PN 4130 .T6 1855 Copy 1 THE GRADUAL READER. FIRST STEP, OR EXERCISES IN ARTICULATION; DESIGNED TO DEVELOP AND STRENGTHEN THE ORGANS OF SPEECH, AND TO FACILITATE THE CORRECT UTTERANCE OF THE ELEMENTARY SOUNDS AND THEIR COMBINATIONS. PUBLISHED WITHOUT THE READING LESSONS, AT THE REQUEST OF TEACHERS, FOR THE USE OF PUPILS IN THE HIGHER CLASSES. By DAVID B TOWER, A.M. Principal of the Pennsylvania Insli'Jtion for the Instruction of the Blind ; late Principal of th_ Eliot Grammar School, Boston. NEW f TORK: PUBLISHED BY DANIEL BUEGESS & CO., (LATE CADY IN |" AETICULATION i m ,> ti ELEMENTAEY SOUNDS. [The following Exercises, designed to train the vocal and enunciative organs, should be practised till the pupil can utter the Elementary Sounds correctly. First, let him utter the word which is given for an example; next, the element italicized in that word; then, alternately, the words, and the elementary sound of the italic lettei'S in the words, when not silent ; and lastly, the sentences, solely with reference to cor- rect articulation of the Elementary Sound.! Exercise 1. a, marked a or a. The letters in italics have the sound of a, as heard in ale : age, name, gale, late, aim, straight, jail, daily, raiment, display, array, obey, they, whey, conveyance, freight, inveigh, feint, sleigh, skein, neighbor, gauge, gaol, great, ere. So stately her bearing, so proud her array, the main she will traverse forever and aye. He gave to the gale his snow-white sail. Our age is but a shade, our life a tale. . The earth is veiled in shades of night. Exercise 2. e, marked e or e. The letters in italics have the sound of e, as heard in me : epitome, tea, bereave, streamer, release, bohea, deceit, leisure, ceiling, receipt, redeem, agree, razee, I * ft) 6 ELEMENTARY SOUNDS jubilee, key, grief, relieve, siege, pier, cashier, pique, shire, marine, police, mandarin, ravine, people, quay, mien. Swift instinct leaps ; slow reason feebly climbs. There pleasing streams with crystal murmurs creep. From each terrestrial bondage set me free. O teach me to elude each latent snare. Exercise 3. i, marked i or I, and f, voioei. The letters in italics have the sound of i, as heard in time : mine, idle, repine, benign, lie, tied, type, deny, rhyme, pyre, prosek/te, height, sleight, buy, guide, aisle, rye. The primal duties shine aloft, like stars. Strike, for the sires who left you free. The sounding aisles of the dim woods rang. For life, for life, their flight they ply. Bright as the light of a good man's smile. Exercise 4. o, marked 6 or 6. The letters in italics have the sound of o, as in ode : no, roll, dome, console, zero, tone, door, oak, boat, approach, heroes, hoe, four, dough, moulder, resource, snoia, window, own, beau, bureau, flambeau, portmanteau, shew, sew, yeoman. Roll on, thou deep and dark blue ocean, roll. There is a raptuVe on the lonely shore. The freed soul soars to its home on high. The lowing herd wind skwly o'er the lea. Exercise 5. u, marked u or u, and w^voivel. The letters in italics have the sound of u, as in cwbe : tube, lute, tune, refwte, blue, residue, value, hue, suit, sluice, new, sinew, vieiv, adieu, purlieu, feud, eulogy, ewphony, beauty. The kindling azwre is ilh/med with flz/id gold. OF THE VOWELS. / There is rrmsic in the deep blue sky. Adieu to thee, fair Rhine! a vain adieu! Thy hand imhuea the clouds with all pzn*e tints. Exercise 6. a, marked a or a. The letters in italics have the sound of a, as in far: bar, alms, palm, ah, father, bath, dart, psalm, aunt, lawgh, launch, heart, hearth, hearken, gward. The calm shade shall bring a kindred calm, and the sweet breeze shall waft a balm to thy sick heart. At intervals the voice of psalms is heard. The harp's silver tone on the far breeze is borne. Exercise 7. a^marked a or a. The letters in italics have the sound of a, as in mat: at, and, man, mammoth, lamp, back, has, began. The good man has perpetual Sabbath. They were plaided and plumed in their tartan array. Their voice in battle shall be heard no more. Nor doth remain a shadow of man's ravage, save his own. Exercise 8. e, marked e or e. The letters in italics have the sound of e, as in met: let, end, well, tent, head, realm, heaven, peas- ant, steady, endeavor, said, saith, again, maintain, sagfs, friend, Jeopard, guess, any, many, bury. Chill penury repressed their noble rage. The long- remembered beggar was his guest. Still let my steady soul thy goodness see. Thence the bright spirit's eloquence hath fled. And soon from guest to guest the panic spread. Exercise 9. i, marked i or i, and y, vowel. The letters in italics have the sound of f, as in pin : if, intend, timid, rich, fountain, captain, mountain, y ELEMENTARY SOUNDS forfeit, surfeit, biscuit, conduit, guilt, been, sieve, lyr- ical, mystery, carriage, busy, business. From cliff to cliff the smoking torrents shine. So flourishes and fades majestic man. The wildered fancy dreams of sporting fountains. There is he lost 'midst heaven's high mysteries.. The sick earth groans with man's iniquities. Some kindred spirit shall inquire thy fate. Exercise 10. a and o, marked a, 6, a, 6, and a. The letters in italics have the sound of a, as in ball, or o in nor : all, water, walk, warm, bald, also, altar, orb, morn, scorn, absorb, storm, forlorn, da^b, fraud, author, awtumn, caught, baivble, awl, law, awe, hawthorn, yawn, broad, thought, besought, nought, Lonely was the hall, the tapestry fled the wall. Forward speeds the wild horse to thy falling waters. Of all that's holy, holiest is the good man's pall. Peace smiles on all they fought for. I have looked over the hills of the stormy north. I know of a land where there falls no blight. Exercise 11. o and w, marked 6 and u, or 6, u, 6. • The letters in italics have the sound of o, as in move, and of u in rale : prove, lose, tomb, ado, who, improve, true, rwral, fool, bloom, balloon, too, doom, growp, tour, surto^t, uncouth, accoutre, shoe, canoe, brwise, frait. The rule would prove him a consummate fool. I come to pluck your berries harsh and crude. Blows were our welcome, rude bmises our reward. Through the cool grove onward he moved. How gloomy and dim is the scowl of the heaven ! Dreadful is their doom, whom doubt has driven to censure fate. OF THE VOWELS. 9 Exercise 12. u and o, marked u and 6, u, u. The letters in italics have the sound of u, as in bwll, and o in wolf: fwll, pwsh, pwll, cuckoo, worsted, cushion, footj wood, woollen, wowld, showld. Not for his delight the vernal cwckoo shouted. He stood behind a bwsh of elder. The foot of wolf could never thread this wood. Fwll many a flower is born to blush unseen. For his own good alone man should not toil. Exercise 13. and a, marked 6 or 6, a, a. The letters in italics have the sound of o, as in not, and a in wad : blot, stop, odd, observe, softly, was, what, swan, walnut, swap, squad, quality, quadruped, cowgh. The quality of mercy is not strained. Thou art gone, lone wandering, but not lost. He has gone where the eye cannot follow him. For, lo, what monsters in thy train appear ! Exercise 14. u, 0, marked u or ii, 6, 6. The letters in italics have the sound of u, as in tub, and o, as in come : up, run, dull, muff, nun, wndone, doth, love, nothing, none, front, shove, son, blood, towch, trouble, covetous, cowrage, pkws, flourish, cowsin, does, vicious, ocean, bellows. The swmmer gay droops into pallid autwmn. Even half a million gets him no other praise. The land they loved so well was bought with blood. Some fretful tempers wince at every towch. The world has much of strange and wonderful. Exercise 15. oi. oy. The letters in italics have the sound of oi, as in oil : soil, point, avoid, boiler, exploit, voice, boij, toy, annoy. 10 ELEMENTARY SOUNDS No noise is heard around but thy majestic voice. Ambition scoffs at useful toil and homely joys. There are seats left void in your earthly homes. The spoilers had passed like the poison wind's breath. It is the voice of joy that murmurs deep. From a hoy I wantoned with thy breakers. Exercise 16. on, ow. The letters in italics have the sound of ow, as in sound : round, ounce, thou, loud, cloud, our, owl, yow, town, shower, alloi#. Faith looks beyond life's narrow hound. Thou didst wrap the cloud of infancy around me. The fierce w T olf prowls around thee now. The fox-howl is heard on the fell afar. How bowed the woods be- neath their sturdy stroke! Thy thunder's sound shakes the forum round and rownd. ELEMENTARY SOUNDS OF CONSONANTS. Exercise 17. b. The letters in italics have the sound of b, as in babe : mob, bane, ro&, abbot, bone, bib, sob, imbibe. Life may long be borne ere sorrow breaks its chains. Where bubbles the fount o'er its oebbly bed. The red &olt defying, right onward he feears. The butter- fly is glancing bright across the sun&eam's track. Dark glens beneath in shadowy fieauty sleep. Exercise 18. d. The letters in italics have the sound of d, as in did: deep, door dead, made, done, aid, indeed. «F THE CONSONANTS. 11 80 waves the nightshade round the sceptic's head. Come, mariner, down in the deep with me. Death deals with all, of high or low degree. His days are spent in chaining down his heart. Deeds of dark- ness were done beneath the eye of day. Exercise 19. g. The letters in italics have the sound of g*, as in give : rag, gone, gate, gig, log-, gain, hag-, bog-. Life itself must g*o to him who gave it. Cive thanks to 67od, from whom all good gr>es forth. Here rest the great and gx)od in lowly graves. Go, get thee gone ; the world will hold us both. Exercise 20. k. The letters in italics have the sound of A, as in Aat: Aall, Aope, Aeavy, Aorse, Aome, Aead, Aelp, be- hind. Teach me to fix my Aopes on Aigh. One morn 1 missed Aim on the accustomed /all. jffere Aave I fled the city's stifling //eat. All eager, Ae fastened the scene to beAold. I Aeard — and the moral came Aome to my Aeart. Exercise 21. /. The letters in italics have the sound of /, as in a//: /ine, /et, a/e, lily, lull, /ive, loyal, lute, /one. The /owing herd wind s/ow/y o ? er the /ea. His /azy /imbs in /ist/ess /anguor /ay. A still sma// voice rose sweet/y on the ear. Its /one/y co/umns stand sub/ime. Lonely and lovely is the si/ent g/en. Exercise 22. m. The letters in italics have the sound of m, as in wan : aim, mammon, fame, wove, come, dim, met. 12 ELEMENTARY SOUNDS With music I come from my balmy home. All men think all men mortal but themselves. Murmur- ing, mellow notes are mine. .Man, the hermit, sighed, till woman smiled. One minute of heaven is worth them all. Fools may admire, but men of sense approve. Exercise 23. n simple. The letters in italics have the sound of n, as in wot : wiwe, wever, suw, raw, ram, caw, ninny, nun. Pam wever wrung forth a peeper moaw. Then mine alowe be the winning tone. But crimsow now her rivers raw with human blood. To err is human; to forgive, diviwe. His name caw rouse wo feeling wow but scorw. Exercise 24. p. The letters in italics have the sound of p, as in pen : pine, top, pull, pop, pipe, apple, hope. Wave your tops, ye pines, in praise and w r orshi/). They repose in pillared piles and pyramids. Peace ! child of passion, peace! Pages stand mute by the canopied pall. O ! point my path to everlasting peace. Exercise 25. r rough when it precedes a vowel in the same syllable. The letters in italics have the sound of r, as in ripe : right, rang, rush, rope, red, river, rural. * The rocks are riven, and rifted oaks uptorn. .Rough winter rudely rends the robes of autumn. Thunder, rattling, roaring, rolls the woods around. We love thy rude and rocky shores. Exercise 26. r smooth when preceded by a vowel in the same syllable. The letters in italics have the sound of r, as in car: star, morn, far, warm, form, murmur, nrm. OF THE CONSONANTS. 13 The lark carols clear in yonder pure sphere. His cheek is irnpearled with a mother's warm tear. Hast thou a charm to stay the morning star in his steep course ? For them no more the blazing hearth shall burn. Exercise 27. v. The letters in italics have the sound of r, as in vine : row, life, sare, ririd, rale, rotire, prore. Wild winds and mad wares drire the vessel a wreck. A rapor dull bedims the wares so beautiful. Fast the ware of life is ebbing from our reins. Fine- clad rales are rocal with the rintage song. The liring rerel in thy light and lore. Exercise 28. w, consonant, like b shortened, and uttered abruptly. The letters in italics have the sound of w, as in trave : ivind, wood, zronder, atray, will, wish, woe. Soft zrinds irent murmuring by, ivith low and pen- sive sound. All human weal and woe learn thou to make thine own. The wild and i^anton winds there wail and ireep. The western traves rolled on their way. What most tue zrish, ivith ease ive fancy near. Exercise 29. y, consonant, like e shortened, and uttered abruptly. The letters in italics have the sound of y, as heard in year: yarn, yield, yonder, your, yoke, yeoman. But yesterday, and Caesar might have stood against the world.- Yonder comes the powerful king of day, rejoicing in the east. How dense and bright yon pearly clouds reposing lie. Then from glad youth to calm decline, my years would gently glide. 2 14 ELEMENTARY SOUNDS Exercise 80. f. The letters in italics have the sound of/, as in/lne ; if, full, off, fife, enough, phantom, philosopher. Fond fancy retraces the far-off past. Enough, nc> jt?Aantom mocks us, and no /ears distract. Li/e's last rapture triurnpAs over her woes, .Prom clijf to cli^f the /oaming torrents shine Exercise 31. j, or g soft, sound of dzh. The letters in italics have the sound of j, as in jewel : just, judge, ginger, age, grandeur. Eden's pure ^ems angelic legions keep. Thb stars in their nocturnal vigils rest. Not a soldier discharged his farewell shot o'er the grave. No grandeur is above the reach of woe. Exercise 32. k. The letters in italics have the sound of k, as in kite : kept, kindred, call, come, cap, concur, cAord, cAoir, cAoral, cAronicle, blac&, gueen, guote, quick. Where the sic&le cuts down the yellow corn. Many a sigh called forth by thee, has swelled my acAing breast. The calm shade shall bring a Zrindred calm. Exercise 33. s. The letters in italics have the sound of s, as in sun : sound, sister, save, miss, debase acid, cease, city. So sweet her song, that sadness weeping smiled. No censer lights our altar now. The swan's sweet- est song is the last he sings. Such sighs are incense from a heart sincere. Exercise 34. t. The letters in italics have the sound of t, as in. rime : tell, tene, went, intend, tint, helped, stopped, rocked. OF THE CONSONANTS. 15 Trumpet and timbrel are now mute in the tent. We take no note of time, but from Us loss. Men mus£ be taught as if you taught them not. Exercise 35. z. The letters in italics have the sound of z. as in sone: zenith, rose, was, suffuse, resume, suffice, Xen- opbon. The zones obey thee, as thy billows rise. There is no breeze upon the lake. The waves bound be- neath me as a steed that knows his rider. Wisdom mounts her zenith with the stars. Exercise 36. n, compound or ringing sound. The letters in italics have a ringing sound, as in song: think, bank, brink, drank, finger, languid, sanc- tion. Time writes no wrinkles on thine azure brow. Clasp me a little longer on the brink of fate. It mingles with the dross of earth again. Adore, O man, the finger of thy God. Exercise 37. sh. The letters in italics have the sound of sh, as in push : sheepish, lash, gracious, machine, cAaise, pen- sion, conscious, passion, patient, ocean, pshaw. Loud surges lasA the sounding shore. Pshaw ! what a deal of needless ranging. Conscience makes cowards of us all. List to the sAout, the sAock, the crasA of steel. Exercise 38. th, (sharp.) The letters in italics have the sound of th, as in thin : think, theme, thank, teeth, truth, breath. Time, the subtle thief of youth, hath stolen* my 16 ELEMENTARY SOUNDS years. Faith touches all things with the hues of heaven. A good deed done hath memory's blest per- fume. In all you speak, let tru^A and candor shine. Exercise 39. th, (flat,) marked th. The letters in italics have the sound of th, as in this: "than, thou, though,, blithe, beneath, thus, thine, fathom. He never gives a mite to soothe the wanderer's pains. Then shalt thou find that thou wilt loathe thy life. There is solemn darkness beneath their boughs. Exercise 40. zh. The letters in italics have the sound of zh, as heard in glazier: azure, usual, evasion, measure, rouge. Their plumes now shine w T ith azure and with gold. A vision of beauty appeared on the cloud. No rap- ture dawns, no treasure is revealed. Exercise 41. #, {sharp.) The letters in italics have the sound of the combi- nation ks, as heard in makes : tax, six, excel, flax. It fans the smoking flax into a flame. Changing empires wane and wax, are founded and decay. Si- lence, ye billows, — vex my soul no more. Teach me to fix my dearest hopes on high. Exercise 42. x, {flat.) The letters in italics have the sound of the combi- nation gz, as heard in bag's : exact, exist, exempt, exhaust, exalt. This imperial realm exacts allegiance from her sons. This right is sacred as the right to exist. Let us exult in hope, that all shall yet be well. 6. 6b, b. u, ub, b. o. od, d. u, ud, d. 0. of, f. u, uf, f. o, og, g- u, u g> g- OF THE CONSONANTS. 17 TABLE FOR REVIEW OF CONSONANT ELEMENTS. [The following Table is designed as a short review of the Elementary Soundt of the Consonants. First, utter the Elementary Sound of the Short Vowel ; next, the Syllable, produced by the combination of the vowel sound with that of the Consonant ; and then the elementary sound of the Consonant alone, as indicated by the closing sound of the slU§ble. Proceed across the page.] Exercise 43. 1,1b, b. i, id, d. i,if, f. Mgi g- i, ik, k. o, ok, k. u, uk, k. i, it, 1. o, ol, 1. u, ul, 1. i, im, m. i, in, n. i,ip, p. i, ir, r. i, is, s. i, it, t. i, iv, v. i, iz, z. a, ang, ng. 36 e, eng, ng. i, ing, ng. o, ong, ng. u, ung, ng. a, ash, sh. e, esh, sh. i, ish, sb. o, osb, sh. u, ush, sh. a, ath, th. 38 e, eth, th. i, itb, th. o, otb, th. u, uth, th. a,ath, th. 39 e, eth, th. i, itb, th. o, oth, th. u, uth, th. a, ax, x. 41 e, ex, x. i, ix, x. o, ox, x. u, ux, x. a, ax, x. 4 ' 2 e, ex, x. i, ix, x. o, ox, x. u, ux, x. a, azh, zh. e, ezh, zh. i, izh, zh, o, ozh, zh. u, uzh, zh. a*aj, j. e, ej, j. i, ij, j. o, oj, j u, uj, j. 2* a, ab, b. e, eb, b. a, ad, d. e,ed, d. a, af, f. e, ef, f. a,ag, g- e, eg, g- a, ak, k e, ek, k. a, al, 1. e, el, 1. a, am, m. e, em, m a, an, n. e, en, n. a, ap, P- e,ep, P- a, ar, r. e, er, r. a, as, s. e, es, s. a, at, t. e, et, t. a,av, V. e, ev, V. a, az, z. e, ez, z. 0, om, m. u, um, m o 3 on, n. u, un, n. o, op, P- u, up, P- o, or, r. «, ur, r. 0, OS, s. u, us, s. 0, ot, t. u, ut, t. 0, ov, v, u, uv, V. 0, oz, z. u, uz, z. 18 COMBINATIONS COMBINATIONS OF THE CONSONANTS. [The following Exercises in the Combinations of Consonants, designed to train the vocal and enunciative organs, should be used till the pupil can utter each combination distinctly, forcibly, and with ease, giving to each element in the combination its due and appropriate sound. First utter the word containing the combination ; next, the combination by itself; then, alternately the words and the combination; and finally, the sentences, solely with reference to distinct articulation of the com- bined Elementary Sounds, represented by italic letters, when those letters are not silent.] Exercise 44. Id, hdst.* Vrotfd, ebWd, daui'rf, imbi&'cZ, sobbed, prob'dst. He gazed on hills rock-ribbed and ancient as the sun. Prejudices are often imbibed from custom. The glow has ebbed from his hollow cheek. Then thou iprob'dst the wound which now has healed. Think how thou st&Wdst him in the prime of youth. Exercise 45. bl. UZind, noble, blow, able, block, bubble, blemish. There is a world where there falls no.&Zight. Why should gold man's feeble mind decoy ? How bless- ings brighten as they take their flight! Since thou art but of dust, be humble and be wise. Exercise 46. bid, bldst. Dis&bPd, doubPd humbPd, hobbPdsl, trembPdst. He forsakes earth's troubled waters for a purer spring. 'Tis but the fabled landscape of a lay. Thou trembPdst then, if never since that day. Thou humbPdst hosts on old Platea's day. * If any combination be found too difficult at first, return to it again, after going through, and the organs of speech will be found stronger and more flexible from the continued use of the exercises. OF THE CONSONANTS. 19 Exercise 47. bh, blst. BauWes, nobles, pebbles, troubPst, humbPst. The heart, benevolent and kind, the most resembles God. Thus bubbles rise and vanish on the deep. Hence ! thou troubPst me with vain requests. Exercise 48. hr. Brave, brine, brow, bright, breeze, em&roil. O soft are the breezes, that play round the tomb. What stronger breastplate than a heart untainted ! Ocean's broad breast was covered with his fleet. There spices breathe, and brighter seasons smile. Exercise 49. bz, 1st. "Webs, ribs, probes, robes, rob'st, prob'st, robb'st. They bowed like shru&s beneath the poison blast. Then fear appalled the scattered tribes. Yet with no gentle hand thou prob'st their wounds. Exercise 50. dzli, dzhd. T&dge, lodge, imag^e, privilege, Hedged, presaged. O for a lodge in some vast wilderness ! Why judge you then so hardly of the dead ? Their winglets are Hedged in the sun's hot rays. A sound in air pre- saged approaching rain. Exercise 51. dl. ^Handle, ladle, meddle, bundle, cradle, kindle. The brazen trumpets kindle rage no more. Alas! it would not pay for can d/e -light. From man to man, like fire, the kindling impulse flew. I have been an outcast from my cradle. 20 COMB IN A TUKNTS Exercise 52. did, didst. CradZ'd, padd/'d, waddPd, bxidPdst, fondPdst. Thy mind once kindled with each passing thought. My days are dwindled to the shortest span. In boy- hood's day thou tmndPdst the hoop. Stung by the viper thou fondPdst when young. Exercise 53. dlz, dlst. Handles, ladles, bundles, cradPst, kindPst. The hind, scarce conscious why, handles his targe and bow. Man seems the only growth that dwindles here. In very sooth, thou waddPst like a duck. In thy upward flight thou dwindPst to a speck. Exercise 54. d?i. Golden, lad J n, bidden, gladd'w, lead'%, old'n. Angels drop on their goldm harps a pitying tear. There shall the coral redden, and the ruby glow. He has bidden adieu to his earthly friends. Exercise 55. dnz, dnd. Gardens, gladdW, wardens, saddVd, burdVd. It gladdens the blood in an old man's heart. Our hearts are eased of burdens hard to bear. They fly, or maddened by despair, fight but to die. Death never saddened your scenes of bloom. Exercise 56. dr. Drop, dress, drive, drover, dreadful, dream. On the ear drops the light drip of the suspended oar. True wit is nature, to advantage dressed. The dread beat of drum broke the dreamer's sleep. Fair visions of home cheered the desert so dreary. OF THE CONSONANTS. 21 Exercise 57. Didst, hadst, amidst, add'st, bidd'st, tread' st. They have gone down amidst the roar of the tem- pest. Thou bidd'st the shades of darkness fly. Thou, from primeval nothingness, didst call, first chaos, then existence. Exercise 58. dth, dths. Width, hundred//, breadth, hundredths, breadths. The width of the stream again dismayed him. For the hundredth time, he frowned and smiled. It took four breadths of cloth to make the cloak. Exercise 59. dz. Buds, weeds, odds, adze, lids, shades, abodes. No clouds shall on thy waters lie darkling. One feeble blast would fearful odds against thee cast. These shades are the abodes of undissembled gladness. Exercise 60. jl. Flame, fly, trifle, fleeee, baifle,flow, ri/Ze, ^Zight. Lord Marmion's falcon flew with wavering y?ight. At every tri/?e, scorn to take offence. Her^ag streams wildly, and her guttering sails pant to be on their y?ight. He looks on life but as a Meeting dream. Exercise 61. fld,jidst. mjPd, baifled, shuiftd, sti/d, mufftd, baf/Pdst, tixjPdst. The war-drum is muffled, and black is the bier. It has rifled the buds from the blooming tree. Now tell me how thou bafftdst thine enemy. 22 COMBINATIONS Exercise 62. fiz, fist. !&ifles, baffles, ruffles, tnffst, rufflst, stiffst. Not to know some trifles, is a praise. He shuffles along with his slip-shod pace. Fear lends him wings, and he baffles pursuit. Thou trifl st with what is not thine own. Exercise 63. fn,fnd,fnz. Stiffs, sof'n, sof'ns, stiffens, so/Vrf, deafrid. Here shall the billows stiffen and have rest. The gurly storms now soften into joy. The woods are deafened with the roar. Truth softens the heart with Its simple tones. Exercise 64. fr. .Frame, /riend, refresh, phreusy, phrenology. Ye dreadless flowers, that/ringe the eternal frostl An honest love is not afraid to/rown. Angels from friendship gather half their joy. Labor is but re- freshment /rom repose. Exercise 65. fs, fst. Whiffs, puffs, fifes, laughs, puff'st, laugh'st. Mortals, on life's later stage, still grasp at wealth. Forests are rent, and cliffs in ruin piled. Ha ! laugh 1 st thou, Lochiel, my vision to scorn ? Thou scoff'st at virtue's homely joys. Exercise 66. ft, fth. Oft, soft, waft, doff'd, draught, laugh'd, fifth. Oft from apparent ill our blessings rise. Where billows rise and sink on the chafed ocean-side. The draught of pleasure still is dashed with woe. Justice shall lift aloft her even scale OF THE COiXSONANTS. 23 Exercise ,67. fts % fist. Li/fc, rafts, tufts, wafts, draughts, waft'stj Wfl'sl. Prosperity ! I court thy gifts no more. Death lifts the veil that hides a brighter sphere. Over the win- try desert drear thou waffst thy waste perfume. Exercise 68. gd, gdst. Begg'd, rigged, lagged, digged, dragged, bragg'dst. The very elements are leagued with death. Yet still the creeping tortoise lagged behind. Thou begg'dst in vain the hermit's blessing then. Exercise 69. gl. Gleam, glory, glove, gZitter, eagle, struggle, single. Pleased with his guests, the good man learned to glow. Through grades and glooms the mingling measures stole. From thicket to thicket the angler glides. ■5 ' Exercise 70. gld, gldst. Struggled, haggPd, mingVd, mangVdst, mingVdst. The bells he jingled, and the whistle blew. I saw it in the wheel entangZed. He gazed enraptured on the spangled canopy. How beautifully thou mingV dst life and death ! **& i Exercise 71. glz, gist. Ragles, juggles, spangles, jungles, struggVst, mingVst. I have roamed where the hill-foxes howl, and eagles cry. SpangZes, in the sunny rays, shine round the silver snow. Before thou ming^Z'sZ in the jostling crowd. Thou struggZ'sZ, as life upon the issue hung. 24 COMBINATIONS Exercise 72. gr. Green, grip, grow, grain, ground, grief, engrave. GVandeur, strength, and grace here speak of Deity. If they rule, it shall be over our ashes and graves. The groves of Eden yet look green in song. Exercise 73. gz, gst. Log's, figs, dreg^s, rogues, leagues, begg'st, digg'st. The fisherman drag's to the shore his laden nets. You have bartered life for bag's of gold. The school- boy lag's with satchel in his hand. Thou begg-'s^ in vain, no pity melts his heart. Exercise 74. kl. Cling, wrinkle, cZifF, circle, clover, chloride, knuckle. The sea-gems sparkle in the depths below. The sovereign sun in glory hath declined. Subject neith- er to eclipse nor wane, duty exists. All feel the assaults of fortune's fickle gale. Exercise 75. kid, kldst. SparkPd, wrinkVd, circVd, freckVd, buckPdst, iwinkPdsL Grim-visaged war hath smoothed his wrinkled front. The stars dim twinkled through his airy form. O holy star! that twinkPdst on the shepherd's path. Exercise 76. klz, klst. Sparkles, circles, pickles, uncles, sparkPst, freckPsL Time writes no wrinkles on thine azure brow. The storm-bird wheels in circles round the mast. It leaves behind a wave that crin&fes bright. Thou sparkPst like a gem of the starry sky. OF THE CONSONANTS. 25 Exercise 77. kn. To/fc'w, blac/c'w, slac/c'w, deac'w, falc'tt, wa/c'w, sha/c'w. By the storms of circumstance unsha&cw, duty- exists. Though clouds thic&ctt round us, we heed not the storm. Sunshine can yet waken a burst of delight. Exercise 78. knd, kndst. Wa&Wd, dar&Wd, bXactfrfdst, Yiearttrtdst. And darkened Jura answers through her misty shroud. With quickened step brown night retires. Thou hearken' dst not when wisdom bade thee heed. Exercise 79. knz, knsU Tokens, deac'ws, falc'ws, thic&'ws, bec&Ws£, wak'n'st. The mountain's glowing brow betokens the sun's approach. Mist darkens the mountain, night darkens the vale. Thou awaken' st there a warmer sympathy. Exercise 80. kr. JTraken, crime, across, increase, creation, crown, crash. Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown. Aim not to trace the secrets of the skies. There crystal streams with pleasing murmurs creep. Exercise 81. ks. Oaks, sticks, lakes, relics, rocks, bore, axe, six. Sighs, and groans, and shrie&s now rend the air. Age shakes Athena's tower, but spares gray Mara- thon. Ye mouldering relics of departed years ! Exercise 82. kst, kstli. Shaft's^, wak'st, rock'st, syeaWst, next, mix'd, sixth. Seek'st thou the plashy brink of weedy lake ? Of 26 COMBINATIONS differing themes the veering song was mixed. And many a holy text around she strews. Henry the Sixth bids thee despair. Exercise 83. kt. Roc&'d, ra&W, wa&'d, MWd, sect, prospect, subject Eaeh season looked delightful as it passed. He wafed at the vessel's sudden roll. I deny the com- petency of parliament to do this act. Exercise 84. kts, Jctst. Acts, respects, objects, respecfst, acfst, lik'dst. It gilds all object but it alters none. Thy lucid ray direct my thoughts to realms on high. Thy rays give lustre to the insects wing. Thou acfst the fool as it were natural to thee. I heard thee say but now, " thou lik'dst not that." Exercise 85. lb, Ibz, Id. 'Bulb, bulbs, old, mild, cold, gild, field, child, fold. There too the ~Elbe, with gentle murmur, glides. He toiled, and moiled, poor muck-worm! Oft did the harvest to his sickle yield. Be as a chimin meek simplicity. Exercise 86. Idz, Idst. Gilds, fields, folds, yields, wilds, boldest, shield'st. Apollo still thy long, long summer gilds. Drowsy tinklings lull the distant folds. Not proud Olympus yields a nobler sight.. Thou yield' st to fate without a murmur now. Exercise 87. If, Ifs. Self, wolf, pelf, shelf, elf, gulf, sylphs, elfs, gulfs. OF THE CONSONANTS. 27 O how self- fettered is the grovelling soul ! Though gulfs yawned under thee, I would not leave thee. It is the vulture's abode, the wolf's dreary cave. Exercise 88. ///, Ifth, Idzh, Idzhd. Ingulf d, twelfth, bilge, induce, bi^rf, indulged The lake is ingulfed amid sheltering hills. I, with them, the twelfth night kept the watch. Indulge no useless wish, but be content. He indulged his wit and lost his friends. Exercise 89. Ik, Iks, Ikst, Ikt. Elk, milk, hulk, elks, silks, milk'st, milled, mulct. Crowned with her pail, the tripping mi/&-maid sings,. In silks and satins new, we worship in these davs. The kine were milk'd, and flocks were in the folds. Exercise 90. hi, Imd, hnz, hnst. Wm, f\lm, whelm' d, films, realms, overwhelm' st. The heathen heel her helm has crushed. The steed was barbed and the warrior helmed. ~Films slow- gathering dim the sight. Thou overwhefei'^ them with the whirlwind's sweep. Exercise 91. In, lp 9 Ips, Ipst, Ipt, Iptst. QtoPn, swofe, pulp, whelps, scalp' st, helped, help'dst. Even our fallen fortunes lay in light. Feeble Cresars shrieked for help in vain. The Alps have pinnacled in clouds their snowy scalps. Thou scalp' st thy victim while his pulse yet beats. I was the 'first that helped thee to the crown. Those crumbling piles thou help'dst to rear. Exercise 92. Is. Valse, dulse, else, pulse, impulse, repulse. 28 COMBINATIONS Oft by false learning is good sense defaced. How wearily at times the pulse doth beat. ~Else, whence this pleasing hope, this fond desire ? Exercise 93. 1st. HuPst, i\lPst, calPst, ialPst, wheePst,rolPst, convulsed. Thou t\lPst existence with Thyself alone. Thou marshalPst me the way that I was going. Thou calPst its children a happy band. Life flutters eon- vuls^d in his quivering limbs. Exercise 94. Zz, Ith, Iths. ~Bolt, wilt, gui/Z, wealth, filthy stealth, healths. Wisdom finds an equal portion dea/Z to all man- kind. Misery is wed to guilt. Health consists with temperance alone. Here shaft thou gaze on villages, and tilth, and herds. In drinking healths, men bui invite disease. Exercise 95. Its, Itst. Faults, holts, melts, assaults, halfst, meltfst. The assauZZs of discontent and doubt repel. A friendly eye could never see such faults. Meanwhile the clouds in airy tumuto fly. Thou melPst with pity at another's woes. Exercise 96. lv, Ivd. Twelve, waive, helve, solve, revolve, resolved, involved. O fix thy firm resolve, wisdom to wed. Now night's dim shades again involve the sky. No pre- cious fate with mine involved, my heart is fearless. Exercise 97. Ivz, Ivst. Wolves, elves, shelves, valves, dissolv'st* revolrfst. OF THE CONSONANTS. 29 Who would be free, themselves must strike the blow. Man resolves, and re-resolves, then dies the same. Thou solv'st the problem at the expense of life. Exercise 98. h. Toils, steals, ca/Zs, ba//s, morals, laure/s, embroi/s. Foo/6' may admire, but men of sense approve. Man buys and sells, — he steals, he kills for gold. Peace rules the day, when reason rules the mind. Fools will rush in, where angels fear to tread. Exercise 99. md, mdst. Fa,m?d, seemed, blooirfd, illu??t'urvJd, scorn' d, learn' 'dwarri' *d, discern'^, Yeturn'dsL Their bones lie whitening in the caveraed deep. Warned by the signs, in haste they shelter seek. I have scorned^ and still do scorn to hide my sense of wrong. It is well thou le&rn J dst that lesson young. Exercise 144. rnz, rnst. Moms j urns, horns, caverns, learr*s, turn'st, scorn* st. Such fair morns once smiled on Eden's bloom. On the golden wave the sunset bums afar. Thou scorn'st the inglorious sacrifice. Thou warn'st me to the lonely shrine. Exercise 145. rp, rps, rpt. Harp, warp, sharp, carp, usurp, harps, warp'd. In Judah's hall the harp is hushed. Time is the warp of life ; O, weave it well. To their harps di- vine, they sing the vesper hymn of praise. Trade hath usurp/ d the land, and dispossessed the swain. Exercise 146. rs, rsh. Purse, scarce, horse, curse, fierce, nurse, hars//. Scarce could they see or hear their foes. Fierce to the breach their comrades sprung. His horse was not a whit inclined to tarry there. I come to pluck your berries harsh and crude. Exercise 147. rs/, rsts. First, worst, hurst, nurs'd, curs'd, pierc'd, hursts. There came a burst of thunder sound. Blasphem- er! dar's^ thou murmur even now? Proud Nimrod first the bloody chase began. Accursed be the fagots that blaze at his feet. A flood of glory hursts from all the skies. OF THE CONSONANTS. 39 Exercise 148. rt. Art, port, dirt, cart, heart, part, i\\rt, start, impa/7. •How vast is art, how narrow human wit! The heart may give a useful lesson to the head. Act well your part, there all the honor lies. Exercise 149. rts, rtst. Arts, ports, carts, hearts, flirts, courts, starfst, hurfst. Things are not always done by starts. The bound- ing fawn now darts along the glade. The sports of children satisfy the child. With these thou Rirtfst, for those thou hast a smile. Exercise 150. rth, rths. ~Ea?'th, worth, north, mirth, forth, hearth, hearths. Pay no moment, but in purchase of its worth. For them no more the blazing hearth shall burn. From this day for^A I'll use you for my mirth. They have given the lovely to earth's embrace. Our hearths shall be kindled in gladness. Exercise 151. rtsh, rtsht. March, larch, starch, porch, arched, searched, parched. We may resume the march of our existence. The larch has hung all its tassels forth. In search of happiness, her own sweet paths we flee. Pygmies are pygmies still, though perched on Alps. Exercise 152. rv, rvd, rvdst. Nerve, swerve, curve, serve, curved, starved, pre- sertfdst. I found Herculean nerre hid in thy tuneful arm. Swerve not from duty's path, however rough. Life is thus preserved, and peace again restored. The pilgrim fathers thou preserv'dst from winter's cold and storms. 40 COMBINATIONS Exercise 153. rvz, rvst. 9 Nerves, curves, swerves, nerv'st, curv'st, preserv'st. No monumental stone preserves his name. Then the firmest nerves shall tremble. The highest meed of praise he well deserts. I thank thee for the word ; thou nen;'s£ my arm. Exercise 154. rz. Bars, wars, stars, spars, wears, tears, pears, snuffers. The wide earth bears no nobler heart than thine. Like broken waves their squares retire. We leap at stars, and fasten in the mud. There's not a breath of wind upon the hill. In glory's fires shalt thou dry thy tears. Exercise 155. sf. Sphere, spheroid, sphinx, spherical. The freed soul soars beyond this little sphere. Tell us- — -for doubtless thou canst recollect — to whom should we assign the spMnx's fame ? Exercise 158. shr. Shrill, shrine, shrank, sAriek, sAroud, sArub, shrive. He came to shrive the dying, bless the dead. The bat, sArill sArieking, wooed his flickering mate. To leafless s/mibs the flowery palms succeed. And freedom sArieked as Kosciusko fell. Exercise 157. sk, skr. Skill, skip, task, scan, scheme, casque, screen, scribe. But here the needle plies its busy tas&. His casque is circled by an ivy wreath. It is a land unscathed by scorching tear. The sea-bird's wild scream is heard afar. Across the wiry edge he drew the screak- ing file. OF THE CONSONANTS. 41 Exercise 158. sks, skst, ski. Desks, tasks, mosques, as/c'st, basest, ask\l, r\sk\L Well pleased to find it such, he asks no more. Ask'st thou to whom belongs this valley fair? He risked his own, another's life to save. The black scorpion basked in palace courts. Exercise 159. si. Slime, slave, slow, sleep, whistle, apostle, slope, sleet. Slow tolls the village clock the drowsy hour. The zephyrs breathe calmly, and soft is its sleep. The thorn and the this^Ze grew broader and higher. Exercise 160. sld, sh, slst. 'WhistPd, nestles, apostles, muscles, rusiPst, nestPst. Over the moors the loud blast whistled shrill. The grass rustles drearily over his urn. Like brisks over him, his coarse fur he rears. Brave forest-oak, thou wrestPst singly with the gale. Exercise 161. sm. Smile, smite, smoke, smooth, smash, smuggle. A. fresher green the smiling leaves display. He woke to die midst flame and smoke. The smooth stream in smoother numbers flows. Hope comes with smiles the hour of pain to cheer. Exercise 162. sn, snd, snz, snst. Snow, sneer, person, less'rtd, pers'ns, lisfns, lessWs£. How the sweet moonlight sleeps upon this snow. He always read it with a steering tone. He Wsterfd to the music of the rolling spheres. How the eye of beauty glistens, when music awakes her inmost soul! Onward thou hastertst with fawnlike tread. 4* 42 COMBINATIONS Exercise 163. sp,, spl. /Span, speed, spar, wa^, lisp, grasp, spleen, splendid. No children run to lisp their sire's return. The stubble land was crisp with frost. Sport leaped up and seized his beechen spear. They wrapped the ship in spfendor wild. Exercise 164. spr. Spray, spring, sprain, sprig, spread, sprout, sprightly. And soon from guest to guest the panic spread. Flush in Spring's footsteps, sprang herbage and flow- ers. Modest plainness sets off sprightly wit Exercise 165. sps, spt. Grasps, lisps, wasps, clasps, grasp'd, clasp'd, lisp'd. How pure the prayer that childhood lisps / The youthful ivy clasps the elm. Pope lisped in numbers, for the numbers came. He grasped his blade, as if a trumpet rang. Exercise 166. st. Stand, stop, stove, star, hast, best, rest, noticed, entic'd The stormy March has come at last Stand ! the ground's your own, my braves ! Hast thou a charm, to stay the morning star ? No one noticed him, no one gave him a welcome. Exercise 167. str. Stroll, stream, strive, strong, strown, strains, minstrel. They have s£rown the dust on the sunny brow. Now set the teeth, and stretch the nostril wide. Nor friend, nor stranger hears their dying cry. There to high strains the minstrel harp T tuned. OF THE CONSONANTS. 43 Exercise 168. s/s, stst. Mists, tastes, crests, coasts, res' enlisfst. The sounding darts in iron tempests flew. Crests rose and stooped, and rose again. All things seem large, which we through mists descry. Now, with what awe thou li&tfsi the wild uproar! Exercise 169. (38) thn, thnd, tJmdst, tlmz, ths, tht. ~Length'n, strengtfAWd, lengthen' cist, strengthens, youths, betroth' d. Who would lengthen out the span of human life? These silver locks proclaim my lengthened years. He strengthens the perilous hour with prayer. Falsi now is the arm thou strengthen' dst. Faith's raised eye is always fixed on Heaven. She was early be- troth'd to a Highland chief. Exercise 170. thr. Throb, throne, thrive, thrill, three, thread, through. Thrice is he armed, that hath his quarrel just. Soft as the thrill that memory throws across the soul. His voice was like the voice of three. They Pronged around her magic cell. Exercise 171. (39) tJuL Breath'd, sooth' d, writh'd, baih'd, smoothed. He was sustained and soothed by an unfaltering trust. But nature breathed rebuke and dread. His manly lip was wreaked- with smiles. They sheathed their swords for lack of argument. Exercise 172. (39) thz, thst Hathes, tithes, paths, oaths, smooth's!;, xenth'sh A soothing influence breaches around the place. Some fond legend soothes his infant hours. The 44 COMBINATIONS paths of glory lead but to the grave. O guilt ! thou bat/Pst the world in tears. Exercise 173. tl, tld, tldst. Title, cattle, gentle, rattVd, titVd, rattPdst. Round me the smoke and shout of battle roll. The reef points rattle on the shivering sail. He prat- tled less, in accents void of guile. Thou starWdst the slumbering tenants of these shades. Exercise 174. tlz, list. Titles, turtles, mantles, battles, startPst, rattVst I saw him on the battle's eve, when like a king he bore him. How the blood warms and manges round the heart ! The wild deer thou startPst in the forest shade. Exercise 175. tn, tnd, tnz. Kitfn, mitPn, butfn, writfn, sweePn'd, whifns. How blessings brighten as they take their flight! Hope can relieve the gloom, and sweeten all my toil. The feathered snow now whiten* d the ground. Thy mercy sweetens the cup of woe. Exercise 176. tr. Tribe, tread, trade, troop, traitor, tremble. Time's giddy arch with trembling foot we tread. What mighty contests rise from trivial things ! True as the steel of their tried blades. Exercise 177. tsh. Charm, chime, choose, rich, touch, catch, watch. I with them, the third night, kept the watch. Hope, the cAarmer, lingered still behind. Youth is notricA in time ; it may be poor. OF Tim CONSONANTS. 45 Exercise 178. tsht, Ishtst. Touched, watched, reacted, snatched, touch? dst. Hence have I watched while others slept. Apollo rapt us when you touched the lyre. O Thou, who Xowcli'dst Isaiah's hallowed lips with fire. Exercise 179. ts, tst. Bats, spots, roots, slates, hats, notes, sitt'st, shout' st. Ten censure wrong, for one who writes amiss. The flute's soft notes fall gently on the ear. Thou mightst have been free. Spirit of freedom! once on Phyle's brow thou zatt'st. Exercise 180. vd, vdst. Ijiv'd, belov'd, sav'd, mov'd, lov'dst, sav'dst. Hope, enchanted, smiled, and waved her golden hair. He chid their wanderings, but relieved their pain. Thou depriv'dst me of all I then possessed. Exercise 181. t>Z, vld, vlst, viz. Et>7, shoy'Z, ravUVd, shrivUVd, shov'lst, ev'ls. Their hopes still grovel in this dark sojourn. It seared and shnvelVd u,p his heart. The clods of earth shall soon be shoveWdon him. Thou unravel? st the very threads of being. So shrivels the leaf in the autumn blast. Exercise 182. vn, vnz, vnth. Sev'n, driven, cvav'n, heavhis, rav'ns, eleventh. Thy chains are burst, thy bonds are riven, l&ven half a million gets him no other praise. To God let thy heart and hours be given. Hea^e^'s sapphire arch is its resplendent dome. 46 COMBINATIONS Exercise 183. vz, vst. Waves, groves, leaves, proves, row's?, rav'st. The waves roll gently on beneath thy bark of hope. The groves were God's first temples. The fanning west wind scarcely stirs the leaves. Weigh well thy words before thou giv'st them breath. Exercise 184. zd. Gaz\d, raisW, hlaz'd, us\l, prized, exposed. Sudden he gazed, but wist not what to do. No cheerful light the long-closed sash conveyed. Here buds and leaves are gracefully disposed. Exercise 185. %l, zld, zldst, zlst, zlz. Haz'l, mistletoe, d&zzPd, clazzVdst, puzzVst, puzzles. O ! the mistletoe bough, that hangs in the hall. My eyes are dazzled with the rustling flame. Thou puzzPdst the brain of the ancient sage. Thou dazzPst the eye with thy flaming rays. Sage as the lawyer, who puzzles over a doubt. Exercise 186. zwz, zmz, zn. Prism, chasms, frozen, prison, crimson, blazon. Through the fearful chasm, the deep sky shone. The billows sink to chasms low He sinks exhaust- ed on the irozen ground. It is darkly painted on the crimson sky. Exercise 187. znd, znz ) znst. BlasVd, crim sWrf, seas' ns, b\az'ns, rcas n\st. Arabia's crimsoned sands returned the fiery col- umn's glow. Thou hast all seasons for thine own, O Death ! Ye labor hard to smother reason s ray. How well thou reason's!, time alone can show. OF THE CONS TABLE FOR REVIEW 47 COMBINATIONS OF CONSONANTS, ARRANGED BY THE FINAL SOUND. [The following exercises are intended for daily review, after the pupils have practised sufficiently on the preceding ; the class can utter them simultaneously. Utter the word hist; next, the combination; then, the word again.] Exercise 188. Lb, bulb. — rb, garb. — bd, probed. — rbd, absorbed. — gd, begged. — ngd, belonged. — dzhd, imaged. — ldzhd, bilged. — ndzhd, ranged. — rdzhd, urged. — Id, go/a 7 . — bid, trembled. — did, paddled. — gld, mingled. — kid, twinkled. — pld, dimpled, — rid, world. — sld, whis- tled. — tld, rattled. — vld, shriveird. — zld, puzzled. — md, named. — Imd, overwhelmed* — rmd, formed. Exercise 189. Nd, land, — dnd, hardened. — fnd, deafened. — knd, wakened. — pnd, sharpened. — rnd, warned. — snd, les- sened. — tnd, whitened. — thnd, lengthened. — znd, bla- zoned. — rd, guard. — yd, proved. — lvd, resolved. — rvd, starved. — zd, gazed. — 39 thd, breathed. — If, shelf. — mf, triumph. — rf, turf. — sf, sphere. — rg, iceberg-. — nsh, bench. — rsh, marsh. — tsh, charm. — rtsh, march. Exercise 190. Dth, width.— fth, fifth.— Ifth, twelfth.— lth, wealth. — rmth, warmth. — ngth, length. — nth, tenth. — pth, depth. — rth, north. — fcstb, sixth. — Idzh, indulge. — ndzh, ra^e.— rdzh, barge. — Ik, silk. — ngk, thank. — rk, mark. — sk, task. — bl, blind. — dl, crtidle. — fl, y?oor. — gl, glove. — kl, twinkle. — pi, plan. — spl, splendid. — rl, fu/7. — si, sleep. — ti, gentle. — vl, shovel. — zl, dazzle. — lm, realm.- — rm, warm. 48 COMBINATIONS Exercise 191. Sm, smile. — thm, rhythm. — zm, prism. — dn, laden. — fn, deafen. — 38 thn, lengthen. — 39 thn, heathen, — kn, token. — In, stolen. — pn, sharpen. — rn, morn. — sn, les- sen.— tn, written. — vn, seven. — zn, frozen. — lp, help. — rnp, pomp.— rp, harp. — sp, span. — br, brave. — dr, dream. — fr, frown. — gr, green. — shr, shrine. — kr, crime. — skr, screen. — pr, pride. — spr, sprain. — tr, Mbe. — sir, strive.— thr, throne. Exercise 192. Fs, puffs. — lfs, gulfs. — mfs, triumphs. — rfs, dwarfs. — 38 ths, truths. — dths, breads. — lths, healths. — nths, months. — ngths, lengths. — pths, depths. — rths, hearts. — -ks, oa&s. — Iks, si/A:s. — ngks, thanks. — rks, marks. — sks, des&s. — Is, pulse. — -ns, dense. — -ps, lips. — lps, "whelps. — mps, lamps. — rps, harps. — sps, lisps. — rs, horse. — ts, boo£s. — fts, tufts. — kts, facts. — Its, melts. — mts, prompts. Exercise 193. Nts, events. — ngkts, precincts. — pts, precepts. — rts, darts. — sts, mis^s. — rsts, thirsts. — ft, soft. — lft, iri- gulfed. — mft, triumphed. — nsht, launched, — tsht, touched. — rtsht, marched. — kt, fact. — lkt, milked. — ngkt, thanked. — rkt, marked. — skt, basked. — It, salt. — mt, prompt. — nt, want.— rnt, burnt. — pt, kep£. — lpt, . helped. — rpt, warped. — spt, lisped. Exercise 194. Rt, par£. — st, s£eel. — bst, prob'st. — rbst, curVst. — dst, didst. — bdst, proV dst. — gdst, begg'dst. — ldst, gild' "st. — bldst, trembPdst. — didst, bridPdst. — fldst, tri- Jfdst. — gldst, mingVdst. — kldst, twinkV dst. — pldst, tramp? dst. — rldst, cur P dst. — sldst, rustVdst. — tldst, startP dst. — zldst, dazzVdst. — vldst, shovelVdst. — mdst, seem'dst. — rmdst, warm' dst. of the consonants. 4[) Exercise 195. Ndst, send'st. — fndst, deafen? dst. — kndst, hear- ken'dst. — ngdst, wrongfdst. — thndst, strengthen' dst. — rndst, turn? dst. — sndst, listen'dst. — zndst, reasorfdst. — vdst, lov 9 dst. — rvdst, sertfdst. — rdst, rewards. — hi, seoff'st. — lfst, ingulf'st. — mfst, triumph* st. — gst, begg'st. — ngst, bring 9 st. — ndzhst, r&ng'st. — ldzhst, in- dulgst. — rdzhst, urg?st. — kst, awak'st. — lkst, milk'st. Exercise 196. Ngkst, thank'st. — rkst, mark'st. — skst, bask'st. — thst, smoothest. — 1st, whilst. — blst, humbl'st. — dlst, fondPst. — ftst;ruffl? st. — gist, mingl'st. — klst, sparkPst. — plst, trampPst.- — rlst, tarPst. — slst, rastPst. — tlst, startPst. — vlst,shovelP st. — zlst, d&zzPst, — mst, seem'st. — lmst, whelm? st. — rmst, warm'st. — nst, canst. — knst, waken' st. Exercise 197. Pnst, sharpen' st. — rnst, return' st. — snst, listen' st. — thnst, lengthen' st. — znst, reason' st. — pst, hop'st. — lpst, help' st. — mpst, thump' st. — rpst, warp'st. — spst, lisp'st. — rst, worst. — tst, shout' st. — ftst, lift'st. — tshtst, touch' dst. — ktst, enact' st. — lktst, milk' dst. — rktst, lurk- 'dst. — ltst, melt' st. — mtst, prompt' st. — ntst, wanfst. Exercise 198. Ptst, accept' st. — lptst, help' dst. — rtst, Avrt'st. — stst, enlist' st. — rstst, burst. st. — vst, lov'st. — lvst, resolv'st. — rvst, prese?'v'st. — 38 tht, betroth' d. — lv, twelve. — rv, nerve. — bz, sobs. — lbz, bulbs. — rbz, orbs. — dz, deeds. — ldz, fields. — rldz, worlds. — ndz, ends. — rdz, wards. — gz, hags. — rgz, icebergs. — lz, sails. — biz, troubles. — dlz, paddles. — flz, ruffles. — glz, eagles. 5 50 combinations of the coxnsonants. Exercise 199. Klz, sparkles.— plz, temples. — rlz, curls. — slz, mus- cles.—tizj titles.— viz, evils. — zlz, puzzles. — mz, times. — -Imz, overwhelms. — rmz, storms. — thmz, logarithms. — zmz, prisms.— nz, dens. — ngz, rings. — dnz, wardens. Exercise 200. Fnz, deafens.— knz, tokens.-— pnz, sharpens. — mz, morns. — snz, lessons. — thnz, strengthens. — tnz, mit- tens.—vnz, heavens. — znz, reasons. — rz, wars. — vz, gives. — lvz, shelves. — rvz, curves. — 39 thz, breathes. TO TEACHERS. In the preceding Exercises, one thing only was to be taught ; and, that the pupil's attention might not be diverted from the one thing, no regard was to be paid to the sense. In the following Lessons, which are de- signed to be read while the pupil is reviewing the Exercises, be certain that he fully understands the meaning of one extract before he proceeds to another. Such questions, growing out of the subject, as will be nat- urally suggested to the teacher, should be put to the class from time to time, while a pupil is reading, to fix their attention and cause them to think. But prescribed questions, printed at the beginning or end of each lesson, would be, as every practical teacher well knows, about as useful as a set of questions to a Dictionary. The Lessons should not be hurried over. Experience tells us to teach one thing at a time, and to do it thoroughly. POPULAR SCHOOL-BOOKS, PUBLISHED BY DANIEL BURGESS & CO., 60 JOHN STREET, NEW YORK. BY ROSWELL C. SMITH, A. M. Smith's Primary, or First Book in Geography. Smith's Quarto, or Second Book in Geography, Smith's Geography and Atlas. Newly Revised and Illustrated Edition, embracing Ancient Geography, with a large and valuable Map of the Roman Empire (Atlas bound in stiff covers). Smith's Introductory Arithmetic. Smith's Practical and Mental Arithmetic and Key. Smith's New Arithmetic and Key. 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