rta tsmt^Dsmvaaa^msi 3SEH5aiH5iii?j-.fl«BSgSt'4 degrees. Freedom of roller jewel from the slot corner and central part of the horn, 1^/4 degrees, with the lever against its bank. Freedom of roller jewel from the end of the horn, with the lever against its bank, 1% degrees. 217. Guard Safety Lock, or Safety Lock Relating to the Guard- Point and Roller. — The guard-point's freedom from the edge of the roller with the lever against its bank equals 1^ degrees. The total lock amounts to 2 degrees. If we bring the guard-pin against the edge of the roller we, in consequence, destroy the angle of freedom, viz., 1^4 degrees. Subtracting this from the total lock, we obtain 2" — 1%°= %°. The answer means that when we hold the guard-pin in contact with the edge of the roller there still exists a remaining safety lock of % degree. This amount is sufficient to insure the escapement action. 218. Corner Safety Lock or Safety Lock Relating to the Slot Corner and Roller Jewel. — The corner of the slot (according to specifications) stands, when the lever rests against its bank, 1% degrees from the path of the roller jewel. The total lock is 2 degrees, therefore when the corner of the lever slot is brought into contact with the roller jewel the angle of freedom (I14 degrees) is destroyed and the lock of the tooth on the pallet is correspondingly lessened, viz., 2° — 1^4° = %°. Our calculation shows that when the slot corner and roller jewel touch each other the action of the escapement is insured by a safety lock of % degree. 219. Curve Safety Lock or Safety Lock to the Central Part of the Horn and Roller Jewel. — In a double-roller escapement the 60 instant the guard-flnger enters the crescent the preservation of the safety action devolves upon the central part of the lever horn and the roller jewel. According to our specifications, when the lever is at rest against its bank the roller jewel will be separated from this part of the horn by a distance equal to I14 degrees. The total lock of the tooth on the pallet with the lever against its bank is 2 degrees, therefore when the central part of the horn is brought into contact with the roller jewel the safety lock will equal 2° — I14, or %°. This safety lock guarantees the action of the escapement. 220. Separation of the Tip of the Horn from the Roller Jewel. — The end of the lever horn is, according to specifications, so formed that the path of the roller jewel will pass it at a distance of 1% degrees when the lever is at rest against its bank. The freedom of the guard-point from the edge of the roller when the lever rests against its bank equals li^ degrees. If we bring the guard-point in contact with the roller and guide the roller jewel opposite the tip of the horn, the horn and the roller jewel will be separated by a space amounting to % degree, viz., 1%° — li^° == 1/2°. 221. Detrimental Effect of Erroneously Cutting the Lever's Acting Length. — ^We made a plain statement in the earlier part of the preceding lesson — i. e., when angles arise from a common point an alteration of one of the angles is reflected by the remaining angles. This statement we shall now prove. As stated in our specifications, the angle of freedom of the roller jewel with the lever against its bank is li^ degrees. The total lock of the tooth on the pallet is 2 degrees. If we cut away the corners of the lever slot so as to provide each corner with 2^4 degrees of freedom from the path of the roller jewel, when the lever rests against its bank, the result would be disastrous to the safety action. This is easily proven from our figures. The lock is 2 degrees, the new freedom of the roller jewel from the slot corner is 21/4 degrees. The freedom exceeds the lock. This is an error, because if the slot corner is brought into contact with the face of the roller jewel the tooth of the escape wheel would, under test conditions, leave the locking face of the pallet jewel and enter on to the impulse face of the stone, causing a tripping error. 222. Detrimental Effect of Bending the Guard-Pin. — If the total lock is 2 degrees and we bend the guard-pin away from the roller so that when the lever rests against its bank the guard- pin is removed 214 degrees from the edge of the roller, the effect on the safety action would be ruinous. Subtracting the lock (2 degrees) from the freedom (21^4 degrees) shows that the tooth of the escape wheel would, under test conditions, enter on the impulse face of the pallet jewel; the result would be a tripping error. 61 LESSON 20 THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL ANALYSIS OF BANKED TO DROP 223. Banked to Drop — Its Relation to Drop Lock. — As pre- viously defined, banked to drop means that the banking pins are turned in to such an extent that slide or second lock is eliminated. Therefore when an escapement is truly banked to drop, we find present only the drop or first lock. The relation of the drop lock to guard and corner freedom we shall now treat on. (Banked to Drop.) 224. Analysis of the Guard Freedom, Banked to Drop — Elgin Type. — If we are given the usual figures representing the specifications of an escapement, and desire to make an analysis of that escapement when same is banked to drop, we must deduct the slide from three sources — first, from the total lock; second, from the guard freedom ; third, from the corner freedom. Specifications not Banked to Drop — Total lock, 2 degrees. Of the total lock, ly^ degrees are drop lock and half a degree of slide. Freedom of guard point from edge of table, lever against bank, I14 degrees. To change the foregoing into banked to drop specifications we deduct the slide from the total lock and also from the guard freedom. The banked to drop specifications will therefore read: Drop lock, 1% degrees. Guard freedom, % degree. This means, that when the escapement is banked to drop, and the lever at rest against its bank, that the guard point will be separated from edge of table % degree. It also expresses the fact, that when the guard safety test is used a remaining or safety lock of % degree will be found (II/2 — 3/^ = 3/J. 225. Analysis of the Corner Freedom Banked to Drop— Elgin Type. — Specifications not banked to drop. Total lock, 2 degrees, composed as follows: Drop lock, li/^ degrees; slide, i/^ 62 degree. Freedom of slot corner from path of roller jewel when the lever is at rest against its bank, I14 degrees. When we bank this escapement to drop we deduct the slide from two sources — first, from the freedom of the slot corner with roller jewel (1^ — l^ = %), and also from the total lock (2 — 1/2 = iy2). The following now show banked to drop specifications: Drop lock, iy2 degrees. Corner freedom, % degrees. This implies that under banked to drop conditions, with the lever at rest against its bank the slot corner ana roller jewel will be % of a degree apart. When the corner safety test is tried we will find a remaining or safety lock equal to % degree (1% — % = %)• 326. Banked to Drop Summary, Elgin Type — Guard freedom present. Corner freedom present. Safety lock always less than the drop lock. 227. Analysis Banked to Drop — South Bend Type. — Let 2 degrees represent the total lock in an escapement of the South Bend type. Of the total lock 1 degree will represent drop lock and 1 degree slide. The amount of slide always equals the corner and guard freedoms. The extent of drop lock equals the safety lock. When "banked to drop we will find a drop lock of 1 degree present. As the corner and guard freedoms equal the slide, these freedoms are destroyed by banking to drop. 228. Banked to Drop Summary — South Bend Type. — Guard freedom, none. Corner freedom, none. Safety lock equals the drop lock. 63 LESSON 21 THE GUARD TEST IN THEORY AND PRACTICE 229. Theory of Guard Test. — The theory underlying the guard test has been partly reviewed in our lesson on the theory of the safety actions. To keep the subject distinct we shall again briefly discuss same. 230. Specifications — Elgin Type. — Total lock, 2 degrees. The freedom of the guard-point from the roller, 1^4 degrees. Note. — Of the total lock 1% degrees is the drop lock, the remaining i/^ degree being the slide. 231. Deductions from the Specifications. — A draft of an es- capement made in conformity with the above figures will show a tooth locked on the pallet jewel to the extent of 2 degrees, the lever being at rest against its bank. The freedom of the guard- pin from the edge of the roller will be li/4 degrees. 232. Guard Test — Deductions Banked to Drop. — If we employ the same specifications, but subtract the slide (% degree), our new specifications will then read: Drop lock, 1% degrees. The freedom of the guard-point from the roller, % degree. A drawing made in accordance with these banked-to-drop specifications will show the tooth as locked on the pallet jewel iy2 degrees. The freedom of the guard-point from the edge of the roller will be % degree. The point we desire to impress Is that an Elgin type of escapement, when banked to drop, will always show freedom between the guard-point and the edge of the roller. This is a fact of great practical importance. Another fact we wish to be remembered is that an escapement of the South Bend type will not show any guard freedom when banked to drop; these differences must be kept in mind whenever the guard test is used, ^233. The Guard Test in Practice — Elgin Type. — Beginners experimenting with this test are advised to bank every escapement to drop; accuracy is thereby attained. Assuming we have an escapement before us, the routine of testing the extent of the guard freedom is as follows: A — The escapement being banked to drop, revolve the balance so as to bring the guard-point opposite the edge of the roller as shown by Fig. 24. 64 B — Hold the parts in the position indicated by Fig. 24. C — ^With a watch oiler reach into the movement and lift the Fig. 24 lever away from its bank. This brings the guard-pin in contact with the edge of the roller (Fig. 25). D — The extent the lever can be lifted off its bank represents the freedom of the guard-pin from the edge of the roller. CorC^ Fig. 25 E — A similar test should be made on the opposite side of the roller. The guard freedoms should be equal. 234. Some Incorrect Findings Discoverable "by Guard Test— Banked to Drop — Elgin Type, — The subject of incorrect findings discoverable by the guard test is rather too extensive for con- sideration in this part of the lessons. As some aid we briefly mention the following: 235. Example A — Elgin Type. — Should the drop lock In an escapement be correct, namely, neither light nor deep, and the guard test shows no freedom, banked to drop, between the guard- point and the roller, the want of guard freedom will indicate that either the guard-point is too far forward or the diameter of the roller is too great. 236. Example B — Elgin Type. — If the drop-locks are deep and an excess of freedom is discovered between the guard-point and the roller (banked to drop) we can change the error of excessive guard freedom into a correct guard freedom by lessen- ing the deep lock. 65 LESSON 22 THE CORNER TEST IN THEORY AND PRACTICE 237. Theory of the Corner Test. — Specifications, Elgin type, total lock, 2 degrees. Freedom of the roller jewel from the slot corner, ly^ degrees. Note. — Of the total lock, % degree belongs to the slide; the remainder, viz., l^^ degrees, represents the drop-lock. 238. Deductions in Accordance with Specifications. — If we make a drawing of an escapement, following the figures in the specifications, the drawing will show the tooth locked on the Corner Lcve,r A^^,fnsT Fig. 26 pallet jewel to the extent of 2 degrees. The lever will be at rest against its bank and the corner of the lever slot will be separated from the path of the roller jewel to the extent of l^, degrees. 239. Banked-to-Drop Specifications — Elgin Type. — Drop-lock, 1^/^ degrees. Freedom of the slot corner from the path of the roller jewel, % degree. 66 Note. — The corner freedom under Mnlced-to-drop conditions is obtained by subtracting the slide, % degree from our first specifications, 1% — i/^ = s^. 240. Corner Test — Deductions When Escapement is Banked to Drop.— It we follow the specifications, making a drawing therefrom, the lever will be shown as at rest against one banking pin. If the roller jewel is figured in the drawing as opposite the slot corner in the manner shown in Fig. 26 the space separating the slot corner from the roller jewel will equal % degree. The point we wish to emphasize is that an Elgin type of escapement when banked to drop will show, as illustrated in Fig. 26, a little freedom between the slot corner and the roller jewel. If a South Bend type of escapement is banked to drop no freedom will be discovered between the slot corner and the roller jewel. The difference between the escapement types with regard to their corner and guard freedoms must be remembered and carried into actual practice. 241. The Corner Test in Practice — Elgin Type. — To obtain accurate information by the corner test requires that the escape- ment be banked to drop. The routine of testing the corner free- dom is as follows: A — Bank the escapement to drop and revolve the balance so as to bring the roller jewel opposite the slot corner, as illustrated by Fig. 26. B — Retain the parts in position as shown in Fig. 26. C — ^With a watch oiler or other fine tool lift the lever away Fig. 27 from its bank. This causes the slot corner to come into contact with the roller jewel, as shown in Fig. 27. D — The extent we are able to lift the lever away from its bank shows the extent of the corner freedom. E — Make a test on the opposite slot corner. If conditions are correct the corner freedoms will be equal. 67 242. Example A — Elgin Type. — ^When the drop-locks are correct and the corner test shows no freedom between the slot corners and roller jewel, as shown in Fig. 28, we realize that Co^^ Fig. 28 either the lever's acting length is long or the roller jewel's position is too far advanced. 243. Example B — Elgin Type. — Should the drop-locks be deep and the corner test show an excess of corner freedom the error of excessive corner freedom can be overcome and corrected by simply decreasing the drop-locks. 68 LESSON 23 SLIDE— ITS RELATION TO CORNER AND GUARD FREEDOM— ELGIN AND SOUTH BEND TYPES Remarks. — Although "slide" and "freedom" have been dis- cussed in Lesson 20 and elsewhere, we have, because of their importance, given them further and separate consideration. 244. Slide, and the Provision for Corner Freedom — Elgin Type. — If we accept 2 degrees as the total lock belonging to an Elgin type of escapement, and of this total allow l^^ degrees for the drop-lock, the remaining % degree will be slide. In paragraph No. 207 the freedom of the roller jewel from the slot corner, with the lever against its bank, escapement not banked to drop, is given as 1^ degrees. These figures therefore represent the amount of corner freedom when slide is present. To estimate the corner freedom when this type of escapement is hanked to drop we deduct the slide i/^ degree from the above corner freedom of l^^ degrees. Therefore when banked to drop the corner freedom equals % degree (1^° — %** = %")• 245. Slide, and the Provision for Guard Freedom — Elgin Type. — Specifications — Total lock, 2 degrees, composed as follows: Drop lock, 1% degrees; slide, % degree. Freedom of guard point from edge of table, 1^ degree, when lever Is at rest against its bank and escapement is not banked to drop. To determine the guard freedom when escapement is "banked to drop subtract the slide % degree from the original guard free- rom, 114 degrees; this leaves % degree as amount of guard free- dom when banked to drop. 246. Summary of Corner and Guard Freedoms — Elgin Type. — Slide Present — Not banked to drop corner freedom, I14 de- grees; not banked to drop guard freedom, li^ degrees. Slide Absent — When banked to drop corner freedom, % de- grees; when banked to drop guard freedom, % degrees. The lesson to be learned from above is, that an Elgin type of escapement when lanked to drop shows toth guard and corner freedoms. 69 When slide is present the freedoms are increased by exactly the amount of slide. Compare with No. 249. To protect the safety locks, the drop lock in an Elgin type of escapement always exceeds the corner and guard freedoms. 247. Slide and Corner Freedom — South Bend Type. — Specifi- «ations — Total lock, 2 degrees. The total lock is made up of: Drop lock, 1 degree, and slide, 1 degree. Freedom of slot corner from roller jewel, lever against its bank, 1 degree. According to the foregoing figures, a South Bend type of escapement possesses a corner freedom of the same amount as the slide. Therefore, when not banked to drop, we find the same amount of slide and corner freedom. When this escapement is danked to drop we of course thereby destroy the slide. As the amount of slide equals the amount of corner freedom, no corner freedom will be found when banked to drop. 248. Slide and Guard Freedom — South Bend Type. — Specifi- cations — Total lock, 2 degrees; of this amount, 1 degree will represent drop lock and 1 degree slide. The freedom of the guard point from edge of table, lever against bank is to be 1 degree. The specifications given show, that a South Bend type of escapement possesses slide equal in amount to guard freedom. By banking this escapement to drop we remove both slide and guard freedom. 249. Summary Corner and Guard Freedoms — South Bend Types. — Slide Present — Not banked to drop corner freedom, 1 degree; not banked to drop guard freedom, 1 degree. Slide Absent — When banked to drop corner freedom, none; when banked to drop guard freedom, none. As shown by the summary when slide is present, both guard and corner freedom are present. When slide is absent in a South Bend type of escapement the freedoms are likewise absent. See No. 246 for comparison. 70 LESSON 24 THEORY AND EXPLANATION OF THE ANGU- LAR TEST—ELGIN TYPE 250. Uses of the Angular Test. — The angular test Is of all tests the most accurate for determining if an escapement is either in or out of angle. It is the dominant test for yielding informa- tion relative to the action of the roller jewel as it relates to the fork. It expresses as no other test can or does the close associa- tion which exists between the lock (drop lock) and the length of the lever. We shall state the principles governing the test, making use of specifications for this purpose. 251. Specifications. — Escapement banked to drop, Elgin type: Drop-lock, 1% degrees; lift on tooth, 3 degrees; lift on pallet, 5^^ degrees ; freedom of the roller jewel from the slot corner, 1 degree (banked to drop). By adding the drop-lock and both of the lifts together we obtain the lever's angular motion from bank to bank as 10 degrees. If we have an escapement built in conformity yith the above specifications, the same being banked to drop, we would on using the angular test learn what is meant by the correct relationship of the roller jewel-fork action to the tooth and pallet action. In other words, the angular test will decisively inform us if the parts are well matched. We can also with exceptional accuracy determine if an escapement is in or out of angle. 252. Preliminary Explanation of the Angular Test — Elgin Type. — In accordance with instructions supplied in a later lesson on the angular test we assume that the motion of the lever is blocked, viz., wedged. Then, by placing a finger on the balance rim, cause the balance to rotate, thereby bringing the roller jewel into the slot. This rotation is continued until the roller jewel pushes its way past the slot corner. If we then make an examination of the escapement parts two facts will be noticed: First, the lever fails to reach its bank, although acting under banked-to-drop conditions. Secondly, the tooth of the escape wheel remains in contact with the pallet jewel after the manner shown in Fig. 29. 71 253. Theoretical Explanation of the Angular Test — Elgin Type, — Why the lever failed to reach its bank and why the tooth remained in contact with the pallet jewel is best explained by means of the specifications. The specifications (banked to drop) call for 1 degree of freedom between the roller jewel and the corner of the slot when the lever is at rest against its bank. Under test conditions (lever wedged) the space we see separating the side of the lever from the banking pin is the equivalent of the stated freedom of the roller jewel, from the slot corner as given in the specifications. This amounts to 1 degree. The lever there- fore fails to reach the opposite bank by 1 degree of angular motion. We figured in the specifications that the lever's angular motion from bank to bank equals 10 degrees. The contact of the roller jewel with the fork slot amounts to 9 degrees (10° — 1° = 9°). Therefore 9 degrees represents the actual amount traveled by the lever. As it takes 10 degrees of angular motion to release a tooth from the pallet, it can now be plainly under- stood why the tooth (lever wedged) must remain in contact with C oTr2(?t' Fig. 29 the pallet jewel, as illustrated in Pig. 29. The facts above stated apply to all escapements of the Elgin type, irrespective of their specifications. 254. Summary of Angular Test Findings — Elgin Type. — These facts we shall now briefly repeat. An escapement of the Elgin type when the parts involved are correctly matched will show by the angular test: A. That the lever is unatle to reach its opposite bank. B. That the teeth of the escape wheel will remain in contact with the pallet jewel's, as shown in Fig. 29. 72 LESSON 25 THEORY AND EXPLANATION OF THE ANGU- LAR TEST— SOUTH BEND TYPE 255. Specifications — Angular Test — South Bend Types. — Drop lock, 1 degree; lift on pallet, 4i^ degrees; lift on tooth, 3% degrees. The lever's angular motion is the sum of the above, viz., 9 degrees. The above specifications indicate, because of the absence of slide, that the escapement is banked to drop. 256. Theoretical Explanation of the Angular Test — South Bend Type. — The lever's angular motion is composed of the drop- lock, the lift on the tooth and the lift on the pallet; their total equals 9 degrees. As there is no provision in the specifications for the freedom of the roller jewel from the slot corners (corner freedom) under 'banTced-to-drop conditions, we must therefore expect to find contact of the roller jewel with the fork slot during the lever's motion from bank to bank when subjected to the angular test. To avoid confusing beginners we wish to point out that when the bankings are opened for slide the necessary corner freedom is thereby provided. 257. Summary of Angular Test Findings — BanTced to Drop — South Bend Type. — Given an escapement constructed according to the specifications before stated, it will be found that when the angular test is used and the escapement is banked to drop the following takes place: A — The roller jewel will touch the slot corners either passing in or out of the slot. B — The lever will move from one bank to a position of contact with the opposite bank. C — The escape-wheel teeth will be discharged from each pallet jewel. These findings are contrary to the proof findings of an Elgin type of escapement. The difference between the types must be remembered. 73 LESSON 26 THE ANGULAR TEST IN PRACTICE— VARIA- TIONS, AND OUT OF ANGLE 258. How to Apply the Angular Test. — Commence by banking the escapement to drop. The escapement being banked to drop, place a wedge under the lever. The material used for a wedge varies with the accessibility of the lever. For use in full plate watches the wedge can be made from a piece of very weak and narrow mainspring. The piece selected should be about one inch in length. For convenience and practical reasons form the wedge into the shape of a bow. This bow-shaped wedge is especially useful in full plate watches. When inserted under the lever it acts as a spring cushion in retarding the lever's motion. The suggested steel wedge cannot be used in all watches owing to recesses in plate, in which event cork or pith can be employed. Having the lever wedged and the balance in position, place a finger on the balance rim and start revolving same, thereby bringing the roller jewel into the slot and out the opposite side. As a matter of precaution it is wise to cease turning the balance, when in passing out, the center of the roller jewel comes opposite the slot corner. This is advised to avoid any ©hance of the guard-point engaging the edge of the roller and thereby falsely increasing the lever's motion. The roller jewel being moved into the desired position, remove the finger from the balance, then with an eye-glass observe the relation of the tooth and pallet jewel. If the lock is correct and the lever's acting length likewise correct the tooth will be found barely m contact with the releasing corner of the pallet jewel, as shown in Fig. 29. A test on the opposite side should reveal like contact of tooth and pallet. When the contact of each tooth with its pallet jewel resembles Fig. 29 we know that the parts involved are well matched and the escapement correct from the standpoint of the angular test's proof-findings. Proof-findings when discovered teach us that the roller jewel's action with the fork is exactly adapted to the drop lock. The angular test will at times show tooth and pallet conditions not in conformity with the proof- findings. When irregular conditions are found, examine the 74 nature and extent of drop-lock and make use of the corner test to assist in uncovering the cause of error. The proof-findings above mentioned refer only to an Elgin type of escapement. 259. The Guard-Point and the Angular Test. — ^When using the angular test it is advisable to remove the guard-point from proximity to the roller. Should the guard-point be too close to the roller it may, when the lever is wedged, touch the roller's edge, thereby causing an increased motion of the lever. This motion would alter the position of the tooth with relation to its pallet. This would lead to an erroneous decision. 260. Blocking the Lever — Angular Test. — Blocking the lever's motion is a quick way of applying the angular test. Its use is not advisable for beginners, because some previous experience by the slower method of wedging is necessary to prevent erroneous deductions. Blocking the lever possesses this advantage: An escapement can be examined in its original condition, namely, with the guard-pin straight and slide present. Should errors be discovered, then, to make certain the guard-point must be re- moved from the edge of the roller and a retest made. The following is the routine: First — With the lever at rest against its bank. Second — Take a watch oiler and press it against the side of the lever, apparently with the intention of retaining the lever against its bank. Third — Place a finger on the balance and guide the roller jev/el into the slot. Fourth — Hold the tool against the side of the lever and cause the roller jewel to push the lever toward the opposite bank. Fifth — Keep turning the balance until the roller jewel is "felt" to just emerge from the slot. Sixth — Carefully retain the tool against the side of the lever in the exact position it occupied when the roller jewel — see No. b — started to scrape its way past the slot corner and examine the relation of tooth and pallet. 2G1. Variations from Proof Findings of the Angular Test. — In actual bench practice many variations from the standard proof findings will be encountered. For instance a tooth on one pallet may show more contact than another tooth on the opposite pallet; or one tooth may remain in contact, the other tooth being discharged, etc. Conditions departing from normal proof findings express the fact that some escapement error is present. Begin- ners in escapement testing should learn to locate the error by means of banking to drop the guard, corner and safety tests. Knowing these, no trouble will be experienced in reading depar- tures from the proof findings. We know from actual experience with young watchmakers that, given a knowledge of the nature of lock, banking to drop, corner, guard and safety tests, they can 75 successfully attempt escapement alterations. Especially so when alterations are checked by the proof findings of the angular test. 262. Out of Angle, as Shown dy the Angular Test — Elgin Type, — As previously mentioned, the proof findings of an Elgin type of escapement will show similar points of contact of each tooth with its pallet jewel. Out of angle conditions are expressed as follows: A. Any departure from corresponding positions of contact declares the escapement as out of angle. B. If the amount of contact of one tooth with its pallet jewel exceeds the amount of contact shown by the tooth on the opposite pallet the escapement is out of angle. C. When one tooth remains in contact and the other tooth is discharged from its pallet jewel the escapement is out of angle. 263. Causes Producing Out of Angle. — A. The most frequent cause of an escapement being out of angle is due to irregularities in the drop locks; that is, the drop lock on one pallet differs in extent from the drop lock on the opposite pallet. Of course equalizing the drop locks cor- rects "out of angle." B. Out of angle is sometimes attributable to the lever being bent. C. A bent lever and inequalities of the drop locks combined may also cause an escapement to be out of angle. Whatever the source of this error may be, it generally requires correction. 264. Out of Angle — South Bend Escapement Types and the Angular Test. — When testing to learn if an escapement of the South Bend type is out of angle, do not bank the escapement to drop. Theoretical explanations already given, together with practical experiments will establish the reason for this state- ment. Prior to investigating the subject of out of angle in escape- ments of the South Bend type, students should become familiar with "out of angle" as found in escapements of the Elgin class. No trouble will then be experienced in detecting "out of angle" in South Bend escapements. 76 LESSON 27 DROP LOCK— ITS VARIATION 265. Drop Loch — As the Watchmaker Finds It. — ^That the expression ''correct drop lock" means drop lock of varying quan- tity is a fact apparent to every practical watchmaker. A drop lock that is suited to a watch of high grade would be unsuitable for a low-grade watch. This statement is not made from a theoretical viewpoint, but from the standpoint of the man at the bench. Writers have a habit of ignoring all conditions of lock save one — that is, drop lock in its theoretical form. Never- theless the repairer is constantly encountering forms of drop lock differing widely from the theoretical variety. Tne watch- maker in his daily work meets with escapements as they are — practical — and rarely as they ought to be — theoretical. This Intermixture of escapement construction is puzzling until read in the light of the angular test. 266. Three Types of Escapements. — The man at the bench encounters three types of escapement perfection. Each in its way gives satisfaction, because the associated parts are well matched and therefore suited to each other. First, we have the perfect escapement, which is rather rare; second, the correct escapement, frequently found in high-grade watches; third, the more common and plentiful type — namely, the commercially correct escapement. The governing feature of each escapement type is that the parts are well matched. The parts of the perfect escapement are matched theoretically and practically, consequently an exact barmony of action prevails. In the correct escapement the parts are also well matched, but at the expense of an increased frictional resistance. The parts of the commercially correct escapement are like- wise matched, a fact capable of proof by the angular and other tests. Students must learn to recognize the distinctions named and to get away from the misleading idea that many escapements, because the parts are matched, are theoretically perfect. The investigating student will soon learn that the majority of escape- ments are commercially matched, the minority being matched theoretically. 77 267. Escapement Matching. — By correct or commercial match- ing of an escapement we refer particularly to a drop lock exactly suited to a given length of lever and roller jewel radius. The fact is that in the sense mentioned escapement tests may agre« in declaring the parts matched — that is, the drop lock is adapted to the action of the roller jewel with the fork. This, however, does not imply escapement perfection, as our future lest lessona and experiments will prove. 268. Drop Lock in a Perfect Escapement. — If an escapement of the Elgin type possesses a theoretically correct drop lock, ana associated with this is a lever whose acting length is theoretically correct, the parts are assuredly well matched. The angular test will express this fact by showing the correct amount of contact of the tooth with the pallet, as illustrated in Fig. 29. This draw- ing represents the proof-findings. The corner test will also demonstrate that the correct amount of corner freedom is present. 269. Drop Lock in a Correct Escapement. — An escapement of this class — Elgin type — possesses a drop lock somewhat greater than that found in a theoretical or perfect escapement. When a "correct' escapement" possesses a lever whose acting length and roller-jewel radius are adapted to the amount of drop lock present the angular test will show contact of tooth and pallet as repre- sented in Fig. 29. The corner test will also show a corner freedom of suitable amount. In a "correct escapement" we also find there exists a smooth, concerted action of the escapement parts as revealed by the tests. In other words, the parts are well matched. 270. Drop Lock in a Commercialy Correct Escapement. — The majority of escapements belong to the commercialy matched class. Such escapements have a drop lock deeper than that found in the "correct escapement" mentioned previously. Associated with the greater lock will be a lever or roller-jewel radius of increased length, but exactly suited to the increased drop lock. When escapements of the "commercially correct" variety are pro- vided with either a lever whose acting length matches the drop lock or a roller jewel whose radius corresponds with this lock the angular test will show tooth and pallet contact as illustrated in Fig. 29. The corner test will show the escapement as provided with a corner freedom exactly suited to its condition, but exceeding In amount the corner freedoms of the two preceding types. That the parts are matched is as much in evidence in the "commercial" as in the higher escapement types. It should be the aim of every watchmaker to at least change the more commercial products into a more perfect type of escape- 78 ment. Usually the change can be made with but little trouble once the primary principles of the locks and tests have been mastered. At first it is advisable for students to confine their studies and experiments to the Elgin type. Dueber and South Bend escapements will afterward present no difficulties. 79 LESSON 28 BANKING TO DROP IN PRACTICE 271. Findings — Banked to drop. — The student ambitious to advance must experiment with escapements tanked to drop. The findings stated below will be met with in all watches when the parts are well matched. These test findings represent the proof or correct findings — banked to drop — for escapements of the Elgin and South Bend types. A few practical experiments will show that many departures from our test standards prevail, the irregu- larities being due to escapement faults. Full instruction regard- ing the detection and correction of errors will be found in the pages covered by the "Test Lessons." A study of these lessons will lead the student out of various escapement difiiculties. 272. Banked to Drop Findings (Elgin Type — Parts Matched). — Guard Test — A slight freedom between the guard point and roller — guard freedom. (See drawing No. 24.) Corner Test — A slight freedom between the slot corners and roller jewel — corner freedom. (See Fig. 26.) Angular Test — Each tooth shows contact with its pallet jewel as illustrated in Fig. 29. Contrast the above Elgin findings with the following, repre- senting findings iu the South Bend type. Then by practical ex- perim,ents impress on your memory the ever-useful and important truths stated in this and the following paragraph. 273. Banked to Drop Findings (South Bend Type — Parts Matched). — Guard Test — No freedom between the guard point and roller table. Corner Test — No freedom between the slot corners and the roller jewel. Angular Test — No contact of tooth and pallet, as illustrated in Fig. 30. 80 LESSON 29 TYPES OF AMERICAN ESCAPEMENTS 274. American Escapement Types. — Two different types of escapements are found in American-made watches. For con- venience we have designated them Elgin and South Bend. The term "Elgin type" applies to all makes, excepting South Bend and Dueber, the latter being associate escapement types. The differ- ence in type is extreme as viewed from the standpoint of our tests, a fact readily discovered by comparing the banked-to-drop test findings of each type as already set forth in Lesson 28. 275. Lock Division of the Elgin Type. — Of the total lock in an escapement of the Elgin type — in round numbers — practically two-thirds represent the drop lock, the remaining one-third being slide. 276. Lock Division of the South Bend Type. — The total lock in an escapement of the South Bend type is equally divided — viz., one-half represents the drop lock, the other half is slide. Note on Foreign Escapements — ^As a general rule, examine a foreign-built escapement as you would an Elgin. While this may not be an invariable rule, yet, so far as the writer knows, the Elgin is the most applicable type for this purpose. 81 LESSON 30 ESCAPEMENT EXAMINATION 277. Preliminary Advice. — The tests stated in the lessons are accurate and reliable, because they are founded upon both a theoretical and practical basis. No matter how accurate tests may be, mistaken deductions will be made unless the below instructions are closely followed out. 278. General Preparatory Instructions. — (a) See that all hole jewels are tight in their settings, and that jewel settings are tight in their seats. (b) See that all pivots correctly fit their respective holes. Should defects in fitting be discovered, make the necessary corrections. (c) Attend to the end shakes of all parts. (d) The hair spring requires to be true, level, and correctly centered. Free from the balance arm and bridge, and tightly pinned at collet and stud. (e) The banking pins must be tight and upright. (f) The guard point must be tight and correct in shape. (g) See that the lever and its attached parts are secure, (h) The roller table should be true in flat and round. Tight on staff and with smooth edges. (i) The condition of "draw" must be investigated. (j) The extent of each drop lock requires to be known. An estimate of the degrees of each lock should be made. (k) The number of degrees of slide should likewise be known. (1) The inside and outside drop should be examined, and, if necessary, the extent of the drop in degrees determined. (m) Shake, "inside and out," calls for careful examination. (n) Examine the lifts of tooth and pallet. Especially observe their manner of engaging and disengaging. (o) Determine amounts of "guard freedom," banked and not banked to drop. (p) Investigate the condition of the "corner freedoms," banked and not banked to drop. (q) Employ the safety tests to try out all the safety locks. (r) Make use of the angular test and learn If the parts are matched or otherwise. 279. Routine Escapement Examination. — The following is a short outline of an escapement examination: First — Bank the escapement to drop. Second — Inspect the drop lock. Third — Inspect the inside and outside drops. Fourth — Inspect the shakes inside and out. Fifth — Inspect the draw on both pallets. Sixth — ^As a precautionary measure remove the guard point from the edge of the roller — that is, increase the distance which normally separates these parts. Seventh — Try the corner test. Eighth — Try the corner safety test. Ninth — Make use of the angular test. (Here we pause to make the necessary alterations in accord- ance with directions given in the "Test Lessons.") Tenth — Readjust the guard point to the roller. Eleventh — Try the guard test. Twelfth — Try the guard safety test. As the student becomes familiar with escapement work and the tests the routine of examination can be much shortened, as shown by our "Bench Problems," examples being given in later lessons. 83 LESSON 31 SUMMARY OF THE TESTS 280. Divisions of Tests. — The division and subdivision of the tests as gathered together in this lesson are given in a form convenient for reference and bench usage. The tests for freedoms in the Elgin type hanked to drop are, respectively, the guard test, the corner test and the curve test. The subdivisions of these tests are the guard safety test, the corner safety test, and the curve safety test. Their distinc- tion, difference and application must be grasped by every student. The best way to learn the tests is the practical way — namely, with a watch in hand. The angular test is not included in this summary, full details having been given in a preceding lesson. 281. Testing the Draw. — First — Remove the balance. Second — Lift the lever off its bank with a piece of pegwood, but not sufficient to cause unlocking. Third — Remove pegwood. Fourth — If the draw is sound the lever immediately returns to its bank. If the escapement is freshly oiled and clean and the draw on either pallet proves defective a correction is neces- sary. (See Test Lessons on Draw.) 282. Testing the Lock. — The locks should be tested both by observation and the angular test. Should either the drop lock or the slide lock be found defective a correction is necessary. When in doubt about the extent of drop lock bank the escapement to drop, then retest. An estimate of the amount of drop lock, in degrees, can be made by aid of the tables given in paragraph No. 180. Note. — ^When the locks are tested, the student is advised to carefully/ observe the "lifts," as directed in Lesson 11. 283. Testing the Inside Drop. — First — To make this test students are advised to bank the escapement to drop. When experience is gained this is not necessary. 84 Second — Cause a tooth to be discharged from the letting-off corner of the entering pallet and note the amount of its drop. (See Lesson 13, paragraph No. 184.) 284. Testing the Outside Drop.— First — Bank the escapement to drop. Second — Cause the discharge of a tooth from the releasing corner of the exit pallet and observe the extent of drop. (Consult Lesson 13, Table of Drops, paragraph No. 184.) Inside and outside drop should be equal. The degrees of drop can be estimated as explained in Lesson 13. 285. Testing the Inside Shake. — First — Under the lever bar place a wedge of tissue paper. Second — ^Allow a tooth to drop on the locking face of the exit pallet jewel. Third — Bring the tooth at rest on the exit pallet's locking face down to the lowest locking corner of this pallet. Fourth — Note the space separating the hack of the receiving pallet from the heel of the tooth just behind it. The space ob- served between the back of the pallet and heel of the tooth is the inside shake. 286. Testing the Outside Shake. — First — Place a wedge under the lever bar. Second — ^Allow a tooth to drop on the locking face of the receiving pallet stone. Third — Move the lever so as to bring the tooth at rest on the locking face of the receiving pallet down to the pallet's lowest locking corner. Fourth — Then observe the space separating the hack of the exit pallet from the heel of the tooth just behind it. This space is the outside shake, and is the position of least freedom of the parts concerned. The inside shake and outside shake should be equal. 287. Testing the Freedom of the Roller Jewel in the Slot.— First — Place a wedge under the balance rim. Second — Rotate the balance so that the roller jewel stands centrally in the slot; the lever will then stand midway between the bankings. Third — With the aid of a tool find out, by shaking the lever, how much side play the roller jewel has when within the slot. 288. Guard Test Findings — Single and Douhle Roller. — The purpose of the guard test is to learn the relation of the guard point to the roller. When an escapement of the Elgin type is banked to drop a slight space or guard freedom should be found. When a Dueber or South Bend escapement is hanked to drop the correct finding by the guard test is that of contact of the guard point with the edge of the roller. 85 289. Guard Safety Test Findings, Single and Double Roller — Tripping Test. — The intention of the guard safety test is to de- termine the condition of the safety lock. If the safety or remain- ing lock is absent a tripping error is present. This or any of the safety tests can be made with or without banking the escape- ment to drop. METHOD OP MAKING THE GUARD TEST— SINGLE AND DOUBLE ROLLER 290. Guard Test— Elgin Type- First — Bank the escapement to drop. Second — Lift the lever off its bank. Third — The effect of our second operation is to bring the guard point in contact with the edge of the roller. Fourth — The extent we are able to lift the lever away from its bank represents the guard freedom. 291. Guard Test — South Bend Type. — First — Bank the escapement to drop. Second — The lever cannot be lifted off its bank because the parts under consideration will touch. Consequently the guara freedom is and should be absent. METHOD OF MAKING THE GUARD SAFETY TEST— SINGLE AND DOUBLE ROLLER 292. Guard Safety Test — Tripping Test. First — Bring the guard point in contact with the edge of the roller. Second — Hold the guard point in contact with the edge of the roller. Third — ^While the parts are held in touch with each other, with an eyeglass observe the extent of the remaining or safety lock of the tooth on the pallet jewel's locking face. If there is no safety lock the tooth will enter on to the pallet jewel's impulse face. This means a tripping error is present. Its cause and correction will be found in that part of the book relating to this subject. (See Test Lesson on the Guard Safety Test.) 293. Corner Test Findings — Single and DouMe Roller. — By means of the corner test we learn the relation of the slot corners to the roller jewel. This should be done with the escapement banked to drop. An Elgin type of escapement, when banked to drop, will show by the corner test a little freedom — corner free- dom — between the slot corner and the roller jewel. A Dueber or South Bend escapement when banked to drop shows no freedom between the slot corners and the roller jewel. 294. Corner Safety Test Findings, Single and Double Roller — Tripping. — The purpose of the corner safety test is to investigate 86 the safety lock. A safety lock is a necessity and, if lacking, must be provided as directed in the test lesson. METHOD OF MAKING THE CORNER TEST— SINGLE AND DOUBLE ROLLER. 295. Corner Test — Elgin Type. — First — Bank the escapement to drop. Second — Rotate the balance so as to bring the roller jewel opposite the corner of the lever-slot. Third — By means of some fine tool lift the lever off its bank, thereby causing the slot corner to touch the roller jewel. Fourth — The extent we are able to lift the lever from its bank represents the amount of corner freedom. 296. Corner Test — Bouth Bend Type — First — Bank to drop. Second — The roller jewel when passing in or out of the slot will touch the corners. This means corner freedom is not present, which finding is correct. METHOD OF MAKING THE CORNER SAFETY TEST— SINGLE AND DOUBLE ROLLER 297. Corner Safety Test — Tripping Test. — First — Rotate the balance so as to bring the face of the roller jewel opposite the corner of the lever slot. Second — Hold the roller jewel in the position mentioned above. Third — ^With a fine tool lift the lever away from its bank, thereby causing the corner of the slot to come in contact with the roller jewel. Fourth — Hold the parts in contact and with an eyeglass; inspect amount of the remaining or safety lock. An absence of safety lock indicates a tripping error, which must be corrected. METHOD OF MAKING THE CURVE TEST— SINGLE AND DOUBLE ROLLER 298. Curve Test — Single Roller — First — With a watch oiler or other fine tool hold the guard pin against the edge of the roller. Second — Rotate the balance, thereby bringing the roller jewel past the horn and into the slot. Third — While roller jewel is passing the horn, contact being maintained, no contact of the upper part of the horn with the roller jewel should be detected. Fourth — Immediately the guard pin enters the crescent the roller jewel and horn will come in contact. A slight friction of the roller jewel with a small part of the horn and with the slot 87 corner will be detected, but nothing resembling a catch is allow- able. The extent of the horn with which the roller jewel under test conditions can come into contact depends upon the width of the crescent. 299. Curve Safety Test, Single Roller — Tripping Test. — As mentioned in the curve test, once the guard pin enters the cres- cent a small part of the horn can be brought into contact with the roller jewel. Immediately this happens retain the parts in contact and examine the condition of the safety lock. As a matter of fact, the curve safety test is of little importance in single- roller escapements. In double-roller escapements it is a very important test. 300. Curve Test—Douhle Roller.— First — Lift the lever away from its bank, thereby we bring the guard finger and roller jewel in contact. Second — Maintain the parts in contact and revolve the bal- ance, so as to bring the roller jewel past the end of the lever horn and in the direction of the slot. Third — Continue to slowly revolve the balance, at the same time keeping the guard finger pressed against the table's edge. The instant the guard finger enters the crescent, the roller jewel and curve of horn come into contact. This contact continues until the roller jewel enters the slot. The roller jewel should slide over the face of the horn and into the slot without develop- ing any undue friction. 301. Curve Safety Test, Double Roller — Tripping Test. — ^The fourth section of the foregoing test says, "Immediately the guard pin enters the crescent the roller jewel and horn will come in contact." When the parts stand in the position quoted, then to examine the safety lock hold the horn and roller jewel in touch with each other while the extent of the remaining or safety lock is investigated. A want of safety lock means a tripping error. This fault must be corrected and alterations made in accordance with the directions given in that part of the book treating on Bench Problems and Test Lessons. Students who do not quite understand any particular point or subject will find the series of "Questions" a most useful feature. BUTTING ERROR 301 A. Test for Butting Error. — The student is referred to Lesson 58. 88 LESSON 32 CLASSIFYING DROP LOCK— CORNER FREE- DOM AND GUARD FREEDOM 302. Drop Loch Classification. — In the test lessons drop lock is classified into its three main forms, namely (see 265), correct, light and deep. To classify the amount of drop lock as correct, light or deep, for any given escapement, combinedly requires the employment of the angular test, and an estimate of the extent of lock as directed in paragraph No. 183. Lesson 27 should also be con- sulted. 303. Corner Freedom Classification. — Corner freedom, when the escapement is of the Elgin type and banked to drop, is divided into correct freedom, excessive and contact gr no freedom. The "Test Lessons" specify the corner freedom for an Elgin type of escapement when banked to drop, as correct, excessive, or wanting. Of the three, the most important to learn to recognize is that which we have designated "correct freedom." This, like its intimate associate, "correct lock," is a varying quantity. The correct amount of corner freedom as found in high-grade watches differs (from the standpoint of the man at the bench) from the correct amount of corner freedom associated with low-grade watches; yet each in its place is correct for that escapement of which it is a part. An observation and estimation of the extent of drop lock, and a few experiments with the corner and angular tests will place the student in a position to classify the freedoms. 304. Guard Freedom Classification. — In an Elgin type of escapement, when banked to drop, the guard freedom will be found as follows: Correct, excessive, or wanting. One of the three distinctions will describe conditions present: Correct guard freedom, like its predecessors, correct lock and correct corner freedom, varies with the grade of escapement. Correct guard freedom, as discovered in a low-grade watch, would be unsuited to a high-grade escapement. The term correct guard freedom is and will be found elastic. In quantity it should about equal the corner freedom. Its extent should not endanger the safety lock nor cause a butting error. 89 305. Classification as Used in the Test Lessons. — Regarding the "Test Lessons," in the following pages, the observed routine is that of treating and discussing one error, and teaching the relationship of this error to three different kinds of drop lock, viz.: Correct, light, and deep. As an example of method pursued, Test Lesson 3 A treats on the error of excessive corner freedom when associated with correct drop lock. Test Lesson 3 B likewise treats on the error of excessive corner freedom, including the added error of light drop lock. Test Lesson 3 C again discusses the error of an excess of corner freedom combined with the error of deep lock. In this manner the test lessons are linked together and prominent escapement truths are plainly set before the student. 90 LESSON 33 RULES GOVERNING ALTERATIONS 306. Advice and Remarks. — The student must acquire a thorough knowledge of the general effects caused by any con- templated escapement alteration. For instance, making the drop locks deeper will produce the "effects" mentioned in Rule 1. In a practical way study and work out each rule. By doing so you will find it an easy matter to forecast the result of an alteration. Don't neglect the Questions on Rules and Alterations. They will be found helpful in impressing the practical facts contained in the rules. Students should at first confine their practical experiments to escapements of the Elgin type, always keeping same hanked to drop. Once you become familiar with the principles governing alterations in this type, no trouble will be experienced in adapt- ing the information to escapements of the South Bend type. Young watchmakers, when undirected or but poorly in- structed, find the escapement a hard road to travel. Such will find the Tests, Rules and Test Lessons lamps on the road to practical efficiency. Its "up to you," watchmaker or student, by reading and practical experiment, to get out of the rut. Experienced workmen desiring only a knowledge of the tests, etc., are referred to the following paragraphs: 265 to 301; 379 to 384; 209 to 264; 306 to 323. 91 Index to Rules 307. Index to Rules. — Rule 1. Rule 2. Rule 3. Rule 4. Rule 5. Rule 6. Rule 7. Rule 8. Rule 9. Rule 10. Rule 11. Rule 12. Rule 13. Rule 14. Rule 15. Rule 16. Rule 17. Rule 18. Rule 19. Increasing Drop Lock, Effect of. Decreasing Drop Lock, Effect of. Increasing Corner Freedom, Effect of. Decreasing Corner Freedom, Effect of. Increasing Guard Freedom, Effect of. Decreasing Guard Freedom, Effect of. Increasing Lever's Acting Length, or Roller Jewel Radius, Effect of. Decreasing Lever's Acting Length, or Roller Jewel Radius, Effect of. Spreading the Bankings Apart. Closing the Banking Pins. Banked to Drop, Elgin. Banked to Drop, South Bend. Guard Point Butting Table. Corner Freedom and Drop Lock, Both De- fective. Guard Freedom and Drop Lock, Both De- fective. Protection of the Safety Lock. Out of Angle — Angular Test. Out of Angle — Corner Test. Out of Angle — Guard Test. General Rules RULE 1. 308. Increasing Drop Lock — Altebation — Making the drop locks deeper causes the following: Effect A — The bankings are spread further apart. (Banked to drop.) Effect B — Increases the guard freedoms. Effect C — Increases the corner freedoms. Effect D — Increases safety locks. Effect E — ^Alters both drop and shake. (See below.) Notes on Rule 1 Receiving Pallet Jewel Alteration — Drawing out only the receiving stone. First Effect — Increases drop lock on receiving stone. Second Effect — Increases drop lock on discharging stone. Third Effect — Increases inside drop. Fourth Effect — Increases inside shake. Dicharging Pallet Jewel Alteration — Drawing out only the discharging stone. First Effect — Increases drop lock on discharging stone. Second Effect — Increases drop lock on receiving stone. Third Effect — Increases outside drop. Fourth Effect — Increases outside shake. RULE 2 309. Decreasing Drop Lock. — Alteration — Making the drop locks lighter produces the following effects: 93 Effect A — The bankings are brought closer together. (Banked to drop.) Effect B — Decreases the guard freedoms. Effect C — Decreases the corner freedoms. Effect D — Decreases safety lock. Effect E — ^Alters both drop and shake. (See below.) Notes on Rule 2 Receiving Pallet Jewel Alteration — Pushing l}ack receiving stone only. First Effect — Decreases drop lock on receiving stone. Second Effect — Decreases drop lock on discharging stone. Third Effect — Decreases inside drop. Fourth Effect — Decreases inside shake. Discharging Pallet Jewel Altebation — Pushing dacTc discharging stone only. First Effect — Decreases drop lock on discharging stone. Second Effect — Decreases drop lock on receiving stone. Third Effect — Decreases outside drop. Fourth Effect — Decreases outside shake. RULE 3 310. Increasing Corner Freedom. — Alteration No. 1 — Decreasing the lever's acting length, or roller jewel radius. Effect A — Increases the corner freedoms. Effect B — Decreases the corner safety locks. Alteration No. 2 — Increasing the drop lock. Effect A — Causes the bankings to be spread apart. (Banked to drop.) Effect B — Increases the corner freedom. Effect C — Increases the corner safety locks. RULE 4 311. Decreasing Corner Freedom. Alteration No. 1 — Increasing the levers' acting length, or roller jewel radius. Effect A — Lessens the corner freedoms. Effect B — Increases the corner safety locks. Alteration No. 2 — Lessening the drop locks. Effect A — The bankings are brought closer together. (Banked to drop.) Effect B — Lessens the corner freedoms. Effect C — Lessens corner safety lock. 94 RULE 5 312. Increasing Guard Freedom. — Alteration No. 1 — Increasing the distance separating the guard point from tahle. Effect A— Increases the guard freedoms. Effect B — Decreases the safety locks. Effect C — May result in causing either a butting or overbanking error. Alteration No. 2 — Making each drop loch deeper. Effect A — The bankings are spread apart. (Banked to drop.) Effect B — Increases the guard freedoms. Effect C — Increases the safety locks. RULE 6 313. Decreasing Guard Freedom. — Alteration No. 1 — Lessening the distance 'between guard point and table. Effect A — Decreases guard freedom. Effect B — Increases the safety locks. Alteration No. 2 — Decreasing the drop locks. Effect A — The bankings are brought closer together. (Banked to drop.) Effect B — Decreases guard freedoms. Effect C — Decreases the safety locks. RULE 7 314. Increasing Levers' Acting Length, or the Roller Jewel Radius. — Alteration — Making longer, either the lever's acting length, or roller jewel radius. Effect A — Decreases corner freedoms. Effect B — Increases the corner safety locks. RULE 8 315. Shortening Lever's Acting Length, or Roller Jewel Radius. — Alteration — Decreasing the lever's acting length, or radius of roller jewel. Effect A — Increases corner freedom. Effect B — Decreases the corner safety locks. RULE 9 316. Opening the Banking Pins. — Alteration — Spreading the bankings apart. 95 Effect A — Increases guard freedom. Effect B — Increases corner freedom. Effect C — Increases, or provides "slide." Effect D — Increases, or provides "run." RULE 10 317. Closing the Banking Pins. — Alteration — Bringing the hanking pins closer together. Effect A — Lessens guard freedom. Effect B — Lessens corner freedom. Effect C — Lessens, or removes "slide." Effect D — Lessens, or removes "run." Effect E — Banks to drop. (No run, no slide.) RULE 11 318. Banked to Drop. — An Elgin type of escapement when banked to drop will show the following: (a) Some guard freedom. (b) Some corner freedom. (c) A safety lock less in amount than the drop lock. RULE 12 A South Bend escapement, when banked to drop, will show: (d) No guard freedom. (e) No corner freedom. (f) A safety lock of the same amount as the drop lock. RULE 13 319. Guard Point Butting Tahle. — ^When it is found impos- sible to adjust the guard point so as to provide correct guard freedom without introducing a butting error, it compels us to either lessen the diameter of the original table or supply a smaller table. Either alteration will, when the guard point is advanced, provide correct guard freedom and prevent butting. RULE 14 320. Corner Freedom and Drop Lock, Both Defective. — Should the corner freedoms (banked to drop) be excessive or deficient, and either defect is associated with errors in the drop locks, first correct the locks. If still necessary, rectify any error then found in the freedoms, as directed in the Test Lessons and Rules. RULE 15 321. Guard Freedom and Drop Lock, Both Defective. — ^When the guard freedoms (banked to drop) are either excessive or 96 deficient, and the defect present is associated with an error in the drop locks, first correct the locks. Then, if a guard freedom error still remains, correct it, as instructed in the Test Lessons and Rules. RULE 16 322. Protection of the Safety Lock. — The safety lock Is guarded by: (a) Extent of drop lock. (b) Amount of guard freedom. (c) Amount of corner freedom. (d) In all double roller escapements by central part of lever horn and roller jewel. Note. — The amount of guard freedom, and the amount of corner freedom, also the freedom referred to at D, must in all escapements be less than the drop lock. S23. Escapements Out of Angle. — Cause of errors: (1) Drop locks unequal, or (2) lever bent. RULE 17 Angular Test — ^Any dissimilarity in the position of each tooth with its respective pallet jewel indicates the escapement is out of angle. RULE 18 Corner Test — Should the corner freedoms be unequal (banked to drop) and the roller jewel be straight, the escapement is out of angle. RULE 19 Guard Test — Any difference in the guard freedoms expresses the fact that the escapement is out of angle, provided the guard point is straight and escapement banked to drop. 97 Index to Test Lessons 1 A to 6 D 324. Corner Test. — LIST 1 lA. Proof findings. Elgin type. LIST 2 2 A. Drop locks light. Corner freedoms falsely correct. 2 B. Drop locks deep. Corner freedoms falsely correct. LIST 3 3 A. Drop locks correct. Corner freedoms excessive. 3 B. Drop locks light. Corner freedoms excessive. 3 C. Drop locks deep. Corner freedoms excessive. LIST 4 4 A. Drop locks correct. Corner freedoms lacking. 4B. Drop locks light. Corner freedoms lacking. 4C. Drop locks deep. Corner freedoms lacking. LIST 5 5 A. Drop locks correct. Roller jewel retained in slot. 5 B. Drop locks light. Roller jewel retained in slot. 5 C. Drop locks deep. Roller jewel retained in slot. LIST 6 Corner Safety Test. 6 A. Drop locks correct. Corner freedoms correct. Error corner trip. 6 B. Drop locks correct. Corner freedoms excessive. Error corner trip. 6 C. Drop locks light. Corner freedoms correct. Error corner trip. 6 D. Drop locks deep. Corner freedoms excessive. Error corner trip. 98 LESSON 34 TEST LESSON NO. i A. CORRECT OR PROOF FINDINGS—ELGIN TYPE— BANKED TO DROP 325. Proof-Findings. — Remarks — An escapement of the Elgin type belonging to the correct or commercially correct class will, if the parts are well matched, show the following con- ditions: Drop Lock — The drop or first locks should be equal, light, and safe. Corner Test — The corner test should show an equal amount of freedom betwixt the roller jewel and each slot corner. Remarks — The correct amount of corner freedom cannot be learned from a book. The student is advised to test many high grade escapements and thereby discover what is meant by "corner freedom correct." In practice the expression correct corner free- dom, like correct lock, is rather elastic; it depends very much on the grade of the watch. Guard Test — The guard point must have an equal amount of freedom on each side of the table. Remarks — The term "guard freedom correct," like its fellow term, corner freedom correct, is a variable quantity. Our remarks on correct corner freedoms are equally applicable to correct guard freedoms. Curve Test — We should by this test find that the roller jewel is free from the tips of the lever horns and can pass into the notch without decidedly catching on any part of the horn or slot corner. Angular Test — The angular test should show that each tooth barely remains in contact with each pallet jewel, after the manner illustrated in Fig. 29. Corner Safety Test — Guard Safety Test — Curve Safety Test. — Each of the tests named in our heading, when applied, should show a safety or remaining lock. 99 LESSON 35 TEST LESSON NO. 2 A—FALSE CORNER FREE- DOM—DROP LOCKS LIGHT— ELGIN TYPE— BANKED TO DROP 326. Corner Test. — Remarks — In a high grade watch, light locks are not productive of escapement trouble, for the reason that all parts are accurately fitted. In a low grade watch, light locks are a frequent source of trouble. It is to this class of watch that this lesson applies. Condition of Escapement — Drop locks light. Corner free- doms apparently correct. Escapement banked to drop. Observation Test — By observation we discover that the drop locks are unsafely light. Corner Test — ^An examination by the corner test reveals an apparently correct amount of corner freedom between the roller jewel and the slot corners. Remarks — From the facts that the locks are unsafely light, and the corner freedoms apparently correct, we reason that if an increase of the locks is desirable altering the locks will cause an increase in the corner freedoms. Alterations — ^When changes are necessary commence by in- creasing the drop locks, making same deeper. Increasing the drop locks means we must spread the bank- ings, thereby securing a new position of drop lock. Opening the bankings increases the freedom between the roller jewel and slot corners. (Corner test.) Remarks — ^After altering the locks and changing the position of the banking pins the escapement's condition will now read: Altered Condition of Escapement. — Drop locks commercially correct. Corner freedoms excessive. Banked to drop. Remarks — At times, provided no tripping error develops (corner safety test), further corrections may not be necessary. Should additional alterations be required to correct an excess of the corner freedom, the necessary changes may be brought about by either supplying a new lever of greater acting length, or by replacing the roller table. The new table must hold the roller jewel in a more forward position. The plan usually followed in the factories is that of changing tables. During the progress of alterations apply the corner, corner safety, and angular tests. When the proof findings of the tests named are obtained, the parts are correctly matched. (See Lesson 34.) 100 LESSON 36 TEST LESSON NO. 2 B— FALSE CORNER FREE- DOM—DROP LOCKS DEEP— ELGIN TYPE— BANKED TO DROP 327. Corner Test. — Condition of Escapement— Bto]? locks deep. Freedom of roller jewel with slot corners seemingly correct. Escapement banked to drop. Remarks — In this instance an observation of the locks shows them as deep. The corner test when applied indicated an ap- parently correct amount of corner freedom between the roller jewel and the slot corners. Let us now see the effect of altera- tions. Alterations — The Locks — ^As deep drop lock is a serious defect, we correct it, — ^making it normal. The Bankings — Decreasing the drop lock compels us to close in the bankings to a new banked to drop position. The Corner Test — The corner test now shows that the roller jewel is in contact, or very nearly in contact with the slot corners. This is the result of decreasing the drop locks and the consequent rebanking to drop. Remarks — Students should learn to reason out effect of changes as indicated in the above alterations. The changes made now show the following results: Altered Condition of Escapement — Drop locks correct. Free- dom wanting between roller jewel and slot corners. Escapement banked to drop. Remarks — The error shown by the above is a lack of corner freedoms. To remedy this either the acting length of the lever must be shortened or the radius of the roller jewel decreased. Alteration — The corner freedom can be increased by cutting away a part of the horns and slot corners. We can also increase the corner freedom by changing the position of the roller jewel, setting it closer to the center of its table, or by selecting a new table having its roller jewel in the desired position. While changes are being made, frequently use the corner, corner safety, and angular tests to verify correctness of alterations. 101 LESSON 37 TEST LESSON NO. 3 A—EXCESSIVE CORNER FREEDOM— DROP LOCKS CORRECT- ELGIN TYPE— BANKED TO DROP 328. Corner Test. — Condition of Escapement — Droiy locks correct. Excessive freedom of roller jewel with slot corners. Banked to drop. Remarks — With an eyeglass we inspect the drop locks and find they are correct. The corner test in this instance shows excessive freedom between the slot corners and the roller jewel. The drop locks being correct, require no alteration, but we are confronted with this defect — ^when the escapement is banked to drop the corner test reveals a great deal of space betwen the roller jewel and the slot corners. Alterations. — The Locks — The drop locks being correct, do not require changing. Remarks — ^As the drop locks are satisfactory, we must, to correct the excessive corner freedom, either increase the lever's acting length, or bring the roller jewel more forward, or we can combine both methods. The Lever and the Roller Jewel — In the better class of watches it is advisable to either advance the position of the roller Jewel, or select a new table, one having the roller jewel in a more advanced position. Either operation is easier than the fitting of a new and longer lever. If the watch is of very low grade and possesses a soft lever the walls of the slot can be stretched, thereby increasing the lever's acting length. By so doing, the excess of space found between the slot corners and the roller jewel can be diminished. Remarks — From a practical standpoint a slight excess of corner freedom need not be regarded as detrimental. Excessive corner freedom must be altered whenever the corner safety test decides that the safety or remaining lock is endangered. An examination by the student of a large number of escapements will prove that exactness in corner freedom is frequently lacking. While alterations are in progress apply the corner, corner safety, and angular tests. 102 LESSON 38 TEST LESSON NO. 3 B— EXCESSIVE CORNER FREEDOM— DROP LOCKS LIGHT— ELGIN TYPE— BANKED TO DROP 329. Corner Test. — Condition of Escapement — Drop lock ligM. Excessive freedom between the slot corners and roller jewel. Banked to drop. Remarks — An inspection of the drop locks In this escape- ment reveals them as being light. The corner test shows a surplus of freedom between the roller jewel and the slot corners. We have here two defects requiring attention. Alterations — The Lochs — The rule is when the drop locks are defective correct them first. In conformity with this rule we alter the locks, making them deeper and at the same time correct. The Bankings — Increasing the amount of the drop locks means we draw the pallet jewels further out of their settings. This compels us to open the bankings and establish a new posi- tion of drop lock. The Lever — The act of increasing the locks caused us to spread the bankings more apart. The result is, we have increased the previous error of excessive corner freedom. The corner freedoms now being greater than before the locks were altered, the escapement condition is therefore as follows: Altered Condition of Escapement — Drop locks correct. Corner freedoms have become more excessive. Banked to drop. Remarks — To correct the error of excessive corner freedom compels us to either increase the lever's acting length, or in- crease the roller jewel radius. Follow the instructions already given and make constant use of the corner, corner safety, and angular tests while changing the escapement parts. (See Les- son 37.) 103 LESSON 39 TEST LESSON NO. 3 C— EXCESSIVE CORNER FREEDOM— DROP LOCKS DEEP— ELGIN TYPE— BANKED TO DROP 330. Corner Test. — Condition of Escapement — Drop locks deep. Excessive freedom between the slot corners and the roller Jewel. Banked to drop. Remarks — ^An observation of the drop locks of this escape- ment teaches us that the drop locks are rather deep. In addition, we learn from the corner test that a surplus of freedom or space exists under banked to drop conditions between the roller jewel and the slot corners. Alterations — The Locks — Following the rule the locks are first altered into a more correct form. To do so the pallet stones were pushed further back into their respective settings. The Bankings — Decreasing the drop locks enabled us to bring the bankings closer together, thereby a new drop lock position is obtained. The Lever — The results obtained by lessening the locks and the establishment of a closer banked to drop position of the bankings is, the slot corners are brought nearer to the path of the roller jewel and in consequence the excessive corner freedoms are lessened. Remarks — ^When a deep drop lock is associated with an excess of corner freedom, as a general rule, changing the deep to a lighter and more correct form of lock, automatically acts as a corrective of surplus corner freedoms. 104 LESSON 40 TEST LESSON NO. 4 A— CORNER FREEDOM LACKINO-DROP LOCKS CORRECT— ELGIN TYPE— BANKED TO DROP 331. Corner Test. — Condition oj Escapement — Drop locks correct. Corners of the slot and roller jewel either too close or in actual contact. Banked to drop. Remarks — The drop locks of this escapement are of a correct type. The corner test (escapement banked to drop) shows either contact or a decrease of the usual amount of corner freedom. The locks being correct, the position of the banking pins will therefore remain unchanged. The Lever — As no alterations of the locks are necessary or allowable, we must, to correct the want of corner freedoms, either shorten the lever's acting length or in some manner decrease the radius of the roller jewel. Remarks — As a precaution against the introduction of other errors, freely use the corner, corner safety and angular tests. As before mentioned, the corner test shows an absence or lack of the usual amount of corner freedom. As the drop locks are correct the angular test shows that each tooth is discharged from its respective pallet jewel. When we find the drop locks correct and corner freedom lacking we can assign the cause to either of the following: (a) the lever's acting length is too long or (b) the radius of the roller jewel is too great. Shortening the roller jewel radius is the plan usually followed in the factories. (See Lesson 36.) 105 LESSON 41 TEST LESSON NO. 4 B— CORNER FREEDOM LACKING— DROP LOCKS LIGHT— ELGIN TYPE— BANKED TO DROP 332. Corner Test. — Condition of Escapement — Drop locks ligTit. The corners of the slot and the roller jewel are either very close or come in contact. Banked to drop. Remarks — By observation we determine that the drop locks are light and unsafe. The corner test discloses a shortage of freedom — that is, the roller jewel is in close proximity to the slot corners. Alterations — The Locks — ^As there is an error in the drop locks, we give it first attention. Accordingly we increase the drop locks. The Bankings — Increasing the drop locks compel us to spread the bankings apart. The Lever — The effect of opening the bankings to a new position of drop lock, provides more freedom between the roller jewel and slot corners. To confirm the changes use the corner and angular tests. 106 LESSON 42 TEST LESSON NO. 4 C— CORNER FREEDOM LACKING— DROP LOCKS DEEP— ELGIN TYPE— BANKED TO DROP 333. Corner Test. — Condition of Escapement — Drop locks deep. Slot corner and roller jewel in contact or nearly so. Banked to drop. Remarks — ^As above stated, the drop locks are too deep. The corner test, the watch being banked to drop, brings out the fact that but little if any freedom can be found between the slot corners and the roller jewel. Alteration — The Locks — Our first alteration is the locks; these we decrease and make correct. The Bankings — To maintain banked to drop positions we must, when the drop locks are lessened, turn in each banking pin. The Lever — In this escapement, lessening the locks and re- banking to drop makes matters worse, the corner freedom being still further decreased. To remedy the want of corner freedom, we must either shorten the lever by cutting away the horns and slot corners, or else try shifting the roller jewel closer to the center of its table. Check the changes by the corner and angu- lar test. When conditions equivalent to "proof-findings" of the angular test are obtained we realize that the length of the lever is adapted to the extent of the drop lock. 107 LESSON 43 TEST LESSON NO. 5 A — ROLLER JEWEL RETAINED IN SLOT— DROP LOCKS CORRECT —BANKED TO DROP— ELGIN TYPE 334. Condition of Escapement. — Drop locks correct. Roller jewel unable to leave slot. Banked to drop. Remarks — Observation shows the drop locks are correct. With the escapement danked to drop the roller jewel we find is unable to make its exit out of the slot. Given the above condi- tions, we reason as follows: The drop locks are correct, therefore the present banked to drop position of the banking pins cannot be changed. The roller jewel, however, is unable to escape out of the slot. Alterations — Under the existing escapement conditions — namely, locks correct and the roller jewel held by the slot — we are led to decide that either the lever's acting length is too long or the roller jewel is set too far forward, or combinedly they cause the error. It therefore can be reasoned out that if we cut away a part of the horns and slot corners the roller jewel will be able to emerge out of the slot. Don't neglect constant use of the corner and angular tests to decide when normal conditions have been met. 108 LESSON 44 TEST LESSON NO. 5 B — ROLLER JEWEL RETAINED IN SLOT— DROP LOCKS LIGHT- BANKED TO DROP— ELGIN TYPE 335. Condition of Escapement — Drop locks light. Roller jewel unable to leave slot. Banked to drop. Remarks — The drop locks we learn are unsafely light. When the escapement is banked to drop the roller jewel is held in the slot and unable to make its slot. Alterations — Alterations are commenced by making the locks deeper. Increasing the locks compels us to rebank to drop. In this instance rebanking means, first, the spreading of the bank- ings apart; second, an increase of the corner freedom. These alterations may provide the correct amount of corner freedom. In the event of the corner freedom still being deficient, either the lever's length will have to be shortened, or the roller jewel set nearer the center of the table. The corner and angular test will decide when the escapement is in good condition. LESSON 45 TEST LESSON NO. 5 C — ROLLER JEWEL RETAINED IN SLOT— DROP LOCKS DEEP- BANKED TO DROP— ELGIN TYPE 336. Condition of Escapement. — Drop locks deep. Roller jewel unahle to make exit out of slot. Banked to drop. Remarks — By observation we decide that the drop locks are deep. When the escapement is banked to drop we find that the roller jewel is unable to get out of the slot. Alterations — The drop locks require first attention; on mak- ing the locks lighter we are thereby compelled to rebank to drop. Rebanking in this instance brings the banking pins closer to- gether, and it further decreased the chance of the roller jewel to emerge out of the slot. Therefore to obtain the release of the roller jewel, so that it can take its part in the escapement action, the lever's length must be made shorter, or the radius of the roller jewel decreased as formerly described. The corner and angular tests should be used to confirm changes. 109 LESSON 46 TEST LESSON NO. 6 A — CORNER TRIPPING ERROR— ELGIN TYPE 337. Corner Safety Test, — Condition of Escapement — ^Banked to drop. Drop locks correct. Corner test shows corner freedoms correct. Corner safety test develops a tripping error. Remarks — The Locks — ^The drop locks in this escapement are correct. Corner Test — ^The freedom of the roller jewel with the slot corners (corner freedom) is satisfactory. Corner Safety Test — By means of the corner safety test we find that the length of the escape wheel teeth vary, because some of the teeth show a safety lock, while others leave the pallet jewel's locking face. This latter condition being a corner trip, is of course an error. Alterations — The remedy, if the watch is worthy of It, is a new escape wheel, one possessing teeth regular in length. If the watch is a poor one, or should the charges not warrant a new wheel, the tripping can he overcome by increasing the locks. As a check on the result of alterations use the corner, corner safety, and angular tests. LESSON 47 TEST LESSON NO. 6 B — CORNER TRIPPING ERROR— ELGIN TYPE 338. Corner Safety Test. — Condition of Escapement — Banked to drop. Drop locks correct. Corner freedoms excessive.. A corner trip present. Remarks — The locks, as an inspection shows, are practically correct. The corner test reveals that too much freedom exists no between the slot corners and the roller jewel. When the corner safety test Is applied a corner trip is discovered. Alterations — If the corner freedom is only a trifle excessive and the resultant corner trip is also very slight, the corner trip can be corrected by either of the following methods: (a) slightly increasing the locks; (b) slightly advancing the position of the roller jewel. If the corner trip is of a most decided character, the drop locks being correct, we would then be compelled to either increase the lever's acting length, or bring the roller jewel more forward. By using one, or both methods combined, the corner trip can be eliminated. The corner, corner safety, and angular tests should be constantly employed to check whatever changes are made. LESSON 48 TEST LESSON NO. 6 C — CORNER TRIPPING ERROR— ELGIN TYPE 339. Corner Safety Test. — Condition of Escapement — Banked to drop. Drop locks light. Corner freedoms correct. Corner trip present. Remarks — When we discover a corner trip, the drop locks being light, but with the correct amount of corner freedoms present, we must, to correct the tripping error, increase the drop locks. Alterations — Making the drop locks deeper causes us to open the bankings. The result of these changes is to slightly Increase the corner freedoms. If after increasing the locks and rebanking the escapement to drop we find that the new corner freedoms are not too exces- sive, the surplus in the freedoms may be ignored. Unless proven to be detrimental by the corner, corner safety, and angular tests, in which event it requires to be remedied as directed in preceding lessons. Ill LESSON 49 TEST LESSON NO. 6 D ^ CORNER TRIPPING ERROR— ELGIN TYPE 340. Corner Safety Test. — Condition of Escapement — Banked to drop. Drop locks deep. Corner freedoms excessive. Corner trip present. Remarks — A complication of errors exist in this escapement. First, the drop locks are deep; second, there is too much freedom of the roller jewel with each slot corner; third, a corner trip is present. Our first alteration is that of decreasing the drop locks, changing them into a more correct form. The effect of lessening the locks is as follows: (a) There is a slight decrease in the excessive corner freedoms; (b) the tripping error is increased rather than decreased. We have now made the locks correct, but further changes are necessary to decrease both the excessive corner freedoms and the tendency of the parts to produce a trip. The required altera- tions consist in making the lever's acting length longer or ad- vancing the position of the roller jewel, as previously described. To confirm correctness of changes, use the corner, corner safety, and angular tests. 112 Index to Test Lessons 7 A to 1 2 A 341 A. Guard Test and Guard Safety Test. LIST 7 7 A. Drop locks light. Guard freedoms apparently correct. 7B. Drop locks deep. Guard freedoms apparently correct. LIST 8 8 A. Drop locks correct. Guard freedoms excessive. 8 B. Drop locks light. Guard freedoms excessive. 8 C. Drop locks light. Guard freedoms excessive. LIST 9 9 A. Drop locks correct. Guard freedoms lacking. 9B. Drop locks light. Guard freedoms lacking. 9 C. Drop locks light. Guard freedoms lacking. LIST 10 10. Guard point butts table. LIST 11 11 A. Drop locks correct. Guard freedoms correct. Guard trip error. 11 B. Drop locks correct. Guard freedoms excessive. Guard trip error. 11 C. Drop locks light. Guard freedoms correct. Guard trip error. 11 D. Drop locks light. Guard freedoms excessive. Guard trip error. LIST 12 12 A. Drop locks deep. Guard freedoms excessive. Guard trip error. 113 LESSON 50 TEST LESSON NO. 7 A— FALSE GUARD FREEDOM 341 B. Candition of Escapement. — Drop locks light. Guard freedoms apparently correct. Banked to drop. The Locks — ^We assume that in this escapement, the drop locks are unsafely light. The Guard Freedoms — The escapement being banked to drop, we find, by means of the guard test, that the freedoms between the guard point and edge of table are apparently correct. Alterations — ^As we judged the drop locks to be too light, we increase them. Making the drop locks deeper, compels us to open out each banking — that is, we rebank the escapement to drop. The effect of spreading the banking pins is to increase the guard freedoms. The effect of the alterations is to place the escapement in the following condition: Altered Condition — Drop locks correct. Guard freedoms excessive. Banked to drop. The locks are now correct; but the guard freedoms are greater than before alterations were made. To remedy the in- crease in the guard freedoms, the guard point should be advanced closer to the table, or else obtain a new table of slightly greater diameter. Remarks — Whenever the guard freedom is altered, as a check, compare it with the corner freedom. Theoretically these free- doms should be equal, and from a practical standpoint it is wise, although not always practicable or possible, to maintain them so. If any difference is favored the corner freedom should be a trifle the greatest. In double roller escapements, when changes affecting the guard point are made, the curve test should be consulted for reasons explained elsewhere. (Compared with Lesson 35.) 114 LESSON 51 TEST LESSON NO. 7 B— FALSE GUARD FREEDOM 342. Guard Test. — Elgin type. Banked to drop. Condition of Escapement — Drop locks deep. Guard freedoms apparently correct. Banked to drop. The Locks — We discover by observation that the drop locks are deep. The Guard Freedoms — With the escapement banked to drop, the freedoms between the guard point and table appear satis- factory. Alterations — The deep drop locks require first attention, accordingly we change them into a more correct form of lock. Lessening the drop locks necessitates the closing of the bankings. In this instance the effect of rebanking to drop is to lessen the freedom of the guard point with the table. Assuming that the changes made bring about contact, or near contact, of the guard point with the table, the escapement's condition will appear as follows: Altered Condition — Drop locks correct. Guard freedoms none. Banked to drop. To correct the lack of guard freedom, the guard point must be set further back — that is, removed from the table; or a new table lesser in diameter should be supplied. At times it is permissible to use the lathe for turning away the edge of the original table. In this manner the diameter of the table can be lessened. Care should be taken to highly repolish its edge. Remarks — If in an effort to provide the requisite guard free- doms, the escapement being banked to drop, we bend the guard point away from the edge of the table, and find when the guard test is tried, that the guard point is inclined to stick or Jam against the edge of the table, our best procedure then is to readvance the guard point to its former position; then, to pro- vide the necessary freedom, the old table must be lessened in diameter, or a new table used, whose diameter provides the correct amount of guard freedom. Butting errors if developed always require correction. (Compare with Lesson 36.) H5 LESSON 52 TEST LESSON NO. 8 A— EXCESSIVE GUARD FREEDOM 343. Guard Test. — Elgin type. Banked to drop. Condition of Escapement — Drop locks correct. Guard free- doms excessive. Banked to drop. The Locks — As above stated, the drop locks in this escape- ment are correct. Guard Test — The guard test shows there is too much freedom between the guard point and table. Alterations— As the drop locks are classed as correct, we pass on to the error of excessive guard freedom. To correct this error, we must either advance the guard point towards the table, or supply a new table of greater diameter. Whichever course we follow will remedy the error. As previously directed, compare the corner and guard free- doms — make use of the guard safety test, and in addition, If the escapement is of the double roller type, the curve test should be employed. LESSON 53 TEST LESSON NO. 8 B—EXCESSIVE GUARD FREEDOM 344. Guard Test. — Elgin type. Banked to drop. Condition of Escapement — Drop locks light. Guard free- dom excessive. Banked to drop. The Locks — The first fault we encounter is that of light drop locks. The Guard Freedoms. — The second fault, as uncovered by the guard test, is, there exists too much play or freedom between the guard point and edge of table. Alterations — The first items calling for correction are the drop locks. These we increase, making them deeper. Increasing the locks requires us to spread the banking pins more apart, and by doing so a new banked to drop position is established. The act of spreading the bankings increases the freedom between the guard point and table. This means we have iU' creased the error of excessive guard freedom. To correct excessive guard freedom the guard point must be brought closer to the edge of the table, or by supplying a new table greater in diameter; this will also provide the correct amount of guard freedom. (Compare with Lesson 38.) 116 LESSON 54 TEST LESSON NO. 8 C— EXCESSIVE GUARD FREEDOM 345. Guard Test. — Elgin type. Banked to drop. Condition of Escapement — Drop locks deep. Guard freedom excessive. Banked to drop. The Locks — By observation, and by banking the escapement to drop, we decide that the drop locks are too deep. The Guard Freedom — The guard test informs us that there is too much freedom between the guard point and the table. Alterations — Directing our attention to the deep locks, we reduce them to the standard of correct lock. Changing the locks allows us to close in each banking in accordance with banked to drop rules. By closing in the banking the excessive guard freedom is lessened, and whether now correct or not depends on actual conditions. (Compare with Lesson 39.) 117 LESSON 55 TEST LESSON NO. 9 A—GUARD FREEDOM WANTING 346. Guard Test. — Elgin type. Banked to drop. Condition of Escapement — Drop locks correct. Guard free- dom none or very little. Banked to drop. The Locks — In this escapement the drop locks are correct. We use the term "correct" to express the idea that the locks are "commercially right" and therefore satisfactory. The Guard Freedoms — The guard point possesses little if any freedom with the edge of the table. Alterations — The drop locks being classed as correct, require no changing. When the guard test was applied we therefrom learned that the customary amount of guard freedom was lacking. To overcome this state of contact, or of near contract, we must either remove the guard point from the table, or supply a new taJ)le of lesser diameter. The guard safety test, and the Rules preceding the Test Lessons, should be consulted, if difficulty is experienced about obtaining a correct adjustment of the guard point to the table. (Compare with Lesson 40.) 118 LESSON 56 TEST LESSON NO. 9 B— GUARD FREEDOM WANTING 347. Guard Test. — Elgin type. Banked to drop. Condition of Escapement — Drop locks light. Guard freedom none or very slight. Banked to drop. The Locks — We discover the drop locks are light. The Guard Freedoms — The guard test shows that guard freedom is lacking. Alterations — Our first move is to alter the locks, making same deeper, and at the same time correct. Increasing the drop locks compel us to spread the bankings to a new drop lock posi- tion. This change in the location of the banking pins, incidentally provides freedom between the guard point and the table. When the guard freedom approaches the extent of the corner freedom, it will be in agreement with correct escapement conditions. Should a butting error develop, Lesson No. 58 will be found helpful. (Compare with Lesson 41.) LESSON 57 TEST LESSON NO. 9 C— GUARD FREEDOM WANTING 348. Guard Test. — Elgin type. Banked to drop. Condition of Escapement — Drop locks deep. Guard freedom little, if any. Banked to drop. The Locks — An inspection of the drop locks, under banked to drop conditions shows they are deep. Guard Freedoms — By the guard test we learn that but little if any freedom exists between the guard point and the table. Alterations — We first change the deep to a correct drop lock. Decreasing the locks call for a rebanking to drop, the effect of which is to bring the banking pins closer together. The result of turning in the bankings is to make matters worse, the guard freedom being further lessened. To correct the want of guard freedom we must either remove the guard point away from the table or replace the old table with one lesser in diameter. Another remedy is, place the old table in the lathe and reduce its circumference. (Compare with Lesson 42.) 119 LESSON 58 TEST LESSON No. lo— BUTTING ERROR- ELGIN TYPE 349. Guard Point Jams or Butts Against Edge of Table. — When, on making the guard or similar test, a workman finds that the guard point remains, or is inclined to remain in contact with the edge of the table, it is an indication of a butting error. Butting errors may be divided into three classes, as follows: First, errors due to defective draw; second, errors caused by the pivots of pallet or balance staff working in holes too large for them; third, a butting error arising from a guard point de- fectively placed, or caused by some fault in the size of the table. Butting errors are readily discovered without the escapement being banked to drop. Once this error is found it is of the utmost Importance that the escapement be banked to drop; by doing so the exact cause of the trouble can be located and corrections made. Butting errors must never be allowed to go uncorrected, or stop- page will ensue. Example 1 — ^We shall assume an instance wherein after bank- ing to drop, that too much guard freedom is found combined with a butting error. There is a likelihood that by advancing the guard point closer to the table, that the butting trouble can be overcome. It must be understood that a limit exists to the extent we can infringe on the guard freedom. While bringing the guard point closer to the table lessens the error, it may also injuriously affect the escapement, owing to the normal amount of guard freedom being decreased. Example 2 — ^When a butting error can only be overcome by placing the guard point unduly close to the edge of the table, we must, to obtain the correct amount of guard freedom, either lessen the size of the table, or provide a new table of lesser diameter. The plans suggested will supply the necessary amount of guard freedom, and abolish the butting tendency. Example 8 — Some escapements whose drop locks are correct, aud having an apparently correct amount of guard freedom, show an inclination of the guard point to butt against the edge of the table. To correct the difficulty the table's diameter must be made 120 less, and the guard point advanced toward the table's edge. Both alterations are necessary to correct the butting, and secure the requisite guard freedoms. In many escapements, butting errors are easily created, simply by bending the guard point a slight amount away from edge of table. Students are therefore advised to thus start a practical investigation of such errors. We wish to call attention to a type of butting error frequently met with — namely, (a) in setting a watch the seconds hand Is sometimes pushed backwards, the result often being that the watch stops; or, (b) when placing the seconds hand on post of fourth wheel stoppage follows. When such happens it is usually attributable to the guard point for some reason *'butting" or wedging against edge of table. The exact cause of error should be located and correction made. 121 LESSON 59 TEST LESSON NO. ii A— GUARD TRIPPING ERROR 350. Guard S What causes overbanking? 191. 223 Explain the term "remaining lock." 44. 2f4 Should a watch receive a jolt when the crescent is well past the guard pin, explain how the safe action of the escapement is preserved. 190. 225 In the event of the lever leaving its bank during the time the guard pin is within the crescent, what parts are then called upon to preserve the escapement from going out of action? 184. What insures the escapement remaining in action, should the lever be thrown away from its bank when the roller jewel Is opposite the slot corner? 201. r/27 When the roller jewel is opposite that part of the lever horn, near the slot corner, what preserves the safety action of the escapement should the lever be thrown off its bank? 188, 196, 197. 218 Safety Actions, D. R. 462. Questions on the Safety Actions — Double Roller. — 228 Name the safety action parts of a double roller escapement. 199. 2?9 What is the preventative function of the guard finger? 200. £S0 Name the functions of the roller jewel as a part of the safety action. 201. 231 How would you decide if the length of horns are correct? 207. 232 While the guard finger remains outside the crescent, what parts when called upon insure the escapement remaining in action? 201. 233 As a part of the safety action, with what is the guard finger associated? 199. 284 The lever horn is associated with what part as a preserver of the safety action? 201. 235 Name the chief parts which act as a preventative of over- banking. 200. 236 State with what parts the roller jewel is associated to insure the safe action of an escapement. 201. 237 When the guard finger is within the crescent, upon what parts does the protection of the escapement's action depend? 201. 237 A Is there any relationship between width of crescent and length of the horn? 198 (note), 207. 219 Tripping 238 463. Questions on Tripping — Single Roller. — Explain what is meant when we say "an escapement trips." 192. 239 Define the following: "Guard trip," "corner trip," "curve trip." 87, 88, 89. 240 In how many positions can a trip occur? 192. 241 Explain the use of the guard safety test. 193. 242 Can an escapement trip on some teeth while other teeth possess a safety lock? 193. 243 Is the amount of guard freedom related to the locks? 224, 289. 243 A State causes for (a) guard trip, (b) a corner trip, when all escapement pivots fit their respective holes. 193, 194. 244 Describe use of corner safety test and explain its purpose. 194. 245 How would you make use of the curve safety test and why? 195. 246 If tripping errors are not corrected, what will the result be? 192. 247 Has the amount of corner freedom any relation to the amount of drop lock? 225. 464-465. Questions on Tripping — DouMe Roller. — 248 Name the three positions wherein to suspect the presence of tripping errors. 203. 249 How would you make use of the guard safety test? and tell why. 204. 250 How, and for what purpose is the curve safety test used? 206. 251 The amount of lock and the amounts of guard and corner freedoms are related in both single and double roller escapements. State why the locks and freedoms are related. 225, 294. 220 Angular Test 466. Questions on the Angular Test. — 252 Describe the system best adapted by beginners for applying the angular test. 258. 253 Why is it advisable for beginners to remove the guard point from edge of table when using the angular test? 259. 254 Explain method of blocking the lever when making use of the angular test. 258. 255 When the lever is blocked, at what moment should we cease rotating the balance? 258. 256 If the locks are correct, and the lever's acting length is adapted to the locks, when the angular test is used, state what position each tooth will occupy on each pallet (Elgin). 258. 257 What do the "proof findings" of the angular test imply? 190. 258 Describe a variation from the angular test's proof findings. 258. 259 "Out of Angle" is shown in what manner by the angular test? 262. 260 What is the usual cause of an escapement being "out of angle"? 263. 261 Describe the angular test's proof findings for an escapement of the "South Bend type." 257. 262 In what way does the proof findings of an Elgin type of es- capement differ from the proof-findings of a South Bend or Dueber escapement? 254, 257. 263 Granted that the drop locks in an escapement of the Elgin type are correct, how would you prove that the length of the lever Is right? 258. 221 SUMMARY OF TESTS The Summary Includes 468 to 473 467. Questions on Summary of Tests. — 264 Describe method for testing "draw." 281. 265 How would you test drop lock? 282. 266 Explain how you would test "drop," inside and outside. 283, 284. 267 Describe manner of testing the inside and outside shakes. 285, 286. 268 How would you determine the freedom of the roller jewel when held by the slot walls? 287. 222 The Guard Test 468. Questions on the Guard Test — Single and Double Boi- ler— 269 Explain the term "guard freedom." 84. 270 What is the nature and purpose of the guard test? 288. 271 When we bank to drop escapements of the Elgin and South Bend types, state in which type guard freedom would be present. 288. 272 Describe methods of making the guard test in escapements of the Elgin and South Bend types. 290, 291. 273 Explain the three classifications into which guard freedom may be divided. 304. 274 When the guard test is applied to a South Bend escapement, same being banked to drop, can the lever be lifted off its bank? Also, under like conditions, can the lever in an escapement of the Elgin type be lifted away from its bank? 290, 291. 22j3 The Corner Test 469. Questions on the Corner Test — Single and Douhle Roller. — 275 What is meant by the term "corner freedom"? 79. 276 Describe manner of testing the corner freedoms in escape- ments of the Elgin and South Bend types. 295, 296. 277 If a watch of the Elgin type is banked to drop, would you consider the escapement correct if corner freedom is not present? 293. 278 If we bank to drop escapements of the Elgin and South Bend types, would their corner freedoms be identical? 293, 295, 296. 279 Into how many types may corner freedom be divided? 303. ^24 The Guard Safety Test 470. Questions on the Guard Safety Test — Single and Double Roller. — 280 What does the term "guard trip" imply? 281 For what purpose is the guard safety test employed? 289. 282 When using the guard safety test, is it necessary to bank the escapement drop? 289. 283 Describe routine of making the guard safety test. 292. The Corner Safety Test 471. Questions on the Corner Safety Test — Single and Double Roller. — 284 What is meant by the expression "corner trip"? 87. 285 If the corner safety test showed that the safety lock is uncertain, or absent, would it require correction? 192, 194. 286 Describe manner of using the corner safety test. 297. 287 When the corner safety test is employed, is it essential that the escapement be banked to drop? 288 How would you determine the condition of the corner safety lock? 297. 225 Curve Test and Curve Safety Test, S. R. 472. Questions on the Curve Test and Curve Safety Test — Single Roller. — 289 Describe how the curve test is made, and its purpose. 298. 290 Should the curve test show that the roller jewel catches on the lever horns, would you consider the action correct? 298. 291 When using the curve test, what controls the extent of the horn with which the roller jewel can come in contact? 298. 292 What is the "curve safety test" and how is it employed? 299. Curve Test and Curve Safety Test, D. R. 473. Questions on the Curve Test and Curve Safety Test — Double Roller. — 293 473. Describe method of using the curve test. 300. 294 When the curve test is used, state at what moment you would expect the roller jewel to come in contact with the horns of the lever. 300. 295 What is meant by "curve trip"? 88. 296 State the manor In which you apply the curve safety test, 301. 226 Tests and Escapement Testing 474. Questions on the Tests and Escapement Testing. — 297 Before testing an escapement, what points require atten- tion? 278. 298 Describe the routine of an escapement examination. 279. 299 If we desire to learn the relation of a guard point with its table, what tests are used? 290, 291. 300 When we wish to investigate the relation of the roller jewel with the slot corners, what test is employed? 295, 296. 301 What test informs us about the relation of the roller jewel to the curves of the horns? 298. 302 To investigate the condition of the safety actions in single and double roller escapements, name the tests employed? 293, 297, 301. 303 What test informs us if the extent of drop lock present In any escapement is exactly adapted to the acting length of the lever? 260. 227 Escapement Types 475. Questions — Escapement Types. — 304 475. How many types of escapement are used in American watches? 274. 305 Of the total lock in an escapement of the Elgin type, how much belongs to the drop lock and how much is slide? 275. 306 In South Bend escapements, how much of the total lock is slide and how much is drop lock? 276. 306 A Suppose you desired to examine the condition of an escape- ment in a foreign built watch, which type of American escape- ment will nearest apply? 276 (note). 228 Rules and Alterations 476. Questions on Rules and Alterations. — 307 When the drop locks are increased — that is, made deeper—- what effect will changing the locks have on the following: (a) The bankings, (b) the guard freedoms, (c) the corner freedoms, (d) the safety locks? Alteration, 308, A, B, C, D. 308 If we make the drop locks lighter, describe effects produced on (a) the bankings, (b) the guard freedoms, (c) the corner freedoms, (d) the safety locks. Alteration, 309, A, B, C, D. 309 Describe how the corner freedoms may be increased. Altera- tions Nos. 1 and 2, 310. 310 Explain what alterations will decrease corner freedoms. Alterations Nos. 1 and 2, 311. 311 Name the changes whereby guard freedom can be increased. Alterations 1 and 2, 312. 312 Describe alterations which will decrease guard freedoms. Alterations 1 and 2, 313. 313 Given two escapements, both of them alike and identical, to which the following alterations are made: (a) In one we decrease the lever's acting length, (b) in the other we increase the drop locks; (c) state, if after alterations, their corner freedoms are similarly affected; (d) how do their respective corner safety locks show the change? 310. 314 If in this instance we are given two escapements, both of them correct and alike in their details, (a) when we increase the lever's acting length in one; and (b) decrease the drop locks in the other, will (c) the alterations cause resemblance in their respective corner freedoms, (d) in what way will the corner safety locks of each reflect the alterations? 311. 315 Assuming we have two escapements exactly alike and correct, (a) one of these we alter by bending the guard pin away from edge of table, (b) the other escapement we change by making the drop locks deeper, (c) state how the guard freedoms in each resemble each other, (d) In what way will the alteration in each escapement affect the guard safety locks? 312. 316 Again, assuming we have two escapements alike correct and duplicates, (a) the first we alter by bending the guard pin closer 229 to edge of table, (b) the second we change by decreasing the drop locks, (c) will their respective guard freedoms show any similarity? (d) Also, describe how the guard safety locks reflect the changes. 313. 317 When the position of the roller jewel is advanced, or the lever's acting length is m?«de shorter, state results as regards the corner freedoms and corner safety locks. 314. 318 When the lever is cut, thereby making the lever's acting length shorter, what is the effect on (a) the corner rreedoms, (b) the corner safety locks? 315. 319 When the bankings are spread apart, how will it affect the following: (a) The guard freedoms, (b) the corner freedoms, (c) the slide, (d) run of lever? 316. 320 State how the following are affected when the bankings are brought closer together: (a) The guard freedoms, (b) the corner freedoms, (c) the slide, (d) run of lever. 317. 321 When an Elgin type of escapement is banked to drop, will we find (a) any guard freedom, (b) any corner freedom? 318. 322 When an Elgin type of escapement is banked to drop, will the safety lock be equal or less than the drop lock? 318. 323 When banked to drop, will a South Bend type of escape- ment show any corner or guard freedom? 318. 324 Will the drop lock in a South Bend escapement equal or be less than the drop lock? 318. 325 What alterations must be made to correct a butting error? 319. 326 State what protects the safety lock. 322. 327 If an escapement is " out of angle," how will such a condi- tion be expressed by the angular, corner, and guard tests? 323. 230 The Corner Test 477. Questions on the Corner Test. — Note — When the abbreviations B. to D. are found opposite a question it indicates that the question expresses the condition of the escapement when banked to drop. 328 Elgin, B. to D. — Describe the proof findings of the corner test. 325. 329 Elgin, B. to D. — In this watch, which is of low grade, the drop locks are unsafely light, but the corner freedoms are approxi- mately correct. The question is, when the drop locks are in- creased, in what way will it alter the corner freedoms, and what other changes might be required? 326. 330 Elgin, B. to D. — In this escapement the corner freedoms are seemingly right, but the drop locks are both deep. The problem is, if the drop locks are made correct — that is, lighter — how will this alteration act on the corner freedom, and what additional changes may be looked for? 327. 331 Elgin, B. to D. — In this instance the drop locks are correct, but the corner freedoms are too great. What changes are neces- sary to overcome the surplus corner freedoms? 328. 332 Elgin, B. to D, — When the drop locks are rather light and there is too much corner freedom, state how the corner freedoms will be affected, when the drop locks are made deeper, and what other alterations will be required to improve the escapement? 329. 333 Elgin, B. to D. — In this escapement we find the drop locks ai'c deep, on testing the corner freedoms we find them excessive. What is the remedy? 330. 334 Elgin, B. to D. — The drop locks are correct, but by the corner test we find an absence of the corner freedoms. How can we over- come the defect? Also, state results. 331. 335 Elgin, B. to D. — When the drop locks are light and the roller jewel is unable to emerge from the slot, what alterations are necessary? 332. 2ai 336 Elgin, B. to D. — Assuming an escapement with the following troubles, how would you rectify the errors: Drop locks deep, roller jewel unable to make its exit out of the slot? 333. 337 Elgin, B, to D. — When there is an absence of the corner free- doms, and the drop locks are correct, what alterations would be called for? 334. 338 Elgin, B. to D. — ^We find that the drop locks are rather light and the roller jewel is unable to leave the slot. What changes are necessary in this escapement? Also, name the order in which alterations should be made? 335. 339 Elgin, B. to D. — The defects in this escapement are deep drop locks and an absence of all corner freedoms. Explain how you would proceed to improve the escapement? 336. 232 Corner Safety Test 478. Questions on the Corner Safety Test. — 340 Elgin, B. to D. — Given the drop locks as correct and the corner freedoms as likewise correct, but an examination shows that some teeth of the escape wheel will trip while others show a safety lock. Explain the cause of the tripping error and how a correction can be made? 337. 341 Elgin, B. to D. — ^An examination of this watch shows the drop locks as correct, but the corner freedoms are altogether too great. State what error will be found, and describe the altera- tions which will improve the escapement. 338. 342 Elgin, B. to D. — This escapement possesses the correct amount of corner freedoms, but the drop locks are decidedly too light, suflSciently so to cause tripping errors. How would you overcome the trip and what other changes might it be necessary to make? 339. 343 Elgin, B. to D. — Given the drop locks as deep, and the corher freedoms so excessive, they allow tripping to take place. In what order and way should alterations be made to restore the escape- ment to a more perfect condition? 340. 233 The Guard Test 479. Questions on the Guard Test, — 344 Elgin, B. to D. — Describe the proof findings of tlie guard test. 325. 345 Elgin, B. to D. — If the guard freedoms are right, but the drop locks are too light, what will be the effect on the escapement if the locks are increased? 341. 346 Elgin, B. to D. — When the drop locks are deep and the guard test shows the guard freedoms as practically correct, mention the changes involved after correcting the error in the locks? 342. 347 Elgin, B. to D. — This escapement's condition is as follows: Guard freedoms are slightly excessive, drop locks correct. State how would you alter the error in the guard freedoms. 343. 348 Elgin, B. to D. — The guard freedoms in this escapement are excessive, the drop locks are very light. What is the first altera- tion, and how does it affect the banking pins and the guard free- doms? Mention what other change is demanded. 344. 349 Elgin, B. to D. — Assuming an escapement with deep drop locks and a surplus amount of guard freedoms, state the required corrections. 345. 350 Elgin, B. to D. — In this escapement the drop locks are correct, but the guard test shows no freedom between the guard point and the table. What changes are implied? 346. 351 Elgin, B. to D. — When we discover an escapement wherein the drop locks are undoubtedly light, with no freedom between guard point and table, what is the first alteration? Also, state the additional changes which might be necessary. 347. 352 Elgin, B. to D. — Given the drop locks as deep and a condition of contact between guard point and table, what correction should be made at the start? And explain the nature of the alterations which follow? 348. 234 353 When the guard point butts or sticks against the edge of the table and no legitimate manipulation of the guard point will overcome the defect, how can the butting error be remedied? 349. 353 A If when setting a watch, you push the second hand backward, and the watch stops, explain cause of error and its correction. 349. 235 The Guard Safety Test 480. Questions on the Guard Safety Test. — 354 Elgin, B. to D. — If the drop locks are quite right, and the guard freedoms are satisfactory, but we find that some teeth of the escape wheel trip while the majority show a safety lock, describe cause of trouble and how the tripping error can be remedied. 350. 355 Elgin, B. to D. — When we discover an escapement wherein the drop locks are correct, but the guard test reveals too much guard freedom, the result being a tripping error, explain how the escapement may be improved. 351. 356 If a trip is discovered under the following circumstances, drop locks light, guard freedoms correct, in what manner would you overcome the tendency to trip? 352. 357 In this instance the drop locks are light and the guard free- doms excessive. What error would be present and what correc- tions must be made? 353. 358 What correction will be necessary when the drop locks are deep and the guard freedoms excessive? 354. 236 Angular Test and Out of Angle 481. Questions on the Angular Test and out of Angle (see paragraph 459). — 359 481. Assuming that the lever's acting length is correct, but the drop locks are too light, in what way will the angular test express the error of light locks? 358 (No. 4), 356. 360 Given the drop locks as deep and the lever's acting length as correct, explain how the angular test will show the error in the locks. 359 (No. 5), 356. 361 When the drop locks are correct, but the lever's acting length is too long, in what way will the excess in length of lever affect the teeth and pallets as determined by the angular test? 360 (No. 2), 356. 362 How will the angular test show the defect in the lever's acting length, v/hen the lever is short and the drop locks correct? 361 (No. 3), 356. 363 What is meant by the term "out of angle"? 91. 364 When an escapement is out of angle, how will the defect be shown by the following: (1) The drop locks, (2) the relation of guard point with table (3) the relation of slot corners to roller jewel, (4) the relation of teeth and pallets as determined by the angular test? 363. 365 In this watch the lever is straight, but the drop locks we find are very unequal. Describe the necessary correction and how the defect in the locks is exposed by the angular, guard and corner tests. 364, 366, 368. 366 When we find the drop locks are unequal and besides the lever is bent, what is the first alteration, and what other changes are always necessary? 365, 367, 369. 237 Curve and Curve Safety Tests 482. Questions on the Curve and Curve Safety Test — Double Roller (see paragraph 4^6). — 367 482. What is meant by curve test and curve safety test? 81, 82. 368 Should it be possible for the roller jewel to touch the end of the horn, how would you verify that contact of these parts is possible? 371. 369 How would you determine if the central part of the horn can seriously catch and hold the roller jewel? 372. 370 Explain method whereby you could find out if the roller jewel can stick, or catch on or near the slot corners. 373. 371 Describe the method of using, and nature of the curve safety test. 374. 483. Questions on the Curve Safety Test — Single Roller (see paragraph 4^5). — 372 How would you prove that the roller jewel cannot touch the end or central part of the lever horn? 375. 373 State and describe the method, by means of which it can be learned if it is possible for the roller jewel to catch on either the slot corner, or that part of the horn near the slot corner. 376. 374 What is the curve safety test used for? And describe how It is used. 377. 238 Hints and Helps 484. Questions on Hints and Helps. — 375 If the lock is considered "rather light," explain how it can be determined if such is a fact. 401. 376 Name the three positions where the safety locks require at- tention and examination? 402. 377 The bankings in this watch have been tampered with, besides both of the pallet jewels have been taken out of their settings. Describe the guard and corner test methods for correctly re- setting the pallet jewels and successful rematching of the escape- ment action? 403, 404, 405. 378 When one pallet is left in place, the opposite stone being removed from its seat, describe method used to secure a correct resetting of the loose pallet stone. 406. 379 Elgin, B. to D. — If you found contact of guard point with table, what changes and alterations can be made to improve the escapement and overcome the error? 407. 380 B. to D. — Should it be discovered that the guard point touches the edge of the table in some places, and is free in others, what would this indicate, and name remedies? 408. 381 B. to D. — How would you find out if the edge of the roller or safety table is running "true in the round"? 409. 382 Suppose you lost a roller table, state method of selecting a new one, right in diameter, and with the roller jewel correctly placed. 410. 383 The position the roller jewel occupies in a table is of great importance. If one is to be reset, state how it should be done to obtain correct rematching of its action. 411. 384 Describe the practical application of the corner test without having to bank the escapement to drop. 412, 239 385 If you lost an English ratchet tooth escape wheel, how may the correct size of a new one be determined? 413. 386 When an escape wheel of the club tooth form is lost, how would you find the dimensions of a new one? 413. 387 Take any watch and prove that its escape wheel is correct in size. 413. 388 Given an escapement model, or a drawing, state how you verify if the size of the escape wheel is correct. 413. 389 Should pallets belonging to an equidistant type of escapement become destroyed or lost, describe how you would go to work to select new and suitable pallets. 414. 390 If pallets belonging to the circular class be mislaid or lost, and the watch is of foreign make, how would you attempt the selection of suitable sized pallets? 414. 240 Theory and Practice 485. Questions on Theory and Practice. — 391 What is meant by "the angular motion of the lever"? 416. 392 What does the expression "roller jewel's impulse angle" im- ply? 416. 393 Explain how the lever's angular motion may he measured. 417. 394 Describe how degrees of lock can be measured. 395 How would you measure the degrees of lift on a tooth of an escape wheel having club teeth? 417. 396 State how the lift on a pallet stone can be measured. 417. 397 How would you measure the size of the impulse angle? 417. 398 Explain the proportional method for calculating a lever's acting length and the radius of the roller jewel? 418. 399 Is there any difference between the practical and the theo- retical radius of the roller jewel? 419. 400 Given the degrees of lever's angular motion, and the impulse angle, how would you calculate the practical radius of the roller jev/el? 420. 401 When "the lifts" are divided, is there any relationship be- tween the amount of lift assigned to the tooth and amount given the pallet? 421. 402 Is it possible to plant all escapement on tangents? 422. 403 Give reason, why some pallets cannot be planted on tangents. 422. 241 Altering Parts 486. Questions on Altering Parts. — 404 Describe how a pallet stone may be ground thinner. 426. 405 How may the angle of lift on a pallet jewel be altered? 427. 406 In what way can the entire length of a lever be increased? 428. 407 Can the lever's acting length be increased, and how? 429. 408 How would you decrease the acting length of a lever? 430. 409 Explain the methods whereby the guard points' position could be advanced? 431. 410 When the guard point is "too close," state the remedies which may be used. 432. 411 When the roller jewel and slot corners are "too close," how should corrections be made? 433. 412 If the roller jewel and slot corners are too far apart, what alterations will overcome such a defect? 434. 413 Should the roller table be too large, describe changes which will correct the trouble? 435. 414 If a roller table is too small, what remedies would you sug- gest? 436. 415 Describe how "drop" or "shake" can be increased. 437. 416 If the "drop" or "shake" in an escapement is found to be too great, explain how same may be altered. 439. 417 Describe how "draw" may be improved. 439. 418 How would you lessen "draw"? 439. INDEX TO SUBJECTS A Acting Length of Lever 48 Action of Escapement, Routine (D. R.) 198 Action of Escapement, Routine (S. R.) 185 Adjusting "Let Off" 92 Advice and Remarks 306 Altering Parts, Questions on 486 American Escapement Types 274 Angle of Draft, Pallet's 114 Angle of Draft, Tooth's 126 Angle of Drop 127 Angle of Drop, Estimating the 182-184 Angle of Freedom, The Roller's 145 Angle of Impulse, Pallet's 112 Angle of Impulse, Tooth's 124 Angle of Lock 115 Angle of Width, Pallet's 113 Angle of Width, Tooth's 125 Angle, Out of 91, 363 Angle, Out of (Angular Test) 262, 323, 364 Angle, Out of (Corner Test) 323, 368, 369 Angle, Out of (Guard Test) 323, 366. 367 Angle, Out of (Causes) 263 Angles 94 Angles Arising at Escape Wheel Center 213 Angles Arising at Pallet Center 211 Angles, Measurement of 105 Angles of Fork 138 Angles of Freedom 209 Angles Radiating Towards Fork 211 Angles Radiating Towards Pallet 212 Angles Radiating Towards Tooth , 212 Angles, Relationship of 209 Angles Relating to the Roller Jewel 143 Angles Shaping a Pallet Ill Angles Shaping a Tooth '. 123 Angles, Source of Escapement 210, 214 Angular Motion, Measuring Degrees of ". 417 Angular Motion of the Lever 416 Angular Test 77 Angular Test, Blocking the Lever 260 Angular Test, Errors as Shown by the 356 Angular Test, Explanation of the (Elgin) 252 Angular Test, Explanation of the (South Bend) 355 Angular Test» How to Apply the , 258 Angular Test, Index to Test Lessons on the 355 Angular Test, Out of Angle as Shown by the 262, 364, 365 Angular Test, Proof Findings of the 357 Angular Test, Questions on the 466, 481 Angular Test, Specifications 251 Angular Test, Summary (Elgin) 254 Angular Test, Summary (South Bend) 257 Angular Test, Theoretical Explanation of the (Elgin) 253 Angular Test, Theoretical Explanation of the (South Bend). 256 Angular Test, The Guard Point and the 259 Angular Test, Uses of the 250 Angular Test, Variations from Proof Findings of the 261 Approximating Degrees of Drop 184 Approximating Degrees of Lock 181, 183 Approximating Degrees of Shake 184 A Arc 97 Arc of Vibration 108 Arc, Supplementary 107 B Balance 3 Balance Arc 106 Balance Arc of Vibration 108 Balance Arc, Supplementary 107 Balance, Motion of 109 Balance Spring 8 Balance Staff 7 Balance Wheel 9 Bank 12 Banked for Slide 16 Banked to Drop 13, 179 Banked to Drop (Elgin) (Rule) 14, 318 Banked to Drop (South Bend) (Rule) 15, 318 Banked to Drop, Analysis of 224, 227 Banked to Drop, Analysis of Corner Freedom 225, 240 Banked to Drop, Analysis of Guard Freedom 224, 232 Banked to Drop, Corner Test 240, 272, 273 Banked to Drop, Guard Test 224, 272, 273 Banked to Drop in Practice 271 Banked to Drop, Its Relation to Drop Lock 223 Banked to Drop Rules 318 Banked to Drop Summary (Elgin) 226 Banked to Drop Summary (South Bend) 228 iii Banked to Drop, Test Findings 318 Banked to Drop, Test Findings, Parts Matched (Elgin) 272 Banked to Drop, Test Findings, Parts Matched (South Bend) 273 Banking 10 Banking Pins, Opening the (Rule) 316 Banking Pins, Closing the (Rule) 317 Bench Problems 386-399 Butting Error (Rule) 319 Butting Error, Test Lesson on 349 Circles 95 Circles, Rules Applying to 101 Circles, Tables and Signs of 103 Circular Pallets 63, 116 Circular Pallets, Drafting 118 Circular Pallets, Specifications for 119 Classification, Corner Freedom 303 Classification, Drop Lock 302 Classification, Guard Freedom 304 Club Tooth 30 Comparisons of the Tests 379, 380, 381, 382 Corner Freedom 79 Corner Freedom, Analysis of 225 Corner Freedom and Guard Freedom, Summary of (Elgin) .. .246 Corner Freedom and Guard Freedom, Summary of (South Bend) 249 Corner Freedom and Slide (Elgin) 244 Corner Freedom and Slide (South Bend) 247 Corner Freedom, Classification of 303 Corner Freedom, Decreasing (Rule) 311 Corner Freedom, Increasing (Rule) 310 Corner, Releasing 62 Corner, Safety Lock 218 Corner Trip , . 87 Corner Safety Test 80, 194 Corner Safety Test, Findings by the 294 Corner Safety Test, Method of Making the 292 Corner Safety Test, Out of Angle as Shown by the 368, 369 Corner Safety Test, Questions on the 478 Corner Safety Test, S., and D. R., Questions on the 471 Corner Safety Test, Single Roller 194 Corner Safety Test, Double Roller 205 Corner Test 78 Corner Test Banked to Drop 239, 240 Corner Test, Deductions from Specifications 238 Corner Test Findings 293 Corner Test in Practice 241, 242, 243, 412 Corner Test, Index to Test Lessons 324 Corner Trip 87 Correct Escapement, The 269 Correct Escapement, The Commercially 270 Crescent 75, 146 Crescent, Width of (Note) 198 Curve Safety Lock 219 Curve Safety Test 82, 195 Curve Safety Test, Double Roller 206 Curve Safety Test, Single Roller 295 Curve Safety Test Index 370 Curve Safety Test, Double Roller, Method of Making the 301 Curve Safety Test, Single Roller, Method of Making the 299 Curve Safety Test, Questions on the 472, 473, 482, 483 Curve Test 81 Curve Test, Double Roller 208 Curve Test, Single Roller 197 Curve Test, Double Roller, Method of Making the 300 Curve Test, Single Roller, Method of Making the 298 Curve Test, Questions on the 472, 473, 483 Curve Trip 88 D Degree 102 Degree, Length of 104 Degrees of Drop, Approximating 183 Degrees of Impulse Angle, Measuring 417 Degrees of Lever's Angular Motion, Measuring 417 Degrees of Lift on Pallet, Measuring 417 Degrees of Lift on Tooth, Measuring 417 Degrees of Lock, Approximating 183 Degrees of Lock, Calculating 180 Degrees of Lock, Measuring 417 Degrees of Shake, Approximating 184 A Degrees of Total Lock, Measuring 417 Diamond Laps 423 Diameter of Table 76 Discharging Pallet 58 Double Roller 27 Double Roller, Corner Test 295 Double Roller, Curve Test 208 Double Roller, Guard Test 292 Double Roller, Corner Safety Test 205 Double Roller, Curve Safety Test 206 Double Roller, Guard Safety Test 204 Double Roller, Length of Horn in a 207 Double Roller, Overbanking 202 Double Roller, Questions on the Safety Actions of a 454 Double Roller, Routine Action of a 198 Double Roller, Roller Jewel's Safety Action in a 201 Double Roller, Safety Action of Guard Finger 200 Double Roller, Safety Action Parts in a 199 Double Roller, Tripping in a 203 Draft Angle of Pallet Jewel 114 Draft Angle of Tooth, 126 Drafting Circular Pallets 118 Drafting Escape Wheel 133 Drafting Fork 140 Draw 23, 147 Draw, Altering the 156 Draw Experiments 152, 153, 154 Draw in a Single Roller 150 Draw in a Double Roller 151 Draw, Its Effects 149 Draw, Improving the 439 Draw Lock 24 Draw, Questions on 451 Draw, Testing the 155, 281 Drop , 17, 128, 157, 437, 438 Drop, Angle of 127 Drop, Banked to 13, 14, 15, 179 Drop, Estimating Angle of 182, 184 Drop, Table for Approximating Degrees of 184 Drop, Inside 18 Drop Inside Testing 163, 283 Drop, Outside 19 Drop Outside, Testing 161, 284 Drop, Questions on 444 Drop and Shake 17, 129 Drop and Shake, Decreasing the 438 Drop and Shake, Increasing the 437 Drop and Shake, Tight Inside 165 Drop and Shake, Tight Outside 166 Drop and Shake When Drop Locks Are Defective 160 Drop and Shake When Escape Wheel Is Defective 159 Drop and Shake Rules 308, 309 Drop Lock .38, 173 Drop Lock, Elgin 39 Drop Lock, South Bend 40 Drop Lock as the Watchmaker Finds It 265 Drop Lock, Classification of 302 Drop Lock, Decreasing the (Rule) 309 Drop Lock, Degrees of 180, 181 Drop Lock in a Correct Escapement 269 Drop Lock in a Commercial Escapement 270 Drop Lock in a Perfect Escapement 268 Drop Lock, Increasing the (Rule) 308 Drop Lock, Its Relation to Banked to Drop 223 Drop Lock, Questions on 451 Drop Lock, Table for Approximating Degrees of 183 Drop Lock and Corner Freedom (Rule) 320 Drop Lock and Guard Freedom .' (Rule) 321 Drop Lock and the Corner Test 240 Drop Lock and the Guard Test 232 B Elgin, Angular Test 254, 356, 357 Elgin, Banked to Drop 104, (Rule) 318 Elgin, Corner and Guard Freedom in an 226, 246 Elgin, Comparison of Tests 379-382 Elgin, Drop Lock in an 39, 275 Elgin, Slide in an 42, 244 Elgin Type of Escapement 274, 275 Errors Shown by Angular Test 356 Escapement 25 Escapement Action, Routine of (Double Roller) 198 Escapement Action, Routine of (Single Roller) 185 Escapement Angles, Source of 210, 214 Escapement, Double Roller 27 Escapement, Drop Lock in an 39 Escapement, Elgin Type of 275 Escapement, Foreign 276 Escapement Examination 279, 378 Escapement Matching 267 Escapement Out of Angle 91 Escapement Out of Angle (Rules) 323 Escapement, Right Angled 28 Escapement Specifications, 216, 224, 225, 227, 230, 237, 244, 247, 248, 251, 255 Escapement, Straight Line 29 Escapement, Single Roller 26 Escapement Types and Tests Compared 379, 380, 381, 382 Escapement, South Bend Type of 276 Escapement Testing, Questions on 467 Escapement, The Commercial 270 Escapement, The Correct 269 Escapement, The Perfect , 268 Escapement Types 266 Escapement, Types of American 274 Escapement Types, Questions on 475 Escape Wheel, Calculating Size of Lost 413 Escape Wheel, Center, Angles Arising at 213 Escape Wheel, Checking Size of 413 Escape Wheel, How to Draft an 133 vii Escape Wheel Specifications 132 Escape Wheel Teeth 120 Escape Wheel Teeth, Club 30, 131 Escape Wheel Teeth, Ratchet 31 F Pacts, Practical andTheoretical 415-422 Foreign Escapements, Type of (Note) 276 Fork , 51 Fork, Angles of 138 Fork, Angles Radiating Towards 211 Fork, Drafting the 140 Fork, Form of 135 Fork Specifications 139 Freedom, Angles of 209, 211 Freedom, Corner 79 Freedom, Guard 84 Freedom, Corner and Guard (Elgin) 246 Freedom, Corner and Guard (South Bend) 249 Freedom, Classifying 303 Freedom of Roller Jewel in Slot 145, 287 G Guard Radius 71 Guard Safety Lock 217 Guard Safety Test 72, 185 Guard Safety Test, Incorrect Findings 234, 235, 236 Guard Safety Test, Lesson on the 351-354 Guard Safety Test, Method of Making the 292 Guard Safety Test, Questions on the 480 Guard Safety Test, Double Roller 204 Guard Safety Test, Single Roller 193 Guard Safety Test, Single and Double Roller 289 Guard Safety Test, Single and Double Roller, Question on the 470 Guard Test 72, 183 Guard Test Deductions 232 Guard Test Findings 288 Guard Test in Practice 233 Guard Test, Method of Making 290, 291 Guard Test, Out of Angle as Shown by 366 Guard Test, Questions on the 468, 479 Guard Test, Test Lessons on the 341-348 Guard Test, Theory of the 229 Guard Trip 89 Guard and Corner Freedom Summary (Elgin) 249 Guard and Corner Freedom Summary (South Bend) 246 Guard Freedom 84 Guard Freedom, Analysis of 224 Vlll Guard Freedom and Slide (Elgin) 245 Guard Freedom and Slide (South Bend) 248 Guard Freedom, Classification of 304 Guard Freedom, Decreasing (Rule) 313 Guard Freedom, Increasing (Rule) 312 Guard Finger 69 Guard Finger, Positions of the 201 Guard Finger, Safety Actions of the 200 Guard Pin 68 Guard Pin, Effect of Bending the 222 Guard Pin, Positions of the 185 Guard Pin, Safety Action of the 188 Guard Pin Shaped Question Mark 442 Guard Pin, Tool for Thinning 441 Guard Point 70 Guard Point, Advancing Position of the 431 Guard Point and Table Errors, Correction of 407, 408 Guard Point Butting Table (Rule) 319 Guard Point Butting Table (Test Lesson) 349 Guard Point, Question on the 460 Guard Point When Too Close, Altering Position of 432 H Heel of Tooth 35 Hints and Helps 401-414 Hints and Helps, Question on 484 Horn and Roller Jewel, Separation of 220 Horn and Roller Jewel, Relation of (Double Roller) 201 Horn and Roller Jewel, Relation of (Single Roller) 196 Horn, Lever 49 Horn, Testing Length of 198 (Note), 207 I Impulse and Safety Table, Questions on the 458 Impulse Angle, Measuring Degrees of 417 Impulse Angle of Pallet 112 Impulse Angle of Roller Jewel 416 Impulse Angle of Tooth 124 Impulse Face of Pallet 59 Impulse Face of Tooth 34 Impulse Pin 65 Impulse Roller 73 Increasing Lock, Effect of 308 Inside Drop 18 Inside Drop, Testing the 163 Inside Shake 20 Inside Shake, Testing the 164, 285 Index, Angular Test, Test Lesson's 355 Index, Bench Problems 385 Index, Corner and Corner Safety Test, Test Lessons 324 Index, Curve and Curve Safety Test, Test Lessons 370 Index, Facts, Practical and Theoretical 415 Index, Guard and Guard Safety Test, Test Lessons 341 A Index, Hints and Helps 400 Index, Out of Angle, Test Lessons 362 Index, Rules 307 Index to Escapement Examinations 378 Length of Degree 104 Let Off, Adjusting the 92 Lever, The 47,134 Lever, Acting Length of 48 Lever, Horns of 49 Lever, Increasing Entire Length of 416 Lever, Questions on the 466 Lever, Run of 52 Lever, Slot or Notch 50 Lever, Straightening a 440 Lever's Angular Motion 416 Lever's Acting Length, Calculating the 418, 419 Lever's Acting Length, Decreasing the 315, 430 Lever's Acting Length, Effect of Cutting the 221 Lever's Acting Length, Increasing the 314, 429 Lever's Acting Length, Testing the 250, (No. 1) 360 Lift 168 Lift, Correct 169 Lift, Correcting Errors in the 171 Lift, Incorrect 170 Lift, Measuring Total Degrees of 417 Lift on Pallet 60, 168 Lift on Tooth 32, 168 Lift on Pallet, Measuring Degrees of 417 Lift on Tooth, Measuring Degrees of 417 Lift on Pallet, Questions on 448 Lift on Tooth, Question on 450 Lifting Angle of Pallet, Changing the 427 Lifting Errors, Correction of 171 Line of Centers 90 Lock 172 Lock, Altering the 401, (Rules) 308, 309 Lock, Angle of 115 Lock, Approximating Degrees of 181 Lock, Calculating Degrees of 180 Lock, Division (Elgin) 275 Lock, Division (South Bend) 276 Lock, Drop 173 Lock, Effect of Increasing 308 Lock, Measurement of Degrees of 417 Lock, Questions on Drop 451 Lock, Questions on Safety 454 Lock, Questions on Slide 452 Lock, Questions on Total 453 Lock, Safety or Remaining 176 Lock, Slide 174 Lock, Table of Degrees of 183 Lock, Total 175 Locks, Testing the 282 O Out of Angle 91 Out of Angle (Rule) 323 Out of Angle as Shown by Escapement 363 Out of Angle, Causes Producing 263 Out of Angle, Angular Test and 262, 264, 364 Out of Angle, Corner Test and 323, 368, 369 Locks, The Three Safety 177, 402 Locks, The Three Safety (Estimating) 402 Locking Face of Pallet 61 Locking Pace of Tooth 33 Lost Escape Wheel, Replacing 413 Lost Pallets, Replacing 414 M Matching, Escapement 267, 272, 273 Measuring Angles 105 Measuring Degrees of Lift on Pallet 417 Measuring Degrees of Lift on Tooth 417 Measuring Degrees of Total Lift 417 Measuring Degrees of Lock 417 Motion of Balance 109 Out of Angle, Guard Test and 323, 366, 367 Out of Angle, Index to Test Lesson on 362 Out of Angle, Questions on 481 Out of Angle, Test Lesson on 363-369 Out of Truth, Table 409 Outside Drop 19 Outside Drop, Testing 161 Outside Shake 22 Outside Shake, Testing 162, 286 Overbanking 46 Overbanking, Causes of (Single Roller) 190, 191 Overbanking, Causes of (Double Roller) 202 xi P Pallet 53 Pallet Arms 54 Pallet, Angle of Draft of 114 Pallet, Angle of Impulse or Lift 60. 112 Pallet, Angle of Lock of 115 Pallet, Angle of Width of 113 Pallet, Angles Shaping a Ill Pallet Center, Angles Arising at 211 Pallet Center from Tooth's Heel, Freedom of 422 Pallet, Entering or Receiving 57 Pallet, Exit or Discharging 58 Pallet, Impulse Face of 59 Pallet Jewels 55 Pallet Jewel, Form of a 110 Pallet Jewel, Resetting a 403, 404, 405, 406 Pallet, Lift on 60 Pallet Lift, Questions on 448 Pallet, Lifting Action on 168 Pallet, Questions on the 447 Pallet, Releasing Corner of 62 Pallet, Staff 56 Pallet Stone, Grinding Thinner 426 Pallet Stone Setters 425 Pallets, Circular 63,116 Pallets, Drafting 118 Pallets, Question on 447 Pallets, Replacing Lost 414 Pallets, Specifications for 119 Perfect Escapement 268 Pitch of Tooth 33 Pin, Banking 11, 178 Protractor 105, 417 Proof Findings, Angular Test 357 Proof Findings, Corner Test 325 Proof Findings, Guard Test 325 Proof Findings Contrasted 382 Proof Findings, Test Lesson on 325 Q Questions, Angular Test 466, 481 Questions, Altering Parts 486 Questions, Bank and Banking Pins 455 Questions, Banked to Drop 457 Questions, Butting Errors 479 Questions, Corner Test 477 Questions, Corner Test, Single and Double Roller 469 Questions, Corner Safety Test 478 Questions, Corner and Corner Safety Test, Single and Double Roller 471 Questions, Curve and Curve Safety Test, Double Roller.. 473, 482 Questions, Curve and Curve Safety Test, Single Roller.. 472, 483 Questions, Draw 443 Questions, Drop 444 Questions, Drop Lock 451 Questions, Escapement Types 475 Questions, Guard Point 460 Questions, Guard Test 479 Questions, Guard Safety Test 480 Questions, Guard Safety Test, Single and Double Roller 468 Questions, Guard and Guard Safety Test, Single and Double Roller 470 Questions, Hints and Helps 484 Questions, Impulse and Safety Table 458 Questions, Lever 446 Questions, Lift on Pallet 448 Questions, Lift on Tooth 450 Questions, Out of Angle 481 Questions, Overbanking 456 Questions, Pallet 447 Questions, Roller Jewel 459 Questions, Rules and Alterations , 476 Questions, Safety Action, Double Roller 462 Questions, Safety Action, Single Roller 461 Questions, Safety Lock 454 Questions, Shake 445 Questions, Slide 452 Questions, Summary of Tests 467 Questions, Tests and Escapement Testing 467 Questions, Theory and Practice 485 Questions, Tooth of Escape Wheel 449 Questions, Total Lock 453 Questions, Tripping, Double Roller 464 Questions, Tripping, Single Roller 463 R Radius 96 Radius of Roller Jewel 66 Receiving Pallet 57 Releasing Corner of Pallet 61 Remaining or Safety Lock 44 Resetting Pallet Jewels 403, 404, 405, 406 Resetting the Roller Jewel 411 Right Angled Escapement 28 Roller Jewel 65, 141 Roller, Jewel, Action of the 142 Xlll Roller Jewel, Angles Relating to the 145 Roller Jewel and Slot Corner 433, 444 Roller Jewel, Correct Resetting of the 411 Roller Jewel, Fit in Slot of 287 Roller Jewel, Impulse Angle of 416 Roller Jewel, Questions on the 459 Roller Jewel Radius, Calculating the 418, 419 Roller Jewel, . Relation of Horn to 196 Roller Jewel, Safety Action of the 189, 201 Roller Table 144 Roller Table, Angle of Freedom for 145 Roller Table, Diameter of 76 Roller Table, Questions on the 458 Roller Table, Replacing a Lost 410 Roller Table Too Large, Altering 435 Roller Table Too Small, Altering 436 Roller Table, Crescent in Edge of 75 Rules, Index to 307 Rule, Decreasing Corner Freedom 311 Rule, Increasing Corner Freedom 310 Rule, Decreasing Drop Lock 309 Rule, Increasing Drop Lock 308 Rule, Decreasing Guard Freedom 313 Rule, Increasing Guard Freedom 312 Rule, Decreasing Lever's Length 315 Rule, Increasing Lever's Length 314 Rule, Banked to Drop 318 Rule, Corner Freedom and Drop Lock Defective 320 Rule, Closing the Banking Pins 817 Rule, Opening the Banking Pins 316 Rule, Escapement Out of Angle 323 Rule, Guard Freedom and Drop Lock Defective 321 Rule, Guard Point Butting Table 319 Rule, Protection of Safety Lock 322 Rule, Shake and Drop 437, 438 Safety Action 67 Safety Action, Double and Single Roller , 187, 199 Safety Action, Guard Fingers, Double Roller 200 Safety Action, Guard Pins, Single Roller 188 Safety Action, Questions on the 461, 462 Safety Action, Remarks Concerning the 215 Safety Action, Roller Jewel's, Double Roller 201 Safety Action, Roller Jewel's, Single Roller 189 Safety Lock, The Remaining or 44, 176 Safety Lock, Protection of the 216 (Rule) 322 Safety Lock, Questions on the 454 xiv Safety Lock Relating to Guard Point and Roller 217 Safety Lock Relating to Slot Corner and Roller Jewel 218 Safety Lock Relating to Horn and Roller Jewel 219 Safety Lock, Specifications 216 Safety Lock, The Three .177, 402 Safety Roller or Table .' 74 Safety Test, Corner 80 Safety Test, Corner (Double Roller) 205, 294 Safety Test, Corner ( Single Roller 194, 294 Safety Test, Curve 82 Safety Test, Curve (Double Roller) 206, 301 Safety Test, Curve (Single Roller) 195, 299 Safety Test, Guard 72, 183 Safety Test, Guard (Double Roller) 194, 204. 292 Safety Test, Guard (Single Roller) 193, 196, 292 Semi-circle 99 Shake 20, 130 Shake, Approximating Degrees of 184 A Shake, Inside 21 Shake, Inside (Testing) 164, 285 Shake, Outside 22 Shake, Outside (Testing) 162, 286 Shake, Providing 167 Shake, Questions on l 466 Shake and Drop, Decreasing the 438 Shake and Drop, Increasing the 437 Single Roller, Corner Test 78 Single Roller, Curve Test 197 Single Roller, Guard Test 193 Single Roller, Corner Safety Test 194 Single Roller, Curve Safety Test 195 Single Roller, Guard Safety Test 185 Single Roller Escapement 26 Single Roller, Overbanking (Causes) 191 Single Roller, Overbanking in a 190 Single Roller, Questions on the Safety Action 461 Single Roller, Roller Jewels' Relation to Horn in a 196 Single Roller, Routine Action of a 185 Single Roller, Safety Action in a 187 Slide or Slide Lock 41, 174 Slide (Elgin) 42 Slide (South Bend) 43 Slide and Corner Freedom (Elgin) 244 Slide and Corner Freedom (South Bend) 247 Slide and Guard Freedom (Elgin) 245 Slide and Guard Freedom (South Bend) 248 Slide, Its Relation to Draw 148 Slide, Question on 452 XV Slot 137 Slot, Corner of 136 Slot Corner and Roller Jewel (Apart) ) 434 Slot Corner and Roller Jewel (Too Close) 433 Source of Escapement Angles 210 South Bend, Banked to Drop 227, (Rule) 318 South Bend, Comparison of Tests in a 383, 384 South Bend, Corner Freedom in a 228, 247 South Bend, Drop Lock in a 276 South Bend, Guard Freedom in a 228, 248 South Bend, Safety Lock in a 247, 248 South Bend Type of Escapement 274, 276 Specifications, Deductions from 231 Specifications, Escape Wheel 132 Specifications, Elgin Type 216, 224, 225, 230, 237, 244, 251 Specifications, Fork 139 Specifications, Pallet 119 Specifications, Safety Lock 216 Specifications, South Bend Type 227, 247, 248, 255 Straight Line Escapement 29 Summary of the Tests 280 Supplementary Arc 107 T Table, Diameter of 76 Table, Roller 73 Table Out of Truth 409 Table of Degrees of Drop 184 Table of Degrees of Shake 183 Tangent 98 Test, Division and Summary of 280 Test, Angular 258 Test, Corner 295, 296 Test, Curve 299, 300 Test, Guard 290, 291 Test, Out of Angle 323 Test (Safety Test), Corner 297 Test (Safety Test), Curve 299, 301 Test (Safety Test), Guard 292 Tests, Comparisons of the 379-382 Testing Draw 281 Testing Drop Inside and Out 283, 284 Testing Curve of Horn 197, 208 Testing Length of Lever Horns 198, (Note) 207, (No. 1) 356 Testing Lock 282 Testing Roller Jewel's Fit in Slot 287 Total Lock 175 Total Lock, Question on 453 Trip, Corner 87 Trip, Curve 88 Trip, Guard 89 Tripping 86 Tripping (Double Roller) 203 Tripping (Single Roller) 192 Tripping, Question on 463, 464 Types of American and Foreign Escapements 274, 276 Tooth, Angle of Width of 125 Tooth, Angles Radiating Towards a 123 Tooth, Angles Shaping a 123 Tooth, Club 30 Tooth, Draft Angle of 122, 126 Tooth, Heel of 35 Tooth, Impulse Angle of 124 Tooth, Impulse Face of 34 Tooth, Lift on 32, 168 Tooth, Pitch of Locking Face of 33 Tooth, Questions on a 449 Tooth, Ratchet 31 Tooth, Toe of 36 Tooth, Width of 125 V Vibration, Arc of , 108 W Width of Crescent (Note) 198 Width of Pallet 113 Width of Tooth 125 Width of Roller Jewel. 147, 287 Width of Slot 147 Widths, Pallet and Tooth Division of the 421 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 017 107 448 4 ib