LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. UNITED STATES OP AMERICA. Nia<;ara Kai.i.s, View from Pkospp:ct T'iiint. Si A BRIEFS DESCRIPTIVE GEOGRAPHY EMPIRE STATE FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS WITH 25 OUTLINE MAPS OX UNIFORM SCALE, 5 RELIEF MAPS, AND 125 ILLUSTRATIONS C. W. BARDEEN EDITOR OF THE SCHOOL BULLETIN V I v^; ^r, r^?^ ^-^^^^ / ^c^ SYRACUSE, X. Y. C. W. BARDEEN, PUBLISHER 1895 Copyright, 1895, by C. W. Bardeen PREFACE In the early half of this century much attention was given in New York schools to the study of local geography. It was a time when canals were projected, and the possibilities of water communication between different parts of the State w^ere an engrossing problem. Spatford's " Gazetteer " (1813) gave " a comprehensive geographical and statistical view of the whole State ", then the same for each of the 45 counties, and then " a very full and minute topographical descrip- tion" of each of the 452 town and 4 incorporated cities. Gordon's ''Gazetteer" (1836) is so complete in its topographical descriptions that it is on many points still the best book of reference we have. Eastman's " History of the State of New York " (1828), a text book, began with three chapters on " natural geography " of the State. In 1847 appeared a " Geography of the State of New York ", an elaborate text-book of 432 pages, by J. H. Mather and L. P. Brockett, with out- line maps of the counties. But local geography gradually dropped out of the curriculum until the Regents began to insert questions upon it. In the first 35 of the Regents' examinations the questions on New York geography amounted altogether to 23 out of 1064, and these were of such general interest that they should be answered by geography pupils in any State of the Union. But in the 36th examination, for June 6, 1878, a new spirit began to manifest itself. It was asked : Which is the most westerly of the lakes wholly within the State of New Yorls:, and by what rivers does it reach the sea ? Name three rivers that empty into Lalve Ontario on the side of New York, and one that empties into Lake Champlain. The answers were so unsatisfactory that in the next examination (Nov. 7, 1878) these were asked : What has given to the city of New York its great commercial superiority ? Describe the chief river of New York. To what place is it navigable ? Name the counties in order on the e. side, as far n. as Lake Champlain. Name those on Lake Ontario and the River St. Lawrence. On what lake is Buffalo ? Plattsburgh ? These questions had 19 of the 60 credits allowed, and as they were mostly answered incorrectly hundreds of candidates failed. Vigorous (i) ii Ge()(;hahpy of the Emi-trk State l)rotest was made all over the State, but the liegeuts replied that the lamentable igiioi-ance manifested only demonstrated the necessity of compelling more study of local geograi)liy by the insertion of questions upon it, and since then several of the questions in every examination have been ui)on this topic. The State and the Uniform examinations liave always given ])rominence to New York geograi)liy, so that con- siderable study of it has l)een made necessary in New York schools. The want of a suitable text-book has long been manifest, and the question is not whether a book like this is needed, but only whether this book meets the need. Probably oidy its actual use in the school- room can fully determine that, but I hope its ai-rangement and its general features will commend tliemselves. Its most marked cliaracteristic is its a})peal to the eye. Its illustra- tions are abundant and have been carefully selected, especially with a view to presenting that aspect of the scene which is typical, distin- guishing it from other scenes. Some of the cuts are from photographs taken especially for this book, and many of them a})pear here in print for the first time. For the photographs of Glens Falls and Howe's Cave I am indebted to jNIr. S. R. Stoddard ; and for the i-elief maps to Mr. Walton Van Loan of Catskill. The series of twenty-five outline maps on a uniform scale is based on the })rinciple of making prominent one thing at a time, wliich I believe to be exceedingly important. One glance at the ma}) of the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western railway on page 107 will fix in the mind its various routes better than long study of a map on which this road appears with other railways and scores of other features equally j)rominent. The division of the State into river systems in the map on page 20 is followed all through, the maps of lakes, waterfalls, cities, villages, colleges, etc., being numbered in tlie same order, that the boundaries of these systems may be kept in mind. Such unusual maps as those of Mineral Springs (page 56), of Indian Reservations (page 69), and of Charitable and Correctional Institutions (page 76) are believed to be valuable. They impress their lessons with very little time and eff'ort, and the information is worth having at hand. So important do I consider these sketchy maps in the stud}^ of geogra})liy, that I have prepared them for the use of pupils, giving the same outlines that are constant in all these maps, and enabling the pupil to sketch rapidly and during recitation whatever may be the topic of a lesson. These maps are 6x8 J inches, and are sold in ])a(ls of fifty at fifteen cents a pad. In preparing this ])ook I liave of course gathered and consulted everything available that has been pul)lished. Where extended Preface iii quotation has been made I have usually given credit. Of course I have had constantly at hand the great " Natural Histoiy of the State of New York ", on which the State has expended wisely more than a million dollars, and which should be on the reference shelves of every union school. The four volumes of Geology have been of most frequent use, and the previous volumes of the " Geologi- cal Survey " have been occasionally quoted. Next to these I have depended upon French's " Gazetteer of the State of New York ", a thoroughly careful and conscientious work, which ought to have been better revised than in the hasty edition got out by Hough in 1868. For the Adirondack region the Colvin reports have been depended on entirely. I have quoted from Gov. Seymour, one of the most enthusiastic students of the history of the geography and history of the State, on pages 82, 83, and the matter on general topography (pages 13 to 16) is based on an address made by him at Utica in 1846. For maps of the State I have depended chiefly on four. (1) The large Adams & Co. map on copper-plate, and too crowded to be distinct or always reliable in detail, has the advantage of being colored by townships, so that for schools in counties where no county wall-map is published it is on the whole the best wall-map of the State ; but it is more valuable for general impressions at a distance than for close inspection. (2) On the other hand, the geologic map of 1894, by W. J. McGee, issued jointly by the Legislature of the State and the United States Geological Survey as a basis for a new geological map of the State, is useless as a school wall-map, being too minute in detail and not colored so as to represent divisions at any distance. It is still imper- fect also, as has been mentioned on page 37. But in design it is the most exact map ever undertaken. So far as I know, it is not yet published, and advance copies can be got only through some person in authority. (3) The railroad and county map, recently issued by the Rand & McNally Co., has no rival for its special purpose of showing the rail- roads of the State and the corporations that control them. But it gives few of the physical features of the State, and does not take much pains to give these correctly : as for instance it makes Racket Lake, Long Lake, etc., discharge into the Hudson, thus ignoring the marked watershed of that region. (4) In geological divisions I have followed Dr. Hall's map of 1842, as corresponding with the classification in the "Natural Histor}^ " iv Geogiiapiiv of the Em pike State of the vStato in the school Hhrai'ies ; though a later map was prepared by Frederick J. H. Merrill, director of the State Museum, to accom- pauy the Mineral Exhibit of New York at the Columbian Exposition, and may be ol)tained of the Regents. Ill a hook whicli gives so many facts and figures there must neces- sarily he errors in the first edition, and I shall rely upon the help of those who use the book to eliminate them. But statistics given should not b(> condemned l)ecause they do not agree with any single })rinted authority, since nearly every number and statement is give aftcM- a comparison of several authorities. So trustworthy a book as Lip})incott's "Gazetteer" states in its last edition (1892) that Pough- keepsie is the largest city between Albany and New York, and Elmira the largest city on the Erie between Bufi\ilo and New York ; that '' numerous steamboats " ply between Dunkirk and other lake ports, and tliat tlie Champlain steamers unload their passengers at White- hall. In heights and distances what should be standard authorities differ lamentably. In the second report of the State Survey it is stated and proved that there is a more accurate map of the moon's surface than of the State of New York. So where authorities differ I have followed those that seemed most trustworthy. In conclusion I have only to say that the great problem in making this book has been to determine what to leave out. A vast amount of infoi'mation that was gathered and a good deal that was juit into foiTii and into type has l)een omitted. A good deal has been retained that at first sight might not seem essential to the subject, but which has a place on the theory now so generally accepted of concentration of effort in the overcrowded curriculum of the schools of to-day. I have aimed to make a book that a fifth-grade })upil could use intelli- gently and with profit. Previous to this grade the work in this sub- ject must be largely confined to local geography and a development of general principles. If this book meets with favor, it is my plan to supplement it by special geographies of each of the counties, much of the material for which has already been gathered. In this book, the matter in the largest ty})e can be gone over in class ra|)idly, and yet so as to })roduce a strong impression u[)on the pupil of the main features of the State geography. With older classes the medium- sized type may be required, and a teachers' class should know the whole book thoroughly. If it interests the pupil nearly as much as it has the author it will serve a good purpose. Syracuse, April 11, 181)5. CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION 9 L POSITION AND BOUNDARIES 10 Approximate Distances, Map 11 II. GENERAL TOPOGRAPHY, EcUef Map 11 General Outline 13 The Hudson 13 Lake Chamijlain 13 The Mohawk 15 Connections lo Watersheds 15 III. SURFACE Mountains 17 (1) The Highlands,/^/ 17 (2) The Catskills, Picture of Slide Mt 17 (3) The Adirondacks, EdicJ Map 19 (4) The Alleghanies ' 19 Rivers 20 Systems, Maps , ,20, 23 (1) The St. Lawrence System 20 (a) Niagara and Lake Erie Tributaries, 1^ Ills 20 {b) Genesee Tributaries, j^ ///.s..... 23 (c) Oswego Tributaries, III 24 (d) St. Lawrence Tributaries, 3 Ills 25 (e) Lake Champlain Tributaries. (2) The Hudson System, S Ills 27 (3) The Delaware System, S Ills 31 (4) The Susquehanna System, III 32 (5) The Ohio System 32 Lakes, 3It(p. 33 (1) The St. Lawrence System, 11 Ills 33 (2) The Hudson System, III 41 (3) Tlie Susquehanna System, III 42 (5) The Ohio System 42 Canals, 3Iap and /// 42 Waterfalls, 3Iap 44 (V) vi Geograi'Iiy of the E.mpikk State PAGE (1) The St. Lawrence System, 6 Ills 44 (2) The Hudson System, 5 Ills 51 Mineral Springs, Map and 10 Ills 56 Islands, 3Iap, and 11 Ills 59 IV. GEOLOGY, JMap and Chart CA V. CLIMATE AND PRODUCTIONS OG VI. POLITICAL DIVISIONS 68 (1) CouNTiES, Map 68 (2) Indian Reservations, j\fa]> 69 (3) Cities, Map 70 (4) Villages, Map 72 VIL EDUCATION, Po)fm/7 73 (1) Colleges, Map 74 (2) Normal Schools, J/aj> and Port rait 75 (3) ChxVritable and Correctional Institutions, Map... 76 VIII. RAILWAY JOURNEYS (1) N. Y. C. & II. R., i? Maps and 29 Ills 77 (2) N. Y. L. E. &\Y., 2 Maps and 3 Ills 93 (3) ^.\Y.&0.,Mapand3 Ills 98 01 07 10 11 12 14 14 15 16 16 16 17 17 17 17 17 (4) D. & IL Canal Co., 2 Maps and 5 Ills (5) D. L. & W., Map and 2 Ills (6) Lehigh Valley, Map and III , (7) W. N. Y. & P., Map (8) N. Y. 0. & W., Map (9) Harlem Division of N. Y. C (10) U. & D., Ill ." (11) Walkill A'alley (12) E. C. & N., iMap (13) Pennsylvania, Map (14) Fall Brook, Map (15) B. R. & v., Map (16) L. S. & M. S., iMap (17) N. Y. C. & St. L., Map (18) D. A. V. & P., Map (19) Long Island, 2Iap ^yEST Shore 77 P. R. cfeN. E., Ill 87 N. D. & C 89 N. Y. & N. E 89 C. N. Y. & W Ill N. Y. &N 114 Contents vii MAPS PAGE Relief Maps, Eastern New Yoi-k 12 Hudson River Valley 14, 88 Adirondack Region 18, 102 BiRDSEYE Views Lake Keuka 34 Manhattan Island (31 Geological Strata 6o Buffalo 77 The Hudson near New York 02 Outline Maps, on Uniform Scale Approximate Distances 11 Colleges 74 River Systems 20 Normal Schools 75 Rivers 23 Prisons and Asylums 76 Lakes 33 N. Y. C. & H. R 77 Canals 43 N. Y. L. E. & W IK} Waterfalls 44 R. W. & 99 Mineral Springs 56 D. & H 101 Islands 59 I). L. & W 107 Geological Strata 64 Lehigh A^allcy 110 Counties 69 W. N. Y.& P Ill Indian Reservations 69 N. Y. O. & AV 112 Cities 70 E. C. & N., etc 116 A^illages 72 Railway Map of Long Island 118 ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE PAGE Adirondack Mountains 38,39 Cayuga Lake 35 Albany 84, Si], 105 Chemung River 32 alluvial hills 79 Cornell University 35 Ausable Chasm 50 Dansville 108 Black River Falls 49 Delaware County 115 Blackwell's Island 62 Delaware River 30, 95 Blue Mountain Lake 37 Downing, A. S 75 Brooklyn Bridge 29 East River Bridge 29 BuffalJ 77 Ellis Island 60 Canadarago Lake 58 Erie Canal 43, 80 Cantilever Bridge 21, 78, 98 Erie, Lake 21, 77 Capitol at Albany. . .9, 84, 86, 105 Fort Niagara .' .21 Castle AVilham 60, 61 Fort Ticonderoga 40 Catskill Mountains 17, 55 Garden Citv 60 Geogkai'Jiy of Till': Empijik State Genesee Falls 24 Genesee Valley 2:5, 24, 108 Glens Falls 51 Governor's Island GO, Gl Grand Central Dc|)ot 1» 1 Gil ymard ol Hawks Nest l^ocks 1)5 High Brido-e 29 Higblands'of the Hudson IG Howe's Cave 55 Hudson Kivcr...28, 51, 8G, 87, 89, 90, 91, 104, 105 Huguenot 94 Ithaca 35, 48 Ithaca Falls 48 Kaaterskill Falls 55 Keuka Lake 34 Lake Cham|)lain G2 Lake Erie 21, 77 Lake George 40 Lake ]\k)honk 41 Lake Placid 39 Little Falls 52 Lockport 43 Long Sault Rapids 26 Massawe})ie Lake 37 Mohawk River 52 Mormon Hill 79 Morningside Park 91 Natural Vase 36 Neversink River 30, 3 1 , 94 Newburgh 28, 89 New York Gl, 91, 93 Niagara Falls, Frouf.:2\, 77, 78, 98 Niagara Tunnel 21,22 Oneonta 106 Oriskany Monuineiit 82 Otsego Lake 42 Palatine Bridge 8;] Palisades 27 Pahnvra 79 Porta-e Falls 23 Port Jervis 30 Poughkeepsie Bridge 87 Randall's Island.... 62 Rensselaer Polyteclniic Inst 105 Richfield Springs 58 Rochester 24 Rocky Run 47 Rondout ( 'reek 29 St. Lawrence Ptiver 2(>, G:5, 100 St. Paul's School 60 Saratoga ]\Ionunient 103 Saratoga Springs 57 Seal of the State 9 Seneca Lake 35, 46 Skaneateles Lake 36 Skinner, Charles R 73 Slide Mountain 17 Statue of Liberty 92 Stuyvesant, Peter 9 Sunnyside 91 Suspension Bridge 21 Susquehanna Valley 106 Syracuse 80, 81 Syracuse Lhii versify 81 Taughannock Falls 47 Three River Point 25 Thousand Islands 26, 63, 100 Ticonderoga, Fort 47 Trenton Falls 53 Trinity Church 93 Tri-States Junction 30 Troy 104 Vassar College 89 AVall Street 92 Ward's Island 63 A\^ashington Bridge 29 Washington's Headquarters 89 Watertown 49 Watkins 35, 45 Watkins Glen 45 WellsCollege HO West Point. 28, 90 WestShore R.R 29 Whirlpool Rapids 21 THE EMPIRE L STATE k PETRCJSSTOYVESANT y^i,^' TiiK leadino i)()sitioii of New York among the United States in population, in wealth, in commerce, and in manufactures is well known, but people do not generally recognize it as geographically the most interesting area of its size in the world. Almost all the natural won- ders which singly have given reputation to other regions are found here. Its Niagara is the giant of cataracts, and its Trenton Falls are hardly equalled for placid beauty. Its mineral springs excel in extent of territory and in variety. Its Thousand Islands have no parallel. Its Howe's Cave is not so wonderful as the Mammoth Cave, or its two natural bridges as the great Natural Bridge of Virginia, or its Adirondack region as the Yellowstone Park, or its Ausable Chasm as Marshall Park, or its Watkins Glen as Cheyenne Cafion ; its Mount Marcy is not even as high as Mount Washington, and its Catskills are not to be compared with the Alps or the Rockies ; its Hudson lacks the traditions of the castle-guarded Rhine, and its interior lakes are not garlanded with the folk-tales of Luzerne. But no other region of the earth so unites this variety of natural attractions as New York. It has the types of almost everything that makes travel interesting, and it has them near together, connected by easy routes of access, and most of them within the reach of every resident. Many of them every resident must see, for the leading lines of railway run by them, and it is only a question whether when he sees them he will recognize their significance. AMiat Horatio Seymour saw in riding from Niagara Falls to New York is told on pages 82, 83. This book is a contribution toward making travel correspondingly interesting to all children who are taught in New York schools. (9) GEOGRAPHY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK I. POSITION AND BOUNDARIES The State of New York is situated between 40° 29' 40" and 45° 0' 42" N. latitude, and between 71° 51' and 79° 47' 25" longitude w. of Greenwich. It is bounded on the n. by Canada and Connecti- cut ; E. by Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and the Atlantic Ocean ; s. by the ocean. New Jersey, and Pennsylvania ; and av. l)y New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Canada. The northern boundaiy, commencing in the middle of Lake Ontario, n. of the mouth of Kiagara River, extends eastward 175 m. throuprh the lake, midway between the opposite shores, to its e. extremity ; thence north-easterly 108 m. through the St. Lawrence River to the 45th parallel of n. latitude ; thence easterly 62.75 m. in a gradually diverging line from the parallel, terminating upon Lake Champlaiu 4,200 feet n. of the parallel. The Eastern Boundary extends s. 105 m. through Lake Champlain to its s. extremity ; thence 17.25 m. s. E. along Poultney River* ; thence in an irregular line, but in a generally southerly direction 54. C6 m, to the Massachusetts line ; 50.52 m. to the Connecticut line; and 81.20 m. through Connecticut to Byram Point, at the mouth of Byram River, on Long Island Sound. From this point the line extends eastward 90 m. through the Sound, very near the Connecticut shore, to the e. extremity of Long Island, including within the limits of the State nearly all the islands in the Sound. This boundary is defined by Chap. 213 of the laws of 1880. The Southern Boundai-y extends from the e. extremity of Long Island 150 m. along the ocean to the s. w. extremity of Staten Island ; thence 44 m. northward through the channel between Staten Island and New Jersey and through New York Bay and the Hudson to the 41st parallel of n. latitude ; thence north-westerly 48.50 m. to a point upon the Delaware at latitude 41° 20' n. ; thence northwesterly along Delaware River 78 m. to latitude 42° n.; thence 235.50 w. along the 42d. parallel to a meridian passing through the av. extremity of Lake Ontario. The Western Boundary, commencing upon the 42d parallel, extends n. 22 m. to the middle of Lake Erie ; thence eastward 50 m. to the e. extremity of the lake ; and thence n. 34 m. through Niagara River and to the middle of Lake Ontario. For details as to the boundaries of the State, consult " Report of the Regents of the University on the Boundaries of the State of New York, transmitted to the Legislature, May 2Sth, 1873 ", 8vo, pp. 302, Albany, 1874 ; and " Report of the Regents' Boundary Commission upon the New York and Pennsyl- vania Boundary, with the final report of Maj. H. M\ Clarke ", 8vo. pp. 490, Albany 188G. The extreme length of the State, including Long Island, is 40.S miles ; excluding Long Island, 340 miles. The extreme breadth is 310 miles. The entire boundary is 1,420 miles long ; of which 540 are land and 880 water. It contains 47,620 square miles of land, and 1,550 of water, — 49,170 in all. There are 22 States larger and 19 smaller. It is le.ss than one-fifth as large as Texas (262,290) ; and 40 times as large as PJiodo Island (1,250), which is about the size of Oneida county. It is nearly as large as all England (58,320). It will be observed that the northern boundary of New York is midway between the Equator and the North Pole, or on the latitude '■ See Chap. 937, laws of 1879. (10) Position and Boundakies 11 of Bordeaux, Turin, and the mouth of the Danube. New York is due w. from ]\Iadrid, Naples, and Constantinople ; and nearly e. from Pekin. Elmira is directly n. of the city of Washington. New York is nearly n. of Santiago in Chili ; Niagara Falls, of Quito, in Ecuador. It should be noted that the State contains several convenient approximate scales of miles, with which the pupil should be thoroughly familiar. Thus the following distances are very nearly 50 miles, as shown on the map, and from the lengths of boundaries just given : (1) From the middle of Lake Erie to the e. extremity of the Lake (.10) (2) From the Poultney river to the Massachusetts line (54). (3) From the ]\Iassachusetts to the Connecticut line (54^). (4) From the Hudson to the Delaware river (48i). The following are approximately 100 miles, also from boundaries : (1) Through the St. Lawrence to the parallel (108). (2) Through Lake Champlain to its southern end (at Whitehall) (105). (3) From the Connecticut boundary to the extremity of Long Island (96). (4) The southern boundary of Chautauqua, Cattaraugus, and Steuben counties (94). The following are approximately 150 miles : (1) Between the extreinities of Long Island and Staten Island (150). (2) New York to Albany, N. Y. C. R R. (143). (3) Saratoga to Rouse's Point, D. & II. R.R. (153). (4) Albany to Binghamton, D. & 11. R R (142). (5) Albany to Syracuse, N. Y. C. R.R. (147^). (6) Syracuse to Buffalo, N. Y. C. R R ) 149*). (7) Buffalo to Elmira, D. L. & W. R.R. (146j. General Topography 13 Amoiiff the other approximate distances by railway that might be noted are the following : 50 miles— KVo&ny to Pittsfleld, Mass., B. & A., (51) ; New York to Brewster. Harlem iffZ) ; Syracuse to Geneva, and Geneva to Rochester, Auburn branch of N. Y. C. (each 51) ; Batavia to Canandaigua, N. Y. C. (50). 100 miles— Utica, to Watertown, R. W. & O. (92) ; Syracuse to Rochester, Auburn branch of N. Y. C. (102). 150 miles— Home to Norwood, R. W. & O. (147) ; Syracuse to Norwood, R. W. & O. (148) ; Buffalo to Oswego, R. W. & O. (151). The Hudson river is navigable to Troy (151). It should be remembered that approximations like these fixed in the mind and ready- to hand when required are of immediate practical value. II. GENERAL TOPOGRAPHY General outline — The general form of New York is that of an isosceles triangle. The Hudson River, Lake George, and Lake Champlain lie in a narrow and rugged valley reaching from the Bay of New York to the St. Lawrence. This is intersected at right angles, about midway, by the valley of the ]\Iohawk. These deep channels constitute the great base lines of our State. Its triangular form corresponds with their courses. They demand a particular description, for they are intimately connected with the history of New York. They have been the war paths of savage bands and of dis- ciplined armies. They are the scenes of the most interesting' and important occurrences in the history of the State and nation. They create our commanding and peculiar relationship with other sections of our country. See opposite map, which gives, besides the rivers, the Champlain, the Erie, and the Black River canals, utilizing their valleys. The Hudson — The harbor of New York, with its accessory bays, its connection with Long Island Sound, its confluent rivers and its differ- ent passages to the Atlantic, excites the admiration of all who study its wonderful adjustments. From this bay you float up the Hudson, past the cliffs of the Palisades, to the rocky ftistnesses of the highlands. Here every analogy of nature leads you to look for rocky barriers, but you are borne by the Atlantic tide a hundred miles beyond the moun- tain chain which elsewhere divides the valley of the Mississippi from the Atlantic coast. Nothing can be more impressive than the ocean's deep and sullen ebb and flow far down among the great foundations of those stern grey heights. They stand as if arrested here when pressing upon the river current, while north and south they stretch far away in unbroken chains to the St. Lawrence or the Gulf of Mexico. Elsewhere, rivers dash down the steep sides of the Alleghanies ; but where these crowd upon the Hudson, they are cleft sheer down to their very roots. An enduring gateway is made through stern portals for ships of war, for vessels deeply laden with commerce, and for iron tracks upon which swift engines drag long trains of cars at the foot of rude cliffs, or through tunnels which pierce their granite buttresses. Ranged for many miles along both banks of the Hudson, had the Alleghanies thrown a single spur across its stream, how would it have changed the course of events in our land ! Impressed with this unbroken ocean current through the Highlands, the observant Indian called it "the river of the mountains ". Lake Champlain — Continuing up its valley, we find h'ing in its northern depression, separated, from the waters of the Hudson by a short 2:)ortage, the wild and picturesque Lake George and Lake Cham- CtKXKi;al ''J\)i'(»(;iiAi'HY 15 plain. From the Bay of New York to the watei-s of tlie 8t. Lawrence, this great valley divides the eastern part of our tState and all of New England from the rest of our confederacy. In its whole length, its wild sconeiy accords with its striking legends. Its lower section, along the Iludscm, was the stronghold of our country in the Kevolutionary struggle. It was the fortress of our liberties. Its rocky points, its mountain heiglits, its deep ravines, are associated witli the history of the war for independence. There is iiardly a spot which does not bear the marks of invading assaults or of the intrenched defences of our armies. The waters in the upper valley, which flow to the north, are still more deeply tinged with blood, and have wilder and older traditions of savage contests and of disciplined war. No other part of our continent has witnessed so much of relentless war, of bloody massacres and of tierce battles, as have startled the echoes of its beautiful lakes, and disturbed their wonted quiet and repose. The Mohcavh, which intersects this valley, is intimately associated with it in historical interest and gcograi)hical importance. Its valley has extensions to Oswego and Western New York. In passing up its baidcs from its confluence with the Hudson, we find that at Little Falls it also breaks through one of the ranges of the Alleghanies. Were the gorge at Little Falls and that at Quebec filled up, all New York and Upper Cacada would be again, as they once were, one huge lake. Connections — In the county of Oneida, it flows througli level lands, which, expanding as they stretch away to the west, are at length merged in the great plain of the Mississippi valley. At Rome, the waters of the jMohawk, when swollen by floods, mingle with tliose which flow into Lake Ontario. These physical peculiarities of the valleys of the Hudson and Mohawk produce remarkable results. Not only are the waters of the harbor of New York and the St. Lawrence connected by the valley we have described, but turning up the Mohawk, the light canoe of the savage hunter could float into the tributaries of Lake Ontario, and, making a portage around the falls of Niagara, continue on its way through Green Bay, the Fox and Wisconsin rivers, into the Mississippi, and thence up the IMissouri into the very gorges of the Rocky Mountains ; a distance by the course of streams, of more than four thousand miles. The entire length of the same route can now be traversed by a vessel of burden, by the aid of artificial channels. But a single mile separates the head waters of the Missouri from those of the Columbia river. From the mouth of that stream on the Pacific to the Bay of New York, with the exception of this one mile, there is an unbroken chain of water. The courses of the Hudson and Mohawk, deeply groved into the surface of our State, thus give us the control of the connnerce between the 20,000 miles of navigation on the lakes and rivers of the West, and the Atlantic Ocean and the maritime world of the East. Its watersheds — New York's commanding j^osition is shown by another remarkable fact in its geography. The hills on either side of the Mohawk gradually rise up to elevations which pour from their out- ward, or northern and southern slopes, the sources of great rivers which traverse other States. The waters which drain from our territories flow by the principal commercial cities of the Union, From Northern New York they ran into Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence, passing by IVIontreal and Quebec ; by the Hudson, which is exclusively a river 1() CiEOGKAriiY OF TTFK E>rprKE State of our state, into the harbor of New York ; from its soutlieast section into the Delaware, past Philadelphia, into the Delaware ]>ay; by the Susquehanna past Baltimore into the Chesapeake ; by the sources of the Alleghany into Ohio, i)ast Cincinnati and New Orleans, into the Gulf of Mexico. Tims New York enjoys the ai-<})earenlly inconsistent advantages of having the deepest eluumcls for comnu'rce with the AVest, and at the same time of being at the head of the givat valleys- of the United States. This is not a fad of nu're geographical interest. It gives the State substantial advan- tages. It enables lis to penetrate with our canals and railroads into all i)arts of the country, by following the easy and natural routes of rivers. We can go into twenty States and two-thirds of the territories of the Union, without leaving the courses of valleys. Xo other Atlantic State can make a communication between its eastern and western borders without overcoming one or more mountain ridges. To reea})itulate, one angle of Ni'W York rests U])on the Atlantic, anotlier ri'aehes north to the St. Lawrene(\ while the third stretches west to the great Likes and the valhys and streams comiected with the ]\lississi})2)i. New York is placed at the heads of the great valleys, while the ]\[ohawk and the Hudson unite them all and give her com- mand of the commerce of the coimtry. III. SURFACE Mountains New York lies upon that portion of the Appalachian ]\Iountain system where the mountains generally assume the character of hills and tinally sink to a level of tlie lowlands that surround the great de}»ression filled by Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River. The average height of the State above seadevel is al)out U--*^*^ f<-'«^^'h There are two terraces parallel to the shores of Lake Ontario. One, known as the Lake liidgc, from 3 to 8 miles from the shore, may be plainly traced from Sodus Point to the Niagara River. Dr. Hall says of it . "It bears all the marks of having been the boundary of a large lake, and of having been pnKluced in the same manner as the beaches of the ocean." The other, called the JMouulaiu Ridge, 200 feet higher, is some 30 miles from the shore. Most of the central lakes of the State are in this terrace. Three distinct mountain masses or ranges enter the State from the s. and extend across it in a general x. E. direction. (1) Tlic IligJi lands — The most easterly of these ranges — a continu- ation of the Blue Ridge of Virginia — enters the State from New Jersey and extends n. e. through ' Rockland and Orange counties to the Hudson, aj)})earson the e. side of that river, and forms the highlands of Putnam and Dutchess coun- nuDsoN HiGnL.\NT)s tics*. A northerly extension of the same range *Thisran.sre continues the Tagrhanic mountains. In Rockland county it is locally known as the Eaniapo Mountains ; iu Putuain county, as the Matteawan :M(iuntains. MOFXTAINS 17 passes into the Green Mountains of Western Massachusetts and Vermont. This range culminates in the Ilighhiuds upon the Hudson. The highest peaks are 1,000 to 1,700 feet above tide. The rocks which compose these mountains arc principally primitive or igneous, and the mountains themselves are rough, rocky, and precipitous, and unfit for cultivation. The deep gorge formed by the Hudson in passing through tliis range presents some of the finest scenery in America, and has often been compared to the celebrated valley of the Rhine. One range is cleft in two by the Hudson at West Point. (2) The CafskiUs — The second series of mountains enters the State from Pennsylvania,* and extends x. e. through Sullivan, Ulster and Green counties, terminating and culminating in the Catskill Moun- tains upon the Hudson. Slide Mountain, shown in this picture, has an aUitude of 4,200 feet.' >i Tlie lowest parts of Dela-'*, ware and Sullivan counties 'v^;"" are (300 feet above tide. f%^f The Shawangunk (sh6n gum) ^Mountains, a high and continuous ?>= ridge continuing the Kittatinny and Blue Mountains of Pennsylvani i, and extending between Sullivan am Orange counties and into the s. pai' of Ulster, are the extreme E. rango of this series. The Helderberg am Hellibark Mountains are spurs e\ ^•^cisili^t tending k. from tlie nviin range into Albany and Sclio- lui' counties Bctvvcen the . 'a ware and Pepacton Rivers ii ^ range is known as the 1 laware Mountains. whole mountain sys- ttni is principally composed of the rocks of the New York s'^^tem above the Medina sand- * A continuation of mountains known there as the Alleghany, Laurel Hill, and Broad Top. Mountains 19 stone. The summits are generally crowned with old red sandstone and with the con- glomerate of the coal measures. The declivities are steep and rocky ; and a large share of the surface is too rough for cultivation. The highest peaks overlook the Hudson, and from their summits are obtained some of the finest views in Eastern New York. (3) The Adirondacks — The third series of mountains enters the State from Pennsylvania and extends n. e. through Broome, Delaware, Otsego, Schoharie, Montgomery, and Herkimer counties to the Mo- hawk, appears upon the n. side of that river, and extends n. e., form- ing the whole series of higlilauds that occupy the n. e. part of the State, generally known as the Adirondack Mountain region. Its gen- eral character is well shown on the opposite map. South of the Mohawk this mountain system assumes the form of broad, irregular hills, occupying a wide space of country. It is broken by the deep ravines of the streams, and in many places the hills are steep and nearly precipitous. The valley of the Mohawk breaks the continuity of the range, though the connection is easily traced at Little Falls, The Noses, and other places. North of the ]\Iohawk the highlands extend n. e. in several distinct ranges, all ter- minating upon Lake Champlain. The culminating point of the whole system, and the highest mountain in the State, is Mt. Marcy. 5,344 feet above tide. The heights of some of the Adirondack mountains are thus given by Mr. Colvin : Basin Mt., 4,905 IIay.stack Mt. 4,919 Mt. Redfield, 4,688 Mt. Clinton, 4.937 Hump (Mt. Marcy), 4,998 Saddle Mt., 4,536 Mt. Golden, 4,7:3 Lake Tear Notch, 4,355 Mt. Santanoni, 4,644 Mt Colvin, 4,142 jNIt Mclntyre, 5,113 Mt. Seward, 4,384 Mt. Dis, 4,916 Ut. Macomb, 4,371 Mt. Skylight, 4,890 Giant of the Valley Mt. 4,530 Mt. Marcy, 5,344 Tawahus (Mt. Marcy), 5,344 Gothic Mt. 4,744 Nipple Top Mt. 4.684 Whiteface Mt., 4,87sJ» Gray Peak, 4902 Ragged Mt. 4,163 The rocks of all this region are principally of igneous origin, and the mountains are usually wild, rugged, and rocky. A large share of the surface is entirely unfit for culti- vation ; but the region is rich in minerals, and especially in an excellent variety of iron ore (4) The AUeghanies. — AYest of these ranges, series of hills forming spurs of the AUeghanies enter the State from Pennsylvania and occupy the entire s half of the w. part of the State. An irregular line extend- ing, as shown in the map, through the southerly counties forms the watershed that separates the northern and southern drainage ; and from it the surface gradually declines northward until it finally term- inates in the level of Lake Ontario. The portion of the State lying s. of this watershed and occupying the greater part of the two southerly tiers of counties is entirely occupied by these hills. Along the Penn- sylvania line they are usually abrupt and are separated by narrow ravines, but toward the N. their summits become broader and less broken. A considerable portion of the highland region is too steep for profitable cultivation and is best adapted to grazing. The highest summits in Allegany and Cattaraugus counties are 2,000 to 3,000 feet above tide, and from 500 to 1 ,400 feet above their valleys. Angelica is 1,428 and Franklinville is 1,580 feet above sealevel. From the summits of the watershed the highlands usually descend toward Lake Ontario in series of terraces, the edges of which are the outcrops of tlie different rocks which underlie the surface. These terraces are usually smooth, and, although inclined toward the n. the inclination is generally so slight that they appear to be level. Between 10 Geography of the Empire State the hills of the s. uiid the level hiud of the K. is ;i betiutiful rolling region, the ridges gVadually declining toward the N. lu that ])art of the State s. of the most eastern mountain range the surface is gener- ally level or broken by low hills. In New York and Westchester counties these hills are principally composed of primitive rocks. The surface of Long Island is generally level or gently undulating. A ridge 150 to 300 feet high, composed of sand, gravel, and clay, extends k. and w. across the island n. of the centre. Rivers The river system lias five general divisious, as roughly shown upon the following map. (1) TJie ^^'f. Lav K it( i ^ij^tnii, flowing into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. (2) Tlte Hudson Sy.vfcm, flowing into Kcw York Bay. (3) The Delaware System, flowing into the Gulf of Delaware. (4) The Susquehanna System, flowing into Chesapeake Bay. (5) The Ohio System, flowing throngh the INIississippi into the Gulf of Mexico. (1) The St. Lawrence System. — This northerly division has five gen- eral subdivisions, (a) The most westerly of these comprises all the streams flowing into Lake Eric and Niagara Pdver (2*) and those flow- ing into Lake Ontario w. of Genesee River (4). In Chautauqua County the streams are short and rapid, as the watershed approaches within a few miles of Lake Erie. Cattaraugus (1) and Tonaw^anda (3) Creeks are the most important streams in this division. The Tonawanda for 12 miles from its mouth is used for canal navigation. Oak Orchard and other creeks flowing into Lake Ontario descend from the interior in a series of rapids, affording a large amount of water-power. *The numbers hi parentheses refer to the map on page 23. Rivers 21 The Cattaraugus is fur much of its course wikl and picturesque. Tlie Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburg railway crosses it by a viaduct 250 feet high, and this is 130 feet below the neighboring banks. These high banks are broken here and there by tributary streams, forming in the adjoining roads for 6 or 8 miles what are known as " Cattaraugus breakers", as the road goes up and down like the waves of the sea. Niagara River (2), forming the outlet of Lake Erie, is 34 miles long, and, on an average, more than a mile wide. About 20 miles below Lake Erie the rapids commence ; and 2 miles further below are -.. 4L!X_- OUTLET OFLftKrERrE- m \^^s^^^- PROSPECT POINT r^\ Niagara Falls, some views c-f which are given in the sketches above. RlVER^^ The enormous fall has been utilized by the machinery shown in the opposite picture,* where 125,000 horse-power is already made available. For 7 miles below the falls the river has a rapid course between perpendicular rocky banks, 200 to .300 feet high ; but l)elow it emerges from tlie liighlands and tiows seven miles to Lake Ontario in a broad, deep, and mnjestic current. (6) The second subdivision comprises the Genesee River (4) and its tributaries. The Genesee rises in the n. part of Pennsylvania and flows in a northerly direc- tion to Lake Ontario. Its upper course is through a narrow valley bordered by steep, rocky hills. LTpon the line of Wyoming and Livingston counties it breaks through a moun- tain barrier in a deep gorge and forms the Portage Falls, — one of the finest waterfalls in the State. Here the Genesee descends in a series of three falls, more PORTAGE FALLS than 300 feet in a distance of 2^ miles. The water has worn a deep and irregular ravine in the shelving rocks, and the nearly perpendicular banks at the foot of the lower falls are 380 feet high. The Upper or Horse-Shoe Falls are about three-fourths of a mile below Portageville. The name is derived from the curve in the face of the cliff over which the water flows. For a short distance ab(5ve the edge of the precipice the water is broken by a succession of steps in the rock, forming a. series of rapids. The height of the fall, including the rapids, is about 70 feet. * Reproduced by the courtesy of The Van Denbergh Laboratory of Chemical Industry, Buffalo. 24 GEOCiKAl'HY OF THE EmPIKE StATE The Middle Falls are about one-half mile further down the river. For 2 or 3 rods above the edge of the cliff the water is broken into rapids, and then in an nubrokcn sheet it pours down 110 feet into a chasm below, bounded by perpendicular ledges. A cave called " BeviVs Oven ", has been worn in the rocks under the V,-. bank, near the bottom of the falls. In low water ICO persons can be seated within it ; but when the river is high it is filled with water, and is only accessable by boats. The Lower Falls consist of a series of rapids one-half mile in extent, with an aggregate fall of 150 feet. For about 2 miles below the Middle Falls the river pursues a winding and rapid course between high perpendicular walls ; then descends in a succession of steps almost as regular as a staircase, dives under a shelving rock, shoots out in a narrow pass not more than 15 feet wide, rushes down a nearly perpendicular descent of 20 feet, strikes against the base of high rocks standing almost directly in the course, whirls back, and, turning at nearly right angles, falls into a deep pool overhung with shelving rocks. The perpendicular bank on the w. side of the river at one point is 380 feet. Below this point the course of the river is through a beautiful valley 1 to 2 miles wide and bordered by banks 50 to loO feet high. At Rochester it flows over the precipitous edges of the Kiagara limestone, forming the Upper Genesee Falls; and 3 miles below it flows over the edge of the Medina sand- stone forming the Lower Gen- esee Falls. The j^rincipal tril)- utaries of this stream are Conesus (5) and Honeoye (6) Creeks. Iloneoye, Canadice, Hemlock, and Conesus Lakes lie within the Genesee Basin. At the Upper Falls the stream falls a distance of 96 feet over the perpendicular edge of the Niag- ara limestone underlaid by shale. Below the Upper Falls the river flows 1% miles, through a deep ravine bounded by nearly perpendicular sides, to the Middle Falls, where it has a descent of 25 feet. One hundred rods below, it descends 84 feet over a ledge of Medina sandstone to the level of Lake Ontario. The whole fall of the Genesee Kiver within Monroe county is 280 feet. In 1829, Sam Patch, who had successfully jumped 100 feet from Goat Island into the Niagara River, was drowned by jiunp- ing from the bank of the Genesee just below the Falls shown on the picture, a distance of 125 feet. (e) The third subdivision includes the Oswego River (12) and its tributaries, and the small streams flowing into Lake Ontario between Genesee and Oswego Rivers. Mud Creek (7), the most westerly branch of Oswego River, takes its rise in Ontario County, flows N. e. into AVayne, where it unites with Canandaigua Outlet (8) and takes the name of Clyde River (9) ; thence it flows e. to the w. line of Cayuga County, where it empties into Seneca River (10). This latter stream, made up of the outlets of Seneca and Cayuga Lakes, from this point flows in a n. e. course, and receives successively the Outlets of Owasco, Skaneateles, Onondaga, and Oneida Lakes, the last through the Oneida Riv(n- (11). From where it nn-ets the last-named stream at Three Rivers 25 lAiver Point, as sliowu in the cut, it takes the name Oswego River (12), ids. Rivers 27 {c) The fifth subdivision inchich's all the streams flowing into Lakes George and Champlain. They are mostly mountain torrents, fre- quently interrupted by cascades. The principal streams are the Chazy (22), Saranac (23), Au Sable (24), and Poultney (25) rivers. Deep strata of tertiar}- clay extend along the shores of Lake Cham- plain. The water of most of the streams in this region is colored by the iron over which it flows. Ansable Chasm, through which the xVusable (24) makes its way to the hike, is pic- tured and described on page 50. (2) The Hudson Syshin. — The Basin of the Hudson (26) occupies about two-thirds of the e. border of the State, and a large territory extending into the interior. The remote sources of the Hudson are among the highest peaks of the Adirondacks, more than 4,000 feet above tide. Several of the little lakes which form reservoirs of the Upper Hudson are 2,500 to 3,000 feet above tide. The stream rapidly descends through the narrow defiles into Warren County, where it receives from the e. Schroon River (27), the outlet of Schroon Lake, and from the w. Sacondaga River (28). Below the mouth of the latter the river turns eastward, and breaks through the barrier of the Luzerne INIountains in a series of rapids and falls. At Fort Edward it again turns s. and flows with a rapid current, frequently interrupted l>y falls, to Troy, 100 miles from the ocean. At this place the river iallh into an estuary, where its current is affected by the tide; and from this place to its mouth it is a broad, deep, sluggish stream About 60 miles from its mouth the Hudson breaks through the rocky barrier of the Llighlands, forming the most easterly of the Appalachian Mountain Ranges ; and along its lower course it is bordered on the w. by a nearly perpendicular wall of basaltic rock 300 to 500 feet high, known as " The Palisades ". See page 14. Above Troy the Hudson receives Hoosick River (29) from the e. and the Mohawk (30) from the w. At Little Falls and " The Noses" the Mohawk breaks through moun- tain barriers in a deep, rocky ravine ; and at Cohoes, about 1 mile from its mouth, it flows down a perpendicular precipice of 70 feet, forming an excellent water-power. The principal tributaries of the Mohawk are Schoharie (31) and West Canada (32) Creeks. On the latter are Trenton Falls. The Mohawk at Little Falls is pictured on page 53, and the Trenton Falls are pictured and described on page 53. The cascade at Cohoes is in full view of the railroad bridge, a short distance below. The Erie canal (see page 43) rises here by a series of 18 locks through the city, to a ])o:nt IHH I'cet above tide. \u:\\ I K'oAi imi^\Di> . » /'.' . 1 ^P|r -fn^^i H* ;^^ Rivers 29 Below Troy the principal tributaries of the Hudson are Jansen's (33), Norman's Kill (34) and Rondout (35) Creeks. The cut given shows the West Shore railroad bridge over Rondout Creek. South of the Highlands the river spreads out into a wide expanse known as " Tappan Bay ". The western arm of Long Is- land sound is commonly known as the East River (36), and the Hudson at New York is usually- called the North River. Across the East River is the great Brook- lyn Bridge, uniting New York with Brooklyn. This is 5,C8D feet long, 1S5 feet above Ihe and cost 15 millions. It is suspended by steel wire cables from stone peers 273 feet above high tide, and carries prome- nades, carriage ways, and railway tracks. The Harlem River is the narrow portion of tide water separating Manhattan island from the main land. It communicates through Spuyten Duyvil Creek with the Hudson River, and at Hell Gate with the East River. It is spanned by High Bridge, carrying the Croton water to New York, and by Washington Bridge, whicli cost three millions. EAST RIVER BRIDGE WASHINGTON BRIDGE, HIGH BRID(;E Rivers 31 (3) The Delaware System. — The Delaware Basin occupies Delaware and Sullivan and iwrtions of several of the adjacent counties. The k; or principal branch of tlie Delaware Hiver QM}) rises in the x. e. part of Delaware county and flows s. w. to near the Pennsylvania line ; thence it turns s. e. and forms the boundary of the State to the line of New Jersey. Its principal branches are the Pepacton (40), INIongaup (39), and ^eversink (38) Rivers. These streams all / flow in deep, nar- /? row ravines b o r - / dered l:)y steep rocky liills. : The picture on the opposite page shows the j^icture of Delaware and the Neversink at the point where the three States of New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania meet. (4) The Susquehanna Sijstcm. — The Susquehanna Basin occupies about one-third of the s. border of the State. The Susquehanna River (41) takes its rise in Otsego Lake, and flowing s. w. to the Pennsylvania ne^t:rsink valley, near guymard 32 Geography 'TIE Empire State line, receives the Uuadilla (42) from the n. After a course of a few miles in Pennsylvania it again enters the State, and flows in a general westerly direction to near the w. border of Tioga County, whence it turns s. and again enters Pennsylvania. Its principal tributary from the N. is C'lienango River (4:]), of whicli the Tioughnioga (44) is the principal branch. The Tioga River (4(3) enters the State from Pennsylvania near the border of Steuben County, flows x., receives the Canisteo (48) from the w. and the Cohocton (47) from the n. From the mouth of the latter the stream takes the name Chemung River (4")), a view along which is shown in the cut, and flows in a s. e. direction, into the Susquehanna (41) in Pennsylvania, a few miles s. of the State line. The upper course of these streams is generally through deep ravines bordered by steep hillsides ; but below they are bordered by wide and beautiful intervales. (•")) TJie Oil to Sij>r and lower Saranac (21) Lakes, and from Lake Placid (22), shown in the adjoining picture, all three famous as sum- mer resorts. It is it- self a favorite resort, its steamers offering a convenient route for summer travel, and its numerous islands fur- nishing delightful sum- mer homes. The eastern Adirondack region ismountainons, while the western region is mostly low, to some extent marshy. The pictures on these two opposite pages show their contrasting characteristics. The "North Woods", as most New Yorkers familiar- ly call them, are at once an attraction and a sanitarinm. Within a few hour's ride of any part of the State, they offer to the overworked and nervous dweller in large cities a sudden plunge into the stillness of the forest primeval. As Judge North- nip well says : "To a man whose life is chiefly within four brick walls, and whose every breath takes up some part of the street and its tilth, whose daily work is such that his body and health are a daily sacrifice to the necessities of seden- tary life, — to such a man there is nothing in the whole range of remedial aarents to 40 Ge()(;kaphy of the Empire State make him so sound aud strong and well and in so short a time, like the two or three weeks he can spare for a trip to the woods." — Qimjis and Tramps, p. 13. The length of the Chaniplain valley is 180 miles, aud the depth of the lake is in places 600 feet, or 500 feet below the level of the ocean. Its bed is a deep chasm, principally in the primary rocks, f oi-merly the bed of an ancient ocean. It is inter- esting to note that its t r i b u t a r y streams on both sides bear toward the north. Among the most interesting of these is the outlet from Lake George, the water of which flows over two picturesque falls as it descends 240 feet in 4 miles. Xear Avhere the stream enters the lake are the famous ruins of Fort Ticonderoga, Avliich Col. Ethan Allen captured in 177."), "in the name of the Great Jehovah and the Constitutional Congress." Lake George (2:3), or Iloricoii, 36 miles long, aud from 1 to 4 miles wide, is famed for the beauty of its seeuery, beiug ofteu called the Como of America. i;riNS OF FORT TIOONI) LAKE GEORGE '■ Surrounded on all sides, except at the out- let, by beautiful hills, and mountains of primi- tive rock, it receives from their springs and brooks an unfailing supply of water that is suf- ficiently sparkling and pure to justify the name — St. Sacrament — which the lake origin- ally received. At some remote period, this whole region was swept over by a great deluge which left the country far and wide covered with loose earth and gravel, and gave to the lake a floor of beautiful white sand. This, in connection with the crystal purity of the water, renders objects visible at a considerable depth. " Only a small ])ortion of the lake is seen at a single view. There is no broad and striking expanse of water. This lake (like Como and AVindermere) assimies more of the character of a noble river flanked by highlands. Winding sweetly on its way among the verdant hills, it gradually unfolds its Avealth of beauty, surprising and delighting the tourist at every advance by some new and exquisite scene." — B. F. De Costa . It is studded with hundreds of inlands. At its southeast end French Mountain rises abruptly some 2,500 feet, and the western shore is bordered by high bluffs. The prin- cipal hotel is named from Fort William Henry, surrendered to the French in 1756. On the road to Glens Falls is a monument to Col. Ephraim Williams, after whom Williams College is named, Avho was killed by the French on Sept. 8, 1755, and is buried where he fell. This entire region is the groundwork of Cooper's " Last of the Mohicans ". Lakes 41 (2) The Hudson System. — Besides the multitude of small lakes near its source, the Iludsou has tributaries farther down from several lakes at high altitudes, a type of which is Lake Mohonk in the southern j^art of Ulster county, shown in this picture. This lake, and Lake Minnewaska, just above it, are shown on the map, page 14, up in the mountains near the northern branch of Rondout Creek. The square-shaped lake on the E. of the Hudson farther down is Lake Mahopac, the pride of the Croton water-shed, 1800 feet above the sea, and a popuhir summer resort.*' 42 GEOGRAniY OF THE Empike State (o) The SnsqucJianna System. — The principal lake in this system is Otsego (24), 9 by 1| miles, and 1193 feet above sea level. Cooperstown, at its foot, was tlio I'csi- dence of the famous novelist, Jfimes Feui- move Cooper, whose stories have made this region familiar the world over. The stage-ride to Richfield Springs is delightful. OTSEGO L\KE Views of the lake are shown on page 58. The lake close by on the map is Sclunier's, or Canadarago, 5 miles long. Little Lake (25) is chiefly interesting as showing the watershed of that region. There is a lake at Tully, not shown on the ma)), but near the centre of the southern boundary of Onondaga County, out of which the water flows to the n. through Onondaga Creek and Onondaga Lake to the Gidf of St. Lawrence, and also to the s. thro\igh the Tioughnioga into Chesapeake Bay. (5) The Ohio System. — Chautanqua Lake (26), 9 miles s. of Lake Erie, but 740 feet above it, and 1,400 feet above the sea, is probably higher than any other navigable lake e. of the Rocky Mountains. It is the only large lake in the State that discharges into the Gulf of Mexico. It has become famous the world over as tlie site of a sum- mer school and Sunday school assembly, the success of which has led to a system of home-study in wide use. Canals The natural internal navigation of the State is very extensive. Before the commencement of internal improvements, the most import- ant lines were, first, n. from Albany, through the Hudson to Fort Ed- ward, thence a portage to Fort Ann, and thence by Wood Creek tO' Lake ChamjDlain ; and, second, w. from Albany, by way of the Mohawk, Wood Creek, Oneida Lake, and Oswego River, to Lake Ontario. Upon the latter route were portages at several of the rifts of the Mohawk, from the jVIohawk to Wood Creek, and at Oswego Falls. The two Wood Creeks mentioned are not shown on the map of rivers, page 23. The first rises in French Pond, Warren County, and flowing n. E. through Kingsbury and Fort Ann, empties into Lake Champlain at Whitehall The stream is naturally narrow and sluggish, but deep, having often 15 feet of water, and hence was of great use in transportation. The second Wood Creek flows through Rome near the Mohawk, and into Oneida Lake through Fish Creek, and thus formed a ready connection l)etween the Hudson River and the interior lakes. The Erie Canal is 363 miles long, 70 feet broad at the surface, 56 feet broad at the bottom, and 7 feet deep. The descent from Buffalo to Albany is 508 feet, and is accomplished by 72 locks. The canal cost more than 50 millions. For its interesting history, see Hen- drick's History pp. 139-146. Canals 43 ERIE CANAL AT LOCKPORT The canal leaves lake Erie at Buffalo (1), follows the river bank to Black Eock, and communicates with the dam at that place. At Tonawanda (2), 10 miles below Buffalo, it enters Tonawanda Creek, follows its channel 12 P^ -^^ ■ — "1 miles, and crosses thence, through a rock cutting, to =?«'=s=*:s2^'— _ I ^j^g brow^ of the mountain edge, at Lockport (3), where _ ~ [/-Ji^s&^^M it descends 55.88 feet by 10 combined locks. It con- tinues thence, eastward, from 1 to 3 miles s. of the idge road, to Rochester (4), crosses the Genesee upon a stone aqueduct, makes a circuitous sweep across '^ the Irondequoit valley, along the top of a natural range of hills, crosses the Clyde River at Lyons (5), and finally reaches the level of the Seneca River, after supplying 153 miles of the Erie Canal, and affording a large amount of water-power. It then rises by 2 locks, descends into the Onondaga valley by 1 lock, and then rises by 3 locks to the long level which extends from Syracuse (9) to Utica (15), from whence it descends the Mohawk valley, mostly on its s. side, to the Hudson. Below Schen- ectady (16), it twice crosses the ^Mohawk, upon stone aqueducts. It is continued dowm the bank of the Hudson to Albany (18), Avhere it term.inates in a spacious basin. At West Troy it also opens into the Hudson. The total lockages going w. are 612.9 feet up, and 43.5 feet down, or a total of 656.4 feet. The canal is fed by numerous streams along its course, and by 9 reservoirs, besides those upon the Black River Canal, itself a feeder. The Cayuga and Seneca Canal connects the Erie Canal at Monte- zuma (6) with Cayuga Lake at East Cayuga (7), and with Seneca Lake at Geneva (8). About half of the canal is formed by slackwater navigation upon Seneca River, and the remainder is a channel parallel to the river. This canal admits the passage of large boats from the Erie Canal to the head of Cayuga and Seneca Lakes. The Oswego Canal, extending from Syracuse (9) to Oswego (10), is 38 miles long, and includes 19 miles of slackwater navigation in Oswego and Seneca Rivers, witli a toAving path on the e. bank. 44 Geogkaphy of the Empire State The Black liiver Canal extends fi-om Rome (11) up the valley of the Mohawk and of Lansing Kil to Boonville (12), and thence descends the valley of Black River to a point below Lyon Falls (13). From the latter point is a river navigation 42 J miles to Carthage (14), on the line of JelFursou county. At Boonville (12) the canal receives a navigable feeder 13 miles long, which derives its water from Black Kiver. Length of main canal 36.63 miles, of feeders 13.48 miles, and of reservoirs 13.95 miles. The summit level is 693 feet above the canal at Rome, to which it descends by 70 locks. Northward the canal descends 386 feet, by 39 locks. The Champlain Canal, extending from the Erie Canal, near Cohoes (17), to Lake Champlain (22), is G4 miles long and has a navigable feeder of 7 miles to Glens Falls (21), with a slackwater navigation 5 miles further upon the Hudson. A natural water communication, interrupted by portages, extended along the route of this canal, which was used by the natives with their canoes. The canal communi- cates Avith the Hudson above the State dam at AVaterford by a side-cut with 3 locks. It has 7 locks between the lake and the summit, with 54 feet total lift, and 14 locks, with a total of 134 feet, between the Summit and the Hudson at Waterford. It crosses the Mohawk at Cohoes (17) in a pond fomaed by a dam 1,700 feet in length, and follows near the w. bank of the Hudson to Schuylerville (19), where it crosses into Washington County by another dam 700 feet long, and continues near the E. bank to Fort Edward (30). Near here it receives the feeder from the Hudson above Glens Falls (31), where there is a dam 770 feet long and 13 feet high. Here it leaves the liver and crosses to the valley of AVood Creek, and thence, partly in the bed of that stream, to "Whitehall (33.) Waterfalls For Niagara (1), Portage {o), and Genesee (4) Falls, see pp. 21-24. Waterfalls 45 At Tonawanda Falls (2), the creek flows down over the limestone terrace which ex- tends across the southern part of the town of Alabama at a height of 50 to 75 feet. Watkin's Glen (o) is the most extensive of the many remarkable series of cascades by which the water has worn its way through solid rock in so many parts of the Empire State. ' This Glen consists of a number of sections rising one above another for 800 feet in arcades, galleries, grottoes, and amphitheatres. It extends nearly e. and w. for over three miles, and covers 500 acres. "It forms the channel for a limpid stream which, bubbling out from mountain springs, threads its sinuous way through gorge and dell , now tumbling madly from lofty heights into the depths of a foam-crested whirlpool , now breaking in shimmering cascades above some pellucid pool shaded by moss-grown rocks ; then, winding like a silver thread through the rank leafage of some narrow vale, it flashes in the sunlight Waterfalls 47 and winds quietly across the level valley, as though, tired from its angry and- tortuous passage through the Glen, it was now resting, idly reflecting the sunbeams before taking its final submergence in the cool depths of Seneca Lake, half a mile beyond." Havana Glen (6) is divided into two general sections, the entrance amphitheatre and the gorges. The former contains within its high hanks some 30 or 40 acres, and the latter include a wonderful succes- sion of gorges, waterfalls, cascades, pools, cliffs, grottoes, etc. The "council chamber " is 100 feet long and 8 to 25 feet in breadth. Hector Falls, and Lodi Falls, 125 feet high, on the E. shore of the lake, are described ■with full-page pictures in the fourth volume of Geology, Natural History of the State of New York. Rocky Run, shown on the opposite page, is only one of the multitude of ■cascades in this part of the State, so common that they are unknown except locally. Taughannock Falls (7), 190 feet high, is the principal of the cas- cades by which the creek of that name descends from the plateau to the lake. Those falls have receded about one mile from the lake, and have worn a deep gorge in the yielding shales, with banks 300 feet high. The softness of the rock is sho-R n by an ad- venture which hap- pened twenty years ago to the author of this volume. He left the steamer at the foot of the creek in the afternoon, and followed up the stream to the falls. These interested him so much that he did not observe how dark it was grow- ing, and he failed to find the path to the hotel on the bank, which he had some how supposed to be located on the south- ern side. Underes- timating the height, and from the debris at the bottom over- estimating the slant, he attempted to climb the southern bank. It was easy at first ; then it be- came harder; finally crevices f ir the hands and toes had to be plucked out by removing pieces of shale. By 48 GKOGRArilV (»F TIIK EmPIKK HtATE the time he was Iwo-lhinls up it s:>emcd impossible to complete the ascent, aud as descent was out of the question he considered seriously whether to give it up and droj) upon the rocks below. But this involved almost certain death, or, perhaps worse, a night to lie helpless with broken limbs and crushed body. So on tlie whole he decided to struggle to the last, and after some hours he reached the top. Even then he could not climb over, for the soil projected, and as he held on by the roots every movement he made sent the dirt flying into his eyes and down his back. Finally, seizing the strongest root with his left hand and drawing his body up close, he reached around over the turf with his right hand, seized what seemed to be and proved to be a strong young shrub, kicked out from the bank, and drew himself over upon the solid earth. It was two o'clock when he got to the hotel, and the next day he had not nerve enough left to mount a rock as high as his shoulder. But he had actually climbed in the dark a precipice 250 feet high, much of it by pulling out pieces of rocks with his fingers. Ithaca Falls (8), one mile from the city, are 160 feet high and 150 feet wide. Ithaca has been called the ' ' region of cascades", as there are 96 falls in the near vicinity. Upon Fall Creek, within the space of 1 mile, are 5 falls varying in height from 44 to 125 feet. The deep gorge through which the stream flows is bordered by perpendicular cliffs. A tunnel 200 feet long, 10 to 13 feet wide, and 13 feet high was excavated through the rock for hydraulic purposes in 1831-32, by J. S Beebe. Upon Cascadilla, Six Mile, and Buttermilk Creeks are also successions of fine cascades, within the limits of the town. At Buttermilk Falls the water rushes down at an angle of about 45 degrees, in a sheet of white foam, the appearance of the water furnishing a name to both the cascades and the stream. In all these falls the soft aud yielding shales form a declining surface, while the hard and compact limestone remains perpendicular. The deep ravine of Fall Creek borders the groimds of Cornell University, and the Cascadilla ravine is at the south-west corner of the campus, uniting with the view of Cayuga Lake already spoken of (page 35) togivethecollege a picturesque- ncss of location that is imrivalled. At Seneca Falls (9), the Seneca River foils 51 feet, furnishing an abundance of water power. At Oswego Falls (10), tlie river, which drains more than 7,000 square miles, furnishes enormous water-power. See page 25. At Natural Bridge (not numbered on the map, but upon the Indian River just as it passes out of Lewis Coiinty), when the stream is low the water passes through a fissure 15 feet wide in the limestone under the road, and has formed grottoes that may be entered for some distance. ITHACA FALLS Waterfalls 49 The Black River Falls (11), at Watertown, are the most abrupt of the series of cascades by which the river drops 480 feet in passing- through the county. The rapid fall of the river through Jefferson County prevents continuation of the navigation of the Black River to Carthage already spoken of (page 44). The High Falls at Lyon Falls (13 on map, page 43) are 63 feet high, and a glimpse of them may be had from the railway train. Rensselaer Falls (12) and Brasher Falls (13) have given names to small villages ; the latter is now known as Winthrop. At the Saranac Falls (14) the river falls some 50 feet in passing through a gorge li miles long, with an average w-idth of 50 feet, and a depth of from 20 to 30 feet. In its general character this gorge resembles Ausable chasm, described on the next page. Another remarkable gorge of this kind at Flat Roc-k, on the Canadian boundary 16 miles w. from Champlain, is 300 feet deep and 16 rods wide. On the Chateaugay River, a mile above the village, there is a ravine 200 feet deep, with a fall of 50 feet. Indian Pass, between Mt. IMac Intyre and Wallface Mountain, has the mountain on one side at an angle of 4.")\ and on the other for more than a mile a vertical wall 800 to 1200 feet high. The western branch of the Au Sable River breaks through the moun- tains at Willmington Notch, with Mt. Whiteface on one side rising thousands of feet almost perpendicularly, while on the other are the abrupt, rugged crags of another precipice 50 Gkogkai'iiy of the Empire State the Potsdam At Ausable Chasm (lo), the river breaks through saudstone in a gorge 2 miles long and 100 feet deep. The liiuducss of llie rocii makes tliis cluism more remarkable than those in the central part of the State, where the cutting has been done through soft shale and skite. From the face of the cliff the river has worn back a ragged and irregu- lar channel in tlie solid sandstone for a distance of 2 miles and to tlie depth of 100 to 130 feet. The rocks that border it are perpendicular, and in some places overhanging, s o that the w^ater can scarcely be seen from the banks above. At several points this ravine is compressed to a widtli of less than 30 feet. The river plunges into tlie chasm in a perpen- dicular descent of 70 feet, and strug- gles through the tortuous channel, foaming, whirling, and eddying over its rocky bed. It has been aptly called "the Yose- miteinminature". The tops of the banks are fringed with cedars whose somber shadows deepen the mys- terious grandeur. At Ticouderoga (16) the outlet of Lake George descentls loO feet in the course of 11 miles, and as the water never freezes and is unvarying in quantity, it furnishes excel- lent water power. See page 40. On Stone Bridge Creek (17) is a natural bridge. The stream, after falling into a basin, enters a passage in two branches under a natural arch 40 feet high and about 80 broad, and emerges in a single stream from under a precipice 54 feet high, 247 feet from its entrance. This bridge is described in Morse's Geography (1796) as follows ; "In the Waterfalls 51 county of Montgomery is a small, rapid stream emptying into Schroon Lake, w. of Lake George ; it runs under a hill, the base of which is 60 or 70 yards in diameter, forming a most curious and beautiful arch in the rock, as white as snow. The fury of the water and the roughness of the bottom, added to the terrific noise within, have hitherto prevented any person from passing through the chasm."— .4?«. Univ. Geoff.,SOS. It is thus described in Watson's " Military and Civil History of the County of Essex County" (8:512, 1869): Two very remarkable subterranean passages in the town of Schroon near Paradox lake are worthy of examination. The first of these forms the channel of a small ri-\-ulet, by a natural perforation of some hundred feet through the massive rock, 10 or 15 feet below the surface, over which passes the public road, as if by. an artificial bridge. The other, which I find referred to in early works on the topogi-aphy of this region, is a highly curious and interesting exhibition. The explorer enters a lofty arch, several feet below the surface, carved out of the solid rock. It presents, at some points, the appearance of nearly an exact gothic structure, and at others, broken and ragged sides and canopy. This dark and gloomy cavern extends a number of rods, and is from 4 to 13 feet in width, and 10 to 15 in height. It constitutes the sluice way of a large stream, which propels a mill just above the entrance, and foams and dashes through the rocky and precipitous descent. Though the Hudsoii rises in the most mountainous part of the State and descends in 150 miles nearly 4,000 feet, its highest falls are at Luzerne, just below the mouth of the Sacondaga, Avhere the river leaps €0 feet, over a ledge of gneiss. At Glens Falls (18) the fall is 50 feet. For Colioes (19) see page 27. Below Glens Falls (shown in the cut above) is a small island, through which is a cave extending from one channel to the other, " "When the stream is full the sight is magnifi- cent and one that Avell repays the trouble of a journey. The bed and walls of the river jire composed of blue, fossiliferous limestone, and the scenery is bold and striking. The admirers of Cooper must not fail to explore the falls and visit the cave under the rocks below, where the novelist lays the most thrilling scenes depicted in The Last of the Mohicans. It was in this cave that Hayward and Cora found refuge ; where David stnick his pitch-pipe, and sang the ' Isle of "White ' to the chiming of the music of the falls."— i?. F. De Costa. Waterfalls 53 At Little Falls (20), already referred to on jjages 15, 19, 27, and shown in the picture on the opposite page, the hills on eacli side of the river are masses of naked rock, rising nearly' perpendicular to a height of 500 to 600 feet. Trenton Falls (21), sometimes known as the Kau3^-a-hoora, are made up principally of 6 cascades, with an aggregate fall of 312 feet. The ravine is 2 miles long, and the banks are in places 150 feet high. N. P. Willis thus described the falls in his story "Edith Linsey " : Most people talk of the suUimity of Trenton, but I have haunted It by the week together for its mere loveliness. The river, in the heart of that fearful chasm, is tlie most varied and beautiful assem- blage of the thousand forms and shapes of running water that I know in the world. The soil anil the 54 Geography of the Empire State deep-striking roots of the forest terminate far above you, looliing like a black rim on the enclosing precipice ; the bed of the river and its sky-sustaining walls are of solid roek, and, with the tremendous descent of the stream- forming for miles one continuous succession of falls and rapids-tiie channel is worn into curves and cavities which throw the clear waters into forms of inconceivable brilliancy and variety. It is a sort of half twilight below, with here and there a long beam of sunsliine reaching down to kiss the lip of an eddy, or form a rainbow over a fall, and the reverberating and changing echoes, '• Like a ring of bells whose sound the wind i^t'M alters," maintain a constant and most soothing music varying at every step with the varying phase of the curtain. Cascades of from 20 to 33 feet, over which the river flies with a single and hurrying leap (not a drop missing from the glassy and bending shest), occur frequently as you ascend ; and it is from tliese that the place takes its name. But the falls, though beautiful, are only peculiar from the dazzling and unequalled rapidity with which the waters come to the leap. If it were not for the leaf which drops wavering down into the abysm from trees apparently painted on the sky, and which is caught away by the flashing current as if the lightnin-? had .suddenly crossed it, yt>u would think the vault of the steadfast heavens a flying element as soon. Howe's Cave (22), sometimes called the Otsgaragee Cavern, is a remarkable series of subterranean chambers. The entrance is from the Pavilion Hotel. An irregular, circular opening in the lime- stone, through -which we pass by a level path, brings us at once into an atmosphere of about 55 degrees. We soon come to the "Reception Room", some 40 feet wide and 15 feet high, ornamented with stalagmites. Near by, up an ascending path, is another large room called the "Bridal Chamber", from the wall of which extend huge stalagmites, known as " AVa.shington's Epaulet" and "Lady Washington's Hood", bearing a most striking resemblance to the objects they are named after. The room is ornamented by a circular dome, so high that the light of the lamp doos not render its top visible. Next comes a gallery 75 feet high, in the "Giant's Chapel", above the main path which traverses all the while a spacious hall from 15 to 20 feet high ; and the " Straight and Narrow Way", some 3 or 4 feet wide at the bottom, while at the height of a man's head there is just room for the head to pass through. The "Pool of Siloam" comes down a gentle incline and forms a whirlpool, disappearing in some cavity below. Through the entire length stalagmites of the most fantastic shapes ornament the walls, while overhead stalactites hang from the roof like icicles. The "Elephant's Head "and "Indian Dugout" are passed, and then comes the "Haimted Castle", a large circular chamber, having a niche at one side just wide enough to admit a man's body. Near by is the " Music Room", where mu.sical tones appear to be never done echo- ing, but go dancing gaily about, returning again and again, tilling the air with harmony. We are now something over a mile from daylight, and enter a boat. Pushing out on a miniattire subterranean lake, J mile long, Ave sail under a limestone arch, the sides of which are ornamented with fantastic shapes in hos relief, resembling divers objects. Beyond the lake is the " Yo Semite Valley", a deep canon along the edge of which we creep 50 feet above the stream. Soon afterward the course, which seem to have been nearly straight thus far, is suddenly blocked by a solid wall. From this point a passage as yet unexplored leads to the left, forming nearly a right angle Avith that which we have been following up. We take the passage to the right, through the "Winding Way", 80 rods long, and only wide enough to pass through, forming a long series of ' ' S's ", so that one can hardly see a person in any portion of it three feet ahead. The Avails, as throughout the entire course, are smooth as glass, though rigid and cor- niced Avith wonderful regularity. At the end of this crooked ptfssage are the "Devil's Gateway" and the " Silent Chamber". "Fat Man's Misery " is a narrow passage in which poor old Jack Flagstaff would surely have struck fast, and a passage through which Ave are oliligcd to craAvl leads to the " Rotunda", the greatest Avonder of all, a circular room 25 feet in diameter, and 300 feet hifi-h. Waterfalls 55 r \ ?> y""" ^■■1 i- ^^^^^^^B #.- , ^^^H MM^ ^-^l^s^ <|g^« ^^^^^K mt K >i«^^^P p^^B ^HH fSr) 'f^^^OB^HMK BHMH^H flip<' ffe^""' ■ '' ^^w 1 m " «s- •■ - ' -"' y" ^/i^ ^S^^EhH >*^*- .^^^^^M| M||^H| ■-■^1^ ^M^H^^^l RM| ■ iiH^f ^^^l^yH ^Hp pp?^?'^ HI ^M^^^'^^^F^'-^lSBI^^^^^B i JBj^j^j ^'I'^^^.x. ^^JiwII^B fHsi^RBft -V. . ^^Bi^ '"■^S'^f "iSy^^j^Bi^^S^ ^^^^^^HHH ^BlBa^^\«^ " '^^^BB^S ^^^^^^^^1 R^ii^^&^I^^SHI B^^^l I^H H y This fitly ends our mysterious journey. A brisk walk of an hour brings us back to daylight once more. This view of the interior of the cave is reproduced by per- mission from one of a beautiful scries of photographs published by S. R. Stoddard, Glens Falls. At Poestenkill (poos-ten -kill) Falls (23) the river falls some 80 feet. One mile w. is a spring of some local celebrity for the cure of cutaneous diseases At Kaaterskill Falls (24), the waters from the two lakes and from Spruce Creek combine a short distance from the amphi- theatre of rock, and plunge over the projecting 70 feet of massive roof- ing to the natural cavern beneath, a clear fall of 180 feet. The stream then f)6 Geography of the Empire State passes a few yards over smootli rock, aud takes another plunge of 80 feet. High Falls (25), on the Rondout ; and Wappinger's Falls (36) of 75 feet at the head of navigation in the creek of the same name, give names to villages. ]\IiNERAL Springs The Empire State is remarkable for the number and the variety of its mineral springs. Dr. Beck's report on the mineralogical And chemical department of the Geological Survey gave in 1838 a tabu- lated list of 148, in 40 of the 57 counties into wliich the State was tlien divided ; and these did not included many of those now best known, like tlie Deep Rock of Oswego, and the Ilathorn of Saratoga. His table classed them thus : acidulous chalybeate 2 acidulous saline chalybeate ... 17 brine 24 carburetted hydrogen 1 chalybeate 6 inflammable gas _ . 13 No doubt fully twice as many in the State are now locally r medicinal value, aud many more have interest for the naturalist, years that the author of this volume travelled about the State he learned to ask, if he had an hour to spare, not whether there was something of the sort near by, but what and where it was. In this place, however, It is possible to mention only some of those most widely celebrated. nitrogen 2 petrifying 14 saline 3 sour. 1 sulphureous 64 thermal 1 •ognized as havini During the tlirei The salt springs at Warsaw (2) have become a formidable rival in the manufacture of salt to those at Syracuse (6). The^niles of wooden salt-vats at the head of Onondaga Lake attract the eye of the visitor approaching Syracuse from the west. Here the brine pumped from wells and dis- Mineral Springs 57 tributed by pipes is evaporated by exposure to the sun, the huge covers on wheels being pushed off whenever the sun shines. There are acres too of salt sheds with tall chimneys, in which the brine is evaporated in iron kettles heated by coal. This latter process pro- duces fine salt, while the solar evaporation produces rock salt, in larger crystals. Salt manufacture was once the greatest industry of Syracuse, but has now become unprofit- able, owing to the working of wells in Michigan where the brine is twice as strong, and where the kettles can be heated by sawdust from the enormous lumber-mills. The salt springs at Salt Springville (17), near Cherry Valley, are interesting as showing the eastern limit of these springs, which occur frequently in the region from these w. to Genesee County, and from Broome County N. to Lake Ontario, a region 170 miles by 80. Many of these were formerly worked to a profit, especially those at Montezuma. An interesting account of them is given in Dr. Becli'o Report on the mineralogical and chemical ■department of the Geological Survey, 1838, above referred to. The sulphur springs at Avon (3) are visited by many invahds. CHfton Springs (4) contains a celebrated sanitarium. The water incrusts with sulphur the stones that it flows over. At the Massena Springs (9), saline and sulphuric, a hotel was built for invalids as early as 1848. In the town of Alabama (1) there are 9 springs within a circle of 50 rods, no two of them alike. The Slaterville spring (5) is magnetic. The Chittenango springs (7) are of a saline sulphuric character. In the vicinity are "petrifying" springs, which convert vegetable matter into carbonate of lime, leaving the structure of the plant entire. The Deep Rock spring at Oswego (8) is underneath the Doolittle Hotel. The water is highly esteemed, and is sent in bottled form all over the country. At Chateaugay, Franklin County, nitrogen springs send out from white sand a fiow of water sufficient to turn a mill wheel. Saratoga Springs (10) is one of the great summer resorts of the world, and contains more capacious and finer hotels of this kind than any of its rivals. There are a score of the springs, greatly differing in character, and some of them are famous the world over. Its natural attractions and its hotel accommodations have made it a favorite meeting-place for political and educational conventions. To ac- commodate these gatherings a large auditorium has been erected, seating 5,000 persons. The springs at Ballston Spa (11) used to be greatly frequented, but are now neglected in l;i\or of their more fashionable rivals 6 miles N. Lebanon Springs (12) contains a warm AUDITORIUM, SARATOGA nitrogen spring, with several hotels, one accom- modating 400 guests. There is a Shaker village near by. The Columbia White Sulphur Springs (13) are 5 miles from Hudson. The Chappaqua (14) sulphur springs have some local celebrity, and there are several springs of different properties near Guymard (15), from which is taken the view of the Neversink river shoAvn on page 31. The Sharon Springs (16) contain sulphur, magnesia, etc., and are held in high repute. The Richfield Springs (19) have a wide reputation for the cure of rheumatism and skin diseases, and the hotels and beautiful drives give the village general recognition as a fashionable summer resort. w I^L. 59 The views of Richfield Springs on the opposite page include glimpses of C'andarago and Otsego lakes. In this connection should be mentioned the oil-wells of New York, as the petroleum region of Pennsylvania reaches over into Cattaraugus and Allegany Counties. Springs of natural gas or carburetted hydro- gen have been found in Albany, Ontario, and other Counties, and at Gasport in Niagara County ; while the village of Fredonia in Chau- tauqua County has been lighted by it since 1821. Islands Long Island (1) is 120 miles long and its greatest width is 24 miles. It is one of a chain of Islands belonging to New York, reaching at Fisher's Island (1) nearly to the Connecticut shore. It is separated from Connecticut and Ehode Island by Long Island Sound, "the American Mediterranean," which is in places 20 miles Avide, but is shallow, varying in depth from 75 to 200 feet. Geologically the island is interesting, consisting mostly of an immense moraiual deposit of glacial drifts, containing a remarkable number of large boulders. A range of hills from 150 to 384 feet above sea level extends some 60 miles along its northern side. One of its little lakes situated almost in the centre of the island, Eonkonkoma, has periodical increase and decrease of waters every four years. The northern coast is broken by important bays, such as Glen Cove, Oyster Bay, Huntington Bay, Smithtown Bay ; while along the southern coast stretches a remark- able series of lagoons, formed by a line of dunes at the most a mile wide, such as Fire Island (5), Oak Island Beach, Jones Beach, Long Beach, to the w. of Fire Island in the order named. The bay x. of Fire Island (5) is known as the Great South Bay, 40 miles long, which furnishes the "Blue Point" oysters, and employs 1500 fishermen. 60 Geography of the E^rPIRE State Pecoiiic Bay which divides the eastern end, is 30 miles long. It is often divided into Greater and Smaller Peeonic and Gardiner's Bays, and Gardiner's Island (2) lies between Moutauk Point and Plumb Island, just above it. Shelter Island (3), including 8000 acres, forms a township by itself. The entire eastern end of the island, including nearly all of Kings county, is now included in the city of Brooklyn. Coney 1*1 ^ind separated from the shore only by a narrow stre \m, is the southwestern point of the county, as shown on the map. It has become a famous suumier resort. Other of the principal towns are Long Island Citj Garden City, Flatbush, Flushing, Hempstead, Jam icj Oyster Bay, North Hempstead, Huntington, Biook haven, Riverhead, Southampton, and %\ r--r- >v Southold. Long Island City is the tenninus of the Long Island railroads, and will soon be connected with New York by a huge bridge, as described on page 61. Garden City was founded by the late A. T. Stewart, who paid some $400, 000 for the s^g^t-^. - site, and erected buildings costing several '" -A ^ times as miich. Flushing is on Flushing Creek, an outlet of Fuish ing Bay. It is largely a subiu-ban residence town but has manufactures of silk, india-rubber, tin, etc. Jamaica has been designated as the site of a noimal school. Riverhead has mills and manufactm s of various kinds. Sag Harbor is the eastern termiTuis of the Long Island R.R., and has a line of steamcisto New York. "' "',. Staten Island (6) is 1-4 miles by S, and fornix a count} 1)\ it^iK including 3 or 4 small islands close by. It is separated from New- Jersey by the Arthur Kil or Staten Island Sound, and by the Kil van Kull. The bay between Staten Island and Long Island is known as The Narrows. ^■=^^'^ ?>'.. City, but the oyster trade employs a Lood many people, and there ai'e some manufactories. On '^taten Island is the quaran- tme headquarters, where all foreign vessels are stopped for 11 spection; and further up the li u'bor is Bedloe's Island, ■with the Statue of Liberty, " <^hown in the cut on page 92. LLLls ls;LVND Further along, toward the New Jersey shore, is Ellis Island, where foreign immigrants are received and examined. __^_ ^_ Nearer New York is Governor's Island, a station for United State troops. The picture of the fort here given is of Castle AYilliam in the north-west corner of this island, which also appears in the ;: ^^Z^: ^rum-- ' ' '"^^^^'^lZ^Sv ^^^IS^^ ^*'^* lower coi-ncr of the pictiu-e of JMauhattan Island ~ — ^- on the next page. It is mainly a residence district of New York Islands 61 Manhattan Island (7), 13 miles long, is a part of New York City. ! ^^T1SZ?,^>» riiiil It has the Hudson River on the w , the Hailem on the x , and the East River on the s. and e. Besides the BrooUyn Bridge, shown in the cut and already described (page 29), it will soon have another communication with Long Island by a bridge now building, connecting the Third Avenue Elevated Railway with the Long Island Railroad, by way G2 Geogkapiiy ()f the Empire State of Blackwell's Island, shown in the cut. This bridge is 135 feet above the water and has three spans : 846 feet from New York to the Island, 615 feet across the Island, and 846 feet from the Island to Long Island City. It is to cost 8 millions, beside the cost of the terminal stations. It has 4 railway tracks, with carriage waj's on each side. Xew York City includes AVard's Island, Blackwell's Island, and Eandall's Island la --', ««#- ^_^^ "^r the 1 ist Rn ci ill ot a\ hich aie used foi chant ible and coirectional in.stitutions. Grand Island (8), North Hero Island (9), and Isle La Motte (10) IjLjlong to Vermont, but Lake Champlain contains within New York territory a multitude of small islnuds like that shown in this lucture, which are used for summer residences. Islands Of the group of ISOO islands known as The Thousand Islands a good many l)e- long to N L' \v Yoi'k, among which the best known are \Vells,or Welles- ly Island (10), on which are Thousand Is- land and West- minster Parks ; and Grindstone Island (15). Wolfe Island (12). and Prince Edward St of Wolfe Island, the sonthe; Island 1 1!) Ik 'on^ to C uiadd Cjilctou I^lainl belongs to Isew YorK. Durham s "(Jarietoa Isiantl in the Revolution" tells much of interest in its history. Of the islands at the foot of Lake Ontario, Duck Island belongs to Canada, and Grenadier, Galloo, and Stony Islands to New York, the boundary line being equi-distant from the two shores. The Thousand Islands have figured much in song and story, as Hough in his " Thousand Islands" has shown. Cooper's " The Pathfinder" gives vivid descriptions of this region. Charles Dickens in his " American Notes " says : We left Kingston for Montreal on the 10th of May, at half -past nine in the morning, and proceeded in a steamboat down the St. Lawrence River. The beauty of this noble stream at almost any point, but especially in the commencement of this journey, where it winds its way among the Thousand Islands, can hardly be imagined. The number and constant succession of these Islands, all green and richly wooded ; their fluctuating sizes, so large, that for half an hour together, one among them will appear as the opposite bank of the river, and some so small that they are mere dimples on its bosom,— their infinite variety of shapes,— and the numberless combinations of beautiful forms which the trees growing on them present ;— all form a picture fraught with uncommon interest and pleasure. Lossing's ' Fi£ld Book of the Revolution " says : We passed the morning in alternately viewing the ever-changing scene as our vessel sped towards Ontario, and in perusing Burke's " Essay on the Sublime and Beautiful ". I never read that charming production with so much pleasure as then, for illustrative examples were on every side. And when, towards noon, our course was among the Thousand Islands, the propriety of the stars as an example, by their number and confusion, of the cause of the idea of sublimity, was forcibly illustrated. "The apparent disorder," he says, augments the grandeur, for the appearance of care is highly contrary to our idea of magnificence." So with these islands. They fill the St. Lawrence through nearly 60 miles of its course, commencing 15 miles below Kingston, and varying in size from a few yards to 18 miles in length. Some are mere syenitic rocks, bearing sufiicient alluvium to produce cedar, spruce, and pine shrubs, which seldom grow to the dignity of a tree ; while others were beautifully fringed with luxu- riant grass and shaded by lofty trees. A few of the larger are inhabited and cultivated. They are 1,237 in number. Viewed separately, they present nothing remarkable ; but scattered, as they are, so profusely and in such disorder over the bosom of the river, their features constantly changing as we made our rapid way among them, an idea of magnificence and sublimity involuntai'ily possessed the mind, and wooed our attention from the tuition of books to that of nature. Grand island (14) forms, with Buckhorn and Beaver Islands, close by, a township of Erie county. It contains 18,500 acres. Navy Island, is shown in the map, below Grand Island. Just above Niagara Falls is Goat Island, half a mile long, well shown in the picture on page 23. * 64 Geography of the E^fpike State IV. GEOLOGY While this topic can be only touched upon in a book like this, it has an important connection with the geography of New York from the ftict that this State has given to modern geology much of its nom- enclature, because a long line of geological strata are better shown here than elsewhere. The following rough outlines show the greater geological divisions of the State as laid down by Dr. Hall in his geological map of 1842. A new map is now under way. Told " the geological strata are In Dana's " Geological Story Briefly named as follows : B. Quaternary ! A. Tertiary Mezozoic •< (Reptiles) C. Carboniferous (Coal-plants) B. Devonian (Fishes) d. c. b. [a. ^ d. Upper A. Silurian (Invertebrates) Lower -( b. ( a. American. Brillsh. Recent. Tlie s; Cliainiilain'. Glacial. " Pliocene. " ;Miocene. " Eocene. " Cretaeioiis. " Jurassic. '" Triassio. " Permian " Carl)onifei-ous " Subcarbouit'ous, Catskill*. Portage* and Chemun Hamilton* I Ppper HeUlerbers". "j c;orniferous. L ES^ielderljer-.' Ludlow group iSa.J^Venlock group. Trenton*. Llandeilo. Canadian. Tremadoc. Primordial. Cambrian. Jlountain limestone. r old red sandstone. Geology 65 The names starred are all New York names, taken from places where these rocks are best shown. Dr. Hall's own classification of the rocks is as follows, and the num- bers in heavy t373e are those given on the map. ^8) VIII. Quaternary. VII. Tertiary. (7) VI. Kevvred sandstone. V. Carboniferous system. (6) IV. Old red sandstone. r 28. Chemunff group. ] fc. Cashaqua shale. ; b. Gardeau flagstones, I j a. Portage sandstone. ' I 27. I Portage or Nunda group I 26. Genesee slate. I 25. Tully limestone. I f c. Ludlowville shales. I b. Encrinal shales. ] rt. Moscow shales. I 21. t Ilaniiltun group. I 23. Marcellus slate, f 22. Corniferons limestone. 21, Onondaga limestone. 20. Schoharie grit. ]'.). Cauda-galli grit. 18. Oriskany sandstone. 1". I'pper Pentamerus limestone. 16. Encrinal limestone. 1.5. Deltliyris shaly limestone. 14. Pentamerus limestone. 13. \\'aterlime group. I, 12. Onondaga salt group. C 11. Niagara group. ■< 10. Clinton group. ( 9. Medina sandstone. (5) D. Erie Division. 1- Devonian system. (4) C. Ilelderberg (3) B. Ontario division. (2) A. (I) Champlain ion. 8. Oneida conglomerate. 7. Grey sandstone. 6. Hudson river group. 5. Utica slate. 4. Trenton limestone. i b. Birdseye. ■< (I. Chazy. 3. ( Black river limestone. 2. Calciferous sandrock. 1. Potsdam sandstone. Silurian system. Cambrian system. Prmiary or Hypogene. J The following view of the strata as they lie across the State is taken from his Geology of the Fourth District. A. Primary. B. Potsdam sandstone. C. Calciferous sandrock. D. Black-river limestone. E. Trenton limestone. F. Utica slate. G. Hudson-river group. II. Grey sandstone and Oneida conglomerate. I. Medina sandstone. K. Clinton group. L. I. Niagara group. M. Onondaga-salt group. N. Helderberg series. O. Hamilton gi'onp, including Marcellus and Moscow shale. e. Tully limestone. P. Portage group and Genesee slate. K. Chemung gi'oup. S. Old Red system. T. Conglomerate of the Carboniferous systcTu. a. Lake Ontario. The distance upon the n. side of the lake has been much shortened in proportion, in order to give more room for the rocks upon the s. side. From the absence of all extensive disturbances of the strata, we are enabled to trace an uninter- nipted series from the Potsdam sandstone to the Old Eed. No where is there known to exist so com- 66 Geography of the Empire 8t \'r]-: plete a series of the older fossiliferous rocks as those embraced within the limits of our State, and terminating at a point of great and important change in the condition of the surface, and included between this and the roclis of metamorphic origin, we have here offered one of the most decided and best characterized systems known in the whole world.— Hall, Geology of Fourth District, p. 20. The geological formation of the State makes its quarries valuable. By the census of 1890 it stands 3d of the States in the value of its entire stone product (§4,418,143), ranking 1st of the States in the value of its bluestone ($1,303,821), millstones, and graphite ; 2(1 in gypsum ; 3d in marble ; 4th in slate ; 5th in limestone and sancjstoue ; 18th in granite. Koofing-slate is quarried in Washington, Kensselaer, and Columbia counties ; sandstone at Potsdam and at Medina ; flagstones in the region of Kingston ; white marble in Westchester county, black marble at Glens Falls, red marble at Warwick, and verd-antique at Moriah ; talc in St. Lawrence county ; gypsum near Syracuse ; hydraulic cement at Rondout, Manilas, and Akron. It has no coal, but is ranked 2d in the value of its iron product ($3,100,216). The petroleum wells of the Allegany and Cataraugus district, of 31 square miles (see page 56), are included by the census in the Bradford district, the product of which for 1889 was 7,158,363 bbls. Of natural gas the Allegany county wells in 1889 produced 1330 million feet, and the value of that consumed in New York was $204,325. In the value of mineral waters produced in 1889 New York stands 3d ($239,975), Wisconsin standing 1st, California 2d, and Virginia 4th. The salt product has been spoken of (page 56). V. CLIMATE AND PR(3DUCTI0NS Climate The climate of New York is remarkably varied. While Long Island and its vicinity has, owing to the influence of the ocean, a compara- tively even temperature, seldom reaching zero or rising above 95°, in the State at large the usual range is from -20" to 100°, giving a variety that is stimulating and not disagreeable to people of a sound constitution. Frosts begin from September 1st to October 1st, and end from April 1st to May 1st, according to the locaHty and year. In the Adirondack region the snow-fall is heavy, the winter long and severe. In central New York it is not imcommon for snow to accumulate to the depth of 3 or 4 feet, and yet this is not per.sistent. About New York city and on Long Island the snow rarely exceeds a foot in depth, sleighing is always uncertain, and sometimes the ground will be bare for weeks together. Thus it will be seen that the climate of New York is intermediate in character between that of New England and that of the Mississippi valley States, — a little milder than the former, se- verer than the latter. The great lakes which border it are never frozen to their centres, and e.xert an equalizing influence upon the climate of their shores. The local variation of climate within the limits of the State will be best seen by the following table : — Mean Mean Lat. Long. Elevation. Annual Temp. Annual Rainfall. Moriches, Long Is- c , Feet. o Inches. land 40 49 72 36 Sea-level. 54.2 54.67 New York City-... 40 42 74 100 51.2 44.59 Albany.. 42 40 74 45 150 46.9 40.67 Rochester.. 43 8 77 51 525 46.9 32.56 Buffalo 42 53 78 55 660 46.8 83.84 Gouverneur. 44 25 75 35 400 44.1 30.15 Plattsburgh 44 41 73 25 186 44 33.4 Climate and Productions 67 Plants and Trees Originally the surface of New York was occupied by an almost unbroken forest, and, as a consequence of the general fertility of the soil, its topographical diversity, ^nd the range of latitude and longi- tude, the flora is rich and varied. About 70 species of trees are known to inhabit the State, and these include all found in the adjacent por- tions of the Union and Canada. The most abundant are oaks, of which there are 15 species ; but with these mingle 5 species each of maple, pine, and poplar, 4 species of hickory, 3 each of elm, spruce, and ash, 2 of willow, cherry, magnolia, and pepperidge, and 1 each of larch, lirioden- dron, dogwood, arbor vitte, balsam, yew, sycamore, honey locust, sweet gum, locust, butternut, black walnut, chestnut, beech, hornbeam, basswood, sassafras, and mulberry. On the summits of the Adirondacks a true alpine vegetation is found, though con- sisting of but a small number of plants ; several of these exist in no other locality in the United States except the mountain summits of Vermont and New Hampshire. The flowering plants and ferns of New York were studied with much care by the late Dr. Torrey, and his report upon them forms two quarto volumes of the Report on the Natural History of Kew York. The flowering plants enumerated by Dr. Torrey amount to 1540 species, to which a few additions have since been made. The ferns number 54 species — more than are found in any other State ; the lower forms of plant life, seaweeds, fungi, lichens, etc., are constantly supplying new material, and many years will yet be required for their complete elaboration. Animals At the advent of the whites the fauna of New York included all tlie wild animals which were found in the north-eastern States of the Union or the adjacent portions of Canada, but by the cutting off of forests, and the occupation of the surface by farms, the range of the native animals has been greatly reduced, and they have been unceasingly destroyed by man. Formerly the elk, the moose, and the caribou were abundant in the N. part of the State, but are now all exterminated, while the Virginia deer in many localities is still quite plentiful. Of the carnivorous animals, the couguar, the black bear, two species of lynx, the red and grey foxes, the wolf, otter, fisher, pine marten, mink, and skunk still remain, but the wolf is on the eve of extermination, and the wolverine, never abundant, has perhaps migrated northward. Among the rodents the beaver and variable hare are found, but in small numbers, while rabbits, squirrels, rats, mice, field-mice, etc. , are still iinpleasantly numerous. Civilization has made but little difference with the reptiles, birds and fishes. All the birds indigenous to the e. portion of the continent may probably at times be found within the State, though their relative numbers are affected by the removal of the forests. Among the reptles are 17 species of snakes, 3 of which, two rattlesnakes and the cop- perhead, are venomous. The fishes include all the species found in the lower lakes, in the rivers of the temperate portions of the continent, and on the Atlantic coast ; and the fisheries constitute an important clement in the revenues and subsistence of the people. The streams and lakes of the more elevated portions contain brook trout in abundance ; those of the lower levels are well stocked with bass, pickerel, i)erch, and other fish. 68 Geography of the E^rpIRE State VI. POLITICAL DIVISIONS Counties New York is divided into 00 counties as shown on the map upon tlie following page. Their origi in the following table : ind other interesting facts are given 1, •sj Popula- c o d Name. Formed from what. Origin of name. County Seat tion, 1890. 84 Albany. lfiS3 Original. Duke of York. Albany, 1G4.555 2J Allegany, ISOO Genesee. Allegany river. Belmont. 43.240 IG Broome. 180C Tioga. John Broome. Binghamton. 62,973 21 Cattaraugus. 1808 Genesee. Indian name. Little ^'alley. 60,806 45 Cayuga. 1799 Onondaga. Indian tribe. Auburn. 65,302 2J Chautauqua. 1808 Genesee. Indian name. Mayville. 75,202 18 Chemung. 1S3C Tioga. Chemung river. Elmira. 48,265 31 Chenango. 1796 Herkimer nnd Tioga. Chenango river. Norwich, 37,776 OS Clinton. 1788 Wasliingtou. George Clinton. Plattsburgh. 46,437 13 Columbia. 1786 Albany. Columbus. Hudson. 46,172 ^5J Cortland. 1808 Onondaga. Pierre V an Cortlandt Cortland. 28,657 Id Delaware. 1797 Ulster and Otsego. Delaware river. Delhi. 45,496 IQl Dutchess. 1083 OriginaL Duchess of York. Poughkeepsle. 77,879 23! Erie. 1821 Niagara. Lake Erie. Buffalo. 322,981 5r! Essex. 1799 Clinton. County of England. Elizabcthtown. 33,0.52 59lFi-aiiklin. 1808 Clinton. Benjamin Franklin. Malone. 88,110 30 Fulton. 1838 Montgomery. Robert Fulton. Johnstown. 37,C50 47 Genesee. 1802 Ontario. Genesee river. Batavia. 83,265 14 Greene. 1800 Albany and Ulster. Nathaniel Greene. Catskill. 31,598 !>o Hamilton. 181G Montgomery. Alexander Hamilton Sageville. 4,702 41 Ilerliimer. 1791 Montgomery. Nicholas Herkimer. Herkimer. 45,608 53 Jefferson. 1805 Oneida. Thomas Jefferson. Watertown. 68,806 3 Kings. 1G83 OriginaL King Charles H. Brooklyn. 838,547 54 Lewis. 1805 Oneida. Morgan Lewis. Lowyille. 29,806 2J Livingston 1821 Genesee and Ontario. Robert R. Livingston CJeneseo. 37,801 43 Madison. 1806 Chenango. James :Madist)n. Morrisville. 42,892 5a Monroe. 1821 Ontario and Genesee. James Jlonroe. Rochester. 189,586 40 Montgomery* 1772 Albany. Richard Montgomery Fonda, 45,099 5 New York. 1683 Original. City and county iden tical. 1,515,301 48 Niagara. 1808 Genesee. Niagara river. Lockport. 62,491 43 Oneida. 1798 Herkimer. Indian tribe. Utica. 122,922 44 Onondaga. 1794 Herkimer. Indian tribe. Syracuse. 146,247 4G Ontario. 1789 Montgomery. Lake Ontario. Canandaigua. 48,4.53 8 Orange. 1683 Original. Son of Duke of York Goshen, Kewburgh. 97,859 49 urieans. 1824 Genesee. Albion. 80,803 5:3 Oswego. 1810 Oneida and Onondaga. City of Oswego. Pulaski, Oswego. 71,883 32 Otsego. 1791 Montgomery. Indian name. Cooperstown. 50,861 9 Putnam. 1812 Dutchess. Israel Putnam. Carmel. 14,849 2 Uiieens. 1683 OriginaL Wife of Charles IL Jamaica. 128,059 3G:liensselaer. 1791 --vlbauy. Van Rensselaer fam- ily. Son of Charles II. Troy. 124,511 4 Richmond. 1683 OriginaL Richmond. SI, 693 7\ Uoclvland. 1798 Orange. Descriptive. Clarkstown. 85,162 GO St. Lawrence. 1802 Clinton, Montgomery anil Herkimer. St. Lawrence river. Canton. 85,048 ,38 Saratoga. 1791 Albany. Indian name. Ballston Spa. 67,663 3d Sclienectady. 1809 Albany. Indian name. Sclionectady. 29,797 :i3 Sclioliarie. 1795 Albany and Otsego. Indian name. Scholiarie. 29,164 28, Schuyler. 1854 Steuben, Chemung and Tompkins. I'hilip Schuyler Watkius. 16,711 27 Seneca^ 1804 Cayuga. Indian tribe. Ovid, Wateiloo. 28.227 19 Steuben. 1796 Ontario. Baron Steuben. Bath. 81,473 1 Suffollc. 1383 OriginaL County of England. Riyerhead. 62,491 12' Sullivan. 1809 Ulster. John Sullivan. Monticello. 31,031 17TioKa. 1791 Montgomery. Indian name. Owego. 29,935 29!Tomplims. 1817 ( 'avuaa azid Seneca. Daniel D. Tompkins. Ithaca. 82,923 11, Ulster. 1G83 OriginaL Irish Earldom of Kingston. 87,062 Duke of York. 50. Warren. 1813 Washington. Joseph Warren. CaldwelL 27,866 37 \\ aslungton.+ 1772 Albany. Cteorge Washington. Argyle. 45,G9l> 51 Wayne. 1823 Ontario and Seneca Anthony Wayne. Lyons. 49,729 G VVestcliester. ie&3 Original. Town oi Westchester \\hite Plains. 146.772 24 Wyoming. 1841 (ienesee. Warsaw. 31 193 20 Yates. 182;? Ontario. loseph C. Yates. Ponn Yan. 21,001 Changed from Tryon, 1784. t Changed from Charlotte, 1784. Indian Reservations Counties 69 Indian Reservations Part of the territory of the State is still occupied by Indians, who hold, as separate nations, reservations as follows : 7. Alk'gany, 6. Cattaraugus, 3. Onondaga, 4. St. Reds, 5. Shinnecock, 2. Tonawanda, 1. Tuscarora. 70 GjOOCiKAl'llY OF THE E.MPIRE StATE The Indians of New York numher alxuit o,000 and occupy lands covering 87,677 acres on tlie following reservations: Tuscarora (1) ; Tonawanda (2) : Onondaga (-■)) ; St. Regis (4) ; Sliinnecock (5) ; Alle- gany (6) and Cattarangus (7), tlie last two being occupied by the Senecas. The presiding officer of the general league has always been chosen from i]\v Oiiondngas. Schools are conducted upon tliese reser- vations inidcr direction of tlie Su])erintendent of Pul)lic Instruction. A remnant of the Oneida Indians, numbering 175, reside at Orchard Park, Oneida county, and Windfall, Madison county. There are a few Poosepatucks near Brook haven, Suffolk County, and some 8 or 10 Montauks, at Montauk Point. The Allegany reservation is 40 miles long, on both sides of the Allegany River, from the Pennsylvania line, and covers 30,469 acres. The Cattaraugus reservation extends some 12 miles from Lake Erie up Cattaraugus Creek, and covers 21,680 acres. Full information as to these reservations may be found in the '"Report of the Special Committee to iiivosMffate the Indian I'rolileni of the State of New York ", 8:128^, Albany, 1888. Cities The following map shows the cities of the State. They are placed in oi'der of po})u]ation, and miml)t'red as upon the map. The classification is according to the Constitution. Date of Pop'n in Pop'n in Pop^n in Pop'n in State Oen. Pages where refeii'ed to 1892 in this book ,801,': 39.. 11, C7,6G, G8, 74-77, 83, 85, 91, .'/?, 107, 113, 117 930,633. .GO, GO, 68, 74, 92, 117 278,796. .11, 42, 43, 66, 68, 74-77, 79, 97, 109-111, 116,117 114,834. .:?/„ 33, 43, 66, 68, 74, 76, 78, 96, 98, 110, 111, 116, 117 First Class 26. New York, Incorpor'n ....1680 . 1S60 .80:).658. 1S70 .942,292.. ISSO .1,200,299.. 1S90 .1,51.5,301 27. Brooklyn, 2. Buffalo, ....1834.. ....1832.. .2R6.(;01. . 81.129. .396,099.. .117,714.. . ;-)66,663.. 15.5,134.. 806,343 255,664 Second Class 5. Rochester, ....1834.. . 48,204. . 02,386.. 89,366.. 133,896 Cities 71 19. Albany, ...1686.. . 62,.367.. . 69,422... 90,758... 94,923... 97,12C. .11,42,43, 66, 68,75, 77, 83, Sh. SO, 105, 114 8. Syracuse, .. 1847.. . 28,119.. . 43,051... 51,792... , 88,143... 91,944. .11,43,56, 66,68, 74,76, 80, 81, 83, 99, 107, 109, 113 18. Troy, ,..1816.. . 39,235.. . 46,465... 56.747... 60,9.56... 64,986. .27,29,68,74, 85, m, 105, . Third Class. 114 16. Utica, ..1832.. . 22,.529.. . 28,804... 33.914... 44,007... 46,608. .43, OS, 76, 81, 82, 83, 99, 107, 108, 113 28. L. I. City, ...1870.. 17.129... 30.500... 35,745. .00,02, 117 30. Binghamton, . . 1867.. . 8.325.. . 12.692... 17,317... 35,005... 34,514. .11,08,76,96, 101, 107 24. Yorikers, . . 1872. . . 11.848.. . 18.3.57... 18,892... 32,833... 31,419. .91 31. Elmira. ...1864.. . 8,682.. '. 15,863... 20,541 . . . , 30.893... 29,911. .11,08,74, 76, 90, 109, 110, 116 .68,76,79,81,110 7. Auburn, ..1848.. . 10,986.. . 17,225... 21.924... 2.5,858... 24,737. 23. Newburgh, .. ..1865.. . 17,014... 18,049... 23,087... 24,536. .,?S, 68, 80, 93 12. Cohoes, ...1869.. . 8,800. . 15.3.57... 19,416... 22,.509... 23,234. .27,44, 85, 105 22. Pous-hkeepsle. . ..1854.. . 14,726.. . 20,080... 20,207. . . 22,206... 23,196. .68,74,76,87, 89 13. Schenectady, ..1798.. . 11,026... 1.3,655... 19,902... 22,858. .43,68,74,85.103 9. Oswego, ...1848.. . 16,816.. . 20,910... 21,116. . 21,842... 21,966. .15,25,33,43,57,68,75,98, 107, 113 21. Kingston, ..1872.. 18.344... 21,261 . . . 21,495. .66,68,95,114,116 35. Jamestown, ...1886.. . .5,336... 9,357... 16,038... 18,617. .97, 98 14. Amsterdam, .. ...1885.. . 5,426... 9,466... 17,336... 18,U2. .85 10. Watertown, . ...1869.. . 7,567. . 9,.336... 10.697. . . 14,725... 16,982. .4.9,68,9^99 4. Lockport. ...1865.. . 12.426... 13,522. . . 16,038... 16,088. ./,?, 68,78,79,97 15. Gloversville, ...1890.. . 4,518... 7,133. . 13,864... 14,694. .83 25. Mt. Vernon, . , ...1892.. 14.000. .114 6. Ithaca, ...1888.. . 8,462... 9,105... 11,079 .. 13,450. .3,5,48,68.74, 109, 110, 116 17. Rome, ,..1870.. . 9,289.. . 11.000... 12,194... 14,991... 13,038. .15, 42, 44, 76, 81. 82, 99, 100, 113 11. Ogdensburg, .. . 1868.. .t 7,409... lo.ore... 10,3 n... 11,662... 11,955. .76.99 34. Olean. ...1894.. 11, .507... .97, 111 33. Hornellsville, ..1888.. . 4, .5.52 . . 8,195... 10.996... 11,898. .97, 111 3. Niagara Falls . ..189.'.. 11,711. .11, '22. 74,78 79,97,98,100 29. Middletown, . , ...1888.. . 0,049... 8,494... 11,977... 11,612. .76, .9;', 93, 113 1. Dunkirk, ..1880.. 7,248... 9,416... 10,040. .93.97,111,117 32. Corning. ,..1890.. . 4,018... 4.802... 8.550... 10.025. .96, 109, 117 20. Hudson, ..1785.. , 8.615... 8.670... 9,970... 9,642. .57, 68, 76, 85, 114 111 maunfactnring, the statistics of the larger cities are given as follows in the census of 1890. They are numbererl according to the amounts. 7. Albany § 25,536,486 16. Newburgh % 6,964,387 13. Auburn.. 9,634,785 1. New York 777,322,721 11. Binghamton... 15,040.152 15. Oswego.. 7,482,378 2. Brooklyn 269,244.147 17. Poughkeepsie 6,254,132 3. Buffalo .... 100,052,208 4. Rochester 65,091,156 12. Cohoes.. 10,836.260 .5. Syracuse . 29,297,241 14. Elmira 8,844,936 6. Troy 29,248,750 18. Klng.st,on 4,009,574 10. Utica 15,615,715 9. Long Island City 16.200,226 8. Yonkers 21,319,017 It has been thought best to treat of the cities and villages as the traveller along our lines of railway would come to tliem, on pages 77 to 118. But those who })refer to study them topically may do so intelligently by looking up the references given and comparing the statistics in these tables. Thus Elmira is 146 miles from Buffalo (see page 11", the county seat of Chemung County (68), the seat of Elmira College (74) and of a Reformatory (76), and on the Erie (96), D. L. & W. (109>, Lehigh Valley (110), E. C. & N., and Pa. (116) railways, etc' 72 Geography of the Empire State Village: The foUowiug villages of the State had more than 4.000 population under the census of 1:, 93 21, Iliou, 83 34. White Plains. OS, 114 48. Oweo-o, 68, 96. 109, 110 37. New Brighton, 5. Batavia, 68. 76, 78, 89. Edgewater 97, 110 (Stapleton) 1. Tonawanda, 43, 77. 25. West Troy, 43, 105 79, 97 18. Saratoga Springs, 11, 22 Hoosick Falls, \io 85, 103 15. Plattsburgh, 66, 68, 33. Lansinghurg 75, 100, 101 30. Peekskill, 90 39. Port Richmond 17. Glens Falls, 40, 44, r,i. 45. Oneonta, 75, ini;, 107 66, 73, 103 40. College Point, 118 32. Sing Sing, 76, 91 10. Seneca Falls, 48, 81 44. Port Jervis, 30, ft?, 9£ 12. Oneida. 81, 113 20. Little Falls, 15, 19, 52, 53, 73, 83 27 6. Canandaigua. 68, 78, 79, SI 47. Cortland, 68, 75, 109, 116 42. Jamaica. 60. 68, 75, 41. Fh;shing, 60, 118 lis 36. New Rochelle, 114 35. Port Clicslcr, 114 19. Johnstown, 68, 83 46. Norwich, (is. 109, 113 8. Geneva, 43, 74, 79, 81, 31. Haverstraw. 91 110, 117 14. Maloue, 68, 76. 100 26. Greenbush 27 Catskill, 68, %:> Education ''•^ VIL EDUCATION The system of education in New York is peculiar in that it is under double control. The Department of Public Instruction has charge of all schools supported by i)ublic tax, while the University of the State of New York, usually called the Regents, from the name of its officers, has control of secondary and higher education, both in pul)lic and in private institutions. The Department of Public Instruction is administered by a Super- intendent, elected by the Legislature for three years at a salary of $5,000 a year. He a,p- .(•ints the subordinates hi his office, including tlie institute instructors and the inspectors of teachers' classes ; and lie confirms the election bv the local boards of the teachers in normal -chools. His authority is broader than is entrusted to this officer in any other State. His decisions on school matters are not sub- cHARLEs K. sKiNNEK j^.^-.^ {q revcrsal by the courts. The portrait ■of the present Superintendent is here given. Next to him in authority are the School Commissioners, who have local supervision of all the schools of the State except in cities and villages which employ Superintendents. These Commissioners and .Superintendents report to the State Superintendent. Next come the Trustees of district schools, and the Boards of Educa- tion of union schools, who have immediate charge of their schools, receiving and expending the money raised, employing teachers, mak- ing regulations, etc. The University of the State of New York, usually referred to as the Regents, from the name of its board of control, lias in charge the incorporation of liiglier institutions of learning, the granting of degrees, the distribution of certain funds on the basis of examination, and lience the establishing of courses of study for secondary schools, the (■are of the State Li])rary, State Museum, etc. Its executive officer is the Secretary, who is also the State Librarian. The State Library, in the Capitol of Albany is the headquarters of a Library School which sends out librarians to libraries all over the country. Its own e(juipment is remarkably complete, and every facility is granted for the use of Ijooks by authors and others either there or anywhere in tlie State. For full particulars as to the school law of the State, see BarJeen's •' Handbook for School Trustees ". For a full account of the Civil Government of the State, see Northam's " Civil Gov- ernment for Common Schools". 74 Gi:()(irvAPHY OF TPiE Empikk State Colleges The following inn]) shows the loeatioii of the eoUeges of the State. The nuiiil)er pretixed shows tlie location on the map, tlie date is that of iiieorporation, ami the next numher gives reference to l)age. 20. AlfredUniversity. Alfred Centre. 1837. 17. Rutg-ers Femnlc ('ollcge, Xe^v York 17. Barnard College, Ne\Y York, 1889. 91 18G7. 91 1. Canisius College, Buffalo, 1883. 78 21. 8t. Bonaventure's College. Allegauy, 18. Colgate Uuiversity, Hamilton, 1846. 113 187.J. 74 17. College of St. Francis Xavier, New 16. St. Francis's College. Brooklyn. Y^ork, 1S61. 91 1884. 60 17. College of the City of Xew York, 16. St John's College, Brooklyn, 1871. 60 18o4. 91 17. St. John's College, Fordham, 1846. 17. Columbia Co!leg(\ New York, 17.-)4. 91 91 6. Cornell University, Ithaca, 186.'3. ,/.7 9. St. Lawrence University. Canton, 48, 1(19 ls.-)6. 100 15. DrewFemaleCollege, Carmel,1866. 114 13. St. Stephen's College, Anandale, 19. Elmira College, Elmira, 1855. 96 1S60. 74 11. Hamilton College, Clinton, 1812. 113 8. Syracuse University, Syracuse, 1870. 5. Hobart College, Geneva, 1825. 81 ,s7 4. Keuka College, Keuka College, 1892. 3J^ 17. Teachers' College, Xew York, 1887. 17. Manhattan College. New York, 1863. 91 91 2. Niagara University. Niagara Falls, 10. Union College. Schenectady. 1795. 85 1883. 7S 17. Univer.sity of the City of New York, 17. Normal College of the City of NeAv 1831. 91 York, 1888. 91 3. University of Rochester, Rochester, 16. Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, 1851. 78 1869. 60 14. Ya.ssar College. Poughkeepsie, 1861. 13. Rensselaer Pohteeluiie Institute, Trov. ,v,'' 1824. inr, ' ■ 7. Wells College, Aurora 1868. HO Colleges ; Normal Schools 75 XoitMAL Schools The following- map shows the locatiou of the Xorinal Schools. The nnmbers following the name give the pages on wliich the principal reference is made in this book to the })laces where they are located. IV X( r. All 2. Brockport. 79 1. Buffalo. 78 11. Cortland. 109 12. Fredonia. o9, 98 3. Geneseo. 68 Colleo-, 9. Jamaica. 60, 118 8. New Paltz. 89, 116 10. Oneonta. 107 4. Oswego. 99 6. Plattsbui-gli. 101 5. Potsdam. 100. The Normal College and the Teachers' CoUe^'e of Xew York ' 'ity are not State institutions, and are named on page 74 among the colleges. Besides its Xornial Schools, Xew York has an extensive system of educating teachers through Teachers' Institutes and Training Classes. An institute of one week is held at least once every year in every Commissioner District in the State, and all teachers required to attend, except those in cities and in vil- ages of at least 5,000 inhabitants. Instruction is free, and is given by a corps of teachers appointed by the State Superintendent. Training Classes are held in Academies and Union Schools designated by the State Superintendent. Tuition is free to the members of the classes, but is paid for by the State at the rate of one dollar a week for each student. A. s. Do\VNL\(i On completion of the work students who pass the reqtiired examination receive a special second-grade certificate. Both Teachers' Institutes and Training Classes are tinder special direction of a Supervisor, appointed by the State Superintendent. The portrait of the present Super- visor is given above. 76 Geography of the Empire State Charitaf.le and Correctional Institutions New York is very liberal in her provisions for the unfortunate and the criminal classes. The principal institutions are located as shown on the following map. New York city is not numbered. The num- n^s following the names give the pages of this book on which the principal reference is made to the places in which the institutions are located. Prisons 6. Auburn. 81 10. Dannemora. 100 15. Sing Sing. 91 Reformatories For Boys and Men 20. Elmira. 96 14. Napanock. New York (House of Refuge). 91 3. Rochester Industrial School. 78 For Women 16. Bedford Station. 114 13. House of Refuge, Hudson. 85 Institutions for the Blind 2. Batavia. 78 New York. 91 Institutions for Deaf-Mutes 1. Buffalo. 77 Fordham (New York). 91 9. Malone. 100 New York. 91 3. Rochester. 78 12. Rome. 81 Asylums for the Feeble -Minded 7. Syracuse. 81 4. Custodial Asylum for Women, New- ark. 116 Asylums for the Insane 6. Auburn (Insane Criminals). 81 Matteawan (Insane Criminals). 19. Binghamton. 96 1. Buffalo. 77 18. Middletown (Homeopathic). 93 8. Ogdensburg. 100 5. Ovid (Willard Asylum). 110 15. Poughkeepsie. 89 3. Rochester. 78 11. Utica. 83 Miscellaneous 19. Asylum for Inebriates, Binghamton. S 21. Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, Bath. 96 11. Masonic Home, Utica. 83 Railway Journeys : N. Y. C. & H. R. 77 VIII. RAILWAY JOURNEYS THROUGH THE STATE 1. The New York Central and Hudson River R.R. This railway is advertised, not without reason, as " America's great- est railroad ". In its length, its equipment, the number and speed and comfort of its trains, it is probably unequalled' anywhere. Its main line reaches from Buffalo to New York city, 440 miles, and its branches cover much of the State with network. From Buffalo to Albany there are four tracks (see page 52). The West Shore* R.R., which it leases, runs nearly parallel with it to New York city. Points where the two roads diverge will be mentioned as we go along. • The journey may --tart from Bltfalo (1), the recent giowth of which lias \jvvn marvellous even among American cities. It is the largest coal-distributing point, and with Tonawanda, the largest lumber market in the world ; and is second in the world as a livestock market, a horse market, * So called because it goes down the Hudson by the western shore, while the Central goes down by the eastern. 78 Geography of the Empire State and a granary. It claims to be the cleanest, best-lighted, and healthiest city in the United States, with the best water and the best and most complete sewerage. It is the gate to the northwest, not only by the steamers of the great lakes but also by the railways, four of the greatest of which, the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, the New York, Chicago & St. Louis (Nickel Plate), the Michigan Central, and the Grand Trunk, have their terminal stations here. Already the third manufacturing city ot the State, its possibilities under the power now secured from Niagara Falls (see page 23) can only be surmised. It is the seat of one of the State normal schools, of Canisius College, of several professional schools, and of a State Asylum for the Insane. The 69 miles from Buffalo (1) to Rochester (5) is the least interest- ing stretch of country ui3on this railroad, but is broken midway by Batavia (2), a prosperous village, with large manufactures of farming machinery, and the seat of the State Institution for the Blind. A branch of the New York Central f rom Tonawanda (37) to Canandaigua (46) crosses the main line at Batavia. The principal stations are Akron (43), LeRoy (44), and Honeoye Falls (45). At Bergen (3) the West Shore R.R., which diverges from the Central at Buffalo (1) and passes through Akron (43), rejoins the Central, but at Chili Station (4) it diverges again, rejoining the Central at Fairport (6). Rochester (5) has been called both " The Flour City " and " The Flower City " from industries that have made it famous. The enor- mous water-power from the Genesee River (see page 24) makes it a natural manufacturing centre, and its location in the midst of some of the finest farming land in the State has made it a great distributing point. The Erie Canal crosses the Genesee River here by an ac^ueduct 848 feet long. Besides the University of Rochester and the Baptist Theological Seminary, the city has an Institution for Deaf Mutes, an Insane Asylum, and a State Industrial School of high repute. The Powers Building is a costly and handsome office-building, and con- tains a valuable art-gallery open to the public Formerly trains bound w. by the Michigan Central went from Rochester to Niagara Falls (O*^) by the direct route, passing through Brockport (42), Albion (41), Medina (40), and Lockport(39) ; but now this road is used only for local traffic, all fast through trains being sent by way of Buffalo. Railway Journeys : N. Y. C. & H. R. 79 Brockport (43) is the seat of a State Normal School, and has mannf actures of agri ■ cultural implements. Albion (41) is the county seat, and has flour mills, iron manufac- tures, and quarries. Medina (40) gives its name to a handsome mottled sandstone (see page 66) extensively used for building. LocKPORT (39) is named from the locks on the Erie Canal (see page 43), and gets abundant water power from the descent of the canal. There are also extensive quarries of Niagara limestone (see page 65). The railway crosses the canal by a viaduct 60 feet above the water. The Niagara Falls (38) have already been described (pp. 21-23). The city includes what was formerly the village of Suspension Bridge, and from the enormous water power now made available seems likely to become a great manufacturing centre. There are branches of the Central from Lewiston, below Niagara Falls, to Buffalo, passing through Tonawanda (37), and from Lockport (39) to Tonawanda direct. The city of Buffalo (1) already reaches nearly to Tonawanda. If its territorial limits should be made as large as those of Chicago, it would swallow up Tonawanda and Niagara Falls as well. The part of Tonawanda n. of the creek is a separate village, known as North Tonawanda. Tonawanda is an enormous lumber market and participates in the recent rapid growth of the eastern bank of the Niagara river. There are two lines of the Central from Rochester (5) to Syracuse (11), known as the " Old " or Auburn Road, jmssing through Canan- daigua (46), Geneva (48), and Auburn (52), and the " Direct Road ", passing through Lyons (8). The fast through trains go by the latter. A characteristic feature of the scenery on the Direct Road is the alluvial liilK, hkc that shown in the cut of the so-calkd Mormon Hill near Palmyra (7). To one accustomed to the rocky hills of New Eng- land, where tradition has it that the noses of sheep have to be sharpened to enable them to reach the grass between the stones, it is a surprise to see these hills plowed completely over, and to learn that their soil is more fertile than that of the plain below. 5!!! .-^2i^'/^/riip> Railway Journeys : N. Y. C. & H. R. 81 Fairport (6) has a variety of manufactures, includiug saleratus and baking-powder. Palmyra (7) is a handsome and wealthy village, with some manufactures and a consid- erable local trade. Lyons (8) has distilleries of peppermint oil, a local product of considerable importance, with flour mills and other manufactures. A branch of the Central connects this village with Geneva (48). Clyde (9) has a glass-factory and other manufactures. At Weedsport (10) is the crossing of the Southern Central railroad. Returning now to Rochester and coming e. by the Auburn Road, the first large village is Canandaigua (46), with its wide main street and its adjoining lake among the most beautiful villages of the State. Clifton Springs (47) has a noted sanitarium already referred to (see page 57). Geneva (48) also has a spring and water-cure. This village is half-way between Rochester and Syracuse, and has an extensive steamboat traffic over Seneca Lake with Watkins. It is the seat of Hobart College. Waterloo (49) and Seneca Falls (50) have extensive manufactures. Cayuga (51) is the terminus of the Cayuga Lake branch of the Lehigh Valley railway. Auburn (52) is among the handsomest cities of the State. It has many manufactures, among them the most extensive in the country of reapers and mowing-machines. It is- the seat of a theological seminary and of a State prison. It was the residence for many years of Wm. H. Seward. Skaneateles Junction (58) is connected by a railway of 5 miles with Skaneateles, at the foot of the beautiful lake of that name (see page 36). Syracuse (11) is often called " The Salt City ", from what was once its greatest industry (see pages 56, 57), and " The Central City " from its location. As the junction of the Erie and the Oswego canals, and with four lines of railway to New York, it is a great distributing centre. Its manufactures are extensive, and they are diverse, so that its pros- perity does not depend upon whether any one product happens to be up or down in the market. It is the seat of Syracuse University, whose buildings, one of which, the Grouse College for Women is shown in the cut, may be seen from the train crowning the hill in the southeastern part of the city. Half-way up the southwestern hill may be seen the Institution for the Feeble-minded, which has a national reputation. The view on the opposite page shows the crossing of the Erie Canal by Salina street, the principal street of the city, with an electric car -line extending from Onon- daga Valley, four miles s., to Onondaga Lake, two^ miles N. The street which turns to cross the bridge is Genesee street, before the days of railroads the old turn- pike between Buffalo and Albany. A little beyond this swing-bridge is the junction of the Erie with the Oswego Canal. At Canastota (12) the West Shore diverges again from the Central, cutting straight across the country to Utica (15), without making the bend of the Central to the N. Oneida (13) has large manufactures, and is an extensive market for the hops that are in much of this region the principal product. Rome (14) is the terminus of the Black River Canal, and has con- siderable manufactures. It contains a State Institution for Deaf Mutes well-known for its excellent methods. 82 GkOGKAI'IIY of THK EMPIltE Sta' Half way from Rome to Utica may be seen on the rigiit the monument erected near Oriskany a century after to com- memorate the bloodiest battle of the Revo- lution, fought Aug. 6, 1777. For the proceedings at the celebration, Aug. 6, 1877, see "The Centennial Celebrations of the State of New York" (8:465, Albany, 1879), pp. 57-149, and Ilendrick's "History of the Empire State", pp. 101, 102. In an address delivered at "Wells Col- in 1880, Gov. Seymour spoke as follows of the ride along this road : To show in another light how intelligence will give us ]ileasure in the ordinary c(jurse of our lives, let us compare the day's experience of different persons travelling through our own State from its av. borders to the city of Kew York. Starting from the great cataract of Niag- ara, where even the most ignorant will feel the grandeur of the scene, the man with a reasonable knowledge of the State in -which he lives, will see along the whole course of the journey ob- jects which will constantly arrest his attention, recall facts in history or science, and which will engage his mind with healthful and instructive thoughts. He will notice at the outset upon the s.,the range of highlands, reaching from Lake Erie to the flanks of the Alleghany Mountains. Its eleva- tion is not great, but in many ways it is the most remarkable water-shed upon the face of our globe. When he crosses the Genesee Eiver, he sees its currents hurrying to the n. to mingle with the ci lid water of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the oceans which cover the Arctic regions, and he knows that its sources are interlocked with those of the Alleghany, which find their outlet in the tepid waters in the Gulf of Mexico, thus finding sufh distant destinations, although they start upon their courses from the same hill-tops. A little farther on his course, he sees where, fiom the same range, the springs which feed the blanches of the Susquehanna run down the s. ■ sh)pes to the Chesapeake Bay, while from their n. declivities the affluents of the ]NIohawk traverse the valley which loads to the Hudson, and join -with it in breaking through the Alleghany ranges, which are not elsewhere severed from their uplifts in Georgia to their termination in ^'ova Scotia, a distance of more than a thousand miles. These rivers and mountains recall to his memory their controlling influences over savage and civilized history. The Indian tribes who dwelt upon these hills made them strongholds for defence ; w'.'.lle the valleys, cut into deep cliannels by the rivers I have named, gave them pathways into the territories of their enemies. Their positions made them conquerors and masters of a large share of the regions E. of the Mississippi. The mind of the intelligent traveller will be led to reflections upon the influence of this Indian power upon the history and civilization of our country. But for this topography, and its influence upon Indian polity and power, the civilization of the whole valley of the Mississippi might have been of French and not of English aspects. His mind will dwell upon all the events of the struggle running through a century, between France and Britain, for the control of this Continent ; their efforts, by diplomacy or force, to gain the support of tlielrociuois; the succession of military campaigns in this then remote wilderness by disciplined armies ; and the final overthrow of French power. The highlands of Onondaga will recall the story of the French missionaries, who, in their religious •/.eal, penetrated tlie interior of our State, before the Colony of Virginia was formed, and will also Railway Joukxkys : N. Y. C. & II. R. 83 reraiiicl him of the march of Champlain with his forces into its central regions, before the Dutch settled upon the Hudson, or the Pilgrims landed on Plymouth Kock. The earliest traces of European civiliza- tion in the original States of our Union, are to be found on the hills s. of Syracuse. Arms and imple- ments used by Spanish and French explorers, and traces of fortifications, relics of religious and of funeral rites, sliow that civilized men attempted occupation of our territory many years before efforts were made by the English to plant colonies on the Atlantic coast. In the county of Oneida, the site of Fort Stanwix and a view of the battle field of Oriskany, lead his mind on to the Revolutionary struggle, which followed the same pathways, marked by savage war- fare, or by the contests of European ambition. Along the valley of tlie Moliawk, the presence of the Gennan population, seated there 150 years ago by the British government, will tell him of the great struggle against Louis the Great for domin- ion in Europe, which was finally defeated by the victories of Marlborough. The old churches built Ijefore the Revolution, for the use of the Palatines, and which were made places of refuge for the people against the bai'barous warfare of Brant and his savage hordes, will remind him of the terril)le history of a valley which suffered from the ravages of war, from the torch, the tomahawk and the scalping knife. The old stone mansion of Sir William Johnson will recall the story of Indian treaties and his won- derful influence over tlie savage tribes. The city of Albany, near the confluence of the Mohawk and the Hudson ; its important strategetic position through nearly two centuries ; the highlands of the Hudson, the strong defences of American liberty ; the treason of .\rnold ; tlie wonderful passage through the chains of the Alleghany range, which leads the ocean tides w. of barriers which elsewhere cut off the Atlantic coast from the great interior of our continent, will give material for thought and reflection. These and much more that I could mention, will occupy the mind of the Intelligent traveller with subjects of natural and political interest ; they will engage his attention with topics of dignity and Talue. When he reaches the end of his journey, at the harbor of New York, he will feel that he has gained and not lost a day. Utica (15) is oiie of the haudsomest cities of the State, and a large mauufacturiiig centre. It is also the centre of trade of the cheese- factories and other diary interests of central New York. Its State Lunatic Asylum is one of the most noted in the world, and a ]\[aso;iic Home has recently been establi.shed here. From this point on to Rotterdam Junction (21) the West Shore follows the s. bank of the ]Mohawk, while the Central follows the n. bank. Herkimer (16), at the junction of West Canada Creek, is a prosperous manufacturing village. It is connected by horse-cars with ]VIohawk, Ilion and Frankfort, on the other side of the JMohawk. The four villages are almost continuous. Ilioa is noted for the Remington guns and typewriters made there. The location of Little Falls (17) has already been described (pp, 15, 19, 27, 53). The water falls 44 foot in f of a mile, affording abundant power for varied manuftictures. It is also a centre of the dairy trade, A local railway makes a double curve northeast to Dolgeville, a manufacturing village of phenomenal growth, largely inhabited by Germans. Its chief products are piano supplies and felt goods. Palatine Bridge (18) takes its name from the old Avooden bridge over the IMohawk con- necting it with Can- ajoharie. Fonda (19) is the sotithern tenuinus of the railway to rsortliville through J o h n s t o w n and Ol.OVEUSVILLE, 1 ho last named from the glove industry to which these towns are largely devoted. The village on the s. of the river is Fultonville. ■•*« ~L ^^ Kailway Joukxeys : N. Y. C. & H. R. 85 Amsterdam (20) is largely given to the manufacture of knit-goods, carpets, boilers, and furniture. Its recent growth has been rapid. At Rotterdam Juuctioa (21) the West Shore turns s., cutting across to Coeyman's (24) on the Hudson. Here it connects with the FitchburgRR. running across to Mechanics ville (55), going on to Boston by way of Schaghticoke, Eagle Bridge, and Hoosick Falls , and about half-way to Coeyman's, at Voorheesville (25), it connects with the Delaware ana Hudson, running its cars over that road to Albany and Saratoga Springs. Below Coeyman's it follows the western bank of the Hudson to Weehawken, N. J., where ferries connect it with 42d street and Franklin street, New York city. Schenectady (22) has manufactures of locomotives and bi'ooms, and lias recently grown rapidly through the large electrical works established there It is the seat oi Unior University. The Central here cro.sses the Mohawk and bears off to the southeast foi Albany, by the heaviest grade on the line ; but a branch follows iht s. bank of the river to Cohoes, and crosses the Hudson at Green Island to Troy (54). Schenectady is the usual connection from the w. for Saratoga. Albany (23) is the capital of the State. As the junction of the Erie and the Champlain canals with the Hudson, and of the Central with the Delaware & Hudson Canal Co., and Boston and the Albany railways, with two bridges across the Hudson, it is an important ship- ping-point, especially for grain and lumber. It also has large manufactures, and its eternally unfinished State capitol gives employ- ment to a multitude of laborers. More than 20 millions has been expended upon this structure, shown on the hill in the opposite cut, and the present estimate of the cost of completion is 5 millions more. The State Normal College is here, as are also the Dudley Observatory, and the medi- cal, jiharmaceutical, and law departments of Union University (see page 74). Besides the railways on both sides of the river, Albany is connected with New York by two lines of fine steamers, one running in the day time and the other at night, and both favorite routes in summer. The picture on the following page of the Hudson river at Albany shows at the left the Dean Richmond lying at dock. Hudson (26) is on a steep bluff above the river, 60 feet high, and the principal street is along a ridge to Prospect Hill, 450 feet higher. It has blast furnaces, and manufactures of clothing, paper, steam fire- engines, etc. A steam ferry aci-oss the river connects it with Athens, to which a branch road runs down from Coxsackie. Helderberg limestone is quarried here and burned for lime. All the way down from Albany the Catskill mountains have been in sight and Cats- skill (27) is the station for this famous summer resort. It was along the road from Catskill to the Mountain House that Rip Van Winkle took his long nap, and saw the impish ninepins. A railway runs to Cairo, and to the Catskill Mountain House. Rhinecliff is the station on the Central from which one crosses the river to Kingston (28), which includes within its city limits what was formerly the village of Rondout. It has large quarries of flagstone, and is the centre of a large cement industry. It was here that the temporary State congress adopted the Constitution of the State. Railway Joukxkys : X. Y. C. & H. R. 87 PouGHKEEPSiE (29) is upoii a plain 200 feet above the river. It is half-way between Albany and New York and the second largest city between them. The new bridge shown in the following cut of the Philadelphia, Reading and New :V ( (■ A T H K i hi, 8 1 !, \^^'^, Railway Journeys : N. Y. C. & H. R. 89 England railway is 6,767J feet or more than 1|- miles long, being second in size only to that over the Firth of Forth in Scotland. This railway starts from Campbell Hall, runs through the rich farms of Orange and Ulster counties nearly parallel with the Wallkill Valley road, shown on the opposite map, to Highland, opposite Poughkeepsie, and then turns E. , crossing the river. It then runs parallel with the Poughkeepsie & Eastern, formerly the Poughkeepsie, Hartford & Boston, to Pine Plains, and then n. to its Rhinecliff branch, formerly the Hartford & Connecticut Western, by which it curves around Copake to the s. , crosses the Harlem at Boston Corners, where the three States meet, the terminus of the P. & E. , and goes on to Hartford, by way of Canaan and Winsted, through some of the most charming scenery in Connecticut. A branch of this road runs south-east from Poughkeepsie to Hopewell Junction, on the Newburgh, Dutchess & Connecticut road, at the junction of the New York & New England. The N. D. & C. runs from Fishkill, through Matteawan, to Pine Plains, where it turns E. and meets the P. R. & N. E. at Milierton. The N. Y. & N E, runs parallel with the N, D. & C. to Hopewell, and then bears to the southeast through Brewsters. running to Hartford through Danbury and Waterbury. Fishkill is the scene of many of the exploits of Harvey Birch, in Cooper's "Spy ". Poughkeepsie is the seat of Vassar College, a noted college for women, shown in the cut, and of the Hudson River State Hospital for the Insane. J^ From Highland an elec- 1^^'il^' 'i^^i&!!^'i!IS^^fel^H^^^^s^^*^ *^'^^ railway runs to New " "^ " z'^-^^r^^^f^^^^ * Paltz, where one of the "-■'"f^LH!:- ''i^ .-'^rJ^'" State normal schools is located. This is the route from Poughkeepsie to Lakes Mohonk and Minnewaska. Newburgh (30) is reached from the Central by steam ferry from Fish- kill-on-the-Huclson. Its site rises steeply some 300 feet from tlie river (see page 28), and is bounded jon the s. by the 'deep ravine of a small creek that flows into the Hudson. The residences on the south- cast bluff have a view that can hardly be surpassed. The scenery on river from here to Peekskill is much the finest on the river. Newburgh is the northern terminus of the Erie railway and has considerable shipping-trade upon the liver. Washington's Headquarters are preserved as a State park. The original house is shown in the circle on the left, while the arch is erected as a memorial. The grounds are visited by thousands every year, as it is a favorite excursion point. The house is filled with revolutionary relics 00 Geography of the E^rPIRE State .\. little further down the I'iver reached from the Central hy ferry from (larrison, is West Ponit (•>!), the nation's mihtary school, views /-/ of which are here given. Its situation is perhaps the finest in America. A view looking n. is shown' on page 28. As the river emerges from the Highlands, we reach Peekskill (33), a growing village with considerable maniifactnring. Soon the river broadens into Tappan Bay, oftea Railway Jouknkys : X. Y. C. & H. R. 91 niiint'd Haversfraw Bay, from Haverstraw (33) on the western bank, with considerable brick manufacturing industries Further down on that side is Nyack (35) with varied manufactures. Across the river are Sing Sing (34) with its State prison, and further down Tarrytown, whence the steam ferry runs to Nyack. Now we reach the Palisades (see page 27), that ex- tend on the w. side of the river the rest of the way to New York. The eastern bank is mostly covered by costly suburban residences and the villages of Irvington (36) and Dobbs Ferry are but continuations of the cities below of which they will soon be a part. Near Irvington is Sunnyside, shown in the cut, the ""^ home of Washington Irving. YoxKERS (37) is already connected with New York by elevated train, and is practically continuous with it. Its carpet, silk, and hat manufactures are extensive, and ^t makes also mowing-machines and elevators. The drive to New York is delightful, for the road is a handsome boulevard, and Morningside Park, shown in the cut, with the rixcr and the Palisades on the one hand and beautiful residences on the other can hardly be surjiassed. It may pass by the new grounds of Columbia College, with which the Teachers' Col- lege and Barnard College are connected, with ne^\ buildings on a scale of cost and with a liarmony of architecture not hitherto attempted in America. It may then turn off to the south- east and extend through Central Park with its 3Iuseum of Natural History and its Metropolitan A)-t ]Museum. Emerging at 59th street, the ride may continue down Fifth Avenue, the fashion- able residence street of the city. Going by the railway, the train soon turns from the Hudson, follows Spuyten Duyvil Creek, recently converted into a ship-canal, and turning again to cross the Harlem follows down Manhattan Island, with glimpses on the right of Central Park, to the well-known 42d street station, also the terminus of the Harlem and of the New Haven railways. It is the only terminal railway station on Manhattan Island. From this sta- tion without going outside the roof one may take the elevated railway to the Battery, and by its connections to almost all parts of New York. New York (38) is tlie largest city on the western continent, and after it has been extended like London and Paris to cover the territory legitimately associated with it, is not unlikely within the life of read- ers of this book to be in population the greatest of all cities. |fi^ PORT ERV S , YORK fa A^^ ^ ^\^:M'W^-~^^^ AMflAHK NOn CO. Railway Jouexeys : N. Y. C. & H. R. 93 As a business centre, New York is second only to London. The cut shows A\^all street, the bankers' head- quarters, with Trinity church at its head, and the United States sub-treasury on the right. The statue in front is that of Washington, on the site of Federal Hall, where in 1789 he delivered his first in- augural address. A bird's-eye view on page 61 shows the general outlines of the city. In the right-hand lower corner is Brooklyn, connected with New Yorlc by the East River bridge. In the left hand lower corner is Governor's Island. The park seen in the left-hand lower corner of the city is the Battery ; the round building formerly called Castle Garden, the landing place of immigrants till this was transferred to Ellis Island (see page 60), is now used as an aquari\im. From this point the street extending through the two tallest rows of build- ings, parallel with the river, is Broadway. The church on the left is Tnnity, already pictured at the head of Wall street. The large building with a dome is the Post Office, near which are the great newspaper buildings of the Woi-kJ, and Tribune, and Times. The large building with a square tower between the Post Office and the East River is the Corn Exchange. The view on the opposite page is from a different point. It shows Battery Park, and Broadway following up the Island nearly parallel with the Hudson. 2. By the New York, Lake Erie and Western (Erie) The map on page 20 shows the five great river divisions of the State. The Erie railway, reaching from New York to Dunkirk, its original terminus, had to cut its way through all five of these divisions, and yet followed the banks of streams almost all the way, — an engineering feat which in 1851 was marvellous. See map on page 96. Starting from Jersey City (1), the road strikes off to the N. through New Jersey, crossing into New York just before it reaches Suflfern (3), the junction of the Piermont (36) branch, which has an extension to Nyack. At Newburgh Junction (3) the main road turns w., while a branch continues N. to Newburgh (37), already mentioned (see page 901. From Grey court (4) is another connecting line to Newburgh. Goshen (5) is an important dairy centre. From hero branches run s. through Florida to Pine Island (38) and N. to Montgomery (39), and the P. P. & B. railway runs through to Campbell Hall. MiDDLETOWN (6) has manufactures of wool hats, blankets, carpet- bags, and saws. The State Homeopathic Insane Hospital is here. The New York, Ontario and Western crosses the Erie here, and the New Jersey Midland terminates here. A branch of the Erie runs N. IB miles to Pino Bush (40). The railway now crosses the Shawangunk mountains, passing out of the Hudson River into the Delaware system, and at Port Jervis (7) reaches the Junction of two rivers and of three States (see page 30). A railway 24 miles long connects Port Jervis with Monticello (41), 1387 feet above Railway Journeys : N. Y. L. E. & AV 95 sea -level and a favorite summer r e - i-ort. A view along this road uear the hotel at Huguenot, is given on the opp osi te page . A bran c h of this Toad runs from Huguenot Junction to Wurts>burouud Pinnmitville, connecting with the New York, Ontario and Western. The view here given shows the Dela- Avare as seen from Hawlis Nest Rocks, 6 miles Av. of Port Jervis. The Roclis are )wn in the lower portion of the cut. The canal on the right is that of the Dela- Avare & Hudson Canal Co., running from Honesdale, Pa., to Rondout. The railway now crosses the Del- aware into Pennsylvania, follow- ing tlio s. bank of the river for 30 miles to Tuston, with a l:)raneh at Laekawaxen (8) for the coal mines at Honesdale. It then crosses to the northern bank of the Delaware and follows it through Narrowsbnrg (9), thus named because the river is here compressed by two points of rock into a channel so narrow that the water is 100 feet deep, and Hancock (10), to Deposit (11), where it parts from the Delaware, crossing the watershed over into the Susquehanna system. To do this it strikes down into Pennsylvania again. Susquehanna (12) is the junction of its branch runnins. Carbonilale. down to the coal mines of 96 GEOGRArHY OF THE EmPIRE StATE :e<>*^ It now follows the Susquehanna as faithfully as it did the Delaware. It crosses the Chenango at Binghamton (13), called "The Parlor City " from its cleanliness, and growing rapidly. There is here a State Hospital for the Insane, and an Institution for Inebriates. It passes througli Owego (14), and at Waverly (15) almost touches the Pennsylvania boundary. Here it says adieu to the Susquehanna, and follows its trilmtary, the Chemung, to Elmira (16), an attractive city, with large manufac- tures, especially of iron. Here are Ehnira College, the first college for women ever established ; and the Elmira Reformatory, whose system of reclaiming criminals is widely Icnown. A branch from Ehnira nms w. of s. to the coal region of Blossburg and Hoyt- ville, Pa. The railway strikes n. and makes a right angle at Horseheads, coming back to the river and following it on the s. side to Corning (17). This is the terminus of several branches of the Fall Brook coal system of railways, connecting the mines of Lycoming and Tioga counties with the New York Central rail- way system. It has large manufactures, and its artistic cut-glass is highly esteemed. At Painted Post, two miles further, where the Cohocton and Tioga rivers unite (see page :^2), the Rochester (45) division of the Erie branches off from the main line. The principal stations are Bath (43), the seat of the State Soldiers' Home ; Avoca, Cohocton, Blood's (post-oflBce Atlanta) (43), Wayland, Conesus, near the lake of that name, and Avon (44). The last has been spoken of (page 57). Local railways run from Bath (42) northeast to Hammondsport, at the head of Keuka Lake (see page 34) ; and from Kauona n. to Prattsburgh. A branch runs s. from Avon to Mount Morris (46), with connections for Dansville. Two beautiful views of the Genesee valley near Dansville are shown on page 108. Railway Journeys : N. Y. L. E. & W. 97 Another branch runsE. throuo-h Lvlioy (47) to Batavia (48), for which see page 78 ; and hence through Alexander to the main line at Attica (28). Taking the southern of the two branches of the Chemung, the rail- way follows the Tioga, passing through Andover (18) and Canisteo (19) to HoRXELLsviLLE (20), pre-eminently a railroad city, but with some manufactures. Here the original road ran on to Dunkirk (52), which in 1851 was expected to be the great port on Lake Erie. But its docks are rotting now, and the fast trains of the Erie run to Buffalo (25), or by direct connection av. by way of Jamestown (35). The Buffalo division surmounts the watershed just before reaching Nunda Station, almost at the boundary between Allegany and Living- ston counties, and celebrates its reaching the St. Lawrence system by crossing Portage Falls (21) on a picturesque iron bridge 820 feet long and 236 feet above the river. See page 23. At Silver Springs (22) is the junction for Silver Lake, 3 miles long and becoming recognized as a charming summer resort ; and for Perry at its outlet. Attica (23) is a railroad centre, with a tannery, carriage-shops, and flour-mill. At Lancaster (24) the Erie comes into Buffalo (25) jmrallel with the Central through a suburban region rapidly building up. The road is continued to Tonawanda (26) and Niagara Falls (27), wath a branch to Lockport (28)— all of these parallel with the similar lines on the Central (see page 79). Returning to Hornellsville (20) and following the Erie w. we curve to the s., and cross the watershed into the St. Lawence system, reach- ing Dyke Creek at Andover (29), and following it to its junction with the Genesee at Wellsville (30), the largest village in Allegany county and an important shipping-point. The railway follows down the Genesee, crossing it at Belmont (which includes tooth-picks among its manufactures), but at Belvidere, at the mouth of Van Campen's Creek, makes a sharp turn to the s. and follows up that stream beyond Friendship, crosses the watershed into the Ohio system, and at Cuba (31) strikes Oil Spring Creek, which it follows down to its junction with Ischua Creek near Hinsdale, and thence follows the Ischua, now called Clean Creek, to its junction with the Allegany River at Clean (32), which was made a city in 1894. The railway now follows the Allegany to Salamanca (33), which is in the Indian Reservation (see page 69). From here the original main line extended to Dunkirk (64), following up the deep valley of Little Valley Creek beyond Little Valley (49), crossing the watershed into the St. Lawrence system, and following a branch of the Cattaraugus, crossing the Buffalo and Southwestern division of the Erie at Dayton (50), and passing through Forestville (51). Dunkirk (52) has an excellent harbor, and was once thought to have a great future. But its commerce has gone to Buffalo, and its largest Industry is the Brooks Locomo- tive Works, employing more than 1000 men. 98 (lK()(ii:AI'IIV ol' K.Mrii;!-: State It is the northern terminus of the Dunkirk, Allegheny Valley & Pittsburg railway, which passes through Fredonia, three miles away, where there is a State Isormal School, and which was lighted by natural gas so far back as in 1821 (see page 59). It is also connected with Fredouia ])y an electric railway. A branch runs from Salamanca s. through Bradford, Pa., to Johnsonburgh, Pa. At Red House the Erie turns off w., following the valley of Little Connewango Creek, through Randolph (44) to Kennedy, where it strikes acro.ss to Jamestown (35) near the foot of Chautauqua Lake, the outlet of whicli furnishes water-power for extensive and diverse man- ufactures, 'hheiice the Erie extends southwest into Rennsylvania to Corry, Meadville, Warren, etc., and makes western connections. The Buffalo and Southwestern division of the Erie runs parallel with the main line from Jamestown (35) beyond Kennedy into Cattaraugus county, and thea turns N., passing through Conewaugo, Cherry Creek (53), Dayton (50) and Hamburg (54). 3. The Rome, Watertowx & Ogdensbukg This line was in l-SDl leased in perpetuity to the New York Central, but is extensive and distinctive enough to require separate map and treatment. It is the St. Lawrence river route from the v,\ to northern New England, and besides controlling much of the local traffic of New York, its through trains are well pati'oni/ed. Starting from Niagara Falls (1), where it connects with the Michi- gan Central, and following the river- down to Lewiston (5), the head of navigation, it turns off to the e., running nearly parallel with the lake shore to AVatertown. Along the s. shore the villages are mcstly ■-m.dl, Wilson (o), Lyndonville (4), and Kendall (5) being the largest till Charlotte (fi) is reached, the lake port of Rochester, A\ilh a population of 1500, and the centre of sevei'al attractive summer resorts, including Ontario Beach, Windsor Beach, Lake Bluff, Sea Ercc/c, Ii mdc (|ii()it 1'>a\ L,d\( P>ea( h and Lake A^iew. A branch line connects the R. W. A: (). with Kodiesttr, 7 miles s. At Charlotte (0) the railway crosses the Genesee ])y an iron-draw- bridge 300 feet long. Passing Ontario (7) and Sodus, the line crosses at Wallingford (8), the Sodus branch of the Pennsylvania railway. Wolcott (10) has a thousand inhabitants, and Red Creek, 6 miles further E., has half as many. At Sterling (10) is the crossing of the Southern Central branch of the Lehigh Valley. Oswego (11) is, next to Toronto, the largest city on Lake Ontario. It has a good harbor, formed by the mouth of the Oswego River, and is protected l)y Fort Ontario. The site is l)ounded on the s. by a bluff 160 feet high. JvAiLWAY .Journeys: H. W. & O. 99 For its watcT-iiuwcr sec paiie 25 ; for its miucral spring, page 57. Its State Normal School is one of the most famous in the world. Among its manufactures that of corn- starch is best known, its once famous flour-mills having been mostly burned. As the terminus of the Oswego Canal and with its fine harbor it might be expected to have considerable commerce, but its principal .shipments are of coal. A branch line runs down the eastern bank of the river to Syracuse (33). The prin- cipal stations are Fulton (30),' the water-po^Ver of which is mentioned on page 25 ; and Phoenix (31), on the Oswego Canal, with some manufactures. Mexico (12) has a tannery and flouring mills, and an academy at one time quite prominent in the State. At Pulaski the road reaches the Salmon River, and follows it for a little distance on its way to Richland (14). This river must be carefully distin- guished from the other river of the same name, which this railway crosses at Malone. See next page. From Pulaski a branch runs s. to Syracuse (32), with no large stations. At Central Square (33) is the crossing of the New York, Ontario and Western. At the crossing of the Oneida River at Brewerton there is a view from the train of Oneida Lake. At Richland (14) is the junction with the Rome (35) division, the principal station on which is Camden (34). This is the starting-point of the Elmira, Cortland & North- ern railway. See page 116. Adams (15) has a foundry and machine shop, and is a distributing-point for f:u-m supplies. Watertown (16) gets its water-power from the falls of tlie Black River (see page 49), and has extensive manufactures of flour, leather, machinerv, woolen goods, sewing macliines, and spring wagons. It is pleasantly situated and attractively built up. Branches run from here to Sackett's Harbor (36), Cape Vincent (37), and Carthage (38), the last connecting with the Utica and Black River di^•isiou. which the main line crosses again at Philadelphia (17). This was formerly a rival railway, from Utica (42) to Ogdensburg (46). Starting at Utica (42) it bends around to Trenton Falls (41), crosses the Black River Canal at Boon- 100 Geography of THis Empire State ville (40), and follows the river through Low- ville (39) to Carthage (38). Continuing n. it crosses the main line at Philadelphia (17) and at Theresa Junction (43) conneccs for Clayton (44) and the Thousand Islands (see liage 63) and goes on through Morristown (45) to Ogdensburg (46). Antwerp (18) contains what was once the Black River Conference Seminary, now Ives Seminary. Uouverncur (I'J) iius important manufactures and quarries. At De Kalb Junction (30) a branch runs through Rensselaer Falls and Heuveltcm to Ogdensburg (46). The St. Lawrence is here 2 miles wide, and in winter may usually be crossed on the ice to Prescott, on the Canadian shore. It has large manufactures of flour, lumber, machinery, and leather, and a State Hospital for the Insane. After passing Canton, the county seat, where the St. Lawrence University is located, the train reaches Potsdam (21), which gives its name to the hard red sandstone quarried here. It has extensive lumber-mills, and a State Normal School. Norwood (22) is the Junction of the R. W. & 0. with the Central Vermont, by which it makes its eastern connections. The R. "W. & O. continues to Massena Springs (47), spoken of on page 57. The length of the line from Niagara Falls is 301 miles. Considering the Central Vermont as a continuation of the R. W. & O., we turn now to this road. It starts from Ogdensburg (46), and passing through Madrid, N. of which are Madrid Springs, takes the through cars of the R. W. & O. at Norwood (22), crosses the St. Regis River at Winthrop (23), spoken of on page 49, and the Northern Adiron- dack road at Moira (24). This road is used mostly for transporting lumber, though it has stations for Paid Smith's and for Saranac Inn. It ends at Tupper Lake (48). A branch of the Central Vermont runs n. to Bombay (49), where it connects with a branch of the Grand Trunk from Massena Springs (47) into Canada. The Central Vermont reaches the Salmon River at Maloue (25), the largest village on its New York line, and one of the pleasantest towns in the State. It has an Institution for Deaf Mutes. Here connection is made with the Adirondack & St. Lawrence railway, also leased by the N. Y. Central. Following up the Salmon River to Loon Lake (50), this road fol- lows the watershed between the St. Law^rence and Hudson systems (see page 37), con- necting at Saranac Junction (51) for Saranac Lake (52) and Lake Placid (53). It then curves around by Rowlin's Pond, crossing the Northern Adirondack at Tupper Lake Junction (48), crosses the Racket River before reaching Childwold (54), strikes down through a corner of Hamilton county, nearing the Fulton chain of lakes at Fulton Chain (55), strikes s. to Trenton Falls (41)' and then bears off to the southeast till it meets the New York Central at Herkimer (56). See relief map on page 102. The Chateaugay railway extends from Saranac Lake (52), through Loon Lake (50), curves off to the e., passes through Dannemora (57), where there is a State Prison, and ends at Plattsburgh (58). The Central Vermont continues through Chateaugay (26), the nitrogen springs of which were spoken of on page 57, and Ellenburgli (27), crosses the New York and Canada at Mooer's (28), and reaches the boundary of the State at Rouse's Point (29), on the Canadian frontier. It crosses Lake Champlain on a bridge a mile long, and continues through St. Albans, Montpelier, and White River Junction, Vt., to points e. Railway Journeys : D. & H. 101 4. The Delaware and Hudson R. R. We have now followed the three* great lines that cross the State horizontally, and we come to those which cross the State perpendicu- lary. These are in some respects even more interesting than the others, as they cut through the geological strata of the State, and show a oonstaut change of soil and of scenery. The longest of these is the Delaware and Hudson R.R., which reaches from Rouse's Roint to Binghamton, 333 miles. This road takes its name from the Delaware & Hudson Canal Co., which built the canal from Honesdale to Rondout (see page 75), and afterward got control of what used to be the Albany & Susquehanna and the Rensselaer & Saratoga railways, with their connections. Starting from the Canada line at Rouse's Point (1) and connecting at Chazy Junction (2) with its line for Mooer's Junction (26), it reaches Plattsburgh (3) on Cumberland Bay, where Commodore McDonough won his great victory over the British in 1814. See Hendrick's His- tory, pp. 134, 135. This village has a safe harbor, and abundant water-power from the Saranac. It has a State Normal School. A branch road runs to Au Sable Forksf (27), aflfordiug a pleasant route to Au Sable Chasm on the e., and to Whiteface Mountain and Lake Placid on the w. It follows the shore of Lake Champlain to Port Kent (4) where there is a branch road for Au Sable Chasm (see page 50), and soon 'Four, if the West shore be considered apart from tlie New Yorlv Central. tThe train stops at Ro-rers Station. (Clintonville post-office), .3 miles from the village. -^■^n MONTREAL; • Railway Journeys: I). & H. 103 runs farther inland to AVestport (5), whence there is a dehghtful stage- ride mountainward to EUzabethtown. At Port Hemy (6) it reaches the great irou region, with a branch freight road run- ning up to Moriah and Mineville. At Crown Point, 8 miles further, there is a branch road, also for iron, to Hammondville. At Addison Junction (7) it forms connection for Ticonderoga (28) and Lake George, and with the Central Vermont for Leicester Junc- tion and other Vermont points. Here steamer jiassengers are now transferred. Before the railway was built the steamers used to run up the narrow head of the lake to Whitehall (8). This village is picturesquely located at the foot of Skene's Mountain and at the mouth of Wood Creek, and is the terminus of the Champlain Canal. It was once a leading lumber market and still does considerable lumber trade. Its principal manu- facture is of silk. A branch line runs e. from Whitehall to Rutland, Vt. (30), connecting at Castleton. (29) with a branch of the D. & H. that runs through Granville (31), Salem (32), and Cambridge (33), and connects with the Fitchburg R.R. at Eagle Bridge (34). The hillj character of the centre of Washington County is shown from the fact that so long a railway journey is necessary to go from the eastern to the western part. A branch road runs up from Johnsonville to Greenwich. The railway now crosses the watershed to the Hudson system by following the Champlain Canal through Fort Ann (9) to Fort Edward (10), where connection is made for Glens Falls and Lake George. See page 44. It crosses the Hudson and strikes inland to Saratoga Springs (11), already spoken of on page 57. Here connection is made with the Adirondack branch of the D. &II., which runs through Corinth (35), with its huge paper-mills ; Luzerne i,36), or Hadley, as it used to be called, at the junction of the Sacondaga, with the highest falls on the Hudson ; and so on up the river till at North Creek (37), 57 miles from Saratoga, it lands its passengers well within the portals of the Adirondacks. See map on the opposite page. A branch of the Fitchburg R.R., runs from Saratoga Springs by Saratoga Lake to ]\Iechanicsville, with a branch to Victory Mills and Schuylerville, on the Hudson. Near Schuylerville is the Saratoga Monument, here shown, erected Oct. 17, 1877, to commemoi'ate Burgoyne's surrender a century before, the most important event of the Revolutionary War. See "Centennial Celebrations", pp. 231-356. At Bemus Heights, at the head of Saratoga Lake, the centenary of the battle fought there was celebrated Sept. 19, 1877. See "Centennial Celebrations", pp. 151-194, and Hendrick's History, p. 103. A road runs from Saratoga Springs up Mt. McGregor, where Gen. Grant died. At Ballston (12), already spoken of on page 57, the railway forks, one branch connecting with the Central for the w. at Schenectady (38), and with the main line of the D. & H. at Quaker Street (15) ; while the other, on which the through trains are run, Railway Journeys : D. & H. 105 curvino- southeast to Mechaiiicsville, whence it follows the Hudson through A\^aterford, Cohoes, and West Troy to Albany (14). See pages 85, 88. Cars for New York and the e. are switched at Green Island, a vil- lage on the island of that name in the Hudson opposite Troy, for Troy (39), at the Mouth of Poestenkill ('reck, and at the head of navi- gation on the Hudson, The site of the city is an alluvial plain extending 3 miles along the river, and from I to f miles wide. The city is fast creeping up the hills oa the e. however, and Mount Ida, on the southeast, from which the view on the opposite page is taken, has a delight- ful outlook in every direction. The city has extensive manufactures, especially of iron, and of collars and cuffs. It was here that Emma Willard established her Female Seminary, the first institution founded for the higher education of women, which has recently received large endowments for new buildings. Here too is the Kensselaer Polytechnic Institute, shown in the cut, one of the best scientific schools in the country. ..Vrrslt 5 2l£f^t -|SS St. Joseph's Theological Provincial Seminary has a '*f^j! ^T/T"] *t ' ' " -p-J'-.t^ sightly location upon the hill. Across the river, at West 'ii^-c^y^y^'r^f^^^ Troy, is a large national arsenal. A line of night '^■ii Jti^ '^ steamers to New York is well patronized in summer. From Albany (14), where the station adjoins that of the New York #> ■^.»A4y«5*^feLjj ^j-^"^' Cential, but is bot^\een it and the iner, and low ei, the ladwa} cunes off to the Av., crossing the AV^'est bhore at Voorheesville, and cuuuucting with its Schenectady branch at Quaker Street (15). When it reaches Schoharie Creek at Central Bridge, it connects with a branch road following the creek up through Schoharie (40) to IMiddleburgh (41). At Schoharie (40) is the Old Fort, still in state of preservation but with the marks of cannon-balls, which in Oct., 1780 preserved its Inmates from an attack by a strong force of Indians, Tories, and soldiers. Here on Sept. 23, 1876, was laid the corner-stone of a monument to David Williams, one of the captors of Andre, the British spy. See " Centennial Celebrations", pp. 195-230, and Hendrick's History, pp. 107, 108. From Central Bridge the railway follows the Cobleskill Creek to West Richmond ville, surmounts the watershed into the Susque- hanna system almost at the county line, and follows Schenevus Creek through Worcester and Schenevus (18) to its junction with the Susque- hanna, where a line runs n. through Hartwick Seminary to Coopers- town (43), already mentioned on page 42. Passing by Howe's Cave (16), described on pages 54, 55, it connects at Cobleskill (17) for Sharon Springs (42), mentioned on page 57, and Cherry Valley (43). Railway Journeys : D. L. & W 107 Here the Cherry Valley Monument was unveiled Aug. 15, 1877, to commemorate the massacre of Nov., 1778. See "Centennial Celebrations", pp. 357-383, and Hen- drick's History, p. 105. Following now the Susquehanna, it passes through Oneonta (19), the largest village between Albany and Binghamton, and a natural distributing-point for a rich fcirming section. It is the seat of a State Normal School, the view from the steps of which given on the opposite page shows the Susquehanna valley at its best. This outlook is said to resemble strikingly the valley of Lacedaemon, in Greece. The seclusion of this valley between its hills is shown from the fact that the quick- est way to reach Oneonta from New Yoi'k city or from Syracuse is by way of either Albany or Binghamton. Compare what is said of crossing mountains on page 112. Passing through Uuadilla (20), and barely cutting across the cor- ner of Delaware county, the railway crosses at Sidney (21) the New York, Ontario and Western ; passes through Bainbridge (22) and Afton (23) ; and at Nineveh (24) diverges from the river, strikes north- west, cuts through the hill by a tunnel, and curves down into Bing- hamton (25). See page 96. A branch from Nineveh (24) follows the Susquehanna through Windsor (44) dowa into Pennsylvania, and continues s. to Carbondale, Scranton, and Wilkesbarre. 5. The DELA^VARE, Lackawanna & Western R.R. This is, like the Delaware & Hudson, one of the great coal com- panies of the country, and enters the State from its mines in Pennsyl- vania by way of the Susquehanna, which it follows to Binghamton (1). See page 96. From here it sends out branches to Utica, Oswego, and Railway JouRxXeys : D. L. & W. 109 Buffalo, thus reaching by its own trains the central and western part of the State. The Utica division follows up the Chenango River by Chenango Forks (2) and Greene, through the picturesquely situated village of Oxford (3), and through Norwich (4), a prosperous distributing-point, with iron and other manufactures ; through Earlville (5) and on until just before reaching Waterville (6), the headquarters of hop-product- ion, it passes over the watershed into the St. Lawrence system, and ends at Utica (8). See page 83. At Richfield Junction (7) a branch line runs through Bridgewater and "West Winfield to Richfield Spnugs (25), for Avhich see pages 57-59. The Syracuse and Oswego division follow up the Tioughnioga from Chenango Forks (2), through Whitney's Point (9), and Marathon (10) to Tully (12), where Green Lake flows from the s. through the Tiough- nioga into Chesapeake Ba}^ and from the n. through Onondaga Creek into the Gulf of St. Lawrence. See page 42. Cortland (11) is at the junction of the two branches of the Tioughnioga, and at the confluence of 7 distinct valleys, separated by ranges of hills from 200 to 400 feet high, and radiating in different directions. This makes it the natural distnbuting-point for this entire region. It has also built up large manufactures, especially of carriages. A State Normal School is located here. Two miles n. on the D. L. & W., and connected with Cortland by electric railway, is Homer, long noted for its excellent academy, and recently developing considerable manufactures. The railway still rises, however, till it reaches a station called Sum- mit, when it passes into the St. Lawrence system and descends rapidly to Syracuse (13). See page 81. It follows down the s. side of Onondaga Lake, through the salt- covers, and crosses the Seneca River at Baldwinsville (14), a prosper- ous village W'ith large flouring mills. It goes on down the Oswego River by Oswego Falls (15) and Fulton (see page 25), and ends at Oswego (16). See page 98. The Buffalo division runs parallel with the Erie through Owego, Waverly, Elmira, Corning, and Bath to Atlanta (18). For this route see pages 96, 97. From Owego (17), a branch road runs n. through Candor (25) and Caroline (26) to Ithaca (27), getting down the hill into the city by a series of criss-crosses quite puz- zling to the inexperienced traveller. This city has already been spoken of as the seat of Cornell University (see page 35) and the centre of picturesque waterfalls (see page 48). It has also large manufactures, and besides its numerous railroads has a line of steamers down Cayuga Lake. From Atlanta (18) the road bears off to the w., crosses the w^ater- shed, and enters the Genesee valley near Dansville (19). Two views of the valley from this place are given on the opposite page. 110 Geogkapiiy of the Empire State From here the raihvay strikes northwest to Mount Morris (20), crosses the Genesee, |)asses through Greigsville, where saU is taken out from mines 1200 feet deep at the rate of 800 tons a day, and curv- ing around through Pavilion (21), at Alexander (22) comes near the Erie again and runs parallel with it into Buffalo (23). G. Tjie LKiiKiii Valley II. II. A third great coal line also runs its lines into this State, and we may return hy it from Buf- falo (1). We observe that its route is by the central lakes, skirting Seneca and Owasco on one side, and Cayuga on both. Starting from Buffalo (1), the road runs parallel with the New York Central to Batavia (2) (see page 78), and continues almost due E. to Rochester Junction (3), whence a branch runs n. to Rochester. It crosses the Aulnirn branch of the Central at Fisherville (4) and at Shorts ville ('")), and runs nearly parallel with it to Geneva (6). See i)age 81. Here the main line crosses Seneca County, passing through Tru- niansburgh and Taughannock Falls to Ithaca (7). It then bears s. through Van Etten ville (8), passes out of the State at Waverly, and goes on to New York through Towanda, Maucli Chunk, and Alk'U- town, Pa. The western branch from Geneva (6) follows down the eastern shore of Seneca Lake, having connection with the main line from "Willard Asylum (10' (see page 76). Ovid is on this connecting line, in the centre of the county. It goes on through Burdett (11) and Odessa (12), breaking off to the southeast to meet the main line at Van Ettenville (8). There is also a branch line from Waverly ^9) to Elmira (13). The Auburn division starts from Fair Haven (14), crosses the Central s. of the Seneca River, and from Auburn (15) follows up the outlet by Owasco Lake through Moravia (16), Groton (17), and Dryden, and curves around through Newark Valley (19) to Owego (20), whence it follows the Susqixehanna to Wa- ^ verly (9). '.'- ^r The Cayuga division crosses from Auburn ,=! k~' (15) to Cayuga, and follows down the eastern :"'^' shore of the lake through Union Springs and Aurora to Ithaca (7), where it connects with the main line. At Aurora, one of the most beautiful vil- lages in the State, is situated Wells College, a school of hiu'h raids; for voung ladies. Railway Journeys: L. V.; W. N. Y. & P. Ill . 7. The Western New York & Pennsylvania R.R. This is another of the roads counecting our New York cities with Pennsylvania. Its Pitts- burgh division runs paral- lel with the Lake Shore tracks (see page 117) from Buffalo (1) through Angola (2) and Dunkirk (3) to Brocton (4), where it make a little circuit to the e. and strikes down to Mayville (5), at the head of Chautau- qua Lake, and strikes s. through Sherman (6) to Oorry, Pa., and thence on through Titusville to Oil City. From Mayville a railway runs down the n. shore of Chautauqua to Jamestown. The Buffalo division bears off to the s. of e. from Bufiiilo (1), turns -to the s., passing through East Aurora (7) and Holland (8), cuts across a little corner of Wyoming County at Arcade (9), crosses the Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburgh at Machias (10), follows the Ischua €reek down through Frankhnville (11) to Hinsdale (12), and thence runs parallel with the Erie to Clean (13), and so on through Portville (14) to Emporium, with connections for Harrisburg, Philadelphia and Washington. From Olean a narrow-gauge branch runs to Bradford, Pa. (15) ; another branch fol- lows the s. branch of the Alleghany and circles back to Bradford. The Rochester division runs from Olean (13) through Hinsdale (12) :and Cuba (16) to Belfast (17), where it strikes the Genesee River, which it follows to Portage (18). Here it curves off to the e., con- necting at Nunda (19) for Swain (20) at the junction of the Erie and the Central New York & Western. Near Mount Morris (21) it crosses the Genesee, and follows its western bank to Rochester (22). It is l)uilt upon the tow-path of the abandoned Genesee Valley Canal. The Central New York and Western R.R. runs from Swain (20) s. to Angelica (23), and also e. to Wayland (24) and to Hornells- ville (25). Still another division runs from Olean through Portville to Bolivar (26), whence an extension not now operated connects with the other •divisions at Angelica, and strikes w. to connect with the W. N. Y. & P. at Belfast! 112 GEOrxRAPHY OF THE EmPIRE StA 8. The New York Ontario & AVestern R.R. AVhen this railway, then called the New York & Oswego Midland, was first projected, great things were expected of it. " See how it cuts across the State," its advocates cried; "it is the liNpotlieniiM' of the triangle the New York Central takes two sides of." People forgot that it is no farther around a hill than over it, and invested in this line that went over the hills. So they lost their money, and the fast trains still go by the old routes. But to one who has leisure and enjoys picturesque scenery this line affords a delightful journey. When Nicholas I. looked at the plans foi* the proposed railway from St. Petersbm-g to Moscow, he grew angry. "Why does it bend off here to the west?" he asked. "To pass through the city of Novgorod, your majesty."— "And why these curves?"—" To follow the Volga river, your majesty."— " And this twist ? "— " To avoid those mountains, your majesty."—" Get me a ruler ! " The czar took it, put one end on St. Petersburg and the other on Moscow, and drew his pencil down the edge. " Tliere is your railway from St. Petersburg to Moscow," he said. And almost in a straight line the railway runs for 400 miles. But only czars make railways that way. The cost was enormous, atid the road passed through only one large town. It was many years before a branch road was built to Novgorod. It should be remembered in choosing a route that railway distances are measured not by miles but by hours. The West Shore has fewer miles between Buffalo and New York than the Central, but its quickest trains are some hours longer on the way. The experienced traveller learns to cling to the trunk routes, and to choose his trains not by maps but by time-tables. On the morning of Dec. 8, 1887, the author of this volume got up early enough to take at five o'clock the latest train from Barcelona in Spain by which he could catch his steamer home. At Gerona he got off for a cup of coffee. When he came back the train had started, and by a Spanish law seldom enforced he was seized by the two soldiers on guard and prevented from entering it. The station authorities had no French time-tables and could tell him nothing as to trains beyond the frontier. He took the next train, a very slow one, and reached the frontier after dark. His ticket called for a change of cars, and a route nearly straii;ht N. to Paris. But the train he was on went through to Marseilles,, and on gemrnlprviciiil, s h, ~iaiil on it, riding all night, and being the next morning nearly as far from Paris as when he started. i;nt he had reached the trunk line and the fast trains, he caught a special express that ran three times a week, and he got his steamer. Railway Journeys: N. Y. O. & W. 113 Starting from Oswego (1) and following the river to Fulton (2), the road bears off to the e. through Central Square (3), and follows the contour of Oneida Lake, passing through Cleveland (4) with its glass- works, and Fish Creek (5), a summer resort, and connecting with the New York Central and West Shore at Oneida (6) and Oneida Castle. It continues s. to Randallsville (7), where it connects for Rome (24) and Utica (25) ; and to Earlville (8) where it connects, by a road operated by the West Shore, for Syracuse (1). It runs nearly parallel with the D. L. & W. to Norwich (9), but crosses the Chenango and mounts the hill above Oxford (10), affording a delightful view. At Clinton the Rome (24) branch connects with the branch from Utica (25). This beaiitiful village is the seat of Hamilton College and of Houghton Seminary. Just before reaching Randallsville (7) the road passes through Hamilton, the seat of Colgate University. At New Berlin Junction (11) it connects with its branch running up the Uuadilla to New Berlin, and branching off northeast toEdmeston. At Sidney (12) it crosses the D. & H., and curves around to Walton (13), on the West Branch of the Delaware, 1220 feet above tide. The railway here mounts the hills of the divide between the Delaware and the Susquehanna system, which is 1800 feet at the highest point, beyond Franklin. This station is four miles from the village, which is delightfully situated in the Ouleout "Valley, with water from artesian wells 365 feet deep. The Delaware Literary Institute is here. From AValton (13) a branch runs up the Branch to Delhi (28), 1458 feet above tide, which is becoming a noted summer resort. By a stage ride of 8 miles up the river to Bloomville, one may make connection with the Ulster & Delaware R.R. See page 115. It now curves to the southwest around the hills, nearly reaching the Delaware River at Hancock, and then turns at right angles, and runs nearly e. to the Sullivan county line. Through this county it bears southeast, passing through Liberty (18), a favorite health resort, especially for consumptives ; and at Summitville (19) connecting for Ellenville (29), a charming village in the heart of the Shawungunk region on the D. & H. Canal. From this point on, see map on page 88. From Hancock Junction the Scranton Division runs s. s. w. to Scranton, Pa. Before reaching the Sullivan county line, the railway reaches Beaver Kil, a noted trout stream, and ascends it, following the bank closely, beyond Parksville, 1582 feet above tide. It then crosses the watershed into the Mongaup valley, and crosses the Neversink beyond Fallsburgh, and the D. & H. Canal just before reaching Summitville. Between Mountain Dale and Summitville the road descends 420 feet in 8 miles, from 962 to 542 feet above tide. The railway at Wurtsboro (compare map on page 92), passes out of the Mamakating Valley, pierces the Shawungunk mountains by a tunnel 3S00 feet long, and reaches Bloomingburgh, celebrated by Washington Irving in his " Hans Schwartz ". In the colonial period this was a frontier town, and suffered much from Indian raids. It is 757 feet above the sea. From MiDDLETOWN (20) it runs nearly due e. across the county through Campbell Hall (21) to Cornwall (22), whence it turns s. and at Weehawken (23) connects with the ferry for New York. 114 Geography of the Empire State 9. Harlem Division oJ the K Y. C. & H. R. R.E. This road runs through the eastern valley of the watershed of which the Hudson river is the western valley, a region in many respects more like New England than like the rest of New York. See map on page 88. Starting from the Grand Central Depot in Now York it runs past Bedford Park, wath beautiful Bronx Park oppocite ; on through Mount Vernon and past the marble quarries of Tuckahoe to White Plains, where the battle of Oct. 28, 1776 was fought. It goes on through Kensico, Chappaqua, Mount Kisco, Bedford, and Katonah ; has a branch circuit from Golden's Bridge to Brewsters, famed for its iron mines, by Lake Mahopac and through Carmel ; passes through Patterson and Pawlings in a delightful valley especially charming at Amenia ; reaches the junction of three States at Boston Corners, curves to the w. at Hillsdale, and to the n. before reaching Philmont ; and ends at Chatham. Here its connections are by the Boston & Albany to Hudson, and to Albany on the w. ; and on the e. through Pittstield, Mass., to Springfield, Worcester and Boston ; and by the Lebanon Springs R.R. to Lebanon Springs, and, crossing the Fitchburg at Petersburg Junction, to Bennington, Vt. From Niverville a road runs to Hudson, passing through the most beautiful part of the county, especially near Stuyvesant Falls The New York & Northern division of the Central runs between the Harlem and the Central, starting at loSth street. New York, and run- ning through to Brewsters. It is not shown on the map. The three great trunk lines e. are I. the Fitchburg, connecting with the West Shore at Rotterdam Junction, and with the Central at Troy, and passing through Mechanicsville, Eagle Bridge, and the great Hoosac Tunnel, 4| miles long and costing 20 millions, to Fitchburg and Boston; II. the Boston & Albany, just spoken of; and III. the New York & New Haven, starting from New York and following along the shore through New Rochelle and Port Chester. 10. The Ulster & Delaware R.R. This picturesque line starts from Kingston, strikes the Beaver Kil at West Hurley, follows it down nearly to its junction with Esopus Creek, and then follows up the Creek through Phoenicia, Shandaken and Big Indian, to its source near the boundary of the county, crosses the watershed at Grand Hotel on the county line, and descends into the Delaware system, reaching at Arkville the lowest point on the railroad in the county, 1344 feet above tide. The village of Margaret- ville is IJ miles from here, and Andes 12 miles. See map on page 88. Tlie road now ascends the East Branch of the Delaware to the n., Railway Journeys: U. & D. 115 passing through Roxbuiy. It crosses into the Hudson system again as it curves, but regains the Delaware at Stamford, the prettiest village in the Catskills, and follows it through Hobart to Bloomville. A stage-ride of 8 miles down the river to Delhi connects this road with the N. Y. O. & W. (see page 113). . From Pha^nicia there is a branch line to Hunter, and to the Catskill :\rmintain House, making this a de- lightful route by which to visit the Catskills. Slide Mountain, shown on page 17 is reached by a stage-ride of 11 miles from Big Indian. This view of Delaware County is taken from Grand Ho- tel, 1886 feet above tide water. Stamford is al- most at the junc- tion of three of the great river systems. It is on a branch of the Delaware, the streams a little way w. begin to flow into the Sus- quehanna, and Bear Creek, one mile E. empties into the Scho- harie. The following elevations in this county are given in French s Ga- zetteer : D e 1 a - ware River, at E. border 830 ft.; junction of two branches 922 • Hancock 943 ; Hale's Eddy 950 ; Deposit 1004 ; Sidney 1010 ; Franklin 1240 • ArkviUe 1345 ; Stamford 1765 ; Elk Creek Summit 1859 ; Davenport Centre 1898 • Mt Piso-ah near Andes 3400. ' ' ^*' " 11. Wallkill Valley R.R. This starts from Campbell Hall, shown in the map on page 88, and follows the Wallkill branch of Rondout Greek. It curves to the north- ik; GEOGRAniY OF THE EmPIRE StATE east at Montgoinerv ; passes tlii'ou^h A\'al(leii, wliere there is manu- facture of En oji si i cutlery; Wallkill, wliere ;}(),0(H) quarts of milk a (lay are used in summer by the New York (Jondensed Milk Co.; and New Ealtz, the site of a State Normal School, and the station for Lake Mohonk (see page 41) and Lake Minnewaska ; soon crosses the Wall- kill and then bears straight n., crossing the Rondout on an iron bridge 150 feet high and 9G0 feet long at Rosendale, noted for its cement ; and then turning off to the northeast to Kingston. See map on page 88. 12. The Elmika, C'oktland and Nokthekx R.R. Starting from Camden (1), on the R. W. & 0. (see page 99) this road strikes s. from McCon- nellsville (2), nearing the E. shore of Oneida Lake, to Canastota (.3), on the New York Central ; passes through Cazenovia (4) and DeRuyter (5) ; and crosses- the D. L. & W. at Cortland (G), for which see page 109. Thence it bears southwest to Ithaca (7), for which see }>age 109 ; curves around tO' the southeast through Caroline (8), and Candoi' (9) : turns w., passing through Spencer and Van Ettenville (10), and at Horseheads (11) turns s. again to Elmira (12). 13. The Pennsylvania R.R. This great corporation controls a single line across the State, still usually referred to as the Northern Central. Striking n. from the Susquehanna at Williams})ort, Pa., it runs from Elmira (12) through Horseheads (11) and so on through Havana (now^ Montour Falls) to- Watkins (13), for which see pages 35, 45. Following up Seneca Lake for a few miles, it bears off northwest to Keuka Lake at Penn Yan (14), and thence circles around by Stanley (15) to Canandaigua (16), where it connects by the New York Central for Rochester. From Stanley (15), a branch runs n. through Newark (17), on the Central and the West Shore, to Sodus Point (18), thus giving the Pennsylvania road a harbor on Lake Ontario. 14. The Fall Brook Railway This road was l)uilt to give the Fall Brook coal mines an outlet in Railway Journeys : Miscellaneous 117 New York. It connects with the New York Central at Lyons (19), and rnns s. through Geneva (20), by the w. shore of Seneca Lake, to Watkins (13), crossing the Pennsylvania at Hinirods Junction and running w. of it. It then bears off southwest to Corning (21), and runs s. to its mines at Blossburg, Pa. A branch line runs across from Dresden to Penn Yau. 15. The Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburgh R.R. This line starts from Rochester (22), curves to the southeast to LeRoy (23), and then strikes nearly s. through Warsaw (24) to Silver Lake junction (25), when it turns off to the southwest again, through Bliss (26) and Machias Junction (27) to Ashford (28), whence it goes s. through Ellicottville (29), to Salamanca (30 j and Limestone (31) to Bradford. From Ashford (28) the Buffalo division runs northwest through Springville (33) and Colden (34j to Buffalo (35). 16. The Lake Shore & Michigan Southern R.R. This finely equipped western route follows the shore of Lake Erie from Buffalo (35j through Angola (36), Silver Creek (37), Dunkirk (38), and Westfield (39), through Erie, Pa., (40) and so on to Chicago through Cleveland and Toledo. 17. The New York, Chicago & St. Louis (Nickel Plate) R.R. This road runs parallel with the Lake Shore through New York, with a connection at Westfield (39) for Mayfield and Chautauqua Lake. 18. The Dunkirk, Allegheny Valley & Pittsburgh R.R. This road, leased by the New York Central, starts s. from Dunkirk (38), passes through Fredonia (see page 98), and Lily Dale, by the beautiful Cassadaga Lake (41), and through Sinclairville (42), crosses the Erie at Falconer (43), and after passing through Frewsburgh cresses the State line beyond Fentonville, and terminates at Titusville, Pa. 19. The Long Island R.R. This road now controls all the railways on the island, and is suf- ficiently shown in the map on the following page. The distance from New York to Greenport is 94 miles ; to Sag HarlDor 100 miles. For what is said of the towns on Long Island see pages 59, 60. For the new bridge that will connect the Long Island railway with New York see pages 51, 62. The summer traffic of some of these lines nearest New York is enormous, as the southern coast of the island 118 Geography of the Eisipire State gives the inhabitants of New York and its adjoining cities dehghtful sea air and bathing within a few minutes' ride. INDEX NDEX Abrevlytions.— 6. bay ; c. city ; co. couuty ; cr. creek ; ff. gulf ; A. hill ; tain; wfc. mountuins ; r. river; s. State ; t. town; v. village. Kaik island ; l. lake ; mt. moun- indieate illusti-ations. academies 109 Adams V 99 & Co. map 3 Addison Junction 103 Adirondack mts.3. 9, 12, IS, 19, 37, 37, 3S, 30, 66, 67, lOO, 101, 103, 103. r\v 37 & St. Lawrence rw ICO Afton V 107 airriculture 67,79,81, lOU Akron v 06,78 Alabama t 45, 57 Albany c . .2U, 33, 43, 66, 70, 75, 77, 83, Si, 83, Sfi, 105, 114 CO 17, 5J C8 &Sus.rw.... 101 Albion V OS, 72. 78,70 Alexander v 97, llo Alfred Centre v 74 Allegany co.l9, 32, 59, GG, G8, GO, 97 Alleghany " mtV.is, 15,i7,'i9.'82 ' s:: r 16,32,70,82,97,111 Allentown, Pa. c 110 alluvial hills ;.v Amenia v 114 Amsterdam c 70, 85 Anandale v 74 Andes V 114,115 Andover v 97 Angelica v 19,111 Angola T 111,117 animals G7 Antwerp v 100 Appalachian mts IG approximate distances n aquarium 93 arbor vitae 67 Arcade v Ill Argyle v G8 Arkville v 114, 115 Arthur Kil 60 Ash 67 Ashford v 117 Athens v 85 Atlanta v 9G, lo9 Atlantic Ocean... 10, 13, 15, 16, 118 Attica V 97 Auburn c 70, 70, 79, 81, 110 Roadrw 13,79,81,110 Aurora v 74,110 Ausable Chasm. . .9, 27, 49, J6», 101 Au Sable r 27, 49, 50, 101 Foi-ks V ,101 average height IG, 1 13 Avoca v 96 Avon V 57,96 Cainbridge v Baldwinsville v Ballston Spa v balsam . . . ; Baltimore, Md. c Barcelona, Spain, e. . Basin mt IJatavia v. . ..65, 72. 76, Bath V OS, Battery Park Bear cr Beaver i )7, 68, 10 rs, 97, re, 96. .61,0, PAGE Beaver Kil 113, 114 Beck's Keport 56, 57 Bedford v 76,114 Park V 114 Bedloes i 60,9.2 Belfast V Ill Belmont v 68 Belvidere v 97 Bemus Heights v ! 103 Bennington, Vt. c 114 Bergen v 78 Big Indian v 114, 115 Binghamton c. .11, 70, 76, 96, 101, 107 birds 67 I31ack 1 37 r 25,44, >iy,99 Rock V ...43 Blackwell's i oi,i:i i.liss v 117 Bloods V iiG liloomingburgh v il3 Bln.miville v 113, 115 I'.lMssl.urg, Pa. V 96, 117 Blue ,Alt 1 .17 Blue llidge mts 16,17 bluestone 66 Bolivar v ill Bombay v ico Boonville v 41 Boston, Mass. c 1 14 & A. rw 13, .'■5, 114 Corners v 89.114 boulders 34, 59 bi'uudaries 1, ]0 Bonlcanx, France c 11 Bradt. .rd. Pa. c 98, 111, 117 Bnuichpdrt v 54 Brewertcin v 99 Brewsters v 89,114 bridges. .39, 60, 61, 83, S7, 93, 93, OS, 116 Bridgewater v 1C9 Broad Top mt 17 Brockport v 75, 78, 79 Brockton v Ill Bronx Park 114 Brookhaven v 60,70 Brooklyn c... .60, /7?, 74, 9.2, 117 bridge 30, 60, 61, 03, 93 Broome co 19,57,6^ Buckhorn i G3 Buffalo c. .2, 11, 42, 43, 60, 70, 74- 77, 79,97, 119-11), 116,117 R. & P. rw 21,111,117 Burdett v no Burr, Aaron 113 Buttermilk cr 4^ — - Falls 4^ Byram v 10 Caldwell v California s Cambridge v Camden v Campbell Hall v. Canaan 68 66 .. .103 .99,116 113, 115 .89 Canada. . ..10, 15, 31, 49, 63, 67. loO Canadice 1 24,34 canals 13,42-44 (121) PAGE canals Black River...Z;2, 13, U3, 44, 49, 81, 99 Cayuga & Seneca U3 Champlain . . 13, 13, US, 44, 85, 103 Delaware & H...9J, 101, 113 Erie . . J:2, 13, 27, U3, 44, 78, 79, 81,85 Genesee Valley Ill Oswego i.5, 81,99 Canandaigua 1 24, 34, 37 v 63,72,78,79,81,116 Outlet cr 24 Canastota v 81,116 Canderago 1 13, Ji, 42, ^'ii, 59 Candor v 109,116 Canisteo v 97 cantilever bridge 31, 7S, OS Canton v 68,74,100 Cape Mncent v 3J, 99 Carbondale, Pa. c 95, 107 Carleton i 03 Carmel v 68, '74,'il4 Caroline v 109, 116 carriages 109 Carthage v 44, 49, 99 Cascadilla cr 48 Cassadaga 1 117 Castle Garden 93 ^^■illiam 60 Castletun, Vt. v 103 catamnunt Pond 37 Catskill mts. . 9, 13, lU, 17, 55, 85, 1U3, 1 15 Mt. House 115 V 68,72,85 Cattaraugus CO..II, 19,32,59,66, 68, 69, 98 cr 20,21,70,97 Cayuga co 24, 68 1. -24,34,3^,37,43,48,109, 110 rw 81 V 81, 110 Cazenovia 1 36 V liG cement 85, 116 centennial celebrations 82, bo, 103, 10-3, 107 Central Bridge v li 5 N. Y. & W. rw Ill Park 91 Sipiare v 99,113 ^ t. rw luo, 103 Chaniphiin 1. . 1, 2, 10, 11. n, 13, ly, 27, 37, 39, 40, 42, 44, G3, 100. 101 Chapinville v 114 Chappaqua v 57,'ll4 cliaritalile institutions 3, 76 Charlotte v 98 Chateaugay v 57, 100 rw 100 Chatham v 114 Chautauqua co 11.20 32,68 1 .-.42,98,111, 11,- Cluizy r 17 V ■.'.lul Chemung co 68 -— !■ 3.',96 Chenango co 68 122 Geography of the E.mpike State Chenango r 32, 109, 113 Forks V 1-9 Cherry Creek v 08 cherry trees 67 Cherry Valley v 57. 105, 107 Chesapeake b 16, 42, 82, 109 Chicago, 111. c 117 Childwold 37 Chili 11 Station v 78 Chittenango Springs 57 Cincinnati, O. c 10 cities.... 70 clarkstown v 08 clay 27 Clayton v lou Cleveland v 1J3 O. e 117 Clifton Springs v 57, 8 1 climate GG Clinton co 08 mt 19 V 74, 113 Clintonville v 101 Clyde r 24, 43 V 81 coal 77, 107,110, IIG Cobleskill v 105 Coeyraans v 85 Cohocton V 32, 96 (.^ohoes c 27, 44, 70, 85, 105 Colden mt ...19 V 117 colleges . . 74 College Point v 72.118 Columbia co G6, 68 r ..; 15 Springs 57 Colvin mt .19 , Yerplanck 3,19 Como 1 40 commerce. .9, 13, 33, 35, 42, 60, 77, 85,97 condensed milk 116 Conesus cr 23 - 1 24,33,96 V 96 Conewango r 32,98 Connecticut s 10, 11, 69, 89 Coney i 60, 118 Constantinople, Turkey 11 consumptives 113 Cooper's novels. . .40, 42, 51, 65, 89 Cooperstown v 68, 105 Copake v 89 Corinth v 103 Corning c. 70,96,109,117 corn-starch 99 Cornwall v 113 Corry, Pa. c 98, 111 Cortland co 68 V 68,72,75,109.116 counties 2,6i,C9 Coxsackie v 85 Cranberry 1 37 Cross 1 36 Crot(m r 41 Crown Point v loS Cuba V 97,111 cut glass 96 cutlery 116 dairy products 83, 93 Dana's Geological Story 64 Danbury, Ct. c 89 Dannemora v 76,100 Dansville v 96, lOS, 109 Davenport Centre v 115 Dayton v 97,98 De Costa's Lake George 40, 51 Deep Rock Spring 57 DeKalb v 100 Delaware b 16 CO 17.19.31.68,107,7/5 r 10, 11,16, 17. .JO, 93,55, 113, 114,115 sys....20, 31, 93, 113,114,115 &H. canal 113 & H. rw 11,27,85.101- 107, 113 P.\GE Delaware L. & W. rw.2, 11, 107- 110,113,116 Delhi V 68, 113, 115 Dep't Public Instruction 73 J)cp()sit V 95,115 DeUuyter v 116 Devil's Oven 24 Dickens's Am. Notes 63 divides 109, 113, 114 Dix mt 19 Dobbs Ferry v 91 dogwood 67 Dolgeville v .83 Dresden v 117 drift deposits 34, 7'J Dryden v 110 Duck i 03 Dunkirk c 70,93,97,111,117 A. V. &P. rw 98,117 Durham's Carleton Island G3 Dutchess co 16,68 Dyke cr 97 Eagle 1 37 Bridge v 103, 114 Falls V 85 Earlville v 109, 113 East r S9. 61, 62,03,93 bridge 29,60,61, 9'2, 93 Aurora v Ill Cayuga v 43 Eastman's History 1 Ecuador 11 Edgewater v 72 Edraeston v 113 education 73 electrical machinery 85 elevations 16, 113 Elizabethtown v 68, 103 Elk cr 115 Ellenburgh v 100 EUenville v 113 Ellicottville v 117 Ellis i 60, 01, 93 elms 67 Elmira c. 11, 70, 74, 76, 96, 109, 110 C. &N. rw 99,116 Emporium, Pa. c Ill England 10 equator 10 Erie co 63, 68 1 10, 11, 20, 22, ^;7, 33,42. 70, 77, 82, 89, .-z-', 97, 117 rw.... 93-98, 109, 110,111, 117 Pa,c 117 Esopus cr 114 Fair Haven v . .110 Fairport v 78,81 Falconer v 117 Fall cr 48 Brook rw 96, 116 Fallsburgh v 113 Fentonville v 117 ferns 67 Fire i 59 Fish cr 42 Fi. Forestville v 97 Fort Ann v 42,103 Edward v. . . .27, 42, 44, 103 Niagara SI Ontario 98 PAGE Fort Schoharie 105 Stanwix 83 Ticonderoga 40 William Henrv 40 Fourth Lake .37 Fox r 15 Frankfort v 83 Franklin co ...68 v 11.3, 115 Franklinville v 19, 1 11 Fredfmia v 59, 75, 98, 117 French mt 40 Pond 42 French's Gazetteer 3, 115 Frewsburgh v 117 Friendship v 97 Fulton CO 68 v 25, 48, 72, 99, 109, 1 13 Lakes 37,100 Fultonville v 53 Gale's V. Garden City v. Gardiner's b... .60 Garrison v — 90 Gasport v 59 general outlines 13 topography .13 Genesee co 57, 68 P'alls «4 r . . 20, 2,!, X' '„ 33-, 43, 78, 82, 96, 97,98, J(«, 109, 110, 111 Valley Canal ill Geneseo v 68, 75 Geneva v. . .43, 72, 74, 79, 81, 110, 117 geological formations. 64-f,6 ; also 17. 20, 24, 27, 35, 40, 48, 50, 51, 59. 65, 66, 70 survey 3 George 1 . . 12, 13, 27, UO, 50, 1. 1 , 103 Georgia s 82 Gerona, Spain, c 112 Giant of the Valley mt 19 glacial drifts 59 glass 113 Glen Cove b 59 Haven v 36 Glens Falls v.. 2, 40,44, 5i, 66, 72, 103 Gloversville c 70, 83 gloves 83 gneiss 51 (ioat i 24,03 Golden's Bridge v 114 Gordon's Gazetteer 1 Goshen v 68, iy;.-', 93 Gothic mt 19 Gouverneur v 66,100 Governor's i 60, 67, 92, 93 grain 67, 85 Grand Central Depot 91, 114 Hotel 114 i 62,63 Trunk rw 78,100 granite 66 Grant, U.S 103 Granville v 103 graphite 66 Grasse r 25, 37 Gray Peak mt 19 Great South Bay 59 Greece 107 Green b .15 Island V 72,106 1 42,109 m 17 Greenbush v 72 Greene co 17, 68 Greenwich v K3 Greigsville v 110 Grenadier i 63' G reyct mrt v V2. 93 Grindstone i 63 Groton V HO guns 83 Guymard Si, 57 Index 12; PAGE gypsum 66 Hadley v 103 Hale's Eddy v 115 Hall, James 4, 16, 64, 65, 66 Hamburg v 98 Hamilton co 68,100 V 74, 113 Hammondville 103 Haminoudsport sr,, 96 Hancock v 95,113,115 ■ Junction 113 harbors 33, 116 Harlem rw 13,91,114 r S9,61, 91 Harrisburg, Pa. c HI Hartford, Ct. c 89 - — ■ &C. W. rw 89 Hartwick Seminary v 105 Hathorn Spring 56 Havana (now Montour i'allrs) y Glen 35,^7 Haverstravv b -9, 91 V 72, 91 Hawks Nest Rocks 05 Haystack mt 19 Tiealth resorts. 37, 39, 56-59,85, 113 Hector Falls 47 Helderberg ruts 17 limestone 85 Hell Gate 29 Hellibark mts 1' Hemlock 1 24,33,34 Hempstead v 60, 72, 118 Hendrick's History. .42, 82, 85. 101, 103, 105. 107 Herkimer co 19,68 V 68,83,100 Heuvelton v ICO hickory ^ 67 High Bridge 20 Falls 44, 49, 56 Highland v 89 Higlilands mts.. 13, 13, i',, IG. 17, 27, 29, 90 Hillsdale v 114 Hinsdale v 97, 111 Hobart v 114 Holland V HI Homer v 109 Honeoye or 23 Falls V 78 1 24,33,34 Honesdale, Pa, c 95 honey locust 67 Hoosac Tunnel 114 Hoosick Falls 72, 85 Hough's Gazetteer. . .' 3 1000 Islands 63 Hopewell Junction 89 hops 81,109 JHoricon 1 W Hornellsville c 70,97,111 Horseheads v 96, 116 Houghton Seminary 113 Howe's Cave.. 2, 9, 54, .';,;, 105, 107 Hoytville, Pa. v 96 Hudson C 57,70,76,85,114 r....l, 9,10,11,73,13,14, 13, 16, 17, 19, 27, 3S, 29, 42, 43, 44, 51, 61, 82, 83, 85, S6, S7, S8, 90, VI, 92, 103, 105. 114 sys. .4, 20, 27, 41, 93, 100, 103, 115 Huguenot V 93 Hump mt 19 Hunter v 115 Huntington b 59 V 60 Ida mt 105 Ilion V 72, 83 Indian Pass 49 Report 70 Reservations 3, 6r\ 82, 97 r 25,48 Indians 113 PAGE industries 9, 71 agriculture 07,79, 81, 109 bluestone 06 carriages 109 cement 85, 116 coal 77, 107.110, 116 commerce. . .9, 13, 33, 35, 42, 60, 77, 85, 97 condensed milk 116 corn-starch 99 cut-glass 96 cutlery 116 dairy products. . . .19, 83. 93 electrical machinery 85 fisheries 67 flagstone 85 flour 78,99, 109 flowers 78 glass 81,96,113 gloves 83 grain 78, 85 granite 66 graphite 66 grazing 19, 79 guns 83 gypisum 66 hops 81, 109 India rubber 60 iron....25,27,66, 85,103. 114 lime 85 limestone 66, 85 live-stock 77 locomotives 97 lumber 77, 79, 85,103 niarlilc 06 millstones 66 mineral waters 56-.5?, 06 mowing-machines 81 natural gas 59, 66, 98 ovsters 59, 60 paper 103 pei)permint oil 81 l)etroleum 59, 66 quarries 66 reapers 81 salt 36, .50,61), 110 sandstone 66 silk 60, 91, 103 slate 66 tooth-picks 97 type-writers 83 vineyards 34 iron 25, 27, 66, 85, 103, 114 Irondequoit cr 43 Irving, vVashington 91, 113 Irvington v 91 Ischua cr 97, 111 islands 59-63 Ithaca c. . .35, iS, 70, 74, 109, 110, lie Falls 1,8 Jamaica v 00, 68, 72, 75. 118 Jamestown c 70, 97, 98 Jansen's cr 29 Jefferson co 44, 49, 68 Jersey City, N. J. c 92,93 Johnsonburgh, Pa. v 98 Johnsonville v 103 Johnstown v 68,72,83 Kaaterskill Falls 55 Kanona v 96 Katonah v 114 Kendall v 98 Kennedy v 98 Kensico v 114 Keuka College v 74 1 34,37,96,116 KilVanKull cr 60 Kings co 68 Kingsbury t 42 Kingston c 66, 70, 95, 114, 116 , Ont. c 63 Klttatinny mts 17 Lacedaemon, Greece 107 Lachine Rapids 26 Lackawaxen, Pa. c 95 lakes 33-44 PAGE Lakes. & M.S. rw 78,117 Tear mt 19 La Motte i 62 Lancaster v 97 Lansingburgh v 72 Lansing Kil cr 44 larch 67 Laurel Hill mt 17 Lebanon Springs v 57,119 rw 114 Lehigh Valley rw 81, 98, 110 Leicester Junction, Vt 103 LeRoy v 78,97.117 Lewis CO 48,68 Lewiston v 33, 72, 98 Liberty v 113 Lily Dale 117 lime 85 limestone 24, 48,51, 66, 79, 85 Limestone v 117 Lippincott's Gazetteer 4 liriodendron 67 Little Connewango cr 98 Falls v.. .15,19,27,53,53, 72, 83 1 42 Sodus b 33 Valley v 68,97 live stock 07, 85 Livingston co 23, 68 Lockport c U3, 70, 78, 79, 97 locomotives 97 Lodi Falls 47 London, England c 91,93 Long Island.. 10, 11, 20, 59. 06, 117 Long Island City. . . .60, 62,70, 117 Lonj; Island rw 81,117 Long Island Sound. . .10, 13, 29, 59 Long 1 4 Long Sault Rapids 26 Loon 1 ICO Lossing's Field Book 63 Lowville V '. ... 68 lumber 67, 77, 79, 85, 103 Luzerne Falls 51 mts 27 V 51,103 Londonville v 98 Lyon Falls 44.49 Lyons V 43,68,72,79,117 McConnellsville v 116 McGee'smap 3 McGregor mt 103 Mclntyre mt 19.49 Machias v 111,117 Macomb mt 19 Jladison co 68,70 Madrid, Spain c 11 Springs 100 V 100 magnolia ■ 67 IMahopac 1 ;',, 41, 114 Malone v 68,72,76,100 MamakatingVallev 113 Manhattan i 29, 60, 61, 91, 92 Manhus v 66 manufactures. 3, 9, 23, 25, 27, 43, 71 See industi-ies. maple.. 67 maps of the State 3, 37 ISIarathon v 109 marble 66,114 :Marcy mt 9, 19 IMaruaretville v 114 ]SIarseilles, France, c 112 Massachusetts s. .10, 11, 17, 83, 89 Massawepie 1 s: Massena Springs v 57. 100 Mather's Geography 1 Matteawan mts 16 V 72,76,89 Mauch Chunk, Pa v 110 Mayfield v 117 Mayville v 68,111 Meadville, Pa c 98 Mechanicsville v. 85, 103. 105. 114 Medina v 17,66,72,78,79 sandstone 17,24 Men-ill's map 4 124 Geography of the Empire State PA«E Metropolitan Art Museum . . .91 Mexico a: 13. 16, 42, H2 V... 99 Michigan s 57 ('.■iirnil rw 78, 9S Middh'luiruh v 105 Middlftowu c. ..IG, 70, VJ, 93, 113 Millfrto.i V 89 inillstoiu-s 66 mineral .spriiiiis 3, 56-59. 66. 97 Mineville v 103 Mimit^waskii 1 14,41,89.11.) Mississii)])! r 13. 15, 82 Moliawk r. . J.'. 13, Ih, 15, 16, 19. 27, 42, 43, 44, 51, 52, 82, 83, 85 Mulionlv "l ;;..'.'." .'.iV.V/,'89,"i](; Moira v 100 Mougaup r 31, 113 Monroe co 24,68 Montauli Point 60, 70 Montezuma v 57 Marslies 35 Montsromery co 19, 61, 68, 83 V 92.93,116 Monticello v 68.92.93 Montour Falls (see Havana). . .116 Montpelier, Vt. c 100 Montreal, Ont. o 15, 63 monuments 82 Cherry Valley 107 (.)riskany . .. S2 Saratoga lO-i Mooers v 100, 101 Moravia v 110 Moriah v 66, 103 Moriches v 66 Morningside Park m Morristown v 100 Morrisville v 68 Morse's Geography 50 Moscow, Kussia Jc 112 Moss 1 37 Mountain Dale 113 mountains. . ;.f, 13, Ih, 16-20, 27, 3H, .V.I. 40, 42, 66, 67, 82, 83, 90, 91, 93. 100, 101, 103 Mountain Ridge 16 Mount Kisco v 1 14 Morris v 96,110,111 Vernon c 70, 114 Mud cr 27 Museum of Natural History.- .91 Napanock v 76 iNaples, Italy, o H Narrowsburg v 95 natural bridges 9, 48, 50 natural gas 59, 66. 98 Natural History of N. Y. ..3, 4, 47 Navy i 63 Neversink v. .■'in, £!J, 57, 93, .9/,. 113 Newark v 76,116 Vallev V 110 New lierliii v 113 Berlin Junction 113 Brighton v 72 Newburgh c ~'S, 70, ,s;/, 93 U. & C. rw 89 New England 15, 79, 98, 114 Hampshire s 67 Jersey s.lO. 16, SO, 31, 85, 93 Midland rw 93 Orleans, La. c 16 Paltz V 75,89,110 Rochelle v 72,114 York Bav 10, 13. 1,t C. & H. K. rw. .11. 13, 77-93. 96, 97, 98, 100, 103, 105, 110,112, 113, 114, 116,117. & Canada rw 100 & N. K. rw K9 &N. H.rw 91 114 &N. rw 114 C. & St. L.rw... 7.S, 117 L. E. & W. rw . . 23, 89, ;/ .', 93- 98,109,110, 111. 117 O. & \\. rw 93. 90. 107, 112, 115 PAGE New York City. . .2. 11, 61, 66, 70, 74-77, 83, 85, 91, 'J2, 107, 113, 117 York CO 20, 68 York Harbor 13, 16 Niagara co 59.68 - Falls c 9, 11, ?i--' ., 44, 74, 7S, 79, 82,97, .''S 1'^" lime.st(me I'l, .;i • r . . 10, 15, 16, 20, 2i, 22, -': i, 2j Nicholas I V.'l02 Nickel Plate rw 78,117 Nineveh v 107 Xippic-Pup mt 19 y.\^.■v^■^\U■ V 114 iM.nii.-il M |i,H,ls 7r, Nui-iii.iiis Kil cr •-'9 North Creek v 1"3 Hempstead 60 Hero i 62 Pole 10 Woods «, 3'.) Northrup's Camps and Tramps. 39 North Tonawanda.43. 72, 77, 79, 97 Northern Adirondack rw ... 100 Central rw 116 Norwich v 68,72,109,113 Norwood V 100 Nova Scotia ■ 82 Novgorod, Russia c 112 Nunda v 97, 111 Nyack v 72, 91, O.'i Oak Orchard cr 20 oaks 67 Odessa v Ho Ogdensburg c 70, 76, 99 Ohio s 16 sys 20, 32. 42, 97 Oil City, Pa. c Hi Springer 97 Olean c 70,97, HI cr. Oneida Castle v. 113 CO 10, 15, 68, 7u I.i2, 24. .36, 37,42, 99,113, 116 r 24, 25 v 72, 81, 113 Oneonta 72, 75, Km. 107 Ontario co 24,59,68 1.2, 10, 15, 16. 19, 20, 23, 24, 25, 33, 35, 36 57, 63, (jf,, 98, 116 • V 98 Onondaga co 42, 68. 69, 82 ■ cr 42,43,109 1 24,36,37,42,56,81,102 Valley v 81 Orange co 16, 17, l8, 89 Orchard Park 70 Oriskany monument 8 2 V 82 Orleans co 68 Os wegatchie r 25 Oswego c... 15, 25, .33, 43. 57, 70. 75, 98, 107, 113 • CO 08 • Falls V 42, 48,109 r 24, 2.:,, 34, 4i, 43, 48, 98. 109 Otisco 1 34, 36 Otsego co 19,68 1 12, Ih, 31. U2, 5S. 59 Otselir r 113 (,tsuai-;ii;'e Cavern ;>i. 55 oiiN-.ml .T 113 "Utliiir maps 2 ovid V 68.76,110 Owasco 1 24,36,37, 110 Owego V 68, 72. 96, 109, lio Oxford V 109, li;! oysters .59,60 Oyster Bay v 59, 60 Pacific coast 15 Painted Post v P6 Palatine Bridge v S3 Palisades mts. .... 12, 13, Ih, 27, 91 Palmyra v ;;/, 81 paper-making 103 PAGE Paradox 1 51 Paris, France c 91,112 Parksville v 113 Patch, Sam 24 Patterson v H* Paul Smith's 100 I'avilion V 110 l'a\vliiigs V .114 l'r.u„ic b 60 P.Mkskill V 72,90 Peiinsvlvania s. .1,10,17,19,23, .ill'. Si, 32, 59, 70, 93, 95, 96, 98, 107. Ill, 116, 117 rw 98,116, 117 P. & B. rw 93 Penn Yan v . . .34, 68, 72, 116, 117 Pepacton r 17, 31 pepperidge . 67 Perry v 97 Petersburg Junction 114 petroleum 59,66 Philadelphia, Pa. c 1, 16, 111 R. & N. E. rw «7, 89 V 100 Philmont v 114 Phoenicia v 114,115 Phoenix 99 Piennont v 93 pines 67 Plains V.' .'.■.■.'.'.'.".' '.■;.".'. 8!> Pi.-.ah ml Ill l'itrv|,ur.i;li. Pa. C 111,1175 I'irtstield, Mass c 14 Placid 1 as, 100, 101 plants 67 Platter Kil cr ...72 Plattsburgh v. . . .2, 66, 68, 72, 75, 100, 101 Plum i 60 Poestenkill v 55, 105 P' >plar 67 Portage v Ill Falls 2c!, 97, 111 Portageville v 23, 97, 111 Port Chester v 72, 114 Genesee 33 Hem-y v 103 Jervis v 30, 72, 92, 93 Kent V 101 Richmond v 72 Portville v Ill position.. 10 Potsdam v 66, 75, 100 sandstone 50. 65, 66, 100 Poughkeepsie c . .70, 74, 76, 87, 89 In-idge 87 & E rw 8,0 II. & B. rw 89 Puultnev r 10,11,27 Prattsburgh v 96 Preseott, Ontario c 100 primary rocks 20,40 pi-oductions 66 Prince Ed ward i 63 Pulaski V 68, 90 Putnam co 16.68 quarantine 60 quarries 66 Quebec, Canada c 15 Queens co 68 Quito. Ecuador 11 Racket 1 4,37 r 25, 100 Ragged mt. 10 raihvav journeys 77-118 raihvaVs 112 l.'aiiiap" nits 16 l.'aii'lvV NhXallymap 4 r;.aii.lair- i 62 l;aii.lalN\ille V 113 i;,iiidMii,ii V 98 .19 l;c(lliel(l nir Red House v 98 Regents 1,4,73 Rensselaer co 66,68 & Sar. rw 101 Falls V 49, 100 Index 125 PAGE Eliiiie V 17,34 Kliiiieeliff 85, 89 Rliode Islaiifl 10.59 Kichfield .1 unction 11)9 Sprhms 42,57, 109 Kifhland v 99 Kichmond co (i8 ■ V 68 Eivevhead v 60,68 river systems ~'o Rochester c . .1, iih, 33, 43. 66, 70, 74. 76, 78, 96, 98, 110, 111, 116, 117 Junction 110 Rockland co 16,68 Rocky mts 15,42 Rome c to, 42, 44, 70, 76, 81. 82, 99, 100, 113 W. &0. rw 13,98-100 Rondout c 66,85,95 er 2.9, 41, £6, 115, 116 Ronkorikoma 1 59 Rosendale v 116 Rotterdam Junction v. . . .57, 83. 85, 114 Rowlin's Pond 100 Roxbury v 115 Rutland, Vt. c 103 Sackett's Harbor v . ..33,99 Sacondajja r 27,51,103 Saddle mt 19 Sageville v 68 St. Albans. Vt c 100 Lawrence co. 66,68 K 42,82,109 r. .10. n, 12, 13, 15, 16, 20, 25. 26, 63, 98, 100 sys ....20, 33, 37, 97, 100, 1 09 Petersburg. Russia C...112 Regis r.. 25,100 V 69 Sacrament I hO Salamanca 97,117 Salem v 103 Salmon r No. 1 . .25, 99 ; No. 2. 25, 100 salt 56,66,11(1 Salt Springsville v 57 sandstone . . . .17, 24, 50, 65, 66, 100 Santanoni mt 19 Santiago. Chili 11 Saranac Falls- 49 Inn 100 1 37.39,100 r 27,49, 101 Saratoga co 68 --— 1 103 - Springs v.... 11, 57, 85, 103 S;in-crtics v 72 S.-li.i-hli.M.kf V 85 SrluMi.'ctadv (/..43, 70, 74,85, 103 CO 68 Schenevus cr 105 V 105 Schoharie co 17,19,68 cr 27, 105 V 68,105 Schroon 1 27, 51 • r 27 Schuyler co 68 Schuyler's 1 42 Schuvlerville v 44, lUS Scotland 89 Seranton, Pa. c 107, 113 Seneca co 68, 110 Falls V.24, 25, 35. 36, 43. 48 1 24,34,3.5,37,43,47,81. 11(1, 117 r 48, 72, 81, 109, 110 Seward mt 19 Seymour. Horatio 3, 9,21, 82 Sharon Springs 57, 105 Shandaken v 114 Shawangunk mts.. 17, ii2, 93, 113 Shelter i 60- Sherman v Ill Shinnecock v 69 Shortsville v 110 Sidney v 107,113,115 PAGE Silver Creek v 117 1 33, 97,117 Lake Junction 117 Springs 97 Siiiclairville v 117 Sing .sing 72, 76, 91 Six Mile cr 48 Skaneateles 1 34, i'«, 37, 81 V 81 Skylight mt 19 Slaterville v 57 Slide mt .• 17, 115 Smithtown b 59 snakes 67 Sodus b 33 Point 116 V 98 Southampton v 60 Southern Central rw 81 Southold V 60 Spaftord's Gazetteer 1 Sparta 107 Spencer v ll;i, 93 trout 113 Troy c.27, 29, 74, 85, lOU, 105,114 Trumansburgh v 110 Tuckahoe v 114 TuUy 1 42, 119 V 109 Tupper 1 37, 100 Turin, Italy, c 11 Tuscarora indians 69 Tusten v 95 Ulster CO 17, 41, 08 & D. rw 114 Fnadilla r 32, 113 V 107 I'niform examinations 2 I'liion Sjirings v 110 liiiversitv of X. Y 73 Itica c". .43, 71, 76, 81, 82, 83, 99, 107, 108, 113 & B. R. rw 99 Van Campen's cr 97 Ettenville v 110, 116 Loan, Walton 2 Vermont s. .10, 17, 62, 67, 100, 103 Victory Mills v 103 villages 72 vineyards 34 Virginia s 9, 16, 66, 82 Vooriieesville v 85 Walden v 116 Wall street .''.::; Wallface mt 49 Wallingford v 98 Wallkill cr 115,116 Valley rw 115 v 116 Walton v 113 Wappinger's cr 56 Falls V 56 Ward's i 02 Warren co 27, 68 , Pa. c 98 Warsaw v 56, 68, 117 Washington bridge 2P CO 44, 66, 68, 103 , T). C. e 11,111 Wasliinyt om'iiu-.' .■.■..'.'.' .".!■■'. '.'.//i Watrrhui'v, It, c 89 watcrtalls 44-56, 109 Watcrford v 44, 105 waterslieds. .'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.' .lb9,"''ll4 Watertown c 4.9, 70, 98, 99 Waterville v 109 Watkins v.. 35, 45, 68, 81, 116. 117 Glen 9,35,45 Watson's History 51 Waverlv v 72, 96, 109, 110 Wavland 96, 111 Wayne co 24, 68 wealth 9 Weedsport v 81 Weehawken, N. J. v 85, 113 Wells i 63 \\'cllc>Icv i 63 W est Canada cr 27, .« Wcstclicster CO 20,66,68 WestHeld v 117 West Hurley v 114 Point 17, 2S, VO Westport V 102 West Richmondville v 105 Shore rw 20, 77, 81, 83, 112, 113, 114, 116 Troy V 43.105 Western N. Y. & P. rw Ill West Winfield v 109 Whiteface mt 19, 49. 101 Whitehall v. ..4,11, 42, 44, 72, 103 White Plains 08, 72, 114 126 GEOfiKAPIIY OF THE EmPIRE StATE Wliite Kivci- J., Vt ..inn Wliitiicv'^ Point V ..10!) WiikfNhiiiTe.Pu. V ..107 \Villi;nns c.Uefre ...40 Willianisport, Pa c ..116 Willis's Kdith Long....;... . 53 wiildws VV'iliiiinfflou Notcli. ... 49 Wilson v.... 08 Windermere I ... 40 PAGE Windfall v 70 Windsor v 107 Winstead, Ct. v 89 Winthrop 49, 100 Wisconsin r 15 s 66 Wolcott V 98 Wolfe i 63 Wood cr. Mo. 1 42. 44, ln3 No. 2 42 Worcester, Mass. Wyoming co PAGE 114 105 , 23, 68. Ill Yates CO yews Yonkers c Younestown ...67 ro, 91 ....33