451 18 B7 >py 1 SOME TYPES OF IRRIGATION FARMING IN UTAH A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA By EDGAR BERNARD BROSSARD, B. S.. M. S. IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY June, 1920 SOME TYPES OF IRRIGATION FARMING IN UTAH By E. B. BROSSARD BULLETIN NO. 177 Utah Agricultural College EXPERIMENT STATION Logan, Utah December, 1920 UTAH AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BOARD OF TRUSTEES A. W. IVINS Salt Lake City JOHN DERN Salt Lake City LORENZO N. STOHL Salt Lake City JOHN C. SHARP Salt Lake Citv ANGUS T. WRIGHT Ogden GEORGE T. ODELL Salt Lake City A. G. BARBER Logan LOIS C. HAYBALL Logan FRANK B. STEPHENS Salt Lake Citv JOHN D. PETERS. Brigham Citv W. S. HANSEN ...Fielding GEORGE W. SKIDMORE Logan HARDEN BENNION, Secretary of State. 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OS Oi cn 4». 00 ss o 1 ^^ -^ ,— V .^ , — . '--. ^ ^ w ^^^ » -^ 5' 1 cm 1 Bulletin No. 177 acreages of the various crops grown are not marked enough nor regular enough to illustrate anything but a satisfactory and stable condition. No radical changes have taken place in the three-year period of this investigation. It is true that the prices of farm products changed dur- ing the period, but the type of farming has not changed greatly. The prices of most of the farm products grown here have increased normally. The respective crop ratios have not changed much. Table III shows the tenure and use of farm land. The 32 farms have an average area of 118 acres, 94 of which are owned by the oper- ator, 15 cash rented, and 9 share rented. There were 56 acres of crops harvested on the average, 36 of which were irrigated crops and the remaining 20 acres of which were dry-farm crops. The remaining land was used about as follows: 40 acres for pasture, 15 acres for summer fallow, and 4 acres in farmstead, roads, and waste. The recording of the pasture, summer fallow, and waste land in 1916 was not done satisfactorily and therefore is omitted. Because of this fact the three-year average area does not check, but it is nevertheless sufficiently accurate for the present purpose. Of the dry-farm land, 17 acres were in winter wheat, 3 acres in barley, and 15 or 16 summer fallowed. The 36 crop acres of irrigated land were cropped as follows: (1) hay, 20 acres divided as follows: alfalfa, 13 acres, timothy and clover, 3 acres, and wild hay and oat hay, 4 acres; (2) sugar-geets, 9 acres; (3) oats, 3 acres; (4) spring wheat, 3 acres; and (5) potatoes, 1 acre. That these crops are grown successfully is shown by the average yields as given in Table IV. Table IV. — Crop Yields on Hyde Park Farms, 1914, 1915, and 1916 Crop Alfalfa Other Hay.. Sugar-beets Oats Irrigated Wheat.. Dry-farm Wheat. Dry-farm Barley. Irrigated Barley.. Potatoes Average Acre-Yields Tons 4 2.6 18.6 Bu. 70 31 271 281 281 178 « o 1915 Tons Tons I Tons| Tons| Tons 3.8 2.4 18.6 Bu. 69 I 32 1 24 I 24i| 24i| 188 j 3.6 I 2.4 I 18.6 1 Bu. I 241 I 241 I 231 231 205 3.4 2.2 I 2.2 16.5 I 16.6 Bu 3.5 I 3.4 Bu 64 I 44 I 21 I 13ii 13i| 52 I 2.1 18.0 Bu. 63 36 19 8 60 36 Tons I 2.7 I 2.0 I 15.2 I Bu. I 58 I 34 I 18 I 25i| 25i| 172 I Tons 2.9 1.8 15.6 Bu. 83 32 20 261 261 160 The low yield of potatoes in 1915 was due largely to the plant dis- eases, Fusarium Wilt and Rhizoctonia. All yields except that for spring wh'eat were lower in 1915 than in 1914. The yields for all crops except (1) Includes that grown on both the dry-farm and irrigated land. Some Types of Irrigation Farming in Utah 9 oats and barley were lower in 1916 than in either 1915 or 1914. This was due mainly to less favorable climatic conditions(i) and to plant diseases. However, the yields in 1916 are good compared with the average for the State and the country as a whole. The average yield of hay, potatoes, corn, winter wheat, spring wheat, oats, and barley in Utah is 184 per cent of the average yield of the United States and is 174 per cent of the avei-age yield of the State of Iowa. (See Tables XXXVIII, XXXIX and XL in Appendix.) Pasture. — Table III shows that there are about 40 acres of pasture per farm. Almost all of this is permanent pasture. Most of it is on the wet clay-land west of the State road. The greater part of this land west of the State road is used for pasture or meadow. Whether it is pastured or cut for hay is largely a question of need of hay or pasture. Some of this land is cut for hay some years and pastured others. However, much of the land pastured cannot be cut for hay at all until it is drained. It would not pay to cut for hay some of the higher ground in the fields, unless they were leveled and irrigated, as the yield of hay would be too low. Usually, therefore, this land is either in permanent pasture or permanent meadow depending on the soil, topography, possibilities of irrigation, and need of either hay or pasture, on the particular farm. It would not pay to culti- vate this land in its present condition. Some of the permanent pasture land is on the foot-hills and mountains. This land has no other use to which it might be put. If it was not pas- tured or grazed it would have no agricultural value at all. Some of the dry-stock of the dairy herds and most of the meat cattle are grazed on the Cache National Forest. This reduces the number of acres of farm pasture necessary to furnish summer feed for stock. It is largely on account of these pasture conditions at Hyde Park that the dairy industry has developed to its present importance and that the sales of cattle amount to as much as they do. Dry-farm AVheat vs. Barley. — Two important questions concerning dry- farm wheat and barley are: (1) Why are wheat and barley grown on the dry-farm lands? and, (2) Why does each have its present importance? The answers involve a number of factors, some of which are as follows: ( 1 ) wheat and barley are grown because they are the two most successful dry-farm crops (-), (2) wheat is grown as a cash crop, (3) the yields are usually slightly greater for wheat than for barley (s), (4) the price is generally considerably higher for wheat than for barley (■»), (5) the cost of production is practically the same for wheat as for barley(s), and (6) barley is more difficult and disagreeable to handle. The question then arises as to why any barley at all is grown. Why is not all the land planted to wheat? There are three good reasons for planting some barley. (1) Barley is used as feed. (2) A better distri- bution of labor is obtained by growing both barley and wheat than by growing only wheat. When the feed or labor situation dictates the plant- ing of barley or some less profitable crop or no crop, barley is chosen, (3) Alternate cropping of wheat and barley may increase the yield, as barley is a more shallow rooted crop than wheat. Hay. — Table III shows that on the 32 farms an average of about 20 acres of hay are grown, of which 13 acres are alfalfa, 3 acres are timothy (i)U. S. D. A., Weather Bureau Reports. (^)Widtsoe, J. A., Dry Farming — Text, (1911) pp. 234-243, McMillan Company. (3)See Table IV. Crop Yields on Hyde Park Farms, 1914, 1915, and 1916. (4) See Table XXIX. Farm Prices of some Utah Farm Products, Ap- pendix. (5)Peck, F. W., Minn. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui". No. 179, (Nov. 1918), pp. 27-29. 10 Bulletin No. 177 f.nd timothy and clover, and 4 acres are wild hay and oat hay. Oat hay is cut only in emergencies and the amount is negligible. Wild hay is grown on land that at present is too low and wet for cultivation. Some of it is wet naturally, but some is made too wet for cultivation by irriga- tion of the higher land nearer the mountains. The timothy and timothy and clover are grown largely for horse feed. As a rule it is grown on land that would grow alfalfa but occasionally timothy and clover seed are sown on land that is slightly too wet for alfalfa. Some timothy and clover is also raised in crop rotation instead of alfalfa because sugar-beets are more easily handled on this than on alfalfa sod. Alfalfa is the main hay crop and constitutes about 65 per cent of the total hay acreage. On suitable land so situated as to be irrigable, alfalfa has no near rival when grown for feed for dairy cows or other cattle. Its feeding value and its high yields make it king of the irrigated feed crops. But now the question arises as to why these farmers grow on the average 13-15 acres of alfalfa and 9 or 10 acres of sugar-beets when much of the land that grows alfalfa might be planted to sugar-beets or vice versa. Alfalfa vs. Sugar-beets. — Sugar-beets are usually grown on the best piece of land on the farm. From 4 to 6 times as much labor is put on each acre of sugar-beets as on an acre of alfalfa. For this reason it would be unwise to plant beets on inferior land. The reasons why 10 acres of beets are grown are given later. But why grow 13 to 15 acres of alfalfa? The farm family wants to make as much as possible out of the farm. To grow alfalfa for livestock that may be pastured in summer, and- fed in winter, with a fairly good market for dairy products existing, gives a better labor distribution, makes it possible to do some productive work in winter, and saves paying out an excessive amount for wages for hired help in summer, and therefore nets a greater income, than planting sugar- beets on all of the good arable irrigated land. The present acreage of alfalfa is sufficient, when the other hay is added to it, to feed the stock inventoried and in normal years a small surplus is feold. In abnormally poor hay years, or years when excessive amounts of feed are required, the hay is all fed in the district. Oats vs. Spring AVlieat. — Table III shows that on the average 3 to 4 acres of oats and 3 to 5 acres of spring wheat are grown on the farms at Hyde Park. These crops are non-competing. Growing both gives a better distribution of labor than growing either one to the exclusion of the other. Oats are grown mainly for horse feed. Four acres at 65 bushels to the acre gives a total yield of 2 60 bushels for an average of 4 work horses or 65 bushels of oats each year for each horse. Not all of these oats are fed to horses, however, as some are also fed to cows in the district, and a few are shipped out of the district. The spring wheat is grown as a cash crop on irrigated land. It is sometimes alternated with cats and sometimes it is seeded on alfalfa sod the year before sugar-beets are planted. Alternating wheat and oats gives greater yields; and the planting of wheat on alfalfa sod allows the alfalfa roots and crowns to largely decompose, which facilitates beet cul- ture the following year. Sugar-beets vs. Potatoes. — Sugar-beets and potatoes are crops that compete for capital, labor, management, and irrigated land. The question arises as to why they are grown in the present proportions. Why is it, that on the farms reporting these two crops, 9 to 10 acres of sugar-beets and less than 1 acre of potatoes are grown? The answer divides naturally into several parts. The 10 to 11 acres of sugar-beets and potatoes are grown instead of more acres of these crops largely because, the farm family is the basic unit, around which the farm business is organized, and 10 or 11 acres of these comparatively intensive crops are about all that the average farm family can handle without hiring excessive amounts of Some Types of Irrigation Farming in Utah 11 labor during rush seasons. Some of the reasons why 9 or 10 acres are devoted to sugar-beets and only 1 or less to potatoes are brought out In the following pages. Table V shows that the average acre-value of sugar-beets for the i.hree years, 1914, 1915, and 1916, was $79, and for potatoes $77, or but $2 higher for sugar-beets than for potatoes, or 3 per cent of the average acre-value of potatoes grown. Table V. — Yield, Price, and Acre-Value of Sugar-beets and Potatoes, 1914, 1915, and 1916, Hyde Park, Cache County, Utah No. Farms Report ing Average Average Acre- Value of Total Product Year Acre -Yield Unit-Price Sugar- beets 1 Pota- i toes Sugar- ! Pota- beets 1 toes Sugar- 1 Pota- beets i toes 1914 .. 1915 .. 1916 - 52 48 32 18.6 T. 16.5 T. 15.2 T. 178- Bu.j 56 Bu.| 172 Bu.l $4.50 $ .43 4.75 .50 5.50 1 .74 $84 1 $77 . 78 1 28 74 1 127 Average for the three years. .| $79 I $77 Some of the potatoes were stored and sold in the spring while all of the sugar-beets were marketed directly from the fields in the fall. In 1914 the average acre-yield of potatoes was 17 8 bushels. The average price of those sold was 43 cents a bushel. The total value of the product of an acre was, therefore, $77.- The average acre-yield of sugar-beets was 18.6 tons. The average price received for a ton was $4.50. Thus the acre-value of the product was $84 or $7 more than for potatoes. Seed potatoes cost about $5 to $8 an acre, or $3 to $5 more for each acre than sugar-beet seed, which cost $2.25 an acre in 1914. In areas comewhat similar to the Hyde Park district, the total cost of producing a ton of beets in 1914 and 1915, where the acre-yield was 16 tons or over, varied from $3.93 to $4.12 (i). The net returns, including tops, varied from $6.85 to $9.23 an acre(i). The total water requirements for the two crops are about the same, but the best times for applications differ. The irrigating of sugar-beets is not such a precise task as irrigating potatoes. The labor requirements for potatoes are about 114 man hours iand 115 horse hours an acre annually (-') . The labor requirements tor sugar-beets are about 143 man hours and 142 horse hours an acre annually(2) (3). Sugar-beets require about 26 per cent more man labor and 23 per cent more horse labor than potatoes. From 54.4 to 56.3 per cent of the total cost of producing sugar-beets is labor cost(3). The harvesting of beets requires about the same amount of labor as harvest- ing potatoes and both crops are harvested at about the same time of the vear. The labor in the other periods is also competitive but more labor is required each period for sugar-beets than for potatoes. (i)Moorhouse, L. A., and others, U. S. D. A. Bui. No. 693, (July, 1918), p. 41. (2)Connor, L. G., Utah Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. No. 165. (Oct., 1918), Tables 15 and 6, p. 20. (^)Moorhouse, L. A., and others, U. S. D. A. Farm Mgt. Bui. No. C93, (July, 1918), p. 42, gives the annual labor requirements for an acre of sugar-beets as from 119.4 to 133.3 man hours and 79.3 to 117.14 horse hours. 12 Bulletin No. 177 The $2 excess in acre-value of product of sugar-beets over potatoes is only 6-2/3 cents an hour for the 30 additional man hours required to produce each acre of beets. These facts seem to indicate that if all labor was hired the potato crop would be much more popular in comparison with sugai'-beets. The great amount of unpaid family labor at Hyde Park makes it more profitable to raise sugar-beets than potatoes because in raising beets the annual net returns for this labor is slightly greater. This indicates that the farm family is the basic unit of production and not alone the farmer or head of the family. The rather heavy compact soil at Hyde Park is generally better adapted to sugar-beet tnan potato culture. Another reason why sugar-beets are grown instead of potatoes is that there is but a limited local market for potatoes. The products must compete in distant markets. Beets are manufactured into sugar. This rinal product is a much more concentrated (less bulky) product than potatoes and can thus compete more favorably in distant markets than can potatoes. This fact has made it possible for the sugar manufac- turers to pay a price for beets sufficient to induce farmers to grow them instead . of growing potatoes. The factories do not necessarily have to pay sufficiently high prices for the beets to make growing them as profitable to the farmer as the potato crop, because by their method of contracting for the beets they relieve the farmers of the risk of loss from low prices. Before the farmer plants his sugar-beet seed he knows what price he will get for each ton of his product marketed in the fall. The farmers contract with the sugar companies to raise a certain acreage of beets", and for each ton marketed in the fall they receive a contract price. This almost assures the farmer a profit from raising beets unless the year is so ab- normal as to cause a crop failure. In raising potatoes the farmer takes the risk of low prices as well as that of crop failure. The sugar manu- facturing companies have had the advantage of all increase in the price cf sugar and have borne the risk of a decreased price. These companies, however, are more able to take this risk in speculating than the farmers and the majority of farmers are glad to have them do it, as farming is thus made more stable. Consequently farmers are usually willing to allow the sugar companies a reasonable remuneration for this service. The question that now naturally arises is: why are there any po- tatoes at all grown here. The main reason is that they are grown for home use and it is good business to grow them for this purpose even tho they are not as profitable a commercial crop as sugar-beets. When a very good crop of potatoes is raised there are more than enough for family use and some are sold, but usually this surplus is small. The growing of commercial potatoes in this district is sporadic. After a good potato year a few farmers are tempted to plant potatoes as a com- mercial crop. A few farmers plant them after alfalfa and before sugar- beets in the crop rotation because of the difficulty of growing sugar- beets following alfalfa on account of the undecayed alfalfa roots and crowns. Livestock. — Table VI shows the average number of livestock units (i) on the Hyde Park farms cooperating in this investigation. The units for 1916 are not calculated as the two-year average is sufficient for the purposes of this paper. There were 12 per cent more animal units on farms at Hyde Park (i)An animal unit is 1 cow, 1 bull, 1 grown steer, 2 young stock, 1 horse, 2 colts, 7 sheep, 14 lambs, 5 hogs, 10 pigs, or 100 poultry. The basis for such classification is the amount of feed required and manure produced. Some Types of Irrigation Farming in Utah 13 in 1915 than in 1914. There were fewer work horses and more pro- ductive animal units (i) on the farms. There was an increase on the average of 0.7 units of milk cows, 1.6 units of other cattle, and 0.2 units of other horses. There was 0.1 unit fewer hogs, but the same number of poultry in 1915 as in 1914. Of the 52 farms investigated in 1914, 1 had no milk cows, 1 had 1 cow, 6 had 2 each, 14 had less than 5 each, 7 had 10 each, 8 had more than 10 each, 2 had 20 each, and 1 had 24 milk cows. The one farm that had a man hired by the year was one of the two farms that had 20 milk cows. All of the milking and other work on livestock on the other farm with 2 cows and also on the farm with 24 cows was done ijy the respecii\e farmers and their families with extra help hired during rush crop-seasons. On the average there were 7.4 units of milk cows on the 32 farms which have cooperated for the three years. The most promising heifers are raised to replace the cows in the dairy herd and usually a few more are raised than are kept on the home farm as cows. In 1914 the net livestock receipts (^) for each $100 worth of feed fed were $10 7 on the 52 farms and $120 on the 10 better-paying farms. Ihe net livestock receipts for each productive animal unit were $G0 on all 52 farms and $60 also on the 10 better-paying farms. The net tattle receipts for each head kept were $22 on the average of the 52 farms and $22 also on the average of the 10 better-paying farms. The milk receipts for each cow were $56 on the average of all farms and $62 on the average of the 10 better-paying farms. In 1915 the net livestock receipts for each $100 worth of feed fed were on the average of all 48 farms, $97, of the 10 least-profitable larms, $52, and of the 10 better-paying farms, $133. The net livestock receipts for eacn productive animal unit were $25 on the average of all 4 8 farms, $24 on the 10 least-profitable farms, and $57 on the 10 better- paying farms. (See Tables I and II in Appendix). Why do Hyde Park farmers on the average keep from 7 to 10 milk cows and why does the number of head vary from none to 24 on the individual farms? In general, the available pasture determines the Table VI. — Average number of Units of Livestock on Farms, Hyde Park, Cache County, Utah, 1914 and 1915 Kind of Livestock Average Number of Units of Livestock 32 Farms on Farms 52 Farms 1914 10 Better-pay- ing Farms 1914 Total animal units Work horses Productive an. units Milk cows Other cattle (3) Other horses (^).... Sheep Hogs Poultry I 1 19.5 3.9 1 15.6 7.4 5.8 1.2 1 -1 .6 1 •5 18.4 I 4.0 I 14.4 I 7.1 1 5.0 I 1.1 I ■1 I .6 I .5 I 20.6 3.8 16.9 7.8 6.6 1.3 .1 .5 .5 4.0 L4.8 7.5 5.1 1.0 .0 .6 .6 29.3 5.6 23.7 10.1 9.5 2.1 .1 1.1 (')"Pi'oductive animal units'' includes all livestock except work stock. (^)The net livestock receipts are found by subtracting the sum of the purchases and what is on hand at the beginning of the year from tne sum of the sales and that on hand at the close of the year. (3) Includes dry dairy-stock and beef cattle. (O Includes colts, ponies, and stallions. 14 Bulletin No. 177 amount of livestock kept and there are at present about as many units kept on each farm as the pasture, in its present condition, will support. Counting 7.4 units of milk cows and 2.6 units of young dairy-stock as being pastured on the farms, there are 10 animal units to 40 acres of pasture, or 4 acres to each animal unit pastured. The 40 acres of pas- ture includes tillable pasture, low wet-land, unirrigated bottom- land, and mountain pasture. There are about 2.8 acres of pasture for each productive animal unit. However, some of the meat cattle and dry dairy-stock are grazed on the Cache National Forest. From 1 to 3 acres of irrigated pasture is sufficient for an animal unit, but from 10 to 30, or an average of about 17 acres(i) of mountain pasture is neces- sary for each animal unit for the grazing season of 5 to 8 months. That the Cache National Forest is grazed to about its full capacity is shown in the paragraph on the National Forests. From personal in- quiries and observations extending over the period of this investigation, the writer is convinced that unless pastures are improved, but slight increases are possible in the number of cattle kept. The farmers know quite generally that it is to their advantage to keep as many as they have pasture for. The hope of the future is therefore in the improve- ment of the pastures and stock kept. Another ftictor which sometimes limits the number of cows kept is the number that can be milked by the average farm family, without hindering too much the work on cash and feed crops. This does not seem to be eft'ective here, as the average farm family at home in 1914 consisted of 6 persons. Without neglecting crop work, education, or social duties, undoubtedly more than 7.4 cows can be milked without the aid of the farm women in doing it. The variation in the number of cows kept on the individual farms is also due to the available pasture. But it is also a result of the variations in capacity and efficiency of individual farmers and farm families. Per- sonal factors affect individual cases and thus affect the average of the district. These points are further discussed in the paragraphs on Popu- lation, The Farm Family, and Farm Labor. The question arises as to why there are any beef cattle kept at all. Why are not sufficient dairy cows kept to utilize all of the farm pasture and available grazing land? As a rule the beef cattle are range cattle. They do well on the range but milk cows give but little milk if turned out on the range each morning. They have to travel too far to get to the range and when they get there, feed is too scarce to produce much milk. Therefore to utilize the range to best advantage range stock are kept on it. The reason that milk cows are kept instead of all range stock is be- cause the farm pastures and farm labor are more profitably utilized with milk cows than with range stock. It is true that the two farmers who have considerable numbers of range cattle have been making good labor incomes. In fact their farms have been classed among the 10 better-pay- ing farms each of the three years. But they have permits to graze their cattle on the Cache National Forest and the other farmers cannot get such a permit readily and find it necessary therefore to keep dairy cows. This point is further discussed in a later paragraph. Colts are raised both for work and for sale. Hyde Park has somewhat of a reputation among farmers of Cache County for the grade Percheron horses raised there. Horse buyers from Los Angeles and elsewhere recog- nize that at Hyde Park good, sound work horses can be bought. The farmers take pride in good colts. Purebred stallions are maintained in the district. They are usually owned cooperatively. In 1914 on the average of all 52 farms there was 1 work horse to each 14 acres of crops. The same ratio existed in 1915. The ratios on the ri) Barnes, W. C, and Jardine, J. T., U. S. D. A., Office of Sec, Rep. No. 110 (July, 1916). p. 87. Some Types of Irrigation Farming in Utah 15 averages of tlie 10 better-paying farms in 1914 and 1915 respectively were 1 horse to 19 acres of crops and 1 liorse to 15 acres of crops. (See Tables I and II in Appendix). Farms tliat have milk cows that are driven down and up the "Cow Lane" to and from the pastures, usually have ponies for the children to ride in making this trip. Only 5 farms have any sheep, 1 has but one sheep, 1 has 2, 1 has 10, 1 has 14, and 1 has 19 sheep, making in all a total of 46 sheep including lambs. These few sheep are kept as scavengers. They clean out the weeds along the irrigating ditches and fences and clean up around the I'armstead. Hogs are raised mainly for home use. Most of them are bought as pigs, raised, and then butchered. A few farmers keep 1 to 4 brood sows and sell the pigs as little pigs, except enough for their own table use. One reason why more hogs are not kept is because all the farm homes and buildings are in town on town lots. A herd of hogs would be very unde- sirable under these conditions. Hens are kept mainly to supply the farm family with eggs and meat. The surplus eggs are sold at the town store. Unless poultry is fenced in, it may be a nuisance to neighbors where houses are close together, gar- dens not protected with chicken wire, and the garage door not always closed. Only 5 farms report having 100 hens or more, 2 of these have just 100 each, 1 has 130, and 2 have 200 each. All of these farm homes are out of the town proper, except 1 and that one is on the northeast cor- ner of a block and no other house is within a block of it. The hogs and hens are fed largely on table scraps, grain screenings, skim milk, and other waste-feeds. Bran and shorts are sometimes fed to hogs for a short period before killing. The bran is obtained from grists. The wheat is taken to the mill and flour and bran brought back. Summary of Crops and Livestock. — The details of crop and livestock conditions at Hyde Park have been given in the previous paragraphs. There are three general outstanding features, however, of which special mention should be made. The first distinctive thing to note is that most of the farm land is irrigated and most of the farmers raise sugar-beets on a part of this irrigated land and milk a few cows. But the irrigable land and irrigation water are limited. Suitable pasture for milk cows is also limited. To extend the individual farm business by buying irrigated land means to leave some one else less irrigated land to operate. The same is true with pasture. Therefore to extend the individual farm business in either of these two directions means to eliminate to that extent the compe- tition of one's neighbors. The second distinctive factor is the dry-farming practised by a few of the farmers. And one should note that there is only a limited amount of dry-farm land and this has already been utilized by farmers desiring to extend their farm business rather than by new men specializing in dry-farming. The third feature which deserves special mention in this summary is the range cattle business. There are only a few men who run range cattle on the Cache National Forest. This is because it is so difficult to obtain grazing permits, as the range is stocked to its present capacity. These three features are important. They are found in varying combinations in many districts of the intermountain region. But they are not found in any other section of. the country com- liined in exactly these same proportions. Diversity and Raianco of Farm Business. — Why do farmers raise sugar-beets and wheat instead of raising more pasture, barley, oats, and alfalfa as feed for livestock? While sufficient data to prove the point is lacking the obvious answer to the question is that livestock enterprises are not sufficiently profitable to cause the farmers to give up growing these cash crops for the other practice. On the average the combination is more profitable than the specialization. Raising cash crops utilizes the 16 Bulletin No. 177 available summer labor to good advantage. The sugar-beet crop, especial- ly, makes labor for school children. The combination of livestock and these -cash crops makes a more diversified and better balanced farm busi- ness and therefore a safer and more desirable business for the average f.^rmer than the specialized livestock farming. In 1914 the average number of different crops grown on the 52 farms was 4.6. There were 3 sources of income the receipts from each of which amounted to at least 8 per cent of the gross farm receipts. These three were sugar-beets, $705; milk and its products, $400; and grain, $302. The average incomes from other sources were hay, $44; potatoes, $16; fruit and vegetables, $7; cattle, $22 7; horses, $87; other livestock, $68; miscellaneous receipts, $2 38; and increase in inventory, due largely to livestock and feed and supplies and improvements, $416. (See Tables VII in Text and I in Appendix). Table VII. — Farm Receipts and Expenses, Average of 52 Farms, Hyde Park, Cache County, Utah, 1914 Receipts $2,510 Crops $1,074 Sugar-beets $705 Small-grains 302 Hay ^ 44 Potatoes 16 Fruits and Vegetables 7 Livestock 798 Milk and milk products 400 Cattle 227 Horses - - 87 Other Livestock 68 Miscellaneous receipts — 238 Increase in inventory (largely livestock and feed) 416 Expenses 882 Labor 387 Hired labor and board 183 Unpaid family labor 204 Taxes (personal and property including water tax) 109 Other farm expenses(0 386 Of the total receipts, $1,074 or 43 per cent were from crops, $798 or ■^.2 per cent from livestock and livestock products, $400 or 16 per cent from increase in inventory, and $238 or 9 per cent were from miscellane- ous sources, the main one of which is outside labor. Of the $882 of farm expense, $387 or 44 per cent was for labor. Excluding taxes the expense for labor including unpaid family labor amounted to 50 per cent of the total expenses. In 1915 the average of 4 8 farms shows that 35 per cent of the total farm receipts were from stock and stock products. (See Table II in Appendix). The 10 better-paying farms grew on fhe average 5.1 different crops and had 4 sources of income each of which was over 8 per cent of the gross farm receipts. The sources of income were sugar-beets $1,075, grain $891, milk and its products $597, and cattle $35 6. In 1915 on the ?verage of the 10 better-paying farms the receipts from stock and stock products amounted to 3 8 per cent of the total farm receipts. (1) Includes building, fence, and machinery purchases, repairs, and de- preciation; roughage and concentrates bought for feed; horseshoeing; breeding fees; veterinary bill; medicine; twine; threshing; fees; etc. Some Types of Irrigation Farming in Utah 17 The balance between livestock kept and pasture has been discussed in a former paragraph. On the average one work horse is kept to each 14 acres of crops but on the 10 better-paying farms there are 19 crop acres to each work horse. There are about 4.4 acres of crops to each productive animal unit on the 10 better-paying farms and only 3.6 crop acres to each pro- ductive animal unit on the average of 52 farms. This ratio furnishes ample winter feed for stock and allows growing cash crops as well. The question arises as to how soil fertility is maintained on these farms. If we assume that each animal unit produces one ton of manure a month we have 234 tons of manure produced (19.5x12=234). If now we assume that half of that is lost to the crop land because the animals are on pasture for 6 months we have left but 117 tons. Be- tween 30 and 50 per cent of this will be lost in handling. Not more than 60 to 85 tons of manure will be put back on the crop land. Since most of the manure is spread from the wagon box with a fork the ap- plications will be about 15 tons to the acre. At this rate 4 to 6 acres might be covered each year or 20 to 30 acres covered once in a five year rotation. But since the general practice at Hyde Park is to apply the manure to the sugar-beet and potato land and garden, each acre will get an application of about 30 tons every five years, or an average of 6 tons a year. With this practice some of the fields have grown beets each year for 8 to 10 years and the yields are as good if not better than when they began to grow the crop. No other fertilizer is used at Hyde Park. Size of Farm Bu.sines.s. — There is no measure that is universally used as a standard in determining the size of farm business. When by size, capacity in contrast with efficiency is intended, the most accurate measure is the total cost of operating the farm business. This includes (1) cash paid out, (2) value of unpaid family labor, (3) value of the operator's labor, (4) interest on the capital investment, (5) all depre- ciation charges, and (6) any decrease in the inventory of feed and sup- plies(i). This measure of size has not been calculated for these records because in this study other measures serve the purpose better by being more suggestive. For this publication it is not necessary to have size so accurately measured because no attempt is made to determine the most profitable size of farm business. A number of other measures have been used that have considerable significance. In 1914 the aver- age capital investment in the 52 farms was $13,642. The average farm receipts were .$2,510. On the average the farms contained 10 5 acres. 5 4 of which were in crops. The average size of farm business in 1915 and 1916 did not differ greatly from that in 1914. (See Tables I and II in Appendix). Where the farm business was not sufficiently large some farmers increased the size by renting additional land as shown in Table III. Undoubtedly other farmers increased the size of the farm business unit which they operated by purchasing additional land and livestock. As a rule a farmer who has a small business realizes that he might make more money if his business were larger, but often he is incapable of overcoming all the obstacles to enlarging the business. Some reasons for small farms here are revealed by the history of settlement. In the fall of 1859 Wm. Hyde (after whom the town was named). Simpson M. Molen, and Patterson D. Griffith, left Lehi. Utah County, for Cache County, for the purpose of obtaining farms and mak- ing home for their families. They arrived at the present site of Hyde Park, and found there a small creek flowing from the mountains which n)Spillman, W. J., U. S. D. A., Farm Management Cir. 1.. (Jan. 1916), p. 13. 18 Bulletin No. 177 could be used for irrigating crops and for cullinary purposes. They used their squatters rights and staked out claims. After staking out their claims these three men returned to Lehi for the winter. The exact number of acres first laid out is not known, but Wm. Hyde, son of the pioneer, estimated that not more than 50 acres were included in each farm as originally staked out. One reason for not taking larger farms was the'scarcity of water. The little creek would not irrigate more land than was then included in the three claims. Dry-farming was unknown at that time and the possibilities of irrigation water being taken from Logan River were not then anticipated. Another reason is, that with the little machinery then in general use, 50 acres of irrigated land made a good family-sized farm. In the spring of 18 60 they returned to their claims to find that another party, of which Robert Daines was a member, had squatted on the same claims that the Lehi party had staked out the fall before. The difficulties which arose over this situation were amicably settled by dividing the land between the parties so that each farmer had from 10 to 25 acres. This was about all that he could take care of under the then existing conditions. After the passage of the Homestead Act (1862) and the possibilities of obtaining irrigation water from the Logan River were appreciated, tracts of 160 acres were homesteaded. But few of these large units remain intact now. Most of them have been divided and redivided. Some parents desiring children to remain near home when they married and began for themselves gave a portion of the farm to each child. Other farms have been left as estates and consequently divided among tne children and later each piece sold as a separate entity. Other reasons why farms are not larger are the inability of the operators to handle a larger business because of old age, ill health, physical infirmities, lack of capital or credit, scarcity of labor, unde- pendableness of farm labor, and inconvenience of having hired labor around the farm home. At present it is common for a farm unit to be composed of 5 to 8 separate pieces of land which may be 1 to 3 miles apart from each other. This situation wastes labor but perhaps allowes greater diver- sity of farm enterprises as a partial compensation. The fact that farm families live in town and have the barns and chores in town wastes labor and reduces the acreage that a family can farm. In spite of these handicaps a fairly large farm business is done on the average farm at Hyde Park, and the labor income secured shows that the farmers are prosperous. (See paragraph on Farm Profits and Tables I and II in appendix). Farm 3Iaclunery. — The machines used on the farms in this area are of modern type and construction. Irrigated grain is cut with self- binders and dry-farm grain either with self-binders or headers, and threshed by steam threshers. Mowing machines, self-dump hay-rakes, hay loaders, buck rakes, derricks, hay forks, hay nets, etc., are in gen- eral use. Most of the alfalfa is pitched on the wagon by hand and unloaded at the barn or stack with derrick and fork. No special potato or corn machinery is used, as these crops are not of sufficient importance to justify owning it. Most of the plowing is done with 1 and 2-bottom sulky plows. Some two way gangs and disk plows are used on the dry-farms. Usually three or more horses are used in plowing. How- ever, some plowing on the irrigated farms is done with two horses and the walking plow. Sugar-beet seed is drilled in in the spring. The farmers usually pay the sugar manufacturing company $2.25 an acre for seed and $0.50 an acre for seeding, or $2.75 an acre for seed and seeding. Some Types of Irrigation Farming in Utah 19 Table VIII. — Average Value of Farm Machinery, Hyde Park Farms, Cache County, Utah, 1914, 1915, and 191G. Value per Farm 3 Year | | I Averagel 1914 | 1915 | 1916 Value per Crop Acre 1914 I 1915 Average of all 52 farms | Average of all 4 8 farms.. | Average of all 32 farms j $421 Average of 10 best farms.... | 479 Average of 10 poorest farms] 40 8 $422 407 531 444 $4691 46lj $395 489| 416 4051 374 $7.81 $9.02 5.061 I 7.76 7.94 The beets are cultivated with 1 and 2-horse beet cultivators and are plowed out in the fall with beet plows. Table VIII shows that the average value of machinery in this district is about $420 to the farm and ranges from $141 to $1,622 to the farm. There were $5 to $9 worth of machinery for each acre of crops. The more profitable farms have more macliinery on each farm and less for each acre of crops than the average farm. The average value of farm machinery on each farm in 7 areas in Utah in 1914 was $449 (M. The farms with the larger amount of capi- tal have a greater numerical amount but a less proportionate amount of it invested in machinery than do the farms with less capital. The value of machinery for each crop-acre is less and consequently macliinery cost for each acre of crops is less on the large farms than on the small The efficiency of farm machinery increases with an increase in farms the acres of crops(-). The perfection of machinery causes great changes in the type of farming. As the cotton gin, threshing machine, and steel plow have made great changes possible, so may the perfected sugar-beet thinner and topper wlien developed. Buildings. — The type of farming followed and the size of the farm business determine the kind and size of farm buildings required. The farm buildings at Hyde Park consist of dwelling house, cow and horse barn, milk house, small pig-pen, hen house, machine shed, and granary. On a few farms the cow barn is separate from the horse barn. Not all the farms have a milk house. The size of the milk house and cooling trough should be correlated directly with the number of cows milked and the care given the milk. The hen houses and machine «heds are usually very ordinary lumber structures. Since but a few hogs are kept a small hog-pen is all that is necessai-y. Some fairly large and well built granaries are found, some of which were constructed twenty- five or thirty years ago when wheat was raised on the irrigated land as a cash crop. Some of these are little used now but others are used for the dry-farm wheat, spring wheat, and oats. It sometimes happens that the farm buildings determine the farm practice on a given farm at a given time. It has happened at Hyde Park, that because of insufficient storage space, grain and potatoes have of necessity been sold in the fall at harvest time when if the storage space had been available they would have been held until winter or spring. (i)Brossard, E. B., Utah Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. No. 160, (Sept. 1917)^ p. 14, Table XI. (-)Ihid., p. 35. 20 . Bulletin No. 177 The value of the farm dwelling was estimated by the farmers on the basis of selling value as a home. The homes are not on the farms in this district and the two may easily be valued separately. 'The other buildings were estimated at sale value for the purpose for which they are being used or for any other use for which they are appropriate. In 1914 only fifty of the fifty-two farms reported dwellings. The" average value was $1,335. Dividing the total value of all dwellings reported by 52 gives $1,284. The average value of dwellings on 309 irrigated Utah farms in seven areas in 1914 was $1,056 (i). The aver- age value of other buildings on the 30 9 farms mentioned above was $412. On the 309 farms the average value of buildings was $14 to each acre of land. The cost of livestock shelter is less on the large farms than on the small farms because of the greater number of live- stock units kept. The larger farms have better dwellings and better barns than the smaller farms. Climate. — The climate of Utah is the most important single factor determining the type of farming. Low precipitation makes a desert out of a strip along the western edge of Utah 50 miles wide and running north and south almost the entire length of the State. Lack of suf- ficient rainfall in the crop-growing season makes it necessary to irrigate in most parts of the State. Where irrigation water is scarce or unavailable and precipitation amounts to 12 inches or more, with other conditions favorable, dry-farming may be practised. There are perhaps 20,000,000 acres of land in the State that will never be cultivated because of poor climate. The climate, topography, and soil prevent the cultivation of millions of acres. The type of farming is of necessity adapted to the climatic conditions. Wheat and barley are important dry-farm crops because they are successfully grown with slight precipitation. Alfalfa is well adapted to dry climates where irrigation is practised and is ideally grown where, with other conditions satisfactory, the dry, hot, rainless days make it easy to harvest the hay. At Hyde Park (2) the mean annual precipitation is 16 inches (See Figs. 2 and 3), 7 inches of which fall during the six months from April to September, (See Fig. 4). The lowest and highest annual precipita- tion recorded are 13 inches and 26 inches, respectively. There are 62 days annually with 0.01 inch or more precipitation. The average mean annual temperature is 47.6" F. with a mean difference between night and day of 21.9" F.(3), (See Fig. 5). The average number of days in the growing season, between spring and fall killing frosts, is 151, (See Fig. 6). The dates of the average and absolute last killing frost in the spring and the average and absolute first killing frost in the fall are May 10 and June 17, and October 8 and September 14, respective- ly. The average and absolute hottest days in the summer are 95" F. and 10 Of F., respectively, while the average and absolute coldest days in winter are -11" F. and -19o F., respectively. The mean tempera- ture for January, the coldest month of the year, is 24.4° F., and for July, the warmest month of the year, 71.5" F. The annual rate of evaporation from a free water surface is 4 5 to 5 5 inches. The mean humidity during the day is about 50 per cent, (See Figs. 7 to 12, inclusive) . Topography.-— Farming by irrigation is especially dependent on topography. The Hyde Park farm land slopes gently from the moun- tains west toward the center of the valley. This facilitates irrigation (i)Brossard, E. B., Utah Exp. Sta. Bui. No. 160, (Sept., 1917), p. 14. (2) There is no weather station at Hyde Park. The data given here are recorded by the U. S. Weather Bureau for Logan, which is 414 miles south. (3)West, F. L. and Edlefsen, N. E. Utah Exp. Sta. Bui. No. 166, (March, 1919), p. 9. S()t)i(i Tapes of I ligation Farming in Utah 21 .:.-J j i — r- - - r,-^ ■■'^ *"».- -f'^^-^ ^^ 2. Average Annual Precipi- tation, Utah. S. D. A., Weather Bureau) Fig. 3. — Average Annual Precipi- tation in inches in areas investigated, Utah. „ _ii_}ri:l.J: ^^^.^^-^— ^ Pig 4. — Average Precipitation in Crop Growing Season, Utah. Fig. 5. — Mean Annual Tem- perature, Utah. on most of the land, but on some farms the slope is excessive for the nest irrigation The meadows and pastures on the west side of the State road are level and wet where low lying, but dry where the land is slightly elevated or rolling. The arable land is easily worked with the improved machinery. The farmers of Hyde Park who have dry- 22 Bulletin No. 177 Fig 6. — Average Days in Crop Growing Season, Utah. Fig. 7. — Average Date of Last Killing Frost in Spring, Utah. Fig. 8. — Average Date of First Killing Frost in Autumn, Utah. Fig. 9. — Latest Date of Killing Frost in Spring, Utah. stock or beef cattle, usually graze them east of town on the range afforded by the Cache National Forest. Some, however, who have an abundance of meadow-pasture that is too wet or too dry for other uses, keep the drv-stock at home on these pastures. In a general way topography determines the type of farming prac- tised thruout a very large part of the State of Utah. The topographical Some TuiH's of In inatio)! l-'nr)!nit, CQ = m 02 M a ^ a o m a m % if ^a u 0^ § o ^ •o s Size of Farm Family (1) ^ ft 0) "^ fe S OJ O OJ ho >> a^ ^ C M g ?^ a "" ^a M 2 ■° ^ a"" 2 o > ^ < a ?3 < a5 1^ 0^ ^ > o All Farms.— 45 7.4 45 41 10.4 1 43 1 7.4 Small 16 4.6 44 15 8.3 15 6.0 Medium 17 7.7 43 15 9.2 16 7.1 Large 12 10.6 48 11 13.9 1 12 9.6 (i)The Small Farm Families had from 2 to 6.9 members, the Medium Farm Families had from 7 to 8.9 members, and the Large Farm Famil- ies included those having from 9 to 14 persons each. Some Types of Irrigation Farming in Utah 29 state are foreign-boru whites and therefore in studying the type of farming and its causes this factor should not be neglected. In 1910 the total rural population of the State was 200,417, males 107,810 and females 92,607. There were 86,273 native-white males and 79,427 native-white females, and 18,35 8 foreign-born white males and 11,641 foreign-born white females. There were only 118 negro males and 67 negro females in the State, and 1,661 Indian males and 1,441 Indian females. Forty-eight and three-tenths per cent of all rural males were under 2 years of age and 48.1 per cent of all rural males were between the ages of 20 and 64 years. Fifty-four and three-tenths per cent of all rural females were less than 20 years old. The P'arm Family. — The Hyde Park farms are family-sized farms. One manager is all that is required on any of them and he does the greater part of the farm work. There is only one farm on which there is a man hired for the entire year. Most of the farm labor is performed either by the farmer himself, unpaid family labor, or is hired by the month, day, or piece as needed during critical or rush seasons of the year. There were 4,623 families in Cache County in 1910 (i) and 4,430 dwellings, or 104 families to each 100 dwellings. The average number of persons in a family was 5, and the average number in a dwelling 5.2. For the State the average number of persons in a family was 4.8, and the average number in a dwelling 5.1, as compared with 4.5 and 5.2 persons in each family and in each dwelling respectively in the United States. The families are larger in Cache County than the average of the State, and the average of the State is larger than the average of the United States. The average number of persons in the farm families included in this investigation in 1914 is 7.4, but only 6 of these persons were on the' farm at the time it was visited. Hyde Park farm families are larger than the average Cache County farm family. The raising of children well is a part of the mission of every married couple according to the religious teaching of most of these farmers. Babies are most welcome in these farm homes. Consequently a type of farming is adopted that makes it possible to raise numerous children. Children while young are able to milk cows and thin sugar-beets to good advantage and thus contribute to the family income and help make their own living. Table XI shows that on those farms with the large families more acres of sugar-beets are raised and more milk cows are kept than on the farms with small families. The type of farming practised seems to have a definite relationship to the size of the farm family. Table XII does not show a marked correlation between size of farm family and labor income, because unpaid family labor has been sub- tracted as an expense in determining this figure. There is, however, a marked correlation between the size of family and crop acres, farm income, value of unpaid family labor, and family income. These facts indicate that the entire farm family is the basic unit around which the farm business is organized. Farmers, like the other factors of production, land and capital, i ave- two dimensions of productivity, capacity and eflficiency (-') . The farm home is one of the factors that contributes to the productivity of the farmer. The converse of this is also true. The productivity of the farmer largely determines his type of farm home. These two factors affect each other in such a way as to be called reciprocating factors. The farmer being born in a home is first affected by the home and sub- (ni910 United States Census. (^)Taylor, H. C, Am. Econ. Rev. Supp. Vol. VII, No. .1, (March) 1917). "Two Dimensions of Productivity.'' 30 Bulletin No. 177 Table XII. — Size of Farm Family, Labor Income(i), Value of Unpaid Family Labor (-), Farm Income (a), and Family Income (■*), Hyde Park, Cache County, Utah, 1914 M c T3 ' 6. Rich 27. Summit 78.34 61.41 58.27 50.55 37.85 32.67 28.25 26.75 25.89 25.33 24.80 23.51 19.91 18.95 18.51 18.42 18.39 17.86 15.05 13.37 12.91 12.32 11.87 11.45 10.99 9.32 7.71 9.97 6.62 10.17 6.72 6.82 10.82 6.59 7.44 11.12 11.33 6.81 10.32 8.84- 7.50' 5.69 13.97 15.95 9.12 7.65 13.79 16.61 3.79 17.28 29.34 18.67 6.67 3.42 In general the value of land and buildings per acre has increased each successive census period. The value in 1900 shows a decrease be- cause much grazing land of low value was included as farm land in the census of 1900 and this lowered greatly the average value of farm land per acre. As population increases or the relative prices of farm products rise or interest rates become lower the land is more thoroughly and intensively utilized and land values become greater. Land values also rise when the relative value of the dollar decreases. AVater Tenure, — At Hyde Park about two-thirds of the crop land is irrigated and the other one-third is dry-farm land. Most of the Hyde (1)1910 U. S. Census 46 Bulletin No. 177 Park land that can be irrigated is now irrigated. Either the water supply or the location of the land limits extension of the area. Above the Logan, Hyde Park, and Smithfield canal there is some bench land for which there is no water. This is now dry-farmed to good advantage. Three canal systems from Logan River supply the irrigation watfer for Hyde Park: (1) Logan and Hyde Park Canal, (2) Logan and Rich- mond Canal, and (3) the Logan, Hyde Park and Smithfield Canal. (See Fig. 21. Table XXXI. -Average Value of Land and Buildings per Acre, by Counties, Utah, Census Years i 1910 I 1890 1870 1860 State $34.60 I $12.33 I $21. 4( $21.38 I $15.49 I $14.82 Counties Beaver Boxelder ... Cache Carbon Davis -- Emery Garfield Grand ..-. Iron Juab Kane ---. Millard Morgan Piute -.- Rich, Salt Lake... San Juan Sanpete Sevier Summit Tooele Uinta Utah Wasatch Washington Wayne Weber 29.42 32.48 44.68 17.16 74.65 30.80 14.75 20.69 14.13 20.74 16.90 21.75 15.23 27.92 10.79 93.47 13.46 23.72 36.95 9.45 31.12 80.86 67.99 21.05 23.13 16.93 61.26 20.14 5.52 15.61 8.41 16.71 14.36 13.09 20.68 13.95 12.06 14.95 15.81 4.57 11.22 6.37 30.80 5.64 20.56 22.03 5.06 10.67 3.38 29.79 9.35 34.36 9.56 21.89 14.10 5.53 20.29 35.44 12.83 15.17 14.41 14.45 15.17 19.57 8.12 26.11 10.55 10.26 82.11 13.48 21.42 15.49 20.36 23.02 17.13 41.83 18.66 39.32 6.18 22.98 17.90 17.52 20.20 1.50 24.28 37.95 28.33 15.66 20.51 2.76 8.37 37.66 3.94 21.66 9.42 11.02 24.19 2.33 24.81 15.83 44.34 2.38 10.17 11.80 9.75 8.08 I 10.15 I 30.66 I 7.94 I 20.39 I i 11.33 35.24 i 15.88 I 8.42 I 4.28 I 42.35 I 12.85 I 4.74 I 30.71 I I 7.54 17.96 15.99 40.45 I 28.02 I I 15.29 I 5.77 17.01 8.37 20.28 28.52 17.94 Irrigation from the Logan River began in 1860. Soon afterward the Logan and Hyde Park canal was begun. In 18 64 the Logan and Rich- mond Canal was begun. This latter canal now supplies water for land above or east of the Logan and Hyde Park Canal. The Logan and Rich- mond Canal was not completed until 1877 (i). Twice since then it has been enlarged. The Logan, Hyde Park, and Smithfield Canal made its first appropriation of water in 1882 (-'). The first 7,000 feet of this canal is constructed on a steep mountain side necessitating considerable rock work, and its course is very much higher in elevation than either of the other canals. It shall therefore be referred to hereafter as the High Line Canal in contrast with the Upper and Lower Canals. (i)Swenson, G. L. — U. S. D. A. Bui. No. 86 (1900), pp. 197-218. (2)Swenson, G. L. — U. S. D. A. Bui. No. 104 (1902), pp. 179-194. Some Types of Irrigation Farming in Utah 47 The Logan and Richmond Canal, or Upper Canal, supplies sufficient water on the average to irrigate about 3,186 acres and the Logan, Hyde Park, and Smithfield Canal, or High Line Canal, about 3,200 acres. The Upper Canal system is owned and managed by the farmers organized as an irrigation company under the law passed in 1865, and the High Line Canal system is owned and operated by the farmers organized as a stock company. In both canals water-rights were obtained in payment for services in constructing them or bought from the original owners. In the Upper Canal a water-right "entitles one to sufficient water to irrigate a certain number of acres, a very variable and uncertain quantity; but in the High Line Canal a water-right entitles one to only his proportion of the available irrigation water, a more variable and uncertain amount; and the division is made on the basis of shares of stock held in the company. In neither case does the right specify an exact quantity of water. This lack of specification has advantages and disadvantages. However, it is impossible to discuss them here. A claim to sufficient water to irrigate one acre cost the original owners of the Upper Canal $18 to $20 and about 50 cents annually per acre irrigated for operation and maintenance of the canal system. Only one-third of the 50 cents per acre charge is required in cash. T'he i i r^ i I , fj^ ijAijjja'^ ga m^— L_y | l other two-thirds may be paid in 7VTV I •«->^" : Wm^^^^^^ labor. The original shares in the High Line Canal cost $5 each and the annual maintenance and opera- tion of the canal system cost about 50 cents per share. The best way to express the duty of water is in inches or cubic feet per second when the water is not stored, but when the water is stored it is best expressed in acre-feet. It is better to express it in acre-feet per acre and not in a fraction of an acre per acre-foot. When a stream is discharging one cubic foot of water every second of time there is a second-foot flow. A second-foot stream discharges approximately one acre-inch per hour, one acre-foot in twelve hours, two acre-feet in twe;ity-four hours (one day), and two hundred forty acre-feet in the four months. May 1 to August 31, inclusive(i). The duty of water under the High Line Canal was about sixty acres per cubic foot per second in 1900, and the duty under the Upper Canal was about sixty-two acres per cubic foot per second including loss from seepage and evaporation from the canal and forty-seven acres not in- cluding this loss. The duty may be greatly increased by the time Fig. 21. — Three Canals that Supply Irrigation Water for Hyde Park Farms, Cache County, Utah, (after G. L. Swenson) (i)Winsor, L. M. — Utah Exp. Sta. Cir. No. O. W. — Utah Exp. Sta. Cir. No. 3 6 (1919). (1912); and Israelsen, 48 Bulletin No. 177 method of distribution under which each acre-right entitles the person to the use of an "irrigating stream" for a specified number of hours. Water masters are elected by the owners of each system. These water masters have complete supervision over the water distribution. There are but few gauges or measuring devices, and headagate boxes are of variable sizes. Tho "irrigating streams" are supposed to be equal, they are not. The equivalent of an "irrigating stream," as measured, ranged from 0.85 to 3.12 cubic feet per second (i). The splendid success of these canals has been due to (1) the general spirit of cooperation among the water users, and (2) the type of men who have managed the distribution of the water. A good irrigating stream for the average man under average condi- tions is from 2 to 5 second-feet(^). Three to five acre-inches is enough for a good irrigation. Two and one-half acre-feet is the maximum needed in Utah, in addition to the precipitation to produce a crop, if it is applied at the proper season between May 1 and August 31, inclusive. One second-foot will irrigate 70 to 160 acres in the four months of the irrigating season. In Cache County, as in all parts of the State, water tenure, water- rights, and the operation and management of the canal systems are of prime importance. In 1910(3) there were 1,907 farms in Cache County, 1,501 (*) or 79 per cent of which were irrigated. The approximate land area of the county was 744,960 acres. There were 294,160 acres in farms, 181,348 acres — not including wild grass land — improved, and 77,330 acres — including wild grass land — irrigated. The land irrigated was 10.4 per cent of the total land area, 26.3 per cent of the land in farms, and 42.6 per cent of the improved land in farms. In 1910 the irrigation enterprises were capable of irrigating only 82,503 acres, but 119,304 acres were included in the projects. There were 62,230 acres irrigated by cooperative enterprises (s). These same enterprises were capable of irrigating 63,767 acres and included 97,521 acres. The re- mainder of the land was irrigated under the following projects: (1) irrigation districts(G), 8,455 acres; (2) individual and partnership en- terprises("), 5,623 acres; and (3) commercial enterprises («), 1,022 (i)Swenson, G. L. — U. S. D. A. Bui. No. 104 (1902), pp. 179-218. (2)Winsor, L. M. — Utah Exp. Sta. Cir. No. 6 (1912). ,(3)U. S. Census (1910) (^)Ibid. — "Tlie number of 'farms irrigated' is the number of farms on which irrigation is practised, and is equivalent to the term 'number of irrigators' which was used in previous census reports." (5)Ibid. — "Cooperative enterprises are those which are controlled by the water users under some organized form of cooperation. The most common form of organization is the stock company, the stock of which is owned by the water users.'' ('•■)U. S. Census (1910) — "Irrigation districts are public corporations that operate under state laws providing for their organization and man- agement, and empowering them to issue bonds and levy and collect taxes with the object of obtaining funds for the purchase or construction, and for the operation and maintenance of irrigation works." (')Ibid. — "Individual partnership enterprises belong to individual farmers or to neighboring farmers, who control them without formal organization. It is not always possible to distinguish between partner- ship and cooperative enterprises, but as the difference is slight this is unimportant." (s)Ibid. — "Commercial enterprises supply water for compensation to parties who own no interest in the works. Persons obtaining water from such enterprises are usually required to pay for the right to receive water, and to pay, in addition, annual charges based in some instances on the acreage irrigated and in others on the quantity of water received." Some Types of Irrigation Farming in Utah 49 acres. The source of the water supply for irrigation was as follows: (1) streams, by gravity, 73,369 acres; (2) springs, 3,916 acres; and (3) flowing wells, 45 acres. There were 137 independent irrigation enterprises having 139 main ditches, with a combined length of 324 miles and a combined capacity of 1,393 cubic feet per second. There were 153 laterals with a combined length of 142 miles. Other sources of water are: one reservoir, filled by collecting storm water or by a water course that is ordinarily dry, of 1,566 acre-feet capacity; and thirty-three flowing-wells of 734 gallons per minute capacity. The cost of all irrigation enterprises reporting costs, as reported by the 1910 census, up to July 1, 1910, was |304,285. The average cost of con- struction per acre that enterprises were capable of irrigating in 1910 was $3.69. The estimated final cost of existing enterprises was $304,285, or an average of $2.55 per acre included in the projects. The cost of operation and maintenance was reported for 63,507 acres and amounted to .'t>26,974, or an average of 42 cents per acre. Water was formerly personal property in Utah(i) and rights were sold, ex!;hanged, and leased with little regard for lormalities — and often without making any official record of the transactions. Whei a farmer found that his water-right furnished him more water than he needed, he sold a part of it outright, or rented a part of it by the year to some neighbor, or he bought another piece of land and transferred a part of his water-right to it. A ditch company could rent or sell a part of its rights to some other ditch company.. And even now not all the irrigators of Utah have definite, undisputed, legally defined titles to water. Often the seller does not know what he is selling, nor the buyer what he is buying. The water transferred is supposed to irrigate a certain number of acres. It may irrigate more or less, depending upon the available supply in the streams and upon how the water master divides it. Only recently has any attempt been made to measure out any certain quantity of water. The water of but few of the streams is divided ac- curately. The records of water-rights are now entered in the office of the State Engineer who also issues all permits to appropriate water. The rights of appropriations now issued by the State Engineer state speci- fically in feet and inches the amount of water included, but it is a diffi- cult task to determine how much water to allow permits for in the various streams, because the volume of water in the streams varies greatly from year to year and from season to season. However, inves- tigations and experience have given a body of quite accurate informa- tion for the most important streams of the State. The foregoing discussion shows clearly how water tenure affects the type of irrigation farming. Water is almost as important in determin- ing type of farming as land. While perhaps not more than 10 per cent of the land in Utah will ever be cultivated, yet if even this area is farmed profitably it will be possible only by irrigation. Irrigation Practice. — On the farm lands at Hyde Park the custom is to use the water whenever and wherever it may be needed up to the limit of the supply. The average irrigating season is 110 to 120 days in May, June, July, August, and September. There are two methods of applying the water: (1) flooding the whole surface, used in irrigating (a) wheat, (b) oats, (c) alfalfa, (d) hay, (e) corn, and (f) orchards; and (2) the furrow method which is used in irrigating (a) sugar-beets, (b potatoes, (c) gardens, (d) orchards, and (e) corn. Wheat, oats, corn, and hay are usually irrigated twice; sugar-beets, potatoes, alfalfa, and the other crops three or more times. The depth of (i)Gemmell, R. C— U. S. D. A. Bui. No. 104 (1902), pp. 159-163. 50 Bulletin No. 177 irrigation water used varies greatly witli crop and soil. In 189 9 the average was about 3.59 feet(i). The total water received by the land was 3.59 feet by irrigation and 0.16 feet by rainfall, a total of 3.75 feet. The average depth applied at each irrigation in 1899 was 1.2 feet. In 1899 the greatest demand for water was for wheat and alfalfa an4 therefore came first in July and second in June. The demand in Au- gust and September was due to the late irrigations of alfalfa. At pres- ent little wheat is raised at Hyde Park by irrigation. The irrigation of alfalfa is about the same now as twenty years ago, but sugar-beets have taken the place of wheat as a cash crop on the irrigated land. The heavy irrigating seasons are now, as they were in 1899, in July and June. Table XXXII shows the crops grown, the period of irrigation, the num- ber of irrigations, and the days between irrigations, Hyde Park, Cache .County, Utah, 1900. Table XXXII.- — Crops Grown, Period of Irrigation, Number of Irrigations, Days Between Irrigations, Logan and Richmond Canal, 1900 (i) Crop Grown Wheat- Oats. Alfalfa. Potatoes Sugar-beets. Gardens Orchards Period of Irrigation June 1 to August 15 June 15 to August 20.... June 6 to September 10.. July 10 to August 29 June 15 to September 20 June 1 to September 15 June 1 to September 15 No. of t Days Between Irrigations 1 Irr gations 2 21 2 25 3 to 5 21 4 to 6 20 5 to 7 15 7 to 15 7 7 to 15 7 The wheat and oats were irrigated twice. Twice as many irrigations were necessary for alfalfa as for the small-grains and about twice the amount of water was also applied, 2.90 feet as compared to 1.25 feet on oats where no waste occurs (i)- Quantity of lrrip,ation Water to Use(-). — Wheat requires relatively little water. On deep, well-tilled soils 7 % inches of water in two irri- gations should be sufficient; on shallow, gravelly soils as high as 18 inches may be used in 4 or 5 irrigations. An average of one acre-foot should' be ample for the production of wheat on fertile, well-tilled soils. Oats should not receive less water than wheat; barley about the same amount as wheat; but rye may be grown with less water than the other small-grains. Corn should seldom receive more than from 12 to 18 inches of water. Alfalfa can make use of more water than the grains and should re- ceive from 12 to 24 inches of water according to the age of the crop and the depth of the soil. Ordinarily, 18 inches should be enough. The other hay-making crops like timothy and orchard grass need even less water than a crop of wheat. They are cut only once, while alfalfa is cut three times or more. Clover requires probably from 12 to 15 inches of water. Pastures and meadows should receive according to location from 12 to 24 inches of water. Under present practice sugar-beets receive from 15 to 24 inches of water, but the tendency is for somewhat less to be used. Carrots and other root crops should receive about the same. The more seed is planted the more water is required. Potatoes need a good supply of water in (i)Swenson, G. L. (-')Widtsoe, J. A p. 138. Web. Pub. Co., St. Paul U. S. D. A. Bui. No. 104 (1902), pp. 179-218. Stewart, Geo. — "Western Agriculture" (1918) Minn. Some Types of Irrigation Farming in Utah 51 the soil at planting time. The total quantity should be about the same as that for sugar-beets. As a rule cultivated crops on irrigated land require less water than uncultivated crops. Alfalfa requires more than potatoes and oats more than corn. It has been aptly said that "the limit of profitable economy (in irrigating) is to use the least quantity of water necessary to secure the best yield" (i). This is true if by "best yield" we mean the most profitable yield. The most profitable yield is not necessarily the highest yield. It is fairly safe to say that all ordinary crops, including trees and shrubs, should receive from 12 to 24 inches of water. This amount is considerably less than is now applied to crops. As better cultural meth- ods are employed the duty of water becomes higher, that is, less is used per acre. When to Irrigate. — Investigations at Greenville, the township ad- joining Hyde Park on the South, with conditions very similar in most respects to the Hyde Park area, show that about 20 inches of water may be recommended for use for the growing of corn for grain (2) and about 30 inches for growing corn stover (s). With sugar-beets, 1 inch of water weekly gives higher yields than more than this amount. If only one irrigation is given the best time to apply it is when the beets are about 2 inches in diameter as this results in a higher percentage of sugar in the beet than when watered at any other time(*). The highest yield of potatoes is produced where small regular irri- gations are given. One inch weekly or 12.8 inches during the season gives a higher yield than any other treatment (s). This involves a labor problem which complicates the irrigation practice. When as much as 96 inches of water are applied the yield is less than where no water is applied. Where but one irrigation is applied, it gives best results if applied when the potatoes are in full bloom. The second best stage is just as tubers begin to form. Discontinuing irrigation during the rapid growing season, after it is once begun, decreases the yield. Excessive moisture, or that applied late in the life of the plant, increases the rela- tive production of vines. The relative number of tubers per hill is in- creased by early irrigation, while the relative size of the tubers is in- fluenced more by late water. It is very important to have an even supply of moisture during the middle portion of the life of the potato after the tubers begin to form, and before they begin to ripen. Irrigation experiments with oats show that plats receiving 5 inches of water each week for 6 weeks (total 30 inches) gave the highest yield, 79.9 bushels. The next highest yield was 79 bushels an acre and was produced with 15 acre-inches of water (3 five-inch irrigations) («). If water was the only limiting factor here, it is evident that it would be unwise to apply the additional 15 inches to obtain a yield of only one additional bushel, because the same 15 inches if applied to another acre of land might produce the same yield as the first 15 inches or 79 bushels. Land as land is not a limiting factor here, but land of a particular farm so situated as to be readily irrigated and thus to utilize to best advantage the 15 inches of water is a limiting factor. Where the location of land (i)Meade, Elwood — "Irrigation Institutions" (1910), pp. 116-117. Macmillian Co., New York. (2) Harris, F. S., Utah Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. No. 133, (May, 1914). (3) Harris, F. S., and Pittman, D. W., Utah Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. No. 154, (April, 1917), i). 21. (4)Harris, F. S., Utah Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. No. 156, (June, 1917), p. 22. (5)Harris, F. S., Utah Agr. Exp! Sta. Bui. No. 157, (June, 1917), p. 17. ('^Harris, F. S., and Pittman, D. W., Utah Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. No. ir.7, (March, 1919), p. 17. 52 Bulletm No. 177 limits its use and labor is not a preventing factor, it may be profitable to an individual farmer to apply the additional 15 inches of water in order to obtain the additional yield of one bushel of oats per acre. While this condition may make this practice profitable to an individual farmer, it certainly would be uneconomical from the standpoint of society as a whole, because some farmer in any irrigated area can use 15 inches of water more economically than producing just one bushel of oats. It is apparent then that three five inch irrigations, (1) at the five- leaf stage, (2) at the early-boot stage, and (3) in the bloom stage, with an average yield per acre of 79 bushels give the most satisfactory re- sults generally. Where only one irrigation is given the best time is at the five-leaf stage. Where two irrigations are given, (1) the five-leaf, and (2) the boot stages are best. In the case of alfalfa the first irrigation should occur just before the time of bud formation, and another just before or after each cutting. Four or five inches of water form a fairly large single application. Us- ually a smaller quantity is sufficient to maintain the crop in good con- dition (i). Farm Credit. — That the farmers' ability to get money may affect the type of farming practised in a region has been well demonstrated in the tenant system of single-crop cotton-farming in the Southern States. Table XXXIII. — Farm Mortgages, Hyde Park, Cache County, Utah, 1914 Number of farms reporting 52 Number of farms mortgaged 18 Amount of mortgaged debt (average)....- ,....$1,151 Value of land and buildings per farm mortgage (average) 9,559 Ratio of mortgage debt to value of land and buildings 12 per cent Number of farms on which rate of interest paid was 6 per cent 1 Number of farms on which rate of interest paid was 8 per cent 14 Number of farms on which rate of interest paid was 8% per cent. 1 Number of farms on which rate of interest paid was 9 per cent 2 Average rate of interest paid by 18 farmers 8.03 per cent Again many farmers of the Intermountain States claim that they would like to go into livestock farming but that they lack the money necessary to get into the business in good shape. The funds a farmer operates with are in tne form of capital goods, cash, or credit. Credit is obtained from banks or other institutions or persons loaning money to farmers, on the basis of the applicants character, capacity, and collateral. The mortgage debt of farmers may therefore be important in determining type of farming. Farmers often obtain funds for construction, develop- ment, and operation by mortgaging the farm. At Hyde Park in 1914, 18 farms out of 52 were mortgaged. The average value of land and buildings per farm mortgaged was $9,559 and the average mortgage debt $1,151, or 12 per cent of the value of the land and buildings. The rate of interest most common was 8 per cent. Fourteen farmers paid 8 per cent, 1 paid 8 Vz per cent, 2 paid 9 per cent, (i)Widtsoe, J. A., and Stewart, George, "Western Agriculture", (1918), p. 142. Some Types of Irrigation Farming in Utah 53 Table XXXIV.— Mortgage Debt of Farms by Counties, Utah, 1910 (i) I For all Farms Op- For Martgaged Farms Consisting of erated by Owners Owned Land Only Q -a -^ a 9 n s IS ^ C.% Area 5S u u o CD a D3 S S 0) ^ c3 C 1^^ o is fc S S ll art CD O a ^'^ cS fc Ss ^ > cd -S O > rz 111 State 15.131 4,492 139 3,526 21,319,580 4,564,175 21.4 Counties Beaver Boxelder .... Cache Carbon Davis Emery Garfield 263 .x' 1 17 117,150 18,980 16.2 869 502 11 369 2,767,325 601,590 21.7 1,126 621 9 449 19^ 3,606,494 672,922 18.7 132 21 2 97,700 14,520 14.9 937 261 7 225 1,702,213 363,731 21.4 447 177 1 166 957,867 206,575 21.6 318 31 4 30 101,885 30,065 29.5 Grand Iron 129 26 1 21 154,295 15,198 9.9 303 408 23 68 7 19 14 64 85,600 327,315 18,280 93,992 21.4 28.7 Kane 152 585 12 75 10 10 56 37,980 220.330 9,180 46.560 24.2 Millard 21.1 Morgan Piute 167 46 31 189,040 24.495 13.0 132 41 1 33 109,250 28.667 26.2 Rich 142 56 46 382,455 122.426 32.0 Salt Lake— . 1,418 454 4 366 1,911,295 396,625 20.8 San Juan 142 9 7 26,018 8,300 31.9 Sanpete 1.307 319 2 256 1,177.698 237,972 20.2 Sevier 633 315 3 274 1,312.515 266,324 20.3 Summit 355 51 1 42 305.313 64,585 21.2 Tooele 245 44 31 372.065 55,250 14.8 Uinta 457 115 29 105 463.975 99,819 21.5 Utah 1.971 648 22 489 2,675.370 650,040 24.3 Wasatch ...... 790 98 2 81 491,062 118.745 24.2 Washington 553 30 21 46,558 7,125 15.3 Wayne 208 23 2 18 58,200 11,195 19.2 Weber 942 369 1 286 1,622,612 381,014 23.5 and 1 paid only 6 per cent interest on the farm mortgage. The average rate therefore, was 8.03 per cent including commissions, when paid, (See Table XXXIII.) From investigations that have been made here and elsewhere in the State It seems that these farmers might make more money by extend- ing their operations by increasing the number of acres cropped and the number of productive livestock units handled!-'). With the operation of the Federal Land Bank at San Francisco and a Local Farm Loan Asso- ciation in Cache County these farmers should be able to extend their (1)1910 U. S. Census. (-■)Brossard, E. B.. Utah Agr. College Cir. No. 23, and also Utah Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. No. 160. 64 Bulletin No. 177 operations considerably by using funds obtained by credit based on the farm mortgage. Under tlie Federal Farm Loan Act farmers are able to borrow as much as 50 per cent of the value of the land for agricultural purposes and 20 per cent of the value of the permanent insured improvements."" At present the interest rate is 5 ^2 per cent. The loan may be obtained for a period of 4 years if desired with the privilege of paying it or any part of it any time after 5 years. Regular payments on the amortization plan are required each year. In Cache County in 1910,(i), 621 farms were mortgaged, 449 of which consisted of owned land only. The total value of the land and buildings mortgaged was $3,606,494, and the mortgage debt $672,922, or 18.7 per cent of the value of land and buildings. (See Table XXXIV). Table XXXV. — Farm Mortgages, Utah and the United States, 1910 (i) Utah U. S. Total Farms Reporting 19,762 3,948,722 Farms Free from Mortgage 15,131 2,588,596 Farms Mortgaged 4,492 1,312,034 Farms not Specified 139 48,092 Morgtaged Farms owned wholly by the Operator 3,526 1,006,511 Value of Land and Buildings on Mort- gaged Farms $21,319,580 $6,330,236,951 Amount of Mortgaged Debt 4,564,175 1,726,172,851 Mortgaged Farms owned wholly by the Land and Buildings (per cent) 21.4 27.3 Average Value of Land and Buildings per Farm 6,046 6,289 Average Mortgage Debt per Farm 1,294 1,715 Average Equity per Farm 4,752 4,574 In Utah in 1910 (i), of 19,762 farms reporting, 15,131 were free from mortgage, 4,492 were mortgaged, and 139 did not specify. There were 3,52 6 mortgaged farms wholly owned by the operators. The value of land and buildings on these farms was $21,319,580 and the mortgage debt was $4,564,175, or 21.4 per cent of the value of land and build- ings. This ratio for the United States as a whole was 27.3 per cent. The average value of land and buildings per farm in Utah, 1910, was $6,046 and the average mortgage debt per farm was $1,294 thus leaving an average equity of $4,752 per farm. For the United States as a whole the average value of land and buildings per farm was $6,289, the average mortgage debt $1,715, and the average equity $4,574 per farm. (See Table XXXV). A fairly accurate estimate (->) of the farm mortgage debt of all Utah farmers in 1914 places it at $6,818,000, of which $6,000,000 or 88 per cent was held by banks, $862,000, or 12.6 per cent, held by life insur- ance companies, and $340,000 negotiated by banks and bank officials as agents or correspondents for other investors. These figures do not check exactly because they have been arrived at separately and no attempt has been made to force them. It is also estimated that 67 per cent of the farm mortgage business of Utah, pays no commission and 33 per cent of the business pays an average commission of .4 per cent. Of the (1)1910 U. S. Census, Vol. 5, Tables 9, 11, and 12. (2)Thompson, C. W., U. S. D. A., Office of Markets and Rural Organ- ization, Bui. No. 384, (July, 1916), pp. 2, 8, and 10 respectively. Some Types of Irrigation Farming in Utah 55 total mortgage business 18.3 per cent pays a commission in advance and 14.7 per cent pays it on the installment plan. The average mortgage rate of interest paid was S.6 per cent, which makes 9 per cent with the commission. The estimated average interest rate for farm loans on I)ersonal security in Utah, 1914 (i). was 8.8 per cent and the estimated average other costs of the loans, 1.6 per cent, making the average esti- mated total cost, including discounts, bonuses, commissions and any other extra charges, 10.4 per cent. -Only in unusual cases can farmers pay this high rate and make a profit in farming. Farm Profits. — Farm profits are largely determined by the type of rarming practised. The type of farming most profitable depends upon the circumstances of the individual farmer and farm. Two of the first questions that arise in one's mind are: (1) Is farming profitable? and (2) How profitable is it? Table XXXVI shows the average labor income of 52 Hyde Park farm- ers in 1914. The value of the farm house is included as a part of the capital investment, the increase in the value of land is omitted, and the interest rate used is 8 per. cent. Table XXXVI. — Average Labor Income, 52 Farms, Hyde Park, 1914 Capital Investment $13,642 Receipts $ 2,510 iilxpenses 1,882 Farm Income (Receipts less expenses).... $1,628 Interest on Capital Investment (at 8 per cent).... 1,091 Labor Income $537 At 5 per cent(-'), interest is $682 and labor income, $946; at 5 1/^ )jer cent (3), interest is $750 and labor income $878; at 8 per cent(^), interest is $1,091 and labor income $537; at 8.6 per cent(5), interest is $1,173 and labor income $455; and at 9 per cent ('-), interest is $1,228 and labor income C^4 00. Table XXXVII shows the farmer's pay for management and risk or responsibility taken, 52 farms, Hyde Park, Cache County, Utah, 1914. Table XXXVIII shows the labor income of the 10 better-paying farms of Hyde Park in 1914. At 5 per cent, interest is $991 and labor income, $1,997; at 5 1^ per cent, interest is $1,090 and labor income, $1,899; at 8 per cent, interest is $1,585 and labor income, $1,403; at 8.6 per cent, interest is $1,704 and labor income, $1,2 85; and at 9 per cent, in- terest is $1,783 and labor income, $1,206. (i)Thompson, C. W.. U. S. D. A., Office of Markets and Rural Or- ganization, Bui. No. 409, (August, 1916), p. 6. (-)The investigators of the Office of Farm Management, U. S. D. A. use 5 per cent interest for all districts in the United States in calculating labor income. (a) Thompson, E. H.. and others, U. S. D. A., B. P. I., Bui. No. 41, (Jan., 1914); (b) Thompson, E. H., and others, U. S. D. A.. B. P. I., Bui. No. 117, (July, 1914); (c) Spillman, W. J., and others, U. S. D. A., Farm Mgt. Bui. No. 341, (Jan., 1916); and (d) Connor, L. G., U. S. D. A., Farm Mgt. Bui. No. 582, (Jan., 1918), Note, p. 2. (3)The Federal Farm Loan Act of July 17, 1916, provides that in- teresc rate on farm n.ortpage lo.-ms shall not exceed 6 per cent, nor be more than 1 per c?n: grt^ater than the rate on the last issue of farm loan bonds The present rate on farm mortgages under this act is 5 i/^ per cent. (4)The most common rate of interest at Hyde Park and in the State. (5)The estimated average mortgage rate without commission for Utah. (c)The estimated average mortgage rate including commissions, Utah. 56 Bulletin No. 177 Table XXXVII. — The Farmer's Pay for Management and Risk or Responsibility Taken, Hyde Park, Cache County, Utah, 1914 Number of Farms 52 Capital Investment (1) $12,307 Total Income $3,183 Farm sales and increase in inventory other than land.. 2,510 Value of farm products, food and fuel, used in home (2) 411 Increase in value of land (105 A. at $2.50 per A.) (3) 262 Total Subtractions ..'. 2,467 Unpaid family labor 204 Help hired by month or year 56 Help hired by day or piece 116 Cash expense for board of hired help 11 Other cash farm expenses . 495 Opportunity value of farmer's labor (^) 600 Interest on capital at 8 per cent(')- .• 985 Farmer's Pay for Management and Risk or Responsibility taken (Total income minus total subtractions) 716 Table XXXIX shows the farm capital, receipts, expenses, farm in- come, interest on investment, and labor income of farms of the Hyde Park area. Cache County, Utah, 1915. At 5 per cent, interest on the average capital invested in the 4 8 farms is $599 and labor income $589; at 5% per cent, interest is $569 and labor income $529; at 8 per cent, interest is $95 9 and labor income $229; at 8.6 per cent, interest is .>i,031 and labor income $157; and at 9 per cent, interest is $1,076 and labor income $112. The average of the 10 better-paying farms has a labor income of $1,446 with interest at 5 per cent, $1,374 with interest at 5% per cent, $1,015 with interest at 8 per cent, $920 when interest is 8.6 per cent, and $872 with interest at 9 per cent. The average of the 10 poorer-paying farms had a labor income of minus $93 with in- terest figured at 5 per cent. Table XL shows the labor income of farmers of the Hyde Park area. Cache County, Utah, 1916. The labor incomes of the farmers of this (1) Average capital investment, 5 2 farms, $13,642; minus $1,335, average value of dwelling, 50 farms. (2)Funk, W. C, U. S. D. A., Farmers' Bui. No. 635, (Dec, 1914), p. .5, gives $64.19 as the average value per person of food and fuel pro- duced on the farm and consumed in the farm home on 48 3 farms in 10 representative districts of the United States. At Hyde Park the farmers use about the average amount of fuel and food items mentioned in this bulletin and in addition get their year's supply of wheat for flour which is taken as grist to the mills. The average consumption per person of wheat for flour in the United States in 1914 was about 5 bushels. The average price of wheat in Utah Dec. 1, 1914, was $0.86. The value of wheat used for flour per person was, therefore, 5x$0.86, or $4.30. $4.30 plus $64.19 equals $68.49 per person in the farm family. There were, on the average, 6 persons per family on the farms at Hyde Park, 1914, and 6x$68.49 equals $410.84 per family, or in whole numbers, $411. (3)1910 U. S. Census shows that in the ten years ending April 15, 1910, land in Cache County, increased in value $24.93 per acre, from $12.92 in 1900 t-o $37.85 in 1910. This amounts to $2.50 an acre each year. It is assumed that land at Hyde Park increased at this same rate. (-') Estimated by the farmers. The estimates varied from $200 to SI, 000. (■■■■)The most common rate of interest paid at Hyde Park and else- where in Utah. Some Types of Irrigation Farming in Utah 57 Table XXXVIII. — Business Statement of the Average of 10 Better- Paying Farms of the Hyde Park Area, Cache County, Utah, 1914, Showing Type of Farming and Labor Income Farm Capital No. Value Total acres in farm 226 $16,152 Cattle (including milk cows) 27 1,225 Horses and colts 10 1,204 f aeep 1 4 Hogs 6 72 Poultry 77 35 Machinery 542 Feed and supplies 542 Cash 51 Total Farm Capital $19,816 Farm Receipts Crops Sugar-beets $ 1,070 Grain 908 Potatoes 190 Hay 59 Fruits and Vegetables 16 Livestock Dairy products • 623 Cattle(i) : 399 Horses(i) 194 Hogs(i) 116 Poultry(i) and eggs 64 Miscellaneous receipts 348 increase in feed and supplies 146 Total Farm Receipts $ 4,133 Farm Expenses Hired labor(^) $ 288 Value of family labor(3) 272 Cash rent and forest reserve fees 127 Taxes 117 Machinery repairs and depreciation 33 TUiilding and fence repairs and depreciation.. 12 I'ced : 50 Horseshoeing and veterinary fees 30 Breeding fees and seeds... 5g Threshing and twine (excludes toll) 72 Machine work hired 6 Water tax 24 Miscellaneous, expenses 5 6 Total Farm Expenses $ 1.145 Farm Income (receipts minus expenses) 2.988 Interest on total farm capital (at 8 per cent) L585 Labor Income 1^403 (i)The receipts from stock are found by subtracting the sum of the purchases and what is on hand at the beginning of the year from the sum of the sales and that on hand at the close of the yefir. (-)Includes cash expense of boarding hired labor. I (Except that of the operator of the farm. 58 Bulletin No. 177 Table XXXIX. — Business Statement of Farms of Hyde Park Area, Cache County, Utah, 1915, Showing Type of Farming Average of Average of Average 10 better- 10 least- of all paying profitable 48 farms farms farms Farm ("apital Real estate(i) $11,396 $10,438 $ 9,471 Livestock 2,062 1,410 1,629 Machinery and tools 489 405 469 Feed and seeds..... 376 422 . 344 Cash - 35 13 74 Total Farm Capital... $14,358 $12,688 $11,987 Farm Receipts Crops $ 1,569 $ 958 $ 1,049 Livestock 1,074 336 692 Miscellaneous receipts 413 92 233 Increase in feed and seeds inventory 84 13 Total Farm Receipts.... $ 3,041 $ 1,386 $ 1,987 Farm Expenses Current farm expenses.. $ 789 $ 604 $ 693 Depreciation in mach., bldgs., fences 88 121 106 Decrease in inventory of feed and seeds.. 120 Total Farm Expenses..... $ 877 $ 845 $ 799 Farm income (receipts-expenses) $ 2,164 $ 541 $ 1,188 Interest on total farm capital (at 8 per cent) $ 1.149 $ 1,015 $ 95'9 Labor income $ 1,015 $ -474 $ 229 area are better than the average of the State and perhaps some better than the average of the country as a whole. The business is about the same each year and tho there are always a few who make very little if anything, the profits of the majority are normal. Table XL! shows the average, total, and yearly labor income of each of 32 Hyde Park farmers who cooperated for each of the three years, 1914, 1915, and 1916. They are separated into three groups, the 10 better- paying farms, the 12 medium-profitable farms, and the 10 least-profitable farms. It should be noted that in general the farms which have a high- average labor income have also a large one for each of the three years and those having a low-average have also a small labor income each year. There are, however, some farmers whose labor income has varied greatly. In these cases special conditions and circumstances have been the cause. The following facts from two farm statements illustrate this point. Farm 2, L-6, was less successful in 1915 because of failure of dry- farm wheat. Farm 4, L-2, was not so successful in 1915 on account of having only $42 worth of potatoes to sell instead of the $250 worth as in 1914, as but one instead of two and a half acres was planted. His livestock was not nearly so profitable in 1915 because of misfortune with calves, colts, and pigs. And his expenses were $500 greater. The increase in expenses was due to a grown son's help on the farm for a longer period, thus lightening the labor of the operator, but increasing (i)Real estate includes all land, buildings, fences, drains, etc., at their market value at the beginning of the farm year, or January 1, 1915. Some Types of Irrigation Farming in Utah 59 Table XL. — Business Statement of Farms of Hyde Park Area, Cache County, Utah, 1916, Showing Type of Farming Average of Average of Average 10 better- 10 least- of all paying profitable 32 farms farms farms Farm Capital Real estate Land ? 9.362 Buildings - -• 1.148 Livestock 2,324 Machinery 416 reed and supplies 509 Total Farm Capital $14,059 Farm Receipts Crops Potatoes $ 3 Grain 761 Sugar-beets 1,013 Hay -.... 12 Other Crops — Livestock Dairy products 642 Poultry and egg sales 33 Cattle sales 299 Horse sales 121 Sheep sales - — Svi^ine sales 49 Other receipts 331 Increase in livestock inventory 287 Increase in feed and supplies 224 Total Farm Receipts $ 3,775 Farm Expenses Blacksmith and machine work $ 57 Hired labor 118 Mach., bldg., and fence material 31 Feed and seeds 132 Fees, rents, and taxes 181 Other expenses 128 Livestock purchased 68 Decrease in livestock inventory — Decrease in machinery inventory 46 Decrease in feed and supplies — Decrease in land and buildings 44 Value of family labor 115 Total Farm Expenses f 920 Farm income (Receipts-Expenses) 2,885 Interest on Total Farm Capital (at 8 per cent) 1,125 Labor Income 1,760 $ 7,114 1,433 1,149 374 338 $10,408 4 197 557 1 294 34 137 60 3 20 104 880 531 833 -302 8,185 1,516 1,534 395 377 $12,056 23 368 793 453 35 204 129 1 24 214 38 $ 1,411 $ 2,291 $ 55 $ 51 110 127 46 43 31 85 151 153 55 72 46 55 187 46 1 11 42 — 26 35 130 87 $ 765 1,526 964 562 the expense for unpaid family labor, and to the fact that $272 worth of hay was purchased because of the unusually cold winter making more feed necessary, the drought in July and August "burning up" the ranges, 60 Bulletin No. 177 Table XLI. — Labor Incomes(i) of 32 Farmers, Hyde Park, Cache County, Utah, 1914, 1915, and 1916 Farm Labor Income Order Number B-3 Average Total 1914 1915 1916 1. $3,419 $10,257 $1,949 $2,435 $5,873 2. L-6 2,831 8,494 4,277 345 3,872 3 P-2 1,857 5,570 1,301 1,629 2,640 4. L-2 1,559 4,678 2,226 950 1,502 5. W-2 1,487 4,462 1,306 1,703 1,453 6. H-2 1,276' 3,827 1,840 1,172 815 7. L-1 1,267 3,801 1,395 1,185 1,221 8. C-1 1,169 . 3,506 1,004 1,123 1,379 9. L-3 1,084 3,251 1,644 1,043 564 10. S-3 1,083 3,248 1,287 1,167 794 Total A-1 17,032 1,703 51,094 18,229 12,752 20,113 .Vverage 5,109 1,823 1,275 2,011 11. 1,027 3,080 1,772 154 1,154 12. W-1 988 2,963 1,537 1,126 301 13. N-1 942 2,826 947 1,022 857 14. J-1 928 2,783 928 251 1,504 15. S-4 841 2,524 850 659 1,015 16. R-1 787 2,360 1,425 643 292 17. S-5 773 2,319 889 468 962 18. K-2 732 2,196 1,065 399 732 19. K-1 681 2,043 1,166 883 -6 20. D-1 622 1,865 768 698 399 21. G-1 613 1,839 654 437 748 22 B-2 557 1,672 1,039 296 337 Total W-5 9,491 28,470 13,040 7,036 8,395 Average 791 2,372 1,087 586 700 23. 514 1,543 775 738 30 24 R-2 492 1,476 708 299 469 25. H-3 419 1.257 843 210 204 26. H-1 418 1,253 484 57 712 27. C-3 207 620 483 104 33 28. L-4 153 459 - 58 327 190 29. P-1 67 202 63 - 50 189 30. C-4 - 40 - 121 86 -153 - 54 31. S-2 - 105 - 315 156 -130 -341 32. F-1 - 222 - 666 2 -237 -431 Total tal 'erage 1.903 5,708 3,542 1,165 1,001 Average 190 571 354 116 100 Grand Toi 28,426 85,272 34,811 20,953 29,509 Grand A\ 888 2,665 1,088 655 922 and to the fact that he raised but 4 6 tons of hay instead of 54 as in 1914. due to fewer acres planted. The variations in labor income from year to year on an individual (1)5 per cent interest on investment vsras subtracted in calculating labor income. Some Types of Irrigation Farming in Utah 61 farm result from the various causes which affect farm profits on differ- ent farms, because each year, in a measure, presents an entirely new set or combination of conditions which the farmer has to meet and over a great many of these factors he has no control whatever. The landlords, who rented out their land to farmers that wanted it to work with their own farms, received on the average between 6 and 7 per cent net return on the investment. The owner usually pays the taxes on rented land, which average about 0.8 per cent at Hyde Park for both land and water, and these with all other expenses have been deducted. The percentage which the net rent forms of the total invest- ment varied from 3 to 18. With land values increasing as they have in the past, at the rate of £>bout $2.50 per acre annually, and an annual income of 6 to 7 per cent on the investment, owning Hyde Park farm land has been profitable. Men would buy farm land in preference to loaning their money on farm mortgages if interest rates were considerably higher than 8 per cent because of the rise in land value and the rent they are able to get from its use in farming. Table XLII shows the labor income(i) of Utah farmers for the year 1909 as calculated from the 1910 U. S. Census. Using 0.5 per cent as the tax rate and 5 per cent interest the labor income was $322. Using 0.6 per cent as the tax rate and 5 per cent interest the labor income was $313. Using 0.8 (-) per cent tax rate and 8 per cent interest labor income was $8 8. With interest at 8.6 per cent, labor income was $47, and with interest at 9 per cent, labor income was $19. In calculating this labor income no credit or debit was made for in- crease or decrease in the value of farm land. This increase or decrease is an important factor in the farmer's income. The 1910 U. S. Census shows that in the decade 1900 to 1910 farm land in Utah increased in value at the rate of 11.625 per cent compounded annually on the 1900 value ("). In Minnesota farm land increased at the rate of 5.6 per cent compounded annually on the 1900 value (*). In the United States as a whole, it increased at the rate of 5.621 per cent compounded annually. The average increase in the value of an acre of land each year for the 'lecade 1900 to 1910 was in Utah, $1.95; in Minnesota, $1.55; and in the United States as a whole, $1.68. The average labor income of farm- ers of the United States as a whole for the year 1909 was $318(5). Taxes were figured at 0.6 per cent and interest at 5 per cent. Using 0.5 per cent as tax rate and 5 per cent interest the average labor income of Minnesota farmers for the same year was $330('*). (i)Method of calculation is that used by W. J. Spillman in U. S. D. A. B. P. I., Cir. No. 132, (July, 1913); and by F. W. Peck in Minn. Farm ?*Ianagement Service Notes, Cir. No. 2, (March, 1914). Includes unpaid family labor and all the farm furnishes towards the family living except milk. Does not include income from outside sources; and the amount paid for livestock bought must be deducted. (^)Third An. Rpt.. Utah Bur. Immig. Lab. and Stat., (1917). p. 350. shows that the State and State School tax levy was 8 mills in 1909. The average taxes paid by the 10 better-paying farms in each of 6 areas in 1914 was 8.2 mills on each dollar invested in the farm business. (:=)Brossard, E. B., Utah Exp. Sta. Bui. No. 160, (Sept., 1917). (J)Boss, A., and Benton. A. H., and Cavert, W. M., Minn. Exp. Sta. Bui. No. 170, (Oct., 1917). (••) Spillman, W. J., U. S. D. A., B. P. I., Cir. No. 132, (July, 1913-). ('•■)Peck, F. W.. Minn. Farm Mgt. Service Notes, Cir. No. 2, (March. ■914). 62 Bulletin No. 17? Table XLII. — Labor Income of Utah Farmers, 1909 (1910 Census Report) Item Total Per farm Number of farms 21,676 156. 7(\) Improved land (acres) 1,368,211 63.1 Total Farm investment $150,795,201 $6,957 Land 99,482,164 4,590 Buildings 18,063,168 833 Machinery 4,468,178 206 Livestock 28,781,691 1,328 Receipts Dairy products (excluding milk and cream used at home on the farm) $ 2,067,534 $ 95 Poultry and eggs produced... - 1,259,267 58 Honey and wax produced 79,763 4 Wool and mohair produced 1,891,221 87 Animals sold 5,899,382 272 Animals slaughtered 756,854 35 Total value of all crops .$18,484,615 $853 Corn $ 134,396 $ 6 Oats 1,671,065 77 Barley 472,816 22 Hay 7,429,901 343 Total value of feed crops $ 9,708,178 $448 Receipts from sale of feed crops 1,336,199 62 Net value of crops fed $ 8,371,979 $386 Net value of crops 10,112,636 467 Total gross farm income $22,066,658 $1,018 Expenses Labor $ 2,863,709 $ 132 Rent and board furnished 306,208 14 Fertilizer 20,037 1 Feed 727,409 34 Maintenance of buildings (at 5 ^/^ per cent of value) 993,474 46 Maintenance of machinery and imple- ments (20 per cent of value) 893,636 Taxes (0.8 per cent). 1,206,362 Total... $ 7,040,805 Miscellaneous expenses (15 per cent of other expenses) 1,056,121 Total Farm Expenses $ 8,096,926 Summary Total gross farm income $22,066,658 Total farm expenses 8,096,926 Net farm income $13,969,732 Interest on investment (at 8 per cent) 12,063,616 41 56 $ 324 49 $ 373 $1,018 373 $ 645 557 Labor income $ 1,906,116 $ 88 (1) Average Total acres per farm. Some Types of Irrigation Farming in Utah 63 Suiiiinary. — Special mention should be made of some of the princi- pal points concerning the type of farming at Hyde Park. The combina- tions of enterprises are the result of the "survival of the fittest" in the competition of enterprises for a place in the farm business. The number of livestock in the area is increasing but its increase depends largely upon the development of the farm pastures and the improvement of the ranges and of necessity is gradual. The climate, soil, and topography limit the use of much land in this area to the grazing of livestock. The farm business of the area is diversified and fairly well balanced when all of the farm, family, and labor conditions are taken into considera- tion. The size of farm business is not great, but it is based upon the farm family as the unit of organization, and seems in most cases to be fairly well adapted to the conditions. The farm machinery and build- ings are similar to those found on farms elsewhere in the country. One distinctive feature, which has a decided effect upon the type of farming, is the location of the farm buildings and the farm family in town in- stead of on the farms. The administration of the National Forests by the Federal Govern- ment limits the use of the range to land-owning farmers and establishes priority of rights on the ranges and protection for these rights and thus influences the type of farming practised on some farms. The National Forests and range-stock farming are closely correlated. The population and the character of the individual persons have affected the type of farming at Hyde Park by limiting markets for some farm products, establishing markets for others, and by determining the abilities and training of farmers to produce successfully the crops and livestock wanted. The farmer and his family do most of the farm work. The families are large and the children contribute considerably to the family income by milking cows and working in the sugar-beets. The sugar-beet enterprise was made possible by the establishment of Sugar Factories. No tenant farms are included in this investigation. Some owners rent additional land. The percentage of tenancy is low in Cache County and Utah because (1) it is a relatively new country and until recently it was easy for one to become an owner and thus take advantage of the rise in the value of land; (2) the natural sentiment of the people is against tenancy and in favor of owning their own homes and businesses, for religious and social as well as economic reasons; and (3) the type of farming practised and range and water conditions all tend to make it desirable to own all or a large part of the farm land one operates. Even tho land values are based upon the productivity of the land, the farmer on a given farm must select such farm enterprises as will be profitable on his land, and thus on the individual farm, land values determine to some extent the type of farming. The irrigation water available, the ownership and operation of irri- gation canals, the duty of water, the amount of water required by crops, and the proper times of applications on the various crops are all factors influencing the type of farming at Hyde Park. The farm credit institutions and the available money for farm opera- tions undoubtedly are important factors influencing type of farming in individual cases, but with the operation of the Federal Land Bank some of the credit needs of these farmers may be met. All the foregoing factors and many others influence the tvpe of farm- ing and thus farm profits. At Hyde Park, profits are not phenominally high nor discouragingly low. On the average they allow a good living for the farm family and in addition farmers are "getting ahead." 64 Bulletin No. 177 BEAVER, BEAVER COUNTY, UTAH The seven remaining areas are treated briefly, and each compared with Hyde Park. Some outstanding points of difference and similarity are noted. The city of Beaver is situated about 300 miles west of south of Hyde Park. It is in the eastern part of the southeast quarter of Beaver County, in township 29 south, and range 7 west of Salt Lake Meridian. The elevation at Beaver is 6000 feet or about 1500 feet higher than Hyde Park. Table XLIII. -Tenure and Use of Farm Land per Farm, 50 Farms, Beaver, Beaver County, Utah, 1914 Item Farms Reporting Average Acres ( i ) Average Acres ( i ) 50 l-arms Farms | Reporting Farm Area 50 48 4 5 179 1 185 Owned by Operator Cash-rented Land.. Share-rented Land.. 174 1 123 3 1 34 3 1 25 Crops 50 44 2 48 16 67 1 67 27 1 31 Summer Fallow Farmstead and Waste Uncultivated 1 5 12 1 12 . 71 1 222 Irrigated Land Garden 12 2 11 2 38 1 1 Carrots ... -- 1 Corn for Grain Corn for Silage 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 36 i 5 7 Winter Wheat Rye Oats Barley Oat Hay Hay Wild Hay Alfalfa Oats and Peas Peas Cabbage Beets - Apples, not Bearing Apples, Bearing Beans and Alfalfa.. Plums 2 1 7 2 1 7 33 1 7 10 20 1 2 4 9 1 2 10 18 1 5 14 18 1 11 30 49 1 33 1 33 4 1 1 8 2 1 2 1 14 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 ■ 1 1 j 11 1 1 29 1 ' 1 n Berries 1 1 Table XLIII shows the tenure and use of farm land at Beaver in 1914. On the average there were 179 acres to the farm, of which about .i74 acres were operated by the owners, 3 acres cash rented, and 3 acres share rented by the operator. About 69 acres were in crops, 27 acres were in pasture, 71 acres were uncultivated, and 12 acres were in the farmstead, roads, lanes, ditches, and other waste land. There was no land dry-farmed in this area in 1914. (1) Areas are given to the nearest acre. Some Types of Irrigation Farming in Utah 65 Based on acreage, alfalfa was the main crop occupying 33 acres. Wild hay occupied 11 acres and other hay 5 acres, and oat hay 2 acres, or a total including alfalfa of 51 acres in hay, or 75 per cent of the total area in crops. Other crops and acreages grown are: oats, 7; spring wheat, 5; barley, 2; potatoes, 1; oats and peas, 1; cabbage, 1; and fruii and other vegetables, 1. The significant fact about the crops grown is the large acreage in hay. This hay is grown largely for feed for livestock. Dates of farm crop operations are shown in Table XXXVII in Appendix. Table III in Appendix shows the capital, receipts, expenses, and labor income of the average of 10 better-paying farms. It shows livestock and stock products to be the main sources of income. However, some hay, grain, a few potatoes, and a little fruit are sold. The crops sold are consumed locally. Some feed, 347 worth, was bought locally, and cash rent and Forest Reserve fees amounted to $18. Ex- penses for hired labor were $600, and for unpaid family labor $96, or a total labor expense oi" about $696 besides that of the operator of the farm. The two main sources of income on the average farm as well as on Ihe average of the ten better-paying farms were cattle and sheep as sho^n in Table iV in Appendix. The better-paying farms had a larger business and their livestock was more productive in proportion to feed fed. Man and horse labor were both more efficient on the better-paying farms than on the average farm. Tables V, VI, and VII in Appendix show the same facts about the type of farming in this area for the years 1915 and 1916 as was shown extant in 1914. However, the labor income of the farmers was greater, on the average, in 1915 than 1914 and greater in 1916 than 1915. The average labor income on all 44 farms in 1916 was $711. The average of the ten least-profitable farms was minus $613, and of the ten most- profitable farms it was $2537. The farm business at Beaver is well diversified. Cattle, sheep, dairy- ing, and feed and a surplus of hay, grain, and potatoes as cash crops make a fairly well balanced business. During the winter months, how- ever, many farmers' sons spend too much of their time in town playing pool, etc., instead of at productive farm labor. The Beaver farms are larger than the Hyde Park farms' but the type of farming is more extensive at Beaver. At Hyde Park there are more acres of intensive crops and more dairy cows and fewer acres of hay and fewer range cattle and sheep. The average value of farm machinery on each farm is greater at Beaver than at Hyde Park. This is another reason for the fewer men and horses in proportion to acres of crops and number of animal units at Beaver than at Hyde Park. The value of farm buildings is slightly less at Beaver than at Hyde Park due in part, to warmer climate, more recent settlement, and fewer dairy cows. The average crop-growing season is 25 days shorter than at Hyde Park. The mean annual temperature is 4 8.5 degrees F. or about 1 de- gree higher than for Hyde Park. The temperature is warmer in summer and not so cold in winter at Beaver. The annual precipitation is only about 13 inches at Beaver. All the crops are irrigated. The Beaver farm-land begins at the base of the mountains on the east and south and extends out west and north to the bottom of the valley, where seepage and excess irrigation water has resulted in some of the low-lying land becoming too wet to be utilized in its present con- dition, for other purposes than permanent meadow or pasture. The land is practically level but slopes gently towards the bottom valley- land from the bench land. 66 Bulletin No. 177 This land is in the Great Interior Soil Province (i). (See Fig. 15). The soil has the characteristics of arid soils in generaU-). The Fillmore National Forest is easily accessible to the cattle and sheep of the Beaver farmers (s). The Millard Desert affords winter sheep-range near at hand. However, these ranges are now stocked to their capacity, and must be handled more carefully or they will not even maintain their present carrying capacity. The population of the city of Beaver was 1899 in 1910(*). A large proportion of those persons in the population who were born in the United States came from other parts of Utah, and other western and middle western states, to Beaver. The foreign-born population is largely from northern Europe and Great Britain. Practically the same situation prevails here as was found at Hyde Park. The average number in the farm families on the farms at Beaver in 1914 was 5.4. Of these 2 were less than Ifi years old and 3.4 over 16 years of age. The average number of men employed per farm was 1.4. That is the operator's full time and the equivalent of 0.4 of a year of other man labor performed either by other members of the farm family or by hired help.' This is two and one-half months less man labor than was utilized at Hyde Park. Table XLIV. — Size of Family and Number of Cows Kept, Beaver, Beaver County, Utah, 1914 a a ■^ fc B^ fetS o o ^ a o t„ fe ^ c O '"s, a All Farms 1 48 5.4 49.4 1 3.5 1 45 1 9.1 Small Medium Large 1 16 1 15 1 1^ 3.2 5.5 7.5 47.8 1 47.3 1 52.8 1 2.6 3.5 4.3 1 16 1 13 1 16 1 8.8 9.0 9.5 The cows shown in Table XLIV are in most cases just common grade shorthorn cows. Many of them were range cows that were milked only a few months. It was impossible from the records taken to get ac- curately the average number of cows milked on each farm for the year or 12 month basis. Records of the two largest range cattle operators, one reporting 96 cows and one 80 cows were omitted from the table be- cause it was so evident that their cows were not all milked even for a (i)Whitney, Milton, U. S. D. A., Bu. of Soils Bui. No. 55, (1919), pp. 83, 89-91, and 169-188, and soil map of U. S. accompanying it. (2)Coffey, George Nelson, U. S. D. A., Bu. of Soils Bui. No. 85, (1912), pp. 38-41. (3)See Fig. 17. (i) Thirteenth U. S. Census. (s)The Small Farm Families had from 1 to 4.9 members, the Medium Farm Families had from 5 to 6.9 members, and the Large Farm Fam- ilies included those having from 7 to 9 persons each. Some Types of Irrigation Farnwig m Utah 67 rew weeks out of the year. Nevertheless the table shows correlation be- tween the size of farm family and number of cows kept for breeding and milk purposes. In 1914 there were on the average 46 productive animal units per man and 46 crop-acres per man. This seems to show that man labor was unusually efficient with stock and crops. But as before stated this is largely due to e^ctensive use of ranges for stock, and growing crops requiring but little man labor. It is also due in part to growing crops that permit of the use of machinery for most of the operations. There were 16 crop-acres per work horse here and only 14 at Hyde Park. The reasons for this apparent horse efliciency are the same as those stated above for man labor efficiency. Beaver City is 32 miles from Milford, the nearest railway station, but there are good dirt-roads the year round. The main auto highway between Salt Lake City and Los Angeles, called the Arrowhead Trail, •lasses thru Beaver. The greater part of the farm products arc marketed or fed on the farm. Livestock, however, are driven to the railroad and shipped to Los Angeles, Salt Lake, Ogden, Kansas City, Omaha, or Chicago. Eggs and farm made butter are sold to general merchandise stores at Beaver and are taken by them in auto-trucks to Milford for shipment to Salt Lake and elsewhere. Some eggs and butter are sold in the mining camps near Beaver. Some cream is sold in Beaver and some in the mining camps. Th few surplus potatoes are shipped via Milford. The distance from the individual farms to Beaver Post Office varies from one-eighth to four miles so none of them are a great distance from a local market. Of the 50 farms investigated in 1914, 48 reported all or a part of the land operated as being owned by the operator, 4 reported some land cash-rented, and 5 reported some land share-rented. The average area per farm of the owned land was 174 acres and about 3 acres cash and 3 acres share rented, or 179 acres in the total farm area. The 4 farms reporting land rented for cash rented an average of 34 acres per farm or 136 acres in all. The 5 farms reporting land rented on shares rented 125 acres in all or 25 acres per farm. The Thirteenth U. S. Census reports 319 farms in Beaver County having an average of 144.2 acres each. Of these farms 285 or 89.3 per cent were reported as operated by the owners, 28 by share tenants, 3 cash tenants, 2 managers, and 1 not specified. The average value of land and buildings per acre was $43 in 1915. The average amount invested in real estate was $8,174 and the working capital was $4,471 on the average of 40 farms. Table XXIII shows that the value of Hyde Park land and buildings per acre was $10 6, or about 2^2 times as much as at Beaver. The low price of land and extensive farming go together. The high value of land is a result of the greater ])rofitableness of the more intensive type of farming. Farmers cannot afford to do extensive farming on high priced land. The facts given concerning water-tenure, water-rights, canal owner- ship and operatioin, and duty of water at Hyde Park also apply generally to Beaver. The irrigation practices are also similar in the two places. Only 7 farms out of 5 investigated reported mortgages. The inter- est rates paid varied from 5 to 9 per cent. One farmer paid 5 per cent, 2 paid G per cent, 1 paid 7 per cent, 1 paid 8 per cent, and 2 paid 9 per cent interest on the money obtained by mortgaging. This is an average of 7.14 per cent interest paid by these farmers. Using 7.14 per cent as interest rate and the average labor income of the 50 farmers In 1914 was $92. Using 5 per cent interest the labor income was $396, using 5.5 per cent, labor income was $325, using 8.6 per cent, labor in- come was minus $114, and using 9 per cent labor income was minus $170. The labor income was greater in 1915 than in 1914, and greater '68 Bulletin No. 177 in 1916 than in 1915 as shown by Tables III, IV, V, VI, and VII in Appendix. This was due largely to increase in prices of farm products. In 1916 the average labor income of the farmers of this area was greater than the average labor income of the farmers of the Hyde Park area. This variation in labor income was undoubtedly due largely to the changes in the relative prices of farm products and to the variation in the successes and the failures in each area of the various crop and ptock enterprises. The type of farming at Beaver is more extensive than at Hyde Park largely because of climate, soil, markets, National Forest ranges and winter ranges, and competing farm enterprises. Livestock, cattle and sheep, are the principle enterprises because of distance to market and low cost of livestock production. Alfalfa and other hay are the principal crops grown because of cattle and some sheep requiring winter feed. Other crops grown here are not important. MONROE, SEVIER COUNTY, UTAH Monroe is in Sevier County, three miles from Elsinore, the nearest railway station. Elsinore is on the Marysvale Branch of the Denver and Rio Grande, or Rio Grande Western Railroad. Monroe had a population of 1227 in 1910. Here as at Hyde Park and Beaver most of the farm families live in town. The elevation at Monroe is 5 3 80 feet above mean sea level or about 900 feet higher than at Hyde Park. In spite of the fact that Monroe is more than 200 miles farther south than Hyde Park the average length of the growing season is 110 days, or 4 days less and two weeks later than at Hyde Park. The mean an- nual temperature is 48o F. or 0.5o F. less than for Beaver and about 0.40 F. greater than for Hyde Park. The average annual precipitation is 8.34 inches, only 3.84 inches of which fall from April 1 to September oO. On this account dry-farming is not practised. All crops are irri- gated. The average date of last killing frost in spring is May 2 8, as compared with May 10 at Hyde Park. This area is in the Great Interior Basin Soil Province. (See Fig. 15). A soil survey has been made in the Sevier Valley, the report of which gives a detailed description of the soils of this area(i)- The irrigation canals are owned and operated by the farmers who use the water. As in each of the areas already discussed there is here also some low wet meadow and pasture land due to over irrigation and seep- age water. There is a sugar factory at Austin which is three miles north of Monroe. This factory makes it possible for Monroe farmers to grow sugar-beets. A cooperative cheese factory is situated at Monroe so that dairying is also developing here. One of the main auto roads of the State running north and south passes thru town. The wagon roads are usually in good condition. The distance from the farm to market for the most important product varies from one-half to seven miles. Monroe is not as handicapped as Beaver respecting markets, nor is it quite as well situated as Hyde Park. But as with Beaver the main farm enterprises here are sheep and cattle because of the distance to any large market and the low cost of livestock feed. The special feature of this area is the raising of February lambs for the early Los Angeles market. (See Tables VIII to XII in Appendix). Los Angeles buyers are on the ground at selling time and usually pay fair prices for these early lambs. Table XLV shows that at Monroe as at Hyde Park there is a direct (1) Gardner, F. D., and Jensen, C. A., U. S. D. A., Bu. of Soils, Field Operations, (1900). So7ne Types of Irrigation Farming in Utah 69 Table XLV. — Size of Family, Acres Sugar-beets Raised, and Cows Milked, Monroe, Sevier County, Utah, 1914 33 a '-1 OS l^ a s *-i o O j- ^ "^ g 3 z o -> a* > biO >> S a^ > r a <« "1 5^ g« 03 '^ £S L^ «M X O M 03 S ^.S U^ ^ .2 a =^ Si2 > a; ^ ^m All Farms 1 66 6.5 47.8 54 1 7.7 64 5.9 Small Medium 20 26 1 20 3.8 6.5 9.2 46 48 49 14 23 17 6 7 1 10 19 26 1 19 3 6 8 correlation between the number in the farm family, the number of acr( of sugar-beets raised, and the number of cows milked. Table XLVI. — Tenure and Use of Farm Land per Farm, 66 Farms, Monroe, Sevier County, Utah, 1914 1 Item Farms Reporting Average Acres (-) 66 Farms Average Acres ( - ) Farms Reporting Farm Area Owned by Operator Cash-Rented Land Share-rented Land.. 66 66 12 7 64 58 4 2 64 ■ 58 23 17 Crops 6 5 26 4 62 2 47 7 1 6 2 48 18 Summer Fallow... Farmstead & Waste Uncultivated 10 6 52 Irrigated Crops Corn for Grain Spring Wheat Potatoes Barley Oats Hay Wild Hay 66 6 52 41 2 51 11 62 55 1 1 \ 1 46 6 1 4 1 28 6 1 7 1 5 6 12 Alfalfa Sugar-beets Peaches Apples, not Bearing Arvples, Bearing ... Cherries 30 ; 2 1 Garden Beans Berries 1 1 1 1 1 (i)The Small Farm Families had from 2 to 5.9 members, the Me- dium Farm Families had from 6 to 7.9 members, and the Large Farm Families included those having from 8 to 13 persons each. (•;) Areas are given to the nearest acre. 70 Bulletin No. 177 The most important sales are sheep and cattle. Sheep is by far the most important source of income. The reasons for the comparative im- portance of the sheep industry here are the isolation from large markets for cash crops and the convenience to summer range on the Pishlake and Fillmore National Forests and winter range on the Millard and Beaver County Deserts which make possible a low cost of production. Dairying and sugar-beet raising are becoming more important as markets for cheese are found that permit payment of sufficiently high prices for milk, and as prices for sugar-beets raise in proportion to the cost of production. Based on acreage, the crops grown rank as follows: (1) alfalfa 1585 acres, (2) sugar-beets 403 acres, (3) spring wheat 32 9 acres, (4) oats 267 acres, (5) timothy and other hay 103 acres, (6) potatoes 51 acres, (7) rye 7 acres, (8) corn 3 acres, and (9) barley 2 acres. More than 1)1 per cent of the land was growing hay most of which was alfalfa. Sugar-beets and some wheat were grown as cash crops. Oats, rye, and barley were grown for feed. The potatoes and corn were grown for home us^ and to supply the local market. The average labor income of the Monroe farmers in 1914 was $516 with interest charged at 5 per cent, $363 with interest at 5.5 per cent, $132 with interest at 8.6 per cent, and $89 with interest figured at 9 per cent. In 1914 these farms were less profitable than those at Hyde Park and more profitable than those at Beaver. In 1915 and 1916 however, these larms were more profitable than either those at Hyde Park or those at Beaver. This variation in profitableness is undoubtedly due to variation in the success of producing crops and stock and also to the variations in the market prices of the farm products. The high prices of wool and meat nave made the war years very profitable for the Monroe farmers. SANDY, SALT LAKE COUNTY, UTAH Sandy is about 20 miles south of Salt Lake City. In 1910 it had a population of 1037. Draper is south of Sandy. The farm business records treated in this area were taken in the townships of Sandy, Draper, Midvale, Jordan, and West Jordan. The elevation at Sandy is 4366 feet above mean sea level. The normal annual precipitation is 16 inches, 7 of which fall in the crop-growing season. There are 89 days with 0.01 inch or more pre- cipitation and the mean annual temperature is 51.4i> F. The number of rainy days, the amount of precipitation, and the mean annual tempera- ture are higher than for any other of the 8 areas in this study. As at Hyde Park, dry-farming is also practised here on land for which there is no irrigation water and on that which is poorly situated with reference to the water, provided the soil is of a character to produce profitable crops. The average growing season is 183 days, or is more than 30 days longer than in any other of the 8 areas. The average date of last killing- frost in the spring is April 19. This area is in the Great Interior Basin Soil Province. There has been a detailed soil survey made in this valley (i) but not all of this area was included in that survey. However, typical soils are described and are suggestive. The soil types identified are Jordan sandy loam, Bing- ham gravelly loam, Jordan loam, Jordan clay and clay loam, Jordan meadows, Jordan sand, Bingham stony loam, and Salt Lake sand. The farmers described the soils as clay, adobe clay, clay loam, sandy, sandy loam, clayey sandy loam, and black sandy loam. At Sandy the soil is predominantly sandy and sandy loam. Near the mountains it is coarser (1) Gardner, F. D., and Stewart, John, U. S. D. A., Bu. of Soils, Field Operations, (1899). Some Types of Irrigation Faryning in Utah 71 xr.VII. — Tenure and Use of Farm Land per Farm, 72 Farms, Sandy, Salt Lake County, Utah, 1914 Item Farms Reporting 1 Average Acres (.)-^^^'-^^^%^"-^«"^ ^2^-- i Re'^oVung Farm Area Owned by Operator Cash-rented Land.. Share-rented Land.. 70 14 12 105 105 85 88 7 38 11 66 Crops Pasture (woods).. Pasture (perm, tillable) Pasture (not tillable) Summer Fallow Farmstead & Waste. 72 11 38 25 9 72 2 56 21 4 8 6 6 3 ! 56 139 8 23 46 6 94 Dry-farm Land Winter Wheat Barley Summer Fallow 38 12 17 9 16 9 1 6 51 5 46 Irrigated Crop-land Corn Potatoes 72 44 68 56 61 21 12 61 • 31 6 14 6 14 33 20 12 5 10 21 6 3 48 3 3 7 11 2 2 14 3 1 1 1 4 3 Spring Wheat Oats Hav 9 13 7 Timothy and Clover Alfalfa 12 17 Squash Mangels Onions 1 1 Apples, not Bearing Apples, Bearing Garden Berries , Apricots Peaches 3 2 1 2 1 2 2 Melons Carrots Peas 1 1 2 until at the base coarse gravel is found. When irrigated and well drained these soils are very fertile as evidenced by the crop yields. Some of the land is low and wet and crop yields are low on such fields. Table XI>VIII shows a direct correlation between the number in the farm families on the farm and the number of cows milked but does not show such correlation between size of family and number of acres of sugar-beets per farm. One reason there is not much correlation here between the size of farm family and acres of sugar-beets is because two fairly young farm- ers are exceptional in that they have a business very much larger than the average in every way and they fall in the class with medium-sized (1) Areas are given to the nearest acre. 72 Bulletin No. 177 Table XLVIII. — Size of Family, Acres Sugar-beets Raised, anfl Cows Milked, Sandy Area, Salt Lake County, Utah, 1914 a a o ^ c5 ^ a CH P S s- °5 ^s j;^ Q> CO be C ^ •" 03 S a 33 ^ s !> 0) z - ) 38 Farms Average Acres ( ' ) Farms Reporting Farm Area Owned by Operator Cash-rented Land.. Share-rented Land- 38 37 5 8 106 81 5 17 106 83 39 80 Crops 38 1 20 16 10 37 8 51 9 11 3 21 11 51 4 17 25 12 Pasture (woods).... Pasture (tillable).. Pasture (not " ).. Farmstead & Waste 22 51 Irrigated Crops Corn Potatoes Spring Wheat Winter Wheat Barley 38 18 27 35 1 13 36 11 8 32 1 2 3 7 20 12 1 1 1 9 1 52 1 1 9 1 9 6 2 19 2 1 1 2 1 10 2 2 9 20 12 22 7 1 3 4 Oats Hay Wild Hay Alfalfa Beets Beans Mangels Apples, Bearing... Seed Crops Garden Peaches Berries 2 3 Cherries Mixed Orchard . Squtisli The normal annual precipitation is 9 inches. 5 of which fall in the trrowing season. The precipitation has varied from 3 to 13 inches an- nually. There are on the average only 37 days annually with 0.01 inch of precipitation. It is necessary to irrigate all crops in this area. Ranges are poor because of this low precipitation. The mean annual temperature is 46.1" F. There are only 107 days in the average growing season, June 2 to September 17. (M Areas are given to the nearest acre. 74 Bulletin No. 17: The soil is not so good here as in the Hyde Park area. Ferron is in the Rocky Mountain Valleys, Plateaus, and Plains Soil Province(i). ^See Figure 15). This soil is fairly fertile, however, as shown by the crops produced. The soil and climate slightly handicap this area in comparison with Hyde Park. Market conditions are of first importance, in determining the general type of farming here. Table IL shows the tenure and use of land at Ferron in 1914. The Important crops are feed crops. Ferron is about 45 miles from Price, the railroad town where some of the farm and range products from this district are marketed or loaded for shipment to market. Range cattle are the chief source of income. Some cattle are grazed on the Manti National Forest but most of them are grazed on the prairies or plateaus south, east, and west of Ferron. These range cattle are fed in winter and raising feed is an important part of the farming operations in summer. The available winter range has too severe a climate for cattle and sheep so they must be fed all winter. Some farmers let the cattle stay out so long that severe storms often cause great losses from cold and starvation. A few farmers have been fairly successful with bees. Table L. -Size of Farm Family and Number of Milk and Beef Cows Kept, Ferron, Emery County, Utah, 1914 ■-" >. ^ 03 a II CM ;-■ o o liE 0-1 .-H f--) li o g t^ Z a §^o| isi ^a fcX) G 2a^ a; t. > d verag over Old --H O z > CD Z '^ ■^ <0^ < All Farms 40 5.8 47.7 3.2 38 7.4 Small - - 14 2.9 45.2 2.4 14 6.3 Aledium 12 5.7 49.4 3.0 10 10.1 Large 14 ■ 8.8 48.9 4.2 14 6.5 Fruits, such as apples, plums, and small bush fruits; vegetables; and melons are the main cash crops grown here. They are marketed at Sunnyside, Hiawatha, Scofield, and other mining camps that are from 40 to 60 miles distant and also at the stores in Ferron. Peddlers gather vegetables, fruits, farm butter, and meat from the farmers and sell them in the camps. Several farmers from whom business records were ob- tained had peddled during many summers. This peddling was the most important single item included in their miscellaneous receipts. Hay and grain are also sold to some extent. Hay is usually baled and hauled to the camps or fed to a neighbor's cattle or sheep. Sugar- beets cannot be grown extensively because there is no sugar factory near. Dairying is limited because of a lack of market for dairy products. Not much care is given fruit trees because of the uncertainty of market and v/eather. A market as narrow as this cannot be satisfactory. The type of farming followed seems, in general, well adapted to the conditions. The average labor income in 1914 was $117 and the aver- ). (i)Whitney, Milton, U. S. D. A., Bu. of Soils, Bui. No. 55, (1 gives a detailed description of these soils. (2)The Small Farm Families had from 2 to 4.9 members, the Medium Farm Families had from 5 to 7.9 members, and the Large Farm Fam- ilies included those having from 8 to 12 persons each. So77ie Types of Irrigation Fanning in Utah 75 The average of all farms (See Tables XVIII to ;ige for the 10 better-paying farms was $785. in 1915 was $119, and in 1916 it was $412. XXII in Appendix). Table L shows tliat there were 5.8 persons per family on the farms cit Ferron, and that the average age of the farm operators was 47.7 years. This table does not show a very decided correlation between the size of the farm family and the average number of cows per farm. This may oe due to the fact that there are not enough farms in each group as given in the table to establish a normal for each group. It is undoubted- ly affected by the fact that many of the cows listed as milk cows are nothing more than range cows, which have been milked for only short ueriods. WELLINGTON, CARBON COUNTY, UTAH Wellington had a population of 35 8 in 1910, and is situated about 12 miles southeast of Price on the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad. The olevation is 5540 feet above mean sea level. The precipitation is only 7 inches, of which but 4 Inches fall from April 1 to September 30. Table LI. — Tenure and Use of Farm Land per Farm, 2 6 Farms, Wellington, Carbon County. Utah, 1914 Item Farms Reporting -Average Acres (n 2 6 Farms Average Acres ( ' ) Farms Reporting Farm Area 26 25 3 1 117 92 24 1 117 Owned by operator Cash-rented Land.. Share-rented Land 96 212 20 Crops Pasture (woods).. Pasture (Tillable).. Pasture (not " ).. Summer Fallow.... Farmstead & Waste Uncultivated 26 \ 4 7 2 6 10 50 4 2 2 4 29 30 50 100 8 16 15 29 • 77 Irrigated Land Corn 26 16 24 13 1 10 17 10 22 2 5 2 1 3 s fi 10 1 49 2 3 2 2 5 5 29 1 3 Potatoes Spring Wheat- .'... Winter Wheat Barley Oats Hay Alfalfa Beets Mangels Seed Crops Tomatoes Beans .: Cabbage Apples. Bearing Garden Turnips Berries Mixed Orchard 3 4 2 4 8 14 34 1 12 1 1 1 1 1 n fi (')Areas are given to the nearest acre. 76 Bulletifi No. 17: The climate, soil,, topography, camp markets, and type of farming ; very similar to the conditions at Ferron, Emery County. Table LI shows the tenure and use of farm land in this area. Wellington, alfalfa is the main crop. Table LII shows the relation of size of farm family to the numl of cows per farm. Table LII. — Size 'of Family and Milk Cows Kept, Wellington, Carbon County, Utah, 1914 CO 0) (1^ ii 2 ^0* 'Z <; All Farms — 26 1 5.7 1 2.8 1 25 1 2.8 Small Medium .8 1 9 1 9 1 2.3 1 5.5 1 8.8 j 2.0 1 2.5 1 3.6 1 8 1 9 1 s 1 2.1 2 6 Large 3.8 The age of the farm operator was omitted because no record was obtained. There is correlation here between the number of persons in the farm family on the farm and the number of cows kept. This seems to be true in all areas where the number of milk cows was accurately taken. More livestock are raised here than at Ferron and more sheep in proportion to cattle, otherwise the two are about the same. The average labor income of the 26 Wellington farmers in" 1914 was $165. The average farm capital was $8391, and therefore interest at 8 per cent was $671. • (See Tables XVIII to XXII in Appendix). HINCKLEY, MILLARD COUNTY, UTAH Hinckley is situated in Millard County about 6 miles north and west of Oasis, which is tne nearest railway station. The 1910 U. S. Census gives the population of Hinckley as 553. The elevation is 4541 feet above mean sea level. The normal annual precipitation is 8 inches only 4 of which fall in the crop-growing season. Because of this slight rainfall dry-farming is not practised. All crops are irrigated and ranges are poor. However, considerably more rain than this falls in the mountains to the east. But they are too far away from Hinckley to be grazed by Hinckley stock. This area is in the Great Interior Basin Soil Province. (See Figure 15). The soil is not so fertile as at Hyde Park and is more inclined to be alkaline. Clay and clay loam predominate altho there is some sandy loam reported. The land in general is flat. Often it is too flat to irrigate conveniently. Wlien such is the case underground drainage is poor and often alkali spots appear. (i)The Small Farm Families had from 1 to 4.9 members, the Me- dium Farm Families had from 5 to 6.9 members, and the Large Farm Families included those having from 7 to 11 persons each. Some Tijves of Irrigation Farming in Utah 77 Table LIII shows direct correlation between size of family and cows per farm. Table LIII. — Size of Farm Family and Number of Milk Cows Kept, Hinckley, Millard County, Utah, 1914 S S a tw O o '-' ^^ a; o S !> rt 03 ill « c; n fc u ^^^ «w ,« 0)^ C. !v^ III ?. ■- S "^ 1 59 6.6 43.5 3.1 57 4.5 1 19 3.8 7.2 . 9.4 37.7 45.0 47.9 2.1 2.7 5.0 18 25 14 3.4 Medium 1 25 4.4 Large 1 15 6.0 Table LTV. -Tenure and Use of Farm Land per Farm, 59 Farms. Hinckley, Millard County, Utah, 1914 Item ■ Farms Reporting Average Acres ( - ) 59 Farms Average Acres (-) Farms Reporting 59 58 1 6 152 145 3 5 152 Owned by Operator Cash-rented Land.. Share-rented Land 148 186 46 Crops 09 14 18 7 22 59 35 52 11 8 6 5 9 61 52 Pasture (woods).. Pasture (Tillable).. Pasture (not " ).. Summer Fallow Farmstead & Waste Uncultivated 46 27 50 13 9 103 Ungated Land Coru Potatoes Spring Wheat Winter Wheat Barley Rye Oats Hay Alfalfa Seep Crops Beets 59 24 19 36 18 9 21 8 56 4 3 4 51 1 7 1 2 3 3 4 2 1 11 11 6 7 7 22 36 5 3 1 Garden Mixed Orchard (')The Small Families had from 2 to 5.9 members, the Medium Farm Families had from 6 to 8.9 members, and the Large Farm Families included those having from 9 to 11 persons each. (-')Ai'pas avf liivoii to thf nnarest acre. 78 Bulletin No. 177 At the time these records were taken there was no sugar factory in this district; tlierefore no sugar-beets were grown. Dairying was limited because of marlcet conditions, the great distance to haul cream, etc. Some farmers milk a few cows and the farm families make butter which is sold at the town stores or traded there for groceries. Some poultry and eggs are also traded for groceries. Table LIV shows the tenure and use of farm land at Hinckley. The main sources of income on the average are (1) alfalfa seed, (2) alfalfa hay and other hay, and (3) cattle. The average receipts from each of these respectively were in 1914, alfalfa seed $340, hay $244, and cattle .1*186. The growing of alfalfa seed on most of the farms of this area is quite a gamble. On a few farms a fairly good crop is obtained each year. When a crop of seed is obtained the farmer makes a very good labor income but when the crop is left for seed and the seed fails little use can be made of it and labor income in such cases is sometimes a minus quantity. Some grain is sold and a few surplus potatoes are raised in normal years. In short, Hinckley is a distinct and separate community of farmers. The area feeds itself but its clothes, household-goods, and other necessaries it must purchase outside of the community. It pays for these purchases largely with alfalfa seed, hay, cattle, farm butter, surplus i^ggs, farm dressed pork, a few horses, and personal services. The type of farming followed is fairly well adapted to the conditions and is moderately profitable. The average labor income of 5 9 farmers in 1914 was $32 3. The same year there were ten farmers who had an average labor income of $1403. The average labor income in 1915 was $104, and in 1916 it was $468. (See Figures 1 to 21 in the Text, and Tables XXIII to XXVII in Appendix). PLEASANT GROVE, UTAH COUNTY, UTAH Pleasant Grove had a population of 1618 in 1910. The elevation is 4532 feet above mean sea level. The normal annual precipitation is 15 inches (i), 6 of which fall in the growing season. The absolute lowest annual precipitation recorded is 9 inches and the absolute highest precipitation recorded is 22 inches. There are on the average 66 days annually with 0.01 inch or more precipitation. Dry-farming is successfully practiced, here. The principle dry-farm crops are wheat and alfalfa. The mean annual temperature is 49.70 F. This is higher than for Hyde Park but lower than for Sandy. The warmest temperature recorded in any of the 8 areas is 10 50 F. and that was recorded for this area. The avergae crop-growing season has 145 days, or a few less than Hyde Park and 35 to 40 less than Sandy, although situated further south than either of these districts. The average date of last killing frost in spring is May 12, or about the same as for Hyde Park but a little earlier than Beaver and much later than Sandy. The absolute latest date of killing frost in spring Is June 29, or about the same as at Hyde Park and Monroe. The climate here is affected by Utah Lake. This area is situated in the Great Interior-basin Soil Province. A detailed soil survey has been made of the area (2). The following soil types are distinguished: Maricopa stony loam, Caricopa gravelly loam, Jordan clay, Fresno sand, Jordan loam, Jordan sandy loam, Salt Lake loam, and (i)There is no U, S. Weather Bureau Station at Pleasant Grove. The information given here is recorded for Provo which is the station having a climate very similar to Pleasant Grove and is situated in the township just south of the Pleasant Grove township. (2) Sanchez, Alfred M., U. S. D. A., Bu. of Soils, Field Operations. (1903). Some Types of Irrigation Farming in Utah 79 the gravel areas. These same soil types, except one, are found in Salt Lake county and are among those identified in the Sandy area. The best sugar-beet soil is the Jordan sandy loam, and the Jordan loam is the second best soil for this crop. Most of the irrigation water is taken out of American Fork Creek but it is inadequate to irrigate the land of the area. Considerable land west of Pleasant Grove is irrigated by flowing wells. A small creek enters the valley east of Pleasant Grove, and furnishes irrigation water for some of the farms of this area. The railroad transportation facilities are good. The San Pedro, Los Angeles, and Salt Lake Railroad and the Rio Grande Western traverse the area from north to south. The electric interurban road from Preston, Idaho, thru Logan, Brigham City, Ogden and Salt Lake City, runs thru Pleasant Grove to Provo. There are good auto roads running north, east, south, and west from the town. Sugar-beets are shipped from here to the Lehi factory. The Wasatch National Forest to the east of town offers splendid grazing for cattle and sheep for about 8 months during the year. More cattle than sheep were kept on this range during the past few years because they have been more profitable(i). In many respects the con- ditions here are similar to those at Hyde Park. Table LV. — Size of Family, Acres of Sugar-beets Raised, and Cows Milked, Pleasant Grove, Utah County, Utah, 1916 a a 11 2 u o o ft. CO a 1% CO a CO n ^ u a si IS ho ft H M f i to $z!l per acre. The latter figure was paid for sugar- beet land. The average cash rent per acre was $9.13. The dry-farm wheat crop was divided, four-tenths to landlord and six-tenths to tenant. Hay and oats on irrigated land was rented for one-half share. On one patch of irrigated wheat the tenant got a little more than one-half, and on one patch of irrigated alfalfa the tenant received five-ninths of the crop. 64. The land is rented by these farmers to increase the size of the farm business and no doubt here, as elsewhere, renting is an intermediate step in the process of becoming owners of the land rented. 65. The small percentage of tenancy here is due to a number of cir- cumstances and conditions. The main reasons are as follows: ( 1 ) The country is new and it has been easy to become a farm owner without tenancy, by (a) homesteading, or (b) pur- chasing. (2) The farms are comparatively small, and therefore the total capital necessary to purchase a farm is not so great as to be prohibitive to the moderately well-to-do. (3) The type of farming followed is one which is conducive to ownership, is not attractive to tenants, and is not well adapted to tenant farming. (4) The great increase in the value of the land has been a propell- ing influence toward land ownership. Tenancy in Utah, how- ever, is gradually increasing. 66. Up to July 1, 1918, there had been only 8,572,842 acres, or 16.3 per cent, of all land in Utah entered for settlement. Of this area 3,397,699 acres were reported by the Thirteenth Census as land in farms. 67. The amendments to the Desert Land Laws and the passage of the Stock-raising Homesteads Acts have made it practicable to settle a con- siderable area of the remaining land of the State. These laws have there- tore affected greatly the types of farming in the State. 6 8. Land values are largely determined by type of farming. The agricultural value of a piece of land is the capitalized agricultural income of that land with all future increases in its value discounted to-date; and the income of the land is obviously a result of the type of farming practised. 69. The individual farmer, on land of a given value, must, however, follow a type of farming on that land that is profitable or else he will rail. 70. Land values at Hyde Park are higher than the average state value. 71. As population increases or the relative prices of farm products rise, the land is more thoroly and intensively utilized and land values Some Types of Irrigation Farming in Utah 87 become greater. As interest rates become less or the value of the dollar •■lecreases land rises in value. 72. About two-thirds of the crop land at Hyde Park is irrigated and ue other one-third is dry-farm land. An extension of agriculture is lim- ited by water and mountains or by climate and topography. 7 3. At Hyde Park, as is common in Utah, the farmers own and operate the canal systems furnishing irrigation water. Water-rights in canals were obtained in payment for services in constructing the canals or were bought from the original OAvners. The amount of water that each farmer gets each year is often very variable and uncertain but is usually sufficient to mature his crops. The annual cost per share of stock or per acre of land irrigated was about 50c in 1909. 74. A good irrigating stream for the average man under average con- ditions is from 2 to 5 second-feet. 75. Three to 5 acre-inches is enough for a good irrigation. Two and one-half acre-feet is the maximum needed in Utah in addition to the pre- cipitation to produce a crop if it is applied at the proper season, May 1 to August 31. 76. One second-foot will irrigate 70 to 160 acres in the four months of the irrigation season. 77. The water-master has control over the distribution of water among the farmers and is therefore a factor in determining the type of farming. 78. The crops grown at Hyde Park do not as a rule require irrigation water at the same time and are therefore not competing crops in this respect. The nearest to competition is between potatoes and sugar-beets. 79. Lack of knowledge of the water requirements of plants, the duty of irrigation water, and the proper time to irrigate each crop may affect *ype of firming by showing one crop more profitable than another. Proper irrigation may prove the opposite crop to be more profitable. Much depends upon the knowledge of the irrigation farmer, the amount of water in the streams, and the division of the water by the water-master. 80. The type of farming followed depends to some extent upon the farmers' ability to get capital or money. Men at Hyde Park and else- where in Utah are not going into the livestock business as early as they would like because of insufficient funds, and yet these farms are not as heavily mortgaged as the average farm in Cache County, nor the average of the State of Utah, nor the average of the United States. 81. With the facilities at hand some of the Hyde Park farmers might, with safety, extend their farming operations by obtaining additional capital by mortgaging their farms. When the interest rate is 5% per cent this practice would undoubtedly increase the average labor income of these formers. 82. Tbp average estimated total cost of farm loans on personal security in TUah, 1014. including interest, discounts, bonuses, commissions, and other extra ch.nrprs wfs 10.4 per cent. For farmers who have to pay this high charge f^r the use of capital, to borrow in order to enlarge the renerni farm l)usiness is of doubtful practicability. 83. Farm profits are largely determined by the type of farming prac- tised. The most profitable type of farming depends upon the conditions .'ind circumstances of the individual farmer and farm. 84. T'sintr 5 ner cent as the interest rate the average labor income of the Hyde Park farmers in 1914 was $946; using 5^4 per cent it was •878: using 8 per cent it was $537: using 8.6 per cent it was $455; and using 9 per cent it was $400. When interest is figured at 6 per cent labor income and the interest on investment are about equal. 85. Labor income does not include as a receipt that part of the family living obtained from the farm nor the increase in the value of the land. When these two items are included as receipts and interest is calculated at 8 per cent, the average labor income of these farmers is about $1300. of 88 Bulletin h^o. 177 whicli $600 is the opportunity value of the farmer's labor and about $700 is pay for management which cannot be delegated and risk or responsi- >^^ility taken. 86. The labor incomes of the farmers of this area are better than the average of the State and perhaps some better than the average of the United States. The business is about the same each year, and tho there are always a few who make very little, if anything, the profits of the majority are normal. 87. The variations in labor income from year to year on an individual [arm result from the various causes that affect farm profits on different iarms, because each year, in a measure, presents an entirely new set or combination of conditions which the farmer has to meet, and over many of these he has no control whatever. 88. The landlords who rented out their land have received on the average between 6 and 7 per cent net returns on their investment. With land increasing in value about $2.50 per acre annually, owning Hyde Park farm land has been profitable. 89. Even if interest rates were considerably higher than 8 per cent, men would buy farm land in preference to loaning their money on farm )nortgages because of this increase in land value and the rent they are able to get from its use in farming. 90. While the average labor income of the farmers of Utah in 1910 was not 4uite as high as that for the average of the United States, this was due to a higher rate of interest being charged in Utah and is offset by the increase in land values. BEAVER, BEAVER COUNTY, UTAH 91. Beaver is situated about 300 miles south of Hyde Park. 92. The elevation at Beaver is 6,000 feet above mean sea level or 1,500 feet higher than Hyde Park. 93. Dry-farming was not practised at Beaver due to lack of sufficient precipitation during the growing season and to soil conditions. 94. Alfalfa was the principal crop grown. Over 75 per cent of the total area in crops was in .alfalfa and other hay. The hay is grown largely for feed for livestock. 95. Livestock and stock products are the principal sources of income from these farms. Some hay, grain, potatoes, and fruit are sold to local markets. 96. The average expense for all labor other than that of the farm oper- ator on the ten better-paying farms was about $6 96. 97. The better paying farms had a larger business and their livestock was more productive m proport'on to feed fed than the average farm. 98. Man and horse labor were both more eflficient on the better-paying farms than on the average farm. 99. The farm business at Beaver is fairly diversified. 100. Cattle, sheep, dairying, and raising feed, in addition to raising a surplus of hay, grain, and potatoes as cash crops, make a fairly well bal- anced business. 101. During the winter months, however, farmers' sons spend too much time in town playing pool, etc., instead of on the farms at productive farm labor. 102. The type of farming at Beaver is more extensive, or not so in- tensive, as that at Hyde Park. 103. The value of farm machinery per farm is greater at Beaver than at Hyde Park due to the kind of farming and the larger areas farmed by machinery. 104. The value of farm buildings is less at Beaver than at Hyde Park due in part to warmer climate, more recent settlement, and fewer dairy cows. Some Types of Irrigation Farming in Utah 89 105. The annual precipitation is about 13 inches at Beaver. All crops were irrigated in 1914. 106. The soils, as at Hyde Park, are of all grades from coarse gravels to heavy clays depending upon nearness to the valley bottom and distance from the mouth of the canyon. This area is also in the Great Interior Soil Province. 10 7. As at Hyde Park, there is also some bottom land needing drain- age and some land above the canals which, if irrigated, would be very productive. 108. The Fillmore National Forest affords summer grazing for cattle and sheep and the Millard Desert is used for winter sheep range. These ranges will need to be handled more carefully in the future than in the past, or they will not even maintain their present carrying capacity. 109. The population of Beaver was 1,899 in 1910. A large propor- tion of those who were born in the United States came from Utah and other Western and Middle Western States to Beaver. The foreign-born population is largely from Northwestern Europe and Great Britain. They are therefore familiar with livestock and general farming methods. 110. The average number in the farm families on the farms at Beaver in 1914 was 5.4 persons. Two of these were less than 16 years old and 3.4 were over 16 years old. These farm families are not as large as at Ilyde Park. 111. The average number of men employed per farm was 1.4. That is equivalent to the operators' full time and 0.4 of a year of other man labor performed either by other members of the farm family or by hired help. This is two and one-half months of man labor less than was utilized at Hyde Park. 112. In this area as at Hyde Park there is direct correlation between the size of farm family and number of cows kept for breeding and milk. 113. Man and horse labor seems to be fairly efficient. In 1914' there were on the average 46 productive animal units per man and 46 crop acres per man. There were 16 crop acres per work horse. 114. Beaver City is 32 ijailes from Milford, the nearest railway sta- tion, but the dirt road is in good condition most of the year. 115. Milford is 206 miles west of south from Salt Lake City on the Salt Lake-Los Angeles Railroad. Salt Lake is about 100 miles south of Hyde Park. 116. It is therefore about 300 miles east of north from Beaver to Hyde Park. In spite of this fact there are about 25 more days in the iiverage crop-growing season at Hyde Park than at Beaver. This is due mainly to the greater altitude, less favorable exposure, and poorer air drainage at Beaver. 117. The main auto highway between Salt Lake City and Los Ang- eles, The Arrowhead Trail, passes thru Beaver. 118. Due to these market conditions the greater part of the farm products are marketed or fed on the farm. 119. Livestock are driven to the railroad and shipped to Los Angeles, Salt Lake. Ogden, Kansas City, Omaha, or Chicago. 120. Most of the eggs and farm-made butter are sold to general mer- chandise stores at Beaver and are taken by them in auto trucks to Mil- lord for shipment to Salt Lake and elsewhere. Some eggs and butter are sold in the mining camps near Bjeaver. Some cream is sold in Beaver and ! ome in the camps. The few surplus potatoes are shipped via Milford. 121. The distance from the individual farms to the Beaver PostofTice varies from % to 4 miles, so that none of them are a great distance from the local market. 122. There is very little tenancy in Beaver. As at Hyde Park, some farmers rent additional land in order to enlarge their farm business. At Beaver Citv more land was rented for cash than for share, but the Thir- 90 'Bulletin No. 177 teenth United States Census shows more share than cash tenants for Beaver County. 123. The average value of land and buildings per acre at Beaver in 1915 was $43. The value at Hyde Park was two and one-half times this amount. The lower price of land and the more extensive farming go ' together. The high value of land is a result of the greater profitableness of the more intensive type of farming. Farmers cannot afford to do ex- tensive farming on high-priced land because the greater value of the land is determined largely by the more profitable and more intensive type of farming. 124. The facts given concerning water-tenure, water-rights, canal ownership and operation, duty of water, and irrigation practices at Hyde Park apply also to Beaver. 125. Only 7 out of 50 farmers reported that their farms were mort- gaged. The interest rates paid varied from 5 to 9 per cent and averaged 7.14 per cent. 12G. Using 7.14 per cent as the interest rate that farm capital should and could earn, the average labor income of 50 Beaver farmers in 1914 was $92. Using 5 per cent, labor income was $396. Using 9 per cent as the interest rate, labor income was minus $170. 127. The labor income was greater in 1915 than in 1914 and greater ill 1910 than in 1915. This was due largely to the increase in the prices of fnrm products. 12S. In 191G the average labor income of the farmers of this area was greater than the average labor income of the farmers at Hyde Park. This variation in labor income was undoubtedly due to the changes in the relative prices of farm products and the variation in the successes or failures of the various crop and stock enterprises in each area. 129. The type of farming at Beaver is more extensive than at Hyde fark largely because of the following factors: (a) Climate (b) Soil (c) Markets (d) National Forest ranges and winter ranges (e) Competition of farm enterprises 180. Range cattle and sheep are the principal sources of income largely because of distance to market and the low cost of livestock production. 131. Alfalfa and other hay are the principal crops grown because of the necessity of providing winter feed for cattle and some sheep. Other crops grown are largely for stock feed or for the local market and are not important. MONROE, SEVIER COUNTY, UTAH 132. Monroe is in the central part of the southwest quarter of Se- vier County. It is three miles from Elsinore, the nearest railway sta- tion. Elsinore is on the Marysvale Branch of the Denver and Rio Grande, or Rio Grande Western Railroad. 133. The population of Monroe in 1910 was 1227. Those persons of the population who are not native born citizens, are largely from northwestern Europe, and are familiar with general agricultural prac- tices. Here, as at Hyde Park and Beaver, most of the farm families live in town. 134. The elevation of Monroe is 5380 feet above mean sea level, or about 900 feet higher than Hyde Park. 135. In spite of the fact that Monroe is about 300 miles south of Hyde Park, the average length of the growing season is only 110 days. Some Types of Irrigation Farming in Utah 91 or 40 days less, and two weeks later than at Hyde Park. The average late of the last killing frost in spring is May 2 8, as compared with May 10, at Hyde Park. The mean annual temperature is 48 degrees F. or 0.5 degrees F. less than Beaver and about 0.4 degrees F. greater than lor Hyde Park. The average annual precipitation is only 8.34 inches, only 3.4 8 inches of which fall from April 1 to September 30. On this account dry-farming is not practised. All crops are irrigated. 136. This area is in the Great Interior Basin Soil Province, and the soils are classified by the U. S. D. A. Bureau of Soils. The texture of the soils is similar to that of the other areas previously discussed. 137. There is here, also, some low wet meadow and pasture land due to over irrigation and seepage water. 13 8. The irrigation canals are owned and operated by the farmers who use the water. 139. There is a sugar factory at Austin, three miles north of Mon- ;oe. This factory makes it possible for Monroe farmers to grow sugar- heets. A cooperative cheese factory is situated at Monroe so that dairying is also developing here. 140. One of the main auto roads of the State, running north and south, passes thru town. The wagon roads are in good condition the greater part of the year. The distance from the farms to market for the most important farm product varies from i/^ to 7 miles. 141. Monroe is not handicapped to such an extent as Beaver res- pecting markets nor is it quite as well situated as Hyde Park. But as with Beaver, the main farm enterprises here are sheep and cattle, be- cause of the distance to any large market and the low cost of livestock feed. 142. The special feature about this area is the raising of February iambs for the early Los Angeles market. Los Angeles buyers are on the ground at selling time, and usually pay fair prices for these lambs. 14 3. Dairying and sugar-beet raising are becoming more important as the markets are developed. Here, as at Hyde Park, there is a direct •correlation between size of farm family and acres of sugar-beets grown, and number of cows milked. 144. More than 61 per cent of (he land was growing hay in 1914, most of which was alfalfa. 14 5. Sugar-beets and some wheat were grown as cash crops. 14 6. Oats, rye, and barley were grown for feed. 147. Some potatoes and sweet corn were grown for home use and to supply the local market. 14 8. The Monroe farmers are "getting ahead." Their farm business is fairly profitable. The average labor income in 1914 was $516 with interest charged at 5 per cent, $363 with interest at 5.5 per cent. $196 with interest at 8 per cent, $132 with interest at 8.6 per cent, and $89 with interest figured at 9 per cent. In 1914, these farms were less nrofitable than those at Hyde Park and more profitable than those at Reaver. In 1915 and 1916, however, these farms were more profitable than those at either Hyde Park or Beaver. This variation in profitable- ness is undoubtedly due to the variations in the relative prices of farm products, especially meat and wool, as well as to the variations in the successes and failures of the crop and stock enterprises. The high prices of lambs and wool have made the war years more profitable for the Monroe farmers. SANDY, SALT LAKE COUNTY. UTAH 149. Sandy is about 20 miles south of Salt Lake City. Draper is south of Sandy. The farm business records treated in this area were taken in the townships of Sandy. Draper. Midvale, Jordan, and West .Jordan. 92 Bulletin No. 177 150. The elevation at Sandy is 4366 feet above mean sea level, or lower than any of the 8 areas studied. 151. .n 1910, Sandy had a population of 1037. There were many foreigners and persons with limited farm experience on the farms here. 152. The normal annual precipitation is 16 inches, 7 of which, fall in the crop growing season. There are 8 9 days with .01 inch or more of precipitation, and the mean annual temperature is 51.4 degrees F. There is a greater amount of precipitation during the crop growing season, more stormy days, and a higher mean annual temperature in this area than in any of the 8 areas studied. Dry-farming is successful in this area where soils and topography are suitable. There are 18'-; days in the average growing season which is 30 days more than in r.ny other area included in this study. The average date of the last killing frost in spring is April 19, showing that the season is not only longer but also earlier than in any area studied. 153. The soils of this area are typical of those of the Great Interior Basin Province. The soil types identified by the U. S. D. A. Bureau of Soils are: Jordan sanciy loam, Bingham gravelly loam, Jordan loam, Jordan clay and clay loam, Jordan meadows, Jordan sand, Bingham stony loam, and Salt Lake sand. At Sandy the soil is predominately a sandy loam. As in all Utah valleys, the soil is coarse near the mouth of the canyons at the base of the mountains, and heavy in the bottom of the valley. When irrigated and well drained, these soils are very fertile as shown by the crop yields. Some of the land is low and wet and crop yields are low on such fields. 154. Here as at Hyde Park and Monroe, the number of cows milked Increases as the farm families increase in size. 155. There is a great variety of crop and stock enterprises on farms in this district. 156. Because of the climatic, market, soil, water, and transportation conditions, a wide selection of enterprises is offered these farmers. Each farmer has his own set of conditions and he attempts to meet them to his best advantage. Consequently there is a great diversity of practices 157. Some farmers sell market milk to Salt Lake City, some ship milk to creameries, some ship to cheese factories, and a few make but- ter on the farms and sell it at retail. Some farmers raise hay for the Salt Lake City market, while others raise it to feed their own stock and even buy hay and grain in addition. The surplus poultry and eggs are sold to laborers of the smelters, to private parcel post customers in Salt Lake, or to a store at Sandy, Draper, or elsewhere. 158. The farm receipts were from grain, hay, potatoes, sugar-beets, vegetables, fruits, straw, dairy products, cattle, horses, sheep, wool, hogs, poultry, eggs, honey, outside labor, and increase in inventory. Grain was the main source of income. On the average, there were 7.8 crops grown per farm, and 5.8 sources of income per farm. 159. In 1914, with interest calculated at the rate of 5 per cent, the average labor income was $373; with interest at 5 1^ per cent, labor income was $2 94; with interest at 8 per cent, labor income was minus $102; with interest at 8.6 per cent, labor income was minus $196; and with interest at 9 per cent, labor income was minus $260. In 1915 the labor income was greater than in 1914 or 1916 and was in that year also greater than the average labor income of the farmers of Hyde Park. However, the farms of the group changed greatly in 1916, or undoubtedly that would have been the banner year of the three. It is no doubt true, that the increase in the value of the land was sufficient to make up normal profits to the landlords who are operating these farms. Crop yields are not as good as at Hyde Park, yet the land is valued higher on the average here than at Hyde Park. This is because Some Types of Irrigation Farming in Utah 93 of markets, climate, and to the future uses other than agriculture to which these lands may be put. FERRON, EMERY COUNTY, UTAH 160. Ferron is in the southwest corner of the northwest quarter of Emery County. It is on Ferron Creek east and near the base of the Wasatch range of mountains. The waters of Ferron Creek flow thru I ne San Rafael, Green, and Colorado Rivers, and empty into the Gulf of California. 161. The population of Ferron in 1910, was 651. Those farmers not native born were from northwestern Europe and Great Britain. 162. The elevation at Ferron is 5500 feet above mean sea level. 163. The normal annual precipitation is 9 inches, 5 of which fall in the growing season. The annual precipitation has varied from 3 to 13 inches. There are on the average only 37 stormy days out of 365. It is necessary to irrigate all farm crops in this area. Ranges are poor be- cause of low precipitation. The mean annual temperature is 46.1 degrees F. There are only 10 7 days in the average crop-growing sea- son, June 2, to September 17. 164. Ferron is in the Rocky Mountain Valleys, Plateaus, and Plains Soil Province. The soil is not as good here as at Hyde Park, yet it is fairly fertile and under favorable conditions produces good crops as shown by the crop yields. 165. While climate and soil handicap this area some, yet the great- est handicap is the marketing situation. Ferron is 45 miles from Price, the railroad town where some of the farm and range products from this district are marketed or loaded for shipment to market. Mining camps, 40 to 60 miles from Ferron also offer an outlet for some farm products. Some apples, plums, and small bush-fruits; vege- tables; and melons are marketed at Sunnyside, Hiawatha, Scofield, and other mining camps. Peddlers gather these products and butter and meats from farmers and sell them in the camps. In a few instances the peddlers are the farmers themselves. Some grain and baled hay are also sold in the camps. The principal source of income is range cattle. Stock can be driven to the railroad and shipped out to the great central markets. 166. Some cattle are grazed on the Manti National Forest, but most of them are grazed on the prairies or plateaus south, east, and west of Ferron. Because of the severe winter weather and the lack of winter grazing, these range cattle are fed on the farms in winter. Raising their feed is an important part of the farming operations in sum- mer. Some farmers let the cattle stay out so late in the fall that severe storms often cause great losses from cold and starvation. 167. A few farmers have been successful in keeping bees. One farmer has done especially well the past few years with his bee business. 168. Sugar-beets are not grown to any extent here because there is no factory at which to market the beets. 169. Dairying is also limited because of lack of markets. 170. Not much care is given fruit trees because of the uncertainty of the market and the weather. Two orchadists asked the writer's advice about taking out their trees and planting alfalfa. The narrow market is a great handicap to fruit growing. 171. Yet with all of these handicaps the lower valuation of land and smaller capital requirements make it possible for these farmers to make fair labor incomes. In 1914 using an interest rate of 5 per cent, the average labor income of the Ferron farmers was $326; using a 5.5 per cent interest rate, it was $291; using an 8 per cent interest rate, it was $117; using an 8.6 per cent interest rate, it was $75; and using 9 per cent 94 Bulletin No. 177 as the interest rate it was $47. In 1915 the average labor income was about the same as in 1914, but in 1916 it was much greater than in either of the other two years. WELLINGTON, CARBON COUNTY, UTAH 172. Wellington is situated west and south of the central part of Carbon County. It is about 12 miles southeast of Price on the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad. 17 3. In 1910 the population of Wellington was 35 8. Here, as else- where in Utah, most of the farmers live in town and their farming lands are from 1 to 5 or 7 miles away, surrounding the town. 174. The elevation is 5540 feet above mean sea level. 175. The normal annual precipitation is only 7 inches, of which but 4 inches fall from April 1 to September 30. 176. The climate, soil, topography, camp markets, and type of farm- ing are very similar to those at Ferron, Emery County. Proportion- ately more livestock, however, are raised at Wellington than at Ferron. There are also more sheep in proportion to cattle here than at Ferron due largely to the range conditions. Alfalfa is the principal crop. 177. Records were taken here one year only, 1914, and then but 2 6 business statements were obtained as this is a small and limited area. 17 8. The average labor income of the 26 Wellington farmers in 1914 was $165 when interest was charged at 8 per cent, the average mortgage rate for the state. The average capital investment was $8391 so that 8 per cent interest amounts to $671. Undoubtedly the years 1915 and 1916, were considerably more profitable than 1914 because of the increased livestock prices. HINCKLEY, MILLARD COUNTY, UTAH 179. Hinckley is situated in about the center of the northeast quarter of Millard County. It is about 6 miles north and west of Oasis, which is the nearest railway station. 180. In 1910 the population of Hinckley was 553. The majority of the persons are native-born citizens of the United States. There were a few persons from Sweden, Denmark and Great Britain. 181. The elevation at Hinckley is about 4541 feet above mean sea level. 182. The normal annual precipitation is about 8 inches, only 4 inches of which fall during the growing season. Because of this light rainfall, dry-farming is not practised. All farm crops are irrigated. 183. The Nebo National Forest to the east of Hinckley is too far away to be of any value to the farmers of this area, so the range land is very limited and what range there is is not of excellent quality. 184. This area is in the Great Interior Basin Soil Province. The soil is not as fertile as that at Hyde Park and because of poor natural drainage, is inclined to be alkaline. Clay and clay loam predominate although there is some sandy loam reported. The land in general is Tat; often it is too flat to irrigate conveniently. 185. Alfalfa is by far the most important crop grown. Other crops grown are: other hay, spring wheat, winter wheat, oats, rye, corn, and garden products. 186. Dairying is practised on some farms in a limited way, but has not yet developed to any sizable proportions nor is it likely to do so in the near future. 187. The main sources of income in 1914 were: (1) alfalfa seed, (2) alfalfa hay and other hay, and (3) cattle. The growing of alfalfa seed on most farms of this area is quite a gamble. But on a few farms a fairly good crop is obtained each year. When a crop of seed is Some Types of Irrigation Farming in Utah 95 obtained, the farmer makes a verj- good labor income, but when the crop is left for seed and the seed fails, the dry stalks are not of great value and labor income in such cases is often a minus quantity. 188. In brief, Hiifckley about feeds itself, but its clothes, household goods, and other necessaries it buys outside and pays for them with alfalfa seed, hay, cattle, farm butter, surplus eggs, farm-dressed pork, a few horses, and personal services. 189. The type of farming followed is fairly well adapted to condi- tions and on the average is also fairly profitable. In 1914, using 5 per cent interest the average labor income of the Hinckley farmers was $613; using 5.5 per cent interest, $5 65; using 8 per cent $323; using 8.6 per cent, $266; and using 9 per cent, labor income was $228. In 1915 the average labor income was less than in 1914, due largely to the fact that the alfalfa seed crop was not quite as good. In 1916 the labor income on the average was about the same as in 1914. The seed crop was not quite so good but prices were higher. PLEASANT GROVE, UTAH COUNTY, UTAH 190. Pleasant Grove is situated just south of east of the north end of Utah Lake in Utah County. 191. The 1910 U. S. Census gave the population of Pleasant Grove as 1618. The farmers live in town while their farms are on the out- skirts and in the outlying area. The people here are native born, or are from northwestern Europe or Great Britain. 192. The elevation is 4532 feet above mean sea level. 193. The normal annual precipitation is 15 inches, 6 of which fall in the growing season. Dry-farming is successfully practised here. The absolute lowest annual precipitation recorded is 9 inches and the absolute highest annual precipitation recorded is 22 inches. There are on the average, 66 days annually with .01 inch or more precipitation. The mean annual temperature is 49.7 degrees F. This is higher than for Hyde Park but lower than for Sandy. The warmest temperature recorded for any of the 8 areas is 105 degrees F. and that was recorded in the Pleasant Grove area. The average crop growing season has 145 days, or a few less than Hyde Park, and 35 to 40 less than Sandy, although situated further south than either of these areas. The average date of last killing frost in spring is May 12, or about the same as for Hyde Park, but a little earlier than Beaver, and much later than Sandy. The absolute latest date of killing frost is June 2 9, or about the same as at Hyde Park and Monroe. 194. This area is situated in the Great Interior Basin Soil Province. A detailed soil survey has been made of this area and the following soil types distinguished: Maricopa stony loam, Maricopa gravelly loam, Jor- dan clay, Fresno sand, Jordan loam, Jordan sandy loam. Salt Lake loam, and the gravel areas. These same soils are among those identified in the Sandy area. The best sugar-beet soil is the Jordan sandy loam, and the Jordan loam is the second best soil for this crop. 195. Creeks from the mountain canyons on the east of Pleasant Grove and flowing wells furnish the irrigation water for the farms. The irrigation systems are owned and operated by the farmers themselves. 196. Transportation by rail and auto roads is easy and adequate. Sugar-beets are shipped to the Lehi factory from this area. 197. The Wasatch National Forest east of town offers good grazing for stock for about 8 months of the year. More cattle than sheep were kept on this range because of adaptability and profitableness during tnese years. 198. The principal sources of income in 1916 in the order of im- portance were: sugar-beets, cattle sales, outside labor, grain, potatoes, fruit, increase in feed and supply inventory, swine "sales, poultry and 96 Bulleti7i No. 177 eggs, increase in livestock inventory, hay, horse sales, increase in ma- ^;hinery inventory, other crop sales, increase in inventory of land and buildings, and sheep sales. 19 9. The average labor income of these farmers in 1916, using 5 per cent interest was $651; using 5.5 per cent interest, $612; usin^ 8 per cent interest, $418; using 8.6 per cent interest, $370; and using 9 per cent interest, the labor income was $340. There is no doubt but that the years 1915 and 1914 would have shown a smaller labor income than 1916, because the farm prices were not as high then as in 1916. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 200. It has been shown in this thesis that there are a multitude of factors that affect type of farming in Utah. Some, of these factors are: (1) Location of the area, (2) elevation, (3) crops, (4) crop dis- eases, (5) livestock, (6) crop and stock combinations, (7) pasture, (8) the returns from crops and stock, (9) diversity and balance of farm business, (10) size of farm business, (11) farm machinery, (12) build- ings, (13) climate, (14) topography, (15) soil, (16) National Forests and public stock ranges, (17) population, (18) the farm family, (19) farm labor, (20) markets, (21) wagon and auto roads and railroads, f22) land-tenure, (23) land values, (24) water-tenure, (25) water- rights, (26) canal ownership and operation, (27) duty of water, (28) irrigation practice, (29) amount of irrigation water necessary, (30) amount of water to use and time of application, (31) farm credit, (32) farm mortgages, (33) other security, (34) interest rates, (35) farm profits, (36) labor incomes, (37) rents, and (38) what the farm furnishes towards the living of the farm family. In any specific area, however, or on any particular farm, the type of farming is determined by the combinations and inter-relations of all these natural and economic factors. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is a pleasure to acknowledge the assistance of Dr. John D. Black, Chief of the Division of Agricultural Economics, Dr. George W. Dowrie, Professor of Economics and Dean of the School of Business, and Prof. Andrew Boss, Chief of the Division of Agronomy and Farm Management and Vice-director of the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station — all of the University of Minnesota — in criticising these data and their preparation, and for suggesting sources of information upon the subject investigated. Prof. George Stewart of the Agronomy Department of the Utah Agricultural College also read the manuscript and gave some help- ful criticisms. Mr. C. G. Worsham made the drawings. The writer appreciates the cooperation of the Utah State Leader of County Agents and the County Agents of the respective areas included in the investigation for their assistance in taking the farm business records; and he also wishes to thank the many farmers who so gener- ously gave the information concerning their farm business. Without financial assistance from the Utah Agricultural Experiment Station, the Utah Agricultural Extension Division, and the United States Department of Agriculture it would have been impossible for the writer to have had calculated and put in usable form all of these farm business data. Some Types of Irrigation Farming in Utah 97 APPENDIX Table I. — Business Factors of Farms of Hyde Park Area, Cache County, Utah, 1914, Showing Type of Farming Average of 10 Average of better-paying all 52 farms farms Diversity of Farming dumber of crops grown 5.1 4.6 Number sources income over 8 per cent gross receipts 4 3 Sources of income over 8 per cent gross receipts: Sugar-beets $ 1,075 $ 705 Creamery milk 597 400 Grain.- 891 302 Cattle 356 — Size of Farm Business Capital $19,816 $13,642 Receipts in farm 4.133 2,510 Acres in farm 226 105 Crop acres , 105 54 Acres sugar-beets 12.8 8.5 Milk Cows 10.1 7.5 Work horses 5.6 4.0 Productive animal units (P.A.U.) 23.7 14.8 Alan labor equivalent (year basis) 2.0 1.6 Productivity of Crops Crop receipts per crop acre $ 21 $ 22 Crop yields per acre: Potatoes 205 bu. 178 bu. Wheat (spring and winter) 24 bu. 26 bu. Oats 71 bu. 70 bu. Barley (both dry-farm and irrigated).... 23 bu. '28 bu. Alfalfa 3.6 tons 4 tons Other hay 2.4 tons 2.6 tons Sugar-beets 1S.6 tons 18.6 tons Productivity of Livestock Xet livestock receipts per $100 feed fed....$ 120 $ 107 Net livestock receipts per P. A. U 60 60 Cattle receipts per head 22 22 Milk receipts per cow 62 56 Man Labor Efficiency j'roductive animal units per man 12 9 Crop acres per man 52 33 Horse Labor Efficiency Crop acres per work horse 19 14 Labor Income $ 1.997 $ 946 98 Bulletin No. 1 77 Table II.- -Business Factors of Farms of the Hyde Park Area, Cache County, 1915, Showing Types of Farming Average of Average of Average of 10 better- 10 least profit- all 48 ' paying farms able farms farms Diversity of Farming Percentage of total farm receipts from stock 38 27 35 Size of Farm Business Totg,! farm capital $14,358 $12,688 $11,987 Total working capital 2,962 2,458 2,559 Total farm receipts 3,041 1,386 1,987 Total farm expenses 877 845 799 Total crop receipts 1,569 958 1,050 Net livestock receipts 1,174 387 724 Total receipts from dairy products.. 470 312 414 Value of feed fed to livestock 881 744 750 Total acres in farm 167 106 107 Total crop acres.... 63 51 52 Total productive animal units (P. A. U.) 20 16 16 Total work horses 4 4 4 Total men (1 year basis) 1.5 1.6 1.6 Productivity of Crops (See tables 4 and 5 in text) Productivity of Livestock Net livestock receipts per $100 feed fed $ 133 $ 52 $ 97 Net livestock receipts per P.A.U 57 24 25 Receipts per cow dairy products 70 38 54 Man Labor Efficiency Productive animal units per man.... 14 10 10 Crop acres per man 42 31 33 Horse Labor Efficiency Crop acres per work horse 15 14 14 Labor Income $ 1,446 % -93 $ 589 Some Types of Irrigation Farming in Utah 99 Table III. — Business Statement of 10 Better-paying Farms of the Beaver Area, Beaver County, Utah, 1914, Showing Type of Farming No. Value ^'arm Capital Total acres in farm 167 $11,407 MilK cows 7 434 Otuer cattle 114 3,836 Horses and colts 10 715 Sheep 394 2,550 Hogs 10 81 Poultry and bees 54 38 Machinery 740 Feed and supplies 666 Cash 170 Total Farm Capital - : $20,637 Farm Receipts Crops: Potatoes $ 61 Grain 171 Hay 358 Fruit and vegetables 20 Livestock Dairy products 211 Cattle 1,202 Horse? 148 Sheep and wool 1,183 Hogs 71 Poultry and eggs...! 60 Miscellaneous receipts 254 Increase in feed and supplies 202 Total Farm Receipts $ 3,941 Farm E.vpenses Hired Labor $ 600 Machinery repairs and depreciation 74 Buildding and fence repairs and depreciation Ii9 Feed 47 Horseshoeing 10 Breeding fees and seeds 18 Threshing and twine (excludes toll) 17 Machine work hired 31 Taxes 284 Water tax 25 Cash rent and forest reserve fees 18 Miscellaneous expenses 21 Value of family labor 96 Total Farm Expenses % 1,360 Farm Income (Receipts minus expenses) 2,581 Interest on Total Farm Capital (at 8 per cent) 1,651 Labor Income 930 100 Bulletin No. 177 Table IV. — Business Factors of Farms of Beaver Area, Beaver County, Utah, 1914, Showing Type of Farming Average of 10 Average of better-paying all 50 ,^ farms farms Diversity of Farming Number of sources of income 6.1 5.4 Number of crops grown 7.0 6.4 Number of sources income over 10 per cent gross receipts 2 2 Sources of income over 10 per cent gross receipts: Cattle $ 1,202 $ 627 Sheep 1,183 301 Size of Farm Business Total capital $20,637 $14,158 Total acres -... 167 179 Crop acres ; 105 69 Acres alfalfa and other hay 89 51 Hogs 10 6 Men . 1.8 1.4 Other cattle 114 47 Productive animal units 150 66 Productivity of Crops Crop receipts per crop acre $ 6 $ 5 Crop yields per acre: Potatoes 132 bu. 115 bu. Spring wheat 23 bu. 23 bu. Oats 43 bu. 40 bu. Alfalfa 2.2 tons 2.4 tons Other hay 1.7 tons 1.9 tons Productivity of Livestock Net livestock receipts per $100 feed fed....$ 229 $ 153 Net livestock receipts per P. A. U.(i) 19 20 Cattle receipts per head (2) 11 13 Milk receipts per cow 32 17 Man Labor Efficiency Miscellaneous receipts per man $ 139 $ 157 Productive animal units per man 82 46 Crop acres per man 58 46 Horse Labor Efficiency Crop acres per work horse '..... 22 16 Labor Income $ 930 $ -29 (i)"A. U." represents "Animal Units", "P. A. U." represents "Pro- ductive Animal Units". Work Horses are not counted here as Productive /. u ,£: xr. ri > > "bh "5 'S o 2 00 00 00 U5 1^0 iH CO 1— 1 CO Tjt 00 O <35 O ■* CO CO tH CSI C-l r-< ; CO ; cqcOi-HLO -rHcqc-rt cocoas i-ltOlOC3 T-ICO^Ci oococs OOOCOCO QO o:i la, r-t ,-|lO L010a5CgCO-^l>-lO'^(>5 l:^C5C^C^010100i-l Si c < 5^ o o The State | 19,387| 212. 4| 15,177| 2,0511 1351 3111 5061 1,207 < "ounties Beaver ... Boxelder Cache .... Carbon .. Davis Emery .. Garfield Grand .. Iron Juab .... Kane ... Millard Morgan Piute ... Rich .... Rait Lake. San Juan. Sanpete .. Sevier Summit .. Tooele Uinta Utah Wasatch Washington Wayne Weber I 213| 112.4 I 676| 159.8 I 2991 463.6 I 189| 145.8 I 2761 582.8 301 97.1] 216| 16 ....| 2 22 1,017 561.11 •813| 115 6| 21 15 47 1,795 176.41 1,446| 236 6| 16 15 76 144 194. 3| 112| 10 4| 5 7 6 938 240. 9| 6111 217 11 16 43 40 458 118.3 400 12 ....1 3 6 37 237 121.5 228| 3 2| 4 121 129.61 100! 5 ....| 5 2 9 235 100. 3| 197| 2 61 13 2 15 356 222.81 249| 62 3| 3 4 35 2,208 1 851 1,618| 946| 608| 125.0 221.7 116. 6| 79.51 476.41 1881 575J 217| 159| 230| 1,561| 66i 1,313| 810 i 5261 1 487| 238.2] 4221 I 559| 608.8] 4661 I 2,760| 81.1] 2,0411 1 492| 190.0] 386] 1 477! 45.9] 355] 2711 108.3] 1,4791 126.21 215! 1,098 17] 52] 38| 6] 3 250 6 115| 64| 12] 29] 4161 50] 151 181 2| 12] 301 7| 121 li 211 101 5] 4| I 71 30| 171 191 I 161 71 22| 4| 41 5] 111 8| 12] ol 41 56] 7| 21 41] 152] 187 144 42 32 26 41 19.^ 45 12 2| 61 31 13] 1051 73 I I (1)1910 U. S. Census. 130 Bulletin No. 177 Table XXXIV. -Tenure of Farms in Utah, by Counties, by Percentages, 1900 (ij 0) Percen tages w §2 S ^-J '^ fl Area fin < a a 5^ U CO O IS o 1 ^1 The State 19,387 212.4 78.3 10.6 0.7 1.6 2.6 6.2 Counties 301 1,017 97.1 561.1 86.7 79.9 5.3 11.3 076 2:1- 0.7 1.5 7.3 Boxelder 4.6 Cache 1,795 176.4 80.6 13.2 0.3 0.9 0.8 4.2 Carbon 144 194.3 77.8 6.9 2.8 3.5 4.8 4.2 Davis 938 240.9 65.1 23.1 1.2 1.7 4.6 4.3 Emery 458 237 118.3 121.5 87.3 96.2 2.6 1.3 0.8 0.7 1.3 8.1 Garfield 1.7 Cirand 121 235 129.6 100.3 82.7 83.8 4.1 0.9 2:6 4.1 5.5 1.7 0.8 2.4 Iron 6.4 Juab 356 222.8 70.0 17.4 0.9 0.8 1.1 9.8 Kane 213 112.4 88.2 8.0 .... 1.9 1.9 Millard 676 159.8 85.1 7.7 0.7 1.0 1.5 4.0 Morgan 299 463.6 72.6 12.7 1.0 4.0 2.3 7.4 Piute 189 145.8 84.1 3.2 0.5 0.5 2.7 9.0 Rich 276 582.8 83.3 1.1 7.6 1.5 6.5 Salt Lake 2,208 125.0 70.7 11.3 0.8 1.8 6.9 8.5 San Juan 85 221.7 77.6 7.1 1.2 8.2 5.9 .... Sanpete 1,618 116.6 81.1 7.1 0.3 1.9 0.7 8.9 Sevier 946 79.5 85.6 6.8 0.5 1.8 0.9 4.4 Summit 608 476.4 86.5 3.1 3.1 2.0 5.3 Tooele 487 238.2 86.7 2.5 0.4 3.3 1.8 5.3 Uinta 559 608.8 83.4 5.2 2.1 1.3 0.7 7.3 Utah 2,760 81.1 73.9 15.1 1.1 0.8 2.0 7.1 Wasatch 492 1 190.0 78.5 10.2 0.8 1.4 9.1 Washington .. 477 1 45.9 74.4 20.8 1.1 0.8 0.4 2.5 Wayne 271 1 108.3 79.3 5.5 0.8 0.7 2.2 11.5 Weber 1,479 1 126.2 74.3 12.2 0.6 0.9 7.1 4.9 (1)1910 U. S. Census Some Types of Irrigation Farming in Utah 131 Table XXXV. — Tenure of Farms in Utah by Counties, 1910 (i) o 01 ■^2 CQ a: M ■bb CS Q) $^^ sP ^i o s < s >. b- "z o^ m^^ State |21,676|156.7|19,762| 1,720| 837] 97| 490 296| 3 1 35 20| 35 34| 2 9 24 45 5 5 6 35] 3 1| 1 is! 31 1 11 5 6 1 1 21 10 .... 119 22 .... 2 10 3 14 131 13 4| 19 1 11 13 191 45 24| 15 111 3 6| 1 1 2! 106 1 13! 1 194 Counties Beaver .. Boxelder Cache .... Carbon .. Davis jumery .. Garfield Grand .. Iron Juab Kane ... Millard Morgan IMute .. Rich .... Salt Lake. San Juan. Sanpete ... Sevier Summit ... Tooele Uinta Utah Wasatch .... Washington Wayne Weber 3191144.2 1,527|244.7 1,907|154.3 171|331.3 1,302; 97.7 I 6661145.2 4091146.6 1731361.0 3731236.0 507214.1 I 1661149.2 7361226.4 2421395.2 198'130.7 2191682.7 I 2,1801 77.6 157|310.8 1,708|153.3 1.059|115.6 4471584.0 I 320|276.0 6751121.6 2,873| 81.7 9641159.8 5981 84.1 I 246|128.5 1,5351 96.6 I 285| 1,382| l,756i 155| 1,205| 625t 3531 156! 3331 4951 I 164| 670' 2131 I74I 198| 1,8761 151| 1,628! 987| 407| 2891 601| 2,641 8901 583| 233 1,312 321 I25I 139j 151 2 51 24 24 17| 2771 31 781 671 261 26 72 205 72 14! I 203I 28 67 59 .2! 211 27 13 1 21 5 1 31! 4! 201 71 13o| 1| 6OI 37! 91 I2I 38! 1181 35| 5 71 781 I J 41 141 II 20 (1)1910 U. S. Census. 132 Bulletin No. 177 Table XXXVI. — Percentage of all Farms Operated by Owners, Utah, 1889 and 1909(i) 1909 1889 State 91.2 94.8 98.8 93.33 97.6 95.88 97.5 96.79 96.2 100.00 95.3 97.65 94.7 93.8 96.24 93.2 95.19 92.5 92.96 92.3 95.85 92.1 91.93 91.9 96.75 91.1 95.31 91.0 98.69 90.7 92.86 90.6 90.5 96.86 90.4 97.41 90.3 93.36 89.3 97.47 89.3 93.81 89.0 100.00 88.0 88.66 87.9 95.80 86.3 97.85 86.1 91.80 85.5 93.95 County 1. Kane 2. Juab 3. Washington 4. San Juan 5. Sanpete 6. Wayne 7. Emery 8. Sevier 9. Davis 10. Wasatch 11. Cache 12. Utah 13. Summit 14. Millard 15. Grand 16. Carbon 17. Boxelder 18. Rich 19. Tooele 20. Iron 21. Beaver 22. Uinta 23. Morgan 24. Piute 25. Garfield 26. Salt Lake 27. Weber (i)U. S. Census Reports. Some Types of Irrigation Farming in Utah 133 c3 5 '51b 7 M bjo a^ aj J ^2 a V V V a tc 'J3 0) QJ ^ - - a; c3 5 a> b t>£ 5^ U) c u.^ oj X 0) iJ a,' ^ ^ ?= ^ t, .^ .^ t, t, (-, fc- , GiK, > a a a a iC Cl 05 O 00 5 -S S OJ i ^ C be M) c 03 ■^ .6 .S S > iS -^ ^ 3 rt a « o ^ -^ o o o o » U U C O ^ o i; "S.S ^sSg c "be .5 .2 CTJ be o o » .-I a (u 0) c B o o c o o o c o a a ^ ^ ■n in t- 1- rt rt o O bJD bf.S « aj b£ be be c c be l|i aS ^ ^:i C > o m |!5aii to 03 rt C C a; 03 CS rt a-r- - 01 o .2 2 £ g o fc 'fc. H m H .c -a a S-8 2 a 2 o •sa aternities. — He is a member of the American Farm Economic Association, The National Irrigation and Drainage Con- gress, The Utah Educational Association, Pi Zeta Pi (a social fraternity), Alpha Zeta, (a professional agricultural fraternity), Gamma Sigma Delta (an honorary agricultural fraternity) and Phi Kappa Phi (an honorary scholastic fraternity). Other Activities. — In undergraduate years he took part in college activities. He was the first "Four-letter" athlete of the Utah Agricultural College, having won four official sweaters in one year, one each for foot- ball, basketball, baseball, and track, and one year was captain of the football team, and another year manager of basketball. He took part in college dramatics and was on the editorial staff of the college paper as well as class president of the graduating class 1911. His work and studies while not in college, have permitted him to travel and become somewhat familiar with the States of the United States lying West of the Mississippi River and Minnesota, Illinois and New York. He studied thirty-two months in Europe, October 1911 to May 1914, and while there visited the large cities and some of the most interesting parts of England, France, Germany, Switzerland, Holland, and Belgium. Headquarters while in Europe were at Paris, France, where he learned to read, write, and speak the French language.