uBEMnUB&BBBtt&BBBBi ill ^iPffllft ( I MJ m is smsi affiMlli B h iffl l ffl#Bftffi rlBi Bll Kill Hi |; iW i B-7MO IHWH tllla IS IS ■ 11 Hall 11 m ■HR Us ■■BHnB i'liSllBl^H aa npq vaeaa Class Book jS ijAJf i Q Vw Copyright^ . COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT; THE COUNTY EXAMINEE ADAPTED FOR THE USE OF APPLICAiNTS, STUDENTS and TEACHERS SECOND EDITION M-HM BY J. W. LUSBY Superintendent Grayson Graded School THE TEACHERS SUPPLY CO, GRAYSON, KENTUCKY *CL\"\ V-> V> <#* COPYRIGHT 1907 AND 1909 BY J. W. LUSBY PRINTED BY F. L. RUTLEDGE GRAYSON, KY. LIBRARY of CONGRESS Two GoDies Received APR 30 1909 Cepyngnt Entry „ j CLASS Q— * Xc < No, COPT B. ' PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION. So far as the author of this book knows, no one has yet published a work of this kind (upon the elementary school subjects) that has not, in the main, followed some text; that is, given questions and answers consecutively as they would appear in text books. For this reason, it was decided to make this publica- tion, the aim being to give a thorough review of all the subjects discussed, selecting the questions promiscuously, without regard to any text, or any particular parts of text books, in general. Experience with young teachers in the school room, and as a member of the County Board of Examiners, has furnished the greater part of the material. In addition to this, however, questions prepared by various State Boards have been examined, by which other material was suggested. Much attention has been given to the solution of the problems in arithmetic, because, as a rule, a large ma- jority of teachers fail on this subject. The author is indebted to several friends, who have materially assisted by reading the proof sheets, and doing other work in connection with the labor of publication. J. W. LUSBY. PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION. The approval with which the first edition of this book has met has led to the printing of this enlarged edition, which has questions and answers on English and American literature and algebra, with questions on geography, history and civil government for use in each State of the Union, and also sample lists of questions. THE AUTHOR. QUESTIONS ON SPELLING. PAPER NO. I. i. Spell: Aspirant, aeronaut, banana, cantaloupe, combustible, desirable, equable, financier, genuine, heinous, italicize, lyceum, movable, milliner, nauseous, pedagogy, porpoise, physician, sturgeon, vagary. 2. Mark diacritically : Agnostic, bicycle, corpuscle, domicile, eclipse, firkin, hiatus, optician, quinsy, tena- cious. 3. Define: Antiquity, borough, burrow, coerce, deficit, encore, fastidious, hydraulic, indigent, revelry. 4. Define simple, compound, primitive and deriva- tive words. 5. How are words classified with regard to the sylla- bles they contain? PAPER NO. II. Spell: Adipose, albumen, bivouac, crematory, cour- teous, dialogue, debris, enervate, fascicle, glycerine, hoeing, intense, jaguar, mongrel, miasma, ominous, predilection, squalor, stratagem, vineyard. 2. Mark diacritically: Avalanche, bayou, control, gey- ser, incendiary, juvenile, larynx, mortgage, oracle, pageant. 3. Define: Apex, calendar, calender, copious, granary, 6 THE COUNTY EXAMINER javelin, marauder, neutral, persecute, recipient. 4. Define the following: Orthography, phonology,* accent, letter, and elementary sound. 5. Give three rules for spelling. PAPER NO. III. 1. Spell: Acclimate, aroma, bouquet, calcimine, coterie, descend, emissary, fictitious, governor, hyena, inertia, kerosene, mnemonics, operate, picturesque, plum- age, sulphur, susceptible, warrior. 2. Mark diacritically : Asthma, chromo, diocese, extol, glacier, leisure, nitrogen, obscene, quadratic, sausage. 3 Define: Acquittal, difference, deference, cymbal, hiccough, lassie, prophecy, prophesy, stoical, ultimatum. 4. Define word, syllable, dipthong, spelling, and sylla- bication. 5. Give and illustrate the rule for doubling the final consonant of words receiving a suffix beginning with a vowel. PAPER NO. IV. 1. Spell: Architect, bologna, coalesce, cocoon, decid- uous, eleemosynary, feminine, guillotine, gelatine, hya- cinth, license, mucilage, primitive, pernicious, quagmire, raisin, scissors, tonsilitis, vaccinate, whimsical. 2. Mark Diacritically: Aborigines, cuticle, docile, halcyon, iceberg, katydid, oblique, scenery, tautology, verbose. 3. Define: Associate, construe, monotony, oriental, principal, principle, rendezvous, satiate, turbulent. 4. Define vowel, consonant, prefix, suffix, affix. 5. Name the letters that have no sounds of their own. Name those that are never silent. QUESTIONS ON SPELLING 7 PAPER NO. V. 1. Spell: Abdomen, aquiline, bluegrass, caterpillar, cylinder, emaciate, foliage, gaseous, intrinsic, jeopardy, mercenary, militant, necessary, phaeton, precedence, salmon, tassel, usurper, vengeance, yeoman. 2. Mark diacritically : Alpaca, cayenne, diocese, eclat, forceps, garrison, isthmus, oasis, parliament, roulette. 3. Define : Abdicate, corpulent, distinguish, evasive, in- vincible, linguist, menace, novice, pyramid, venison. 4. When are w and y vowels? Consonants? 5. Give three rules for spelling. PAPER NO. VI. 1. Spell: Ancestral, burlesque, conciliate, connois- seur, dyspepsia, exquisite, frolicsome, gangrene, hosiery, impetus, kangaroo, lacerate, maelstrom, nuisance, ostra- cize, proboscis, pentateuch, physic, revocable, valiant. 2. Mark diacritically: Alkali, faucets, geranium, judiciary, mirage, phantom, rancid, sidereal, urchin, wriggle. 3. Define : Archives, counsel, council, excessive, immi- grate, lubricate, opaque, prodigy, ransom, symbol. 4. What are the uses of silent letters? 5. Name the kinds of accent ; tell how each is denoted, and where it is usually placed. PAPER NO. VII. 1. Spell: Antipathy, abrogate, benzine, chandelier, contumely, diurnal, embezzle, feasible, gherkin, hypoc- risy, irascible, liquefy, manikin, mackintosh, poultice, parricide, sirloin, salable, usury, zephyrs. 2. Mark diacritically: Ability, buoyant, epaulets, 8 THE COUNTY EXAMINER flotilla, kaleidoscopic, leopard, meteor, ossify, potatoes^ surcingle. 3. Define: Accelerate, colporteur, forgery, heroic, imbecile, mantel, mantle, penalty, , sepulcher, una- bridged. 4. What are synonyms? Homonyms? 5. What is the diaeresis? Illustrate. PAPER NO. VIII. 1. Spell: Asparagus, avoirdupois, bailiwick, chrysalis, conjugal, diaeresis, erysipelas, facetious, gauging, hem- orrhage, inimical, knapsack, laudable, mesmerism, neu- ralgia, phthisic, proficiency, fphantasy, resuscitate, velveteen. 2. Mark diacritically : Admit, ferocious, isinglass, mocca- sin, negotiate, opponent, quarantine, 'rhubarb, strychnine, transient. 3. Define: Advise, clemency, fickle, interpret, mari- time, palate, succumb, unanimous, vestige. 4. When is ;;/ silent? When is final e silent? 5. How many elementary sounds in the English language? Why more sounds than letters? PAPER NO. IX. 1. Spell: Anonymous, beauteous, caisson, chincapin, dahlia, entangle, punctuate, guttural, garrison, hypothe- cate, kleptomania, luscious, macaroni, noticeable, pane- gyric, purloin, pugnacious, rhinoceros, succinct, zodiacal. 2. Mark diacritically: Abundant, debut, guerrilla, laureate, panacea, rhythm, salsify, terrapin, umpire, vacillate. 3. Define: Adage, cession, deponent, emig-rate, jaun- QUESTIONS ON SPELLING p dice, manifesto, receipt, recipe, stationery, stationary. 4. What is the base of every syllable? 5. What is an alphabet? From what is the name derived? How many letters in the English alphabet? PAPER NO. X. 1. Spell: Anaesthetic, belligerent, crocodile, corduroy, doughnut, fusillade, hallucination, johnnycake, mosqui- to, notoriety, prejudice, pneumatic, putative, rheumatic, syllogism, sacrilegious, soliloquy, viscera, whoa, yester- day. 2. Mark diacritically : Allusion, beguile, chaperon, intercede, labyrinth, menagerie, oscillate, prairie, subpoena, walrus. 3. Define: Ascension, confiscate, croquet, exodus, nursery, oriole, pillage, throne, thrown, indicate. 4. What are liquids? Name them. 5. Define the following: Synthesis, analysis, cognates, mutes, pronunciation. ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS ON SPELLING. PAPER NO. I. i. See question for answer. 2. Consult a dictionary. 3. Consult a dictionary. 4. A simple word is a single word, either primi- tive or derivative. A compound word is composed of two or more simple words. A primitive word is not derived from another in the same language. A derivative word is formed by joining to a primitive word some letter or syllable to modify its meaning. 5. A word of one syllable is called a monosyllable; of two syllables, a dissyllable; of three syllables, a trisyllable; of four syllables, a polysyllable. PAPER NO. II. 1. See question for answer. 2. Consult a dictionary. 3. Consult a dictionary. 4. Orthography treats of elementary sounds, ANSWERS TO SPELLING n letters and syllables, so used as to form words. Phonology is the science of uttering the elementary sounds. Accent is stress of voice placed on a particular syllable of a word. A letter is a character used to represent a sound or a combination of sounds, An elementary sound is a simple, distinct sound. 5. Monosyllables ending in f, /, or s, double the final letter when preceded by a single vowel. If a suffix is added to a word ending in y, preceded by a consonant, the y is changed to i. Silent e is usually dropped when suffixes, commencing with a vowel, are added. PAPER NO. III. 1. See question for answer. 2. Consult a dictionary. 3. Consult a dictionary. 4. A word is a syllable or a combination of syl- lables. A syllable is a division of a word. A dipthong is the union of two vowels in the same syllable. Spelling is the art of arranging the letters of a word in their order. Syllabication is the art of dividing a word into syllables. 5. Monosyllables or words accented on the last 12 THE COUNTY EXAMINER syllable, that end in a single consonant, preceded by a single vowel, double the final consonant be- fore a suffix beginning with a vowel; as rot — rotten, abet — abbetting. PAPER NO. IV. i. See question for answer. 2. Consult a dictionary. 3. Consult a dictionary. 4. A vowel is a letter that represents a pure vo- cal sound. A consonant is a letter that cannot be uttered without the aid of a vowel sound. A prefix is a letter or syllable joined to the beginning of a word to modify its meaning. A suffix is a letter or syllable joined to the end of a word to modify its meaning. Prefixes and suffixes are called affixes. 5. C, x, and q have no sounds of their own. F, j> Qy r > x > v > an d z are never silent. PAPER NO. V. 1. See question for answer. 2. Consult a dictionary. 3. Consult a dictionary. 4. W and y are vowels when they represent u and 2; when they precede a vowel in the same syl- lable they are consonants. 5. Adjectives of one syllable ending in y change the final letter to i on addinor a suffix. ANSWERS TO SPELLING 13 Final e of a radical word is usually retained when the suffix begins with a consonant. Words ending in a double letter preserve the double letter, unless the suffix begins with the same letter. PAPER NO. VI. 1. See question for answer. 2. Consult a dictionary. 3. Consult a dictionary 4. Silent letters are used to modify the sounds of other letters, and show the origin or definition of words. 5. There are two kinds of accent, primary and secondary. The primary is denoted thus (' ), the second- ary, ( ") . The secondary usually precedes the primary. PAPER NO. VII. 1. See question for answer. 2. Consult a dictionary. 3. Consult a dictionary. 4. Synonyms are words that have the same, or nearly the same, meaning. Homonyms are words that have the same sound and spelling, but different meaning. 5. The diaeresis is a mark placed over one vowel, where two come together, to show that each belongs to a separate syllable. Ex. cooperation. i 4 THE COUNTY BIX A MINER PAPER NO. VIII. i. See question for answer. 2. Consult a dictionary. 3. Consult a dictionary. 4. M is silent in the word mnemonics. Final e is silent when preceded by another vowel in the same syllable. 5. There are forty-two elementary sounds in the English language. There are more sounds than letters, because some letters have more than one sound. PAPER NO. IX. 1. See question for answer. 2. Consult a dictionary. 3. Consult a dictionary. 4. The vowel is the base of every syllable, be- cause no syllable can be formed without it. 5. An alphabet is a list of the letters of a lan- guage arranged in order. The word alphabet is derived from the two Greek letters alpha and beta. There are twenty-six letters in the English alphabet. PAPER NO. X. 1. See question for answer. 2. Consult a dictionary. 3. Consult a dictionary. 4. Liquids are letters whose sounds unite readily with those of other letters. L, m, n, and r, are ANSWERS TO SPELLING i 5 liquids. 5. Synthesis is the process of combining elemen- tary sounds. Analysis is the opposite of synthesis, or the process of separating a word into its elementary sounds. Cognates are sounds formed by the same organs in different positions. A mute is a letter which represents an explo- sive sound. Pronunciation is uttering a word distinctly, giving it the proper quantity and accent. QUESTIONS ON READING. PAPER NO. I. i. Name five requisites necessary for silent reading. 2. What is articulation? 3. How are emphatic words distinguished? 4. What is necessary that a person may give proper emphasis in reading? 5. Name three ways in which a word may be^ made emphatic, PAPER NO. II. 1. What is reading? 2. Name some common errors in articulation. 3. What is modulation? 4. "What is the object of emphasis? 5. Of what relative importance is reading as compared with other studies? PAPER NO. III. 1. What is emphasis? 2. What is monotone? When should it be used? 3. What do you consider the best method of teaching beginners to read? 4. What is enunciation? 5. What is a pause? QUESTIONS ON READING , 17 PAPER NO. IV. 1. What is cadence? 2. What is stress? Name the different kinds. 3. What requisites should one possess for audible reading? 4. Upon what is the voice dependent? 5. In what way can a distinct and correct articulation be acquired? PAPER NO. V. 1. What is elocution? 2. What is meant by the sentence method of teaching reading? 3. What is resonance? 4. Into what classes is quality divided? 5. What is pitch? Give its divisions. PAPER NO. VI. 1. What is the word method of teaching reading? 2. What is quality of voice? 3.. What is meant by force in reading? 4. Name the classes into which emphasis is divided? 5. What should be the position in reading? PAPER NO. VII. 1. Name and define the normal qualities of the voice. 2. What is meant by compass? 3. What is quantity? 4. What is absolute emphasis? 5. What is meant by soliloquy? PAPER NO. VIII. 1. What is inflection? 1 8 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 2. What is relative emphasis? 3. Of what use are punctuation marks in reading? 4. What is movement? 5. Name the three kinds of inflection. PAPER NO. IX. 1. How should a parenthetical expression be read? 2. When should the falling- inflection be used? The rising? The circumflex.? 3. What is transition? 4. Name the kinds of poetical pauses. 5. Why use supplementary reading? PAPER NO. X. 1. Give three ways in which a word maybe made em- phatic. 2. Define plaintive and pectoral tones of voice. 3. What kinds of sentiment are expressed by the gut tural and aspirate tones of the voice? 4. What is personation? 5. How should a climax be read? ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS ON READING. PAPER NO. I. 1. Silent readers should have vivid imagination, clear conception, keen discernment, quick percep- tion, good taste and judgment. 2. Articulation is the science of uttering the elementary sounds and their combinations. 3. Emphatic words are distinguished by italics, small capitals and CAPITALS. 4. In order to emphasize correctly, one should understand thoroughly the thought intended to be conveyed. 5. Words may be made emphatic by repetition, by position, or by contrast. PAPER NO. II. 1. Reading is the obtaining or expressing of thought from the printed page so as to receive or impart the meaning intended by the author. 2. In articulating, errors are made by blending the syllables of words; by omitting vowel sounds; by dropping the last letters of a syllable or word; by the incorrect use of vowel sounds. 20 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 3. Modulation is the variation of the speaking tones of the voice. 4. The object of emphasis is to call attention to some particular part of a sentence. 5. Reading is of more importance than any other study, because it is said we learn nine- tenths of all we know from reading. PAPER NO. III. 1. Emphasis is reading in such a manner as to call special attention to one or more words of a sentence. 2. Monotone is reading a selection in the same or nearly the same tone throughout. It should be used in reading selections that possess great solemnity. 3. The word method is generally the best. It is well to teach the letters found in new words as they are introduced. 4. Enunciation is the manner of uttering words. 5. A pattse is suspension of the voice in reading or speaking. PAPER NO. IV. 1. Cadence is the lowering of the voice at the close of a sentence or passage. 2. Stress is the way in which force of voice is applied. Stress is divided into radical, medium, thorough, vanishing, and intermittent. 3. For audible reading one should possess all ANSWERS TO READING 21 the requisites necessary for silent reading, and in addition good command of voice, imitative power, correct articulation, respiratory command and ex- pressive action. 4. The voice is dependent upon a sufficient sup- ply of air in the lungs. 5. A correct articulation can be acquired by practice upon the elementary sounds, by reading short passages containing words difficult to pro- nounce, and by speaking in a whisper. PAPER NO. V. 1. Elocution is the art of expressing thought, sentiment or emotion in the most pleasing and effective manner. 2. In teaching by the sentence method, the sen- tence is presented as a whole, without reference to the words of which it is composed. 3. By resonance is meant the location from which the sound seems to come. 4. Qttality is divided into two classes, normal and abnormal. 5. Pitch is the variation of the voice from the natural key. It is divided into middle, high, and low pitch. PAPER NO. VI. 1. In the word method, the word is presented as a whole, without reference to the letters of which it is composed. 22 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 2. Quality of voice is the character or kind of tone used. 3. Force is the degree of energy with which sound is uttered. 4. Emphasis is divided into two classes, absolute and relative. 5. In reading, one should stand erect with the left foot slightly in advance of the right, resting the weight of the body upon both feet. Hold book in left hand with thumb and little finger in front of book. The book should be held so that a line drawn from the eyes will intersect plane of book at right angles. PAPER NO. VII. 1. The normal qualities of the voice are the pure tone and orotund. Pure tone is the natural tone of the voice, free from any aspiration or harshness. Orotund is pure tone deepened, with the resonance in the chest. 2. By compass is meant the range of the voice above and below the key note. 3. Quantity is the time occupied in the utter- ance of words or syllables. 4. Absolute emphasis calls attention to some part of a sentence regardless of its relation to any other idea. 5. Soliloquy is the expression of thought by a per- son in such a manner as to indicate that he is talking to himself. ANSWERS TO READING 23 PAPER NO. VIII. 1. Inflection is the upward or downward slide of the voice. 2. Relative emphasis is emphasis placed on some part of a sentence because of the relation existing between it and some other part of the sentence. 3. The punctuation marks show grammatical construction, which enables the reader to under- stand what is to be read. 4. Movement has reference to the rate of utter- ance. 5. The three inflections are the rising, falling and circumflex. PAPER NO. IX. 1. A parenthetical expression should be read in a lower tone of voice and faster than the remain- der of the selection. 2. The falling inflection is generally used in complete statements. The rising in incomplete statements. The circumflex to indicate emphasis, irony, doubt or contrast. 3. Transition is the change in the pitch, force, quality, quantity or movement of the voice. 4. There are two kinds of poetical pauses, caesural and final. 5. Supplementary reading gives a variety of selections, which tend to increase the interest of the pupils. 24 THE COUNTY EXAMINER PAPER NO. X. i. We may emphasize by increased stress of voice, by a slight pause, or by utterance in a whis- per. 2. The plaintive is a feeble tone with the reson- ance in the forward part of the mouth. The pectoral is a rough, harsh tone. It resmbles the orotund. 3. The guttural tone indicates anger, hatred, contempt or malice. The aspirate is used in expressing secrecy, fear, caution or surprise. 4. By personation is meant the power to repre- sent the peculiarities of others in speaking. 5. Climax should be read with a gradual increase in intensity, changing both the pitch and movement. QUESTIONS ON WRITING. PAPER NO. I. i. What is writing? 2. Give the principal positions at the desk. 3. What principles or elements are most used in the formation of capitals? 4. What three main results should be attained in writing? 5. Name and make the principles or elements used in writing. PAPER NO. II. 1 . Describe the correct manner of holding the pen. 2. How should the paper be placed on the desk? 3. Name the classes into which the small letters are divided. 4. What is meant by base line, head line, intermediate line, top line? 5. What is the height of the capitals above the base line? PAPER NO. III. 1. What is meant by space in writing? 2. Name the movements employed in penmanship. Which do you consider the best? 26 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 3. Which is the longest of the small letters? Which the widest? 4. What do you consider the best time of day for writing? 5. Analyze the letters in the word "Company." PAPER NO. IV. 1. Define main slant. Connective slant. 2. What is the height of the figures as compared with the letters? 3. Where are the small letters finished? 4. What is an angle? 5. Analyze the letters "M," "d," "f," "v," "x." PAPER NO. V. 1. What constitutes good penmanship? 2. In what grade should the use of pen and ink in writing be introduced? 3. From what are the principles governing penman- ship derived? 4. What space is allowed between the letters of a word? 5. Analyze the letters in the word "Fight." PAPER NO. VI. 1. What is the unit of measuring the height and width of letters? 2. Which of the different movements is regarded the best for business purposes? 3. Name in order the short letters, the semi-extended letters, the loop letters. QUESTIONS ON WRITING 27 4. What is the whole arm movement? What is its value? 5. Analyze the letters in the word "lurk." PAPER NO. VII. 1. How far do/", g, j, y, and 2 extend below the base line? 2. What is shading? In what letters are the different forms of the shaded strokes represented? 3. How many spaces are allowed between the words of a sentence? Between sentences? 4. What is the difference between the vertical and slant systems of writing? Give an advantage of each. 5 Analyze the letters "A," "S," "j," "w," k 'b," "s," "e." PAPER NO. VIII. 1. Which do you consider of the most importance in writing, legibility or rapidity? 2. What is a degree as used in writing? 3. How far do/ and q extend below the base line? 4. Define straight line, right, and left curve. 5. What capitals should be shaded on the first down- ward stroke? PAPER NO. IX. 1. What is meant by analysis of letters? 2. Where do the small letters begin? 3. What should be the first lesson in writing with a pen? 4. Define compound curve, point, and turn. 2S THE COUNTY EXAMINER 5. Analyze the letters "E," "T," "c," "q," "z." PAPER NO. X. 1. Give the height of the three classes of small letters. 2. At what point do the extended loops cross above the base line? 3. What is meant by form? In what way does a study of form aid in making a good penman? 4. Define horizontal, vertical, and oblique line. 5. Describe the arm rest, the hand rest. ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS ON WRITING. PAPER NO. I. i. Writing is tracing characters with the pen. 2. The front, right, and right obliqtce are the prin- cipal positions at the desk. 3. The direct oval, the reversed oval and the cap- ital stem are the principles most used to form the capitals. 4. The chief results to be attained in writing are legibility, rapidity and neatness. 5. The principles or elements used in writing, ac- cording to the Spencerian system, are as follows: Straight line on slant of 52 degrees (/); right curve {S)', left curve {/')', extended loop (/); di- rect oval ( i^y)', reversed oval ( / ), and capital stem (C/\ PAPER NO. II. 1. The staff should be held between the thumb and first and second fingers, crossing the second jo THE CO UNTY EX A MINER finger at the root of the nail, the first finger a little forward of the knuckle, the hand resting lightly on the nails of the third and fourth fingers. The thumb should touch the holder opposite the joint of the first finger; the wrist flat to the paper, with the holder pointing over the right shoulder. 2. The paper should be placed on the desk in such a manner that the arm will form a right angle with the ruled lines of the paper. 3. The small letters are divided into three classes: the short letters, the semi-extended letters, and the loop letters. 4. The base line is the line, real or imaginary, on which the letters rest. The head line marks the height of the small- est letters. The intermediate line marks the height of the semi-extended letters. The top line marks the height of the extend- ed letters. 5. The capitals extend three spaces above the base line. PAPER NO. III. 1. Space in writing means distance, as applied either to the letters in height or width, or to the distance jet n letters, words, or sentences. 2. The movements employed in penmanship are finger, forearm or muscular, whole arm, combined forearm and finger, and combined whole arm and ANSWERS TO WRITING 31 The combined forearm and finger is consid- ered the best. 3. The longest of the small letters is_/~, and the widest m. 4. Various answers are given to this question, but the generally accepted opinion is that the writ- ing exercise should be just before an intermission, when the nerves are steady and the mind needs a rest from hard study. 5- i ^M^MJ^A^ir Am PAPER NO. IV. 1. The main slant is the slant given to the main or downward stroke and forms an angle of 52 de- grees with the horizontal. The connective slant marks the lines connect- ing the downward strokes and forms an angle of 30 degrees with the horizontal. 2. The figures are one and one-half spaces, except 7 and 9, which extend one-half space below the other figures, and 6 which extends one-half space above the others. 3. The small letters are finished one space above the base line, or at the head line. 32 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 4. An angle is the space between two lines meet- ing at a point. 5. PAPER NO. V. 1. In good penmanship the letters should be made uniform in size and have the proper slant and space. 2. Answers differ, but the opinion most ad- vanced is to introduce pen and ink in the third grade. 3. The principles of penmanship are obtained from the practice of the best penmen. 4. One and one-quarter spaces are allowed be- tween the letters of a word. 5- PAPER NO. VI. 1. The height of letters is measured by small t, ANSWERS TO WRITING jj not counting the dot, and the width is measured by the distance between the two downward strokes in small u, 2. The combined forearm and finger movement is usually regarded the best for business purposes. 3. The short letters are, a, c, e, z, m, n, 0, r, s, u, v, w, x; the semi-extended, d, p, q, t; the loop, b,f, g, k, /, k, l, y, z. 4. The whole arm movement is the free use of the arm in writing in which no rest is given. This movement is used in making capitals, blackboard work and sign painting. 5. PAPER NO. VII. 1. The letters f, g,j,y and z extend two spaces below the base line. 2. Shading is writing so as to make a heavy line by pressure on pen to increase the ink supply. The five forms of shaded strokes are represented in the letters t, p, /, y and O. 3. There should be one and one-half spaces be- tween the downward stroke of the last letter of a word and the beginning of the first letter of the succeeding word. The space between sentences should be twice as great. 34 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 4. In the vertical system of writing the main or downward strokes are made on a perpendicular, while in the slant system the main downward strokes are on a slant of 52 degrees. As a rule the vertical is more legible, but the slant can be written with greater rapidity. 5- ^J0^/1TJ&J^ PAPER NO. VIII. 1. Rapidity is of much importance, but legi- bility is of more, because writing should be easily read. 2. A degree in writing is one-twentieth of the space between the base line, and a perpendicular made thereto, and is measured from the base line which is horizontal. 3. The letters p and q extend one and one-half spaces below the base line. 4. A straight line in writing is one that does not curve. A right curve is a line that curves to the right. A left curve is one that curves to the left. 5. The capitals Q ,U, V, W, X, Y, Z should be shaded on the first downward stroke. ANSWERS TO WRITING 35 PAPER NO. IX. i. By analysis of letters is meant a separation into the principles or elements of which they are composed. 2. The small letters begin on the base line. 3. The first lesson in writing with a pen should be to teach the correct manner of holding it. 4. A compound curve consists of two simple curves, right and left, joined so as to form one line having the same general direction. A point is the angular joining of two lines. A turn is the merging of one line into another. 4 J to/ id/^^f'i PAPER NO. X. 1. The short letters are one space, with the ex- ception of r and s, which are one and one-quarter spaces; the semi-extended letters are two spaces; and the loop letters are three spaces. 2. The extended loop letters cross at the head line. 3. By form is meant the general shape of the letters. Without understanding form or having in mind a correct form of the letters, it is impossible j6 THE COUNTY EXAMINER to become a good penman. 4. A horizontal line in writing is one that ex- tends horizontally across the paper. A vertical line is one that forms a perpendic- ular with the base line. An oblique line is one that slants either to the right or left of a perpendicular. 5. The rest of the arm upon the muscles of the forearm is called the arm rest. The rest of the hand on the third and fourth fingers of the hand is called the hand rest. PROBLEMS IN ARITHMETIC. PAPER NO. I. i. A bin 12 ft. long and 6 ft. wide must be how high to hold 500 bushels of corn? 2. The difference between the interest of a $660 loan at 5% per annum and a $750 loan at 6% per annum for the same time is $1.60. Find the time. 3. Reduce -5-Jirfi to its lowest terms and express the result as a decimal. 4. What number is that whose -J exceeds its £ by 90? 5. What sum of money invested in U. S. 4's at 113-f, brokerage -J-, will secure an annual income of $860? 6. Louisville, Ky., is 85 ° 25' West longitude and Peking, China, 11 6° 26' East longitude. When it is 5 minutes after 2 o'clock Monday morning at Peking, what is the hour and day of the week at Louisville? 7. Change 2 lb. 3 oz. 4 pwt. 5 gr. Troy to pounds Avoirdupois. 8. What will be the cost of a pile of wood 16 meters long, 3 meters wide and four meters high at $1.40 per ster? 9. If wheat is selling in the market at 76 ct. a bushel, how many bushels will I receive in exchange for 500 bu- shels of corn sold through a commission merchant at 50 ct. a bushel, provided 2% is charged for selling the jS THE COUNTY EXAMINER corn and i-|% for buying the wheat? 10. The proceeds of a four months' note discounted at a bank at 6% per annum the day it was made, were $600. Find the face of the note. PAPER NO. II. 1. How many bushels of corn will it take to fill a hogshead that holds 275 gallons of water? 2. How must goods be marked so as to deduct 25% from the marked price and still make 15% on the cost price? 3. What principal at i\% will yield $204 interest in 3 yr. 4 mo. 24 da? 4. I paid $38.40 for insuring a house worth $4800 for \ of its value. What was the rate? 5. In a school room 30 ft. long, 27 ft. 4 in. wide, 13 ft. high, there are 50 pupils, each breathing \o\ cu. ft. of air per minute. How long will they be in consuming the air in the room? 6. How many bricks, each 8 in. long and 4 in. wide, will be required to pave a sidewalk 20 rods long and 8 ft. wide? 7. An agent received 4% commission for collecting a debt and sent the owner $2676. What was the sum of money collected? 8. The diagonal of a square field is 80 rd. What will it cost to fence the field at 21 c. a rod? 9. If 150 men in 9 days of 8 hours each can dig a trench 120 yd. long, 6 yd. wide and 4 yd. deep, in how many days of 10 hours each will it take 90 men to dig a trench 400 yd. long, 4 yd. wide and 3 yd. deep? PROBLEMS IN ARITHMETIC 39 10. Provided the earth is 8000 miles in diameter and its crust is 50 miles thick, what is the solid contents of the molten interior? PAPER NO. III. 1. Find the simple interest on a note of $258.50 due in 2 yr. 7 mo. 18 da., interest 6%. 2. Add eight hundred and ninty- three thousandths; seven hundred fifty-three hundredths; forty-nine tenths. From the sum subtract eleven ten-thousandths, multiply the remainder by forty-three thousandths, and divide the product by twenty-seven and five tenths. 3. At $1.64 a bushel, what will be the cost of 13 bu. 3 pk. 4 qt. of fruit? 4. A man bought stock at 122-I- and received $200 when a 2\°/ dividend was declared. What sum was in- vested? 5. Find the face of a note that will yield $430.72 proceeds when discounted at a bank for 90 days at 6%. 6. One side of a square field is 3 ch. 50 1. What will the land cost at $12 per acre? 7. A man insures his life, taking out an endowment policy for $1000 for 10 years, annual premium $45.10. How much money will he be out at the end of the time, counting money worth 6 % ? 8. A can do a piece of work in 3J- days, B in 4 days, and C in $\ days. How long will it take all of them working together to do the same work? 9. A merchant buys goods subject to trade discounts of 25, 10 and 5 off and sells out for $517. 50 making a profit of 1 5 % on the purchase. What did he pay for the 4 o THE COUNTY EXAMINER goods? 10. The diagonal of a square floor is 22 ft. 6 in. Find the length of one side of the room. PAPER NO. IV. 1. I have three piles of apples containing 105, 231, and 1 00 1 bushels, respectively. What is the largest sack possible that can be used so as to have all the apples in each pile sacked and not mixed? 2. If $72.42 is paid for the use of $340 for 3 yr. 6 mo. 18 da. what is the rate of interest? 3. How many square inches of leather will cover a ball 2\ inches in diameter? 4. Simplify — X H : 9l 2 4| 5f x 5f 5 I sell a horse for $164.70 and lose &\%. For what should I have sold him to make a gain of 8-|-%? 6. The cube root of a number is 256. What is the square root of the same number? 7. How many pounds of gold will it take to balance a bag of feathers that weighs 3 lb. 8 oz. ? 8. A cubical cellar contains 133 1 cu. ft. What will it cost to cement the walls and floor at 10 c. a square foot? 9. An agent receives 424 barrels of flour which he sells at $5 per barrel, charging 4% for selling. If the pro- ceeds be invested in cotton at 11c. per pound, commis- sion i-|%, how many pounds can he buy? 10. A rectangular figure is 40 ft. long and 30 ft. wide. How far is it from the center of the figure to each of the four corners? QUESTIONS ON ARITHMETIC 41 PAPER NO. V. 1. Divide $4662 among A, B, and C in the ratio of \, i and J. 2. Sold goods on commission of 3% and received for my services $234. For what did the goods sell? 3. Sidney, Australia is 15 1° 11' East longitude. When it is noon at Sidney, what is the time at Green- wich, England? 4. Two trees stand erect 120 feet apart. A limb springs from one of the trees 50 feet from the ground, and one from the other 90 feet from the ground. What is the distance between the places on the trees from which the limbs spring? 5. What income will be obtained by investing $10250 in 4% stock at io2-|-? 6. The compound interest on a certain sum for 2 yr. , payable annually at 6%, is $61.80. What is the principal? 7. The diameter of a cylindrical reservoir is 28 feet. How many barrels, each containing 3 i\ gallons, must be drawn off to lower the surface one foot? 8. A, who travels at the rate of 5f miles an hour, leaves a certain place 5 hours in advance of B, who trav- els at the rate of 6f miles an hour. In how many hours will B overtake A, and how far will they have traveled? 9. An agent took a risk at if % and re-insured ^ of it at 2\ what would have been selling price of horse if sold at a gain of 8$%. 91$ fo = $164.70 1% =*= $1.80 108^% = 1.80 X 108J = $195.30. Ans. 6. (256) s = 16777216, which is the number. V16777216 = 4096. Ans. 7. 3 lb. 8 oz. avoirdupois = 3$ lb. One lb. avoir- dupois has 7000 gr. and 3$ lb, has 7000 X B$ = 24500 gr. One lb, Troy has 5760 gr. and it will take as many pounds Troy to equal or balance the 3$ lb, avoirdupois as 5760 is contained times in 24500, which is 4 ¥ y ¥ lb. Troy. Ans. ANSWERS TO ARITHMETIC 55 8. The cube root of 1331 = 11, which is the length of one side of the cellar in feet. 11 X 11 = 121 sq. ft., the area of one of the 5 equal sides of the cel- lar; then 121 X 5 = 605 sq. ft., area of the 5 sides, which, at 10 c. a sq. ft. =$60.50, Ans. 9. $5 X 424 = $2120, selling price of flour. 100^—4 = 96^ 100^ = $2120 1%= $21.20 96^ = $2035.20, net proceeds from sale of flour. ioo# + ii# = ioii# 101i-% = $2035.20 1% = $20,0512 100^ = $2005,12, amount of money left, af- ter deducting agent's commission, to be invested in cotton. $2005.12 -s- 11 = 18228^- lb. cotton. Ans. 10. One-half of the diagonal of the rectangle will be the distance from the center of the rectangle to each of the four corners. As the diagonal of the rectangle is the same as the hypotenuse of a right angle triangle, (40) 3 + (30) 3 = 2500 and the V2500 -J- 2 = 25 ft. Ans. PAPER NO. V. 1. i==U, b = U, v = U; making in all fj, or 37 parts, of which A receives 15; B, 12, and C, 10. If 37 parts = $4662 1 part = $126 5 6 * THE COUNTY EXAMINER 15 parts = $1890, the am't A receives, 12 parts = $151:2, the am't B receives, 10 parts = $1260, the am't C receives. 2. The commission in °/c will — the commission in money, then 3?e = $234 1% = $78 100% = 78 X 100 = $7800. Ans. 3. As Greenwich has no longitude, the difference in longitude between the two places is 151° 11/, the longitude of Sidney, which, divided by 15 = 10 hr. 4 min. 44 sec. As Greenwich is west of Sidney the difference in time must be subtracted from the time at Sidney to obtain Greenwich time, which is 10 hr. 4 min. 44 sec. earlier in the day, or 55 min. 16 sec. after one A. M. Ans. 4. The distance between the trees, 120 ft., is the base of a right angle triangle and 90 — 50= 40, the perpendicular distance from a point opposite the 50 foot limb on one tree to the 90 foot limb on the other. The hypotenuse which is to be found is the distance between the two points on the trees from which the limbs spring; therefore, (120) 2 -f (40) 2 = 16000, which is the sum of the two squares built on the base and perpendicular, and Vl6000 = 126 .49-1- ft. Ans. Z. Tie income on stocks is computed on the par value. 102.b% =$10250 ANSWERS TO ARITHMETIC 57 1^=$100 ±% = $400. Ans. 6. The compounnd interest on Si for 2 yr. at 6% is .1236, then the compound interest on the princi- pal, $01.80 -*- .1236 = $500. Ans. 7. 28 -s- 2 = 14, radius of reservoir in feet. 14 X 14 X 3.1416 X 144 = 88668.5184, area of reservoir in sq. in. X 12 = 1064022,2208, cu. in. in depth of 1 foot. 231 X 31^ = 7276.5 cu. in. in one barrel. To lower the surface 1 foot would require a removal of 1064022.2208 cu. in. of water, and, as one bbl. con- tains 7276.5 cu. in., as many barrels must be drawn off as 7276.5 is contained in 1064022.2208, which is 146.22+. Ans. 8. 5f X 5 = 28| mi., the distance A travels before B starts. 6-f — 5f = yi m i-> the distance B gains on A in one hour. 28| -j- ri= 31-jV, hours B will be in overtaking A, and as both have traveled the same distance, then 6f-X 31^=209^ mi., distance each has traveled. Ans. 9. Let $100 represent the risk. l%fo of $100 = $1.75, am't the risk pays. i of $100 — $20 at 2i?e = .45 i of $100 = $25 at 1\% = .375 $1.75— (.45 +.375) =.925 $100 — ($20 + $25) = $55 $55=100^ 58 THE COUNTY EXAMINER $1 = W% .925 = -W°- X -925 = liife , Ans. 10. The amount of $1 for 1 yr. 8 mo. 15 da. is 11.1025. The amount due at the end of the time, $324.50 -*- 1.1025 = $294.33, the present worth, and $324.50 — 1294.33 = $30.17, Ans. PAPER NO. VI. 1. yr. 1907 1905 mo. 2 1 da. 23 1 2 1 22 $237.50, principal. .06, percent. 1 mo. 15 da. = 6 da.= 1 da.= 14.2500, Int. 2 for 1 yr. : -rVyr. J mo. y mo. i of 6 da. 28.50 , Int. 1.1875, " .5937, " .2375, " .0395, " for 2 yr. " 1 mo. " 15 da " 6 da. " 1 da. 530.56. Ans. 2. 3 da. 15 hr. 30 min. = 5250 min. 10% of 5250 min. = 525 min. One week has 10080 min. 525 -^ 10080 = .052+. Ans. 3. If a train run 200 ft. in 5 sec, in one sec, it will run 200 -*- 5 = 40 ft. ANSWERS TO ARITHMETIC 59 One hour has 3600 sec, and in one hr. it will run 40 X 3600 = 144000 ft. -s- 5280, number of feet in a mile, = 27+ miles an hour, Ans. 4. At 4 o'clock the hour hand is 20 min, in ad- vance of the minute hand. The minute hand passes entirely around the dial while the hour hand passes over but ^ of the distance, consequently in any given time the minute hand gains j4- of said time on the hour hand, so it will take the minute hand as long to gain 20 min. as \^ is contained times in 20, which is 21 T 9 T minutes after four, Ans. 5. The diameter of a sphere cubed gives the solid contents of a cube with the same dimensions as the diameter of the sphere. The relation exist- ing between the solid contents of a cube and sphere is as 1 is to ,5236, therefore 8 X 8 X 8 X ,5236 = 268, 0832 cu, in. Ans, 6. 2 hr. 45 min, = 2| hr, 2 hr. 10 min, = 2-J- hr, 1 hr. 50 min. = If hr. If one pipe fills the cistern in 2| hr., it will fill 1 -h 2| ■ = T 4 T of it in one hr,, and if the other fills it in 2| hr,, it will fill 1 -*- 2£= T G ¥ of it in one hour, while the other pipe will empty 1 •-*- If = -^ of it in one hour, tt + A = Hi — tt = AV> the amount left in cistern at end of first hour, and, if all pipes are left open, and it fill that much in one hr., it will take as many hours to fill the cistern as ^£. 3 is contained times in 1, which is off hours, Ans. 7. Each $1 paid the first year diminishes the in- 6o THE CO UNTY EX A MINER terest the second year by 6 c. and 6 c. more can be applied to the principal the second year; in other words the principal is diminished by a regular in- crease of 6^ on each payment over the successive one. For each $1 paid on the principal first time, there is $1.06 paid on the principal the second time and $1.1236 paid on principal the third time. In all, $3.1836 is paid on the principal as often as $1 is applied to the principal in the first payment, and there are as many dollars paid the first time as $3.1836 is contained in $2500, which is $785.27+. The first interest is $150, then $785.27 + $150 == $934.27, the exact amount of each annual pay- ment. 8. 30 X 10 X 2 X 144 = 86400 sq. in. in both sides of the roof. 4^ X 4= 18 sq. in. in one shingle. 86400 -+- 18 =4800, the number of shingles re- quired. Ans. 9. The commission in % = the commission in money; then, 2}# = $27.50 1% = $10 100^ = $1000, the amount of money the com- mission merchant has left, after deducting his per cent., to invest in flour, and $1000 t5 = 200 bbl. io. If the hypotenuse of the triangle is 40 ft., ANSWERS TO ARITHMETIC 61 the square built upon it has an area of 1600 sq. ft. This is equal in area to the square built upon the base line and the one built upon the perpendicular, both of which are equal; then 1600 -*- 2 = 800 sq. ft,, area of either square, and V 800 = 28.28 ft., length of one side, or the length of either the base or the perpendicular. Ans. PAPER NO. VII. i. The interest for 60 da. at %% = \°/o which is a discount. This added to the \\% gives a discount of 2\%, The face value 100^ — 1\% = 97|%, cost of draft in fc. 100fc =$2163.25 \% = $21.6325 W\% = $2109.17. Ans. Ql _l_Q4 = 2_(L _)_ Q4 = 8JL* -• ^3 * ''5" 2 1 I °7 3 1 Kl _i_ 1 — 10.8 _4- Q±— H8 °1 ■ 3 7 i 7 7 SjBJL — i «_8 2 5. 11 -i-O — 8 2 1 ' 7 f3' i 7 ' ° 2 1 3 5 _8 1 A n c ^3 3 1 6 3- -THIS. 3. The diagonal of a cube is the square root of three times the edge of the cube; then to find the edge of a cube when the diagonal is given, square the diagonal, divide the power by three and ex- tract the square root of the quotient. The diagonal of the cube is 6 ft., which squared is 36 sq. ft. -h 3 = 12 sq. ft. and the square root of 12 — 3.4 ft., length of the edge of the cube, which cubed and X .5236 = 20.57+ cu. ft. Ans. 4. 160 sq. rd. X 5 = 800 sq. rd. in 5 acres. 62 THE COUNTY EXAMINER V800 = 28.28, one side of square X 4 X .161 = $18.85, cost to fence in form of a square. 800-^-3.1416 = 254.64, which is the square of the radius, and its square root, 15.95 rd., is the ra- dius of circle X 2 = 31.90, diameter of circle, X 3,1416 = 100.21 X.16f = $16.70, cost to fence field in form of circle. $18,85 — $16.70 = $2.15. Ans. 5. Int, on $1 for 60 da. at 6fo = .01. $1 — .01 = .99, proceeds of $1 for given time. $560.34 -*- .99 = $566, face of note. Ans. 6. 4fo of $12000 = $480, income on present in- vestment. 92^ of $12000 = $11040, what stock will sell for. 150^ =$11040 1^=$73.6 §Y/c = $478.40, income on the pro- posed investment. $480 — $478.40 = $1.60, the amount the present investment pays more than the proposed invest- ment. Ans. 7. 19 T V X 860 -*- 16£ = 1012-ft- Ans. 8. $212.10 — $175 = $37.10, Int, for required time, Qfo of $175 = $10.50 Int. on the principal for one year. $37.10-^10.50 = 3* z yr. or 3 yr, 6 mo. 12 da. Ans. 9. The difference between a 20^ gain on one horse and a 20^ loss on the other is $10. As the ANSWERS TO ARITHMETIC 63 difference between 20% or \ of each gives a differ- ence of $10, the difference between 100% or -§- of each would be 10 X 5 = $50, $200—50, the differ- ence = $150 twice the cost of the cheaper horse. $150 -*- 2 = $75 price of cheaper horse and $75 + $50 = $125, price of the other. 10, 15 X H X 2 X 80 = 3200 or 3.2 M, ft. $15 X 3.2 = $48. Ans. PAPER NO. VIII. 1. Any principal has doubled when it has gained 100%. and, as it gains 6% in one year, it will take as long to double itself as 6 is contained times in 100, which is 16f, or 16 yr. 8 mo, Ans. 2. 57 A." 96 sq. rd. = 57f A. at $3.75 gives $216. 72 + 80 + 96+112=360 sheep, and as each pays in proportion to the number of sheep he has, A will pay 3V0 or |; B, ffr or f ; C, 3V0 or A; D, 1 12 ^t- j, 4 36 U1 4T- of $216 = $43.20, A's part. I of $216 = $48.00, B's part, tV of $216 = $57.60, Cs part. H of $216 = $67,20, D's part, Ans, 3. 90 dg. = 900 g. One gram has 15,432 gr. Troy which, X 900 = 13888.8 gr., -s-700'0, number of grains in one pound avoirdupois, and X .20 = 39.6+ c. Ans. „ 3 _|_ (C5 n f 2\ 34 4 . T +(5 T ot T ). li=nf _ Ans _ (|of5|) + f = H 64 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 5. Interest on $1 at 6% for 2 yr. 6 mo. = 15 c, which is the bank discount on $1 for the given time. $1 -*- ($1 + .15) = .86ff, present worth of $1 for the given time. Si — .86ff = .13gV, true discount for the given time. .15 — .logV = .Olff, difference between the bank and true discount on $1. $6.40 -5- .Olff = $327.11. Ans. 6. \\% = $12 1% = $8 100% = $800, or -I of the value of house. I = $800 I = $400 I = $1200, Ans, 7. By 0/0 stock at S2f is meant you invest $82^ and receive $3, and by 3|-% stock at 96 is meant you invest $96 and receive $3.50, $3 is 3 T V% of $82.50 and $3.50 is 3||% of $96. The percentage of income, 3-f-J- on amount of money invested in 3-|-% stock at 96, being larger than that on the other, the 3-J-% stock is the better investment. 8. 100 X 50 X 10 = 50000, cu. ft. of dirt that will be thrown from the excavation. 50 X 132 = 6600 sq. ft., area of the city lot, 50000 -^ 6600 = 7f §• ft. Ans. 9. 100% — 5fo = 95%, the proceeds from the sale ANSWERS TO ARITHMETIC 6 5 of the wheat. In this 95% is included .the cost of the bacon and the 2% commission, consequently 1.02% = 05 1# = T 9 oV 2% = T 9 oV X 2 = lff%, the commission for buying the bacon, 5% + l|-f % = 6|4> the sum of commissions on transactions. Ht% = $105 1% =$15.30 1000% =$1530 the value of the wheat. Ans. io. The volume of a cone is one-third the vol- ume of a cylinder whose base is the same as that of the cone. 12 ft. -5-2 = 6 ft. radius of the base of the stack of hay. 6X 6X 3.1416 = 113.0976 sq. ft,, area of base. 113.0976 X 20 -5- 3 = 753.984 cu. ft., and as there are 4^ lb. in one cu. ft., 4J- X 753.984 = 3392 .928 lb. Ans. PAPER NO. IX. i. The distance around the house is (18 X 2) -f- (15 X 2) = 66 ft. X 9 = 594 sq. ft. area of the walls of the building. 18 X 15 = 270 sq. ft. area of the ceiling? 594 sq. ft. + 270 sq. ft. = 864 sq. ft. -*- 9 = 96 sq. yd. — 5 sq. yd. = 91 sq yd. in the walls and ceil- ing of the room. 15 c. X 91 = $13,65. Ans. t> 66 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 2. The first complex fraction — - 5 7 s - X 3-f -g- == tttt i the second = % 8 - X T V = /ft 5 the third = ff X |J = |, Taking the result as above and performing the operations indicated between the complex frac- tions you have: 32 y 58 V 9 = 1971 — 8RA-4- TTT A TT9" A ¥ FT7T «^OD^ 2.40^ = 2.405, and 1.00^ = 1.0025 1.003 X 2.405 = 2.412215 -s- 1,0025 =*= 2.406+; then ,866 + 2.406 = 3.272+. Ans. 3. The interest on $1 at 6% for 2 yr. = ,12. $1 + .12 = $1.12, the amount of $1 for the given time. $1 -J- 1.12 = ,89-f-, the present worth of $1 for the given time. $1 — 8.9f = 104 c, true discount of $1 for the given time at 6%. In like manner the true discount of $1 for the same time at 4% is found to be 74+ c. 10| c. — 7|+ c == 2 T 5 gV c. the difference be- tween the true discounts on $1 for the given time at 6% and 4%. $25, the difference on the sum required, -*- 3 T 5 A c = $756. Ans. 4. 112% -f \% = 112^%, entire cost of stock. 95% —\% = 94-|%, net selling price of stock. 112|% — $2250 1% = $20.0445 94f % = $1899.21+ $1899.21 -*- 27.50 = 69.06+ bales. Ans. 5. 130 cm. = 1.3 m. ANSWERS TO ARITHMETIC 67 i km. = 800 m. 1.3 X 800 = 1040 square meters. $1.15 X 1040 = $1196. Ans. 6. 3 yr. 2 mo. 10 da. = 3^ yr. 6% X 3 ¥ V = l$h which is the interest in % for the given time. 100% + 19£% = 119i, amount in % for given time. 119£% = $464.75 1% = $3.90 100% = $390. Ans. 7. 100% =100% 1% = 1% 15% = 15% First discount. )0 — 15 = = 85 100% = = 85% 1% = - .85% 10% - = S.ofc. Second discount. 85 — 8.5 = 76.5, cost of goods in % after re- duction. 15% + 8.5 = 23.5%, sum ot two discounts. 23.5% = $300.80 1% = $12.80 76.5% = $979.20, cost of goods. Ans. 8. 30 ft X 2 = 60 ft., length of the two side walls. The two end walls stand between the side walls and each will be 2 ft shorter than the width of the room, or 18 ft., then 18 ft. X 2 = 36 ft. length 6S THE COUNTY EXAMINER of the two end walls. 60 ft. + 36 ft. = 96 ft. X 12X1X 1728 = 1990656 cu. in. in the walls of the building. The standard size of a brick is 8X4X2 = 64 cu. in. in one brick. 1990656 cu. in. -*- 64 = 31104 bricks, Ans. 9. 10 ft. -t- 2 = 5 ft., the radius of the cistern. 5 X 5 X 3.1416 = 78.54 sq. ft., the area of the bottom of the cistern. 78.54 X 12 = 942.48 cu. ft. in the cistern. 942.48 X 1728 = 1628605.44 cu.in. in the cistern. 1628605.44 cu. in. -5- 231 = 7010.24 gal. in the 7050.24 gal. -5- 63 = 111.9+ hhd. Ans, 10. The L. C. M. of the three numbers will be the number of hours each will have to travel before they all arrive again at the same time at the start- ing point. It is 1575, consequently it will require a continuous travel of 1575 hours before they meet at the starting point, PAPER NO. X. 1. 40 min. : 12 hr. : : 16 mi. 25 rd. : ( ?) 40 min. : 720 min. : : 5145 rd. : (?) 720 X 5145 — = 289 mi. 130 rd. 40 2. ifo of $1380 =*= $3.45, premium. The interest on $1380 for 60 days at 7^ = $16.10, which is a discount. $1380 — $16.10 = $1363.90 + $3.45 = $1367.35. Ans. ANSWERS TO ARITHMETIC 6 9 3. 1 yr. 8 mo. 15 da, is time sufficient for three semi-annual payments and 2 mo. 15 da. on the fourth payment. $400 = principal. .03 — rate. 12.00 = interest for six mo. 400. 412 =am't 6 mo., prin, 2 per'd .03 12.36 = interest for 2 period. 412. 424.36 — am't 6 mo., prin. 3 per d .03 12.7308 = interest for 3 period. 424.36 437.0908 = am't 6 mo.,prin. 4 per'd. .03 13.112724= interest for 6 mo. 2 mo. 15 da. = \ of 6 mo. {of 2 mo. 4.370908 = interest for 3 mo. 1.092727 = interest for 15 da. 5.463635 = interest for 2 mo. 15 da. 437.09 442.55 = am't for 1 yr.8 mo. 15 da. 400. $42.55 = compound interest for 1 yr. 8 mo. 15 da. Ans. 7 o THE COUNTY EXAMINER 4. 135° 19' 42", long, of Sitka. 8 0° 2' 00", long, of Pittsburg. 15)55° 17' 42" = difference of longitude. 3 hr. 41 min. 10-f sec == difference of time. lOhr. 00 niin. 00 sec, a. m., time at Sitka. 3 hr. 41 min. 10|- sec, difference in time. 13 hr. 41 min. 10-f- sec, or 41 min. lOf sec. after one p. m., time at Pittsburg. Ans. 5. n\ x 1 + .5 = 6i 21-5-2 X 1.4 = 6.0 3.5 — 1.075 = 2.425+ (.025 -*-.$■)— 2.5875. Ans. 6. If five men can do a piece of work in 9 days, they will do i of it in one day, and in 8 days the five men will do -f, leaving -|-of the work for the two men who join them to do. If 5 men do \ in one day, one man can do -J- of I = ¥ V in one day, and 2 men will do -£-$ in one day. As the 2 men must do \, it will take them as many days as -/ 5 - is contained times in ■$-, which is 24- days. This 2-|- days must be 2|- days before the close of the 8 days, which is 5-|- days after they begin, Ans. 7. 80 rd. X 20 = 1600 sq, rcL, which reduced down under the table gives 62726400 sq. in., the area of the field. The value of a meter is 39.37 inches, which squared gives 1549.9969, the number of sq. in. in a square meter. ANSWERS TO ARITHMETIC 71 62726400 -*- 1549.9969 = 40468.7+ square me- ters. 40 c.X 40468.7 = $16187.48. Ans. 8. The distance around the room is (18 ft. X 2) + (16 ft. 6 in. X 2) =69 ft. The strips of paper are \\ ft. wide. 69 ft. -*- \\ = 46, number of strips required. A roll of paper is 8 yd. or 24 ft. long and as a strip is 10 ft. long, only two strips can be cut from a roll, consequently it will take 46 -*- 2 = 23 rolls at 16 c. a roll = $3.68. Ans. 9. The diameter of a log is the diagonal of the largest square that can be cut from it. When the diagonal of a square is given, which in this case is 4 ft., to find the side of the square the diagonal must be squared, divided by 2, and the square root of the quotient extracted; consequently, 4 ft. X 4 -5- 2 = 8 sq, ft., whose square root is 2.8+ ft. Ans. 10. 1000 bu. contains 2150400 cu. in. 36 ft. X 12 X 120 = 51840 in., which would be the length of a pipe necessary to hold all the grain at one time. 2160400- -s- 51840 = 41-4815 sq.in., area of the end of tube. 41.4815 -s- 3.1416 = 13.20 sq.in., and the square root of this = 3.6+ in., radius of tube, X 2 = 7.2 in. Ans. QUESTIONS ON GRAMMAR. PAPER NO. I. i. What is grammar? 2. Write the plural of the following: Daughter-in-law, cupful, memorandum, deer, axis. 3. What is a relative pronoun? Name them. 4. What parts of speech are used as connectives? Give sentences illustrating each. 5. Give the principal parts of the following verbs: know, sit, swim, drink, sing, do, forsake, write, catch, wring. 6. Name and define the classes of common nouns. 7. What is ellipsis? 8. Give an outline of the adjective. 9. What is synopsis? Conjugation? 10. Analyze: A pebble in the streamlet scant Has turned the course of many a river; A dewdrop on the infant plant Has warped the giant oak forever. PAPER NO. II. 1. What parts of speech can be compared? Give an example of each. 2. Name and define the classes- into which sentences QUESTIONS ON GRAMMAR 73 are divided with respect to use. 3. Distinguish between gender and sex. 4. Give synopsis of the verb write , active voice. 5. Compare the following : Much, far, little, bad, wise, faithful, happy, hind, bold, able. 6. What parts of speech have no modifieations? 7. What are auxiliary verbs? Name several. 8. What is analysis? Synthesis? 9. When does a proposition become an adverb? Give example. 10 When does a common noun become proper? A proper noun become common? PAPER NO. III. 1. What is an infinitive? A participle? 2. What is the difference between a relative and per- sonal pronoun? 3. What is a proposition? Name and define the two kinds. 4. Give a synopsis of the verb teach, passive voice. 5. Name and define the parts of speech. 6. Define the simple personal pronouns. 7. Write the plural of the following nouns: Calf, gulf, leaf, handful, cargo, church, chimney, ox, solo, focus. 8. What is the active voice? The passive? 9. What may be used as a noun? 10. What are correlative conjunctions? Give example PAPER NO. IV. i. Name and define the properties or modifications of the verb. 2. Write a sentence containing a relative clause, an 74 THE COUNTY EXAMINER adjective clause, an adverbial clause. What is a double relative pronoun, and why so called? 4. Write the possessive of the following words : Mr. Jones, ox, child, it, father-in-law, teachers, geese, mice, we, boys. 5. What is the real life of every sentence? 6. What is declension? Inflection? 7. Give rules for the use of shall and will. 8. What is a direct object? An indirect object? Il- lustrate. 9. What is a gerund? 10. How does the active voice become passive? PAPER NO. V. 1. What is the difference between a participial adjec- tive and a participle used as an adjective? 2. What are the ways of distinguishing the masculine and feminine genders? 3. In what ways may the infinitive be used? 4. What is an interrogative pronoun? Give example. 5. Name the forms in which verbs may be conju- gated. 6. Give five rules for the formation of the plural. 7. Name ten prepositions that are frequently used. 8. In what ways may a noun be in the nominative absolute case or nominative independent? 9. In how many cases are compound personal pro- nouns used? 10. Give model for parsing and parse the italicized words in the following sentence : Oh! what a fine time John and I had in trying to study carefully the plans proposed by the leader. QUESTIONS ON GRAMMAR 75 PAPER NO. VI. 1. What is a diagram? What is parsing? 2. Name, and define the classes into which the parti- ciple is divided. 3. Decline the simple relative pronouns. 4. In what ways may adjectives be compared? 5. Name the absolute tenses. The relative. 6 .What is a unipersonal verb? A regular verb? An irregular verb? 7. Name and define the classes of sentences with re- spect to form. 8. What is a separable phrase? An inseparable phrase? Give examples. 9. What is meant by the normal use of the verb? The abnormal? The idiomatic? 10. Analyze: Full many a gem of purest ray serene, The dark unfathomed caves of ocean bear; Full many a flower is born to blush unseen And waste its sweetness on the desert air. PAPER NO. VII. 1. What is a defective verb? A redundant verb? 2. Name the tenses in each mode. 3. How many genders? Define each. 4. When is a noun in apposition? Give example. 5. In what respect are participles and infinitives alike? In what unlike? 6. Name the classes into which adverbs are divided and give examples of each. 7. Write sentences illustrating four different ways in 76 THE COUNTY EXAMINER which the noun clause may be used. 8. Name the words used 'as articles, and tell when each should be used. 9. What is an element? What may it be? 10. What does the first person denote? The second? The third? PAPER NO. VIII. 1. When is as a relative pronoun? Write a sentence with it used as such. 2. Write the corresponding masculine or feminine of each of the following words : Hero, sultan, Jesse, land- lord, sir, friar, witch, aunt, lass, damsel. 3. What are parts of speech? 4. Give five words that have the same form in both numbers; five that are always in the plural; five that have no plural. 5. What is the objective case? 6. How may the present participle be known? The past? 7. What is the antecedent of a pronoun? What may it be? 8. What is comparison? Name and define the three degrees. 9. How is the plural of letters, figures, marks, and signs formed? Illustrate. 10, Analyze: When freedom from her mountain height Unfurled her standard to the air, She. tore the azure robe of night And set the stars of glory there. QUESTIONS ON GRAMMAR 77 PAPER NO. IX. 1. When does an intransitive verb become transitive? Give an example. 2. Name and define the parts into which grammar is divided. 3. How is the possessive case singular and plural of nouns formed? 4. Upon what does the gender, person, number, and case of a pronoun depend? 5. What is a conjunctive adverb? Name the princi- pal ones. 6. What is a substantive? Adjunct? 7. What three adverbs can be compared by adding er and est? 8. How may an imperative sentence be known? Give example. 9. Name and define the modes. 10. Give the use of the infinitive in the following sen- tences : (1) To play is pleasant. (2) He refused to go. (3) He was afraid to stay. (4) His attempt to conquer was a failure. (5) They are about to leave us. PAPER NO. X. 1. What is a participial noun? 2. When should a and an be used? 3. What is a paradigm? 4. How is the plural of nouns from foreign languages formed? 5. ¥/here is the subjunctive mode always found? 6. What is a coordinate conjunction? A subordinate conjunction? 78 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 7. Write sentences containing an appositive phrase; an adverbial phrase ; a prepositional phrase. 8. What is the nominative case? The possessive? 9. What are the usual signs of the subjunctive mode? Name several verbs after which the sign of the infinitive to is usually omitted. 10. Analyze: In the summer time when the trees are green, it is pleasant to go into the woods and hunt wild flowers. ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS ON GRAMMAR. PAPER NO. I. i. Grammar treats of language and the princi- ples governing its usage. 2. The plural of daughter-in-law is daughters- in-law; cupful, cupfuls; memorandum, memoranda; deer, deer; axis, axes. 3. A relative pronoun is one that represents some preceding word or expression to which it joins a subordinate proposition. They are who, which, what, that and as. 4. Relative pronouns, conjunctions and conjunctive adverbs are used as connectives. Ex. relative pro- noun: The boy whom you saw is my brother. Ex. conjunction: I will go if you stay. Ex. conjunc- tive adverb: He can go when you return. 5. The principal parts of the verbs named are as follows: know, knew, known; sit, sat, sat; swim, swam or swum, swum; drink, drank, drunk; ring, rang or rung, rung; do, did. done; forsake, forsook, forsaken; write, wrote, written; catch, caught, caught; wring, wrung, wrung. 6. The following are the classes of common So THE COUNTY EXAMINER nouns: A class noun is a name that can be applied to each of a group of objects. An abstract noun is the name of a quality. A collective noun is one that is singular in form though it denotes more than one. A participial or verbal noun is the name of an action, being or state. 7. Ellipsis is the omission of one or more words of a sentence. 8. Outline of adjective: / Descriptive ! Classes / A , . -, Definite / Articles \ T -, ~ ., / Indennite i v I Definitive Pronominal \ Numeral ■< Cardinal Numeral I Ordinal (_ Multiplicative 9. Synopsis is the regular arrangement of the verb through the different modes and tenses in one number and person. Conjugation is the regular arrangement of the verb in all its modes, tenses, voices, persons and numbers. 10. This is a compound declarative sentence. Pebble is the simple subject and has turned the sim- ANSWERS TO GRAMMAR 81 pie predicate of the first member. Pebble is modi- fied by a and in the streamlet scant, adjective ele- ments, and streamlet is modified by the and scant, adjective elements. Course is the object after has turned and is modified by the and of many a river. Many a, an adjective, modifies river. And under- stood connects the two members. Dezvdrop is the simple subject and has warped the simple predi- cate of the second member. The subject is modi- fied by a and on the infant plant, adjective elements. The adjectives the and infant modify plant. Oak is the object after has warped and is modified by the adjectives the and giant. Forever, an adverb, modifies has warped. PAPER NO. II. i. Adjectives and adverbs can be compared. Ex. adjective: large, larger, largest. Ex. adverb: firmly, less firmly, least firmly. 2. A declarative sentence is used in stating a fact. An interrogative sentence is used to ask a question. An imperative sentence expresses a com- mand or entreaty. An exclamatory sentence ex- presses sudden or strong emotion. 3. Gender is that modification of a noun or pro- noun which denotes sex or non-sex. Sex is the distinction of objects by nature. 82 THE COUNTY EXAMINER Synopsis of Write, Active Voice. Indicative Mode. Presenty Pres. perfect y Pasty Past Perfect y Future y Future Perfect^ I write. I have written. I wrote. I had written. I shall write. I shall have written. Subjunctive Mode. Presenty If I write. Past, If I wrote. Past Perfect y If I had written. Potential Mode. Presenty I may write. Pres. perjecty I may have written. Pasty I might write. Past per j eel I might have written. 5* Comparison. Positive. Comparative. Superlative. much, more, most. far,, farther, farthest. little, less, least. bad, worse, worst. wise, wiser, wisest. faithful,, more faithful, most faithfuL happy, happier, happiest. hind, hinder, hindmost. bold, bolder, boldest. able, abler, ablest. QUESTIONS ON GRAMMAR 83 6. Conjunctions, prepositions and interjections have no modifications. 7. Auxiliary verbs are those which assist in the conjugation of other verbs. Do, be, have, shall, will, may, can and must are used as auxiliaries. 8. Analysis is the separation of a sentence into its elements. Synthesis is the combination of elements so as to form a sentence, 9. A preposition becomes an adverb when the object is omitted. Ex. The army marched by. 10, When a common noun is used to distinguish one individual from another of the same class, it becomes a proper noun. When a proper noun is used in such a way as to admit of its application to each individual of a class, it becomes a common noun. PAPER NO. III. 1. An infinitive is a form of the verb which ex- presses action, being or state without affirming it. A participle is a form of the verb which has a noun, verb, or adjective use. 2. A personal Pronoun can be the subject of an independent sentence; the relative cannot, it being always found in subordinate propositions. A personal pronoun has a distinct form for each grammatical person; the relative does not change its form for person. 84 THE CO UNTY EX A MINER The relative pronoun has a connective use and is sometimes called a conjunctive pronoun. 3. A proposition is a thought expressed in words. A principal proposition makes complete sense when standing alone, A subordinate proposition is always connected to the principal proposition and does not make complete sense when standing alone. 4. Synopsis of Teach, Passive Voice. Indicative Mode. Present, I am taught. Present perfect, I have been taught. Pasty I was taught, Past perfect, I had been taught. Future, I shall be taught. Future perfect, I shall have been taught. Subjunctive Mode, Present, If I be taught. Past, If I were taught. Past perfect, If I had been taught. Potential Mode. Present, I may be taught. Present perfect, I may have been taught. Past, I might be taught. Past perfect, I might have been taught. 5. A noun is a name. An adjective is a word used to modify the meaning of a noun or pronoun. QUESTIONS ON GRAMMAR $5 A pronoun is a word used for a noun. A verb is a word used to assert action, being, or state. An adverb is a word used to modify a verb, an adjective or another adverb. A preposition is a word used to show relation between its object and some other word. A conjunction is a word used to connect words, phrases and clauses. An interjection is a word used to express some strong or sudden emotion. 6. Declension of Simple Personal Pronoun. Singular* First Person. Second Person. Third Person. Mas. Fern. Neut. Nom. I, you, he, she, it. Poss. my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its. Obj. me, you, him, her, it. PluraL Nom. we, you, they. Poss. our, ours, your, yours, their, theirs. Obj. us, you, them. 7. The plural of calf is calves; gulf, gulfs; leaf, leaves; handful, handfuls; cargo, cargoes; church, churches; chimney, chimneys; ox, oxeit; solo, solos; focus, foci. 8. The active voice represents the subject as acting upon an object. The passive voice represents the subject as 86 THE COUNTY EXAMINER receiving the act. 9. A word y phrase or clause may be used as a noun. 10. Correlative conjunctions are connecting words used in pairs. Ex.: Both friend and foe applauded. PAPER NO. IV. 1. Voice is that form of a verb which represents the subject as acting or being acted upon. Mode means the manner of expressing the action or being of some subject. Tense is that form of a verb which indicates the time of an action or being. Person and number are modifications of the verb that mark the agreement with the subject. 2. Relative clause: The man zv horn you saw is a merchant. Adjective clause: This is the place where the man lived. Adverbial clause: The man hid when the of- ficer approached. 3. The word what, when used as a relative, can be separated into that zuhich, or the thing zuhich, and is called a double relative. 4. The possessive of Mr. Jones is Mr, Jones s; ox, oxs; child, child's; it, its; f at hers -in -law, fath- ers-in-laws; teachers, teachers ; geese, geese s; mice, mice's; we, our; boys, boys'. 5. The verb is the real life of every sentence because no sentence can be formed without it. QUESTIONS ON GRAMMAR 87 6. The declension of a noun or pronoun is its variation to denote number and case. Inflection is the change in the form or spell- ing of a word to indicate a change in its meaning or construction. 7. Shall is usually used in the first person and will in the second and third to denote futility; will is usually used in the first person to denote deter- mination, and shall in the second and third to de- note necessity, 8. A word that names the person or thing di- rectly receiving the action of the verb is called a direct object. When a word is added to a verb to denote the person or thing indirectly affected by the action of the verb, it is called an indirect object* In the sentence, "Give me a book," book is the direct and vie the indirect object. 9. A g r eru7id is a verbal noun or infinitive end- ing in ing; 10. The active voice is changed to th.e passive by prefixing some form of the verb to be to the per- fect participle of a transitive verb. The direct ob- ject in the active becomes the subject in the passive. PAPER NO. V. 1. A participial adjective is a word that has lost the attributes of the verb from which it is derived but is used as a mere adjective. &P THE COUNTY EXAMINER A -participle used as an adjective is a word that has not lost the attributes of the verb from which it is derived and is used as an adjective in modifying a noun. 2. The masculine and feminine genders are dis- tinguished by the use of different words, by different terminations, and by the use of prefixes and suffixes. 3. The infinitive may be used as the subject of a sentence, object of a verb or preposition, an ex- planatory modifier to complete the meaning of a verb, and as an adjective and adverbial modifier. 4. An interrogative pronoun is one that is used in asking a question. Ex.: Who bought that horse? 5. Verbs may be conjugated in the common, em- phatic, progressive, passive, and ancient forms. 6. Rules for formation of plural: 1. Most nouns add 5 to the singular, 2. If the last sound of a word will not unite with s add es, 3. Nouns in y after a vowel add .v. 4. Some nouns in/ or fe change /" to v and add es. 5. Most compound words vary the last word. 7. The following are prepositions frequently used: at, by, for, from, in, into, of, on, over, to. 8. A noun may be in the nominative absolute case by direct address, by exclamation, by pleonasm, by position, and with a participle. 9. Compound personal pronouns are used in the nominative and objective cases and have the same form. s !3£ 73 4— i o o C/2 O a >> +-> C/3 in cu ■M M— i aj O So- > aj C C aj a. a as CQ ^ T5 aj O CU a5 "a. CU 73 O £L O cu J5 9 o THE COUNTY EXAMINER PAPER NO. VI. i. A diagram is a picture upon which is repre- sented the analysis of a sentence. Parsing- is naming the parts of speech of a word, giving its properties, if any, and construction in the sentence. 2. The present participle denotes the continu- ance of action or being. The -past participle denotes the completion of action or being. The past perfect or compounl participle de- notes the completion of action or being at a time previous to that indicated by the verb. 3. Declension of Relative Pronoun. Singular and Plural. Nom. who, which, that, what. Poss. whose, whose, Obj\ whom, which, that, what. 4. In ascending comparison, adjectives are com- pared by adding to the positive of monosyllables r or er for the comparative and st or est for the su- perlative, and by prefixing to the positive of adjectives of more than one syllable more for the comparative and ?nost for the superlative. In descending comparison prefix less to the positive to form the comparative and least to form the superlative. Some adjectives are irregularly compared. These are general rules to which there are ANSWERS TO GRAMMAR pi exceptions. 5. The absolute tenses are the present, past and future. The relative are the present -perfect, past ferfect and future perfect. 6. A unipersonal verb is one that asserts inde- pendently of any particular subject. A regular verb is one that forms its past tense and past participle by adding d or ed to the present. An irreg-ular verb is one that does not form its past tense and past participle by adding d or ed to the present. 7. A simple sentence consists of a single proposi- tion. A complex sentence is one that has a subor- dinate element that contains a subject and predi- cate. A compound sentence is one that consists of two or more principal propositions. 8. A separable phrase is one whose words should always be parsed separately. Ex.: The man stood on the hill. An inseparable phrase is one whose words need not be separated in parsing. Ex.: He will go by and by. 9. The normal use of a word is its natural use, or that in which it is ordinarily used. The abnormal or unnatural use of a word is a variation from its regular use or meaning. 9 2 THE COUNTY EXAMINER The idio?natic use of a word is a departure from the principles of language as it is generally used. 10. This is a compound declarative sentence. Caves, the simple subject, is modified by the dark, unfathbmed, and of ocean, adjective elements. Bear, the simple predicate, is completed by the object gem, which is modified hy full many a and of purest ray serene, adjective elements. Ray is modified by the adjectives purest and serene. A nd understood connects the two members. Flower, the simple subject of the second member, is modified by full many a, adjective element. Is born, the simple predicate, is modified by the infinitive phrases to blush unseen and (to) waste its sweetness ^n the desert air used adverbially. Unseen is an adjective used as an attribute after blush; and sweetness, an object after waste, is modified by its, an adjective element. The phrase, on the desert air is an ad- verbial element modifying waste. Air is modified by the adjectives the and desert, PAPER NO. VII. 1. A defective verb is one that lacks one or more of its principal parts. A redundant verb is one that has more than one form for its past tense or past participle. 2. The Indicative mode has all six tenses: the Subjunctive has three: present, past, and past per- fect', the Potential has four: present, present -perfect, ANSWERS TO GRAMMAR 93 ■past, past perfect', the Imperative has one, the present. 3. There are four genders. The masculine gen- der denotes male beings; the feminine, female beings; the common, either male or female when the sex is not known; the neuter, neither male nor female beings. 4. A noun used to modify the meaning of another noun by denoting the same person, place, or thing is in apposition with the noun whose meaning it modifies. Ex.: Mr. Jones, the farmer, is sick. 5. Participles and infinitives both have voice and tense, and partake of the nature of nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. A participle may become a noun or an ad- jective and is parsed as such. The infinitive may be used in the place of a noun or an adjective, but when so used does not assume the modifications of these parts of speech. 6. Adverbs of time. Ex.: Now, when; place, where, yonder; cause, why, therefore; manner, bad- ly, foolishly; degree, enough, nearly; modal, yes, truly. 7. The noun clause may be used as the subject. Ex.: That he studies is not questioned; as an at- tribute, Ex.: His expression was, "/ told you so;" as the object of a preposition, Ex.: There is some dispute about zuho made the statement; hi apposi- 94 THE COUNTY EXAMINER tion, Ex.: The song, " We shall gather at the river,' is very beautiful. 8. The is the definite article because it points out definitely the object which it defines. A or an is called the indefinite article because it defines in an indefinite or general manner. 9. An element is one of the component parts of a sentence. It may be a word, -phrase, or clause. 10. The first person denotes the speaker; the second, the person addressed; the third, the person or object spoken of. PAPER NO. VIII. 1. As is a relative pronoun when it takes the place of who. which, or that after such, many, and same, Ex.: We learn by practice such things as are useful. 2. The feminine of hero is heroine; sultan, sul- tana; Jesse, Jessie; landlord, landlady; sir, madam', friar, nun. The masculine of witch is wizard ; aunt, uncle; lass, lad; damsel, youth. 3. Parts of Speech are classes into which words are divided according to their meaning and use. 4. Bellows, deer, sheep, swine, and who have the same form in both numbers. Annals, fir evjorks, measles, pincers and trou- sers are always plural. Coffee, flour, hay, marble, and water have no plural. 5. The objective case is the use of a noun or ANSWERS TO GRAMMAR 95 pronoun as the object after a transitive verb in the active voice, or of a preposition. 6. The present participle may be known by its ending ing; the past participle usually ends in d, ed, t, n, or en. 7. The antecedent of a pronoun is the word or equivalent expression for which it is used. It may be a word, phrase, or clause. 8. Comparison is the variation of an adjective or adverb to express degrees of quality. The positive degree expresses the simple quality of an object. The comparative expresses a greater or less degree of the quality. The superlative expresses the greatest or least degree of the quality. 9. The plural of letters, figures, marks, and signs is formed by the addition of the 's. Ex.: Its, 5 s, xs. 10. This is a complex, declarative sentence. She is the simple subject, tore and set the compound predicate. Robe, the object after tore, is modified by the, azure and of night, adjective elements. Star, the object after set, is modified by the adjectives the and of glory. Set is modified by there, an ad- verbial element. The subordinate clause is con- nected to the compound predicate by when, a con- junctive adverb. Freedom is the simple subject of 9 6 THE COUNTY EXAMINER the subordinate clause and unfurled the simple predicate. Standard, the object after unfurled is modified by her, an adjective element. Unfurled is modified by the adverbial elements to the air, and from her mountain height. Air is modified by the, and height by her mountaifi, adjective elements. PAPER NO. IX. i. An intransitive verb becomes transitive when it is followed by an object like itselt in meaning. Ex.: He dreamed a dream. 2. Orthography treats of spelling. Etymology treats of the properties of words. Syntax treats of the construction of sentences. Prosody treats of the laws of versification. 3. The possessive case singular is formed by ad- ding \s to the nominative; in the plural by adding (') only. If the plural does not end in 5 the 's are both added. 4. The gender, person and number of a pronoun is the same as its antecedent. Its case depends upon its construction in the sentence. 5. A conjunctive adverb is one that connects a subordinate to a principal proposition. The adverb modifies the verb in the subor- dinate clause. As, since, therefore, until, when, where, wherefore, and while are the principal ones. 6. Any word or group of words that is used as ANSWERS TO GRAMMAR 97 a noun is called a substantive. An adjunct is a word or a group of words added to some part of a sentence to modify its meaning. 7. The adverbs fast, often, and soo?i are com- pared by adding er and est to the positive. 8. An imperative sentence may usually be known by the omission of its subject. Ex.: Study your lesson. 9. The indicative mode states an action or being as a fact. The subjunctive mode expresses an action or being as a supposition. The potential mode asserts the power, liberty, possibility, or necessity of an action or being. The imperative mode expresses action or being as a command or entreaty. 10. To play, in the first sentence is used as the subject; To go, in the second is the object; To stay, in the third is an adverbial element modifying afraid', To conquer, in the fourth is used as an adjectivf modify'mg attempt ; To leave, in the fifth is used as an object of the preposition about. PAPER NO. X. 1. The present participle, when used in the same relation in which nouns occur, is called a participi- al noun. 2, A should be used before words that be- gin with consonant sounds and an. before words 9 8 THE COUNTY EXAMINER that begin with vowel sounds. 3. A -paradigm is a word given as a model by which other words are inflected. 4. Most nouns from foreign languages retain their original plurals by changing us to i; um and on to a; is to es; a to ae; x or ex to ces or ices, 5. The word subjunctive means subjoined or joined as subordinate to something else, conse- quently it is found only in subordinate clauses. 6. A coordinate conjunction joins elements of the same rank or name. A subordinate conjunction joins elements of different rank or name. 7. Washington the first President of the United States, was a general. He Wvesjust round the corner. He ran along' the bank of the stream, 8. The nominative case is the use of a noun or pronoun as the subject or attribute complement. The possessive case is the use of a noun or pronoun as a possessive modifier. 9. If, though, except and unless are the usual signs of the subjunctive mode. The sign of the infinitive is usually omitted after the verbs bid, dare< feel y help, let, make, and see. 10. This is a complex declarative sentence. It, the simple subject, is modified by the compound infinitives to §0 and (to) hunt, an explanatory mod- ANSWERS TO GRAMMAR 90 ifier. Go is modified by the adverbial element, into the woods. Flowers, the object after hunt, is modified by wild, an adjective element. Is is the simple predicate and pleasant an attribute. Is is modified by in the summer time, an adverbial ele- ment; time is modified by the and summer, adjec- tive elements, and when the trees are green an adjective clause. When, a conjunctive adverb of time, connects the subordinate to the principal clause and' modifies are. T?-ces is the subject of the subordinate clause, are the predicate, and green an attribute. QUESTIONS ON COiVIPOSITION. PAPER NO. I. i. Define paragraph, pleonasm, ambiguity, and con- cord. 2. Define three figures of speech, and illustrate each with a sentence. 3. Why should composition and letter writing have a prominent place in school work? 4. How is a quotation written within a quotation? Illustrate. 5. Write a check on your nearest bank for $87.15, without a blank form. 6. Write a composition on the subject, "The Value of an Education." PAPER NO. II. 1. Define fiction, biography, memoir, barbarism and harmony. 2. What is a frontispiece? Vignette? 3. Distinguish direct and indirect quotation. 4. Define antithesis, synecdoche, metonymy. Illus- trate each with a sentence. 5. Write sentences illustrating the correct use of to, too, and two. 6. Write a composition on the subject, "Vacation." QUESTIONS ON COMPOSITION 101 PAPER NO. III. i. What are the uses of Figures of Speech? 2. Name the different parts of a letter and define each. 3. What is the difference between rhyme and blank verse? 4. Give several forms of prose composition. 5 Write a negotiable note for $125.50, due in four months and bearing 6% interest. 6. Write a composition on the subject, "Trees." PAPER NO. IV. 1. Define wit, tautology, sarcasm and pathos. 2. Define metaphor and hyperbole. Illustrate each with a sentence. 3. What are the essential qualities of good language? 4. Write a loose sentence, a balanced, a periodic. 5. Write a letter of application for a position adver- tised in some daily paper. 6. Write a composition on the following subject : "My Term's Work." PAPER NO. V. 1. What is rhythm? 2. Define solecism, parable, burlesque, obsolete and redundant words. 3. What is meant by invention? How may it be ac- quired? 4. Define three figures of speech, and write sentences illustrating each. . 5. Write a short article of news for a daily paper. 6. Write a composition on "Examinations." io2 THE COUNTY EXAMINER PAPER NO. VI. i. What is description? Narration? 2. What is a parody? A pun? 3. What is Epic poetry? Dramatic poetry? Lyric poetry? Give an example of each. 4. Give ten rules for the use of capitals. 5. Write a short biography of some noted general of the United States. 6. Write a composition on one of the following topics : "Our Country" or "Cuba." PAPER NO. VII. 1. What is meant by euphemism? Continuity? 2. What is a periodic sentence? A balanced sentence? A loose sentence? 3. What is punctuation? Make and name the points used . 4. What figures of speech are founded upon likeness? 5. Give synonyms for the following words: Adjacent, punish, frustrate, banish, hide. 6. Select one of the following topics and write a composition of 100 words: "The Seasons," "Industry," "Politeness." PAPER NO. VIII. 1. What is composition? 2. What is meant by purity, propriety, and precision? 3. Give three rules for the use of the comma. 4. Define personification, and illustrate with a sen- tence. 5. What is an allegory? 6. Write a composition on the following subject: "Flowers." QUESTIONS ON COMPOSITION 103 PAPER NO. IX. 1. Define diction, style, essay and unity. 2. What is a figure of speech? 3. What rule should be regarded when you begin a new paragraph? 4. Give two rules for the use of the semi-colon, two for the colon. 5. Write a letter, making it complete in all its parts. 6. From the following topics select a subject and write a composition: "Dreams," "Skating," "Early Rising." PAPER NO. X. 1. Define rhetoric, capitals, stanza and perspicuity. 2. Distinguish between tragedy and comedy. 3. What do you understand by strength in Composi- tion? Clearness? Emphasis? 4. Give an outline for a biography of some noted man. 5. What is alliteration? An outline? Provincialism? 6. Write a composition on the following subject: "Clouds." ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS ON COMPOSITION. PAPER NO. I. 1. A fiaragrafh is a sentence or series of sen- tences on the same branch of a subject. Pleonasm is the use of more words than is necessary. Ambiguity is doubleness of meaning involved in the construction of a sentence. Concord is the agreement of the parts of a sentence. 2. A simile is an explicit comparison. Example: He is as silent as the tomb. An exclamatioyi gives strong expression by expressing emotion. Example: What a sad oc- currence ! An emigrant is any brief saying, full of mean- ing. Example: He is conspicuous for his absence. 3. Composition and letter writing is of much importance in school work for the reason that a person unable to express himself on paper is unfit for the business cares of life. 4. A quotation is written within a quotation by ANSWERS TO COMPOSITION 105 the use of a single instead of double marks. Example: He said "The command, Thoushalt not kill/ should be heeded." 5- Grayson, Ky., Jan. 1, 1907. The Commercial Bank pay to the order of John Doe $87.15 r .. 7 15 Eighty-seven ^^^c^r^~^^~^ DOLLARS. 100 For Mdse. Richard Roe. 6. No answer is given to this question nor the sixth question in any of the lists on composition, because the invention of each individual to express the same general meaning would differ. PAPER NO. II. 1, Fictio?? is an invented story, A biography is the life of a person written by another. A memoir is the incidents of the life of a person written by another from memory. 106 THE COUNTY EXAMINER A barbarism is a violation of Purity. By harmony is meant the prevalence of pleas- ing sound. 2. A frontispiece is a picture opposite the title page of a book. A vignette is a small picture, not occupying a full page and may be placed in any part of the book. 3„ A jdirect quotation is one in which you give the exact words of another, and should be inclosed in quotation marks. An indirect quotation is giving the meaning of another, but not the exact words. No quotation marks are used. 4. Antithesis is founded on contrast or opposi- tion of meaning. Example: Enemies in war; in peace friends. A synecdoche is a figure in which a part is put for the whole. Example: It is a town of a hundred chimneys. A metonymy is a change of name. Example: He addressed the chair. 5. Sentences illustrating the use of the words, to, too and two: He went to town. He is entirely too lazy. I saw two girls. ANSWERS TO COMPOSITION 107 PAPER NO. III. 1. Figures of Speech are necessary to supply the barrenness of language and make it more pleasing. 2. The heading of a letter includes the place where, and the time when the letter is written. The address has four parts, viz : the name of the person to whom the letter is to be sent, the title, the place of business or residence, the saluta- tion, which is, "Dear Sir," or some form in keeping with the relation between the writer and the per- son addressed. The body of the letter follows the salutation and includes the entire thought intended to be conveyed. The subscription consists of the complimen- tary close and the name of the writer. The superscription is the address which is writ- ten upon the envelope. 3. Rhyme is the succession of like sounds in different words at the end of lines of poetry. Blank verse is verse that does not rhyme. 4. The principal forms of Prose Composition are: letters, nezvs, editorial, diaries, reviexvs, essays, treatises, travels, history and fiction. ioS THE COUNTY EXAMINER 5. $127.50 Grayson, Ky., Jan. 1, 1907. Four months after date, for value received, I promise to pay John Doe, or order, One hundred Twenty-seven and yW Dollars with interest at Qfo, after maturity. RICHARD ROE. PAPER NO. IV. 1. Wit is the discovery of such an unexpected relation between ideas as will excite surprise. Tautology is the repetition of the same thought in different words. Sarcasm is a keen, cutting, though witty ex- pression. Pathos is the quality of style that awakens the tender emotions. 2. A metaphor is an implied comparison. Ex- ample: He is a lion. Hyperbole is exaggerating in order to make the thought more effective. Example: The waves rolled mountain high. 3. Purity, propriety, precision of diction, and tmtty, clearness, strength, emphasis and harmony are essential qualities of good language. 4. Loose sentence: We finished our work, at last, after much difficulty. Balanced: " Worth makes the man; the want of it, the fellow." Periodic: Unless you keep your promise to complete the task assigned, I will not give you my ANSWERS TO COMPOSITION iop endorsement. 5. Grayson, Ky., Jan. 1, 1907. Mr. John Doe, Denver, Col. Dear Sir: — Having seen your advertisement in the "Daily Eagle" for a clerk, I make application for the position. For a number of years I was chief clerk in a general merchandise store at this place. I refer you to Jones and Smith of this city, my for- mer employers. ^Thanking you in advance for a consideration of my application, I am, Yours truly, RICHARD ROE. PAPER NO. V. 1. Rhythm is the smoothe and melodious flow of the voice. It occurs in poetry at regular intervals; in prose at variable intervals. 2. A solecism is a violation of the laws of syntax. A pai'able is a short allegory founded upon some religious or moral truth. A burlesque aims to make a thing seem bad by comparing it to something low or degrading. An obsolete word is one that • has gone out of general use. Redundant words are words used when the sense does not require them. 3. Invention is finding out what to say. It can only ;be acquired by sufficient study to make one thoroughly acquainted with the language. no THE COUNTY EXAMINER 4. An apostrophe is a "turning from the regular course of thought, and addressing the absent as though present, using the second person. Exam- ple: " England, with all thy^ faults, I love thee still." An interrogation is putting language in the form of a question, when no answer is expected. Example: "Do we provoke the Lord to jealousy?" Irony is ridiculing an object ur^der the pre- tense of praising it. -. Example: "And Brutus' is an honorable man.''' 5- About daylight this morning Grayson was visited by a severe storm, many houses were razed, some unroofed, and but few, if any, failed to receive damage in some way. Considering the velocity of the storm and the damage done to the buildings, it is remarkable that no lives were lost. A number of people received injuries, but none serious. PAPER NO. VI. 1. Description is a word painting of an object or scene. Narration is the presentation of a succession of events in order. 2. A parody is a writing in which some sublime, or serious subject is degraded by being applied to something of a lower nature to give it a ludicrous effect. A pun is a play upon words. 3. Epic poetry is poetry that recites some great and heroic enterprise. Example: Milton's Paradise Lost. ANSWERS TO COMPOSITION in Dramatic poetry is founded upon: some great deed or transaction, and is written exclusively in the form of dialogue. Example: Shadespeare's Romeo and Juliet. Lyric poetry is so called because it was for- merly intended to be sung to the accompaniment of a lyre. It includes the elegies; odes, songs, and sonnets. Example: Gray's Elegy. 4. The following are rules for capitals: ( a) The first word of every sentence, (b) The first word of every line of poetry. (c) Names of things personified. (d) The pronoun I and the interjection O. (e) All names of the Deity. (f) Names of the months and days of the week. (g) Adjectives derived from proper names. (h) Words repeated for emphasis. (i) The first word of a direct quotation, (J) Words of special importance. 5. Winfield Scott Hancock, one of the most noted generals of the Civil War, was born near Philadelphia in 1824. He graduated at W T est Point, served in the Mexican and Civil Wars, in both of which he did gallant service. He fought at Antie- tam, Gettysburg, and several of the battles around Richmond. In 1866 he was made a major-general and continued in the army until his death in 1886. ii2 THE COUNTY EXAMINER PAPER NO. VII. i. Euphemism is a mild way of saying some- thing that would otherwise sound harsh. Continuity is the arrangement of the parts of a writing so as to make the thought easily under- stood by the reader, 2. A pei'iodic sentence is one in which you are kept in suspense of its meaning until the close. A balanced sentence contains two clauses w r hich are similiar in form and to some extent con- trasted in meaning. A Loose sentence is one that might be brought to a close at two or more different places and yet give complete meaning. 3. Punctuation is the art of indicating the gram- matical and rhetorical construction of a sentence, by means of points and marks. The grammatical points are the comma (,), the semi-colon ( ;), colon (:) and period (.). The rhetorical: the interroga- tion (?), exclamation (!), parenthesis (()), dash ( — ), bracket ([ ] ), caret (/\ ). 4. The figures of speech that are founded upon likeness, are the simile, metaphor, allegory and personification. 5. The synonyms for adjacent are adjoining and contiguous; for punish, chastise and chasten; frus- trate, defeat and baffle; for banish, exile and expel; for hide, conceal and secrete. ANSWERS TO COMPOSITION iij PAPER NO. VIII. 1. Composition is the art of arranging words into sentences, sentences into paragraphs, and para- graphs into discourse. 2. Purity consists of the use of such words as are used by the best writers and speakers. Propriety consists in using the right word in the right place. Precision consists in selecting the words that convey the meaning intended. 3. Phrases and single words used parenthetical- ly, dependent and conditional clauses, and inverted clauses, standing at the beginning of sentences, should be separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. 4. Personification consists in attributing life to inanimate objects. 5. An allegory is a comparison in which the main subject is suppressed. It is a continued me- taphor. Ex.: "God brought a vine out of Egypt, and planted it in Palestine." PAPER NO. IX. 1. Diction treats of the selection and the right use of wotds. Style is the manner of expression. An essay is a writing in which a person gives his views on a particular subject. Unity is oneness of thought. ii 4 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 2. A figure of speech is a departure from the plain, ordinary use of language in order to make the meaning more effective. 3. Each paragraph should begin on a separate line, and a little to the right of the remaining lines of the paragraph. 4. Clauses and expressions having a common dependence, and additional clauses complete in themselves, should be separated from the rest of the sentence by semi-colons. The colon is used before a direct quotation, and the words yes and no, in answer to a question provided the words which follow are repetitions of the answer. 5. Grayson. Ky., Jan. 1, 1907. Mr. John Doe, Akron, O. Dear Sir: — It is my intention to visit your city in the near future for the purpose of purchasing a general store. If you have the time to spare, please make an investigation of any available property and report to me at once. Yours truly, Richard Roe. PAPER NO. X. 1. Rhetoric is the science which treats of dis- course. Capitals are distinguishing letters. ANSWERS TO COMPOSITION us A stanza is a number of lines of poetry taken together. Perspicuity is a quality of style by which a writer's meaning is easily understood. 2. Tragedy is a drama that represents some solemn or religious topic. A comedy is a drama that is intended to pro- voke mirth. 3. By strength is meant the construction of a sentence, so as to give the thought full force. Clearness is an arrangement of the parts of a sentence so that the meaning cannot be mistaken. Emphasis is an arrangement so as to give a conspicuous position to the main part of a sentence. 4. Outline for composition: 1. Birth and early life. 2. Service in French and Indian War. 3. Service in Revolutionary War. 4. First President of United States. I 5. His retirement at Mount Ver- [ non, and death. 5. Alliteration is a series of words beginning with the same letter. An Outline is a systematic arrangement to be followed in writing a composition or essay. A provincialism is a word, or expression pe- culiar to a certain locality. Washington QUESTIONS ON GEOGRAPHY. PAPER NO. I. i. What determines the location of the tropics and polar circles? 2. Where are the coal regions of the United States? Salmon fisheries? 3. Name the chief islands, border seas, and gulfs of the Atlantic Ocean? 4. For what are each of the following noted : Alps, Nile, Jacksonville, Himalaya, Quito, Venice, Athens, Mecca, Jerusalem, and Rhine. 5. In what countries are diamonds found? 6. What bodies of land and water are crossed by the Tropic of Capricorn? 7. Name the countries in Europe occupying peninsu- las. 8. Name and locate four seas in Asia. Four moun- tain chains in Europe. 9. Name in order the waters over which a vessel would sail from Duluth to Odessa. 10. What and where is Liberia? PAPER NO. II. 1. What government has possessions on every contin- ent in the world? Mention the most important of these possessions. 2. What countries produce the following: Indigo, QUESTIONS ON GEOGRAPHY 117 cloves, nutmeg, ginger, opium, silk, tea, coffee, wine and cinnamon? 3. Where is Switzerland? For what is it noted, and what kind of government has it? 4. Name an important seaport in each of the Grand Divisions. 5. Name the largest, the smallest, the most populous, and the most sparsely settled States in the Union, and give two cities in each. 6. What is a volcano, a geyser, an earthquake? 7. What causes the change of seasons? 8. Contrast the climate of Maine and Washington. Why the difference? 9. Through what countries, large islands, and bodies of water would you pass if you were to follow the equator around the world? 10. Describe the Atlantic Coast Plain. PAPER NO. III. 1. What and where are the two largest deserts? Give causes. 2. What is the greatest latitude a place can have? The greatest longitude? Why? Where is there neither latitude nor loneitude? 3. What are the three principal river systems of South America? What part of the Grand Division is drained by each and by what names are the valleys known? 4. What composes Danish America? 5. What are Isothermal lines? Why do they deviate from the parallels of latitude? 6. What is the largest city in each of the Grand u8 THE COUNTY EXAMINER Divisions? 7. What and where are the following: Carson, George, Gila, San Joaquin, Patagonia, Hayti, Hecla, Tasmania, Honolulu and Moscow? 8. Why is there more rainfall in the eastern than in the western part of the United States? 9. Name the Gulf States and give their capitals. 10. Name the waters over Avhich a vessel would sail in going from St. Petersburg to Galveston. PAPER NO. IV. 1. What causes day and night? 2. Name and define the three divisions of Geography? 3. What is the Gulf Stream? What effect does it have upon the climates of the countries near which it flows? 4. Name the leading states of the United States in the production of the following articles: Corn, wheat, to- bacco, rice, cotton, sugar cane, hemp, gold, silver and iron. 5. Give full explanation of Standard Time. 6. What are the equinoxes? The solstices? When does each occur? 7. Name one river, two cities and three products of Australia. 8. What is a canon? 9. What are the tides? What causes them? io, Name the States that border on the Great Lakes, and give Capital of each. PAPER NO. V. 1. Account for the location and size of the different QUESTIONS ON GEOGRAPHY up rivers of the United States. 2. What are parallels? Meridians? Latitude and longitude? 3. What compose the German Empire? Give its Cap- ital and chief cities. 4. What is the general shape of Africa? Give its coast line and surface features. 5. What country controls Madagascar? Canary Is- lands? Cape Verde Islands? St. Helena and Corsica? 6. Name several of the East India Islands. To what country does each belong? 7. What is the location of Mexico? Surface? Clim- ate? Productions? Chief cities? 8. Name the zones and give their width in degrees. 9. How long is a day at the North Pole? 10. In which Grand Division is found the extremes of surface elevation and depression? PAPER NO. VI. 1. What are the dimensions of the earth? 2. Define "Island," "Cape," "Archipelago," "Isth- mus," and "Peninsula." 3. Name the groups of the West India Islands, and the largest island of each group. 4. Where are the principal forest regions of the United States? 5. Of what importance is Alaska to the United States? 6. Where is there a river that flows both ways? What is its name, and what river systems does it connect? 7. Name the chief rivers of Africa. 8. What islands belonging to England lie south and southeast of Australia? i-2 o THE COUNTY EXAMINER 9. Name the chief river of British America. What lake does it drain? 10. Where are the Andes Mountains? Name three of the highest peaks. PAPER NO. VII. 1. How are springs formed? What are artesian wells? 2. Name the political divisions of North America. 3. Name the principal rivers of the Atlantic slope and tell into what each empties. 4. Name the islands in the Pacific Ocean that belong- to the United States. 5. What are the five leading exports of the United States? The five leading imports. 6. What country in Europe leads in the production of wheat? Name its chief rivers and tell where they empty. 7. In what zones does South America lie? Name its political divisions. 8. What and where are the following: Titicaca, Pan- ama, Popocatepetl, Lands-End, and Korea? 9. Name the Grand Divisions in the order of their area and population. 10. Where is Japan? Of what is it composed? Name its chief cities and principal products. PAPER NO. VIII. i. Name in order of their size and locate the five oceans. 2. Locate the following cities : Dublin, Sydney, Cal- cutta, Seoul, Ottawa, Colombo, Sitka, Turin, Callao and Oporto. 3. Why are the polar circles and tropics placed just QUESTIONS ON GEOGRAPHY 121 where they are? 4. Describe the Valley of the Nile. 5. What and where is the Yellowstone Park? 6. Give the water boundaries of the United States. 7. Name the states that touch the Mississippi River and give the capital of each. 8. In what country are found plants characteristic of each climatic zone? 9. Define great circle, basin, erosion, oasis and bayou. 10. What beasts of burden are used by the Laplanders? The Esquimaux? Travelers crossing the Sahara? PAPER NO. IX. 1. What is an estuary? A delta? Name two of each. 2. What are the products of India, Switzerland, China, Brazil and Canada? 3. What and where are the following : Catskill, Yazoo, Belize, Crete, St. Augustine, Naples, Pretoria, Darden- elles, Vancouver and Azov. 4. Name the New England States in order of size and give the capital of each. 5. What is dew, fog, frost, rain, snow. 6. Explain what causes tides. Ocean currents. Trade winds. 7. Name the races of mankind and tell where each is principally found. 8. Where is Cuba? What is its form of government? Capital? Principal products? 9. What form of government has each of the follow- ing countries : Brazil, France, Russia, Greece, Germany? 10. What animals are found in South America? PAPER NO. X. 1. Name the principal rivers that flow into the Gulf 122 THE COUNTY EXAMINER of Mexico. 2. What large empire is drained by the Danube? What of its surface and products? 3. Name the principal animals found in Africa. What are the products of Africa? 4. Name three volcanoes in the Andes. 5. Give a water route from Venice to Vladivostok. 6. Where is quicksilver found? 7. Name the highest mountain peak of each of the Grand Divisions. 8. Name and locate four inland bodies of salt water and give reason for their water being salty. 9. Name and locate the principal capes of Eurasia. 10. Give approximately the area of the Grand Divi- sions. ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS ON GEOGRAPHY. PAPER NO. I. i. The location of the Tropics and Polar Circles, is determined by the inclination of the earth's axis, together with its revolution around the sun. 2. The coal of the United States is found princi- pally in the States of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee and Alabama, in the eastern coal fields; and in Illinois, Missouri and Iowa, in the middle coal fields. Salmon is found on the western Coast of the United States, principally in the Columbia river, and in the eastern part along the coast of Maine. 3. The chief islands of the Atlantic Ocean are, the Greater and Lesser Antilles, Bahama Islands, Prince Edward, Cape Breton, Newfoundland, St. Helena, Cape Verde and British Isles. Seas: Car- ibbean, Mediterranean and North Sea. Gulfs: St. Lawrence, Mexico and Guina. 4. The Alps are noted for their beautiful scenery; the Nile, for its annual overflow; Jackson- ville, is a winter resort; Himalaya, the highest i2 4 THE COUNTY EXAMINER mountains in the world; Quito, for being located on the equator; Venice, city with canals for streets; Athens, for its ancient greatness; Mecca, the birth- place of Mohammed; Jerusalem, the Holy City of the Jews; the Rhine, for the beautiful scenery along its course, 5. Diamonds are found principally in South Africa, and in Brazil, South America. 6. The Tropic of Capricorn crosses South Amer- ica, Atlantic Ocean, Africa, Madagascar, Indian Ocean, Australia and Pacific Ocean. 7. The countries of Europe occupying peninsu- las are Spain and Portugal, Italy, Greece and Turkey, Norway and Sweden, and Denmark. 8. The following seas are on the eastern coast of Asia: South China, East China, Yellow and Japan. Four mountains of Europe are the Alps, in Switzerland; Apennines, in Italy; Pyrenees, in Spain; Carpathian, in Austria-Hungary. 9. A vessel in going from Duluth to Odessa would sail on Lake Superior, White Fish Bay, St. Mary's river, Lake Huron, St. Clair river, St. Clair Lake, Detroit river, Lake Erie, Niagara river, Lake Ontario, St. Lawrence river, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Atlantic Ocean, Straits of Gibraltar, Mediterranean Sea, Aegean Sea, Straits of Dar- danelles, Sea of Marmora, Bosphorus Strait, and the Black Sea. ANSWERS TO GEOGRAPHY 125 10. Libera is an independent republic on the west coast of Africa. It was settled by emanci- pated slaves from the United States. PAPER NO. II. 1. England has possessions on every continent. In Asia, she owns India; In Africa, Orange River Colony; In America, Dominion of Canada and many of the West India Islands. Besides these she owns islands in every part of the earth, and the Continent of Australia. 2. Indigo is found in India; cloves, in Moluccas or Spice Islands; nutmeg, Madagascar; ginger, East and West Indies; opium, India and China; silk, China and Italy; tea, China and Japan; coffee, South America and West Indies; wine, Spain and Portugal; ciftnamon, Ceylon. 3. Switzerland is in Europe, and is bounded on the north by Germany, east by Austria-Hungary, south by Italy and west by France. It is noted for its beautiful scenery, and has a republican form of government. 4. Liverpool is an important seaport of Europe; New York, of North America; Canton, of Asia; Buenos Aires, of South America; Cape Town, of Africa; Melbourne, of Australia. 5. The largest state in the Union is Texas', cities: Galveston and Dallas. The smallest State is Rhode Island', cities: Newport and Pawtucket. New York is the most populous ; cities : Buffalo and 126 THE COUNTY EXAMINER Rochester. Nevada is the most sparsely settled; cities: Reno and Virginia City. 6. A volcano is an opening into the earth's inter- ior, from which issues smoke, ashes and melted rock or lava. A geyser is a hot spring from which water and steam issues with great force. An earthquake is a vibration or trembling of the earth's surface, caused by a wave-like motion of the fluid interior. 7. The seasons are caused by the inclination of the earth's axis, the parallelism of its axis, its ro- tation on its axis and its revolutions around the sun. 8. The climate of Maine is much colder than that of Washington. Maine's climate is affected by the cold currents from the Arctic Ocean, while that of Washington is affected by the warm Japan current. 9. The equator passes through South America, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes Islands and Pacific Ocean. 10. The eastern half of the Atlantic Plain, south of the Hudson River, is low, flat and sandy, the streams are sluggish and the tides ascend to a great distance. This is called the tidewater region. West of this the plain rises more rapidly. This is called the Piedmont region. The Plain is much narrower in the north than in the south. ANSWERS TO GEOGRAPHY 127 PAPER NO. III. 1. The two largest deserts are the Sahara, of Northern Africa, and Gobi of China. They are caused by the continuous highlands surrounding them, which prevent the moisture from entering their vast areas. 2. The greatest latitude a place can have is 90°, because latitude does not extend beyond the poles. The greatest longitude is 180°, because longitude is measured east and west of some prime meridian, and can extend but half way around the earth. There is neither latitude nor longitude where the prime meridian crosses the equator. 3. The three principal river systems of South America are the Orinoco, Amazon and La Plata. The Orinoco Valley is called the Llanos. It drains the northern part. The Amazon Valley is called the Selvas. It drains the central part. The La Plata Valley is called Pampas. It drains the south- ern part. 4. Greenland and Iceland compose Danish America, 5. Lines passing around the earth that connect places of the same annual temperature are called isothennal lines. Ocean currents, elevation of sur- face and other causes affecting climate tend to make the lines deviate. 6. The largest city in Europe is London; in Asia, Canton; in North America, New York: in i28 THE CO UNTY EX A MINER South America, Buenos Aires; in Africa, Cairo; in Australia, Melbourne^ 7. Carson is a city in Nevada; George, a lake in New York; Gila, a river in Arizona; San Joaquin, a river in California; Patagonia, a division of Ar- gentine Republic in South America; Hayti, one of the islands of the West Indians; Hecla, a volcano in Iceland; Tasmania, an island south of Australia; Honolulu, chief city of Hawaiian Islands; Moscow, city in Russia. 8. The lack of rainfall in the western part of the United States, is due to the high mountains which prevent the moisture from passing inland to any great distance. 9. The Gulf States with capitals are as follows: Florida Tallahassee; Alabama, Montgomery; Mis- sissippi, Jackson; Louisiana, Baton Rouge; Texas, Austin. 10. In going from St. Petersburg to Galveston, a vessel would pass over the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Sea, Cattegat, Skaggerack, North Sea, At- lantic Ocean, Florida Strait, and Gulf of Mexico. PAPER NO. IV. 1, Day and night is caused by the rotation ot the earth on its axis. 2. Mathematical Geography treats of the form, size and motions of the earth and its relation to other heavenly bodies. Physical Geography treats of the land, water and the atmosphere. Political Ge- ANSWERS TO GEOGRAPHY i2 9 ography treats of man as an inhabitant, the political divisions made and the governments controlled by him. 3. The Gulf Stream is a warm current of water that issues from the Gulf of Mexico. It follows our coast as far north as Cape Hatteras, crosses the Atlantic Ocean to Norway and Sweden and termin- ates in the Arctic Ocean, But for its influence the climate of Europe, in the same latitude, would be as cold as Labrador. 4. Iowa produces the most corn; Minnesota, wheat; Kentucky, tobacco; South Carolina, rice; Texas, cotton; Louisiana, sugar cane; Kentucky, hemp; California, gold; Colorado, silver; Pennsyl- vania, iron 5. Standard time is the time adopted by the various railway systems, and by which they run their trains. The United States is divided into four divisions of time, viz.: Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific. 6. The equinoxes are the times of the year when the days and nights are of equal length, throughout the globe. This occurs on the 21st of March, and 22nd of September. The solstices are the times of the year when the sun' a rays reach their most northern and south- ern limits. They occur June 21st and December 21st. 7. The Murray is a river of Australia, Brisbane and Adelaide are cities; gold, wool and meat are ijo THE COUNTY EXAMINER products. 8. A canon is a deep cut worn into the earth by a stream of water. 9. Tides are the regular rising and falling of the waters of the sea. They are caused by the attrac- tion of the sun and moon. 10. The following are the States that touch the Great Lakes: New York, capital, Albany; Pennsyl- vania, Harrisburg; Ohio, Columbus; Indiana, Indi- anapolis; Illinois, Springfield; Wisconsin, Madison; Minnesota, St. Paul; Michigan, Lansing. PAPER NO. V. 1, The Rocky mountains on the west and the Appalachian mountains on the east, form divides between the streams that flow into the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, and the Gulf of Mexico and Great Lakes. The rivers of the Pacific slope are fed mostly from snow melting in the mountains. The rivers of the central lowland have their source in the mountain regions, but are fed mostly by the abundant rainfall of this section and carry large volumes of water. The rivers that empty into the Atlantic are short, and consequently do not carry such an abundance of water, 2. Parallels are lines extending around the earth in the same direction as the equator. Merid- ians are lines running around the earth from north to south. Latitude is distance measured north and south of the equator. Longitude is ANSWERS TO GEOGRAPHY 131 distance measured east and west from some meridi- an, designated as the prime meridian. 3. The German empire is composed of a feder- ation of 25 states with one imperial province. Its capital is Berlin. Chief cities: Hamburg, Bremen, Leipzig, Breslau and Dresden. 4. Africa is triangular in shape. It has a regu L lar coast line. Most of the surface is a plateau surrounded by a rim of mountains. The Atlas mountains are the most important. 5. Madagascar is controlled by France; Canary and Cape Verde Islands, by Spain; St. Helena, by England; Corsica, by France. 6. Of the East India Islands, Java, Sumatra and parts of Borneo and New Guinea, and most of the small islands belong to Holland. England owns the northern part of Borneo, Germany the north- ern part of New Guinea and Portugal Timor. 7. Mexico lies between Central America and the United States. Its surface is mostly highlands. The climate on the mountains is cold and on the slopes temperate, while that of the valleys or low- lands, is tropical. Its chief products are coffee, cotton, sugar cane, tobacco and hemp. The chief cities are Vera Cruz, - Mazatlin, Monterey and Pueblo; 8. There are two frigid zones, each 23|- degrees wide; two- temperate, each 43 degrees wide; one torridy-47- degrees wide. - •• • i 3 2 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 0. A day at the North Pole is six months long. It begins the 21st day of March and ends the 21st day of September. This is caused by the revolu- tion of the earth around the sun together with the inclination of its axis. 10. The extremes of surface elevation and de- pression are in Asia. The highest being the Him- alaya mountains, and the surface of the Dead Sea being the lowest. PAPER NO. VI, 1. The earth's diameter is 7,899 miles, its cir- cumference is 24,899 miles, and its surface is 196,000,000 square miles. 2. An island is a small body of land surrounded by water. A cape is a point of land projecting into the water. An archipelago is a group of islands. An isthmus is a neck of land joining two larger bodies of land. A peninsula is a body of land nearly surrounded by water. 3. There are three groups in the West Indies: Greater and Lesser Antilles, and Bahama Islands. The largest of the greater Antilles are: Cuba, Hayti, Porto Rico, and Jamaica. Of the Lesser Antilles are Trinidad, Martinique, Dominica and Guadaloupe. Of the Bahama Islands are Andros, San Salvador and Great Bahama. 4. The principal forest regions of the United States are in Washington, Oregon, Michigan, ANSWERS TO GEOGRAPHY 133 Maine and Mississippi, 5. Alaska is important on account of its gold, furs , whale and seal fisheries. 6. The Cassaquiari river in South America, during a part of the year flows into the Orinoco system and the remainder of the year into the Amazon system. 7. The chief rivers of Africa are the Nile, Niger, Kongo, Zambesi, and Orange. 8. England owns Tasmania, which is south of Australia, and New Zealand which is southeast. 9. The McKenzie is the chief river of British America. It drains Great Bear, Great Slave and Athabasca Lakes. 10. The Andes mountains extend north and south along the western coast of South America. Illiniani, Aft. Aconcagua and Mt. Tolima are the principal peaks. PAPER NO. VII. 1. Water bubbling from the ground is called a Spring. An artesian zuell results from the boring of a hole through the coarse-grained rocks of the earth, which permits the water to escape, and frequently with much force. 2. The political divisions of North America are, the United States, including Alaska, the Dominion of Canada, Central American States, West Indies, Greenland and Iceland. 3. The principal rivers of the Atlantic Slope are, i 3 4 THE COUNTY EXAMINER the Penobscot, which enters into Penobscot bay; the Kennebec, into Casco bay; Merrimac, into the Atlantic Ocean; Connecticut, into Long Island sound; Hudson, into New York bay; Delaware, into Delaware Bay; Susquehanna and Potomac, into Chesapeake bay; Roanoke, into Albermarle sound; Savannah and Altamaha, into the Atlantic ocean. 4. In the Pacific ocean the United States owns the Hawaiian Islands, Philippines, Guam and Tutuila. 5. The principal exports of the United States are cotton, iron, petroleum, breadstuffs and tobacco. The imports are sugar, silk, hides coffee and rub- ber. 6. Russia leads the other countries of Europe in the production of wheat. Its principal rivers are the Volga, which enters into the Caspian sea; Dnieper, into the Bay of Odessa; Petchora, into the Arctic Ocean; Dwina, into the White sea. 7. South America lies in the Torrid and South Temperate zones. Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, and British, Dutch and French Guina are its political divisions. 8. Titicaca is a lake in South America; Panama, an isthmus that joins North and South America; Popocatepetl, a volcano in Mexico; Lands-End cape at southwestern extremity of England; Korea, a ANSWERS TO GEOGRAPHY i 35 strait between China and Japan. g. The Grand Divisions in order of their area are Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Europe and Australia. In order of their popula- tion, Asia, Europe, Africa, North America, South America, Australia. 10. Japan occupies a chain of islands east of Asia extending from Kuril islands on the north to Formosa on the south. Its chief cities are Tokyo, Yokahoma and Kyota. The productions are sil- ver, copper, coal, rice, silk and fish. PAPER NO. VIII. 1. The oceans in order of their size are: first, the Pacific, which lies between North and South America on the east, and Asia and Australia on the west; second, the Atlantic, between Europe and Africa on the east, and North and South America on the west; third, the Indian, between the Antarctic ocean on the south and Asia on the north; fourth, the Antarctic lies around the south pole and extends north to the Antarctic circle; fifth, Arctic lies around the north pole and extends south to the Arctic circle. 2. Dtiblin is a city in Ireland; Sidney, Australia; Calcutta, India; Seoul, Korea; Ottawa, Canada; Columbo, Ceylon; Sitka, Alaska; Turin, Italy; Cal- lao, Peru; Oporto, Portugal. %. The inclination of the earth's axis causes the i 3 6 THE COUNTY EXAMINER location of the tropics and polar circles. The tropics mark the direct rays of the sun north and south of the equator and the polar circles the oblique rays. 4. The Valley of the Nile extends from the Mediterranean sea to the equator. With the ex- ception of the Mississippi-Missouri, it is the longest river in the world. The water which falls during the rainy season near the equator causes the lower portion of the Nile to overflow its banks, which makes the valley exceedingly fertile. 5. The Yellowstone National Park is located principally in northwestern Wyoming, a small por- tion extending into the States of Montana and Idaho. It has been reserved by the Federal Gov- ernment on account of its wonderful geysers, hot springs, beautiful lakes and scenery. 6. The bodies and streams of water that bound the United States are the Atlantic ocean, Florida strait, Rio Grande and Colorado rivers, Pacific ocean, strait of Juan de Fuca, Lake of the Woods, Rainy river, Rainy lake, Pigeon river, Lake Super- ior, St. Mary's river, Lake Huron, St. Clair river and St Clair lake, Detroit River, Lake Erie, Niag- ara river, Lake Ontario, St. Lawrence river, St. John's river, Grand Lake and St. Croix river. 7. The states that touch the Mississippi river are as follows: Minnesota, capital, St. Paul; Iowa, Des Moines; Missouri, Jefferson City; Arkansas, ANSWERS TO GEOGRAPHY 137 Little Rock; Louisiana, Baton Rouge; Mississippi, Jackson; Tennessee, Nashville; Kentucky, Frank- fort; Illinois, Springfield; Wisconsin, Madison. 8. Plants characteristic of each climatic zone are found in Mexico. 9. A Great Circle is one that divides the earth into two equal parts, A basin is the valley drained lyy a river sys- tem. Erosion is the wearing away of the earth's surface. An oasis is a fertile spot in a desert. A bayou is a swampy place or sluggish stream. 10. The Laplanders use the reindeer as a beast of burden; the Esquimaux, the dog; travelers crossing the Sahara use the camel. PAPER NO. IX. 1. An estuary is an open mouth of a river where the tide rises and falls. A Delta is a river that has two or more mouths. The Plata and Columbia rivers have estu- aries and the Mississippi and Orinoco have deltas. 2. India produces rice, opium, coffee, tea, wheat and pepper. Switzerland produces dairy products and manufactured goods, such as watches, clocks and carved wood. China produces tea, silk, opium and cotton. i 3 8 THE COUNTY EXAMINER Brazil produces coffee, cotton and tobacco. Canada produces wheat, potatoes, furs, lum- ber, gold and silver. 3. Catskill are mountains in New York; Yazoo, river in Mississippi; Belize, English colony in Cen- tral America; Crete, island in the Mediterranean Sea; St. Augustine, city in Florida; Naples, city in Italy; Pretoria, city in South Africa; Dardanelles, strait between Aegean and Marmora seas; Vancou- ver, island northwest of the State of Washington; Azov, sea north of the Black sea. 4. The New England States in order of size, with capitals, are as follows: Maine, Augusta; Ver- mont, Montpelier; New Hampshire, Concord; Mass- achusetts, Boston; Co7t7iecticut, Hartford; Rhode Island, Providence. 5. Dew is moisture condensed,/^ is mist float- ing in the air, frost is frozen dew, rain is water falling from the clouds, snow is water frozen into white crystals. 6. Tides are caused by the attraction of the sun and moon, that of the moon being more apparent. Ocean currents are caused by the rotation of the earth on its axis, the evaporation in equa- torial regions, the melting of the polar ice and snow, wind and tides. Trade winds are caused by the heat of the atmosphere in the equatorial region which rises, ANSWERS TO GEOGRAPHY ijp and the air rushes in from north and south to fill the vacuum. 7. The three races of mankind are the white, yellow and black. The white race is found chiefly in Europe and North America, the yellow in China and Australia, and the black in Africa. 8. Cuba is south of Florida. It has a republi- can form of government, and its capital is Havana. The chief products are sugar-cane, tobacco, coffee, oranges and bananas. 9. Brazil and France are republics, Russia and Greece monarchies, Germany is an empire. 10. The animals of South America are jaguars, llamas, alpacas, deer, bears and panthers. PAPER NO. X. 1. The principal rivers that empty into the Gulf of Mexico are the Rio Grande, Neuces, Colorado, Brazos, Trinity, Sabine, Mississippi, Mobile, Apal- achicola and Suwanee. 2. Austria- Hungary is drained by the Danube river. It is nearly surrounded by high mountains, which enclose fertile plains. The chief products are wheat, flax, hemp, olives and grapes. 3. The principal animals of Africa are the ante- lope, lion, giraffe, elephant, leopard, rhinoceros and gorilla. In the rivers are found the hippopotamus and crocodile. i 4 o THE COUNTY EXAMINER The products are dates, sago and oil palms, tobacco, esparto grass, rubber and coffee. 4. Cotopaxi, Chimborazo and Sahama are the principal volcanoes of the Andes. 5. In going by ship from Venice to Vladi- vostok, you pass over the following: Adriatic Sea, Otranto Strait, Mediterranean Sea, Suez Canal, Red Sea, Strait of Babel Mandeb, Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean, Bay of Bengal, Strait of Malacca, South China Sea, Formosa Strait, East China Sea, Korea Strait and Japan Sea. 6. Quicksilver is found in Spain, California and Peru. 7. The highest mountain peak in Asia is Mt. Everest, in Africa is Kilimanjaro, in North America is McKinley, in South America is Aconcagua, in Europe is Blanc, in Australia is the Australian Mountains. 8. The waters of the Caspian Sea between Russia and Siberia, the Aral Sea in southern Siberia, the Great Salt Lake in Utah, and the Dead Sea in Asiatic Turkey are salt. This is due to the bodies of water having no outlet. 9. The principal capes of Eurasia are as follows: North Cape, northern extremity of Norway; Finis- terre, western part of Spain; St, Vincent, western part of Portugal; Sparttvento, southern part of Italy; Matapan, southern part of Greece; Comorin, ANSWERS TO GEOGRAPHY 141 southern part of India; Roumanta, southern part of Malay Peninsula; Lopatka, extremity of Kam- chatka; East Cape, northeast extremity of Siberia; Chelyuskin, the most northern cape of Siberia. 10. The area of Asia is approximately 17,000,000 sq. mi.; Africa, 11,500,000; North America, 9,400,000; South America, 6,800,000; Europe, 3,800,000; Aus- tralia, 3,400,000. QUESTIONS ON U. S. HISTORY. PAPER NO. I. i. Give an account of Arnold's Treason. 2. How, when and from whom did we secure the ter- ritory known as Louisiana? 3. Give an account of the laying of the Atlantic cable. 4. What nations took an active part in the discovery of North America? Give a discovery of each. 5. What was the Dred Scott decision? 6. What were the Alabama Claims? 7. Describe the engagement between the Monitor and Merrimac. 8. What was the Presidential Succession Law? 9. Tell something of the hardships endured by the early settlers of Virginia. 10. What was the Nullification Act? PAPER NO. II. 1. What is the Red Cross Society? 2. Give an account of Admiral Dewey's victory in Manila Bay. 3. What was Jay's treaty? 4. Give the main cause and result of the French and Indian War. 5. Who were the Mound Builders? The Northmen? Q UESTIONS ON HIST OR I T 143 6. Name and give dates of settlement of the Thirteen Original Colonies. 7. What was the Kansas- Nebraska Bill? 8. Give a short account of the siege of Vicksburg. 9. Describe the battle of Trenton. 10. Give events corresponding to the following dates: 1619, 1643, 1732, 1783, 1848. PAPER NO. III. 1. Explain what is meant by the Mason and Dixon Line. 2. Why were the Indians so named? 3. What was the Webster- Ashburton Treaty? 4. Give an account of King Philip's War. 5. Describe the events of Columbus' first voyage to America. 6. Describe the last battle of the War of 18 12. 7. Name five foreigners that assisted the Colonies in the American Revolution. 8. Describe the settlement of New York. 9. How many stripes in our flag? How many stars? Why? 10. Give a short account of the Boston Tea Party. PAPER NO. IV. 1. What generals had command of the Army of the Potomac? 2. What do you know of Ponce De Leon? 3. Name the members of Washington's cabinet. 4. Describe the battle of Lexington. 5. What was the Monroe Doctrine? 6. What President was impeached? Why? Was he j 44 THE COUNTY EXAMINER convicted? 7. Describe the battle of the Thames. 8. State briefly what was done by General Taylor during- the Mexican War. 9. What was the Toleration Act? 10. Name the first five States that were admitted into the Union, and give dates of admission. PAPER NO. V. 1. Give the principal causes of the Revolutionary War. 2. Did Columbus ever see the mainland of America? If so, when and where? 3. Give an account of the capture of Quebec, in the French and Indian War. 4. What was the Wilmot Proviso? 5. Give date and place of the first permanent settle- ment of the Spanish, the French, the English and the Dutch. 6. Give a brief account of Burgoyne's invasion. How. was he checked? 7. Give an account of the assassination of Lincoln, of Garfield, of McKinley. 8. Name five generals on each side of the Civil War. 9. What three Presidents died on the Fourth of July? 10. Relate briefly the story of Pocahontas. PAPER NO. VI. 1. What is history? Why do you study it? 2. Name five of the leading generals on each side in the Revolutionary War. QUESTIONS ON HISTORY 143 3. Name the provisions of the Compromise of 1850. 4. Describe the Battle of Perryville. 5. Who was called the ''Great Pacificator," "Sage of Monticello," "Old Rough and Ready," "Poor Richard," "Old Man Eloquent?" 6. What is the civil service reform? 7. What Presidents have not served out their term of office? Why? Who succeeded them? 3. With what colonies were each of the following connected: Standish, Penn, Stuyvesant, Williams, and Smith? 9. Describe Bacon's Rebellion. 10. Tell about John Brown's raid. PAPER NO. VII. 1. Name in order the powers to which Columbus ap- plied for aid. 2. Name the States that seceded from the Union. 3. How long did the war for independence last? When and where was the first battle? The last? 4. Describe Perry's victory on Lake Erie. 5. Who invented the cotton gin, the steamboat, the telegraph, the sewing machine, the telephone? 6. What do you mean by Reconstruction? What was the Reconstruction Policy of Johnson? That of Congress? 7. Describe the battle of Antietam. 8. Name several causes of the Civil War. 9. Describe the settlement of the Plymouth Colony. 10. What was the Embargo Act? When was it passed? By what other name is it known? 146 THE COUNTY EXAMINER PAPER NO. VIII. i. Name three French, three English, and three Spanish explorers. 2. What was Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation? 3. Give an account of the founding of Harvard and Yale colleges. 4. Give name and conditions of the treaty that closed the Mexican War. 5. Describe the first Battle of Bull Run. What effect did it have? 6. Tell about the Chicago fire. 7. Give dates of the four greatest financial disasters through which this country has passed. 8. Name and give dates of the acquisition of territory by the United States Government. 9. Describe Braddock's defeat. 10. Describe the settlement of Georgia. PAPER NO. IX. 1. What can you say of the introduction of slavery into the colonies? 2. Tell about the capture of Fort Sumpter and its ef- fect. 3. Name and give dates of the four Inter-Colonial wars. 4. How did America get its name? 5. Mention important services rendered by the fol- lowing persons : Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe and Henry Clay. 6. Name the Presidents of the United States who have served two terms. QUESTIONS ON HISTORY 147 7. Tell about the surrender of Comwallis. 8. What was the result of Clark's campaign in the Northwest, in the War of the Revolution? 9. What was the World's Columbian Exposition? 10. Tell something- of the Conway Cabal; of Sergeant Jasper. PAPER NO. X. 1. What was the Missouri Compromise? 2. Who said, (1) ''Millions for defense but not one cent for tribute!" (2) "Give me liberty or give me death!" (3) "We have met the enemy and they are ours!" (4) "Don't give up the ship ! " (5) "I'll try, sir! " 3. What were the Personal Liberty Laws ? 4. Give briefly cause, principal battles, and result of the war with Spain. 5. Tell something of LaFayette, Hamilton, Burr. 6. Describe the battle of Gettysburg. 7. What was the cause of the war of 18 12? Of the Mexican war? 8. In what way did President Jackson differ from his predecessors in office? 9. What was the Salem witchcraft? 10. Describe the settlement of Rhode Island. ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS ON UNITED STATES HISTORY. PAPER NO. I. i. Benedict Arnold was a general during the greater part of the Revolutionary War, and in 1780 was in command of the American forces at West Point, New York. For a violation of the rules of the American army, Arnold was reprimanded by Washington, at which he became incensed, and made an agreement with General Clinton to turn over West Point to the British, for a sum in our money equal to about 50,000 dollars and a colonel- cy in the British army. The agreement was made with Arnold by Major Andre, who was captured by the Americans and executed. Arnold escaped to the British and received his reward. 2. The territory of Louisiana was purchased from France by the United States through its agents, Monroe and Diyingstori, in 1803, for fifteen million dollars. 3. The first sub-marine telegraph or Atlantic cable that was a success, was completed in 1866, by ANSWERS TO HISTORY i 49 Cyrus W. Field, who had spent twelve years in the enterprise, having crossed the ocean fifty times. The first cable connected Hearts' Content in New- foundland, with Valencia Bay, in Ireland. This was completed in 1858 but soon ceased to work. In 1865, the steamer Great Eastern began to lay a better cable than had previously been used. The attempt failed, the cable breaking in mid-ocean, but a new company was formed and the work com- pleted the next summer. 4. The nations actively engaged in discoveries in America, with a discovery of each, are as fol- lows: Spain, Florida; France, St. Lawrence river; England, Labrador; Holland, Hudson river. 5. Dred Scott and his wife were slaves in the South. They were taken into Illinois by their master, and there sued for their freedom, claiming they were entitled to it, as Illinois was a free State. The case finally reached the Supreme Court of the United States, and its decision was that a slave was property, and Dred Scott and his wife could be held as slaves in free territory. This has always been known as the Dred Scott Decision. 6. What is known as the "Alabama Claims," were claims the United States had against Eng- land, for damages done the commerce of the United States by the Alabama, a steamer that was built in England, and did service for the Southern Confederacy during the Civil War. The claims ISO THE COUNTY EXAMINER were adjusted by representatives from three friendly governments at Geneva, the United States receiving fifteen and a half million dollars. 7. The Merrimac met in Hampton Roads in Virginia, in March, 1882, and sunk the United States sloop of war Cumberland, and forced the Congress to surrender. Before the Minnesota could be attacked, the Monitor, an iron-clad ship, built by Captain John Ericson of New York, ar- rived on the scene. The Monitor was protected b}^ a heavy iron covering, and could be revolved so as to give rapid firing in every direction. The Merri- mac had been cut down to the water's edge, and also had a sloping iron roof. In the engagement which followed, the Mon- itor proved a too powerful antagonist, the Merri- macbeingso disabled that she withdrew, and was, two months later, blown up to prevent her falling into the hands of the United States authorities. 8. The Presidential Succession Law was a law passed in 1886, making the cabinet officers in order, beginning with the Secretary of State, succeed to the Presidency, in case the President or Vice-Presi- dent should resign or die. 9. The greatest hardship endured by the settlers of Virginia is known in history as "The Starving Time." Captain John Smith who managed the af- fairs of the colony, was compelled, on account of a severe wound, to return to England, and on his ANSWERS TO HISTORY 151 departure the colonists, who had been forced to work and obey the laws gave themselves up to laziness and riot, and in six months the 500 he left well supplied, were by starvation and sickness re- duced to 60. 10. In 1832 Congress placed additional duties on imports. South Carolina declared the act null and void, and threatened to secede from the Union. The prompt action of the President, and a compro- mise bill by Mr. Clay to reduce the taxes, caused the excitement to die away. PAPER NO. II. 1. The Red Cross Society is the outgrowth of an agreement of some of the leading nations of Europe, in which the aim is to lessen the suffering caused by war, by granting neutral rights to the wounded and all who are engaged in relieving them of their distress. In 1882 the President, authorized by the Senate, signed the agreement for the United States. The American Association formed under this agreement seeks to relieve the distress caused by war, pestilence and other calamities. 2. On Sunday morning, May 1, 1898, the United States Pacific Squadron, under the command of Commodore (now Admiral ) Dewey, steamed into Manila Harbor, passing successful!}' the mines at the entrance to the Bay. An engagement soon ensued between Dew- ey's fleet and the Spanish fleet under the command i 5 2 THE COUNTY EXAMINER of Admiral Montejo. The Spanish land battery was silenced and the Spanish fleet entirely des- troyed. 3. After the Revolutionary War, England, con trary to treaty, failed to give up several western forts and, during the war with France, had forced many of our sailors into her service. In order to arrange these and other differen- ces existing between the two governments, John Jay was sent to England to represent the United States in settlement, if possible, and a treaty, known in history as Ja}^'s Treaty, was made, in which all differences, except the right of search, were amicably settled. 4. The main cause of the French and Indian War was a dispute over the territory in the Ohio and Mississippi valleys. The war began in 1754, and ended by the Treaty of Paris in 1763, in which Great Britain secured from France all the country north of the St. Lawrence river and Great Lakes, and New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Eastern Maine, and all lands east of the Mississippi. England re- ceived Florida from Spain, and Spain received from France all the land west of the Mississippi. 5. The Mound Builders were a class of people that inhabited the Ohio and Mississippi valleys. They were so named from the many mounds they built, and are supposed to have been exterminated by the Indians, from whose traditions we have re- ANSWERS TO GEOGRAPHY i 53 ceived some account of them. The Northmen were people of Norway, who made discoveries in Iceland and Greenland. They visited the eastern coast of North America and named Rhode Island "Good Vinland," an account of the abundance of wild grapes. 6. In Virginia, in 1607, New York in 1613, Massachusetts in 1620, New Hampshire in 1623, Connecticut in 1633, Maryland in 1634, Rhode Is- land in 1636, Delaware in 1638, Pennsylvania by Swedes in 1643 and by William Penn in 1682, North Carolina in 1663, New Jersey in 1665, South Carolina in 1670, Georgia in 1733. 7. The Kansas-Nebraska bill was a bill that or- ganized the territories of Kansas and Nebraska and gave them the right to decide whether or not they would come into the Union as slave or free states. It was introduced into Congres by Stephen A. Douglas and became a law in 1854. 8. Vicksburg was the strongest point on the Mississippi. General Pemberton of the Confeder- acy was in command, and General Grant was des- ignated to capture it. After a lengthy siege, the fort with its 31,000 men, 15 generals and all muni- tions of war, was surrendered on July 4, 1863. 9. On Christmas night, in 1776, while Colonel Rail, the British commander at Trenton, New Jer- sey, was enjoying Christmas, General Washington crossed the Delaware amid blocks of floating ice, 1 54 THE COUNTY EXAMINER captured about 1,000 men and recrossed the river with the loss of only two men. This was one of the most important battles of the Revolution. 10. In 1619 slavery was introduced into the Vir- ginia Colony; 1643, League of the New England Colonies; 1732, Washington was born; 1783, Treaty of Paris, that settled the Revolutionary War; 1848, gold discovered in California. PAPER NO. III. i. The line between Pennsylvania and Mary- land, surveyed by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon in 1767, is known in history as the Mason and Dixon line. The line roughly divides the North from the South, and is used to distinguish the two sections of country. 2. When Columbus discovered the West Indies he thought he had touched the islands off the coast of India, so he named the natives Indians for the country. 3. The Webster-Ashburton Treaty was the treaty that disposed of the "Right of Search" and settled the boundary line between Maine and New Brunswick. It was made in 1842, 4. The whites continued to encroach more and more upon the lands of the Indians, and King- Philip, an Indian chief, growing tired of this, in 1675, undertook to destroy them. Most of the Indian tribes joined him. Peace was not restored until Philip had fallen by a traitor's bullet. Two ANSWERS TO HISTORY i 55 thousand Indians had been killed. 5. Columbus, commanding three ships, the Pin- ta, Nina, and Santa Maria, together with 120 sail- ors, set sail from Palos, Spain, in August, 1492. He followed the well-known route to the Cape Verde Islands, off the coast of Africa. From here he sailed westward, thinking he might reach India. During the journey the sailors became frightened and wanted to turn back. Some were threatened, others were promised rewards, and the journey continued until October 12th, when they landed on San Salvador, one of the West India Islands. 6. New Orleans, the last battle of the War of 1812, was fought at New Orleans between Generals Jackson and Packenham. The Americans made breastworks of cotton bales and sand-bags. They were opposed by nearly twice their number, but the Kentucky and Tennessee riflemen took such aim that nearly 2,000 British were killed, together with their general. The army then withdrew. This was one of the greatest victories of the war. 7. The most noted foreigners who assisted the Colonies in the Revolution were as follows: LaFay- ette, Kosciusko, Pulaski, Baron Steuben, and Rochambeau. 8. New York was the only colony settled by the Dutch. Henry Hudson, in the service of the Dutch East India Company, had discovered the region in 1609, and Adrian Block, several years later, built a i 5 6 THE COUNTY EXAMINER ship called "The Unrest" and explored much adja- cent territory. No settlement was made until 1613 when a trading post was established at New Am- sterdam. The name was afterward changed to New York by the English. 9. Our flag now has 13 stripes and 46 stars. At first the number of stripes and stars were the same and one of each, for a few years, was added, until it was seen that the growth of states would be so great that it would be better to drop back to 13 stripes, letting them represent the original States, but add a star for each new State on the 4th of July following its admission; hence, the stripes rep- resent the original States, and the stars the entire number. 10. The Colonists objected so strongly to paying the taxes imposed by the British Parliament that that body repealed all taxes, except that of three pence a pound on tea, which could be sold cheaper in America than in England. The Colonists, how- ever, were contending that taxation in any form, without representation, was unjust. The people of Boston had refused to receive the tea, the port was closed, and a party disguised as Indians went aboard the ship and threw all the tea into the har- bor. This has ever since been known in history as the Boston Tea Party. PAPER NO. IV. 1. The generals who respectively commanded ANSWERS TO HISTORY 157 the Army of the Potomac were: McClellan, Burn- side, Hooker, Meade and Grant. 2. Ponce de Leon was a Spanish explorer, who discovered Florida in 1513. He had heard of a fountain in which it was said the old could bathe and become young again. Failing to find this, he attempted to take possession of the country. A few years later he received a wound from which he died in Cuba, disappointed in all his hopes. 3. Washington's Cabinet was as follows: Jeffer- son, Secretary of State; Alexander Hamilton, Sec- retary of the Treasury; Henry Knox. Secretary of War, and Edmond Randolph, Attorney General. 4. The Battle of Lexington was the first of the Revolution, fought on April 19, 1775. The British general, Gage, sent 800 men to destroy some stores the Americans had at Concord. This was done, but the news spread so fast that on the return of the British troops, they were fought on all sides, and many were killed. The Americans were much encouraged by the result of the battle and soon had an army of 20,000 men. 5. In 1823, President Monroe, in announcing the principle of his foreign policy, said: "The American Continents, by the free and independent position which they have assumed and maintained, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for col- onization by any European power." This has since been known as the "Monroe Doctrine." i 5 8 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 6. Andrew Johnson was impeached because he violated the Tenure of Office Bill, in turning out a Cabinet officer without the consent of the Senate. He was tried, but not convicted. 7. General Harrison pursued the British under Proctor, and overtook them near the river Thames, where he engaged in battle. The Kentuckians went into the fight crying, "Remember the Raison," and fought with such fury that Proctor fled, and his men laid down their arms. Tecumseh was killed, and the Indians took to the forests. This was in 1813. 8. General Taylor was directed to hold the line of the Rio Grande, He successfully fought the battles of Palo Alta and Resaca de la Palma. Afterward he captured Monterey by fighting sev- eral days, and later gained entire possession of the valley by engaging Santa Anna with 20,000 Mexi- cans at Buena Vista. 9. The Toleration Act was an act passed by the Roman Catholics of Maryland, granting perfect religious liberty. 10. Vermont was admitted as a State in 1791, Kentucky in 1792, Tennessee in 1796, Ohio in 1803, Louisiana in 1812, PAPER NO. V. 1. The principal causes of the Revolutionary War were the Stamp Act, Boston Tea Party, Bos- ton Massacre, Boston Port Bill, and Mutiny Act. ANSWERS TO HISTORY i 5 g 2. From the description Columbus gave of the country, it is thought he saw the mainland of South America near the mouth of the Orinoco river in 1498. 3. Quebec, the strongest fortress in America, was in the possession of the French under Mont- calm. The location of the French upon the heights made it next to impossible for the English to reach them. Finally, however, the keen eye of the young British commander, General Wolfe, dis- covered a path up the cliff, and he succeeded by night in landing his men and arranging them by morning in line of battle. In the engagement that ensued, Montcalm and Wolfe were both killed, but the fort was surrendered to the English. This was in 1759. 4. What is known as the Wilmot Proviso was a bill introduced into Congress in 1846 by David Wilmot, in which he sought to exclude slavery from all future territories of the United States. It failed to pass. 5. The first permanent Spanish settlement was made at St. Augustine in 1565; the first French at Port Royal, Nova Scotia, in 1605; the first English at Jamestown in 1607, and the first Dutch at New Amsterdam in 1613. 6. Burgoyne attempted to move South through New York and separate New England from the rest of the Colonies. He was met at Saratoga by 160 THE COUNTY EXAMINER General Gates, who was now in command of the Americans, and a battle was fought on September s 19, 1777, both sides claiming the victory. Another battle was fought on October 7th, in which the Americans were more successful. The supplies of Burgoyne were cut off, and on October 17th he surrendered his entire army, numbering about 6,000 men, with all cannons and munitions of war. This was the most important battle and the turning point of the Revolutionary War. 7. Lincoln was assassinated on April 14, 1865, at a theater in Washington City, by John Wilkes Booth, an actor. Garfield was assassinated at a railroad depot in Washington City on July 2, 1881, by Charles Guiteau, a disappointed office-seeker, and died September following. McKinley was assassinated September 6, 1901, while in attendance at the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo, by Leon Czolgosz, an Anarchist. 8. The Union Generals were Sherman, McDow- ell, Sheridan, Buell and Thomas. The Confed- erate Generals were Lee, Albert Sidney Johnston, Bragg, Jackson and Pemberton. 9. John Adams and Thomas Jefferson died on the 4th of July, 1826, and James Monroe died on the 4th of July, 1831, 10. Pocahontas, a daughter, of the Indian Chief, Powhatan, was a great admirer of Captain John Smith, and some historians claim that at one time ANSWERS TO HISTORY 161 she saved his life by warding off the war club of the savage who sought to kill him. In 1613 she married John Rolfe at Jamestown, and later visited England, but died before her return. PAPER NO. VI. i. History is a record of past events. We study History to learn of the rise and fall of nations, that we may better know, by their successes and failures, what is best for us. 2. Five American generals in the Revolutionary War were Washington, Lee, Gates, Green and Lin- coln. Five British generals were Cornwallis, Clin- ton, Howe, Burgoyne and Gage. 3. The provisions of the Omnibus Bill were as follows: (1) The admission of California as a free State. (2) The right to form new States, by the division of Texas, not to exceed four. (3) The or- ganization of the Territories of New Mexico and Utah, without the mention of slaves. (4) The claims of Texas on New Mexico to be bought by the United States for $10,000,000. ( 5) The enact- ment of the Fugitive Slave Law. (6) The owner- ship of slaves to be forbidden in the District of Columbia. 4. The Union forces, under Buell, and the Con- federates, under Bragg, met near Perryville, Ky., October 8, 1862, and a fierce, but indecisive, battle was fought, after which Bragg covered the retreat of his wagon train, forty miles long, and passed in- 162 THE COUNTY EXAMINER to Tennessee. 5. Henry Clay was called the "Great Pacifi- cator;" Thomas Jefferson the "Sage of Monticello;" President Ta}dor, "Old Rough and Ready;" Ben- jamin Franklin, "Poor Richard;" and John Q. Adams, "Old Man Eloquent." 6. The Civil Service Reform aims to regulate, by means of competitive examinations, appoint- ments to many positions in the various depart- ments of the United States Government. 7. The Presidents who failed to serve out their terms of office were Harrison, Taylor, Lincoln, Garfield and McKinley. Harrison died and was succeeded by Tyler; Taylor died and was succeeded by Fillmore; Lin- coln, Garfield and McKinley were assassinated and were succeeded by Johnson, Arthur and Roosevelt, respectively. 8. Standish was an Indian fighter in Massachu- setts; Penn settled and owned Pennsylvania; Stuy- vesant was the last Dutch Governor of New Am- sterdam; Williams settled Rhode Island, and Smith was a leader in the Virginia colony. 9. The Governor of Virginia, Berkeley, was trading with the Indians, and, for fear of hurting his trade, refused to stop the depredations of the Indians upon the white settlers. In 1676, many of the colonists rebelled and chose for their leader Nathaniel Bacon, who with his party routed the ANSWERS TO HISTORY 163 savages. Bacon soon died and his party was sub- dued for want of a leader. Berkeley had 22 of Bacon's party tried and hanged, and three died from the hardships of prison life. The king disliked his action and he was soon recalled. 10. John Brown, formerly of Kansas, headed a party of about twenty men who invaded Virginia in the hope of freeing the negroes. He captured the arsenal at Harper's Ferry, thinking the negroes would join him in the hope of securing freedom. In this he failed, was captured, tried, and put to death under the laws of Virginia. PAPER NO. VII. 1. Columbus first applied to the Court of Italy, next to that of Portugal, and then to Spain. After spending seven years at the Court of Spain, he started his brother to England and expected to go himself to France, but Queen Isabella called him back and promised him the desired assistance. 2. The seceding states were Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Ala- bama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas and Tennessee. 3. The war for independence lasted from 1775 to 1781, counting from the first battle, that of Lex- ington, to the surrender of Cornwallis. The treaty of peace was not signed, however, until 1783. 4. The British being in possession of the Great Lakes, Oliver H. Perry was given the task of driv- i6 4 THE COUNTY EXAMINER ing them from the lakes. Before he could do the work he had to construct a fleet from the forest, which he did, consisting of nine vessels. This be- ing done, he attacked the British in September, 1813, and gained a complete victory. In writing to General Harrison the result, he said, "We have met the enemy and they are ours — two ships, two brigs, one schooner, and one sloop." 5. The Cotton Gin was invented by Eli Whit- ney in 1793; the Steamboat by Robert Fulton in 1807; the Telegraph by Samuel F. B. Morse in 1844; the Sewing Machine by Howe in 1846, and the Telephone by Bell in 1866. 6. By reconstruction is meant the various meth- ods proposed to restore the seceding States to their former rights under the Union. President Johnson held that the States had never been out of the Union; a majority of Congress claimed the)/ had lost their rights under the Constitution and must be dealt with as territories. 7. The Battle of Antietam was fought near Sharpsburg, in the valley of Antietam, Maryland, in 1862, between the Confederate army, command- ed by General Lee, and the Union army, com- manded by General McClellan. After consider- able skirmishing on both sides, the two armies engaged in a regular battle on September 17th. At the close of the day neither side could claim a victory. Each side had lost 10,000 men. Lee ANSWERS TO HISTORY 165 withdrew and recrossed the Potomac. 8. The principal causes of the Civil War are as follows: The different construction placed upon the Constitution by the North and South; the differ- ence in labor in the North and South; the want of intercourse between the two sections of country; the publication of sectional books, and the influ- ence of demagogues. To these may be added the invention of the Cotton Gin, the Missouri Com- promise Act, the Nullification Act, the annexation of Texas, and the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. 9. The settlers of the Plymouth Colony came over from England in the Mayflower in 1620. Sev- eral weeks were spent in search of a suitable place for a settlement. Finally, they selected the site that had already been selected and named by Cap- tain John Smith. The company consisted of 41 heads of families. John Carver was chosen the first Governor. The first winter was so severe that Carver and half the party died. The Indians caused them much trouble, yet the colony pros- pered, and in time became one of the strongest of the thirteen. 10. The Embargo Act was passed in 1807. It prohibited the sailing of any American vessel for any foreign port. It is sometimes called the O- Grab-Me Act. PAPER NO. VIII. i. The French explorers were LaSalle, Cham- 1 66 THE COUNTY EXAMINER plain and Verrazzano. The English were John Cabot, Davis and Drake. The Spanish were Nunez de Balboa, Narvaez and Hernando de Soto. 2. In September, 1862, five days after the battle of Antietam, President Lincoln issued a proclama- tion stating that, at the expiration of 100 days, he would declare free the slaves of all parties in rebel- lion at that time. On January 1, 1863, the Emanci- pation became effective. 3. Harvard College was founded at Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1638. It was endowed by the people of the colony giving such things as they could. One rich man gave a flock of sheep, and the Rev. John Harvard bequeathed to it his library, and the college was named for him. Yale College owes its origin to ten clergymen. It was founded in 1700 at Wethersfield, Connecti- cut, but in 1716 was moved to New Haven. Elihu Yale gave freely to the college and it was named for him. 4. The Mexican War was closed by the treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo. The Rio Grande river was fixed as the boundary line between Texas and Mexico. The United States paid Mexico fifteen million dollars, and received Upper California, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada and Utah, but gave up the other captured places. 5. The first battle of Bull Run was fought near Manassas Junction, Virginia, in July, 1861, between ANSWERS TO HISTORY 167 General Beauregard in -command of the Confeder- ates, and General McDowell in command of the Union forces. The battle was fiercely fought, and for a time it was hard to predict which would gain the victory. The Confederate line was broken, but they were rallied by General Jackson in such a way that he was given the name of Stonewall. The Union forces were broken and retreated from the field in disorder. This was a complete victory for the South, but lost it ground, as many of the volunteers thinking the war was over returned home. 6. In 1871 a fire broke out in Chicago, in which property to the amount of two hundred million dollars was destroyed. The fire lasted two days and 100,000 people were made homeless, 7. Our country has passed through four real panics. They occurred in 1837, 1873, 1893, and 1907. 8. The following territory has been acquired by the United States: Louisiana, 1803; Florida, 1819; Texas, 1845; Territory including treaty of Gauda- loupe-Hidalgo, 1848; Northwest Territory, 1846; Gadsden Purchase, 1853; Alaska, 1867; Hawaiian Islands, 1898; Philippine Islands. Guam and Porto Rico, 1898; Wake Island and Tutuila, 1899. 9. Braddock's defeat occurred in 1755, during the French and Indian War. General Braddock. with Washington as his aid, undertook to capture 168 THE COUNTY EXAMINER Fort Du Quesne. Braddock did not understand the Indian method of warfare and would not take Washington's advice, but marched into the battle with banners flying. His men fled, and he received a wound from which he died. Washington cover- ed the retreat of the Americans with great bravery. 10. Georgia was settled in 1733 at Savannah by James Oglethorpe. His object was to establish homes for the oppressed people of England, to whom his attention had been called while he was a member of Parliament. He remained with the col- ony ten years, during which time it prospered. Dis- sensions and trouble arose after Oglethorpe's de- parture, which caused much trouble, but in time the colony became very prosperous. PAPER NO. IX. i. The first slaves were brought to the Virginia colony from Africa by John Hawkins in 1619. Haw- kins was a Dutch trader. On account of the de- mand for labor, the trade increased and many were imported, especially to the southern colonies, where the white men could not stand the heat. Many attempts were made later to stop their im- portation, but none were successful and the trade in them was continued in some of the colonies until after the constitution went into effect. 2. The first gun of the Civil War was fired on Fort Sumpter in April, 1861. Major Anderson was in command of the Fort. The Confederate forces ANSWERS TO HISTORY i6 9 were in command of General Beauregard. The bombardment of the fort was kept up for more than a day, when Anderson was allowed to capitu- late, and the Confederates took charge. This ex- cited both the North and the South. Volunteers were called for and preparations made for war. 3. King William's War lasted from 1689 to 1697; Queen Anne's War from 1702 to 1713; King George's W^ar from 1744 to 1748; Old French and Indian War from 1764 to 1763. 4. A German by the name of Amerigo Vespucci visited America and wrote the first detailed de- scription of the country. Some German geograph- ers, in dealing with the new country without a name, named it ''America," for the German writer. 5. Patrick Henry, Governor of Virginia, was a great orator, and is remembered by his speeches in favor of American Independence. Thomas Jefferson was the writer of The De- claration of Independence, Secretary of State un- der Washington, and the third President of the United States. James Monroe was one of the agents of the United States in the purchase of the Louisiana territory. He was the fifth President and author of the famous Monroe Doctrine, Henry Clay was conspicuous in the history of the United States for more than a quarter of a century. He made the race for President several i/o THE COUNTY EXAMINER times:, but was never successful. He is remem- bered mostly for his offers compromising the dif- ferences between the North and South. 6. The following Presidents have served two terms: Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, Jackson, Grant and Cleveland. While Washing- ton is generally included in the list, he really served but 7 years, 10 months and 4 days. j: General Washington had made General Clinton believe that he intended to attack New York, thus preventing Clinton from sending any aid to Cornwallis, who was stationed at Yorktown, Virginia. Washington then moved down to attack Cornwallis. His works were bombarded day and night by both army and fleet, and on October 19, 1781, he surrendered his entire army, consisting of about 8,000 men. This was the last battle of the war. 8. Colonel Clark came from Virginia to Ken- tuck)^, organized a body of men in 1778, crossed the Ohio river, captured Kaskaskia, Cahokia and Vincennes, and gained the whole northwest terri- tory for Virginia. 9. The World's Columbian Exposition was held at Chicago in 1893. It had been formally opened the October preceding. It celebrated the 400th an- niversary of the discovery of America by Colum- bus. Almost every nation on earth was represent- ed, each exhibiting specimens of art and nature. ANSWERS TO HISTORY 171 10. An Irishman by the name of Conway formed a plot by which he expected to place General Gates at the head of the American army, instead of Washington. This is known in history as the Conway Cabal. At the battle of Fort Moultrie, South Caro- lina, the American flag was cut down by a ball from the British and had fallen over the rampart. Sergeant Jasper claimed it would not do to fight without a flag, leaped through an opening, secured the flag and fastened it in position. PAPER NO. X. 1. Under the Missouri Compromise, Missouri was to be admitted as a free state, but thereafter slavery was to be forbidden north of 36° 30', the southern boundary of the proposed state. It was passed in 1820. Henry Clay was its chief advo- cate. 2. (1) Charles C. Pinckney, (2) Patrick Henry, (3) Commodore Oliver H. Perry, (4) Captain Lawrence, (5) Colonel Miller. 3. The Northern States as a rule were op- posed to the Fugitive Slave Law, and many of them passed Personal Liberty Laws annulling it. 4. Cuba had for several years been engaged in a rebellion with Spain. Our people were outspok- en for Cuba, and wished her success. The United States Steamer Maine was sent to Havana to pro- tect the interests of the United States, and was T72 THE COUNTY EXAMINER blown up in February, 1898, in which more than 250 of our sailors lost their lives. Many thought the Spanish authorities responsible, and a com- mittee was appointed to ascertain the cause. They reported the explosion due to a submarine mine, which virtually saddled the trouble on the Spanish government, and war was soon declared. The na- val battles at Manila and Santiago, and the land engagement at Santiago, were the only real bat- tles, in all of which the United States was success- ful. By the terms of the treaty Cuba was given her independence, the United States received Porto Rico and the Philippine Islands, but paid Spain 20,000,000 dollars for the latter. 5. LaFayette was a Frenchman who assisted the colonies in their struggle for independence. Hamilton was the first Secretary of Treasury and a great financier. It was through him that the United States was put on a firm financial basis. Burr was Vice-President under Jefferson for one term. He killed Hamilton in a duel. Afterward he tried to establish an empire in the Southwest, but failed, was tried for treason, and acquitted. 6. The battle of Gettysburg was fought on July J, 2 and 3, 1863, at Gettysburg, Penns3dvania, be- tween Ceneral Meade, in command of the Union forces, and Lee, in command of the Confederates. ANSWERS TO HISTORY' /J This was fought during Lee's second invasion of the North, and was really the turning point of the war. Much bravery was shown on each side, espec- ially in the final charge of the Confederates, the third day by General Pickett, on the center of the Union line. Hand-to-hand fighting was engaged in for a time. Lee saw it was impossible to over- come the Union army and retreated South. The loss of men was about 25,000 on each side. 7. The cause of the war of 1812 was the right of search and the impressment of seamen. The dispute over the boundary line between Texas and Mexico caused the Mexican war. Mex- ico claimed the Nueces river and the United States the Rio Grande river as the boundary. 8. President Jackson was not so highly educated as his predecessors. When he became President he dismissed from the public service more men than had ever been dismissed by any other Presi- dent. The offices were given to his political friends. Since then the rule "To the victors belong the spoils" has been followed except where re- stricted by civil service. 9. About 200 years ago the belief in witchcraft was prevalent. The witch was generally supposed to be some old woman, who would issue from the chimney at night and seek a conference with some assembly of demons. At Salem, Massachusetts, in 174 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 1692, it was claimed some of the colonists were peculiarly affected. Many were arrested and tried upon warrants charging the crime to them, and about twenty were put to death. Others saved their lives by making false confessions. 10. On account of his religious belief, Roger Williams was banished from the Massachusetts colony. He wandered for fourteen weeks and finally came to the home of the Narragansett In- dians and bought a tract of land. Here, with five companions, he made the first settlement of Rhode Island in 1636, which he called Providence. QUESTIONS ON PHYSIOLOGY. PAPER NO. I. i. Name the bones of the upper extremities. 2. Of what are tendons composed? State their use. 3. Through what means is the blood provided with new material and relieved of the old material? 4. Describe the lungs. 5. What is a gland? Name three glands of the body. 6. What is perspiration? State its uses. 7. What are the bronchial tubes? The villi? 8. What is meant by near-sightedness? Far-sighted- ness? How are each remedied? 9. Give rules for the care of the eyes ; the ears ; the teeth. 10. How does alcohol affect the temperature of the body? PAPER NO. II. 1. Locate and give the function of the eustachian tube; the thoracic duct. 2. Describe the stomach. 3. What are Lymphatics? What is their function? 4. Name the bones of the lower extremities. 5. What is the use of fat in the body? What articles of food tend to produce fat? i r 6 THE CO UNTY EX A MINER 6. Name the membrane that covers the heart; the bones; the lungs. What is the use of each? 7. What would you do before the arrival of a physi- cian if an artery was severed? A vein? 8. Define coagulation, and state its uses. 9. Give rules for eating. 10. Why does alcohol have such a great effect upon the brain? PAPER NO. III. 1. Define anatomy, physiology and hygiene. 2. Name the bones of the skull. 3. Describe the ear. 4. What is meant by systemic circulation? Pulmo nary circulation? 5. What is excretion? Name the organs of excretion. 6. Describe the larnyx ; the vocal cords. 7. How is sound produced? 8. How can you tell from the blood-flow whether an artery or vein is cut? 9. What is the difference between voluntary and in- voluntary muscles? Name one of each. 10. How does alcohol affect the heart? PAPER NO. IV. 1. Define fibrin, serum, arteries, capillaries, and veins. 2. Describe the heart. 3. Trace a particle of food from the mouth until it is prepared for assimilation. 4. What is the portal circulation? 5. What are the special senses? QUESTIONS ON PHYSIOLOGY 177 6. Describe the process by which a broken bone heals. 7. Name the layers of the skin and give its append- ages. 8. Name several chemical elements found in the human body. 9. Name the large cavities of the body and tell what organ or organs each contain. 10. Is alcohol a food? Why? PAPER NO. V. 1. What large vein begins and ends in the capillaries? 2. Trace the circulation of the blood. 3. Describe the nature and treatment of a sprain. A dislocation. 4. How many bones in the human body? 5. Give uses of the skin. 6. Describe the eye. 7. What is meant by mastication, insalivation, deglu- tition, assimilation and absorption? 8. What is the function of the cerebrum, cerebellum? How do they compare in size? 9. How should a severe burn be treated? A severe cut? 10. Does alcohol affect the stomach? If so, how? PAPER NO. VI. 1. What is the composition of the bones? 2. Name the different fluids that aid in digestion, and tell by what organ each is secreted. 3. Describe the spinal cord. 4. How many voluntary muscles in the human body? ij8 THE COUNTY EXAMINER How are they arranged? 5. How does venous differ from arterial blood? 6. Describe the structure of the muscles. 7. Describe the brain. 8. Describe the action of the diaphragm in respira- tion. 9. How do we breathe? How is the voice produced? 10. What poisonous substance does tobacco contain? How does it injure the system? PAPER NO. VII. 1. Describe the liver and give its uses. 2. What artery in the body carries impure blood? What vein carries pure blood? 3. Name the bones of the trunk. 4. Why does not a fall hurt a child as much at it does a grown person? 5. Name the organs of circulation. 6. What are the principal nitrogenous foods? Car- bonaceous? 7. Name all the systems of the human body. 8. Explain what is meant by reflex action, Of what use is it? 9. Name the different kinds of joints and give an ex- ample of each. 10. Explain the effect of tea and coffee on the body. PAPER NO. VIII. 1. Why is the shoulder more likely to be dislocated than the hip? -- QUESTIONS ON PHYSIOLOGY 17 g 2. The walls of the ventricles of the heart are thicker and stronger than those of the auricles. Why is this? 3. Of what rise are the blood corpuscles? 4. Name the uses of the bones. 5. Describe in full the teeth. 6. Locate and describe the following* bones : humerus, femur, clavicle, scapula, and the atlas. 7. What are the uses of the hair and nails? How do they grow? Will they be restored if destroyed? 8. Why are the veins so named? The arteries? The capillaries? 9. How much blood in the average human body? Of what is it composed? How long does it require to circu- late once through the body? 10. Describe the four stages of alcohol on the body. PAPER NO. IX. 1. What is an organ? A tissue? A cell? 2. What changes take place in the blood in the lungs? 3. Of what is the air composed? What part is neces- sary to sustain animal life? Plant life? 4. Mention the chief causes of decay of the teeth. Give directions for the care and preservation of the teeth. 5. Of what use are the following nerves: olfactory, optic, auditory? 6. Explain how the joints are lubricated, the eyes kept moist, and the skin kept pliant. 7. What are the fontanelles? 8. Plow is the heart nourished? 9. What are disinfectants? Name three. 10. What effect has alcohol on the circulation? i8o THE COUNTY EXAMINER PAPER NO. X. i. What is normal respiration? Normal pulse? Nor- mal temperature? 2. Define cilia, duodenum, pappillae, pepsin. 3. What is the difference between an organ and a system? Give example of each. 4. Describe the pancreas. 5. Describe the sympathetic nervous system. 6. How do we see? 7. Give five rules necessary to good health. 8. Explain the difference between motory and sensory nerves. 9. What is sleep? Why is it necessary? 10. What is bronchitis, pnetimonia, pleurisy, dyspep- sia, consumption? ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS ON PHYSIOLOGY. PAPER NO. I. i. Clavicle 2, scapula 2, humerus 2, ulna 2, ra- dius 2, carpal 16, metacarpal 10, phalanges 28. Total 64. 2. Tendons are composed of strong, flexible, in- elastic fibers. They are used to attach the muscles to the bones. 3. The blood receives oxygen from the air, and nutrition from the digested food in the stom- ach and intestines. Impurities are thrown off by the lungs, skin and kidneys. 4. There are two lungs, located in the chest. The right lung has three lobes, and the left two. They are composed of a soft, elastic, sponge-like substance, and contain air-cells and blood-vessels, between which is a membrane that prevents the blood and air from coming in direct contact and yet allows the purities and impurities to pass freely. 5. A gland is an organ that separates a fluid from the blood. The salivary, gastric and pan- i8 2 THE COUNTY EXAMINER creas. 6. Perspiration is the passing of a watery fluid, or vapor, through the pores of the skin. It throws off waste matter from the system, and regulates the evaporation and the temperature of the body. 7. The bronchial tubes are the divisions' of the trachea that lead to the lungs. The villi are minute projections that dip down into the milky fluid of the small intestines and take up the nutrient parts thereof. 8. Nearsightedness is inability to see objects at a distance, and is caused by the lens of the eye being too convex. It is remedied by wearing concave glasses, which bend the rays of light so as to bring them to a focus on the retina. Farsightedness is inability to see objects near you, and is caused by the lens being too concave. It is remedied by wearing convex glasses, which bend the rays of light, so as to bring them to a focus on the retina. 9. The most general rules for the care of the eye are as follows: Do not read by dim light; let the light shine on book from behind left side; never read print that is so fine as to strain the eye; and rest when pain warns you of disease. The ear: Never let cold water enter it; do not remove wax, and avoid licks on the head. The teeth: Wash once or twice daily, with a soft brush; avoid putting any extremely hot or cold ANSWERS TO PHYSIOLOGY 183 substance into the mouth; do not pick with a pin or other hard substance, and do not crack nuts with them. 10. When alcohol is first taken, there it appar- ently an increase in the temperature of the body, which is caused by the warm blood being sent to the surface. Soon reaction sets in, and frequently the temperature will fall as much as two degrees below normal, and several hours will be required to restore it. PAPER NO. II. 1. The Etistachian htbe leads from the middle ear to the throat. Its function is to admit air to the ear and thus make equal the pressure on the membrane. It also carries off any fluid that may be in the drum. The Thoracic duct is a small tube, about the size of a goose quill, into which the larger number of Lymphatics converge. Into it the lymph emp- ties and is carried into the great veins of the neck. 2. The Stomach is in the abdomen on the left side of the body, just below the diaphragm. It is an irregular expansion of the alimentary canal, and is composed of three coats: an inner mucous coat, which secretes the gastric juice; an outer smooth coat, which prevents friction; and a middle muscu- lar coat, which produces the peristaltic movement of the stomach, which thoroughly mixes its con- tents. The opening into the stomach is called the 184 THE COUNTY EXAMINER cardiac, and the opening out of the stomach is called the pylorus. 3. The Lymphatics are a system of tubes found in nearly every part of the body. They run side by side, having but little tendency to unite, and along their course frequently pass through glands. In the Lymphatics there circulates a thin, colorless liquid, probably an overflow from the blood ves- sels. Their function is not thoroughly understood, but it is thought that this liquid is waste matter that is of further use, as it is carried into the circu- lation. 4. Femur 2, Patella 2,. Tibia 2, Fibula 2, Tarsal 14, Metatarsal 10, Phalanges 10. Total 60. 5. Fat gives roundness and plumpness to the body, and aids in retaining the heat of the body. It collects around the joints and between the mus- cles and causes them to glide easily. Fat is pro- duced by butter, kernels of nuts, oily grains and fatty meats. 6. The pericardium covers the heart. It se- cretes a fluid which causes it to move freely. It also protects the heart. The periosteum covers the bones. It protects and serves to attach the tendons to the bones. The pleura covers the lungs. It secretes a fluid that gives a free movement without any fric- tion. 7. If an artery is severed, tie a knotted cord be- ANSWERS TO PHYSIOLOGY 18$ j tween the wound and the heart; if a vein, tie be- tween the wound and the extremity. 8. Coagulation is the forming of blood into a clot, and is caused by the fibrin of the blood uniting with the corpuscles, so as to form the clot. By co- agulation the wound clogs, the flow of blood is stopped, and bleeding to death is prevented. q. Do not eat too fast, or too often, chew the food well and mix thoroughly with saliva before swallowing. Do not eat when the mind and body are not at rest. 10. The brain is affected so much by alcohol be- cause alcohol has a great affinity for water, and the brain being so largely composed of water, alcohol generally acts upon it first. PAPER NO. III. i. Anatomy treats of the structure of any living thing. Physiology treats of the uses of the organs oi the body. Hygiene treats of the science of health. 2. Frontal 1, Parietal 2, Temporal 2, Sphenoid 1, Ethmoid 1, Occipital 1; total 8. 3. The ear is composed of three parts: outer, middle and inner. The outer ear is a sheet of car- tilage, folded so as to catch sound, and the canal leading: to the middle ear between w T hich is stretched the tympanum or drum of the ear. The middle ear is a chamber, across which are hung the three i86 THE COUNTY EXAMINER bones of the ear, viz.: Hammer, anvil and stirrup. From the chamber leads the eustachian tube. The internal ear is hollowed out of solid bone. It is composed of a small cavity and winding tubes of cochlea, which resemble a snail shell. Here the fibrils of the auditory nerve expand, and floating in the liquid that fills the chamber is found a small bag, containing hair like bristles, fine sand and two ear stones. 4. By systemic circulation is meant the circula- tion of the blood through the arteries and veins of the system. By pulmonary circulation is meant the move- ment of the blood from the heart through the cap- illaries of the lungs and back. 5. Excretion is the throwing off of the waste matter of the body. The kidneys, lungs and skin are the organs of excretion. 6. The Larynx is the prominence in the neck, the front of which is sometimes called Adams ap- ple. It is a small cartilaginous box, the opening into which is called the glottis, and the covering is called the epiglottis. On each side of the glottis are the vocal cords, or membranes, four in number, by means of which voice is produced. 7. The coming together of bodies causes a wave- like movement in the air, which, if carried to the ear, causes the movement of the ear sands, stones and bristles, which affect the auditory nerve and ANSWERS TO PHYSIOLOGY 187 produce sound. 8. If an artery is cut, the blood will be of a bright red color and will flow in jets. If a vein, the blood will be of a dark red color and will flow in. a constant stream. 9. Voluntary muscles are controlled by the will, and invohmtary muscles are not. Voluntary, bi- ceps; involuntary, heart. 10. Alcohol causes the blood to flow faster which makes the heart beat faster, thereby over- working it. PAPER NO. IV. 1. Fibrin is that part of the blood which unites with the corpuscles when exposed to the air. Serum is the watery part of the blood. Arteries are tubes that conduct the blood from the heart Capillaries are minute. hair-like tubes forming the divisions between the arteries and the veins. Veins are the tubes which lead the blood to the heart. 2. The heart is located to the left of the center of the chest. It is a pear-shaped, muscular organ about the size of the fist, and hangs with the point downward. It contains four chambers: two auri- cles and two ventricles. The auricle and ventricle on the left side are separated by the bi-cuspid valve and on the right side by the tri-cuspid valve, while the opening out of each ventricle is called i88 THE COUNTY EXAMINER the semi-lunar valves. 3. The food is taken into the mouth, chewed and mixed with the saliva. It then passes through the esophagus into the stomach, where it receives the gastric juice. From here it passes into the in- testines, where it receives the bile, pancreatic and intestinal juices. The nutrient part enters into the circulation from the stomach and intestines and is ready to be assimilated. 4. The blood that leaves the alimentary canal passes by means of the portal vein through the liver before reaching the heart. This is called the portal circulation. 5. The special senses are seeing, hearing, tasting, feeling and smelling. 6. When a bone is broken, a watery fluid oozes out at the broken ends. Day by day this fluid be- comes thicker until it is jelly-like in composition. Mineral matter is deposited and at the end of about six weeks the broken parts are united; yet it is several months before they are firm and strong. 7. The skin is composed of two layers, cuticle and cutis. Its appendages are the hair and nails. 8. The most important elements found in the body are oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, cal- cium, potassium, sodium, phosphorus, sulphur and iron. 9. The First Principles ', and Principles of Biology. 6. The Star Spang-led Banner was written by Francis S. Key, Home, Sweet Home by John How- ard Payne, America by S. F. Smith, Hail Columbia by Francis Hopkinson, Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe. 7. Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, Channing, Parker, and Alcott are known as transcendental- ists. 8. Milton's Paradise Lost is the greatest epic poem in the English language. It may be classed with Homer's Iliad in Greek and Virgil's sEneid'm Latin. ANSWERS TO LITERATURE 261 9. Francis Bacon was the first noted English philosopher. His first production was Novum Orgamnn. He wrote 1 he Advancement of Learn- ing- and Essays, besides historical and political pro- ductions. 10. (a) Charles Dickens, William Makepeace Thackeray, Mary Ann Evans (George Eliot) are the three most noted English novelists, (b) Dick- ens wrote David Cofifierfield and Oliver Twisty Thackeray, Vanity Fair and The Nevjcomes, George Eliot Adam Bede and The Mill on the Floss. PAPER NO. III. 1. Nathaniel Hawthorne is generally considered the most noted American novelist. The Scarlet Letter, Marble Faun, House of Seven Gables are his best works. He wrote short stories and sketches under the title of Twice -Told Tales and Mosses from an Old Manse. 2. Thomas Carlyle, the son of a Scotch stone- mason, was born in 1795. H e was educated at the University of Edinburgh, and was for a time unde- cided as to his profession, but finally decided to earn his living by writing. At first little attention was paid to what he wrote or translated. He never has been read to the extent of many writers of his age, yet he was one of the deepest writers and thinkers of any age. His best known productions are : Sartor Resartus, History of the French Revolu- tion, Heroes and Hero-Worship, and Life of Frederick 262 THE COUNTY EXAMINER the Great. 3. Adam Smith was the founder of the science of political economy in England. His greatest work is the Wealth of Nations. William Blackstone is the best known law writers of any age. The work that made him famous is his Commentaries on the Laws of England* 4. The following are some of the translations of the Bible in whole or part, with date of each: John Wycliffe, New Testament, in 1380; William Tyn- dale, New Testament, in 1525; King James' Bible or Authorized Version, in 1611; the Revised Ver- sion by English and American Scholars, in 1881. 5. Oliver Wendell Holmes was born in 1809 and died in 1894. He studied law and medicine, but he was so inclined to literature that he gave up both. Soon after he left school he produced a vol- ume of poems that contained My Aunt, The Sep- t ember Gale, and The Last Leaf. In 1847 he was elected Professor of Anatomy in Harvard and held the place for thirty-five years. His most noted productions are the following: The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table, Chambered Nautilus, and Elsie Vernier. 6. The leading characters in Julius Caesar are Brutus, Cassius, Antony, and Caesar. It is based upon the assassination of Caesar, the funeral ora- tions of Brutus and Antony, and the battles of Philippi. ANSWERS TO LITERATURE 263 7. Longfellow, Lowell, Whittier, and Holmes are the American authors that comprised the Cain- bridge Grout). 8. Geoffrey Chaucer is considered the father of English poetry. His chief work is the Canterbury Tales. It represents a traveler at Tabard Inn, in Southwark, ready to start for Canterbury. He is joined 03^ a party of twenty-nine, who have started for the same place. The host, Harry Bailey, tells them he never saw such a merry company, and proposes that each of them tell two stories going and coming, and upon their return a supper will be given to the one who has told the best stor}^. The landlord proposed to go with them and judge the stories. There are but twenty-five of them, three of which are incomplete, as Chaucer never carried out his full plan. 9. We Are Seven was written by Wordsworth, Alhainbra by Irving, Holy Living by Jeremy Tay- lor, The Saints Everlasting Rest by Richard Bax- ter, Prometheus Unbound 'by Shelley. 10. Beauty is truth, truth beauty — that is all Ye know on earth and all ye need to know. — -Keats. Oh, what a tangle web we weave When first we practice to deceive. — Scott. He raised a mortal to the skies; She drew an angel down. — Dryden. The moon, refulgent lamp of night, 264 THE COUNTY EXAMINER O'er heaven's clear azure spreads her sacred light. — Pope. O wad some power the giftie gie us To see oursels as ithers see us. — Burns. PAPER NO. IV. i. William Shakespeare was born at Stratford, on the river Avon, in 1564. At the age of eighteen he married Anne Hathaway, and three years later went to London, where he wrote and acted plays. He soon came into prominence as a writer. In all he wrote thirty-seven dramas. From his writings and his income as part owner of the Globe and Blackfriars' Theaters, he became quite wealthy, purchased considerable property at Stratford, to which place he removed and spent his last days. He died in 1616. 2. The Tern-pest was written by George D. Pren- tice, The Ring and the Book by Robert Browning, Walden Pond 'by Henry D. Thoreau, Modern Paint- ers, by John Ruskin, Alice of Old Vincennes by Mau- rice Thompson. 3. Bede was a writer born in 673. His life was spent in Saint Paul's Monastery at Jarrow-on-Tyne. He says: "I spent my whole life in the same Mon- astery, and, while attentive to the rule of my order and the services of the church, my constant pleasure lay in learning or teaching or writing." He was the greatest scholar of his time. His chief works are on Ecclesiastical History, and ANSWERS TO LITERATURE 265 translations of Saint John's Gospel. He died in 735. 4. The four great writers of English poetry are Chaucer, Spenser, Shakespeare, and Milton. 5. Oliver Goldsmith, the most gifted writer of his day, was poet, novelist, dramatist and historian. His most noted works are as follows: The Deserted Village, Vzcar of Wakefield, and She Stoops to Con quer. 6. Robert Burns is the most noted of Scotch poets. He was born in 1759 and died in 1796. His education was limited, but being a con- stant reader he soon became well informed. He began to write poetry at the age of sixteen. At the age of twenty-five he made ready to sail for Jamaica, but his poetry had attracted so much at- tention the trip was put off in order to make some publications, and was never made. His most im- portant productions are: Tarn GShanter, Ban- nockburn, and The Cotters Saturday Night. 7. The greatest poets of the Victorian age are Alfred Tennyson and Elizabeth and Robert Brown- ing. 8. Horace Greeley was the founder of the New York Tribune, Francis Bret Harte wrote for the Atlantic Monthly, Henry Watterson, editor of the Courier 'Journal, William Cullen Bryant, editor o he Evening- Post, Joel Chandler Harris, editor of the Constitution. q. The name Anglo-Saxons is applied to the 266 THE COUNTY EXAMINER Teutonic tribes that invaded England after the time of the Romans. They lived along the North Sea. Two of the tribes were named Angles and Saxons, hence the name Anglo-Saxon. 10. From L Allegro: While the plowman near at hand Whistles o'er the furrow' d land, And the milkmaid singeth blithe, And the mower whets his scythe. — Milton. From The Rape of the Lock: The meeting points the sacred hair dissever From the fair head, forever and forever. —Pope. From The Cloud: I bring fresh shower for the thirsting flowers From the seas and the streams; I bring light shade for the leaves when laid In their noonday dreams. — Shelley. From In Memoriam: One God, one law, one element, And one far-off divine event To which the whole creation moves. — Tennyson. From To a Waterfowl: He who, from zone to zone, Guides through the boundless sky thy cer- tain flight In the long way that I must tread alone Will lead my steps aright. — Brya?zt. ANSWERS TO LITERATURE 267 PAPER NO. V. 1. Macbeth is one of Shakespeare's most impor- tant tragedies. Duncan, King of Scotland, Mal- colm and Donaldbain, his sons, Macbeth and Ban- quo, generals of the King's army, Lady Macbeth and several noblemen of Scotland are the most im- portant characters. 2. The author of The Confessions of an English Opium Eater is DeQuincy; of The Cotter s Satur- day Night, Burns; of The Biglozv Papers, Lowell; of Jane Eyre, Charlotte Bronte; of Adam Bede, "George Eliot." 3. The five most noted American orators of the first half of the nineteenth century are: Clay, Web- ster, Calhoun, Hayne and J. Q. Adams. 4. John Greenleaf Whittier is known as the "Quaker Poet." He was born at Haverhill, Mass., in 1807. His education was limited, yet at an early age he became a student, and was the most noted anti-slavery writer. His masterpiece is Snow-Bound. Other selections are The Eternal Goodness, The Barefoot Boy, In School Days, and Telling the Bees. 5. Goldsmith's most noted novel is Vicar of Wakefield; Richardson's, Pamela; Stevenson's, David Balfottr; Hawthorne's, 7 he Scarlet Letter; Thackeray's, Vanity Fair. 6. William Cullen Bryant was born in Cum- mington, Mass., in 1794. At the age of sixteen he 268 THE COUNTY EXAMINER entered Williams College, but did not remain long, for his father was not able to bear the expenses. He went home disappointed and began the study of law. Later he engaged in its practice, but was not too busy to write several poems of note. He was soon recognized as the leading poet of America. Thanatopsis, his most noted production, was writ- ten when he was but eighteen. He continued to write and practice law until 1825, when he aban- doned the law and became the editor of "The Evening Post," which position he held for nearly fifty years. In addition to Thanatofiis, his most noted productions are: To a Water foxvl, The Ag'es, The Affile Tree, and Green River. 7. Beowulf, the story of the exploits of a hero by that name, is the longest poem in Anglo-Saxon. The story briefly is as follows: Hrothgar, King of the Danes, built a beautiful hall, where he and his thegns enjoyed music and feasting and divided the treasures that had been won in battle. A great sea monster, named Grendel, one night visited the hall, dragged away and devoured thirty men. The slaughter continued for quite a while. Finally Beowulf was attacked. Grendel's arm was torn off in the contest and he fled. The next night Gren- del's mother came into the hall and carried away one of Hrothgars favorite liegemen. Beowulf was told of this, and, in order to punish the murderer, he went to the den of Grendel's mother and en- ANSWERS TO LITERATURE 260 gaged her in terrific battle, in which she was killed. Beowulf returned after he had cut off Grendel's head. Beowulf ruled his people for fifty years. 8. The first books published in America are Smith's True Relation of Virginia; Bradford's His- tory of Plymouth Pla?itation y and Wigglesworth's Day of Doom. 9. Edmund Burke was a noted Irish writer and orator. He was a member of the English Parlia- ment just prior to the American Revolution, and in 1775 made his famous speech on "Conciliation With America," which is a masterpiece and is generally studied in our schools. Two other orations are: "The Sublime and Beautiful" and "The French Revolution." 10. The most noted writers of the Revolutionary Period, with a production of each, are as follows: Benjamin Franklin, Poor Richards Almanac; Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence; Hamilton, Jay and Madison, The Federalist. PAPER NO. IV. 1. The "Golden Age" of English Literature is the same as the Elizabethan Age and extended from 1558 to 1603. Sir Thomas More, Edmund Spenser, William Shakespeare, Sir Francis Bacon and Ben Jonson were writers of this period. 2. Alfred Tennyson is the greatest poet of the Victorian Age. He belonged to a large family, all of whom, it is said, could write verses. At the age 2 yo THE COUNTY EXAMINER of seventeen he and a brother a year his senior published a little book of verses. He continued to write, and before he was appointed Laureate in 1850 many good poems had been written by him, among which are: The May -Queen, Lady Clara Vcre de Vere, Locksley Hall, and the Princess. In 1850 In Memoriam was given to the public in memory of his friend, Arthur Henry Hallam, who had just died. In addition to the productions named, Ten- nyson wrote many beautiful poems, among which are: The Idylls of the King, Enoch Arden, and Crossing the Bar. He was born in 1809 and died in 1892. 3. The author of True and I is George William Curtis; Views Afoot, Bayard Taylor; Uncle Remus, Joel Chandler Harris; The Belts, Edgar Allan Poe; The American Flag; Joseph Rodman Drake; The Marble Faun, Nathaniel Hawthorne; Utopia, Sir Thomas More; The Shepherd 's Calendar^ Edmund Spenser. 4. Alfred, on account of the great good he did for England during the time he served the country as King from 871 to 901, has been styled "Alfred the Great." Most all books of this day were in Latin, and Alfred undertook to make translations and invent a language into which to translate, for the English of that time could hardly be called a language. He translated Bede's Ecclesiastical History and a geography made by Orosius four ANSWERS TO LITERATURE 271 hundred years before. In addition to these and other translations, we are indebted to Alfred for the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which was likely begun in his time. The reign of Alfred had been very prosperous and education had been given a great uplift. 5. Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey are called the "Lake School" poets, because they lived in what was called the Lake country. But for this the three poets have little in common. 6. Goldsmith is the author of S?ie Stoops to Conqtier, Swift of the Tale of the Tub, Samuel Johnson of Rasselas. 7. Helen Fiske was born in Massachusetts in 1831. In 1852 she married Edward Hunt, of the United States Navy. He died in 1863. In 1873 she moved to Colorado for the benefit of her health, and two years later married William Jack- son, of Colorado Springs. It was on Foint Inspira- tion that overlooks the head of South Cheyenne Canon she did much of her writing. In 1884 she died and was buried, by her own request, on the top of this Point. The grave is marked by a large heap of stones, she having requested that tourists visiting it deposit two stones and take one away as a souvenir. Her remains, however, were a number of years after burial moved to the cemetery in Colorado Springs. Her most important work is a novel, Ramona, written in defense of the Indians. 27 2 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 8. James Whitcomb Riley, Edward W. Nye (Bill Nye), H. W. Shaw (Josh Billings), Samuel L. Clemens (Mark Twain), Charles F. Brown (Arte- mus Ward) are noted American humorists. q. George Noel Gorden was born in 1788 and became Lord B3/T011 ten years later. At an early age he began to write verses, and at nineteen pub- lished a book entitled Hours of Idleness. They were severely criticised by Edinburgh writers, and two years later he published his English Bards and Scotch Reviewers, one of the keenest satires ever written. Byron had much trouble, and finally left England never to return. The latter part of his life was spent in Italy, except the last year, which was spent in assisting the Greeks in their fight against the Turks for independence. None of the English poets of his day was greater than Byron. His most noted works: Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, The Bride of A by do s, The Corsair, Don Juan and Prisoner of Chillon. 10 From The Deserted Village: 111 fares the land, to hastening ills a prey, Where wealth accumulates and men decay. — Goldsmith. From The 1 ask: Poor, yet industrious, modest, quiet, neat, Such claim compassion in a night like this, And have a friend in ever failing heart. — Cowper. ANSWERS TO LITERATURE 273 From Concord Hymn: By the rude bridge that arched the flood, Their flag to April's breeze unfurled, Here once the embattled farmers stood And fired the shot heard 'round the world. — Emerson. From Locks ley Hall: Love took up the glass of Time and turn'd it in his glowing hands; Every moment, lightly shaken, ran itself in golden sands. — Tennyson. PAPER NO. VII. 1. English Literature may be divided into the following periods: The Anglo-Saxon, 449 to 1066; The Norman-French, 1066 to 1360; The First Eng- lish, 1360 to 1525; The Renaissance, 1525 to 1634; The Puritan, 1634 to 1660; The Restoration, 1660 to 1702; The Augustan, 1702 to 1744; The Georg- ian, 1744 to 1800; The Revolutionary, 1800 to 1837; The Victorian, 1830 to the present time. 2. Francis Bacon, Sir Philip Sidney, Sir Walter Raleigh, Roger Ascham, Richard Hooker and John Knox were prose writers of the Elizabethan Age. 3. The most noted writers of Lyric poetry are Dryden, Gray, Lowell, Spenser, More, Burns, Wordsworth and Tennyson. 4. Macaulay, an English historian of the Eight- 2 74 THE COUNTY EXAMINER teenth Century, produced a History of England; Carlyle, History of the French Revolution; Froude, History of England; Green, A Short History of the English People. 5. Edgar Allan Poe, possibly the greatest of all Southern writers, was born in 1809 and died at the age of 40. In early life he was left an orphan and became the adopted child of a wealthy merchant of Baltimore by the name of Allan. His adopted father for a time tried to assist Poe in every way he could, but finally, on account of Poe's wildness, gave up and refused any further aid. Poe under- took to support himself with his pen. At first he was a writer of prose, and later of poetry. As a writer of tales he was excellent, while his poetry is beautiful. He is ranked as one of the great poets, but is better known by his prose. 6. Robert Browning was one of the greatest of English poets. He was born in 1812 and died in 1889. His education, so far as a college is con- cerned, was limited, though he became well edu- cated. At first his poetry was not well received, as it was hard to understand; however, he later be- came noted and stands next to Tennyson in the Victorian Age. Elizabeth Barrett was a charming writer, and at the time of her marriage to Robert Browning in 1846 she had a greater reputation as a writer than ANSWERS TO LITERATURE 275 he. Her health was not good and, for this reason, the two poets made Italy their home. Mrs, Brown- ing died in 1861. The most important selections ot Robert Browning are Pippa Passes, My Lost Duchess, Pied Piper of Hamelin, and Asolands. The most impor- tant selections of Mrs. Browning are: Drama of Exile, Aurora Leigh, Brown Rosary, Dead Pa7i, and Cowpers Grave. 7. The following are the most noted writers of literature for children, with a selection of each: Jacob Abbott, Rollo Books; Louisa May Alcott, Little Women; William Taylor Adams, 7 oung- Amer- ica Abroad; Sarah Jane Lippincott, History of My Pets; Eugene Field, Our Tivo Opinions. 8. Shakespeare wrote thirty-seven dramas. Three tragedies are Othello, Macbeth and Ham- let; three comedies are As Tou Like It, Tzvelfth Night and Midsimuner Night 's Dream; three his- torical plays are Henry VIII., Richard III. and King John. 9. Ophelia is found in Hamlet, Uriah Heep in David Copperfield, Hester Prynn in The Scarlet Letter, Ke7iyon in Marble Faun, John Alden in Courtship of Miles Standish, Roderick Dhu in Lady of the Lake. 10. A poem by Helen Hunt Jackson is Christmas Night at Saint Peters ; by Willis, Davids Lament 276 THE COUNTY EXAMINER for Absalom) by Stoddard, A Curtain Call; by Riley, The Raggedy Man; by Whitman, Old Ireland. PAPER NO. VIII. i. William Gilmore Simms was one of the most noted southern writers. He wrote both poetry and prose. The Yemassee is considered his master- piece. Joaquin Miller is called "The Poet of the Sierras." He was born in Indiana and in early life moved with his father to Oregon. His life was full of adventure, both in the search for gold and in his experience with the Indians. He practiced law, was an editor, and a writer of both prose and poetry. 2. Marietta Holley (Josiah Allen's Wife), Fran- ces M. Whitcher (The Widow Bedott), Lucy Lar- com, Elizabeth Oakes Smith, Amelia S. Barr and Mary Johnson, are minor women writers. 3. A number of political pamphlets written by Madison, Jay and Hamilton were collected and published as "The Federalist." Its aim was to ad- vocate the adoption of the U. S. constitution. 4. Benjamin Franklin was the most noted writer of the Revolutionary period. His education, so far as school or college life is concerned, was lim- ited, though by his own personal application he became one of the best educated men of his day, ANSWERS TO LITERATURE 277 and was considered the best of authority on science and political economy. He wrote much, among which were papers on "Electricity and other Scien- tific and Philosophical Subjects," and "Essays on Politics, Commerce and Political Economy." 5. Addison and Steele were born in the same year — 1672. Addison was the best prose writer of Queen Anne's reign. Steele did not at first meet with so much favor as a writer. In 1709, Steele undertook to publish the Tatter, with Addison as a contributor. New features were added, and the paper was seemingly quite a success when, in 1711, its publication ceased. Two months later, Addison and Steele united in publishing the Spectator. It was more famous than the Tatler, its fame being clue chiefly to the character "Sir Roger de Cover- ly," though its publication ceased in 1712. A third paper, the Guardian, was soon begun by Steele, but continued only about eight months. Many of the best productions of the two men were con- tributed to these papers. 6. Edmund Spenser, Richard Hooker, John Lily, Sir Philip Sidney, Sir Walter Raleigh, Sir Francis Bacon and Ben Jonson were contempor- aries of Shakespeare. 7. Dickens is the author of Donibey and Son; Lord Lytten, Last Days of Pomfeii; Cooper, Deer- slayer; Emerson, Representative Men\ Ruskin, 2 7 8 THE COUNTY EXAMINER Sesame and Likes. 8. The characters of Dickens are taken from life, and most of his stories were written for the purpose of exposing the sufferings and hardships of the poor. Thackeray was a satirist, and seemed to de- light in the use of ridicule. He dealt with fashion- able society. 9. The most noted Scientific writers, with an important work of each, are as follows: Thomas Huxley, Man s Place in Nature] Charles Darwin, Descent of Man; Tyndall, Heat Considered as a Mode of Motion', Herbert Spencer, Principles of^ Psychology. 10. The first American who adopted litera- ture as a profession and relied upon his pen for support was Washington Irving. He was born in New York City in 1783. On account of his showing no inclination for study, he received only a limited school education and at the age of six- teen began the study of law, but never practiced. Ill health caused him to spend two years in Europe. After his return, he produced a number of essays and in 1809 appeared his famous Knickerbocker History of Nezv York. In addition to this, the fol- lowing are productions of note: Sketch Book, Bracebridg'e Hall. Tales of a Traveler, Life of ANSWERS TO LITERATURE 27? Christopher Columbus* and Life of George Wash- ington. PAPER NO. IX. 1. In 1608, just eight years before the death of Shakespeare, John Milton, the second greatest English poet, was born. He studied hard, entered Cambridge college at the age of sixteen, and, while a student there, wrote his Hymn on the Morning of Christ's Nativity. Before he was thirty, he had written L! Allegro, 11 Penseroso, Comus and Lycidas. In 1642 civil war broke out between the Royalists and Puritans. Milton was at that time traveling in Italy, but returned and wielded his pen in de- fense of the Puritans. A book was written about this time attacking the Commonwealth. Milton was requested to make answer to it. This he did at the cost of his eyesight, and he was totally blind at the age of forty-two. After this, he produced, among other things, Paradise Lost and Paradise Regained. He died in 1674. 2. The art of printing was introduced into Eng- land in 1476 by William Caxton, an Englishman, who had been living in Germany and had there learned the trade. 3. The following quotations have become famil- iar by being often heard: An honest man's the noblest work of God. — Pope. 28 o THE CO UNTY EX A MINER He that complies against his will Is of his own opinion still. — Milton. The child is father of the man, — Wordsworth. Oh, what a tangled web we weave When first we practice to deceive! — Scott. Knowledge is proud that he has learned so much; Wisdom is humble that he knows no more. —Cowper. 4. John Howard Payne is remembered by Home, Sweet Home, Francis S. Key by The Star Spangled Banner, Joseph Rodman Drake by 1 he American Flag, Joseph Hopkinson by Hail Colum- bia, Clement C. Morris by Visit of St. Nicholas, George P. Moore by Woodman, Spare That Tree, William Knox by Oh, Why Should the Spirit of Mortal Be Proud; Theodore O'Hara by The Biv- ouac of the Dead, Epes Sargent by A Life on the Ocean Wave, F. M. French by The Bhie and the Gray, Nathaniel P. Shepherd by Roll Call. 5. One of the greatest humorists our country has ever produced is Samuel L. Clemens, better known by the pseudonym "Mark Twain." He was born in Florida in 1835, but his parents soon moved to Hannibal, Missouri, where his boyhood was spent. At an early age he was apprenticed to a printer, and worked at that trade in several of the A NS WERS TO LIT ERA Tl J RE 281 larger cities. His first ambition was to be a pilot on the Mississippi, which was realized when he was quite young. After this he traveled in the West, became a reporter on the San Francisco "Morning Call," and made a trip to Hawaii. Soon he made a trip to Europe and Asia, and in 1869 established his fame by writing Innocents Abroad. Other pub- lications of note are as follows: Roughing It; Sketches Old and New, Adventures of Tom Sawyer \ Punch, Brothers, Punch', A Tramp Abroad, and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. 6. Cooper, Bryant, Halleck, Drake and Willis, who, with Irving, composed the Knickerbocker School of New York. 7. The earliest inhabitants of Britain were suc- ceeded by the Celts, who remained in control of the country until the time of the Roman Conquest. The Celts, after having spread over western Europe, crossed into Britain and drove the natives north to Scotland, or west to Ireland. The Celts were to some extent civilized. They had weapons of bronze. Traces of their civilization were left, beyond which little is known. 8. American literature is generally divided into but two periods, the Colonial and the National. 9. While attending school in Washington an order was given to destroy the old battleship Con- stitution. In order to save the ship, Holmes wrote Old Ironsides. The poem was printed on hand- 282 THE COUNTY EXAMINER bills and scattered about the streets. The result was that the Secretary of the Navy revoked his order. 10. Quotation from Hyperion: Deep in the shady sadness of a vale Far sunken from the healthy breath of morn Far from the fiery moon, and eve's one star, Sat gray-haired Saturn, quiet as a stone, Still as the silence round about his lair. — Keats. From Essay on Criticism: In words, as fashions, the same rule will hold, Alike fantastic, if too new, or old: Be not the first by whom the new are tried, Nor yet the last to lay the old aside. —Pope. From Crossing the Bar: For though from out our bourne of Time and Place The flood may bear me far, I hope to see my Pilot face to face When I have crost the bar. — Tennyson. PAPER NO. X. i One of the greatest writers at the close of the nineteenth century was John Ruskin, born in 1819 and died in 1900. He was born of Scotch parents, and had been highly educated for the ministry, but ANSWERS TO LITERATURE 283 chose literature instead. In earl} r life Ruskin trav- eled with his parents in different parts of Europe. This gave him an opportunity to study nature, and in time he became the greatest of art critics. Af- ter 1860 he spent much of his time and fortune in bettering the condition of humanity. His most noted productions are works on art. They are as follows: Modern Painters, The Seven Lamps of Architecture, The Stones of Venice. 2. The following are noted educational writers, with a work of each : David F. Page, Theory and Practice of Teaching'; Ruric N, Roark, Pyschology in Education ; Levi Seeley, History of Education ; E. E. White, School Management; Arnold Thomp- son, Philosophy of leaching; Herbert Spencer, Education', N. A. Calkins, Manual of Object leach- ing. 3. Thomas Nelson Page wrote In Ole Virginia, Bayard Taylor Life on the Nile, Richard Henry Stoddard Hymn to the Beautifid, John Hay, Little Breeches', Will Carleton, Gone With a Handsomer Man. 4. Among the colonial writers was Jonathan Edwards, who wrote Essay on the Freedom of the Willing', Cotton Mather, Magna lia; Governor Bradford, of Plymouth, History of Plymouth Plan- tation', John Woolman, Journal. 5. The life of William Cowper was an unhappy 284 THE COUNTY EXAMINER one. As a child he was very timid, which caused him much trouble while attending boarding school. At different times through Jife his mind was un- balanced, which fact caused him to spend much time in seclusion. Despite all his troubles, he was a great writer. His best productions are The Task, Table Talk, John Gilpin's Ride, and God Moxes in a Mysterious Way. 6. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow was born in Portland, Maine, in 1807 and died in 1882. He had all the advantages of school and college life, and was graduated from Bowdoin College at the age of nineteen. In order to accept the Professorship of Modern Languages in this institution, which was offered him immediately after graduation, he trav- eled in Europe three years to better equip himself, at the end of which time he returned and filled the place for six years. Then he was given a profess- orship at Harvard, in which place he served until 1854. Of all American poets Longfellow is the most quoted. He wrote at first mostly prose, but later poetry. The following are selections of note: Evangeline, Hiawatha, Bvilding- of the Ship, My Lost Youth, The Courtship of Miles Standish, T he Skeleton in Armor, and A Psalm of Life, 7. The "Salmagundi Papers" were written by James K. Paulding and William and Washington Irving. The prospectus of the papers said they were "simply to instruct the young, reform the old, ANSWERS TO LITERATURE 285 correct the town, and castigate the age. 8. Alice Cary wrote Pictures of Memory, Pbcebe Cary Death Scene, Thomas Bailey Aldrich The Story of a Bad Boy, Charles Follen Adams, Hans and Fritz, Joel Chandler Harris Nights With Uncle Remus. 9. Sir Walter Raleigh is known in literature only by a History of the World, written in 1614 while he was in prison on a false charge of treason. 10. The author of Ben Hur is General Lew Wal- lace ; The Hoosier Schoolmaster, Edward Eggleston ; The Old Oaken Bucket, Samuel Wordsworth ; Dixie, Albert Pike; My Country, ' Tis of Thee, Samuel Francis Smith. PROBLEMS IN ALGEBRA. PAPER NO. I. i. Factor x^-{-x 2 y—- xy 2 -— y z and x 4 —y*. 2. Find the values of x and y in the equations : y (2 ) ^_ li== _- 3. Find the G. C. D. of $x* — loxy-^sy* and $x* — 7^' 2 j/— 33^ry— 7^7 2 + nj /2 +37 8 . 111 4. Simplify _^j— j 4- ^_ ^_^ + («_<;) («__£) 5. Find the value of ;r in the following equation: x ■',:. "D x— V-'t' 2 — 5- r + I2 =3°- 6. What two numbers are as 2 to 3 and the sum of whose cubes is 2240? 7. The sum of the \ and £ parts of a certain number exceeds the difference between its \ and \ parts by 25. Find the number. 8. Reduce to its simplest form v — i — — ' — r^ x — z x j r3 x J r3 9. A field which contains 480 sq.rd. is 4 rods longer than it is wide. What is its length and breadth? 10. A number is expressed by three digits the sum of which is 10; the number is equal to 34 times the sum of QUESTIONS ON ALGEBRA 287 the first and second digits ; the sum of the first two digits plus 2 equals the third. Find the number. PAPER NO. II. 1. Find the L. C. M. of ^2_|_ 7 ^_j_ I2? anc ] . r s_>_<>. r _}_8. 2. Simplify x— (y— z)— [>— (z— x)]+[z—(y~- x)\ 3. Find the principal that will amount to $339.60 in 3 years 4 months, at 6%. 4. Willia is 3 times as old as Majel. In ten years she- will be 1 -J- times as old. How old is each? c. Given the equations — -j- — = x — V ; ~\~ z—12 (2) $*+&— b=iA (3) ,r+ 7^+2^=3 1. 4. The length of a field exceeds its breadth by 8 rods ; if each of its dimensions be increased 8 rods, the field will be doubled. Find its dimensions. 5- (*-ir) 5 > 6. Find the value of x in the equation V x -f- 7+ V x — 5=1/^-4-27 7. Find two numbers such that their sum is 12 and their product is to the sum of their squares as 2 to 5. 8. Find the G. C. D. of a*— 3^24-7^— 21 and 2# 4 -f- 9. A certain fraction becomes -| when 5 is added to the numerator and \ when 6 is subtracted from the de- nominator Find the fraction. 10. A regiment of soldiers that consists of 1360 men is formed into two squares, one of which has four more more men on a side than the other. What number of men are on a side in each of the squares? PAPER NO. IV. _ . , . a 2 — xab-L-ib*- 1. Reduce to the lowest terms — — H — ttt 2. Find the L. C. M. of x*— ■%*, x*—2xy-\-y*, x*—yi. 3. Find the time between nine and tfen o'clock when the hour and minute hands are at right angles with each other. Q UES TI ONS ON A L GEBRA jS 9 4. (2o + 23l/7+i8)-H5+2V / T)=What? 5. A man paid $220 for a certain number of sheep, and, reserving 15, sold the remainder for $180, thereby- gaining 50 cents a head on those he sold. How many did he buy? 6. Multiply xV a* by a\/ x 7. Two persons, A and B, can do a piece of work in 12 days. They work together 3 days, after which B finished the work in 24 days. In what time can each do it working separately? 8. Extract the cube root of x*-\-6x*y— ^x 2 2-\-Sv B -\- 1 2xy 2 — 1 2y 2 z — s s -\-^xz 2 -\-6yz 2 — i2xyz. 9. Two persons travel from A to B, a distance of 150 miles. One travels i\ miles an hour faster than the other, and is 5 hours less on the journey. What are their respective rates of travel? 10. A cistern can be filled by two pipes in 4 and 5 hours respectively, and can be emptied by a third in 6 hours. In how many hours will it be filled if all the pipes are left open? PAPER NO. V. 1. Find the value of x in the equation 2ax 2 -\-4CX-\-Sc =8:7. \ 2xy "J 2. Simplify — — ~^— r 2 — y 2 > x 2 -\-y x ' ~x-\~y 3. Express with fractional exponents ( 1 ) a -0 *c* 4b *cJi 2?o THE COUNTY EXAMINER 4. Expand (30 — 2b) 4 by the binomial theorem. 5. It takes a freight train, whose rate is § that of a passenger train, 2 hours and 30 minutes longer than the passenger train to run 160 miles. What is the rate of each? 6. Given ~ to find the values of x \ xy — y 2 = 20 j and y'\ 7. Simplify x* — \$yz — [x 2 — (3^ — x^' 2 ) + 3^ — (-r 2 — 2yz—z)']}. x-\-V x — 2 7 8. Solve the equation — ' = — x — V x — 2 4 9. The sum of the three digits of a number is 9. If the number be divided by the sum of its first and third digits the quotient is 39, and if 198 be added to the num- ber, the digits will be inverted. Find the number. 10. If I can row 20 miles in if hours down stream and 24 miles in 3 hours up stream, what is the rate in miles per hour of the current, and what is my rate in still water? ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS IN ALGEBRA. PAPER NO. I. 1. (a.) x s + x 2 y— xy 2 —y 3 =x 2 (x+y)—y 2 (x-\-y)= (x 2 —y 2 ) (x+y) = (x +y) (x—y) (x+y) = (x—y) (x+y) 2 . Ans. (b) x*-y*=(x 2 +y 2 )(x 2 -y 2 )=(x 2 +y 2 )(x+y) (x—y). Ans. 2. (1) 3x+iy=21 (2) \x— H= -j Clearing of fractions and transposing, the equations become (3) 12x+3y= 84 I (4) 8x—3y= 16 ) Eliminate by addition 555 =100 x — 5 Substitute the value of x in (SJ and the equation becomes 60+3^=84, whence j/=8. Ans, 2Q2 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 3x*— lx 2 y— 7xy 2 +3y* — 33xy+lly 3x*— 10x 2 y+ 3xy 2 3x 2 — lOxy+Sf x+y 3x 2 y—lQxy 2 +3y 8 — 33xy J rlly 2 3x 2 y— 10xy 2j r3ys — lly)— 33xy+lly 2 3x y G. C. D. Ans. 3x 2 3y 3x 2 — 10xy+Sy xy — 9xy+3y 2 — 9xy+3y 2 4. Simplify (a _ b j (b _ e) + (b -aXa-c) + (a—c)(a—b)' By changing the signs of both the numerator and denominator of the second fraction it becomes + 7 ttt \ox — 7 ttt .and the frac- (a~—b)(a—c) (a—b)(a—c) tions may be written as follows: 111 (a—b)(b-c) (a-b)(a—c) (a—c)(a—b) The L. C. D. is now (a—b)(b—c)(a~c)\ (a—c)—(b—c)+(b—c) _ hence the result = (a—b)(b—c)(a—c) (a-b)(b~c)' Ans. ANSWERS TO ALGEBRA 2 pj 5. x 2 — ox+ V x 2 — 5;r+12=30 By adding 12 to each member the equation be- comes x 2 — 5;r+12 +V x L — 5x-\- 12=42 Completing square x 2 —5x J rl2 J r V x 2 — 5j;+12++=A-£- § - Extracting square root V x 2 — bx-rl2 J r^= 1 £- Transposing V x 2 — 5^+12=6 Squaring each member x 2 — 5.^+12=36 Transposing x 2 — 5;r=24 Completing square x 2 — 5x J r^= 1 ^ 1 - Extracting square root x—%= V- Whence x=S 6. Let 2x and 3;r=the numbers Then 8^ 8 -f27^ s =35^ 3 =2240 Whence x s =64 and x=\/ 64=4 Hence the numbers are S and 12. 7. Let ;r=the number. x x Then -^ + -^=the sum of the \ and \ parts. x x -7— -^=the diff. of the \ and | parts. And (-j+-=)—(-^—^)= z 25. Clearing equation, 15^+12^-12^+10^ =1500. Combining, #=60. Ans. « ^ 2 +3 1 _ Ji: 2 +3 _ ^-3 _ .y 2 +3-^ 2 +6^— 9 *' ^—3^+3 ^ 2 -9 #+3 # 2 -9 = -^-o — ^--. Ans. .ar— 9 2 94 THE COUNTY EXAMINER q. Let jr=width ; .r-h4=length. ^^+4^=480, or ^ 2 -h4^=480 Completing square, x 2 +4jt:-f 4=484 Extracting square root, .r+2=22 #=20, width of field; ^+4=24, length, io. Let ^^hundred's digit; j/— ten's; £=unit's. Then lOO^+lOjz+^^the number (1) x J ty+z=10 (2) 100x+10y+z=34x+34y=6Gx—24y+z=0 (S) x+y+ 2=z=x+y—z= —2 From (1) x J ry+z= 10 Subtract (3) x J ry—z=—2 2z= 12 z= 6 Substituting in (1) and (2), transposing and combining, (4) x+y=4. (4)X24=(24sv J r24y= 96) (5) Q6x— 24y= -6. Adding (b) (66x—24y=—6 ) 90x = 90 x= 1 Substituting value of x in (4), y— 3 Hence the number is 136. Ans. PAPER NO. II. i. ^ 2 +7^+12=^+4;^+3; x 2J rQx-\- 8=(x+4)(x J r2) Therefore (x+4)(x J r S)(x-\-2) or x s +9x 2 + 26^+24=L. C. M. ANSWERS TO ALGEBRA 2 9 s 2. x— (y— z)— [y—(z—xj\ + [z—(y—x)] = x—y+z— [y—z+x] + [z—y+x] = x—y J rz—y J rz—x-{-z—y J rx= x—Sy-rSz. Ans. 3. Let ^tr=principal tIo of ^^T^X^i^l, interest .2;+ f =$339.60 Clearing equation 6;t:=$1698.00 ^=$283.00. Ans. 4. Let ;r=Majers age 3.r=Willia's age ^4-10=Majers age 10 years hence 3^-flO=Willia's age 10 years hence ^+10;xi|=3^-}-10 or 4:H-40=9;r+30 —5x=— 10 or x— 2, Majel's age 3x=6, Willia's age. D x y y z / K x z ' K x z 9 2 — =a — b-\-c or x z x a — b-*-c Substituting in (— -\r—=a) the value of x, the x y equation becomes ^ — + -=«, ory- y ">—s a +b- 2$6 THE COUNTY EXAMINER Substituting in (- + -=£) the value of y, the y z , a-\-b — c , 1 equation becomes ~ r- 6. b, or £ : —a~\~c' y=12 45 Completing square in^l^), x-\-y-\- v x-\-y-\-\ z=z ^£- Extracting square root, etc., Squaring (4), Squaring (5), Subtracting (2) from (6), Subtracting (7) from (2), Extracting square root, Adding (6) and (9), Whence And V x+y= 3 x-\-y= 9 .r 2 — 2xy J ry 2 = 9 .r— jy= 3 *= 6 ai> a; (4; re; 7- r= 3 (VI) Let ;r— the the less number. 60— „r=the greater. Then 3x 2 =5(6Q— x)—YL. Transposing, etc. .25 348 1 8. x=9 60—^=51. Ans. 9a 2 — 1 2ab+ 4b 2J r 6ac-4bc+c 2 \ 3a-2b+c 9a 2 -I2ab+4b 2 -\2ab-\-4b 2 Trial divisor 6a Compl'te div. 6a— 2d Trial divisor 6a— 4b Complete divisor 6a—4b-\-c 6ac—4bc J rc 2 6ac—4bc J rc 2 ANSWERS TO ALGEBRA 297 9. The last term is equal to the first term plus the number of terms minus one times the common difference, and may be expressed by the following formula: i=a-\-(n—l)d Substituting, /=16+f'6— 1)32 Whence /=176. Ans. 10. Let .r=number of cows, 2„r=number of calves, 4;r=number of hogs; Then 26^r=cost of cows, 16^:=cost of calves, 20;r— cost of hogs, And 26^-h 16^+20^=868 Or 62^=868 x=14, number of cows, 2.r=28, number of calves. 4jt=56, number of hogs. PAPER NO. III. 1. — \ —2x—\3y—(2x—3y)+(3x—2y)\+2x\ = - \ —2x—[3y—2x J r3y J r3x—2y] J r2x \ = - \ —2x—3y-^2x—3y—3x J r2y J r2x \ = 2x+ 3y—2x-V Sy+ 3x—2y—2x= x J r4y. Ans. 2g8 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 2. x—y— 13 (V xy= 300 (V Squaring (1) x 2 —2xy J ry 2 = z 169 (V Multiplying (2) by 4, Axy— 1200 a) Adding (A) to (3), x 2J r2xy J ry 2 ='. 1369 cv Extracting square root of (5), x+y= 37 (6) Adding (1) and (6), 2x= 50 (V x— 25 (V Subtracting (6) from (1), 2y= 24 (V y== 12 rip; 3- 3x—2y J rz= = 12 (V ^x-\~Ay—z- = 16 (V x J r7y J r2z= = 31 (V 3x~2y+z= = 12 hx-\-4y — z~ = 16 Adding (1) and (2), %x+2y = = 28 (V Multiplying (2) by 2, 10*+ Sy— 2z= = 32 (5) x+ 7y+2z= = 31 Adding f 5; and (3), llx-\-lby = = 63 fe, Multiplying (A) by 11, 88.r+ 22y= =308 (V Multiplying (6) by 8, 8&r+130j/= =504 (S) Subtracting (%) from (%), —9&y= - -196 - 2 = 28 — o Substituting in (A), y- 8#+4= Substituting in (1), 9—A+z= = 12 z~ = 7 ANSWERS TO ALGEBRA 2gp 4. Let #=breadth #+8=length .r+8=breadth after increase #+16=length after increase x( #+8^=ar ea (x-\-8)(x J rl6)=a.re2i after increase 2x(x+8)=(x+8)(x+16). Simplifying, x 2 — 8#=128. Completing square, x 2 — 8#+16=144. Extracting square root, x— 4=12 #=16, breadth, #+8=24, length. 5 . r^-iy; 5 =* 5 -5r#;Yir;+ior#;Yir; 2 - iof#j Yir; 3 +5(*Xiy) 4 -fiw 5 =* 5 -|-# 4 ^+-|#y- f# 2 j/ s +W#j/ 4 — ¥ V^ 5 - Ans. 6. ]/#+7+i / # i:: 5=i/#+27 Squaring and collecting 2 V x 2 -\-2x— 35=25 — x Squaring and collecting 3# 2 +58#=765 Dividing by 3 # 2 +f^=255 Completing square x ^ +^£ J r^ 1 -= IJ ■-f A Extracting square root #+V~— V~ #=9. Ans. 7. Let x and y represent the numbers, Then x+y=12 (1) And xy : x 2 +y 2 : : 2 : 5 (2) Antecedents in (2) X by 2 2#>' : #4-/ :: 4 : 5 (B) By finding the sum and difference of the anteced- ents and consequents in each couplet, then (x+y) 2 : (x-y) 2 : : 9 : 1 (4) JOO THE COUNTY EXAMINER Extracting square root x-\-y : x—y : : 3 : 1 (5) Sustituting from (1) 12 : x—y : : 3 : 1 (6) The product of the extremes is equal to the pro- duct of the means, then Dividing by 3 Adding f l^and (8), etc. And 2a 4 +19tf 2 8. + 35 Sx-Sy=12 (7) x— y— 4 (S) x=8 or 4 y=4 or 8 — Sa 2 +7a—21 2a*-Qa SJ rUa 2 - -42a 2a+6 6a s + oa 2J r42a J r 35 6a*— 18^+42^—126 2S)2Sa 2 a s — Za 2J v7a— 21 8 +7 a a' + 161 7 G. C. D. a a Za 2 ■3a 2 -21 —21 Then Therefore And Let .r=the numerator of the fraction y= " denominator " " =the fraction y x+5 y X y-6 '8 1 '2 a; (V Clearing and collecting in (1) and (2) they become, respectively Sx— 5y=— 40 (^3; 2jir— jj/= 6 (4) Eliminating #=11; and _y— 16. ANSWERS TO ALGEBRA 30 r 10. Let _r=the side of first square jr-h4=the side of second square Then (x) 2 +(x-\-4:) 2 =136Q. Squaring and collecting 2;r 2 +8;r=1344. Dividing by 2, x 2 -\-^x=%12. Completing square, x 2j r 4^; -f- 4=676. Extracting square root, ^+2=26 *=24; and .r + 4=28. PAPER NO. IV. 1. a 1 — 3a6~t26 2 _ (a— 2d J (a— b) _ a— 2d A 2 . x 3 — y s == ( x—y ) ( x 2 ~ xj ' -^ry 2 ) x 2 — 2xy -\~y 2 —(x—y) ( x—y ) x 2 —y 2 =-(x—y)(x J ry) Therefore (x—y)(x 2j rxy J ry l )(x~\-y) or x AJ rx 3 y— xy 3 — y 4z ^L. C. M. Ans. 3. In order that the minute and hour hands may be at right angles, the minute hand must gain 30 minute spaces on the hour hand, then Let ;r=the number of minute spaces the minute hand moves over, And^^the number of minute spaces the hour hand moves over; Therefore x— T y=30 Clearing, etc. lLr— 360 a— 32 T 8 T min. after nine. Ans. 3 o2 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 4. 20+23i/3+18 20+ 8i/3 5+2^3 4+3i/3 Ans. 15i/§+18 151/3+18 5. Let ^:=the number of sheep bought. x— 15— the number of sheep sold, 220 Then = cost of one sheep, 180 n . • r , — — r^=selling price 01 one sheep. ~ u 180 220 1 n , • Then ^is~~^ == 2 t Clearing, etc., x 2J r 65^=6600. Completing square, x 2 +65x J r^ 2 -^=^ L i^. Extracting sq. root, ~.J_6 5 — 17 5 XT -5 y— , x— 55. Ans. 6. ^l/tf 3 =#:ri/#=#;q/ # s axi/a s X i /x^=a 2 xi/a 3 x\ Ans. 7. Let .r=time required for A to do the work jV— time required for B to do the work. (V W=i v y x y 12 (2) ^-+—=1 Multiplying fl,) by 3 and subtracting the pro- 24 3 duct from (2), —=j', therefore j=32, Substituting in (1), x=l§\. I t 5 CQ 0X3 o $ V 5? T3 ^N O^ C V V 4-» ^ H CO 1 CO CO > 4-» 3 cr 5/3 05 « « n £ &£> 75 O o U in u be c • — + + + *3 i 1) 43 CD V 43 cu 3 O O 43 • 1-4 "a 0<» i CO ■M o3 42 S 3 H V S o U C co co II II £ lO o3 ^N + rH tH G c ii Th CO t— g> 1-i T-1 5 4- H II Oj 1 He* II II II He* l»~H »c H o t— ' © tH «|e» r— Hi C rH + H H + ^ < — «m rv*- "V s r-i i CO ., . ~ > n > Vh .!-. • - "C 75 T3 en _ "^ -v ""* v > is • — < ■*-» • »■* D i*Vi _ CL _ O w^ c .rt £ .3 £ cU "C o £ 43 H V H U H 3 04 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 10. Let „r=number of hours if all pipes are open, Then J— part filled in 1 hr. if all pipes are open, J=part filled in one hour by first pipe, -§-=part filled in one hour by second pipe, |=part emptied in one hour by 3d pipe. And J=i+i— -J-. Clearing equation, etc. x=S T 9 r . Ans. PAPER NO. V. i. CLax?+±ex+%c=§a)= (4ax 2J r 4cCX=Sa—Sc)= : x 2 -\-~x~4t — — . Completing square, x 2J r— x J r~r=— — ^— . Extract's" sq. root , c 2a— c a a 2a— 2c x : a Ans. 2xv -*-(*—. y)= X x 2j t~y 2 J l J/ x 2 -\~y 2 x 2 —y 2 _^_ x 2J ry 2 __ (x 2 —y 2 ) (x~Yy ) (x-\- y) 2 x x-ry x(x 2j ry 2 ) Ans. 3. Any factor may be transferred from the num- erator to the denominator or vice versa if the sign of its exponent be changed. (1) a~ t (r-zc*= -in v x awt / > ) ^ a * c ~~* _ 3 #M£i ANSWERS TO ALGEBRA 305 4. (3a-2b) 4 =(3a) 4 -4(3a) s (26) + Of 3^ s (2b) 2 - 4(3a)(2b)*+(2b)*=81a*— 216a s b-{-216a 2 b 2 — 96ab s + 166*. 5. Let x=ra.te of passenger train, fjr^rate of freight train, 160 . . , , =time required by passenger train 160 . ■ , , r • ■ -g — =time required bytreight train, T , 160 160 ot ri • Then -y- - = 2|. Clearing etc. ~%X ^f *=32; and \x=2\\. 6. .a: 2 - *> =24 (%) xy-y 2 = 20 (2) Subtracting (2) from (1), x 2 —2xy+y 2 = 4 ^ Extracting square root of (3) x—y= 2 (4) Equation (1) is equal to x(x—y)=24 (5) Substituting the value of x — y in (5) it becomes 2^=24; and ^=12 Substituting the value of x in (4), j>— 10 7- x 2 -\3yz— [x 2 — {3z~3yz 2 )+3z-(x 2 -2yz-z)] \ = x 2 —\3yz—[x 2 -3z J r3yz 2J r3z—x 2 -\-2yz J rz'\ [ = * 2 — ] 3yz— x 2J r3z— 3yz 2 — 3z+x 2 — 2yz— z \ = x 2 —3yz+x 2 —3z J r3yz 2 +3z—x 2 +2yz+z= x 2 —yz~\-z-\-3yz 2 , Ans. 3 o6 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 8. x+V x— 2 7 :r— |/^r— 2 4 4:r-f 4l/.*:— 2==7.r— 7 V 7 .*- -2 3^=1 \V x— 2 ~-2 1 2 1 ~ — 2 42 ./C 9 -*" "9" Clearing, Transposing, Squaring, etc., Completing square, etc., x=!=W. Ans. 9. Let -r=the first digit, j/=the second digit. And £-=the third digit. Then 10(toH-10j/~f-£=the number, And 10(XH- 10y+^— the number with its digits [inverted. By the conditions of the problem, the state- ments are x-\-y-\-z— 9 (1) 100jH-10y+s__ oo /oj — — oJ (IJ X-TZ lOCbr-hlOy+^-f 198—100*+ 10y+x(Sj Solving these equations, x=2\ y=S; £=4; and the number is 234. Ans. 10. Let .r=number of mi. per hr. in still water, And j>=number of mi. per hr. in the current, Then x-)ry=no, of mi, an hr. I row down stream. And x—y= number of mi. an hr. I row up stream [(x+y)\\=2ti\ = 5*+5j/=60 [(x-y)3^24] = 3x—3y=24: Eliminating, etc., ^—10; and y— 2. QUESTIONS THAT APPLY TO YOUR OWN STATE, STATE GEOGRAPHY QUESTIONS. 1. Bound your State. 2. What is its latitude and longitude? 3. What was the origin of its name? 4. Was it one of the original Thirteen? If not, from what territory was it formed? 5. What is its population? 6. Give name, location and population of its capital. 7. Name and locate ten other important cities and give the approximate population of each. 8. Name the rivers that border, lie wholly with- in, or run through it. 9. What is the general trend of its rivers? 10. What river is the longest? Where does it rise and empty? 11. What are its mineral products? Where found ? 12. Is it mountainous, hilly or level? 13. Name and locate any mountains, hills and valleys. 14. What is its chief industry? 15. If any, name its manufactured goods and 3 o8 THE COUNTY EXAMINER farm products. 16. What are its most wonderful scenes, either of nature or art ? 17. Is, or was it formerly, a timbered State? 18. About what is its annual rainfall ? 19. Draw an outline map of it, locating its capi- tal, principal cities and rivers. 20. What is its climate? What determines it? 21. Has it exports and imports? If so, name them. 22. Are there any gulfs, capes or bays? If so, name and locate them. 23. What important lines of railroads are in it or run through it? 24. What were its wild animals? Do any remain? 25. Has it any lakes? If so, name and locate them. 26. How many counties has it? 27. W r hat is the name of your county? When established? Bound it. 28. Draw an outline map of it, locating its county seat and chief towns. STATE CIVIL GOVERNMENT QUESTIONS. 1. How many constitutions has your State had? Give date of adoption of each. 2. Can its constitution be amended? If so, how? 3. What name is applied to its legislative branch of government? 4. What is the upper house called ? The lower house? 5. Give number of members in each house, time of election, term of service, qualifications and com- pensation. QUESTIONS ON YOUR OWN ST A IE 3 o 9 6. Who is the presiding officer of the upper house? Lower house? 7. Give any special duties conferred upon each house, 8. Name several provisions common to both houses. 9. Give all the ways by which a bill may become a law. 10. How is your Governor elected? When? What is his term of office? 11. Give his qualifications and compensation. 12. What are his powers? Duties? 13. Give time of election, term of service, qualifi- cations, compensation and duties of the Lieutenant Governor. 14. Name your other State offices and officers. \h. Give time of election, term of service, quali- fications, compensation and duties of each. 16. What is the court of highest jurisdiction in your State called? 17. Of how many Judges is it composed? Give term of service and salary. 13. Name all the inferior courts of both State and county and tell something of each. 19. Name your county offices and officers. 20. Give time of election, term of service, duties and compensation of each. 21. Who are qualified voters ? 22. Give brief description of your common school system. QUESTIONS ON STATE HISTOPvY. 1. Where, when and by whom was your State settled? 2. Name at least five noted pioneers and tell jfo THE COUNTY EXAMINER something of each. 3. If any important engagements took place be- tween the early settlers and the Indians, name and describe them. 4. Of what nationality were the early settlers? 5. If not one of the original Thirteen, when was it admitted into the Union? 6. Who was its first Governor? Tell something about him. 7. How many Governors has it had? Name several. 8. What part, if any, has your State taken in the various wars in which our country has been en- gaged? 9. Have any important battles, other than with the Indians, been fought on her soil? If so, name them and describe the most important ones. 10. What important events have happened in its history in recent years? 11. What important inventions can your State lay claim to? Give name of inventors. 12. Name its three most noted statesmen, three most noted orators, three most noted jurists, and three most noted writers. SAMPLE LISTS OF QUESTIONS. BY PERMISSION OF THE STATE SUPERINTENDENTS OF SCHOOLS. STATE CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION- KENTUCKY. SPELLING. 1. Define: simple word, compound word, primi- tive word, derivative word. 2. Spell: acrimonious, precarious, deferential, facetious, asthma, erysipelas, orchestra, vicious, omniscient, Milwaukee, ductile, effrontery, languor, assiduity, Volga, progenitor, stratagem, palatable, propitious, hypothesis, chimera, suavity, evanes- cent, execrate, gorgeous, trousseau, Aristotle, er- roneous, osseous, diurnal, endogen, souvenir, tam- bourine, demagogue, jaundice, amethyst, valise, treatise, tantalize, docility. 3. Define or use in sentences the last ten words in question two. READING. 1. What is the use of phonics in teaching read- ing? 2. What are the essentials of good reading? 3 f 2 THE COUNTY EXAMINER Explain how you would teach them. 3. Describe some of the advantages of reading aloud. 4. What attention should be given to punctua- tion in teaching reading? Give reasons for your statements. 5. Define emphasis, inflection, stress, articula- tion, gesture. 6. The examiners will assign test selections to read. WRITING. 1. What system of writing do you teach? Make the principles of the system you teach. 2. Give reason for teaching the principles and exercises in writing. 3. Describe your method of teaching writing. 4. Do you require your pupils to write on paper with intermediate ruling to indicate the height of letters? Give reasons for your answer. 5. Discuss position, form, movement, and speed in teaching writing. 6. Write a composition of about one hundred words on the value of good penmanship. ARITHMETIC. 1. Given the dividend, quotient and remainder, how may the divisor be found? If ten apples be divided equally among five boys, which of the terms in the division are concrete and which abstract? 2. What term is the base (a) in commission? (b) In insurance? (c) In profit and loss? (d) In interest? (e) In discount? > 3. At 6 o'clock A. M. the thermometer indicated 20° above zero; at 12 o'clock M., 5° above zero; at SAMPLE LISTS OF QUESTIONS 313 6 o'clock P. M., 7° below zero. Find the average temperature from the three observations. Explain the process. 4. The sum of two numbers is 147^, and their difference 83 %, What are the numbers? 5. If equal sums be put at interest for 1 yr. 12 da., at h]/2 c /o and l c /c per annum, the difference in interest received on the two principals will be $7.65. Find the sum invested in each case. 6. Wheat is worth 90 cents per bushel, and a field yields 21 bushels per acre, at a cost of $16.75 per acre for cultivation. If the cost of cultivation be increased 20%, and the yield be thereby in- creased 30%, what is the net gain per acre? 7. The longitude of Pensacola, Fla., is 87° 15' west. Find the difference between standard time and local (Meridian) time in that city. 8. The proceeds of a 3 months' note discounted at bank at 6% per annum, the day it was made, were $400. Find the face of the note. 0. A contractor in building two residences finds that the number of mechanics employed on the first is to the number employed on the second as 7:4, the weekly wages paid individuals on the first to those on the second as 8:7, and the time each mechanic was employed on the first to that on the second as 5:12. Find the relative cost of labor on the two buildings. 10. How many trees planted 33 ft. apart will be required to cover 10 acres in the shape of a rectan- gle 20 rods wide, if no allowance is made for space beyond the outside rows? GRAMMAR. 1. What aim must be kept in view in teaching 3 r 4 THE COUNTY EXAMINER any language? 2. In teaching a language, which is better, "to the science through the art" or "to the art through the science?" Give reasons for opinion. 3. What is a participle? Infinitive? In what ways are they alike? 4. Discuss fully your plan for teaching grammar in the sixth grade. 5. Define and illustrate: (a) An adjective clause, (b) An adverb clause, (c) A complex sentence, (d) A compound sentence. 6. Describe and illustrate three uses of the in- finitive. 7. Farse the words in italics in the following: Woe worth the chase, woe worth the day. Woe is me. This examination makes my labor a pleasure. This tale makes my two eyes, like stars, start from from their spheres. Wheat worth a dollar a bushel is selling for eighty cents. 8. Diagram or analyze the following: A wind came up out of oi the sea And said, "O mists, make room for me." It hailed the ships, and cried, "sail on, Te mariners, the night is gone!' And hurried landward far away, Crying, "Awake! it is day." It said unto the forest, "Shout! Hang all your leafy banners out!" It touched the wood-bird's folded wing, And said, "O bird, awake and sing." 9. Point out the .kinds of sentences, clauses and phrases in the quotation above. Parse the words in italics. SAMPLE LISTS OF QUESTIONS 315 COMPOSITION. 1. What should be the aim in teaching compo- sition? Give your plan for teaching it. 2. Name and define three essentials of good diction. 3. Name and define five forms of composition. 4. How should explanatory and transposed ex- pressions be punctuated? Punctuate the following: (a) Charles the eldest son has left home, (b) An address was given by the Rev. W. H. Wood, D. D. (c) In a short time the building will be completed, (d) If you pick the flower it will fade. 5. Define Simile, Metaphor, Hyperbole, Person- ification. Write a sentence illustrating each. 6. Write a composition of at least one hundred and fifty words on the use of good literature in teaching composition. GEOGRAPHY. ; 1. Define isothermal lines. Why do not these lines coincide with the parallels? 2. Where is the zone of calms? Account for it being a zone of calms. 3. Name the largest rainless districts in the world. Account for it. 4. Which half of the U. S. is a highland? Where are the prairie regions? W r hat river drains the northern plateau? The southern plateau? 5. Name and locate three large cities of Europe further north than Maine or Michigan 6. What is meant by the flora of any region and what forms the basis for its distribution? 7. Is the mouth of the Orinoco an estuary or a delta? Explain answer. 3 i6 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 8. Name five seas tributary to the Mediter- ranean. 9. Name the two most direct all-water routes over which a person would sail in going from Mo- rocco to Calcutta. 10. How do the mountain and desert districts of Asia affect the climate of Egypt? How does the Sahara affect the climate of southern Europe? HISTORY. 1. Describe briefly the political and religious conditions in Europe that led to the rapid coloniza- tion of America. 2. What was the London Company? How organized? For what purpose? 3. Mention the persons or groups of persons in- terested in and the motives and purposes charac- teristic of the following settlements: Hartford, New Haven, New York, Georgia. 4. At what point did the pioneers of the eight- eenth century break through the Appalachian sys- tem in order to make settlements? Show the influ- ence of the Mississippi and St. Lawrence river sys- tems on the history of settlement during same century. 5. Give a brief sketch of the following persons: Samuel Adams, James Otis, LaFayette. 6. Compare life in the Northern States before the Civil War with that of the Southern States. 7. How did the people of Kentucky receive the proposals of Aaron Burr and others to establish an alliance with Spain? 8. Name five noted pioneers of the Mississippi Valley. State briefly something each did. SAMPLE LISTS OF QUESTIONS 317 PHYSIOLOGY. 1. Name five characteristics of cells. 2. Name the bones of the head. 3. Explain the contraction and relaxation of the muscles. 4. Give the general structure of the alimentary canal. 5. What is the Omentum and what is its use? 6. Describe the white corpuscles of the blood and give their uses. 7. What is the cilia and what are their uses? 8. What rules would you give for exercise? 9. What are the papillae and what is their use? 10. Why does alcohol cause a demand for highly- seasoned food? CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 1. Give an account of the three kinds of Colonial governments. 2. What is meant by the House resolving itself into a committee of the whole? By an executive session of the Senate? 3. What is meant by the dual Constitution of the United States? 4. Why are United States Senators divided into three classes? What is a quorum? 5. What is a corporation? An extradition treaty? 6. State the difference between a confederation and a federal state. 7. Give the difference between the military and the regular army. 8. Explain what is meant by the regulation of commerce. 9. What are the state sovereign and national 3 i8 THE COUNTY EXAMINER theories of the Constitution? 10. Describe the judicial system of Kentucky. THEORY AND PRACTICE, INCLUDING PSYCHOLOGY. 1. Define perception. Sense perception. Self- perception. 2. How are the perceptive faculties cultivated? Why should they be cultivated? 3. Give a fundamental law ot mind develop- ment. Explain its application. 4. What can you say of the relation of the mind to the body? How do the physical conditions of the body affect the mind? 5. Give the arguments against overcrowding the course of study in the public schools. Give the arguments against restricting the course of study to only a few branches. 6. If you had a thousand hours in which to learn a science or a language, how would you use the time in order to get the greatest knowledge of the subject? Give reasons for your opinion. 7. At what age in life are the acquisitive facul- ties most active? What subjects should be most taught during this period? 8. Describe an ideal school site, water supply, play grounds, sanitary arrangement, heating, and ventilation. 9. What did you learn from "Phelps and His Teachings" as to the relation of parents to teachers in the disciplining of a school? 10. Compare "Silas Cobb" and "Prof. Littleman." Mention the strong and weak points of each. SAMPLE LISTS OF QUESTIONS 319 LITERATURE. 1. Who is called "The Father of English Poe- try?' Why? 2. What can you say of the age of Chaucer? Name some of his distinguished contemporaries. 3. Make an outline for the critical study of either a play, an essay, or a poem. 4. Discuss briefly any one of the following works: Hamlet, Rasselas, Vicar of Wakefield. 5. Give a short sketch of Dean Swift, and give his place in literature as to time, and as to nature of his writings. 6. Give what you believe to be the greatest work of the following authors: Shakespeare, Gib- bon, Tennyson, Scott, Macaulay. 7. Name four living American authors of note and mention something each wrote. 8. Give a list of Irving's best writings. What is meant by "The Knickerbocker School?" Sd. Name three great American historians and the greatest work of each. 10. Give a brief sketch of three Kentuckians who achieved greatness in the field of literature. Men- tion something each wrote. ALGEBRA. 1. Define: Negative number, co-efficient, ex- ponent, equation, identity. 2. The difference between two numbers is 2, and the sum of their squares is 130. What are these numbers? 3. Are both 6ax 2 and — 6ax 2 multiples of Zxf Explain. If a multiple of an expression has its sign reversed, does it remain a multiple of the J20 THE COUNTY EXAMINER given expression? 4. Simplify: x 2J rxy J ry l y x-— X 5. In an alloy of silver and copper weighing 90 oz. there are 6 oz. of copper; find how much silver must be added in order that 10 oz. of the new alloy shall contain but f oz. of copper. 6. A man can row m miles downstream in c hours and m miles upstream in d hours; what is his rate of rowing in still water, and what is the rate of the current? 7. How may the square root of a fraction be found? Illustrate, using the fractions -fa and fff. 8. If the length of the diagonal of a rectangular field, containing 30 A., is 100 rds., how many rods of fence will be required to enclose the field? 9. Expand: [^3-2V5] 2 . 10. Find two numbers such that the sum of their fourth powers is 881, while the sum of their squares is 4L . UNIFORM EXAMINATION QUESTIONS- WEST VIRGINIA. ORTHOGRAPHY. 1. Use the following words correctly in sen- tences: accept, except, rein, reign, principle, prin- cipal, ring, wring, affect, effect. 2. Mark diacritically the following words: sweet, stile, still, should, ride, saw, work, laugh. 3. What is the hyphen? Illustrate two uses of the hyphen. 4. Write words illustrating the different sounds of a, oo, th, g, c. 5-10. An examiner will pronounce distinctly the following list of words: achieve, until, benefited, admittance, separate, partition, lily, Berkeley, sani- tation, divisible, nomination, believed, Minnesota, Manila, control, enroll, parole, apparel, apparatus, plausible, balloon, victuals, cemetery, predecessor, paralyze, analysis, cereal, changeable, embarrass, acquiesce, potatoes, octavos, blamable, namely, ful- fill, weird, skillful, persevere, umbrella, committee, precede, February, intercede, supersede, occur- rence, Italian, neuralgia, experiment, disease, ad- vertisement, deference, religious, magazine, recom- mend, villain, strategy, regretted, indespensable, adverbial, dahlia. 322 THE CO UN TV EX A MINER READING. 1. Distinguish between oral and silent reading. 2. What do you understand by articulation, in- flection, emphasis and accent? 3. How should instruction in reading in the pri- mary grade differ from that in the upper grades? 4. What preparation of the reading lesson do you expect your pupils to make? 5. Quote a stanza or a paragraph from some favorite author, and tell something of the author and the quotation given. 6. How should supplementary readers be used, and what should the school library do for a pupil? 7. Name five selections found in our readers, suitable for memorizing by children in the lower grades. 8. (a) What reference books are desirable in a school? (b) How should the Dictionary be used? 9. Name at least five periodicals suited for use in the school-room. 10. How can you combine language and compo- sition work with the reading lesson? SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. A. Name two American historians, three poets and three statesmen, and give a brief sketch of any two. B. What gives Lincoln's Gettysburg Address so high a place in pur literature? C. Who is the author and what is the meaning of the following stanza? "O'er wayward childhood wouldst thou hold firm rule, SAMPLE LISTS OF QUESTIONS 323 And sun thee in the Hght of happy faces; Love, Hope and Patience, these must be thy graces, And in thy own heart let them first keep school. For as old Atlas on his broad neck places Heaven's starry globe, and there sustains it, so Do these upbear the little world below Of Education— Patience, Love and Hope." PENMANSHIP. 1. Mention all the requisites of a good business hand-writing. 2. What relation has penmanship to other sub- jects? 3. To which would you give more time, the practice of separate letters or to the practice of words and sentences? Why? 4. What is meant by the fore-arm movement? At what stage would you teach this movement ? 5. Write the capital and small letters. 6-10. Copy the following quotation: "The night was nearly come; the village smelt of trees and flowers, and the sea, and bread-fruit cooking; there came a fine roll of the sea from the reef, and from a distance, among the woods and houses, many pretty sounds of men and children." Stevenson: The Beach of Falesa. ARITHMETIC 1. Subtract 4.7 from 95.3 and divide the remain- der by .264. 2. A sixty-three gallon cask is f full; 9£ gallons being drawn off, how full will it be? 324 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 3. A rug 12 feet long and 10 feet wide covers 24% of the floor of a room 25 feet long. How wide is the room? 4. A telegraph line is 200 miles long. If the poles are 150 feet apart, what is their value at $1.33-^- each? 5. In selling hay for $15 a ton I lost 10%. At what price must I sell it to gain 10% ? 6. A square court is paved with 3844 marble slabs 8 inches square. What is the distance around the court? 7. If 120 men in 15 days can do f of a certain piece of work, how many men in 30 days can do T V of the same work? 8. How many square feet of tin will be required to make 100 feet of spouting 2£ inches in diameter, nothing being allowed for lap? 9. What is the area in acres of a piece of land .6 of a mile long and .3 of a mile wide? 10. A man has $4400.00. How much must he borrow at 4% and put with it so that the two sums invested at 12% per annum may net him a gain of $600 a year ? SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. A. How many cubic inches in a gallon (liquid measure)? How many pounds in a long ton? What is the value of a carat in estimating the fine- ness of gold? What is the length of a cubit? Of a fathom? B. What is meant by finding an average? Write six numbers, each of them containing a dec- imal. Find the average of these numbers. C. I sold a horse so that four-fifths of the gain equaled two-fifteenths of the cost. What was the SAMPLE LISTS OF QUESTIONS 325 gain percent? ENGLISH GRAMMAR. The first eight questions in this subject refer to the two sentences following: (a) "To have passed them over in a historical sketch of my literary life and opinions would have seemed to me like the denial of a debt." (b) "The genius, seeing me indulge myself on this melancholy prospect, told me I had dwelt long enough upon it." 1. Classify each of the above sentences as to form and use. Give the complete or logical sub- ject and predicate of each. 2. Mention the infinitives and participles in these sentences, classify each one, and tell how it is used. 3. What transitive verbs are found in these sen- tences? What is the object of each? 4. Mention all the pronouns in the two sen- tences given, classify each and tell how each is used. 5. What adjectives and adverbs are found in these sentences? What is the use of each and to what class does each belong? 6. Parse the words printed in italics. 7. Diagram sentence (b). 8. Rewrite these sentences transposing the order of each as printed above and retaining as nearly as possible the exact wording 9. Give the synopsis of the verb htirt in the passive voice in all the modes and tenses. Distin- guish between synopsis and conjugation. 10. Write four complex sentences. In the first two make the subordinate clauses adjective clauses, 326 THE COUNTY EXAMINER and in the second two make them adverb clauses. SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. A. Give clearly the distinction between lan- guage and grammar. Which is the more impor- tant? Why? B. How does a knowledge of technical gram- mar help in the appreciation of literature? C. Write a composition of one hundred and fifty words on some trip you have taken or some object of interest you have seen, PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 1. Speak of the effects of alcohol and tobacco on the framework of children. 2. Of what is muscle composed? How do food and mode of life affect the muscles. 3. What are the functions of perspiration? What is the effect of the excessive use of alcohol on the skin? 4. Mention the things most essential to a healthy circulation of the blood. 5. Mention the most important glands of the body and give the function of each. 6. What are some of the causes of impaired digestion? Should one take exercise or remain quiet after eating? Why? 7. Describe an ideal location for a home from a sanitary standpoint. 8. What precautions are necessary that a healthy condition of the nervous system may be maintained? 9. Describe the heart as to (a) its location; (b) its size; (c) its shape; (d) its structure. 10. Describe some simple experiment that may SAMPLE LISTS' OF QUESTIONS 327 be performed in the school-room to illustrate some fact in physiology. SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS A. In building and furnishing a school house, what precautions should be taken to keep the eye- sight of the pupils from becoming impaired? B. What fluids aid in the process of digestion? Where is each secreted? C. Outline a lesson on the lungs for a class of children about ten years old. UNITED STATES HISTORY. 1. W T ho were the Norsemen? Tell something of their supposed explorations in America. 2. Give the nationality of each of the following explorers and give an account of the explorations and discoveries of each: Magellan, Cabral, Cham- plain, Drake. 3. Write a paragraph of about a hundred words on the subject: "Tobacco and its Influence on the life of the Colonists." 4. Tell the story of Braddock's Defeat. 5. Write briefly of the laws and penalties of the early New Englanders. 6. Give account of Paul Jones and his services in the American Revolution. 7. Give a brief narration of the battle of York- town and speak of its effect (a) in America, (b) in England. 8. Give the chief provisions of the treaty by which the United States obtained her freedom? 9. What was the Lewis and Clark Expedition? What were its results? 10. Give brief account of the war with the Sioux 3 28 THE COUNTY EXAMINER Indians and Custer's massacre. SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. A. In a brief statement give an account of our war with Tripoli. B. Tell of the contest over the admission of Kansas as a state. C. Explain any four of the following: Patroon System, Rotation in office. Wilmot Proviso, Forty- Niners, Gadsden Purchase, the Martin Koszta Af- fair. STATE HISTORY. 1. Describe a pioneer house in what is now West Virginia. 2. Give the titles of some books that treat of the history of the region now embraced in this State. 3. Speak of West Virginia's attitude during the Civil War, and name some battles fought within our borders. 4. Why do we honor the memory of James Rumsey, Alexander Campbell, Philip Doddridge, Willis DeHaas, George W. Summers and Lewis Wetzel? Any three. 5. Name the counties of West Virginia that border on Virginia, on Pennsylvania. 6. Write a short sketch of any three of the fol- lowing: Gordon Battelle, Edwin Maxwell, W T illiam R. White, B, L. Butcher or George W. Atkinson. 7. What are the principal industries of each of the following counties Mason, Morgan, Mercer, Preston, Harrison, Pendleton, Berkeley and Ran- dolph? 8. (a) How are funds obtained for the support SAMPLE LISTS OF QUESTIONS 32 g of State institutions? (b) From what sources do our school revenues come ? 9. Name seven West Virginia authors and give title of some work each has written. 10. Write a paragraph on the formation, growth and development of our free school system. SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. A. Name the twelve governors West Virginia has had, her first two U. S. Senators and her pres j ent delegation in the Lower House of Congress. B. Name the present State executive officers, some duty of each, and five important appointive positions. C. Write a paragraph on our material develop- ment. GEOGRAPHY. 1. About what is the total population of the world? What part belongs to the Caucasian race? 2. What does each of the two hemispheres com- prise? 3. W r rite briefly of Brazil, speaking of its size, physical features and chief products. 4. How is each of the following formed: dew, rain, hail, snow? u. What are the leading pursuits of the people of Canada? Describe the form of government of Canada. 6. Draw a map showing the shape and relative size of the thirteen original states. Name and lo- cate on your map the capital of each. 7. What counties in West Virginia border on the State of Kentucky? What counties on the State of Maryland? 3 3 o THE COUNTY EXAMINER 8. If you were to go from Harper's Ferry, West Virginia, to Charleston, the state capital, by what railroads would you travel and what rivers and towns would you see along the way? 9. Name the countries of Europe that border on the Mediterranean sea and give the capital of each. Mention three important islands in the Mediterranean. 10. What and where are the following: Hellas, Tunis, Martinique. Formosa, San Bias, Yucatan, Nubia, Zuyder Zee, Berne, Lima? SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. A. What are continental islands, oceanic islands, volcanic islands, coral islands? B. What rivers in West Virginia have been made navigable by means of locks and dams? Of what benefit is this to the state? C. From what countries are the following arti- cles of commerce chiefly obtained: ivory, ebony, ostrich plumes, figs, opium, bananas, olives, marble? BOOKKEEPING. 1. If you wish to know what is due on an ac- count, what book would you consult? 2. How may the present worth of a business be determined? 3. What is meant by endorsement, and what legal effect has it? 4. What is a sight draft, and what is meant by acceptance as applied to drafts? 5. What is a promissory note? Name the essen- tial parts. 6-10. Enter on proper books the following trans- SAMPLE LISTS OF QUESTIONS jji actions: ■-- ■ James Moore, of Charleston, W. Va.; began business June 3, 1908, investing cash $2,000. June 2. Paid store rent $ 50.00 3. Bought for cash bill of Mdse.. 950.00 4. Sold for cash Mdse 270.00 5. Bought for cash Mdse 240.00 6. Sold Jacob Brown on acct. 30 bbls. Flour <& $G.00. 8. Sold for cash bill of Mdse 125.00 9. Bought of J. H. Lane on acct. Mdse 375.40 10. Received cash of Jacob Brown on acct 144.00 11. Paid J. H- Lane on acct 175.40 CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 1. What is meant by the "Diplomatic Service?" What are the duties of its officers? 2. Define the following terms: arson, burglary, treason, bigamy, felony. 3. What is the Inter-State Commerce Commis- sion? W'hat powers does it have? 4. How are riots and other forms of violence suppressed in ordinary cases? In extraordinary cases? 5. What is the difference between a govern- ment bond and a treasury note? 6. What is the difference between a confedera- tion and a federal state? 7. Should civil government be taught as a sepa- rate study in our common schools or in connection with history and geography? Give reason for your answer. 8. Why should all citizens vote? Answer fully. 33 2 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 9. Give some political slogans, such as "fifty- four, forty or fight," and tell what effect they have had in various campaigns. 10. What provision is made in our revised school law for (a) consolidation of schools, (b) new classes of teachers' certificates, (c) aid for supple- menting district revenues? SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. A. What are the duties of a county court in West Virginia? B. What are the following: a will, an executor, an administrator, a quorum? C. What is the law in this State concerning at- tendance at County Teachers' Institute? District Teachers' Institute? Concerning the filing of cer- tificates and the making of contracts with trustees? THEORY AND ART OF TEACHING. 1. Name some important features of a well- arranged school-room. 2. What is the most helpful suggestion you heard at your Institute this year? Why? 3. How do you propose to introduce the subject of Elementary Agriculture in your school? 4. What were some of the most important ques- tions discussed at the State Educational Associa- tion at Elkins last year? 5. Name four prominent educational leaders of the day, stating briefly what each has done. 6. Write a paragraph on some work in Pedagogy you read last year. 7. Name the principal provisions of at least three important changes made in the school law by the last Legislature. SAMPLE 'LISTS OP QUESTIONS 333 8. Distinguish between the School Fund and the General School Fund, give approximately the amount of each, and tell how the tormer is invest- ed and the latter distributed. 9. What does our law require as to teaching the effects of alcohol and narcotics? 10. In what respect did you succeed best last year in the school-room? SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. 1. What do you consider the next most impor- tant step West Virginia should take educationally ? 2. Explain in detail what you would do on the first day of school. 3. Name some qualities that every good teacher should possess. GENERAL HISTORY. 1. When did the eighteenth century begin and when did the nineteenth century close? 2. What was the effect of the French Revolu- tion on the world's progress? 3. Write a short sketch of the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-71 and speak of its influence upon the two nations engaged. 4. Speak of the re-establishing of the German Empire and of the three Williams that have reigned since. 5. Tell something of the development in Africa within recent years. 6. Give short account of the recent war between Russia and Japan. 7. What was the effect of the Boer war on South Africa? 8. Speak of the three Napoleons and the fall of 334 THE COUNTY EXAMINER the Napoleonic dynasty. 9. Write a brief account of the Spanish-Ameri- can war. 10. Discuss our relations with the Philippine Islands and Cuba. SUBSTITUTE QUESTIONS. A. Speak of Cecil Rhodes and his great work in Africa. B. Tell something of the present awakening in China. C. Speak of the progress made in the South American Republics within the last quarter of a century. EXAMINATION FOR FIVE-YEAR CERTIF- ICATE-NORTH CAROLINA. SPELLING. 1. Write from dictation: allege, ancient, per- suade, peaceable, crevice, stealthily, tenacious, syc- amore, repetition, cylinder, agitate, substantial, aggression, precision, mischievous, hideous, sincer- ity, hygiene, apparatus, nuisance. ( Pledge. ) DRAWING. 1. How would you attempt to awaken interest of pupils in drawing? 2. What material should pupils have? 3. Explain how to teach pupils to draw a sphere. 4. Draw from memory: teakettle; banana; po- tato; ax or hatchet. 5. Draw the following from objects placed be- fore you: penknife (closed,); group of four books; man's hat, side view ('show top,); door key. fPledge.; ARITHMETIC. ('Omit any two.) ' 1. r Find the value of \ ^f -*- ±— | \ 33 6 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 2. A person loses T V of his fortune and then T V of the remainder and \ of what he then had, and finds that he has $3,600 left. How much had he at first? 3. The area of a triangular field is 9 acres 65 square rods, and the length of its base is 70 rods. What is the altitude? 4. A man has his money invested as follows: $3,000 at 4 per cent., $500 at 6 per cent., and $1,200 at Qj4 per cent. If he should invest the whole amount at 5 per cent., would he gain or lose, and how much? 5. How shall a merchant mark shoes that cost $2,50 so that he may fall 20 per cent, from the marked price and still make 12 per cent.? 6. A farmer agreed to give his hired man $100 and two cows for a year's labor. The man quit work at the end of ten months, receiving the cows and $70 as a fair settlement. At how much were the cows valued? 7. A man sold two lots for $3,600 each. On one he gained 33^ per cent, and on the other he lost 33 % per cent. Did he gain or lose, and how much? 8. If 120 men in 15 days can do % of a certain piece of work, how many men in 30 days can do T V of the same work? (Pledge.) ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 1. What is the difference between a phrase and a clause? Give an example of each. 2. Give the principal parts of the following verbs: heat, forsake, lie, lay, set, sit. 3. Correct the following sentences and give your reason for each correction: SAMPLE LISTS OF QUESTIONS 337 (2.) Between you and I he is not what he ought to be. (h) There was only two men in the boat when the boiler bursted. (c) Each of the girls walk two miles every morning to school. (d) Every child received it's penny. 4. Illustrate by sentences the difference between (a) The direct and the indirect object. (h) The indicative and the subjunctive mood. (c) The infinitive in zng and the participle in ing. (&) The simple and the compound predicate. 5. Analyze the following sentence and parse all the verbs and nouns: That time of year thou mayst in me behold When yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hang Upon those boughs which shake against the cold, Bare, ruined choirs, where late the sweet birds sang. 6. Write the plural forms of the following words: Frenchman, cupful, talisman, hoof, major general, journey, looker-on, a, 6, trout. 7. Explain the difference between the plural forms: brothers and brethren; dies and dice; geniuses and genii; indexes and indices; shot and shots. 8. Define the following terms as used in gram- mar, and give sentences illustrating your defini- tions: expletive, appositive, substantive, comple- ment, inflection. rPledge.; 33 8 THE COUNTY EXAMINER LANGUAGE AND COMPOSITION. 1. Write out one of the classic stories as you would tell it to children of the third grade. 2. What should constitute the language work of the first three grades? 3. Outline a language lesson for the fourth grade. 4. Suppose one of your pupils in the fourth grade was accustomed to hear at home and to use such expressions as (a.) "I ain't got no book/' (b) "I done it," (c) "He don't study." How would you proceed to give him the correct forms and to fix those forms in his speech? Explain in full. 5. Write a short essay, of not more than two pages, on some topic of current history, correct in respect to spelling, punctuation, paragraphing, etc. fTledgeJ GEOGRAPHY. 1. Define: longitude, equinoxes, solstices, trop- ics, trade winds. 2. Define climate. Upon what does it depend? 3. Name the races and give the home of each? 4. Name the four largest islands of the Wesl Indies. Give the political divisions of North America. 5. Name a large city situated on each of the following rivers, and name the State or country in which it is situated: Ohio, Danube, Thames, Mis- souri, St. Lawrence. 6. What large overflows into Albemarle Sound? W T hat two rivers flow into Pamlico Sound? What river flows across North Carolina directly into the Atlantic? SAMPLE LISTS OF QUESTIONS 339 7. Draw an outline of North Carolina and locate Asheville, Charlotte, Greensboro, Raleigh, Wil- mington. 8. What three peninsulas south of Asia? 9. Name and locate five important mountain ranges not in North America. 10. Where are the Pampas? The Selvas? The Llanos? ("Pledge.; UNITED STATES HISTORY. (Omit any two.) 1. What three types of colony were to be found among the English colonies in America? 2. W 7 hat influences made the Englishmen in America differ from the Englishmen in England? 3. What w r ere the causes of the War of 1812? 4. What was the Missouri Compromise, and what brought it about? 5. Describe the secession of the Southern States and account for the action of those States in seced- ing. 6. Explain how the dispute between Venezuela and Great Britain, in 1895, threatened to violate the Monroe doctrine, and tell how this dispute was settled. 7. What were the causes and results of the Spanish-American W T ar? 8. Write a paragraph or two on one of the fol- lowing subjects, discussing its growth or develop- ment, and showing its influence upon modern Am- erican life: (a) The Railroad, (b) The Telegraph (c) The Newspaper. ( Pledge) 34 o THE COUNTY EXAMINER NORTH CAROLINA HISTORY. (Omit any one) 1. Describe briefly the permanent settlement of North Carolina. 2. Characterize the people of the State during the Colonial period. 3. Describe the reception of the Stamp Act in North Carolina. 4. Discuss the Reconstruction period in North Carolina. 5. What do you infer from the fact that North Carolina will soon have as many cotton mills as Massachusetts? 6. Tell something of general interest about each of the following characters: George Durant,Flora McDonald, Maurice Moore, Joseph Hewes, Matt W. Ransom. ( Fledge.) PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE 1. Of what classes of material are bones com posed? How do the relative amounts differ in bones of old and young? 2. Name five structures necessary to the make up of a freely movable joint. Name three classes of joints. 3. Name two classes of muscular tissue, and tell wherein they differ. Give example or location of each. 4. In what regions and by what secretions or ferments are each of the following nutrients di- gested: Proteids, Carbohydrates, Fats. 5. Name the divisions of the heart and three classes of blood vessels. Name and give functions SAMPLE LISTS OF QUESTIONS 34 1 of three important constituents of blood. 6. Name five divisions or regions of the respir- atory system. How are inspiration and expiration effected? 7. Name the five special senses. With what system are they so intimately connected? 8. What structures are concerned in the pro- eduction of the voice? How is the pitch of the voice altered? (Fledge.) CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 1. Give the qualifications, the method of elec- tion and the term of office of United States Sena- tors, 2. Mention eight powers granted to Congress by the Constitution. 3. What do you understand by the doctrine of State's Rights? 4. Give your understanding of the following expressions: inalienable rights; redress of grievances ; freedom of the press; freedom of speech; freedom of assembly. 5. How does a bill introduced in the National House of Representatives become a law? 6. Explain the difference between natural liberty and civil liberty. 7. Write a paragraph or two giving your con- ception of the model citizen. (TledgeJ THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TEACHING. ( Omit any one. ) 1. Aside from scholarship, what are the quali- 34 2 THE COUNTY EXAMINER ties that go to make the good teacher? Discuss. 2. What place should story-telling occupy in the work of the first three grades? Discuss. 3. How would you teach history to children of the fourth grade? Mention some of the material you would use, and tell how you would handle it. 4. How would you deal with a mischievous boy —say ten years old— who persisted in violating the rules of your school? 5. Mention some of the conditions in the school- room that are conducive to the best school work. 6. Imagine yourself taking charge of a rural school of fifty children, ranging from the first to the seventh grade. Tell what you would do the first day. (Pledge.; AGRICULTURE. 1. Give three reasons for tillage. 2. What are the three plant foods added to the soil as fertilizers? 3. What are the reasons for crop rotation? Name a good rotation. 4. What food does the plant take from the air? 5. What benefits come to agriculture through knowledge of pollen and its functions? 6. Tell how to bud a tree? When? 7. Name one fungus disease and mode of pre- vention. 8. Outline a lesson on "Bacteria in Milk.'' (TledgeJ SELECTED QUESTIONS. (The following questions are selected from various State tests and are published by permission of the State Superintendents of Schools. ) PHYSICS.- (Ohio.) 1. Give the laws of motion. 2. Give Pascal's law. 3. How find the specific gravity of solids? Of liquids? Of gases? 4. Give the law of electrostatics. 5. Discuss electromotive force. 6 A stone is thrown horizontally from the top of a tower 257.28 feet high with a velocity of 60 feet per second. Where will it strike the ground? 7. A 1500-pound safe is to be raised five feet. The greatest power that can be applied is 250 pounds. Give the dimensions of the shortest in- clined plane that can be used for that purpose. PHYSICS. — ( Kentucky. ) 1. State Pascal's law. Explain fully the hydrau- lic press. Draw r a diagram of same. 2. Explain fully why no change in the volume of a saturated vapor can affect its density or press- ure. 3. Name and describe four applications of the expansion of metals. 4. Describe and illustrate with a drawing the 344 THE COUNTY EXAMINER steam turbine. Discuss its principle, 5. (a.) What is fractional distillation? What is meant by critical temperatures? (b) State the principle of the manufacture of liquid air. Of the cold storage plant. 6. Explain the formation of the rainbow. To what is due the secondary bow sometimes seen? 7. Explain the principle of the graphophone. 8. Discuss the history and properties of each, and distinguish between the Cathode Ray and X Ray. 9. If the motions of the earth and moon were to cease, they would rush together. The earth's mass is 80 times that of the moon. Compare the velocities of the two at the instant of the impact. 10. What must be the horse power of an engine which is to pump 10,000 liters of water per second from a mine 100 meters deep? CHEMISTRY. Plan II. —(Illinois. ) 1. W 7 rite the chemical name and formula of each of the following commercial substances: sale- ratus, salt, cream of tartar, saltpeter, blue vitriol, copperas, epsom salts, sal ammoniac, bleaching powder, lye. 2. Define acid, base, salt. What is neutraliza- tion? 3. Tell what substances you would use and how much of each to make, by the process of neutrali- tion, 10 grams of common salt. 4. Give a clear statement of the ionic theory of solution and state the chief facts which support it. 5. State briefly how each of the following may be generated in the laboratory, writing the equa- SAMPLE LISTS OF QUESTIONS 345 tion in each case: oxygen, chlorine, ammonia, nitric acid, carbon dioxide. 6. Describe the test for carbon dioxide, discuss the chemical principles underlying it, and tell under what conditions the test fails. 7. What is meant by a ''family of elements?" Name the members of some family and explain their relationship. 8. Name the allotropic forms of carbon and state the evidences that all are forms of carbon. 9. Give rather full discussion of ''saponifica- tion." 10. Discuss "combustion." CHEMISTRY. — (New Jersey.) 1. Air and water were formerly called elements. Why are they not now? 2. Explain why paper, wood and coal are used in making a coal fire. What chemical changes take place while a coal fire burns? 3. Would a Welsbach burner supplied with hy- drogen give a light? Explain. Which would be more efficient in a gas stove, hydrogen or ordinary illuminating gas? Why? 4. Of what use are the processes of distillation and crystallation, practically? Why? 5. Name three important calcium compounds. Tell how they are made and what use they are. 6. Explain why hot sulphuric acid produces worse burns than hot hydrochloric acid. 7. Nitrogen constitutes about 75% of the atmos- phere, and oxygen about 25%. Why, then, are so many less mineral compounds of nitrogen found in nature? Why is it important to devise practical methods for preparing them from atmospheric 34 6 THE COUNTY EXAMINER nitrogen? 8. Give the general processes used in freeing metals from their (1) oxides, (2) sulphides, (Z) carbonates. How is iron extracted from hematite? 9. What substances result from the destructive distillation of soft coal? How are they separated from one another? 10. What are the advantages of the use of sym- bols and formulae to express chemical facts? BOTANY.— (Ohio.) 1. (a.) Tell about the storage of food in fleshy roots. (b) Name six characteristics of protoplasm. 2. Name and describe seven kinds of buds. 3. Describe the stomata of leaves and explain their function. 4. What is a placenta? Make diagrams show- ing the three kinds of placenta. 5. (a.) Explain the difference between definite and indefinite annual growth. (b) Name and give examples of different kinds of underground stems. 6. (a.) Describe an akene. (b) Name and describe three kinds of pollina- tion. (c) What are cleistogamous flowers? 7. Make a drawing of a model flower, making all parts with their division and state the function of each. BOTANY. Plan II.— (Illinois. ) 1. Explain the life history of the moss. Use sketches. SAMPLE LISTS OF QUESTIONS 347 2. State several different means of winter iden- tification of trees and illustrate each by at least two sketches of trees named. 3. What is the physiological role of water in a typical seed plant? Briefly describe various experi- ments illustrative of the movement of water into, through and from the plant. 4. (a) Describe various devices of flowers to prevent self-pollination. (by In breeding corn, how may pollination be controlled? 5. Discuss the work (a.) of DeVries; (b) of Bur- bank. ZOOLOGY.— (Ohio. ) 1. Define swimmeret, ovipositor, carapace, spira- cle, vacuole. 2. Give two arguments that favor the theory of organic evolution. 3. Describe the alimentary canal of the earth- worm. Make a drawing showing the parts. 4. Mention the three kinds of individuals among honey-bees. Describe the phenomena connected with the swarming of bees, giving the cause and re- sult. 5. Define adaptation and mention five illustra- trations of adaptation of structure in animals to meet special conditions of life. 6. Mention an animal or animals that illustrate each of the following: hibernation, parasitism, mimicry, symbiosis, alternate generation. 7. Mention the principal characteristics by which you would recognize the following birds: king- fisher, sapsucker, thrasher. 8. Describe the shape, attachment and action of H 8 THE COUNTY EXAMINER the tongue of the toad. ZOOLOGY. Plan II.— (Illinois). 1. What do you understand by "the immortality of the Protozoa?'' 2. What are the effects of parasitism upon the parasitic species? 8, State various hypotheses intended to explain bird migration. 4, Explain the structure ot an ordinary com- mercial sponge. 5. Give the life history of the fresh-water mussel. 8. Habits and economic importance of the earthworm. 7. In two columns, tabulate and compare the peculiar adaptions of the perch and the pigeon to mode of life, 8. Discuss vestigial organs in a man, 9. Sketch (and fully labeU a longitudinal dis- section of the earthworm, 10, Sketch (b.) the head and (b) the leg and foot of (q) duck, (d) heron, (e) owl, (I) woodpecker, (g) sparrow. GBOLQGY.-(New Jersey). ( Make diagrams or drawings as often as may be needed.^ 1. Describe the processes in the formation of mountains. 2. How do geologists determine the relative ages of rocks? 3. Name ten of the most important geological productions of the United States in such order as SAMPLE LISTS OF QUESTIONS 349 will indicate your idea of the relative total money value of each. 4. What section of New Jersey furnishes iron ore? Zinc ? Limestone ? Sandstone ? Name other geological productions of value in this State, 5. Name the most important forms of iron ore in the world. Which are found in New Jersey? 6. Describe the processes by which sandstone is formed. 7. Describe the processes by which limestone is formed. S. Compare the plant life of the early geologi- cal ages with that of^the present. 9. Compare the animal life of the early geolog- ical ages with that of the present. 10. Name the different classes of soil. What are the ingredients of a good soil? GEOLOGY. — (Ohio). 1. Define geology and name the general divi- sions of the subject. 2. Define drift and till. What evidence in New England of the thickness of the ice-sheet during the glacial period? 3. Explain upon what common model the con- tinents are constructed. 4. Define the term rock geologically. What three groups of minerals constitute the principal ingredients of common rocks? 5. Define shale, granite and marl. 6. Name five or more of the most important geological agencies. 7. Name the most valuable mineral of South- eastern Ohio; Northwestern Ohio How is each 35 o THE COUNTY EXAMINER obtained? The most important uses of each? 8. Name the present geological time and era. 9, Briefly describe four of nature's geological wonders in North America. 10. Describe your reading on this subject. GENERAL HISTORY. —(New Jersey.) 1. What are the divisions into which mankind was divided at the beginning of the historic period? 2. A brief outline of the history of the He- brews. 3. Upon what is the religion of China based? 4. What were the Huguenot Wars in France? 5. Brief account of Frederick the Great. 6. What is meant by the Renaissance? 7. What were the beginnings of the Reforma- tion? 8. Brief account of Peter the Great of Russia, 9. Brief account of the expansion of England. 10. Brief account of the expansion of the United States. GENERAL HISTORY.— (Michigan. ) 1-2. Contribution of the following nations to later civilization: Egyptians, Hebrews, Phoeni- cians, Romans. 3. What two kings gave Persia the leading place among the Iranian Aryans? Under which one was European ground invaded? 4. Using Greece as an example, show how phy- sical and geographical conditions determine the character of the civilization in different sections of a country? 5. Connect the following terms with the strug- gle for freedom by the Roman plebians: Tribunes SAMPLE LISTS OF QUESTIONS 351 of the people, Decemvirs and Laws of the Twelve Tables, Consuls. 6-7. (a.) What are the two periods into which modern history may be subdivided? (b) What events mark the beginning and end of each ? 8. Explain how the struggle between Charles V and Francis I helped the cause of the Reformation in Europe. 9. Mention the three most important events in the growth of English constitutional freedom. 10. What would be the bearing upon the future political history of Europe of the proposed new alliance between England, France and Russia? PLANE GEOMETRY— (Texas.) 1. Prove: In equal circles equal chords are equidistant from the center. 2. Prove: The opposite angles of an inscribed quadrilateral are supplementary. 3. Prove: The sum of one pair of opposite sides of a circumscribed quadrilateral is equal to the sum of the other pair. 4. Prove: The line joining the mid-points of two parallel chords passes through the center of the circle. 5. Prove: Every equilateral polygon inscribed in a circle is regular. 6. Prove Every equiangular polygon circum- scribed about a circle is regular. 7. Having given three sides of a quadrilateral, to construct the fourth angle. 8. In a given circle to inscribe a triangle similar to a given triangle. 9. A median divides a triangle into two equiva- lent areas. 35 2 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 10. Prove: The area of a regular inscribed hex- agon is twice the area of the inscribed equilateral triangle. GEOMETRY. —(Kentucky.) 1. Prove that the medians of a triangle meet in a point which is two-thirds of the distance from each vertex to the middle of the opposite side. 2. Prove that an angle included by a tangent and a chord drawn from the point of contact is measured by half the intercepted arc. 3. Upon a given straight line describe a seg- ment of a circle in which a given angle may be described. 4. Divide a given straight line in extreme and mean ratio and give proof of same. 5. Find the length of the longest chord and of the shortest chord that can be drawn through a point six inches from the center of a circle whose radius is ten inches. 6. Find the side of a square equivalent to a trapezoid whose bases are 56 feet and 44 feet and each leg is 10 feet. 7. How do you inscribe a regular hexagon in a given circle? 8. Draw through a given point a line so as to divide a given circumference into two parts having the ratio 3 : 7. 9. Find the angle subtended at the center by an arc 5 feet 10 inches long, if the radius of the circle is 9 feet 4 inches. 10. Find the locus of the vertex of a triangle that has a given base and the other two sides in the given ratio m : n. SAMPLE LISTS OP QUESTIONS JSJ TRIGONOMETRY. —(Ohio. ) 1. The sine of a certain angle is 1-4; find the other trigonometrical ratios of the angle. 2. Trace the change in sign and magnitude in the tangent of an angle, as the angle increases from 0° to 360°. 3. Express the cosine of half an angle in terms of the sine of the angle, and explain the double sign. 4. Define sine, contangent; and prove that sin 2 tf+cos 2 #=l. Express the other trigonometrical ratios in terms of the cosine. 5. Demonstrate: In any triangle, the square of any side is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides, minus twice their product into the cosine of their included angle. TRIGONOMETRY.— (New Jersey. ) 1-2-3. Write the six trigonometric fractions of the angle A in ratios of the sides a, 6, c, of a right angled triangle; also in terms of the hypotenuse and the legs. 4. Given a 2 ~\-6 2=: c 2 ; find the functions of A where a=2d. 5. Draw an acute angle and show by lines that as the angle increases to 90°, its sine tangent, etc., increase or decrease, as the case may be. 6. Find the values of the other functions when can A=f. 7. A ship in sailing due northeast at a rate of 10 miles an hour. Find the rate at which she is mov- ing due north, and also due east. 8. Solve the following right-angle triangle by logarithms: #=415.38, b 62.08. Required A, B and c. SS4 THE COUNTY EXAMINER 9. Develop the formulae: s i v tan x + tan y tan (x+y)= i_ tan g tan j, 10. Given an oblique triangle having #=500, A 10°12' B^46° 86'; find C, b, c LATIN.— (Kentucky. ) 1. Translate: Proximo die institute suo Caesar e castris utrisque copias suas eduxit, paulumque a maioribus castris progressus aciem instruxit, hosti- bus pugnandi potestatem fecit. Ubi ne turn quidem eos prodire intellexit, circiter meridie exercitum in castra reduxit. Turn denum Ariovistus partem suarum copiarum quae castra minora oppugnaret misit. Acriter utrimque usque ad vesperum pug- natum est. Solis occasu suas copias Ariovistus multis et inlatis et acceptis volneribus in castra reduxit. Cum ex captivus quaerret Caesar quam ob rem Ariovistus proelio non decertaret, hanc repe- riebat causam, quod apud Germanos ea consuetudo asset ut matres familiae eorum sortibus et vaticina- tionibus declararent utrum proelium committi ex usu esset necne; eas ita dicere: 'Non esse fas Ger- manos superare, si ante novam lunam proelio con- tendissent. 2. Give the construction of all the subjunctives in the first question. 8, Give the construction of all the ablatives in the first question. 4. Give the principal parts of all the finite verbs in the first question. 5. Translate: His animum arrecti dictis et fortis Achates SAMPLE LISTS OF QUESTIONS 355 Et pater Aeneas jamdudum erumpere nubem Ardebant. Prior Aenean compellat Achates: 'Nate dae, quae nunc animo sententia surgit? Omniatuta vides, classem sociosque receptos. Unus abest, medio in fluctu quem vidimus ipsi Summersum; dictis respondent cetera matris.' Vix ea fatus erat, cum circumfusa repente Scindit se nubes et in aethera purgat apertum. 6. Give all the ways of asking a question in Latin and give an example of each. 7. Give the classification of conditional sen tences in Latin with an example of each. 8. Give all the uses of ut in Latin with an ex- ample of each. 9. Write in Latin: The Germans thought that the Rhine bounded the power of the Roman people and that it was not right that anything across the river should be under Roman authority. They had been persuaded that Caesar neither dared nor could cross the Rhine with an army and that he would not give aid to those that had given hostages and made friendship. For these reasons Caesar de- cided that he ought to cross the river immediately. LATIN.—(Ohio.) 1. Translate into Latin: (1) Caesar was informed that the Gauls had set out from the village. (2) He enjoys life. (3) He hopes that I shall come. (4) This is difficult to do. (5) I know who is coming. 2. Translate: Ad haec Caesar, quae visum est, respondit; sed 356 THE COUNTY EXAMINER exitus fuit orationis: Sibi nullam cum his amicitiarn esse posse, si in Gillia remanerent; neque verum esse, qui suos fines tueri non potuerint, alienos oc- cupare; neque ullos in Gallia vacare agros qui dari- tantae, praesertim multitudini, sine injuria possint. Sed licere, si velint, in Ubiorum finibus considere, quorum sint legati apud se et de Suevorum injuriis querantur et a se auxilium petant: hoc se Ubiis imperaturum. Account for the mode of visum est, posse, and imperaturum. 3. Translate: Turn Juno omnipotens, logum miserata dolorem, Difficilesque obitus, Irim demisit Olympo, Quae luctantem animam nexosque resolveret artus. Nam quia nee facto, merita nee morte peribat, Sed misera ante diem, subitoque accensa furore, Nondum illi flavum Proserpina, vertice crinem Abstulerat.Stygioque caput damnaveratOrco. Ergo Iris croceis per caelum roscida pennis, Mille Trahens varios adverso sole colores, Devolat, et supra caput adstitit: "Hunc ego Diti Sacrum jussa fero, teque isto corpore solvo/' Sic ait, et dextra crinem secat: omnis et una Dilapsus calor, atque in ventos vita recessit. Construct illi> rosctda, trahens, ptssa and miserata. MUSIC— (New Jersey.) 1. Define three kinds of scales. 2. Name five songs for primary grades. SAMPLE LISTS OF QUESTIONS 357 3. Set to music the lines: " My country, 'tis of thee, Sweet land of liberty." 4. What is meant by signature? Illustrate. 5. Indicate upon the staff six beats to the meas- ure. 6. Define pitch, tone, quality. 7. What is the difference between a musical sound and a noise? 8. What is meant by teaching- by note? By rote? 9. Name all the sharps in the different keys. 10. How do you transpose from one key to an- other? Illustrate. MUSIC— (Ohio.) 1. Why should music be a part of the public school curriculum ? What is your judgment as to the kind of songs to be taught in the public schools, and why? 2. Describe three faults in voice production often found in high school pupils. Tell how each may be corrected. 3. What is a discord? Why do certain tones of the scale when sounded together harmonize, while others produce discord? 4. Define legato, forte, rallentando, a-tempo, vivace. 5. Write a melody of not less than eight meas- ures with signature of three flats. Change to four sharps and give directions for transposition. 6. Indicate the meaning and relation of pitch, force and quality. 7. Give the absolute names of the tones in the Key of E. Write the Chromatic Scale, ascending 358 THE COUNTY EXAMINER and descending, in the Key of G flat. 8-10. Will be given orally. HISTORY OF EDUCATION.— (New Jersey.) 1. Give a definition of education. 2. What is empiricism? 3. Tell briefly of the work of Comenius. 4. Rousseau's theory of education. 5. Herbart in relation to the science of education. 6. The kindergarten and Froebel. 7. Horace Mann. 8. Discuss the Lancasterian system of education. 9. What is the educational value of play? 10. From what sources have you obtained your knowledge of the history of education? HISTORY OF EDUCATION. — (Ohio.) 1. According to Pestallozi, what is the true function of education? The causes of inattention in pupils? The value of observation? The great- est factor in discipline? The relation between psy- chology and methods of teaching? 2. Explain Froebel's theory of self-activity and development. 3. Name four persons who by their work or writings, have been leaders in working out and spreading the principles of Froebel. 4. For what are the following noted education- ally: Aristotle? Loyola? Montaigne? Comenius? Alcuin? 5. State Locke's idea of knowledge; nature and claims of education; relative value of learning, vir- tue and right habits. 6. State Herbert Spencers views on moral ed- SAMPLE LISTS OF QUESTIONS 359 ucation; his views as to the value of history; his views as to the aim of intellectual education. 7. Give Rousseau's opinion as to the proper use of memory; the value of play; the function of the teacher; technical training. KINDERGARTEN DRAWING. — (New Jersey.) 1. Draw a Noah's Ark and three animals. 2. Draw a border, using the rabbit as a motif. 3. Draw for cutting and folding two pieces of furniture, as a chair, table, sofa or bureau. 4. Draw for cutting and folding a wagon of some sort. 5. Draw a scene in an oblong of 5" x 4" a picture of Indian, Dutch or Puritan life. THEORY AND PRACTICE (KINDERGARTEN.) — New Jersey. 1. What training have you had for this work? 2. What is habit? Name five you should try to teach. 3. How would you avoid a "dead routine?" 4. What are your ideas on ventilation? 5. To what extent would you prepare your work for the next day? 6. What is the gift idea? 7. Briefly men £.on each gift. 8. Tell about the life and work of Susan Blow. 9. Nature study's place in the kindergarten. 10. In what way will you maintain discipline? 11. What kind of attention do you get from your pupils? 12. What use would you make of mothers' meet- ings? 3 6o THE COUNTY EXAMINER 13. Give necessary equipment for a kinder- garten. 14. The relation of music to your work. 15. What bad habits would you teach your pupils to avoid? PSYCHOLOGY.— (Kentucky. ) 1. Define: Cephalic senses, somatic senses, un- conscious cerebration, psychophysics, psychometry, cognition, volition, intuition, empiricism, and a priori and a posteriori science. 2. (2.) Name, classify generically and discuss the modes of consciousness, (b) Distinguish be- tween the subjective and the objective in cognitive states. 3. Distinguish between perception and sensa- tion. Between consciousness and self-perception. 4. What is the relation of attention to percept- ual activity? 5. How would you explain the theory that emo- tion is simply organic sensation and nothing else? 6. Distinguish between and give the relation of image and idea. 7. Discuss the relation of ideal construction or ideational consciousness to actual perception. 8. What are the general codditions of belief? Discuss its two-fold relation to activity. 9. Distinguish between mind and matter. Be- tween Dualism and Materialism. Between pri- mary judgment and secondary judgment. 10. Explain and illustrate the process of percep- tion. What are the data of perception? SAMPLE LISTS OF QUESTIONS 361 PSYCHOLOGY.— (Ohio. ) 1. Define psychology and state the objects to be attained in its study. 2. What preparation have you made in this branch? Name books read. 3. What is judgment? Intuition? Reason? Con- cept? 4. Distinguish between sense and acquired per- ceptions. 5. Write not less than 200 words on some phase of this subject. COLLEGE EXAMINATIONS. (The following questions are samples taken from the uniform en- trance examinations of the Association of Colleges and Preparatory Schools of the Southern States, for which we are indebted to Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.) ENGLISH. A. Grammar. 1. (a) Distinguish between the uses of the relative pronouns who, which, and that, (b) Write out for all persons and both numbers the past indicative of sit, of set. Explain and illustrate the difference be- tween these verbs so far as their relations to the other words of a sen- tence are concerned. 2. Define and give examples of: (a) a compound sentence, (6) a complex sentence, (c) a temporal clause, (d) an adverbial phrase. 3. Show the relation each clause and phrase bears to the rest of the sentence in the following: "I have this comfort, that in every stage of the American affairs, I have steadily opposed the measures that have produced the confusion, and may bring on the destruction, of this empire.'' B. Composition and Rhetoric. 1. Explain what is meant by the requirement (1) that a sentence shall have unity, (2) that a paragraph shall have unity, (3) that a para- graph shall have coherence. 2. Cite works, or passages from certain works, that are illustrations respectively of description, narration, exposition, and argumentation. Indicate the different ends sought by these different prose forms. 3. Write a short theme (about 250 words), of two or more para- graphs that shall observe the principles of good paragraph structure, on the topic, "My High School English Course." SAMPLE LISTS OF QUESTIONS 363 C. Liter atdre. (Omit any four of the following questions.) 1. Whose judgment is best as regards Antony, Brutus's or Cassius's? Comment on Brutus's judgment here as tppical of the character Shake- speare gives him. 2. Explain or comment on the italicized words. "Find out some uncouth cell Where brooding darkness spreads his jealous wings And the night-raven sings; There under ebon shades and low-browed rocks, As ragged as thy locks In dark Cimmerian desert ever dwell." 3. {a) Bring out the difference in attitude of the two brothers in Comus with reference to the peril of their sister. (6) Upon what incidents does the story of Comus depend? 4. Macaulay begins his conclusion of the Life of Johnson with this sentence: "Johnson was now in his seventy-second year.'' He then describes the state of Johnson in his last days. Give his description in substance. 5. Has Shylock or Antonio the greater claim upon your sympathy? Justify your answer. 6. (a) What humorous features do you find in Sir Roger's character? (6) Give an account of Sir Roger at the play, 7. Explain how it happened that Lancelot appeared at the tourney wearing the red sleeve as a "favor." 8. Arthur — "What is it thou hast seen? or what hast heard?' r Bedivere — "I heard the ripple washing in the reeds And the wild water lapping on the crag." Account for Bedivere 's answer, and bring out the event consequent to his second answer in these same words. 9. In the visit of Mr. and Mrs. Godfrey Cass to the home of Silas Marner what person is the center of interest? Show how that person de- termines the issue of the situation. 10. Give the substance of Macaulay's contention that Milton deserves all the more credit as a poet because he lived in an enlightened and civil- ized society. 11. Upon what grounds does Macbeth shrink from the murder of Dun- 364 THE COUNTY EXAMINER can? How does his wife overcome his irresolution? Lady Macbeth says: "How now, my lord! why do you keep alone, Of sorriest fancies your companiens making?" Under what circumstances is this said, and what is the significance of the speech? ENGLISH HISTORY. 1. Answer a or o or c. (a) Tell carefully what Alfred did for England (6) Describe the reign of Cnut; the reign of Edward the Con- queror. (c) Describe the Witenagemote; the Shire; Compurgation; Or- deals. 2. Answer a or b or c. (a) On what did William the Conqueror base his claim to the English throne? Tell how William governed England. (o) Describe Henry II. 's quarrel with Becket. What was Scut- age? What was the Great Council? (c) What three great quarrels marked the rule of John? What was the most important outcome of his reign? 3. Answer o or 6 or c. (a) Outline carefully the changes in the government of England that were made in the reign of Edward I. (b) Describe the Model Parliament of 1295, showing exactly now it was composed. How is this related to the Parliament of Simon de Montfort in 1265? (c) Describe the Good Parliament of Edward III.'s reign and show how Parliament tried to control the King's ministers. 4. Answer a or b or c. (a) Discuss the coming of the Friars; the life and work of John Wiclif. (6) What was the " Black Death?" Tell the story of the Peas- ants' Rising in 1381. (c) Show how people lived in the Middle Ages (1) in the coun- try; (2) in the town. 5. Answer a or b or c. (a) Suow how Parliament under Henry VIII. broke away from SAMPLE LISTS OF QUESTIONS 365 the Papacy. (6) Explain the importance in English history in the reign of Elizabeth, of Philip of Spain, and Mary of Scotland. Why was Mary executed? (c) Who were the "Sea-Kings'' of Elizabeth's reign? Tell fully the story of the Armada. 6. Answer a or 6 or c. (a) Discuss the Petition of Right; the Grand Remonstrance; the Instrument of Government. (6) Discuss the most important causes of the Puritan Revolution, and give a brief outline of the military events. (c) Show how Oliver Cromwell tried to govern England and account for the failure of his plans. 7. Answer a or b or c or d. (a) How did the English Parliament of the Restoration (1661- 1679) legislate against those who differed from the Church of England? (5) What were the Habeas Corpus Act; the Bill of Rights; the Toleration Act? (c) Show how England took part in the Seven Years' War? What were the terms of the peace that closed the war? And why had the greatest, minister in England resigned before peace was made? (d) Tell what you can of George Grenville, Edmund Burke, Lord North, Charles James Fox, John Wilkes, the younger Pitt. 8. Answer a or b or c or d. (a) Tell how English rule was begun in India. Explain the work of Clive; the Indian mutiny in the nineteenth century; the present government of India. (6) Explain the need of Parliamentary reform in England. De- scribe the passage of the first reform act, and give date. (c) Discuss carefully the work of Palmerston; Disraeli; Glad- stone. (d) Give an account of the British Empire to-day, enumerating and describing the parts of which it is made up. Why has England the greatest naval in the world? GREEK AND ROMAN HISTORY. 1. Describe in general terms the geography of Greece, and show some influences which it exerted upon Greek history. Locate Sparta, the 366 THE CO UN TV EX A MINER sthmus of Corinth, Mount Olympus, Delphi, Thermopylae. 2. Answer a or b or c. (a) Give an account of the conquests of the first Persian kings. Make clear the geographical situation of the countries added to the Per- sian Empire. (6) What were the most important eastern peoples with which the Greeks came in contact. Tell something of the life of two of these east- ern peoples. (c) What have the Greek legends to say about Agamemnon, Odys- seus, Jason, Theseus? 3. Answer a or 6 or c. (a) What does the word tyrant signify in Greek history? Mention three tyrants and give a brief account of their r igns. (6) How was the Spartan state governed during the time of Sparta's power? What changes in the government developed later ? (c) Describe Athens in the time of Pericles with regard to the government and the cultural development of the city. Explain the reforms of Solon; of Cleisthenes. 4. Answer a or b or e. (a) At what period and how did Athens gain the leadership of Greece? State the causes of the Peloponnesian war, and tell fully of three important events in it. (6) What states, Successively, held the leadership in Greece after the fall of Athens in 404? What were the Achaean League and Aetolian League, and why were they not permanently successful? (c) Tell all you can about Themistocles; Alcibiades; Xenophon; Alexander the Great; noting especially what part each man took in the relations between Greece and Persia. 5. Answer a or b or c. (a) When and how did Greece come under the power of Rome"? What were the most important contributions that Greece made to her con- queror? (b) Tell the story of the second and third wars between Rome and Carthage. State some of the effects of Rome's success on Rome her- self. (c) How did Rome govern her conquered countries? What war in Italy was caused by this problem? 6. Answer a or 6 or c. SAMPLE LISTS OF QUESTIONS , 367 (a) Give a clear account of the Decemvirs and their work. Why did the plebs wish a codification of the laws? (b) Discuss the struggle between the Patricians and Plebeians ( 1) for political equality; (2) for social equality At what time can this struggle be said to have reached its end? (c) Tell all you can about the Terentilian Rogations; the Licin- ian law. 7. Answer a or 6 or c. (a) Describe in detail the work of the Gracchi, and explain why each of the brothers failed. (b) Describe the rise to power of Marius and of Sulla, their rivalry, and Sulla's changes in the Roman government. (c) What was the Second Triumvirate? Compare it carefully with the first. INDEX. Preface to First Edition 3 Preface to Second Edition 4 Questions on Spelling 5 Answers to Spelling 10 Questions on Reading 16 Answers to Reading 19 Questions on Writing 25 Answers to Writing... 29 Problems in Arithmetic 37 Answers to Arithmetic 47 Questions on Grammar 72 Answers to Grammar 79 Questions on Composition 100 Answers to Composition 104 Questions on Geography 116 Answers to Geography 123 Questions on U. S. History 142 Answers to History 148 Questions on Physiology 175 Answers to Physiology 181 Questions on Civil Government 201 Answers to Civil Government 208 Questions on Theory and Practice 229 Answers to Theory and Practice 235 Questions on Literature 249 Answers to Literature 256 Problems in Algebra 286 Answers to Algebra 291 Questions on Your Own State 307 SAMPLE LISTS OF QUESTIONS. Kentucky 311 W r est Virginia 321 North Carolina 335 Selected Questions 343 College Exami nations 362 APR 30 1909 LltJHAHY UP wnuntoo <^j 9 741 127 2