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Coinnicmoration of tbe Jfourtb Centenary 
 
 OF TliK 
 
 H)i6co\>cr^ of Bnierica. 
 
 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION, MADRID. 
 
 CATALOGUE OF THE DISPLAY FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF 
 
 PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY, UNITED STATES 
 
 NATIONAL MUSEuk 
 
 THOMAS WILSON, 
 t 
 
 From the Report of the Madrid Commission, r8g2. 
 
 WASHINGTON : 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OKKICE. 
 1895- 
 
w^ 
 
 ^^A-3 
 
CATALOGUE OF THE DISPLAY FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF 
 PREHISTORIC ANTHROPOLOGY, UNITED STATES NATIONAL 
 MUSEUM. 
 
 By THOMAS WILSON, Curator. 
 
 The Department of Prebistoric Authroiiology of tlie National Museum 
 was represented at the Exposicion Historico- Americana, Madrid, 1892, 
 by about 5,000 objects, selected from the department, and intended to 
 present a synopsis of aboriginal industry. The objects were exposed 
 in nineteen double slope-topped cases, which were distributed through- 
 out the main hall assigned to the United States at the Exposition. The 
 objects were classified, so far as possible, in such way as to show a 
 series of implements and objects in each case or in each portion of a 
 case. General labels descriptive of the series were printed in Spanish 
 and distributed in their appropriate places. A description of the 
 objects displayed, together with the names assigned them, the material 
 used, the mode of manufacture and probable purpose, is attempted 
 to be set forth in the following pages. 
 
 PALEOLITHIC AGE. 
 
 The first appearance of man on earth has been assigned in Europe to the Quater- 
 nary Geologic period ; in the United States to the close of the Glacial Epoch, though 
 this has been denied. 
 
 The Paleolithic implements are the first known works of man. They have been 
 found over the world in the Quaternary deposits, associated many times with the 
 remains of extinct animals belonging to that geologic period. The different epochs 
 of human culture of the Paleolithic age have, in western and southern Europe, received 
 the designations of Cave-bear, Mammoth, Reindeer, Bison epochs, after the animals 
 which characterize them, and after the deposits. Alluvial and Cavern, and all 
 after the localities, Chelleen, Moustierian, Solutrien, Madalenien epochs. They are 
 periods represented in this display. 
 
 ALLUVIAL PERIOD. 
 
 CHELLEEN EPOCH. 
 
 Block of cemented sand and gravel from the Quaternary gravels of the river 
 Marne at Chelles, east of Paris, in which Paleolithic implements have been 
 found. Pieces of worked flint are to be seen in it, while other fragments from 
 the loose sands beneath are by its side. This station has given its name to the 
 earliest ejioch of the Paleolithic age. 
 
 Seven Chelleen implements from the Quaternary gravels of southern England. 
 Similar implements have been found on the surface. They are of the flint of the 
 country, and have been chipped to their present shape. Many of them show 
 signs of use. They are almond-shaped, thick in proportion to their width, and 
 have the cutting edge at the point. 
 
 93 
 
94 COLUMBIAlSr HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 
 
 Four Chelleen implements from the Quaternary gravels of the river Sonune at St. 
 Acheul and Ameius, northern France ; of flint, pointed, almond-shaped, crust of 
 pebble left for grip, and v?ith cutting edge at the small end. (Fig. 1.) 
 
 rig. 1. 
 
 PALEOLITHIC IMPLEMEIfT OF FLINT. 
 Chelleen Epoch, Alluvial Period. St. Acheul, Fiance. 
 
 Thirty Chelleen implements from different localities in northern, central, southern, 
 and northwestern France. They are of flint and have the same general form as 
 those mentioned from England 
 
 Fig. 2. 
 
 PALEOLITHIC IMPLEMENT (QUARTZITE.) 
 
 From near Madras, India. 
 
 Three Chelleen implements from central France, of the usual thick almond form. 
 They are of flint, which, from weathering or exposure to the chalk bed, have 
 become whitened. In the highlands of the interior these are sometimes found 
 on or near the surface. 
 
 Two Chelleen implements from the gravels of the river Garonne, near Toulouse, made 
 from quartzite bowlders. They are rudely chipped, and thick, and the cutting 
 edge is at the point as in other paleolithic implements. They resemble the 
 specimens from Piney Branch, near Washington, D. C. 
 
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 
 
 95 
 
 Two smaller Chelleen implements of qiiartzite, from the celebrated workshop of 
 Bois-du-Rocher iu Brittany. Discovered by MM. Micault and Fornier. These are 
 more in the form of disks, chipped on both sides and to an edge all around. 
 
 Paleolithic implements have been found iu isolated localities throughout northern 
 Italy and in Sjiain and Portugal. These specimens are from Lake Garda iu the 
 Tyrol. (See Cartaillac for locality.) 
 
 TAveuty Paleolithic imxilements of flint, which, with many others, were found iu the 
 foothills on the left border of the Nile, Egypt, by Prof. H. W. Haynes, of Boston. 
 He received a bronze medal from the Association Frangaise for his discovery. 
 
 Four Paleolithic implements from the Laterite beds near Madras, southwestern 
 Hindostan, Asia. (Fig. 2.) Similar ones have been found near Nerbuddah, north- 
 western Hindostan. They are of quartzite, rudely made, but have the usual 
 characteristics of thickness and the cutting edge at the smaller end. Also 3 
 specimens found near Yokohama, Japan, possibly Paleolithic. 
 
 CAVERN PERIOD. 
 
 Six specimens of qtiartzite chips and implements of human art work, from Cresswell 
 Caves, Yorkshire, England, associated with remains of Mammoth, Rhinoceros, 
 and other extinct animals. Collected by Prof. W. Boyd Dawkins, of Manchester, 
 England. 
 
 Fig. 3. 
 
 MOUSTIERIAN POINT, SPEAR OR OTHERWISE 
 
 (FLINT). 
 
 From Cavern of Le Moustier. 
 
 Fig. 4. 
 
 OPPOSITE VIEW OF FIG. 
 
 Five specimens of red earth from lower stratum of Rents Cavern, Torquay, contain- 
 ing tooth of Cave-Bear, with a section of the overlying stalagmitic deposit. In 
 this were found teeth of Elephant, Rhinoceros, and Hyena, associated with 
 Chelleen implements. Collected by Mr. W. Pengelly, of Torquay, England. 
 
 MOUSTIERIAN EPOCH. 
 
 Seven 
 
 Moustierian points from Cavern of Moustier, France (Figs. 3-4). Scrapers 
 } same, with cutting edge on the side and not at the end (Figs. 5-6). Cave- 
 
96 
 
 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 
 
 SOLUTRIEN EPOCH. 
 
 Twenty-five specimens of flint, 9 of bone, from Solutr(5, near Clialons-Sur-Sa6ne, 
 France. Horse bones abounded. Reindeer appear during this epoch. The 
 chipped edge of flint scrapers is changed from the side to the end. Two liinds 
 of flint points, presumably for weapons, are found; one small, rechipped only 
 on the back, with stem and shoulder on one side, the other the leaf shaped, long, 
 broad, and very thin, some are 16 inches wide and but three-eighths of an inch 
 thick. This was an epoch of fine flint chipping. 
 
 MADALENIEN EPOCH. 
 
 Eighteen specimens of flint, 15 of bone. From the Rock-shelter of La Madeleine, 
 on the V6zere, Dordogne, France. Flint chipping continued during this epoch; 
 scrapers, knives, points, and flakes are found. Bone points, daggers, and har- 
 poons were common. The man of this epoch was an artist. More than 400 
 specimens of engraving on bone, horn, ivory, and stone have been found in the 
 Caverns of this period. 
 
 Fig. 5. 
 
 MOUSTIEKIAK SCRAPER, SHOWING BULB OP PER- 
 CUSSION (FLINT). 
 'From Chez Poure. 
 
 Fig. 6. 
 
 OPPOSITE SIDE FIG. 5. 
 
 EUROPEAN PREHISTORIC SKULLS OF THE PALEOLITHIC AGE. 
 
 Cast of the Neanderthal Skull. The original was found near Dusseldorf, Germany, 
 and is now at the University of Bonn, discovered by Drs. Schaft'hausen and 
 Fuhlrott in 1857. Although the forehead is low and retreating, the skull is not 
 small; its estimated capacity is 1,220 centimeters. Its cephalic index is 0.72. 
 Many persons are of the opinion that it belongs to the Moustierian rather than 
 the Chelleen Epoch. Its great antiquity has been disputed, but, nevertheless, 
 Prehistoric anthropologists have given its name, possibly for want of a better, 
 to the earliest known type ot the human race. 
 
 Cast of the Olmo Skull, from the celebrated paleontological deposit of the Val 
 d'Arno, near Florence, Italy. It was found many feet beneath the surface asso- 
 ciated with worked flints, horse teeth, and mammoth tusks, all of which, with 
 the original skull, are in the Zoological Museum at Florence. The skull is 
 claimed to have belonged to the Moustierian Epoch of the Paleolithic Age. It 
 is too fragmentary to be measured. 
 
 Cast of Laugerie Basse Skull, found by M. Massenat, of Mailmont, near Brives 
 (Correze), France, in 1872, while excavating the celebrated prehistoric caverns 
 of Laugerie Basse on the V6rzere, Dordogne, France. The skeleton was entire 
 and in place. It was on its side, the legs drawn np, the hands placed on the 
 side of the head and neck. It was considered that he had been killed under a 
 detached and fallen rock. It is in the possession of M. Massenat. The Cavern 
 belongs to the Madelenien epoch of the Paleolithic Age. 
 
Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid. — Wilson. 
 
 Plate I. 
 
 
 ))W^vi 
 
 ' 'I 
 
 p r 
 Jhlf/j 
 
 htii I 
 
 (/jr^ ] 
 
 Paleolithic Implements. 
 
 Points of the Solutrian epoch. leaf-shai>eil, ami shouldered on one side. Cavern iieriud 
 
Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid. — Wilson. 
 
 Plate II. 
 
 
 te^ 
 
 Paleolithic Implements. 
 
 Fig. 1. Flint scraper, with rounded end. La Madeleine. Dordogne France 
 Fis. 2. Flint flake: probably a saw or knife. La Madeleine. Dordoffne France 
 tigs. 3 and 4. Flint sra vers. La Madeleine, Dordogne. France " 
 
 Fi8;.s. .5 and (J. Flint points or drills. 
 
Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid. — Wilson. 
 
 Plate III. 
 
 fv 
 
 
 |';1 
 |-il 
 
 ;• 
 
 'I 
 
 m 
 
 Paleolithic Implements. 
 
 V^l' -' r' ^' !^"~' 1i Harpooias made of reindeer horn. La Madeleine Dordosne Franoe 
 F'««- •■'' •'• «:"f,/,;Z?'" .:.^"';l •^^■■Poons made of reindeer horn; hole"lnd sllt^.^attlK 
 
 smitlierii Fi-ant 
 
 attachment to shaft; 
 
Columbian Historical Exposition at Madnd. — Wilson. 
 
 Plate IV. 
 
 Paleolithic Implements. 
 
 Fig. 1. EiiKi-avinK of pike on cauine tooth of l)ear. Grotto of Dnrntby. southwesteni France. 
 Fig. 2. Engi-aviug of seal ou canine tooth of bear. Grotto of Dunithy, sonthwestern France. 
 Fig. 3. Engravings of a man, hor.ses. aurochs, and snake or eel on reindeer horn. La iMadeleine. 
 Dordogne, France. 
 
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 97 
 
 Cast of the Engis Skull, discovered by Dr. Sclimerling in the Cavern of Engis, near 
 Liege, Belginni, in the year 1833. It was of this skull that Professor Huxley 
 said that it might have belonged to a savage or a philosopher. 
 
 NEOLITHIC OR POLISHED STONE AGE. 
 
 The name Neolithic was given by'Sir John Lubbock to the later stone age to dis- 
 tinguish it from the earlier, the Paleolithic or Chipped Stone Age. Mauy of the 
 stone implements, after being chipped or pecked into shape, were smoothed or pol- 
 ished by grinding. Some, such as scrapers, arrow and spear heads, were always 
 chii)ped and not polished. This period introduces a new civilization— that of a 
 sedentary and agricultural people, with flocks and Jierds, plants, fruits, textiles, and 
 pottery. Tribal organizations were formed, religious sentiments manifested, the 
 dead buried, and funeral monuments erected. 
 
 Forty-four flint objects from workshops in Great Britain and Ireland, showing the 
 mode of manufacture. Cores and flakes of black flint fitted together as in the 
 original block, with knapping hammer, from modern gun-flint workshops at 
 Brandon, Suffolk. (Fig. 7.) Prehistoric blades and flakes, scrapers, discs, 
 hatchets, chisels, and poignards, polished and partly polished, from Cissbury, 
 southern J^ngland, and from Ireland. Arrowheads of various forms. 
 
 Fig. 7. 
 
 FLINT CORE, WITH ITS BLADES AS STRUCK, IN PLACE. 
 
 Br:indi>n, England. Evans's Ancient Stoue Implements of Gre;it Britain. 
 
 Nineteen worked flint implements from the Prehistoric workshops of Grand Pres- 
 siguy, near Tours, France. Large cores (Hvres dii beiirre), hammers, blades, 
 flakes, daggers, and points. All of the yellow flint of Grand Fressigny. 
 
 Eighteen implements and objects from the Prehistoric flint quarries and workshops 
 of Spiennes, Belgium. Unpolished hatchets, cores, blades, flakes, hammers, etc. 
 
 Thirty-three flint implements, many of them from Prehistoric workshops in Scandi- 
 navia. Cores, hammers, blades, flakes, scrapers, crescents, daggers, arrow and 
 spear heads. 
 
 Sixty-two flint iuiplemeuts and objects from eastern and northern Italy. Small 
 cores, flakes, scrapers, discs, points, and beautiful arrowheads. 
 
 Ten flint and obsidian cores aud flakes. From Syria, 2 specimens ; Island of Crete, 4 
 specimens; Island of Milo, 4 specimens. 
 
 Seventy-one flint flakes and points discovered by Mr. W. Flinders Petrie at Kahun 
 in the Fayum, Lower Egypt, in 1889. Mauy of these show signs of use. They 
 belong to the time of Amenentop III, of the Twelfth Dynasty, about 2050 B. C, 
 and are probably the earliest Prehistoric specimeus to which an historical date 
 can be given. 
 
 H. Ex. 100 7 
 
98 
 
 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 
 
 Seventeen obsidian cores and blades from Mexico and Central America (fig. 8). The 
 blades are thin, sharp, and beautifully made. Large worked flakes, scrapers, 
 arrow and sjiear heads of flint and obsidian. 
 
 Fig. 8. 
 
 OBSIDIAN CORE AND FLAKES. 
 
 Mexico. 
 
 Twelve specimens of drilled axes from Europe. These are plentiful in the Swiss 
 lakes and in Scandinavia. In Europe tlie drilled axes take the place of the 
 American grooved axes. These specimens show different kinds of drilling, and 
 difl^erent stages of progress. Some were drilled from one side, others from 
 both. Some have been drilled with a hollow bit, and a number of entire cores 
 thus made are shown. These implements belonged to the Neolithic period, but 
 continued into the Iron Age. 
 Six chipped stone hatchets from Europe and Asia. These have been first chipped 
 
 into shape ready for grinding, and 
 tlien polished. The series shows 
 the process of manufacture. The 
 first (fig. 9) is rudely and the sec- 
 ond (fig. 10) finely chipped; the 
 third (fig. 11) is i>artly and the 
 fourth (fig. 12) entirely polished; 
 the fifth (fig. 13) is rechipped to 
 an edge and the sixth (fig. 14) 
 reground. 
 Stone hatchets in jirocess of manufac- 
 ture, chipped but not yet grounder 
 polished, from the United States 
 of America. Similar objects be- 
 longing to prehistoric times are 
 found in nearly every country. 
 Polished stone hatchets are representa- 
 tive implements of the Neolithic 
 period throughout the world. 
 They vary greatly, in size. They 
 were intended for the same general 
 purpose as the grooved ax, and the 
 same remarks as to material and 
 mode of manufacture apply. On the coast and among the islands similar hatchets 
 were made of shell (fig. 16). Polished stone hatchets were inserted in wooden 
 handles, though in the Lake Dwellings of Switzerland horn was used as an inter- 
 Hiediary . Nearly every country is represented. Eighteen specimens from Europe ; 
 9 specimens from Asia; 11 specimens from the United State.s and Canada (fig. 
 15); 2 specimens from Mexico; 6 specimens from Central America; 6 specimens 
 from West Indies; 5 specimens from South America. Total, 57 specimens. 
 
 Fig. 9. Fig. 10. 
 
 POLISHED STONE HATCHETS OF FLINT. ■ 
 
 Showing process nf manufacture, Europe ( nfter Mortillet). 
 
Colurrbian Historical Exposition at Madrid. — Wilson 
 
 Plate V. 
 
 "^■CL- 
 
 Paleolithic C) Implements from the District of Columbia. Quartzite. 
 
 Chipped on one side only. 
 
 (Half natural size. ) 
 
Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid.— Wilson. 
 
 Plate Vi. 
 
 ■•-v/^' 
 
 /^' 
 
 
 
 Paleolithic i') Implements from the District of Columbia. Quartzite. 
 
 Chipped on liotli sides. 
 
 (Half natural size.) 
 
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 
 
 99 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 EVIDENCES OF THE EXTREME ANTIQUITY OF MAN. 
 
 The existence of mau on the American continent during a stage of culture corre- 
 sponding to the Paleolithic period in Europe has h(;eu the subject of much dispute 
 among American anthropologists and geologists. The investigations iu this respect 
 in the United States of America have not been so prolbuud as iu Europe, and anthro- 
 pologists are not unanimous concerning the conclusions to be drawn therefrom. The 
 contemporaneity of the periods in the two hemispheres has not been universally 
 accepted, nor has the relationship of the men who made or used the implements been 
 established. 
 Implements similar in form, style, and manufacture to those of the Paleolithic age 
 
 from European countries have been found in the United States, which, if found 
 
 in Europe, would be accepted as belonging to that age. These have been found 
 
 by the hundred in every section of 
 
 the United States on the surface and 
 
 at varying depths in the gravels of 
 
 several rivers, and in the Pleistocene 
 
 deposits. Eliut, argillite, andquart- 
 
 zite were the materials mostly used. 
 
 The implements are rude and thick 
 
 and always chipped. Twenty-one 
 
 implements from every part of the 
 
 United States are shown. 
 Fossil human thorax. Seven vertebra 
 
 with corresponding ribs and ster- 
 num, from Osprey, Sarasota Bay, 
 
 Manatee County, Fla. The bones 
 
 are fossilized. They were found on 
 
 the seashore incased in indurated 
 
 ferruginous sandstone. The two 
 
 pieces of stone belong together and 
 
 form one subject ; thej' were broken 
 
 in extraction. The sandstone Avas 
 
 overlaid by surface deposits li to 3 
 
 feet. Geologists assign it to the <,, . r . v , ,. ^, . „ .^ 
 
 5» o Showing process of in;inuni(ture, Kurope (alter Mortillet). 
 
 Quaternary period. Found by 
 .Judge John G. Webb. 
 
 Fossilized human skull, turned to iron. From Osprey, Manatee County, Fla. Found 
 in 1868 at a depth of 2 or 3 feet in the undisturbed subsoil in proximity to a 
 shell heap. The skull was accidentally broken at its discovery. The skeleton 
 was in place. The bones were sent forward, but some of them were lost. Part 
 of them are now in the Peabody Museum. The skull and other bones were 
 turned to limonite (hydrous ses(i[uioxide of iron) by process of fossilization. 
 The measurements of the skull are : Glabella to occipital protuberance, 170 mm. ; 
 breadth above the auditory meatuses, 131 mm.; breadth of the forehead at tem- 
 poral ridges, 102 mm. Found by Judge John G. Webb. 
 
 Fossilized human thigh bone, changed to iron. A piece of limonite (hydrous ses- 
 quioxide of iron) containing a portion of a human thigh bone which has itself 
 been changed to limonite. From Sarasota Bay, Florida. Collected by Col. Joseph 
 Wilcox, of Philadelphia. 
 
 Bock formation from Sarasota Bay, Florida, containing fossilized shell of (1) "\'enus, 
 (2) Pecten, (3) Fasciolaria tulipa, and others overlying the limonite formation 
 containing the human remains from the same locality. 'I'hese shells belong to 
 the Quaternary Ge(jIogic period as well as to the recent. Collected by Col. 
 Joseph Wilcox, of Phila<lelphia- 
 
 Fig. 11. 
 
 Fig. 12. 
 
 POLISHED STONE HATCHETS OK FLINT. 
 
100 
 
 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 
 
 Fossil pyrula shell, bearing a prehistoric engraving of a mastodon. Tliis shell was 
 fovmd in a peat bed near Claymont, Del., by Mons. Snrault. It was associated 
 with prehistoric objects of stone and bone. It bears an engraving or etching in 
 outline of a Mastodon, and has every appearance of antiquity. The species of 
 shell is native to the Atlantic coast of the Southern United States. 
 Chert implements of human manufacture said to have been taken from the Equus beds 
 of San Diego, Tex. The Equus beds belong to the Quaternary Geologic period 
 and contain fossil bones of the Mylodon, Megalonys, Equus, Elephas, and other 
 extiuct animals. Late investigations by Mr. II. C. Mercer causes the belief that 
 these implements were on and not iu the Equus deposits. 
 Prehistoric implements found in the auriferous gravels under Table Mountain, Cali- 
 fornia. In past geologic ages, the Stanislaus River ran iu a different channel, 2 or 
 3 miles distant from the present channel, and at nigh 2,000 feet greater altitude. 
 This ancient channel was of coarse gravels brought down from the mountain, 
 and they contain the gold that has given the State the name of El Dorado. The 
 
 gravels reached a thickness in many places 
 of 200 feet, and became indurated, possibly 
 the result of an outflow of volcanic mud or 
 cement. After this an eruption of volcanic 
 basalt ran down the stream, filled the chan- 
 nel, and covered it and the adjacent country 
 with a sheet of lava hundreds of feet in 
 thickness. It is sometimes divided into 
 layers. This eruption, aided possibly by 
 subsequent glaciers, displaced the stream 
 and drove it to its present channel. All 
 this happened at such a distant period of 
 time as that the new channel has since been 
 eroded nigh 2,000 feet below the lava cap. 
 The gravels in the ancient channels are now 
 pierced by shafts and tunnels in search of 
 gold. These explorations are declared to 
 have brought to light human and animal 
 remains and objects of human industry, 
 which, if true, demonstrates the high an- 
 tiquity of man in America. 
 Mortars and pestles. From under the lava beds of Table Mountain, California. This 
 mortar and pestle were, with other stone mortars and several obsidian spearheads, 
 found by Mr. J. H. Neale in the Montezuma Tunnel, 1,500 feet distant from its 
 mouth and 300 feet under the solid lava cap of Table Mountain. Collected by 
 Dr. R. I. Bromley, of Sonora, Cal., and Mr. George F. Becker, Geological Survey, 
 Washington, D. C. (Bui. Geol. Soc. Amer., Vol. II, p. 189.) 
 Calaveras skull. From "The auriferous gravels of the Sierra Nevada of California." 
 (Mem. Museum Comp. Zoology, Harvard College, bj' .T. D. Whitney. ) This broken 
 skull was found in Calaveras County, Cal., February, 1866, in the auriferous 
 gravels 132 feet beneath the surface, in a shaft while digging for gold. There 
 were four layers of volcanic lava over it, 40, 30, 15, and 9 feet, respectively, with 
 intermediate layers of gravel. According to Professor Whitney it was a Plio- 
 cene deposit; others have denied this and have assigned it to a much later date, 
 but, without discussing the age of the deposit, it is l)elieved to beof high antiquity 
 and belonged to a past geologic period. The authenticity of the skull has been 
 attacked, but favorable evidence is accumulating; objects of undoubted human 
 industry are being found iu the same horizon, and disbelief in its genuineness is 
 passing away. The original skull is in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at 
 Harvard College, Cambridge, Mass. 
 
 rig. 13. 
 
 Fig. 14. 
 
 POLISHED STONE HATCHETS OF FLINT. 
 
 !inufai-ture, Europe (after Mortillet) 
 
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 
 
 101 
 
 Polished stone pestle. This implement came from the cemented auriferous gravel 
 under the basalt or lava cap of Table Mountain, California. The linder vras Mr. 
 Clarence Jving, then director of the Geological Survey of the United States. 
 He found it in place while searching for fossils. It is tine-grained diabase. No 
 doubt can exist as to the authenticity of the implement, its being of human 
 industry, or its extraction from the original place of deposit. 
 
 Stone implements from the auriferous gravels of California. These are enigmas of 
 prehistoric science in North America. If any reliance can be placed in human 
 testimony, we must believe that these, with mortars and similar objects to the 
 number of several hundred, have been found under volcanic lava beds, and that 
 they belong to a past Geologic period. If thus found, they are among the 
 earliest known implements made by man, and yet they would seem to be of the 
 Neolithic or Polished Stone civilization, and so would belong to prehistoric man 
 
 56, hematite. Ohio; 57, greenstone, Indiana; 58, syenite. 111 
 61, yellow flint, Louisiana; 62, greenstone. North Carolina. 
 
 Pig-. 15. 
 
 POLISHED STONE HATCHETS. 
 ; 59, greenstone, Te 
 
 ; 60, chloritic slate, Tennessee mound; 
 
 in the present Geologic iieriod. Tlie objects are mortnrs and pestles of hard 
 stone, obsidian leaf-shajied implements, steatite bowls, ladles, and platters, 
 hammers or siukers with a pecked groove around. These contradictions must 
 await the investigation of the geologist and paleontologist as well as the 
 archa'ologist. 
 Obsidian speaiiie;id from the Walker River Canyon, in the extinct Quaternary Lake 
 Lahontan. Found by Mr. W J McGee, of the Geological Survey, in undis- 
 turbed clay deposits, 25 feet beneath the surface, and "associated in such manner 
 with the bones of an elephant or mastodon as to leave no doubt as to their having 
 been buried at approximately the same time." (Geological History of Lake 
 Lahontan, Vol. XI, p. 246.) Professor Gilbert, chief of the geologic work, says 
 ( Anthrop. Journal, Washington, Vol. II, October, 1889, p. 312) ; " This object was 
 indubitably made by man ; was from a well-determined date (the second occupa- 
 tion by an ice sheet of the Laurentian basin). It was found in situ and by a 
 trained observer, who recognized the importance of his discovery before he dis- 
 turbed the matrix inclosing the implement." 
 
102 
 
 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 
 
 Obsidian speavheads. 
 
 2 54. 
 
 The second obsidian spearhead was found in the debris of an excavation in Mono 
 Lake, California, in marls of the same age as those of the Walker River Canyon, 
 and which Mr. McGee says are "presumptively Quaternary." 
 The third obsidian spearhead was found projecting from the face of a precipice of 
 Columbia (early Quaternary) loam at the head of Chesapeake I'ay, Maryland. 
 These objects were all collected by Mr. McGee, who, while admitting their evident 
 human origin, does not accept them as evidence of the contemporaneous exist- 
 ence of man. 
 
 These, with other prehistoric implements, are found in abun- 
 dance in the sandy bed of an extinct lake in 
 southeastern Oregon. It has been named Fossil 
 Lake, from the numberof fossil remamsof birds 
 and animals found therein belonging to the 
 Quaternary Geologic period. The implements 
 are so intimately associated Avith the fossils as 
 to indicate their contemporaneous deposit. 
 Two specimens, collected by Prof. E. D. Cope. 
 Section of prehistoric rock - shelter, Claymont 
 (Naaman's Creek), Del. The structure is shown 
 in the sectional drawing. There was a cavity 
 
 255 
 
 Fig. 16. 
 
 SHELL iIaTCHETS. 
 Like those of polished stone: 254, Florida; 255, Kentucky. 
 
 in the solid rock 20 or 30 feet wide and 5 or fi feet deep. It has been occupied by 
 prehistoric man, and the various layers, with their debris, show the different 
 periods. Layers B, D, F, and H contained prehistoric implements, of which 
 those in the three trays B, D, and H are samples. The upper layers contained 
 arrowheads, pottery, and objects identical with the neolithic culture, while the 
 lower layers contained large, rude implements resembling those of paleolithic 
 culture. Collected by Dr. Hilborn T. Cresson, of Philadelphia. 
 
 Tray I, Layer B : 
 
 Paleoliths, quartzite 2 
 
 Paleoliths, argillite 6 
 
 Tray II, Layer D : 
 
 Small, rudely chipped implements, arrow and spear heads, broken 
 
 points, flakes, etc 35 
 
 Tray III, Layer H : 
 
 Small, rude implements of (quartzite, jasper, etc., arrow and spear 
 heads, scrapers, worked flakes, lower part of polished hatchet, and 
 
 fragment of pottery 38 
 
 (See Proceedings Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXIV, p. 141 et seq.) 
 
 Rough, chipi>ed, nnpolished stone axes or adzes, notched on both edges, many 
 specimens showing that the notches were nsed by means of a withe or thong 
 apparently for the attachment of a handle. They are mostly of porphyritic 
 
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 103 
 
 felsite (fig. 17), quartzite (fig. 18), and hard clay slate. These are found princi- 
 pally ou the Atlantic seaboard from Massachusetts to Georgia, though they haA^e 
 
 ~^«i;^i.>*^ 
 
 Fig. 17. 
 RUDE NOTCHED AX. 
 
 District of Columbj;). Quartzite. HkK natural f 
 
 Pig. 18. 
 
 RUDE NOTCHED AX, PORPHYRITIC FELSITE. 
 U;ileisb, N. 0. 
 
 heen found in the West. They may have been the jtrecxirsor or ancestor of the 
 grooved stone axe of North America. 
 
104 
 
 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 
 
 PREHISTORIC IMPLEMENTS OF ITSUAI. FORM. 
 
 Scrapers. These are of various forms and material (fig. 19). (a) Disk shaped, chip- 
 ped both sides and all around, (b) Long round end, the scraping edge beveled 
 from one side, the lower surface being formed by a continuous fracture. This form 
 is common all over the world and has continued without change from prehistoric 
 into modern times, the Eskimo of to-day using similar implements inserted in 
 
 Fig. 19. 
 
 SCRAPERS. 
 I, gray flint, Texas ; 39. hornstone, Ohui ; 40, yellow jasper, Ohio, with arrowhead stem ; 41, chalcedony, Texas, chipped round. 
 
 wooden or ivory handles. (Mason, Aboriginal Slvin Dressing, Rep. U. S. National 
 Museum, 1889, p. S.jS, PL LXXII to LXXIX.) (c) Forms peculiar to the United 
 States are stemmed, notched, and shouldered, and their similarity to arrow and 
 sjiear heads suggests a secondary use of broken specimens. The scraping edges 
 of these, unlike class b, are chipped from both sides. Twelve specimens. 
 
 75 
 
 72 greenstone, Massachusetts, 
 around, projecting ridges; 75, Wis 
 
 rig. 20. 
 
 GROOVED STONE AXES. 
 
 uve all around; 73, greenstone, Arizona, flat back; 74, greenstone, South Ca 
 'in, oblique groove; 76, greenstone, Alaska, square with flat back. 
 
 olina, groove all 
 
 Grooved stone axes (fig. 20) are distributed throughout the United States, and are 
 not found in Europe. The groove is transverse and was for the attachment of a 
 handle by a thong or withe. The material difters with the locality, but granite, 
 trap, and rocks that would not flake were used. Water-worn pebbles served as 
 well as quarried rock. They were chipped or pecked into shape according to 
 material, and if smoothed or polished it was done by rubbing or grinding. 
 
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 
 
 105 
 
 Grooved stone axes have been classified as follows: (1) Grooved either wholly 
 or partially, some with projecting wings. (2) Flat back for insertion of tight- 
 ening wedge. (3) Donble bitted. (4) Hematite from valleys of Mississippi 
 River and its tributaries. (5) Actinolite from 
 the Pueblos of the Southwest. (6) Winged 
 and horned, from the West Indies and Central 
 America. (7) Longitudinal flutings on the bit. 
 Eighteen specimens. 
 
 Eight specimens of grooved stone axes from Central 
 and South America and West Indies. There is 
 a certain resemblance between the grooved axes 
 of these counti-ies and those of the United 
 States, while they bear no resemblance to Euro- 
 pean implements. They are chipped or pecked 
 into shape and then ground or polished as in 
 the United States. The grooves are dilTerent, 
 forming wings or horns, while the edge is prac- 
 tically the same. 
 
 Mauls. Large quartzite pebbles bearing a groove 
 for attachment of handle by means of a withe 
 (fig. 21). These were used in the mines and 
 (juarries to break open the rock. They are 
 principally from Lake Superior and the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 ■Ldzes. These are, apparently, only a variation in form and use from the grooved 
 ax and polished stone hatchet and gouge. They are rare. Their distribution 
 
 Fig. 21. 
 
 GROOVED MAUL OF GKANITK. 
 
 Colorado. Weight, U pounds. 
 
 Fig. 22. 
 CHISELS, OODUES, AND ADZES. 
 
 63, chiael. diorite, Ohio; 64,chi3el, lydite, New York , 65, chisel, basalt, Unalaska ; 66, gouge, hornstone. New York ; 67, gouge, Penn- 
 ylvania . 68, gouge, greenstone, Massachusetts , 69, adz, hornstone, Briti.sh Columbia ; "0, adz, greenstone, Oregon ; "1, adz, serpen, 
 me, Norlnwest Coast. 
 
 Ill the United Statfs seems to be limited to the northeast Atlantic and northwest 
 Pacific coast (fig, 22, (i'J-71). 
 
106 
 
 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 
 
 Gouges. These are similar to the grooved axes and polished stone hatchets in mate- 
 rial, mode of mannfacture, and in every way except form. They were probably 
 handled and used in the same manner. Those of the southern coast and the 
 West Indies are of shell. They are more plentiful in the Atlantic States, and 
 are perhaps confined to that area (fig. 22, 66-68). 
 Chisels. These, as will be apparent from examination of the figures, are but varia- 
 tions of the polished stone'hatchet. Indeed, if the hatchet without a handle be 
 taken in the hand and used in connection with the mallet, no reason is seen why, 
 except in size, it and the chisel may not have served the same puriiose. They 
 are brought to a smaller or narrower edge than was the hatchet. The sides, 
 whether round or square, are nearer parallel, while the head is not pointed but 
 is large enough to receive a blow from the mallet. Nos. 63 (diorite from Ohio) 
 and 64 (lydite from New York) are typical chisels from the interior eastern 
 States, while 64 (of basalt and of a peculiar shape) is marked in the cllection as 
 an " ice chisel,"' from Unalaska Island. 
 
 Bunts. An arbitrary name given to this object, 
 having no relation to any supposed use. 
 They resemlile somewhat the chipped and 
 unpolished stone hatchet. They are of white 
 chert of Missouri and Illinois, but are peculiar 
 in that they are flat on one side, showing 
 the fracture from the nucleus unwrought, all 
 chipping being on the opposite side, after the 
 manner of scr:ipers. 
 Caches. Chipped implements of leaf-shaped and 
 other forms have been found en cache in 
 various parts of the United States. Most of 
 them are leaf-shaped in form, though some 
 areoval and others round. Many are of flint, 
 quite thin, and finely finished; others of 
 quartzite, are largjr and naturally ruder. 
 Some of chalcedony have been wrought into 
 spearheads with stem and barb. They are 
 larger than usual and evidently completed 
 weapons. No explanation yet given will 
 satisfactorily account for them in their con- 
 dition. They were placed in the cache in 
 different positions, but always with reg- 
 ularity, oil the flat, or edge, in circles or 
 parallelograms, separate or overlapping. 
 The number in the caches vary from 10 to 
 100 or 200, though that in Mound No. 2, 
 Hopewell farm, near Chillicothe, Ohio, 
 contained 7,232. (See fig. 9, Mr. Mercer's 
 report. ) 
 Sixty-one argillite leaf-shaped implements, part of a cache of 95 found at Marshall- 
 ton, Chester County, Pa., by Mr, Edward T. Ingram, in 1890 (fig. 23). The 
 cache is sought to l)e reproduced and the implements shown as in the original 
 deposit. The top layer was disturbed by the plow. 
 A cache of leaf-shaped quartzite implements from the bank of the River Wautauga, 
 Carter County, northwest Tennessee. It consists of 18 pieces, 7^ to 9 inches in 
 length, 3 to 'Hi in width, and five-eighths to seven-eighths in thickness. They 
 were buried 2 feet below the surface, laid on the flat side and arranged in a cir- 
 cle with the points to the center, the cache being about 2 feet in diameter. The 
 hole in which they were deposited was dug through the soil and into the hard 
 yellow clay. Nothing Avas found associated with them, although there was an 
 aboriginal cemetery in the neighborhood. Deposited by Thomas Wilson. 
 
 ARGILLITE LEAF-SHAPED IMPLEMENT. 
 Cache in Cheater County, Pa. 
 
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 
 
 107 
 
 A cache of chalcedouic spearheads from the valley of the Little Missouri, Pike 
 County, southwest Arkansas. The excavation in which they were buried was 
 in yellow clay at 2 or 3 feet deep. They were laid side by side with edges 
 overlapping. They varied iu size from 5^ to 9 inches in length, 2^ to 3^ in width, 
 and one-half to five-eighths in thickness. Deposited by Thomas Wilson. 
 
 Chipped flint disks. These are peculiar to the 
 Mississippi, Ohio, Tennessee, and Cumber- 
 land River valleys. Their use is unknown. 
 They are of coarse, black flint, made from 55 
 
 nodules, are always chipped, never pol- 
 
 ished, and the edges sometimes show signs /'-ti^ ' 
 
 of wear (fig. 24). They have usually been Jp ^ff , 
 
 found cached in mounds and other pre- M , 
 
 historic works. These implements have "^ -"^^ 
 
 been found in Ohio in caches contain- 
 ing 8,000 specimens, in Illmois of 5,000, 
 3,500, down to 50. ^^ ' 
 
 Prehistoric quarries and workshops at Flint |Cv^'^% ^^ Sffi^i^f^*- 
 
 Ridge, in Licking County, Ohio, near the i^®=^^ •i'^^^^^^I^^V ''(^ 
 eastern boundary, equidistant from the ^f^'^J"^ \^V* '^>if' 
 
 towns of Newark and Zanesville. Flint \ ___ ^^"^ ^H#v 
 
 Ridii'eisastratum of flint.continuous with ^^^^ ^ v^ ^-^^ 
 
 the ferruffinous limestone of southeastern ^^^^< k irf',^l'ili^^'*^ -A- 
 
 o ^^~> I in iKiTT'^ 2 
 
 Ohio, lyiuff on the Putnam Hill sandstone 
 
 • Via- ''4 
 
 of the Ohio survey. The stratum of flint "'"' " 
 
 is from 4 to 8 feet in thickness and from 4 chipped flint disk. 
 
 to 10 feet beneath the surface. It is about ^""^^ '" ^'■"' '^°""'^' "'■ 
 
 8 miles east and west and 2 miles north and 
 
 south. It is irregular in shape, having been much eroded by small streams. The 
 
 prehistoric quarries were made by sinking shafts through the surface clay and 
 
 then working out the flint by means of fire and water. The pieces were broken 
 
 ui) and carried to the workshops in the immediate neighborhood and there worked 
 
 into utensils and implements, making or leaving the debris of material both of 
 
 which are here'shown : 
 
 Hammers * 8 
 
 Material 4 
 
 Large chipped implements (rude) 14 
 
 Small chipped implements (rude) 40 
 
 Leaf shaped implements (thin) 16 
 
 Perforators, scrapers, arrowheads, etc 37 
 
 Cores 16 
 
 Flakes 41 
 
 176 
 
 Prays, containing flint chips, implements, arrowheads, etc., showing the distribution 
 of material in the workshops. 
 
 30me localities of the neighborhood were strewn with ruder and heavier material, 
 while others had a profusion of small and fine chips, flakes, and d(5bris. The latter 
 were mostly on the high bluffs overlooking the valleys below, and from which 
 position one could see far over the adjoining country. On these points the flints, 
 chips, flakes, etc., were in such profusion as to prevent the grass forming a sod. 
 I chose one of these spots and dug it out 10 by 12 inches square, 14 inches deep 
 to the bottom of all flint debris and then washed out the earth. The flints 
 were 7 inches deep and the earth 7 inches — half and half. The specimens from 
 this hole are shown in the two trays iu the case. They are as follows: 
 
108 
 
 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 
 
 Complete and perfect arrowheads 51 
 
 Leaf-shaped : 
 
 Perfect 9 
 
 Imperfect 16 
 
 25 
 
 Cores: Finely wrought 15 
 
 Rnde Inmps of flint 34 
 
 Debris : 
 
 Hard-burnt clay, small 2 
 
 Pebbles, not flint, small 13 
 
 Bits of wood, small 5 
 
 Chips and spawls, flint 3, 149 j 
 
 3,169 I 
 
 Total contents of hole 3, 294 
 
 Hammer stones are smooth, flat, or oval pebbles, nodules or rude pieces of broken 
 stone, usually of the material nearest at hand, used as hammers or pounding 
 stones for striking flakes, chips, etc., from a core or nucleus, or for pounding or 
 pecking (attrition), by means of which stone implements are made into the 
 desired shape (fig. 25). They are usually taken loosely in the hand and, if a 
 rude piece, bj' turning so as to present a new surface for each blow, the corners 
 are gradually worn off, and the hammer becomes round; if a smooth pebble, the. 
 edges become roughened. Specimens which have served as hammers show a 
 small cup marking or dejiression on one or both sides, which have been thought 
 to be for reception of niumb and finger. Their distribution is general throughout . 
 all prehistoric kges and countries. 
 
 82 
 
 Fig. 25. 
 HAMMER AND PITTED STONES. 
 
 80 to 82, ^3 bize. 80, quartzite, New York ; 81, quartzite, Pennsylvani 
 
 82, flint, Flint Kidge, Ohio. 
 
 Pitted stones are mostly flat or oval pebbles, the larger proportion of which in the 
 eastern United States are of quartzite (fig. 25). They are similar in size and 
 appearance to some hammer stones. They receive their name from a Avorked 
 depressionor cup-marking in the center of one or both sides, which have been 
 thought by some persons to be (1) for holding Avith thumb and finger for use as 
 a hammer ; (2) made by hammering on another stone as a i>uuch ; (3) by cracking 
 nuts. They are probably related to cup stones proper, and like them their use 
 not satisfactorily determined. 
 
 Cup stones. Stones large and small are found marked by a depression, smooth or 
 rough, varying in diameter from 1 inch to 4 or 5, and in depth from a slight 
 hollow to a hemisphere (fig. 26). Small pebbles may have but one such depres- 
 sion or one on each side, when they are called pitted stones, but larger pebbles, 
 even bowlders of many tons, or solid rock, as in the Carpathian and Himalaya 
 
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 
 
 109 
 
 mountains, have hundreds of these markings, when they are called ''cup stones." 
 The National Mus'enm has one from Wheeling, W. Va., with fifty-three cup mark- 
 ino-s thereon. Their distrihution is general throughout the prehistoric world 
 and their use or purpose has never been satisfactorily determined. 
 
 Fig. 26. 
 CUP STONES, 
 andstone, Pennsylvania; 160.1. sandstone, Kentucky. 
 
 CLASSIFICATION OK ARROW AND SPEARHEADS. 
 
 The primary divisions of ai-row and spearheads or knives are as follows: 
 I. Leaf shaped, classes A, B, C. 
 II. Triangular. 
 
 III. Stemmed, classes A, B, C. 
 
 IV. Peculiar forms, classes A, B, C, D, E, F, G. 
 
 I. Leaf shaped. This division includes elliptical, oval, oblong, and lanceolate 
 forms bearing any relation to the shajie of a leaf, and without stem, shoulder, 
 or barb. 
 
110 
 
 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 
 
 Class A is pointed at hotli ends. They are widest from oue-tbird to one-fourth 
 the distance from the base. Eleven siiecimens. 
 
 Class B is more oval, more or less pointed, with concave, straij^ht, or convex base. 
 Five specimens. 
 
 Class C is long, narrow, with parallel edges, concave, straight, or convex bases, 
 and belongs principally to the Pacific Coast. Five siiecimens. 
 
 II. Triangular. This division includes all specimens which, according Ko geo- 
 metric nomenclature, are in the form of a triangle, whether the bases or edges 
 be convex, straight, or concave. They are without stems and, couseqitently, 
 without shoulders, although in some specimens the extreme concavity of the 
 base produces barbs. Eleven specimens. 
 
 A B 
 
 Leaf Shaped 
 
 Triangular. 
 
 A 
 Stemmed 
 
 C D 
 
 Peculiar Forms 
 
 Fig. 27. 
 
 FORMS OF ARROW AND SPEARHEADS. 
 
 III. Stemmed. This division includes all varieties of stems, whether straight, 
 pointed, or expanding, round or flat, whether the bases or edges are convex, 
 straight, or concave. 
 
 Class A is lozenge shaped, stemmed, but not shouldered nor l>arbed. Eight 
 
 specimens. 
 Class B is stemmed and shouldered, biit not barbed. Sixteen specimens. 
 Class C is stemmed, shouldered, and barbed. Nine specimens. 
 
 IV. Peculiar forms. This division includes all forms not belonging to the three 
 others, and provides for those having 2)eculiarities, or which are restricted in 
 number or locality. 
 
 Class A, beveled edges. Seven sijecimens. 
 Class B, serrated edges. Six specimens. 
 Class C, bifurcated stems. Seven specimens. 
 
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 
 
 Ill 
 
 Class D, long barbs, square at euds, peculiar to England, Ireland, and Georgia, 
 
 United States. Six specimens. 
 Class E, triangular in section, peculiar to the province of Chiriqui, Panama. 
 
 Eight specimens. 
 Class F, broadest at cutting ends — tranchant transversal — peculiar to Western 
 
 Europe. Nine specimens. 
 Class G, slate and polished, peculiar in North America to the Eskimo country, 
 
 and to New England and New York. Ten specimens. 
 
 Fig. 28. 
 
 CEREMONIAL OBJECTS? OE "BANNER STONES." 
 3, Serpentine, VTrginia; 8i, serpentine, Pennsylvania; 85, striped slate, Wisconsin; 86, striped slate, Indiana; 87, striped shite, 
 ^nsylvania ; S8, brown jasper, Louisiana; 90, etriped slate, Indiana; 91, ferruginous quartz, Indiana; 92, striped slate. Indiana. 
 
 Sl'PPOSED CEREMONIAL OBJECTS. 
 
 anuer stones, drilled tablets, boat-shaped and bird-shaped objects, etc. The names 
 given to these objects are no indication of tlieir use, wliich is only conjectural. 
 They are all American, and are found in mounds and aboriginal graves, some of 
 them so associated witb huniiin skeletons as to indicate their use as jiersoual 
 ornaments. They may have served as charms, amulets, or, as the general name 
 above suggests, foi occasions of ceremony. Some have been drilled for suspen- 
 
112 
 
 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 
 
 sion, the holes showing signs of wear, others apparently for a handle, although 
 it would be too small for service as a weapon. Some are soft and fragile, while 
 others are extremely hard. The edges show no signs of use. No early Indian 
 traveler or historian mentioned them, and they had apparently fallen into disuse 
 hefore the advent of the white man. 
 Banner stones (fig. 28) present a great variety of forms and an equal uncertainty 
 of use. They are supposed to have been for ceremony or ornaments, or, with long 
 handles, to have served as badges or insignia of rank (baton de commandement). 
 They were not weapons, since most of them are of soft material, usually of slate, 
 are fragile and would break under even a slight blow; have no cutting e ge, 
 while the hole is too small for a serviceable handle. A few are of hard material 
 
 134 
 
 135 
 
 Fig. 29. 
 
 BOAT-SHAPED (?) OBJECTS. 
 134. slriped slate, Ohio; 136, greenetoue, Kentucky. 
 
 like quartz, jasper, etc., nevertheless they are impracticable alike for battle axes 
 or casse tetes. The specimens show the process of manufacture. They were 
 hammered or pecked into form, and then polished before being drilled. The 
 drilling is excellent. The broken specimens show a secondary use, having been 
 drilled and used since the fracture. Thev belong principally to the interior, 
 though they have been found on the Atlantic coast line. 
 
 Fig. 30. 
 
 BIRD-SHAPED ( ?) OBJECTS. 
 210, striped slate, Pennsylvania, 211, striped slate, Ohio mound. 
 
 Boat-shaped objects (fig. 29). The title indicates our want of knowledge concerning 
 their ourpose. Different uses have been assumed for them, such as twine-twisters, 
 handles for carrying parcels, or for tightening cords, but all without evidence. 
 Some of the objects are solid, others are hollowed out like a boat, and are finely 
 finished. Most of them have two perforations equidistant from the center. The 
 material is syenite, chlorite, slate, and galena. They are found principally in 
 the valleys of the Mississippi and its tributaries. Six specimens. 
 
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION" AT MADRID. 
 
 113 
 
 Bird-shaped objects (fig. 30). A class of objects, bird-like iu form, but passing grad- 
 ually into other conventionalized forms. They generally stand <m flat bases and 
 are pierced witli a diagonal hole at either end. In some cases the eyes are not rep- 
 resented: in others they are marked by bead-like protuberances expanding into 
 disks. Some specimens were not intended to represent either birds or animals, 
 but are in the form of a bar with both ends alike. Various theories of their use 
 have been advanced as knife handles, corn buskers, etc., but none are satisfac- 
 tory. They may have served for gaming. The material is usually banded or 
 striped slate, though hard stones were employed. Five specimens. 
 
 «27//, 
 
 127, slatp. New York , 128, slate, Pennsyb 
 alate, Ti 
 
 Fig. 31. 
 PIERCED OR DRILLED TABLETS. 
 ania ; 12». slate, Louisiana ; 130, slate, Tenn 
 
 131, slate. Te 
 
 Drilled tablets (fig. 31) are tlat, thin pieces made of striped, or banded slate, or chlo- 
 rite. They have one or two holes drilled, some from both sides others from only 
 one. The edges of the holes are manj^ times worn by cord or sinew but are fre- 
 quently sharp and without signs of wear. They are found in mounds or graves 
 on the breasts and arms of skeletons. They may have served as badges, orna- 
 ments, or charms. Ten specimens. 
 
 Discoidal stones (fig. 32) are always round in outline ; the sides may be convex, Hat, or 
 concave. In some specimens the concavity has been deepened until the cup became 
 
 H. Ex. 100 8 
 
114 
 
 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 
 
 a hole aud tlie implement a ring. They vary in diameter from 2 to 6 inches, and 
 are usually of hard stone, worked by pecking or grinding, or both, but with such 
 perfection as to excite admiration. The larger ones were used by the Indians in 
 a game called ''Chungkee," described by early writers. Thirteen specimens. 
 Sinkers, pendauts, or charms (fig. 33). These names indicate the supposed use of 
 these objects. They are usually pear shaped, are of hematite or some hard stone, 
 well wrought and finely polished. Many have a slight groove near the smaller 
 end, while more have no groove. They are in greater abundance in the interior 
 than on the borders of lakes or oceans. Others having greater appearance of 
 sinkers are pebbles, round or oval, with a well-defined, ground or polished groove 
 
 U6, ferruginous qiuirtz. ye 
 
 Fig. 32. 
 
 DISCOmAL OR CHUNCiKEE STONKS. 
 Tennessee; UT. ferruginous quartz, brown, Ten 
 
 ; 118. greenstone, lllinoii 
 
 119, Ohio; 120. 
 
 lite. l)h:n, 121, quiirtzose, Georgi.i; 122, argilh) 
 
 123, ferrugi 
 
 in the center, evidently for the use of a cord or thong. Still others, and more 
 numerous, found in large numbers on the banks of rivers aud lakes in the eastern 
 United States, are naught but a flat pebble with rude notches on each edge or 
 occasionally with a hole drilled in the center. 
 Perforators (fig. 34). These are peculiar to the United States. They are always of 
 hard stone, usually flint, the point or borer is sharp, the shaft is chipped nearly 
 round, is never polished, frequently 3 and even 4 inches long, and with slight 
 taper. The top or handle is chijiped broad and thin and fits easily in the 
 thumb and finger, as if for use as a gimlet. Its form is such that it might have 
 been used as arrow or spear head. The point is frequently rounded ofl' and worn 
 smooth, as though from use. They may have been used as an awl to bore hides 
 or skins, as a gimlet to bore holes in wood, or attached to a shaft for drilling 
 stone. These suggested uses have not all been accepted wi;<h unanimity. If 
 
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 115 
 
 J# 3 
 
 il2. 
 
 lOH 
 
 113 
 
 i|' 'till,,, 
 
 114 
 
 ^^fPIPfft, 
 
 m 
 
 ■^lEiiaiiiiEP^ 
 
 Fig. 33. 
 
 PLUMMETS, SINKEKS, OK CHARMS. 
 
 100, hornblende, Ohio; 101, red hematite, Tennessee; 102. nniygdaloid, Arisuns.-is; 103, greenslinie, Ohio; 10+. green.stone, Calilornia; 
 
 10.'), quartzite, Ma.ssaehnsctts; lOG, greenstone, Massachusetts; 107. uninile, Khode Island; lOS, steatite, Onorgia; 109. taU-ose slate, 
 
 Khiide Island; 110. s:indstoue, Oregon; 111, qnartzite, Pennsylvania; 112, graywacke. New York; 113, qnartzite, Pennsylvania; ili, 
 
 mjcaceous slate, CaJjODrnia; 11.^, sandstone, Ohio. 
 
116 
 
 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 
 
 used as perforators of hide or wood, why not employ a pointed bone ; if for drill- 
 ing a stone, why are they not found in Europe, where so much drilling was done? 
 Their possible use as blunt arrows has been suggested and some claim them as 
 charms, also as hairpins. Twenty-two specimens. 
 
 32, red iaaper. Ohio: 33. brown jasper, Oregon; 34. white flint, M 
 opal, California; 318, gray flint, Santa Cruz, California. 
 
 Fig. 34. 
 PERB'OHATORS OR DRILLS. 
 
 rli35, gray flint, Ohio; 36, hornstone, Tennessee; 37, gray semi- 
 
 The aborigines of America were adepts in drilling stone. They drilled holes, large 
 and small, straight and crooked, regular and irregular, parallel and conical, from 
 one side or end or from both, with tools of wood and of copper, solid or hollow. 
 They drilled hard stone like (juartz, jasper, etc., as effectually as soft stone. 
 Specimens of drilling are shown in pijjes, and in the supposed ceremonial objects, 
 but not in axes or hanmiers. 
 
 na 
 
 Fig. 35. 
 STONE TUBES. 
 175, steatite, Tennessee; 17U, clilonte. Tciine 
 
 Tubes and pipes of stone, principally .serpentine and steatite (fig. 35.) They were 
 drilled and the hole enlarged at one end so as to form a pipe, and were used by 
 the aborigines for smoking tobacco. They have been found in ancient graves 
 on the Pacific coast with the mouthpieces of cane fastened with asphaltum. 
 
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 
 
 117 
 
 Stone beads and ornaments (tig. 3B) are found in graves of Indians and are of every 
 Ivind, style, material, and mode of manufacture. Most of them have been drilled 
 for susiiensiou. Eleven specimens. 
 
 The pipes of North America demonstrate the ability of the aborigines to represent 
 l)y modeling or sculpture living animals in clay or stone (figs. 37-41). The use 
 of tobacco created the necessity for pipes, and their part in Indian ceremonies 
 gave an opportunity for, as well as incitement to, art and skill in making these 
 representations. Accox'dingly the pipes are of every practicable material and 
 represent all possible, as well as some impossible, animals and objects. 
 
 Perforated stones, club heads, digging sticks, riattas, from Santa Cruz, Santa Barbara, 
 Santa Rosa, the Cataliua Islands, and the coast of Southern California (figs. 42 
 and 43) . These were drilled through the center and some served for club heads or 
 weights for digging sticks, while others more modern were riattas for stretching 
 and smoothing lariats. They pass by degrees from thick and heavy to thin and 
 flat. By enlargement of the hole they become rings. Some of the holes are much 
 worn, others unworn. Four specimens. 
 
 201 
 
 20 2 
 
 STONE HEADJ 
 
 200, serpentine, Santa Barbara, Cal. ; 201, 202, steatite, Penr 
 :anai, New I'urk ; 206, sandstone, Rhode island ; 207, sandstor 
 
 AND ORNAMENTS. 
 .ylvania; 203, sil.nous 
 
 I ; 208, hematite. Virgin 
 
 iippi; 204, cHtlinite, Oriskany 
 
 Mortars and grinding -stones (fig. 44). 'Mortars were- in common use throughout the 
 United States, apparently in all epochs of time. They are usually of stone of 
 common hardness, though .among the pioneers wood was employed. They are 
 sometimes dressed on the outside as well as on'the inside; at other times a rude 
 round or«oval bowlder was used. They are of all sizes, holding from a quart 
 to a bushel. The larger and finer specimens are found in California. The 
 grinding stone (metate) is peculiar to Mexico, where it has continued in use 
 uutil the-jireseut time. 
 
 Pestles and hammers (figs. 4.5 and 46). Pestles are in great varic'::', long and short, 
 rude and finished, cylindrical aud conical, decorated and pli;in. The various 
 forms are well distriliuted from ocean to ocean. Those with cross handles and 
 projecting ears are, .however, peculiar-to the northwest coast. 
 
 Steatite vessels (fig. 47). Steatite quarries, opened aud worked by the aborigines, 
 have been found on the Appalachian chain of mountains. These quarries contain 
 vessels in various stages of completion, together with the tools employed in their 
 manufacture. The vessels were frequently blocked out in the (quarry aud car- 
 
118 
 
 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 
 
 ried home to be finished. The obloug or oval form, with projecting ears for the 
 handles, prevails in the Eastern United States, while the larger round and more 
 perfectly finished vessels are more fi'equent on the Pacific Coast. 
 Stone picks for steatite quarrying (fig. 48). Some were grooved for a handle, as the 
 ax, while others were held in the hand. Both were used in mining steatite and 
 in the manufacture of vessels. The material was soft and easilj^ worked, and 
 the traces of the pick poin-ts are plainly to he seen on the partially completed 
 The grooved picks were peculiar to the Atlantic Coast. 
 
 Mounds in Ross County, Onio: IT", platrn 
 nth man's head) ; 183, red san.lstone, i liuii 
 
 Fig. 37. 
 
 STONE PIPES. 
 
 nr "monitor"; 1"8, Indian (?) head and head dri 
 1 head and hndy); 184, chlorite, (wolf). (?) 
 
 179, heaver: 182, porphyry, (l>ird 
 
 Collection of 69 specimens from AVarreii County, Ohio, consisting of finely chipped 
 sjiearheads, daggers, knives, leaf-shaped implements, perforators, etc., of flint, 
 princijially from Flint Ridge; carved stone jiipes, bird and boat shaped objects, 
 l>erforated tablets, sinkers, iiendants or charms of stone and hematite, small pol- 
 ished hematite hatchets, and copper .spool-shaped objects. Exhibited by Mr. 
 Warren K. Moorchead, of Xenia, Ohio. This collection is especially valuable, as 
 it comes from one locality and represents one phase of aboriginal culture. 
 
 Hematite objects. Hematite is the anhydrous se.squioxide of iron. It was variously 
 employed by the aborigines. Thej' worked it as they did stone, and gave it a 
 high polish. It served for grooved axes, polished hatchets, sinkers, pendants, 
 or charms, and for muller'and paint stones. 
 
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 
 
 119 
 
 MulkTS, paint stones, and cii])s (lig. 49). The harder hematite was made into mullers 
 for grindiug paint, thongh other stone was employed. The forms -were varions, 
 hut the conical prevailed. Other varieties of iron oxide, linnmite, red and hrown 
 ocher, served as paint for personal decoration. It was preserved in small cups, 
 usually of steatite. 
 
 Fig. 38. 
 
 STONE AND CLAY PH'ES. 
 18B, (argilUr-eous), Pennsylvania; 187, serpentine (loon) (?), West Virginia ; 188, argillaceous (parrot). New York ; 189, argillaceous, 
 Oliio ; 190, chlorite (platform) (?), Virginia; 191, serpentine, New York; 192, steatite (lizard), Pennsylvania; 193, steatite. North Caro- 
 lina; 194, serpentine (4 human faces or masks), Texas; 195, limestone, Kentucky; 196, clay. Georgia; 197, serpentine (tube), California; 
 198, clay (coiled snake), New York; 199, clay (raven) (?•), New York. 
 
 Digging implemcuts (figs. 50-52). These are peculiar to the United States. They 
 are of silicious material, chiefly the novaculite of Arkansas or the white flint of 
 Illinois and Missouri, and are made entirely by chipping. Many are worn appar- 
 ently by use, but some show a polish or luster not yet explained. They are more 
 frequent in tlie Mississippi, Ohio, and Tennessee valleys than elsewhere. There 
 are three forms of these implements : 
 
120 
 
 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 
 
 1. Laroe Hat objects of a regular oval ontliue, chipped to an edge all around, 
 
 but used only on the larger end, which show a polish as though from use 
 iu digging in earth or sand. Average size, from 12 to 18 inches long, 4 to 
 6 wide, and three-fourths to 1 inch thick (iig. 50). 
 
 2. Smaller flat objects, triangular iu outline, shortest side slightl;^ rounded and 
 
 chipped to an edge, occasionally showing signs of wear ; 7 to 9 inches long, 
 4^ to 5 wide, and three-fourths to 1 inch thick (fig. 51). 
 
 3. Still, smaller, flat, nearly round, in outline, sharp all around at the edge, 
 
 truncated on the top or poll, and notched as though for lashing to a handle 
 with a thong or withe, though no signs of wear appear; 5 to 7 inches long, 
 4 to 6 wide, and three-fourths to 1 inch thick (fig' 52). 
 
 Fig. 39. 
 
 CALUMET PIPE. 
 
 Steatite, Kentucky. 
 
 Stone swords were made by the aborigines of tiie United States. They were chipped 
 and never polished; they diftered from the leaf-shajied implement in that they 
 were longer and heavier ; they difi'ered from daggers in that they were not chipped 
 so as to form a handle. Some were as long as 16 inches, and others reduced to 8. 
 The handle was wrapped with skin, cloth, grass, or the like. The specimen here 
 shown from the Hupa Indians, is but 5^ inches long, and the handle is wrapped 
 with otter skin (fig. 53), which possibly has some ceremonial or medicine sig- 
 nificance. It was collected by Capt. P. H. Ray, U. S. A. 
 
 Stone daggers (fig. 54) are different from, and not to be confounded with, the leaf- 
 shaped implements, which may have had wooden handles, and have been used 
 inditferently as knives or sxiearheads. The daggers resemble the same weapou 
 from Scandinavia, aiul are, like them, always chipped, and rarely or never pol- 
 ished. The handles have been worked out of the solid. They are rare in the 
 United States. 
 
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 121 
 
 Knives aud flakes. These are of silicified wood from California. In form they 
 resemble Mousterien points. Traces of bitumen on the base show their attach- 
 ment to handles, while their general form indicates their use as knives. Many 
 specimens have been thus marked, and they assist in determining the useof leaf- 
 sha])ed and similar blades, so common throughout prehistoric times. 
 
 Fig. 40. 
 caCdmet pipe. 
 
 Chlorite ( owl ),Tennes8. 
 
 Leaf-shaped blades of black flint. These are beautiful specimens of aboriginal flint 
 chipping. The largest specimen here is 240 mm. long, 125 mm. wide, and 1 mm 
 thick. They have been found with traces of bitumen or asphaltum for the attach- 
 
 Fig. 41. 
 
 CALUJIET PIPE. 
 
 Chlonte (owl). Kentucky. 
 
 ment of handles. They are peculiar to the Pacific coast of southern California. 
 In the classification of arrow— and spear— heads, these are Class C of the leaf- 
 shaped imi)lements. 
 
 1> 
 
122 
 
 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 
 
 Stone knives -with wooden hnndles (tig. 55). These specimens inclnde rnde flakes 
 and tiuely-wrongbt blades. They are fastened with bitumen or gum, in short, 
 pointed handles, evidently for use as knives. They are of great importance to 
 the science of prehistoric anthropology as showing the methods of attachment 
 and use of flint flakes, blades, etc., in common use in prehiatoric'times. These 
 are found principally on the Pacific Coast, though some have been found in 
 Mexico and in Tennessee. 
 
 320 
 
 Fig. 42. 
 
 PERFOKATED STONE CLUB HEAD. 
 320, greenstone, Californi.l. 
 
 124 
 
 126 
 
 124. hnrnhleni 
 Island, Cihfor; 
 
 FiiT. 4;i. 
 PERFORATEK STONE HIATTAS. 
 Ciit;Uiiri Hliind-. CiilifcirniM: IS.'S. ereen-stone. Siuilii K.,s:, Islun.i. ('.ililn 
 
 ■i: 126, serpentine, Santa Ro 
 
 Slate knives arc flat, thin with a semilunar edge and with a straight back made 
 thicker and heavier, to be grasped in the hand (fig. 56). They chieflj' occur- 
 along the coast and in the Northeastern States. Similar implements, likewise 
 made of slate with a curved edge and a lateral tang, have been found in Penn- 
 sylvania and in Indiana. Varieties of these implements have been used in his- 
 toric times bvthe Indians of the northwest coast as fish knives. 
 
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 
 
 123 
 
 Spade-like implements of compact green stone, with long, heavy, round handles, 
 have been found in the southern part of the United States (tig. 57). The one 
 here shown was found in a Tennessee grave mound and belongs to Dr. Joseph 
 Jones, of New Orleans. The handle at the largest part is about 14 inches in 
 
 153 
 
 155 
 
 156 
 
 IM, 15 ami 15ft, !.:illdstcine Ij 
 California; 158, metiite saiulsto 
 
 Fig. 44. 
 STONE MORTAES AND MKTATES. 
 ■Itler, hollowed, St. NiiMiolas Island, California; 156, Kos Pueblos, Californi: 
 , Utah {fiBs, +5 and 46 1 ; 159, metate, granite, .^iindalone rubher, Navajo. Ar 
 
 ; 1.')", Santa Cruz Inland, 
 
 diameter, nearly or quite round, but flattened at the broadeueil end. It is 17+ 
 inches long. The edge is rounded off and shows no signs of wear. Its puritose 
 is unkuown. Similar iuii)lements have been found by Mr. Clarence B. Moore in 
 Florida and southern Georgia and bv Dr. Steiuer in northern Georgia. 
 
124 
 
 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 
 
 There is a class of well-liuished aud finely polished iniplemeuts of which compact 
 greenstone and chlorite and calcite were favorite materials, the use of which is 
 unknown (fig. 58). They were broad, thin, and most of them flat. They were 5 
 or 6 inches wide, from 8 to 10 inches long, and rarely more than one-half an inch 
 thick. The edge was rounded oft' so as to render cutting impracticable. They 
 were provided with an indefinite handle, and many have a hole drilled at the 
 commencement of the handle. They may have served for scraping or polishing, 
 but no traces of use have been found which would indicate their purpose othei* 
 than as mentioned. While these objects are rare in the United States most of 
 them have been found in the South. 
 
 IG3 
 
 163, sandstone, Dos Pueblos, California 
 loun.l; 166, sandstone, Rlu.de Island ; 167 
 
 ndstone, 1 
 ne, Alaska 
 
 Fig-. 45. 
 
 PESTLES. 
 
 Dos Pueblos, Calif..rnial; 
 ; 1"2, greenstone, Alaska. 
 
 165, amygdaloid, Cn 
 
 nt City, C.ilifornia, 
 
 Shell, horn, and bone served the prehistoric man like stone and copper as material 
 for implements and ornaments (figs. 59, 60). They were made into axes, hatchets, 
 swords, daggers, poignards, wedges, points, peribrators, harpoons, fishhooks, 
 beads, tubes, masks, and engraved gorgets. Many were of pearl-like whiteness 
 and served as ornaments. Thirty-nine specimens of shell ; thirty-one specimens 
 of bone and horn. 
 
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 
 
 125 
 
 Copper iniplemeuts (tig. 61). The North American Indians, at the time of the discov- 
 ery of the continent, were in the Neolithic period of civilization, and their stone 
 imjilements were, for the most part, jiolished. It is commonly believed that they 
 had no knowledge of bronze. Virgin copper was found in divers portions of 
 the LTnited States, chiefly in Lake Superior. The Indians treated it as a malle- 
 able stone and hammered it into implements and ornaments. The consensus of 
 opinion is that the Indians could not, at the time of the discovery, smelt or cast 
 • metal, though this lias been doubted. The Conquistadores saw ornaments and 
 objects of copper in the hands of tlie natives, and had great disappointment 
 that it was not gold. Mr. Frederick S. Perkins, of Wisconsin, sent to the 
 Exposition at Madrid a collection of prehistoric copper implements and objects, 
 collected principally within the State of Wisconsin. Some Avere found in mounds 
 or burial places, but others were turned up by the plow. The distribution of 
 copper objects is general throughout the valleys of the Mississippi River and its 
 tributaries, with extensions toward the Atlantic Coast. The common objects 
 are axes, hatchets, hannners, knives, drills, gravers, spear and arrow heads, brace- 
 lets, disks, gorgets, tubes, beads, plates. Some have been perforated and others 
 elaborately ornamented with figures made, sometimes by puncture, other times 
 repousse. 
 
 Fig. 40. 
 
 PESTLES AND HAMMERS. 
 161, syenite. Santa Cruz Islaml. California; lfi2, sandstone, Dos Puehlos, Calilornia ; ItiS, greenstone. Pennsylvania: 1«1, syenite 
 Ohio ; iro. greenstone, British Columbia ; 171, greenstone, Washington State. 
 
 North American sculptures (fig. 62). The aborigines of the United States were appar- 
 ently possessed of a great penchant to represent the human face or form in stone. 
 They were made both in hard and in soft rock. The implement which probably 
 did the most service was the hammer, and the operation performed by attrition 
 or pecking. The sculpture was in some specimens afterwards smoothed and 
 polished. Whether these sculptures were used as idols, for decoration or orna- 
 ment, or as totems, has never been satisfactorily determined. They are distributed 
 throughout the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 The stone collars of Porto Rico are puzzles to the archaH)logist. No suggestion as 
 to their use has proved acceptable. They are thus named because of their resem- 
 blance to the modern. object of horse furniture. Some are in a rude state, indi- 
 cating a rude stage of manufacture. The finished .specimens are "right and left 
 shouldered." as though to be used in pairs. Nearly all are decorated. The National 
 Museum posses.ses the largest and finest collection known. Five specimens. 
 
126 
 
 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 
 
 Z^mi-s. Stoue objects peculiar to Porto Rico aud possibly .San Domiugo. FouuU in 
 ancient caves, graves, aud iu liumau habitations. They are entirely prehistoric, 
 having been iu possession of the natives at the advent of the white man. Their 
 use is unknown, and though various uses have been suggested, noue are more 
 satisfactory than that of fetich or spirit. They are of hard, usually volcanic 
 rock, pecked and smoothed in a conical or manuniform shape, with a rejiresenta- 
 tion, on one or both ends, of a human or other animal. Eleven specimens. 
 
 « 
 
 WKST INDIES. 
 
 Stone masks, clul)S, hatchets. These are generally from the same localities as the 
 stone collars and the zcmcs, and are believed to have the same antiquity. 
 The hatchets are casts. One is from Tennessee, displayed here for comparison. 
 Twelve specimens. 
 
 144 
 
 K3 
 
 I^S 
 
 U3, steatite, Massachusett: 
 
 Fig. -17. 
 STEATITE VKSSELS. 
 ■iiiiie; 145, steatite, Dds I' 
 
 146. Dns Puebliis. Califor 
 
 AL.\SKA, MEXICO, AND CEXTltAL AND SOUTH AMEHICA. 
 
 Jade, tnr<iuoise, rock crystal. Jade was a favorite material with prehistoric man, 
 and in some one of the following varieties was made iuto implements, utensils, 
 or ornaments iu nearly every part of the inhabited world. Jadeite was plentiful 
 in Mexico and Central America, while nephrite is indigenous in Alaska. Jade 
 is a generic term including Jadeite (silica, alumina, soda), specihc gravity 3.3; 
 nephrite (silica, magnesia, lime, and iron oxide), specific gravity 2.9 to 3.1; 
 fibrolite (alumina, silica), specific gravity 3.0 to 3.2; saussurite (silica, alumina, 
 lime), specific gravity 3.2 to 3.3; actinolite (silica, magnesia, lime, protoxide of 
 iron), specific gravity 3.0 to 3.2; pectolite (silica, lime, soda, and water), spe- 
 cific gravity 2.7 to 2.9. Fifty-six specimens. 
 
 Obsidian is volcanic glass. Its source of supply was in the Rocky Mountains, where 
 it was in profusion. It was easily worked, took a keen edge, and was much 
 employed by the aborigines. It was worked principally l>y chipping, though it 
 could be ground and polished. It served for ornaments as well as implements. 
 
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 
 
 127 
 
 Its chief employ was iu Mexico and Central America, where have becu fouud 
 many wonderful specimens of sculpture, cores, flakes, and leaf-shaped blades, 
 the latter thin, sharp, and beautifully chipped. An extensive aboriginal com- 
 merce was carried on in obsidian. A thousand specimens have lately bei'u 
 exhumed from the Hopewell Mound, Ohio, a thousand miles distant from the 
 nearest known locality where obsidian had its origin. 
 
 Fig. 48. 
 
 STONE PICK FOR STEATITE QUARKYIXG. 
 
 Graywhatke. Pennsylvania. 
 
 Chiri([ui gold ornaments from Panama. The Chiriqui tribe of aborigines occupied a 
 portion of the Isthmus of Panama between Costa Rica and Veragua. Gold orna- 
 ments were discovered in 1859 iu prehistoric graves. Gold, silver (in alloy), 
 copper, and possibly tin are represented. Gold-silver alloy is pro'bablv a 
 natural compound. Gold-copper alloys appear to range between iinrity in either 
 metal. Most of the gold objects were made by casting in molds rather than by 
 hammering. Gilding, or at least plating, was practiced. Gold was used for 
 ornaments and not for implements or utensils. Ten specimens from Chiriijui ; 6 
 specimens from Central America; 1 specimen from Mexico. 
 
 Fig. 49. 
 
 MULLEBS FOR GRINDIXd fiRAI.V AND I'AINT. 
 
 in, greenstone, Georgia ; 1/i. hematite, Ohio. 
 
 Quimbaya gold ornaments from Antiocjuia, South America. The Quimbaya tribe of 
 aborigines was found by the Cou([uistadores occupying territory 10 or I'y leagues 
 sciuare west of the Cordilleras and east of the river Cauca, with the rivers 
 Tacurmbi on the north and Zegues on the south. This country was called " El 
 Dorado." The natives were.adepts in working metals. The gold was alloyed 
 with copper from 10 up to 50 per cent, aud perhaps more. It was wrought l)y 
 hammering, casting, and possibly by soldering. The gold ornjuuents are of every 
 
128 
 
 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 
 
 size, from 1,710 grams dowu to a siuglw gram, aud of gold vases 13^ inches high 
 and 9A wide down to the smallest. The gold objects buried with the Cacique 
 Yamba weighed 30 kilos. Four hundred and iifty-two gold objects from Colom- 
 bia were displayed by that Government at the Madrid Exposition; 41 specimens 
 from Colombia; aud 1 from Peru, exhibited by the U. S. National Museum. 
 
 Fig. 50. 
 
 DIGGING IMPLEMENT. 
 
 Qiiartzite, Tenn 
 
 Black argillitic stones similar to that shown, covered with representations in bas- 
 relief of human, animal, and other subjects, are found in that country and have 
 been claimed as amulets and as calendars of the ancient time system. (Century 
 Magazine, October, 1891, pp. 885-889.) They were sometimes certainly, and 
 probably always, used for hammering the gold in repouss^ to represent the 
 desired object. One specimen. 
 
 Fig. 51. 
 
 DIGGING IMPLEMENT. 
 
 Quartzite, Illinois. 
 
 MODELS OF PREHISTOKiC KUINS IN THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 Great Etowah Mound, Georgia. This mound stands upon the north bank of Etowah 
 Creek, near Cartersville. Its base covers a space of about 3 acres, and stands 
 at a level of 23 feet above low water in the river. The body of the mount? 
 has an irregular form and is longest on the meridian, its diameter in that 
 
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 
 
 129 
 
 direction being about 270 feet. On tbc top is a nearly level area of about an 
 acre, the average height of which is about 50 feet above the base. A broad ramp 
 or graded way winds upward from the plain, around the south face of the 
 mound, somewhat more than halfway to the top. There are two smaller 
 mounds close by — one on the south, another on the southeast — each about 100 
 I'eet distant, their bases nearly square, and of nearly equal dimensions. Both 
 are truncated. Most of the material of these mounds is the rich mold of the 
 bottom lands, with occasional lumps of red clay. Prior to the clearing of the 
 land, large trees flotinshed on the top and on the slopes. Scale: 1 inch to 10 
 feet, 1 :120. Area represented, about 3 acres. 
 
 Ancient earthworks, Illinois. This model represents one of the most extensive 
 works of the Mound Builders in this country. It is situated in the Mississippi 
 bottom, 15 miles from Anna, in Union County, 111. The inclosing wall is rudely 
 square in outline and its length exceeds 3,200 feet. It incloses au area of about 
 28 acres and is from 2 to 4 feet high, with a width of from 20 to 25 feet. The 
 northeast ([uarter of the inclosure is bounded by the creek and has no inclosing 
 wall. Within the inclosure are found four 
 mounds and a great number of circular 
 depressions, or "hut rings." The largest 
 mound is about 12 feet high, the smaller ones 
 about 100 feet in diameter and 5 to 9 I'eet 
 high. The circular excavations are nearest 
 the creek, and number over 100. They vary 
 in diameter from 20 to 50 feet, and in depth 
 from 1 to 3 feet. Outside of the bounding 
 wall, on the southwest coruer, occurs a large 
 mound, 150 feet iu diameter and over 4 feet 
 high. Near i t are three large circular depres- 
 sions 120 to 150 feet in diameter and from 5 
 to 7 feet deep. Scale: Horizontal, 1 inch to 
 30 feet, 1 : 30 ; vertical, 1 inch to 6 feet, 1 :72. 
 Area represented, about 57 acres. 
 
 Section of Little Etowah Mound, Georgiii. This 
 is one of the snuiller mounds of the Etowah 
 group, in Bartow County, Ga. It represents 
 a section of a mound, showing the interior 
 
 construction— the different layers of earth which compose it, the position of the 
 stone burial cists which were found iu it, the position of bones, etc. (See 
 Great Etowah Mound.) Scale: 4 inches to 5 feet, 1:15. Area represented, 
 about 1.10 acre. 
 
 Burial pit under a mound in Caldwell County, N. C. The excavation made revealed 
 the fiict that the builders of the mound had first dug a circular pit, with perpen- 
 dicular margin, to the depth of 3 feet, and 38 feet in diameter, then deposited 
 their dead in vaults or graves built of water- worn bowlders and clay merely 
 sufficient to hold them in place. Each one of these contained a human skele- 
 ton. There were five skeletons iu the pit which were uninclosed. 
 
 Pueblos of the United States. The Pueblo country, so called, in the United States 
 of North America, lies in Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona. It occupies 
 the territory of and between the head waters of the Rio Grande on the east, of 
 the San Juan and its tributaries on the north, the Colorado on the west, and the 
 Gila on the south. This territory is desert in large acres. The pueblos depend 
 for theirwater on springs as well as on streams. The models of the pueblos of 
 Zuui, Taos, and Wolpi have been chosen as examples, the former from the river 
 
 • plain, the latter from the mesa, or high table-land. Zuui is on the Zuui River, a 
 tributary of the Little Colorado, iu the western part of New Mexico, about 40 
 H. Ex. 100 9 
 
 Fig. 52. 
 
 DIGGING IMPLEMENT. 
 
 Gray flint, Illinois. 
 
130 
 
 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION .AT MADRID. 
 
 V'*lr,I 
 
 
 miles southwest of Fort Wingate, aud belongs to the Indians of that name. Taos 
 is situated on the Taos River, a tributary of the Rio Grande in New Mexico, 
 northward about 200 miles from Santa Fe. It was occupied by Spaniards in the 
 time of the Conquerer and was the scene of a sanguinary contest in the great 
 rebellion of 1690. Wolpi (spelled also Hualpe) lies at the extreme west of the 
 Pueblo country and belongs to the Tusayan Indians called Moijuis, a name they 
 do not accept, preferring that of Hopi. Some of the trans- 
 parent photographs in the windows show views of pueblos 
 and pueblo life. 
 The first knowledge had by the Europeans of New Mexico and 
 Arizona was about the year 1530, when it was vaguely called 
 the country of the "Seven Cities." In 1540 Vasquez Corouado, 
 governor of New Galicia, organized an army of 300 Spaniards 
 aud 800 Indians, and set out for the north to conquer the 
 •■'Seven Cities of Cibola." It is highly probable that these 
 "Seven Cities" were located in the valley in which Zuni is 
 now found. At anj- rate all that country was subjugated and 
 an expedition was sent out to the northw-est to conquer other 
 rumored "cities" in that direction. Supposed traces of this 
 expedition in the shape of Spanish mail armor, Spanish 
 
 bridles, l)its, etc., have been 
 found far north, in Kansas, 
 and even in Minnesota. In 
 the course of this expedition 
 seven villages were subju- 
 gated, and iiriests were left 
 with them to inculcate the 
 religion of the conquerors. 
 This region was called 
 Tusayan. 
 At a general insurrection of the 
 natives, which took place 
 in 1680, the Spaniards were 
 expelled from Tusayan as 
 from the other pueblos, but 
 while all the others were 
 reconquered within a few 
 years and rechristianized, 
 the power of the Spaniards 
 never was reestablished as 
 far west as Tusayan, aud 
 since 1680 there has not been 
 a priest stationed among 
 them. They practice to-day 
 essentially the same rites 
 and ceremonies as their 
 forefathers before the dis- 
 covery by Columbus, and 
 are therefore of peculiar in- 
 terest in prehistoric science. 
 Zuni is the largest and most populous of the existing pueblos, and is supposed to 
 have contained a population of nearly 5,000. There are, in 1880, but 1,602. The 
 houses are built of small stone laid up as a wall with little mud mortar, the 
 interstices chinked and the wall plastered, still with mud mortar. The Spans' 
 iards during their 150 vears' occupation taught them the art of building with 
 adobe or sun-dried bricks, of which material the old church in Zuni is constructed 
 
 I 
 
 
 (30190) 
 
 OBSIDIAX DAGGERS. 
 
 Hoopa Valley, Califc>r.iia. 
 
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT ^ADRID. 
 
 131 
 
 aucl is still standing, but the iuiprovemeut was not adopted. The houses are 
 usually well finislied inside, are, neatly washed with white clay, and are com- 
 fortable habitations. The floors are occasionally made of flagging, but are 
 
 Fig. 54. 
 
 CHIPPED STONE DAGGBE WITH HANDLE. 
 
 flray flint .Mounil, Al.ibiima. 
 
 usually plastered witli clay adobe. It is smooth and readily kept clean. The 
 roofs are constructed of cross rafters, filled in with willow brush. Light is 
 admitted through windows formerly made of plates of mica, for which glass, 
 when obtainable, is now substitiited. The houses on the ground are usually 
 
 7-j: 
 
 ^T 
 
 rig. 5.5. 
 
 STONE KNIVES IN WOODEN HANDLES. 
 
 Hoopa Valley, Ciliiornia. 
 
 « closed, the entrance being through the upper stories, which are reached only by 
 means of ladders, as shown in the model. The terraces are favorite lounging 
 places for the inhabitants. The oval, dome-shaped structures close to the houses 
 
132 
 
 COLUMBIAN HISTOEICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 
 
 are adobe ovens, used for baking the sacred or feast bread. In wicker bird- 
 coops are kept eagles, hawks, and turkeys, which are regarded as sacred birds, 
 and from which are plucked the feathers used in the dance and ceremonials. 
 Covered ways permit access to several parts of the town. The streets are not 
 broad enough to permit the passage of wagons, and the transportation is by 
 horses and donkeys. 
 Wolpi is one of seven contiguous Tusayan villages. These villages are located on 
 the flat tops of tongues or points of the mesas projecting into and overlooking 
 
 Fig. 56. 
 
 SLATE KNIVES. 
 93, black slate, I'ennsyWanm ; 94. red shale, Pennsylvai 
 
 i; 9b, red shale, Indiat 
 
 the valley 400 or 600 feet below. The liouses are built in long rows, several 
 stories in height, each story usually set back so as to form a terrace. Their 
 gardens are on the hillside or in the valley below. There is no running stream 
 within 40 miles, and they depend for their scant supply of water on the springs 
 
 Fig. 57. 
 
 SPADE-LIKE IMPLEMENT. 
 
 South Carolina. 
 
 and wells far down the hills or in the valley. The Tusayans of these pueblos 
 number about 2,000. They are sedentary and peaceful, and live much as do the 
 Zufiis. They may not all have the same origin, for one of the pueblos, Tewa, 
 speaks a different language from the others. 
 Cliff ruin, "Casa Blanca." This prehistoric ruin, situated in Canyon de Chelly, 
 Arizona, is a combination of village and cliff dwelling; whether originally so ib 
 unknown. The lower part contains a large circular chamber 16 feet in diameter, 
 
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 
 
 133 
 
 with about 22 well-defined rooms, nnd traces of others. Some of the walls are 
 adobe and are very thin. The npper portion of the cliff is situated in a natural 
 cavity in the rock, measuring about 94 feet in length and 40 feet in depth. It 
 consists of 13 rooms and is built out even with the edge. One of the rooms is 
 supported l)y a well made buttress, a feature rare among these ruins. Traces of 
 walls which once extended three stories up from the ground, almost to the floor 
 
 Fig. 58. 
 
 SPADE-LIKE IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 %, greenstone, Kentui-ky ; 9", Arkansas ; 9S, South Carolina 
 
 of the upper cavern, can still be seen on the cliff face, and access to the upper 
 portion was had, doubtless, by means of terraced roofs of this part. The over- 
 hanging cliff extends upward for nearly a thousand feet above the ruin. The 
 principal room in the upper portion is two stories high and has been coated with 
 a wash of white clay trimmed with yellow ; hence the name of Casa Blauca. 
 Scale, 1 inch to 5 feet, 1 : 60. Area represented, 150 feet high, 210 wide. 
 
134 
 
 COLUMBIAN HISTOTIICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 
 
 Euiued Pueblo of Wejegi, Cliaco Canyon. This ruin is on the north side of the 
 Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, close under the cliff, about 9 miles above the junction 
 of theEscavada. The interior dimensions of the ruin are about 170 by 118 feet. 
 It forms three sides of a hollow square, and presents a front of 15 rooms on the 
 longer or 11 rooms on the shorter side. In the north row, some of the walls are 
 still standing to heights of from 12 to 18 feet, and this part of the structure was 
 at least three stories high. The walls are of stone, shaped as shown, and laid 
 up with mud or stone mortar of mud without lime. On the ground jilan there 
 are 93 rooms. The north or main row is 5 feet deep; the east and west wings 
 are each 4 rooms deep. The rooms on the ground average about 9 feet square. 
 There are no openings in the outer wall. There are two circular "estufas" 23 
 feet in diameter, in the corners formed by the intersections of the wings with 
 
 252 
 
 2S2, Pyrula shell, India. 
 
 Fig. 59. 
 
 SHELL IMPLEMENTS. 
 nunil; 253, Pyrula shell, Kentucky, i 
 
 unil ; 256, Hiiliotis shell, Californir 
 
 the main row, completely inclosing the building, but there is no standing wall 
 remaining. The building was once terraced from the court outward. It prob- 
 ably contained about 210 rooms, and on the basis of the proportion existing in 
 the present inhabited pueblos, probably had a population of about 300 persons. 
 Scale, 1 inch to 5 feet, 1 : 60. Area represented, about 1 acre. 
 Ruined tower, Colorado. This ruin is within a mile of McElmo Creek, a small tribu- 
 tary of the Rio San Juan, in southwestern Colorado. The ruin seems to have 
 been a compact village or community dwelling, consisting of two circular build- 
 ings and a great number of rectangular apartments. The greater part of the 
 village is in such a state of decay as to be hardly traceable among the sagebrush 
 and rubbish. The apartments number nearly a hundred and seem generally to 
 have been rectangular. The walls of the tower only are standing, and the only 
 portion repi-eseuted. It is constructed of roughly hewn stone, and is one of the 
 best specimens of this ancient architecture. Scale, 1 inch to 2 feet, 1:24. Area 
 represented, 64 by 64 feet. 
 
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 135 
 
 Mummy Cave, Canyon del Mnerto, Arizona. This ruin receives its name from a well 
 })re8erved mummy discovered in a cist near it. It stands on a shelf as repre- 
 
 230 
 
 Fig. GO. 
 HORN AND BONK IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 sented by the model, but has been much reduced from its original width by 
 crumbling, and is at a height of 200 feet from the bottom of the clitf. The dwell- 
 ing occupied two unequal crescent-shaped caverns, and "follows the configuration 
 
136 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 
 
 of the rock. At the junction of the crescents ou a narrow shelf was a rectangular 
 tower three stories in height, the walls and floors of which were ot better mate- 
 
 2S4 
 
 Fig. 61. 
 
 COPPER IMPLEMENTS AND ORNAMENTS. 
 
 Uuited States. 
 
 rial and construction than those on either side. The village contained several 
 constructions which might have been "estufas"' (sweat houses or cisterns), or 
 
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 137 
 
 215 .,=^^^ 218 
 
 304 
 
 
 
 Fig. 62. 
 
 ABORIGINAL TERRA COTTA AND STONE SOULPTDRES. 
 3I)4', clay figure, Alabama ; 305, , lay figlre (wolf) (?). Alabama ; 215, limestone, Tennessee ; 216, limestone (human head), Virginia; 
 217, rnrruginous sandstone, Ohio; 218, volcanic rock {human face), Tuxpan, Mexico; 219, greenstone (?), Mexico; 220, alabaster, 
 Mexico: 221, silicified wcmd. Yucatan. 
 
138 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 
 
 might have been tanks tor holding a sujiply of watex'. No means othei' than is 
 apparent from the situation have been suggested as to how the water was obtained. 
 The walls are of masonry. The stones of which they were made are lying about 
 as when the walls were destroyed. The village might have contained a thou- 
 sand inhabitants. The cave and cliff dwellings of this country are at all heights 
 in the cliffs, from 30 to 800 feet from the bottom, and the same variation in height 
 from the top of the cliff. These towers and some other monuments are quite 
 prehistoric, and were in the present mined condition when first visited by the 
 Spaniards, and have never been occupied in historic times nor by any known 
 peoples. Scale, 1 inch equals 5 feet. 
 
 BRONZE AGE. 
 
 EUROPE. 
 
 The Bronze Age is so named because the principal cutting implements were made of 
 bronze. It succeeded the Neolithic or Polished Stone Age in Europe, and pre- 
 ceded the Iron Age ; and had a duration of one thousand or two thousand years, 
 and in some places possibly three thousand years. No written history of the 
 Bronze Age has descended to us. Bronze is a composition of copper and tin in 
 the jiroportion of about 10 to 1, and is harder than either of its components. 
 The supply in Europe during the Bronze Age seems to have come from the 
 
 ^ Orient. Bronze implements were made by hammering and casting, and the 
 bronze was used many times over by recasting. No less than fifty-seven bronze 
 foundries have been discovered in France, and a proportionate number in Italy, 
 the one at Bologna having 14,000 pieces ready for melting. Bronze casting was 
 extended to include all manner of prehistoric implements, uteusils, and orna- 
 ments, and continued into protohistoric times, Etruscan, Grecian, Roman, etc., 
 until its use became as at present. Seventy-five specimens of bronze and 1 
 mold for casting knives and pins. 
 
 Bronze hatchets. The people of the Bronze Age in Europe were descendants of 
 those of the Neolithic Age, and their bronze hatchets were at first in the same 
 general form as the polished stone hatchets of their ancestors. Copper hatchets 
 of this form have l»een found, which has given rise to a belief in a Copper Age 
 preceding Bronze. Bronze hatchets passed through several stages of evolution, 
 though the steps are not alwaj's certain. The first bronze or copper hatchets 
 were hammered straight and flat, though sometimes with projecting wings and 
 stops on the edges ; second, hatchets cast in molds and with wings and stops; 
 third, the wings were increased in size and hammered over to clamp the handle; 
 fourth, the socket. Stops and rings appeared in some of the styles. Five 
 specimens. 
 
 Bronze hatchet, first style. Plain, straight, the edges thickened by hammering to 
 give strength after the fashion of a T-beam of the lu-esent day (fig. 63). Two speci- 
 mens in this tray are of copper. These are rare. Many of the bronze hatchets of 
 this epoch, and all the copper ones, were made by hammering, but casting was 
 soon introduced and became universal. They were inserted in a long handle of 
 wood, and doubtless served both as implements and weapons. These are called 
 in France hatchets a bords droits. Reproductions of molds for casting are in 
 adjacent trays. 
 
 Bronze hatchets, second style. These are always cast and always handled. They 
 appear to have been an evolution from the first style. The handle, still of 
 wood, was either naturally or artificially bent at the poll ; was split and inserted. 
 The stop at the bottom prevented further splitting, while the ring on the inner 
 side aft orded means of lashing to the handle (fig. 64). They are called in France a 
 talons. Reproductions of molds for casting them are in adjacent trays. 
 
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 
 
 139 
 
 Bronze hatchets, third style. These are likewise always cast and always handled. 
 The handle was bent, split, and the hatchet inserted as in the preceding epoch. 
 The wings were cast straight, and, on insertion of the handle, were closed over it 
 on each side and hammered down, thus holding the handle firmly (fig. 65). No. 
 25243 shows a piece of the original wood thus inserted. Reproductions of molds 
 for casting them are iu adjacent trays. 
 
 Bronze hatchets, fourth style. Always cast and always handled. During this epoch 
 of the Bronze Age this form was the ue plus ultra of bronze hatchets. They were 
 the hardest, best composition, and held their edge the best. They w^re most 
 effective whether as implements or as weajjons. The haiulle was inserted iu 
 the socket, and, as usual, bent at the poll and lashed with a ring. The square 
 forms were peculiar to Brittany, where they have been found en cache (fig. 66), 
 (M. de Mortillet found a cache of 100 at Moussaye, and'M. de Chatelier one of 92 
 near Pont I'Abbe.) They were occasionally deteriorated in quality and size, and 
 were placed in the graves as votive otferings to the dead. Representations of 
 molds for casting are in adjacent trays. 
 
 Bronze spearheads. These are all cast. Their use continued into the Iron Age, 
 and even into historic times. 
 The Etruscans and Romans 
 used them as well as did their 
 predecessors. 
 
 Bronze swords, poniards, daggers. 
 These continued in use until 
 a late period. They spread 
 o\er Europe and are traceable 
 by their different styles. 
 Nos. 101584-101586 are from 
 Sweden; 101121 from Brit- 
 tany, yet this form of grip is 
 often found in Italy. No. 
 101342 belongs to the Iron 
 Age, and shows the scabbard 
 and the netting in which it 
 was held. The three com- 
 plete specimens are casts — 
 originals at Konigsberg, Prus- 
 sia. Nos. 101584, 101585 are 
 Swedish; 101125 is from Brit- '■•'"^""'= 
 
 tany ; they are from a foundry 
 of the Bronze Age, and have been broken into bits to be melted and recast. 
 
 Bronze sickles. These were cast in molds of stone or bronze, possibly of sand or 
 clay. One of these molds is in the adjoining tray. The implement was attached 
 to a wooden handle elaborately carved to fit the hand. (See No. 139765, right- 
 hand side of this tray, for example, found by Dr. Gross at the Station of Moer- 
 ingen. Lake of Bienne, Switzerland; a cast, the original of which is in the 
 Government Museum at Berne.) The sickles were lashed firmly to the handle, 
 were provided sometimes with holes, sometimes with rainures, and sometimes 
 with button-like protuberances, which, when the implement was fitted to the 
 handle, served to fasten it firmly. 
 
 Bronze knives. These are principally from the Swiss lakes. The small labels 
 indicate stations in Lake Neuchatel. They were usually cast and usually hard- 
 ened by cold hammering. A pair of molds are in the adjoining tray. Notice 
 the elegance of form and decoration, superior even to those of modern times. 
 
 Bronze razors. This utensil appeared in use in the Larnaudian epoch.- The large 
 crescent-shaped were continued into the later, possiblj' the Iron Age. They 
 were cast and then hardened by cold hammering. Despite their appearance, 
 thev could be held in the hand with as much firmness as the modern razor. 
 
 Fig. 63. 
 
 BRONZE HATCHETS. 
 
140 
 
 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 
 
 Bronze hairpins. At the station of the Bronze Age at Wallishofen, Lake Zurich, 
 ■were found, in 1884, about 2,000 such pins. Some were 16 inches in length with 
 a head as large as a walnut. They were decorated with concentric circles and 
 not infrequently colored stones more or less precious were inserted. 
 Bronze fibuhe (safety pins). These were used during the Bronze Age, continuing 
 throughout the Grecian, Etruscan, and Roman civilizations, to he used as pins 
 for fastening their garments. They are usually found on opening the ancient 
 graves of the latter peoples about the shoulders and breast. 
 Bronze center base of shield (Roman clipeus). Remark the decoration by incised 
 lines in concentric circles. Similar objects have been found with holes on one 
 side near the edge, supposed to have been for suspension. The shield of the 
 Romans (and so also believed of the Etruscans) was of immense size, made 
 sometimes of leather or hide, and covered with buttons with protruding points 
 for spikes. No. 101812 is one of these spikes. 
 Bronze strigile. This instrument was used in the bath and by athletes for scraping 
 the skin. The hollow or spoonbill held the oil poured into it from the little 
 
 flagon, and with it the skin Avas 
 anointed. Notice some with closed 
 handles for closed rings. No. 101402 
 bears the private mark of the maker 
 or owner. 
 Bronze belt of a warrior (fragment). 
 Found in a tomb near Vulci. Only 
 one end or front part has been pre 
 served; the center has decayed by 
 contact with the earth under the 
 back of the extended corpse. The 
 holes near the edges secured a bind- 
 ing, possibly of leather or cloth. 
 Notice the small nails for this pur- 
 pose. Tli3 point is split and spread 
 each way over the binding. Here 
 is the original of the modern McGill 
 patent split spike or paper fastener, 
 ^is- 6^- Fig. 66. specimens of which lie by its side. 
 
 Steatite molds for bronze hatchets (cast). 
 
 Each side thereof has been utilized 
 
 for a similar purpose. Found in Cis- 
 
 M. Brouillet. Original in Musee Clermont- 
 
 Fig. 66. 
 
 BRO.\ZE HATCHETS. 
 
 Europe. 
 
 ternes-la-Foret, Puy-de-D6me, by 
 
 Ferrand. 
 Bronze molds for bronze hatchets. A pair of molds complete for casting winged 
 
 hatchets. The wings were made straight, to be hammered over the split handle 
 
 and fasten it firmly. The ring for lashing the handle, the orifice to receive the 
 
 molten metal, and the A-^ents for escape of air are plainly to be seen. Part of the 
 
 treasure of Vandrevauges, near Sarrelouis, Alsace. Gathered by Victor Simon. 
 
 Original at Musee Saint Germain, Paris. No. 8102. 
 Bronze molds for socketed bronze hatchets. Cast of a mold, in two pieces, for 
 
 socketed bronze hatchets, fourth style. The ring on the side is plainly shown; 
 
 the core is absent. Found at Bricquebec, Seine-luferieure, France. 
 Terra-cotta mold for bronze hammers. With core complete, for socketed hammers. 
 
 From the station of Moeringen, Lake Bienne, Switzerland. Gathered by Dr. 
 
 Gross. Original in Government Museum, Berne, Switzerland. 
 Mold for a bronze knife, with a socket. Cast of a mold, with core, for bronze knives, 
 
 with a socket for the insertion of the handle instead of a tang. Complete in 
 
 three pieces. Found by Dr. Gross, Lake Neufchatel. Original in Government 
 
 Museum, Berne, Switzerland. 
 
COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 
 
 141 
 
 ABORIGINAL MODES OF HAFTING STONE IMPLEMENTS. UNITED STATES. 
 
 Various North American tribes still use, though to a limited extent, weapons and 
 tools of stone and bone, hafting them according to the methods in vogue among 
 their forefathers. Such modern specimens illustrate the manner in wliich the stone 
 axes, celts, adzes, and other implements of earlier date were rendered serviceable 
 by the addition of handles, and are here shown for purposes of comparison : 
 Fig. 323. Grooved greenstone ax, with a hickory withe bent around the groove. The 
 
 ends of the withe, which form the handle, are firmly bound with strips of raw 
 
 hide below the stone head, near the middle, and at the lower part. From the 
 
 Dakota Indians. 
 Fig. 324. Polished stone hatchets of argillite, chipped thin at the poll, to fit into the 
 
 cleftendof an oaken stick, where it is secured by twisted cords of sinew. From 
 
 the Indians of the Missouri Valley. 
 
 Fig. 67. 
 ABORIGINAL METHODS OF HAFTING STONE IMPLEMENTS. 
 
 Fig. 325. War club, consisting of a solidly round stone, attached to a long handle 
 with rawhide sewed with sinew, and a looned thong in the end for the wrist. 
 From the Dakota Indians. 
 
 Fig. 326. A weapon of similar character. In this instance, however, the handle is 
 much shorter and the round stone head is not firmly attached by flexible 
 thongs. The rawhide covering of the weapon (including the head and handle), 
 consists of one piece taken from the caudal portion of an ox, a part of whose 
 tail forms an ornamental appendage to the handle. From the Apaches. 
 
 Fig. 327. — A war club with a well-wrought and polished egg-shaped head of yellow- 
 ish limestone, and strengthened by a casing of rawhide, which extends about 
 6 inches below the head. The jiart of the ashen handle that encircles the stone 
 is ornamented with large-headed brass nails. The extremity of the handle, 
 again, is enveloped by a tightly fitting covering of rawhide, taken from the 
 caudal part of the buffalo. A tuft of the animal's tail lias been retained for 
 decoration, and a feather of the wild turkey is attached to the hair by a narrow 
 strip of dressed skin. From the Blackfeet. 
 
 Fig. 328. — A weapon of the same description. The polished head is smaller and 
 more elongated than in the original of fig. 327. The handle shows the usual 
 casing of rawhide, and is looped for a wrist strap. From the Mississippi River 
 Valley. 
 
142 COLUMBIAN HISTORICAL EXPOSITION AT MADRID. 
 
 Fig. 329. — Dagger kuife, chiefly used as a hunting weapon. It consists of a ground 
 lancehead-shaped blade of dark slate, inserted and riveted by means of a 
 wooden peg into a barbed ivory socket, which is attached to a short cylindrical 
 handle of pine wood. From the natives of Nunivak Island, Alaska. 
 
 Fig. 330.— Scabbard of the dagger knife j ust described. Formed by two hollowed 
 pieces of piue^ which are held together by a binding of split spruce roots. 
 
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