^ ^c ILLUSTRATED HISTORICAL GUIDE. '*i.fe-='£« GETTYSBURG: WHAT TO SEE, AND HOW TO SEE IT. EMBODYING FULL INFORMATION FOR VISITING THE FIELD BSAUTI7TTLLT KMBKLLI8HKD WITH WOOD-CUTS. ^VITH COMPLETE INDEX. OLUTBTRATKD BT Viii IBOMKTRICAL DRAWING OF THE GKTTTBBtTKO BATTLB-FIRIiD BBOWIKO THK POblTlOM OF EVERT KKODIABMr AND HATmV.Y OF BOTH ABMIKS. JOHN B. BACHELDER, AUTHOR OF THK ISOMETRICAl^ DRAWING OF THE r.KTTTSBURG BATTI,K-]'Il;i,I>, DESCRIPTIVE KEY TO FAINTING OF LONG.STREKT'S ASSAULT AT GKTTVSltUliG. HISToUICAI, DESIGNER OF THE PAINTINGS OF THE BATTLE OE GETTVSllUlvG, DESIGNER OF THE HISTORICAL PAINTING OF THE LAST HOCRS OF LINCOLN, AND THE GOVERN- MENT HISTORIAN OF THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG. TENTH EDJ'fiON. BOSTON: joh:n b. bacheldek, publisher, 131 Tkemont Street. 1 8 9 0. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1873, by John B. Bachelder, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. Press of S. J. PARKHILL & CO., Boston. PREFACE TO THE NINTH EDITION. At the time the battle of Gettysburg was fought, the lines of battle ran across the country regardless of roads, and often led through unfrequented localities, which were nearly inaccessible to the visitor until the Battle-field Memorial Association opened new driveways to them. Hence in time the new and the old would have become confounded. Fortunately, the author commenced a careful isometrical sketch of the field at once and completed it, and published his Isometrical Drawing before any changes in the topography had been made — before new roads were built, or houses erected. Hence, when subsequent improvements be- come old, and questions arise, all will turn to the Isometrical Drawing to settle them ; and thus its value will increase year by year. This drawing also serves the purpose of indicating just where each command was in position on each day, which is plainly shown by the Index ; and those com- mands that have monuments at Gettysburg are marked with a star. THE AUTHOR. CONTENTS, PAGE Routes to Gettysburg 4 Civil History 6 The Battle-field 9 The Com pass- Face Guide 14 Visiting the Field 15 Where and how shall I go ? 17 Preparation for the Excursion 18 Historical Reflections 19 How TO SEE the Field properly 21 The Grand Tactics 24 From East Cemetery Hill 2G Map Showing Positions of Troops 27 Hooker's Army crossing the Potomac 29 The Night before the Battle 31 Position of Union Troops 32 Position of Confederate Troops 34 First Day's Battle 36 Theological Seminary 37 The Union Troops 38 Confederate Advance 39 Union Army^ 40 ^Visit to the Field 43 The First Union Gun 45 Oak Hill 48 Second Day's Battle . _ 58 Wheat-field 61 Devil's Den 63 Round Top 64-91 Little Round Top 65 Second Day's Battle on the Left ,66 V VI CONTENTS. PAGE ENGACrEMKNT ON CuLP's HlLL 72 Powers Hill 73 Wolf Hili 73 Gulp's Hili 73 Rock Creek 76 East Cemetery Hill 78 Third Day's Battle 87 Posting the Artillery 88 Gregg's and Stuart's Cavalry Field 89-98 Visiting the Third Day-^'s Field 90 The Union Left Flank 91 " Copse of Trees " 93 Repulse of Longstreet's Assault 94 National Cemetery 97 Short General Tour of the Field 100 Carriage Drives 102 Seminary Ridge 104 McPherson's Ridge 105 Herr's Ridge 100 Marsh Creek 107 Bream's Tavern Ill Bream's Mill 112 Springs Hotel — Cupola 113 Springs Hotel — Veranda 115 The Soldiers' National Cemetery . . ; IIG The National Monument 121 The Reynolds Statue 124 The Battle-field Memorial Association 127 Objects of the Association 132 Battle Monuments 133 isometrical drawing 133 INDEX 139 GETTYSBURG. O Time ! thou beautifier of the dead, — Adorner of the ruin, — comforter And only healer when the heart hath bled, — Time ! the corrector when our judgments err, The test of truth, love, — sole philosopher ! — BTROfi, HE fanciful Theogony of the an- cient Greeks, if our recollection is not at fault, furnished no god to represent Time. Night, Day, Sleep, Dreams, Woe, Discord, Youth, Old Age, had their representative deities, but Time, the most won- derful and powerful of all agenoies in the world, seemed to defy poetic ingenuity. We are not without classi- cal symbols, however, to represent the eternal builder and destroyer. The winged, bald, and beard-flowing figure, with scythe and hour-glass, has' admonished the race 1 2 GETTYSBURG. — " Tempus fugit " — of the flight of Time for ages ; of the changes, constant and inevitable, occurring in all things of earth. Of all these infinite risings, buildings, and crumblings, but few are saved from utter oblivion. Things vast, marvelous, and signally distinguished, are rescued from the general wreck, and preserved for the continued study and teaching of our race. All else is utterly forgotten and lost. Men seek out these, travelling from remote regions to gaze, and to learn the stories they teach; and the historian makes the record which preserves the les- son and points its moral. None of the great events which distinguish epochs in history, fix such in- delible fame upon localities as do mighty battles. The renown which ever gives lustre to some signal victory, passes into perpetual story, and is read with increased interest by succeeding generations. No tourist considers his study of countries complete un- less the famous fields of historical battles, near which he may be, are visited and studied. The Battle of Gettysburg — equal in magnitude, in gallantry and desperation of the combatants, m human slaughter, and in the vast interests which hung upon the issue, to any recorded in history — has brought the name of Gettysburg from rural obscurity, to world-wide celebrity. The traveller now studies the towering eminences, the rocky ra« MEMORIES OF THE BATTLE. S vines, the woody coverts, the open fields, the mean- dering waters, and all the vast region over which de- struction and death held carnival for three long days, with an intensity of interest which the simple charms of nature never would have aroused. And thus it will continue to be for centuries to come. Hither came hostile armies, from States far remote, to de- stroy and subdue ; and here, too, came the patriotic soldiers of the Union, to defend the soil and to pre- serve our government. Here, those who should have met in concord and peace stood in desperate and deadly struggle, drenching the land and the waters with human gore, and covering the whole battle-field with the wounded and the dead. There are per- sons who talk of forgetting that field of slaughter. But will those who fought that day forget it ? Will those who had lost, or those who had won, when the bugles sounded their closing blasts over the third day's fight at Gettysburg, forget that hour ? Those who were in the calm of home peace, when the billows of Longstreet's fearful charge broke in wild disorder and defeat, may think it very pretty sentimentalism to talk about forgetting that supreme moment ; but the brave men who marched in that great column, and the gallant soldiers of the Union who met and overwhelmed it, can now sit upon the spot in ami- cable cordiality, and remember all about it And it is GETTYSBURG. here, more than upon any other of the great battle- fields of that terrible war, that the veterans of the Army of the Potomac and the veterans of the Army of Northern Virginia will meet to interchange gener- ous courtesies with their old adversaries in the long years to come ; for out from the ground where carnage and death swept their tens of thousands to wounds and the grave, there gushes healing water, said to possess wonderful virtues, to which the feeble the sick, and the weary resort for strength and rest. And thus, as the great multitude hasten to Gettys- burg for health or pleasure, the renowned battle-field will come to be as much a part of their aims as it would be if it was the plunging Niagara instead of the murmuring stream, whose fame had captivated them. ROUTES TO GETTYSBURG. There are but two railroads leading into Gettys- burg :. the Western Maryland, and the Gettysburg and Harrisburg. The Western Maryland, leaving Balti- more, branches from Emory Grove to Hanover, where, uniting with the branch from Hanover Junction, the two continue to Gettysburg. The Frederick Division of the Pennsylvania road, crossing from Columbia and York to Frederick, intersects the Western Maryland at Hanover. From Gettysburg the Western Maryland continues through Fairfield to Blue Mountain. ROUTES. 5 The Gettysburg and Harrisburg Railroad connects with the Cumberland Valley Road at Carlisle. This has opened up a new approach from the North, West, and South -West, and also makes a successful bid for eastern travel vid. Philadelphia, Lancaster, and Harris- burg. Passengers from Baltimore, Washington, and the South, go by through-car from Baltimore viO West- ern Maryland, Hanover and Gettysburg Railroads : Philadelphia and Eastern passengers can go vici Phila- delphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore (by Washington train), and thence to Gettysburg as above ; or vid Phila- delphia, Lancaster, York, and Hanover ; or vid Philadel- ])hia, Lancaster, Harrisburg, and Carlisle, to Gettysburg. The time of arrival, and price of tickets, are about the same by either line. Excursion tickets may frequently be purchased at reduced rates, and tourists are advised to consult the Travellers' Official Guide or tlie Travellers' Ready Reference Guide of the current month for time-tables. Round Top Branch. The Round Top Branch is a continuation of the Get- tysburg and Harrisburg Railroad (see map), Avhich, run- ning between the town and the seminary, crosses the Emmittsburg Road above Cordori's house, thence across Cemetery Ridge diagonally to the rear of Little Round Top. A " dummy " engine affords frequent facilities for visiting the field. GETTYSBURC; CIVIL HISTORY. Until the 19th of May, 1729, the territory of Gettysburg was embraced in Chester County; the three original counties of the State being Philadel- phia, Bucks, and Chester. Lancaster County, which included the territory of Gettysburg, was formed at that date ; and the 19th of August, 1749, the county of York was created, which embraced the territory west of the Susquehanna River to the top of the South Mountain, and south to the Maryland line. From the western part of York a new county was formed on the 22d of January, 1800, called Adams, of which Gettys- burg is the county seat. Its products are almost entirely agricultural. The southern boundary line of Adams, embraced in the line between Pennsylvania and Maryland, was surveyed in the years 1767-68, by Mason and Dixon, commissioned by the British crown to settle the disputed line between the proprietors of Pennsylvania and Maryland. The nearest point is seven miles south of Gettysburg. Near the year 1780, James Gettys, a Presbyterian of Scotch-Irish descent, settled on a tract of about one hundred and sixteen acres of land belontji-ino^ to the Penn family. It was in the " Mask Manor," * being one of the manors given by the General Assembly of Penn- * In the original Penn deeds this was written Masque. CIVIL HISTORY. 7 jylvania, after the Revolution, to the heirs of William Penn. On the 10th of January, 1786, James Gettys had a plot marie of the town, and gave it the name it now bears. He made a lottery of the town lots, and in the deeds they were all conveyed, subject to a ground-rent of seven shillings sixpence annually, to be paid to the proprietor, and his heirs or assigns. When the county was created, a contest arose be- tween Gettysburg and two other places for the county seat, and to secure it here, James Gettys conveyed to the commissioners nearly all of the ground-rents, which the county still holds and annually collects. The first court was held by Hon. John Joseph Henry, in the winter of 1800-1, in the dwelling-house of James Gettys, still standing in the rear of Mc- . Clellan's Hotel. A court-house was afterward built in tlie "square," which remamed until 1857, when the present court-house was completed and the old one removed. For nearly twenty-five years, Thaddeus Stevens was a citizen of Gettysburg. He read law in York while teaching ; was admitted to practice November 14, 1816, and removed im.mediately to Gettysburg. In 1840 he changed his residence to Lancaster. While in Gettysburg he was one of its most active and efficien:. B GETTYSBURG. citizens. He was a zealous advocate of education, and tnay justly be called the father of the present common school system in this State ;' having formed and pro- cured the passage of the act, one of the greatest works of his life, while representing the county in the State Legislature. He also procured the charter and founded " Pennsylvania College," located at Gettysburg. This will be noticed hereafter, as will the Theological Semi- nary also located here. The town of Gettysburg was created into a borough in 1806. It is regularly laid out, the streets crossing each otlier at right angles, according to the four cardi- nal points of the compass. It is the centre of eleven different roads, which radiate from it like the spokes of a wheel from a common centre, which rendered this locality one of peculiar significance as a military strategic point. The turnpikes leading from Pitts- burg to Philadelphia and Baltimore, once important thoroughfares, bifurcate at Gettysburg. In 1858, a railroad was finished from Hanover to Gettysburg, which is the present terminus, in continuation of the Hanover Branch Railroad, which intersects the Northern Central at Hanover Junction, thirty miles distant from Gettysburg. The population of the borough is about 3,200, the county numbers 35,000. 1 Many will consider it a singular coincidence that the battle to decida the fate of human liberty should have been fought on land partly owned by Thaddius Stevens, the great champion of freedom. THE BATTLE-FIELD. THE BATTLE-FIELD. The battle-field of Gettysburg is a general term, embracing the village of Gettysburg and that portion of the surrounding country occupied by the contend- ing armies during the battle. The infantry opera- tions covering about twenty-five square miles, are embraced in the accompanying Isometrical Plan ofj the field. Much of the cavalry fighting was done outside of these limits. The country is generally open, and the surface rolling, though deep forests, high hills, and rocky ravines are not unfrequent. The geological formation, in this section of the coun- try, consists of a succession of undulations, commen- cing with the Blue Ridge, eight or ten miles away in the western horizon, and running generally parallel with it, in a northerly and southerly direction. The next of importance, east of the South Moun- tain, as affects the history of the battle, is Seminary Ridge, on which is situated the Lutheran Theological Seminary, in the western suburbs of the town. Pre- vious to the battle this was called Oak Ridge, a local name unknown to the soldiers who fought there. But in their camp-fire recital of the details of the fearful contest around this building, and in the home letters written immediately after, they naturally called it Seminaiy Ridge. This name, christened with fire 10 GETTYSBURG. and baptized in blood, will be retained so long as Gettysburg is known as a battle-field. Seminary Ridge extends for several miles, and is crossed by all the roads which diverge from Gettys- burg toward the west, southwest, and northwest. That portion extending north from the Mummasburg road was occupied by EwelVs^ corps, and for conven- ience sake I shall retain for it the name of Oak Hill. As a defensive military position, this ridge possesses great advantages. It was held, from the first night of the battle, by the Confederate army, and heavy field-works were constructed along its crest on the nights of the 3d and 4th. From Oak Hill, b-i4,2 to its intersection with the Emmittsburg road, 0-2, every available position was held by artillery. The alti- tude of Seminary Ridge is not as great as Cemetery Hill, E-12, and Ridge, occupied by Union artillery; but its extended position, admitting of a converging fire upon any desired locality, more than balanced this defect. There are also several ridges between Seminary Ridge and the South Mountains, whi^h will be alluded to hereafter. Cemetery Ridge is the next of importance toward the east. During the great convulsion, coeval with 1 Names of officers of the Confederate array printed in " Italics" Cnioo officers in Small Capitals. ' References to Isometrical Drawing. SE^nNARY AND CEIklETERY RIDGES. 11 fche birth of contin(3nts, the mighty Power by which this confioruration was moulded seems to have been more capricious in the formation of Cemetery Ridge than with its neighbors. This is marked by three distinct elevations, standing out in clear relief, like bastions on a rampart. Round Top, f, g-i, its ex- treme southern terminus, is seven eighths of a mile east from Seminary Ridge, and rises directly from the plains beyond, its wooded crest towering high above the surrounding country. From its northern face a bold shoulder protrudes, separated from the parent mount by a gentle depression, heavily wooded. This latter hUl was nameless prior to the battle, but has since been known as Little Round Top, f-s (marked " Weed's Hill " on my plan, in honor of the officer who died in its defense). The western side was denuded of timber the year before, which added materially to its advantages as an artillery position.* Returning from Little Round Top towards the larger hiD is a rough, stony ridge, which I have called " Vincent's Spur." It was here the gallant officer bearing that name fell on the second day of the Dattle. Plumb Run, a small and unimportant stream, flows 1 It is to be hoped that the bushes of ten years' growth will again be cut away, as tbey materially change the character of this part of the field, and almost completely obscure the magnificent view formerly had fix»m iti ffommit. 12 GETTYSBURG. along the western base of these hills, and drains a marshy swale in front of Little Round Top. West of this is a stony, precipitous undulation called Houck's Ridge, p-2, 3, along which the Third corps line of battle ran on July 2. The evidences are, that, by some mighty convulsion of nature, this ridge waa rent asunder at its intersection with the base of Round Top, thereby draining an extensive body of water in front of Little Round Top. The gorge thus produced is called the Devil's Den, f-2, and presents a scene of the wildest character. Huge syenitic bould- ers are crowded into this narrow ravine, through which struggle the waters of Plumb Run ; while yawning chasms suggest to the visitor the haunts of the lurking sharp-shooters, who occupied them during the battle. From Little Round Top the ridge, depressed, yet well defined, rises gradually in its northern course to Cemetery Hill, where, obstructed by some unseen cause, it was hurled ruthlessly back to the east, and in convulsive throbs expended its force in the forma- tion of Gulp's Hill ; thus leaving a broad, extensive basin, northward from the Cemetery Hill, in which, upon a gentle elevation, is situated the village of Get- tysburg. Gulp's Hill, like Round Top, rests upon a foimdation of syenite. It is irregular in shape, quite precipitous on its eastern face, and generally covered GULP'S, WOLF, BENNER'S, AND HOSPITAL HILLS. 13 with a heavy open growth of hardy timber. Rock Creek separates it on the east from Wolf Hill. This, like the last, is wooded, but exceedingly rough, and formed the eastern boundary of the infantry opera- tions. Rock Creek meanders its course in a gyn^raJ southerly direction, among enormous boulders and through gentle fields, until it unites with Marsh Creek, a few miles south of Gettysburg, to form the Monocacy. A half mile north east from Culp's Hill, on the opposite side of Rock Creek, and a half mile east from town, another elevation commences, called Ben- ner's Hill, e-i7. This ridge continues several miles in N.N.E. direction. Its highest summit is called Hospi- tal Hni, where a general hospital was located soon after the battle, o-is. Benner's Hill was occupied by Confed- erate artillery. Turning back again to the south side of the field, we find an undulation intermediate between Cemetery and Seminary Ridges, yet parallel with neither. It shoots off" from Cemetery Hill, and, leading diagonally across the valley, intersects with Seminary Ridge at a distance of nearly three miles. The Emmettsburg road is laid along this ridge, e-m. The historic Peach and Apple orchards are here, E-5, E-7, and on it General Sickles formed his line of battle on the second day. The foregoing constitute the grand topographical features of the battle-field. 14 GETTYSBURG. These are again subdivided into minor irregularities, each bearing upon the general result of the battle ; but it will be impossible to describe them in a book of this size. ^SS-FAC^ ii. IJACllli'-' TYIE COMPASS- FACE GUIDE. I have incorporated into this volume two features entirely new, that I may make it so thorough a Guide Book that any stranger, without other than these directions in his hands, can explore, and clearly com prebend all the important localities and niovementu of the battle. First, I have devised and secured the above Compass-Face Guide, which will be inserted here- after in connection with descriptions of prominent lo- calities. By carefully consulting this, as the reader finds it presented from time to time, he will be at no loss in pursuing his studies. For example — if, standing upon East Cemetery Hill, you turn that COMPASS-FACE GUIDE. — ISOMETRICAL PLAN. 15 point of the Compass-Face Guide marked Theological Seminary towards that object, then the National Monument, Gulp's Hill, and all other places named on the diagram will point directly towards the reai objects ; and the result will be the same at every place where it is presented, if you turn the name of any one known locality towards the object itself For the further convenience, of the reader I have in- troduced the IsoMETRiCAL Plan of the battle-field ; which I have caused to be laid off in squares, lettered on the sides and numbered at top and bottom. To lo- cate any object it is only necessary to name the letter and number of the square it is in. Thus — Round Top, G-i, or Herr's Tavern, a-h. In space g, and column i. Round Top will be found, and Herr's Tavern in space a. column II In addition to this, that the reader may understand readily to which army an officer belonged, I have caused the names of each to be set in a distinct type, the Union officers in small capitals ; th^ Confederate in italics. VISITING THE FIELD. If the visitor to Gettysburg intends to remain dur- mg the season, and the many charming retreats in the vicinity will prove a strong temptation to do so, he will at his leisure visit the entire field and study it in all its details ; but to many economy in time will be an important desideratum. 16 GETTYSBURG. The battle will be much better comprehended if we commence with the theatre of the first day's engage- ment; study the various approaches, and carry in mind the succeeding movements of the two armies. To do this satisfactorily, requires considerable time ; as some localities were fought over repeatedly, and on different days. If you would avoid confounding the movements in the mind, several visits must be made. But the time which can be devoted to this will govern the investigations of the visitor. Some will give it one general examination, relying on memory to retain the details ; and at their leisure separate and ar- range them. Others will examine the salient points only ; from which commanding views may be had — thus connecting the intervals by the eye, with perhaps a more careful study of particular localities. The great magnitude of the field of battle is generally the first surprise to the visitor at Gettysburg It often hap- pens that the stranger, after registering his name at the hotel, turns innocently to the clerk and asks him to point out, or direct him to the field in which the battle was fought. Judge his astonishment, when he learns that not only every field but every forest, hill, and dale, and even the town of Gettysburg itself, were embraced in the mighty struggle. He gazes upon this vast domain with wonder; and disappointment often takes the place of pleasant anticipations. For how i;?' it VISITING THE FIELD. I7 possible to master, unaided, the details of a battle so ex- tensive and so complicated ? It is to assist the visitor in this emergency that this volume has been prepared. WHERE AND HOW SHALL I GO ? Wm be the first question. Unquestionably the plea^ antest and best way for those accustomed to the ex- ereise, is to secure a saddle horse, as very many places can thus be examined which would never be visited with a carriage. If you have ever ridden on horse- back this will be an excellent occasion to continue the practice ; nor should those but little accustomed to this exercise be deterred from the attempt. There is no necessity for fast riding, indeed it is not expected, and the most fimid should not hesitate. The Round Top Branch Railroad leads through an important portion of the battle-field. Many interesting points can be visited by public conveyance, with a little occasional walknrg. The Theological Seminary is reached from either hotel by a short walk, and on its cupola an hour may be profitably and pleasantly spent. The National Cemetery, East Cemetery Hill, Gulp's Hill, Oak Hill, and other points of interest, are in the suburbs of the town. Around each, centres a train of historic events ; and it is much better, if you have the time to spare, to examine them in a leisurely way. The visitor who neither rides on horseback, nor cares 18 GETTYSBURG. to walk, can always be accommodated with a carriagCj in which the more prominent places can be readily visited, and studied. PREPARATION FOR THE EXCURSION. Nothing conduces so much to the pleasure of the ex- cursionist, as a proper outfit, nor is this at all difficult, if a little precaution is taken in advance. First of ah be well shod ; not with new, but strong, well-fitting boots. Remember that some of the fiercest encount- ers occurred in the wildest spots, and to visit these rough, craggy ledges must be scaled, or damp ravines crossed. To leave the field without an examination of these points might materially detract from the pleasure of some, who had come a long distance for this pur- pose. The same is true, to a great extent, with other articles of clothing. If the visitor would thoroughly understand the whole battle, high hills must be climbed, and forests traversed ; and the fatigues of the jaunt should be compensated in the intervals by freedom and unrestraint. ' The cool, grassy knolls in spring-time ; the moss- covered banks in summer ; and thick beds of leaves in autumn, present tempting resting-places for the weary traveller ; which, for pleasure's sake, we cannot afford to pass unheeded by. It is the little things which make the pleasant whole. The writer well remembers HISTORICAL REFLECTIONS.' 19 visiting the battle-field some years since with a party of Philadelphians, who, after a ride of several hours, concluded the excursion by the ascent of Round Top. It was a beautiful November day ; the morning bright and inviting ; the noon-day warm and sunny but a? the shadows of evening lengthened the wind veeied to the east, and soon the air filled with frozen sleet. For tunately, a long shawl had been placed under the seat ; with this a covering was improvised for the entire party, and, crowded into a large, open wagon, they re- turned to town in supreme comfort. An extra wrap in the carriage, at any season of the year, vrill give little trouble, and may add materially to your comfort ; particularly as the points from which the best pan- oramic views are to be had are difficult of access, and the exertion required to reach them, coupled with the desire to remain when there, renders this precaution necessary, and in this connection I will add, that a field, or opera glass, and pocket compass will prove great auxiliaries to your pleasure. HISTORICAL REFLECTIONS. It will be difficult for the tourist to realize, in after years, that these picturesque streams, charming val- leys, broad fields, and towering heights, were once the theatre of a great and mighty battle. Indeed, to-day, but the ninth anniversary of that fearful strug 20 GETTYSBURG. gle. hundreds of acres, where thousands of men fought valiantly, are passed unheeded by — the gallant deeds there enacted, unknown ; their history lost, save when a soldier from afar returns to see the spot where some hero fell, — " His breast with wounds unnumbered riven, His back to earth, his face to heaven." It is the desire of the writer, as quickly as pos- sible, to chronicle on the pages of history the exact record of every feature of this great battle. But the information gathered from interviews with thou- sands of Confederate officers and soldiers while with them for months in hospital, consultations at the front with the officers of every regiment and battery of the Army of the Potomac; visits to Gettysburg with over one thousand commissioned officers, participants m the battle, forty-six of them generals in command ; a careful study of the full reports of the Army of the Potomac and the Army of Northern Virginia, has aflbrded a fund of material too voluminous to be introduced into a book of this size. In the present volume, only the grand movements of the battle can be given. HOW TO SEE THE FIELD PROPERLY. 21 now TO SEE THE FIELD PROPERLY. When the tourist arrives at Gettysburg, he will be naturally anxious to see what he can of the field during the time at his disposal, and to learn all that he can regarding the great battle which was fought upon it. If he comes unprepared by previous study or knowl- edge, he will be encountered by a serious difficulty at the outset. So many and so radical changes have been made on the ground during the past few years, that it will be almost impossible for him to obtain a clear and accurate idea of the original plan of the battle-field. Even the veteran who fought over it, and who has carried the picture of it in his memory for years, will be confused at the sight of unfamiliar paths and avenues ; with the multitude of monuments which dot the landscape ; with the smooth lawns and luxuriant growth of foliage and flowers, where once the scant grass hardly covered the sterile soil. Fortunately, the Isometrical Plan with which this volume is illustrated was commenced immediately after the battle, while the dead lay still unburied, and was completed within eighty-four days. And it represents the battle-field — the roads, the forests, the hills, the valleys, and the general topography of the field — as it was at the time of the battle. The body of this volume has substantially the same 22 GETTYSBURG. advantages. When the first edition was compiled, no material chaHges had been ijiade on the field. The Battle-field Memorial Association had not even contemplated the construction of avenues ; and the descriptions given assumed a condition of things as they existed at the time of the battle. But many localities where the most desperate encounters took place were then inaccessible except to pedestrians. In nine cases out of ten the place where each soldier fought is the place more interesting to him than all the twenty-five square miles beside, — and, as each year the veterans are less able to visit these spots on foot, the Battle-field Memorial Association, after due consideration, determined to make such changes and improvements in the grounds as would not only locate exactly the various regiments on the Union side which took part in the battle, but would make the access to these localities as easy and convenient as possible. The plan decided upon was the purchase of strips of land, varying from sixty feet to three hundred feet in width, embracing the different lines of battle. This was carried out, and avenues, properly named, have been constructed their entire length. On these avenues the position of each command is being marked by monuments, varying in cost from $oOO to $10,000 each. The flanks of each command are also marked by tablets, the whole indicating the precise place where HOW TO SEE THE FIELD PROPERLY. 23 the lines of battle stood ; while separate markers indicate the localities of detached engagements. Now the soldier can ride to nearly every Union position on the field. But, as the new avenues are lined with wire fence, the visitor will understand at a glance that they are of recent construction. Originally, this book described scenes which could only be reached by the roads which existed at the time of the battle ; to-day, the visitor uses the avenues herein described, in connection with the regular coun- try roads. To adapt the l)Ook to the wants of the day, this revision of the text has been made. It is of the utmost importance that the tourist and student of history should bear always in mind which of the driveways existed at the time of the battle, and those which have been constructed since. The distinction will be readily observed, however, as the roads retain their original names (generally the same as the towns to which they lead) and the avenues, which are named after general officers, are designated by guide-boards. If they are enclosed, wire fence is used in place of the rail fence common to the vicinity. In order to give the -reader the full benefit of the IsoMETRicAL Dkawing which accompanies the book, constant allusion will be made to it in the text. If the stay of the tourist is to be brief, and if his chief desire is simply to say he has visited Gettys- burg, he may as well surrender himself to the general 24 GETTYSBURG. direction of the hack-driver, and go where the fancy of that individual may choose to take him. But there are those who will visit Gettysburg for a different purpose, those whose desire will l)e to acquire a thorough knowledge of the battle ; and to such it IkS of the utmost importance that they commence their examination of the field where the battle commenced, and study the subject systematically. Tt will take but a little longer time to visit the field properly than it would to go over it backwards ; and the result will be infinitely more satisfactory. And if you are advised to the contrary by your driver, always remem- ber that Ids interests and yours are entirely different. It will take at least two days to get anything like a fair idea of the battle. THE GRAND TACTICS. The movements of the campaign which preceded the battle of Gettysburg began on June 2d, 1863, on which day General Lee commenced the withdrawal of the Army of Northern Virginia from Fredericks- burg. Fredericksburg lies on the south bank of the Rappahannock, and is one hundred and sixty miles south of Gettysburg. The headquarters of the Army of the Potomac v/ere at Falmouth, on the north bank of the Rappahannock, and opposite Fredericksburg. . General Lee, despairing of success should he attempt an attack on his adversary in his strong position at THE GRAND TACTICS. 25 Falmouth, drew his army directly back from Fred- ericksburg and the river, through Culpeper, and soon placed the Blue Ridge between the two armies, which concealed the movements of each from the other. As soon as General Hooker, Commander-in-chief of the Union army, became satisfied that General Lee had really withdrawn the Army of Northern Virginia from Fredericksburg, evidently with the intention of advan- cing on Washington, or invading Pennsylvania, he too moved his command northward ; and during the month which followed, the movements of these two great armies as they advanced into PennsylMania were screened by the mountains of the Blue Ridge ; in the gaps of which a series of desperate skirmishes and fierce encounters occurred as the advance guard of one or the other army sought to detect the move- ments of its adversary. The result of battles, like that in a game of chess, is governed largely by position. The battle is not always to the strong, but to the skilful. The first day's battle of Gettysburg depended in its results more upon strategy and position than upon hard fighting. To acquire a proper understanding of how the battle was fought, and of the various influences which brought about the result, it is important that the visitor to the field, or student of the battle, should give such attention to the grand tactics which preceded it as will thoroughly familiarize him with the move- 26 GETTYSBURG. merits of individual columns as they concentrated at the village of Gettysburg. These movements had a most decided e:ffect on the first day's battle ; and in no way can this be more easily or more successfully explained than by driving at once to East Cemetery Hill, from whose commanding summit a fine view of the surrounding country may be had. The accompany- ing map of the vicinity will aid those who have not the opportunity of visiting this locality. In the first edition of this volume, which was published ten years ago, the visitor was advised to go to Cemetery Hill. At the time of the battle, that portion of the hill lying west of the village cemetery, E-12, 13, was an open field, and commanded an unobstructed view of the surrounding. country. To-day the National Cemetery on Cemetery Hill is covered with a heavy growth of ornamental trees, which completely shuts oft' the view. FROM EAST CEMETERY HILL. Having reached East Cemetery Hill, E-13, and learned the points of compass, the visitor should face the south, and familiarize himself with the fact that Fredericksburg and Falmouth, from which places the two armies marched early in June, lie one hundred and sixty miles due south. Turning towards the west, the South Mountain, a continuation of the Blue Ridge, forms a grand and 28 GETTYSBURG. imposing feature in the landscape. It is easy to imascine how this bold barrier screened the move- ments of the two opposing armies, as they marched towards Gettysburg, one on the west and tlie other on the east of that mountain range. On the 24th of June, EicelVs corps having reached Chambersburg (twenty-five miles west of Gettysburg), m route for Carlisle, General Early was ordered (on the 25th) to " cross the South Mountain to Gettysburg, proceed to York (twenty-eight miles east of Gettysburg), cut the Northern Central Railroad, running from Baltimore to Harrisburg, to destroy the bridge across the Susque- hanna at Wrights ville and Columbia (thirteen miles east of York), and to co-operate with General Ewell, who would attack Harrisburg in front with Rodes and Johnson s divisions." In pursuance of this order, Eaiiys division reached Cashtown (a hamlet on the east slope of the South Mountain, eight miles west of Gettysburg) on the 26th of June. At this place, the column divided. Gordon s brigade, preceded by White s battalion of cavalry, ad- vanced through Gettysburg, driving before it the 26th Pennsylvania Militia, and a few Union cavalry, while Hoke's, Hays', and Smith's brigades moved farther north through Ililltown, Mumraasburg, Hunterstown, Berlin, etc., to York. Gordons brigade, continuing from Gettysburg, passed through York, arriving at Wrights ville on the 28th, where farther advance was HOOKER'S ARMY CROSSING THE POTOMAC. 29 barred by the destruction of the bridge over the Sus- quehanna, which was burned by order of Colonel Fkick, commanding the 27th Pennsylvania Emergency Regi- ment. General Gordon, with his command, returned to York. In the mean time, General Ewell had occu- pied Carlisle (twenty-eight miles north of Gettysburg), with Rodes' and Johnson s divisions ; while Jenkins brigade of cavalry had advanced nearly to Harrisburg, nineteen miles east of Carlisle, which city was then being defended by General Couch, commanding a body of militia. hooker's army crossing the POTOMAC. On the 26th of June (the same day that Gordon s brigade passed through Gettysburg), General Hooker led his army across the Potomac at Edwards Ferry. On the 28th^ he was relieved of the command of the Army of the Potomac by Major-general George G. Meade, at Frederick, Md. The Union army then moved steadily northward, covered on the front and on either flank by Buford's, Gregg's, and Kilpat- rick's divisions of cavalry. In the mean time, General -Lee had taken up his headquarters at Chambersburg, at which place Long- street's corps arrived on the 27th ; while IlilVs corps had been ordered to follow Early s division, cross South Mountain, and, moving in the direction of York, cross the Susquehanna, destroy the commimi- 30 GETTYSBURG. cation between Harrisburg and Philadelphia, and co- operate witli General Eioell, whose command [Rodes and Johnson s divisions) was already threatening Har^ risburg from the west. Hetlis division of HilTs corps arrived at Cashtown on the 29th, and on the oOth General Heth ordered General Petfigi'ew to take his brigade to Gettysburg for supplies. On the same morning (June 30th), Buford's Union cavalry moved out from Emmitts- burg to go to Gettysburg via Fairfield ; and, as Petti- grew s command was about to enter Gettysburg from the west, Buford's cavalry was seen coming in from the south. General Pettiyrew immediately withdrew to the mountains, where he reported to General Heth that Gettysburg was occupied b}' Union forces. Gen- eral BuFORD advanced through the town, and biv- ouacked in the valley west' of the Theological Semi- nary, throwing out pickets and videttes on all the roads which lead north or west from Gettysburg. We find that, on the night of June 30, the several subdivisions of the two armies \vere sc;ittered over thousands of square miles of the surrounding country, extending from Carlisle and Harrisburg, Perm., on the north, to Manchester, Md., in the soutli ; and from York, Penn., in the east, to Chambersburg, Penn., in the west; and that all this intervening territory was being picketed or scouted over by detachments from the two armies. THE NIGHT BEFORE THE BATTLE. 31 THE NIGHT BEFORE THE BATTLE. Having acquired a general knowledge of the move- ments of the opposing armies during the campaign, it is now of the utmost importance that the visitor, or tlie reader, should familiarize himself with the relative position of each subdivision of these two great armies on that night of June oOtli ; and also with the route of the approach of each to Gettysburg ; as the time of tlie arrival of troops on the field not infrequently changed for the time the entire character of the battle. The accompanying map will aid the student or the visitor in his studies, though the latter will get a much better idea of the extent of the field and of the magnitude of distances by a personal exami- nation of the surrounding country from East Cemetery Hill ; aided by the assistance of a good guide to point out the direction and explain the distances of the principal localities. It is important for the student of the battle to understand that when General Pettigr&w returned to Cashtown and reported to General Hetli that a body of Union cavalry had reached Gettysburg, and when General Buford reported that night to General Meade that Confederate infantry had been surprised, and prevented from entering Gettysburg, neither General Lee nor General Meade knew of the proximity of the command of the other. Accidental collisions of advance parties had been of almost daily 32 GETTYSBURG. occurrence since the beginning of the campaign ; and, although this meeting may have made each commander a little more cautious, neither had the remotest idea that the decisive battle of the war, and what proved to be one of the greatest battles of the world, was to be ushered in with the morrow's sun. The headquarters of General Meade were at Taney- town, twelve miles south of Gettysburg ; and those of General Lee were at Chambersburg, twenty-five miles west of Gettysburg. It was not until the evening of the 28th of June that General Lee became aware that the Union army had crgssed the Potomac ; and, knowing that it was now on liis flank, and liable to strike his rear, and fearing that he might be attacked while the Army of Northern Virginia was in an extended and exposed condition, he decided to abandon the attack on Harrisburg, countermarch EivelVs corps, and concentrate his army as quickly as possible at Cashtown or Gettysburg. Accordingly, orders were issued to General EioeU to that effect. And when General Fettigreiv was falling back from before Gettysburg on the evening of the 30th, Ltnelfs corps was countermarching towards that place ; and had already made a full day's march in that direction. rOSITION OF UNION TROOPS. On the night of June 30th, the First corps of the Union army, General Doubleday commanding (Gen- POSITION OF UNION TROOPS. 33 eral Reynolds being in command of the right wing of the army), la}^ on the road between Emmittsburg, Md., and Gettysburg, the advance at Marsh Creek, under orders to move up to Gettysburg, five miles distant, on the morrow. The Eleventh corps, General Howard commanding, was supporting the First, and lay at Emmittsburg, ten miles south of Gettysburg, with orders to move up, and keep within supporting distance of the First. The Third corps, General Sickles, lay on the road between Taneytown and Emmittsburg, under orders to march the next morning to the latter place* \These three corps comprised Gen- eral Reynolds' command) The Fifth corps. General Sykes, lay at Union Mills, Md., seventeen miles from Gettysburg, with orders to march the next day to Hanover. The Sixth corps. General Sedgwick, was at Manchester, Md., and the Twelfth corps. General Slocum, encamped near Littlestown, Penn., ten miles southeast of Gettysburg, under orders to move up to Two Taverns, a hamlet on the Baltimore pike, a few miles south of Gettysburg, the next day. The cavalry was covering the front and flanks of the army. Two brigades of Buford's division (First, Gamble's, and Second, Devin's) had reached Gettysburg, as already explained ; while Merritt's reserve (Regular) brigade was patrolling the roads through the mountains near Mechanicstown, Md. Gregg's division (Second) was closing up in the rear and on the right, while the 34 GETTYSBURG. Third division, under General Kilpatrick (which had that day crossed sabres with Stuarfs Confederate cavahy in the streets of Hanover, fourteen miles east of Gettysburg), was following his retreating adversary towards Berlin and York. POSITION OF CONFEDERATE TROOPS. The several corps comprising the Confederate army were equally scattered. The First, under General Lonr/street, lay at and near Chambersburg, twenty- five miles w^est of Gettysburg. The Second corps, EiveWs, was divided. Johnson s division countermarched from Carlisle on the 29th, going towards Chambersburg, to convoy trains ; and went into bivouac at Greenville, a hamlet twenty-five miles northwest of Gettysburg. On the next morning, it moved through Scotland, and bivouacked, June 30, two miles from Fayetteville, and twenty-one miles west of Gettysburg. Rodes division left Carlisle on the oOth, and, marching southward, bivouacked at Heidlersburg, ten miles north of Gettysburg, under orders to move through Middletown, towards Cash- town, the next morning ; while Earlij's division, which left York on the same morninu;, marched towards Cash- town, and bivouacked tliree miles before reaching Heid- lersburg. The Third corps. General A. P. Hill commanding, lay scattered along the Chambersburg turnpike, with POSITION OF CONFEDERATE TROOPS. 35 HetKs division at Cashtown, Pender s division on the south side of the South Mountain, and Anderson s division at Fayetteville. After General Pettig^^eio returned and reported that Gettysburg was occupied by Union troops. General Heth was ordered to advance the next morning (July 1st), and investigate this rumor ; while Pender s division was ordered to follow and support General Heth. At the same time, a courier was dispatched to General Ewell, to notify him of this movement. Whereupon, the head of Rodes division, with which General EiveU was moving, was turned southward from Middletown, towards Gettysburg ; and General Early, who had also been notified of the change, turned to his left at Heid- lersburg, and marched for Gettysburg. It is important to note the movements of these two commands, as the time and place of their arrival on the field at Gettysburg changed the entire character of the first day's battle. Hetlis division broke camp at Cashtown at five o'clock on the morning of July 1st. and marched for Gettysburg ; while the First corps of the Army of the Potomac left its encampment on the banks of Marsh Creek and at Emmittsburg an hour or two later for the same destination ; the former march- ing towards the east and the latter towards the north, the point of intersection being at Gettysburg. The morale of the two armies was never better. The worn and jaded troops had left the battle-scarred 36 (JETTYSBCKG. fields of Virginia smoking amid the devastation of war, and were now enterins; the rich valleys of the North. The Union-loving element of Maryland greeted its brave defenders with acts of hearty hospitality. The richest bomities of the land were freely distributed to the '' boys in blue : " and lond and long were the cheers and songs of the men, who, for the first time in years, fomid themselves among friends. The fields of bending grain, and the rich harvest of fruits, were also a glad sight to the invader; while before all came the frightened farmers, in motley con- fusion, driving before them their gathered flocks to some place of safety. The pickets of Buford's cavalry, which had been thrown forward the night before, detected and resisted Hetlis advance, and the battle of Gettysburg com- menced. FIRST day's battle. To acquire a thorough knowledge of the first day's engagement, it will be better to examine each locality in the order in which it came into prominence, and to follow consecutively the events of the fight. If the touiist has the time to do so, before going over the field, he should by all means visit the cupola of the Theological Seminary, D-12, as from no other spot can he get so clear an idea of the extent and charac- ter of the country over which the contending armies fought and moved. SEMINARY AND CEMETERY RIDGES. 37 fie 'ynolds' Gro Spring s Benner's HilK THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY/ One of the first places for the military student to visit should be the Theological Seminary, 0-12. From the cupola of this building the entire northern half of the battle-field can be viewed ; and with this book in hand the opening movements of the battle can readily be traced. The size of the field will be better under- 1 See explanation of Compass-face Guide on page 14 38 GETTYSBUKG. stood, and the magnitude of the battle realized, when the eye stretches away to Round Top, f, g-i ; and it is known that the whole intervening country was filled with armed combatants. From this eupola, the gallant Buford directed the opening battle on the morning of July 1, 1863. As you turn towards the west, a succession of ridges stretch away in the distance to the South Mountain range. The quiet hamlet of Cash town sits perched on the hill-side, a half dozen miles away. The turnpike, which leads from Chambersburg, twenty-five miles dis- tant, passes through Cashtown, and, crossing the suc- cessive undulations, leads to our right, c-12, down into the village of Gettysburg. Along this road HiWs corps, which had lain in the mountains since the night of the 28th, advanced on the opening day of the battle. THE UNION TROOPS Engaged on the first day, consisted of the First division of cavalry. General Buford, which had reached Get- tysburg the day before, and bivouacked in the fields west of the Seminary. Gajmble's brigade lay in our immediate front, c-io, b-h, 12 ; Devin's on the right, b-u, extending to the Mummasburg road, hidden from view by the grove ; Tidball's battery, commanded by Lieu- tenant Calef, was advanced to McPherson's Ridge, B-12. General Buford picketed from the Fairfield road, c-io, UNION AND CONFEDERATE ADVANCE. 39 at our left front, along the ridge, crossing the Mum- raasburg road at Oak Hill, B-13, on our right, across the flat ground, in the northeast, to the Harrisburg road, D-16 ; sending out videttcs on all the roads leading north and west. On the same night, Jime 30, the First corps, General Doubleday, lay at Emniittsburg, a vil- lage in the northern part of Maryland, ten miles away ; except Wadsworth's division, with Hall's 2d Maine battery, which had been thrown forward to Marsh Creek, within four or five miles of Gettysburg. The Eleventh corps, General Howaed, marched in the rear of the First. These troops were all under the imme- diate command of General Reynolds. The undulation next west of the Seminary will hereafter be styled Bu- ford's Ridge, c-9, 10. B-11,12; the second McPherson's Ridge, B-ii, 12 ; and the third Herr's Ridge, ah; and, for conve- nience sake, names will be given to other locahties, not known by such before the battle. THE ADVANCE. At five o'clock on the morning of July 1, Hilts corps broke camp, in the mountains, and advanced on the Chambersburg turnpike. Buford's videttes were discovered at Marsh Creek, and a section oi Pegramh artillery opened fire upon them from Lohr's Hill on the west side of the creek. Heth's division formed in line of battle, and forced the Union skirmish line steadil\ 40 GETTYSBURG. in ; the artillery firing in succession from Lohr*s, Whistler's, and School-house Ridges. Finally discover- ing Calef's battery, B-12, in position on McPherson's Ridge, supported by a line of dismounted cavalry, the section was advanced to Herr's Ridge, from which place, standing at the tavern, a-m, the first gun of tbe battle was fired ; and this was immediately responded to by Calef's battery. The remaining guns of Pegram's battalion at once went into position on Herr's Ridge, north of the turnpike, A-12 ; and under cover of their fire, Heth's division advanced to the attack. UNION ARMY. In the mean time the First corps, which had broken camp that morning and continued to advance on the Em- mittsburg road, without any definite idea, however, of the proximity of the Confederate army. Wadsworth's division, with Hall's 2d Maine battery, led, accom- panied by General Reynolds in person. Upon the first sound of artillery, he put spurs to his horse and dashed to the front. When he reached the field, General Buford was watching with deep anxiety from the cupola (where we are supposed to stand, 0-12), the advance of the Confederate lines. Descending im- mediately, he met General Reynolds, and together they reconnoitered the position. It was decided to order up the infantry ; and, if possible, save the town FIRST DAY'S ENGAGEMENT — FORENOON. 41 of Gettysburg from capture, d. e-i3, k. The Union troops rapidly crossed the fields from Cordora's house, e-9, on the Emraittsburg road; moving over the ridge, near the Seminary, by a flank, they formed in line and be- came immediately engaged. Hall's battery galloped to die front to engage Pegram, ah. Cutler's brigade moved to the north of the railroad and engaged Davis\ B-12, who had already crossed Willoughby Run ; and the "Iron Brigade," General Meredith, dashed into Reynolds' Grove, b-io, n, to meet Archer, b-io, n, whose bri- gade had already cleared the run and charged gallantly up the steep, into the forest, forcing the dismounted cavalry before them. The attack and defense, all along the lines, was of the most desperate character. Cutler was soon forced to give ground, and fell back nearly to town ; by which means Davis got possession of the railroad cut, B-12. But it proved a trap to the 2d Mississippi, in which many officers and men were captm-ed. Hall's battery was only saved by the quick coolness of its commander, and intrepidity of the men. On the left the engagement was, if possible, even more fierce. General Reynolds, who advanced with Meredith, fell, shot through the head just after entering the grove, and the country lost one of its best and bravest defenders. General Archer was repulsed. The right of his brigade was enveloped by Meredith's lefl, and, while gallantly rallying his command, he was 42 GETTYSBURG. made prisoner of war, together with several hundred of his men. The theatre of this engagement was at Wil- loughby Run, at the western portion of Reynolds Grove. The Reynolds Avenue and the Springs Hotel Avenue have been constructed since the battle. The Katalysine Springs, now so widely sought, then gushed unknown from the earth, placidly meandering their course, as the wild thunders of the fierce struggle Bhook the very heavens, and their sweet and peaceful waters assuaged the fiery thirst, ahke, of the men in blue and the men in gray. In consequence of a reported body of Confederate troops at Fairfield, on the 30th, General Reynolds ordered his third division to picket in strong force in ihat direction. The time required in drawing in this picket line gave the first division two hours' start on the march, while the second division, which had en- camped at Emmittsburg, having several miles farther to go, came still later upon the field. The corps artil- lery marched in the following order: Hall's battery, 2d Maine, with Wadsworth's division ; Cooper's bat- tery, B, 1st Pennsylvania, with Rowley's division ; Stevens', 5th Maine, Reynolds', L, 1st New York, and Stewart's, B, 4th United States, batteries, followed Wadsworth's division, which advanced on the Em- mittsburg and Gettysburg road, followed by Robin- son's division. Rowley's division started on a parallel road several miles farther to the west. It came upon VISIT TO THE FIELD. 43 the battle-field at the White Bridge, b-3, at which place the first sound of the opening battle was heard. The first brigade, Colonel Biddle, led the advance, and continued up Willoughby Run to the Millerstown road •, while the second brigade, Colonel Stone, crossed the country to the Emniittsburg road, and approached by the road previously taken by the first division. General DouBLEDAY, having seen the third division en routes galloped to the front, overtaking the first division as it went into action. The Eleventh corps, General Howard, which had been ordered to support the first, marched from Emmittsburg, following Robinson's division. Up to the hour of noon Wadsworth's division was the only Union infantry engaged. Doubled ay's divis- ion arrived on the field at twelve o'clock. Stone's bri- gade formed at the McPherson buildings, b-h, on the right of Meredith, and Biddle's brigade occupied several positions on his left, c-io. The corps artillery came up, under Colonel Wainwright, and was event- ually formed on Seminary Ridge, c-12 ; and in these posi- tions the troops fought later in the day. Robinson's division reached the field about noon, and was held in reserve, under cover of the Seminary. VISIT to the field. Whether the tourist goes to the cupola of the Theological Seminary, D-12, or not, it will be well for him to commence the examination of the field by 44 GETTYSBURrT. driving out on the Fairfield (Millerstown) road, turn to the right into Reynolds Avenue, and commence the examination of the line of battle of the first day at its extreme left, which is marked by the monument of the 121st Pennsylvania Volunteers, c-io, of Rowley's brigade of infantry, commanded on the 1st by Colonel BiDDLE. This avenue indicates the position where that brigade formed when it first came upon the field ; and also where it engaged Pettigi'eiD s brigade later in the day ; though it held several positions in the interim. The engagement with Pettigreiv was in the afternoon. His brigade was supported and eventually relieved by McGoivcuis brigade ; and by Lanes brigade, which advanced on McGowans right, and Extended across the Fairfield road. On reaching the Springs Hotel Avenue, the visitor will naturally drive to Reynolds' Grove, b-h, where General Reynolds fell, at the very opening of the hrst day's battle. The avenue east of Reynolds' Grove, extending across from the Springs Hotel Avenue to the Chambersburg pike, was constructed more particu- larly to mark the line of Buford's cavalry in the early part of the fight. Later in the afternoon Meredith's brigade, and the 151st Pennsylvania Volunteers of Biddle's brigade, had a temporary line on the ground where this avenue has been opened ; the latter being very heavily engaged at the point of the woods, and suffering severely. THE FIRST UJ^ION GUN. 45 The Iron Brigade, under General Meredith, relieved Gamble's brigade of cavalry, and advanced down through the grove ; the left of the brigade crossed Wil- loughby Run, where it enveloped the right of ArcUeys brigade. This allowed the right of Meredith's com- mand, at the opening of the battle, to make prisoners of General Archer and a large number of his men. Meredith's brigade successfully resisted the attack of Archer'' s brigade in the morning's fight ; and it was also heavily engaged here later in the day with tlie left of rettigreivs and tlie right of BrockenboroiigK s brigades when H'dVs corps made its grand advance. Lanes, McGoiva7is and Scales brigades relieved HetKs division during the afternoon's engas-ement. Thomas brigade was held in reserve. The avenue in the lower part of Reynolds' Grove marks General Meredith's line of battle, b-io, where the brigade formed after its first encounter with Archer s brigade ; and is the position it occupied much of the day. After driving through Reynolds' Grove, the tourist will pass through the field along the position first occupied by the 95th New York and the 14th Brooklyn, b-h, out to the Chambersburg turnpike. the first union gun. At the point of intersection of Reynolds Avenue with the turnpike stood Calef's battery, b-h, 12, which fired, from this spot, the first Union cannon of the 46 GETTYSBrun. battle, while engaging Fegranis artillery, which was posted on the Chambersburg pike, near Herr's Ijrick tavern, a-h. Calef's guns were retired, and Hall's 2d Maine battery went into position north of the road, where Calef's right section had stood : supported by the 14th Brooklyn and Doth New York on the left, and by the 147th New York on the right, but across the railroad cut. It was at this :in!J:le, en, 12, that Stone's briarade went into position Avhen it caiue up aljout noon, and it was here that it made such a desperate stand on the afternoon of July 1st, eno-ao-iniJ' the ri^ht of DanieVs briujade as it came down from Oak Hill ; and Bro(ikenl)or(>u(j]i i^ brigade, which crossed Willoughby Run, and attacked it from the west. Eventually the remnants of Danis^ Mississippi brigade, which had fought here early in the morning, joined in the fight. From here we drive back a few hundred yards on tlie Chambersburg pike towards town ; tlien, turning towards the north, on the continuation of Ivcynolds Avenue, we approach the railroad cut, made famous by the engagement of the 6th Wisconsin, DSth New Yoi'k, and the 14th Brooklyn with Davis Mississippi brigade, B-12, early in the day. Crossing the iron bridge, which has been erected by the Battle-field Memorial Association, we continue along the crest where the 56th Penn.sylvania Volunteers and 76th New York, of Cittler's brigade, first met Davis' Mississippi THE FIRST UNION GUN. 47 brigade, at the very opening of the battle. If, on reaching the position of the 76th New York, the tourist advances to the next ridge, he caVi continue by the prolongation of this avenue to the Mummasburg road, which passes along the position first occupied by Devin's brigade of Buford's cavalry, b-i3. It was over this ground that Daniel's brigade of North Carolinians made a liandsome advance on the afternoon of the 1st. Or, turning to the right from the position of the 76th New^ York, he can take the drivew\ay which leads back to Seminary Ridge, along which it continues to the Mummasburg road, b-i3. This position was occupied by Robinson's division of the First corps, with its riglit refused down along the Mummasburg road. When Bodes' division debouched from Oak Hill, and Carter s artillery, b-m, opened from that commanding position on Doubled ay's flank, Baxter's brigade was hurried here from near the Seminary, d-i3, followed bv Paul's bris^ade, where thev met Iversons, DameFs, O NeaVs, and Ramseurs brigades as they advanced to the attack. Iversons brigade was met by the concentrated fire of Baxter's, b-is, and Cutler's brigades, b-,2; and three regiments of his command, with their colors, were captured. As the tourist approaches the Mummasburg road. Oak Hill is at his left. And if the object is to get a comprehensive view of the field of the first day's battle, he should visit that commanding height. 48 GETTYSBURG. OAK HILL. Few localities in the vicinity of Gettysburg famish a more charming landscape view than that to be had from Oak Hill, b-k; and, aside from its local histori- cal interest, it will amply repay a visit. There is no place that the military student can go to understand 80 well the movements of EwelVs corps ; indeed, the whole latter half of the first day's battle. This hill is approached from town by the Mummasburg road. On reaching the crest of Seminary Ridge, it is neces- sary to leave the carriage and walk up the open field to near the summit ; then turn to the right until both sides of the hill can be embraced in the OAK HILL. 49 vdew. It is to be regretted that the bushes have been allowed to grow, as they will soon materially inter- fere with this prospect. Immediately before you in the south, lies the town of Gettysburg, which forms a pleasing feature in the middle distance. Cemetery Hill, E-12, with its national monument, is beyond; while Cemetery Ridge stretches away to- Round Top, f-i, whose conical summit rises majestically in the distance. Between Cemetery Ridge and the grove, the broad glacis, up which Longstreet's magnificent charge was made on the last day of the battle, is distinctly seen. This grove, c-13, was also the theatre of a desperate engagement. It was here that the right of Robinson's division engaged O'NeaVs brigade of Alabamians ; here that the gallant General Paul received a fearful wound, — a bullet passing into one eye and out at the other, — from which he has since been totally blind. [General Paul died May 5, 1886.] Reynolds' grove, b-h, can be seen in the southwest, standing out like a square bastion in the open fields which surround it. We look down upon the Springs Hotel, B-io, at the right; while, in the distance, the South Mountain range cuts the horizon ; and nearer, in the west-southwest, is Herr's Tavern, a-m. As we turn towards the east, objects of equal interest meet the gaze. The imposing structure in the suburbs of the town is the Pennsylvania College, d-u. Gulp's Hill, e-u. 50 GETTYSBURG. beyond forms a fine background for the left of the vil' lage. East Cemetery Hill, e-i3, is to the right of this ; a peculiar lone tree on its summit fixes it as one of the landmarks of the field.'- The bare rounded ridge to the left of Gulp's Hill is Benner's Hill, e-it. We look over the Almshouse buildings, d-is, to see it. Ris ing up toward the left from the Almshouse is Bar- low's " Knoll," c-16, beyond which is Hospital Hill, o-ia. Having familiarized ourselves with the topography of the field, the positions and general movements of the troops can be readily explained.^ While HeiJis division was engaging the First corps on the Chambersburg road, Rodes' division unexpect- edly reached the field, and Carter s battalion of artil- lery advanced and went into position on Oak Hill, where we stand, enabling him to enfilade the Union line engaged near the Chambersburg road. Bodes' division stretched in line of battle entirely across the ridge in our rear. In the mean time Robinson's divis- ion advanced from the Seminary, and formed in Une along the crest at our right front, b. c-13. Cutler's bri- gade advancing in the grove on Robinson's left. General Schurz formed the Eleventh corps in the open fields north of town. The left of Von Amsburg's briirade of Schimmelphennig's division rested on the Mummasburg road. Kryzanowski's brigade lay east 1 I have traced with care the niovetnents of every regiment of both armies, which will be found in my illustrated history of the battle. '■^ Killed by lightning. FIRST DAY — AFTERNOON ENGAGEMENT. 51 of the Carlisle road, with Ames' brigade of Barlow's division on its right, extending to Barlow's Knoll- Vox Gilser's brigade, the right of Barlow's division, formed on the "Knoll," and was refused to Rock Creek. Wilkinson's battery, G, 4th U. S., was posted on Barlow's Knoll, c-ie. Dilger's Ohio and Wheeler's New York batteries were with Schimmelphennig's division, c-m. Major Carter detached several batteries from the position where we stand, and posted them on the flat spot behind the house, on the east side of the hill, B 14, where they engaged in a sharp duel with DiLGER and Wheeler. Bodes' division now advanced to the attack. Iversons North Carolina brigade moved oast our immediate right, and soon encountered Rob- inson's division. A desperate struggle ensued, resulting in the capture of three of Iversons regiments, with their colors. Daniels' North Carolina brigade moved to the south- west towards the railroad, where it united with Davis' Mississippi brigade in an attack upon Stone's brigade on McPherson's Ridge, B-12 ; and the whole of HeWs division, supported by Pender s division, now became generally engaged as far south as the Fairfield road, B-9. Mcintosh's battalion of artillery had already gone •jito position on the right of Pegram, ^-\\} O'NeaVi 1 Lanes', Poagues\ and GarnHl's battalions were on the ground, but fin want of suitable positions were not engaged. S 52 GETTYSBURG. Alabama brigade of liodcs' division, in its advance, moved around the brow of Oak Hill to our left, and became engaged with the right of Baxter's and Paul's brigades of Robii^^son's division at the grove in our front. />o/^s' 'Georgia brigade formed on the flat ground to the left of O'Neal's brigade, c-is, and was ordered to hold the right of the Eleventh corps in check. It advanced handsomely, but was near being cut off from O'Neal by an evolution of Schimmel- PHENNIg's division, which was avoided by a skillfid change of front. At this stage of the engagement Early's division arrived on the Harrisburg road, c-17, la, and under cover of the heavy fire of Jones' battalion of artillery, o-is, advanced to the attack. Gordons Geor- gia brigade led, supported by Hayes' Louisiana brigade. During this sanguinary but short engagement, the position was carried. General Barlow was severely wounded while rallying his men, and General Ames as- sumed command of the division. The fighting along the whole line, three miles in length, occupying over one hundred and eighty degrees of a circle, now became m«)st desperate. Finally at four o'clock, outflanked on the right and left by nearly a quarter of a mile, and overwhelmed by numbers, the Union troops were forced from the field, and in great disorder retreated through town to the heights of Cemetery Hill. An attempt was made by Hoke's brigade of Early's divia- EARLY'S DIVISION — UNION RETREAT. 53 ion to get between the Eleventh corps and town. It moved down Rock Creek, which it crossed at the mouth of Stevens' Run, above the railroad bridge, d-is. Continuing up the Run, it was met near the brick- yard, in the suburbs of the town, by Coster's brigade of Steinwehr's division, d-is, sent from Cemetery Hill by General Howard to cover the retreat of the corps. The engagement was of short duration. Coster was soon forced to retire to Cemetery Hill, and the Confed- erate lines entered and took possession of the town, making prisoners of large numbers of Union troops. The advantage of having held a body of troops in reserve on Cemetery Hill was now manifest. But a single brigade. Smith's of Steinwehr's division, re- mained unengaged. This was posted in the Cemetery, E-12 ; while Wiedrick's New York battery held a com- manding position on East Cemetery Hill, E-13. This small force formed a nucleus around which the broken, shattered, dispirited troops rallied. General Hancock reached the field at this moment with orders from Gen- eral Meade, who was at Taneytown, twelve miles away, to assume command. In his efforts to reform the lines he was ably assisted by Generals Howard, DouBLEDAY, Warren, and others, and soon confidence was again restored. As the artillery came in, every position on East Cemetery Hill, and in the Cemetery was occupied. 54 (;E'n vsHi'U(j. From Oak Hill, the tourist can drive down the Mummasburg road towards the town. A new avenue should be laid out, however, to enable the visitor, in place of continuing down the Mummasburg road, to drive around the 90tli Pennsylvania monument, down the side-hill in front of that of the l()4th New York^ around the loth Massachusetts monument, and out to the Mummasburg road. The red barn seen at the left, B-14, marks the locality of the engagement of O'Neals Alabama brigade. Across the flat ground beyond, Doles' brigade of Georgians deployed and engaged ScHURz' division of the Eleventh corps, whose line of battle was formed across the field at the left, and is now marked by Howard Avenue, into which we turn from the Mummasburg road, d-u. Schurz' division was commanded by General Sciiimmelfennig, General ScHURZ having assumed connnand of the corps, and General Howard of the field, when General Reynolds' death became known. Vox Amsberg's brigade, which constituted the left of the Eleventh corps, rested with its left on tlie Munnnasburg road, and its general line of battle stretched across the Carlisle road to the Har- risburs: road ; l)ut individual regiments and batteries were frequently pushed up to the front. Krzyzanow- SKi's brigade, c-15, was formed across the Carlisle road, and connected with the left of Ames' brigade, which lay on Barlow's Knoll, c-ie ; Von Gilsa's brigade lay across and along the east slope of this knoll, partly THE UNION LINE OF BATTLE. 55 deployed along Rock Creek. As the tourist ascends Barlow's Knoll, he will be moving directly towards the open field and forest (a half mile distant in the eastern horizon) from which Early s division, c-is, debouched about 2 P.M. on the first day ; and which is also the position from which Jones battalion of artillery, c-is, enfiladed the Eleventh corps line with shot and shell. It was also from this position that Gordon s brigade, supported by Hays brigade, c-17, swept down on either side of the Harrisburg road. After crossing Rock Creek, Gordon united with Doles' brigade, c-15. which was moving up on his right, and advanced to attack Vox Gilsa's and Ames' brigades at Rock Creek and on Barlow's Knoll. Smitlis brigade remained in re- serve, c-18 ; while Hoke's brigade, d 15, advanced on Hays' left, crossed Rock Creek south of the Harris- burg road, continued up Stevens' Run, and was met near town by Coster's brigade, of Vox Steinwehr's division of the Eleventh corps, which was sent down from Cemetery Hill, by General Howard, to cover the retreat of their comrades at the front. Before turning to go to the town, the tourist is advised to look back along the line, remembering that the stretch of country from the left of Reynolds Avenue at the Fairfield (Millerstown) road, c-9, to the right of Howard Avenue, at the Harrisburg road, d-i?, a distance of three miles, constituted the Union line of battle on the first day. The Confederate line which opposed it 56 GETTYSIURG was four miles long, much of the way in a doul)le line of battle, and forming the arc of a circle. At three o'clock, the Union forces were overlapped on either flank of several regiments, and desultory fighting was going on all along the line. But soon after a general advance was ordered by Generals Hill and Eicell ; and, after a most desperate attack by the Confederate forces, and a most determined resistance by their opponents, the Union line was broken and driven from the field, through the town, to Cemetery Hill. Schuez' division of the Eleventh corps formed on Cemetery Hill, e 12, 13, with Von Steinweiir's division, supported b}' Doub- led ay's division of the First corps, which lay in rear of the hill, and was covered in front by Buford's cav- alry ; while Barlow's division formed behind the stone walls on East Cemetery Hill. Wadsworth's division, E-14, went to Culp's Hill, and Robinson's division, eh, formed along Cemetery Ridge 'on the left of the ceme- tery. The Confederate troops advanced into the town, forming line of battle through the town, and along Seminary Ridge, opposite the Union forces on Cemetery Hill. The Twelfth corps arrived from Littlestown by way of Two Taverns, and, continuing up the Baltimore pike, Williams' division turned to its right over Wolf Hill, H-16, 17: wliile, by direction of General Hancock, Geary's division moved to its left, and occupied the heights nortli of Little Round Top. When General THE FIRST DAY'S BATTLE. 57 Meade, who was at Taneytown, twelve miles distant, heard of the death of General Reynolds, he ordered General Hancock to proceed to the front and assume command. General Hancock arrived at Gettysburg just as the break in the Union line came, and the disorganized masses of troops were then retreating through town. He immediately assumed command ; and, assisted by Generals Howard, Doubleday, SoHURz, Warren, and others, a new and strong posi- tion was taken up on Cemetery Hill. When General Slocum reached the field, General Hancock turned the command over to him, and returned to Taneytown and reported to General Meade. On his report, the entire army was ordered up to Gettysburg. The Third corps began to arrive from Emmittsburg about five o'clock, and by one o'clock at night the entire corps had bivouacked in front of Cemetery Ridge, at the right of Little Round Top ; except two brigades left by General Sickles at Emmittsburg, which did not arrive until nine o'clock on the morn- ing of the 2d. . The first day's battle closed a complete success for the Confederate arms. Two small corps had held two thirds of the Confederate army for hours ; until, out- flanked on both flanks, they were at last compelled to retire. The loss was very heavy. Major-general Rey- nolds, the commander of the left wing of the Army of the Potomac, was killed while in command of the 58 GETTYSBURG. field ; General Barlow, commanding the first division of the Eleventh corps, was desperately wounded ; and Generals Meredith and Paul, and Colonels Leonard, EooT, Coulter, Stoxe, Wister, and Biddle, were wounded while in command of brigades. Lieutenant-general Hill and Brigadier-general Scales, of the Confederate army, were wounded, and General Archer was captured. SECOND day's battle. The battle on the 2d commenced during the forenoon of July 2d in the open grove on that part of Seminary Ridge lying directly opposite the Peach Orchard. If the tourist desires to fix in his mind the events of the engagement as they consecutively occurred, he should drive directly to the grove where the second day's battle commenced. This may be done by the Emmittsburg road, or, what will be better, by the drive- way along Seminary Ridge, following the Confederate line of battle, where it is contemplated to open an avenue. This ridge was formerly known as Oak Ridge, but since the battle it has been known as Seminary Ridge. A drive along its crest would com- mand a fine view of the field, particularly that portion occupied by the left of the Union line ; and, if prac- ticable, it should be visited by the tourist next after completing the survey of the ground of the first day's battle, that a proper understanding may be had SECOND DAYS BATTLE. 69 of the location of the Confederate army, and the position from which it advanced to attack the Union forces on the second and third day. The crest of Seminary Ridge was occupied by the Confederate artillery, supported by infantry in double line of battle. This line, commencing at the Fairfield road, d-h, con- sisted of HetKs, Pender s, and Anderson s divisions, which occupied the ground to the cross-road that leads west from the Peach Orchard ; and by McLatvs and Mood's divisions, which prolonged the line beyond the point where the Enmiittsburg road crosses the ridge, di. Hodts division, E-12, was formed along a dirt road, D-10,13, which runs south from the village, and in front and west of Cemetery Ridge. The battle proper did not commence on the 2d until about 4 o'clock p. m. ; but indications of the passage of troops from north to south behind Semi- nary Ridge prompted General Sickles to throw forward four companies of the 1st United States sharp-shooters froin the Peach Orchard, supported by the 3d Maine infantry, to the crest of Seminary Ridge, e-s. This reconnoissance discovered WUcoxs brigade of Ander- sons division, which was then moving forward into position. A sharp skirmish ensued. On the knowledge thus secured. General Sickles ordered the Third corps forward from the western slope of Cemetery Ridge to the Intermediate Ridge ; forming Humphkeys' division, 60 GETTYSBURG. E7, on the Emmittsburg road, in two lines of battle. Graham's brigade, e5,6, of Birney's division formed on Humphreys' left at the Peach Orchard, e-5,5 ; DeTrobriand's, e-4, and Ward's brigades, f-3, of Birney's division continued the line to Round Top, f-i. DeTrobriand's brigade formed in the Wheat-field, e4, and in the grove to the northwest of it, with Ward's brigade in the woods beyond, extending to the Devil's Den, F-2. This part of the field was inaccessible, except to pedestrians, until the Memorial Association opened Sickles Avenue. The tourist, having driven along Seminary Ridge to the location of the fight of Ber- dan's sharp-shooters with Wilcox s brigade, d-s, should turn to his left, and continue by the cross-road to the Peach Orchard on the Emmittsburg road, e-5, then turn to the right to examine the Peach Orchard, e-s, and afterwards continue on the Emmittsburg road towards town, passing along the line occupied by the right of Graham's brigade, and Carr's brigade. This ridge was occupied later by Barksdales, Wilcox s, Perry s, and Wri/jJifs brigades, which advanced, and drove the Union troops from this position on the even- ing of the 2d. It was also occupied by Alexander s artillery on the 3d, and Pickett's division charged over it the same day. On reaching Sickles Avenue, the visitor should turn back toward Round Top. Sickles Avenue has been opened by the Memorial Associa- tion since the battle ; and this section marks General ^ WHEAT-FIELD. 61 Humphreys' second line, which was occupied by Brewster's brigade, e-7,8. From the Peach Orchard, e-s, the line of battle continued to the left, through the fields and forests, to the Devil's Den, f-2, at the base of Round Top, g-i. There was no infantry, however, between the Peach Orchard and the grove west of the Wheat-field, except the skirmish line, but the open space was covered by a line of artillery fire from Clark's New Jersey battery and the batteries of McGilvery's artillery brigade, which stood north of the Wheat-field road, and were engaged with Long street' si batteries under Colonels Cabell and Alexander, planted on the ridge beyond the Emmittsburg road. General Sickles was wounded late on the afternoon of the 2d, near the Trostle buildings, seen to the north of the Wheat-field road. WHEAT-FIELD. We enter the southern section of Sickles Avenue at the northern corner of the Wheat-field, and drive across to the line of battle. This will be recognized by the great number of monuments placed to mark the position occupied by regiments which formed the suc- cessive lines across this rocky knoll, which at the time was entirely covered with trees. This position was first occupied by DeTrobriand's brigade of Birney's division of the Third corps ; 62 GETTYSBURG. afterwards Tilton's and Sweitzer's brigades of Barnes' division of the Fifth corps came in on DeTrobriand's right; but being attacked in front and heavily threatened in flank by KersJiaics brigade of South Carolinians, General Barnes withdrew to the north side of the Wheat-field road. Caldwell's divis- ion of the Second corps arrived scon alter, and Zook's and Kelly's brigades were i)ushed in and re-occupied the ground vacated by Bahxes. Tilton's brigade in the mean time took up a })()sition on the outer edge of the grove north of the road, facing northwesterly, to cover the withdrawal of McGilvery's artillery, while Sweitzer's brigade formed along the road facing the Wheat-field. Cross' brigade of Caldwell's division formed in the Wlieat-field and pai'tly in woods south of it. Brooke's brigade was held temporarily in reserve, but subsequently advanced across the Wheat-field, reliev- ing Cross' brigade, charging up the rocky hill to the outer edge of the woods. At the same time Sweit- zer's Ijrigade advanced across the Wheat-field to the stone wall to support Brooke. Kershains South Carolina and Semmes' Georgia brigades attacked the Union troops in this field, and subsequently, when Graham's line was broken at the Peach Orchard and McGilvery's artillery retired, Wofford's brigade of Georgians advanced through the interval and swept over it. The tourist will next pass beyond the Wheat-field, into DEVIL'S DEX. 63 the woods, in which the left of Cross' and the right of Ward's brigade were engaged with* the right of Ahder- soji's Georgia and the left of Robertsoii s Texas brigade. devil's DEX. After passing througli the woods, the avenue winds down the hill, and leads in amono; a mass of srigantic boulders. For generations past this weird spot has been known as the Devil's Den ; a spring of clear, cool w^ater will be foitnd in one of the caverns. Sickles Avenue terminates, and Sykes Avenue counnences, at Plum Run. While the left of Robertson s brigade was engaging Ward's troops at the Devil's Den. on the afternoon of July 2d, the right charged up this ravine, with Lmvs brigade of Alabamians on its right, extend- ing to the summit of Round Top. Sykes Avenue leads up the ravine between the Round Tops. The stone wall which crosses the valley was built for a breastwork on the 4th of July, and extends to the top of Round Top. As the visitor reaches this wall the avenue to the right leads up to tlie base of Round Top ; then turning again to the right, it continues down in front to the field of cavalry operations on the 3d. The direct driveway leads down to the Taneytown road, while Sykes Avenue turns abruptly to the left, before crossing the line of breastworks, up to Little Round Top. 64 r.ETTYSRURG. We cross Phiiu Run and continue up to Little Ronnd Top. Plnm Run is a mere rivulet at this point, which is easily crossed, and we wind our way up among the rocks and trees to a stone wall. This wall, although built to protect the troops, was constructed after the engagement on this part of the field. It con- tinues nearly to the top of Round Top, and also aroLind in front of Little Round Top. From this place we make the ascent of ROUND TOP. It is easily accomplished, however, on horseback or by the pedestrian, notwithstanding the path leads up a rugged way. At places enormous boulders overhang deep chasms, but the mosses of ages have rounded their outlines, and a luxuriant growth of ferns will delight the romantic lover of nature. The finest view from the summit is towards the south, where the eye stretches away for miles into northern Maryland over an extensive champaign country, giving a beautiful diversity to the character of the scenery. The view to the west and north is obstructed somewhat in midsummer by the foliage, although it would be a great pity to cut it away ; but the citizens of Gettysburg have erected an observatory on the summit, reaching above the trees, from which a magnificent view of the battle-field and the surround- ing country may be had. LITTLE ROUND TOP. 65 As we go to Little Round Top we observe a sharp rise to the right. It is Vincent's Spur. Here occurred one of the hardest contested scenes of the battle. Vin- cent's brigade lay along the summit of this ridge, and was attacked by Laws and Robertsons brigade of Hood^s division. Its brave commander was killed off to the left, where the spur unites with Little Round Top. The carriages will drive around the south point of the ridge/ while we walk over it to LITTLE ROUND TOP. 1 At the time of preparing this work there is no path connecting this part of the hill with the northern face of Little Round Top ; but there are no (5(3 GETTYSBURG. If Little Round Top is ascended by this route, the view is concealed until you rise the crest. Then from its summit the battle-field in all its vast expanse opens in tnagnificent grandeur before you. You look down upon a landscape of unusual loveliness. Field and forest, hill and dale, cottage and farm-house, melt into one harmonious whole. At the time of the battle the ■wo<»d had been recently cut away, on its western face, which gave the rough, naked sides of this artillery crowned crest the appearance of an immense battle- ment, while the view of the battle from this spot was supremely grand. Having examined so critically the formation of the second day's line of battle, it will require but a brief description to give a general idea of the engagement. At four o'clock on the afternoon of the 2d (the Third corps being in the position already explained). Hood's division advanced to attack the left of General Sickles' line, which lay at the Devil's Den. General Hood was wounded at the commencement of the move- ment, and General E. M. Law assumed command. Gen- eral Warren chanced at that moment to be upon Little Round Top ; but a glance sufficed to show him that the flank of the Third corps was in danger of being serious difficulties to prevent the construction of one, of easy grade, from the Devil's Den to the summit of Little Round Top, and along its posterior slope to the northern side. This will materially add to the interest of the drive. Note. — It was built in 1880 by the Gettysburg Memorial Association. LITTLE ROUND TOP. 67 '.Timed, in which case these heights would be seized -yj Confederate troops. In the mean time, General Sickles, by previous direction of General Meade, lad called on General Sykes, commanding the Fifth corps for reinforcements, and he ordered forward Barnes', Ayres', and Crawford's divisions in succes- sion. Barnes' division was the first to move. These troops were seen by General Warren as they came ap from Rock Creek, who at once hurried to General Barnes and received permission to detach Vincent's brigade, which was taken rapidly up the posterior slope of Little Round Top, and arrived at the brow of the " spur " just as the Confederate Hne, having passed the left of Birney's division, came rushing up the valley. The 140th New York of Weed's brigade, by direction of General Warren, came in at nearly the same moment, and formed on Vincent's right; and in an instant the troops were engaged in a desper- ate contest, which only ended with the darkness. A portion of the same Hne had encountered the left of the Third corps at the Devil's Den. As Longstreefs successive brigades advanced, the battle extended to the wheat field and Peach Orchard. Tilton's and Sweitzer's brigade of Barnes' division passed to the front through the fields at our right, and crossed the Peach Orchard road, through the valley at the upper side of the wheat field, and formed on the rocky, 68 GETTYSBURG. wooded knoll beyond, supporting De 'Jl'rodriand's bri- gade. These were subsequently relieved by Cald- well's division of the Second corps, and during the engagement, which followed, General Zook, Colonel Cross, and Colonel Brooke were wounded, Zook and Cross mortally ; General Semmes was killed, and Gen- eral Anderson wounded. The Union artillery at the Peach Orchard, and the Confederate guns on Semi- nary Ridge were all the time engaged in a terrific duel. In the mean time Ayres' division reached the field. Weed's brigade was ordered to this hill, to support Hazlett's battery, which its commander had dragged to these heights, under the direction of Captain Martin, chief of the Fifth corps artillery. The two brigades of regulars had advanced across the swale to the ridge in our front, while Crawford's division " massed in column by division " in an open space on the northern face of the hill. The superior situation of the Confederate batteries, allowing a con- centrated and cross-fire on the Peach Orchard, com- pelled the Union guns to retire, but General Graham, commanding the infantry, continued to defend the posi- tion. At this time Barksdales brigade advanced to the assault, and nna-Uy succeeded in breaking General Graham's line. It was then that General Barksdale was first wounded, and General Graham was also seri- ously wounded and made prisoner. General SlCKl.Ea LITTLE ROUND TOP. 69 was wounded soon after, and General Birney assumed command of the corps. He now directed General Humphreys, whose line lay along the Emmittsburg road, to " change front to the rear," General Wofford's brigade, which lay in rear of BarJcsdale s, ad- vanced through the opening made by the falling back of Graham's command, and turning to its right swept down across the fields, and attacking Sweitzer's bri- gade, on its flank and rear, forced it from the field. Hood's division and portions of McLaws* on Wofford^9 right now advanced again. The " regulars " were at- tacked in front and flank, and compelled to fall back. Hazlett's battery now opened an eflfective fire from these heights. General Weed, whose brigade sup- ported him, was soon stricken down by the sharp- shooter's bullet, and while receiving his dying message, Lieutenant Hazlett received a fatal shot, and fell across the body of his fallen comrade. The Sixth corps. General Sedgwick, had now come up, and was formed en masse in the open field at the northern base of this hill, with Nevin's brigade on the crest. Crawford's division had just moved fi'om this opening over the crest, and formed among the scatter- ing trees at the base of Little Round Top. Li obedi- ence to an earnest request, Fisher's brigade was sent to the left to reinforce Vincent's brigade, then under command of Colonel Rice. 70 GETTYSBURG. At this nioiiient, the entire Union force along tliis front was broken and pushed back across the flat ground, followed by Wofford's brigade and other troops, which received a telling fire of musketry from McCandless' command at the foot of the hill. The impracticability of carrying this stronghold was instantly seen by the Confederate commander, who ordered a retreat. At the same time General Ceawfokd led McCandless' brigade in a dashing charge down the hill, across the swale, to the wheat field, followed and supported by Nevin's brigade, which opened fire on the enemy. On observing that Barksdale's brigade had " changed direction to the left," and was about to take his division in reverse, General Humphreys ordered it to " change ifront to the rear," which difficult evolution was gallantly executed, yet scarcely completed, when Wikox's, Perry's, and Wright's brigades swept over the ridge, and attacked him on the right. It would require the pages of history to give a detailed account of the incidents of this battle from Round Top to this point, but I will allude to a few, which will be an index to the character of the whole. In the thick of the fight, as General Humphreys and his officers were using every exertion to hold the troops, the General saw Captain Chester of his staff* spring with a con- vulsive start ; turning to his commander, Chester said, ** General, I'm shot ! " General Huimphreys, who had LITTLE ROUND TOP. 71 noted his gallantry in sustaining the line, sprang to his assistance, and clasping him with his arm, sustained hin^ in the saddle until Captain Harry Humphreys, his son could take him in charge. An orderly took the horse to lead him from the field, when at the instant a round Bhot killed the horse, and carried away the orderly's head. At this moment General Humphreys' horse, bleeding from seven bullet wounds, was struck by a shell, and springing convulsively into the air, threw his rider violently to the ground, though fortunately not seriously injuring him. Just then, Captain Hum- phreys was shot through the arm ; General Carr had his horse killed under him, and Captains McClellan and Cavada both had their horses killed. A portion of the guns of Turnbull's battery " retired with pro- longe " firing as they went, others were drawn off by hand, by the infantry, and others were captured. By this almost superhuman effort the attacking force was held in check, until portions of the First, Second, and Twelfth corps could be brought up by General Meade, and a new line formed on Cemetery Ridge ; here the battle ended on the left for the night. The reader must not suppose this an exceptional case ; there was not an acre of ground between this and Round Top where the fighting was not as severe as here, and in more than one case the field was fought over re- peatedly by successive commands. 72 GETTYSBURG. ENGAGEMENT ON OULp's HILL. During the engagement on the left of the field, and at the time when the line of battle at the front was being pressed back. General Meade ordered a portion of the Twelfth corps troops from the right wing of the army at Gulp's Hill, fi3,i4, over to the assistance of their hard-pressed comrades on the left. The Twelfth corps troops had hardly left their position when Johnson s division moved out from behind Benner's Hill, ei7,i8. and advanced to attack it; and as the battle subsided on the left of the held, it was taken up and pressed with great fury on the right. Before examining the scene of the encounter which occurred on the left the next day, the toiu'ist is advised to drive directly to Gulp's Hill, eu, and study the attack and defense of that position ; and afterwards drive to East Gemetery Hill, where the second day's battle ended. It will, undoubtedly, take more time to examine the field in this way, but by doing so the continuity of the battle will be retained. On leaving Little Round Top, f 3, take the carriage and drive down its northern slope to the Wheat-field road, which crosses the nortliern base of the hill, turn down to the right towards the east, cross the Taney- town road, g-5, and drive by the back-road, G-5,10, towards Gulp's Hill, E14. This will be the most convenient time to visit Powers Hill. GULPS HILL. 73 POWERS HILL. General Slocitm had his headquarters on Powers Hill, G-10, and there were several batteries in position there. WOLF HILL. After leaving Powers Hill, if the tourist desires to visit the right of the infantry line on Wolf Hill, H-12, he should cross the Baltimore pike, g-h, drive down past McAllister's Mill, H-12, ford Rock Creek, among immense boulders, and continue, by a wild and pictur- esque route, up the rugged sides of Wolf Hill, where Neill's brigade, h 12, held the extreme right of the infantry line of battle on the third day. Or, this portion of the line may be visited later, if desired, when on the way to Gregg's and Stuart's cavalry field. gulp's hill. Turning back and up the Baltimore pike, the tourist should leave the turnpike, and turn to the right, by a gateway, beyond the stream, and enter the eastern entrance of Slocum Avenue, g-h, which approaches the position occupied by Williams' division (commanded by General Ruger). The position occupied by Col- grove's brigade, g-i3,i4, on the third day will be the first visited. Then crossing the meadow, and entering 74 (lE'JTYSBURG. the woods, we come upon Spangler's Spring, fi3, wliich furnished water to friend and foe alike during the battle. McDougall's brigade, fu, first formed here, built the works, and lay in them until nearly night on the 2d, when it moved over to the left. But while it was absent Steuarfs brigade occupied them, and tlie next morning Steuarfs and Walker s brigades' fought here to retain them. Leaving the spring to the left, the visitor should turn up to the right, continue through the gateway, * and follow the breastworks as they wind up the hill. Kane's brigade, f-ujs, built and occupied the works from the top of the hill through the valley beyond to the angle ; but was ordered out of them at dusk on the evening of the 2d, and followed Candy's brigade towards the left. This was the scene of a most desperate contest on the night of the 2d and morning of the 3d. Johnson s division, f-is, attacked Greene's brigade, f-is, which occupied the works from the angle to near the top of Gulp's Hill ; the 137th New York being deployed in the works vacated by Kane's brigade. That portion of the breastworks from the gateway near Spangler's Spring, over the first hill, was seized by Steuarfs brigade ; Jones' and Hicholfs bri- gades of Johnson s division at the same time attacking Greene's position on Gulp's Hill, where they were repulsed. When Kane's and Gandy's brigades re- turned on the night of the 2d, and found their works CULFS HILL. 75 occupied by Steuarfs brigade, a new line of battle was formed by General Geary, leading from the '^ angle " in the works out to the Baltimore pike ; a part of which is marked by monuments. This line was com- posed mostly of regiments of Candy's brigade, and should be examined before going farther. The tourist should also understand, before leaving this part of the field, that the Confederates attacked this posi- tion on the evening of the 2d, secured a foothold, and were not driven out until 11 a. m. on the 3d. The great number of monuments at this pla'ce, repre- sentins; different commands, indicates that Greene's brigade, which built and originally occupied these works, was subsequently reinforced by other troops, which from time to time relieved Greene's regiments ; and monuments of the relieving commands are gener- ally placed in rear of the portion of the works which these regiments eventually occupied. No place on the field presented such terrible effects of battle as this portion of Culp's Hill. Gigantic trees were not only stripped of leaves and branches, but in many cases the trunks themselves were so scarred and battered by the musketry that tliey have since died, decayed, and fallen to the ground. Culp's Hill and Rock Creek were popular resorts long before the battle of Gettysburg was fought. 76 GETTYSBURG. ROCK CREBK, Has from time immemorial been the picnic ground of the citizens of Gettysburg. And to-day, fathers and mothers with their happy brood can frequently be seen with well-filled baskets, driving to this favorite resort, where they, with their fathers and mothers, have so often been before. The fine old forest, the adjacent fitream, and the diversified character of the scenery, afford ample amusement for the young and recreation for the aged. CULFS HILL. 77 There is, probably, no place on the Gettysburg battle- field which presents such strong attractions as Gulp's Hill. It is natural that the visitor should wish to see some tangible evidence of the results of the battle. Many portions of the field have since been cultivated, and little remains to distinguish them from other and contiguous grounds. But here there is no mistaking the fact that some great and unusual event has oc- curred. The destruction of the forest is perhaps the most marked characteristic. In the midst of a healthy growth of fine old oak and hickory, many of the trees are battered and dying from the effects of the terrible musketry fire. Indeed, over acres they have already gone to decay, and are being blown to the ground by every storm.^ The remains of breastworks, occupied during the bat- tle, also form an interesting feature. It is to be regret- ted that greater efforts have not been made to preserve them ; and even now they could be easily rebuilt, and would make most appropriate mementoes and lasting monuments for the study of future generations." 1 When the first edition of this work was written scores of bullet-scarred trees remained standing below the breastworks. 2 These works were originally built of logs, which were taken away for fence-rails. The present^earthworks were rebuilt by the Memorial Associa- tion to mark the original line. 78 GETTYSBURG. From hero we follow the line of breastworks up and oyer Gulp's Hill, passing the position of Wads worth's division and Stevens' battery to the Baltimore turnpike. On reaching the pike we turn to the right, up the hill, and, turning again to the right, we revisit East Cemetery Hill, where the closing scenes of the second day's battle were enacted. EAST CEMETERY HILL. ^"''^MounUin i Benner's Hill. Although the general view from East Cemetery HilJ is not as extensive as that from the Cemetery, the scen- ery is fine and imposing ; and historical associations make this a jilace of great interest and resort. We GETTYSBURG. 79 have from this point an excellent view of the locality? of the first day's operations, particularly that of the Eleventh corps. Round Top is barely seen from this position; ts conical peak rising through the trees in the S. S. W., past the left of Evergreen Cemetery gate. At the left of Round Top the crest of Powers' Hill, g-io, occupied by General Slocum as head-quarters, just cuts the horizon. The Baltimore pike is still far- ther to the left. The bald hill in the foreground, southeast, is Stevens' Knoll, over which can be seen Wolf Hill in the distance. From the ledge on ita summit a pleasing landscape view may be had. Gulp's Hill is the next important feature. The remains of Wadsworth's field works can be seen climbing the height until lost in the forest. The cultivated ridge to the left of this, with a few scattering trees on the summit, is Benner's Hill. Rock Greek flows in the valley between. This ridge rises gradually on the left to a grove, which crowns the summit of Hos- pital Hill. To the left from this, and just to the right ')f the town, is a group of brick buildings, known as the Almshouse, 0-15, around which was severe fighting on the first day. A smooth field to its right rises to Bar- low's Knoll. Over the centre of the town, and cut by the spire to the left, is Oak Hill. The crest extending from this towards the left, is Seminary Ridge. The 80 TOPOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTIONS. railroad " cut " can be seen at the left of the grove ; . and .still farther to the left the Theological Seminary. The cupola of the Springs Hotel rises beyond the grove. At the left from this, just at hand, is the Na- tional Soldiers' Orphans Home. The " lodge " and gateway of the National Cemetery is thi next object 3f interest ; and rising up to the left is the Cemetery itself, crowned by the National Monument. The grounds of East Cemetery Hill are owned by the " Gettysburg Memorial Association," which ac- counts for the defenses being kept in repair. This is one of the few locahties where hand-to-hand fighting actually occurred. In a book of this size but little can be said of the details of a battle so extensive ; the dif- ficulty, where so much is known, is to avoid giving them, although there is often a desire to know them. It is a mistake to suppose that our modern battles con- sist of desperate charges, bayonet thrusts, and cloven skuUs, as in the conflicts of the olden time. The fight- ing is mostly done at longer range. The improvement in the implements of warfare has wrought this change. There is but a single instance recorded in the reports of the battle of men being killed with a bayonet or wounded with a sabre. Colonel Jeffers of the 4th Michigan Volunteers was mortally wounded with a bayonet in the " wheat field " on the afternoon of the 2d ; and General Wade Hampton is reported to have re- GETTYSBURG. 81 ceived a sabre cut during his engagement with Gregg's cavalry on the right. This is a small proportion among the thousands killed and wounded at Gettysburg. But on the spot where we stand occurred a scene on /the night of the Qd, which embodied the magnificent charge, the firm defense, the fierce seething struggle of armed men, frenzied with the maddening influences of war. They fought w4th cannon, muskets, pistols, handspikes, rammers, clubs, stones, an?jtking with which an attack could be made or defense given. Here, in this immediate vicinity, occurred instances of personal bravery and intrepidity seldom surpassed. An attack was made on this position in the dusk of evening by Hayes' and HoJces brigades of Early s division, a de- scription of which will be found on another page. The Union line, Baelow's division, commanded by General Ames, lay along the stone wall at the base of the hill. Wiedrich's New York battery was posted behind the redans north of the cross-wall. Stuart's battery, B, 4th U. S., stood towards the Cemetery in the field and road. RiCKETTs' Pennsylvania battery was on the south of the wall, with Reynolds' New York battery still farther down the hill. They were firing at Johnson's division of infantry, which could be seen passing the opening between Benner's and Gulp's hills, as it advanced to at- tack the Twelfth corps' position. Suddenly the skir- mishers came rushing in,, firing as they retreated, and ^^2 ASSAULT ON EAST CEMETERY HILL. reported an immediate attack on this point ; and soon a long line of battle stretching through the valley and across the ridge, came sweeping in upon them, with the impetuosity of the whirlwind. The guns were depressed as quickly as possible, but not in time to be as effective as a more level surface would have made them. Thf Union infantry lines were broken and scattered like chaff from the summer threshing floor, and the wild assailants followed their beaten adversaries, through showers of canister, into the very batteries where we stand, seizing guns, spiking others, and for a moment holding this important position in their possession. Officers dashed hither and thither, their voices ringing high above the din and clang of battle. Men raved, im- plored, swore, and cried, by turns in the mad excitement of the moment.^ Here, south of the wall, at Ricketts left gun, a Confederate lieutenant dashed boldly up and seized the battery's guidon. Private Riggin, its bearer, drew his revolver and shot him dead ; at the same mo- ment a minie-ball severed the staff, and Riggin fell a corpse with that of his adversary. Lieutenant WorcedeTy 1 The importance of this position and the probability of its being attacked, seems to have impressed itself upon the officers in command. But a short time before the assault, while General Amks was explaining to Captain Ricketts its value as a key point position, and the necessity for holding it, Colonel Waixwright added, " In case you are charged you wi'J not limber up under any circumstances, but fight your battery to the last." This order was communicated to the men, who, being naturally intelligent, felt theii reaponsibility when the attack came. GETTYSBURG. 80 7tli Louisiana, charged into the battery, and laying hia hand on a gun, demanded its surrender, but was instantly brained by a blow with a handspike in the hands of one of the gunners. Here, at the third gun from the wall, a Confederate sergeant, musket in hand, sprang upon Sergeant Stafford and de- manded his surrender. He was answered by Lieutenant Bkoceway of the battery, who coming quickly behind, with a stone he had seized, felled him to the ground. Stafford caught the musket and fired, wounding him severely ; and in the fury of the moment clubbed the gun and, but for the interposition of Captain Ricketts, would have killed him on the spot. These are but a few of the startling incidents of that fearful struggle. Why ! what is there in this beautiful locality to indi- cate that it is the theatre where was once enacted such a fearful drama? What in this old stone wall to attract tlie attention of the passer-by ? Yet here, where the grass grows so freshly, and the modest flower timidly opens its petals to the gladdening light of heaven, men, clothed in the image of their Creator ; brothers, who should have extended the friendly grasp, frenzied by the maddening influences of political strife, with the mania of savage beasts, writhed and strove in mortal combat. Here at this wall. General Ames succeeded in rallying the regiments of his old brigade as they were 84 REPULSE OF EARLY'S ASSAULT. pushed back through the guns of the battery.^ Here the ferocious combatants stood and glared into each other's eyes, so near indeed, that they could almost breathe the hot breath of their adversaries. The brave color-bearer of the 107th Ohio, Sergeant Geible, sprang upon the wall, and defiantly waved his flag in the very faces of his opponents. The satisfaction was but momentary. He was shot, and the colors fell on the opposite side ; but had scarce touched the ground before Adjutant Young cleared the wall, and snatched them from the very grasp of his foe ! The color-bearer of the 8th Louisiana " Tigers," in his enthusiasm dashed gallantly forward, waving his flag as he advanced ; seeing which Adjutant Young, re- volver in hand, with one desperate leap sprang into the opposing ranks, seized the staff", and shot the color- bearer in his tracks. But be too was shot ; a minie- ball passed through his left arm, and pierced his lung ; a Confederate officer aimed a fearful blow at his head, which was skillfully parried by Lieutenant Suhrer; and reeling to his regiment, still clinging to the flag, he sank into the arms of Sergeant-major Bricker, and was saved ! And General Ames promoted him to a captaincy on his staff", for his bravery. 1 The C'oiifeilerate charge swept the right of the 75th Ohio up the hill, but the reniaiiuler of the regiment, with a portion of the 25th Ohio, remained down at the wall. SECOND DAY'S BATTLE. 85 Before Johnson s division advanced to attack the Twelfth corps on Gulp's Hill on the evening of the 2d, it lay behind Benner's Hill, eis. When it advanced it was shelled by the batteries on East Ceme- tery Hill, through an opening which then existed between Benner's Hill and Gulp's Hill, but which is now closed by the growth of trees. Just at that time, Haijs and Hakes brigades, e-i4, of Early s division (wdiich had been lying in the valley hidden by the hill at the northeast), advanced to attack Barloav's divis- ion on East Gemetery Hill, e-is, as alread}^ described. Barlow's division was commanded by General Ames. As Early s line advanced, it received a flank fire from Stevens' oth Maine battery, in position on Stevens' Knoll. But the guns on East Gemetery Hill could not be sufficiently depressed to be very effective ; General Ames' line was broken, Wiedrich's battery, e-i3, was captured, one or more of Ricketts' guns, e-i3, were spiked ; but all the guns were eventually retaken, and the line was restored by the arrival of Garroll's brigade, e-i3, from its position with the Second corps, eh, assisted by some Eleventh corps regiments which General Howard sent over from the Gemetery. The dash of Early s command to the crest of East Gem- etery Hill and its repulse ended the engagement, and proved to be the flood-mark of the second day's battle. General Lee has been criticised for not abandoning the contest at the close of the second day. But it is 86 GETTYSBURG. a question whether he would not have received still severer criticism had he done so ; for the Confederacy could never have known what the result of the third day's battle would have been, without the trial. The morale of the Army of Northern Virginia was never better than it was on the morning of July 1st, 1863. Victory crowned its efforts on the first day. And, although the success had not been so great on the second, still many important advantages had been gained. For General Lee, who had been successful on so many fields, to abandon the fight at the first symptom of reverse, required a greater amount of moral courage than he possessed. In the light of experience, public opinion will favor General Longstreefs advice, given at the time, to ^' flank the Army of the Potomac by its left, place the Army of Northern Virginia between it and Washing- ton, select its own ground, and offer battle in a defensive position," conditions which General Meade would have been compelled to accept. But the blood of the Army of Northern Virginia was up; success at Gettysburg meant a recognition of the Confederacy, in the belief of General Lee. He took the chances, — and lost ! General Lees first object now was to secure the foothold which Johnson had gained at Culp's Hill, f-u. It was of the utmost importance to retain this vantage-ground, as it was within a few hundred yards THIRD DAYS BATTLE. 87 of General Meade's headquarters, eh, and in rear of the XTnion line of battle ; and more particularly as these troops would be in a favorable position to co-operate with the grand effort about to be made by General Longstreet, to sever the main line of battle by assault. THIRD day's battle. All night long, troops of both armies were hurrying towards Gulp's Hill. Ruger's division and Kane's and Candy's brigades of Geary's division of the Twelfth corps returned before midnight, only to find their works occupied by Steuarfs troops. General Johnson brought Walker s and SmitJts bri- gades up to strengthen his position, f-i5, and General Lee sent to him DanieVs and O'NeaVs brigades all the way around from near the Seminary, D-12. As each successive body of Union troops retinnied on the night of the 2d, General Williams assigned it a posi- tion and gave his personal attention to reforming his lines, while General Slocum directed his chief of artillery to place several batteries in position on Powers Hill, and on the plateau above the Baltimore pike, with orders to open a cross-fire on that portion of the works which Steuart had seized. With the first streak of daylight, the artillery fire opened. Johnson had already marshaled his forces, but, having no guns in position with which to reply 88 GETTYSBURG. to the furious cannonade, he ordered his infantry to charge ; and time after time his cokimns were hurled against the Union breastworks onl}' to be repulsed and driven back. Lockwood's brigade was brought up to reinforce General Geary. General Wadsworth of the First corps also sent several regiments down to his assistance. Later in the morning, Shaler's brigade was hurried from Round Top, and two regiments were thrown into the works. Eustis' brigade of the Sixth corps was also ordered over, but was not needed. Finally, after the most desperate resistance, Johnson was compelled to withdraw, and by 11 o'clock in the morning the works were re-occupied, and the battle on Gulp's Hill was ended. From 11 o'clock until 1 o'clock an unusual quiet prevailed all along the lines. It was an ominous stillness, which only served to heighten the effect of the grand pyrotechnic display which followed. POSTING THE ARTILLERY. General Hunt, chief of artillery of the Union army, occupied every available position with guns from Powers- Hill, gi2, East Cemetery, ei3, and Cemetery Hills, £12, on the right, and along Cemetery Ridge to Little Round Top, g-3, on the left ; while General Pendleton, the Confederate chief of artillery, occupy- ing the outer circle, was able to place even a greater number of guns in position along the Intermediate POSTING THE ARTILLERY. 89 Ridge and on Seminary Ridge, on his right, to Hos- pital Hill, D18, and Benner's Hill, em, on his left. In addition to these preparations for an artillery fight. General Lomjstreet was ordered to form a column of attack with which to assault the Union lines at the propitious moment. This column consisted of Picketfs division in two lines of battle on his right, Ileth's division, commanded by General Fettigrew, on his left, and Scales and Lanes brigades of Fenders division, commanded by General Trimble, in support; while the right flank was covered by Wilcox and Ferrijs brigades, and his left flank by Thomas', Mc- Gowcms, and Ramseurs brigades. In addition to these preparations, General Stuart, with his cavalry, was ordered to gain a position on the right and rear of the Union army, from which a demon- stration could be made to co-operate with Longstreefs assault in front ; and Stuart would also be in position to take the Union army in reverse should Longstreefs assault be successful. But, in the mean time, General Meade, foreseeing such an emergency, had dispatched General Gregg with his cavalry, under orders to take up a position on the right of the army, where he would be able to checkmate any movement which General Lee might contemplate. General Gregg arrived just in season to "head off" General Stuart, who was already moving around to get in rear of the Army of the Potomac. 90 gettysbuiKt. Custer's brigade of Kilpatkick's division, which was near, was ordered by General Gregc; to remain, which it did, and, with McIntosh's brigade, was heavily engaged in the cavalry fight which followed. J. Irvin" Gregg's brigade was in position on the rig4it of the infantry, but was not engaged. General Stuarfs com- mand consisted of Wade Hampton's, Fitzhugh Lees, IF. H. F. Lees, and Jenkins' brigades, with several batteries. This cavalry fight was a peculiarly inter- esting feature of the l^attle. It was closely contested, and with marked results. VISITING THE THIRD DAY S FIELD. To visit to advantage the different localities where these movements took place, and to avoid going twice over the same ground, the tourist is advised to drive down the Taneytown road, visiting as he does so General Meade's headquarters, eh, which were at the little white cottage on the right, next below the Ceme- tery. Taking this route, he will also pass General Pleasonton's headquarters, F-a, farther down, on the right. Several monuments have been erected there to cavalry organizations which were on detached service at the time of the battle. The drive should be con- tinued to the position of Russell's brigade, a-i, back of Round Top. This brigade occupied the extreme left of the infantry line of the Union army on the THE rXION LEFT FLANK. 91 third day, its position being on the east side of the Taneytown road with its right resting at the road. Turning here into Wright Avenue, a picturesque drive winds up between the Round Tops, g 2. That portion of Wright Avenue between the Taneytown road and Round Top was occupied by Grant's Vermont, brigade. The old stone wall in the valley connecting the Round Tops was thrown up on the 4th of July for breast- works, but was not occupied during the battle. It runs to the top of Round Top, and was occupied by Fisher's brigade of Pennsylvania Reserves, and by the 9th Massachusetts Volunteers, while the 20th Maine and 83d Pennsylvania Volunteers were near the summit, but on the western face. A good foqt- path leads to the summit ; and here, from the observa- tory, an extensive and magnificent view of the sur- rounding country may be obtained. Returning to the carriage, the tourist should next turn down in front of Round Top to the avenue which leads along the line of Kilpatrick's division, ei, to THE UNION LEFT FLANK. Just after leaving the woods at the foot of Round Top, the driveway passes through an opening in an improvised stone w^all, which was thrown up by Law's Alabama brigade for a breastwork, and was occupied by it on the 3d. In the open field beyond, the avenue passes the spot where the gallant General Farns- 92 GETTYSBURG. WORTH fell, at the head of a detachment of the 1st Vermont cavalry, dining a charge which severed the Confederate line. This avenue winds its picturesque way through a deep forest, and among scenes of great beauty. It is intended to continue it two miles beyond Round Top, to the Emmittsburg road. It will embrace the positions occupied by Farns worth's and Merritt's brigades of cavalry on the third day. Turning back, the tourist should drive to the Devil's Den, F2, and continue up the valley through which Craw^ford Avenue leads, to which portions of Wofford's, KershaiDS, Semmes, and Anderso?is brigades advanced, on the 2d, and across which Ayres' regular infantry, and McCandless' brigade of Pennsylvania Reserves, fought the same evening, F-2,4. After visiting the position of Nevin's brigade, fs, a turn should be made toward the east, over the Wheat-field road, to Sedgwick Avenue, g-5. As the tourist drives towards town, he will pass the position of Eustis' brigade on liis immediate right, and on the left, the position where Nea^x's brigade formed its original line of battle, on the evening of the 2d, G5. The position of Torbert's brigade, f-6, is next on the right, and is marked by its brigade monument occupy- ing a commanding position. Sedgwick Avenue ends and Hancock Avenue commences at the cross-road, f-6, which leads back to the Taneytown road. The bat- "COPSE OF TREES." 93 teries of McGilvery's brigade of artillery, f-7, occupied the position of the present road-bed of Hancock Avenue on July 3d ; while Caldwell's division of infantry lay among the guns, and on the east side. The excursion-railroad which crosses at this point, f-7, is an extension of the Gettysburg and Harrisburg road, and has been built since the battle. Hancock Avenue continues northward, crossing the position of Double- 'day's division, f7,8. Stannard's brigade was on the west of the roadway, near which General Hancock was wounded, and Rowley's and Dana's brigades were to the right on the east side. North of Double- day's division, the avenue leads along the line of Gibbon's division. The positions of Harrow's and Hall's brigades are passed to the famous " COPSE OF TREES," where Webb's brigade lay. This peculiar landmark was used to guide the movements of Longstreefs assault on the 3d. Immediately north of these trees stands a tablet which marks the spot where General Armistead fell, at the head of the charging column. Longstreefs assault was made by FicJceifs and IletJis divisions, the latter commanded by General Fettigreio, and two brig-ades of Fenders division, commanded by General Trimble. Ficketfs division consisted of Ar7ni- stead's, Kemper s, and Gdrnetfs brigades ; Heth's divis- ion, of Archers, Fettlgrews, Davis, and BrocJcen- 94 GETTYSBURG. l)oroug1is brigades,^ which assaulted this position. It was here that one of the most gallant charges recorded in history terminated : here that the tide of success of the Confederacy turned ; from this spot the defeated troops fell back, and never again made a successful stand. This was, indeed, the " high-water mark of the Rebellion ! " REPULSE OF LONGSTREET's ASSAULT. The copse of trees which marks the scene of Long- street's repulse will always be the central point of interest for visitors to this field. At one o'clock on the afternoon of July 3d, the Confederate artillery fire opened, and a hurricane of missiles went slirieking through the air : solid shot and shell, slirapnel and spherical case, and every invention which the ingenuity of man has suggested, was brought into requisition ; the very earth trembled with the concussion. It ceased at last, and out from yonder groves emerged a line of battle, and then another, and yet a third moved out, and this enormous column swept grandly on. Tlie stillness wliich pervaded the Union ranks was awful ! The soldiers held their breath ; past experience taught them that the decisive moment of the battle was at hand. It seemed impossible to resist this living, moving avalanche of men. As the lines rose from the valley, the artillery from Cemetery Hill, E-12, to Little Round Top, f-3, opened a converging REPULSE OF LONGSTREET'S ASSAULT. 95 fire upon the advancing foe. Shot and shell now tore through their ranks; dust and smoke enveloped the seething mass, through which in pitiless fury showers of canister swept. Yet on they marched ! The Emmittsburg road is crossed, and from lines in blue behind yonder wall leap sheets of livid flame, deluging all with a shoAver of lead. The column hesitates, and returns the fire ; then dashes madly on. Men went down by hundreds and thousands, and, in the mad desperation of the moment, the dead and dying were trampled by their enthusiastic comrades who strove to reach the wall, or by those who ran with wild panic through the ranks, and fled beyond the hills from which they had emerged. The double hue of Hays' division, on the right, rose from behind the stone wall, and delivered its fire into the very faces of the advancing foe. The guns of Woodruff's battery were run forward, turned to their left, and enfiladed the column with canister, crowding it off towards Webb's front. Still onward marched these brave men, up to the stone wall behind which Webb's front line lay, piercing it and driving back the right of the line, which fell back to the crest, and united with the second line. General Armistead, with his hat raised high on the point of his sword, sprang over the wall, followed by a few score of his men. It was a moment of terrible suspense, and victory hung trembling in the balance. At that in- 96 GETTYSBURG. stant Hall's second line (42d New York and 19th Massachusetts) on Webb's left charged in and attacked Ariidstead in flank. Hall's front line, and Harrow's brigade, and two regiments of Rowley's brigade, rushed up from the left, and joined in the fray. Two regiments of Stannard's brigade, on Rowley's left, moved rapidly by the right flank, changed front for- ward on first battalion, and poured volley after volley into Ficl-etfs right. The 8th Ohio infantry opened on Pettigreios left. A converging fire of musketiy was now concentrated on the Confederate column, — and Longstreet' s assault was repulsed ! General Garnett fell dead within twenty-five feet of tlie wall he tried so hard to capture ; General Arm/stead lay mortally wounded within the Union lines ; General Kemper was supposed to be mortally wounded, although he recovered ; General Pettigreiv, commanding Hetlis division (which charged with P'(eket£s division), was slightly wounded in this charge, and was mortally wounded during the retreat to Virginia which followed. Colonel Fry, commanding Archer s brigade, and Colonel Marshall, commanding PettifjreiD s brigade, were both wounded and taken pris- oners ; thousands of gallant men lay cold in death, or were more or less seriously wounded ; and 4,500 men threw down their arms, and came in prisoners of war ! General Trimble, commanding Sccdes' and Lanes brigades of Pender s division, suffered the loss of a leg, NATIONAL CEMETERY. 97 and was captured, and the casualties in both field and Une officers were heavy. The loss in the Union army, though not as great, was severe. General Hancock was conspicuous wher- ever his presence was needed, and fell desperately wounded far to the front. Colonel Sherpjll. com- manding Willard's brigade, was killed. General Gibbon, commanding the Second division, Second corps, was seriously wounded. Generals Webb and Stannard, and Colonel Smyth, commanding brigades, were also wounded, and large numbers of officers and men lay scattered over the field. General Meade arrived on this part of the field at the moment of vic- tory, and was received with a wild hurrah by his men. As the tourist continues his drive from the copse of trees towards town, he will pass the entrance to Meade Avenue on his right, which leads down to the general headquarters of the Union Army. Continuing on Hancock Avenue, he will drive between the posi- tions occupied by Smyth's brigade, on his left, and Sherrill's brigade, on his right. Before reaching the Taneytown road, the tourist will pass several monu- ments of First corps troops which arrived on this part of the line just as the enemy was repulsed. NATIONAL CEMETERY. From this point the visitor should drive to the National Cemetery, E-12. It will be hard to realize 98 GETTYSBURG. that the location of these beautiful, well kept grounds, with their luxuriant foliage, was simply a barren, worn-out field at the time of the battle. Here be- hind the broken-down stone walls the troops of the Eleventh corps lay, Von Steinweiir's division for the three days, and Schurz' division during the second and third days ; while the entire hill from the Balti- more pike to the crest was filled with artillery. At the time when the battle was fought, this hill afforded an unobstructed view of almost the entire field ; but now it is changed, and we have beautiful shrubbery at the expense of a magnificent landscape view. Gregg's and stuart's cavalry field. The examination of the battle-field will not be complete without a visit to the scene of Gregg's and Stuarfs cavalry fight, on the third day. This lies about four miles northeast from the village of Gettysburg, and one mile beyond the right of the infantry line on Wolf Hill (although at the time of the battle a skirmish line connected the cavalry with the infantry). It is approached either by the York turnpike, which will bring the tourist upon that part of the field occupied by the Confederate forces ; by the Hanover road, the Baltimore pike, White Run, and Low Dutch road, or the tourist may follow the line of battle over Gulp s Hill to Wolf Hill, and then turn to the left to the Hanover road. GREGG'S AND STUART'S CAVALRY FIELD. 99 These three last named routes approach the Union position. It is important that the veteran who may visit the field go by the route he took at the time of the battle, as the position may be more readily recognized. But if the tourist goes there simply for an interesting and* pleasant drive, he is advised to go first to Gulp's Hill, e-u, following over it by the line of breastworks ; then continuing past McAllister's Mill, he can cross Eock Creek, and visit the position of Neill's brigade, G-12, on Wolf Hill, which, as already explained, was the extreme right of the infantry line of battle on the 3d. From there a hundred-rod drive will bring him into a country road which passes east of Wolf Hill, in rear of a rocky height known to the citizens of Gettysburg as " Goose Heaven." This locality has long been known as a pleasure resort. The Fifth corps halted near here on its arrival upon the field early on the 2d ; but it was subsequently withdrawn, and moved over to Rock Creek, on the Baltimore turnpike ; and from there was ordered in to reinforce General Sickles on the left of the line. The country road which leads out to the Hanover road is shady and pleasant, and the visitor passes en 7'oute the monument of the 16th Pennsylvania cavalry. This regiment was deployed as skirmishers on the 3d, and formed the connecting link between the right of the infantry of Neill's brigade and Gregg's cavalry, J. Irvix Gregg's brigade being 100 GETTYSBURG. massed in rear of the 16th Pennsylvania cavalry. A position temporarily reached on the evening of the 2d is shown l)y the monument of the 10th New York cavalry, north of the Hanover road. The visitor can continue hy this road out to the field of Gregg's and Stuai'fs cavalry engagement, near the junction of the Hanover and Low Dutch roads, in which McIntosh's, Custer's and J. Irvin Gregg's brigades of Union cavalry and Hmnjjtons, Fitzlmgh Lees, W. H. F. Lees (ChmnhNss), and Jenkins'' brigades of Gonfederate cavalry had a desperate encounter on the afternoon of the third day, at the same hour that Longstreefs assault was being made. Avenues have been opened leading to the centre of the field of cavalry operations, which is now marked by two massive monuments ; one erected by Gregg's division, and the other by the State of Michigan, to mark the field of the engage- ment of Custer's brigade. Those wishing to visit the field as it was approached by the Confederate troops should go by the York pike, from which a country road leads in to the position occupied by Stuarfs cavalry. The field of Gregg's and Stuart's cavalry fight can be reached most quickly by driving to it directly by the Hanover road. SHORT GEXERAL TOUR OF THE FIELD. If the visitor has not the time or inclination to study the grand tactics which preceded the battle, or does SHORT GENERAL TOUR OF THE FIELD. 101 not care to visit in consecutive order the various parts of the field on which the engagement was fought, he can make a general tour by driving along the first day's field of operations by the route already described, continuing through the town, towards the left ; either along Seminary Ridge, or by the Emmittsburg road. After examining the vicinity of the Peach Orchard, he can drive along Sickles Avenue, to the Devil's Den, then to the position of Kilpatrick's cavalry. Return- ing, he can drive to Little Round Top, and go home by Sedswick and Hancock Avenues, visiting the Cemetery en route. After dinner, he can drive to Gulp's Hill, fol- lowing the line of breastworks to Spangler's Meadow, and from there he can continue the drive past McAllis- ter's Mill, over Wolf Hill, passing the position of Neill's brigade; the extreme right of the infantry line. From the point occupied by the right of Neill's brigade, a drive over the picturesque country road can be taken to the Hanover road, wdiich leads to the position of Gregg's and Stuart's cavalry fight. If this route is selected, it will give a good general idea of the battle-field, and may be made in one day. Gettysburg is frequented by several distinct classes. Some for a transient visit, others to study all the details of the engagement ; and still others remain there for weeks to enjoy the beautiful scenery and fine drives, for which the vicinity is noted. CARRIAGE DRIVES. T will often happen that the health of visitors will not admit of their going to the cupola of the Theo- logical Seminary; or they may not find it convenient to do so. Although there is no other point which fuUy compensates for this magnificent view, a drive on the Chambersburg turnpike will assist greatly in understanding the opening of the battle. It is weU, however, to read fhst the description from the cupola. As you enter the Chambersburg turnpike from town' and move across the flat ground, D-12, Seminary Ridge lays before you. When the Union troops came in on the first day of the battle they moved along the fields at your left, and crossed the ridge at and near the Seminary. Still later, when Robinson's division came up it rested here ; Baxter's brigade at the right along 1 Guests at the Springs Hotel will understand the battle better to drive here and go upon the turnpike. 102 THE CHA^IBERSBURG TURNPIKE. IQS the railroad bed; while Paul's brigade passed the Seminary, and threw up temporary breastworks in the grove : Oak Hill is the w^ooded summit off at your right, B-14. It was here that Rodes' division and Car^ iers artillery came first upon the field. Baxter's bri- gade then hurried to the right and formed along the crest, where you see the scattering trees, and scon after Paul's brigade was sent to reinforce it. If you look farther to the right you see the Pennsylvania Col- lege in the suburbs, d-k, used as a Confederate hospital. It was beyond this that the Eleventh corps formed when it came up, and when Early s division came it was through the grove seen on the hill beyond. Looking to the left the first object is the excursion road and Springs Hotel avenue, which have been constructed since the battle. Looking over these, the eye sweeps away into the south. A portion of the fields across which Lo7ig streets charge was made can be seen in the distance. When the Union line was finally forced back on the 1st, the Confederate troops came around the east of Oak Hill directly toward this road, and having also outflanked the Union line on the left, their skirmishers came over Seminary Ridge, and as the troops, infantry and artillery, retreated down this road, and on the bed of the railroad, they received a skirmish fire from both flanks. The Theological Seminary at our left was occu- pied during and after the battle as a Union hospital. 104 GETTYSBURG. SEMINARY RIDGE, Having reached the crest of the ridge let us stop and examine the position. Looking along the turn- pike, the eye falls upon a succession of undulations. Buford's Ridge is clirectly in our front, McPherson's Ridge is beyond, while Herr's Ridge, a half mile dis- tant, will be known by the old Brick Tavern located on it, A-ii. Buford's cavalry bivouacked the night be- fore the battle on the ridge in our front ; advancing Calef's battery to McPherson's Ridge, B-12. At the MCPHERSON'S RIDGE. 105 close of the first day's engagement the Confederate troops advanced to Seminary Ridge. Traces of their breastworks may still be seen between the turnpike and Seminary. Looking eastward, we have a fine view of the town, and many prominent features of the field may be seen. (See description from Seminary cupola.) If the engage- ments of the visitor will not admit of spending much time with the first day's operations, this is the place to turn back. If we continue our drive we pass the valley through which Cutler's brigade moved into line across the railroad at the right, and it was also here that the '6th Wisconsin Volunteers, 95th New York, and 14th New York State Militia made a change from left to right, and captured the 2d Mississippi in the railroad cut. Mcpherson's ridge. To reach this point we have crossed Buford's Ridge and passed the McPherson farm buildings. It was on this crest that Calef's battery was posted when the battle commenced ; the first Union gun of the battle was fired by Lieutenant Roder's section. The ground rises northward gradually to Oak Hill, which at the time of the battle was covered with timber. Carter*a artillery, in position there, could enfilade the line of Union troops laying here, making it necessary to get shelter behind the bmldings, and under cover of the 106 GETTYSBURG. road-bed. General Reynolds was killed in the grove to our left. Brockenhoroagh's brigade also fought at the left, and Archer s in the grove. PeUigrew's was south of it, and subsequently Pender s division advanced over the same ground. Willoughby Run is crossed in the valley as we drive to herr's ridqb. Here on the morning of July 1, 1863, the battle commenced. • Two guns which stood on the turnpike by the tavern engaged Calef's battery on McPher- eon's Ridge, as previously explained. This is the west- HERR'S RroGE. 107 ern limit of active field operations. There are lihree routes to return to the village, namely, via the turn- pike, on which we came, or go to the left along the crest, and take the first left turn to town, entering by the Millerstown road, which is a pleasant drive, or turn to the right to the Mummasburg pike, and return via Oak Hill, which should be visited, and will particularly interest military men ; this leads into town past the Pennsylvania College. A longer yet much more picturesque road will be found, if we continue along the turnpike and examine the banks of MARSH CREEK. We leave behind the field of mortal strife, where every hill and dale, and rock and rill marks the history of some tragic deed ; where « The death shot hissing from afar, The shock, the shout, the groans of war," Btill linger in the memory of the past ; and turning our course toward the west, look out on a landscape of agricultural beauty and fruitfulness. The South Moun- tain range rises proudly before us. With what interest every changing hue is marked ; now the broad sun- light spreads over all its rich mantle of loveliness, and anon the deep cloud shadows, tinged with violet and blue, chase each other up the rugged steep; now creeping stealthily along the mountain sides, now van- 108 GETTYSBURG. ishing in some unseen gorge ; then, springing from hill- top to hill-top, are lost forever. How beautiful are the way-side farms with their broad fields, rich vineyards, luxuriant gardens, well-filled barns, and cozy homes, ornamented with shade-trees and flowers, sure indica- tions of industry and content. And thus the road leads on over successive undula- tions, each presenting new and ever-changing scenes, down to the peaceful waters of Marsh Creek. And here so quiet it is, indeed, that it seems unfair to in- sinuate that aught but peace ever dwelt in a place so beautiful ; but this is the spot where Buford's men met the Confederate advance on the first morning of the battle. From yonder hill, across the stream, the first artillery shot was fired. We will not call back the scene to mar the interest in a pleasant drive ; but from the bridge turn up the stream, which can be followed for miles as it winds its quiet way, overhung by a shadowy grove. We can now return direct to town ; or if time permits drive to the mountains, a half- dozen miles distant The scenery changes when our route brings us near the top of the hill, and many fine extended views present themselves, as the eye stretches away over a vast area. Indeed, we look down into the town of Gettysburg as upon a panorama, and with a good glass the people can be seen moving in the streets. At the proper season there is said to be A CHARJ^HNG RESORT. 109 fine trout fishing in this locaUty. To get the full ben- efit of the view from the mountain, this drive should De made after midday. MAiisn ('kp:ek. "In genial spring, beneath the quivcrincj shade, Where cooling vapors breathe along the mead, The patient fisher takes his silent stand. Intent, his angle trembling in his hand." One of the most enjoyable retreats in the vicinity of Gettysburg is at Marsh Creek, south of the Cham- bersburg turnpike. Drive to the bridge, cross and 110 GETTYSBURG. turn to the left, enter the gateway, and we reach at once a spot of rare beauty and loveliness. Everything seems vivacious with an overflowing newness of life. We follow down the lazy stream, choosing our own path, for no track cuts the soft, rich tapestry with whici the surface is spread. Here we voluntarily leave the carriage and i-oaui at will along the rich bottom, and, seated on some gnarled root, or moss-clad knoll, minds moulded by the spirit of nature drink in the view, and enjoy the inunense repose of the scene. What a magnificent spot! you involuntarily exclaim. The grove is like a beautiful banqueting hall, where, upheld by pillars of mighty oak, a rich canopy of green shuts out the dazzling rays of light, save here and there, where, breaking through the leaves, the golden sheen of a midsummer's day penetrates the cool retreat. The character of the surface will prevent your riding far, but the carriage can return and meet the party at Weigle's Mill, a half mile below. ^ The walk through the forest is interesting, and can be easily made by ladies. Several mill-dams are passed, afibrding ample facilities for fishing. Indeed, the walk to Bream's Tavern, two and one half miles, is along the stream, 1 To go to Wfiglo's Mill: drive back the Cliainbersbnrg turnpike to the ♦irst road to the right, down which you turn a short ilistance .to the mill. T]wn, if the party wish, you can reverse the next route given, and by i< return to town. BREAM'S TAVERN. m generally sheltered by shade trees, and embraces many interesting bits of scenery, particularly to those artist- ically inclined. bream's TAVERN". The direct route to this locality from town is out the Milleri5town road; but the more picturesque one will be to turn to the right after passing Buford's Ridge, and follow a winding course along a country road. Ha\'ing forded Willoughby Run we climb a hill, on which once stood the finest country residence in Adams County. Of this nothing now remains but blackened ruins, a sad reminder of the terrible ravages of war. The grove beyond sheltered the skirmishers of Petti- c/retv's brigade. The buildings were occupied by a detachment from the 20th New York State Militia. Shots were exchanged, and a sharp fusilade kept up. It is reported that when the final charge was made, and these buildings were passed, the chaplain of the 62d North Carolina regiment, believing in his enthu- siasm that the Confederate cause required it, applied the torch, notwithstanding the earnest remonstrance of the old man and his daughter in charge. The private roadway leading to the Springs Hotel is just beyond, along which its guests should drive to make the trip to Bream's Tavern. From this we continue to the crest, and down the opposite slope, through the valley and up the rise. On the summit a road leads to the right 112 GETTYSBURG. along the crest to Herr's Tavern, on the Chambersburg turnpike, and a very pleasant drive it makes. Beyond this another road turns to the left, and leads through a fine agricultural country down to Bream's Tavern. BREAM S MILL. SPRINGS HOTEL — CUPOLA. 113 It may not always be convenient for guests of the Springs Hotel to visit the field. Discussions may arise about different localities, and if it is desired to settle some important point, and the visitor has not the time at his disposal for a long drive, a visit to the cupola will nearly always answer the purpose, and, at any rate, the view will repay the effort. SPRINGS HOTEL CUPOLA. South Mountain ^ The guests of the Springs Hotel will be surprised, on first visiting the cupola, with the fine view which it affords. Facing the east, looking to the right, Round Top forms the prominent feature in the landscape To 114 GETTYSBURG. its left is seen the rugged summit of Little Round Top. The crest of Cemetery Ridge is clearly traced towarda the left to Cemetery Hill, whose summit is crowned by the National Monimient. To the south from the Cem- etery is Ziegler's Grove, occupied by Union artillery. Between us and Cemetery Ridge is Seminary Ridge, ou which lay the Confederate line on the second and third days ; the two ridges are hardly distinguishable, though seven eighths of a mile intervene. To the left of the monument is seen a lone tree which stands on East Cemetery Hill. The Evergreen Cemetery " lodge " is barely discernible to its right ; while to its left the rounded summit of Culp's Hill cuts the horizon. Wolf Hill is beyond and to the left of Culp's Hill. The white spots seen on its summit are ledges, from which fine landscape views may be had. Reynolds' Grove, on the hither side of which is Wil- loughby Run, is directly in our front ; and the Theolog- ical Seminary rises beyond. Through the opening to its left a vista of the town can be seen. The Springs Hotel Avenue and Horse Railroad have been constructed since the battle. The house seen to the left of the grove, and the stone barn at its left, are the McPherson fann buildings. The first Union gun fired was from the field west of the barn, in reply to the Confederate artillery standing at Herr's Tavern, the brick building seen as we turn back to the left. The Katalysine Springs SPRINGS HOTEL — VERANDA. 115 buildings are in the foreground, while immediately over them, in the distance, is Oak Hill. The timber witl" which it was covered, has been cut away since the bat tie. Just where the ground slopes to the north stood two Whitworth guns, which threw their bolts to Roc^ud Top. By turning to the west you have a fine view of the South Mountain range. SPRINGS HOTEL VERANDA. There will undoubtedly be those who will not feel like climbing to the cupola or may not be able to do so, and yet may desire to understand the points of interest seen from the hotel. Such will be glad to have a brief explanation from the veranda. Seated at the north- eastern corner, facing the east, we have Reynolds* Grove directly in our front, rising above which may be seen the cupola of the Theological Seminary. From this, stretching away to the right is Seminary Ridge, partially covered with forest trees ; Round Top can be seen rising in the distance. In the left foreground are the Springs buildings, over which is a smooth rounded field to the left of Reynolds' Grove ; from this position the first Union gun of the battle was fired. Oak Hill can be seen beyond. This vicinity possesses much his- toric interest. It was here that the battle commenced, and across the field where this house stands that HilVa corps made its first advance. THE SOLDIERS' NATIONAL CEMETERY.' HE Soldiers' National Cemetery ia now, and will always continue to be the great central point of interest \k-7?KQ at Gettysburo". It is to be re- fe> gretted, however, that the Con- federate dead were not collected at the same time, and j)laced together in some suitable lot. But during the excitement incident to a state of hos- tilities this was neglected, and to - day there is nothing to mark the spot of their burial, save that the grass grows greener where they lay ; they were buried where they fell, as most of the soldiers, Union and Confederate, were after the great battles of the war. But whether they lay in well kept grounds, shaded by the myrtle and rose, or in the broad fields where the violet blossoms unseen, matters little to the loved ones at home, who still trace the day of their sorrows to this sanguinary field.' 1 There are 3,575 bodifes of Union soldiers, of wliich l.oOS are unknown. ^ The Confederate dead have been disinterred, and reburied, with appro- priate ceremonies, at Kichniond, Va. 110 THE DEAD AT GETTYSBURG. 117 How many a mother's heart still bleeds : how many a father with trembling steps, and broken staff, goes tottering down the path of life alone ; how many a fatherless child to that fatal day looks back, and maiden, with broken heart and blighted hopes, sighs for the loved one buried here ; and throughout the land how many a friend we miss, how many a vacant seat at the board, and heart made sad as it turns to this gory field. To those who have friends in the Cemetery a brief history of its organization and completion will not prove uninteresting. Immediately after the battle, while thousands of anxious people traversed the fields in search of the bodies of fallen friends, every sensibility was shocked and heart sickened at the sights which everyivhere presented themselves. In many instances the soldiers had been but imperfectly buried, or were wholly uncovered, from the necessary haste in the in- terment. For miles around, they lay on arable land, which would of necessity be farmed over in a short time. The graves were shallow, and the marking of them was superficial, liable soon to be obliterated by the action of the weather. This deplorable condition of things called for a remedy. The ancient Athenians gathered the bones of their citizens who fell in battle, and with appropriate cere- monies interred them with the highest honors in the beautiful suburbs of Athens. Actuated by this historic ]18 GETTYSBURG. precedent, to David Wills, Esq., a citizen of Gettys- burg, is to be ascribed the credit of devising and insti- tuting a place for gathering the scattered dead into one place of interment. He procured suitable grounds, organized an association which collected the remains of thirty-five hundred and eighty Union soldiers, and entombed them upon the consecrated spot which they had rendered foreA'er famous. Thus was started the Soldiers' National Cemetery at Gettysburg, from which all other national cemeteries in the country took their origin, and this is still the most complete of any in all its details. About the middle of July, 1863, having fully matured the plan, Mr. Wills opened a correspondence with the governors of the eighteen States represented in the Union army, by whom commissioners were sent to meet in confer- ence at Gettysburg. The grounds were consecrated on the 19th of November, 1863, when President Lincoln, standing on the spot now crowned by the National Monument, delivered his immortal speech. They embrace seven- teen acres, the highest point of which overlooks nearly the whole battle-field. The dead of each State and of the regular army, and also the unknown, are buried in separate lots, arranged in rows in a semicircle, in the centre of which stands the national monument erected to commemorate their heroic deeds. A commissioner NATIONAL CEMETERY. 119 was appointed by the governor of each State for the term of three years, and under an act passed by the Pennsylvania legislature these were organized into a board of managers April 6, 1864,^ of which David Wills cf Gettysburg was elected president, and John R. Bartlett of Rhode Island, secretary. Several States were represented by more than one commissioner be- fore the completion of the cemetery. The following is a list : Maine, B. W. Norris, Stephen Coburn ; New Hampshire, Ira Perley; Vermont, Paul Dillingham, William Hebard ; Massachusetts, Henry Edwards ; Rhode Island, John R. Bartlett ; Connecticut, Alfred Coit, A. G. Hammond, William S. Chamley ; New York Edward Cooper, Robert H. M'Curdy; New Jersey Levi Scoby, Edward M. Du Bois ; Pennsylvania, David Wills; Delaware, John R. Latimer; Maryland, Ben- jamin Deford ; West Virginia, Chester D. Hubbard ; Ohio, Gordon Lafland ; Indiana, John G. Stephenson, James Blake ; Illinois, Clark E. Carr ; Michigan, T. W. Ferry ; Wisconsin, W. Y. Selleck ; Minnesota, Alex- ander Ramsey. The organization of the board in its officers continued the same throughout. Each State contributed in proportion to its population, as indi- cated by its congressional representation, the following amounts : — 1 Act of incorporation, approved March 25, 1864. Resolutions transferring to the United States, dated June 22, 1S71. 120 GETTYSBURG. Maine $4,205.30 New Hampshirk . . 2,523.18 Vermont 2,523.18 Massachusetts . . . 8,410.60 Rhode Island . . . 1,682.12 Connecticut .... 3,364.24 New York 26,072.86 New Jersey .... 4,205.30 Pennsylvania . . . 20,185.44 Delaware 841.06 IMaryland $4,205.SC Wkst Virginia . . . 2,523.18 Ohio 15,980.14 LxDiANA 9,251.66 Illinois 11,774.84 Michigan 5,046.36 Wisconsin 5,046.36 Minnesota 1,682.12 Total $129,523.24 GETTYSBURG NATIONAL MONUMENT. THE NATIONAL MONUMENT. The National Monument, erected by the several States to commemorate the memory of the men who died in the nation's defense, is purely historical in its design, telling its own story with pleasing simpUcity. The base and pedestal are of white granite, from Westerly, R. I. It is twenty-five feet square at the base, and sixty feet in height, crowned with a colossal marble statue representing the genius of Hberty. Standing on a three quarter globe, she holds in her right hand the victor's wreath of laurel, while with her left she clasps the victorious sword. Projecting from the angies of the pedestal are four buttresses, supporting an equal number of allegorical statues representing, respectively, War, His'f'ORY, Peace, and Plenty. War is personified by a statue of the American sol- dier, who, resting from the conflict, relates to History the story of the battle which this monument is in- tended to commemorate. History, in listening attitude, records with stylus 121 3 22 GETTYSBURG. and tablet, the achievements of the field, and the names of the honored dead. Peace is symbolized by a statue of the American mechanic, characterized by appropriate accessories. Plenty is represented by a female figure, with a sheaf of wheat and fruits of the earth, typifying peace and abundance as the soldier's crowning triumph. These fine pieces of statuary were designed, with the monument, by J. G. Batterson, Esq., of Hartford, Conn., and executed in Italy, under the immediate supervision of Randolph Rogers. The main die of the pedestal is octagonal in form, paneled upon each face. The cornice and plinth above are also octagonal, and are heavily moulded. Upon this plinth rests an octagonal moulded base, bearing upon its face, in bronze relief, the National Arms. The upper die and cap are circular in form, the die being encircled by stars, equal in number with the States whose sons contributed their lives as the price of the victory won at Gettysburg. This monument as it stands cost fifty thousand dol- lars ; and the purchase of the ground, the removal and reinterring of the dead, the granite headstones, the inclosure, and landscape ornamentation of the grounds, and such other work as put the Cemetery in its present condition, exclusive of the " Reynolds Btatue," cost about eighty thousand dollars more, mak- THE NATIONAL MONUMENT. 123 bag the total cost of the cemetery and monument, about one hundred and forty thousand dollars, includ- ing the Reynolds statue. Having finished the duties they were appointed to execute, the board of managers voted to relinquish the charge of the National Cemetery in favor of the General Government, imder whose supervision it no\f is. / THE REYNOLDS STATUE.^ The first object which meets the eye as we enter the National Cemetery is the statue of Major-generaJ John F. Reynolds. The sound of battle had scarcely ceased to reverberate among the adjacent heights be- fore the idea was conceived by some members of Gen- eral Reynolds' staff to erect a monument to his mem- ory. It was then intended to place on the spot where he fell, a simple, substantial monument of stone. The first meeting of officers of the corps was held Janu- ary 5, 1864, in the Baptist Church, Culpepper Coiu't House, Virginia, when a committee of five was ap- pointed to undertake the work. Owing to the exigen- cies of military service, the committee was frequently changed. It, at present, consists of General Charles F. Wainwright, General Richard Coulter, Colonel Chap- man Biddle, and Lieutenant-colonel Thomas Hewson Bache. None of the original members are on the com- 1 At this date the Reynolds monument (though already cast) has not been placed on the base which has been prepared for it ; but from data fur- nished by the secretary of the committee, the following account has been prepared. Note. — Keynolds' statue stands at the entrance of the cemetery. 124: THE REYNOLDS STATUE. 125 mittee, though they all served in the First corps when General Reynolds commanded it at Gettysburg. Two of them were members of his staff. At an early meeting of the committee, December 21, 1864, it was unanimously resolved to place the monu- ment, not where he fell, but in the Soldiers' National Cemetery, and at a subsequent meeting, held July 31, 1866, this action was confirmed by selecting the present site. As the original subscription was restricted to five dollars from each officer, and fifty cents from each en- listed man, but $5,709 was, at first, collected. In 1867, it having been decided to erect a bronze statue of the General, the State of Pennsylvania donated con- demned cannon for the purpose and the managers of the Soldiers' National Cemetery made an appropriation towards the pedestal. This assistance and additional subscriptions from officers who had served with Gen- eral Reynolds, has enabled the committee to complete the work. The monument consists of a semi-colossal statue of General Reynolds in bronze ; the right hand, holding a field-glass, hangs at the side ; the left grasps the top of the hilt of the sword. The face is turned towards that part of the field on which the enemy were ad- vancing when he fell. The statue, designed and moulded by J. Q. A. Ward, 126 GETTYSBURG. and cast by Achille Bureau, at the foundry of Messrs. Robert Wood and Company, at Philadelphia, will cost about $10,000. It stands on a pedestal of dark Quincy granite, about ten feet high, designed by Richard M. Hunt. The pedestal, consisting of but three stones, weighs twenty-three tons. They were furnished by Messrs. H. Barker and Brother, at a cost of $2,825, delivered in Philadelphia. Tlie railroads transported them free of cost, and the expense for setting them was 8312. BATTLE-FIELD MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION. 127 THE BATTLE-FIELD MEMOKIAL ASSOCIATION. Experience has shown thcat no enterprise has proved more successful at Gettysburg than the Battle-field Memorial Association. This Association was organized by a few patriotic gentlemen, soon after the battle, for the purpose of holding and preserving such portions of the battle- field, with its natural and artificial defences, as were actually identified with the engagement. Breastworks have been rebuilt, miles of avenue constructed, hun- dreds of monuments erected ; and all over that immense field the watchful care of the Association is visible. There is no battle-field so well preserved as Gettysburg. ACT OF INCORPORATION. The Battle-field Memorial Association was incor- porated by Act of General Assembly of Pennsylvania, approved April 30th, 1864 ; by which Act, and a supplement thereto, approved April 24th, 1866, ample powers and authority were conferred for the accom- plishment of its purposes. AN ACT To Incorporate the Gettysburg Battle-field Memorial Association. Ap- proved April 30, 1864. Section l.-Be it enacted, etc.. That Joseph R. Ingersoll, T. D. Car- son, D. McConaughy, Wm. McSherry, D. A. Buehler, R. G. McCreaiy, J. B. Banner, George Arnold, J. L. Schick, James H. Marshall, Henry 128 GETTYSBURG. C. Carc}-, J. G. Foil, Alexander Henry, Ednumd A. Sender, Theodore Cuyler, Wm. Strond and recovei'ed, before such justice, in like manner as debts of like are now by law recoverable, in any action of debt, brought in the name of tlie commonwealth, as well for the use of said company, as of the person suing. Sect. 2. — That in addition to the penalty provided in the first section of this act, for the offences therein j)ro]iibited, any person who shall be guilty of either of the offences therein named, shall be deemetl guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof, in the court of quarter sessions of the said county of Adams, sliall be punished by fine, not exceeding one hundred dollars, or imi^risonment. for not more than thirty days, or both, in the discretion of the said court Sect. 3. — That the president and directors of the said (iettysburg Batthvfield ^Memorial Association shall have power and authority, by themselves, committees, engineer, sui'veyor, superintendent, or agents, by them to be appointed, to survey, locate, and lay out roads and avenues, from any public road, or roads, in the vicinity of Gettysburg, or of the said battle-grounds, to and upon, and also in and through any portion, or portions, of said battle-grounds, not, however, passing through any dwelling-house, or any burying-ground, or any place of public worship, and to open and fence, or otherwise enclose, such roads and avenues, the latter of a width not exceeding three hundred feet ; and the same may be laid out, so as to embrace anj-^ breastworks, or lines of defences, or positions, of tlie forces engaged, in the battle of Gettysburg, and with power to plant rows, or colonnades, of trees upon said roads and avenues : Provided, That it shall be lawful for such association to enter upon adjoining lands, and take materials necessary for the construction and re])air of such roads and avenues, in like manner, and with like power as in the case of railroads, under the act regulating railroad companies, approved the nineteenth of February, Anno Domini one thousand eight hundred and forty-nine, and its supple- ments : Provided Jurther, That before such association shall enter upon BOARD OF DIRECTORS. 131 and take possession of any such lands for roads, or avenues, or such materials, they shall make ample compensation to the owner, or owners, thereof, or tender adequate security therefor : A)ul provided further. That when the said company cannot ao^ree with the owner, or owners, of any such lands, which said association may enter upon, use, or take, l'(ir any such roads or avenues, the like proceedings shall be had to ascertain, determine, and i-eeover damages, on account of the taking and appropriating such lands for roads, or avenues, as are provided for ascertaining and recovering damages, by land owners., from railroad companies, by the said act regulating railroad companies, and its supplements. Approved. — The twenty-fourth day of April, Anno Domini one thousand eight hundred and sixty-six. A. G. CURTIX. The present Board of Directors of the Battle-field Memorial Association (1889) are President (ex officio), James A. Beaver, Harrisbiu'g, Pa. (Governor of Pennsylvania) ; Vice-President, Col. C. H. Buehler, Gettysburg. Pa. ; Secretary, John M. Krauth, Esq., Gettysburg, Pa. ; Treasurer. J. Lawrence Schick, Gettysbui'g, Pa. ; Superintendent of Grounds, Sergt. Nicholas G. Wilson. (Jonimittee on Location and Inscriptions : J. M. Vanderslice, Wm. D. Holtzworth, Calvin Hamilton, N. G. Wilson, and John M. Krauth ; Secretary of Committee, J. M. Vanderslice, Esq., No. 16 North Seventh St., Philadelphia, Pa. Directors: Maj. -gen. S. W. Crawford, U. S. A., Post 191, Phihuh^lphia; Gen. Louis Wagner, Post 6, Germantown, Pa., Past Commander-in- chief G. A. R. ; J. M. Vanderslice, Esq., Post 2, Philadelphia, Past Department Commander Pennsylvania; Col. Chill W. Hazzard, Post 60, Monongahela, Pa., Past Department Commander Pennsylvania; Gen. Henry A. Barnum, Post 77, New York, Past Department Com- mander New York; Gen. Frank D. Sloat, Post 17, New Haven, Conn., Past Department Commander Connecticut ; Gen. Charles L. Young, Post 15, Toledo, Ohio, Past Senior Vice-Commander-in-chief G. A. R. ; John C. Linehan, Esq., Post 31, Penacook, N. H., Junior Vice Commander-in- chief ; Gen. Lucius Fairchild, Post 11, Madison, Wis., Past Commander in-chief; Gen. John P. Rea, Post 4, Minneapolis, Minn., Commander- in-chief G. A. R. ; Col. Wheelock G. Veazey, Post 14, Rutland, Vt., Judge Advocate General G. A. R. ; Col. George G. Briggs, Grand Rapids, Mich. ; Col. John B. Bachelder, Boston, Mass., Government Historian of the Battle of Gettysburg; Capt. W. E. Miller, Post 201, 132 GETTYSBURG. Carlisle, Pa. ; J. Lawrence Sehick, (iettjsburg, Pa. ; Col. Charles H. Buehler, Post 9, Gettysburg, Pa. ; Sergt. Wm. D. Holtzworth, Post 9, Gettysburg, Pa. ; Jacob A. Kitzmiller, Esq., Post 9, Gettysburg, Pa. ; Calvin Hamilton. Post 9, Gettysburg, Pa. ; Rev. H. W. McKnight, D. D., Post 9, Gettysburg, Pa.; 8. McSwope, Esq., Gettysburg, Pa. OBJECTS OF THE ASSOCIATION. The plan of the Association is to purchase and hold strips of land varying in width from sixty feet to three hundred feet, which shall embrace the lines of battle ; and those extend for miles from one extreme of the battle-field to another. Along these strips of land, avenues are opened and driveways constructed ; and on these avenues the monuments are erected to mark the position of each regiment and battery in line of battle. In addition to the monuments to mark the positions in line, tablets are sometimes erected to mark the location of some important event. In some cases where troops were massed, or where several lines of battle were formed, entire fields, and sometimes whole farms, are purchased. At present (1889), only the positions of the Army of the Potomac are marked on the Gettysburg battle- field ; but the rapid growth of public opinion on this subject indicates that history will demand that on a battle-field of such historic importance as Gettysburg the positions of both armies should he marked for' historical purposes. And avenues should be opened along the Confederate lines, to assist the visitor and BATTLE MONUMENTS, ETC. 133 student of history to understand the positions and movements of the troops of hotli armies during the battle. BATTLE MONUMENTS. At present there are between two hundred and three hundred battle monuments in position. Some regi- ments have two or three. Gregg's cavalry erected one for the division, Michigan one for Custer's brigade, New Jersey one for Torbert's brigade, and Vermont one each for Stannard's and Grant's brigades. isometrical drawing. The sketch for the Isometrical Drawing was com- menced immediately after the battle, before the dead M^ere buried. It represents the roads, houses, fences, fields, and forests as they were at that time. It is issued in four styles, viz., — Plain Proof (first impressions), with positions of troops, colored by hand, price ..... $10 00 Colored Proof, colored by an artist . . . 15 00 Tinted . . 5 00 ISOMETRICAL DRAWING FROM TRANSFER. This volume is illustrated with an impression from the Isometrical plate taken by "• transfer," which, of course, is not as "sharp" and clear as those from the original plate. But the author of this volume is the owner of the plate, and it is his pleasure that the read- 134 GETTYSBURG. ers have the advantage whicli it affords; particuhirly as this volume ilhistrated hy the Isometrical Draw- ing is often used to advantage as a Key to other pub- lications. It lias been laid off in squares, numhered at the top and lettered on the sides. The Index to this book ii'ives the official desiii'natiou of each resrinient o o o and battery engaged, which are preceded by a letter' and nmnher for each day. These refer to the (two- inch) square on the map where they may be found. This book makes a desirable Key to accompany higher- priced copies of the Isometrical Drawing. It has been revised and nnich historical and descriptive data introduced to furnish a brief epitome in advance of the Popular Illustrated History of the battle now being compiled by tlie author. TESTIMONIALS. Head-Quarteks Akmy of the Potomac, Feb. 11, 1864. I have examined Col. Bachelder's Isometkical Drawing of the Gettysburg Battle-field, and am perfectly satisfied with the accm*acy with which the topography is delineated, and the positions of the troops laid down. Col. B., in my judgment, deserves great credit for the time and labor he has devoted to obtaining the materials for this drawing which have resulted in making it so accurate. GEO. G. MEADE, Maj.-gen. Vol., Corndg. Army Potomac. Sept. 17, 1864. Col. Bachelder, — I have received the published drawing of the Battle- field of Gettysburg. The execution of the work is very creditable, and admirably preserves the accuracy and fidelity which characterized the original drawing, and which I had occasion to commend, when you exhibited it to me, last Avinter. Knowing the labor you have bestowed ,upon this work, in collecting information and embodying it in this draw- ing, I can cheerfully recommend it to all those who are desiious of procuring an accurate picture and faithful record of the events of this great battle.^ I remain most truly yours, GEO. G. MEADE, Maj.-gen., Gomdg. A. P. Head-Quarters Second Army Corps, Dec. 29, 1863. The view of the Battle-field of Gettysburg pi-epai'ed by Col. Bachelder has been carefully examined by me. I find it as accurate as such a drawing can well be made. And it is acatrate, as far as my knowledge extends. WINF'D S. HANCOCK, Major-general, Comdg. 2d (Jorps, In Front of Petersburg, Va., Sept. 17, 1864. The published drawing is most beautiful, more so than I expected to find it. WINF'D S. HANCOCK, Major-general, Comdg. 2d Corps. 135 136 TESTLMONIALS. Col. Bachelder's Isometrical View ol" the Battle of Gettysburg is an admirable production, and a truthful rendering of the various positions assumed by the troops of my eommaiid. A. DOUBLED AY, Maj.-gen. Vols., Comdg. 1st Corps. Boston, Sept. 23, 1864. Col. Bachelder, — I have examined your beautiful drawing of the Bat- tle-field of (4ett3'sburg. I am aware that you are in possession of means of information not possessed, I imagine, by any other person. Such opportunities of observation as I had during three days passed at Get- tysburg satisfy me of tiie fidelity of your delineation of the position of every regiment of the two armies on each of the three eventful days. I may add that the engraving is beautifully executed and colored. Wishing you ample renuuieration, I remain sincerely yours, EDWARD EVERETT. Head-Quarters Fifth Army Corps, Sept. 28, 1864. Mk. Jno. B. Bachelder. Dear Sir, — I am exceedingly gratified with receiving a finished copy of your print of the Battle-field of (iettysburg. I am familiar with your long and untiring labors in all the fields where truth could be reached, and know that your eftbrts were crowned with a success that leaves nothing more to be desired. You are autliorized to add my name to those who bear testimony to its accuracy. Very respectfully your obedient servant, G. K. WARREN, Maj.-gen. Vols., Comdg. 5th Corps. Orange, Oet. 1, 1864. Jno. B. Bachelder, Esq. My Dear Sir, — I have carefully examined your Isometrical Drawing of the Battle-field of (iettysburg, with great interest and much profit. Never having been on tliat field, of course I cannot express an opinion as to its accuracy — so abundantly intlorsed for, however, by most com- petent judges ; but I can say that it has given me a nuich clearer idea of the battle than I had before, and I earnestly hope tiiat you will find it convenient to illustrate others of our great battles in the same manner. I am very truly yours, GEO. B. McCLELLAN. TESTBIONIALS. 137 Head-Quarters Dep't and Armt of the Tennessee, Oct. 24, 1864. Mr. Jno. B. Bachelder. My Dear Sir, — I was much gratified on receiving a copy of your beautiful drawing of the " Gettysburg Battle-field." I have never seen a painting or topographical map that could give so vivid a representa- tion of a great battle. I regard it as an honor that you have associated my name with those of other corps commanders in your historical picture. Be pleased to accej^t my kind regards. Respectfully yours, O. O. HOWARD, Major-general. Col. Jno. B. Bachelder. Dear Sir, — I have examined with care your Isometrical Drawing of the Gettysburg Battle-field, and can cheerfully bear testimony to the accuracy of the position of the troops on the right of our line. Yours very truly, H. W. SLOCUM, MaJ.-gen. Vols., Comdg. Bight Wing at Gettysburg. INDEX TO MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS. Showing the positions of Troops on the Isometrical Drawisg. Any Regiment or Battery will be found in the Square indicated by the letter and number. Commsada marked thus (*) have monuments erected. Union Troops, in Koman type ; Confederate, in Italics. ISOMETRICAL ARTILLERY. drawing. Adams' Battery, G, 1st R. I E-5, F-f). Ames' Battery, G, 1st :N. Y B-14. Armstrong Guns on Oak Hill .... E-lO.* Arnold's Battery, A, 1st R. I G-10, E-15.* Atwell's (Knap's) Battery, E, Penn. E-2. Bachman's Battery E-12. Bancroft's (Wilkinson's) Battery, G, 4th U. S. G-5. Barnes' Battery, G, 1st N. Y. (5th Corps) . E-5, E-11.* Bigelow's Battery, 9th Mass E-8. JilounVft Battery A-11, 12, D-9. Brander's Battery Breathed's Battery (Stuart's Cavalry) . D-8. Broole's Battery E-18. Brown's Battery F.9.* Brown's Battery, B, 1st R. I A-11, D-9. Brnnson's Battery E-6.* Bueklyn's Battery (Randolph's), E, 1st R. I. G-11, E-11. Butler's Battery, G, 2d U. S B-12. Calef s (Tidball's) Battery, A, 2d U. S. . E-.3. Carlton's Battery E-l~. Carpenter's Battery C-IS. Carrington's Battery B-14. Carter's Battery ' E-8. Caskie's Battery E-5.* Clark's Battery, B, Ist N". J D-12, F-13, F-7.* Cooper's Battery, B, 1st Penn. F-9.* Cowan's Battery, 1st N. Y. (Independent) . A-11, D-9. Crenshaw's Battery D-12. Cunningham's Battery F^g. Cushing's Battery, A, 4th U. S. D-IO. Ciiit's battalion (Lane's) C-12, D-18. Dana's Battalion D^ll, 12. Dance's Battery ■ F-7.* Daniels' 9th Mich, (horse) Battery E-8. Dearing's Battalion E-18. Dement's Battery D-I4.* Dilger's Battery, I, 1st Ohio .... F-6.* Dow's Battery, 6th Maine E-12. Eakin's Battery, H, 1st U. S E.12.* Edgell's Battery, 1st N. H E-1. Elder's Battery, E, 4th U. S F-IO. Fitzhugh's Battery, K, 1st N. Y. . E-3. Frazer's Battery B-14. Fry's Battery Fuller's Battery, C, 3d U. S. (detached) . ' ' 139 140 INDEX TO MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS. ISOMETRICAL DRAWING. C-18. D2. G5.* E.4. E-1. D-12. DO. C-18. b:h. B-12, E-12. Ell.* B-14. E-6, F-7.* F-9.» G-3. G H. D-14.* F-10.* E-12. E-12.* D-11, 12. A-11, D-10. A-11, D-10. D-4. F-U. G-9, E-15.* D 1. E.17. D-8. A-11, U-10. E.8. D-4. G-6. F-4, G-1.* F-4, G-1. A-12, D-9. A-11, D-10. D-8. D-3. E-12.* E-5, F-7. A-11, D-9. E-S. D-4. • D-9. F-10. D-4. E-12. E-12. B-14. D-5. F-10.* D-10. s Cav. on t) Garber's Battery Garden's Battery Gibb's Battery, L, 1st Ohio Gilbert Graham's Battery, K, 1st U. S. Graham's Battery Grandy's Battery Green's Battery . Griffin's Battery (with Stuart Hall's 2d Jlaine Battery . Hani's Battery, 3(1 X. Y. . Hart's Battery . Hart's Battery, IStli N. Y. (Indepeiiden Hazard's Battery (see Brown's B., 1st R Hazlett's (Kittenhouse's) Battery, D, 5th Heaton's Battery, B and L, 2d U. S. Heckman, K, 1st Oliio Hexamer's (Parsons') Battery, A, 1st N Hill's Battery, C, 1st West Va. Huntington's (Norton's) Battery, H, 1st Htipp's Battery , Hurt's Battery . Johnson's Battery Jordan's Battery Kenzie's Battery, K, 5th U. S Kirkpatrick's Battery Knap's (Atwell's) Battery Latham's Buttery .... Latimer, Major Lewis' Battery Lask's Battery Macon's Battery Manly's Battery Martin's Battery, 6th N. Y. Martin's (VVolcott's) Battery, C, Mass. Martin's Battery, F, 5th U. S. . Ma)-ye's Section (opened the battle) Massie's Battery . . Maurin's Battery .... McCarthy's Battery .... McCartney's Battery (1st Mass.) McGilvery's Brigade, Reserve Artillery McGrato's Battery .... McGregor's Battery (with Stuart's Cav Milledge's Battery .... Miller's Battery Moody's Battery .... Moore's Battery Muhlenburg's Battery, F, 4th U. S. (Rug] Norcum's Battery Norton's (Huntington's) Battery, H, 1st Osborne, Major, Chief 11th Corps Artille Page's Battery . Parker's Battery Parsons' (Hexamer's) Battery, A, 1st N Patterson's Battery . the Ohio g's) Ohio ry M) INDEX TO MILITAllY ORGANIZATIONS. 141 ISOMETRICAL DRAWING. E-5, F-7.* E-18. E-6.* E-8. B-H. D-1. B-12, E-13. D-4. A-ll, D-IO. D, E-6. E-i:3. .G-10.* F7. B-11. r-5, F-9.* D-10. F-10. E7. F-2, 3.* C-12. Do. F-7.* D 12, E-13. C13, E13. E-8. E-13.* C-18. D-5. F7. E-6, F 7.* F6. E-8, E-11. A-n, D-10. D-8. G-6. F-5, 6. D-12. E-8. C-14, F-9.* E.13. C-17. G-6. G-10, 11. D-10. F-4.* E-11. D4. D8. A-ll, D-9. Cavalry) Artillery Pegram's Battalion Pennington's Battery, M, 2d U. S. (Gregg's Cavalry) Phillips' Battery, 5tli Mass. . liaine's Battery Kandol's Battery, E and G, 1st U. S. (Gregg Randolph's (Bucklyn's) Battery, E, 1st R. I Rank's Section, Battery H, 3d Peun. Heavy Ransom's (Weir's) Battery, C, 5th U. S. Reese's Battery IteiUiys Battery Reynolds' Battery, L, 1st N. Y. lihett's Battery Jiice's Battery Jiichardson's Battery .... Rickett's Battery, F and G, 1st Penn. . Rigby, Battery A, 1st Md. ... Rock's Section (New Jersey) ... Roder's Section (Calef s Battery) . Rorty's (Sheldon's) Battery, B, 1st N. Y. TJoss' Battery Rugg's Battery, E, 4th U. S. (Muhlenburg's) Seeley's Battery, K, 4th U. S. . Smith's Battery, 4th N. Y. (Independent) Smith's Battery Squire's Battery Sterling's Battery, 2d Conn. Stevens' Battery, oth Maine ... Stewart's Battery, B, 4th U.S. Stribliiiff's Battery Taft's Battery, 5th X. Y. (Independent) . Tanner's Battery Taylor's Battery Thomas' Battery, C, 4tli U. S. . Thompson's Battery, G and F, Penn. (Independe Tompkins, Colonel, Chief Gth Corps Artillery Turnbull's Battery .... Wallace's Battery .... Ward's Battery Waterman's Battery, C, 1st R. I. . A^atson's Battery, I, 5th U. S. . Watson's Battery .... Weir's (Ransom's Battery), C, 5tli U. S Wheeler's Battery, 13th N. Y. (Independent) Wiedrich's Battery, I, 1st N. Y. Wilkeson (Bancroft's) Battery, G, 4th U. S Williston's Battery, D, 2d U. S. Winegar's Battery, M, 1st N. Y. Wingfield's Battery . Winslow's Battery, D, 1st N. Y. WoodrufTs Battery, I, 1st U. S. Woolfolk's Battery . Wrjatt's Battery .... Zimmerman's Battery CAVALRY BATTERIES. Outside the limit of the Isometkical Dhawing. nt) 142 INDEX TO MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS. REGIMENTS. ALABAMA. — CONKKPERATE. ISOMETRICAL REG. BRIGADE. DIVISION. CORPS. DRAWIN<:. IM4. ■M Keg. O'Neal, Bodes, Ezvell, 1)-1. 4th " Law, Hood, Lomjstreet, B-11, A-9, K-W. 5th Bat. Archer, Heth, Hill, B-14. .5th Reg. O'Neal, nodes. Swell, B-H. (ith " " " " r-6, E-7. 8th " Wilcox, Anderson, Hill, D-6, E-7. 9th " " " " D-6, E-7. 10th " " " " D-6, E-7. nth " " " " B-H. 12th " O'Neal, /{odes. Ewell, D-6, E-7. rsth " A rcher. Heth, Hill, D-6, E-7. 14th " Wilcox, Anderson, " D-1. l.-jth " Law,* Hood, Lovgstreet, B-14. 20tl» " O'Neal, nodes. Ewell, D-1. 44th " " " " Dl. 47th " " " " D-1. 48th " " " " D-2, E.2. M Reg. F-14.» .Oth Keg. Ell, ElO.* 14tli " C-16, E-13.* 17tli " F-14.* 20th " E-4, F-6.* 27th " ARKANSAS. — CONFEDERATE. nohertson. Hood, Longstreet, CONNECTICUT. - Union. 1st McDougall, 1st Ruger, 12th Williams.t 2(1 Smyth, 2d Hiiys, 2d Hancock, 2d Ames, 1st Barlow, 11th Howard, 1st McOougall, 1st Ruger, 12th Williams.t 4th Brooke, 1st Caldwell, 2d Hancock, DELAWARE. — Union. E 11, E-10. E-3, F-0. 1st Reg. 2d Smyth, 2d " 4tli Brooke, 3d Hays, 1st Caldwell, D-7, E-7. 2d Reg. Perry, D.7, E-7. 5th " D-7, E-7. 8th " FLORIDA. — Confederate. Anderson, 2d Hancock, ^(7/, OEOROI.\. — Confederate. D-8, D.9. 2d Bat. Wright, Anderson, Hill, D-1, E-3. 2d Rfg. lU'nning, Hood, Longstreet, D-8, D-9. 3d Wright, Anderson, Hill, C-14. 15. 4th Doles, liodes. Ewell, D-1, E .3. 7th Anderson, Hood, Longstreet, D-1, E-.3. Hth " " " D-1, E-3. 9th " " " D-4, 10th Semmes, McLaws, " • General Larv commanded Hood's division when General Hood was wounded, t General Williams commanded the Twelfth corps and tieueral l^uger the first divis- ion, while General Slocum commanded the right wing of the army. INDEX '. rO MILITARY ORGAN] [ZATIONS. ISOMKTRICAI, REG. BRTOADE. nivisiox. CORPS. DRAWING. D-1, E-3. nth Reg. Anderson, Hood, Longstreet, C-15. 12th " Doles, Bodes, Eivell, C-17, D-13. 13th " Gordon, Early, " A-12, D-10. 14th " Thomas, Pender, Hill, D-2, E.3. 15th " Benning, Hood, Longstreet, D-6. lOth " Wofford, McLaws, " D-2, E-3. 17th " Benning, Hood, " Do. 18th " Wofford, McLaws, " D-2, E-3. 20th " Benning, Hood, « C-14. 21st " Doles, Bodes, Ewell, D-8, D-9. 22d " Wi-ight, Anderson, Hill, D5. 24th " Wofford, McLaws, Longstreet, C-17, CIS. 26th " Gordon, Early, Ewell, C 15, D-13. 31st " " " " A-12, D-ll. 35th " Thomas, Pender, Hill, C-17, D-13. 38th " Gordon, Early, Ewell, C 15. 44th " Doles, Bodes, " A-12, D 10. 45th " Thomas, Pender, Hill, D-8, D 9. 48th " Wright, Anderson, " B-11, D-10. 49th " Thomas, Pender, " D-5. 50th " Semmes, McLaws, Longstreet, D-4. 51st " " " '■' D-4. 53d " " " " D-3, E-2. 69th " Anderson, Hood, " C-17, D-13. 60th " Gordon, Early, Ewell, C17, D-13. (ilst " " " " D-6. Cobb's Leg . Wofford, McLaws, Longstreet, D-6. Phillip's " ILLINOI; ?. — Union. B-11. 8th Cav. 1st Gamble, 1st Buford, Pleasonton, B-12. 12th " (4 Cos.) " " " C-14, E-12. 82d *' h *t Von Amsberg , .3d Schurz,* nth Howard,* 143 1st Cav. Cos. I & K. B-12.* 3d " 1st Gamble, EH.* 7th Reg. 2d Cutler, E-n, E-13.* Hth " 1st Carroll, B-IO, E.14.* 19th " 1st IMeredith, F-3, F-10.* 20th " 2d Ward, C-14.* 27th " .3d Colgrove, LOUISIANA. D-18, E.15. 1st Reg. Williams, D-18, E-15. 2d " " C-18. E-14. 5th " Hayes, C-18, E-14. 6th " " C-18. EH. 7th " <• C-18, E-H. 8th " " C-18, E-H. 9th " " INDIANA. — Union. nth (Headquarters) 1st Buford, Pleasonton, Isf Wadsworth, 1st Doubleday,t 3d Hays, 2d Hancock, 1st Wadsworth, 1st Doubleday t 1st Birney, 3d Sickles, 1st Ruger, 12th Williams, Early, * General Howard commanded the field, General Schurz the Eleventh corps, and Gen- eral Schimmelfennig tlie division the first day. t General Doubleday commanded the First corps the first day. 144 INDEX TO MILITARY OKGANIZATfONS. RKC. ISOMETnTCAI. UKAAVlNCi. D-18, E-15. 10th Reg. D-18, E-15. 14th " D-18, E-15. 15th " BRIGADE. Williams, mvisioN. Johnson, CORPS. Ewell, E.5, F-10. r-2, F-IO. G-5. G-6, HI. G-9, 10, H-12. G-10. B-13, F-6, E-2. E-4, F-8.* 17th F-8, E-8. 19th G-2, F-1, G-6.* 20tli 1st 3d 4th 5th 6th 7th 10th 16th Cav. Reg, MAINE. - Union. 3d Gregg, 2d Gregg, Pleasonton, 2d Ward, 1st Birney, 3d Sickles, 2d Ward, 1st Birney, 3d Sickles, 2d Bartlett, 3d Wheaton, 6th Sedgwick, 3d Russell, 1st Wright, .3d Neill, 2d Howe, (Three Companies at 12th Corps Headquarters.) 1st Paul, 2d Robinson, 1st Newton, 3d DeTrobriand, 1st Birney, 3d Sickles, 1st Harrow, 2d Gibbon, 2d Hancock, 3d Vincent, 1st Barnes, 5th Sykes, MARYLAND. * 1st Cav. 1st Jlclntosh, 2d Gregg, rieasonton, E.18, G-14.* 1st Bat. (Con.) SteiKirt, Johnson, Ewell, G-14, F-15.* 1st P.H.B.Vols. 2d Lockwood, 1st Ruger, 12th Williams, G-H, F-15.* 1st E. S Vols. 2d Lockwood, 1st Ruger, 12th Williams, F-14.* .3d Reg. 1st JIcDougall, 1st Ruger, Co. A., Purnell Legion, Gregg, Pleasonton, Mcintosh. MASSACHUSETTS. — Union. 1st Cav. 1st Mcintosh, 2d Gregg, Pleasonton, E-10.* 1st Shar p-shooters, 2d Gibbon, 2d Hancock, * 2d Sharp- shooters attached to the 22d Reg. E-8, F.8.* 1st Reg. 1st Carr, 2d Humphreys, 3d Sickles, G 14.* 2d " 3d Colgrove, 1st Ruger, 12th Williams, G-5, F.9.* 7th " 2d Bustis, 3d Wheaton, 6th Sedgwick, F-2.* 9th " 2d Sweitzer, 1st Barnes, 5th Sykes, G-5, F.9.* 10th " 2d Eustis, 3d Wheaton, 6th Sedgwick, E-8, F-8.* 11th " 1st Carr, 2d Humphreys, 3d Sickles, B13, F-7, E-12.* 12th " 2d Baxter, 2d Robinson, 1st Newton, B-13, F-6, E-ll.* 1.3th '• 1st Paul, " " E-9, F-8.* 15th " 1st Harrow, 2d Gibbon,* 2d Hancock, E.7, F-8.* 16th " 1st Carr, 2d Humplireys, 3d Sickles, E.4, C-3.* 18th " 1st Tilton, 1st Barnes, 5th Sykes, E-7, F-9.* 19th " 3d Hall, 2d (Jibbon, 2d Hancock, F9.* 20th " " " " E-4, G-2.* 22d " 1st Tilton, 1st Barnes, 5th Sykes, E-4, F-7.* 28th " 2d Kelly, 1st Caldwell, 2d Hancock, E-4, G 5.* 32d " 2d Sweitzer, 1st Barnes, 5th Sykes, E-13.» 33d " 2d Smith, 2d Steinwehr, 11th Howard, G-5, G-9.* 37th " 2d Eustis, 3d AVhcaton, 6th Sedgwick, MICHIGAN. — T'NioN. 1st Cav. 2d Custer, 3d Kilpatrick, Pleasonton, 5th " " " " 6th " " " " 7th " " " " * General Gibbon commanded the Second corps, and General Harrow the second divis* ion, while General Hancock was in command of the left centre. INDEX TO MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS. 145 ISOMETRICAL DRAWING. E-4, F-1.* E-4, F-8. E-4, F-6. F.9.* ♦ G-2, G-5.* REG. 1st Reg, 3d " 4th " 5th " 7th " 10th " BRIGADE. DIVISION. B-10, E-14.* --Mth , 1st Tilton, 1st Barnes, 3d De Trobriand, 1st Ward, 2d Sweitzer, 1st Barnes, 3d De Trobriand, 1st Ward, :{d Hall, 2d Gibbon, 3d Vincent, 1st Barnes, 1st Meredith, 1st Wadsworth, 1st Doubleday. CORPS. 5th Sykes, 3d Siclcles, 5th Sykes, 3d Sickles, 2d Hancock, 5th Sykes, MINNESOTA. — Union. F-8. 1st Reg. 1st Harrow, 2d Gibbon, 2d Hancock, MISSISSIPPI. — Confederate. B-12. 2d Reg. Davis, Heth, Hill, E-11. 11th " " " " D.8. 12th " Posey, Anderson, " DC. 13th " Barksdale, McLaics, Longstreet, D.8. 16th " Posey, Anderson, Hill, D-5. irth " Burksdale, McLaios, Longstreet, D-5. 18th " " " " D-8. 19th " Posey, Anderson, Hill, D-5. 21st " Barksdale, McLaws, Longstreet, B-12, E-11. 42d " Davis, Heth, Hill, D.8. 48th " Posey, Anderson, " NEW HAMPSHIRE. -Union. E-6, E-7.* 2d Reg. 3d Burling, 2d Humphreys, 3d Sickles, E-3, F-7.* 5th " 4th Cross, 1st Caldwell, 2d Hancock, E-7, F-7.* 12th " 1st Carr, 2d Humphreys, .3d Sickles, F-7.* New Hampshire Sharp-sliooters (Berdan's). E-1.* B-13.* C-10.* B-13.* * E-11.* B-12, E-14.* Detachment F-6, E-11.* F-2.* C-17, E-13.* E-7, F-9. G-9, 10,^-12.* G-2, G-6.* C-14, E-12.* C-9, 10, H-12.* 2d Cav. 4th " 5th " 6th " 8th " 8th " 9th " 10th " NEW YORK.— Union. 2d Huey, 2d Gregg, 2d Huey, 2d Gregg, 1st Farnsworth,3d Kilpatrick, 2d Devin, 1st Buford, 1st Gamble, 1st Buford, 1 Company, 2d Devin, 1st Buford, 3d Gregg, 2d Gregg, 10th Bat. 2d Smyth, 3d Hays, 12th Reg. Companies D and E, 14th N.Y.S.M. Cutler, Wadsworth, 15th* (Battalion) Engineer Brigade. 3.3d " 3d Neill, 2d Howe. .39th " .3d Willard, 3d Hays, 40th " .3d De Trobriand, 1st Birney, Oneida Cavalry, General Headquarters. 4l8t Reg. 1st Von Gilsa, 1st Barlow, 42d " 3d Hall, 3d Gibbon, 43d " 3d Neill, '2d Howe, 44th " 3d Vincent, 1st Barnes, 45th " 1st Von Arasberg, 3d Schurz, 4'.tth " .3d Neill, 2d Howe, (Detached), (Detached), Pleasonton, Pleasonton, 11th (Headquarters), Pleasonton, 2d Hancock, 5th (Headcjuarters), Doubleday (84th), 6th Sedgwick, 2d Hancock, 3d Sickles, llth Schurz, 2d Hancock, 6th Sedgwick, 5th Sykes, llth Howard, 6th Sedgwick, * 50th (with Engineer Brigade). 146 INDEX TO MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS. ISOMETRIOAL URAWIN*;. E-4, F-7.* C-17, E-Ki.* E-5, F.5.* C-15, E-12.* F-9.* F-15.* E-4, F 7.* F-5.* E-4, F 7.* E-8, F-C* G-5, F 14.* E-4, F-7.* G-5, F-H.* C-17, E i:!.* E-4, F-7.* E-.3, F-7.* E-7, F-7.* E-6, F-7.* E-6, F-7.* E-8, F-7.* B-13, E-15.* H-12.* F-15.* B-9, C-10, F-8.* F-8.* B-13, F-7, E-12.* B-12, E-14.* F-3, F-8.* E-4, F-7.* E-11.* C-13, F.6, E-11.* B-12, E-15.* B-13, F-7, E-12.* F-15.* C-13, F-6, E-11.* G-14.* F-11.* E-11.* C-15, E-11.* E-7, F-7.* G-4.* G-5, G-14.* F14.* F-3, F-8.* E-6, ElO.* E.6, E-11.* D-15, E-12.* E-12.* F-15.* G-2, 3.* F-14.* F-3.* B-12, E-15.* F-15.* 52d Keg. 54th " 57th " 58th " ^ .5>.»th " COth " 61st " 62(1 " 63d " 64th " 6.5th " 66th " 67th " 68th " 6!)tli " 70th 1 E.\ 71st 2d ' 72d:jd " 73d 4th " 74tli 5th ' 76th Reg 77tli " 78th " 80th " 82d " 83d " 84tli " 86th " 88th " 93d " y4tli " 9.5th " 97th " 102d " 104th " 107th " 108th " lllth " 119th " 120th " 121st " 122d " 12.3(1 " 124th " 125th " 126th " l.'Hth " 136th " 1.37tli " HOtli " Hotli " H6th " H7th " HUth " BUKiADK. , .3d Zook, l.st Von Gil.sa, 3d Zook, Id Krzy/auovvski 3d Hull, 3d Greene, 4th Cross, 3d Nevin, 2d Kelly, 4th Brooke, 1st .Shiiler, 3d Zook, 1st Slialer, 1st Von Gilsa, 2d Kelly, 'r. 2d Brewster, 2d Cutler, .3d Neill, .3d Greene, 1st Rowley, 1st Harrow, 2d Ba.xter, 2d Cutler, 2d Ward, 2d Kelly, DIVISION. ("ORP3. Ist Caldwell, 2d Hancock, 1st Barlow, lltli .Schurz, 1st Caldwell, 2(1 Hancock, 3d Schiiinnelfennig, 11th Schurz, 2d Gibbon, 2d Hancock, 2d Geary, 12th Williams, 1st Caldwell, 2d Hancock, 3d VVheatoii, 1st Caldwell, 6th Sedgwick, 2d Hancock, 3d Wheaton, 6th .Sedgwick, 1st Caldwell, 2d Hancock, 3d Wheaton, 6th Sedgwick, 1st Barlow, llth Howard, 1st Caldwell, 2d Hancock, 2d Humphreys, 3d Sickles, 1st Wads worth, 2d Howe, 2d Geary, 3d Doubleday, 2d Gibbon, 2d Robinson, 1st Wads worth, 1st Birney, 1st Caldwell, General Head(}uarters, 1st Paul, 2d Robinson, 3d Doubleday, 6th Sedgwick, 12th Williams, 1st Newton, 2d Hancock, Ist Doubleday, 3d Sickles, 2d Hancock, Ist Doubleday, 2d Cutler, 2d Baxter, 2d Greene, 1st Paul, .3d Colgrove, 2d Smyth, 3d Willard, 1st Wadsworth, 2d Robinson, 2d Geary, 2d Robinson, 1st Ruger, 3d Hays, .3d Hays, 2d Krzyzanowski, 3d Schimmelfen 2d Brewster, 2d Humphreys, 2d Bartlett, 1st Shaler, 3d (ireene, 2d Ward. 3d Willard, 1st Wright, 3(1 Wheaton, 1st Uiiger, 1st Birney, 3d Hays, 12th Williams, 1st Doubleday, 12th Williams, 2d Hancock, nig, llth Schurz, 3d Sickles, 6th Sedgwick, 12th Williams, 3d Sickles, 2d Hancock, 2d Steinwehr, llth Howard, Isf Coster, 2d Smith, " 3d (ireene, 2d Geary, 3d AVeed, 2d Ayres, 1st McDougun, 1st Rngcr, 3(1 Weed, 2d Ayres, 2(1 Cutler, 1st Wadswortli, 3d Greene, Geary, 12tli Williams, 5th Sykes, 12fh Williams, 5th Sykes, 1st Doiibh^iay, 12th Williams, INDEX TO MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS. 147 BRIGADE. DIVISION. ISOMETRICAL DRAWING. G-13, F-15.* 150th Reg. 2d Lockwood, 12th Williams, D-15, E-14.* 154th " 1st Coster, 2d Steinwehr, 11th Howard, C-14, E-12.* 157th " VonAmsberg, .3d Schurz, 11th Howard, * Sharp-shooters 2d Ward, 1st Birney, 3d Sickles, NEW JERSEY. — Union. Ist Cav. 1st Mcintosh, 2d Gregg, Pleasonton, Company L, 1st Cav. 6th Corps Headquarters G.5, r-6. * 1st Reg. 1st Torbert, 1st Wright, 6th Sedgwick, G-5, r-6. * 2d " " " G-5, F-6. * 3d " " " G-9. * 4th Guarding Reserve Ammunition Train E.7, F.7. * 5th 3d Burling, 2d Humphreys, 3d Sickles, E-2, F-7. * 6th " " " E-5, F-7. * 7th " " " E.4, F-7. * 8th " " << E-7. F-8/ * 11th 1st Carr, «• •« ElO. * 12th 2d Smyth, 3d Hays, 2d Hancock, G-14. * 13th 3d Colgrove, 1st Ruger, 12th Williams, G-5, F-6. * 15th Ist Torbert, 1st Wright, 6th Sedgwick, F-6. * 1st Brigade (Monument) NORTH CAROLINA. — Confederate. E-18, G-14. Ist Reg. Steuart, Johnson, Etcell, B-14, E-12. 2d " liamseur, Bodes, " E-13, F-15. 2d Bat. Daniels, " " E-18, G-14. 3d Reg. Steuart, Johnson, •• B-H, E-12. 4th " Bamseur, Bodes, " B-13. 5tli " Inerson, " '< D-15, E-14. 6th " Hoke, Early, " B-10, E-10. 7th " Lane, Pender, Hill, B-10, E-11. nth " Pettigrew, Heth, '« B-13. 12th " Inerson, Bodes, Ewell, D-9, E-9. 13th " Scales, Pender, Hill, B-14, E-12. 14th " Bamseur, Bodes, Ewell, D-8, E-9. 16th " Scales, Pender, Hill, All, D-10, E-10. 18th " Lane, " " B-13. 20th " loerson, Bodes, Ewell, D-15, E-14. 21st " Hoke, Early, •• D-9, E-9. 22d " Scales, Pender, Hill, B-13. 23d " Iverson, Bodes, Etcell, B-9, E-11. 26th " Pettigrew, Heth, Hill, A-11,E-10. 28th " Lane, Pender, " B-H, E-12. .30th " Bamseur, Bodes, Ewell, B-13, r-15. 32d " Daniels, " " All, E-10. 33d " Lane, Pender, Hill, D-9, E-9. 34th " Scales, '• «« B-10, D-10, E-9. 37th " Lane, " << D-9, E-9. 38th " Scales, •' " B-13, F-15. 43d " Daniels, Bodes, Ewell, B-13, E-15. 45th " >' " " B-9, E-ll. 47th " Pettigrew, Heth, Hill, B.9, E-10. 52d " " " " 148 INDEX TO MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS. liKC. hui<;ai>I' ISOMETHK AI, DRAWING. B-13, F.15. 5M Rfg. Ijanicls, Roiles, D-15, E-14. 5?tli " Hoke, Early, B-i:{, Ell. ooth " Duris, Hefh, COKPS. Ewdl, Hill, OHIO. — Union. Co. A.* 1st. Cav. 2d Gregg's (He adquarters) Co. C.* 1st. Cav. 1st Farnswortli, .'id Kilpatrick, E-ll, E-13.» 4th Reg. 1st Carroll, :{d Hays, 2d Hancock, F-15.* atli " 1st Candy, 2d Geary, 12th Williams, F-1.5.* 7th " " " " E-10.* «th " 1st Carroll, :!d Hays, 2d Hancock, C-10, i$-i;i.* :.'5tli " 2d Ames, 1st Barlow, 11th Howard, F-lo.* 29th " 1st Candy, 2d Geary, 12tli Williams, E-12.* .Oijth " 2d Smith, 2d Steinwelir, lltti Howard, C-14, E-IJ.* (list " h it Von Amsl)erg, ;id Schurz, " r-15.* OOtll " 1st ("andy. 2d Geary, 12th Williams, E-l-^.* 7-M\ " 2d Smith, 2d Steinwelir, 11th Howard, C-16, E-i;t.* 75th " 2<1 Ames, 1st Barlow, " Detached.* f)th Cav. 2(1 Huey, 2d Gregg, Pleasonton, C-15, E-ll.* 82d " 2d Krzyzauowski, :id Schimmt 'Ifennig, 11th Schurz, C-16, E-ia.* 107th Reg. 2d Ames, 1st Barlow, nth Howard, El. E-ll. B-14. E-1.' B-13, r-7, E-ll. G-5, F-H. E-8, F-S.^ D.15, E-12. F-l.-i. V-H: F-h: G-6, HI. E-4, F-7. B-12, E.15. E-6, r-8. G-9, 10, H-12. E-4, F-5. E-C), F-8. E-G, F.8.^ E-9.' E-9, 10. F-t».' D.13, E-12. l9t Cav. 1st " 2d " 3d " 4th " 6th " 6th (Co. 8th Cav. • 16th " 17th " 18th «' nth Reg 23d 26th " 27th " 28th " 2!tth " 46th " 4m h " o3d 56th " 57th " 61st " 62d " 63d " 68th " 09th " 71st " 72d " 73d " PENNSYLVANIA. -Union. 1st Mcintosh, 2d Gregg, General Headquarters, Co. H. 6th Corps Headquarters General Headcjuarters. 1st Mcintosh, Gregg, Pleasonton, .3d Gregg, Merritt, .3d Kilpatrick " ; & I) General Headquarters. 2d Huey, 2d Gregg, (Detached), 3d Gregg, " Pleasonton, 2d Devin, 1st Buford, " 1st Farnsworth,3d Kilpatrick, " 2d Baxter, 1st .Shaler, 1st Carr, 1st Coster, 1st Candy, 2d Kane, " 1st McDougall, 1st Ruger, 2d Robinson, 3d Wheaton, 2d Humphreys, 2d Steinwelir, 2d Geary, 3d Russell, 4th Brooke, 2d Cutler, 1st Graham, 3d Neill, 2d Sweitzer, 1st (iraham, 2d AVebb, 1st Wright, 1st Caldwell, 1st Wadsworth, 1st Birney, 2d Howe, 1st Barnes, 1st Birney, 2d Gibbon, 1st Doubleday, 6th .Sedgwick, 3d Sickles, nth Howard, 12th Williams, 6th Sedgwick, 2d Hancock, 1st Doubleday, 3d Sickles, 6th Sedgwick, 5th Sykes, 3d Sickles, 2d Hancock, 1st Coster, 2d Steinwehr, lltli Howard, INDEX TO MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS. 149 ISOMETRICAT. DKAWINO. C-H, E-12. C-15, E-12. E-7, F-?.' G-o, F-14. G-2, G-6. (Detached).* B-13, F-7, E-12.* B-13, F-7, E-12.* F-3.* F-5.* F-5.* r-4.* r-5.* F-3, F-8.* F-5.* E-6, F-8.* E-9, E-13.* C-13, F.6, E-11.* F-14.* E-4, F-8.* F-15.* E-6.* E-4, F-7.* E-4, E-7.* E-4, F-1.* G-6, HI.* C-10, F-8.* F-15.* F-5.* E-5, F-7.* E-5, F-8.* C-10, r-8.* B-12, F-8.* E-4, re. F-15.* E-4, F-7.* B-11, F-8.* B-11, F-8.* ' B-10, F-8.* C-17, E-13.* F-3.* DIVISION. COUPS. 74th Reg. 75th " 81st " 82d " 83d " ^4th " 88th " 90th " ylst " 93d " 95th " 90th " 98th " 99th " 102d " 105th " 106th " 107th " 109th " 110th " lUth " 114th " 115th " 116th " 118th " 119th " 121st " 128th " 1.39th " 140th " 141st " 142d " 14.3d " 145th " 147th " 148th " 149th " 150th " 151st " 1.53d " 155th " 1st Von Amsberg, 3d Schimmelfennig, 11th Schurz, 2d Krzyzanowski, 1st Cross, 1st Shaler, 3d Vincent, 1st Can-, 2d Baxter, 1st Caldwell, .3d Wheatou, 1st Barnes, 2d Humphreys, 2d Hobinson, 3d Weed, 2d Ayres, 3d Nevin, 3d Wheaton, 2d Bartlett, " 3d Nevin, 2d Ward, 3d Nevin, 1st Graham 2d Webb, 1st Paul, 2d Kane, 3d De Trobi 2d Kane, Graham, 3d Burling, 2d Kelley, 1st Tilton, 3d Russell, 1st Biddle, 1st Candy, M Nevin, 3d Zook, 1st Graham, 1st Biddle, 2d Dana, 4th Brooke, 1st Candy, 1st Cross, 2d Stone, 1st Birney, 3d Wheaton, , 1st Birney, 2d Gibbon, 2d Robinson, 2d Geary, land, 1st Birney, 2d Geary, Birney, 2d Humphreys 1st Caldwell, 1st Barnes, 1st Wright, 3d Rowley, 2d Geary, 3d Wheaton, 1st Caldwell, 1st Birney, 3d Rowley, 1st Caldwell, 2d Geary, 1st Caldwell, 3d Rowley, 1st Biddle, " 1st Von Gilsa, 1st Barlow, 3d Weed, 2d Ayres, 2d Hancock, 6th Sedgwick, 5th Sykes, 3d Sickles, Ist Newton, . 5th Sykes, 6th Sedgwick, 2d Sickles, 6th Sedgwick, 3d Sickles, 2d Hancock, 1st Newtou, 12th Williams, 3d Sickles, 12th Williams, Sickles, 2d Hancock, 5th Sykes, 6tli Sedgwick, 1st Doubleday, 12th Williams, 6th Sedgwick, 2d Hancock, 3d Sickles, 1st Doubleday, 2d Hancock, 12th Williams, 2d Hancock, 1st Doubleday, nth Howard, 5th Sykes, Pennsylvania Reserves. F-4, E-3. 1st Reg. 1st McCandless, 3d Ci F-4, E-3. 2d " " ' F-1. 5th " 3d Fisher, F-5, E-3. 6th " 1st McCandless, ' G-2.* 9th " .3d Fisher, ' G-2.* 10th " " ' F-4, E-3. nth " 3d Fisher Fl. 12th " " P-4, E-3. 1st Rifles, Ist McCandless (13th) 5th Sykes, 150 INDEX TO ^IIIJTARY ORGANIZATIONS. ISOMETRICAI. DKAWING. El. El. El. F-4, G-4. F-4, G-4. F-4, G-4. F-4, G-4. F-4, G-4. F-4, G-4. F-3, G-4. 11th F-4, G-4. 12th F-3, G-4. Hth F-3, G-4. 17th 8th RKG. BRIGAI>K. DIVISION. REGULARS. — Union. 1st Cav. Merritt, 3d Kilpatrick, 2d " 5th " " 6th (detached) " 2d Reg. 2d Burbank, 2d Ayres, Pleasouton, 6th Sykes, 3d 4th 6th 7th 10th 1st Day, 2d Burbank, 1st Day, 2d Burbank, (Detached) RHODE ISLAND. -Union. G-5, F-9.* 2d Reg. .3d Eustis, 3d Wheaton, 6th Sedgwick, SOUTH CAROLINA. — CONFEDKR ATE. D-10, Ell. 1st Reg. McGowan, Pender, Hill, D.4. 2d " Kershaw, McLaws, Longstreet, D-4. 3d == " " " D4. 7th " " " " D-4. 8th '• " " " D-10, E-12. 12th " AfcGoioan, Pender, Hill, D-10, Ell. 1.3th " " " " D-10, E-ll. Hth " " " " D-4. loth " Kershaw, McLaws, Longstreet, D-10, Ell. Orr's Rifle IS, McGowan, TENNESSEE Pender, .—Confederate Hill. B-10, E-10. 1st Reg. Archer, Heth, Hill, B-11, E-10. 7th " " " " B-11, E-10. Hth " TEXAS.— Confederate. D-2, E-2. 1st Reg. Robertson, Hood, Longstreet, D-1, E-2. 4th " " " " D-1, r-2. 5th " " " " United States Sharp-shooters. 1st Reg. 2d Ward, 1st Birney, 3d Sickles, 2d " E-1. G-1, G-1. G-1. G-1. G-1. (Detached). F-8. F-8, F-7. (Detached). E.7. 1st Cav. 2d Reg. 3d " 4th " 5th " 6th " 12th " 1.3th " Hth " 15th " 16th " VERMONT. — Union. 1st Farnsworth, .3d Kilpatrick, Pleasonton, 2d Grant, 2d Howe, 6th Sedgwick, 3d Stannard, 3d Doubleday, 1st Newton, INDEX TO MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS. 151 ISOMKTKICAL ^>KA\VIN(J. - UEG. nUTUADE. DIVISION. COUP.S. VIRGINIA . — COXKKDKKATK. El). 1st Reg. h'emper. Pickett, Longstreet, ii-lH, F1.5. 2d Walker, Johnson, Ewcll, K-l>. 3d Kemper, Pickett, Longstreet, (MS, K-la. •ith Walker, Johnson, Eirell, G-18, F-lo. oth " " " D-S. 6th Malione, Anderson, /fill. E-'J. 7th Kemper, Piclcett, Longstreet, E-9. '.(th Armistead, " " E-18, G-U. 10th Sfeuart, Johnson, Ewetl, E-8. Itth Kemper, Pickett, Longstreet, D.7. r2th Mahone, Anderson, Hill, E.9. Htli Armisteail , Pickett, Longstreet, D-8. 16th Mahone, Anderson, Hill, B-10, E-10. 22d Bat. Rrockenboro ugh, Heth, " F-15. 21st Keg. Jones, Johnson, Eirell, E-18, G-H. 23d Bat. Stetuirt, " " E-8. 24tli Reg. Kemper, Pickett, Longstreet, D-IS, F-lo. 25th " JotieSf Johnson, Eli-ell, G 18, E-lo. 27th " Walker, " " C-18, F-15. 31st " Smith, Early, " G-18, F-15. 33d " Walker, Johnson, " 37th " Steiuirt, Johnson, Ewell, B-9. .38th " Armistead, Pickett, Longalreet, 15-10, E-10. 40th " lirockenhorough, Ileth, Hill, D-7. 41st » Mahone, Anderson, Hill D-11, F-15. 42d Jones, Johnson. Ewell, D 18, F-15. 44th " " " D-7. 47th Reg. Brockenhnroufih, Andersmi, //(•//, ■ D-11, F-15. 48th " Jones, Johnson, Ewell, C-18, F-15. 49th " Smith, Early, " D-18, E-15. 50th " Jones, Johnson, " C-18, F-15. 52d " " " E-9. 53d " Armistead, Pickett, Longstreet, B-11, E-II. 55th " Brockenho rough, Heth, Hill, E-9. 57th " Armistead, Pickett, Longstreet, D-8. 61st " Mahone, Anderson, Hill, WF;ST VIRGINIA. -Uniox. E-1. 1st Cav. 1st Farusworth, 3d Kilpatrick, Plea«onton, Ell, E-13. 7th Reg. 1st Carroll, .3d Hays, 2d H:iinock, 2 Cos. .3d Cav. Devin, Buford, IMeasoiiton. WI.SCONSIN. — Uniox. Bll, E-H.* 2d Reg. 1st Jlcreditli, 1st Wadsworth, 1st Doubleday, G-13.* .3d " 3d Colgrove, 1st Ruger, I'.'tli Williams, G-f), H-1.* 5th " .3d Russell, 1st Wright, 611i Sedgwick, B-12, E-14.* 6th " 1st Mereditli, 1st Wadsworth, 1st Doubleday, B-12, E 14.* 7th " " " " C-15, E-1 2.* 26th 2d Krzyzanowski, 3d .Schimmelfennig, 11th Schurz, * Wisconsin Sharp-shooters (Berdan's). M A MAGNIFICENT IL PAINTIN,^^. ^^^^ STEEL ENGRAVING ^ OF THE REPULSE OF LONGSTREET'S ASSAULT, THE DECISIVE MOMENT OF THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG. Painted by JAMES WALKER, From Historical Designs by John B. Bachelder. Tuts painting; is 20 feet long and 7>^ feet high, and is unqiiestionaljly THE FINEST BATTLE SCENE IN AMERICA. It lias been on exhibition thirty-one months, has been examined by thousands of sol- diers without the discovery of a mistake, and has received the iinqualilied ajiproval of military men and art critics. A MAGNIFICENT STEEL ENGRAVING. FROM IT, IN LINE, By H. B. HALL, Jr. A work of superior merit, -35 inches long, engraved surface, and executed in the HIGHEST STYLE OF ART. PRICES. ELECTHOTVrK EDITION ■? 7.50 PUINT 15.00 Pr.AiN I'liooi', on superior plate paper 25.00 India I'p.ooI', on fine India paper 50.00 AuTiST Pi;i)(iK (limited to two hundred copies) 100.00 Sold only by Subscription. Twenty-one thousand seven iii:ndred and fifty doli.ahs avoiith already ordered ! ! PUBLISHED BY JOHN B. BACHELDER, Hyde Park, Mass. illll 1001. H/^T T°S^E ^ y Revised Edition. Government Historian of the Battle. 1590. LRAg'QB