse, Cretenses Nymphse! claudite jam, claudite saltus sylvarum: NOTES. 31. Magnum per inane. The Epicureans, theft he was chained to a rock in mount whose philosophy is here sung", taught that Caucasus, and had a vulture continually incorporeal space, here called magnum preying upon his liver, that grew as fast as inane, and corporeal atoms, were the first it was consumed. principles of all things: their void space 43. Hylan. The boy Hylas, Hercules' they considered as the womb, in which favourite and companion in the Argonautic the seeds of all the elements were ripened expedition, having gone to fetch water into their distinct foi*ms. from a fountain near which the Argonauts 32. Anima. Anima is also used for air in had landed, fell into the well, and was Lucretius, 1. vi. drowned. Hercules and his fellow Argo- Ventus ubi, atque animse subito vis maxima, nauts, missing the boy, went in search of 35. Et discludere Nerea ponto. Literally, him along the coast, calling on him aloud To shut up Nereus apart in the sea, i. e. to by his name. separate the waters into their channel; Nereus 43. Nautce. The Argonauts, the sea-god being here put for the waters 48. Falsis mugitibus. They imagined in general; and ponto for the channel or re- themselves ti*ansformed to heifers; there- ceptacle of these waters. fore he calls their lowings falsi: they were 37. Solem. The circumstance of the only fancied, not real. earth's being amazed at the first appearance 55. Claudite. Here Silenus personates Pa- of the sun, is strongly conceived. siphae apostrophizing the woods and groves. 41. Lapides Pyrrhtz. See the fable, Ovid. 56. Dictcece nymphce. The nymphs of Crete, Met. I. 318. from Dicte, a mountain in that island., 42. Caucaseasque volucres. Prometheus is where Pasiphae was queen. fabled to have stolen fire from heaven, 56. Saltus are the lawns or open places wherewith he animated aman of clay of his in forests and parks, where the cattle have own formation; for which presumptuous room salire, to feed and frisk about. BUCOLICA. ECL. VI. 21 Si qua forte ferant oculis sese obvia nostris Errabunda bovis vestigia. Forsitan ilium, Aut herba. captum viridi, aut armenta secutum, Perducant aliquae stabula ad Gortynia vaccae. Turn canit Hesperidum miratam mala puellam: Turn Phaethontiadas musco circumdat amarae Corticis, atque solo proceras erigit alnos. Turn canit errantgm Permessi ad flumina Galium Aonas in montes ut duxerit una sororum; Utque viro Phoebi chorus assurrexerit omnis: Ut Linus haec illi divino carmine pastor, Floribus atque apio crines ornatus amaro, Dixerit: Hos tibi dant calamos, en accipe, Musae, Ascraeo quos ante seni: quibus ille solebat Cantando rigidas deducere montibus ornos. His tibi Grynaei nemoris dicatur origo: Ne quis sit lucus, quo se plus jactet Apollo. Quid loquar? aut Scyllam Nisi, quam fama secuta est, ^^^ E^sLt 7 5 Musse dant tibi hanc fistu- lam; quam prius dederant Ascrseo seni; qua ille canen- do solebat evocare duras or- nos e montibus: hac fistula celebretur a te origo Gry- gQ ntese sylvan; ut nulla sit sylva qua magis Apollo glorietur. Quid dicam ut memoraverii„ aut Scyllam Nisi filiam,* quam rumor tulit, cinctam latrantibus monstris circa alba crura, disturbasse naves Ulysseas, et in profundo mari laniasse, heu! nautas pavidos canibus marinis? Aut ut memora- verit corpus Terei conversum irnipupam; quos eibos, quae munera Philomela illi prseparaverat: qua celeritate abierit in deserta; et quibus pennis miser volaverit super domum prius suam. Si- lenus cantat omnes fabulas quas felix Eurotas olim audiit, Phoebo canente; et jussit ut lauri discerent: valles repercusss referunt cantus ad coelum; ut videamus, an fortasse alicubi vaga vestigia tauri se nostris oculis offerant obviam. Forsitan aliquse vac- 60 ess allicient ilium ad sta bula Gortynia, aut sectan- tem gregcs, aut cupidum viridis herbse. Deinde cantat virginem admiratam poma Hesperidum. Deinde cingit _ _ sorores Phaethontis musco ^5 corticis amarse, et attollit e terra excelsas alnos. Deinde cantat quemadmodum una e Musis deduxerit in colles Boeotia? Cornelium Galium, deambulantem circa fluen- 70 ta Permessi: et quemad- modum totus chorus A pol- lings assurrexerit huic viro. Quemadmodum Linus pas- tor, coronatus floribus et Candida succinctam latrantibus inguina monstris, Dulichias vexasse rates, et gurgite in alto Ah! timidos nautas canibus lacerasse marinis? Autut mutatos Terei narraverit artus? Quas illi Philomela dapes, quae dona pararit? Quo cursu deserta petiverit, et quibus ante Infelix sua tecta supervolitaverit alis? Omnia quae, Phoebo quondam meditante, beatus Audiit Eurotas, jussitque ediscere lauros, Ille canit: pulsae referunt ad sidera valles; NOTES. - 60. Stabula. Gortynia was a famous city of Crete, near which the famous labyrinth is still to be seen. The herds of the sun are said to have been kept near this city. 61. Mala. See the 10th book of Ovid's Metamorphoses. Hippomanes being enga- ged in a race with Atalanta, in order to ob- tain her in marriage, threw down a golden apple whenever she gained ground upon him; which she stooping to gather up, Hip- pomanes had an opportunity of getting be- fore her, and of consequence obtaining the lovely prize. 62. Turn Phaethontiadas. Literally, Then he infolds the sisters of Phaeton in the moss of bitter bark, and rears the tall alders from the grove; l. e. he sings their transformation, and describes it to the life. See the note on Eel. III. 10. 62. Phaethontiadas. The sisters of Phaeton consumed themselves with weeping for his death, and were transformed into trees, whose boughs drop perpetual amber. 64. Permessi. Permessus, a river in Boeo- tia, issuing from mount Helicon. 64. Galium. Cornelius pallus, a native of Frioul, contemporary with Virgil and his friend. 65. Aonas in montes. Helicon and Cithse- ron, mountains in Boeotia, so called from Aon the son of Neptune, who reigned there, 70. Ascnzo se?ii. Hesiod, whose country was Ascrsea, a village of Boeotia. 72. Grynxi nemoris. Grynium, according to Strabo, was a city of iEolrs, where Apol- lo had a temple of white marble, and a sa- cred grove, where was a famous oracle. See Banier^s Mythology. 74, 78, 79- Scyllam— Terei— Philomela, See all these fables in Ovid, and the other books of mythology, and the history of them in Banier. 76. Dulichias. Dulichium, an island of the Ionian sea, over against the mouth of the river Achelous. It was subject to the do minion of Ulysses. 82. Omnia qu et invito p rocessit Ves P er 'y m p°- lis, et recensere numerum earum. 85 NOTES. 86. Vesper. The planet Venus, when she goes before the sun, is called Lucifer, or the morning-star; but when she follows the sun, she is called Hesperus or Vesper, the evening-star. So Cicero: Stella Veneris, Lu- cifer Latine dicitur, cum antegreditur solem, cum subsequitur autem Hesperus." 86. Invito Olympo. Tins beautifully repre- sents the sun, and sphere of day, listening to the sweetness of the song which de- scribed their own formation; and unwillingly giving way to the evening-star, that came unseasonably, as it were, to interrupt their pleasure. Milton has a similar beautiful thought. Adam tells the angel the sun will gladly stay to hear his discourse: " And the great light of day yet ivatits to run Much of his race, though steep; suspense in heav'n Held by thy voice, thy potent voice he hears % And longer will delay to hear thee tell His generation.'* EC LOG A VII MELIBOEUS, Meliboeus, Corydon, Thyrsis. INTERPRET ATIO. mel. Forte Daphnis recu- buerat sub ilice susurrante, et Corydon atque Thyrsis conjunxerant simul greges: Thyrsis oves, Corydon ca- pellas tumentes lacte. Uter- cme in flore setatis, uterque ex Arcadia: et pares cantu, et parati ad certandum. Cir- ca nunc locum aberraverat a me hircus ipse dux gregis, dum munio teneras myrtos videt e regione: dixit, Veni MEL. FORTE sub arguta consederat iliee Daphnis, Compulerantque greges Corydon et Thyrsis in unum: Thyrsis oves, Corydon distentas lacte capellas. Ambo florentes aetatibus, Arcades ambo: Et cantare pares, et respondere parati. 5 Hie mihi, dum teneras defendo a frigore myrtos, Vir gregis ipse caper deerraverat: atque ego Daphnim Aspicio: ille ubi me contra videt; Ocyus, inquit, Hue acles, 6 Meliboee; caper tibi salvus et hoedi; contra i'rigus. Ego vero statim Daphnim video. Daphnis ubi me hue cito, 6 Meliboee: hircus et hoedi tui sunt in tuto: NOTES. Meliboeus here gives us the relation of a sharp poetical contest between Thyrsis and Coiydon; at which he himself and Daphnis were present, who both declared for Cory- don. Melibceus is a name derived from the care of oxen: i. e. /u.I\h, he takes care of, flng an ox. Corydon is from xo^uJV, a lark. Daphnis (as before) from Sapvtg, a laurel; and Thyrsis from 3-vgo-oc, a spear bound round with vine stems, in honour of Bacchus. This 7th eclogue, like the 3d, seems to be an imita- tion of a custom among shepherds of old, of vying together in extemporaneous verse. It is very like the inrpro* isatoridp present in Italy. The Tuscans brougidSfcr s -total of wit to Rome. IP 1. Argutd. Ruaeus thinks this epithet may be applied to trees on account of the sing- ing of birds in the branches, or of the whist- ling of the wind among the leaves. 1. Ilice. The holm-oak, common, as Mr. Ray certifies, in most of the provinces of Italy. 4. Arcades ambo. The Arcadians, who in- habited an inland country of Peloponnesus, were famous for their musical skill. BUCOLICA. ECL. VII. 23 Et si quid cessare potes, requiesce sub umbra. 10 et si potes aliquantulum Hue ipsi potum venient per prata juvenei: ^S; J-J- J? v ^ Hie viridis tenera praetexit arundine npas ent ipsi hue per prata ad Mincius, eque sacra resonant examina quercu. potandum: hie Mincius vi- Quid fecerem? neque ego Alcippen, nee Phyllida ha--- ^'l™™: bebam, quercu sacra. Quid egissenv Depulsos a lacte domi quae clauderet agnos: 15Namque non habebam AI- Et eertamen erat, Corydon cum Thyrside, magnum. fe^L^t t^X Posthabui tamen lllorum mea seria ludo. agnos abductos ab ubere Alternis igitur contendere versibus ambo Prcetered magna erat con- Ccepere: alteinos Musae meminisse volebant. tendo c ^g a d n °™ s cum Th y*': Hos Corydon, illos referebat in ordine Thyrsis. 20 * * negot^cTntuFSum" cor. Nymphae, noster amor, Libethrides: aut mihiitaquecrepituterquecertar*- carmen, Quale meo Codro, concedite: proxima Phoebi Versibus ille facit: aut si non possumus omnes, Hie arguta sacra, pendebit fistula pinu. th. Pastores hedera crescentem ornate poetam Arcades, invidia rumpantur ut ilia Codro. Aut si ultra placitum laudarit, baccare frontem Cingite, ne vati noceat mala lingua futuro. cor. Setosi caput hoc apri tibi, Delia, parvus Et ramosa Mycon vivacis cornua cervi. Si proprium hoc merit, levi de marmore tota Puniceo stabis suras evincta cothurno. versibus alternis:Musae enim volebant per vices, ut eanta- rent. Hos Corydon, illos Thyrsis dicebat, sua quis- que vice. cor. Nympha: 2 5 Boeotise, nostrse delicise: vel inspirate mihi carmina, qua- lia impiratis meo Codro ille eomponit proxima car- minibus Apollinis: vel si non omnes possumus id as- sequi, hoc loco canora mec 30 tibia suspendetur e sacra pi- nu. th. Pastores Arcadise. coronate hedera me poetam. crescentem, ut Codro rum- pantur viscera pros invidia: aut si laudaverit me ultra quam volo, coronate mihi frontem bac- care; ne lingua maligna fascinet poetam crescentem. cor. O Diana, puer Mycon offerttibi hoe caput pilosi apri, et arborea cornua cervi longsevi. Si hoc sit mihi stabile, statueris integra e po- lite marraore ligata calceamento purpureo circa tibias. NOTES. 13. Mincius, is a gently flowing river of Cisalpine Gaul; now called Menzo. 16. Et eertamen erat, Corydon cum Thyr- side. There is no occasion here for having recourse, with Servius and other commen- tators, to the antiptosis, or substitution of one case for another: Corydon cum Thyr- side is an elipsis for Corydon certabat cum Thyrside, and is as easily understood as if the verb had been expressed. 21. Nymphce Libethrides. The Muses are called Libethrian nymphs, from Libethra, a fountain in Magnesia, or, according to others, in Bocotia; over which they pre- sided. 22. Meo Codro. Codrus was a contempo- rary poet with Virgil, of superior talents. 22. Proxima; carmina understood. 24. Pendebit fistula. It was a custom, says Minelius, for any one who laid aside any art, whether gladiatorial, military, or other- wise, to hang up and consecrate the instru- ments he had used to the god who over his art presided. 25. Hedera. The ivy was frequently used by the ancients in crowning poets; because ivy is ever-green, and good poetry should he immortal A late witty writer, says Martyn, observes, that ivy is a just embierr of a court poet; because it is creeping, dirty, and dangling. 27- Laudarit, baccare frontem. Immode- rate praise was thought to be of a fascinat- ing nature. Hence says Pliny, Lib. VII. 2. Esse in Africa famili as quasdam effascinan^ tium; quarum laudatione intereant probata^ arescant arbores, emoriantur infantes. Therefore, to avert the malignant influence,, they wore a garland of baccar or lady's- glove, by way of amulet. 28. Mala lingua. Many unlettered people still think, that the evil-tongue (perhaps of a cross old woman) muttering charms may make themselves or their cattle sickly. 29. Delia. Diana, so called, from the island Delos, her birth-place. 31. Si proprium, &c. The meaning is, if you continue to give me such success in hunting. 31. Tota. It was common to make only the head and neck of a marble statue, Co- rydon vows to Diana an entire one. 32. Suras. The calves of the legs. 32. Cothurno. A sort of boot used by both sexes, and particularly when hunting, or or the stasre. 24 P. VIRGILII MARONIS th. O Priape, satis estTH. Sinum lactis, et haec te liba, Priape, quotannis te singulis annis expec- Expectare sat est: custos es p auperis horti. has placentas: tu es custos Nunc te marmoreum pro tempore fecimus: at tu, 35 horti pauperis. Nunc te po- Si foetura gregem suppleverit, aureus esto. suimus © marmore, juxta COi Serine Galatea, thymo mihidulcior Hybte, prxsentem facultatem. Sxh! ^ ,.,. . . ' , '* *» • n* J si fetus reparaverint gre- Candidior cycnis, hedera formosior alba: gem, tu eris ex auro. cor. Cum primum pasti repetent praesepia tauri, Galatea, Nerei filia, gratior si qua tu j Corydonis habet te cura, venito. 40 ctdidir^rcycn^p^TH. Immo ego Sardois videar tibi amarior herbis, chrior qukm alba hedera: Horridior rusco, projecta vilior alga; statim atque saturati tauri si mihi non haec lux toto jam Jongioranno est. sssriyssira ite *«»»«*. si quis pudor ' s » e ju r n e L Corydonis. th. Ego vero co. Muscosi tontes, et somno molhor herba, 45 appareamtibi asperiorquam £t quae vos rara. viridis tegit arbutus umbra, herba Sardonica spinosior s olstitium pecori defendite: jamvenit sestas quamruscus, abiectior quam _„ . . . r , . J , . alga ad litus ejecta; si h^c 1 ornda: jam laeto turgent in palmite gemmae. • dies non mihi jam videturxH. Hie focus, et taedae pingues: hie plurimus ignis prolixior quam annus inte- ger. Abite in stabulum 6 boves jam saturati: abite, si vobis est aliquis pudor. co. Fontes mus- cosi, et gramen dulce ad somnum, et virens arbutus quae vos inumbrat raris foliis, protegite pecus contra calorem solstitialem: sestas nunc imminet calidissima, nunc gemmce tument in fcecundo palmite. th. Hjc semper est focus, et ttedae pingues, et multus ignis, NOTES. S3. Sinum* A vessel swelling- in the mid- dle like a pitcher. Vossius thinks it was a churn. *S3. Priape. The son of Bacchus andVenus; an obscene figure with a sithe in his hand, and reeds round his head, to affright thieves and birds. 35. Pro tempore. Literally, according to the time; i. e. in proportion to my present ability. 37. Nerine Galatea. He compliments his mistress, by giving her the name of Gala- tea, the daughter of Nereus; as much as to say, equal to her in charms. Professor Mar- tyn, however, says, he believes the poet in- tends to praise Galatea the sea-nymph her- self; for we have a fragment in the 9th eclogue where Galatea is spoken to: Hue ades, O Galatea! &c. 37. Hyblce. Celebrated for the superior ex- cellence of its honey. Hence the delicacy of this expression, sweeter than the thyme of Hyblce; i. e. sweeter than the most fragrant herb from which the bees extract the most de- licious honey. 41. Sardois herbis. An herb like smallage, or, as some say, holly-bush, growing in Sar- dinia, which, being bitter, causeth convul- sive laughter, with great grinning. Hence Sardonicus risus, a forced laughter. Or ra- ther the ranunculus palustris or crowfoot. The inhabitants of the Alps are said to ex- press its juice in the spring, and to preserve it with care, that when necessity requires they may dip their arrows in it, which poi- son and destroy every beast they wound. 42. Rusco. A prickly plant called butcher's broom, and knee-holly. 42. Alga. Fucus or sea- wrack. That which the ancients peculiarly called so, grew about the isle of Crete, and was of a purple colour. The sub-marine plants are frequent- ly torn from the rocks by storms, tossed about on the sea, and at last thrown upon the shore. The alga when thus treated in all probability loses its colour, and becomes useless: hence the beauty and force of the words projecta vilior alga. 43. Lux is put for day. 45. Muscosi fontes. Muscosi finely ex- presses coolness, because moss will seldom grow where there is any considerable de- gree of heat. It grows best on banks that face the north. It may be generally observed, that the side of a tree which is exposed to the north, is more covered with moss than that which receives the southern sun. A mossy fountain is therefore a cool one. 45. Somno mollior. Either soft and inviting to sleep, or softer than sleep. 46. Arbutus. The arbute or strawberry- tree is an ever-green of low stature, com- mon in the woods of Italy. The observation of Heyne on the singular construction here is judicious: " Arbutus, pro 6 arbute qua te- gis eos, C'C. h. est 6 arbuti quae tegitisfontes cum herba." 48. Palmite. Palmes is the branch of a vine. 48. Gemma. Buds, or the first appearance of the young shoots of trees or shrubs. This is spoken of the spring season 49. Tiedte. Pine-knots BUCOLICA. ECL. VII. 25 Semper, et assidua postes fuligine nigri. Hie tantum Boreae curamus frigora; quantum Aut numerum lupus, aut torrentia flumina ripas. cor. Stant et juniperi, etcastaneae hirsutae: Strata jacent passim sua quaeque sub arbore poma: Qmnia nunc rident: at si formosus Alexis Montibus his abeat, videas et flumina sicca. th. Aret ager, vitio morienssitit aeris herba: Liber pampineas invidit collibus umbras. Phyllidis adventu nostras nemus omne virebit: Jupiter et laeto descendet plurimus imbri. co. Populus Alcidae gratissima, vitis Iaccho: Formosae myrtus Veneri, sua laurea Phoebo. Phyllis amat corylos: illas dum Phyllis amabit, Nee myrtus vincet corylos, nee laurea Phosbi. th. Fraxinus in sylvis pulcherrima, pinus in hortis, Populus in fluviis, abies in montibus altis: Saepius at si me, Lycida formose, revisas; Fraxinus in svlvis cedat tibi, pinus in hortis 50 et limina perpetuo fumo ni- grantia: hie non magistime- mus frigus Borese, quam lu- pus timet multitudinem avi- um, aut fluvii rapidi timent ripas. co. Hie sunt juniperi, el castanese hirsutse: jacent 55 hincinde sub arbore sui qui- que fructus : nunc omnia pulchra sunt: sed si pulcher Alexis discedat ex his colli- bus, videbis fluvios ipsos arentes. th. Campi ares- gQeunt, gramina pereunt ex- usta coeli sestu nimio. Bac- chus abstulit montibus pam- pinos umbriferos: sed omnis sylva revirescet ad adven- tum nostras Phyllidis, et multus aer solvetur in pluvi- am fei'tilem. co. Populus 66 acceptissima est Herculi, vi- nea Baccho, myrtus pulchrae Veneri, Apollini sua laurus. Phyllis amat corylos: quam- me. Hsec memini, et victum frustra contendere Thyr=diu Phyllis amabit illas, nee myrtus nee laurus Apollinis sin * . superabit corylos. TH.Frax- Ex illo Cory don, Corydon est tempore nobis. 70 i nus formosissima est in ne- moribus, pinus in hortis, populus in fluminibus, abies in montibus excelsis: sed si me 3aepe in visas, 6 pulcher Lycida; fraxinus in nemoribus, pinus in hortis, cedet tibi. me. Recorder illorum car- mimim, et quod Thyrsis superatus frustra pugnaverit. Ab illo tempore Corydon, habetur a nobis vere Corydon. NOTES. 50. Assidud postes. A very proper de- scription of the warmth of a poor cottage, which had no chimney, and therefore the posts are all black with soot. " Here ever glowing hearths embrown the posts." 53. Hirsute. Of the kind that were rough and prickly, in opposition to the soft and smooth ones mentioned Eel. I. ad fin. Or in general they stand rough; i. e. still in the shells. 53. Stant. Servius renders it plena; sunt, viz. fructu, they are loaded with fruit, taking juniperi and castanese for the trees. I under- stand them, with others, of the fruit, and so consider stant in opposition to strata jacent in the next verse: the former stand or hang- ripening on the boughs; the latter in rich profusion strew the ground. 54. Sua, (re. We must either read qua- que, or sua must be contracted into one syl- lable sa, as Ennius says sis for suis. 56. Videas et flumina sicca. This has ap- peared to some critics to be flat, and espe- cially in an amrebaean of Corydon's: but Mr. Wharton observes, that he is of opinion the poet designed the line should be languish- ing to express more fully that mournful state of nature in his painting. 61. Populus Alcidcs. It is fabled that Her- cules, who is also called Alcides, crowned his head with the twigs of a white poplar growing on the banks of Acheron, when he returned from the infernal regions. 61. Vitis Iaccho. The vine was sacred to Bacchus, because, according to profane authors, he was the first inventor of wine. 62. JMyrtus Veneri. Either, says Ruaeus, because of the sweetness of its odour, or because it is frequent on the sea-shore; from the froth of the sea Venus sprung. 62. Laurea Phabo. Because Daphnis was changed into a laurel. 69. Et victum frustra. The victory is ad- judged to Corydon, because Corydon, in the first amrebsean, begins with piety to the gods; Thyrsis with rage against his adver- sary: In the second, Corydon invokes Dia- na, a chaste goddess; Thyrsis, an obscene deity, Priapus: In the third, Corydon ad- dresses himself to Galatea with mildness; Thyrsis with dire imprecations: in the rest, Corydon's subjects are generally pleasing and delightful to the imagination; those of Thyrsis are directly contrary. 26 P. VIRGILII MARONIS E CLOG A VIII PHARMACEUTRIA. Damon, Alphesiboeus. INTERPRET ATIO. Narrabimus carmen pas-PASTORUM Musam, Damonis et Alphesiboei, t:Cqu"r^US:^™emor herbarum quos est mirata juvenca, ' sunt vacc» obliue pabuli: Certantes, quorum stupefactae carmine lynces, quorum ad cantum obstupu- Et mutata suos requierunt flumina cursus: ere lynces et fluvii turbati D j Musam dicemus et Alphesiboei. cohibueruntsuos cm*sus. fu ... . ^ "*.' mihi fame, 6 Pollio.' sive iu mihi, seu magni superasjam saxa Timavi: jam transcendis runes Tima- Sive oram lllyrici legis sequoris: en erit unquam vi: sjve veneris circum litus 11]e f]ie mihi cum j' iceat ma dicere f ^j man Illvrici. JNunquamne r , -. .. . ~ , a dentilludtempus,quoper- ^ n ^^ ut llceat totum mihl . 1Te P eI * orbem mittetur mihi narrare tua Sola Sophocleo tua carmina digna cothurno! gesta! Nonne aderit illud \ te pn nc ipium: tibi desinet: accipe jussis ;«t?u,n orLt^s't"- Carmina ccepta tuis, atque hanc sine tempora cireum gcedias; quae sola; dignse suntlnter victrices hederam tibi serpere lauros. cothurno Sophoclis! A te in- £>igida vix co3lo noctis decesserat umbra t&t&££i3K C *» '** ™ teneri pecori gratissimus herba est: tuo; et permitte ut hsec he- Incumbeiis tereu Damon sic coepit ohvae. dera repat circum caput tuum, inter lauros triumphales. Vix frigidse tenebrse noctis abierunt ex sere, cum ros in molli gramine jucundissimus est pecudibus. Tunc Damon innitens ole« tereti, sic orsus est. 10 15 This pastoral contains the song of Damon and Alphesiboeus. The former bewails the loss of his mistress, and repines at the suc- cess of his rival Mopsus. The other repeats the charms of some enchantress, who en- deavoured by her spells and magic to make Daphnis in love with her. Pharmaceutria, the title of this eclogue, is the same with the Latin xenefica, and signifies a sorceress: but it applies only to the 2d part of it. 3. Lynces. Lynxes or ounces. 4. Requierunt here may be active, as in Propertius, Lib. II. 18. 25. Jupiter Alcme- n. r , ' . vis nihil mihi protuit attesta- iVlaenalus argutumque nemos pmosque loquentes rl e0Si i nc ipe mecum, 6 mea Semper habet: semper pastorum ille audit amores, fistula, pastorales cantus Panaque, qui primus calamos non passus inertes. Manah! Msenaius habet T »i i« .-u- «_ semper sylvam canoram, et Incipe Maenalios mecum, mea tibia, versus. 25 pinu ' s re sonantes: semper Mopso Nisa datur: quid non speremus amantes? ille mom audit amores pas- Jungentur jam gryphes equis, aevoque sequenti torum, et Pana, qui primus Cum canibus timidi venient ad poculadamae. Mopse, novas incide faces: tibi ducitur uxor. Sparge, marite, nuces: tibi deserit Hesperus Oetam. Incipe Maenalios mecum, mea tibia, versus. O digno conjuncta viro! dum despicis omnes, Dumque tibi est odio mea fistula, dumque capellae, Hirsutumque supercilium, prolixaque barba: Nee curare Deum credis mortalia quern quam. Incipe Maenalios mecum, mea tibia, versus. Sepibus in nostris parvam te roscida mala, (Dux ego vestereram) vidi cum matre legentem: Alter ab undecimo turn me jam ceperat annus: Jam fragiles poteram a terra contingere ramos. lam, et capellas, et supercilia mea pilosa, et barbam longam: et putas nullum Deum providere mortalibus rebus. Incipe mecum, 6 mea fistula, pastorales cantus. In septis horti nostri, vidi te adhuc parvam, colligentero cum matre poma perfusa rore: ego vos ducebam illuc. Tunc ordiebar annum duodecimum. Tunc poteram ab humo attingere tenues ramos. non reliquit arundines inu- tiles. Incipe mecum, 6 mea fistula, pastorales cantus. Ni- sa datur Mopso. J\"os ama- n I tores quid non possimus ex- pectare? Jam gryphes copu- labuntur equis, et futuris temporibus pavidi dama? ve- nient potum cum canibus. Mopse, prsecide novas tse- 35 das, sponsa deducitur ad te. Abjice nuces, 6 sponse! Hes- perus pro te relinquit Oe- tam. Incipe mecum, 6 mea fistula, pastorales cantus. O sociata digno marito! Dum AQContemnis reliquos, dum- que odio habes meam fistu- NOTES. alone, but to the woods and mountains. In the 3d, Palaemon invites the shepherd to sit down on the soft and verdant grass In the 5th, Menalcas and Mopsus retire into a cave overshadowed by a wild vine; and here Damon pours forth his lamentations under the shade of an olive tree. 18. Conjugis Nisce, i. e His designed wife; as maritus is put for a lover or intended hus- band, JEn. IV. 536. £>uos ego sum totiesjam dedignatamaritos. 22. Mcenalus. A high mountain of Arca- dia, sacred to Pan, and greatly frequented by shepherds. It was covered with pine trees, whose echo and shade have been ce- lebrated by the poets To represent the mountain as speaking and hearing is highly poetical. 27. Gryphes. The griffin is fabled to have the body of a lion, and the head and wings of an eagle. This animal was as fabulous as the story of the Pegasus. 28. Damce. This word is here used in the masculine. 29. Faces The bride used to be led home at night with lighted torches: ducere uxo- rem is commonly used for to marry. 30. Nuces. Walnuts. 30. Sparge nuces. This ceremony of strew- ing nuts., that the boys might scramble for them, was usual at nuptials; for which se- veral reasons are assigned by Pliny. 30. Tibi deserit Hesperus Oetam. Oeta was a mountain, or range of mountains, in Thes- saly, of a very great height; which, as Ru- seus observes, being westward of Attica and Bceotia, the inhabitants of those coun- tries used to observe the stars set and re- tire out of sight behind that mountain; so that, with respect to them, Hesperus leaves Oeta, is the same as to say, The evening- star is now setting- And the same way of speaking was adopted by poets of other countries, though differently situated. 39. Alter ab undecimo. Literally, the year next after eleven had then just taken hold of me Servius makes it the thirteenth year; for alter, he says, is said only of two. But alter ab illo, Eel. V. 49. plainly signifies the next after, and so it would seem to do here. 40. Contingere ramos. The age of the young shepherd; his being just able to reach the boughs of the apple-tree; hisoffi- ciousness in helping the girl and her mo- ther to gather them, and his falling in love with her at the same time, are circum- stances so well chosen, and expressed so naturally, that we may look upon this pas- sage as one of those numerous easy and de- licate touches that distinguish the hand of Virgil. 28 P. VIRGILII MARONIS Statim ac te vidi, quomo- Ut vidi, ut perii, ut me malus abstulit error! t e P r C ro" JeTpd? JE £** Mamalios mecum, mea .tibia, versus Incipe mecura, 6 mea fistu-Nunc scio quid sit amor. Duns in cotibus ilium la, pastorales cantus. Jam Ismarus, aut Rhodope, aut extremi Garamantes, 25TJ? l S&5r £ * ec s e " eris r tri puerum - nec -r guinis edunt - 4S Garamantes ultimi, produ- Incipe Maenahos mecum, mea tibia, versus. cunt in rigklis rupibus ilium Ssevus amor docuit natorum sanguine matrem puerum, qui non est nostra Commaculare manus, crudelis tu quoque, mater: naturae et orunnis. Incipe^ ... . . n / \.. 3 mecum, 6 mea fistula, p as -Crudehs mater magis, an puer improbus llle? torales cantus. Durus amor Improbus ille puer, crudelis tu quoque, mater. SO suasit matri fcedare manus [ nc i pe Maenalios mecum, mea tibia, versus. cruore liberorum. 1 u etiam XT r - * c . '" ? , , immitis/7/^,6 mater. Ma- N unc et oves ultro fugiat lupus, aurea durae gisne immitis m&ter fuit, an Mala ferant quercus, narcisso floreat alnus, puer ille improbus?* Impro- pj n g U i a CO rticibus sudent electra myricae. etTam^mmkisS, 6 ma^enent et cycnis ululae: sit Tityrus Orpheus: 55 ter. Incipe mecum, 6 mea Orpheus in sylvis; inter delphinas Arion. fistula, pastorales cantus. incipe Maenalios mecum, mea tibia, versus. %Z%2%E2:£3£.to*& vel medium fiant mare: vivite sylvae. cant poma aurea, alnus flo- Praeceps a'erii specula de montis in undas reat narcisso, myricse stil-i) e ferar: extremum hoc munus morientis habeto. 60 Lrn'utT.qtrLrntDesine M*nalios, jam desine, tibia, versus. ant cum cycnis: Tityrus fiat Haec Damon: vos, quae respondent Alphesiboeus, Orpheus.- Orpheus inter ax-- Dicite, Pierides: non omnia possumus omnes. bores; Arion inter delphi- £ff aquam et moJ1 i c J nge haec altaria vitta: nes. Incipe mecum, o mea.. , A . . i ^ c~ fistula, pastorales cantus. Verbenasq; adole pmgues, et mascula thura, 65 Cuncta fiant altum ipsum Conjugis ut magicis sanos avertere sacris mare: valete nemora, pweci- Experiar sensus. Nihil hie nisi carmina desunt. pitabo me m mare e culmine r rupis excelsse: accipe donum hoc ultimum morientis. Cessa mecum, 6 mea fistula, a pastorali- bus cantibus. Hsec dixit Damon: vos, 6 Musse, narrate ea qua? retulit Alphesiboeus: non possu- mus omnes ommsifacere. alp. Exporta aquam, et circumda has aras txnia lanea, et adure ver- benas pingues, et mascula thura: ut coner magicis ritibus abalienare sponsum a recta mente„ Nihil h)c deest preeterquam carmina. NOTES. 44. Ismarus — Rhodope. Two mountains There stands a rock, from, whose Impending in Thrace, very wild and horrid. steep The Garamantes were a savage people Apollo's fane surveys the rolling deeps inhabiting the inland parts of Libya. There injured lovers leaping from above. 47. Matrem. This cruel mother is Medea, Their fames extinguish, and forget to love. who, to be avenged on Jason for preferring 59 Speeuld. An eminence which com- another mistress to her, slew before his mands the prospect of all the country round, eyes her sons whom she bore to him. 64 Effer aquam, &c Here Alphesiboeus 54. Electra. Electrum is amber; so called, personates the enchantress, whom we must because it reflects the rays of «X£xr«f , or the now suppose to be entering on her magic sun. rites, in order to recover the lost affection 56. Arion. A lyric poet, who, in his re- ofDaphnis: and these words she addresses turn to Corinth his native country, from to her maid Amaryllis, who is mentioned Italy, where he had enriched himself, was in verse 77. by the covetous mariners thrown overboard, 65. Verbenas, according to the best inter- while he was playing on his lyre: but a dol- preters, may here be taken for all sorts of phin, charmed with his music, is said to herbs used in such kind of rites: the herb have taken him on its back, and carried him vervain, however, was peculiarly appropri- to Tsenarus. ated to magical operations, Plin. Lib. 58. Omnia. "Me moriente, mergantur XXII. 2. omnia," says Minelius; since I must perish, 65. Mascula thura, i. e. The purest and let the whole world be drowned. best, as La Cerda explains it from Dios- 58. Vivite. That is, valete, adieu. corides. 59. Praeceps aerii. Alluding perhaps to 66. Conjugis, Istc. To turn away the sound the famous rock in Arcadia, from which mind of him who was to have been my those who leaped into the sea were cured spouse, i. e. to throw him into the frantic of their love. So Pope from Ovidj passion of love for me whom he has re- jected. BUCOLICA. ECL. VIII. 29 Ducite ab urbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daphnim. Trahite, trahite Daphnim Carmina vel ccelo possunt deducere Lunam: niea oamina Carmilia p ' os . Carminibus Circe socios mutavit Ulyssei: 70 sunt Lunam ipsam evocarc Frigidus in pratis cantando rumpitur anguis. & coelo. Circe transformavit Ducite ab urbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daphnim. EgSgEfc £&£ Tenia tibi haec primum triplici diversa colore brigescit, dum incantatur. Licia circumdo, terque haec altaria circum Trahite, trahite Daphnim Effigiem duco. Numero Deus impare gaudet. wS^a&SStaSSSj Ducite ab urbe domum, me a carmina, ducite Daph-ug tibi h»c terna licia, tri- Y\\lXi plici colore varia; et circa has Necte tribus nodi, ternos, Amarylli, colore.; ZZ&Z2L2E&& Necte, Amarylh, modo: et v eneris, die, vincula necto. cet Deo . Trahite, trahite Ducite ab urbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daphnim. Daphnim ab urbe in meant Limus ut hie durescit, et haec ut cera liquescit, 80 domum, 6 mea carmina. O , ... rs i__- Amarylh, implicatres colo- Uno eodemque igni: sic nostro Daphnis amore. res in J n ' es £ odos; i mp i lca Sparge molam, et fragiles incende bitumine lauros. jam, 6 Amarvlli, et die, im- Daphnis me malus urit, ego hanc in Daphnide laurum.V lico . no i os y eneris 1 Tr a hit . e » T-k • i i j j •/ tV ■*-*-• trahite Daphnim ab urbe in Ducite ab urbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daphnim. meam domum, 6 mea car mi- Talis amor Daphnim, qualis, cum fessa juvencum 8 5na. Quemadmodum hoc si- Per nemora atq; altos quxrendo bucula lucos, mulacrum e limo factum in- ^ • • *j- u-«- • i & duratur, et hoc alterum e Propter aquae rivum viridi procumbit in ulva cera f ^ hm emolUtup> una Perdita, nee serae meminit decedere nocti: et eadem flamma: sic Daph- Talis amor teneat: nee sit mihi cura medefi. nis nostro amore induretur Duciteaburbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daphnim. J*^' SSSS'm^ mine erepitantem laurum. Daphnis crudelis me comburit, ego hanc laurum comburo contra Daphnim. Trahite, trahite Daphnim ab urbe in meam domum, 6 mea carmina. Talis amor occu* pet Daphnim, qualis est, cum juvenca fatigata sequendo juvencum per sylvas et altos saltus, re- cumbit misera Juxta rivum aquse, in ulva viridi, et omittit abire sub seram noctem. Talis amor occupet Daphnim, et ego non curem ilium sanare. Trahite, trahite Daphnim ab urbe in meam domum, 6 mea carmina. NOTES. 69. Carmina. Charms. The ancients 82. Sparge molam. The tnola was made thought that their magicians could change of meal salted and kneaded, molitd, whence the moon to redness, assist its recovery it derived its name. Victims were said to from an eclipse, and even bring it down to be immolated, because their foreheads, the the earth at pleasure. hearths, and the knives had this cake crum- 71. Cantando. i. e. Dum incantatur, as bled on them. Geor. II. 250. 82. Fragiles. Either crackling, quasi fhu Sed picis in morem ad digitos lentescit gorem edentes: in which sense Lucretius habendo, i. e. Dum habetur tractaturque uses the word, lib. VI. 3. digitis. , Interdum percissafurit petulantibus Euris, 73. Terna. The number 3 was as much Et fragiles sonitus chartarum commeditatur, esteemed sacred among the heathens, as is Or, which is the same thing, withered, and the number 7 in the divine writings. so apt to crackle: Thus fragilis is opposed 80. Limus ut hie. The sorceress proceeds to succosus in Celsus. Succosa firmiora to the making of images, which was a fa- quzmfragilia, Cel. II. 18. That the crack- mous part of witchcraft. Here are two ima- ling of the laurel was a good omen we learn ges plainly described; one of wax, the from Tibullus, II 5 81. other of mud. Servius supposes that the Et succensa sacris crepitet bene laurea flam- image of mud represented the sorceress, mis, and that of wax, Daphnis: and that as Omine quojelix, et sacer annus eat. Daphnis would melt into love of her as his Mr. Wharton well expresses the force of image dissolved, she would grow obdurate this passage, as her image hardened. Horace also speaks " Crumble the sacred cake, let withered bays of two images, one of wool, the other of Inflam'd with liquid sidphur crackling blaze ." wax. 86. Bucula. A diminutive of bos, " Lanea et effigies erat, alter cereaP 87. Ulva, Coarse sedge. *• 30 ?> VIRGILTI MARONIS Perjurus ille reliquit mi- Has olim exuvias mihi perfidus ille reliquit, 9) Ee^^miS^Ks™™. <*«" «* W* " unc W. «™ne in ipso, nunc ego sub ipso limine 1 erra, tibi mando: debent haec pignora Daphnim. committo tibi, 6 terra: hse Due ite ab urbe domum. mea carmina, ducite Daphnim Daptta «f £. 5SBS; J 1 " **£«* ha5t Pon '° mi , hi .'"ta venena «5 trabite Daphnim ab urbe in *P s e dedit Mcens; nascuntur plunma Ponto. meam domum, 6 mea car- His ego saepe lupum fieri et se condere sylvis Sffi. Mceris iRse ""!" K ra ' Moerin, ssepe animas irnis excise sepulchris, didit hsec gramina, et hsec A 7 r ,. s . ,. , r 7 venena, coUecta in Ponto: Atque satas alio vidi traducere messes. multa enim oriuntur in Pon- Ducite aburbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daphnim. to. Ego vidi Mffirin sa?pe Fer c i ner es, Amarylli, foras: rivoq; fluenti, 101 transforman per ula m lu- T ' . 1 TI . ~ , . pum, et abdere se in sylvis: Transq; caput jace: ne respexeris. His ego Daphnim ssepe evocare animas b pro- Aggrediar: nihil ille Deos, nil carmina curat. fundis tumulis, et transferre Ducite ab urbe domum,mea carmina, ducite Daphnim. messes satas in alium locum. A _ • »• ,. . Q • i«- Trabite, trabite Daphnim Aspice: compuit tremuhs altana flammis 105 ab urbe in meam domum, 6 Sponte sua, dum ferre moror, cinis ipse: bonum sit! mea carmina. AmaryUi, ex- Nescio quid certe est: et Hylax in limine latrat. It^rr^ptr^Credimus? an, qui amant, ipsi sibi somnia fingunt? . vum fluentem, neque retr6 Parcite, ab urbe venit, jam parcite, carmina, Daphnis. aspicias. Ego per hos cineres oppugnabo Daphnim: siquidem non movetur, neque per Deos, neque per carmina. Trahite, trahite Daphnim ab urbe in meam domum, d mea carmina. Vide: dum exportare differo, cinis ipse ultro involvit aram flamma tremula: sit hoc faustum! Certe nescio quid apparet, et Hylax latrat in limine. Credamne illud? An amantes fingunt sibi somnia? Cessate, jam 6 mea cessate carmina. Daphnis ab urbe venit. NOTES. 91. Exuvias- The clothes he had once 101. Fer cineres. The most powerful, and worn, which were thought to further the usually one of the last efforts of the enchan- effect of enchantments; for which reason ter was, to throw the ashes of the magical Dido orders the garments of JEneas to be sacrifice over the head backward into run- laid on the pile which she pretended to have ning water. Servius says that this was done raised for the performance of magical rites: that the gods might catch the ashes with- — arma viri, thalamo qucefixa reliquit out being seen, as they were unwilling to Impius, exuvias^e omnes — super imponas. show themselves, except on extraordinary Incantation was practised, by burying the occasions. clothes of a lover under the threshold, to 101. Rivoquefiuenti. The same as in rivum constrain his return. fluentem, of which construction many ex- 92. In ipso limine. In the porch of Vesta's amples occur in Virgil. See JEn. I. 293. II. temple, says Servius. But Tumebus ex- 250. V. 451. VI. 191. VIII. 591. IX. 664. plains it, in the entrance to Daphnis' house. XII. 283. Others, with more reason, understand it of 105. Aspice. The ancients thought the the entrance to her own house: for it ap- sudden blazing of the fire a happy omen, pears that the enchantress performed all 107. Hylax. The name of a dog; see these rites near her own house, verse 64, Ovid. Met. 3. 224. from u\a« and vkocktio, I 107. bark. The barking of the dog betrayed the 95. Has herbas. Referring to the magic approach of his master, power of drugs. The description of Mceris, 108. An, qui amant. So Publius Syrus; the magician, is sublime. Amans quod suspicatur vigilans sotnniat: and ■5 " The fell sorcerer have I seen become Terence, A wolf, and through voildforests hoivling roam; Num ille somniat ea quce vigilans voluit? With these, from graves the starting spectres viarn, And whirl to distant fields the standing corn" BUCOLICA. ECL. IX. 31 EC LOG A IX MOERIS. Lycidas, Moeris. Lyc. iNTERPRETATIO, lyc. O Mceri, quo te du~ cunt pedes? an Mantuam, ad quam via ducit? MOE. O Ly- cida, viventes eo miserice de- ^ venimus, ut peregrinus oc~ cupator agri nostri diceret, id quod nunquam timuera- QUO te, Moeri, pedes? an, quo via ducit, in urbem? moe. O Lycida, vivi pervenimus; advena nostri (Quod nunquam veriti sumus) ut possessor agelli Diceret: Haec mea sunt; veteres migrate coloni. Nunc victi, tristes, quoniam fors omnia versat, Hos illi (quod nee bene vertat) mittimus hcedos, ly. Certe equidem audieram, qua se subducere colles mus: Hie ager ad me perti- Incipiunt, mollique iuffum demittere clivo, " et > re £edite, 6 antiqui cui- TT ^ , ^ J P • • r • c • tores. Nunc superati, mces- Usque ad aquam et vetens jam fracta cacumma fagi, ti> s i qu i dera fbrtuna vertit Omnia carminibus vestrum servasse Menalcan. 10 omnia, ferimus illi hos hog- moe. Audieras et fama fuit: sed carmina tantum dos, quod wrfnam non prosit Nostra valent, Lycida, tela inter Martia, quantum Chaonias dicunt, aqaila veniente, columbas. Quod nisi me quacumque novas incidere lites Ante sinistra cava monuisset ab ilice cornix; Nee tuus hie Moeris, nee viveret ipse Menalcas. et ad cacumen ruptum antiquse fagi. moe. Id audiveras, et rumor sic tulit: sed versus nostri non plus possunt inter arma belli, 6 Lycida, quam dicunt posse columbas Epiroticas, aquila im- minente. Qu6d nisi funesta cornix e cariosa ilice me admonuisset, ut quocumque modo abrum- perem novas rixas; nee ego ipse tuus amicus Moeris, nee ipse Menalcas vivus esset. illi. lyc. Ego sane audive- ram Menalcam vestrum do- minum versibus suis sibi con- servasse cuncta ab eo Iocs, , _ ubi colles incipiunt rece- dere, et incurvare cacumen, aciSi clivo; usque ad aquam s NOTES. When Virgil, by the favour of Augustus, had recovered his patrimony near Mantua, and went to take possession, he was in dan- ger of being slain by Arius the centurion, to whom those lands had been assigned by the emperor, in reward of his service against Brutus and Cassius. This pastoral therefore is filled with complaints of his hard usage, and the persons introduced are alleged to be the bailiff of Virgil, represented by Mce- ris, and his friend Lycidas, a Mantuan shepherd. Lycidas. From Kvxo$> a wolf, oi A.sflti Sp-nse^r aut viridi fontes induceret umbra! 20 autinumbraretfontesviren- vel.quae sublegi tacitus tibi carmma nuper, tibus ramis? Aut quis cane- Cum te ad delicias ferres Amaryllida nostras? ^^qSolK" Jityre, dum redeo, brevis est via, pasce capellas: Amaryllida, nostram ami-" kt potum pastas age, 1 ltyre, et inter agendum cam? Tityre, donee redeam, « Occursare capro, cornu ferit ille, caveto." 25 breve est iter, pasce capel- MOE# i m mo haec, quae Varo, necdum perfecta, canebat. las: et postquam eas pave-,, Tr ^ • A is \„ ^T- ris, due potum, 6 Tityre: et v are, tuum nomen (superet modo Mantua nobis, dum ducas, cave ne occurras " Mantua, vse misers nimium vicina Cremonse!) capro, ille enim cornu petit. « Cantantes sublime ferent ad sidera eyeni." moe. Aut potius quis cane- e . ~ c • > „ rt ret hos verms, quos Menal- L ? c - Sic tua Cyrneas fugiant examina taxos, 30 cas cantabat Varo, nondum Sic cytiso pastse distentent ubera vaccse: perpolitos. O Vare, olores incipe, si quid habes: et me fecere poetam canon alte efferent ad astra •-»• - ■ . »■« j- nomen tuum: dummodo Piendes: sunt et mihl carmina: me quoq; dicunt Mantua salva sit nobis: Man- Vatem pastores, sed non ego credulus illis. tua, vse misers ninispropin- Nam neque adhuc Varo videor, nee dicere Cinna S5 ^renrtaxoYcorsSDigna, sed argute inter strepere anser olores. insula: sic tua vaccse saturate cytiso distendant ubera. Incipe si babes aliquid: Musse me quoque reddiderunt poetam: habeo etiam versus: pastores appellant me etiam vatem, sed ego non ad- hibeo fidem illis; nondum enim videor ea proferre, qua si/it Varo aut Cinna digna; sed videor stridere inter eyenos canoros, velut anser. NOTES. probably Virgil himself- It seems the life of both himself and Moeris had been in danger, 17. Heu, cadit. Literally, Can such wick- edness fall to the share of any one? 20. Fontes induceret umbra". Induco is used in the same sense by Caesar, 2 Bel. GaL33. Scutis ex cortice factis, aut viminibus in- textis, quae subito (ut temporis exiguitas postulabat) pellibus induxerunt. 21. Sublegi. 1 stole, or read secretly. So Minelius; if Surripui tacite, secreto, la- tenter." 26. Necdum perfecta. In some copies non- dum perfecta. 29. Cycni. It was a common opinion of the ancients, that swans used to sing, es- pecially before their death. Plato repre- sents Socrates, when about to die, saying to his friends: " The swans sing, because sa- cred to Apollo; and, endowed with a spirit of divination, they foresee, I believe, the happiness of another life; and therefore sing more cheerfully, and rejoice more at that time than ever they did before. For my own part, I consider myself as a fellow-ser- vant with the swans, and sacred to the same God; and believe, I have no worse divination than they from the same master, and that I shall not die with a less easy mind." The story of swans singing is fabu- lous; but as poets are often compared to swans, it is no wonder Virgil_ employed these celebrated birds in carrying to the skies the name of his patron. 30. Sic. A form of obtesting, a little like so help me God. See Eclog. 10. 4. 30. Cyrneas taxos. The island of Corsica was called Cyrnus. Taxus is a yew-tree. The honey from this island, says Martyn, was infamous. Ovid, being out of humour with an unsuccessful letter that he had sent to his mistress, says the wax with which it was sealed was made by a Corsican bee. As the Corsican honey was universally allowed to be very bad, the poet was at li- berty to ascribe the ill qualities of it to any plant; he has made choice of theyetv; Ovid of the hemlock. 34. Vatem. An inspired poet. The name answers to the modern word, a bard. 35. Varo — Cinnd. Quintilius Varus, men- tioned Eel. VI. 7. and Cornelius Cinna, Pompey's grandson, who became a favour- ite of Augustus. 36. Argutos, &c. " I reach not Vard's voice, nor anna's song; But scream like gabbling geese, sweet swa?is among." Dr. Sterling, in his Virgil, seems to consi- der many of the fine sentiments of our au- thor as mere proverbial sayings, and en- deavours to find some modern proverb to correspond with them: " Argutos inter stre- pere anser olores" he renders, a nettle among roses. Eel. 1. 72. ** En quo discordia, &c" is with him, whilst two dogs are fighting for a bone, a third runs away with it. Eel. 18. " Vaccinia nigra leguntur," is, pepper is black, but it has a good smack. Eel. 2. 63. BUCOLICA. ECL. IX. 33 Mofc. Id quidem ago, et tacitus, Lycida, mecum ipse moe. Equidcm id facio, et volnto taOltfe revolvo ipse mecum, d VOIUIO, ^ Lycida, an possim recordari: Si valeam memmisse: neque est ignobile carmen. nenuecst carmen abjectum. " Hue ades, 6 Galatea: quis est nam luclus in undis? Hue veni, 6 Galatea, qu» aq enim est voluntas in aquis? H)c est verrubicunduni; hie terra producit diversos flores circa fluvios; hie alba popu- lus incumbit caverna?, et vi- tes flexuosie efficiunt um- bram. Veni hue, ne cures 45 quod procellosi fluctus per- " Hie ver purpureum; varios hie flumina circum * Fundit humus flores: hie Candida populus antro " Imminct, et lentae texunt umbracula vites. a Hue ades; insani feriant sine litora fluctus. " ly. Quid, quae te pura. solum sub nocte canentem Audieram? numeros memini, si verba tenerem. moe. " Daphni, quid antiquos siernorum suspicis ortus? c,lt,a r it lltora - L J C - Q uid ., ., t^S • •* fy °. , * verof quieuam audiveram te « Lcce« Dionaei processit Caesans astrum: cantantem solum per noc- " Astrum, quo segetes gauderent frugibus, et quo temserenam? recordor can- « Duceret apricis in collibus uva colorem. turn, si scirem verba, moe. « Insere, Daphni, piros, carpent tua poma nepotes." 50 S?S&.tta3S.^£: Omnia fert aetas, animum quoque. Saepe ego longos diit sidus Csesaris oriundl a Cantando puerum memini me condere soles. Venere; sidus, per quod sa» Nunc oblita mibi tot carmina: vox quoq; Moerim £"S^m'^«S! Jam fugit ipsa: lupi Moerim videre priores. bus apertis induet colorem. Sed tamen ista satis referet tibi saepe Menalcas. 5 5 Daphni, pianta piros, posteri H. Causando nostros in longum ducis amores: £$?££*„*£& Et nunc omne tibi stratum silet aequor, et omnes quoque. Ego recordor me (Aspice) ventosi ceciderunt murmuris aurae. ssepe traduxisse canendo to- tos dies, cum essem puer. Nunc tot versus exciderunt mihi; ipsa etiam vox me destituit: lupi me priores aspexerunt. At- tamen Menalcas sat ssepe recitabit ista tibi. lyc. Differs diu meam volttptatem, quasrendo va- rias causas. Aspice, jam tota aqua quieta tibi taeet, et omnes sibiK ventorum strapentium >"essaverunt. NOTES. and " trahit sua quemque voluptas," every one as they like, as the man said that kissed his cow. So also Eel. 2. 73. " Invenies alium, &c." if one will not, another will: why was the market made? Eel. 3. 90. ** £>ui Bavium non odity &c" if you like the devil, you will like him, and v. 91. " idem jungat vulpes, &c" washes the blackmoor white. Such ren- derings as these are as inconsistent with cor- rectness and taste, as with the spirit of the Roman poet. They have in them a vulgarity which the preceptor and pupil should stu- diously avoid. 40. Purpureum. Purple is used by the an- cients to express any bright colour. 41. Populus. The white poplar or abele tree. 42. Umbracula vites. The poet mentions only the shade of the vines; because the g-rapes do not appear in the spring. 44. Purd. Serene. 47. Dionaei Caesar is. Cjesar of the Julian family, which sprang from iEneas, the son of Venus, whom mythology makes the daughter of Jupiter and Dione. 47. Processit. " There is something," says Dr. Trapp, '* very majestic in this word." So Eel. 4. " Magni procedere menses" 47. Casaris astrum- Astrum properly sig- nifies a constellation. The poet uses it for a single star, giving by this means greater V dignity to the star of Csesar. The Julian Star, according to Dr. Halley, was a comet and the same that appeared, for the 3d time after, in 1680. He says, its tail in its near- est approacli to the sun was 60 degrees long. The superstitious mistook it for the soul of Caesar. Hence Augustus caused his statue in the forum to be adorned with the addition of a star. 48. Segetes. The fields. Virgil frequently uses seges in this signification. 49. Apria's. Open, exposed. Apricus and opacus are opposed to each other. Minelius understands by the words sunny situations^ " soli oppositis et calidis" 50. Carpent tua poma nepotes. Here Mceris abruptly breaks off, as if his memory had failed him, and thence takes occasion to make the following reflection, than which nothing can be more natural: Omnia fert xtas, &.c. 50. Poma. Any. esculent fruit. 52. Soles. Suns for days. So in the 3d ^neid: Tres adeo incertos cceca caligine soles ****** Quarto terra die, &c. 54. Lupi Mcerim vidire priores. Alluding t6 a superstitious notion, that, if a wolf saw a man before it was seen by him, it made him lose his voice. 34 P. VIRGILII MARONIS praterea ex hoc loco su- Hinc aded media est nobis via: namq; sepulchrum S£"vlL TanAumu: In<=ipit W™« Bianoris: hie, ubi densas 60 lus Bianoris incipit appare- A^ncolae stringunt frondes: hie, Moeri, canamus: re: hoc loco, in quo agrico- Hie hcedos depone, tamen veniemus in urbem: H»t2?2LS??lfiS;A* si > ^.Pjuviam ne cplligat ante, veremur: hoc loco demitte hoedos, ni- Cantantes licet usque (minus via lsedet) eamus. hilominus perveniemus in Cantantes ut eamus, ego hoc te fasce levabo. 65 nox e add^t' .Ite™* *-?"™ P'^a- puer: et quod nunc instat, agamus. gud?nadeampervenerimus:^' drmm&t ^ m melius, cum venentipse, canemus. progrediamur, quaravis interim semper canentes: iter minus nos fatigabit. Ut progrediamur canendo, ego te levabo hoc on ere. moe. Puer, omitte cxtera, etfaciamus quod jam urget: turn cantabimus commodius versus, cum Menalcas advenerit. NOTES. 60. Bianoris. Bianor was the son of the river Tiber and the prophetic nymph Man- to, who founded Mantua, and called it after the name of his mother. His tomb, as an- cient ones usually were, was placed by the way side. Hence the expressions, abi via- tor; siste viator; sta viator, absurdly introdu- ced upon modern tomb-stones, not placed in such situations. 62. Urbem. Mantua. 67. Cum venerit ipse. Virgil was probably at Rome when he composed this eclogue, EC LOG A X. GALLUS. INTERPRET AT 10. O Arethusa, permitte mi- hi hoc ultimum opus. Ca- nendi sunt pauci versus ami- co meo Gallo, sed quos ip- sa Lycoris legat. Quis pos- set negare versus Gallo? Sic salsa Doris non con- fundat suas aquas cum tuis, cum flues subter mare Si- culum. Incipe, celebremus anxium amorem Galli; dum EXTREMUM hunc, Arethusa, mihi concede labo- rem. Pauca meo Gallo, sed quae legat ipsa Lycoris, Carmina sunt dicenda: neget quis carmina Gallo? Sic tibi, cum fluctus subter labere Sicanos, Doris amara suam non intermisceat undam. 5 Incipe, sollicitos Galli dicamus amores, Dum tenera attondent simse virgulta capellae. capeHse depressis naribus carpunt teneros frutices NOTES. Gallus, a great patron of Virgil, and an excellent poet, was deeply in love with one Cytheris, whom he calls Lycoris; and who had forsaken him for the company of a sol- dier. The poet therefore supposes his friend Gallus retired in his height of melancholy into the solitudes of Arcadia (the celebrat- ed scene of pastorals,) where he represents him in a languishing condition, with all the rural deities about him, pitying his hard usage, and condoling his misfortunes. This Gallus is he who, Suetonius tells us, raised himself from a mean station to high favour with Augustus, and had from him the government of Egypt after the death of Antony and Cleopatra. Suet, in Aug. LXVI. 1. Arethusa. A fountain or fountain- nymph in Sicily, where Theocritus flour- shed 4. Cum Jluctus, &c. Alpheus, a river of Peloponnesus, was in love with the nymph Arethusa, who, flying from his pursuit, was turned by Diana into a fountain. She made her escape under the sea to Ortygia, an island adjacent to Sicily, where she rose up: but Alpheus pursuing her by the same way mixed his waters with hers. The poet here wishes that in her passage under the Sici- lian sea, Doris, or the sea, may not mix the salt waves with her pure waters. 5. Doris amara. Doris is one of the sea- nymphs, here put for the sea itself. For the fabulous story of Alpheus and Arethusa^ see iEn. III. 694. 7. Simce capellce. The original, says Wharton, calls them snub-nosed goats. This is one instance among a thousand, that may be adduced of the impossibility of giving BUCOLICA. ECL. X. 35 Non canimus surdis, respondent omnia sylvae. Quae nemora, aut qui vos saltus habuere, puellae Naiades, indigno cum Gallus amore periret? Nam neque Parnassi vobis juga, nam neque Pindi Ulla moram fecere, neque Aonia Aganippe. Ilium etiam lauri, ilium etiam flevere myricae. Pinifer ilium etiam sola sub rupe jacentem Maenalus^et gelidi fleverunt saxa Lycaei. Stant et oves circum, nostri nee poenitet illas: Nee te poeniteat pecoris, divine poeta Et formosus oves ad flumina pavit Adonis. Venit et upilio, tardi venere bubulci: Uvidus hyberna venit de glande Menalcas. Omnes, unde amor iste, rogant, tibi? Venit Apollo. Galle, quid insanis? inquit: tua cura Lycoris, Perque nives alium, perq; horrida castra secuta est Venit et agresti capitis Sylvanus honore, Florentes ferulas et grandia lilia quassans. nes petunt, unde sit tibi amor ille. Venit Apollo: Galle, secuta est alium per nives, et per castra horribilia capitis, quatiens ferulas florentes et magna lilia. Non cantaraus surdis, sylvae referunt omnia. Quie sylvae, aut qui saltus detinuere vos, 1 6 Nymphsc Naiades, cum Gallus deficcret, pro- amore indigno? Neque enim ulla culmina Parnassi aut Pindi, neque Aganippe Boaotica vos retardaverunt. Ilium etiam j 5 lauri, ilium etiam myricae ploraverunt. Maenalus etiam abundans pinis, et rupes ge- lidi Lycaei ploraverunt ilium, stratum sub deserta rupe Oves quoque circumsistunt, neque contemn unt nos. Nee 20 tu contemnas gregem, 6 di- vine poeta: ipse pulcber A- donis pavit gregem circa flu- vios. Venit quoque custos ovium: venerunt lenti cus- todes bourn, venit Menalcas 2 5 madefactus e collectione glandium bybernarum. Om- ait, cur desipis? Lycoris, arnica tua, \ enit quoque Sylvanus cum rustica corona NOTES. any gracefulness to many images in the classics, which in a dead language do not appear gross or common. 9. §>uu ,,4.^ „• 'u: ou u* • ^ a meos amores' et utinam fu- Celte S1Ve mihl P^lllS, Sive esset Amyntas, issem unus e vobis, aut cus- Seu quicumq; furor (quid turn, si fuscus Amyntas? tos vestri pecoris, aut puta- Et nigre violae sunt, et vaccinia nigra.) SS!rSSjr¥5S: Mecum inter ^aliees lenta sub vite jaeeret. da, sive Amyntam, seu berta mihi Phyllis legeret, cantaret Amyntas. quemcunquea/m?«(quidre-Hic gelidi fontes, hie mollia prata, Lycori: fert utrum Avnyntas sit ni- Ric nemus , h ic i P SO tecum Consumerer 32VO. jrer? et violse sunt nigral, et XT . ' r , .. . . vaccinia nigra) recumberet^ unc msanus amor dun me Martis in armis Hie mecum sub vite flexuo-Tela inter media atque adversos detinet hostes. sa inter salices. Phyllis col- Tu procul £ patri4 / nec sk mihi credere ) tantum liereret mihi tlores, Amyntas A , • , J V ^ r . n% .' caneret. O Lycori, sunt hie Alpinas, ah dura, nives, et frigora Rheni fontes frigidi et amcena pra- Me sine sola vides. Ah te ne frigora laedant! ta, etsylvte: h)c traducerem Ah tibi ne teneras glacies secet aspera plantas: tecum omnem xtatem.Nunc — 30 ?5 40 45 ^j stuitus amor me retinet in- Ibo > e . 1 Chalcidico quae sunt mihi condita versu ter media tela et infestos Carmina pastoris Siculi modulabor avena. hostes, in armis feri Martis Tu, 6 cruucc versibus traduxi e Chalcidensi poe- ta, says Ruxus. But, though this may be true, it is not to be made out of Virgil's words, without great straining; for they imply no more than simply that Gallus had composed some songs or elegies in the same kind of verse as the poet of Chalcis wrote. Catrou seems to have hit upon the true meaning, namely, that he would for- sake Euphorion for Theocritus; i. e. elegy for the pastoral kind of poetry. 51. Pastoris Siculi. Theocritus. 37 Ratum est, me malle pati in- ter nemora et speluncas bel- luarum, et meos amores in- scribere teneris arboribus; 55 crescent ilia?, crescetis, 6 a- mores. Interest circuibo M oe- nalum montem, cum sociis Nymphis; aut persequar for- tes apros; nulla frigora pro- hibebunt me cingere canibus sylvas Parthenii montis. Js BUCOLICA. ECL. X. Gertum est in sylvis, inter spelaea ferarum, Malle pati, tenerisque meos incidere amores Arboribus: crescent illae, crescetis amores. Interea mixtis lustrabo Maenala Nymphis, Aut acres venabor apros: non me ulla vetabunt Frigora Parthenios canibus circumdare saltus. Jam mihi per rupes videor lucosque sonantes Ire: libct Partho torquere Cydonia cornu o • , , ,. - p • -~ syivas rarcnenii monns. Jam Spicula: tanquam haec sint nostri medicma furons, 60 fi J ngo mihi> me vagari per Aut Deus ille malis hominum mitescere discat. montes et nemora resonan- Jam neq; Hamadryades rursum, nee carmina nobis M*/ J uva ^ vibr are arcu Par- Ipsa placent: ipsse rursum concedite sylvse. Non ilium nostri possunt mutare labores; Nee si frigoribus mediis Hebrumq; bibamus, Sithoniasque nives hyemis subeamus aquosae: Nee si, cum moriens alta. liber aret in ulmo, ^Ethiopum versemus oves sub sidere Cancri. Omnia vincit amor; et nos cedamus amori. Hsec sat erit, Divae, vestrum cecinisse poetam, Dum sedet, et gracili fiscellam texit hibisco, Pierides: vos haec facietis maxima Gallo: Gallo, cujus amor tantum mihi crescit in horas, Quantum \k re novo viridis se subjicit alnus. Surgamus: solet esse gravis cantantibus umbra: Juniperi gravis umbra: nocent et frugibus umbrae . Ite domum saturs, venit Hesperus, ite capellae. thico sagittas Cretenses: ve- luti Usee omnia essent reme- dium insanise mese, aut qua- 55 si ille Deus disceret placari miseriis hominum. Nunc ite- rum neq; Hamadryades, neq; versus ipsi nobis arri- dent: Valete iterum, vos ip= sa nemora. Nostra? curae nequeunt flectere amorem, 70 ne sic quidem, si media by- erne potaremus aquam He- bri; et toleraremus Thracias nives hyemis humidse: ne sic quidem, si pasceremus oves iEthiopum sub sidere Can- ij c cri, cum intimus cortex ex- siccatus arescit in ulmo ex- celsa. Amor superat omnia; nos quoque cedamus amorh O Diva? Musse, sufficiet ves trum poetam cantavisse ista carmina, sedendo, et conficiendo calathum ex hibisco tenui: vos efficietis, ut ista videantur Gallo maxima: Gallo, erga quem amor me us tantum crescit singulis horis, quantum alnus virens attollit se ineunte vere. Surgamus: umbra solet esse noxia canenti- bus; prxsertimque noxia est umbra Juniperi; umbra? quoque nocent frugibus. Ite, ite domum, 6 capella? saturate: Vesper imminet. NOTES. 52. Spelxa. From the Greek crrnkua, spe- luncas. 53. Teneris meos. This fancy of cutting letters on the bark of trees has always ob- tained among lovers. To this Thomson elegantly alludes in his Damon and Musi- dora: — On the spreading beach, that o'er the stream Incumbent hung % she with the sylvan pen Of rural lovers this confession carv'd, Which soon her Damon kiss'd with weeping 5°y- 56. Acres Apros. The wild boar is an animal dangerous and fierce. 59. Partho cornu. The Parthian bow; be- cause the Parthians were famed for hand- ling the bow, which they made of horn. 59. Cydonia spicula. Cydonian shafts, from Cydon, a town in Crete, whose arrows were much esteemed, 62. Hamadryades, are those nymphs which belong to particular trees, and are born and perish together with them. The name is derived from apa, together, and Sgv?, an oak. As Dr. Barton, the great botanist of Ame- rica, was one day exhibiting the garden of Mr. Bartram to his botanical class, observ- ing a fine oak, (robur) he asked how long it had been planted. The old gentleman an- swered in the true spirit of a Hamadryad, Sir, it is my brother; it was planted the day on which J was born. 65. Hebrum. A river of Thrace, now call- ed Marisa. 66. Sithonias nives. Sithonia is a part of Thrace, cold and snowy. 68. Versemus. Verso has the sense of to feed, because shepherds drive their flocks from place to place. 75. Gravis cantantibus umbra. The even* ing shade, as is plain from what follows. 77. Saturx. The goats are sufficiently fed . Time enough has been spent in pastoral writing. 38 P. VIRGILII MARONIS The following table of the order of time The Eclogues employed nine years. The in which the Bucolics were written (from first was written when Virgil was twenty- a manuscript of the late Dr. Davidson of five, the last when he was thirty -four years the University of Pennsylvania) will be ac- old: ceptable to the reader. The 2d in order was written 1st. A. U C. 706 The 3d 2d. . . . . 711 The 5th .3d . . . 712 The 1st . . 4th. . . . 713 The 9th . 5th. . . . 713 The 6th . 6th. . . . 714 The 4th . 7th . . . 714 The 8th . 8th. . . . . 715 The 7th . ..... . 9th. . . . 716 The 10th . 10th.. . . . 717 FINIS BUCOLICORtTIvL P. VIRGILII MARONIS GEORGICA. THE necessities and conveniences of man first taught the pro- priety of an assiduous attention to the culture of the earth. The promotion of this has been considered of so much importance to the welfare of a community, that the ablest statesmen and heroes have, by their precepts, rewards and examples, endeavoured to encourage it. At the voice of his country Cincinnatus abandoned the toils of the plough, for the dangers of the tented fiekL Fabri- cius and Dentatus, Curius and Camillus were as familiar with the implements of husbandry as with the shield and the javelin, " Prithee friend" said Scipio Nasica on meeting a countryman, whose hands with rustic labour had become hard, " do you walk on your hands?" This impertinent and trifling wit, carrying in it an insult on agriculture, was by the Romans resented, and Scipio lost the edileship, for which he was at that time a candidate. Some of the most distinguished prose writers of antiquity have given instructions to the husbandman. Greece can boast her De= mocritus and Xenophon, her Aristotle and Theophrastus. Rome had her sober Cato and her learned Varro. The muses have been invited to give elegance and interest to the rural landscape. Clio and Terpsichore ever appear with their chaplets of laurels, and Euterpe and Erato with fillets of flowers — of roses and myrtles. Thalia sustains the crook of a shepherd; and Calliope is described as being the mother of Orpheus, whose skill was such that he is represented as commanding the currents of rivers, the beasts of the forest, and the verdure of the hills. Amid the horrid wars ex- hibited by Homer, the employ of the herdman is kept in view, An army in motion, with its commander at its head, is 40 " Like Ida's flocks proceeding o'er the plain; Before his fleecy care, erect and ooid Stalks the proud ram, the father of tne fold; With joy the swain surveys them as he leads To the cool fountains through the well known meads. So joys iEneas" B. 13. The trampling of horses and wounded men resemble oxen treading out corn: " round and round with never-weary'd pain, The trampling steers beat out th' unnumber'd grain: So the fierce coursers, as the chariot rolls, Tread down whole ranks and crush out hero's souls. B. 20. The noise of the Trojan army approaching to battle is com- pared to the loud lowing of herds: « As when the fleecy flocks unnumber'd stand, In wealthy folds, and wait the milker's hand, The hollow vales incessant bleating fills, The lambs reply from all the neighbouring hills: Such clamors rose from various nations round, Mix'd was the murmur, and confus'd the sound." B. 4 The fall of trees and heroes is represented as similar: " As through the shrilling vale, or mountain ground The labou s of the woodman's ax resound; Blows following blows are heard reechoing wide, While crackling forests fall on every side: Thus echo'd all the fields with loud alarms, So fell the warriors, and so rung their arms." B. 16. In Laertes, the prince of Ithaca, who abandoned his throne that he might devote himself to tillage, Homer has elegantly dis- closed his views of its value. Hesiod, who flourished about a century ar.er Homer's decease, wrote a poem on agriculture, called The Works and the Days, abounding with instruc- tions to the cultivator of the earth, and interspersed with excel lent moral reflections* The taste and genius of Virgil qualified 41 him for discovering poetic excellence, and his ambition urged him to rival it. Theocritus of Syracuse wrote the Id) ilia. Vir- gil did more than imitate. " Whosoever,'' says professor Mar- tyn, " would excel in pastoral poetry, may find plenty of ore in the rich mine of Theocritus; but the art of refining and purify, ing it must be learned from Virgil." In the second great effort of the Roman poet, he proposed to himself the example of Hesiod. He has succeeded in a high degree. He has produ- ced a poem which, for accuracy of expression and a delicate poe- tical vein, may challenge comparison. It is said every line cost Virgil in the prime of his life more than an entire day, A pow= erful incitement to the completion of the Georgics was derived from the solicitations of Maecenas, a Roman knight, the great patron of literature in the Augustan age. The suspension of agri- culture during the civil wars rendered such a production neces- sary. It w^as desirable to make tillage fashionable among the great; since their example, when correct, on the lower classes of the community is always auspicious, This consideration will ac- count for the elevation of the poet's style above the capacity of the rustic. It should moreover be remembered, that in the early ages of the world the sovereign and the philosopher took plea- sure in the harvest field and the vineyard. In ancient times the sacred plough employ'd The kings and awful fathers of mankind: And some with whom compar'd your insect tribes Are but the beings of a summer's day, Have held the scale of empire, rul'd the storm Of mighty war; then with unwearied hand, Disdaining little delicacies, seiz'd The plough, and greatly independent liv'd. Thomson, Homer calls Agamemnon the shepherd of the people.^ Judah and David were at sheep-shearings. Abraham, the father of a nation, was a grazier; and to till a garden was the occupation of Adam, the father of us all. Many passages might be selected from the Georgics, in which Virgil has elegantly accommodated the sound to the sense. The labour of the line is obvious, when the giants are heaping moun- tain on mountain: Ter sunt conati imponere Pelio Ossam, G 42 On the contrary the sudden seizure of a stone to kill a serpent, is expressed with a corresponding rapidity: Cape saxa manu, cape robora pastor. To several such beauties reference will be made in the notes; many more will be discovered by the reader of discernment and taste. Nothing equal to Virgil has been produced by any writer of later times. — Rapin in his book of gardening, and Philips in his celebrated poem entitled Cider, have approached nearest the fair original. Had the language of Philips received a polish propor- tioned to the delicacy and boldness of his ideas, he might have stood a competitor with the Mantuan poet for classic fame, P. VIRGILII MAHONIS GEORGICON A.D C. CILNIUM M^ECENATEM, LIBER I. M - QUID facial laetas segetes; quo sidere terram Vertere, Maecenas, ulmisque adjungere vites, Conveniat: quae cura bourn, qui cultus habendo Sit pecori: atque apibus quanta experientia parcisi Hinc canere incipiam. Vos, 6 clarissima mundi INfERPSETATIO. O MsecenaSy ordiar serj= bere deinceps quasnam res efficiat messes copiosas; quo tempore oporteat arare tel- « lurem, et vites alligare ul- mis; quae sit cura bourn: quse tliligentia sit necessaria, ut habeatur pecus: et quanta industria, ut aiantur apes frugales; O vos sidera mundi splendidissima., NOTES. The poet, in the first four lines, shows the design of each of the four books of the Georgics in their order. And, after a so- lemn invocation of all the gods who are any way related to his subject, he addresses himself in particular to Augustus, whom he compliments with divinity; and then enters upon the body of the work. He shows the different kinds of tillage proper for differ- ent soils, traces out the original of agricul- ture, gives a catalogue of the husbandman's tools, specifies the employments peculiar to each season, describes the changes of the weather, with the signs in heaven and earth that forbode them; instances many of the prodigies that happened near the time of Julius Caesar's death, and closes all with a supplication to the gods for the safety of Augustus, and the preservation of Rome. Georgics is a name derived from ytapyoc, a husbandman, and this from ycuic, or ytx, the earth, and t§yov, a work or labour. 1. Lcetm segetes. Joyful is a noble epithet. So Psalm Ixv. 14. « The valleys shall stand thick with corn; they shall laugh and sing," 1. Quo sidere, How much more poetical than quo tempore. 3. Qui cultus. Aptus, par, necessariw, or some such word governing a dative, is here understood. 4. Pecori, Pecus here, as opposed to boves 9 signifies the smaller cattle, as sheep and goats, but especially sheep, as the word always signifies in Virgil, when it stands by itself. See Eel. I. 75. III. 1. 20. 34 V- 87, Georg. II. 371. 4. Parcis, An epithet frequently applied to bees. So Martial, parca laborat apis. 5- Hinc may either mean henceforth^ or •with those subjects, as Georg. II, 444. 5. Vos, 6 clarissima mundi, &c. Varro, in his seventh book of agriculture, invocatss the sun and moon, then Bacchus and Ceres g as Virgil does here: which sufficienly eon» futes those who take the words, vos, cla- rissima lumina, to be meant of Bacchus and Ceres 44 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 10 15 qua; possidetis anno currcn- Lumina, labentem coelo quae ducitis annum, mines vestro beneficio reli- Chaoniam pingui glandem mutavit arista, querunt glandes Dodonajas Poculaque inventis Achelo'ia miscuit uvis: /^oframentopingui etmis- Et vos a ~ restum prsesentia numina Fauni, cuerunt aquam Acheloi cum „ • ■ , r. • i r^ i n vino reperto: Et vos 6 Fauni, rerte simul raumque pedem Uryadesque puellae:- Dii propitii rusticis: adested Munera vestra cano. Tuque 6, cui prima frementem Fauni, una cum Dryadibus Fudit equum ma ^ n o tellus percussa tridenti, Nymphis. Canto vestra do- XT ^ ° r . ^ na. Et tu, cui terra adhuc Neptune: et cultor nemorum, cui pingma Caeae recens produxit equum fe- Ter centum nivei tondent dumeta juvenci: rocem, ictamagnotridente,ip se nemus Hnquens patrium, saltusque LyC3ei, 6 Neptune: et tu qui coluisti rf . * . . . iu . 4* , ' loca sylvestria, cui trecenti Pan ovlum custos, tua si tibi Mamala curae, boves candidi carpunt fru- Adsis 6 Tegeaee favens: oleaeque Minerva tices fertiles insula Case: Tu Inventrix, uncique puer monstrator aratri: &2SZ Ti e S C Et teneram ab ra S y' vane ' cupressum: 20 lum tuum, adesto propitius, Diiq; Deaeq; omnes, studium quibus arva tueri, relinquens nemus patrue et Quique novas alitis nonnullo semine fruges, sylvas Lyceei. Et tu, o Pallas repertrix olivae. Et tu, 6 puer auctor unci aratri. Et tu, 6 Sylvane, portans a radice teneram cupressum. Et vos, 6 Dii, et Dese omnes, qui habetis curam protegendi agros; seu qui sustenta- tis novas fruges aliquo semine: NOTES. 7- Liber et alma Ceres. These two deities are properly invoked together, because tem- ples were erected jointly to them, and they were frequently united in the same myste- ries. 7. Si. Servius says, for siquidem. 8. Chaoniam. Because the woods of Do- dona in Epirus or Chaonia abounded with oaks and mast-bearing trees. 9. Pocula Achelo'ia. Draughts of Ache- lous, i.. e. of pure water: Achelous was a river in iEtolia, said to be the first that arose out of the earth, and therefore was frequently put for water by the ancients. 12. Prima. Most probably, as in other parts of Virgil, the adjective is substituted for the adverb prima. So in this same Geor- gic: " Prima Ceres ferro mortales vertere ter- rain Xnstituit." 13. Equum. La Cerda contends for equam; but what then becomes of the epithet/re- mentem? 14. Cultor, &c. Meaning Aristaeus. Aris- tseus was the son of Apollo and the nymph Cyrene. He was born in the deserts of Li- bya, brought up by the seasons, and fed up- on nectar and ambrosia. For having taught the arts of curdling milk, making bee-hives, and cultivating olives, he had the same di- vine honours rendered to him as to Bacchus. We have his story in the 4th book. 14. C ue exudat inutilis humor: ejusvitiumigneconsumitur, ^eu plures calor llle vias, et cseca relaxat et humor nimius exsiceatur: Spiramenta, novas veniat qua succus in herbas: 90 racula, per qute succus influ- N e tenues pluviae, rapidive potentia sohs at in plantas novas: sive grum Acrior, aut Boreae penetrabile frigus adurat. iile calor magis indurat ter- Multum aded, rastris glebas qui frangit inertes, ram, et comprimit rimas ° * ° apertas: ne tenues imbres, nimiusve solis ardor vel frigus penetrans Borese exsiccet earn. Cas- terum ilk qui rumpit rastris glebas inutiles, NOTES. whole paragraph, as it is explained by the commentators, is bo perplexed and confu- sed, that one knows not what to make of it. The sense of the whole seems to be shortly this: The poet, verse 71, advises to let the ground lie fallow every other year; or, if circumstances will not admit this, then he advises, verse 73, to change the grain, and sow, after corn, pulse of seve- ral kinds: but not flax, nor oats, nor pop- pies, because, verse 77, these burn out the substance of the ground. Yet these too may be used in their turn, provided care be taken to recruit and again enrich the soil with fat dung and ashes, after it has been parched with those hot grains, verse 79. But he concludes, that should the ground be left fallow, and quite untilled, instead of being sown with any of these grains in the alternate year, it would not be ungrate- ful, i. e. it would make it well worth the farmer's while, by producing proportiona- bly more in those years when it is culti- vated. 85. Atque. How finely does this line, con- sisting entirely of dactyls, express the ra- pidity and noise of flame over a stubble field., Atque le-vem stipu-lam crepT-tantibus urere flammis. — — The light stubble to the flames resign'd Is driv'n along and crackles in the wind. Dryden. 86. Sive inde. Minelius obse^es, that four kinds of advantages result from burning the fields. " 1. Their frigid leanness will be re- moved; 2. Their excess of moisture will be dried up; 3. Fissures will open for the im- bibing of dews and the influence of the ze- phyrs; 4. They will acquire a hardness which will secure them from too much rain, heat or cold." To each of these ad- vantages Virgil refers . 93. Borece. Boreas was the north wind, blowing from the Hyperborean mountains. He is fabled to have been the son of Astrse- us and Aurora. He was worshipped as a deity, and represented with wings and white hair. He changed himself into a horse to unite with the mares of Dardanus, by which he had twelve mares, so swift that they ran or rather flew over the seas without scarce wetting their feet. 93. Penetrabile. The passive voice taken actively for penetrans. So JEn. X. 481. and Lucretius, " Permanat calor argentum, penetraleque frigus." 93. Adurat. " Lest baleful colds should scorch the crops away." Burning applied to cold, says Martyn, is not merely a poetical expression, but we find it made use of also by the philosophers. He quotes passages from Aristotle and Pliny, in confirmation of this idea. Modern che- mistry renders the figure of the poet easy and elegant. The finger, applied to a red hot bar of iron and to a lump of frozen mer- cury, would expedience a similar burn. In the first instance^ the caloric would be thrown into the body, and in the last ab- stracted from it with insupportable violence. 94 Multum aded. Virgil had already de- livered several precepts on the art of till- age: I. Concerning the early using of the plough. 45. II. For ascertaining the quality of the ground. 50. ^ III. Concerning the renewing of soils. 71. IV. Relative to the remedies for sterility; these are, manure, the strewing* of ash- es, and the burning of the stubble. 80. He here adds a fifth precept with respect to the breaking of the clods small, and smoothing the surface of the soil. This the writers on agriculture called occa- tio and pidveratio. 94. Rastris. The rastrwn is not a rake s as Trapp supposes, but a harro-as. GEORGICA. LIB. I. 49 Vimineasq; trahit crates, juvat arva; neq; ilium Flava Ceres alto nequicquam spectat Olympo: Et qui, procisso qua? suscitat aequore terga, Rursus in obliquum verso perrumpit aratro: 95aut qui trahit vimineas crates super Mas, \a\d& pro- dcst agris; nee flava Ceres frustra ilium aspicit ex alto ccelo. Valde etiam prodest ™- St ££&£&££ 1 00 res sulcorum, quos excitave- rit prima agri arationc; et qui assidue colit terram, et domat agros. O agricolse, petite s JJiis sestatem humi- dam, et hyemem siccam; ]05 frumenta copiosa sunt et a- ger fertilis est, ex siccitate hyemali. Nullam aliam ob culturam sic Mysia gloria- tur, et ipsa Gargara admi- rantur suas segetes. Quid dicam de eo, qui projecto 1 10 seraine statim agros exercet. Humida solstitia atque hyemes orate serenas, Agricolae: hyberno laetissima pulvere farra, Laetus ager: nullo tantum se Mysia cultu Jactat, et ipsa suas mirantur Gargara messes. Quid dicam, jacto qui semine cominus arva Insequitur, cumulosq; ruit male pinguis arenae? Deinde satis fluvium inducit, rivosque sequentes? Et cum exustus ager morientibus aestuat herbis, Ecce, supercilio clivosi tramitis undam • Elicit: ilia cadens raucum per levia murmur Saxa ciet, scatebrisque arentia temperat arva. Quid, qui, ne ^ravidis procumbat culmus aristis, e t frangit globos terra; male ^- ^ ° compacts? Postea inducit in agros consitos aquam, et rivos fluentes; et cum terra exsiccata languet herbis arescentibus, ex improviso educit aquam ex summitate canaliculi inclinati; ilia cadens raucum strepitum movet inter lapides attritos, et ebullitionibus humectat agros aridos. Quid dieam de eo, qui, ne calami concidant sub pondere plenarum spicarum, NOTES. 95. Crates. Instruments for smoothing the ground, made of osiers or twigs intertwist- ed after the manner of hurdles. Virgil uses the word for any kind of basket-work. 96. Flava Ceres. As in Homer £av3-ij Ah/ictilng, called yellow from the colour of ripe corn. She was represented with a gar- land of ears of corn on her head, holding in pne hand a torch, and in the other a poppy. She is frequently represented as a country- woman seated on an ox, with a basket on her left arm. 96. Spectat Olympo. The image of Ceres, says Wharton, puts one in mind of that beau- tiful passage in the Psalms; "Righteousness (a person) hath looked down from heaven." Ps. lxviii. 2. 100. Solstitia. Generally applied by the poets to signify the summer solstice. See La Cerda. 100. Orate. A sixth precept is here given. Husbandmen are directed to entreat the gods to send moist summers and fair win- ters. 102. Mysia. There were two countries of this name; the one in Europe, between Macedonia and Dacia, more properly called Mcesia; and the other in the west of Asia, bounding Troas on the inland sides. This last is here meant. 103. Gargara. A part of mount Ida, and a city in Troas. 104. Quid dicam. A seventh precept enjoins the levelling of the ground, after sowing the seed, and watering it well. Mr. Da- vidson, in his translation, certainly with no great felicity of expression, calls this per- secuting the lands. Heyne rightly observes, " irnequi, iclem atque urgere, instare et sine intermissione aut mora rem statim aggredi aut prosequi." 106. Deinde satis flxivium. An eighth pre° cept is given for the watering of a thirsty soiL Montesquieu, in his Spirit of Laws, informs us, that when the Persians were masters of Asia, they permitted those who convey- ed a springto anyplace, which had not been watered before, to enjoy the benefit for five generations; and as a number of rivulets flowed from mount Taurus, they spared no expense in directing the course of their streams. At this day, without knowing how they came thither, they are found in the fields and gardens. Homer says, Iliad 21st, When a peasant to his garden brings Soft rills of water from the bubbling springs^ And calls the floods from high, to bless his bow'rs, And feed, with pregnant streams, the plants andflow'rs; Soon as he clears whate'er their passage staid, And marks their future current with his spade, Swift o'er the rolling pebbles, down the hills, Louder and louder purl the falling rills, Before him scatt'ring, they prevent his pains* And shine in mazy wand'rings o'er the plains. Pope. 110. Scatebris. Ebullitionibus, says Mine- lius, with bubbling streams. 111. Quid, gwi refers to a ninth precept, He seems, says Martyn, to have taken this from Theophrastus, who says, that in a rich soil the husbandmen both mow the young corn and suffer the cattle to feed it down, to keep it from running too much to H 50 P. VIRGILII MARONIS amputat superflaitatem se- Luxuriem segetum tenera. depascit in herba, &ZtfS£Sg£Z™* P rfm r sulcos ^quant sata? quique paludis iequalessuntsulcis?EtJeeo,^ollectum humorem bibula deducit arena? qui derivat ex terra bibula Praesertim incertis simensibus amnis abundans 115 ^nSJ%xciTb X SminZ ExiU et obducto lat ^ tenet omnia limo » bSs^ubUsfiu^tumefectoUnde cavae tepido sudant humore lacunae. exundat, et undique tegitNec tamen (haec cum sint hominumque, boumque la- omnia limo superjccto: unde bores eavse fossae fiunt madidsete- Tr , . .... ., • • . , pidauUgine. Tamen licet ho- Versando terrain experti) nihil improbus anser, minum et boum labores ex- Strymoniaeque grues, ct amaris intuba fibris, 120 perti sinthjec omnia, terram Officiunt, aut umbra nocet. Pater ipse colendi S^%SSf hSjHaud facilem esse viam voluit, primusq; per artem et cichorea, cujus radices a- Movit agros, curis acuens mortaha corda: marsesz«^,nonnihilobstant; >j ec torper£ gravi passus sua reena veterno. £££££££*£ Ante Jovem nulli subigebant am colon.: 125 tionem esse facilem; et pri-Ne.c signare quidem, aut partiri hmite campum mus ex arte versavit terrain, Fas erat: in medium quaerebant: ipsaque tellus excitans curis dionunum *ni- k Uherius, nullo poscente, ferebat. raos: nee passus est sua reg- T11 . 7 r » na languere tristi otio. Ante Hie malum virus serpentibus addidit atris, Jovis tempora, nulli agricola? Prsedarique lupos jussit, pontumque moveri, 1 30 exercebant agros. Nee bee- Mellaque decussit foliis, ignemque removit, bat quiaem notare, aut defi- _ * . . . / & . ^ . 7 nire terminis agros. Qu«re- Et passim nvis currentia vma repressit: bant cibos in commune, etUt varias usus meditando extunderet artes ipsa terra sponteproducebatp aulatim et sulc } s f rumen ti quaereret herbam, omnia, nemineexigente. Ju- ._ .... , j . • 10- piter adjunxit noxium vene- Et sihcis venis abstrusum excuderet ignem. 135 num. nigris serpentibus: et Tunc alnos primum fiuvii sensere cavatas: voluit lupos voraces esse, et^avita tum ste llis numeros et nomina fecit, mare agitan, et excussit mel e foliis arborum, et oceultavit ignem, et stitit vinum ubique fluens in rivos. Ut experientia ob- servando excogitaret paulatim diversas artes, et colligeret spicas frumenti e sulcis, et exprime- ret ignem occultum e venis lapidum. Tunc primo flumina tulerunt arbores cavatas: tune nauta attribuit ordinem et nomina sideribus, NOTES, leaf. So Pliny; " Luxuria segetum castiga- bread by f< the sweat of his brow." Virgil tur dente pecoris in herba duntaxat, et de- here begins to treat of the origin of agri* pastx quidem vel samius in spica injuriam culture, sentirent." 123. Movit. Literally, Stirred or solicited, 113. Quique paludis He now speaks of i.e. He taught or commanded mortals to culti- drying up a marshy land. vate tlie ground. 115. Incertis menkbus, i.e. in those months 123. Curis acuens. Sterling says, " sharp * when the weather is more variable. ening man's wit -with care " 118. Cumsint, &c. Servius, and the whole 127 '. In medium quo:!ans Pleiadas, Hyadas, et lucidam ursam Lycaonis fiUam. Tunc repertum est, 140 capere feras laqueis, et deci- pere visco: et cingere cani- bus magnas sylvas. Et jam alius projicit reticulum in la- tum fluvium, se committens alto Jluvio, et alius trabit e ut mariretia humida. Tuncx>e- nit durities ferri, et lamina serrse stridentis: (nam majo- res dividebant cuneis lignum fissile). Tunc varice artes prodierunt: Magnus labor superat omnia, et necessi- 150 tas urgens in rcrum inopiii. Ceres prima docuit homi- nes movere teiTam ferro cum jam glandes et arbuta NOTES. 138. Pleiadas. The seven daughters of Atlas by Pleione. They all, except Merope, who married Sysiphus, king of Corinth, had immortal gods for their suitors. For this reason Merope's star is said to be dim The name Pleiades is derived from the Greek xxiuv, to sail; because these stars were con- sidered propitious to sailors. They bear al- so the names of Vergilia, Atlantides, and Hesperides. 138. Hyadas. Five daughters of Atlas, The ancients supposed that the -rising and setting of the Hyades were always attended with much rain, whence the name {vu,pluo.) 138. Lycaonis Arcton. The Ursa Major was called Lycaon's bear, because his daugh- ter Calisto was transformed by Juno into a bear, and by Jove, to whom she had been kind, translated to the stars. 141. Verberat amnem. Lashing the river is a beautiful description of the manner of throwing the casting net. 142. Humdalina. La Cerda observes, that linum is often used for a net. It is uncertain in this passage, whether Virgil intends the drag net or the fishing line. 143. Ferri rigor. The art of hardening iron is here brought to view, and under it all the metallic arts are implied. 146. Improbus. Indefatigable, or unwea- ried, as JEn. XII. 687. Fertur in abruptum magno mons improbus actu. 146. Buns. Agreeably to the familiar pro- verb, * necessity is the mother of invention.' So in the 1st iEneid: Res dura et regni novitas me talia cogunt moliri. 147. Prima Ceres. Ovid in like manner at- tributes the origin of agriculture to the be- neficence of Ceres: Prima Ceres unco glebam dimovit aratro, Prima dedit fruges, alimentaque mitia ter* ris. 148. Arbuta. The Kofucgos, as the Greeks called the arbute, or strawberry tree, is common enough in our gardens . The poets have supposed the people of the first age to have lived on acorns and arbutes, before the discovery of corn. 150. Labor additus. Labor here we take to signify calamity or distress; and additus has the sense of datu's or assignatus, as Hor Lib. 3. Ode IV. 78. Incontinentis nee Tityi jecur Relinquit ales, nequi'tise additus Custos. So iEn. VI. 90. Nee Teucris addita Juno Usquam aberit. 151. Esset; not from sum, but from edo, es, est, &c. 151. Rubigo. The blight, says Martyn, is a disease to which corn is subject. Theo. phrastus calls it s^wn'/fr. Many modem wri- ters take rubigo to signify smut, which is a putrefaction of the ear, and converts it to black powder; but Virgil mentions it as a disease of the stalk. Ruxus calls it in French nielle, a word corresponding to our mildew. The Romans, on the 25th of April annually worshipped a goddess whom they named Roblgo, that she might preserve their corn from blights. 152. Carduus. Perhaps the carduus solstiti- alts, or St. Barnaby's thistle, which, accord- ing to Ray, is very troublesome in the Ita- lian corn-fields. Dr. Woodward has calcu- lated, that one thistle seed will produce at the first crop twenty-four thousand, and consequently five hundred and seventy-six millions of seeds at the second crop. This 52 P. VIRGILII MARONJS 155 160 165 70 et lappa;, et tribuli; et Lappaeque, tribulique: interque nitentia culta a"et X £3t ^FR**!* ?«*■■ «t steriles dominantur avenge. pinguia. Quod nisi et assi- Quod nisi et assiduis terram insectaberc rastris, due terram proscindas ras- Et sonitu terrebis aves, et ruris opaci Stu, e et ampuls SSE ™ ce P remes u ™ bras ' «*■», ^eris imbrem: mosarborum ruris urabrosi, Heu, magnum altenus frustra spectabis acervum, et precibus obtinueris pluvi- Concussaque famem in sylvis solabere quercu. am: heu, frustrk videbis Dicendum et qua: sint duris aerestibus arma: magnum • acervum altenus, ~ ^ ° et cogens subvenire fami Queis sine, nee potuere sen, nee surgere messes, succutiendo quercum in syi- Vomis, et inflexi primum grave robur aratri, vis. Dicendum est quoque, Tardaque Eleusinse matris volventia plaustra, qute smt mstrumenta duro- rp. -, t x , . . r , rum agricolarum: sine qui- Tnbulaque, traheaeque, et miquo pondere rastn: bus segetes nee seminari, Virgea praeterea Celei vilisque supellex, nee crescere possunt. Pri- Arbuteae crates, et mystica vannus Iacchi. mo vomer, et cravis moles ^ • ,^s f\ curvi aratri, et plaustra Ce- Omnia qu* multo ante memor provisa repones, reris matris difficile volubi- Si te digna manet divini gloria ruris. lia, et tribula, et trahete, Continuo in sylvis magna vi flexa domatur S£*£&&£Z g >?urim, et curvi formam accipit ulmus aratri. pellex Celei, crates ex arbu- Huic a stirpe pedes temo portentus in octo, to, et sacra vannus Bacchi. Quae omnia memineris multo ante parare et servare: site spectat vera laus beati ruris. Principio in sylva, magna vi inflexa, subigitur ulmus in burim, et capit for- mam curvi aratri. Huic buri jungiiur per imam partem temo extensus in octo pedes, NOTES, nume- the husbandman's implements. He enume- rates four for ploughing, and as many for harvest. 162. Robur, particularly a kind of oak; but applied to any solid wood. 163. Tardaque. Wharton has attempted to imitate Virgil in the slow motion of the cart, which this line describes: " And Ceres' ponderous wagon, rolling slow." 163. Eleumue matris, i. e. such as were invented by Ceres, who was worshipped at Eleusis in Attica. 164. Tribula. The tribulum, or tribula, was an instrument used by the ancients to thresh their corn. It was a kind of plank or wag- on pointed with stones or pieces of iron, with a weight laid upon it; and so was drawn over the corn by oxen. Thus it is described by Varo: Id Jit e tabula lapidibus, out ferro asperata, quo imposito auriga, aut exuberance, however, is not -waste: rous birds derive from the winged thistle seed their subsistence. 153. Lappa. Lappa, says the Cambridge botanist, seems to have been a general word to express such things as stick to the garments of those that pass by. We use the word burr in like manner, though what is properly so called is the head of the barda- na major, or burdock, The lappa was proba- bly the same with the galium, or, as it is commonly called, cleavers, clivers, or goose- grass. 153. Tribuli. The tribulus, or landcaltrop, is an herb with a prickly fruit common in Italy and warm countries. The fiction that Jupiter caused the earth to produce these prickly weeds seems to have been borrow- ed from Moses. See Genesis iii. 154. Lolium, or darnel, a common weed in corn-fields. 154. Jlvence. The -wild-oats (says Martyn, pondere gravi, trahitur jumentis junctis, tit for we continue to quote his botanical illus- discutiat e spied grana. trations) are no less frequent than the dar- nel in many places. They are not the com- mon oats degenerated by growing wild, but a quite different species. The chaff of them is hairy, and the seed small like that of grass. It was the general opinion of the an- cients, that wheat and barley degenerated into these weeds, but they are specifically grain from the chaff, different, and rise from their own seeds. The word dominantur is very proper, for the weeds grow so tall, that they overtop the corn. 155. Quod nisi. To avert these evils, he advises harrowing, the scaring away of the birds, pruning, and prayer. 158. Spectabis. The Medicean manuscript reads expectabis. 164. Traheaeque. The traliea was a car- riage without wheels, used for the same purpose as the former. 165. Celei. Celeus was the father of Trip- tolemus, whom Ceres, as has been said, instructed in husbandry. 166. Vannus. The fan to separate the 168. Si te digna manet, &c- Literally, if due honour awaits thee from the divine country,- i. e. Jf thou expectest to see thy blest rural la- bours crowned with due honour. The country or counts-life is called divine, because of its innocence and pleasures. 169. In sylvis. The Roman plough was formed of a bended elm. 171. Temo. The pole. Minelius describes 160. Dicendum. He here begins to treat of it as an oblong piece of wood, to which GEORGICA. LIB. I. 53 Binae aures, duplici aptantur dentalia dorso. Caeditur et tilia ante jugo levis, altaque fagus, Stivaque, quae currus a tergo torqueat imos: Et suspensa focis explorat robora fumus. Possum multa tibi veterum praecepta referre, Ni refugis, tenuesque piget cognoscere curas. Area cum primis ingenti aequanda cylindro, Et vertenda manu, et creta solidanda tenaci: Ne subeant herbae, neu pulvere victa fatiscat: Turn variae illudunt pestes. Saepe exiguus mus Sub terns posuitque domos, atque horrea fecit: Aut oculis captifodere cubilia talpae. Inventusque cavis bufo, et quae plurima terrae Monstra ferunt: populatque ingentem farris vum Curculio, atque inopi metuens formica senectse. Contemplator item, cum se nux plurima sylvis Induet in florem, et ramos curvabit olentes: Si superant foetus, pariter frumenta sequentur, Magnaque cum magno veniet tritura calore. At si luxuria foliorum exuberat umbra, Nequicquam pingues palea. teret area culmos. plare, cum in sylvis multa nux vestiet se floribus, et demittet ramos odoriferos^ si flores plures sint quam folia y similiter frumenta succedent; et veniet magna ubertas, cum magno calore. At si rami abuudent nimia copia frondium; frustra conteres in area manipulos, palea crassos. accommodantur bime aures, et dentalia qua habent du- plex dorsum. Amputatur quoque priiis tilia levis ad 175 jngum, et fagus alta, et sti- va, qua regat posteriorem aratri partem: et fumus pro- bat ligna ilia suspensa ad fo- cum. Possum enarrare tibi multa antiquorum praecepta, , R ~ nisi nolis, et te tsedeat dis- 8U cere minima quseque. Prasci~ pue oportet complanare are- am magno cylindro, et manu tractare terrain, et firmare creta tenaci: ne herbae nas- cantur, et ne area siccitatc resoluta rim as agat. Praete- rea varii hostes nocent, saepe parvus mus facit domum sub terris, et struit horrea: aut talpse privati oculis fodiunt cubilia: et bufo in caverais reperitur, et multa alia ani- malia quae terra producit: et 190 curculio, et formica provi- dens egense senectuti cor- l'odunt magnum cumulum frumenti. Praeterek contem- acer- 185 NOTES. wheels were connected, about eight feet in length. 172. Aures. In modern language, earth- boards: according to Minelius, two iron or wooden sides, affixed laterally like ears, for the purpose of widening the furrow. 172. Duplici dentalia dorso. See at the end of Mr. Martyn's first Georgic, a draught of a plough such as is used at this day in Mantua; nearly the same with that which Virgil here describes. There the share - beams fdentaliaj joined to the two han- dles, form that shape which Virgil calls the double back. 173. Lexis. Light, that it may not op- press the oxen with its weight. 174. Stiva. The plough -staff, or handle. 174. Currus. Some think cursus. 174. Currus. The plough was so called, because it ran upon wheels, as do several modern ones, particularly that of Mantua abovementioned. 178. Area. The floor. The mode here re- commended was intended for the purpose of avoiding the inconveniences of mud and vermin. 178. Cylindro. A large rolling stone. A fragment of a column sometimes was em- ployed for the purpose. 181. Exiguus mus. Not only the diminish- ing epithet exiguus, but the terminating of the line with a single syllable, beautifully expresses the littleness of the animal. 183. Oculis capti. Supposed blind, because of the diminutiveness of those organs. 186. Curculio. The weevil. 187. Aux. By this interpreters generally understand the almond-tree, agreeably to what is said of it in other authors. Isid. lib. XVII. 47. AmygdaMa nomen Gr cecum est, quae Latine nux longa vocatur — de qua Virgi- lius, cum se mix plurima silvis Induet injlorenu So Theophyl. in Natural. Prob. Cap. 17. 'Ogx Ttiv ap.uyS'a.tov, &c. Amygdalum cemefruc- tuingravescentem, adeo ut pr ut P erhibent - aut intempesta silet no* etumbrajinfernse videntsub Semper, et obtenta. densantur nocte tenebrae: pedibus. Ad polum superio- Aut redit a nobis Aurora, diemque reducit; SSSSH tZ^Z Nosq; ubi primus equis oriens afflavit anhelis, 250 vii, circa polum, et inter duas Imc sera rubens accendit lumina Vesper, ursas: ursas, qme timent la- Hinc tempestates dubio praediscere cceIo variaquis Oceani. Ad polum p ossum i: m ■ j: temnimrv serendi- inferiorem, aut profunda nox £° ssumi js. nine messisq, mem^ tempusq, serenai. semper silet 4 ut aiunt, et te- kt quando lnndum remis impellcre marmor nebrse densantur offusA noc- Conveniat; quando armatas deducere classes, 25 te: aut Aurora, a nobis re- Aut tempestivam sylvis evertere pinum. cedens, uluc revertitur, et r J r refert lucem; et cum primus oriens nos afflat equis anhelantibus, ill'ic rubens Hesperus accen- dit sidera serOtina. Ex his possumus pnenoscere tempestates, coelo Ucerto: ex his, ' et tempus messis, et tempus sationjs: et quandonam opportunum sit agitare remis infidum mare: etquan- donam opportunum sit deducere classes armatas, aut csedere in sylvis pinum tempestivam. •• • NOTES. 233 Zona. It is unnecessary to describe and revives every day. In the following line the zones; they may be learned from al- he states the truth as it exists, most any geographical treatise. 248. Et obtentd, &c. Literally, And, night 236. Concrete. Frozen up, concretum flu- being outstretched, darkness is tJnckened. men, or thick and foggy, as Cicero says, ^50. Equis. Four horses are, by the poets, Crassus hie et concretus aer. Dr. Trapp trans- assigned to the sun: Pyrbis, E'ous, JEthon, lates it stiff, which, however it may agree and Phlegon. to cxrulea glacie, is incongruous to atris im- 251. Accendit. G. Wakefield writes it ad~ bribus; and therefore he adopts another epi- cendit, and says, Olim dedi verissime hanc thet, black ivith lowering clouds. Imber, it is lectionem ex divinatione (meaning, as I sup- true, sometimes signifies clouds fraught with pose, from conjecture) nescius ita citasse in, as JEn. III. 193. Senecam, in Epist. 122 ^ um mihi cjeruleus supra caput astitit 252. Hinc tempestates. The practical use of imber. an acquaintance with the aspects of the But here we are inclined to think it means heaven, the poet now begins to state. sno-ws, as being joined with ice, and be- 252. Praediscere. Some say praedicere. cause of the epithet concrete. In this sense 255. Deducere. To draw them down from Virgil's description of the two frigid zones the docks. agrees with that of other poets, Ov. Met. 256. Tempestivam. " Hoc est^." says Ruseas, I. 56. JYix tegit alta duas. " tempore idoneo cxdendis arboribus." 238. Via secta per ambas. A path is cut be- 256. Evertere pinum. Dryden has trans - tween both; i. e. the Ecliptic. lated these words, 239. Obliquus. The zodiac traverses the " Or when to fell the furzes;" whole torrid zone, but neither of die tern- but Martyn observes, that he must certainly perate. It turns obliquely off, after touching have meant firs: for the furze, otherwise the one or other ofthe tropics. called gorse and -whin, is a prickly shruft 242. Vertex. The north pole. Ilium. The which grows on heathy grounds, and bears south pole. no resemblance to the fir or pine. Wharton 247. Ill'ic. In this line he refers to the renders the word pinum, pine: doctrine of Epicurus; that the sun perishes " And when in forests fell the timely pine """ GEORGICA. LIB. I. 57 Nee frustra signorum obitus speculamur et ortus, Temporibusque parem diversis quatuor annum. Frigidus agricolam si quando continet imber: Multa, forent qux mox ccelo properanda sereno, Maturare datur: durum procudit arator Vomeris obtusi dentem, cavat arbore lintres: Aut pecori signum, aut numeros impressit acervis Exacuunt alii vallos, furcasque bicornes, Atque Amerina parant lentae retinacula viti. Nunc facilis rubea. texatur fiscina virga: Nunc torrete igni fruges, nunc frangite saxo. Quippe etiam festis quaedam exercere diebus Fas et jura sinunt: rivos deducere nulla Religio vetuit, segeti praetendere sepem, Insidias avibus moliri, incendere vepres, Balantumque gregem fluvio mersare salubri. Quin etiam fas et leges per- mittunt facere res aliquas festis diebua: nulla religio prohibet derivare aquas ex agrisy cingere segetem septo, struere dolos avibus, comburere spinas, et lavare in aquis gregem ovium, sani- tatis causa. Nee frustra consideramus ortus et occasus side- rum, et annum dimensum xqualiter in quatuor tem- 260 pestates. Si aliquando plu- via frigida retinet domi a- gricolam; tunc licet multa praeparare, quae postea festi- nanter facienda essent sudo tempore. Arator exacuit du- ram aciem vomeris hebetati, 265 cavat naviculas e ligno: vel imponit notas pecudibus, vel numeros cumulis fmgum. Alii acuminant palos, et fur- cas bicornes, et prseparant Amerina ligamina vineae 2!jrQnexili. Modo conficite leves canistros e vimine rubeo: modd coquite igne frumen- ta, modo. ■ ea terite saxo. NOTES. 261. Maturare often signifies, to do any thing hastily, as jEneid I. 41. Maturate fu- %am: but it is here opposed to proper are, as expressed by Dryden: " Let him forecast his work with timely care." According to Wharton, it is " to prepare with prudent foresight." 262. Lintres. Scaphas (or skiffs), accord- ing to Minelius; but Martyn thinks that Vir- gil speaks of troughs which, scooped from the alders, seem more immediately to con- cern the farmer. So Wharton, " Scoop troughs from trees." Such were used for carrying grapes. Tib. book 1. El. 5. 263. Impressit. How came the Romans not to find out the art of printing many ages ago? The Caesars impressed (or printed) their whole names on grants and letters, and this practice was so common a one that even shepherds impressed their names on their cattle. 264. Vallos. Sudes. Stakes. So Dryden, " or sharpen stakes" 265. Amerina retinacula. Amerine bands, so called from Ameria, a town in Umbria, which abounded with osiers. 266. Rubea virgd. Bramble twigs; others render it Rubean wicker, from Rubi, a town in Italy, which Horace mentions in his jour- ney to Brundusium. But, as Pliny mentions the bramble among the twigs that are fit for such purposes, is is more probable that these are here meant. Mr. Benson is the only translator who has followed this last interpretation: " Now with the bramble weave the baskets round." 267. Nunc torrete igni fruges. He speaks of parching the corn, in order to grind it, as in JEneid I. fruges receptas Et torrere parant flammis et frangere saxo." Wharton has given the true sense of the word, but absurdly introduced the grinding before the parching: " Now grain be ground with stones, now parch'd upon the stove." Dryden, with an absurdity still greater, re- presents the grain as ground before its grinding took place: « Or grinded grain betwixt two marbles turn." 269. Rivos deducere. Not to float the ground, as some will have it; for that, as we learn from Servius, was prohibited by the priests on holy-days: but to drain the pools, and make the rivulets run off the fields; which was allowed, as we read in Columella: Feriis autem ritus majonim etiam ilia permittit — Pisanas, lacus, focis veteres tergere, et purgare. To float the fields, in Virgil's style, is inducere rivos, as verse 106. in opposition to which deducere humoretn signifies to drain, verse 114. 272. Balantumque gregem. It is observed, that sheep make a great bleating when they are washed. For the sake of his rhyme, Dryden calls this steeping them. He steeps them, too, not in a river (fluvio) but in a water-fall: — — — — " steep In wholesome water-falls the woolly sheep." Minelius says " ut curetur scabies." 272. Fluvio salubri. Columella observes, upon this passage, that it was unlawful to wash the sheep on holy-days for the sake of the wool; but that it was allowed ta wash them for the cure of their diseases* 58 P. VIRGILII MARONIS 275 Ssepe ductor pigri asini dor- Saepe oleo tardi costas agitator aselli sum illius oleo onerat, vel yilibus aut onerat pomis: lapidemque revertens fructibus villous: et rediens _ r *. . .7 rfo//mmexurberefertmolamlncusutn,aut atrae massam picisurbe reportat. incisam, vel massam nigra Ipsa dies alios alio dedit ordine Luna picis. Ipsa Luna prsebet dies Felices operum . Quintam fu^e: pallidus Orcus vanos van a sene prosperos ^ . , r ^" ~. rA, r j ad opera. Evita quintum di- Eumenidesque satae: turn partu I erra nelando em.- Mo die Pluto pallidus, etCoeumque, Iapetumq; creat, saevumque Typhoea, Furi» genitse sunt: prsetcrea £ t conjuratos coeium rescindere fratres. 280 Terra scelerato partu pi^o- rp. J ^ ■ • r r\ duxit,etc; ffi umet Ja P etum, Ter sunt cona ti imponere Pelio Ossam et crudelem Typhoea, et Scilicet, atq; Qssae frondosum inyolvere Olympum: fratres conjuratos evertere Ter Pater extructos disiecit fulmine montes. ZSS£Z!gl*3£. Se P tima p° st de . cimam felix > et .p° ne, ' e vitem > et injicere Ossse frondosum Et prensos domitare boves, et hcia telae Olympum: ter Jupiter dis- Addere: nona fugae melior, contraria furtis. !E3£!?S!^SE M-l*.** gelida melius se nocte dedere: lix est, minus quamdecimus, Aut cum bole novo terras irrorat bous. et ad plantandam vineam, et Nocte leves stipulse melius, nocte arida prata ad subigendos boves Hgato3, Tondentur . noctes len tus non deficit humor. et ad lungenda licia telse. „ . . . . ...... Nonus felix est ad peregri- Et quidam seros hyberm ad lummis ignes nationem, et ad versus furtis. Pervigilat, ferroque faces inspicat acuto. Multa etiam melius succe- i ntere a ionium cantu solata laborem dunt noctu, aut cum Luci- A *? . , fer spargit rore terras ori- Arguto conjux percumt pectme telas: ente Sole. Noctu graciles aristse, noctu fcenum siccum melius secatur: humor tenax non deest noctibus. Et aliqui vigilant ad lucem nocturnam hyberni ignis, et acuto ferro incidunt faces: In- terim uxor leniens cantilenis longum laborem addensat telam stridulo pectine, 285 290 NOTES. Hence. Virgil mentions the wholesome river, to show that he meant it by way of medicine. 274. Vilibus. Vilis signifies common, mean or cheap. 274<. Lapidem incusam. This Ser^ius in- terprets a stone cut with teeth, for a hand- mill to grind corn. So Dryden, " Hand-mills for the grain." 277. Orcus. One of the names of the god of hell, the same as Pluto, though confound- ed by some with Charon. He had a temple at Rome. The word Orcus is generally used to signify the infernal regions. 278. Eumenides. A name given to the Furies by the ancients. They were three in number; Tisiphone, Megara, and Alecto. They received the name of Eumenides, which signifies benevolence or compassion, after they had ceased to persecute Orestes, who in gratitude offered them sacrifices, and built them a temple. Their worship, " For so the Devil ordain'd," was almost universal. They hold a burning torch in one hand, and a whip in the other. 279. Cceum. A son of Coelus and Terra. 279. Iapetum. The Greeks regarded him as the father of all mankind. He was the old-testament Japheth. For what reason the day that gave Iapetus birth should be regarded as unlucky I cannot conceive. Commentators are silent. Dryden leaves out the name. 279. Typhoea. A famous giant, son of Tar- tarus and Terra. He had a hundred heads, resembling those of a serpent or dragon. His eyes were fire, and his yellings tremen- dous. He made war against heaven, and so frightened the gods, that they ran away in different shapes: Jupiter became a ram, Mercury an ibis, Apollo a crow, Juno a cow, Bacchus a goat, Diana a cat, Venus a fish, &c. Hence the propriety of the epithet $cguid tempest ates. Mr. Martyn thinks the summer storm not to be equalled. " We see the adverse winds engaging, the heavy corn torn up by the roots and whirled aloft, the clouds thickening, the rain pouring, the rivers overflowing and the sea swelling. Jupiter is introduced overturning the moun- tains with his flaming right hand; earth trembles; the beasts are fled and men are struck with horror; the south wind redou- bles, the shower increases, and the woods and shores rebellow." This description is far surpassed in the 18th Psalm. 311. Autumni. Autumn began about the 12th of August. 314. Spicea. Not the ripe corn, for the next line speaks of it as milky and its stems green. 315. Lactentia. This is a favourite word with the poets. Several MSS. read lactan- tia. Servius observes, that lactans signifies that which yields milk, lacttns that which receives milky nourishment. 317. Stri?igeret. Was binding- up. Servius renders it secaret, and quotes verse 305. Et quernas glandes turn stringere tempus. But surely stringe re there signifies to gather or strip off with the hand. 317. Culmo. The stem or straw of the growing barley. 322. Srd planet being derived from yrxdvn, wandering. 339. Cereri. We have here a beautiful de- scription of the ambarvalia. This was a joy~ ful procession round the ploughed fields in honour of Ceres, the goddess of corn. "Two festivals of this name were celebrated by the Romans; one about the month of April, the other in July. The swains went three times dancing round their fields, crowned with oak leaves, singing hymns to Ceres, and entreating her to preserve their corn, The word ambarvalia is derived from am~ biendis arvis, going round the fields. A sow, a sheep and a bull, called ambarvaliae hos- tiae, were afterwards immolated, and the sa- crifice called suovetaurilia, from sus, ovis and taurus. 342. Tunc somni dulces. Both dulces somni and densce umbra are to be construed with in montibus; for the meaning is plainly, that slumbers are sweet on the hills under trees, which then begin to be covered with thick shade: not as if sleep were sweeter then than at other seasons, as one would ima- gine Dr. Trapp and other interpreters un» derstood it. 62 P. VIRGILII MARONIS et victima propitia ter duca- Terque novas circum felix eat hostia fruges, 345 sssssuz 2 m r quam ? horus et socii comitentur o™**-> mitentur; et ciamoribus in- Et Cererem clamore vocent in tecta: neque ant£ vocent Cererem in domum Falcem maturis quisquam supponat aristis, suam: nee ullus subjiciat fal- Qu £ Cereri torta redimitus tempora quercu, cem maturse segeti, pnus- ^ . . v *i«w»^u| quamedat motusinconditos, Det motus incompositos, et carmma dicat. 350 et oanat carmina in honorem Atque haec ut certis possimus discere signis, Cereris. Et ut possimus hac ^ stuS que, pluviasque, et aeentes frigora ventos: cojnoscere certis indicns, T \ F . , * . I ° r ° ' c a foremetimbres,et ventos 1 P se P ater statuit, quid menstrua Luna moneret, adducentes frigora: Jupiter Quo signo caderent Austri, quid saepe videntes ipse definivit, quid menstrua Agricolae propius stabulis armenta tenerent. 355 ISaZSSZJSffi*. C °^!™° «*»• surgentibus, aut fat. ponti dentes rustici ssepe contine- Incipiunt agitata tumescere, et aridus altis rent greges non longe a sta- Montibus audiri fragor: aut resonantia longe btaatt;i7rarircom: L « OT ^isceri, et nemorum increbrescere murmur. motum incipit inflari, etsic- Jam sibi turn curvis male temperat unda carinis: 360 cus fragor audiri ex altis Cum medio celeres revolant ex aequore mergi, S±S. ^JSXt Clamoremque ferunt ad litora, cumque marine mirmur sylvarum auges- In sicco ludunt tulicae: notasque paludes cere. Jam tunc ductus dim- Deserit, atque altam supra volat ardea nubem. cile se abstinent kmpi» Saepe etiam Stellas, vento impendente, videbia 365 vibis voranais, cum mergi „ l . . . _ I . . r 7 replant celeriter e medio Jrraecipites coelo labi: noctisque per umbram man, et emittunt vocem ad Flammarum longos a tergo albescere tractus, liter*: et cum marina tuli- Saepe levem paleam et frondes volitare caducas: cae ludunt in arena: et cum A A l . A ,, , .^ ardea relinquit paludes sibi Aut summa nantes m aqua colludere plumas. hol=is, et volat supra altam At Boreae de parte trucis cum fulminat, et cum 370 nutem. Ssepe etiam, vento imminente, videbis Stellas prsecipites cadere e coelo: et longos tractus lucis albescere a tergo, peiHenebras noctis: ssepe paleas leves, et folia caduca volitare, aut plumas natantes in superficie &qvse agitari. Sed quando fulmen cadit a regione Boreali, et quando regio NOTES. 351. Discere signis. Not by any supposed that stars never fall. Virgil's expressions astrological meaning, but by common and are accommodated to the ideas of common popular observation. people. 354. Caderent, should blow with less vio- 368. Scepe levem paleam, &c. What Virgil ler.ee. says of chaff, &c. Aratus has said of thistle- 556. Contir.ub ventis. The poet gives ele- down. ves. prognostics of the approach of wind; 370. At Borex. Twelve prognostics of rain almost all of them are borrowed, and indeed arehere given. 1. Lightning from the north, beautified, from Aratus 1. The sea is agi- 2. Thunder from the east and west. 3. The tated. 2- A crashing noise is heard from the flight of cranes. 4. The heifer looking up mountains. 3. The shores begin to echo, to heaven and snuffing the air. 5. The swal- 4. The groves murmur. 5. The cormorants low flying round the lakes. 6. The croaking fly towards the shores. 6. The sea-coots of frogs. 7. Ants bringing their eggs from play on the land. 7. The heron forsakes her their recesses. 8. The rainbow drinking up fens and seeks the clouds. 8. Stars shoot, the waters. 9. Rooks forsaking their food. 9. Long tracts of light are seen in the hea- . 10. Sea-fowl wantonly tossing water over vens. 10. The chaff whirls in the air; and their backs and washing themselves 11. 1.1. Feathers dance on the waters. x The cawing of the crow, as it walks soli- 357. Aridus fragor. Such a sound as is tarily on the dry sand. 12. The observations made by dry trees when they break. of damsels working, by night, at their 361. Ex aequore mergi. Birds so called, a wheels, mergendo. Herons are most probably in- " When sparkling lamps their sputtering tended. light advance, 365. Scepe etiam Hellas. It is well known And in the sockets oily bubbles dance." GEORGICA. LIB. I. 63 Euriq; Zephyriq; tonat domus; omnia plenis Euri et Zephyri tonat; om. Rura natan, fossis; atque omnis navita ponto j« ««£ ■"*£*** Humida vela legit. Nunquam imprudentibus lmber ta per marc colligit ve Obfuit. Aut ilium surgentem vallibus imis Aeriae fugere grues: aut bucula coelum Suspiciens, patulis captavit naribus auras: Aut arguta lacus circumvolitavit hirundo: Et veterem in limo ranae cecinere querelam. Saepius et tectis penetralibus extulitova Angustum formica terens iter: et bibit ingens Arcus: et e pastu decedens agmine magno Corvorum increpuit densis exercitus alis. Jam varias pelagi volucres, et quae Asia circum Dulcibus in stagnis rimantur prata Caystri, Certatim largos humeris infundere rores, Nunc caput objectare fretis, nunc currere in undas, Et studio incassum videas gestire lavandi. Turn comix plena pluviam vocat improba voce, Et sola in sicca secum spatiatur arena. Nee nocturna quidem carpentes pensa puellae currere per undas, et frustra agitari desiderio lavandi se. bi'em alta voce, et sola privatim vagatur in arena arida. lanam la humida: nunquam plu 275 via incautis nocuit. Vel il- lam venientem grues aeriae fugiunt ex imis vallibus: vel juvenca ccelum aspiciens hausit aerem naribus paten- tibus: aut hirundo canora volat circa lacus: et ranse in. 380 limo canunt an tiquam que- relam. Ssepe formica fodiens parvam viam exportat ova ex intimis cavernulis: et haurit aquam magnus arcus ccelestis: et turba corvorum ojjt rediens e pastu magno nu- mero, strepit densis alis. Prscterea videre potes diver- sas aves maris, et quse cir- cumvestigant Asiana prata in mollibus paludibus Cays- tri, certatim aspergere hu- 390 meros multa aqua: nunc ob- jicere caput fluviis, nunc Tunc cornix importuna advocat im- Ac ne puellse quidem noctu nentes NOTES. 371. Eurique. Eurus is a wind blowing from the east; called also Vulturnus. 371. Zephyrique. Zephyrus was the west wind. He is the same with Favonius. He was said to produce flowers and fruits by the sweetness of his breath. He had a tern- pie at Athens, where he was represented as a young man of a delicate form with wings on his shoulders and his head cover- ed with flowers. 373. Imprudentibus. Mineliussays "Tam multa tam certa et manifesta sunt plu vise et temptsiatum prognostica, ut neminem non clare et abunde prsemonitum, ut nemi- nem nisi improvidum deprehendant." The signs are so many that none can complain of a shower's falling on him unawares. 374. Aut ilium surgentem vallibus imis, iS'c. Some construe the words thus, grues fugere ex imis vallibus. Others take the meaning to be, that the shower rises out of the valleys. The author of the essay on the Georgics interprets it, that the cranes avoid the coming storm, by retreating to the low valleys. This interpretation is agreeable to Aristotle in his History of Animals, where, treating of the foresight of cranes, he says, They fly on high, that they may see far off, and, if they perceive clouds and storms, they descend, and rest on the ground: sav tSvffi wpr>, %ai xiifAiQia.) Y.ara.TfT«.(Toa rtav^^ovffii. In this sense Mr. Benson has translated it: " Cranes, as it rose, flew downwards to the vale.'* 378. Veterem cecinere querelam. Either al- luding to the known fable of the frogs in JE- sop, or to that fabulous tradition of the transformation of the Lycians into frogs, for which see Ovid, Met, VI. 374. 380. Bibit ingens arcus. According to a vulgar notion, that the rainbow drank up the vapours, to feed the clouds for rain. 383. Asia. The Asia palus, or Asia campus is the name of a fenny country which re- ceives the overflowings of the Cayster. The first syllable of this adjective is always long; the first of Asia, a quarter of the world, is short. 384. Caystri. The Cayster or Cdystrus, now called Kitcheck-JMeinder, rising in Lydia, and falling into the JEgean sea near Ephe- sus. Its margin abounded with water-fowl. Homer speaks of geese, cranes and swans. 387- Incassum. Either, as Servius has it, because their feathers keep their bodies from being wet: ^uia plumarum compositio aquam minium ad corpus admittit; or, as others, their bustle is idle, and to no pur- pose, since without so much pains they will soon be effectually washed by the co- ming rain. 388. Vocat. The ancients were of opinion that crows not only predicted rain, but called it down. Thus Lucretius: " Corvorumque greges, ubi aquam dicun- tur et imbres Poscere et interdum ventos aurasque vocare.' 1 The " daws and om'nous crows, with vari- ous noise Affright the farmers; and fill all the plain; Now calling for rough 'minds, and now for rain." 389. Et sola in sicca. Dryden renders this line, " And single stalks along the desert sands." Wharton translates it, " And solitary stalks across the scorching sands," 64 P. VIRGILII MARONIS ignorant pluviam futuram: Nescivere hyemem: testa cum ardente viderent SK&aS Scmtillare oleum, et putres concrescere fungos. et putridos fungos cumulari. Nee minus ex imbri soles, et aperta serena Pariter post imbrem, pote- Prospicere, et certis poteris cognoscere signis. ris pnevidere, et certis indi- Nam neque tum stelUs ac i cs obtUSa videtur, 395 ens discere dies sudos et coe- X t r • »•• ' i • » lum apertum ac serenum. Nee fratns radns obnoxia surgere Luna: Tunc enim, nee lux Stella- Ten ui a nee lanae per coelum vellera ferri. rum apparet languida, nee ^ on te pidum ad solem pennas in litore pandunt JLuna videtur onn, debensT^., * ,.,, •«*■»* % \ . lucem mam luci Soils, nec Dllec *ae } hetidi Halcyones: non ore solutos levia vellera lana volare per Immundi meminere sues jactare maniplos. 400 aerem. Halcyones charae At nebulae roaeis ima petunt, campoq; recumbunt: ^tZre eX tS\l>olh etoccasuln servans de culmine summo non meminerunt dissipare Nequicquam seros exercet noctua cantus. rostro fasciculos palearum laceratos. Sed potius nubila deprimuntur in valles, et residunt in cam- pis. Et noctua, observans occasum Solis ex alto cacumine, non emittit serotinos cantus. NOTES. And adds, " The line admirably expresses the action of the crow, and is an echo to the sense. Those who are fond of allitera- tion, are delighted with this verse, where so many s's are found together." A similar alliteration is seen in "plena pluviam" and •* vocat voce." Perhaps it will not appear to every reader so clearly as it has done to Mr. Wharton, that the sound of s's andthe wan- dering of a crow resemble each other. 392. Scintillare. The sputtering of the lamps occasioned by the humidity of the at- mosphere may well predict rain, 393. Nee minics. Virgil now gives nine prognostics of fair weather. 1. The light of the stars does not appear dim. 2 The moon does not seem to rise obscurely. 3. No fleecy clouds appear in the sky. 4. The halcyons do not spread open their wings to the sun. 5. Swine do not toss about the straw with their snouts. 6. The mists are low. 7. The owl hoots not at sun-set. 8. The ospray flies after the lark. 9. The ravens rejoice with a loud noise. 393- Ex imbri. Pierius found it in many MSS. ex imbres. " Nor from less certain signs, the swain descries Unshovfry suns and bright expanded skies." " This reading," says professor Martyn, " seems more poetical than the common: and it is certain that Virgil's meaning could not be that these observations are to be made during the rain. At such a time it would be impossible to observe the bright- ness of the moon and stars; which are the first prognostics mentioned by our author." Minelius as the sense of Virgil has " post imbrem, post pluvias," after the shower, after the rains. 396. Necfratris radiis obnoxia. She rises bright, as if she shone with a light unbor- rowed and independent of her brother's beams. Those, who are curious to see a cri- tical explication of the word obnoxius, may consult Aulus Geilius in his Noct. Att. L. VII. 17- 397- Tenuia lance vellera, thin fleecy clouds, as Pliny explains it, Lib. XVIII. 35. Si nu- des ut vellera lance spargentur — aquam in tri- duwmprcesagient. 399. Dilectce Thetidi Halcyones. Ceyx, the king of Trachinia, having perished by ship- wreck in the JEgean sea, his queen Haley- one, seeing his dead body floating near the shore, threw herself upon it in the trans- ports of her passion; and Thetis, in com- passion to the unhappy lovers, transformed them into the birds called halcyons or king- fishers. For them the sea is said to be smoothed seven or eleven days about the winter solstice, that they may the more conveniently hatch their young. Hence those are called halcyon -days. 403. Nequicquam exercet. Among the va- rious glosses which interpreters have put on these words, the true and most ob- vious meaning seems to be this: that, whereas the hooting of the owl is common- ly a prognostic of bad weather, yet, when the signs of fair weather here mentioned occur, she hoots and sings in vain, her dreary prognostic is not to be minded, or,, if any regard it as a sign of bad weather, they will find themselves disappointed. Thus verse 459, after having said that the clearness of the sun's orb at rising and set- ting betokens fair weather, the poet adds, Jrustrd terrebere nimbis; mists and blacken- ing clouds, which at other times are fore- runners of rain, are then not to be regard- ed; it is then in vain to be alarmed by them. To those who dislike this interpretation, Servius proposes another, taking nequic- quam for non; but it is a question whether the word ever has that signification in Vir- gil or any other good author. 403. Seros. The owl is the only bird that never sings but by night; for, as to the nightingale, it is well known that she sings also by day, only her music is not then so much regarded amidst the chorus of other birds GEORGICA. LIB. I. 65 Apparet liquido sublimis in aere Nisus, Et pro purpureo poenas dat Scylla capillo. Falco videtur sublimis puro 4Qe in acre, et alauda solvit poe- nas pro crine purpureo a se secto: quacumque alauda fu- giens findit alis tenuem ae- rem; ecce falco hostis crude- lis magno murmure perse- quitur earn per aerem: qua- 410 curaque falco fertur per ae- rem, alauda fugiens celeriter findit alis tenuem aerem. Prseterea corvi ter aut qua- ter iterant claras voces cora- presso gutture: et ssepe in . . „ nidis excelsis, nescio qua 4 * ^ lsetitia pleni pri-eter morem, inter se frondes comrao- vent: placet redire ad par- vam prolem et gratos nidos, pluvia exacta. Sane non pu- Densat, erant quae rara modo; et, quae densa, relaxat: to quod sit illis datum k Diis Quacunque ilia levem fugiens secat aethera pennis, Ecce inimicus atrox magno stridore per auras Insequitur Nisus: qua se fert Nisus ad auras, Ilia levem fugiens raptini secat aethera pennis. Turn liquidas corvi presso ter gutture voces 4 Aut quateringeminant: et saepe cubilibus altis, Nescio qua praeter solitum dulcedine laeti, Inter se foliis strepitant: juvat imbribus actis Progeniem parvam, dulcesque revisere nidos. Haud equidem credo, quia sit divinitus illis Ingenium, aut rerum fato prudentia major: Verum, ubi tempestas et coeli mobilis humor Mutavere vias: et Jupiter humidus Austris 420 ingenium, et rerum pruden- tia, qu et c « m s *. <*■* * undas, runt absque imbre et ven- Signa dabit: Solem certissima signa sequuntur: to: et nautae servati a tem-^t quae mane refert, et quae surgentibus astris. 440 et Melicert® filio Inus. Conditus in nubem, medioque refugent orbe; Sol quoque et oriens, etSuspecti tibi sint imbres: namque urget ab alto SSSSiT iS'^SS Arboribusque satisque Notus, pecorique sinister. indicia sequuntur Solem: et Aut ubi sub lucem densa inter nubila sese 445 qute dat mane, etqu» stellis Diversi erumpent radii, aut ubi pallida surget apparentibus. Cum Sol l ab- Tithoni croceum linquens Aurora cubile; ditus in cavo nubis, distinx- TT _ N K - . , erit primum ortum macuiis, ^eu male turn mites delendet pampmus uvas, et media mi parte latuerit: Tarn multa in tectis crepitans salit horrida grando. tunc pluvia sit tibi suspecta. Nam Notus funestus et arboribus, et segetibus, et pecudibus imminet e mari. Vel cum sub ini- tium diei radii separati emittent se ex opacis nubibus: vel cum Aurora, relinquens aureum lectum Tithoni, orietur pallida; heu! tunc frondes male tuebuntur maturos racemos; tam multa, et hor- rida grando saliet crepitans in tectis. NOTES. 427. Luna revertentes. These signs, taken 437. Inoo. Ino was the daughter of Cad- from the moon, were proverbial: mus, and wife of Athamas, king of Thebes. Pallida luna pluit, rubicunda flat, alba se- Juno, jealous of her peace, sent zfury to the renat. house of Athamas to throw the whole into 432. Quarto. The poet follows the opi- tumult. Athamas, inspired by the demon, nion of the Egyptians, according- to Pliny; conceiving Ino to be a lioness, and her chil- " Qnartam earn maxime observat iEgyp- dren whelps, pursued her, and dashed her 1:us." son Learchus against a wall. Flying in ter- 434. Nascentur. The Roman and Lorn- ror from her husband, she threw herself bard manuscripts, according to Pierius, from the top of a high rock, into the sea, read nascetur. with her remaining son Melicerta in her 436. Solvent. It was a custom among the arms. The gods pitied her fate. Neptune ancient mariners to vow a sacrifice to the changed her into a sea-deity and she receiv- sea-gods, in case of a safe and prosperous ed the name of Leucothoe. Melicerta her voyage. son became a sea-god, and was called Palse- 437- Glauco. Glaucus was a fisherman of, mon. Inous is a noun adjective, and sig- Anthedon in Bceotia. As he was angling one nifies the son of Ino. day, he observed that all the fishes he laid 442. Conditus in nubem. It is observable, on the ground, on touching a certain herb, that the signs Virgil refers to correspond immediately escaped from him, and leaped with the popular observations on the wea- intothe sea. His curiosity prompted him to ther, in Judea, in the days of Jesus Christ, taste it, when he was suddenly affected with " When it is evening, ye say, it will be fair a desire of living in the water. On this he weather, for the sky is red." See lines 445, leaped into the ocean, and was by Oceanus 446, 447, &c. " And in the morning, it will and Tethys changed into a sea-god. Some be foul weather to-day; for the sky is red authors explain the fable that Glaucus was and lowering." See lines 440, 441, 442, &c. an excellent diver and was devoured by 447. Tithoni. Tithonus was the king of fishes when smimmingin the sea. Troy, by S try mo, daughter of Scamander. 437. Panopece. She was one of the Nereids He was so beautiful that Aurora became whom sailors generally invoked in storms, enamoured with him, and carried him away. Her name signifies giving every assistance t or At his request, the goddess granted him viewing every thing. immortality; but as he had forgotten to ask GEORGICA. LIB. I. 67 450 Prastcrca magis prodcrit ha:c aha annotare, cum Sol occidet ccelo decurso: nam same videmus divcrsos colo- res spargi in ejus vultu. Cco- ruleus significat imbrem, flammeus ventum. Si verb ♦'55 maculae incipiant misceri cum micantiluinine, tuncvi- debis omnia seque turbari vento et pluvia. Nullus mc hortetur ire ilia nocte per mare, et solvere funem a 460 terrii. Sed si globus Solis ni- tidus sit, et quando reducet diem, et quando reductum abscondet: frustra timebis pluviam, sed videbis sylvas agitari sudo Aquilone. Deni- Hoc etiam emenso cum jam decedet Olympo, Profuerit meminisse magis: nam saepe videmus Ipsius in vultu varios errare colores. Coeruleus pluviam denuntiat, igneus Euros: Sin maculae incipient rutilo immiscerier igni; Omnia tunc pariter vento nimbisque videbis Fervere. Non ilia quisquam me nocte per altum Ire, neque a terra moneat convellere funem. At si, ciim referetque diem, condetque relatum, Lucidus orbis erit; frustra terrebere nimbis, Et claro sylvas cernes Aquilone moveri. Denique, quid Vesper serus vehat, unde serenas Ventus agat nubes, quid cogitet humidus Auster, Sol tibi signa dabit: Solem quis dicere falsum Audeat? ille etiam caecos instare tumultus Saepe monet: fraudemq; et operta tumescere bella. 465 f er at Vesper serotinus: qua Ille etiam extincto miseratus Caesare Romam; ex parte ventus pellat siccas Cum caput obscuri nitidum ferrugine texit, gZSF&SZZ Impiaque seternam timuerunt saecula noctem. lem appeiiaro faiiacem? Ille Tempore quanquam illo tellus quoque, et aequoraq«oquesapedeciaratsecre- Tmnti tos tmniutus immmere, in- pontl, ^ sidiasque et bella occulta pa- Obscoenique canes, importunaeque volucres 470 rar j. in e quoque misertus est Signa dabant. Quoties Cyclopum effervere in agros Romx, occiso Ca;sare, quan- Vidimus undantem ruptis fornacibus i£tna& do v ?^| lu e idum <*P ut <*- ~, , . ^ ,. r . ^P; 3 scura ferrugine, et quando Flammarumque globos, liquetactaq; volvere saxar homines scelerati timuerunt Armorum sonitum toto Germania coelo perpetuam noctem. Quam- Audiit, insolitis tremuerunt motibus Alpes. 475 V 1 *™ illo t tempore terra r quoque, et sequor mans, et foedi canes, et tunestse aves dabant signa. Quoties vidimus iEtnam, exundantem, caminis effrac^ tis erumpere in arva Cyclopum, et eructare globos flammarum ac lapides comminutos? Ger° mania audiit toto aere strepitum armorum, et Alpes tremuerunt insuetis motibus. NOTES. the continuance of his youth and beauty, he soon grew infirm and decrepid. Disgust- ed with his immortality, and as he could not die, the goddess changed him into a grass- hopper. 456. Fervere. The penult of this verb is with Virgil always short; as also in fulgere, stridere, effulgere, and effervescere. 458. Cum referetque, &c Literally, When he shall both bring back the day, and shut it up ivhen brought back. 462. Cogitet. Some commentators would alter the passage to quid cogat, or quid con- citet: but it should be remembered, that ill Virgil's time the winds were not only per- sonified, but worshipped. Horace, speaking of the river Aufidus, says, Diluviem medit atur agris. Od. 14. 1. 4. He has also, quodque minabitur Eurus. 465. Scepe monet. The best historians, as Wharton observes, unite in detailing these prodigies. Plutarch not only relates the paleness of the sun, but adds that the fruits rotted for want of heat. Appian speaks of the clashing of arms, shouts in the air, an ox speaking with a human voice, statues sweating blood, wolves howling in the fo- rum, and victims wanting entrails. The reader, says Martyn, cannot but observe how judiciously Virgil takes care to show he had not forgotten the subject of his poem in this long digression. At the close of it, he introduces a husbandman in future ages ploughing up the field of battle and aston- ished at the magnitude of the bones of those who had been buried. Watts, in his DaCian battle, has happily introduced this last idea: " the torn earth disclos'd Helmets and swords (bright furniture of war Sleeping in rust) and heaps of mighty bones" 467- Ferrugine. This word signifies here a dark red, somewhat resembling that of blood. Ferrugineus is, applied to the flower of the hyacinth, which is also called purpureus, the colour of blood. 468. Specula. The poet by the word means men. Lucretius, as professor Martyn shows, uses the word for kind, species, sex. 470. Obsccenique canes, i. e. Dogs of bad omen, howling abomi?iably. Every thing vile, obscene, or impure, was by the ancients reckoned inauspicious; hence the word sig« nifies direful or unlucky. 474. Ccelo audiit. Perhaps some remarka- ble Aurora borealis seen in Germany. Mar» tyn says, that he was informed by the learn- 68 P. VIRGILII MARONIS Voces etiam magna audita Vox quoque per lucos vulgo exaudita silentes ris modis visa stmt circa ere- Visa sub obscurum noctis: pecudesque locutae, pusculum noctis: et pecora Infandum! sistunt amnes, terrseque dehiscunt: !£S£££".£2££t ™» * um illac T mat templis ebur, «raq; sudant runt. Free tristitia sto^e Proluit msano contorquens vortice sylvas 481 ebumea lacrymata sunt in Fluviorum rex Eridanus, camposque per omnes tem P lis,etareasudaverunt. Cum stabulis armenta tulit: nee tempore eodem Padus rex numinum mun- ,r, . ., . -. F davit sylvas, eas provolvens Tristibus aut extis librae apparere mmaces, magnis vorticibus; et per Aut puteis manare cruor cessavit; et alte 485 omnes agros rapuit armenta p er n0 ctem resonare lupis ululantibus urbes. SS^Sf^r JSSNon .life ccelo.ceciderunt plura sereno cessaverunt apparere in tris- Fulgura, nee diri toties arsere cometae. tibus visceribus hostiarum, Ergo inter sese paribus concurrere telis ^terS SefctXiRo^nas acies iterum videre Philippi: 490 runt resonare alte per noctem ululatibus luporum. Aliis temporibus nunquam plura fulgura ceci- derunt coelo sereno, nee toties cometse funesti effulserunt. ltaque campi Philippici viderunt Ro- manos exercitus pugnare iterum inter se armis paribus: NOTES. ed Celsius, professor of astronomy atUpsal in Sweden, that in those northern parts, during the appearance of an Aurora borealis, he has heard a rushing sound in the air, something like the clapping of a bird's wings. The common people suppose the appearance to arise from armies fighting in the air. 476. Vox quoque per lucos. La Cerda is of opinion, that the mighty voice heard in the groves was that of the gods leaving or threatening to leave their habitations. He strengthens this observation by a quotation from the 7th book of Josephus, where speaking of the prodigies which preceded the destruction of Jerusalem, he says, the priests heard a voice in the night time say- ing, " Let us go hence." 477. Simulacra. Ovid says, " umbrasque silentum erravisse ferunt." 482. Fluviorum rex Eridanus. The poet here, to express the rapidity of this river, begins the verse with two short syllables. The Eridanus, or Po, rises from the foot of mount Vesulus, and, passing through the Cisalpine Gaul, falls into the Adriatic sea. Virgil calls it the king of rivers, because it is the largest and most famous of all the rivers in Italy. 488. Fulgura. Horace speaks of thunder and lightning, snow and hail affrighting the city: " Jam satis terris nivis atque dirse Grandinis," &c. 490. Romanas acies iterum videre Philippi. It is generally agreed that Virgil here means those two battles which are so fa- mous in history; the one between Casar and Pompey; and the other between Bru- tus and Cassius on the one side, and Au- gustus and M. Antony on the other. But it is certain, from history, that the scenes of those two battles were widely distant from each other; for the former was fought on the plains of Pharsalus in Thessaly, the other at Philippi in Thrace, which two places are above two hundred miles apart. It can hardly be conceived what confusion there is among interpreters in their attempts to unravel this great difficulty. Servius, Stephanus in his Thesaurus, Petavius, Dr. Heylin, Torrentius, Desprez, M. Dacier, father Sanadon, but especially the two ce- lebrated writers of the Roman history, Ca- trou and Rouille; all these, and numbers of others, will have it that both these battles were fought on the same spot. But this opi- nion is quite inconsistent with the plainest testimony of the most authentic historians, tends to subvert the credibility of all history whatsoever, and lays a foundation for uni- versal scepticism. If the reader would see a satisfactory so- lution of this difficulty, he may consult a pamphlet published in the way of letters by Mr. Holdesworth, intitled Pharsalia and Philippi. The sum of that gentleman's opi- nion is this: " that Virgil means, by his two battles of Philippi, not two battles fought on the same individual spot, but at two dis- tinct places of the same name, the former at Philippi (alias Thebx Phthise) near Phar- salus in Thessaly, the latter at Philippi, near the confines of Thrace. And though the historians (all except Lucius Florus), for distinction's sake, call the latter battle only by the name of Philippi; yet, as there was a Philippi likewise near Pharsalia, in sight of which the former was fought, the poets, for certain reasons (which, says he, I shall consider hereafter) call both by the same name." As to the reasons that he says determin- ed Virgil to call both battles by the same name, the chief of them is this; that, in compliment to Augustus, he might impress the superstitious Romans with a belief, that the vengeance of the gods against the mur GEORGICA. LIB. I. 69 Nee visum est indecorum Diis, bis Macedoniam, et prcesertim vastos Hsemi ag- gros, foecundari nostro cru- ore. Nempe futurum est ut 495 a ^j eu se8: nes jaceant terrae: iuvat Ismara Baccho na rubescere in pruno ar- ^ 1 i a j rr> , bore. Agite igitur, 6 coloni: Conserere, atque olea magnum vestire Taburnum. discite cuituram singulis ge- Tuque ades, inceptumque una decurre laborem. neribus congruam, et man- o decus, 6 famae merito pars maxima nostras, 40 Zt*e£es Ca £™« vert Mxcenas, pelagoque volans da vela patenti. ne terr» sint inutiies: pro- Non ego cuncta meis amplecti versibus opto: destlsmarum vitibus implere, et tegere oleis magnum Taburnum. Tu quoque fave mihi, 6 Msece- nas, vere ornamentum et pars maxima famse mese: et persequere mecum susceptum opus: et na- vigans pande vela mari aperto. Non ego cupio comprehendere omnia meis carminibus. NOTES. own accord. Laying" is accomplished by bending down a branch from the parent tree, and planting it in the ground till it take root firm enough to nourish itself. 27. Expectant, i. e. by their luxuriance and bending down to the earth they seem to expect propagation, and to desire, as it were, that their shoots may be set in the ground. 27. Viva, i. e. not separated from their mother-tree. 29. Referens mandare. This is the method of propagation, which is called by cuttings. Referens signifies givi?ig them back to the earth, whence they came. 30. Caudex is properly the body of the tree distinguished from the root, as truncus is the body separate from the head. 31. Oleagina. Spence observes, that "it is common in Italy to see old olive-trees, that seem totally dead in the trunk, have very flourishing young heads." He adds, " the same is often as surprising in old willows, of which I have seen several (and particularly some in the garden-island in St. James's park) which send down a tap- root from their heads through the decayed trunk, and so form a young tree on an old stock which looks as flourishing as the other does rotten." 32. Alterius ramos. In this passage Vir- gil speaks of grafting, insita mala. Of this he subjoins two instances. Propertius ele- gantly alludes to this mode of propagating fruit. See 1. 4. El. 2. Insitor hie solvit pomosa vota corona Cum pyrus invito stipite malatulit. 33. Mala ferre pyrum. Virgil speaks of grafting apples upon a pear-stock, not of pears upon an apple-stock, as Dryden has translated it, who has added quinces also, though not in the original; " Thus pears and quinces from the crab-tree come." 34. Eubescere corna. It is more probable that the author designs the ingrafting of cornels on plumb-stocks, than plumbs on cornel-stocks. Heyne evidently gives the sense, " pirus fert mala, prunus corna." 37. Neu segnes jaceant terra. Dr. Trapp and the other interpreters render it, Let not your land lie idle. But the construction seems rather to be, neu segnes terr