^^ f? 1 A ^1/J ^ .\X' <■'/ v>^'' 3 1 A ^■^ >,>^ "oo^ T- s ^^^ '^^- •>*■ .#• ^^ J^^ ^^- <^ >■ / />. O >/ ^/V aX- c.^ •^%' r> ^V . ^^. v^' OO '\^^ ''%■:. \. "^ ^'^^ * ^;^ ^ I ^. c^ -<- c<- -^. , ^ -i*-; Digitte^d by tfte, Ihternet^^rchive ^4ri 20^1 with fundinglrom The, uBrary of Congress 3o, ^iip ://vyww.arGhrve..org/det^i Is/pittsbu rg haljeg h01 th u r PittsburghMllegheny IN THE Centennial Year PITTSBURGH AN D ALLEGHENY IN THE Centennial Year -BY-/ GEORGE H. THURSTON PITTSBURGH: ^. A. ANDERSON & SON, BOOK AND JOB PRINTERS, 99 FIFTH AVENUE. 1876. \'^'* * f^. ENTERED ACCORDING TO ACT OF CONGRESS, IN TEE YEAR 187^^ BY GEORGE H. THURSTON, IN TEE OFFICE OF THE LIBRARIAN OF C0NGRESS,2AT WASHINGTON, D. C. V co-tash/' by W. 11. Denny. In the Centennial Year: 6 On the 25th of November, 1758, the remains of Fort Pitt were taken possession of by General Forbes. The army was immediatel}' set at work erecting a small military Avork on the east bank of the Monongahela, and this was the first Fort Pitt, capable of holding two hundred men, from whence arose the name of Pittsburgh, as the settlement was called from the 1st of January, 1759, in the newspapers and letters of the day. In the summer of 1759, General Stanwix arrived and commenced the erection of the second Fort Pitt, which the following engraving shows the plan of and its position to the present streets of the city. a, Barracks, already built b, Commandant's House, not built, c, Store House, d, d, Powder Magazines, e, Casemate, completed. /, Store House for Flour, &c. r/, Wells, in two of which are pumps. //, Fort Duquesne. i, i, Horn Work, to cover French Barracks. k\ First Fort Pitt, destroyed, r?, Sally Port. 6 Pittsburgh and Allegheny This plan is a reduced copy of the draft made bj the constructing engineer, Rutzer, in 1761, afterwards given to George the III, and presented bj George IV to the British Museum. The Hon. Richard Biddle, during a visit to London in 1830, had a copy made from tlie original; from which, we presume, was made the engraving we have here copied. In 1764, Colonel Boquet built a redoubt outside of the fort, on the spot marked with a "^ in the plan, which is still standing. The following description of the fort and the village is from a diary kept bj" one James Kenny, who had a trader's store at the fort in 1761 : 11th mo : 19th. — The Fort Banks here is very near raised, which makes it look much stronger than it was in times of more danger ; by accounts ye front next ye inhabitants being of brick, and corners of ye angle of hewn stone, about foot high, ye back part next ye point where ye two rivers meets being of earth, and sodded all so that it grows thick of long grass, that was done last year, and they have mowed ye bank several times this summer ; it 's four squair with a row of barracks along each squair, three rows of which are wooden frame work, and ye row on ye back side next ye point is brick ; also a large brick house built this summer in ye south east corner, ye roof now aputing on, having fine steps at ye door of hewn freestone, a cellar all under it ; at ye back of ye barracks opens ye doors of ye magazines, vaults and dungeons : lying under ye great banks of earth thrown out of ye great trenches, all round in these are kept ye stores of ammunition, etc., and prisoners that are to be tried for their lives ; in these vaults there is no light, but do they carry lanterns, and on ye south east bastion stands a high poal like a mast and a top mast to hoist j^e flag on, which is hoisted on every first day of ye week from about eleven to one o'clock, and on state days, etc. ; there are three wells of water walled in ye fort, and a squair of clear ground in ye inside of about two acres. 20th. — I have been informed by a young man that was ordered by ye Com- manding officer, Collonel Boquet, (this summer), to number all ye dwelling houses without ye fort, marking ye number on each door ; that there was above one hundred houses, but ye highest number I have seen, by better accounts, there is one hundred and fifty houses, to take notice of I think was seventy-eight, these being ye inhabitants of Pittsburg, where two years ago I have seen all ye houses that were without ye little fort, they had then, thrown down, only one, which stands yet, also two that was within that little fort is now standing, being ye hospital now, all ye rest being built since, which if ye place continue to increase near this manner, it must soon be very large, which seems likely to me. 12 mo : 4. — Many of ye inhabitants have hired a schoolmaster, and subscribed above sixty pounds for this year for him, he has about twenty scholars, likewise, ye soberer sort of people seem to long for some public way of worship, so ye schoolmaster, etc., reads ye Litany and Common Prayer on ye first day to a Con- gregation of different principles, (he beings a Prisbiterant,) where they behave very grave, (as I hear) on ye occasion, ye children are brought to Church as they call it. 12 mo : 25th. — A young Indian man brought us four turkeys, saying, that he was recommended by several of his acquaintances to come to ye Quaker who would use him very well, and having bought them and paid him six shillings cash, besides victuals and drink, he going out heard of a better market, so came back and got ye turkeys, delivering ye money again, but his second Chap not pleasing him in dealing, he brought them back to us and had his money again, but he said Dam it several times at ye second Chap." In theZCentennidl Year, It was not until 1764 that Pittsburgh began to take form as an embryo city. In that year Col. John Campbell laid out a plan of lots near the fort, which plan is now embraced in four squares of the present city. Two years after, the Rev. Charles Beaty, under date of September, 1766, men- tions Pittsburgh in. his journal as ^^ some kind of a town without the fort.^'' When only this curt, disparaging remark is all that is applicable at that time to the em- bryo city, the inference can only be that the appearance of the little settlement without the fort was anything but suggestive of its future greatness. This infer- ence is strengthened by the record of Arthur Lee in his journal, in 1784, nearly twenty years after, of ^'I believe the place will never be considerable." In May, 1769, the survey of the manor of Pittsburgh was completed, and em- braced 5,766 acres. Shortly after this time we find, in the journal of George Washington, the next record of the progress of the city of Pittsburgh. Under the date of October, 1770, he being then on his way to the Kanawha to examine And locate lands for himself and others, the following pen and ink picture of Pittsburgh is made by Washington's hand: "We lodged in what is called the town, distant about 300 yards from the fort. -X- -:f -x- The houses, which are built of logs and ranged in streets, are on the Monongahela, and I suppose may number twenty, and inhabited by Indian traders." There appears to be a conflict here between "ye Quaker," James Kenny, from whose journal of 1761 we have just quoted, and Washington, as to the number of houses. James Kenny giving seventy-eight, nine years previous. In May, 1776, Pittsburgh was a small out-lying or western fort. From its ramparts the Cross of St. George blew out clear and fair before the Spring winds, sweeping breezily up between the two ranges of thickly wooded hills lying on either side of the river, that, hardly a stone's throw from the sally port of the fort, sprung from the junction of the clear Allegheny and darker Monongahela rivers. On every hand, save where the little village and the few cleared fields around basked in the warm spring sun, the dense forest clothed hill and bottom, ravine And river's edge. Down from the northeast on the one side, swollen with the melting northern snows, came sweeping the clear, bright waters of the Allegheny. From the south, on the other side, glided sullenly to their union with the north- ern stream, the tawny waters of the Monongahela. Flowing away from the green point stretching from the ramparts of Fort Pitt to the waters' edge, rolled from out the joining waters of the Allegawi"^' and the Monongahela the La Belle Rivere of the French, the 0-hi-o of the aborigine, to be, in years to come, a highway of commerce, wonderful in its towns and cities and the traffic on its waters. * A remnant of an Indian tribe has been foundjin the west with this name, and some think at the proper original name of the Allegheny. 8 Pittsburgh and Allegheny Up into the clear atmosphere wreathed lazily, or swayed fantastically, in the^ breeze, the pale blue smoke of wood-fires from the two score of houses which, formed the village, shadowy forerunners of the dense black columns that were- in an hundred years to be shooting up in every direction for miles around the- location of the little settlement of 1776. Scantily, here and there, about the doors of the few cabins, or along the one street, grouped cannie Scot and blithe Prenchman^, the plucky Englishman, the stolid Indian, and the thin, sinewy native- American trader and scout. Before the entrance to the fort the red coated soldier of George the Third paced lazily his monotonous beat, the clank of his- musket, and accoutrements, making a faint fore-reaching echo of the clang, and clash, of the machinery that then far down the aisles of time was moving ta- forge the bar and drive the plane, to smelt the ore, and shape the metal, and wake the echo of over five hundred miles of streets, and render noisy the day audi clamorous the night, in a hundred years from then. Thus in May, 1776, spark- ling in the sunshine ran the rivers, green and fresh swayed the trees, bright, and red waved the banner of England, idly about the fort lounged the repre-- sentatives of five distinct people, and quietly under the warm May sun rested' ^^ De-un-da-ga^^^ as by the Seneca Indians this embryo of Pittsbugh was called. '^A hundred years ago what sylvan beauty Did nature on this almost island crowd, "^"^ Where Traffic now from altars grim and sooty, Doth overcome us like a winter's cloud." f In December, 1784,"^"" we find in the journal of Arthur Lee, who had, with Dr... Franklin and Silas Deane, been a Commissioner to the Cfourt of Versailles, the-- following picture of Pittsburgh at that date. He says : " Pittsburgh is inhabited almost entirely by Scots and Irish, who live in paltry log houses.^' Fresh from the French court the rudeness of a frontier settlement seems to have made no favor- able impression on his fastidious tastes. He also writes, '^The banks of the Mo> nongahela on the west or opposite side of Pittsburgh are steep, close to the river- and about two hundred yards high. About one-third of the way from the top is^ a vein of coal above one of the rocks. The coal is considered good and is burnt, in the town." How astounded would be the ghostly Mr. Lee could he re-visit; the scene and see how the coal he so curtly mentions is now burnt in the town,, and the acres on acres of it that are floated away. Mr. Lee also writes, '' There is; a great deal of small trade carried on, goods being brought at the vast expense of" forty-five shillings per cwt. from Philadelphia and Baltimore. There are in the **The site of Pittsburgh was once almost an island from a chain of ponds stretching along its* eastern side, where Smithfield street now is. These ponds were at that early period the resort of wild ducks. fSuc-co-tash, by W. H. Denny. * It was in January, 1784, that the first sale of lots were made by John Penn, Jr., to Isaac Craig and Stephen Bayard. Iti June, 1784, the laying out of the town was completed. In the Centennial Year. town four attorneys^ two doctors, and not a priest of any persuasion, no church nor chapel. -J^- -^ -5^ The phice I believe will never be considerable." Mr. Lee did not evidently, to use a slang phrase of the present day, ''take much stock"" in the town peopled with Scots and Irish, living in paltry log houses. But works have been better than his faith. As it is after his statement that there are four attorneys and two doctors in the town that he records his belief that the place will never be considerable, it might be the subject of an interesting metaphysical inquiry how far this professional outlook gave rise to his estimate of the fu- ture prospect of the town, especially in connection with the almost despairing^ statement — "and not a priest of any persuasion, no church nor chapel." Cer- tainly this is not a very flattering picture of the embryo city of Pittsburgh. With, a population whose characteristic national traits were likely to give full employ- ment to the four attorney's and two doctors, and not a priest of any persuasion to- counteract what might be a Darwinian exposition of the survival of the fittest^, poor Arthur Lee may perhaps be well excused from not investing in corner lots in this little frontier town of "paltry log houses," containing about four hundred inhabitants. This population we infer from an account given by Dr. Hildreth, of Marietta, who, with a body of New England emigrants, arrived at Pittsburgh on April 3d, 1788, on the "May Flower." Dr. Hildreth, after giving a statement of the starting of the "Ma}' Flower" from Robbstown — now known as West Xewtoa — the passage down the Monongahela, and the arrival at Pittsburgh, says: "Pittsburgh then contained four or five hundred inhabitants, several retail stores^ and a small garrison of troops was kept in old Fort Pitt. To our travelers who- had lately seen nothing but trees and rocks, with here and there a solitary hut^ it seemed quite a large town. The houses are chiefly built of logs, but now and. then one had assumed the appearance of neatness and comfort." Niles Register, vol. 30, page 436, says, "that Pittsburgh in 1786 contained: thirty-six log houses, one stone, one frame, and five small stores.* At this dat^ the first newspaper west of the Allegheny Mountains was established. The first number of the Pittsburgh Gazette being issued on the 29th of July, 1786. Still' printed, ably edited and prosperous, the Gazette is rapidly nearing its Centennial,, but we doubt if its present proprietors, or any of the fraternity in the present" day, would venture on starting a newspaper in a community of thirty-six log houses with five retail stores, Avhere there was no regular mail route, and the. country around as thinly settled as the town. In 1789 we find the following description of Pittsburgh in a rare volume en- titled "An Historical Review of North America, printed at Dublin, Ireland,. 1789," Says the author of the volume: "Pittsburgh is a neat, handsome town,, containing about four hundred houses ; it is situated at the confluence of the A1-. legheny and Monongahela rivers. It is expected this to2cn ivill in a few years become the emporium of the western country.'' The italics are given to mark the diff'erence. *In January, 1788, provisions were very ecarce, and flour rose to sixteen dollars a barrel; and in. January, 1779, bacon was one dollar per pound. 10 Pittsburgh and Allegheny in opinion between Arthur Lee in 1784 and the writer of the volume just quoted, five years later. There seems to have been considerable difference in the statements of various authorities at that time as to the population of the town, and the number of houses it contained. A communication from Judge Breckenridge published in the first number of the Gazette, on the situation of the town of Pittsburgh, says : *'■ The town consists at present of about an hundred houses with buildings appur- tenent. More are daily added, and for some time past it has improved with an equal but continual pace. The inhabitants, men, women and children, are about fifteen hundred." Mr. Breckenridge has either made some mistake in the •estimate of the population or they stowed close, for his estimate gives fifteen persons to each house. As Niles' Register, quoted before, gives less than half the number of houses stated by Judge Breckenridge and Dr. Hildredth two years later, says ''Pittsburgh then contained four or five hundred inhabitants," and a census made of the borough in 1*796, and published in the Gazette of January :9th, of that year, states the population, ten years after Judge Breckenridge's statement, at only one thousand three hundred and ninety-five, it is probable that the I^iles Register record of houses, in 1*786, is correct, and that the population at that period, ninety years ago, was about four or five hundred. There was no mail carried to Pittsburgh at the time the Pittsburgh Gazette was first established, all correspondence of any nature being carried by travelers or a special express. In September, of 1*786, an order was made by Government to establish a post between Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, but on the 1st of October, 1*790, — four years after the establishment of the mail — the postage for the preceding year was only one hundred and ten dollars and nmety-nine cents. On the 22d of April, 1*794, Pittsburgh was incorporated as a borough. In 1800 the census gives Pittsburgh 1,565 inhabitants. Turning from the vision of Washington, standing, in 1*753, on the uninhabited point of land where Pittsburgh isince grew from the Fort Pitt of 1761, and the rude frontier village of Pittsburgh in 1776, we pass an hundred years, and the great city of Pittsburgh in 1876 rises in all its proportions, wealth and business, before us. One hundred years! what wonderous records they contain of change and progress. In them have had birth and growth the steamboat, the railroad, and the electric telegraph. It was from Pittsburgh the first steamboat, the "New Orleans," sailed upon the western waters. It was from Pittsburgh the first western railroad, the Ohio & Pennsylvania, reached its iron arms to grapple the growing commerce of the West, and it was from Pittsburgh the first line of tele- graph was built to the West. In that eventful century the American colonies of Great Britain passed from the appanage of a crown into a mighty nation. Where, in May, 1776, the flag of ,St. George waved redly over the slight fort, around which gathered the little frontier village of an hundred persons, stands, in May, 1876, a world known city In the Centennial Year, 11 of two hundred thousand people, from the tops of whose furnaces wave red banners of flame, the glowing standards of American industry. Where, in May, 1776, a little village stood on the verge of civilization, peering timidly into the forest beyond, in May, 1876, a great city stands, midway between an empire of population on the east and empire of population on the west. Twenty millions to the east of her, twenty millions to the west of her, while the electric telegraph, the railroad, and the steamboat, connect her with the world and its commerce. Throughout the nation, of which this city is such a central point, iron from its mills is found in every mart, its steel in the agricultural implements on every farm, and crowding from off the dealer's shelves the cutlery of Europe. Its glass is on the table of every hotel, and in the windows alike of city residence and frontier cottage. The smoke of its coal floats in the air from the Gulf of Mexico throughout the length of the Mississippi, and speeding across the country, glimpses are caught of it darkening the sky of little towns, that flit away behind the fleet locomotive, that can, and does, perhaps, claim Pittsburgh construction. As the train in the closing twilight rushes past cottage, village, and town, the bright light of its famed Petroleum is seen making brilliant with the evening lamp thousands of homes. Even on the hull of the staunch ship rolling with the swelling waves of the broad ocean the glitter of Pittsburgh's copper glints in the sunshine as she lifts w'ith the heaving wave, or is seen beautifying and bright- ening the machinery of the modern steamer, whether on our inland rivers, our great lakes, or grander ocean. Standing a sooty giant athwart the head waters of the Ohio ; — glowing with the blaze of hundreds of furnace fires, — swart and grimy with their smoke, Pittsburgh may well be proud of her past, and look with great hope to her fu- ture. Planted on one of the grandest fuel fields of the world, she has wonderful facilities for receiving crude minerals and other material, for the world's needg and consumptions in their manufactured forms. Equally able to distribute them, to consumers, with the grasp upon the supply trade of this country faintly outlined in the foregoing paragraph, what, if her people fail not to keep and cultivate the advantages and powers their position gives them, may not Pittsburgh be in the future under the same industries? Her past foretells that future, and predicts her growth, which, in years gone by, the pages of this volume show. In May, 1776, a little village of a few houses, clustering around a small fort, Pittsburgh and Allegheny cities, in May, 1876, is a great community, occupying an area of 22,000 acres, having 500 miles of streets, with more wards than a hundred years ago it had houses. The Monongahela river and the Allegheny, which in May, 1776, swept through miles of primitive forest before they inter- mingled their waters, now, in May, 1876, flow each through from six to eight miles of city, with its massive blocks of houses, its miles of paved and gas-lighted streets. 12 Pittsburgh and Allegheny Where, in 17*76, a solitary Indian canoe or skiff here or there, crossing from the little village to the forest on the other side, formed the connection, now tea grand bridges span the waters of the rivers, and are but as sections of the streets- that extend for miles from their either ends. Where, as late as 1*784, it is recorded of the town there was ''no church nor chapel, no priest of any persuasion," there are in 1876 over one hundred and ninety churches, from whence arise praise and prayer to Him who holds the destinies of nations in His hands, and has not for- gotten Pittsburgh in the blessing which fall alike upon the just and the unjust. As no showing of Pittsburgh has, from its peculiar topographical configura- tion, presented or can fully picture the city, so is it equally difficult for the pea to give its portraiture in 1876. Built along the valleys of the two rivers, upoa the hill sides, up the ravines, and on the plain lying behind the ranges of hills- that border the Monongahela and Allegheny, no artist's sketch can present its- beauty or its picturesque views ; neither can the pen bring before the mind's eye of the reader its beautiful residences, the broad well-paved streets that for miles- and miles lie out of sight from the casual business visitor or the passing tourist. The traveler, simply passing through Pittsburgh, sees things under such a, gloom of smoke, that the beauty of the city outside of its business area is gen- erally unknown. The traveler approaching Pittsburgh from the East on the Pennsylvania Kailroad hardly suspects that the beautiful park-like country through which he is passing, dotted thick with attractive residences, picturesque grounds, and broad paved roads, over which the bright sunshine showers down and clear blue skies bend, is part of the famous "Smoky city," a portion of the great metal factory of the United States. Just as some chance remark conveys the idea that, for nearly twenty minutes he has been riding at rapid railroad speed through miles of Pittsburgh's fairest wards, he enters upon a region of smoke and fire^ and for two miles or more rides under canopies of smoke, past furnace and mill,, coke ovens and factories, to be, after a brief pause in the spacious Union Depot, of the Pennsylvania Railroad, drawn into the bowels of the earth, to travel en- tirely from one side of the city to the other under its houses and streets. Emerg- ing on the Monongahela river side of the city, he still pursues his course amid fire and smoke, past glass houses, steel works, rolling mills and foundries, for some two or three miles, to again pass into a land of sunshine and clear skies^ where still the houses of Pittsburgh merchants and manufacturers dot the land- scape and beautify the scenery. The ear has been so stunned by the whistle of the escaping steam, the clank of machinery, the din of metallic .reverberation, and the roar of forges in all directions ; that as the eye is prevented from compre- hending any of the landscape surroundings, the mind is equally confused in ob- taining any definite comprehension of the scope of its manufactures. The travelers- pass from under its clouds of smoke and beyond its ear distracting and pecu- liar noise with the one distinct idea that its manufactures must be great, and with. a feeling of curiosity to explore the mysteries of its workshops. In the Centennial Year, 13 Thev have caught glimpses as they passed of half naked men throwing about in savage play huge masses of molten metal ; they have seen for a moment the interiors of great cavernous buildings, where stalwart, sooty men, were pulling iind hauling, and dragging about long bars of glowing metal which went twirling ^nd slipping like fiery snakes through rapidly revolving cylinders ; they have -caught glimpses of streams of molten metal pouring like burning water through ^gathered groups of workmen ; they have heard strange, demoniacal yells and shrieks, passed clouds of scalding vapor, glided for miles by sombre house, black •discolored churches and gloomy warehouses. They recede from its boundaries with an impression that they have passed through some city half enchanted, such :as Marco Palo and other old Venitian travelers, fabled to have found in the then unexplored region^ of the earth, a city of fire and smoke. And such is Pittsburgh in 1876 to the passing traveler as he enters it bj cither of the railroads that centres in the city. To the tourist who may spare the time to explore Pittsburgh there is, beside that region of fire and smoke, sections of calm delight, districts of great picturesque beauty.* It needs but the tourist, in the budding month of May, or in sunny June, or jgolden September, or russet October, to drive a foot pace through the famous once East Liberty valley, now comprising some of the wards of Pittsburgh to see the city aright. Broad, well-paved avenues stretch for miles throughout its space. Perched on jutting hill, or nestled in beautiful valleys or resting fairly on level plateaus, costly residences and charming cottages attract the eye on -every side. Beautiful grounds, rich with cultivated shrubbery, or picturesque vvith natural forest trees, charm the sight; and the whole impression is of driving through a beautiful park, within which elegant residences have been, by per- mission, built. Here and there a massive and costly church sends its towering spire up into the clear, sunshiny sky, while no din of machinery disturbs the sylvan quiet of the scene, or shadow of smoke glooms the view. If the "business portion of Pittsburgh is a city, half enchanted, of fire and smoke, in- habited by demons playing with fire, this section of Pittsburgh is also under en- chantment of a different kind, and smiles a land of beauty, brightness and quiet. The one section might be a picture by Tintoretto, and the other by Claude Lo- raine. In the long summer twilights, a ride out Penn and Fifth avenues, through Hiland and Ellsworth avenues, and other of the beautiful wide streets, where TOWS of gas lights stretch on either hand for miles, with the windows of the houses brightening in gradual illumination through the gathering darkness, while *Sir Henry Holland, who was of the Prince of Wales' suite, when he visited Pittsburgh, remark- ed at that time to Josiah King, Esq., one of the committee of reception, that he had, in 1S45, spent ^ week in an equestrian exploration of the suburbs of Pittsburgh ; that he had traveled through all the degrees of the earth's longitude, and had not elsewhere found any scenery so diversified, picturesque and beautiful as that around Pittsburgh, and likened it to a vait panorama from which, as he rode along, the curtain was dropping behind and rising before him, revealing new beauties continually. 14 Pittsburgh and Allegheny the perfume of flowers and the fresh foliage fills the air, renders it a drive with- out its paralell, perhaps, in this countr}^ There is no city which has such a drive, where all the quiet of the county, all the beauty of cultivated suburbs, and the architecture and conveniences of a city combine. Passing to the north side of the Allegheny river, the tourist again finds himself outside of the din of machinery and the blurr of smoke, and driving around the Parks of Allegheny city enjoys a view of a well built city of notable residences of much beauty, or riding for miles through paved streets finds row after row of neat houses unclouded by smoke, and void of annoyance from the noise of factories- Pittsburgh proper, of the old city, and the South Side, is where the fires of the factories glow brightest, and the smoke rolls up blackest. This is the part most seen by travelers ; and has its beauties as well as the other sections spoken of. There is no more impressive sight than at the junction of Fulton and ClifT streets of a clear night, when a strong wind has swept away the volumes of smoke from the city. Close on the left hand rises grey and grand the beautiful High School ; below it the basin of the water works shimmer in the light. In. front lies the city of Allegheny with its miles of streets, marked clear and dis- tinct by the rows of glittering gas lights. Away up to the right stretches- the Allegheny river, on whose either side for three or four miles street lights shine ]prightly; along whose line forge fires, furnace blaze and factory flames^ are reflected back from the river shining blue and sparking in the moonlights Clear and bright on the left centre lies the Ohio, "Xa Belle Rivere,^' with perhaps a white steamboat gliding past, with its tall, chimneys sending out showers of sparks, a very star spangled banner. To the right, to the left, and in front of the spectator, furnaces are throwing up columns of flame. Through the wide open doors and windows of factories and mills illuminations of their interiors from their forge fires, the glow of flov/ing metal and twisting red hot bars of iron throwing off scales of fire under the pressure of machinery, presents a picture the spectator will not soon forget. The tourist standing thus, nearly three hundred feet above the Allegheny, with the night bringing out every forge .fire and fur- nace blaze, with the clank of the machinery rising through the air, and the roar of the furnaces echoing from the hills, will feel this ''Hymn of Pittsburgh,'^ which one of her poets. Col. Richard Realf, has so admirably rendered in words that thrill w^ith the very spirit of Pittsburgh's forges and furnaces : My father was mighty Vulcan, I am Smith of the land and sea; The cunning spirit of Tubal Cain Came with my marrow to me. I think great thoughts strong-winged with steel, I coin vast iron acts ; And weld the impalpable dreams of Seers Into utile lyric facts. In the Centennial Year, 15 I am monarch of all the forges, I have solved the riddle of fire; The Amen of Nature to need of Man Echoes at my desire. I search with the subtle soul of flame The heart of the rocky earth, And hot from my anvils the prophecies Of the miracle-years blaze forth. I am swart with the soot of my chimneys, I drip with the sweats of toil; I quell and scepter the savage wastes, And charm the curse from the soil. I fling the bridges across the gulfs That hold us from the To Be, And build the roads for the bannered march Of crowned Humanity. The beauties of Pittsburgh sketched in the foregoing paragraphs travelers rarely see, nor many of her own citizens, from want of knowledge of where and when to see. There are a dozci other points around the city where the scenery by day or night is beautiful, bu': they may not all be presented even by pen and ink. Enough has been given of "pen and ink pictures of Pittsburgh" to show what it was an hundred years ago, and to present some idea of what it is in the Centennial year, leaving the succeeding chapters to portray its growth, present its business, tell the story of its industries, suggest its advantages, and foreshadow its future. 16 Pittsburgh and Allegheny CHAPTER II. THE MILITARY RECORD OF PITTSBURGH. Originating as a military out-post, Pittsburgh has carried the color of military prestige through all her career. In earlier days her frontier character naturally rendered her the centering point of Colonial military movements, as did her situ- a,tion at the head of a stretch of navigable streams. In after days her facilities for furnishing munitions of war, and her ability as a metal factory, still gave lier mark in the military movements of the time, while in the rebellion, Pitts- Iburgh became almost a national armory and military camp. The constant marching and re-marching of troops through the city ; the rendezvous it was for the volunteers and drafted men of Western Pennsylvania ; the shipment of munitions of war gave at all times a military aspect to the streets and the .suburbs. A full detailed history of the military events transpiring in and around Pittsburgh would require a larger volume than this to contain the facts and the papers ; and this chapter is merely designed to present briefly the leading ^events, more as an index than a history. The construction of the stockade by Capt. Trent, alluded to in the previous •chapter, may be cited as the initiatory date of the military history of Pittsburgh. The expedition of Monsieur De Contrecoeur, in 1754, with sixty batteaux, three thousand canoes, eighteen pieces of cannon, and one thousand French and In- dian troops, was the first military movement transpiring at this locality, and was the first overt act of hostility of the memorable French and Indian war of 1754-58. The expedition of the French commander De Villier, from Fort Duquesne, against Gen'l Washington at Fort Necessity, on July 3d, 1754, may be given as the second actual military movement of which Pittsburgh was the pivotal point; while the defeat of Braddock on the 9th of July, 1755, stands third in the list of military events which are a part of the city's history. Thus, amidst the contentions of two great European nations to secure the point •of land where Pittsburgh stands, the embryo of a future city was formed, and Fort Duquesne passed into history, and became a familiar word in courts and camps, to become yet more familiar as Fort Pitt, and still more famous as Pittsburgh. The expedition of Gen'l Forbes in 1758, against Fort Duquesne, comes next in the events that belong to the military history of Pittsburgh ; and the attack G^SS^^r 7/, i^ ^ il^^ iJii ill pimiu jjjw vjiKijj.tmt^'i^p^py f^'^'iJ spooji I A-rrr.OT, Tff-JrtLaie 8: CoXitk. OITY HALL, PITTSBURaH. COURT HOUSE, PITTSBURGH. In the Centennial Year. 17 of a portion of Genl Forbes' forces under Major Grant on the 14th of September, 1758, is another battle scene in the military tableaux that illustrate the city's birth. The first actual conflict upon the area, where the city now stands, gave title to a locality known as Grant's Hill, which, until about the year 1840, retained, to a great extent, its original configuration and elevation, and its summit was the site of the reservoir for the water supply of the city. In after years the hill waa gradually graded away, and although a rising grade of the streets that intersect the locality indicate ascending ground,^no thing remains to mark the hill where, in the early gray September morning, ^^ The Higjilander with kilt and naked knee Sent down his challenge to the sleeping fort. And waked them with his pipe and reveille." This attack of Maj. Grant is characterized by Gen'l Washington in a letter to 'the Governor of Virginia as '' a very ill-conceived, or very ill-executed plan, perhaps both ; but it seems to be generally acknowledged that Maj. Grant ex- ceeded his orders."' It was eleven o'clock at night when Major Grant appeared with his troops on the brow of the hill, about a quarter of a mile from the fort. In the morning four hundred men were posted along the hill, facing the fort, to cover the retreat of "a company under Captain McDonald, who marched with drums beating toward the enemy, Major Grant believing there was but a small force in the fort. The garrison, Avho seemed to have kept an apparently sleepy watch, was aroused by the music, and sallied out in great numbers, of both French and Indians. This force, accounts say, was separated into three divisions, two -of which were sent, under cover of the banks of the two rivers, to surround the force of Major Grant, while the third delayed a while to give the others time, and then displayed themselves before the fort as if exhibiting their whole strength. The attack then began, and Captain McDonald, with his one company, was immediately obliged to fall back on the main body under Major Grant, who at the same moment found himself suddenly flanked on all sides by the detach- ments of the enemy moving from the banks of the river. The struggle became desperate. The provincial troops, as at Braddocks, at once covered themselves behind trees, and made a good defence ; but the Highlanders stood exposed to the £re .without cover, and fell in great numbers, and at last gave way and fled. Major Lewis, who had been posted in the rear with two hundred men, principally Ameri- <5an regulars and Virginia volunteers, with the baggage, hastened forward to the :gupport of Grant, but soon found himself flanked on both sides. The work of »death went on rapidly, and in a manner quite novel to the Highlanders, who in all their European wars had never before seen men's heads skinned; they gave way, and the rout of the troops became general.* A number of the men were *It is recorded as one of the incideuts of this rout, that as Major Lewis was advancing with his men he met a Scotch Highlander under full flight, and on inquiring of him how the battle was 2 18 Pittsburgh and Allegheny driven into the river and drowned, and Major Lewis was taken prisoner.f Major Grant retreated to the baggage, where Captain Bulletj with fifty Virginians, en- deavored to rally the flying soldiers. As soon as the enemy came up Captain^ Bullet attacked themVith great fury; but being unsupported, and most of his men; killed, was obliged to retreat. Major Grant and Captain Bullet were the last to- desert the field. They separated, and Major Grant was taken prisoner. J it is» not without interest in this connection to state that the point at which Grant was^ captured was at what is now the corner of Wood street and Third avenue, where- the St. Charles Hotel now stands. The abandonment of Fort Duquesne hj the French on the 24th of November^, and its occupation by General Forbes on the 25th, are the two next scenes at this- eventful spot. A plan of the^fort as it then existed is not without interest in thisi connection ; the one given is from the drawing sent to Governor Morris, of Penn- sylvania, by Captain Robert Strobo, who, with Captain Yan Braam, had been sent to Fort Duquesne on the surrender of Fort Necessity as a hostage. In his letter- dated July 28, 1754, which gives a full account of the forces in the fort and other- valuable information of a military nature, he says : '^ I send this by Monccatoo- tha's brother-in-law, a worthy fellow and may be trusted. On the other side yoit have a draught of the Fort, such as time and opportunity would admit of at this- time;" and urging that^no time be lost in capturing the fort, uses this language : going, the panic stricken soldier replied: they M'ere "a' beaten, and he had seen Donald McDonald" lip to his hunkers in mud, and a' the skin off his heed." This would indicate that the Highlanders had reached or were passing the point or base of the hill, at the present line of Smithfield street, between Fifth avenue and Third avenue, as a series of ponds or stretch of swamp skirted tho base of Grant's hill just here, and it was probably in passing through this swampy portion of the ground that poor Donald McDonald sunk up to "his hunkers in mud" and lost the "skin off his heed," and- it is probable that he was the Captain McDonald who led his one company with drums beating down- the face of the hill as if on parade. f This ofScer is the celebrated General Andrew Lewis of the Indian war of 1774, commonly called Lord Dunmore's war. He was the companion of Washington in the campaign of Braddock, and was^ a captain in the detachment that fought at Fort Necessity, and it is stated that Washington's opinion of Lewis' military abilities was so great that when the chief command of the revolutionary armies was tendered to him, that he recommended it should rather be given to General Lewis. Stuart, in his Historical J/onoiVc, says, "General Lewis was upwards of six feet high, of uncommon strength and agility, and his form of the most exact symmetry. He had a stern and invincible countenance^ and was of a reserved and distant deportment, which rendered his presence more awful than engaging. JThis is the same Col. Grant who, in 1775, on the floor of the British Parliament, said that he had often acted in the same pervico with the Americans ; that he knew them well, and from that knowl- edge ventured to predict " that they would never dare face an English army, as being destitute of every requisite to good soldiers." While Grant and Lewis were detained as prisoners at Fort Duquesne, Grant addressed a letter to- General Forbes, attributing their defeat lo^Lewip. This letter being inspected by the French, who* knew the falsehood of tho charge, they handed it to Lewis. He waited upon Grant and challenged him; upon his refusal to light he spat in his face in the presep'"^ of the French officers, and left hiwk to reflect upon his baseness. In the Centennial Year. 19 ^' When we engaged to serve the country it was expected we would do it with our lives; — let them not be disappointed, consider the good of the expedition without the least regard to us." The disinterested bravery and self-devotion evinced in this request of Strobo's^ who sent the plan and instructions to his countrymen at the risk of his life, is. not to be expressed in words, and adds more honor to the annals of Pittsburgh than it is possible any mention of the fact could add to the halo of pure patriot- ism with which this act and request surrounds his name. It was in the summer of 1Y59 that General Stanwix, who succeeded General Forbes, on his death, proceeded to Fort Duquesne and began building Fort Pitt.. This fortification was, when finished, supposed to be strong enough to secure the British Empire on the Ohio to the latest posterity. An extract from a letter dated September 24, 1759, printed in the American Magazine published at Wood- ridge, N. J., says: "It is nearly a month since the army has been employed in erecting a most formidable fortification^ such an one as will to latest posterity se- cure the British Empire on the Ohio." Vhomme propose^ et Dieu dispose. From the occupation of the ruins of Fort Duquesne, for some three years after, frequent Indian conferences were held at Fort Pitt, at which the various Indian tribes, headed by noted chiefs, assembled in all their savage grandeur, to meet the English commanders. First among those conferences, and a little time before the evacuation of the fort by the French, is that of Christian Frederick Post, an unassuming Germaij, a MoraAaan missionary, who was persuaded to carry a message to the western Indians, in order to prevail on them to withdraw from the French. " Type and forerunner of that German race. Which since o'erspread the forest of the west, Which scatters sheaves and flowers on its face. And plucks ungentle passions from the breast.""^ On the 24th of July, 1758, he arrived in sight of Fort Duquesne, and held a talk with the chiefs of the Delawares, Shawnees and Mingos. Those talks con- tinued until September 2d, and under date of 26th he records in his journal; " The Indians have agreed to draw back." In his journal the simple faith of the Moravian breaks out from time to time. On September 7, he writes : '' It is a troublesome cross and a heavy yoke to draw this people ; they can punish and squeeze a body's heart to the uttermost ; the Lord knows how they have been counselling about my life ; but they did not know who was my protector and deliverer. I believe the Lord has been too strong against them." And on his return he says : " The Lord has preserved me through all the dangers and diffi- culties that I have been under ; He directed me according to His will by His holy Spirit ; I had no one to converse with but Him." « *Suc-co-tasb. 20 Pittsburgh and Allegheny On December 4, 1758, the chiefs of the Delawares held conference with Col. Boqiiet, and on January 4, 1759, nine chiefs of the Six Nations, Shawnees. and Delawares, sought and held a conference with Col, Hugh Mercer. On July 4, 1758, a conference, which extended to July 11, with some adjournments, was held by George Croghan, Esq., supply agent to the then Sir William Johnson, Bart., with the chiefs and warriors of the Six Nations; Delawares, Shawnees andWyandots^ who represented eight nations ; Ottawas, Chipawas, Putewatimes, Twightwees, Cuscuskees, Kicapoos, Shockeys and Musquakes. On October 25, 1759, Gen'l Stanwix held another conference with the same tribes. In the famous Pontiac war of 1763, although its principal seat was in the region of Detroit, yet Fort Pitt was still a point of mark and of attempted capture. The Indians surrounded the fort arid cut off all communication with it. They posted themselves under the banks of both rivers, and continued there from day to day with great patience, pouring in showers of fire, arrows and musketry, hoping by famine, fire, or by harrassing the garrison, to carry the works. Fort Pitt remained in a critical situation until after August 5, 1763, when General Boquet, who had been sent to the relief of the fort, signally defeated a body of 400 Indians at Bushy run, a tributary of Bush run, a branch of Turtle creek, in Hempfield township, W-estmoreland county, 21 miles from Pittsburgh. The Indians had 60 killed, and the English 50, also 60 wounded. It was about one o'clock in the afternoon of August 5th that the troops were suddenly attacked by the Indians. The engagement ended only with the day. At the first dawn of light the Indians showed themselves, and began the attack. The English, unable to leave their convoy and wounded, could not move ; many of their horses were lost, and the drivers had hid themselves through fear. The situation became critical ; the English were literally besieged rather than engaged. The fate of Braddock was before their eyes. To turn the condition of the posi- tions, Col. Boquet contrived the following stratagem. The troops were posted from the preceding night on an eminence, and formed a circle around their convoy. Directions were given to two companies, which had been posted in the more ad- vanced position, to fall within the circle, while the troops to the right and left should open their files and fill up the vacant space as if covering their retreat. A company of light infantry, with one of grenadiers, were ordered to lie in am- buscade to support the two first companies of grenadiers, who moved on in feigned retreat, and were designed to begin the real attack. The Indians fell into the snare. Advancing with the greatest bravery, they galled the English with a heavy fire; but when certain of success, the two first cotnpanies took a sudden turn, and sallying out from a point of the hill, fell furiously on their right flank. The Indians, although disappointed, resolutely resisted; but on the second charge they fled. As they ran, the two companies which had been ordered to support the first rose from ambuscade and gave them their full fire; the four companies then united and pressed the Indians until they were totally dispersed. In the Centennial Year. 21 Although the Indians, stricken with terror at this defeat, abandoned their haunts east of the Muskingum, it was only to prepare themselves for a renewal of hostilities the succeeding spring, the result of which was the gathering again of troops at Fort Pitt, in the autumn of 1764, for the expedition of Colonel Boquet against the Delawares, Shawnees, Mingoes, Mohicans and other nations in Ohio, between the Ohio river and the lakes. This expedition departed from Fort Pitt on the 3d of October. Their course was along the level ground which is now the First and Sixth wards of Allegheny to the narrows, and then along the beach to Beaver creek, and thence to Tuscarawas, near the forks of the Muskingum. This expedition resulted in compelling the tribes against whom it was sent to relinquish all their prisoners, who were first brought to Fort Pitt, and thence taken to Carlisle. In the spring of 1765, Fort Pitt was again the scene of a grand Indian con- ference with Geo. Croghan, Esq., Deputy Agent for Indian affairs. On the 9th of May of that year the chiefs of the Shawnees, Delawares, Senecas, Munsies and Sandusky Indians, accompanied by five hundred warriors, beside their women and children, assembled at the fort. On April 26, 1768, the principal chiefs and warriors of the Six Nations Delawares, Shawnees, Munsies and Mohicans, to the number of 1,103, beside their women and children, once more assembled at Fort Pitt to confer with Col. Croghan. On October 19, 1770, Washington again visited Fort Pitt, on a tour down the Ohio, for the purpose of viewing lands to be appropriated among the officers and soldiers who served in the French war; and on the 21st of November, he was again at Fort Pitt on his return home, and spent all of the 22d of November there. For a period after this there was a cessation of prominent military events in and around Fort Pitt ; in fact, Indian hostilities had almost entirely ceased, and the peace lasted until 1774, when the Indian war called Lord Dunmore's war began. Although Fort Pitt was at this date, more or less, a point of supply and rendezvous, yet no marked event occurred there.* In 1778, a small force of regular troops under Gen'l Mcintosh, sent by the general government for the defence of the western frontier, rendezvoused at Pitts- burgh. The general with a small body of men, composed partly of regulars and partly of militia, descended the Ohio from Fort Pitt to the mouth of Beaver creek, and built Fort Mcintosh, on the present site of the town of Beaver. *It was during this year that Lord Dunmore, Governor of Virginia, set up the pretension that the Western boundary of Pennsylvania did not include Pittsburgh and the Monongahela river. He took possession of Fort Pitt by his agent, Dr. Connell}', on the withdrawal of the royal troops by order of Gen'l Gage. The fort seems to have been in a dismantled condition at this time, as in a letter written by Pevereux Smith, at Pittsburgh, June 10, 1776, describing the acts of Connelly, is this sen- tence : "Connelly has embodied upwards of one hundred men, and will Jiave this fort in good order in a short time.'''' At this same time a deputation of the Six Nations had a conference with this Dr. Connelly, as Lord Dunmore's representative, in respect to the murders committed by Cresap and Greathouse, which led to the war of 1774. 22 Pittsburgh and Allegheny On the 27th of November, 1792. Pittsburgh witnessed the departure of Gen'l Wayne's — Mad. Anthony — expedition to the North-west territory. All through the previous summer Fort Pitt had been a camp of instruction. Gen'l Wayne using energetic measures to put his troops in the best possible discipline for eflScient services. After leaving Fort Pitt, Gen'l Wayne encamped for the winter at a point seven miles above the mouth of Beaver river. This place was strongly fortified, and called Legionville. The result of Wayne's expedition belongs to the military history of the North-western territory rather than Pittsburgh, which was simply the point of organization of the troops. After this the Indian conferences, with all their panoramic parade in and around Fort Pitt, entirely ceased. In the years 1Y91-4 Pittsburgh was the scene of the celebrated Whisky Insur- rection. In 1756 the Province of Pennsylvania laid an excise on whisky to sus- tain its credit. This law was to continue ten years. During the revolution the law was generally evaded in the west; but when the debts of the revolution began to press upon the State, a more vigilant enforcement of the lavr was at- tempted. Opposition at once arose, and liberty poles were erected in the western counties. The settlers of those localities, descended from the people of North Britain and Ireland, had many of them brought their hatred of an excise man from the old country. In that day drinking whisky was as common and honora- ble as eating bread. The cause of the American Revolution had been an excise law, and the people supposed they were only following the example whose re- sults they had lately fought out. The State law was repealed; but Congress in 1791 passed an act laying four pence per gallon on all distilled spirits. The pass- age of the act was opposed by representatives from the western counties of Penn- sylvania, among whom was Albert Gallatin, representing Fayette county, who with others on their return openly and loudly disapproved of the law. The first pub- lic meeting in opposition was held at Redstone Old Fort, (now Brownsville,) on July 27, 1791. On September 7 delegates from the four counties met at Pitts- burgh and passed resolutions against the law. On the 6th of September a party waylaid a collector for Allegheny and Washington, and tarred and feathered him. In October a person of weak intellect, named Wilson, who affected to be an excise man, was tarred and feathered and burned with hot irons. On the 15th of Sep- tember the President issued a proclamation enjoining all persons to submit to the law and desist from unlawful proceedings. In April, 1793, a party in disguise at- tacked at night the house of Benj. Wells, a collector of Fayette county. On the 22d of November they again attacked his house and compelled him to surrender his commission and books, and to resign his office. In July, 1794, many other out- rages were committed, houses and stills burned. Also in June several serious riots occurred, in which collectors of excise were maltreated in various ways. During these turmoils a term had come into popular use, to designate the opponents to the excise laws, who were called Tom Tinkers men. The first application of the term is stated to have originated at the destruction of a In the Centennial Year, 23 still, which was cut to pieces. This was humorously called mending the still, :and the menders must of course be tinkers, and thus Tom Tinker's men. Al- though Congress, in June, 1794, amended the law, it still remained odious, as it was a repeal of the act that was demanded. The people had for years, in much peril from Indians, cultivated their lands, and when, bv their great exertions, more grain Avas raised than they needed for food, they were met with a law restraining them from using the surplus as they thought best, and they therefore regarded the tax as would be one now on lard, or pork, or flour. The conse- <[uence was that the disturbances still increased, and on the 16th of July the house of Gen'l Xeville, seven miles south-west of Pittsburgh, was attacked and burned, several persons being killed and wounded. Various meetings of the insurgents were held at different places, and in July, 1794, a large number of men assembled at Braddocks, many in organized companies, under arms, for the purpose of attacking Pittsburgh. The insurrectionary feeling had now reached its heighth. A word in favor of the law was ruin to any one. On the contrary, to talk against the law was the way to office and personal popularity and profit. At the assemblage at Braddocks, when it was proposed by David Bradford, who was the most prominent leader, that the troops should go on to Pittsburgh, Hugh M. Breckenridge, who had joined the movement to control, and, if possi- ble, quell it by diplomacy, and in whose writings a full account of the whole matter is to be found, said: -'Yes, by all means, at least give proof that the strictest order can be maintained, and no damage done. "We will just march through the town and take a turn, come out on the plain on the banks of the Monongahela, and after taking a little whisky with the inhabitants, the troops will embark and cross the river." This was accomplished, and no damage but the burning of one barn done. "The people," says Mr. Breckenridge, ''were mad. It never came into my head to use force on the occasion; I thought it safest to give good words and good drink on the occasion rather than powder and balls. It cost me four barrels of good whisky that day, and I would rather ^pare that than a quart of blood.'" On the 14th of Aurust a meetino: of 260 delegates was held at Parkinson O o o !Perry, now Monongahela city. Albert Gallatin and H. M. Breckenridge both took prominent part ia the discussion, and the treasonable plans of Bradford were softened down and explained away: the original force of the insurrection was condensed down to a committee of 60, which was to be represented by an •executive committee of 12, who were to confer with the U. S. Commissioners. To gain time, and thus restore quietness, was the object of Mr. Gallatin and his -friends. The Commissioners proposed an amnesty, which, at a meeting held at Redstone Fort, August 23, was accepted through the arguments of ^Ir. Gallatin .and Mr. Breckenridge. This meeting virtually ended the insurrection, although there were enough malcontents left to render it necessary, in the opinion of the President, to send an army of 15,000 men to Pittsburgh, under General Lee, •The army arrived in Pittsburgh in November, but met with no opposition, nor 24 Pittsburgh and Allegheny was any blood shed. The army soon returned to their homes; Gren'l Daniel Morgan being left with a few battalions to maintain quiet during the winter, and in the spring, order being fully restored, those were withdrawn. With the war of 1812, Pittsburgh again entered into the military services of" the country. The equipments for the fleet of Perry upon Lake Erie, was, in a great measure, furnished from Pittsburgh ; a portion of the cannon being cast at Pittsburgh, and the cordage furnished from rope works then in existence at this point. A company of volunteers under Oapt. James Butler, called the Pitts- burgh Blues, served in the campaign under Genl Harrison, and were included in the detachment of six hundred men who were ordered by Gen'l Harrison, on the 25th of November, 1812, to march from his headquarters and destroy the Indian towns on the Misslssinewa river ; at the battle there fought, John Francis- was killed, and Elliott, Dodd, Read, and Chess were wounded. They also partici- pated in the siege of Ft. Meigs, where Newman and Richardson were killed, and Willock, Ross, Williams, Dobbins, and Wahrendoff wounded. They were also part of the small force of two hundred men, with which Major George Groghan so brilliantly defended Fort Stephenson, against Gen'l Proctor and five hundred: English troops, and eight hundred Indians. Of the services of the Pittsburgh Blues at this brilliant defence there is recorded, that, the enemy concentrating the fire of all their guns on the northwest angle of the fort. Major Groghan sup- posed that when the British attempted to storm the fort, the attack would be- at that angle. ''Seeing this, he ordered Sergeant Weaver and six privates of the Pittsburgh Blues to place there bags of sand and flour. This was done so effectually, that that angle received no material damage from the ene- my's gujis." Maj. Groghan had but one cannon in the fort, a six pounder; this^ he had placed in such a position as to rake the ditch in case the enemy attempted to scale the walls at that point. This only cannon was given in charge of~ Sergeant Weaver and his six men to handle. When late in the evening of the 2d of August, -the British storming column attacked the fort, Sergeant Weaver and his six Pittsburgh ers opened the masked port hole at which they stood around their six pounder, and the piece was discharged at the assailants, then only thirty feet distant. Death and desolation filled the ditch around the works- into which the attacking force had leaped in their charge. Fifty were instantly killed and wounded, and the scaling column fled in dismay, nor did they re- new the attack ; and at three o'clock that night Proctor and his men retreated. Another incident illustrative of the material of this company is pardonable here... The person narrating it, says : ''I had been in attendance on Gapt. Butler, lying sick in one of the block houses of Fort Meigs during its siege, and starting out one morning to procure some breakfast, saw Sergeant Trovillo cooking coffee over some coals. I told him my errand, and he told me to wait a few minutes: and he would divide his coffee with me. I took a seat, and in a moment or twa • afterwards heard the peculiar singing of an Indian rifle ball, that entered the ground a short distance from where we were sitting. Hurrah! says I; Ser-^ In the Centennial Year, 25 geant, what does that mean? He pointed to a tree at a considerable distance from the pickets, where I observed an Indian perched on one of the branches. He said, with great, good humor : ' That rascal, George, has been firing at me ever since I commenced cooking mj breakfast.' I swallowed my tin-cup of coffee pretty expeditiously ; during which, however, I think, he fired once or twice, and told Trovillo I was not going to remain a target for the yellow skins." The steamboat '^ Enterprise/' the fourth one that navigated the western waters,, took from Pittsburgh some of the cannon and other munitions of war used at the battle of New Orleans ; and it is said, by her timely arrival aided greatly in the success of that contest. The Mexican war of 1846 found Pittsburgh again making a record in the military movements of that day, and being, as in all previous wars, an import- ant point of rendezvous for troops, and supply point for munitions of war. In the marches and battles of that war Pittsburgh was well represented. Among the troops from Pennsylvania and Pittsburgh were the old Pittsburgh^ Blues, of the war of 1812, who had preserved their organization from that time. The Duquesne Greys were also among those who fought in Mexico. This com- pany, with others, garrisoned the City of Puebla, under the command of Col. Samuel W. Black,^ and sustained a siege by the Mexican forces of several weeks duration; the story of which is briefly told in the following verses, which were published in the '■'' Pittshurgh American^''^ on the day of the return of the Pitts- burgh troops, at the close of the war. Where the pleasant southern breezes Kist Puebla's towers gray. Ten to one the wily Mexique, With the leaguers patience lay. Ten to one, encamped for weeks Round Puebla's towers grey. One to ten was all we numbered On Puebla's towers gray, Through the dark and chilling night. Through the long and burning day, One to ten we kept the ramparts Of Puebla's towers grey. Shame ! upon the Mexique eagle, By Puebla's towers gray. One to ten alone opposing. Ten to one they fled away. Ah ! 'twas Black's brave Pennsylvanians Held Puebla's towers gray. *This gallant soldier was one of those brave spirits who gave his life for the preservation of th&- Union. He fell at the battle of Fair Oaks. Brave, impetuous and talented, the following speecli* 26 Pittsburgh and Allegheny With the outbreak of the rebellion Pittsburgh once more became the scene of military movements, a partaker in military action, and an arsenal for the con- struction and supply of munitions of war. During the entire period in which the contest was continued Pittsburgh was the gate-way through which passed the most of the troops in their movements from the West to the East, and the East to the West. Early in the war a '^Subsistence Committee'' was established, for the purpose of furnishing a meal to all troops passing through the city. This sub- sistence committee dined its first regiment on the 28th of July, 1861, and from that period until the close of the war, by night as well as by day, no body of troops passed through the city without partaking of a dinner, supper, breakfast, or midnight lunch, or being invited to. The movement was purely a voluntary one, and sustained by voluntary personal contributions. It was organized August, 1861, and finally dissolved January, 1866. During the period of its organization there was fed 409,745 soldiers, in addition to which 79,460 sick and wounded soldiers were nursed and provided for in the Soldiers' Home. The announcement of the firing upon Fort Sumter created at once a (lecided movement in Pittsburgh ; a committee called '' The Committee of Public Safety of Allegheny County" was formed, the executive committee of which, for several .months, sat in constant session day and night. The close proximity of Pittsburgh to the border line of the seceding States, necessarily brought it at once into the vortex of the active movements of the hour; while her admirable supply of so many of the crude materials from whence munitions of war are formed, and her facilities for manufacturing, con- verted her workshops into so many divisions of a huge arsenal, in which nearly all the equipments of troops and implements of offence and defence were made. Por quite the entire period of the war, Pittsburgh was literally a camp and an arsenal. Her foundries, her rolling mills, her tanneries, her harness and saddle factories, her clothing manufactories, her wagon factories, were all active with the production of shot and shell, of cannon, of armor plates, of wagons, of artillery harness and infantry and cavalry accoutrements, and other munitions of warfare. But few hours of the day or night were without the passage of bodies of troops, or was the roll of the drum silent. Her streets were literally a war path. While yet the clouds of the rebellion were gathering and muttering with sup- pressed thunders in the south, and before the firing upon Fort Sumter, one event marked in Pittsburgh the temper of the people of the city, and sounded the key- note of the grand hymn of loyalty that for five years after kept sounding, clear and strong, under defeat as well as in success, through all the loyal States. made on the 15tli of May, 1861, at Omaha, while welcoming his successor to the Governorship of Nebraska, is marked with his characteristics : **0n to-morrow," said he, "I shall start for Pennsyl- vania, to stand there as here, very close to the flag she follows. I think I shall recognize it as the same that has always waved over her strong and brave battalions. It is a goodly flag to follow and xarries a daily beauty in its folds that makes all others ugly." , In the Centennial Year. 27 A few days previous to the 26th of December, 1860, an order came from Floyd the Secretary of War, to ship on that day one hundred and fifty pieces of cannon, lying at the Allegheny Arsenal, to New Orleans, under pretext that they were wanted for mounting on Ship Island, in the Gulf of Mexico, on which some for- tifications had been begun. The intelligence of this order having gotten abroad, spread rapidly among the people. The Dispatch of December 25, commenting mpon this news, says : ''Will our people submit to this? Our citizens of all parties as a unit de- nounce the movement, and prominent democrats, leading Breckenridge men, have telegraphed to Washington to have the order revoked. * -x- -x- * * The people of Allegheny county should see that the cannon purchased by the national treasure are not conveyed to the far South, and they need not barricade Penn and Liberty streets to prevent it. Let them decide that no cannon shall be shipped till Charleston Arsenal is in possession of the Federal Government and Fort Moultrie reinforced, and none will be." The italics and capitals are as originally printed in the article, which con- oludes with the following significant paragraph : "Arrangements were making on Monday to have some of these guns taken to the wharf. We suppose some one will tap the fire bells on the route on their making their appearance on Penn and Liberty streets, that our people may wit- ness their removal." Another article in the same paper concludes with, " Our people are a unit that not a gun shall be shipped South," These extracts reflect the intense feel- ing that prevailed in the community. The commander of the "Silver Wave," on which steamboat the guns were to be shipped, was notified that if he took the cannon on board his vessel she would never pass the limits of the harbor, but would be sunk. Steps were taken to have some pieces of cannon mounted op- posite Brunot's island, on the Allegheny side, to effect that purpose as the boat should pass. The commander of the arsenal was called upon by a committee and requested to desist from obeying the order, on the ground that it had its origin under circumstances which contemplated treasonable results. The officer in charge of the arsenal could only suggest that a rescinding of the order be ob- tained from Washington. In the mean time an informal meeting had been held on the afternoon of the 25th a.t the Mayor's office, to take action in the matter. The tone of this meeting is presented in the following extract which we quote from the Dispatch of the 26th. "While there is a very decided opposition to any interference with the trans- portation of the guns to the river, until after we have heard from Washington, and all remonstrance fails, it was equally as decided against allowing their re- moval from the city should the orders from Washington not be countermanded." Another article says : " The proposed removal of cannon from the arsenal was the all absorbing topic of conversation (that day) ; and judging from the feeling, almost universally expressed, we do not doubt that the officers in command will meet with a determined resistance should they attempt to execute the order of the Secretary of War." 28 Pittsburgh and Allegheny Edwin M. Stanton had at this time become, as Attorney General, a member of Buchanan's cabinet, and to him a committee of citizens applied to obtain a countermanding of the order. A dispatch was also sent to the President froni influential citizens, stating : ^' They would not be responsible for the conse- quences if the order was not countermanded." A public meeting was called for Thursday the 30th, to take action in the mat- ter, and hear the report of the committees which had been appointed at the previ- ous meetings. It was while this meeting was in session that a detachment of troops, in charge of a number of guns, moved from the arsenal to transport thems to the wharf for shipment on the ^' Silver Wave." Secretary Stanton had replied that there was no knowledge of the order at the department; but no reply had yet been received from the government to the telegraph of the committee. A tele- gram had just been read to the meeting, announcing that Col. Anderson had withdrawn from Fort Moultrie to Fort Sumter, when the guns and their escort reached Liberty street, near Wood. The excitement became intense, and most determined expressions of intention to stop the further progress of- the guns^ were made. The position was one of great moment. There was no doubt that the order of Floyd to ship the guns was given with the intention of having this large amount of ordnance pass into the hands of the rebels. To allow the guns to» be shipped was to furnish the avowed enemies of the Union with a valuable supply of artillery. As yet, it was construed, no overt act had been committed by the South. To have, by force of arms, resisted a government officer in the carrying out the order of the Secretary of War, was, under the circumstances, to- organize armed resistance to the Federal government. Although no proclama- tion on the part of the government declared that the South was in rebellion^ yet all acts of the Southern States were so plainly evidences of preconcerted re- bellion, that the public mind failed to draw the nice distinctions of law, an(i looked upon the well avowed intention as the fact. Presuming rebellion al- ready existed from the hostile position and acts of the South, it seemed incredi- ble that the government should be shipping cannon where they would be used against it, unless the government was already part of the threatened rebellioD of the South against the North. If it were, it was clear the guns must not leave the city. If it were not, it was, beyond doubt, that treasonable motives were concealed in the order ; which it was equally the duty of loyal citizens to ap- prehend. Yet, to stop the shipping of the guns was to be guilty of actuall resistance by loyal people to a government loyal to them, which the people were even then preparing to sustain with life and treasure. It was an hour of great and painful uncertainty, calling for coolness and moderation. It can well be imagined, how anxiously those who saw a duty on either hand, yet appreciated the difficulties of the position, counted the hours until such advice could be received from Washington as would decide the course to be taken. In the Centennial Year, 29 Through the exertions of influential citizens, the troops were halted on Wood street, so that time might be gained in which to obtain the communica- tion so much hoped for from the government. The line of guns and their escort extended from Virgin alley to Diamond alley, Fifth avenue being in the centre, at the upper end of which, less than nine liundred feet distant, around the Court House, were gathered excited masses de- termined the cannon should not leave the city, but restrained from actual move- ment by the red tape of speeches, committees on resolutions, and like delays. The situation was not unlike that previous to the throwing overboard of the tea in Boston harbor, at the outbreak of the revolution. There the citizens had, on the evening of the day on which the event occurred, gathered at Faneuil hall to ;await the answer of the English Governor to a committee, who had gone to re- quest that the vessels holding the tea might have a re-clearance and be allowed to sail without landing their cargoes. Pending the return of the committee, the meeting was addressed by the speakers present, — when a message from the com- mittee was received, saying that the Governor had refused to allow the ships to clear, Samuel Adams arose and said, ''all has now been done that can be to preserve the peace," upon which the Indian war whoop was raised, and the fa- mous body af Mohawks issuing from the hall, proceeded to the ships and began throwing over the tea. Here, at Pittsburgh, the message had gone to Washing- ton requesting the rescinding of the order shipping the cannon. Awaiting the reply the citizens were gathered in public meeting, and their speakers — by ad- dresses — were holding the people. Two squares distant the cannon, under guard of U. S. soldiers, were halted until that reply could be had. The situation was quite twin with that at Faneuil hall. Happily, Edwin M. Stanton was the loy- alj decided, prompt man he ever proved in all the country's emergencies, and such assurances came from him as enabled the committee to so report as allayed the excitement of the people, although the order countermanding the shipment of the cannon did not arrive for three or four days. Those who had comprehended the danger and embarrassment of the position •drew a longer breath as the meeting quietly dispersed. The troops conveyed the cannon then in charge to the wharf; no more were hauled, and in a few- days Floyd's order was countermanded. What would have been the result had not the order been revoked it is not necessary even to conjecture; but the day, and the hour, will not easily be forgotten by those who were active in procuring such action as prevented a collision between government troops, and a loyal peo- ple, determined to prevent, even at the risk apparent, a suicidal action on the p-art of the government. It was the first decided action anywhere in the country against the rebeMion It was the first decided expression of the loyal North. The movement was in the hands of men fully as patriotic and determined as Adams and his co-adju- tors, and the public feeling, while awaiting the countermanding of the order, 30 Pittsburgh and Allegheny was quite as intense as that which pervaded Faneuil hall. It will also not fail tO' be seen how the same desire to do all that ''could be done to preserve the peace," pervaded the action taken, and the same determination to do that which was a clear point of principle and duty, in event of a refusal to accede tO' their requests. The similarity of the situations is strongly apparent. " It is* in keeping here to mention that a company of forty Pittsburghers, under the* command of Capt. Robt. McDowell, who marched across the country from Harris- burg, were the first body of volunteer soldiers to arrive at Washington ; they reported to Secretary Stanton, then Secretary of War, for assignment to duty in" six days after the attack on Sumter. It is also proper here to mention what has- been known to but three or four persons, that the first Union victory was won with ammunition furnished from Pittsburgh, by the decision and nerve of two» of her prominent citizens. A body of West Virginia troops under Col. Kelley had been armed with muskets furnished by Governor Andrews, of Massachusetts,. but were unsupplied with powder or ball. With the ammunition furnished thems from Pittsburgh the battle of Phillippi was fought and won, being tha first suc- cess obtained by Union troops. The news of the firing upon Fort Sumter, as before stated, created a decided movement in Pittsburgh. An immense mass meeting was held in City Hall, on Monday, April 15th, 1861, at which the following resolutions, prepared by John W. Riddell, the City Solicitor, were read by Thos. J. Bigham, and unanimously^ adopted : Whereas, The national government is now seriously menaced by traitors in arms, who have defied its just authority, raised the standard of revolt, and by hostile acts of war disturbed the public tranquility, and endangered the public peace ; and Whereas, In an exigency like the present, it is the duty of all loyal and patri- otic American citizens, casting aside the trammels of party, to aid the consti- tuted authorities in maintaining inviolate the supremacy of the constitution and the laws, therefore Resolved, By the people of Allegheny county in general mass meeting assem- bled, that we deem the present a fit occasion to renew our obligations of undy- ing fealty to that government and that union which we have been taught to regard and revere as the palladium of our liberties at home and our honor abroad; and in their defence and support, by whomsoever assailed, we will en- deavor to prove ourselves worthy sons of patriotic sires. Resolved, That we especially approve of the course of the Legislature and executive branches of our State government, in promptly responding to the call of the President of the United States for men and means to sustain and pro- tect the Nation-al Government at this crisis in its history, and that Allegheny county will contribute her full quota of both to vindicate its authority. Resolved, That discarding all political or partizan considerations in this hour of our country's danger, we mutually pledge to each other as American citi- zens/or the common defence, our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honors. Resolved, That a committee of one hundred citizens be appointed by the chair as a Committee of Public Safety, to see that the patriot cause receives na detriment in this region, and to convene the people whenever in their judg- ment such a step is necessary." In the Centennial Year. 31 The Committee of Public Safety authorized in tlie last resolution was ap- pointed and announced in a couple of days thereafter; and a sub-committee^ consisting of Thomas Bakewell, Esq. and Hon. Thos. M. Howe, were appointed ta prepare an address. At the first organized meeting of the Committee of Public Safety, on the 2'7th of April, Hon. Thomas M. Howe presented and read from the sub-committee the following address, which he stated had been written by his' colleague, Thos. Bakewell Esq. To THE Citizens of Western Pennsylvania: Friends and Fellow Citizens: An unexpected emergency has arisen. That Constitution formed by the- wisdom of our forefathers, that liberty established by their labors, that indepen- dence sealed and sanctioned by their life blood, are menaced, not by the hostility of foreign enemies, but by the reckless ambition of domestic traitors and aspiring- demagogues, who have long partaken of the blessing of our free government^ and enjoyed their full proportion of its emoluments and privileges. Their unhallowed passions have plunged our beloved country into the horrors of a civil war, and have in some measure exposed our homes, our families, and our firesides, to the desecration a.nd ruin of hostile incursions. Under these alarm- ing circumstances this committee has been organized, not to supercede the- action of ordinary tribunals, not to interfere with the exercise of judicial power^ but to aid the constituted authorities of our land in the preservation of the public peace, the protection and support of those whose natural defenders may be absent on the call of patriotic duty; and if need be (which may God forbid) ^ to report for judicial action all persons who, false to every dictate of duty and patriotism, may secretly contribute that aid and comfort to the enemy which they will not dare publicly to acknowledge. Diversified as may be our business avocations, our national predeliction, our religious opinions, or our political sentiments, on this momentous subject we address you, not as farmers, or manufacturers, or merchants, or lawyers ; not as Irishmen, or G-ermans, as Englishmen, or Welshmen; not as Catholics or Protes- tants ; not as Democrats or Republicans ; but as citizens, as Americans and Penn- sylvanians ; and as such we call upon you to unite as one man in the support of those glorious institutions under which our country has attained a growth and prosperity unequalled in the past history of the world. Let your young men advance to meet the threatening invaders, your old citizens organize for the defence of their domestic hearths. Let ample provision be made for the support of the families of those patriots who may leave home and its pleasures for the stern duties of the tented field. Let a spirit of mutual forbearance and charity prevail. Losing sight of all minor differences in the great object of our country's salvation, and above all, relying on the justice of our cause, let us unite in the determination to transmit to posterity the inestimable blessing of liberty received from our ancestors, in calm yet earnest dependence upon the support and approval of Him who rules the nations with His rod, and without whose notice not a sparrow falls to the ground. The hand that penned this admirable appeal has for years been dust. Liv- ing to see transmitted 'Ho posterity the inestimable blessing of liberty received from our ancestors," he bore his share in the labors and sacrifices of the hour^ in the same spirit that prompted the words of the address. 32 Pittsburgh and Allegheny Among the recommendations acted upon at this first meeting was the follow- ing, from a committee on organization of Home Guards, made in accordance with the suggestion contained in the address just quoted, the committee say: "It is proposed that this organization shall be the nucleus of future recruits for the public active service of the country." Under this organization, by May 2d, in less than three weeks time, sixty-four i i r^ i, xi_- • r Maj. Gen'l Brooks left here this morning for Pittsburgh to take command of the Department of the Monongahela. He is an able and resolute officer, but will need all the assistance you and your people can give. I wish you would go on his staff. The latest intelligence indicates that you have no time to lose in organizing and preparing for defense. All the In the Centennial Year, 39 •field artillery on hand at Watertown has been sent by express to Pittsburgh. Whatever aid can be given here you shall have. Edwin M. Stanton. Had the city been taken by the rebels, the result of the contest for the pre- servation of the Union might have been different. The East and the West would have been severed. Pittsburgh's position is one that admitted of being strongly fortified, and an area enclosed that would amply support a large body of troops; while the facil- ities the Ohio river gave for fitting out armed flotillas commanded the western waters. Only about one hundred miles from the Lakes, with a railroad thereto, admirable opportunities for supplies from England through Canada would have been open. But sixty miles from the Virginia line as the base of supplies from their own territories, with railroad and water transportation a portion of the dis- tance, it would have required large forces and severe fighting to have broken the barrier that would then have been erected between the West and the East. The loyal North would thus have been cut in two, with a result it is easy to conceive, though diflacult to depict, in the happy failure of the plans of the rebels. This is not the place to present the strategetical importance of Pittsburgh. There can be no doubt that the government felt the importance of the preservation of Pittsburgh ; and it is more than probable, that the action of fortifying the city detained the body of cavalry detailed for its capture, until too late to accomp- lish their purpose. Had it been captured, there is but little doubt, the rebels would have endeavored to have held the city. Its admirable facilities for the manufacture of munitions oi war : the opportunities of receiving supplies from Canada j its capabilty of being strongly fortified ; a capability so great, that a Commissioner of U. S. Engineers, wuo made an examination on this point in June, 1861, pronounced it the strongest position they knew in the country; its strategetical power as severing ibe West and the East, and thus rendering diffi- cult the movement of troops between the two sections, would all have made it important for the Confederates to nave held the city if possible ; and succeeding therein, caused, perhaps, a different ending of the civil war. The fortifying of Pittsburgh was by many looked upon as a ''Scare," and many of her own citizens have been accustomed to so pronounce it. If it was a scare, it was participated in by the government from a knowledge of the importance of the pLicc as a military supply point, as well as the gate between the East and the West, through which the military intercourse of the two sec- tions was maintained, and supplies and armies received and distributed. It was a scare on the part of those who knew the intentions of the rebels, and of a few who were aware that the fall preceding the outbreak of the war, a most thor- ough military and engineering reconnoissance was made, with ulterior objects, by a person in the interests of the Confederates, and that at the time of the -advance of Lee's army into Pennsylvania, this reconnoissance, with a map showing all the details of the topography of Pittsburgh, was in the hands of 'the Confederate government. 40 Pittsburgh and Allegheny Throughout the war Pittsburgh continued to furnish soldiers^ to nurse the sick and wounded, supply the camps, and manufacture munitions of naval and land warfare. In the chapter allotted to the consideration of Pittsburgh as a naval and military arsenal, those manufactures are more fully spoken of, and the brief index here made of Pittsburgh's military record is closed, feeling that,, perhaps as it is, too much of detail has crept in, yet satisfied that less were not suflBcient to fill the requirements of the title of the chapter, In the Centennial Year, 41 CHAPTER III. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION From the time the white man first set foot in the western valleys, the geo- graphical position of Pittsburgh has rendered it a marked point; and until the war of the Revolution severed it from any claim of ownership by European pow- ers, its site was a subject of contention between England and France, and was regarded by the statesmen of those nations as an important position. Pittsburgh is situated in latitude 40° 35^ north, longitude 89° 38^ west, and occupies the position of a western capital of Pennsylvania. Located at the head waters of the Ohio, at the junction of the Mononga- hela and Allegheny rivers, she commands an inland navigation of many thou- sands of miles. Pittsburgh combines more geographical advantages of position than any in- land city or town in the United States. Distant only from 300 to 400 miles from three of the most important seaboard cities of the Union, and but a summer day's ride from either, for the purposes of exportation or importation she possesses many of the advantages of the cities lying immediately upon the sea coast. About 150 miles from the great chain of inland seas, to whose shores access is had in a few hours ride, she partakes of the advantages of the Lake cities for intercourse with the Canadas ; and for outlet through the lake route to the ocean ; while by her rivers she commands another and an easy access to the ocean and foreign nations. Thus having the choice of three avenues whereby she may ex- port beyond the borders of the United States her manufactures, or receive the products of other countries. Situated in the heart of the bituminous coal formation of the Appalachian field, and equally advantageously located as to the deposits of iron ore, her geo- graphical relations to the staple materials of Pennsylvania, as well as of the Union, are unequaled. Her location to the whole extent of country bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east, the Gulf of Mexico on the south, the Mississippi river on the west, and the Lakes upon the north, is so nearly central, that when yiewed with reference to her natural means of intercourse with the States within those boundaries, she stands in the position of a geographical centre. Describing upon an accurately proportioned map of the United States a circle, with a radius of 400 miles from Pittsburgh, it embraces therein the following States entire, and in parts : Pennsylvania, New York, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Delaware, New Jersey, Maryland, Virginia, Ohio, North Carolina, Tenne- see, Kentucky, Indiana, Michigan, Canada West, part of Illinois, and the north- ern portion of South Carolina. This circle embraces every variety of climate, and nearly, if not quite all, the staples of the various sections of the Union; for 42 Pittsburgh and Allegheny the products, and the business of which, Pittsburgh, as the centre of the circle, reaches but 400 miles on either hand. As a geographical centre of such an available business territory, it is not without interest to note the increase in the wealth of the portion of this territory embraced in the Ohio valley, only, in the past twenty years. In 1850 the valua- ation of property, real and personal, of the seven Ohio States was $2,089,002,652. In 1870 the census states it at |10, 726, 839, 301, or an increase of over five hundred per cent. Under the same ratios the valuation of the same species of properties will be in 1890, only fourteen years from now, over thirty-two thousand million \ this is allowing the increase from 1870 to 1880 to be the same as from 1860 to 1870, and from 1880 to 1890, only one-half. To this immense aggregation of wealth the geographical position of Pittsburgh is one of control, if only ordinary- business activities are used to maintain markets, and hold trade. In the same period the property of the sea coast States, real and personal, would, under the same ratios, be thirty thousand million. As before stated, to the most of those States, as to those of the Ohio valley, Pittsburgh stands as a geo- graphical centre. By that same geographical position, Pittsburgh holds a grasp upon the products and wants of the Mississippi valley States, as well ; which showing by the census of 1870, a valuation of personal and real properties, of nearly four thousand million of dollars, notwithstanding the losses consequent on the civil war, and an increase, notwithstanding, of quite fifty per cent, over the Taluation of 1860, which in 1890, under the same ratios of increase should not Tdc less than eight thousand million of dollars. Within the four hundred miles of reach on either hand from the centre of her circle, will be accumulated in fourteen years from now quite seventy thousand million of dollars of real and personal property. And allowing, as before stated, the increase from 1870 to 1880 to be as from 1860 to 1870, and from 1880 to 1890, one-half that ratio, what opportunities for business ; what room of enterprise ; what probabilities for the accumulation of wealth does not the geographical position of Pittsburgh to these riches suggest to capital, the enterprising man of business and the skillful mechanic, seeking location for the employment of their respective business forces ; for to this extent of country the manufacturing advantages that Pittsburgh and its neighborhood possess must always prove a magnet, attracting business and population. Beyond her qualities as a manufacturing community, Pittsburgh possesses another attractive feature — she is the gateway of the West. From her situation at the head of the Ohio, such articles as have a preference for water carriage, either on account of demanding low freights, or from a desirability to be but little handled, will pass through, Pittsburgh to reach such a channel for distribution throughout the West. This will be of yet greater power in increasing the population of Pittsburgh, its business and its wealth, in the future than in the past, presenting another consideration to the man of capital, the active, enterprising, far-seeing business man, and the skillful, ambitious mechanic, to locate at Pittsburgh. In the Centennial Year, 43 In years past the use of the Ohio as a transportation facility has been limited by the occurrence of seasons when low water interrupted the continuous use of the river, and deprived it of the force of a daily reliable facility for transporta- tion. The improving of the navigation of the Ohio has, in the past three years, been strongly pressed upon Congress by a Board of Commissioners for the seven Ohio river States. A plan for its radical improvement has been adopted by the United States engineers, and an appropriation made by government to begin the construction of the first adjustable dam. By a series of these dams it is proposed to secure the desideratum of never less than six feet of water at all seasons, insuring a continuous daily navigation of the Ohio by boats carrying a thousand tons and upwards. The increasing demand for cheap transportation, and in fact all transportation arising out of the multiplying wants of the growing populations of the various sections of the nation, must at an early day cause the Ohio to be made as fully available for transportation as it is possible by engineering skill to render it. How greatly that will strengthen the already strong geographical position of Pittsburgh is easily seen. Distant but twelve hours time by railroad travel from the great sea ports of Baltimore, Philadelphia and New York, and by the new route now projected, twenty hours to Boston, or a similar time via. Washington to Richmond, Pittsburgh holds the key to the commercial intercourse between the West and those ports. Situated at the head of such a great inland water highway, with its conse- quent powers of cheap carriage-, Pittsburgh must become a great produce centre and trans-shipment and distribution point, not only of the western products needed by the Atlantic States, but also of the importations from Europe or eastern products required by the West. Some few statistics will show how probable this is. The sixteen sea coast States even now depend on the West for two-thirds of their food, and the question of their supply assumes in the future under the increasing ratios of population an overwhelming magnitude. Cheap transpor- tation is therefore one of the provisions required for the future comfort and cheap sustenance of the people of those States. How distinctly the geographical position of products and consumers of food in the United States suggests the central route of the Ohio valley as the line of a cheap transportation facility, and the advantages of water for cheap carriage indicates the Ohio river as that facility. The position of Pittsburgh at the head of the Ohio, and her direct and short railroad routes to the Atlantic coast, tells in a word what, under the full use of that river as a cheap carrying power, the city must be. By the census ratios it appears, that in fifteen years the sixteen sea coast States will require one hundred and thirty-eight million bushels of wheat alone beyond what they produce per annum, or over three million tons. Grain can be carried on railroads for one and a half cents per ton per mile. On the Ohio river it can be carried for three mills per mile. Under these figures the one hundred and thirty-eight million bushels of wheat carried to Pittsburgh from St. Louis 44 Pittsburgh and Allegheny by rail, a distance of eight hundred miles, would cost for transportation thirty-six million eight hundred and forty thousand dollars; but, carried by river, a dis- tance of one thousand, one hundred miles, would cost only ten million, one hun- dred and thirty-one thousand dollars; a saving to the consumer in the Eastern States of nearly twenty-seven million of dollars in one year's expenditures for wheat alone. Without entering into the figures that all other supplies, whether brought from the West to the East or the East to the West, would create, it is evident that, as before observed, that under the increasing population of the country and its growing wants, the Ohio must at an early day be made as fully and comprehensively available for cheap transportation as it is possible for engi- neering skill to render it. What possibility, what probabilities of population, of business development, of increased values in real estate, does not this contain for Pittsburgh? Reaching by five distinct railroad routes the five principal sea coast cities, she figuratively lays her hand, of which the five railroads are the fingers, upon their produce trade ; while by eighteen thousand miles of river transpor- tation her boats can distribute from and gather at her wharves, at cheap rates, the interchanges arising from the wants and industries of millions of people. The geographical position of Pittsburgli has been of powerful influence in causing her growth ; it must still exert a power, which under the improvement of the Ohio river as briefly indicated, cannot be overestimated. Reaching through natural avenues of travel the following States and coun- ties by steamboats, without transhipment of goods, no one can, viewing in con- nection with our railway system these great river facilities, dispute to any extent the propriety of allowing to Pittsburgh the title of '^ The gateway of the West.'' By the Ohio river, from Pittsburgh to Cairo, touching every important point in West Virginia, Southern Ohio, Northern Kentucky, Southern Indiana, and Illinois. By the Mississippi, the towns and counties bordering upon that river in Louisiana, Mi&sissippi, Arkansas, Tennessee, Kentucky, Missouri, Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. By the Missouri river, Central Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, Decotah, and Montana. By the Arkansas and White rivers, Central, Southern, and Northern Arkansas. By the Red river. Central Louisiana. By the Wabash, Central Indiana. By the Tennessee, Western Tennessee, Kentucky and Northern Alabama. By the Cumberland, interior of Kentucky, and Northern counties of Tennessee. By the Big Black and Yazoo rivers, inland Mississippi. By the Minnesota, the interior of Minnesota. By the Illinois river, the interior of Illinois. By the Muskingum river, the interior of Ohio. By the Allegheny, the Northern portion of Pennsylvania, and the South-western of New York. By the Monongahela, South-western Pennsylvania and West Virginia. Thus reaching by river navigation eighteen States and two territories — not only the border counties thereof, but the interior of those States as well, — afford- ing unparalleled facilities for reaching from the 46th degree of northern latitude to the 30th; from the 1st degree to the 22d longitude west from Washington, embracing an area of 1,052,000 square miles of territory. In the Centennial Year, 45 Of this extent of countrj, the Ohio river passes along the borders of 6 States, watering the shores of 71 counties, viz: 2 in Pennsylvania, 12 in Virginia, 13 in Ohio, 25 in Kentucky, 14 in Indiana, and 5 in Illinois. The Mississippi traverses the boundaries of 10 States, and gives navigation to 95 counties, viz: 6 in Minnesota, 10 in Iowa, 8 in Wisconsin, 17 in Illinois, 14 in Missouri, 2 in Kentucky, 5 in Tennessee, 10 in Mississippi, 6 in Arkansas, and 17 in Louisiana. The Missouri washes the shores of 3 States, 24 counties in Missouri, 11 in Nebraska, and 6 in Kansas. The Tennessee gives water transportation to 3 States, and outlet to 14 counties, viz: 2 in Alabama, 6 in Tennessee, and 6 in Kentucky. The Cumberland affords Avater carriage through 2 States, and to 9 counties, viz : 6 in Tennessee and 3 in Kentucky. The Illinois and Kaskaskia give to 24 counties in Illinois navigation ; and the Wabash similar privilege to 6 counties in Indiana and 5 in Illinois. The Arkansas affords to 12 counties in that State a like advantage, and the Red river the same to 9 counties in Louisiana. The White river gives carriage by water to 9 counties in Arkansas and 5 in Missouri. The Yazoo, the Sun Flower and Big Black, afford to 11 counties in Mississippi travel by river communication. The Hatchee and Obion the same facilities to 6 counties in Tennessee. The Kentucky and Green rivers egress to the Ohio to 14 counties in Kentucky. The Osage and Maramec rivers, steamboat navigation to 8 counties in Missouri. The Platte river to 4 counties in Nebraska. The Des Moines and Iowa rivers give to 11 counties of Iowa access to the Mississippi by water; and the Wisconsin and Bock rivers the same facilities to 11 counties in Wisconsin. The Muskingum to 3 counties in Ohio. The Alle- gheny gives 2 States, and 8 counties in Pennsylvania and 1 in New York, commu- nication by water to market for their productions ; and the Monongahela similar Advantages to 2 States and 5 counties in Pennsylvania and 1 in Virginia — being 383 counties to which Pittsburgh has direct communication — forming portions, as before observed, of eighteen States and two territories, by the rivers named. In view of this unequaled river system, giving Pittsburgh thus direct access to the very hearts of eighteen of the finest States of the Union, can there be any doubt of the future of the Iron City as a commercial and shipping, as well as a manufacturing point. The contemplated improvement of the Ohio may be for a brief time delayed, but the very necessities of the country will force the expendi- ture of the money requisite to render this great highway of transportation all it can be made, and which its location to producing and consuming populations of the country indicate it must be. Not only will the constantly increasing wants of the people for cheap transportation require this, but the steadily growing bulks requiring transportation will render it necessary, and such improvement* of the navigation of all connecting rivers, as will make most available to those twenty States this system of inland navigation, without a parallel in any nation or in any country, whose value the following table shows : STATISTICS OF THE CENSUS OF 1870 Of the Principal Rivers Navigable from Pittsburgh to their Head Waters without Transportation of Freights. Elvers. Allegheny, i Arkansas, . Big Black, . CumberFd, | Des Moines, Green, . . Hatchee, . Illinois, . . Iowa, . . . Kaskaskia, Kentucky, Missouri, . Maremee, . . Monon'hela < Muskingum, Mississippi, Ohio, Osage, Obion, Platte, Red,. . Rock, . Sunflower, Tennesee, . Wabash, . < White, . . . Wisconsin, . Yazoo, . . . States Pa. N. Y. Ark. Miss. Tenn Kj. Iowa Ky. I Tenn I 111. ilowa |lll. Ky. Neb. Mo. Kan. Mo. Pa. W.V. Ohio Ark. Iowa 111. Ky. La. Mo. Miss. Tenn Wis. Minn Ind. 111. Ohio Ky. Pa. w.y. Mo. Tenn Neb. La. HI Miss. Ky. Tenn Ala. 111. Ind. Ark. Wis. Miss. Totals, Same territory, 1850 Increase in 20 years, Population. o- 8 505,999 1 43,909 12 117,159 4 79,028 6 142,181 3 32,712 1 147,819 1 94,820 4 68,890 18 404,650 4 73,371 6 138,501 7 73,730 11 72,480 24 790,678 6 11,925 3 35,081 4 216,373 1 13,547 3 105,858 6 42,889 10 280,214 17 438,545 2 14,914 17 366,637 14 182,269 10 129,482 5 118.234 8 126,468 6 115,129 14 252,124 5 46,017 13 693,571 25 424,845 2 298,342 12 130,557 5 42,243 2 29,290 4 11,413 9 111,664 5 147,455 1 14,569 6 66,568 6 78,652 2 23,097 5 70,828 6 120 960 9 72,111 6 168,295 6 58,736 377 7,834,908 4,600,426 3,234,582 Cash Value Per- sonal and Real Estate. Cash Value Farms. Cash Value Farm Products 466,559,891 134,109,995 19,189,794 20,620,578 22,914,176 5,224,297 46,717,249 11,915,701 9,737,231 17,217,641 8,460,130 7,675,788 99,594,035 2,984,353 7,320,624 8,615,440 4,154,292 2,389,414 70,172,314 42,408,488 12,088,227 76,553,755 15,207,468 6,563,663 27,523,662 9,994,930 6,213.823 294,109,666 171,352,947 35,847,671 44,559,300 28,774,948 8,029,545 94,719,512 42,624,517 12,526,686 31,156,717 21,119,829 5,656,039 38,759,779 18,873,549 5,450,525 781,580,770 161,705,310 38,122,565 38,997,189 13,964,477 4,588,272 15,458,520 7,464,692 2,022,517 175,442,325 119,031,064 13,776,920 4,445,727 4,724,358 1,161,916 52,476,159 34,250,070 6,738,055 22,303,582 5,699,945 4,834,456 171,893,476 88,114,903 24,695,042 307,910,775 167,216,820 42,141,477 5,755,571 3,172,584 1,410,622 249,194,823 31,266,079 20,963,613 121,178,520 46,883,095 13,207,193 44,092,210 22,620,138 16,686,602 61,242,891 17,594,456 18,752,485 71,922,260 28,299,010 10,058,448 73,436,276 27,630,190 10,272,324 151,372,179 57,449,434 13,282,795 17,410,560 5,573,869 2,265,663 565,135,553 143,896,281 27,478,685 262,330,888 80,762,422 21,027,194 389,246,865 60,646,521 • 6,502,355 67,395,785 27,964,932 5,888,622 17,100,000 7,127,978 2,196,192 10,055.882 4,388,101 3,092,877 9,473,733 2,557,727 4,489,543 22,394,847 11,256,425 11,440,665 9,747,797 60,915,264 14,276,561 6,191,200 6,002,270 3,818,040 20,165,447 8,187,035 1,588,080 18,564,598 7,800,849 4,469,930 6,745,207 1,884,223 1,488,678 36,390,528 17,972,443 5,309,294 87,950,086 56,711,788 8,528,248 25,719,823 - 6,084,961 6,659,337 111,748,770 52,461,314 15,362,820 37,893,421 16,523,247 14,342,529 5,408,292,792 1,953,519,698 522,833,759 601,312,416 218,992,007 1,352,207,272 303,841,752 Cash Value Farm Stock. 14,328,980 4,192,525 4,051,731 2,954,47e 5,234,56r 1,493,17& 9,638,004 4,126,972 2,650,037 25,509,535 6,090,578 6,333,922 4,312,076 3,781,176 26,794,071 2,837,86r 1,023,96a 10,937,032 71,260' 4,420,775 1,687,667 16,830,325 24,078,02a 663,784 5,099,870" 9,482,765 4,948,541 3,600,871 6,213,177 5,202,64r 7,928,265 1,113,369- 16,085,167 13,934,08^' 4,591,501 3,924,395 1,799,292 1,733,770 690,594- 3,521,096: 10,654,091 798,862 2,708,193". 3,149,334 810,013- 3,210,430 5,555,958: 2,541,125 8,451,978 4,006,599 316,498,908 87,413,443 In the Centennial Year, 47 CHAPTER IV. THE RAILWAY SYSTEM OF PITTSBURGH. By reference to a map it will be seen that the Pittsburgh Railway sys- tem is, taking into view the scope of its connections, one of great value. Seated midway between, as has been before observed, an empire of popula- tion on the East and an empire of people on the West, Pittsburgh's facility for railroad communication with the trade of either section by railway is direct^ comprehensive and well sustained. Eastwardly by the Pennsylvania Rail Road, to Philadelphia, it attaches to New York, and the North-east by the New Jersey Rail Roads, and to Baltimore and the south, by the Northern Central Rail Road, which connects with the Pennsylvania Rail Road at Harrisburg. The value of this communication with the great cities of New York, Phila- delphia and Baltimore, by such direct routes and in such brief time, needs na comment. At a time when the manufacturers of the United States are essaying^ and with success, to secure a share in the trade of foreign markets, for articles which England has sold heretofore, a direct connection with three such great sea ports within twelve hours time, acquires additional value in view of Pittsburgh's manufacturing ability. Nor must the fact be overlooked that Pittsburgh is the natural point of refining of that great staple oil which has attained already the third rank in our foreign exports, and of which the chief supply is from the two or three counties of Western Pennsylvania which lie just at Pittsburgh's door. North-eastwardly by the Allegheny Valley Rail Road, the great trunk lines of the lake routes are reached, and a second direct connection with New York obtained. South-eastwardly by the PiTTSBURan and Connellsville Rail Road, at pres- ent known as the Pittsburgh Division of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, a second direct connection, by the Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road, from Cumberland, to which point the Pittsburgh and Connellsville Rail Road reaches, is secur- ed with Baltimore. The value of a direct communication between Pittsburgh and so important a sea board city as Baltimore, need not be pointed out. It is of itself suggestive. Neither is it necessary to dwell upon the importance of the connection thus made with the southern Atlantic States. The road brings Baltimore 31 miles nearer the Ohio river, (a great desideratum to heavy freights,) than she now is placed by her Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road route to Wheeling; and from the 48 Pittsburgh and Allegheny character of the route of this road, having but one summit, the gradients are all level or descending eastwardlj and westwardly ; therefore it will attract travel and freights by its ability, from these causes, to carry cheap. Thus, by her Eastern railways two direct connections are available with New York, and two with Baltimore; while the admirable advantages of the Pennsyl- vania Railroad give every facility to reach Philadelphia. There is no city whose railway system so comprehensively grasps, in a days travel, the three great sea ports of the nation ; or to reverse the statement, no location where the three so great and important cities concentrate by their lines of railroads, traversed in iuch few hours, upon one community, so advantageously situated to distribute by water or by rail to the West. The advantages of this eastward portion of Pittsburgh's railway system, the city has not yet begun to feel; its power for increasing her commerce and her wealth is yet awaiting its hour in the future, and is a reserve whose value is not yet comprehended. Westwardly, by the Pittsburgh, Ft. Wayne and Chicago Railroad, to Chi- cago, it embraces in its connections the entire net-work of roads which corei the States of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, and reaches by various roads, through the States of Missouri and Iowa. By the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati and St. Louis Railroad not only is a second avenue to Chicago and the North-west secured, but a direct route to St. Louis, 140 miles shorter than that by way of Buffalo and Cleveland. By this road a second and different connection is formed with the net of roads which so thor- oughly intersect the States of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, and the States beyond the Mississippi. It needs but a glance at a rail road map to see how great are the facilities possessed by Pittsburgh through these two western rail roads to distribute to nearly every county in those three great States, and to the Missis- sippi river towns, her manufactured products, or to receive from all those agricultural districts, their products. Northwardly, by the Cleveland and Pittsburgh Rail Road, the Pittsburgh railway system reaches the Lakes at Cleveland, and by the steam boat routes on them, with which this road forms close connections, the rail roads of Chicago and Detroit, and thence westwardly. As a northern route this one is extremely- valuable to Pittsburgh ; affording an outlet to a vast expanse of country for her coal and her manufactured products. Nor will the facilities thus had be over- looked, to receive from the regions of Lake Superior and Canada their copper and iron ores, which Pittsburgh uses so largely. By the Pittsburgh and Erie Railroad another direct Northern route is had, as well as a second connection with the great East and West Lake lines of rail road, giving yet another facility for reaching the East, as well as the West and North. Of the Western Trunk lines, the Pittsburgh, Ft. Wayne & Chicago is the oldest completed route of the system. In its course it runs through and into the territory of four States, and gives by its own direct line transportation to twenty- ^■■^fUi2;jEU/-7tai^c 'f^'h^tr'/o, LIBRARY HALL, PITTSBURQH. .^A^:me>/:J?/u^^t.a!^^ «#<^ Jt^A^ SIXTH STREET SUSPENSION BRmGE. I m m 8 In the Centennial Year, 49 one counties through whose area its rails run. On its direct connections, which are so immediate as to be only a fork in the line, it intersects nine other counties, being thirty counties whose trade, travel and products it grasps direct. Omit- ting any mention of all the others the road has access to by other connections, the value of those counties are shown by the following table : State. J a 1 11 8 1 21 Cash Value Personal aad Real Estate, 1870. Populati'n 1870. Cash Value Farms, 1870. Cash Value Farm Products Cash Value Live Stock. Pennsylvania, Ohio, .... Indiana, . . . Illinois, . . . 34,065,895 244,931,060 121,161,500 575,000,000 36,148 293,853 126,754 349,966 14,198,713 123,114,044 58,905,714 22,873,349 2,069,312 23,212,080 9,492,236 4,033,256 1,576,277 15,676,342 7,017,227 2,612,441 Total, . . . 995,157,455 906,721 219,091,810 38,806,884 26,882,307 By connection at Gallion, with the Cleveland, Columbus & Indiana Railway State. i Cash Value Personal and Real Estate, 1870. Populati'n 1870. Cash Value Farms, 1870. Cash Value Farm Products 1870. Cash Value Live Stock, 1870. Ohio, .... Indiana, . . . 4 1 86,751,281 15,000,000 92,238 19,030 42,596,611 10,025,183 8,634,074 1,746,273 5,763,343 1,187,038 Total, . . . 5 101,751,281 111,268 52,621,794 10,380,247 6,950,381 By connection at Indianapolis with Indiana & Vincennes Rail Road. State. 1 6 Cash Value Personal and Real Estate, 1870. Populati'n 1870. Cash Value Farms, 1870. Cash Value Farm Products 1870. Cash Value Live Stock, 1870. Indiana, . . . 4 40,723,375 74,801 24,729,016 5,612,688 4,074,552 The second Western trunk is the Pittsburgh, St. Louis & Cincinnati Rail EoAD. The value of this direct Western route is seen by a glance on a com- plete rail road map. In its direct course it passes through and into six great States, and thirty-one counties of those States. The value of the population, wealth and products of those counties, and the importance of the route as in- 50 Pittsburgh and Allegheny stanced by the value of personal and real estate, value of farms and farm pro- ducts, as stated by the census of 1870, is shown in the following table: States. i 6 1 1 13 9 6 1 31 Cash Value Personal and Real Estate. 1870. Population. 1870. Cash Value Farms. 1870. Cash Value Farm Products, 1870. 4,526,239 347,055 35,852,054 16,612,261 10,515,962 3,566,487 Cash Valuer Live Stock,. 1870. Pennsylvania, . West Virginia, . Ohio, .... Indiana, . Illinois, . . . Missouri, . . . 69,288,390 4,060,127 425,885,906 233,819,990 88,307,356 511,035,000 48,483 4,363 472,805 266,156 123,316 351,189 39,015,600 2,317,814 200,454,673 105,025,363 42,573,200 28,409,635 3,938,335 218,84a 22,121,605 12,400,111 6,084,888 1,333,793 Total, . . . 1,332,396,763 1,276,312 417,796,285 71,420,047 46,097,572- This trunk route, by its direct connection with the Columbus, Chicago & Indi- ana Central, reaches eleven other counties in Indiana, other than those in the table above, which had, in 1870, a population of 134,025 ; personal and real estate- to the value of $99,221,323 ; farms of a cash value of $55,476,850 ; producing farm products to the value of |11,657,183, and live stock worth |8, 782, 514. By its- connection with the Toledo, Peoria & Wabash E,AiLROAD,|nine more counties, other than those previously given, are reached direct, having, in 1870, a popula- tion of 262,118, with personal and real estate of the cash value of $176,582,022, "with farms of a cash value of $108,350,561, yielding farm products worth, at eash valuation, $23,825,592, and with live stock worth $19,850,000, cash. The value of these two trunk western lines, with their four distinct and direct connections, — as shown by these statistics of the very elements that go to sup- port railways, consume manufactures and create commerce, is very great; not to mention in the slightest the many indirect connections, whose similar- resources also tend to these trunk lines, and to Pittsburgh. It would appear that the population is, in the aggregate, 2,765,845, the value of real estate and personal of $2,745,323,809, or more than the entire national debt, while the value of the farms was $878,066,316, the cash value of the farm products $161,702,641, or more than the annual interest upon the national debt, while the value of the live stock was $103,854,712. These statistics are those of the census of 1870, six years ago. With two trunk lines running their daily trains through such immense wealth, it needs not much comment to show the value of Pittsburgh's railway system as a sustainer of her business and a promoter of her growth. When to these is added that of the balance of her contemplated trunk lines, it is evident that Pittsburgh's continued prosperty, with a railway system giving access to such wealth, in addition to the other enormous sums shown by the cen- sus of 1870 to lie along the course of her accessable river, can be a subject for no doubt, hawever it may be temporarily effected by those periodical depressions of business to which the country has been subject. In the Centennial Year. 51 But to return to the exhibit of the statistics of the trunk routes of the Pitts-- burgh railway system. The Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railway runs through^ four counties of Ohio having, a population of 220,987, a cash value of real and personal estate of $195,703,000, with farms $75,939,385 cash value, yielding, $10,521,143 of products, and having |7, 041, 313 of live stock. The Pittsburgh and Erie Rail Road, running through three counties of Pennsylvania, is sustained by a population outside of Pittsburgh of 143,239, whose real and personal estates was valued in 1870 at $105,163,728 cash, having farms whose cash value is given at $57,653,950, which produce farm products, at a cash value, of $9,854,845, and held live stock to the value of $7,088,019. The statistics of the Pittsburgh and Connellsville Rail Road, running through but three counties of Pennsylvania, and connecting at Cumberland with the Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road, shows that, by the census of 1870, those three counties had a population of 130,239, real and personal estate to the value of $125,802,365, farms worth in cash $58,505,499, yielding $9,129,959 of farm products, and having live stock to the value of $6,789,758. While this shows the money value of the three counties through which it runs, the figures are not a fair representation of the value of this trunk line, which it is to the east and south-east, in connection with the Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road. The Allegheny Valley Rail Road is the sixth trunk line of the Pittsburgh system, which piercing a diverse section from the other lines, pours her trade into Pittsburgh, and is not only aiding to sustain the prosperity of the past, but working to increase it in the future. The route of this road is chiefly in Pennsylvania, although it penetrates into New York, and there forms connections with the New York system of roads. The following table shows the statistics and population, and product values of this line : State. a Cash Value Personal and Keal Estate, 1870. Cash Value Farms, 1870. Populat'n 1870. Cash Value Farm Products 1870. Cash Value Live Stock, 1870. Pennsylvania, . New York, . . 8 1 188,415,130 48,607,170 97,023,894 33,061,755 276,905 59,227 17,308,583 6,103,495 13,580,359 4,880,586 Total, . . . 9 237,022,300 130,085,549 336,122 23,412,078 18,460,945 By direct connection with the Oil Creek Rail Road, it also reaches two other counties in Pennsylvania, whose population is 27,907, have real and personal property to amount of $14,175,395, and farms of a cash valuation of $7,596,072, yielding $1,847,742 of farm products, and having $1,190,617 of live stock. These figures but poorly show the money importance of this line. Running through the great oil region, the staple of that section is not givcH in the farm products, although the oil is taken from those very farms. Upon this point it is 52 Pittsburgh and Allegheny sufficient to state that the exports of this article now rank third on the list of exports from the United States, and that in addition to this is to be computed the entire consumption of the United States. For the carriage of this mineral, the Allegheny Valley Rail Road gives most admirable facilities for its transpor- tation to Pittsburgh for refining and shipment thence to the east for exportation. Of the present value of this trade to Pittsburgh the chapter on her oil trade pre- sents the facts. The seventh trunk line is the Pennsylvania Rail Road. By this road and its branches, full access is had to the interior of the State. Running for a distance of 350 miles through the heart of the State, it affords a great facility for the re- ception of the metal from the numerous furnaces of Pennsylvania, the lumber of the mountain regions, and for eastward shipments to New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore, either of home manufactures, or those products of other States, seek- ing eastern and European destinations, which are transported by the rivers to Pittsburgh. These are the leading trunk roads of the Pittsburgh railway system, and are sufficient to indicate its power in Pittsburgh's future, to increase her growth and aid her business. There are several minor roads whose future is yet undeveloped, which belong to the same system of roads. Among these is the Pittsburgh, Virginia and Charleston Rail Road. This road, running southwardly up the course of the Monongahela river, is designed to connect the points its name indicates, and form a connection with the southern net work of rail roads, as the Pittsburgh, Ft. Wayne & Chicago and Pittsburgh, Cincinnati & St. Louis does with the West. In so doing it will open to Pittsburgh a great facility for reaching the rich iron ores of Virginia, and also communicate with a very valuable lumber district, especially for ship timber. When completed, it will be — in the facilities it will afford to Pittsburgh of reaching southern markets with her manufactures, and receiving from them their staples — one of the most important of her trunk roads. Of the various projected roads, it is not requisite here to speak; as of their routes or their trade statistics no data could be given. That several of these will hereafter add to the railway facilities of Pittsburgh is one of the cer- tainties of the city's future. This brief exposition that is here given of Pittsburgh's railway system shows its power. Its lines reaches to the East, North-East, South-East, South, West, North-West, and North ; it reaches the great sea ports of the Atlantic coast with a singular directness and force ; it lays hold on the great lakes as strongly ; it reaches into and covers the West with a wonderful grasp, and, as shown, is pre- paring to lay a similar broad hand on the South. This presentation of Pitts- burgh as a railway centre suggests at once a greatness for the city increasing with the wants and products of the greater portion of the union. In the Centennial Year. 53 CHAPTER V, HALF A CENTURY OF MANUFACTURING. Progress of Manufactures from 1804 to 185 7. The expression, "Pittsburgh Manufactures," is one of the utmost familiaritj, all over the West and South-West, and hardly less so in the East. In the large cities and in the growing towns, the announcement of "Pittsburgh Manufac- tures" appears in the daily advertisements of the merchants; and at the stores of the cross roads of the fresh grown village, it is a conspicuous item upon the signs of their proprietors. Before entering into an exposition of their present value, it will be interesting to trace their early growth. In 1804, Cramer's Almanack says, "Do not be surprised when you are in- formed that the averaged value of the articles manufactured in Pittsburgh for 1803, amounts to upwards of $350,000." From the same book the following table is extracted verbatim : A View of the Manufacturing Trade of Pittsburgh, with the Average Amount op Each Article, as Made from Raw Material and Fit for the Market, for the Year 1803. Glass, window bottles. Jars, decanters, tumblers, blue glass, . . . $12,500 00 Glass-cutting — N. B. equal to any cut in the states of Europe, . . 500 00 Tin ware— 320 boxes, 40 dollars each, 12,800 00 Barr iron, mill, ship-work, axes, hoes, plough irons, &c. — 50 Tons, at 17 cts per lb, . 19,800 00 Brass hand irons, still cocks, &c., 2,800 00 Cutlery, augers, chisels, hackles, planing bits, drawer knives, «fec., . 1,000 00 Cut and hammered, nails, 40 tons, 18 cts. per lb, ■ . 16,128 00 Bells, cow, . 200 00 Guns, rifles, &c., 1,800 00 54 Pittsburgh and Allegheny Clocks, silversmith work, 3,000 00 Screens for small grain — 3, 40 dollars each, 120 00 Scythes and sickles, 1 500 00 Cut stones, grind, tomb stones, &c., 2,000 00 Cabinet work, much exported, 14,000 00 Carpenters Planes, 850 00 Wagons, carts, &c., ..'... 1,500 00 Barrels, tubs, and buckets, 1,150 00 Kentucky and keel bottom boats, ships of burden, and barges, . . 40,000 00 Windsor chains — 180 doz., 15 dollars per doz., 2,700 00 Spinning wheels — 400, 3 dollars each, 1,200 00 Pumps, 500 00 Carpenter work, 13,500 00 Candles— 12,000 lbs., 20 cts. per Hb., 2,400 00 Soft soap — 800 bbls., 4 dollars per bbl., 3,200 00 Beer and porter — 900 bbls., 5 dollars per bbl., 4,500 00 Bread and biscuit flour — 1400 bbls., 6 dollars per bbl., 8,400 00 Shoes — 5180 pairs, 75 cts. per pair, 9,065 00 Boots — 550 pairs, 6 dollars per pair, 3,300 00 Saddles — 450, 15 dollars each, 6,750 00 Bridles — 1,500, 50 cts. each, 2,250 00 Harness work, 500 00 Buck-skin breeches, and dressed skins, 2,300 00 Cloaths, price of labor only, 5,950 00 Segars, snuff, and pigtail tobacco, 3,000 00 Ropes, cables, beds cords, &c., 2,200 00 Matrasses — 19, 20 dollars each, 380 00 Dyed cotton, and flaxen yarn (labor) . 450 00 Carded and spun cotton by the carding engine and spinning jenny, . 1,000 00 Woved striped cotton — 5,500 yards, 1 dollar per yard, 5,500 00 Linen, 700, — 3000 yards, 40 cts. yer yard, 1,200 00 Tow linen-;-1500 yards, 25 cts. per yard, 375 00 Lindsey woolsey — 3,500 yards, 60 cts per yard, 2,100 00 Carpeting, rag — 1,200 yards, 75 cts per yard, 900 00 Stockings, wove, 500 00 Coverlid and diaper weaving, 500 00 Weavers' reeds, 200 00 Hats, wool and fur— 2,800, 5 dollars each, 14,000 00 Chip hats— 90 doz., $7.50 per doz., 67500 Leather, tanned, 10,000 00 Brushes all kinds, Russia bristles, 2,500 00 Bricks — 1,250,000, 4 dollars per thousand, 5,000 00 Crockery ware, 3,500 00 In the Centennial Year. 55 -Mason work, 10,500 00 Plastering and painting, 3,500 00 Paper made up into books, 1,000 00 Total, $266,403 00 The Following Articles of Country Manufactures may be Considered thb Principal in which the Bartering Trade is Carried On in this Plach. Whiskey— 2,300 bbls., 12 dollars per bbl., $27,600 Linen, YOG — 28,000 yards, 40 cts per yard, 11,200 Lindsey woolsey — 4,000 yards, 50 cts per yard, 2,000 Tow linen— 9,000 yards, 25 cts per yard, 2,250 Twilled bags— 3,000, at $1 each, 3,000 Striped cotton, — 3000 yards, 80 cts. per yard, 2,400 •Raw cotton from Tenn. — 30,000 pounds, 25 cts per pound, 7,500 Maple sugar — 15,000 pounds, 12 cts. per pound, . . . . 1,800 Lake salt, Onidago— 1000 bbls., 12 dollars per bbl., 12,000 Castings — 50 tons, 100 dollars per ton, 5,000 Barr iron — 80 tons, 160 dollars per ton, 12,800 Plax, hemp, oats, cheese, &c. — say, 5,000 Total, $92,505 The following is from Cramer's Almanack, of 1806: ''We feel peculiar pleasure in noticing the improvements of our town; two very important manu- factories have been lately erected and are now in operation. The one a cotton manufactory, which can spin 120 threads at a time, with the assistance of a man and boy. The big cylinder of the carding machine has on it 92 pair of cards -attended by a boy ; the reeling is done by a girl. The other is an air foundry, for the purpose of casting iron pots, kettles, mill irons, &c. ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ * We also learn that a machine for carding wool is about to be erected." The same page contains the following: "Mr. Lintot has been engaged some time in t)uilding a boat to go up stream with the assistance of horses. If the plan succeeds it will be atteuled with many important advantages to those concerned in the trade of the rivers." 1807. It is mentioned that "this town is growing rapidly into importance." The following manufactories are recorded: "O'Hara's glass factory, producing .yearly $18,000; Kirwin & Scott's cotton factory; M'Clurg's air furnace; Poter's Stringer's and Stewart's nail factories, producing 40 tons annually. Two exten- sive breweries (O'Hara's and Lewis',) whose beer and porter is equal to that so .much celebrated in London; two rope walks (Irwin's and^Davis'); three copper and tin factories, (Gazzam's, Harbeson's and Bantin and Milterberger's.j" 56 Pittsburgh and Allegheny 1808. There were in the town the following '^master workmen in each par- ticular branch of business carried on in Pittsburgh:" 1 Cotton Factory, 1 Green Glass works, 2 Breweries, 1 Air Furnace, 4 Nail Factories, 7 Coppersmiths, 1 Wire Manufactory, 1 Brass Foundry, 6 Saddlers, 2 Gunsmiths, 2 Tobacconists, 1 Bell maker, 1 Scythe and sickle maker 5 miles up the Allegh'y 2 Soap boilers and tallow chandlers, 1 Brush maker, 1 Trunk maker, 5 Coopers, 10 Blue dyers, 13 Weavers, 1 Comb maker, Y Cabinet makers, 1 Turner, 6 Bakers, 8 Butchers, 2 Barbers, 6 Hatters, 4 Physicians, 2 Potteries, 2 Straw Bonnet makers, 1 Reed maker. 1 Wool and Cotton Cord manufacturer, 4 Plane makers, 6 Milliners, 12 Mantua makers, 1 Stocking weaver, 1 Glass cutter, 2 Book Binderies, 4 House and sign painters 2 Tinners, 1 Sail maker, 2 Mattress makers, 1 Upholster, 3 Wagon makers, 5 Watch and Clock ma- kers and Silversmiths, 5 Brick Layers, 4 Plasterers, 3 Stone Cutters, 5 Boat Builders, 2 Ship Builders, 1 Saddletree maker, 1 Flute and Jewsharp ma- ker, 1 Pump maker, 1 Bell hanger, 2 Looking-glass makers, 1 Ladies' lace " 1 Lock maker, 7 Tanners, 2 Rope walks, 2 Spinning Wheels, 17 Blacksmiths, 1 Machinist and White- smith, 1 Cutter and tool maker. 32 House Carpenters and Joiners, 21 Boot and Shoe makers^ 1 Ladies' shoe maker, 5 Windsor chair makers, 1 Split-bottom chair ma- ker, 13 Tailors, 3 Spinning-wheel spindle- and crank makers, 1 Breeches maker, 1 Glove maker, 12 School Mistresses, 33 Tavern keepers, 50 Store keepers or mer- chants, 4 Printing offices, 1 Copper plate printer^ 5 Brick yards, 3 Stone masons, 2 Booksellers, 1 Harness maker, 1 Horse farrier, 1 Starch maker, 1 Gardner and seedman^ 3 Board & lumber yards.. Some of the comments upon the various occupations, as given in the account from which we copy, are illustrative of the times, viz : The cotton factory is « mentioned as producing cotton yarns, articulars connected with the building of the earlier boats, as illustrative of the progress and the spirit of the business. From 1817, when the success of steamboat navigation on the western rivers was finally conceded by the public — convinced by the trips of the Washington from Louisville to New Orleans and back in forty-five days — boat building rapidly increased. In 1818 there were employed on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, twenty-two steamboats, averaging nearly 230 tons each. In 1818 there were building at different locations on the Ohio, twenty-three boats, of which number — 9 were constructing at Pittsburgh, 2 were constructing at Wheeling, o a " Cincinnati, 1 was " " Corydon, 5 " " ." Louisville, 1 " " " Limestone. In 1835 there was published an official table showing the entire number of boats built at all the points on the Ohio river from 1811 to 1835 — giving their names — the year of their construction — the location where built, and their fate; whether sunk, burned, or condemned and broken up. This table, which occupies several pages, we find in Hall's Western Notes, published in 1838, and condense from it the boats built at Pittsburgh and vicinity, omitting the details of their after career, which, however interesting, our space will not admit of. In the Centennial Year, 93 TABLE Showing the Names of Boats Constructed at Pittsburgh from 1811 to 1835: Boats aud when built. ^lua 1814 Allegheny 1818 America 1826 American 1824 Allegheny 1830 Abeuua 1830 Argus 1831 Antelope l'83l Aid 1834 Alert 1835 A Igonquin 1 835 Arabian 1835 Adventure 1835 Buffalo 1814 Balise Packet..l819 Bolivar 1825 Baltimore 1828 Boston 1831 Baltic 1831 Boon's Lick 1833 Big Black 1835 Comet 1812 Car ot Com'rce 1819 Cumberland ...1819 Columbus, 1826 Commerce 1826 Cumberland ...1828 •Caroline 1828 Citizen 1829 Cora .1829 Corsair 1829 Carrolton 1831 Columbus 1831 Courier 1831 Choctaw 1831 Chief Justire ) -.nqo Marshall, J ^^"^"^ Chester 1832 Chicasaw 1832 Cayuga 1833 Boats and when built. Commerce 1834 Clairborne 1834 Dolphin 1819 De\VittClintonl82() Delaware 1828 Dove 1831 Despatch 1832 Detroit 18o5 Dover 1835 Dayton 183^. Expedition 1818 Eclipse 1823 Echo 1826 Erie 1826 Essex 1827 Enterprise 183o Eagle 1830 Franklin 1817 Florida 1826 Favorite 1822 Friendship 1825 Fame 1826 Free Trader.... 1832 Fame.,...., 1832 Farmer 1833 Flora 1835 Geo. Madison,. .1817 Gen. Jackson. .1817 Gen. I^eville...l822 Gen. Brown.. ..1825 Gen. Wayne. ..1825 Gen. Scott 1825 Gen. Coflee 1826 Gondola 1830 Gleaner 1830 Gazelle.. 1832 Galiman 1834 Herald 1824 Eercules 1826 Huntsville 1829 Boats and whenibuilt. Huron ..1829 Home ....; .1829 Huntsman.... .1829 Hudson .1^29 .1.V29 Hatchee Heiald .1829 Henry Clay. . .1831 Huntress ..1834 Hunter .1834 Independence ..1818 Illinois.. .1826 Industry ..1829 Ivauhoe ..1834 James Monroe,! 81 6 James Boss... ..1818 ..1826 ..1828 J as. O'Hara.. Juniata ..1832 John Nelson. ..1833 Kentuckian.. ..1829 La Fayette.... ..1825 Liberator ..1826 L y Washing' nl826 Lark ..1829 Louisville ..1831 Lancaster ..1832 Messenger.... ..1826 Maryland ..1827 Missouri ..182S Monhican .... ..1829 Monticello.... ..1829 Mobile ..1830 ..1831 n]832 Mohawk Mediterranea Missourian... ..1832 Mobile Farm' r]832 Miner ..1833 .1833 Majestic Moque .1833 JMinerva ..1833 Boats and when built. Boats and when built. Marion 18S5 Madison 1835 New Orleans. ..1811 ^lew York 1826 New Pen 11 'a.... 182 Neptune 1828 N. America 1828 Nile 1829 New Jersey 1830 Napoleon 1831 N. Brun.swick..l832 Nimrod 1832 Olive Branch... 1819 Ohio 1830 Olive 1830 OConnell 183 Ohioan 1833 President 182-^ Phoenix 1823 PlttSb'git St") -jon.a Louis Pack'tJ ^^^^ Pittsburjih 1823 Pennsylvania, 1823 Paul Jones 1825 Pocahontas. ...1825 Powhatan 1828 Fhcenix. 1828 Plaquemine ...1828 Pennsylvania, 1827 Packet 1829 Peruvian 1830 Pittsburgh 1831 Planter.. 183] Privateei 1833 Protector 1834 Pdtosi 1834 Plough Boy 1834 Pawnee 1836 Pioneerf 1835 Rapide 1819 Kambler 1823 Bed Rover 1828 Red K. ver 1829 Ruhama 1829 Ketuin 1832 hobt. Morris...l835 Rover 1835 St. Louis 1818 Shamrock 1827 Shepherdess ...1827 Star 1828 Stranger 1828 Sam Patch 1830 Scout 1831 |Saugamon, 18c2 Siam 1835 .-elina 1835 Tamerlane 1818 Thos.Je£ferson,1818 Telegraph 1819 Talii^man 1828 Talma 1829 Trenton 1829 Tally ho 1829 Tarifi 1829 Transport 1832 Tempest 1835 Tuskina 1835 Uncle Sam 1829 Uncas 1829 Vesuvius 1814 Victory 1829 Yan Bur en 1833 West.Engineer]839 Yi illiani Penn..l825 Wm D.Duncan 1827 Woodvvman 1831 Warrior 1832 Making 19*7 boats built in the period embraced in the table. There were built at Brownsville in the same period, twenty-two, and at Beaver, seven. In 1836 the constuction of boats was greatly increased. In that year the Alton, Asia, Amite, Boonville, Bee, Brighton, Boguehoma, Baltimore, Colum- biana, Chamois, C. L. Bass, Camden, Corinthian, Emerald, Eutaw, Florida, General Wayne, Gipsey, Grand Gulph, George A. Bayard, Georgia, Huntsville, Havana, Howard, Harkaway, Kentucky, Kansas, Lilly, Loyal Hannah, London, Louisville, Mobile, Massillon, Nick Biddle, Newark, New Beaver, New Lisbon, Ontario, Oceola, Palmyra, Pavillion, Prairie, Paris, Quincy, Robt. Morris, Rienzi, Salem, Sandusky, Savannah, St. Peters, Steubenville Packet, St. Louis, Troy, Tremont, United States, Yandalia, Vermont, Wabash, Warren, W^m. Wirt, Wm. 94 Pittsburgh and Allegheny Hurlburt — in all 61, were built, being 252 steamboats constructed at Pittsburgh from 1811 to 1836. Of these there were finished in 1811, 1 1822, 2 1830, 12 1812, 1 1823, 5 1831, IT 1814, 3 1824, ..... 3 1832, ..... 18 1816, 1 1825, 9 1833, 12 1817, ..... 5 1826, . . . . .16 1834, 10 1818, 7 1827, 7 1835, 19 1819, 8 1828, 16 ■ 1836, 61 1829, 25 One circumstance among these records of boat building is noticeable, and that is the pioneer character of many of the boats constructed at Pittsburgh. For instance, the ''New Orleans" was the first steamboat to navigate the Ohio and Mississippi. The ''Independence" was the first to ascend the Missouri. The "Western Engineer" the first to reach Council Bluffs; and the "American" is mentioned in Niles' Register, in April, 1825, as the first to ascend the Monon- gahela. The "Enterprise" the first to ascend Red river, and to make the return voyage from New Orleans up the Ohio. In 1837 there were owned here and running in regular lines to this city, sixty-three boats, of an average value of $15,000 each, being a total of $945,000. In 1846 there were built here sixty-three steamboats, besides keels, barges, &c. The tonnage of the steamboats was 11,084 tons. From 1852 to 1856 there were constructed at this point, steamboats as speci- fied below: 1852, 1853, 1854, 1855, 1856, nboats, 70 Tonnage. Value. $1,050,700 78 21,007 1,560,000 83 14,692 1,660,000 72 15,360 1,440,000 59 11,424 1,180,000 The business of 1856, from low water, was less, probably one-third, than it would otherwise have been. The number of boats constructed in that year, and the tonnage thereof, shows a falling off from previous years ; notwithstanding which it contrasts brightly with the six boat building points on the Ohio, as given below : The year of 1856 was an exceptional year in the hydraulics of the Ohio. The river, by reason of extreme low water from May until December, and by ice from December until February, being almost entirely unnavigable. A letter addressed in 1865 by a committee appointed by the citizens of Pittsburgh, in reply to interrogatories propounded by Rear Admiral Davis, chairman of a naval commission to recommend a site for a western navy yard, in response to inter- rogation 11th, — "For how many months in the year can a boat drawing (10) ten In the Centennial Year. 95 feet or less pass from Pittsburgh to the Gulf of Mexico," state : " We find on exami- nation that, in 1860, there were 118 days during that year when a boat could pass safely down the river from this port to the Mississippi, drawing eight feet water. In the year 1861 there were 148 days when the channel depth from this port out was over eight feet; in 1861 there were 136 days with same result; and in 1863 there were 127 days that the same amount of water was in the channel." They further stated: ''Although certain statistics given, ishow that for over one-third of the year there is passage from Pittsburgh to the Mississippi for vessels draw- ing from eight to ten feet, there is an aggregate of many weeks throughout the year in which ships drawing twelve to fourteen feet can readily find water for navigation, with frequent freshets on which vessels of fifteen to twenty feet draught can be floated to the seaboard." In this connection it is proper to say that there are years in which, for three-fourths of the days, vessels drawing from eight to ten feet, would find plenty of water; and that it the government would, as they of right should, apply plans already tested to equalizing and maintaining the water of the Ohio, there would be a continuous and ample navigation the year round, and many sea going vessels would clear from Pittsburgh, laden with Pittsburgh manufactures for foreign markets. Of 1*77 steamboats, barges, keel-boats, &c., constructed on the Ohio river in 1856, there were built at Pittsburgh: Steamers, 59 Keels, 15 Barges, 14 Flatboats, 20 Total, 108 Tonnage. 11,424 60-95ths. 664 54 '' 1,417 23 " 553 8 " 14,059 45-95ths. At Cincinnati, Steamers, " " Barges, 30 2 Total, 32 Tonnage. 8,281 53-95ths. 295 73 " 8,541 26-95ths. At New Albany, steamers, 18; at Louisville, steamers, 11; at Jeffersonville, steamers, 5; at Madison, steamers, 2; at Paducah, steamers, 1. Total, 37. In 1857 there were completed at Pittsburgh 84 steamboats, of the value of $1,680,000. From 1857 to 1875, a period of eighteen years, there was constructed in the vicinity of and enrolled in the district of Pittsburgh, six hundred and forty-nine steamboats, whose aggregate tonnage was one hundred and fifty-five thousand two hundred and fifty-three tons, and whose value was twenty-one millions eight hundred and eighty-six thousand and seventy-three dollars. In the same period there was constructed five hundred and eighteen barges, whose tonnage was one hundred thousand eight hundred and eighty-three tons. Also four hundred and 96 Pittsburgh and Allegheny ninety-six keel and flat boats, having a tonnage of twenty-one thousand six hun- dred and sixty-two tons, and twenty-six ferry boats, with a tonnage of twenty- six hundred and eighty-one tons, being an aggregate tonnage construction of two hundred and eighty thousand four hundred and seventy nine tons, having an aggregate value of over twenty-two million of dollars. The following table shows number and tonnage of steamboats, &c. constructed in the vicinity of and enrolled Ui the Port of Pittsburgh, from 1857 to 1875.-^ Year. 1858. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863. No. Tons. No. Tons. 8,678 109 386 347 No. 68 1 6 8 Tons. No. Tons, - . No. Tons. No. Tons. Steamboats, Ferry Boats, ^Keel and) Flat Boats, j Barges, . . . 27 2 10 10 4,930 168 386 1,671 53 1 10 6 11,892 129 129 751 14 1 21 8 2,774 163 762 808 50 61 13 6,992 1,870 1,746 81 1 88 19 16,625 205 4,055 2,166 Totals, . . 49 7,177 70 9,520 83 12,900 44 4,507 124 10,608 189 23,641 Year. 1864. 1865. 1866. 1867. 1868. 1869. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. Steamboats, Ferry Boats, •^Keel and) Flat Boats, j Barges, . . . 84 1 59 15 18,361 139 3,009 2,102 45 9 140 30 224 13,666 716 5,978 4,911 46 2 68 31 14,206 315 2,879 8,363 18 3 7 36 7,327 361 192 7,498 13 3 9 70 2,553 136 701 12,986 26 1 5 43 8,761 73 516 9,025 Totals, . . 169 23,711 25,265 147 25,703 64 15,608 95 16,370 75 18,375 Year. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. No. Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. No.' Tons. No. Tons. No. Tons. Steamboats, Ferry Boats, ^Keel and) Flat Boats, j Barges, . . . 29 3 25 57 11,631 272 6,480 33 2 1 30 10,689 96 67 6,067 22 3 30 8,975 183 7,124 25 1 1 106, 5,392 80 47 21,011 3 242 12 2,462 2 34 39 172 7,306 2 4 58 581 Totals, . . 18,383 66 16,919 55 15,382 133 26,530 7,720 18 3,101 *There was in the same period enrolled 113 canal boats, with a tonnage of 4,702 tons. Also con- structed in 1859, 1863, 1865 and 1875, one propeller each, and in 1873 three. Also in 1862, 1863 ard 1866 one steam canal hoat each year. Also in 1867 one echooner, and in 1872 one. Also in 1873 and 1874 two dredge boats each year. In the Centennial Year. 97 The subjoined table presents the names of the steamboats each vear, from 11858 to 1875: 1858. T. D. Horner, Commercial, Monitor, Savanna, Louisville, Venango, St. Cloud, 0. H. Ormsby, Tigress No. 2, Sylph, Roanoke, Lake Erie, No.3, Izetta , John F. Carr, Volunteer, HettieHartupea Evening Star, Sky Lark, Collier, Sampson, Silver Cloud, Areola, Financier, Echo, Telegraph, Dick Fulton, Key West, No.3, Alice, A. Jacobs, Rowena, Dunbar, No. 2, White Rose, Olive, Maggie Hays, Pembioaw, Clara Poe, Tycoon, Liberty, No. 3, Carrie, Kate B. Porter, Canada, Belle Peoria, "W. H B." Coal Bluff, Tiger, Alex. Chambers Decotah, Persia, V. F. Wilson, Ella Faber, J. T. Stockdale, Painter, No. 2, Ida May, Bellewood, Isaac Hajnmett, Nellie Rogers, Leni Leoto, Venture, Silver Lake, Dan'l B. Miller, John T. Tempest, Capt. John Glide, No. 3, Victoria, George Thomp- Mc Combs. Starlight, Brickell, Petrolia, No. 2, Keokuk, son, Kenton, Orient, Charmer, Charlie Chever, Panola, Southern Flora, Sunshine, Cottage, No. 2, Oil Exchange, A. Foster, Cedar Rapids, Vigo, Robt. Fulton. Advance, General Irwin, Columbia, JTim Watson, Lone Star, Daniel Bushnell Argonaut, Ida Rees, Alice, €. Rogeri?, David Lynch. James Hale, Duchess, Argosy, No. 2, Kate Putnam, • J. S. Cosgrave, Robert Lee, Emma, No. 2, Silver Cloud, Virginia Barton Elmira, 1860. Westmoreland, Shark, No. 2, Lotus, Diana, West Wind, Col. Stelle, Whale, Natrona. Nora, Fannie, Storm, No. 2, Citizen. Mary B. Forsyth Petrel, No. 2, Mist, A. G. Brown, Hawk Eye State Eclipse, Bengal Tiger, Guidon, Robt. Watson, Mohawk, 1861. Dick Fulton. Tom Rees, Stella, Flora Temple, Sucker State, Silver Lake, Leonidas, Hawk, Emma Bett, Porter Rhodes, No. 2, 1863. Julia, Storm, No. 3, Eagle, Sunny Side, Lexington, Armada, Paragon, Katie, Vulcan, Diadem, Continental, Armenia, Lion, Pilgrim, Era No. 3. Gen Anderson, Bill Henderson, Nevada, Hawkeye, No. 2, Wananita, Science, Florence, Emperor, Rover, Anna, 1859. Arago, Leiia, Argos.v, Adelaide, Onward, •Conestoga, Dolphin, G. W. Graham. Jennie Rogers, Hunter, No. 2, Arrow, Niagara, Porter, Igo, Schuyler, Urilda, W. F. Curtis, Sam. Clark, Alfred Robb, Emma Graham, Majestic, Panther, Gipsey, Allegheny Belle Webster, Billy Hodgeson, Davenport, Tom Farrow, John S. Hall, No. 4, Maquota City, Cottage, Lilly Martin, Black Hawk. Zephyr, Northener, S. C. Baker, W. H. Dinnis, Carrie Jacobs. Advance, No. 2, Bob Connell, John Raj", Chas. Miller, Eglantine, James R. Gil- Leopttrd, Veteran, Des Moines City Alamo, Warren Packard more, Star, Little Alps, .J.N. Kellogg, Gallatin, Fox, N. J. Bigley, Rocket, Coloma, Rose Douglass, 1862. Emma, Darling, Little Jim Rees, Col. Gus. Linn, Sabine, Lac on. City of Pekiu, Kate Robinson, Allegheny, Post Boy, Frontier City. Monte re3% Sea Gull, Wm. Barnhill. Centralia, Emma, Wild Cat, Petrel, Thistle, Spray, Jacob Painter, Mustang, Tiber, R.K.Dunkerson 1864. Iron City, Red Chief No. 2, Arab, E^tella, Camel ia, Hercules, Yorktown, Leon, May Duke, Monitor, No. 2, Silver Lake, No- Jos. Pierce, Leclaire, No. 2, Nile, Gazelle, Express, 4. Warmer, Commonwealth South Bend, Jackson, Market Boy, Oil Citv, Echo, No. 3. Jos. Fleming, Undine, Cricket No. Z, Partheuia, Echo No. 2, Silver Spray, Coal City, Uncle Ike, Franklin, Navigation, Glide, Alpha, Starlight, Julia Roane, Time, Silver LaLe, Princess, Golden Eagle, Picket, Indianola, Ad. Hine, No. 3, Mercury, Damsel, Tamaulipas, Eva No. 4, Linden, Uncle Sam, Colossus, Benton, Champion, Alex. Speer, -John C.Calhoun Talequah, New York, Calypso, Brilliant, Miramerlyn, Lilly, R. H. Barnum, Geneva, Little Giant, Argosy, Pine Bluff, Era No. .5, Glide, Grampus No. 2, Welcome, Little Whale, A. J. Baker, Two Kings, Key West, No. 2 Albert Pearce, Hero, Bee, News Boy, Judge Fletcher, Exchange, Norman, Traveler, Laura, No. 2, Indian No. 2, Era, No. 6, Laura Bell, Bertha, Argos, Hard Times, Andy Fultoa, Ucliee, Golden Era, James Rees, Kate Kearney, Coal Valley, ^rey Eagle, Wm- H, Young, Juliet, Gen. Grant, M. S. Mepham, Albion. «€otton Plant, Jonas Powell, Marmora, No. 2, Vigilant, Oatario. Laclalre, Cornie, Saint Clair, Nightingale. Hyena, 1865. IjMcj Gwia, Liberty, No. 3, Brilliant, Nyanza. Montana, Armadillo. Lioness, La Salle, Forest Rose, Muscatine, Bayard, W. H. Osborn, Mingo, Arkansas, Romeo, America, Sewickley, Deer Lodge, Marisanna. Emma Duncan, New Era, Prairie State, Petrolia, Fayette, Pic ayune No. 3, 7 Matamoras, B. C. Levi, Key West No. 4 Cherokee, Belle, 98 Pittsburgh and Allegheny Lark, _ Peter Balen, J.N.M'Cullough Harry A. Jones, Esperanza, Ella Layman, Lorena, Dan Hine, Rapidan, No. 2, Fred. Wilson, Nellie Peek, My Choice, Tart, Tahlequah, Abe Hays, No. 2, Lady Lee, Relief, Ajax, Minnesota, J. F. Dravo, Tom Rees, No. 2 West Virginia, Reliable, No, 2,. Parana, Miner, Selma, Samson, No. 2. Katie P. Kountz (Schooner.) Amelia Poe, Elkhorn, Mary Alice, Baton Rouge Emma Graham^ J. S. Neel, Nile, Reliable— 1870. Belle, M. Dougherty, Greenback, Blue Lodge, (Schooner.) Carrie V. Tom Lysle, Eiliy Collins, Reindeer, Gray Hound, Kountz, James Jackson, Josephine, Forest City, Chieftain, 1868. Arlington, Charley McDon- Hiram, Mink, Pine Bluff, Peninah. City of Evans- ald, Kate Dicksouy Nimrod, Arabian, Sallie. ville. Belle Rowland, Elsie, Pike, Resolute, J.A. Blackmore Juniata, Far West, Geneva, Lillie. Gleaner, Elector, Andrew Ackley Cora Bell, Alex. Foster, Emma Logan, Rapidan, Mountain Boy, Lake Superior, [Park Painter, Madoc, Dictator, R. C. Gray, Park Painter, Red Wing, No. 2. Iron City, Samuel Roberts Lotus, No. 2, A. E. Pierpont, Trader, Storm, J. C. Risher, Minnie, S. M. Crane, J. D. Johnson, Fontenelle, Jos. A. Stone, Maggie Smith, Wild Duck, Fair Play, Galatea, Granite State, John Penney, Ark. Fearless, Fort Smith, M. Whitmore, R. J. Lockwood J. S. Mercer, Belle McGowant' Peerless, W. A. Caldwell, Ft. Gibson, Exchange, Robei t Seniple, Is. Keefer, Imperial, Van Buren, W. M. Stone. Carrie Converge San Juan, Enterprise, Oil Valley, Ezra Porter, Economist. Tidal Wave, Alice Brown, B. D. Wood, Julia No. 2, Belle Vernon, Mollie Moore, John F. Tolle, L. W. Morgan, Tidioute, Quickstep, 1869. N. J. Bigley, Abe. McDonald^ Nellie Walton,. Keystone, Rochester, Mollie Ebert, No. 2, Ben. Wood, Jos. Walton, C. D. Fry, Atlanta, Silver Bow, George Roberts N. M. Jones, Shippers Own^ Neville, SimpsonHorner Carrie V. Thirteenth Era. Athletic. Transit, Antelope, Sam. Brown, Kountz, Oil Valley, No. 2 Bee, Sybil, Flicker, Three Lights, Samuel Clarke, 1872. Paragon. John Hanna, Mary Ann, Nick. Wall, Joseph H. Big- John Dippold, Kangaroo, Grand Lake, Colossal, ley, George Lysle, 1874. Mary Davage, Glendale, Minneopolis, Brill, Chas. Brown, Hippopotamus^ Ida Rees, No. 2, Dexter, Flirt, John A. Wood, Evan Williams, Eainbow, Wild Boy, Jim Brown, Ironsides, Wm. Cowan, Smoky City, Joseph Warner* Annie Lovell, Exchange, Australia, Oceanus, L.C.McCormick Messenger, Baltic. Mountain Belle Veteran, No. 2, Iron Mountain, 1875. Barnett, Matamoras, R.J.Grace. Exporter, Chas. A. Wood, Fred Wilson, 1867. No. 2, Henry C.Yeager Grand Lake, Carroll, Grey Eagle. Elizabeth, Lotus, No. 3, J. Sharp No. 2. Benton, Ida Stockdale, Jefferson, McDonald. Western, Thomas J. 1866. Elisha Bennett, Barranquilla, Murillo, Darragh,. Luella, Diamond, Julia A. Ru- 1871. Jos. A. Stone, Jack Gumbert, Glasgow, Great Republic, dolph, May Lowery, Key West. Andrew Foster, Rubicon, Dubuque, Batesville, John Bigley, Little Andy Wm. S. Holt, Winchester, Boaz, Grand Lake, Belle of Texas, Fulton. Seven Sons, Jas. L. Graham, Linton, No. 2, Glencoe, Wm. Wagner, Dauntless, Importer, Success, Chas.H.DurffeeTom Dodsworth Acorn, John L. Rhoada Emma No. 3, Active, Hornet, No. 2, | John Gilmore, Nellie Speer, Big Foct, Ella, James Gilmore, Lioness, No. 2, JD. T. Lane, Oakland, George Baker. N. J. Bigley, Clipper, Phoenix, 1 E. H. Durfee, ' Samuel Miller, ' On "account of the great abundance of the different kinds of timber, the- cheapness of iron, of labor, of paint, and of all other materials used in the con- struction of steamboa*ts, they can be built at a less cost at Pittsburgh than in any western port, and consequently they are built and fitted out here more steamers than at any three or four other cities of the West. The report to Rear Admiral Davis before cited, states that there are in the vicinity of Pittsburgh, including the Monongahela valley, eleven ship-yards. That the boats are built equally as- well as elsewhere, there is no denial; and were there, the superb, powerful boats which have year after yearbeen sent out from this port, would at once assert and? maintain the superior ability of our shipwrights. The leading city for nearlj^ seventy years engaged in the construction of boats for the western waters, there- is a vast fund of practical knowledge accumulated from those many years of In the Centennial Year. 9^ experience, existing in the minds of the contractors and mechanics employed \m that branch of trade in Pittsburgh; and such boats as the ''Buckeye State," the ''Pennsylvania," the ''City of Memphis," the "Great Republic," and scores of others similar, attest the skill with which that knowledge is brought to bear in^ the production of boats unequaled on the western waters for speed, beauty, com- fort, convenience and cheapness. There are few more pleasing sights than one of those beautiful boats, of ' which the Pittsburgh boat-builders have launched so many, speeding its way along our western rivers, nor is there any pleasure trip so filled with variety,, comfort and restfulness to the weary body and mind, as one on a well appointed, western steamer, to whatsoever point time or inclination may dictate. The- following verses from a lengthy poem^ addressed nearly thirty years ago to one of those beautiful creations of the skill of Pittsburgh mechanics, is quoted^ her© as illustrative of western river scenery and western boats : "O'er many an azure tinted river's breast, Thy snowy form in graceful flight shall glide, Afar, where still on "Red" the wild deer drink,,, Where "Mississippi" rolls his turbid tide;; On rivers sparkling 'neath a Southern sun, On Northern waters blue and coldly clear, Where summer mantles verdure to the brink, Or snows and rocks make even home itself look drear. Past cliffs whose shadows gloom the waters 'round. Past broad savannas sloping to the shore, Past forests old, where drooping o'er the heights Frown oaken Patriarchs garbed in wild moss hoar ;: On all sunlight shall find thee beautiful, Moonlight hang graces on thy snowy side — And ever in the great or lesser light. Bright waters leaping greet thee like a Triton's bride. On rivers gloomy from the dearth of man, Where old trees nod a welcome stately slow; Prairies smile on thee beneath the sun, While dimple like their dew drops show, Where tangled thickets fringing river sides, Their greetings whisper to the stranger swift ; While soft winds creeping timid from the shore, Bear to thy decks the wild woods fragrant gift. *By Geo. H. Thurston . 100 Pittsburgh and Allegheny *' Past forests vine hung to the riyer's edge, Thou'll speed with sea bird grace thy restle^ course j Whilst Silence startled echoes frightened back, The loud, rough clamor of i\ij breathing hoarse ;t Astonished, cliff to cliff loud mocks thy voice. The waters murm'ring wonder 'fore thee shrink; Then mad'ning, foam complaining in thy wake. And rush along the river's pebble scattered brink. The tangled thicket dwelling fay, who haunts The long glade smiling wanly 'neath the moon, Thou'lt oft times fright, as sudden round the bank Thy fires shooting light the jutting gloom; For which will tricksey Puck, in vengeful glee, With frequent fright the careful wheelsman fag, Asudden starting up afore the prow. In shape of sawyer huge or jagged sharp limbed snag. When night her wings of slumber brooding, stretches Calm o'er thy tenantry of anxious life, The impatient pulses of each bosom hushing, The heart's wild hoping and yet wilder strife, Thy iron heart with clanging pulses beats As strongly as throughout the busy day, While Echo chasing in her airy boat, Thy hoarse voice mocks the live long night in phantom play. ■X- -X- -K- 'X- -X- -X- . -Jf The red blood mantles with a deeper glow. The heart swells prouder in its throbbings proud; And thought grows eloquent with prideful praise, The tongue feels eager to express aloud. When men thy noble toil admiring praise. We think what land through time shall be so famed. As home of those who this creation formed, And list our own free nation as their birth place named. ^ ^ ^ ^' ¥: ^ ^ noble Fulton ! Fitch ! ye fame crowned twain, No monument of marble, bronze, ye need; No sciilptured column piercing air, with long Inscription for the passer-by to read ; f All Western steamboats are run with high-pressure engines. The rush of steam through th» escape pipes producing a sound not unlike hoarse laborious breathing. In the Centennial Year. 101 Where e'er through lands fair rivers laughing run, Where e'er broad seas heave moonward round the earth, There glide proud monuments in useful pomp, That show thine honored genius and make known thine worth. Another useful monument to worth — Speed then fair namesake of a noble State j"^ Each clanging pulse a hymn to genius sing, Each breath a requiem for their hard cast fate ; Thy Bmoke cloud banner streaming on the wind, Emblazoned thick w-ith fiery stars by night, — Thy voice proclaiming loudly 'long the shore, Man's giant triumph o'er the elements strong might." It has not been alone in building those beautiful wooden boats that have, where throughout our western States, "fair rivers laughing run," given Pitts- burgh boat builders' fame that Pittsburgh has attained a reputation as a ship building city. In the construction of iron vessels the mechanics of Pittsburgh claim ability, and have attained success. In vessels for the peaceful pursuits of commerce, and in those for the sterner uses of war, they have fully demon- strated Pittsburgh's facilities for the production of iron ships. The first boat built of iron that navigated the western waters, was the "Valley Forge," built in 1839, by Wm. C. Robinson, Benjamin Minis and Reu- ben Miller, Jr., then proprietors of the Washington Iron Works, now carried on under the style of Robinson, Rea & Co. The hull of the "Valley Forge" measured on deck 180 feet. The breadth of beam was 29 feet, and depth of hold 5J feet. Across her deck and guards at their widest point, the breadth was 49^ feet. The frame of the boat was of angle iron, the bottom and deck beams T iron, and the outside one-fourth of an inch Juniata boiler plate. The boiler or first deck was all plate iron. The floor and hull plates were of a plain smooth surface, the sheets being closely jointed at the butts. The sides were clinker lap. The keel, which was five-eighths of an inch iron, was laid in the summer of 1838, and the vessel was launched in the summer of 1839, and left 'the same fall on her first trip to New Orleans. There was one iron bulk head the entire length, divided into eight water tight sections. Her tonnage was about four hundred tons, and her cost |60,000. She ran from Pittsburgh to New Orleans, St. Louis and Nashville, and ascended the Cumberland river as high as "Rome," Georgia. She continued to run until 1845, although once sunk by running upon a snag, but was raised and repaired. In the spring of 1845, being unable to compete with boats built under improved plans with greater carrying capacity, she was dismantled, and the hull was cut apart and sold to iron manufacturers, and made into various descriptions of mer- *New Hamp^'^liire. 102 Pittsburgh and Allegheny chant iron. The last trip of the ''Valley Forge" was in July, 1845, from Pittsburgh to McKeesport, with a large pic-nic party. There has been built at Pittsburgh in all, some fifteen or eighteen iron boats, of which nine were war vessels. Two of these were constructed at the Fort Pitt Foundry works, famous for its manufacture of Columbaids. These two were built in 1845. They were each 210 feet keel, 21 feet beam, 17 feet depth of hold, and constructed of iron, varying from one-half to three-sixteenths of an inch in thickness. One of these, the ''Jefferson," was constructed at Pittsburgh, taken apart and transported to Oswego, and there put together again and launched. She was perfectly satisfactory in all respects, and cost $180,000, and is still in service. The other was called the " George M. Bibb," after the then Secretary of the Navy. The " Bibb " was launched at Pittsburgh, and went down the Ohio and the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico. Her cost was $250,000, and she is still in service. These two were two years in building. The iron revenue cutter "Michigan," now in service on the lakes, was also built at Pittsburgh, being set up complete on the lot at the junction of First and Liberty avenues, now occupied by the First Ward Public School. She was then taken to pieces and transported to the lakes, and there put together and launched. The iron for her construction was furnished from the famous Sligo Mills, of Lyon, Shorb & Co., from their best Juniata blooms, and 350f tons of this celebrated brand of iron was used in the construction of the vessel. In 1863 two other vessels were built on the ground adjoining the Sligo Mills, of iron furnished from these works. One, the "Manayunk," was a turret ship, armed with two fifteen inch guns. Her length was 224 feet, beam 43 feet 3 inches, depth of hold 12 feet, draught of water 12 feet, and the inside diameter of her turret 21 feet. This vessel was pronounced by good naval authority as a most admirable boat, in all respects safe to sail in around the world. The other, called the "Umpqua,'' was a lighter draught, intended for river service, but also a turret vessel, or monitor, as they were popularly called during the war. Her length was 225 feet, with 45 feet beam, 7 feet 10 inches hold, and drew 6 feet 6 inches water. The height of her turret was 9 feet, and its inside diameter 20 feet. She was armed with one eleven inch gun and one one hundred and fifty pounder Parrot rifle gun. There was used in the construction of the "Manayunk" 1,247J tons of iron, and in that of the "Umpqua" 813 tons. The plates for the turrets of these vessels were inch plutes ten times repeated. The iron of the skins or hulls was from three-fourths to one-half inch in thickness. Both these vessels went to sea by way of the Ohio and Missississippi rivers. Two other war vessels for the United States navy, were also constructed at Pittsburgh about 1845. One was a small revenue cutter, called the "Hunter," and the other, a second class frigate, called the "Allegheny," both of which went down the Ohio to the ocean, and are still in service. In 1864-5 there was also built for the government, of iron, the "Marietta" and the "Sandusky." In addition to these, several boats for the peaceful uses of commerce have been constructed at Pittsburgh, of iron In the Centennial Year, 103 €urnished bj her mills, two of these now navigating Brazilian rivers, were built in 1874. In closing this chapter, in which a limited sketch is attempted of Pittsburgh facility and ability in the. construction of vessels, it is proper, in connection with the brief account of the iron vessels built at the city, to allude again to the most admirable location Pittsburgh is for a naval construction arsenal. In the vessels of war mentioned as constructed, her power in that respect was fully tested, while the ease with which those ships descended the rivers to the •ocean, or were transported in sections and put together at other points, makes its own argument as to facility. No expensive governmental works were in any of the instances required to be built before proceeding with the work. The mills and machine shops in daily use, turned out the material as required, and the mechanics of the city found themselves perfectly competent to fashion the hulls and complete the ships. When this facility in the matter of iron vessels is shown; ability in wooden ones, tested for years, when the security of the posi- tion is considered, and the facilities of sending vessel after vessel, of almost any draught, to the ocean, apparent from actual tests, — ^and the great supply of all materials, whether of woods or metals, or fabrics, manifest, there seems much reason why government should find it desirable to locate here a naval construc- tion yard. Is there not also much to justify the belief that, in the future, with increased facilities in navigating the Ohio, that Pittsburgh built ships may become navigators of the ocean, as in past years; and their construction be one of her prominent manufactures? The day for the full use of the Ohio and our other western rivers has not yet fully dawned. When it does, the great facilities Pittsburgh possesses of materials and skilled workmen, will keep her in the front as heretofore as a great ship yard. 104 Pittsburgh and Allegheny CHAPTER IX. MINERALOGICAL POSITION. It is without doubt to her location in the bituminous coal basin of Pennsyl- vania, that Pittsburgh owes her position as a manufacturing city. Located in the northwestern section of the great "Allegheny or Appalachian Coal field," frequently known as the great central bituminous coal seam, Pittsburgh has given to that portion of the coal measures from which her wants and those of the West are supplied, her own name. Rodgers and Trego state that the seam known as the " Great Pittsburgh; Seam," is the most extensively accessible one in the western coal measures. The "Great Seam,'' as it is called in most geological works, or as it is more definitely known, "The Great Pittsburgh Seam," is finely exposed at Pittsburgh, and along the Ohio and Allegheny rivers; also extending nearly the whole- length of the Monongahela river. This seam has been traced through Pennsyl- vania into Virginia, and also into Ohio, and is from twelve to fourteen feet thick at the southwestern border, from six to eight feet at Pittsburgh, and about five- feet still further westward in Ohio. Of this seam, Mr. Lyell, the eminent English geologist, says in his travels- iii; North America: "I was truly astonished now that I had entered the hydro- graphical basin of the Ohio, at beholding the richness of the seams of coaH which appeared everywhere on the flanks of the hills and at the bottoms of the valleys, and ivhich are accessible m a degree I never witnessed elsewhere. The time has not yet arrived when the full value of this inexhaustible supply of cheap fuel can he appreciated. "^ * To properl}'- estimate the natural advantages of such a region, we must reflect how the three great navigable rivers, such as the Monongahela,, Allegheny and Ohio, intersect it, and lay open on their banks the level seams of coal. I found at Brownsville a bed ten feet thick, x>f good bituminous coal, com- monly called the Pittsburgh seam, breaking out in the river's cliff's, near the water edge." Of the capacity of the bituminous region for mining, Trego says: "In the bituminous coal fields there appear to be not less than ten separate laj^ers or beds of coal of sufficient capacity for mining, and which vary in thickness from three to ten feet." R. C. Taylor, in his coal statistics, says: "It is possible that within the entire series, from the conglomerate upwards, ten such seams may exist; but we have not seen a position where more than half that number could he- approached." In the Centennial Year, 105 Toward the north and northeastern side of the coal range, the seams range from three to four feet. Near Karthaus eight coal seams have been traced, three only are workable, the largest being six feet. At Blossburg and around the head of Tioga river, from three to six seams occur, but not more than two have been mined, and the coals are sent by railroad to New York State. There are commonly four coal seams existing within the formation in the northeast extremity of the ifield, and it is but seldom that more than two work- able beds occur in the same locality. At Pittsburgh the main bed of workable coal is six feet, and increases in thickness as it proceeds up the river to Brownsville, where, as mentioned before,, it is estimated by Lyell at ten feet. Extensive as is the field of bituminous coal in Pennsylvania, thus scantily dotted out in these remarks ; and incalculably valuable as it is to Pittsburgh as a manufacturing city, not less valuable to her is the anthracite deposit of coal, when viewed in connection with the consumption of iron by her manufactories. The bituminous coal field lies principallj^ west of the Allegheny Mountains, and extends from Towanda on the northeast, to the southwest angle of the State,. a distance of two hundred and fifty miles. The coal fields of Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio and Virginia, by reason of the natural av^enues of transportation and trade, stand in a supporting relation to the coal measures of Western Pennsylvania. The area of the Tennessee coal field is 45,000 square miles; of Ohio, 44,000, and of Kentucky, 40,500. A certain portion of these in each are iron producing- regions at the present time, and will no doubt become yet more productive. In Ohio, although the statistics of McCullough give that State an area of 40,000 square miles, Prof. W. W. Mather estimates the area undoubtedly underlaid by coal at but 12,000 square miles, of which only 5,000 contain workable veins. "The Ohio coal," says R. 0. Taylor, ^' makes good coke, and mixed with charcoal in the production of iron, creates an increased make, equal, it is affirmed, to 33 per cent." The Kentucky field, according to Prof. Mather's Geological Report of 1838, has an area of workable coal veins of 7,000 square miles. There are in that area several qualities of coal. The main, or Pittsburgh seam, which extends from- Pittsburgh through Virginia, reaches Sandy at the boundary of the State, but does not extend into it. Taylor says that nearly all the coal brought into use in Kentucky is of the description called Cannel. The Tennessee division of the Allegheny range occupies an area of 43,000 square miles, the greater part of which consists of the elevated local group known as the Cumberland Mountains. The quality of the coal is spoken of as excellent. An analysis of it shows that it approaches in character the semi- bituminous variety of Pennsylvania. 106 Pittsburgh and Allegheny These three States, from reason of their production of iron — a portion of which comes to Pittsburgh for a market — must always in their mineral produc- tions be important auxiliaries to the manufactures of Pittsburgh. Not less to the iron deposits which surround this localty, than to her coal, is Pittsburgh indebted for her past, and dependent for her future. Cheapness of fuel, in the larger proportion of cases, justifies a transportation of mineral to the locality of the fuel; but where the transportation of mineral is necessary but for short distances, and by easy artificial and available natural channels, the combination of cheapness of fuel, with great supplies of mineral immediately at hand, constitutes the locality which must become and always, be, a great manu- facturing centre. These two requisites Pittsburgh has, and in the importance of fuel as a requisite for manufacturing, she has of late acquired a new power. Within the last twelve years petroleum has been largely added to the mineral products and advantages by which Pittsburgh is surrounded, and with it large veins of natural gas have been struck, whose future value is yet undetermined in the manufacturing progress of Pittsburgh and its vicinity. The volume of this gas is immense, and its power in enabling cheap manufacturing will be great. Found in Yenango, Butler and Armstrong counties in great abundance, there is every indication that it' will also be obtained in Allegheny county, and in the very heart of the city its-elf, in abundance. It has already been brought from Butler county to the iron mills of Pittsburgh, by means of pipes. While much yet re- mains to.be done in conveying it from the gas wells of those counties in the most reliable manner, yet sufficient results have been obtained to show that, much as Pittsburgh owes to her central position in the bitumiROus coal fields, it is quite possible she will be more indebted to this immense provision of gas for suprem- acy as a manufacturing city. If, as indications give every reason to believe, this gas should be obtained from the very ground upon whic h the factories of Pittsburgh stand, there will be at her command a fuel which, surpassing even her coal for quality in its application to the reduction and manufactures of metal, will be of almost inconceivable cheapness. Shooting up of its own force from the depths of the earth, and needing but to be distributed in pipes to the furnaces and forges, or such fires as are needed for manufacturing purposes, or for the creation of steam, it will be seen the cost of such fuel will be very small. Having briefly sketched the fuel fields surrounding the locality of Pittsburgh, we spare a few paragraphs to an equally brief description of the ore field from which she has drawn, and is to draw, her supplies of iron. Throughout the counties embraced in the bituminous coal region, are to be found extensive beds of iron ore, and equally large deposits in the counties east of and lying along the bases of the Allegheny Mountains. The Allegheny river affords a cheap channel for the supply of iron from the counties lying upon that river, and the Monongahela river and Pittsburgh & Connellsville Railroad for the iron from the neighborhood of the Youghiogheny and Cheat rivers. The Penn- sylvania Central Railroad for the metal of the interior and mountain counties. In the Centennial Year. 107 The quality and quantity of the Allegheny river and Central Pennsylvania iron is so fully known as to need no exposition. It is sufficient that the fullest access to them is had. The iron's of the celebrated Juniata region are, as it were, at Pittsburgh's door, while to the west of her those of Eastern Ohio are equally available. The rich ores of Virginia will, on the completion of the Pittsburgh, Virginia & Charleston Railroad, be as fully beneath her hand. The ores of Lake Superior or the iron of the furnaces of those regions, are cheaply trans- ported by water carriage, with but about one hundred and fifty miles of rail carriage, while the irons of Missouri are reached by the cheapest of carrying agents, through the Ohio river. The furnaces of Kentucky, Tennessee, and the central river counties of Ohio, also send their metal here for sale It will be noticed that in iron, as in coal, Pittsburgh is centrally situated to the products of four States, and that she is in her own State immediately surrounded by vast deposits of that mineral, while to those of two other States, Michigan and Missouri, she is, by reason of facility of cheap transportation, brought almost into as central a position. What has been the natural effect of such a mineralogical position upon the past of .Pittsburgh, and what will be its effect upon her future, it is hardly necessary to inquire. The results are seen in her past progress and her future indicated by that past. Important as may have been her position at the head waters of the Ohio, and as a supplier of merchandise to the country along the waters of the Allegheny, Monongahela, and a portion of the Ohio, and of the counties situated along the western basis of the Allegheny Mountains, before the age of railroads, and prominent as may have been that position under the circumstances then existing; yet it is apparent that, to her manufactures, she is indebted for the importance which has enabled her not only to hold her position as an important market for the last fifty years, but also to increase in a wonderful ratio. The two substances, coal and iron, are always, when rendered available, tke basis of great and permanent commercial and manufacturing wealth. Spreading a map of the nations of the earth before us, we at once perceive that those in which exist extensive deposits of these two, at first glance unattractive sub- stances, are among the wealthiest, as well as most powerful nations of the world, and that upon and around these formations the most flourishing popula- tions are concentrated. "Coal," says Vischers, "is now the indispensable aliment of industry. "^ "^ It is to industry what oxygen is to the lungs — water to the plant — nourishment to the animal." Says Elett: "This is essentially the age of commerce and of steam, the foundations of which are our coal mines. In the machine shop and factor}^, on the railroad and canal, on the rivers and ocean, it is steam that is henceforth to perform labor, overcome resistance and vanquish space. There was no appreciable iron trade anterior to the introduc- tion of the steam engine, an instrument of power deriving its efficiency almost entirely from co Wm. League. . . 316 Penn av. . . Robinson & Riley. 1862 Geo. F. Schade. - . 42d St Schade k Weigle. . .1866. Fred. Kober. . . Hickory ay. W. H. Aufderhaiser. 1862 John Wunderbech. 3d and Ferry . . John Wunderbech. 1859' Reed Bros. . . . 323 River av. . . Reed Bros. . . . 1873 A. Claney. . . . 26th and Smallman A. Clayney. . . . Alex. McClure. . . 25th and Railroad. Poor & Reed. . . 184a These nine establishments employ 334 hands, whose wages are about $160,- 000. The proprietors give 512,000 barrels as the number manufactured in a year, and the value of their sales at $770,000, and their consumption of iron for hoops at $140,000. The cooperages occupy 203,436 square feet of ground. The statistics of this branch of Pittsburgh's manufactures is not full, by reason, a& before stated, of many of the refineries carrying on cooperages as a part of their establishments, and the failure to obtain from others returns. The figures here given can only be looked upon as fragmentary. There are in the city two dealers in oil barrels and staves, whose statistics properly belong to this division of Pittsburgh's manufactures. B. B. Moore Duquesne way. . . 1867. . . . B. B. Moore. Duncan & Thomson. . Duquesne way. . . 1872. Duncan & Thomson. These firms handle 400,000 new barrels yearly, and 8,000,000 staves. In addition to the above cooperage, there is a special establishment. The Pittsburgh Keg and Barrel Factory Company. This is a chartered company, with a capital stock of $100,000. They manu- facture barrels by a patent process, by which the whole barrel is simply one stave. The log from which the staves is to be made, is cut to the proper lergth^ and the lengths steamed. They are then run through a machine, the knife of which cuts a sheet from round the log. The circular slab thus taken off" is then run through other machines, which, by various cuts and shapings, gives the proper bilge and cuts the chimes for the heads. The capacity of the works is 6,000 kegs and 1,000 barrels per day, and the establishment occupies a space of In the Centennial Year, 125 136x304 feet, and there is $70,000 capital in employed in the business. Another manufacture of lumber is the building and machinery Location. Established by. rear. QQ Lacock st. . . . Welsh & Co. . . . 1864 144 Webster st. . . Wm. Peoples. . , . 1856 Grant and 7th av. . Hill & McClure. . . 1854 Penn and Third. . . Wm. Boyd. . . . . 1870 Penn and 26th. . . W. H. Roessle. . . . 1873 Stair Building. In latter years this branch of business has become quite an art. In the growing regard for architectural effects in building, which has increased with the wealth of the country and the ability of those building private dwellings to study taste and effect, rather than cost, the business of stair building has progressed a long distance from the clumsy, steep, tiresome stairs of early days. There are in Pittsburgh and Allegheny the following firms who make a specialty of the busi- ness. In addition to those, several of the sash and door factories embrace this business with their other: Style of Firm. Jos. Welsh & Co Wm. Peoples. A. Lewis. . . Wm. Boyd. . W. H. Roessle. These five establishments employ 65 hands, whose wages amount to about $36,000 a year, and their sales will amount to about $70,000 a year. They use 100 reams of sand paper a year, and 150 gross of screws, and some 200 kegs of nails. The lumber principally used by them is walnut, ash, oak and cherry. The factories occupy 26,000 square feet of ground. There are also the following Wood Turning and Sawing Establishments which, as consuming lumber and producing articles of which it is the material, are properly classed in this division : Style of Firm. Location. Established by. Date^ Wm. Guckert. ... 178 Grant st. . . . Valentine,Guckert&Bro 1840 Conkel & Cunningham. Cherry ay near 5th av T.H.Richard. . . . 1860 Jas. Paul. ..... 183 Lacock st. . . Robt. Hays 1858 These establishments employ 20 men, whose wages in the year amount to $12,350, and other products to $30,000. They use in the works 10 lathes, 10 saws, 3 boring machines, 1 rod machine, 1 mortising machine, 1 moulder and 1 planer. The capital in machinery is |9,500, and the area occupied by the works 4,966 square feet. They use 90,000 feet of lumber and 30 reams of sand paper. Bellows Manufacturing Is also classed among the manufactures of lumber, although the consumption of leather and iron is perhaps equal of each to the lumber used. There are the following firms: 126 Pittsburgh and Allegheny style of Firm. Location. Established by. Date.- D. K. Reynolds, ... 89 Webster st. . . Bell & Reynolds, . . I8ll Agnew, Somerville & Co. 34 Water st. . . . Agnew, Somerville & Co.1872: These two establishments employ 8 men, whose wages average yearly $5,150. They manufacture 660 pairs of bellows, consume hardware to amount of $3,500;: also 11,000 feet of leather, and other articles, as glue, buttons, paint and lumber. The value of their products is $26,600. Coffin and Casket Works. There are two of this class of manufactures in Allegheny City, as follows : Firm. Established By Location. Wettach, Couch & Co. 1867. Wilson, Brown & Co. Market & Bayard.. Hamilton,Lemon, Arnold & Co. 1864. Hamilton, Algeo, Arnold & Co., Mulberry st. These two establishments manufacture 45,000 coffins and caskets a year. They employ 240 hands, whose wages amount to $120,000 a year, and their sales average $430,000 annually. They use 2,500,000 feet of lumber a year, of which 1,000,000 is Walnut, and the balance Pine and Poplar. Their consumption of hardware and trimmings amounts to $80,000 a year. In the process of manu- facturing they use 5 moulders, 5 sand-papering machines, 4 shapers, 18 saws, 3 planers. The factories occupy an area of 476x320 feet. The capital in build- ings and machinery is about $150,000. The value of the lumber consumed is about $50,000. Another industry by which lumber is manufactured into articles of commerce is the making of Matches. There is but one establishment of this kind in Pittsburgh. This business is carried on by G. W. H. Davis & Co., who employ 27 hands, to whom they pay wages to the amount of $8,060. They use 100,000 feet of lumber, 5,500 lbs. of glue, 500 lbs. of phosphorus, 10,000 lbs. of Brimstone, 12 tons of paper for boxes; make 30,000 gross of matches yearly, the sales of which amount tO' $67,000. The factory was established in 1856 by A. J. Griggs. There are other minor manufactories which consume lumber: such as wooden pump making, skiff building, spar and oar making, but of which no statistics could be obtained; or when obtained were so deficient as to not be worth the presentation. From those here printed it would appear that the manufactories of Pittsburgh and Allegheny consuming lumber, and the crude lumber business, employ 2,488 hands, whose annual wages will amount to $1,281,560; while the space occupied by the various works and yards is equal to 129 acres of ground; and the capital in machinery and buildings alone is $1,325,203; and the total value of the products at present rates is $7,542,600. It is more probable that, including those other branches of manufactures which belong to the division of woods, whose statistics could not be disintegrated from the other classes of manufactures in which they are absorbed, among which is the cooperages carried on by the refineries, that this division of business will exceed eight millions in value. In the Centennial Year, 127 CHAPTER XII. THE GLASS FACTORIES OF PITTSBURGH. The first glass house in Pittsburgh is said to have been in operation in 1795^ and was located at what is now called Glass House Ripple, in the Ohio, being in the Thirty-fifth ward of the city of Pittsburgh. Who built the works, or under what circumstances they were begun, there is no record to show, beyond the statement of one of the earliest workmen in glass in Pittsburgh, cited in a subse- quent paragraph. It is however of record, that arrangements for the manufacture of this article were commenced at Pittsburgh by General James O'Hara, in com- pany with Major Isaac Craig, in 1796. Mr. Wm. Eichbaum, of Philadelphia, was engaged to direct the erection of the works. We extract from a letter written by Major Craig, dated ''Pittsburgh, June 12, 1797," to "Col. James O'Hara, Detroit,'' published in Craig's History of Pittsburgh, the following remarks in relation to the first movement: "I then took Mr. Eichbaum up the coal hill, and showed him the coal pits, called Ward's pits, and the lots on which they are,-,with all of which he was well pleased, both as to the situation and convenience of mate- rials for building. I therefore immediately purchased of Ephraim Jones the house and lot near the spring, for one hundred pounds, and have made appli- cation to Ephraim Blaine for the two adjoining lots, which no doubt I will get on reasonable terms. These three lots are quite sufficient, and we are now quarrying lime and building stone, both of which are found on the lot, James Irwin is engaged to do the carpenter work; scantling for the principal building is now sawing; four log-house carpenters are employed in providing timber for the other buildings, and I am negotiating with a mason for the stone work.'' Although this enterprise of General O'Hara and Major Craig is usually consid- ered the first step toward the creation of our present glass business, yet the author of this volume was informed over twenty years ago by William Mc Cully, the founder of the present house of Wm. M'Cully ;2; ^ OQ > Q « E^ In the Centennial Year. 129 In 1813 the number of glass factories had increased to five, producing glass to the value of $160,000. In 1826 there were in operation in Pittsburgh and vicinity, seven glass works, viz: Boxes • O'Hara's two works, called Pittsburgh Glass Works, 6,000 ""Birmingham," opposite Pittsburgh, 4,000 New Albany, at mouth of Redstone creek, four miles below Brownsville, 4,000 -" Benedict Kimber," at Bridgeport or Brownsville, . ; 4,000 "New Boston," at Perryopolis on Youghiogheny, . 2,000 Williamsport, occupied by W. Ihmsen, 3,000 ^Geneva Works, established by Albert Gallatin, 4,000 27,000 Valued at, |135,000 In addition to which was made flint glass to the value of, 30,000 1165,000 In 1831 there were eight glass works, four producing flint and four producing window and green glass, to the value of ^500,000. In 183*7 there were thirteen glass factories, six of which were flint glass works, and the balance green and window glass, making about $700,000 worth of glass. Among these were the Sligo works of William McCully, established in- 1828, and continued at the pres- ent day by W. McCully & Co. The flint glass works of Curling & Price, known as the Fort Pitt Glass Works, established in 1830, now carried on by their successor, E. D. Dithridge & Co. The window glass factory of F. Lorenz, now continued by Thos. Wightman & Co. Twenty years afterwards, in 1857, there were thirty-three factories at Pittsburgh, of which nine produced flint glass and twenty-four window, green and black glass, to the value of $2,631,990. Employing 1,982 hands, whose wages were $910,116, and they consumed material to amount of $2,078,734.40. In 1865 there were fifteen bottle and vial factories, fifteen window glass fac- tories, and fifteen flint glass works in Pittsburgh, being forty-five glass works in all, an increase of forty per cent, in number in eight years. Those fifteen window glass works, located immediately at Pittsburgh, had a <5apacity to make 520,000 boxes of glass a year, but their average yield is about 400,000 boxes, whose entire value at that time was $2,600,000. The fifteen green or vial works produced annually about 420,000 gross, or 60,480,000 of vials and bottles, worth at rate then $2,100,000. The pressure upon these works at that time is best shown by the fact that, although only customary to run them for ten months in the year, yet many of them had ran twenty-one months without stopping. The fifteen flint glass works then in operation at Pittsburgh, produced about 4,200 tons of glassware, worth then, in round numbers, two millions of dollars. Their capacity was, however, double the amount produced, or about 8,000 tons. 9 130 Pittsburgh and Allegheny The following tables showing the shipments of window glass and glass ware^ by rail from Pittsburgh in 1863 and 1864, are of interest, as showing the grasp^ of the trade in the business of the whole United States at that time. The ship- ments by river, of which no statistics are attainable, were to all Western States^ that could be reached by boat, and about equal in amount to the shipments by rail. Q. ,^„ Window Glass Glass Ware ^^^^^^* Boxes. Packages. Pennsylvania, 9,438 56,235- New York, 2,038 79,626 Maryland, ' 20 22,721 Massachusetts, 2,197 Canada, .• 850 4,268 Connecticut, 988 Rhode Island, 96 Delaware, 13 New Hampshire, 82 District of Columbia, 1,247 California, 50* New Jersey, 170- Vermont, 78- England, ". 49 4a Louisiana, 747 Ohio, 58,378 66,045. Indiana, 24,306 19,52a Illinois, 71,296 107,22a Wisconsin, 21,182 28,246 Minnesota, . 2,003 3,368 Mississippi, 55 18& Missouri, 10,075 14,37a Iowa, 27,641 14,931 Kansas, 1,341 1,702 Nebraska, 209 303 Kentucky, 675 2,837 Michigan,.. . . . . 25,414 25,212 Virginia, 2,426 860' Tennessee, 120 574- Texas, 273 28T Total boxes Window Glass exported East,^ 11,633 " " '' " West, 233,037 Total boxes Glass Ware exported East, 141,646 " '' " '* West, ...... 308,009 In the Centennial Year. 131 At the date of the above tables of shipment, it appears from the report of the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, that the entire amount of revenue derived from glass manufactures by the 6 per cent, internal tax in the year from June 30, 1864, to June 30, 1865, was $585, 429. 6Y, as follows: In Maine, one district returning glass, paid, $ 3,Y26 33- New Hampshire, one district returnmg glass, paid, 1,369 18^ Massachusetts, seven '' " " ..... 103,583 06 Rhode Island, one '' '' '' 645 31 Connecticut, three, '' '^ " 4,050 04 New York, twenty-one '' '' "■ 89,643 17 New Jersey, five '' "■ " 100,673 69 Pennsylvania, eight '' '' '' 226,715 42 Maryland, one . '^ " '' 9,299 55 West Va., one '' " '' 18,849 26 Kentucky, two '' " " 6,339 36 Ohio, five " '' " 12,721 15 Illinois, two '' '' 'i 2,834 61 Missouri, one ^' " " 3,514 42 California, one '' '' '' 1,444 92 From these figures it would appear that Pennsylvania paid forty-three per cent, of the entire revenue obtained throughout the United States from manufac- tured glass. The revenue from Pennsylvania was divided as follows : First District, Philadelphia, . . . . $ 1,269 75 Second '' '' 13,095 13 Third '' " 24,027 13 Fifteenth '' '' 191 70 Eighteenth District, ^' 769 75 Twenty-first District, 12,486 55 Twenty-second District, Pittsburgh, 169,556 72 Twenty-fourth " '' 4,818 39 From this it appears that the glass manufacturers of Pittsburgh paid a little over feeventy-four per cent., or nearly three-fourths of the revenue from glass in Pennsylvania, and twenty-nine per cent., or nearly one-third of the sum obtained from the whole United States. This tax will be found to be largely increased in the report of the Commissioners for the year ending June 30, 1866, as there was returned to the Assessor, as sold from March, 1865, to March, 1866, $4,606,074. The tax upon this was 6 per cent., which should give an amount of revenue from Pittsburgh equal to $276,364.44. The growth of the glass manufacturing of Pittsburgh from 1795 to 1865, the foregoing statements indicate. The present status, eighty years after the manu- facture of glass was begun at Pittsburgh, the following tables show. No branch of the business of Pittsburgh shows a more steady increase. To-day Pittsburgh 132 Pittsburgh and Allegheny is the great glass market of the United States, as she is of iron and steel. The facilities for manufacturing glass at Pittsburgh are not surpassed any where, and there is butiittle doubt that the long stretch she is ahead in the manufacturing of glass in the United States, will continue to be maintained. The introduction of the natural gas mentioned in the chapter on the manufacturing advantages of Pittsburgh, will, without question, do as much for this branch of manufacture as for others, where cost of fuel and quality is involved. There are now at Pittsburgh the following: Window Glass Factories. Firm. Thos. Wightman & Co. C. I. Ihmsen & Co. . . Wm. McCully & Co. . / S. McKee & Co R. C. Schmertz, .... A. & D. H. Chambers, Cunningham & Ihmsen, Wolfe, Howard & Co. . Wells, Stewart, Esten k Co. . Duff & Campbell, . . . Phillips & Co Knox, Kim & Co. ... Iron City Window | Glass Co / Office. Estab'd. 43 Wood St. 1796 1810 1824 1854 1836 1836 1841 1849 1859 1866 1866 1866 1867 1874 1 20 Wood St. 62 Water st. 97 First ave. 6 Bingham st. 109 Water st. 4 Wood St. . Jane and 2 2d. 110 Water St. 19th & Mary, 70 Carson st. 69 Water st. Who by. Gen'l O'Hara, C. Ihmsen, . . F. Lorenz, . . . S. McKee & Co. Wm. Eberhart, . Anderson, Chambers ) & Co 3 Cunningham & Co. . Wolfe, Howard & Co. Melling, BstcD & Co. Page, Ze]lers^&; Duff, Beck, Phillips & Co. Knox, Kim & Co. . . Iron City Window Glass Co. . . . 3 30 1 20 2 20 2 20 2 16 3 30 2 20 1 10 1 10 2 16 1 10 1 10 2 14 1 8 These 24 factories employ 1200 hands, whose wages amount to |1, 000, 000 annually. They consume 19,200 tons of sand, 7,200 tons of soda ash, 4,800 tons of lime, 2,400 tons of fire clay, 8,400,000 feet of lumber, 2,445,600 bushels of coal and coke, 750 tons of straw, 1680 barrels of salt, 3,400 cords of wood, and nails, iron and castings to the amount of |10,000. They work 44 hofses, and employ 36 wagons in hauling. They produy Zff/' INTERIOR VIEW OF A GLASS WORKS. MAKING BOTTLES. o m o o w H I (« Eh Eh Z O o In the Centennial Year, 133 if similar tables of the past three or four years were compiled. In the south- eastern States especially the increase has been marked. The facilities for the production of glass at Pittsburgh, as before stated, are unsurpassed, and with the facilities, skill and experience which eighty years of window glass manufac- turing has accumulated here, combined with the mineral facilities, the transpor- tation advantages that exist, Pittsburgh must remain, as she always has been, the great window glass market of the United States. There are also the following Crystal or Table Glassware Factories. Style of Firm. Bakewell, Pears & Co. O'Hara Glass Co. . . Adams & Co. . . . Bryce, Walker & Co. McKee Bros .... Campbell, Jones & Co. Plunkett & Co. . . Challiner,Hogan & Co. King, Son & Co. . . Richards & Hartley )^ Flint Glass Co. / Doyle & Co. ... Rippley & Co. . . . Geo. Duncan k Son. Crystal Glass Co. Office. 8th and Bingham 30th & Railroad. 10th & Williams. 95 Water street. 87 Water st. . 14th & Breed, s s. 8th k Washington 18th street, s s. Pride & Marion. lOth&Washing'n 8th and Bingham 10th near Carson 16th&Washing'n Estab'd. By. 1808 1837 1851 1850 1850 1863 1863 1864 1865 1866 1866 1866 1866 1869 Bakewell & Page. Parks, Campbell & Co. Adams, Macklin & Co. Bryce, McKee & Co. F. & J. McKee. . Shephard k Co. . Plunkett & Co. Pitts. G. M. Co. . Johnston, King k Co Richards k Hartley 1 Flint Glass Co. / Doyle & Co. . . . Rippley k Co. . . . Rippley & Co. . . . Crystal Glass Co. Pots 2 20 2 20 2 21 3 31 4 40 2 20 1 10 1 1 10 2 20 1 10 1 10 1 10 1 2 20 i. 2 20 These twenty-four crystal glass factories manufacture all descriptions of table ware in almost endless variety of articles and styles. They employ 1,895 hands, to whom they pay |1, 233, 000 wages. They use 3,060 tons soda ash, 11,700 tons sand, 760 tons nitrate soda, 600 kegs nails, $4,000 of bar iron, 825,- 760 bushels of coal, 150,560 bushels of coke, boxes to the value of ^130,450 for packing, 35,475 bushels of lime, 2,460 tons of straw. The capital in the build- ings, machinery and grounds is |1, 304, 587, and the space occupied by the buildings, &c., is 109 acres. They work 34 horses and use 23 wagons. They produce 15,000 tons glass, worth $2,250,000. There are also four Flint (Yial and Bottle or Druggist) Glass Works. Firm. Wm.McCully&Co. . W. H. Hamilton k Co. Agnew k Co. . . . Tibby Bros. . . . Office. 20 Wood. . . 26 Wood. . . 153 First avenue 13 Wood St. . . Estab'd. 1855 1863 1866 1866 By. T. A. Evans. . . W. H. Hamilton. . Jno. Agnew k Sons Tibby Bros. . . 1 m Pots 2 17 J ^ 18 2 11 1 2 20 134 Pittsburgh and Allegheny These eight factories occupj^ a space of seven acres, and the capital in build- ings, machinery and grounds is $191,000. They employ 619 hands, whose wages amount to $395,000 a year. They consume 900 tons soda ash, 3,250 tons sand, 23,500 bushels of lime, 210 tons nitrate of soda, 60,000 bushels of coke, 371,000 bushels coal, 610 tons of straw, 50,000 fire brick, 90 tons fire clay, boxes to the value of $50,000, for packing, 14 tons of iron, 250 kegs of nails, employ 16 horses and 10 wagons in hauling. They produce bottles and vials worth about five hundred thousand dollars. There are also eleven Green Glass Works. Firm. Thos. Wightman, . . S. McKee & Co. . . . A. & D. H. Chambers, Cunningham & Ihmsen, Wm. Frank & Son, . ' Wm. McOullv & Co. . Phillips & Co. . . . C. Ihmsen k Sons,"^" . Office. Estab'd. 43 Wood St. 1837 62 Water st. 1836 6th & Bing'm. 1841 109 Water St. 1849 92 First ave. 1854 20 Wood St. 1833 19 & Mary st. 1866 1810 By. W. McCully, . . . S. McKee & Co. . . Chambers & Agnew, Cunningham & Co. E. Wormser & Co. . Wm. McCully, . . Beck, Phillips & Co. C. Ihmsen, Pot. 2 12 1 1 2 12 1 8 1 6 2 14 1 8 1 8 -2 ♦Estate in hands of assignees — not running. These 11 green glass or bottle factories manufacture all descriptions of green and black bottles, fruit jars and similar articles. They employ 944 hands, whose annual wages amount to |566,000. They use 3450 tons of soda ash, 12,050 tons of sand, 66,400 bushels of lime, 1060 barrels of salt, 465 tons of pot clay, 625 kegs of nails, 22 tons of iron, 65,000 fire brick, 86,000 bushels coke, 940,- 000 bushels coal, 625 cords wood, 1560 tons straw, boxes and barrels to the value of $107,000 for packing, and employ 21 wagons and 36 horses in hauling. The works occupy a space of 18 acres, and the capital in machinery, buildings and ground is about $925,000. The value of the product is |1, 350, 000. There is also 9 Glass Chimney Factories. Firm. Dithridge & Co. . . Excelsior Flint G. Co. Evans, Sell & Co. . KeystoneFlint Glass \ Manufactu'g Co. J Kunzler & Co. . . . James Lindsay & Co. Office. Washington st. 8 Wood St. . . 22d & Josephine 3d and Try sts. Foot 17th St., ss, 6 Wood street. . Estab'd 1830 1863 1869 1872 1874 1872 By. Curling & Price, . . Excelsior Flint G. Co, Reddick & Co. . . . Keystone F. G. M. Co, Kunzler & Co. . . . James Lindsay & Co. Pots 2 20 1 10 2 20 1 10 2 20 1 10 o • In the Centennial Year, 135 These nine factories occupy a space of 27 acres, and the capital in buildings, imachinery and ground, is $260,000. They employ 790 hands, whose wages amount to |365,000 a year. They consume 325 tons pearl ash, 480 tons of lead, 600 tons soda ash, 278 tons nitrate of soda, 2,340 tons of sand. They burn 469,000 bushels of coal, 60,000 bushels coke; use 725 tons straw for packing, -about $12,000 worth of pots for the furnaces ; also, $58,000 worth of boxes and barrels for packing, and about 250 cords of wood. They produce annually about 16,200,000 chimneys worth $600,000. This is a branch of the glass making of Pittsburgh, which owes a great in- •crease to the introduction of Petroleum, and is one of the additional sources of •wealth which the utilizing of that «nineral substance opened to Pittsburgh. All the flint glass chimnies made in the United States are manufactured at Pittsburgh, and four-fifths of all other kinds. From the foregoing exhibit of the five divisions of glass manufacturing in Pittsburgh it appears that the total of factories is 73, having 690 pots. There are employed 5,248 hands, whose wages average annually $3,479,000. The total material consumed amounts to 12, 110. tons soda ash, 48,340 tons of sand, 152,000 bushels of lime, 1,218 tons of nitrate of soda, 793,560 bushels of coke, 4,523,760 bush'els of coal, 4,025 cords of wood, 6,055 tons of straw, 2,760 barrels of salt, 250 tons pearl ash, 360 tons lead, 150,000 fire brick, 2,955 tons German clay, 2,100 kegs of nails. Thej employ 96 wagons and 130 horses in hauling, and pay $484,250 lor packing boxes. The space occupied by the buildings is equal to 208 acres; and the capital in buildings machinery and grounds is $4,137,587. "The entire value of the products will average, at present rates, $7,500,000. 136 Pittsburgh and Allegheny CHAPTER XIII. THE COAL BUSINESS OF PITTSBURGH. Coal was known in England as early as A. D. 853, and was applied to economical purposes about the middle* of the twelfth century. In Begium^ according to tradition, a blacksmith discovered the value of coal as fuel, in 1198;. and in 1239 the men of New Castle, England, were granted the privilege of dig- ging coals by King Henry III. From old writers upon the subject, it appears that the mining of coal was, in^ the early days of its introduction as a fuel, conducted under special charters- Its extraction in Belgium was prior to the fifteenth century, subject to the con- trol and supervision of an especial court; and in Scotland, one of the piivile^es^ granted to a religious house in A. D. 1291, was that of mining coal. The adoption of coal as a substitute for wood was gradual, and many preju- dices had to be dissipated before the use of it became general. In Paris, the medical faculty was employed in the beginning of the fifteenth^ century in making a decision of how far this new description of fuel was injuri- ous to health ; and in the early part of the sixteenth century the citizens of London petitioned Parliament against the use of coals. Proclamations were issued in the reigns of the first Edward, of England, and of Queen Elizabeth,, forbidding the use of coal during the sitting of Parliament, lest the health of the- Knights of the Shire should suffer from its consumption, during their residence in London. It seems incredible that a human being should be condemned to suffer deatb for burning coal, yet history records that a citizen of London, for violation of a stringent law prohibiting its use in England, was executed. So great an evil was once deemed that mineral, now considered so great a good, that the value of the yearly extraction from the deposits of that mineral in Great Britain, Belgium,. France, Prussia and Pennsylvania was, in 1848, estimated at $145,200,000, and; every year since has largely increased the demand and supply. Taylor, in his coal statistics, computes that the above-mentioned sum is <' nearly nine times the annual value of the gold and silver exported from Mexico, or six times that of the gross produce of the precious metal in North and South America and Russia." A momentary consideration of the immense excess in value, which is thus shown to be possessed by coal over the gold and silver of the world, fully prepares the mind to admit that Pittsburgh is richer in her coal fields than the balance of the world, in all their deposits of precious metals.. In the Centennial Year. 137 The extent of the bituminous coal field by which Pittsburgh is surrounded in her own State, and from which she derives revenue, is 15,000 square miles — being equal to 8,600,000 acres. The amount of coal contained in that area, it is extremely difl&cult to estimate, because of the variations of strata, and want of reliable information as to the number of workable coal veins to be found in the same depth from the surface reached by the English and French mines. The upper, or Pittsburgh seam alone, would, estimating it at an average of eight feet in thickness, contain in that area 1,498,464,000,000 bushels, or 53,516,430,000 tons of coal — the value of which, at an average rate of five cents per bushel, would be worth $74,923,200,000, or more than the bullion production of the United States, at its present rate of $70,000,000 annually, would amount to in one thousand years. The tract of ground containing such a value of mineral, was purchased by the Proprietaries, as the Penn family and their coadjutors were styled in 176& and 1784 — one hundred years ago, /or the sum of $10,000. As the purport of this chapter is only to show the statistics of the coal trade of Pittsburgh, so far as they can be obtained, it is not to the purpose to present the area of the coal field of Pittsburgh in comparison with those of other States,. nor its quality. In the chapter on the ^'Mineralogical Position of Pittsburgh,"" those things are presented. In Pittsburgh coal appears to have been used as early as 1784, and was then mined from the hill immediately opposite the city, where the Penns granted the privilege at £30 a lot, "to dig coal as far in as the perpendicular line falling: from the summit of the hill.""^ From that day to the present, Coal Hill, as it is familiarly called, has furnished' large quantities of fuel to this locality ; and at no point has coal of a better quality, for all purposes for which it is used, been discovered. The importance of this mineral, and its value to Pittsburgh, is so largely dwelt upon in the chap- ters of this work devoted to the mineralogical position of the city and its manu- facturing advantages that it is unnecessary to remark further here upon the subject. The extent to which it is mined, the cost of its extraction, and the various expenses attendant upon taking it to market, are points which the distant reader will be gratified to find discussed under the title heading this section of the volume. Until 1850 all the coal exported from this city was floated down the river in large flat-bottomed boats, which were usually one-hundred and twenty- five feet long, sixteen feet wide, and eight feet deep, with flat perpendicular sides, bow and stern. Each boat of this size holds about 15,000 bushels of coal, and they were floated to their destination lashed in pairs. The usual complement of hands for such boats was twenty-three or twenty- four. These boats could only be floated down the river, or as it -is technically termed, ''run," in the high floods that generally, from time to time, in the spring and fall of each year, swell the current of water in the Ohio river. Of late years a system of towing has 138 Pittsburgh and Allegheny been introduced by barges and steamboats constructed expressly for the trade, which, being adopted, has caused the Pittsburgh "coal boat" to disappear from the waters of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. The towing of coal was begun in 1850, the ''Lake Erie" making three trips with four barges each time, carrying 16,000 bushels. She was, in March, 1851, followed in the trade h} the "Black Diamond," owned by N. J. Bigley, carrying 20,000 bushels in four barges, from which time the towing of coal has been successfully carried on. It is from the four pools of the Monongahela river that the large proportion of the coal barges start upon their voyage to points below. It is, however, in the harbor of the city of Pittsburgh that the coal tows so called are formed. These tows consist of twelve barges and one steam tow boat. The barges are of an average measurement of four hundred and fifty tons, and the steam tow boats average one hundred and fifty tons admeasurement. The barges hold an average of twelve thousand bushels of coal, and are of an average length of one hundred and thirty feet, and twenty-four feet in breadth, and cost from $500 to $1,000 each. Of these barges twelve are lashed to the steamer; one being lashed to each side, while ten are placed in front, five in length and two wide, being lit- erally shoved along instead of towed. This whole mass of boats and coal is firmly attached by lashing in one body, of which the steam tow boat is the rear centre, and propels the flotilla from the interior of the mass, instead of dragging it along, as might be supposed from the term towing, which is the popular term for this mode of taking coal to market. The bulk of coal thus moved in one of these tows, so called, varies from 100,000 bushels to 130,000 bushels, and is the product of an acre or an acre and a half of coal. . Each of these tows require the services of an average of twenty-four hands, whose wages average about sixty dollars a day. The time usually employed in going to Cincinnati with one of these tows is four days, and to Louisville five days. It takes two more days to make the return trip. To New Orleans the time is two weeks, and the return trip between three and four weeks. ' The average cost per barge for towing to Cincinnati is $75.00, and to Louisville $110. The stores and provisions for the round trip cost about $200.00. These tow boats consume an average of 1000 bushels of coal, costing five cents a bushel, each day, while running. As before stated the great bulk of the coal that is in this manner transported to the markets below Pittsburgh, is taken from the collieries on the Monongahela river, which is slackwatered, and divided into six pools. It is from the first four of these, ascending the river about sixty miles, that at present the bulk of the €oal mined and loaded on that river is taken. The following tables show the * -collieries in those four pools and their details. It is proper here to state, how- ever, that the acres of coal given in the table only represents the number of acres remain- ing in the original tract belonging to the collieries when first established. In most cases these collieries own the river fronts, and there are large tracts of coal lying back of those now being worked out. In the Centennial Year, 139 Table No. 1 of Collieries in Pool No. 1, Monongahela River, showing: Firm, H. B. Hays & Bro. Joseph Walton & Co Corry & Co. A. H. Kenny & Co. Redman & Fawcett, J. D. Risher, Estab'd Who By. Address Hands.* Bush. Mined 1828 Jas. H. Hays. 142 Water St 500 4^000,000 1863 Haberman & Co. . 134 Water st 175^ 1,500,000* 1865 Corrv & Co. . . . 6 av & Wood 75 1,500,000 1835 Robert McClure, . Braddocks, 70 500,000 1849 Henning & Fawcett, 87 Water st. 140 1,500,000 1860 Daniel Risher, . . Hope Chur. 125 1,800,000 *Tho discrepancies in amount of coal mined as compared with number of hands, arise from some •collierjes working greater number of days and less force, making a greater "out-put." Table .No. 2 of Collieries in Pool No. 1. showing: Firm. Wages. i VJ Value Pit Wagons Value. Improve- ments. i Mules H. B. Hays & Bro. 160,000 200 100,000 500 115,000 300,000 10 20 Joseph Walton & Co. 60,000 25 15,000 160 4,800 30,000 10 Corry & Co. . . . 50,000 15 7,500 100 3,000 60,000 3 15 A. H. Kenny & Co. 48,000 6 2,400 45 1,350 5,000 _ 6 Redman & Fawcett, 60,000 50 20,000 100 3,000 45,000 _ 10 J. D. Risher, . . . 56,000 45 22,500 125 3,750 34,000 - 11 Table No. 3 op Collieries in Pool No. 1, showing : Firm. Acres Coal. Miles Pit Track Tow Boats. Value. 1 Value. QQ Value. Id 00 H. B. Hays & Bro. Joseph Walton & Co. €orry & Co. . . . A. H. Kenny & Co. . Redman & Fawcett, J. D. Risher, . . . 3,500 150 40 ul 110 30 3 1 1* 4* 3 -t 6 140 4 36 3 8 - 3 1 1 148,000 140,000 14,400 40 1,600 900 2.400 *T Rail. fSee Hays Coal Co. 140 Pittsburgh and Allegheny Table No. 1 op Collieries in Pool No. 2, Monongahela River, showing: Firm. Joseph Walton k Co. Joseph Walton & Co. G. & W. Jones, . . O'Neil & Co. . . . Foster, Clark & Wood, Lynn, Wood & Co. . Wm. Stone's Estate, J. C. Risher, . . . J. C. Risher & Co. . Geo. Ljsle & Sons, . Culp k Gamble, . . Horner & Roberts, . Robert Wood, . . . Farrow, Gumbert & Co Robbins & Jenkins, . Wm. Neil, .... Wm. Neil, .... Neil & Oliyer, . . . Wm. H. Brown. . . Colliery Estab'd 1855 1870 1848 1850 1856 1866 1852 1855 1850 1859 1870 1858 1851 1846 1846 1843 1846 Who By. O'Neil & Berry, Walton & Co. . T. Jones & Co. . Blackburn & Co. John O'Neil, . Stone & McGrew, Jas. O'Neil, . . J. C. Risher. Jas. O'Neil, . . Wm. Hodsen, . Horner k Roberts, A. Love, . . . Mr. Eagan, . . Pollock, Dunseath k George Blackstock, J. Neil k Bro. . . David Collins, . . M. Correy. . . . Co Office. Men. 134 Water. 175 134 Water. 175 Smd. & 1 av 90 118 Water. — 69 Water st. 125 69 Water st. 150 141 Water. 150 160 1st ave. 100 160 1st ave. 100 80 Water st. 175 Coal Valley 64 Water st. 100 200 Elizabeth. 150 10 Smithf'd 125 69 Water st. 120 M'Keesport. M'Keesport. M'Keesport. 25 Smithf d. 25 60 125 325 Bush. Mined Yearly. 1,500,000 1,500,000 800,000 1,000,000 1,600,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,250,000 1,400,000 2,000,000 1,200,000 1,600,000 1,000,000 400,000 480,000 2,000,000 4,000,000 Table No. 2 op Collieries in Pool No. 2, SHOWING : Firm. Joseph Walton k Co. Joseph Walton k Co. G. k W. Jones, . . O'Neil & Co. . . . Foster, Clark k Wood Lynn, Wood k Co. Wm. Stone's Estate, J. C. Risher, . J. C. Risher k Co. . Geo. Lysle k Sons, Culp k Gamble, . . Horner k Roberts, . Robert Wood, . . Farrow, Gumbert k C Robbins k Jenkins, Wm. Neel, . . . Wm. Neel, . . . Neil k Oliver, . . Wm. H. Brown. . Yearly Value Pitt Value Improve- QQ Wages. O Wagons. ments. S $64,000 40 $24,000 140 $4,200 $45,000 3 64,000 60 36,000 160 4,800 80,000 32,000 8 8,000 84 2,520 25,000 1 1 40,000 10 4,000 100 3,000 31,400 80,000 75 37,500 200 6,000 105,000 6 80,000 35 21,000 210 6,300 50,000 8 84,000 60 15,000 115 3,450 1,500 84,000 40 16,000 120 3,600 20,000 96,000 46 18,400 150 4,500 253,000 1 64,000 35 7,000 70 2,100 15,000 88,000 70 33,600 180 5,400 40,000 1 80,000 22 16,500 143 4,290 60,000 70,000 18 9,000 146 4,300 40,000 3 60,000 33 16,500 125 3,750 18,000 4 16,000 20 10,000 40 1,200 25,000 40,000 12 6,000 84 2,520 20,000 80,000 6 L200 136 4,080 25,000 128,000-^ 150 37,500 275 8,250 45,000 — 17 10 9 10 12 12 12 12 11 r 10 7 8 2 6 8 20 *25 Coke ovens, worth $6,250, produciug 500,000 bushels of coke a year. Table No. 3 op Collieries in Pool No. 2, SHOWING : Firm. Joseph Walton &' Co. Joseph Walton & Co. G. & W. Jones, . . O'Neil & Co. . . . Foster, Clark & Wood, Lynn, Wood & Co. . Wm. Stone's Estate, J. C. Risher, . Oeo. Lysle & Co. Oulp & Gamble, . . Horner & Roberts, . Robert Wood, . • Earrow, Gumbert & Co, Bobbins & Jenkins, Wm. Neil, .... W^m. Neil, .... Neil & Oliver, . . . Wm. H. Brown. f Acres Coal. Miles Pit Track ^1 Value. Value. QQ Value. 200 200 100 240 325 350 450 300 15 700 70 275 140 10 10 225 550 3 5 1 3 3 3 5 3 3 4 3 3 4 2 2 3 15 1 4 4 3 4 2 1 1 2 8 10 90 113 45 6 40 40 278 8 10 20 24 10 6 8 7 2 6 4 4 47 $ 3,000 35,000 1 5,000 11,600 2,500 39,000 48,000 103,000 55,000 72,000 56,500 31,500 3,000 8,000 6,000 3,000 1,800 2,800 2,100 800 2,400 1,600 28,000 40,000 40,000 32,000 270,000 1,200 14,100 200,000 *See Pool No. 1. fSee Pool No. 3. Table No. 1 of Colleries in Pool No. 3, of Monongahela River, SHOWING : Firm. Iron City Coal Co. Hedgens & Co. . . . Wm. C. Guffy, . . . Jno. Gilmore, . . . Jacob Tomar, Jr. . Robbins, Lynn & Co Harlem Coal Co. . . Stoft & Cocain, . . Harlem Coal Co. . . Staib & Co Harlem Coal Co. . . Robison Bros. . . Wm. H. Brown,^ . . Whigham, Bailey &;C Hiram Warne, ... Wm. H. Brown,* . Lindsey, McCutch- ^ eon & Griers . . J Henry Lloyd, Jno. Dippold, .... J. P. Walters & Co. . Jno. D. Negley, . . . Miller, Greenhalgh ) & Co / Louttit, Skillen & Co. Hodgson & Mort, . . Estab'd. 1864 1859 1876 1859 1862 1872 1875 1848 1860 1857 1863 1858 1856 1863 1861 1873 1852 1852 1852 1845 1848 1873 Who By. Phillip & Mittenzw^ei, Blackmore & Nelson ' Jno. Gilmore, . . . Jno. Gilmore, . . . Milesville Coal Co. Staib & Co Stoft & Cocain, . . Shellin Rea & Rodgers, . H. H. Findley, . . R. & S. B. Robison, Black Diamond C. Co. Kirk & Berry Coulter & Co Jenkins & Bro Lindsey, McCutcheon & Griers. Cincinnati Coal Co. Cleveland Coal Co. Jas. K. Logan, . . . Jno. Jenkins Jas. Leech, . . . Hodgson & Mort, Office. Men 75 21st St., s. s. 40 50 136 Water st. 120 Water st. 75 Webster . . . 50 120 Water st. 40 Monon'la City 40 165 2nd av. . 40 Monon'la city 50 a a 50 11 li 85 Allegheny. . 50 25 Smithfield 200 Water st. . . 60 Monon'la City 65 25 Smithfield 125 Allegheny, . . 90 Pittsburgh, 40 a 100 a 100 u 60 120 Water St. 80 Elizabeth, . . 30 Coal Bluff, . . 125 Bush. Mined Yearly. 1,200,000 600,000 600,000 800,000 700,000 800,000 500,000 600,000 700,000 700,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 1,500,000 800,000 500,000 700,000 680,009 400,000 800,000 800,000 720^000 400,000 800,000 *See Pool No. 2. Table No. 2 op Collieries in Pool No. 3, SHOWING : Firm. Iron City Coal Co. . Hedgens k Co. . . Wm. C. GufFy, . . Jno. Gilmore, . . Jacob Tomar, Jr. . Robbins, Lynn & Co. Harlem Coal Co. Stoft & Cocain, . . Harlem Coal Co. . Staib & Co. . . . Harlem Coal Co. . Robison Bros. . . Wm. H. Brown, . . Whigham, Bailey & Co Hiram Warne, Wm. H. Brown, . Lindsay, McCutcheon & Co Henry Lloyd, . . . Jno. Dippold, . . J. P. Walteis & Co. John D. Negley, . Miller, Greenhalgh & Co Loutitt, Skillen & Co. Hodgson & Mort, . Wages, ® o Value. Pit Cars. 60 Value. Improve- meuts. 02 £ O $40,000 32 110,000 11,800 |8,000 8,000 16 3,200 40 1,200 3,000 — 20,000 22 4,400 52 1,560 5,000 1 40,000 33 6,900 64 1,920 8,000 6 24,000 12 1,800 45 1,350 2,500 _ 28,000 17 3,800 75 2,250 3,000 _ 16,000 6 1,800 40 1,200 15,000 _ 28,000 1 1,000 28 840 7,000 _ 12,000 10 4,000 60 1,800 5,000 _ 12,000 32 9,600 60 1,800 5.000 _ 36,000 8 3,200 75 2,250 10,000 _ 24,000 18 7,200 40 1,200 16,000 9 48,000 70 28,000 150 4,500 9,000 _ 70,000 25 7,500 110 3,300 8 24,000 40 12,000 37 1,110 — 30,000 35 14,000 100 3,000 10,000 _ 30,000 23 7,500 80 2,400 25,000 — 16,000 60 1,800 10,000 32,000 20 9,000 85 2,550 10,000 — 28,000 20 5,000 75 2,250 . 39,500 — 24,000 40 10,000 68 1,840 7,000 — 40,000 40 12,000 100 3,000 25,000 1 13,000 15 3,000 27 810 3,000 1 18 18,000 75 2,250 — 8 5 4 8 6 4 2 e e & 1 & 10 4 6 4 a 7 7 4 5 3 3 Table No. 3 of Collieries in Pool No. 3, SHOWING : Firm. lion City Coal Co. . Hodgens & Co., . . Wm. C. Guffy, . . Jno. Gilmore, Jacob Tomar, Jr., . Bobbins Lynn & Co. Harlem Coal Co. Stoft & Cocain, . Harlem Coal Co. Staib & Co. . . . Harlem Coal Co. Robison Bros. . . Wm. H. Brown, . . Whigham, Bailey & Co Hiram Warne, Wm. H. Brown, . Lindsay, McCutcheon Griers, .... Henry Lloyd, . . John Dippold, J. P. Walters & Co. Jno. D. Negley, . . Miller, Greenhalgh & Loutitt, Skillen & Co Hodgson & Mart, .} Co Acres Coal. 230 82 100 187 25 380 127 80 15 90 400 300 325 275 100 1,000 148 650 440 120 300 225 •15 230 Miles Pit Track 1* 1 2 1 1 i_ 4 1 2 5 4 3 2 6 n 1 Value. 115,000 52,000 14,000 75,000 7,000 10,000 25 40 60 Value. $22,500 34,000 42,000 400 Value. 13 $3,900 — 13 2,600 10 3,000 — ' 3 900 —^ 5 2,000 — 24 9,600 5 7,000 8 2,400 — ' 22 8,000 — 9 3,600 — — — — 800 1,200 6 ^ O .-4 Table No. 1 of Collieries in Pool No. 4, Monongahela River, SHOWING : Firm. J. S. Cunningham & Co Jos. Garrow, . . Morgan, Dickson & Co Crowthers & Musgrave, Bigley, Forsythe & Co J. S. Neel, E. C. Furlong & Co J. Leadbetter & Co J. W. Reed & Co. J. V. Smith & Co. Crow & Sons, . . Wood & Huston. . F. H. Coursin, . . Morgan & Dickson Jno. Steeft, .... Wellington & Troy Wellington k Troy Turnbull & Co. . Jas. Rutherford, . Frazier I— ^ c ri D2 w o a a l> cc u 3 a bd *Ti *-3 .,■^t^f??^y^;./Mlf/u^A■'' /^^ Zr^/' INTERIOR OF A COAL MINE, ,rto quired during the next century, the following language is used in ''Pittsburgh As It Is," by Geo. H. Thurston, published in 1857: "The question at once arises, where is the immense quantity to be made? To solve this question, there is a certain condition of things to be considered. First, is required an adequate supply of the raw materials ; then a location of • those materials that will enable them to be cheaply brought together; for as previously stated in other chapters of this volume, the value of raw material does not lay so much in what it is, but where it is. There must be cheap and extensive means for transportation to market, also a sufficiently populous coun- try to render labor attainable at a reasonable cost; and likewise skill to manage such works as may be erected in an economical manner. ''All these requisites exist in the western and eastern iron counties of which Pittsburgh is the focus ; and it is obvious that in the solving of the question, of from whence will come the immense increase required by the calculation of Mr. Hewitt, that the section of country mentioned must aid largely in supplying any such demand ; and that Pittsburgh will consequently increase wonderfully in furnishing her quota of the demand." The following is, as nearly as can be ascertained, the world's total production of iron in 1871 : Great Britain, . . United States, France, .... German Zollverein, Belgium, » . . Austria 6,500,000 tons 1,912,000 " 1,350,000 " 1,250,000 " 896,000 " 450,000 '• Norway and Sweden, . 280,000 tons Russia, 330,000 " Italy, 75,000 " Spain, ...... 72,000 '<• Other countries, . . . 200,000 " Total, .... 13,315,000 tons In 1873 the production of iron in the United Sates had risen to 2,700,000 tons. In 1876 there were in the United States 713 furnaces, with annual capacity of 5,439,230 tons. There were 332 iron rolling mills whose capacity was 4,189,- 760 tons, having 4,475 puddling furnaces. In 1876 Pittburgh has 11 furnaces, having a capacity of 236,992 tons, or nearly one-twentieth of the entire product of the country in 1873, and one-fifty-sixth of the entire production of iron in the world in 1871. The following table presents thejfurnaces and details of size and capacity: 11 162 Pittsburgh ana Allegheny Furnace. Owners. Clinton, . Eliza, . . Superior, Shoenberg Isabella, . a Lucy, . . Soho, . . er Graflf, Bennett & Co. . . . Laughlins & Co Harbaugh, Mathias & Owens, Shoenberger, Blair & Co. . . Isabella Furnace Co. . . . r Lucy Furnace Co. \ \ Carnagie Brothers, owners, j Moorhead, McCleane & Co. . no 02 Built. m ^ 1 45 12 1859 2 60 17 1861 2 45 12 1863 2 62 13 1865 1 Y5 18 1872 1 1 Y5 20 1872/ 1 Y5 20 1872 1 65 19 1872 12,000 36,000 22,000 28,000 75,712 41,280 22,000 These furnaces, in full operation, will employ in the various labors required at the furnaces, 1,000 hands, whose wages will average annually about $550,000. They will use, running at full capacity, 11,894,600 bushels of coke. The quan- tity of ore used depending, of course, on its per cent, of yield, must vary, and admits of no fixed statistics being given. In 1876 there is in Pittsburgh thirty-three iron rolling mills, not to include eight steel rolling mills, with seven hundred and sixty-four puddling furnaces, and an annual capacity of four hundred and fifty thousand net tons, equal to one-ninth of the whole capacity of all the mills in the United States, more than one-sixth of all the puddling furnaces, and one-tenth of all the iron rolling mills in the country. From these statistics it would appear that the prediction of 1857, just quoted from ^'Pittsburgh As It Is," has been largely fulfilled. Is it venturing much to repeat the prediction? The same elements upon which it was based in 1857, still exist, — and may not the following sentence from the same publicatioDj be quoted as applicable to the future, as well as the past. "It has been stated that the future millionaires of America will be found among the iron and coal mines of Pennsylvania. That they will be found among the rolling mills, the foundries, the machine shops and the coal companies of Pittsburgh, there can be no doubt." A reference to the various chapters treating in this volume of those requi- sites, supply of raw material, facility in its concentration, for manufacturing and for distribution, will at once convince how, by nature, the location of Pitts- burgh is adapted for the focus of a huge manufacturing district, and how skill- fully the cunning hand of man is improving it by railroads, and by rendering yet- more available the rivers. Says the author of "Pittsburgh As It Is," in 1857: "In the rapid increase of consumption of iron, a point will be reached in which the natural resources of Great Britain in material and labor will be over- tasked, when, the probabilities are, the United States will come into an equal if not superior position as a supplier of iron to the world. "The price of coal and iron stone has doubled in Great Britain in the last three years, and the price of labor has materially increased. This single fact i& indicative of the approach of that point at which the United States will take rank above all other nations as a supplier of iron. Of which assertion, the fact In the Centennial Year. 163 that her ores and her coal strata are of sufficient extent to enable her to produce 50,000,000 tons with the same drain on her natural resources as Great Britain can produce three and a half million, is conclusive." The position which Pennsylvania would attain in such a state of trade is apparent from her 15.000 square miles of coal and the deposits of the various iron ores which accompany it in every direction; and the rank of Pittsburgh is easily deducible from the remarks and the data given in this and previous chap- ters. Great Britain had but 11.000 square miles of coal, as the basis of her manufacturing success and wealth. The present sources from which Pittsburgh draws her supply of pig iron are nine: 1st. The products of her eleven home furnaces, whose capacity is, as before stated, now equal to one-twentieth of the whole of the United States. 2d. The Allegheny river region. 3d. The Anthracite region. 4th. From the cele- brated Juniata section of ores. 5th. From Eastern Ohio. 6th. From Missouri and Lake Superior. 7th. From the Hanging Rock region of Ohio. 8th. From Kentucky and Tennessee. 9th. From the Youghiogheny region. Research may discover localities where greater natural facilities for the pro- duction of iron exists than here. Be that as it may, at present there is hut one Pittsburgh, It is not probable there will be readily found the same facility for the distribution of manufactured iron, together with the ability to receive cheaply all the valuable ores and metal of the country ; combined with quantity and quality of fuel ; all augmented in their value by the large masses of not only permanently located skilled labor, but skilled masters and judiciously expended capital. As yet no geological examination has shown the same proximity of good ores and proper fuel ; nor improvement developed the same natural and artificial receptive and distributive facilities held by the city of Pittsburgh. Until such is the case Pittsburgh must remain the great iron market she always has been. Her large iron capital, consisting not only of money, but of mills, furnaces, ore banks, iron mountains, coal mines, gaseous fuel from natural gas wells, skill and experience as well, create every inducement of self interest, as well as furnish ability to meet all competition. They must, from the very commercial force embraced in such a multiform yet homogenous capital, control trade. Such huge aggregations of capital, natural advantages and productive ability, may, at times, meet trifling and temporary checks to their continuous progressive ratio ; yet the very strength developed from their owii internal force^ gives irresistable power to their still increasing bulk, which aggregates con- tinually. This is statistically true as to the history of Pittsburgh's progress. The statistics of her commerce and manufactures, when compared with the growth of the West, show it conclusively. In 1800 the population of that section of the Western States to which Pitts- burgh has access by her rivers then, and her rail roads also now, as well, was 385,647. In 1803 the value of the city's business was $350,000, or 91.2 per cent. of the population which furnished her a market. Considering from that stand- 164 Pittsburgh and Allegheny point of time the future progress of Pittsburgh business, the expectation that she would be able to maintain the same ratio of trade per capita as then, would seem reasonable and yet much to hope. Having at that time, without rivalries or competition, nearly one dollar of business per capita with the population of the market she controlled, it might have been perhaps by some thought some- what sanguine, to expect that through all the growth of population in that market in coming years, under all the rivalries of other cities and manufacturing districts that must arise, in all the fluctuations of trade caused by local influ- ences, that Pittsburgh should continue to hold a progress equal with that growth, and maintain a trade of equal per capita proportions as that with which, having no competition, she started. At that time the wonderful developments of the West was not conceived of. Could that development have been foreseen, and the great active ambitious communities that have arisen; the large development of mineral and rail road facilities been pre-known, it would have been thought yet more sanguine to hope the city would keep a trade equal to one dollar per capita, with all that great increase of population, through all the rivalries and competitions that would arise ; and if she could so maintain the ratio, a future for the city to be comtemplated with satisfaction. But little more could be asked than that a city should grow in trade in the same ratio of increase as that of her market, especially if competitions, foreign as well as home, for the trade of that market should not only arise, but increase, within the market itself, by reason of the market's own inherent facilities and growth. As before stated, in 1800 the trade of Pittsburgh was equal to 91.2 per cent, of the population of the West. In 1810 the population of the South and West being 1,073,£31, the business of Pittsburgh was by estimates then made |1,000,- 000, or 93 per cent. In 1820 the census gives the population of the section des- ignated, at 2,541,522, while in 1817 the business of Pittsburgh was stated at $2,266,366, or a fraction short of 90 per cent. In 1830 there were in the same section of the Union, 3,331,298, but there is no record of the value of the busi- ness of the city at that date. In 1840 the population of the Western and South- western States was 5,173,949, and in 1836 the business of Pittsburgh had been shown to be $31,146,55®, being something over 600 per cent., or six dollars per capita, showing that the business of the city had not only kept pace in its orig- inal ratio with the population of the West, but compounded thereon five hun- dred per cent. In 1850 the population of the West was 8,419,179, and the value of the business of Pittsburgh, given by authorities of that date, at $50,000,000, or about the same ratio of six dollars per capita, as in 1840. In 1860 the popula- tion of the Western and Southern States under comparison, was 11,489,318. Of the value of business of the community for 1860, there is no reliable figures, the census of that year of Allegheny county having been greatly deficient in comprehensiveness. In 1856, however, a private compilation of the statistics of the city, published in "Pittsburgh As It Is," before cited, shows the manufactur- In the Centennial Year. 165 ing and wholesale business to have been $70,000,000, by which it is clear that the ratio of six dollars per capita was maintained at that date, and leaving it very probable that an increase thereon was attained in 1860. In 1870 the population of the section of the Union with whose increase the progress of the business of Pittsbugh is being compared, was 11,583,567, — but in that last decade the trade of Pittsburgh had largely found eastern as well as western markets, and the ratios of trade and inhabitants should be with eastern as well as western populations. That the past ratios with the west had been fully maintained, there is no doubt, as in a letter written in 1866, by Geo. H. Thurston, President of the Board of Trade of Pittsburgh, to -Hon. J. K. Moorhead, M. C, correcting a statement growing out of the defective census of 1860, before referred to, that had been made in Congress, that the manufactures of Pittsburgh were but eleven millions, he says: '' From the returns made to the revenue officers here for a period of eighteen months, from September, 1863, to March, 1865, I give you the amount of the sales of some of the more important articles manufactured at Pittsburgh. These figures are not an exhaustive or elaborate report -of the census of the manufac- tures of the city, but a condensation of some statistics of the sale of leading articles derived from internal revenue returns in my possession." Those returns make the sales of the few items in the period embraced, over seventy-four millions of dollars, and although but a limited exhibit of the pro- ductive capacity and actual yield of Pittsburgh of manufactures alone, they are more than ample to show that the ratios had not only been maintained, but also compounded, as at previous periods. These statistics are sufficient to show what was previously stated of the power of Pittsburgh to maintain not only her trade in proportion to the increase of her original market, but to very largely compound thereon in the face of all competitions, checks and depressions of trade. While active competitions now exist to wrest trade from Pittsburgh, espe- cially in her iron and steel interests, yet we feel confident, from the present as well as the past of the iron trade of Pittsburgh, that she will not^have in the fu- ture any more than now anything to fear from the iron mountains of Canada or Missouri, the iron deposits of Superior, the thick, rich ores of Tennessee and Georgia. Then, as now, they would, from facility of transportation, be hers as much as the fine ores of Ohio and Pennsylvania, while her growth in ability and increase in productive force will, as in the past, keep pace with the competition which draws her energies forth and calls upon her resources to maintain the mastery. 166 Pittsburgh and Allegheny Is oooooooooo o oooooooooo o oooooooooo o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o O O lO - O rt< r-H i^- cq r-( o O < c5 o Stewart & Lyon, . . . Peter Shoenberger, . . Bean, Butler & Belknap, Zebulion Packard, . . John 0. McNickle, M. S. Mason,J .... Lorenz, Forsythe & Cuddy Hoge & Hartman, . . Campbell k Chess, . . Everson & Co. . . . A. Plummer & Co. . ^ 6 o SI Is k5 d o o m o3 W. Dewees Wood, . . Jones, Lauth & Co. . . Porter Polfe k Swett, . Moorhead k Co. . i a li ^1 lO^OOOOOOOlCDCOcM'^iO OOOOOOOOGOOOOOOOCOOOOO lO o o -* lO o 00 00 00 i—i c3 § m s i s . U5" .2« tf-l Phillips, Nimick & Co. Shoenberger & Co. Spang, Chalfant & Co. Zug & Co. • . . . . Henry Lloyd, Son & Co. Brown & Co. J. Painter & Sons, . McKnight & Co. . . Chess, Smythe & Co. . Everson, Macrum & Co. Graff, Bennett & Co. . Lewis, Dalzell & Co. . Rogers & Burchfield, . Mullen k Maloney, Wm. D. Wood k Co. . Jones k Laughlins, . Dilworth, Porter & Co. Moorhead & Co. . . ii If ■si CO O O 11 ^ § :li Sligo, . . Juniata, . Etna,^ . . Sable, . . Kensington,! Wayne, Pittsburgh, Birmingham, Anchor, . Pennsylvania, Clinton, Vesuvius, . Iron City, . Eagle, . . McKeesport, American, 3 ■ o In the Centennial Year. 167 o o o o o o o o o o o o 00 (rq lO Tt C5 o o o o o o CO lO ^ I ! JO suiBJx rjH J^ CO -^ o J>- 00 CO CD ^ i lO CD CO 03 -^ lO CD lO F— 1 CD o 1—1 cq !— ( i:- .!>• »0 1 iTi CD -* CO ^ cq <:d o .— 1 cq CQ (rq lO 1— 1 o CD 1^=°=; 1 o •o • -^ ,a o O CO SL^ m ;-. o3 O) CD ^ CM O DO CB CO ^ rT? ;? ^ ^ Cm o) o °<> r^ r^ . • O o o . n-^^ . O O . p uO O lark & C & Burch Macrum ■ <1> bx) o O CQ r-T y- ta n^^ j:^ Si .2 bJD £ o CM- Pm o ;.\; ^ ■— SI./ — ' Q O t» >-;, ^^ • " pg sq jTi H;i; cq cq CO CO '—I CD CD CD CD CD 00 00 00 CO 00 O r^ CD- CD CD CD 00 00 'X CO 33 O O 00 Q^ 00 Oi CU 05 c3 P£^ CO CO 03 ^ ^ iC iC Oi C^ CO CO CD CD 'tD CD Jb- J:- Ir- 00 00 X 00 00 00 00 ^ C53 (^ j>^ O O O '-^ o • ® -3 S d ::i fiS ^ P^(So3o3^o3g ^ fl rt fl o - «i^ oi O) Q ^q H^ ^q CO H^ CQ CQ pQ o O o • ^ 6 Ph o o O 03 . CO O) 'C CO . CO 02 =^CM(1^ O ;-, u ;^ oj O) PQ ^ > H=? .e,9 W S-i f-4 o3 .2^0 03 02 CO o3 O) OJ 0) o be 1q m O O • •^ . CO old o ^ -^ ^ s o -I ^ ^^ ^^ J^ nd OP o i> 03 O o3 a> •IS CO HH bX) 03 piH jH .^ fl 03 ^ >— < rt o p::; .-S ^ CO CO 03 2 Oh Wgqo: 5 2 03 03 .^ n3 )_-( ^ i Eh 168 Pittsburgh and Allegheny These thirty-three iron rolling mills have, as will be seen from the table, seven hundred and sixty-four puddling furnaces, and the capacity of the mills for production is four hundred and fifty thousand tons, or as before stated equal to one-ninth of the whole capacity in the United States, and one-sixth of all the puddling furnaces. It is equal to one-fourth of all the mills of Pennsylvaniar seventy per cent, of all the mills in Ohio, ninety-four per cent, of all the mills in the New England States, eighty per cent, of all the mills in New York and New Jersey combined, one hundred and twenty per cent, of all the mills in the seven States of Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Ala- bama and West Virginia, one hundred per cent, of all the mills in Kentucky, Illinois, Tennessee and Indiana, and two hundred and thirty per cent, of all the mills in the balance of the United States. These thirty-three mills, running full, consume 385,000 tons of pig iron, besides scrap iron and blooms. They use 150,000 tons of ore for "fix," and 3,000,000 fire brick. They consume 2,400,000 bushels of coal, employ 10,148 hands, whose wages average $6,560,000 annually. The capital in the buildings, machinery and ground is, as nearly as can be arrived at, $9,681,667, and the area covered by the mills is 510 acres. They produce, when running full, about 350,000 tons of bar, sheet and plate iron, also about 1,200,000 kegs of nails. The value of the product it is difficult to give, owing to the fluctuating rates of iron in the past two years, and a mere estimate, owing to the various qualities, descriptions, and rates for special orders, or peculiar makes, would be nothing re- liable. From the amount of pig metal consumed, the value of the rolling mill product may be assumed at about twenty million of dollars at present rates. The iron produced by the McKeesport works is really a separate class of iron manufacture, being a special article made by only one mill, and known as Russia or Planished Steel Iron. The manufacture of this article was established in 1851 by W. Dewees Wood, the present proprietor, under a patent granted to James Wood, the grandfather of W. Dewees, in 1841, and under an improvement by J. Wood Brothers, in 1844. The imitation of Russia shtet iron then made by this establishment, although equal in appearance to the imported article, would not resist the action of the atmos- phere as well. This difficulty was partially overcome in 1861 through experi- ments by the present proprietor of the works. Other improvements were patented in 1865-67, but the required result was not obtained until 1873, through the present mode of manufacture, the principle feature of which is planishing by hammers. The growth of this important branch of Pittsburgh's manufactures is the result of thirty years experimenting and study on the part of the inventor, and the effect is that Pittsburgh is the only point in the country where an article of planished sheet iron is produced fully equal to the best Russia iron, and so endorsed by the heaviest metal, dealers and consumers in the country. In the growing indications that the United States will, within. . /!.y^„r/^.-/f/>^f/'' "' •' '' /-'M BIRDS-EYE VIEW IN TWENTY-FOURTH WARD, FROM BLUFF STREET. MONONGAHELA RIVER AND JONES ,.^ +3 eavy cast i chill ro w mill TV eels. arine and machiner •oiling n i ci^ § «^ ^ c« ^ "73 a> .2 CQ ;^ -^ fl fl t»2 .2 ^ O 1^ c3 '^ s -S .?.2| 1 15 t»" ^ w .•-> u -^ OQ c3 G » o o o DO .■*f o o o o o o i=! C ^ ^ ^ s* d^crTaT ^ •j^ o o 2 6 ■"^ . ?-2S • » ft 5z; fe •saoBain^ f— 1 rH H o ph Mc ;iter & man & , Fowle 02 aiy 525 •oiBdriQ r-H CO * ^-sp^m cQ O >, ^ > -^-s CO CO —1 00 » O CD CO Tti 00 00 00 00 r— 1 I— 1 I— 1 !-H o o 5z; -«3 • of cq" O m a 05 o a; P5 ClH « '^'S O lO CO O C^ 05 C! ^ R CO o 00 00 r— i I— 1 CO >— 1 '^ CO ^ o ^ s 6 o ;_) .. • =^ o5 O 02 ci^ _ be .. s a> arrison Lewis, . B. Youn Shinkk o o o ^ H <£ ^ 03 • ^ ,§ "^ • ai -^ ff ® 1= :^ 1 o s • be CO -^ 5 5 OQ 03 t: 174 Pittsburgh and Allegheny p O P3 1^ m e o O w •suoj, oooooooo oooo-oooo CDOOOOOOiOO o o o o o o o o o •sao'B 1 1 1 1 1 Cq r-H rH I— 1 I— 1 rH •oi-BdnQ ,-H ^ ^ - +j ^j 13 ^ d 02 Jr^^OOOOiCOr-ico (rqp^r-icqcqc^cq.— I CO 00 rt 00 00 v3 I— I I— I lO • 6 • Q 6 <^ o O o J^ <^ d • o CQ ^ 03 d >^ 02 o M o "^ d ^ t^ hJ H^ <1 Q fe O o o 6 ^ o ^^ 03 CO a;) o o o bo S-l d d 03 P^ . ^ 05 o o d • o r-J CO • • ° -I r^ ^^r^ d o o o .a p o o H T3 d 03 CQ • (D CO I - P^Ph oT <1> O w O CO CQ m -^s ^ ■^ Ih 9 a u £-^ ^ fe § CD w M HJ 03 -d DQ ves. toves, Range d 03 GQ DQ a; - P> !> t> OU2 m m uimui •iC^p^d^O 000 0000 000 Oirsoo ^"^ ■^'^^'^rH^ CO*" c ^ nirJ ^ s rP 03 tS3 ^ f-l -t^ ^ §^^ !^ rd • • '-< rH t> Cq t>^ t^ ;>* >% a) Tj (D (13 "^ ^ O ^ X5 O •H O -H -^ O ^ ^^^^ CO "^ ±- rH O CQ rH C5 00 C» QQ d 2^ Pp:^h-^ o^OQ . d d o In the Centennial Year. 175 M -^ ^ i § § § ' ^ o o 2 53 © 1 G5 S d M 1 ;i5 ^iS^ •i o '^ d 03 d o3 d g 6

03 O J2 o3 t. i 25th & Li 27 Penn 350 Rive 6 . . o ^ . . . >% 3 ® . j s S-l OQ J N O O . «« H d o ^ o « ^^ • ' CO lO ^ IC CO O lO 00 00 00 00 00 00 -t- r-H cq Oi O -^ CO Jt- lO CO 00 00 00 00 00 ^ ^- !>■. ^ ?^ O 0^^ , P^GQ o o T3 '^ SB d d o o3 03 6 6 > > 03 03 ' ^ (X) o3 O ^ 173 o3 f-i ^ O PL, risi 00 ^ jt- cq CO ^3 CO CO CO CL| m d d o3 ^=» o3 ^ a o o O a off ^-^l^ffl o . S 73 o 14^^ bo d • d d ;=! o o a<^ o3 p-i 02 •^Id r-j O »_, - bO ^ d d . o o CD a 5 ^ .1 Vh 0^ -0 ^ d OQ ^ m © <-T< o3 d d >» d ':;:3 6 '^ KQ Q<1^ .3 176 Pittsburgh and Allegheny These forty foundries and engine shops occupy a space of 128 acres, and there is in the buildings, machinery and ground capital to the amount of $2,292,000. They employ 1,936 hands, whose wages amount to $1,053,680, yearly, and use 69,980 tons of pig metal. They also consume, among other materials, 650,000 bushels coke, 544,000 bushels coal, about 100,000 bushels sand-loam, 200,000 fire brick, 400 tons fire clay, about $150,000 of iron and nails, 75 tons brass and copper, 500,000 feet of lumber, and the value of their product is about $4,300,000. Steam Pumps. There are three establishments manufacturing the above articles. Style of Works. Style of Firm. Office. Estab'd. By. Eclipse. S. D. Hubbard & Co. 1st av. & Ferry. 1873 S. D. Hubbard & Co. Keystone. Epping,Carpenter& Co. 32d and Penn. 1866 Pottmayer & Winter. Hutchison. Hutchison & Co. 112 Liberty av. 1874 Hutchison & Co. These various works each produce a special pump, having its own peculiar- ities. They employ 46 hands, whose wages amount to about $40,000. The works occupy 100 by 450 feet, and the capital in machinery, buildings and ground is about $50,000. No statistics of the products of the business could be obtained. There are in addition eleven other works that might be classed under foun- dries, to whose working, cupalos and air furnaces are requisite, and who melt pig iron in the processes of producing the articles they manufacture. Those are domestic hardware manufactories, saddlery hardware factories, plow factories and pipe foundries. For the purpose of a more distinct classification of the products of Pittsburgh, they are classed in groups, distinct from other foundry business, and the statistics of each class subjoined. There are four establishments making Domestic or Builders Hardware. Firm. Office. it i;2 Who By. o* Is 8 Jacobus & ;Nimick\ Manufacturing Co. . J Livingston & Co. . . Jarvis & Adams. . . Logan k Strobridge. . Diamond st. . . . 253 Washington av. Diamond st. . . . 108 Water. . . . 1855 1867 1870 1874 Jones, Walling- ") ford & Co. . . / Livingston k Co. . Jones & Adams. . Logan & Strobridge. 1 1 1 1 2,000 1,500 1,500 1,600 These four firms employ 315 hands, whose wages amount to $140,000 annu- ally. The space occupied by these works is 6 acres, and the capital in machinery and buildings is about $215,000. Their consumption of coke and coal is 73,000 bushels. There is used in the production of the articles they make, 3,250 tons pig metal; also about 3,000 gallons Japan and an equal amount of varnish. In this branch is included the manufacture of stock and ore, depot, dormant, pig metal, portable, platform and counter scales; paint, ^'kaughphy" 2 O > O 13 t^ o 0) ^■v, -*M' ^^ ■ In the Centennial Year. 177 •and corn mills; copying presses; locks, of twenty different descriptions; a great variety of latches, bedstead castors and fasteners, weights, bell-pulls, sauce pan handles, wardrobe hooks, hinges, bolts, stands for fire and sad irons, umbrella stands, tobacco cutters, locking hasps, in fact every description of malleable casting and domestic hardware, and their product is about |450,000 yearly. Saddlery Hardware, Embracing all the articles which th0 name implies, is manufactured by three establishments. The list embraces a long line of articles which it is useless to recapitulate, as they are familiar to all persons in the trade. The firms are : firm. OflBce. Estab'd. By. s5 . Capacity .Sara'l Reynolds, . Crawford Mf'g Co. Gilliam Mf'g Co.* 350 River ave. 293 Liberty av. 293 Liberty av. 1863 1849 1867 Sam'l Reynolds, . . . Olnhausen, urawford & Co. Gilliam Manufacturing Co. 1 1,200 1,500 ^Manufacture as a specialt}^ Gilliam's Patent Coach Pads and Gig and Express Trees ; the only factory of the kind west of the mountains. These three establishments employ 285 hands, whose wages will amount to f 126,000. They use 1,000 tons of metal, 100,000 tons of coal, 70,000 bushels of coke, 12,000 bushels sand. 5,000 lbs. of glue, 50 tons of wire, 12 tons of emery, 2,000 ozs. of silver, 50 tons wrought iron, 50,000 fire brick, 50 tons fire clay, 24 tons of paper, leather to the amount of $12,000, silk thread and hair to amount of $1,500, boxes for packing to value of $14,500. The space occupied by the establishments is 4 acres, and the capital in machinery, buildings and ground is $265,000. The yearly value of their products is $370,000 to $400,000. The manufacture of PLOWS. Has also been a leading business in Pittsburgh. There are three plow works in the city. The full statistics of those cannot be given, one of the firms declining to furnish any information. The largest of the three, and from the variety and scope or the implements manufactured, is the Pittsburgh Globe Plow Works, Alexander Speer & Sons, Proprietors. It is one of the largest plow manufactories in the country, and is a fair rep- resentative of Pittsburgh's industrial growth. The Globe plow works were es- tablished nearly half a century ago, in the year 1828. During that time they have been continuously in operation. The original factory was a one-story frame building, without a foundry, and occupied a space of twenty feet by one hun- dred. The present works occupy 270 by 240 feet, or over an acre-and-a-half of ground, and is a two-story brick with a foundry and a cupalo of 2000 tons ca- pacity. The foundry floor occupies a space of 100 by 120 feet. The blacksmith 12 178 Pittsburgh and Allegheny ■ r • shops and finish rooms are two-story brick buildings, 60 by 270 feet. The store room floor, which is in the second story, is 60 by 230 feet. From eighty to one hundred hands are employed, and sometimes more. The quality and acceptability of the plows made from this establishment is certified to by the fact, that beside taking a medal and diploma at the world's fair in Hamburg in 1863, and a medal at the London exhibition of all nations in 1851, they have carried off gold and silver medals and diplomas at more than thirty State and county fairs in as many years in the United States. The Globe plow works employ 80 hands, whose wages will average |50,000 a year. The establishment will consume 1500 tons of pig metal yearly, $30,000 of woods, 300 tons of steel, and 50.0 tons of iron ; and produce plows, cultiva- tors and similar agricultural implements to the number of 90,000, having a value not far from half a million dollars. The capital in machinery, grounds and build- ings is about 1200,000. The other factory was established in 1846, by Robert Hall, and is now carried on by Spratt, Johnston & Co. They employ 45 men, whose wages amount to |20,000. The value of their improvements is stated at $50,000, and their sales at $100,000. The manufacture of Bolts and Nuts Is another important branch of the iron business of Pittsburgh, there are in the- city four factories. As the manufacture of these articles originated in Pitts- burgh, a short history of them will not be out of place in this work. In 1845 or 1846 William Kenyon, of Steubenville, Ohio, invented a machine- for cutting and pressing a nut at one operation ; the right of which invention, was purchased by Haigh, Hartupee & Co., from him in 185C, who then applied as his assignees for a patent, which was granted shortly after. Some period after the time mentioned as the date of Kenyon's invention, Isaac H. Steer constructed dies for a similar purpose. In the spring of 1850, the first machine for that purpose was built by Henry Carter and James Rees. Henry Carter then purchased the right of Isaac H. Steer, and obtained letters patent, both in the invention of Steer and of Carter & Rees. In April, 1856, James Rees disposed of his interest in the manufacture to Henry Carter, who at the same time formed a co-partnership with Charles Knap, then of the Fort Pitt Foundry, under the style of Knap & Carter, Charles Knap having purchased one-half of the patent for the territory west of the- Allegheny Mountains. On the 1st of January, 1857, they associated with them John W. Butler, the style of firm being Knap, Carter k Co., from which firm the? Standard Nut Company proceeds. The four establishments in operation in the city are: In the Centennial Year. 179 Firm. Estab'd. By. Office. Standard Nut Co. . . . 1850 Carter & Rees, .... — ' Lewis, Oliver & Phillips, 1863 Lewis, Oliver & Phillips, 91 Water st. Charles & McMurtry, . . 1875 Charles & McMurtrj, . . 16th street. Pittsburgh Manufac'g Co. 1871 Pittsburgh Manufac'g Co. 28th street. These four establishments employ 800 hands, and pay wages to the amount of $388,000. The establishments occupy eight acres of ground, and the capital in the machinery, buildings and ground is stated at $505,000. One of these^ Lewis, Oliver & Phillips, however, employ a large proportion of their hands in the manufacture of what is known as heavy hardware, using the product oi their rolling mills to the extent of 13,000 tons. Two others produce nuts and bolts exclusively. Lewis, Oliver & Phillips use 100 bolt machines, 20 nut ma- chines, 25 punching machines, 10 hammers, and 108 miscellaneous machines. The Standard works use 15 nut machines, 3 bolt machines, 6 washer machines, 12 tapping machines, and consume about 6000 tons iron. Charles & McMurtry use about 4000 tons. The product of these four establishments is about $1,280,000. The Pittsburgh Manufacturing Company, beside bolts, manufacture a variety of specialties of iron. Locomotives. An important and growing industry of Pittsburgh is the manufacture of locomotive engines, which, though of recent origin, forms a considerable and interesting item in the aggregate value of products. There are in Pitts- burgh and Allegheny two locomotive works. "The Pittsburgh Locomo- tive AND Car Works," a joint stock company, chartered under the laws of Pennsylvania, for the building of locomotives, passenger and freight cars, was the pioneer in this business. The company was organized in 1865. The works are located in the Sixth ward, Allegheny city. The ground was broken for this largest manufactory within the limits of that city on August 1st, 1865, the shops were ready for operation in the autumn of 1866, and the first locomotive was turned out in the spring of 1867. Since that date the works have been in almost continuous operation ; and although the buildings Avere liberally planned and furnished with machinery far exceeding any anticipated need, so rapidly did the business increase that frequent additions of machinery and buildings have been imperative. At this time the structures required in conducting the opera- tions necessary for the production of a complete locomotive, covfer nearly two and one-half acres in area. They are all of brick, built in the most substantial manner, and embrace the following: Machine shop, 290x120; engine room, 50x 25; smith shop, 250x70; paint shop, 70x55; carpenter and pattern shop, 115x70; iron foundry, 135x70; flask shop, 35x23; cupalo house, 23x22; brass foundry, 60x50; boiler shop, 250x70; pattern store room, 70x55; and other smaller build- ings. The grounds have a frontage of 415 feet on Beaver avenue, running back to the Ohio river about 800 feet. Switches of the Cleveland & Pittsburgh 180 Pittsburgh and Allegheny Railroad, with tracks running into the enclosure, give easy connection with all railroads centring in Pittsburgh, greatly facilitating, as mentioned in the chap- ter on their manufacturing advantages, the receipt of supplies and shipment of their manufactured products. These latter are almost exclusively locomotives — the company never having embarked in the manufacture of cars. The locomotives constructed are of every class of broad and narrow gauge, from five to fifty tons weight, and adapted to all kinds of service. They are used in every section of the United States, and have achieved a high reputation. The annual capacity of the works is about one hundred locomotives of the class usually employed on full gauge railroads, to produce which requires the labor of some six hundred workmen, mostly skilled, and a vast array of machinery. The projectors of this establishment are reaping a fair reward for their enterprise in inaugurating it, and the aggregation of this body of mechanics has had a large influence on the growth and prosperity of the immediate locality. The other works were established for the manufacture of Light Locomotives, and are carried on by Porter, Bell & Co. The works were established in 1861, by Smith & Porter. Their manufacture of locomotives is of such as are adapted to narrow gauge rail roads, contractors' use, furnaces, mills, mines, and all kinds of special services; nothing over twenty tons weight being made. The estab- lishment has turned out 145 light locomotives in the past fifty-four months. The establishment occupies one-and-a-half acres of ground, and there is $150,000 of capital in the plant of the works, which has one cupalo of 1,500 tons capacity. The establishment, during the past year, under the depression of business, has been running about one-half of its capacity, employing 116 hands, whose wages amounted to $60,000; used 120 tons of pig metal and $37,500 of steel, wrought iron rivets, etc. The office of the works is at No. 5 Smithfield street, and the works are on the line of the Allegheny Valley Rail Road, near Fiftieth street. Iron Bridge Works. There are two establishments manufacturing iron bridges in Pittsburgh. Style of Works. Style of Firm. Office. Estab'd. By. ^^^ Works "^^^ } Keystone Bridge Co. 50th street. 1860 Shiftier & Pipper. ^^^^Works''^^^} ^•^' ^^^^^^^^•- • • 198 Pennav. 1856 C. J. Schultz. These two works, when running full, employ 650 hands, whose wages will amount to $350,000 a year. They will use about 8000 tons of iron. The space occupied by the works is seven acres, and the capital in machinery, buildings and ground, $425,000. The largest of these, and the largest in the United States, is the Keystone Bridge Co., which was organized as a chartered company in 1865. The annual capacity of the works is equal to about $3,000,000 of production. As the con- tracting parties for the construction of the famous St. Louis and Illinois bridge, In the Centennial Year. 181 having the largest spans in the world, these works have a cosmopolitan reputa- tion, and consequently Pittsburgh in this direction of business. The experience- acquired in the building of this bridge, and the facilities required to be created to carry on the work, has necessarily given this company advantages in con- struction. Two hundred and thirteen iron bridges had been erected by the company up to 1874. The other establishment is an individual works, and while not of as magnifi- cent proportions as the Keystone, has a reputation equal to its capacity. The bridge across the Allegheny river of the Pittsburgh, Ft. Wayne & Chicago R. R. was constructed by the Iron City Works, and the ability of this firm is shown by the fact that the old wooden structure was removed and the iron one substituted without stopping the passage of a single train. The bridge over Forbes street in the city of Pittsburgh is also the work of this establishment, as well as the Sylvan avenue bridge. Twenty bridges were constructed by this establishment in 1873-4-5. * Iron bridges or iron ships, iron cannon or iron water pipe, nothing, be it great or small, to be constructed of iron, presents obstacles to the skillful me- chanics of Pittsburgh, or draws too heavily on the resources or facilities of the city. Railroad, Spike and Rail Road Chair Works. The manufacture of these important articles is the exclusive business of one rolling mill, the " Glendon," Dilworth, Porter & Co. This extensive manufactory was started in 1852 by Porter, Rolfe & Swett. It is the only establishment of the kind in Pittsburgh. The railroad spikes are manufactured by "Swett's Rail Road Spike Machine," the patent of which for the United States is owned by the firm. The peculiarity of the spikes made by this machine ms, that they are larger under the head where the greatest strength is required, and have a sharp chisel point, therein differing from the article made by other machines. Although fitted to carry on the manufacture of merchant iron in all its branches, the pro- duct of their mills is used in. the making of railroad spikes, railroad bolts and nuts, fish bars, railroad chairs, and other articles of railroad supplies. The works cover an area of about two acres, and the capital in grounds, buildings and machinery, is ^400,000. Two hundred and twenty-five hands are employed, whose wages will average 1175,000 a year. The capacity of the works is 65 tons a day, and during the war period the value of products was |1, 000, 000 yearly. The works have 8 spike machines, beside the puddling and heating furnaces enu- merated in the table of rolling mills. Spikes and Boiler Rivets Are, in addition to the quantities turned out by the nail factories attached to the rolling mills, manufactured by S. Severance, No. 50 Water street, who makes the production of those articles his peculiar business. The establishment origi- 182 Pittsburgh > and Allegheny nated in 1840 with L. Severance, and now employs one steam engine running 10 spike machines, with a capacity of 3,600 kegs a year. This factory employs 35 hands, and turns out 40,000 kegs of spikes and rivets a year, worth about $150,000; the machinery is valued at $500,000; and the space occupied by the works is 50 by 160 feet. Manufactories of Wrought Iron Pipe and Boiler Flubs. The manufacture of wrought iron pipe and boiler flues is one of the import- ant branches of the manufactures of Pittsburgh. There are the following five firms engaged in the business. Firm. Office. Estab'd. By. Spang, Chalfant & Oo. . 70 Sandusky st. . . ^ Spang & Co. Evans, Dalzell & Co. . 165 First avenue. Byers,McCullough&Co. 98 Water street. . Rhodes & Potter, . . 140 First ave. .* . National Tube Works, . Wood and 3rd ave. 1866 Evans, Clow, Dalzell & Co. Byers, McCullough & Co. 1871 Wm. Graff & Co. National Tube Works. These five firms employ 1,290 hands, whose wages average |625,000 a year. The works, occupy a space of 14 acres, and the capital in machinery, buildings and ground is $1,150,000. These firms turn out wrought iron pipe and boiler flues from J inch to 15 inch diameter. The facilities at Pittsburgh for manufacturing this article of general use are not approachable at any other point. The best illustration of this is that the National Tube Works, originally established at Boston, was removed to Pitts- burgh as the point where the greatest combination of facilities for the cheap manufacture of this article existed. The capacity for production of these five works is equal to 80,000 tons a year; the actual product at present is about 60,000 tons. The National alone now converting 125 tons iron daily into pipe. Cast Iron Pipe Manufacturers. One of these, the Franklin, was established in 1837 by Rowan Edgar & Bradley, and is now carried on by Jambs Marshall & Co. It has three cupalos of a capacity of 20,000 tons. The works occupy a space of about three acres, and the capital in machinery and real estate is about $90,000. The works, when running full, employ 100 men, whose wages will amount to |40,000. The other, the National, Wm. Smith & Sons, is claimed to be the largest in the United Sates. It was established by Wm. Smith in 1854, and has four cupalos, stated to be of 15,000 tons capacity each. The space occupied by the works is five and a half acres. In 1874 the works, employed on a large contract, used 25,000 tons pig iron, employed 600 men, whose wages were $350,000. They used 500 tons of straw, 500 barrels flour, 346,000 bushels of sand, 50 barrels of molassess, and 1,800 barrels of blacking. These works make pipe from IJ inch to 50 inch in diameter, and have facility to manufacture 2 miles 2 inch, 3 miles 3 inch, 3 miles 4 inch, 3 miles 6 inch, 2 miles 8 inch, 2 miles 10 inch, 1 mile 12 *See Rolling Mills. In the Centennial Year, 183 inch, J mile 15 inch, \ mile 16 inch, J mile 20 inch, J mile 24 inch, J mile 24 inch, 1 mile 36 inch pipe each week. These works, owing to circumstances, have not been running for the past two years, but are about going into operation again. The statistics of the past are given to show the capacity in that branch of business here, as well as in others. Boiler, Still and Tank Manufactories Form another important division of the iron manufactures of the city ; there are the following works : Firm. Office. Establ'd. By. W. Douglass & Son. . 41 Carson. . . . 1833 Withrow Douglass. R. Monroe 12 Water. ^. . . 1835 J. Litch. D. W. C. Carroll & Co 3d av. and Liberty. 1842 M. Stackhouse. Jared M. Brush. . . 61 Penn av. . . . 1852 W. Barnhill. James Thorn & Co. . 2d & Duquesne way 1866 McCollister k Co. Riter & Conley. 55 Water 1861 James Riter. Brenneman & Ward. . 26 Penn 1862 W. Barnhill k Co. James Lappan k Co. . 17th street. ... 1862 D. F. Agnew. James McNeel k Bro. 29th and Railroad. . 1865 Jas. McN'eel. A. Stetler & Sons. . 17th street. . . . 1865 A. Stetler k Sons. Eclipse Steam Manuf.Co 1871 Eclipse S. M. Co. Manchester k Sons. . 28th and Railroad. . 1872 Manchester k Sons. James Cuddy k Co. . Br's Bl'k, Duquesne way 1873 James Cuddy k Co. Bauman, Sunday k Co 3d k Duquesne way. 1846 Bauman, Sunday & Co These fourteen establishments occupy a space of 42 acres, and the capital in machinery, buildings and ground is $358,000. The amount in buildings or machinery in carrying on this business is not heavy, the machinery and facilities of tools and buildings required not being of an expensive nature. They employ 587 hands, whose wages jimount to $269,000. They use 8,445 tons of sheet and plate iron, 750 tons castings, 200 tons rivets, 110,000 bushels coal. Their production will average |1, 500,000 a year. The building of iron tanks for holding the petroleum product of Western Pennsylvania, is a prominent feature in this branch of business. Some idea of the immense amount of tank- age constructed may be tound from the fact that D. W. C. Carroll k Co. con- structed in twenty-four months 2,000 tons of tankage. Nor are the labors of this class of works confined to boilers, stills and tanks. In 1871 Wm. Douglass k Son built three iron tow boats, and in 18*75 Riter k Conley constructed two iron boats to run on South American rivers. Workers in iron, familiar with its con- stitution and its handling, experienced in its capabilities, the mechanics of the Iron City find no obstacles in the construction of anything of which iron is the material. To the skilled workmen of the city, the forge, the hammer and the iron bar or sheet, is what it is popularly fabled the jack-knife and the pine stick is to the ingenious New Englander. 184 Pittsburgh and Allegheny The Manufacture of Chain Cables Is carried, on by two establishments, who manufacture under separate patents. Both works are but lately started, and the product is yet of the future. One is Union Chain & Cable Co., at No. 1239 Penn avenue, and the other, the Pittsburgh Chain & Car Lock Manufacturing Co., at No. 7 Sixth avenue. The two will employ about 125 men, when in full operation, and of course their consumption of iron will be in proportion to their business, as wrought iron is, beside labor^ the sole consumption, except the coal and coke used for fuel. There is another establishment carried on by Robson k Campbell, by which hand-made chain is produced, but the firm declining to furnish any information, no other record can be made. There is also a small chain manufacturing shop where hand-made- chain is made, carried on by Wilkinson & Bros., at 926 Penn avenue. Wrought Iron Anvils. The manufacture of anvils of the above nature is carried on by D. W. Bald- win & Co., under the title of the American Anvil Works. - This is the only works of its kind in the United States. They were only established in October, 1875^ and the statistics are more in the future than in the present or the past. The works occupy a space of 50x160, and the machinery is of a value of about |4,000. At present 20 hands are employed, whose wages amount to about $10,000 a year. The anvils average in weight from 50 to 500 pounds, and the firm expect to turn out during the present year about 5,000 anvils. The works are at Twenty-eighth and Ptailroad streets. Carbon Bronze. This is another special manufacture prosecuted in the city. It was estab- lished in 1873 by B. W. Baldwin, and is now carried on by Baldwin & Stotler, at Twenty-eighth and Railroad streets. The article produced is journal bearings, made from a combination of metals that gives the name to the article, which is of an oily nature, and not likely to heat. The establishment has used in the past three years about 140,000 pounds of copper, spelter and other metals, and are using at the present time 600 pounds a day. The production requires but few hands, some four or five moulders, and the finished article is worth twenty cents a pound. Iron Forging. Although the forging of iron, in a greater or less degree, in its smaller shapes,.. is carried on in most of the machine shops and rolling mills of Pittsburgh, yet as a distinctive business, there is but one Forge where large or heavy shaftings,, and similar work, is exclusively done. These works are known as the Duquesne Forge. They are carried on by Wm. Miller, at the corner of First street and Duquesne way, having been established in 1869 by the same person. There is- employed in the works, when running full, about 40 hands, whose wages amount to |35,000 annually. There are in the forge four furnaces and four forging fires,, one four-ton hammer, having a six foot stroke, one two-ton hammer, having a In the Centennial Year, * 185 three and a half foot stroke, and one steam valve hammer of 1,500 pounds. The- space occupied by the forge is 85x150 feet, and the capital in machinery and buildings is §60,000. About 1,000 tons of forgings are produced yearly. Juniata Wire and Rivet Mill. W. P. TowNSEND & Co., 19 Market Street — Established 1849. It is the only manufactory of the kind in Pittsburgh exclusively devoted ta the production of rivets. The establishment makes all sizes of iron and tinned rivets suitable for every description of sheet iron and tin plate work, from eight ounce to three- eighth inch in diameter. The rivets are all made of the choicest Norway iron. The establishment produces about 800 tons of rivets a year,, employs 30 hands, whose wages amount to $18,000 a year. The same firm carry on the manufacture of wire. The first mill was estab- lished in 1827, although the manufacture of wire was prosecuted by R. Town- send in 1816. The capital in machinery and building is |100,000, and the product about 500 tons of wire a year. The two establishments consume 1,300 tons of iron annually. Scrap Iron Business. The gathering and selling of scrap iron has become an important business of the city, and there are engaged in it four principal firms, beside many junk shops,, whose gatherings find their way to the larger firms. Those four are : Firm. Office. Establ'd. Mullen & Maloney Duquesne way and Cecil alley. 1834 Maloney &; Lanahan 355 Penn avenue 1864 Warren Springer 4th st. and Duquesne way. . 1872 W. J. Hammond 11th st. and Duquesne way. . These four firms employ 41 hands, whose wages amount to $27,000. They use 40 horses and 27 wagons in hauling, and handle 25,000 tons of scrap metal. A larger amount of this metal is handled in the city by many small dealers, but of it no statistics could be had. Many of the mills also buy direct from parties at a distance, all of which, as well as the amount handled by the four firms whose names are given, take the place of pig metal in the workings of the- rolling mills. Glossing and Fluting Irons. This is a special and patented manufacture. It is carried on by the Hewitt Manufacturing Co., at No. 166 Penn avenue, who employ 10 hands, and prod-uce about $30,000 of these articles. Manufacturers op Patent Furnace Grates. This is another special manufacture of the city. It is pursued by W. C. Childs k Co., No. 133 Wood street, by whom the West and South are supplied.. No statistics were furnished of their business. 186 Pittsburgh and Allegheny Galvanizing Works. The Pittsburgh Galvanizing Works, operated by James McQuiston, corner of Twenty-sixth and Railroad streets, is a special establishment. It was estab- lished in 1871 by McQuiston & Craft, and employs 16 hands, whose wages will «,verage |6,000 annually. The galvanizing of metals is largely carried on, and the works consume 200 tons of zinc a year, 125,000 pounds of sal ammonia, and ^3,000 of acids. The works occupy a space of 80x210 feet. The pickling bath is 21 feet long, 32 inches wide, and 18 inches deep. The pot for holding the melted zinc is 12 feet long, 26 inches wide, 49 inches deep, and holds 28 tons of melted metal. The works are capable of turning out seventy or eighty dozen of coal hods, from six to ten tons of wrought iron pipe, or six tons of sheet iron per day, and other work in proportion. Mr. McQuiston has lately been filling orders for coating plates of homogeneous steel, and has succeeded in galvanizing some of very large size, 108x45 inches. Another exploit lately performed at these works was the coating of cast iron bath tubs for the country. These articles had been ordered from New York, and could not be found in that market, but the work of galvanizing them was perfectly done here. Westinghouse Air Brake. It is of no small interest that Pittsburgh is the birthplace of this extremely important invention, as well as the seat of its manufacture. The Com- mittee on Science and Arts of the Franklin Institute, in concluding an ex- haustive report on the Westinghouse Air Brake, says: "That by contriving :and introducing this apparatus, Mr. Westinghouse has become a great public benefactor, and deserves the gratitude of the traveling public at least." At no time more than when speeding along at the rate of from thirty-five to forty miles an hour, does the traveler feel the value of an invention, that either by the will of the engineer or acting automatically brings the train to a stop in fifteen seconds, without shock or action to disturb the in- mates of the cars. Broken bridges, wild trains, accidental obstructions or malicious impediments, lost their terrors when the persevering efforts of the inventor and his friends succeeded in securing the adoption of this invention, so wonderful in its effects. In a series of experiments conducted by the committee above quoted, a train running thirty miles an hour up grade, was brought to a stop in sixteen seconds, by the engineer. In a second experiment, the brake being applied from the interior of the car, a train running between thirty and thirty-five miles an hour, came to a full stop in fifteen seconds. In a third •experiment, the train running thirty miles an hour, down grade of twenty-six feet per mile, the four rear cars were detached, and the brake acting automati- cally, the cars came to a full stop in eleven seconds. In another experiment, the engine alone being severed from the train, the speed being forty miles an hour, •down a grade of 28 feet to the mile, the train came to a rest in lOj seconds. In the Centennial Year. 187 The first experiment quoted showed that a train moving at a speed of 30 miles an hour, may be stopped in a distance of less than^SSO feet in a quarter minute's time. The second showed that a train, by simply pulling a cord in any part of it, may be stopped, when going at the rate of 32 miles an hour down grade, in 552 feet in a quarter minute's time ; and the third smd fourth^ that if the cars became detached, the brakes apply automatically with equal effect. A train running 35 miles an hour will pass of 3080 feet in a minute, or about the length of an or- dinary car in a second. Two trains approaching each other at that speed, com- ing into collision, would require only half a second to telescope. The import- ance of this invention is thus easily seen from the certainty and celerity with which the application of the Westinghouse Brake brings a car or a train to a full rest in a quarter of a second, or less. The building in which these wonderful brakes are manufactured at Pitts- burgh, is 264 feet long by 100 wide ; there are employed in it, in the production of the various brakes made, 120 hands, whose wages amount to $75,000 a year. There is consumed at the present time 900 tons pig iron, 200,000 bolts, 250,000 feet gas pipe, 50,000 feet rubber hose, 15 tons rivets, 50 tons ingot copper, 20 tons malleable fittings, 100 tons merchant iron and forgings, 37,500 bushels of coal, and the products of the works in six years has reached $2,250,000 in value. There are manufactured the Westinghouse Automatic Air Brake, Vacuum Brakes, Locomotive Driver Brakes, Westinghouse Freight Brakes, and Truss Brake Beams. These brakes are in use in Canada, New Brunswick, Mexico> Cuba, Peru, Chili, Equador, Belgium, England, New Zealand, and Australia, all supplied from Pittsburgh. Cornice Manufacturers. There are two manufactories of cornices from galvanized iron in operation : Firm. Office. Established. By. H. Adler, 152 First avenue, 1869 H. Adler. Rasner & Dinger, . . 16 Market street, 1870 A. 0. Ketteridge & Co. They employ 30 hands, whose wages are $16,000 a year, consume about |16,000 of galvanized iron, $5,500 of zinc, $5,000 tin plate, 8,000 lbs. solder, and produce $50,000 of cornices, window caps, etc. Machinery and Manufacturers Supplies. There are t^o firms who make this branch of trade their exclusive business : Firm. Office. Established. By. Kay, McKnight & Co. . 75 Water street, . 1868 Geo. H. Stover & Co. Hutchison & Co. . . 112 Liberty Street, 1872 Hutchison & Co. They deal largely in steam pumps, machinery packing, and like class of goods. Their sales amount to about $200,000 a year. 188 Pittsburgh and Allegheny Firm. M. B. Cochran & Co. McNish & Butler, . By. M. B. Cochran. McNish & Butler. Wood-Working Machinery. There are two firms whose business is the manufacture of the above descrip- tion of machinery, such as planers, matchers, mortising, tenoning and re-sawing machines. The firms are : Office. Established, 121 Liberty street, 1870 104 Liberty street, 1858 They employ 90 hands, whose wages amount to $49,000. The space occupied by the works is 124 by 169 feet, and the capital in machinery and buildings iff $50,000. The product of the works is $150,000. Plumbing and G-as Fitting. This branch of business is as largely carried on, in a great number of estab- lishments, as is required by the necessities of all large cities, and the number of gas fitting shops of all grades is forty-five. Most of the large shops are included in the brass foundries and in the steam fitting establishments. As near as could be ascertained there are about 200 hands employed in this branch of business, whose wages will average about $90,000 a year, and the work will amount ta quite $650,000 a year. They consume gas fixtures, wrought iron pipes, malleable iron fittings, cement, iron castings, iron ware, bath tubs, terra cotta pipe, putty, earthen ware, lead pipe, brass work, and minor articles, but the details of the consumption of each item were not satisfactorily attainable. Steam Fitting. There are six establishments which make this a principal and distinctive feat- ure of their business ; although each, more or less, work in plumbing and gas fitting, and also brass founding. These six are Firm. Craig Bros. . . . Jarvis, Halpin & Co. S. Cadman & Son, . J. B. Sheriff & Son, . Atwood & McCaffrey, Wilson, Snyder & Co. Estab'd. By. 1845 Gallagher & Co. 1858 W. & S. Jarvis. 1863 Cadman & Crawford 1864 Sheriff & Loughrey. 1865 Atwood &M'Caffrey 1875 Wilson,Snyder& Co Office. 139 Second ave. 35 Fourth ave. , Duquesne way. , 68 Water st. . . 50 to 60 Third ave. Third av. & Liberty. These six establishments carry on steam heating and fitting in all its details. They employ 40 men in this branch of their business, whose wages will amount to about $24,000 a year. They use about 600,000 feet of pipe and produce work to amount of $200,000 a year. The Manufacture of Gun Barrels Is carried on by James Bown & Sons, who established the Enterprise Gun Works in 1848, and consume about 20 tons iron and 2 tons steel a year; employ 20 men In the Centennial Year. 189 in these works whose wages will amount to |14,000 annually. There are in use in the works seven turning lathes, two planers, two punching machines, two drill- ing machines, one bending machine, one steam hammer. Dealers in Guns and Sporting Goods. There are three firms that make a specialty of this business, viz : Firm. Office. Estab'd. By. James Bown & Son, . . 136 Wood st., . . 1848 Bown & Tetley. J. H. Johnston. . . . 285 Liberty st. . . 1867 J. H. Johnston. H. H. Shulte, .... 320 Liberty st. . . — These houses deal in all descriptions of guns and other sporting goods; em- ploy 21 hands, whose wages amount to |13,200, and their sales to ^210,000. Pittsburgh Car Wheel Works. This establishment is the only foundry of its kind in Pittsburgh. It was es- tablished in 1870 by John L. Gill, Jr., and occupies two-and-a-half acres of ground. The works employ on an average 40 hands, whose wages are $20,000 annually. Cold blast charcoal hanging rock metal is almost exclusively used in this foundry, of which about 3,600 tons are yearly consumed. The capital in buildings and machinery, etc., is |150,000; about 50,000 bushels coal and coke are used in the smelting. The office of the works is at 83 Wood street, Pitts- burgh, and the works on Preble avenue, Allegheny city. Jobbing Machinists and Iron Railing Manufacturers. There are three firms who may be thus classed under this division of business of the city. Firm. Office. Establ'd. By. James Bown. .... 136 Wood. . , . 1848 Bown & Tetley. Marshall Bros 71 Diamond st. . 1818 John Marshall, Sr. J. Cochran & Bro. . . 86 Third ave. . . 1843 Jas. Cochran. These three firms employ 60 hands, whose wages will amount to about $35,000 a year. The capital in machinery and buildings is $110,000, and the space occupied by the works is about one acre. The product of these works will average yearly from $160,000 to $175,000. Their products are varied, em- bracing all descriptions of wrought iron work. Street Lamp Factory. This is a new branch of Pittsburgh manufactures, having been established in 1872 by Samuel Morrow, at 112 First avenue. At present it employs but four hands, and produces about 2,000 lamps a year, and is but the nucleus of a larger business. Lamps from this factory have been furnished to towns as far west as California. . 190 Pittsburgh and Allegheny There are eight firms that may be classed as Sheet Iron, Tin and Copper Workers; Firm. J. B. Sherriff & Son, J. T. Kincaid, Jr. E. W. Demmler, . . Sam'l Morrow, . . Daeweritz k Roedel, Wm. Barnes, . . . John Burford, . . . Totten & Better, . . Office. 68 Water st. . 107 First av. . 180 Liberty st. 112 First ave. . 151 First av. . 47 Market st. . 50 Water st. . Jstab'd. 1820 By. A. Sherriff. 1832 L. & P. Peterson. 1838 J. H. Demmler. 1852 M. Shirk. 1858 Roedel & Co. 1863 Roberts, Barnes & Co. 1864 John Burford. 1854 Price & Beiter. . . 157 Wood St. These use yearly 12,000 tin plate, |17,000 sheet iron, |19,000 sheet copper,. 9,000 lbs. solder, employ 60 hands, and pay $30,000 wages; and produce $120,000- of manufactured articles. There are in addition to those a number of small jobbing shops, employing from one to two men, whose statistics are not attaina- ble or important. Iron Safe Manufacturers. Of these there are three in Pittsburgh. Firm. S.S.Wks,Thos. Barnes Pitts. Safe & Lock Co . Reisick & Bro. . . . These establishments employ 120 hands, whose wages amount to $88,000. They use $7,500 of locks, $7,200 of steel, $3,000 of sheet iron, $2,500 of brass castings, $7,000 of cement, $10,000 of furnishing goods, occupy 2J acres of ground, and have $103,000 in machinery in use. Among that machinery is 15 lathes, 24 drill presses, 7 punching machines, 5 shearing machines, 12 grinding machines, 2 trip hammers, 3 planers. Their produce is about $150,000 yearly. Office. Establ'd. By. 129 Third av. . 1845 Burke & Barnes. 167 Penn av. 1871 Pittsb. Safe & Lock Co 16th and Pike. . 1861 Reisick & Bro. Iron Axle Manufacturing. This branch of iron manufacturing is made an exclusive business byAhlbom & Neckerman, under the style of the Keystone Axle Works, at Thirty-third and Rail Road streets. The statistics of this establishment were not obtained, and therefore no statements can be made of its production or consumptions. In the Centennial Year, 191 CHAPTER XV. STEEL MANUFACTURING AT PITTSBURGH. It being only within a few years past that Pittsburgh steel has attained so- great a reputation, the impression prevails to a considerable extent among the trade that its production by Pittsburgh manufacturers dates but some ten years back. To the contrary, the production of steel has been, with varied fortune^ the subject of experiment in Pittsburgh for between forty and fifty years, and certain qualities have been successfully made during the same period of time. The finer qualities of cast steel, for edge tool purposes, have however only been, produced for fifteen years past, although some grades have been successfully made for a much longer period, the efforts for their manufacture dating back to about 1828-30. The production of a quality of steel that should triumphantly compete with the English article, is a success belonging solely to Pittsburgh; for although the [manufacture of steel had been attempted by persons in various sections of the United States, and some of the lower grades made, yet we are unable to find record of any establishment outside of Pittsburgh that succeeded in producing a reliable tool steel of a quality equal to the English article. The enterprise wa& about abandoned in this country, when the success of the Pittsburgh manufac- turers revived its spirit; since when several establishments have been put inta operation at different points, but leaving Pittsburgh the only great steel produc- ing market of America, where are made all qualities, from the lowest grade of blister up to the finer qualities of tool, sabre and cutlery steel. The exact date at which the manufacture of steel was first attempted in Pitts- burgh is uncertain; but in 1828-30, an Englishman, by the name of Broadmea- dow, built a converting furnace in the city, and made steel. The enterprise did not succeed, the quality of the article produced being very poor. The failure was no doubt attributable to the want of proper material ; and this cause was, for a long time, the obstacle in the production of the higher grades of steel with all who attempted its manufacture, until it was fast becoming a received opinion that it could not be made from the native irons of America. Years of experience and perseverance have, however, established the contrary fact; and, as before stated, steel equal to the best imported article has been, and is daily produced, from native irons in the steel works of Pittsburgh. Owing to the abundance and admirable quality of the fuel at this point, the low cost at which the coke and coal can be procured, together with this being a 192 Pittsburgh and Allegheny good market for charcoal irons, Pittsburgh is the best location in the United States for the manufacture of steel. When the use of natural gas is more fuUj introduced, that superiority will be yet more strongly developed and maintained, and Pittsburgh be not only the cheapest point of manufacture in perhaps the world, but her steels, by reason of the purity of the fuel, unapproachable in •quality. About 1833, Messrs. G. & J. H. Shoenberger commenced the manufacture of blister steel, with one furnace, converting twenty-five tons every three weeks, And continued the manufacture thereof until 1862.. A firm under the style of Whitman & Havens also manufactured steel about 1832. The charcoal irons used at that time were admirably suited for the purpose, and the efforts in the production of this- grade of steel were successful. The products, however, met with that severe prejudice on the part of consumers that Pittsburgh cast steel Afterwards encountered. The introduction of the genuine or blister steel made At Pittsburgh was attended with considerable difficulty. Consumers could not be made to believe that the blister steel of Pittsburgh was in any way equal to that brought across the Atlantic, although expert workmen were sent to visit consumers to prove to them the fact. It was only after Pittsburgh blister steel; which had been rusted by throwing salt water over it, so as to make it appear as of English manufacture, was sold ,to consumers that it was found to be all that could be desired. In 1835 the manufacture of springs and axles was commenced by Isaac Jones, which business he carried on until 1840, using the steel made by the Messrs. Shoenberger. The demand for springs of Pittsburgh make having, however, largely increased, Mr. Jones, associating with him Wm. Coleman, commenced, under the firm name of Jones & Coleman, the manufacture of blister, spring, and like grades of steel. In 1845 the firm of Jones & Coleman dissolved, and Mr. Coleman, after carrying on the spring business for a year, in 1846, associating with him J. W. Hailman, John F. Jennings and Samuel Hartman, formed the firm of Coleman, Hailman & Co., for a more extended prosecution of the steel business. Mr. Jones, associating with him Quigg, in 1845, under the style of Jones & Quigg, erected the Pittsburgh Steel Works, manufacturing therein blister, spring and plow steel, in which similar line of production the firm of Coleman, Hailman & Co. also pursued the business. Somewhere about this date a firm under the style of Tingle & Sugden, carry- ing on the manufacture of files, commenced on a small scale the making of cast steel for their files, and likewise produced a quantity for general sale. Some- what previous to this, in 1841, Patrick and James Dunn began manufacturing cast steel for G. & J. H. Shoenberger. The works erected by them were quite exten- sive, having eighteen or twenty holes or furnaces; but six of the holes were, however, run steadily. The enterprise was abandoned after a year or so. One of the causes that led to the relinquishment of the business was the difficulties arising from the crucibles, which were made principally from American clays. In the Centennial Year, 11^3 At the present time the .^crucibles are made from plumbago chieliy. These experimenters iii the manufacture of American cast steel, although producing it to a considerable extent, failed to make a first-class article, although that made was suitable for many purposes. The material used was Juniata bloom iron. It is proper here to remark, however, that at that early day in the series of in- vestigations and experiments going on among Pittsburgh manufacturers, to the end of obtaining a hrst-class article of cast steel from native irons, the failure to obtain from any particular iron the higher grade of steel, or an occasional success, cannot be properly placed to the demerit or the credit of such irons as unsuitable or desirable, for the manufacture of steel. The isolation of Pitts- burgh from labor skilled in that line of treating metals, and various other diffi- i f-< 9p K a t q o S?=( w w ^ ffi W o m o "A •«J % HH a W Ct r d Kl O w •=?! H W 02 R W r Q i n o 5d ?5 M ^- g i (^ m 11 U "1 < a 1 w P e^ ^ fi O pcj . Eh 1 rr, o CO Pm I— i CO CO oT O o •n O o o ^ <^ 6 ^ o CO ^ c 5 CO O o ^ ;-i CO u bo 03 GO P5 GQ O O d o s bD be Ph CO O O 5« o O Ph cq ^ . bo r~ ;-f 'TJ r/2 5S H-3 03 £ 72 p ^ ^ y ^ 03 pa .j: CO 03 o o3 lO x>- o o cq .o 00 o cq *i j>- Saiippiij CO (M CO CO CO 1 i CO 1 cq •89own.mj Sj^J8AU00 CO 00 1 1 Ti^ r— 1 CO cq cq 1 CO 1— ( 1—1 CO (CI 00 cq CD »o cq rt< saiBJX o f— < cq a CO CO — -^ CO 1 1 '^t^ ^ CO <^' 1 1 T*< cq i-H i-H •89tOH •'^ai 00 o CO 1— cq 1 CO cq 1— 1 cq 1 o o o 03 B CQ > 03 O ^ h5 o O 'o bo &c « J3 o ^ IS 11 .3 p ^ ■0' '" fi'H)'; "■ WHITMORE, WOLFF, LANE & CO.'S HARDWARE STORE. m o 03 g % In the Centennial Year, 197 The Edgar Thomson Steel Works. The abov.e company for the production of steel rails is a speciality among the steel works of Pittsburgh, being constructed and worked solely for the making of rails. The works are located at Bessemer, on the main line of the Pennsyl- vania railroad, and on the Connellsville division of the Baltimore & Ohio Rail- road. They command also for transportation facilities the entire railroad system West and South, by a railroad bridge across the Mpnongahela river, forming a connection with the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati ct St. Louis Railroad, while the Monongahela river, on which the company's grounds front for 3,000 feet, gives facilities of water carriage to and from its very doors over the whole Ohio and Mississippi system *of navigation. In their location these works are a most ad- mirable illustration of those receptive and distributive facilities enjoyed by Pitts- burgh manufactories, which are stated in the chapter of this volume treating of the manufacturing advantages of the city. Located on the very ground where Braddock's disastrous battle was fought and the English soldiers fell before the attack of the American Indian, the idea irresistably presents itself that on the same battle-ground one of the equally fierce contests of commerce is being carried on, and between English and American forces again. For the whoop and yell of the Indian, the hills echo back the shrill voice of the steam whistle and the scape pipe. Where the clink of steel and the rattle of musketry filled the air, now resounds the clash and clank of machinery and the cheerful sounds of voices busy with the management and working of machinery, greets the ear, where, on '-Braddock's direful day," the angry shouts and com- mands of contending warriors rose and fell with the varying fortunes of the battle. These works, standing thus on the very area of a famous frontier battle, are a striking illustration of the conquests of trade, the progress of civilization, and yet more so of the progress and growth of Pittsburgh. No grander monument to the growth of the nation, the progress of the city, or the triumph of Ameri- can manufactures and of American mechanics, could well be built, than this complete and comprehensive steel works. The whole area of ground is 106 acres, and the buildings now erected are: Cupola house, 107 feet long, 44 feet wide and 46 feet high. Converting house, 129 feet long, 84 feet wide and 30 feet high. House for blowing engines, 54 feet long, 48 feet wide and 36 feet high. Boiler house, 1*78 feet long, 40 feet wide and 18 feet high. Producer house, 90 feet long, 46 feet wide and 26 feet high. Rail mill, 380 feet long, 100 feet wide and 25 feet high, with a wing 100 feet long, 35 feet wide and 1*7 feet high. Office and shop building, 200 feet long, 60 feet wide and 18 feet high. A coal and iron house, 40 feet long, 20 feet wide and 10 feet high. The producer house and rail mill have iron side columns with timber side framing. All the others are wholly of brick, and all, without exception, have iron roof frames and coverings. 198 Pittsburgh and Allegheny The machinery of the works is in full keeping with the size of the works, and designed to facilitate all the manufacturing processes. The converting machinery comprises 3 cupolas, 5 feet clear diameter and 40 feet high ; 4 spiegel cupolas, 2 feet diameter and 40 feet high; two 12-tons cupola ladles upon scales; two 5-ton converters, 6 feet clear diameter by 15 feet high. Twelve crane ladles for casting, and a full equipment of ingot moulds and flasks for bottom casting. The steam machinery comprises 20 tubular boilers, 5 feet diameter by 15 feet long, each having forty 4J inch tubes. The two blowing engines^ for the converters, have 42 inch steam cylinders, 54 inch air cylinders, and 48 inch stroke. Each has two 20 feet 20-ton fly wheels. A duplex blowing engine is used for the cupolas, with 18 inch steam cylinders, 60 inch air cylinders, and 36 inch stroke. A horizontal engine, in the cupola house, with an 18x24 inch cylinder, drives the crushing and grinding machines. A horizontal engine, 36 inch diameter by 48 inch stroke, with a 25 foot 50-ton fly wheel, drives the blooming mill; and a similar engine, 46 inch diameter by 48 inch stroke, drives the rail mill. A 3-ton hammer is placed for cutting the blooms and for such hot chipping as may be needed. An engine, 16 inches by 12 inches, drives the rail saws, and one 18 inches by 24 inches, the straightening presses, the slotting machines and the drills for fish plate holes. The Hydraulic Machinery comprises — One duplex pressure pump, with 25 inch steam cylinders, 9 inch water plungers, and 24 inch stroke, and one pressure pump, 20 inch and 7J inch by 15 inch stroke; a complete distributing apparatus, all the valves of which are connected to a common platform ; two accumulators, 16J inch dianieter by 9 feet stroke; a ladle crane, 15J inch diameter by 6 feet stroke ; 4 cranes, 13 inch diameter by 9 feet stroke, three lor lifting ingots and one for the bottom casting flasks; two cylinders, 18 inch diameter by 9 feet stroke, with racks and pinions for rotating the converters; one cylinder, 12 inch diameter by 24 inch stroke, fixed upon a car, for lifting and removing the bottoms of the converters; and two lifts, 9 inch diameter by 27 feet stroke, for raising materials in the cupola house. The Heating Furnace Plant comprises 20 gas producers in 5 blocks, 6 Sie- men's furnaces, each 8 feet wide by 20 feet long, inside of the walls. There are two chimneys, each 6 feet clear diameter, and 98 feet high. Three of the furnaces will have hydraulic machinery for charging the ingots. Rolling Mill Plant. — The ingots are bloomed in a 30 inch 3 high mill, which is fitted with feeding rollers, driven by an independent engine, and with hydraulic cylinders for moving the feeding tables, for turning over the ingots and for moving the middle roll to vary the sizes of the grooves as required. A "telegraph" leads to the hammer, and a steam crane piles up the ingots in the yard whenever it becomes inconvenient to take them direct to the re-heating furnaces for the rail train. A 23 inch 3 high train, with 3 sets of rolls, is used for rolling rails. A line of driven rollers leads to the saw carriage, and a second line of driven rollers leads" In the Centennial Year. 199 to a 60 feet hot straightening plate. The extent of the works is easily seen from the foregoing description. The capacity of the works is 200 tons ingots 'each twenty-four hours, and 225 tons of rails if rolled in double lengths, and 200 tons if rolled in single lengths. The works have made 220 tons on a single turn, and 4,000 to 4,500 tons in a month. The works employ 500 men, whose wages will average |400,000 a year, and will consume 50,000 tons pig metal a year. The capital in the machinery, building and ground, is $1,000,000. Elliptic Cast Steel Railway Springs. The construction of this article is another of those specialities of which so .many are among the manufactures of Pittsburgh. The works were established in 1865 by six parties in Wisconsin, who selected Pittsburgh as the best site for their purposes, and employed then but six hands. In 1866, they were purchased out by Calvin Wells and A. French, who form the present firm of A. French & Co., by whom the works are now carried on at the corner of Twenty-first and Liberty streets. The factory occupies a space of 260 by 100 feet. Up to 1872, the works employed 100 hands, and consumed in that year 2,000 tons of steel, and the product was |650,000. In the past year, owing to the depression of trade, the consumption of steel was only 1,000 tons ; and but 60 hands are employed now, whose wages are $36,000 a year, and about 20 tons of springs are daily made. The works have double the .capacity of any other in the United States, and the capital in machinery, buildings and ground is stated at $154,000. Nearly all the passenger cars in the United States are running on this spring, and in the past two or three years 250 tons of them have been sent to Canada, and English orders filled. CuLMER Spiral Springs. The manufacture of spiral railway springs and buffers, under this patent, is of but recent date at Pittsburgh. The works were established in 1873, by the Culmer Spring Co., at the corner of Twenty-sixth and Liberty streets. The space occupied by the works is 100 by 100 feet, and the cost of the machinery and build- ings $20,000. Under their present scope of working they employ 16 hands, whose wages will amount to about $12,000 a year. They consume 200 tons of steel, and their sales have already reached $80,000 per annum. In this establishment the amount of raw material used is not to be taken as a criterion of the importance ■of the works, but rather the number of springs made ; of these, however, no ac- count can be given, as no record has been kept by the establishment of the num- ber turned out. The works are at present but an embryo of a future growth. Steel Casting. This is a comparatively new class of steel manufacturing in Pittsburgh, and hsis been in operation about five years. The business is carried on by the Pitts- burgh Steel Casting Company, at Twenty-sixth and Railroad streets, and also by tthe Crucible Steel Casting Company, Carson street, south side. 200 Pittsburgh and Allegheny The Pittsburgh Steel Casting Company was established in 1871, and the works occupy two and one-half acres of ground. The capital in machinery, buildings and grounds, is $100,000. Prom a start with a few crucible fires, the establishment has increased until it now has nineteen smelting holes, one Sie- mens open hearth gas furnace, one Siemens pot furnace, gas furnace also, and a capacity of eleven tons per day. Their annual produce is about 800 tons. There is an average of seventy-five men employed when running full, whose wages amount to $60,000 a year, and there is consumed 300 tons of steel, 500 tons of wrought iron, 50,000 bushels of coal and 25,000 bushels ot coke. Starting at first in a modest way, and operat- ing under a patent method, they make castings of genuine fine grained crucible cast steelj capable of hardening, forging and temper-drawing, and which would make castings as fine as any material almost that is run into moulds, with sharp and perfect edges, smooth surface, and capable of coring, hollow work, interstice work, and yet free from blow holes and sand-mixed spots. The company claim that their castings are of a superior strength, capable of high polish, and not porous as cast steel casting are, when made in any other way. The full statistics or facts in relation to the Crucible Steel Casting Company could not be obtained. It was built in 1875, has 3 steel converting furnaces, 8 steel melting holes, and a capacity of 600 net tons a year, and is only as yet in partial operation. Tool Works, Axe, Saw and Shovel Factories. The making of tools is another important branch of the manufacturing business of Pittsburgh. While iron is largely used in their production, yet they are classed under the steel manufactures of the city, as being more of a steel manufacture. There a^-e five manufactories, viz: Firm. Office. Bstabl'd. By. Klein, Logan k Co. . 33d and Railroad sts. 1856 J. C. Klein. Kloman, Park & Co. . 32d and Railroad sts. 1866 Kloman. Park k Co.. Hubbard, Bakewell& Co. Dinwiddle & Colwell. 1847 Lippincott & Co. Hussey, Binns & Co. . 2Yth and Railroad sts. 1874 Hussey, Binns & Co. Metcalf, Paul & Co. . 331 Penn avenue. . 1873 Metcalf, Paul & Co.. The variety of tools manufactured by these five establishments is large, and each one makes a special class of goods. The Yerona Works, Metcalf, Paul k Co., make a specialty of railroad track tools, and is the only establishment in the world, that makes a solid eye solid steel pick. These picks are being sup- plied to the English market, where they are in much favor, and orders have been received from Russia for them. -A piece of bar steel of sufficient length to make a pick of desired weight, is Keated and passed through a series of blocking, forming, roughing and finishing dies, nothing is taken from this piece, all the original stock remains, compressed In the Centennial Year. 201 into a pick, solid steel, and solid eve, and guaranteed impossible to break, espe- cially in the eje, by any usage to which a pick can be put. The firm also make a specialty of solid steel tools, and have lately finished making a tool for cutting steel rails, in perfecting which two years' time has been spent. The firm of Hussey, Binns k Co. make a solid cast steel shovel, with socket and strap complete, an article previously unknown to the trade, each shovel wrought from a single ingot. The firm of Hubbard, Lippincott Co. are the only firm manufacturing saws, and make circular 6 inches to 6 feet 6 inches, and long cross-cut; mill, gang and muley saws from 3 feet to 14 feet in length. They manufacture also axes of sev- eral kinds, for which the works has a capacity of 100 dozen a day, their capacity for shovels being about the same. The Iron City Works, Kloman, Park k Co., make all descriptions of fine edge tools, and their goods have found, in addition to the home market, a de- mand in Germany, Australia and Canada. Klein, Logan & Co. manufacture patent tubular eye picks, mattocks, and also rakes and fire shovels. These five factories occupy a space of 46 acres, and the capital in buildings, machinery and ground is about $311,000. They employ 430 hands, whose wages in a year amount to |210,000. About 725 tons of steel and 3,500 tons of iron are used in the production of their articles. 270,000 bushels of coal, and 180,000 bushels of coke, are consumed for fuel; and about 700 tons of grind stones a year. Their product will amount to |545,000 annually. Files. The manufacture of files is carried on by the Eagle File Works, at Twenti- eth and Liberty streets, having the ofiice at 50 Seventh avenue. These works were established in 1840, by John England, who then and in subsequent years employed five men. The works now employ thirty-five men, whose wages will amount to about $18,000 a year. The capital in machinery and buildings is about $30,000, and 16,000 dozen of files are turned out annually. The files of this works are cut altogether by hand; and using the best quality of steel, the reputation of the files is unsurpassed. About 60 tons of steel and 12,000 bush- els of coal are consumed annually. Until a few years past nearly all the files in the United States were imported, now not one-fifth are of foreign make. Crucible Manufacturers. There are three works producing crucibles for steel manufactories and other uses, but principally for the melting of steel, viz : Firm. Office. Estab'd. By. McCullough, Dalzell k Co. 36th k Rail Road. 1871 McCullough, Dalzell k Co. D. F. Agnew & Co. . . . 120 Rebecca st. . 1872 D. F. Agnew k Co. Hussey k Co 49 Fifth avenue. . 1862 Hussey k Co. These three works employ 57 hands, whose wages amount to $42,000, and produce 200,000 crucibles, worth about $400,000. 202 Pittsburgh and Allegheny CHAPTER XVI THE OIL TRADE OF PITTSBURGH. Although lard, linseed and other manufactured oils are made at Pittsburgh, yet by the oil trade is generally understood the transactions in crude and refined petroleum and its products. Fifteen years ago this business had no existence. It is the success which has followed the experiments in refining petroleum that has largely created the trade. By the refining process, this oil became an illuminator of great cheapness, and at once took the markets of the world from that reason, as well as by the beauty of its light, and added to the resources of the Nation another article of export, which in the fifteen years since its utilization has risen to the rank of third in values of our exportation. It seems singular that Pittsburgh should have been within hand's reach, as may be said, of such wealth, and aware of its existence for years, and yet failed to benefit by a development of it at an earlier period. At some future day this fact will be classed among the singularities of commerce, as well as the fact that while the same substance had been freely obtained in other quarters of the globe for many years, it remained for the development of the oil regions of Pennsylvania to force the introduction of petroleum as an illuminator, upon th« greater proportions of the civilized world. From very early days this then called singular substance was known by the merchants of Pittsburgh and the people of Venango and Clarion counties to exist in those localities, but was considered as one of the curiosities of nature rather than an available article for the purposes of commerce. Found oozing from the ground in very small quantities, or lying on the surface of water standing in small pits, evidently made by the Indians with reference to its collection; a few gallons was occasionally gathered by a process of skimming or absorption with blankets and brought to Pittsburgh by the timber men on their trips down the Allegheny with their rafts of timber. It had acquired an half-accepted, half-fabled reputation as a remedy for bruises, burns, sprains and rheumatism, and was occasionally burnt in its crude state as lamp oil in the vicinity of the pits from whence it was gathered. The dense black smoke produced from the burning of petroleum in its natural form, how- ever presented an obstacle to its use as an illuminator, save where necessity required an occasional resort to it. The principal uses to which the small quan- tities which were then gathered were put, was as a species of patent medicine in the same rank as "Seneca" and "British Oil," as a similar substance was called. In 1859, Samuel M. Kier, lately deceased, began experimenting in the refining of In the Centennial Year. 203 this oil; induced thereto by the manufacturing of what was then termed "coal oil," by distillation of bituminous coal, the results from which are similar in character to petroleum. At that date, several corporations and companies had been formed at Pitts- burgh for the manufacturing of coal oil from bituminous coal. Of these, the North American, in 1858, was the pioneer, being closely followed by the Lucesco in the same year, and by the AUadin in 1859. All three of these, however, in 1860-61, abandoned the distilling of coal oil and began refining petroleum; so that in reality it may be said that the increasing production of this oil called into existence in 1860, ten refineries of crude petroleum. From this time may be dated the oil trade of the city of Pittsburgh. It is to the persevering efforts of Drake that Pittsburgh is indebted for the large trade in oil that she has enjoyed, and the United States for an article of export ot such great value, and returning to the country so much real money. While the crude and refined petroleum now bought and sold in the markets of, and exported from the United States, is chiefly the produce of some three of the counties of Western Pennsylvania, yet the petroleum indications undoubtedly extend in an oblique belt or zone around the earth, and its course is distinctly marked by the districts where it is already obtained for market, and by the points at which it crops out, so to speak, in the shape of oil and burning springs. Beginning with the Canadian district and passing southwestwardly into the oil district of Penn- sylvania, from thence to the Kanawha, then through Kentucky, finding the indications at various points, the belt passes into Arkansas, from thence to Utah, thence to California. Crossing the ocean it is found in Hindostan, from thence changing the direction to a northwestwardly course the belt passes to the burn- ing springs of Persia and the "Naptha" of the neighborhood of the Caspian Sea. Still pursuing a northwestwardly direction to the petroleum wells of Wallachia, and finding traces through Germany, the British Isles are reached. Although no petroleum has as yet been found in them, the coal and peat districts furnish on distillation, coal oil. From thence crossing the Atlantic the Canadian districts from whence the departure was made, are reached, and the circle thus dotted out by actual production and unmistakable indications is completed. That this is one broad permanent belt of petroleum, remains for actual explorations of a long series of years to determine, but that at all the points indicated, greater or less quantities are to be obtained, is undoubtedly true. Such immense supplies of petroleum as this probable zone Would seem to indicate, might almost on first impression lead to the conclusion that the obtaining of that article would soon be unprofitable; yet it should be recollected that the deposits of coal are no less? if not wider, in range. The progress of civilization as it occupies with fresh population and the manufacture and commerce thereof, the successive coal fields gives value to that mineral which, ponderous to transport, necessarily finds its consumption principally in the immediate district of its production, — while petroleum is transported thousands of miles to markets far removed from the 204 Pittsburgh and Allegheny locality of its production. Petroleum, therefore, beside being more than an equal necessity to civilization than coal, possesses greater advantages of being transportable to consuming markets, long distances removed from its place of production. There would seem then to be no fear so long as petroleum continues the necessity it now is — taking the general facts in relation to the existence^ value and production of that equal primary necessity, coal as a guide. It may safely be assumed that until it is superseded in all its chief uses by some other article as abundantly found and as cheaply produced, the obtain- ing of petroleum will alwaj^s be as profitable where judiciously prosecuted as the raining for au}^ other mineral substance; and holders of tracts of good petro- leum producing territory will be as wealthy in proportion as the possessor of coal, iron, or other producing mineral lands. The idea of sinking a well for the procuring of oil in the Venango district, as conceived by Drake in 1859, was one of those pioneer thoughts that always mark an advance in the circles of commerce or manufacture. In this case, as in most others of a similar nature, the effort was met with ridicule, and the originator of the idea was obliged to prosecute his scheme through much discouragement J and although successful, met the fate of pecuniary ruin that marks the whole record of nearly all originators of advances in the developments in trade or manufacturing. Drake's success in proving that, by sinking a well, petroleum< could be obtained in quantities, made an excitement rarely witnessed in the commercial history of any country. The story that oil was being pumped from the earth as freely as water, was at first scouted as a farce, then accepted as a phenomena, and then believed to be a defined fact pertaining to certain tracts. Men were prepared to believe from California experience, that it was possible gold might be found in such copious deposits that it could be gathered by the shovel full, but that real oil, excellent for burning, for lubricating and all the uses of oil, was being pumped from out the earth, in the interior of Pennsyl- vania, was beyond belief. When, after a time, it was announced that oil was not only pumped up, but that it gushed out of its own power, not by the gallon, but at the rate of hundreds of barrels a day, the excitement to embark in the busi- " ness and to buy oil territory, became almost a mania. Company after company was formed, and from the judge upon the bench, the clergyman in the pulpit, to- the servant in the kitchen or the stable, every one was investing in oil stocks,, wells and territory. The rapidity with which the business developed was unex- ampled. The rise and decline of the ''oil fever," as it was called, is too recent to need recalling in the minds of the present business generation. Whatever may have been the losses in the flow and ebb of speculation in oil strikes to individ- uals, the city of Pittsburgh has been a large gainer in the permanent establish- ment at Pittsburgh of a great trade in petroleum. The world as well has been greatly benefitted, perhaps to an extent unequalled by few other articles. In 1860 petroleum was unknown in France as an illuminator. In 1861 forty casks were sent there an a curiosity. In 1863 three thousand nine hundred and thirty- In the Centennial Year, 205 four casks were shipped as a commercial adventure. In 1863 the demand for exportation was 29,197 casks. In 1864 there was sent to Marseilles alone over 66,000 casks. The amount exported from New York and other ports to foreign markets from 1869 to 1875, is shown in the following tables: In 1868, .... 99,281,750 gals. In 1872, .... 151,823,207 gals. '' 1869, .... 102,748,604 '' " 1873, .... 236,899,223 ^' '' 1870, .... 140,602,305 '' " 1874, .... 235,143,151 " "■ 1871, .... 156^514,735 '' *' 1875, .... 232,839,457 '' The benefits from the furnishing of this bulk of oil to the world for commer- cial, manufacturing and social purposes, is readily to be conceived, but not easily placed in statistical or other enumerated form. The benefits in a direct shape to Pittsburgh, are to some extent to be arrived at. As before mentioned* the success that followed the efforts of Drake to procure oil by boring, soon led to such quantities being offered in the market as at once brought it into use as an illuminator and a lubricator, and caused the erection of seven refineries at Pittsburgh in 1860. in the following year, 1861, there were seventeen refineries added to those previously in existence; and in 1862 nine more were built; and in 1863 fifteen more were constructed. From September, 1862, to September, 1863, the export of refined and crude petroleum and benzine from Pittsburgh to the East and West, hy railroad alone, was 23,739,080 gallons, and a yet additional amount was sent West by steamboat, of which there is no record. During 1863 there was exported to foreign ports from the United States, 28,250,721 gallons. Of this amount there was shipped East from Pittsburgh 26,970,280 gallons, or nearly the entire foreign consump- tion. The value of this exportation in New York, in currency, was at an average of rates for that year, $9,102,472, the average rates for that year in New York being 28 cents for crude and 44J cents for refined. The entire value of the oil trade of Pittsburgh for 1863, being nearly eleven million dollars. In 1864 five additional refineries were put in operation. During that year the entire exportation to foreign ports was 31,872,972 gallons. The shipment from Pittsburgh for that year was 25,549,385 gallons, or 35,500 barrels less than in 1863. During this year the average rates for crude in New York, in currency, was 41|^ cents, and for refined 64f in bond. The value at these prices then, in New York, of the oil exported East from the city of Pittsburgh, was, in 1864, equal to |13,610,411, and the entire trade of the city about fifteen millions. In 1865 the entire exportations to foreign ports from the United States was 28,072,018 gallons, while the amount shipped east from Pittsburgh was 25,549,385 gallons. This was worth in Pittsburgh, at the average market rates for that year, |9, 929, 096, the average rate for crude being 25| cents, and for refined 52 1-10 cents. The entire trade of the city may be estimated at twelve millions. In 1866 the entire exportation to foreign ports was 67,142,296 gallons, while 206 Pittsburgh ana Allegheny the shipments east from Pittsburgh was 32,879,062. This was worth in Pittsburgh $7,421,085, the aggregate rates for crude being 14J- cents, and for refined 31J cents, and the entire oil trade of the citj for that year did not reach ten millions. P'or 1867 the exports to foreign ports were 62,600,685 gallons, and the ship- ments east from Pittsburgh 23,701,760 gallons. The average rate for crude was> 10|- cents, and for refi'ned 44J cents. This would make the value of the oil shipped from Pittsburgh to the east $6,655,286; and taking for the home consumption and western exportation an average of previous years in their proportions to- eastern shipments, the entire oil trade of the city for 1867 may be put at about eight millions of dollars. From these figures, most of which are from the actual statistics of exporta- tions and recorded prices, it will be seen that from January, 1863, to January, ie67, a period of five years, the exportation of oil from the city of Pittsburgh brought to it a business and a circulation of money amounting to nearly forty- seven millions of dollars, while the whole trade in that period amounted to fifty- six millions, or an average of eleven millions yearly. During those five years the entire exportation, to foreign ports from the United States had been 217,948,692 gallons, and the shipments east from Pitts- burgh been 132,396,179 gallons, showing that Pittsburgh supplied over sixty per cent, of the whole foreign exportation of petroleum up to 1867. At that time there were fifty-eight refineries in the city of Pittsburgh and suburbs ; of these fifty-one were in operation, and seven were idle. These refineries employed about 700 hands, whose yearly wages amounted to $560,000. The refining capacity of these refineries was equal to 31,500 barrels a week. The capital invested in buildings, machinery, &c., was then estimated to be $7,630,000, and in tanks, barges, &c., about $5,432,000. Nearly the entire amount of these sums invested had been distributed among the other branches of manufacturing in Pittsburgh ; having thus added to the business of the city in five years nearly thirteen millions of dollars. There was also expended in repairs annually a sum which, it is estimated, amounted to 10 per cent, upon the value of the investments in the refineries, barges, tanks, &c., or an annual expenditure of over one and a quarter millions per annum among the workshops of the city. There were at that time thirty-five Oil Brokers, or Oil Commission Houses, doing business in the city, which, with the fifty-eight firms running the refineries, makes nearly one hundred new business houses added to the city in the same space of time. The oil business had also brought into operation in the city cooperages turning out about 7,000 barrels per week, the value of whose work is nearly one million of dollars yearly. It would seem, then, that petroleum had added to the aggregate business of Pittsburgh in those last five years over seventy-one millions of dollars, besides distributing in the community for labor directly connected with the refineries a sum equal to nearly three millions of wages. In the Centennial Year. 207 From this brief sketch of the petroleum business of Pittsburgh up to 186'r, the reader will be enabled to form some idea of the flood of benefit to the world, as well as to Pittsburgh, that came pouring into the business world with the flood of oil from Western Pennsylvania. The earlier years of the petroleum mining — if that term may be used for oil — was one of a speculative character, touching almost the verge of gambling. The natural geological peculiarities of the oil region, the lay of the oil bearing sand stones, and all the "metes and bounds'^ that in any legitimate business give standard character to its prosecution, were wanting. The purchase of a tract of oil territory, or the sinking of wells, were without any defined rules or probabilities, beyond the accepted conditions of '^good^' or ''bad luck." To-day the boring for oil and the entire constitution of the production of crude and refined oil, is on the basis of a legitimate business. The romance and excitement of the early days of the oil business have gone, and the production of petroleum and its products stand in the business world side by side with iron, coal or copper. The experience of the past has formulated the depths of the earth through which the well is sunk, and given intelligence to each strata of sand through which the drill passes, so that he who bores may read. Exploration and test have mapped the underground currents of oil almost as accurately as the surveyor the water courses on the surface; and the purchase of territory or the sinking of a well is to-day undertaken with a reasonable de- gree of assurance, almost approaching that with which the mining for other minerals is prosecuted. Under these things, and the establishment in all the markets of the world of refined petroleum as the chief illuminator, in the absence of gas, the oil trade of Pittsburgh has become a standard business, and, as will be seen from statistics presented, an increasing and valuable branch of the manufacture and commerce of the city. The commercial value of that business, it will not fail to be noticed, is, however, less than in 1865-6-7, although its bulk in material and all other respects has so greatly increased. The extreme low rates that have prevailed the past three years are sufficient reason for this, and will not be without its compensations in the future in the centering here in that business of so much commercial and manufacturing activity, intelligence and capital, whose efl^ect will be in a more remunerative condition of the market to hold here the chief benefits of such a condition. The following table presents the oil refineries now at Pittsburgh, with the date of their establishment as accurately as could be ascertained, together with their actual capacity in crude oil. The tankage capacity in the subjoined refi- neries is equal to 784,181 barrels: 208 Pittsburgh and Allegheny fc 3 s © M^5 ^ OOJt:-OOOTtCOOOO^(MOOCOOOOOOO'^OOCOCDO:.00000 GOOO'^oooooco^co^r-Hio^ooo<^cq(rq»ooooo-t-j-~-o:)QOj:-c^o 1-^ c^ •Sims 000(OOirfCOOiCOO^rt<(X!OCOfOCqcqOOCOC fl ^-^ <<< C8 r. 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». -2 ^^ ^3 fH O Q^ fcH .^"^ 03 ^ ^ t> S 03 sr^ 03 o3 .U< -2 -iJ In the Centennial Year. 209 From this it would appear that there are twenty-nine oil refineries in Pitts- burgh, having 138 stills, with a weekly capacity of distillation of Crude Petro- leum of 126,371 barrels a week, or a capacity of production of 95,000 barrels refined oil weekly, which, if they all run full time for 48 weeks, would equal 4,560,000 barrels a year. This is a decrease from the number of refineries in 1866, of just fifty per cent. ; but it is an increase of two hundred per cent, in refin- ning capacity in ten years. There being 58 refineries with a weekly capacity of 31,500 barrels, in 1866, as against 29 refineries, with a weekly capacity of 93,000 000 barrels refined oil, in 1876. Although the refineries of 1875-6, are not run to anything like their full capacity, yet the proportionate increase in capacity is maintained in actual results under the partial running of the works. In 1866 the exportation of refined oil from Pittsburgh, by railroad to the East alone, was 424,848 barrels ; and in 1874 it was 1,247,641 ; being in the actual amount of oil refined an increase over the trade of 1866 of 849,696 barrels, or quite two hundred per cent., in perfect unity with the increase of refining capacity, and demonstrating an absolute increase of that proportion in the oil trade in ten years, as shown by shipments to the East alone. To this is to be added those to the West and by river. In 1875, this increase fell off from inability of Pitts- burgh refineries to ship profitably, owing to the schedule of railroad freights, by which Cleveland was enabled to enter the market more advantageously. The decrease caused by this freight discrimination was equal to 150,553 barrels ; but even under this disadvantage the showing is still, in an exceptional year, a gain of one hundred and sixty per cent, in the volume of trade in ten years. This ■decrease is one of the temporary incidents that occur in all great traffics, and has but resulted in opening other avenues for shipment, that will, during this year, not only show a return to the full two hundred per cent, of increase in trade in the past decade, but gives evidence of a yet further increase. Pittsburgh is the natural refining point of the oil of Western Pennsylvania. The city should have the entire refining of all the oil of Western Pennsyl- vania if facility to do so cheaply is to be the dominating motive, and she will at a future day obtain it. There is no doubt that the control of this business has by some mistake been for a time lost. The facts however that refining can be done here cheaper than at any point by reason of facilities that exist ; placed in packages at less cost from similar reason; and that the oil is, in being carried to the refineries, at Pittsburgh, transported a portion of the distance required to reach its foreign markets, must, as it has, exert a powerful influence in rendering Pittsburgh the chief refinery of the United States. The oil exported to foreign ports in 1875 was equal to 5,545,987 barrels; or,- after deducting therefrom the crude exported, about the capacity of Pittsburgh's refineries. In the chapter of this volume on the geographical position of Pittsburgh, and in that on its manu- facturing advantages, the great value of the Ohio river to the city is dwelt upon. To-day, under the restrictions that railroad freight schedules have placed on the growth of the oil trade of the city, the Ohio river becomes the means of 14 210 ' Pittsburgh and Allegheny emancipating the shippers of oil, and demonstrates its power to aid the growth of the business ot the city as fully as the friends of the improvement of its navigation by the government could wish. Under inability of Pittsburgh refineries to obtain freights over the Pennsylvania and Baltimore & Ohio rail- roads at rates that would enable them to enter the eastern and foreign markets^ on equal terms with refineries at other points, the Ohio river has been resorted to to reach an eastern sea port. Oil now finds transportation at a cost of freight that is profitable to the Pittsburgh oil trade, by way of the Ohio river to Hunt- ingdon, in West Virginia, and thence by the Ohio & Chesapeake Railroad to the city of Richmond. As statistics show that the Ohio river is rarely closed one month in the year by ice, it is apparent that a competing freight route to the East is permanently open to the oil trade, and other branches of business a» well. Under the natural laws of trade, this will ultimately result in justifiable freights being accorded by other routes. Pittsburgh, then, under cheapness of not only of refining and packing, but freights as well, should regain that full control of the refining business of Western Pennsylvania she should always have held. The virtue of her position as a half way point between the point of production of the crude and its eastern market, at which refining can be cheaper prosecuted than elsewhere, gives her the opportunity, if her people exert the will. Should they do so, the full refining capacity shown to exist here, may be used. When, under the disadvantages in shipping mentioned, the trade has increased from 1866 to 1876 two hundred per cent, in its bulk of material han- dled, is its greater increase under the shipping facilities opened much to anticipate ? At the present time the oil trade of Pittsburgh is one of great magnitude. The following table shows the receipts of crude oil for the years specified at Pittsburgh : Barrels. Barrels. 1859, 7,663 1868, 1,031,227 1860, 17,161 1869, 1,028,902 1861, 94,102 1870, 1,050,810 1862, 171,774 1871, 1,146,492 1863, 175,181 1872, 1,186,501 1864, 208,744 1873, ........ 2,035,182 1865, . 630,246 1874, . 1,648,253 1866, 1,263,326 1875, 1,858,301 1867, 727,494 The subjoined table exhibits the shipments by rail to the East in the eleven years given : Barrels. Barrels. 1865, 298,111 1871, 733,943 1866, 424,848 1872, 743,510 1867, 498,221 1873, 869,946 1868, 724,991 1874, 1,247,641 1869, 596,475 1875, 1,097,086 1870, 811,158 In the Centennial Year. 211 The following table gives the average production for the past seven years of the Pennsylvania oil regions : Bbls. a year. 3,458,700 3,642,700 3,763,700 5,172,900 Bbls. a day. 1873, 27,098 1874, 29,363 1875, 23,212 Bbls. a year. 6,129,600^ 8,778,900* 6,963,600 Bbls. a day. 1869, 11,529 1870, 15,479 1871, 15,879 1872, 17,243 The totals for the year are arbitrarily computed on 300 days working each year. It is not asserted that that is the average time, as many of the wells flow- ing would produce 365 days, yet, as the pumping wells would necessarily, from various causes, lose many days : the data assumed is, perhaps, on the average not far from exact. By a comparison of the table it will be seen that in the proportionate increase of production at the wells and shipments of crude, and exportation of refined from Pittsburgh, that the oil trade of the city in its in- crease, keeps pace even under the disadvantages previously stated, with the in- crease of production. The value of the products of the refineries of Pittsburgh, as a money item in the whole bulk of the city's commerce is, under the very low prices that have rated in the past two or three years, presented at a disadvantage. It is, however, a handsome aggregate at even those prices. The aggregate for 1875 has been, estimating 42 gals, to the barrel, about $4.50 per barrel, at which rate the ship- ments of refined would amount to $4,936,369. The production of this amount of refined oil would require 600 hands, whose wages would average about $300,- 000. The refining used 41,500 carboys of acid, worth $130,985 ; also 234,300 lbs. of caustic soda, worth $12,472 ; rosin to the amount of 88,000 lbs., worth about $1,300 ; paint to the amount of 275,000 lbs., worth $19,250 ; also, 220,000 lbs. of glue, worth about $33,000. The barrels would require about ten pounds of iron to each barrel, which would be about 5,500 tons of hoop iron, worth $440,000, and the barrels at a rate of $1.25 each, would aggregate to a cost value of $1,371,500. The space occupied by these 29 refineries is 378 acres, and the capital in the machinery, buildings and grounds is about $2,248,000, as nearly as can be arrived at. The refining of oil, while it is the largest portion of the oil trade of the city, does not embrace all the transactions therein. There are, in addition to the refineries, the following manufactures of Lubricating Oil. Firm. Office. Establ'd. By. Mills, King & Co. . . 1 Eighth street. . 1866 A. B. Mills. H. M. Graham. . . . 27 Seventh street. 1874 H. M. Graham k Co. F. Mason 2 Seventh street. . 1862 Mason & Pease. Paine, Ablett & Co. . 27 Seventh street. 1871 Paine, Ablett k Tripp Grim &; Bros. . . . 236 Penn avenue. . — Grim Bros. S. M. Hebron & Co. . 2 Duquesne way. . 212 Pittsburgh and Allegheny These firms handle about 30, §00 barrels of lubricating oil a year, whose value is $210,000. In addition there are a number of dealers or brokers in oil, but the statistics of their business is so largely included in that of the oil refineries and the general statistics of the petroleum trade, that their presentation would be nearly, if not quite, a duplication of the figures already given of the receipts of crude oils and the shipments of refined. There is, in addition to the product of petroleum, three Manufactories of Lard Oil. Firm. Office. Establ'd. By. James Dalzell & Co. . 70 Water street. . 1826 James Dalzell. F. Sellers & Co. , , 329 Penn avenue. . 1848 F. Sellers & Co. Reese, Owens & Co. . 21 Seventh avenue 1870 Reese Owens & Co. These firms have 165 presses: their capacity in consumption in lard and production no figures could be had. There are also two firms manufacturing Linseed Oil. Firm. Office. Establ'd. By. M. B. Suydam. . . . Rebecca and Craig 1856 M. B. SuycJam. Thompson & Lyons. . West Diamond. . — De Haven. These two employ 26 hands, whose wages will average |13,520 yearly. They use 143,000 bushels seed a year, produce 143,000 gallons of oil, and 3,000 tons oil cake. They employ 6 horses and two wagons, and the capital in machinery and buildings is |65,000. The space occupied by the factories is 10,000 square feet, and their sales average $2,00,000 annually. In the Centennial Year, 213 CHAPTER XVII LEAD. COPPER AND BRASS. Pig Lead. The production of this metal is carried on by but one establishment in this city. The Pennsylvania Lead Co., whose office is at the corner of Wood street and Third avenue, was established in 1875 for the purpose of producing lead from the ores and base bullion brought from Colorado, Utah and California. The establishment also uses ores from Mexico. There are employed in the pro- cesses eighty men whose wages average from $60,000 to $70,000 a year. The freights amount yearly to over |400,000 ; and there is 600,000 bushels of coal and 200,000 bushels of coke consumed a year. There is also used 3,500 tons of iron cinder, 1,500 tons of limestone, and 150 tons of metallic zinc a year. The product is given as from 750 to 1,000 ounces of silver a year, worth $1,400,000, and 8,500 tons pig lead worth $1,200,000. The product of lead is disposed of to manufacturers in New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore, as well as at Pittsburgh. White Lead. The manufacture of red lead is mentioned in 1810 as having been carried on in Pittsburgh, when in the list given by the census, there were enumerated three red lead factories, producing leads to value of $13,100. In 1813 there is noticed in Cramer's Almanack, "one white lead factory (Beelin's)." In 1817 the com- mittee of Councils reported one white lead factory, employing six hands and producing leads to value of $40,000. In 1837 there were eight lead factories, p/oducing 74,496 kegs of leads valued at $206,000. In 1857 there were three firms employing 65 hands, whose product of white and red lead was valued at $443,000. It will be noticed on a comparison of the white lead business of 1857 with that of 1837, that there is a falling off of five factories, but it will also be ob- served that the three factories of 1857 produce 2,754 tons of lead, where eight factories of 1837 produce 902 tons, being an increase ©f over two hundred per cent. 214 Pittsburgh and Allegheny Firm. T. H. Nevin & Co. . . C. A. Wells & Co. ,. . Fahnestock White Lead Co Davis, Chambers & Co. . Beymer, Bauman & Co. Armstrong & McKelvej. Established I. Who By. 1841 T. H. Nevin & Co. 1864 B. A. Fahnestock. — Fahnestock White Lead Co 1866 Davis, Chambers & Co. 1867 Beymer, Bauman & Co. 1870 Armstrong, McKelvej & Co In 1876 there are seven white lead factories in operation, and one which, from business complications, has been closed for the past three years. The six in operation are Office. 67 Fourth ave. 42 Fifth ave. . 76 Wood St. . 167 First ave. 42 Fifth ave. . 37 Wood St. . These factories employ about 175 hands, whose wages will average $100,000 annually. They use 5,000 tons of pig lead, and produce about 200,000 kegs of paint leads of twenty-five pounds each. The space occupied by the factories is equal to three acres, and the capital in machinery, buildings and ground is about $450,000. There is consumed in the manufacture 150,000 gallons of linseed oil, and about 250,000 pounds of acetic acid. The value of the kegs used in pack- ing is $50,000. Copper Mills. There are two copper rolling mills at Pittsburgh, and one copper smelting works. The smelting were works originally established to smelt the product of the famous Clifi" Mine. It is not now in operation. The rolling mills are those of Firm. Office. Estab'd. By. C. G. Hussey & Co., 49 Fifth avenue, — C. G. Hussey & Co. Park & Co. 122 Second avenue. 1859. Park, McCurdy & Co. These two establishments produce copper in its various rolled forms, and em- ploy about 100 hands, whose wages will amount to an average of $75,000 a year. They consume about 1,100 tons of coke and ingot copper, and produce from $600,000 to $700,000 of rolled and stamped copper. The space occupied by the works is about seven acres, and the capital in machinery, buildings and ground, is given at $276,000. Brass Foundries. There are ten brass foundries in Pittsburgh. Firm. Office. Estab'd. Loughrey & Colls, 131 First St. 1820. A.Fulton's Sons & Co. 91 First avenue. 1832. Bailey, Farrell & Co., 167 Smithfield st. 1840. Craig Bros., 139 Second ave. 1845. Mansfield & Co., 13 Second ave. 1861. John Fitzimmons, 1st and Carson, 1861. Atwood & McCaffrey, 50 to 60 Third av. 1865. J. B. Sheriff & Son, 68 Water st. 1864. S. Cadman & Son, Duq'ne way, n. 6th, 1863. Wilson, Snyder & Co., Third av. & Liberty , 1875. By John Sheriff. A. Fulton. Geo. Bailey, ^ Gallegher & Co. Mansfield & Fitzimmons. Mansfield & Fitzimmons. Atwood & McCaffrey. Sheriff & Loughrey. (J adman & Crawford. Wilson & Snyder. In the Centennial Year. 215 These ten establishments consume 218 tons copper, 266 tons scrap brass, 1,700 crucibles, 100 tons lead, 22 tons of tin, 3*7,000 lbs. of antimony, 60,000 bush, ■coke, 60,000 bush, coal in a year, and employ 35 moulders, whose wages will amount to about $25,000 a year. The works occupy an area equal to 2 acres of ground; and the capital in buildings, machinery and ground is $216,000. Bell Foundry. There is one manufactory of this class. It was established in 1832, by Andrew Fulton, and is now carried on by A. Fulton's Son & Co. This establishment has long been well known throughout the western rivers. One of Andy Fulton's bells being for years a necessity for every western steamboat. Bells from this establishment have been sent to fill orders from China and South America. The statistics of this establishment would be interesting, on account of the many and various sections of the earth where bells from this establishment have rung ; but no satisfactory information could be obtained. Britannia Ware Factories. There are two firms who manufacture this metal, viz: Firm. Office. Establ'd. By. Collins & Wright. . . 185 First avenue. 1834 Orin Newton, Lang k Luster. . . 104 Madison av. . 1862 Lang & Luster. These two factories employ 52 hands, whose wages will average $30,000. They consume about 100 tons of the various metals they use in their mixtures, and their product is $90,000 a year. 216 Pittsburgh and Allegheny CHAPTER XVIII COTTON AND V/OOL MANUFACTURING. Although a cotton factory was among the earliest manufactories established at Pittsburgh, and from its easy access to the cotton growing region, and its; great facilities for distribution of the manufactured product, it is reasonable to^ expect cotton manufactures to be among the most progressive of Pittsburgh manufactures, yet such has not been the case. Though those which have been established have been profitable to those interested, yet the amount of cotton manufacturing has not been as large as might be expected. Cotton cloths, cotton yarns and batting are, however, among the larger branches of Pittsburgh manufactures. The first mention of this manufacture in Pittsburgh, we find in Cramer's Almanack for 1804, where in ''a view of the manufacturing trade of Pittsburgh," is the following remark : " Carded and spun cotton by the carding machine and spinning jenny, $1,000." In 1806 the same- publication notices, *'one cotton manufactory which can spin 120 threads at a time." In 1808 the cotton factory is mentioned as producing cotton yarns, &c.,, *Ho the great credit and profit of its industrious proprietor." In 1810 there were two cotton mills, one "working 60 spindles, and the other contemplates working shortly 234 spindles." The value of their manufactures is set down at $20,000. In 1817 there were "two cotton spinners," as they are called in the report of the committee of Councils, who employed 36 hands and manufactured cotton to amount of $25,518. In 1837 there were six cotton factories, using 6,200 bales of cotton, running 21,800 spindles, employing 900 hands, and turning out cotton goods to the value of $770,000. In 1857 there were five cotton factories, having 33,666 spindles, 659 looms,. 187 cards, employing 1,330 hands, and using 12,000 bales of cotton. They pro- duced sheetings, cotton yarns, battings and tickings, and cotton cordage, to the value of $1,269,655 ;* being an increase for twenty years, from 1837, of about forty- five per cent. In 1876 there are five cotton mills: ♦Over valuation at that date. « In the Centennial Year. 217 ^tyleof Mill. Anchor. . Banner. .. Eagle. . . Franklin. Penn. . . Firm. Office. Establ'd. Birmingham, Wat- \ Robinson and ,^ ,g r Birmingham, Wat- ") Robinson and ) \ son Co. j Balkamsts. j j Eagle Cotton Mills') ) \ Company. / j r Eagle Cotton Mills \ Robinson and ^ , g^o \ Company. j Sandusky sts j E. Hyde's Sons. West Canal. J Kennedy, Childs & )^ 38 River ave- ) j nue. j 1886 1846 By. Blackwell, Bell & Co. Voeghtly k Bro. Arbuckle & Avery. E. Hyde. Kennedy, Childs & Co. \ Company. These mills have the following machinery, and make the subjoined consump tions : Spindles. Looms. Cards. Hands. Wages. Anchor, 11,000 271 40 300 60,000 Franklin, 2,000 — 20 80 15,000 Banner, ..... 3,600 32 57 150 32,000 Eagle, ...... 9,700 220 87 260 50,000 Penn, 9,000 227 121 300 60,000 They produce as follows : Bales Cotton. 2,000 900 2,500 3,000 3,000 Name of Mili. Yards of Sheeting. Value. Card Yarns. Value. Pounds of Batting. Value. Bags. Value. Anchor, . Franklin, Banner, . Eagle, . . Penn. . . 3,000,000 3,150,000 2,500,000 1210,000 220,000 175,000 350,000 500,000 25,000 150,000 1 70,000 100,000 5,000 30,000 30,000 150,000 90,000 30,000 $3,750 18,750 15,300 37,500 340,300 200,000 71,000 42,000 The value of machinery, buildings and grounds is $800,000, and the space occupied is four acres. Woolen Factories. This is another class of manufacturing which, from the locality, is one that might reasonably be expected to be prominent among the manufactures of Pitts- burgh, — there seems to be the same retardation in this as in cotton. There are two factories : Firm. Office. Establ'd. By. C. Reel & Co. . . . 12 Church avenue. 1841 C. Reel. S. Bradley & Son. . River av. & Balkam 1857 S. Bradley. These running full time employ 58 hands, whose wages will average $15,000* yearly. The consumption of wool is about 225,000 pounds, and the product $125,000. They manufacture blankets, yarns, jeans, flannels, satinets, &c. 218 Pittsburgh and Allegheny CHAPTER XIX MANUFACTURES FROM EARTHY SUBSTANCES. Salt. As an article of trade, salt is one of the staples of Pittsburgh ; and although, from the low price at which it is sold, it does not present so imposing a front as some other articles, jet it is deserving of a distinct and separate mention as one of the sources of her wealth. Until the beginning of 1796, Pittsburgh was sup- plied with salt from the eastern cities, packed across the mountain on horses and in wagons, at a high rate of freight. In the beginning of that year Quarter- master General James O'Hara had occasion to visit Niagara. He there ascer- tained that salt could be brought to Pittsburgh cheaper from the Onondaga works in New York State than from the eastern cities. And he was instrumental in causing large quantities to be brought by the way of Lake Erie, and thence to Pittsburgh by Le Bceuf and French creeks and the Allegheny river. The supply from this source was continued until 1810, when the manufacture of salt on the Kanawha came into competition with the New York works, whose supply was, in 1812, entirely cut off by the war. The opening of the salt works on the Kiskiminetas and the Allegheny, produced a third revolution in the salt trade. For a period of several years, the salt wells of the Kiskiminetas furnished the chief supplies to the Pittsburgh market of this staple. Of late years it is obtained nearer home, and but little is now brought to the city from the Allegheny region. Salt water, it is now demonstrated, can be obtained in great abundance at almost any point in and around the city of Pittsburgh, and a number of salt works are in operation in the city which are supplied with salt water obtained from wells sunk in the city's area. While this volume has been printing, a large flow of exceedingly strong salt water was developed in a well being sunk in the very heart of the city, for the purpose of obtaining the natural gas, mentioned in the chapter on manufacturing advantages, arid with the salt water, gas enough was struck to manufacture the water into merchant salt. This is not singular, and creates no surprise, from the fact before stated, that a flow of salt water can be obtained in most any quarter of the city. There is in the Sixth ward of the city of Allegheny, several wells now being operated ; also in the Thirty-sixth ward, Pittsburgh. In one of these, which is 1,600 feet deep, the water is forced by pressure of the natural gas up the entire distance, and from 40 to 60 feet above the mouth of the tube, flowing from 8 to 900 barrels of salt water a day, and the escaping gas is sufficient to light the works and heat it. In the Centennial Year, 219 This well was originally sunk in 1860, with a view of ''striking oil," and bored to s. depth of 750 feet, at which depth salt water was obtained. It was re-bored in 1868 to its present depth, with the results stated. The large veins of gas corres- ponding to those in Butler and Venango counties, are supposed to exist at a •depth of 2,200 to 2,500 feet, to which depth wells are now being sunk. When this gaseous fuel is obtained in the quantities expected, neither the fuel or the water for the manufacture of salt will cost anything beyond the cost of boring a,nd tubing the well, and the salt factories of Pittsburgh will be without rivalry in the cheap product of the article. There are assuredly most wonderful natural advantages of almost every description centered at Pittsburgh. There are at present in the city of Pittsburgh, four salt factories, making salt from the water obtained from beneath the very streets, viz ; Firm. "Graham & Allen. . Hall^r, Beck & Go. . Haller, Beck & Co. . W. C. & J. M. Taylor. Office. Establ'd. 254 Beaver avenue. . 1868 Western & Beaver avs 1868 Chestnut, 36th ward. 1824 Walnut St, 36th ward. 1871 By. W. B Ross. Haller, Beck k Co. Anshutz. W.C.& J. M.Taylor. These salt wells employ 34 men, whose wages will average $14,000 a year. They produce about 75,000 barrels of salt a year, worth from $100,000 to ^120,000. Earthenware Is manufactured by one firm, the Great Western Pottery Co., 363 Liberty street, established by this company in 1874, who employ 40 hands, whose wages amount to $20,000; occupy about one-half acre of ground, and there is |25,000 capital in the machinery and buildings; the value of the product is about $75,000 yearly. In the packing there are 60 tons of straw used and 1,200 hogsheads. Marble Manufacturers. There are eleven large manufactories of ments, and other articles for which marble is Firm. Office. F;8tab'd W. W. Wallace, . 319 Liberty st. . 1832 W. C. Brown, . . 48th and Butler sts 1832 John Wilkins, Jr., . 295 Penn avenue. 1848 Verner & Co. . . 286 Penn avenue. 1856 John Metcalfe, 45th and Butler sts 1859 J. F. Evans, . . 45th and Butler sts 1857 Alex. Beggs, . . . 63 Anderson st. . 1860 P. C. Reniers, . . . 346 Liberty st. . 1860 A. S. Harbaugh, . 48th and Butler st. 1860 H. Pichardt, . . . Penn avenue. 1872 Alex. Caskey, . . . 32d St. and Penn av. 1871 marbles, making mantles, monu- used. They are By. W. W. Wallace. Chislett & Wilkins. John Wilkins. John McCargo. Evans & Metcalfe. Jenkins & Evans, Beggs & Lindsey. P. C. Reniers. A. J. Harbaugh. H. Pichardt. Dodds k Caskey. 220 Pittsburgh and Allegheny These eleven establishments employ 162 men, whose wages average $103,000 a year, and the value of their product is |290,0n ^ ^1^^ ( Street. j Kier Bros | 369 Liberty > ^^^^ f Glovr, Kier & | ( Street. j (^ Jones. j Bolirar. . I ^^f^p Hammond f 371 Liberty X ^^ 3 ^^^ j & Co. \ street. J \ Apollo. . Isaac Reese. • • { \VreS^'''^ } ^^^M^t^r""' ^ Star |Ha^bison,Walker 22d street. . 1865 { ^^^^^/^^^ Brick | ^ ^^^^^ Empire. .\^«^^^' ^^^^^ ^j^^^ Liberty > ^g / Reese, Lemon k^^ ^.^^^^ ^ J Co. \ street. / \ Co. j Murtland& Scott. Second av. . 1863 Jno. Nicholson. . Gardner & Bro. . 96J 4th av. . 1864 Nelson & Gardner. Sutor & Brice. . 16 Sixth st. 1869 Sutor & Brice. These nine establishments employ 262 men, whose wages will amount in a year to about $121,000, and the works will produce an average of eighteen mil- lion brick and tile, whose value would be about |540,000. The Star Fire Brick Co. have the largest works in the city, their whole process being carried on at Twenty-second and Railroad streets. The works of Messrs. Murtland & Scott are also in the city. The works of the other firms are in adjoining counties. H 5d S) ^ w 5S H CD Kl a CO o o ?^ D t> ^ 55 a SO > ?? § C/3 OQ H 9 M M H CO 222 Pittsburgh and Allegheny Building Brick Is likewise an important branch of manufacture of products of Pittsburgh,. There are 25 firms engaged in this business, as follows ; Style of Firm Wm. Moore. Est'd. 1836 Who By. George Moore. Location. Pittsburgh. 13th Ward. Men. 15 Wages. 5,850 Geo. H. Moore, 1869 A. A. Moore. 13th '' 14 5,460^ Geo. B. Moore. 1836 Geo. Moore & Bros. 13th " 15 5,850 Philip Wensel & Sons, 1874 P. Wensel & Sons, 13th '' 15 5,850 Jno. H. Neely. Munn k Greer. 1872 1844 Thos. Neely. D. Hutchison. 14th " 6th "• 9 30 3,510 11,700 Richard Knowlson, 1845 Al. Black. 6th '* 12 4,680^ Geo. Moffitt. 1863 Geo. Moffitt. 6th " 12 4,680 Robt. H. Mawhinney. Rob't Coward. 1860 1853 Jas. Mawhinney. Rob't Coward. 6th '' 6th " 9 50 3,510 19,500- John Keefe. 1869 Thos. Keefe. 11th '' 15 5,850 Jno. Knowlson & Son. 1873 Jno. Knowlson. 21st " 12 4,680 J. W. Beckett. 1865 Superior Press Co. 19th '' 17 6,630 D. Blair & Bro. 1866 D. Blair. 19th " 22 8,580 S. McKinlej & Bros. Geo. R. Dickson, 1862 1860 S. McKinley & Bros Pitts. St'm Brick Co. 16th " Homestead. 35 50 13,650 19,500 John Huckestine. 1867 Jno. Huckestine. Allegheny City. 37 Fairmont st. 41 15,990 John Huckestine. 1870 Z. Gillespie. Preble avenue. 20 7,800 John Kerr. Jacob Miller. Miller & Co. Jacob Frantz & Co. 1856 1865 1866 1849 Wm. Dick, Jacob Miller. J. Campbell. Jacob Frantz. 78 Ackley st. Strawberry lane u u 8 . 30 8 25 3,120 11,700 3,120 9,750 Thos. Barclay, 1868 Porter & Dalzell, 6th Ward, 10 3,960 Henry Falkner. 1854 H. Falkner. 370 Beaver av. 25 9,750 The total number of men employed is 499, whose wages amount to |184,- 610; they employ 140 horses, 82 wagons, consume 1,140,000 bushels of coal, and produce 54,500,000 brick annually. Worth at present rates of $6.00 per thou- sand, $327,000. The value of the improvements is $147,000, and the area of ground occupied by these kilns is 106 acres. Glass Sanj). Is manufactured by one firm, Speer, Clark & Co., foot of Grant street, by the crushing of rock. The business was established in 1839, by Lewis M. Speer; there are 25 men employed, whose wages average $13,000 a year ; 21,000 tons of sand is produced, and the sales average $75,000 a year. The capital in mill, etc. is $51,000, and the space occupied about 8 acres. In the Centennial Year. 223 Sewer Pipe and Terra Cotta Ware Is largely sold, and manufactured to a considerable extent ; several of the parties engaged in this do not, however, manufacture in the city. The establishments are Office. 372 Penn street. 358 '' '' 133 Second avenue. 41 Federal street. 258 Liberty street. 369 " ^' These six firms sell about $226,000 of the pipe and terra cotta ware. There are five other firms dealing in the same description of goods from whom no sta- tistics were obtained. Firm. N. U. Walker, Akron Pipe Co. H. H. Collins, W. T. Dunn & Co. Mills & Co. Wm. Hutchinson. SstaVd. Who By. 1842 N. U. Walker. 1848 Akron Pipe Co. 1860 Carlisle & Co. 1862 R. B. & C. A. Brocket. 1867 Mills & Co. 1869 Wm. Hutchinson. 224 Pittsburgh and Allegheny CHAPTER XX MANUFACTURES FROM ANIMAL AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. Tobacco. The business of manufacturing tobacco and segars, and the wholesale dealing in the same, is an important branch of the business of the two cities. The greater bulk of the business is in segars, of which there are a large number of factories. There are in Pittsburgh 148 segar factories, employing 592 hands, and in Allegheny 102, employing 408 hands, making 250 manufactories of segars in the two cities, whose total employees number 1,000, and whose wages aggre- gate $390,000. There were sold in 1875, by the Allegheny factories, 11,266,044 segars, and by the Pittsburgh factories, 18,201,650, being 29,467,699 in all. The value of these was $589,940, as near as could be ascertained. The ennumeration of these factories would fill larger space than can be spared in this volume. There are, in addition, several firms, jobbers of imported and domestic segars, and also of tobaccos. These firms are : Firm. Location. Estab'd. By Chas. C. Baer, . . 108 Wood street, 1863 McCallister & Baer. Joseph M. Sickell, . 40 Wood street, . . 1864 J. M. Sickell. Henry Dalmeyer, . . 53 Liberty street, . 1852 Henry Dalmeyer. Pretzfeld Bros. . . 145 Liberty street, . ,1866 Pretzfeld Bros. Herzog & Bachman, 240 Liberty street, . 1871 Wm. Herzog. John Hays, . . . 265 Liberty street, . 1846 John Hays. Voigt & Davidson, . 228 Liberty street, . 1873 Voigt & Davidson. John Fullerton, . . 279 Liberty street, . 1837 John Fullerton. Weyman & Bro., . 81 Smithfield street, 1823 Geo. Weyman. These firms emplo; Y 48 hands, whose wages will average $30,000, and their sales $650,000. • There are four firm s dealing in Leaf Tobacco. Firm. Location. Estab'd By Martin Heyle, 330 Liberty street, 1850 M. Heyle. Pretzfeld & Bro. Pretzfeld & Bro. . . 245 Liberty street. 1866 Maul & Grote, . . . . . 181 Liberty street, 1871 Maul & Grote. ,S. W. Day, . . . . . . 100 Wood street, 1874 S. W. Day. These four firms sell about $250,000 of leaf tobacco. In the Centennial Year. 225 There are two Manufacturers of Tobacco. Firm. Location. Estab'd By W. & D. Rinehart, Cor. Water and Short sts. 1838 W. & D. Rinehart. R. & W, Jenkinson, 287 Liberty street, . . 1861 R. & W. Jenkinson. They employ 80 hands, whose wages average $33,000 a year. The capital in machinery is about $35,000, and their sales of manufactured tobacco about $125,000. From these figures it would appear that the tobacco business of Pittsburgh and Allegheny, in what may be called its wholesale and manufacturing branches, amounts to about $1,909,000. There are, in addition, a large amount of retail dealers, of whose business no statement is made. Breweries. There are in Pittsburgh and Allegheny nineteen breweries. Of these six brew ale, and thirteen lager beer. The six ale breweries are : style of Works. Style of Firm. Office. Estab'd. Who By. Capacity Pittsburgh. j'^^^^^^^^^^^^^HDuquesne way 1854 Rhodes (fe Verner. 700 Darlington's. H.Darlington. 110 Federal st. 1867 H.Darlington. 350 -nt, • f Spencer, 1 24th & Small-) ,o._ .r^ j e^ tt i, oe/^ Phoenix. i ^f ^ o n > ^ > 1845 Wood & Hughes. 350 \ McKay & Go | man sts. j ^ Winterton. { l^^,, } ''tZ'St" Y'^' { 'iT ''^"^^^''' } ^^^ Young & Booth. 463 Rebecca. 1828 R. A. Irwin & Co. 150 ^ (Pier, Dan- ] Stevenson and 1 ,o.^ ,^^ Oregon. | nels & Co. } Forbes. r^*" 10" These six ale breweries employ 207 hands, .whose wages will average $150,000 a year; 258,000 lbs. of hops, and 364,000 bush, of barley are used; the sales are $750,000 a year, and the value of the buildings, machinery and ground is $775,- 000 ; 24 wagons and 60 horses are employed in the transportations of the material and product. There are also thirteen lager beer breweries, who employ 100 hands, whose wages will amount to $61,000 ; they consume about 200,000 lbs. hops, and 250,000 bushels of barley. The value of their sales will average about $360,000, Flour Mills There are in Pittsburgh and Allegheny five mills manufacturing flour, viz : Style of Works. Style of Firm. Office. Estab'd. Who By. Wm. Provost. 1921 Josephine. Gilmore k Go. 148 South Canal. 1826 Voeghtly. iron City. Whitmyer k Co. 38th and Railroad. 1874 Whitmyer k Co. Marshall, Kennedy & Co. 15th and Liberty. 1850 Wilmarth&Noble J. Born. Second & Middle. 16 226 Pittsburgh and Allegheny These mills employ 80 hands, whose wages would amount to $50,000 ; the value of the machinery, buildings, etc;., is $152,000 ; the space occupied by the mills is over one acre, and the value of the product about $900,000. Cracker Bakeries. The manufacturing of crackers is one of the leading businesses in the suste- nance division of the cities' occupations. There are four manufacturers : Office. Estab'd. 91 Liberty street. . 1831 29 Seventh. . . . 1842 295 Liberty ave. . 1857 187 Rebecca street. 1871* These four manufactories employ 135 hands, whose wages amount to $61,000- a year. They use 26,000 barrels of flour a year; 1,700 barrels of sugar; 560 barrels molasses; 460,000 lbs. lard; 35,000 dozen eggs; 33,000 pounds fruit. Their sales average about $500,000, and the value of the machinery, buildings and ground used in the works is about $215,000. Firm. S. S. Marvin & Go. Snowden & Kemp, E. Maginn, . . . Jas. McClurg r-l.- O k.3 :s c3 o o5 Eh M piH m m ^ O » Q H M W "D H^ ^ o o Jt «i> • • ^ bT oT o o ^56 ^o J . < A o H ? il i;^ OrHOO^NftCOlOi-i-H • CO O PS O O O w o go o . CO o ^ CO O o .^OQ- Tfl 00 lo CD <:r) 00 GO C» p. o • ^1 a c3 O lO I— i:- 00 00 • ^ . « CO CO p3 Hi m . 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J -t^ • . • . • d .• 13 «> OJ S j2* H •is • -4-5 C) 00 a;) .F^ ft< t>> ^ 03 thrid (lur Wal OQ PQ .« c^ . 1-1 ^ 2 . ^ ^^%% . ^ H i^ td <1 v-^« ° ^ C5i 00 ro 05 Ci 00 CO , ® •- CO -t- CO CO J:- .t>- ts i 00 ^ ^ 00 00 00 00 00 " §3 ^ rH ^ r—i rH 1— 1 rH _ . , >^>— \ — *^. CQ • • • • be ^ >-t^ f> ^ 1 i 'I; c3 -a 2 . . "^ ^ t^ t- 1^ -^s^- 5 --5^- CQ .^ d CO*"" bO s g.^. ,c3 SS3 "as ''^ . . < -^^ 02^ f^ ^ ^ m . o fl "2 fl 03 o H c3 cothe, Ohio, by the Rev. John Andrews. The office of publication was removed to Pittsburgh about 1819. Since June, 1864, it has been issued by James Allison k Co., the present publisljcis. It has a circulation of 12,500 copies. The Methodist Recorder is the next in age, being a continuation of the Mutual Rights, established at Baltimore in 1828, which was afterwards merged into the Methodist Correspondent^ which became the Methodist Recorder in 1839 ; be- ing then published during five years at Meadow Farm, Ohio, by the Rev. Corne- lius Springer. In 1844, the place of publication was removed to Putnam, now one of the wards of the city of Zanesville, where it was issued until 1854, when it was removed to Springfield, Ohio, where it was published until 1871, and then removed to Pittsburgh, where it is published by the Methodist Board of Publica- tion, by whom it was purchased in 1854 from the Rev. A. H. Basset, who had vbeen the proprietor from 1844. The journal has a circulation of 7,000 copies. 264 Pittsburgh and Allegheny The Pittsburgh Christan Advocate, the next in age, was established iii' 1833, at Pittsburgh, by the Rev. Chas. Elliott, D. D. It is Methodist Episcopal in its denominational character, and its circulation is 12,500 copies. The United Presbyterian is the next in age, having been established at Pittsburgh in 1842 by the Rev. J. P. Pressly, D. D. It is now published by H. J. Murdoch &; Co., and has a circulation of over 15,000 copies. The Catholic was established in 1846 by P. F. Boylan, who was succeeded in the proprietorship in 1847 by Jacob Porter, the present publisher. It is the official organ of the Diocese of Pittsburgh, Allegheny and Erie, and has a circu- ■\ lation of 4,000 copies. The American Manufacturer, which is published weekly, is the only paper of its class in the city, which is that of a manufacturing and metal journal. It is published by a joint stock company, and is the out-growth of the Trade of the West, established by Frank Woods in 1854, by whom the journal is conducted. Y Wasg is a weekly paper published in the Welsh language, established Ib 1873. The Job Printing Business Is largely carried on and is among the oldest in the city. This business, as a distinct profession, was originally started by Butler & Lamdin about 1810. The material was brought across the mountains on pack-mules ; and an old Ramage press, which was part of the original outfit of the office, was, until a short time since, in existence in Butler Co. and is probably there yet. In 1825 Mr. Butler removed the office to Ravenna. Ohio, his partner Mr. Lamdin having died. In 1827 Mr. Butler returned with his office to Pittsburgh, and the office of A. A. Anderson & Son, at which this volume is printed, is the direct continuation of it, some of the old material being still in its composing rooms. The senior- partner of the present firm, A. A. Anderson, began his apprenticeship to the printing business in the office in Ravenna on the 8th day of August, 1825, and has been in continuous service as boy, journeyman and proprietor ever since, a period of almost fifty-one years, and is to-day the oldest job printer in business in the city, and the office is semi-centennial in its history. In 1816 Eichbaum & Johnston established a printing office from which three others of the principal job printing firms of the city have sprung. That of Stevenson & Foster is the direct succession of W. S. Haven, who succeeded Johnston & Stockton, who were the successors of Eichbaum & Johnston. The firm of Wm. G-. Johnston & Co., the partners of which are the sons of the Eichbaum & Johnston, of 1816, and S. Reed Johnston & Co., which firm is an out-growth of Wm. G. Johnston & Co., and the Mr. Johnston a son of the Samuel R. Johnston of 1816. There are thirty job printing offices in the city who employ about 175 hands and pay about $75,000 a year in wages. In the Centennial Year, 265 CHAPTER XXVI. BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS OF PITTSBURGH AND ALLEGHENY. In the prosperity that Pittsburgh has enjoyed, her heart has not been har- dened to the needs of the unfortunate. In the absorptions of business, the building of costly bank edifices, the erection of huge furnaces and extensive workshops, her people have not forgotten the needy, nor the din of her machin- ery or the thunder of her hammers deadened her ear to the cry of the sick and distressed. In addition to many minor charities there are 15 prominent benevo- lent institutions in Pittsburgh and Allegheny. Chief among these, from its magnitude, as well as from its imposing and complete buildings for the Insane, is the Western Pennsylvania Hospital. This magnificent charity originated on the 9th day of March, 1847, when a number of the citizens formed themselves into an association for the purpose of founding an hospital for the reception and cure of the "insane and afflicted, as well as the sick, helpless and infirm.'^ The charter was approved the 18th day of March, 1848. A generous donation of twenty-four acres of land, in the now Twelfth Ward of the City of Pitts- burgh, by Mrs. Elizabeth Denny and Mrs. Mary Schenley, enabled the managers to at once proceed with the erection of the hospital building, which was opened in January, 1853. Primarily designed as a hospital for persons receiving accidental injuries in the manufactories of Pittsburgh, only temporary arrangements were made for the insane, but in the first year twenty-four insane persons were admitted, of whom seventeen were entirely restored to sanity. Under an increasing demand upon the hospital for the treatment of insane persons the facts were laid before the Legislature, and on May 8, 1855, a supplementary act was passed appropriating ten thousand dollars to aid in extending the accommodations. On the 19th of March, 1856, a further supplement was approved, granting a further sum of twenty thousand dollars for additional buildings. As the institution increased in the number of its insane inmates the managers determined to erect a separate building beyond the limits of the city. A selection was made of a farm on the right bank of the Ohio, seven miles below the city. Additional land was sub- sequently purchased and the property now embraces three hundred and twenty acres, accessable by river or rail. The domain was named " Dixmont " in honor of Miss D. L. Dix. The location is an admirable one. At the base of an abrupt wooded cliff, the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago Railway extends 2800 feet, along the property. From the base of this cliff orchard, garden and pasture 266 Pittsburgh and Allegheny land rises to a summit of four hundred and fifty feet, crowned with forest trees. Midway up the slope stands an imposing structure, from whence an extensive and picturesque prospect is obtained. The entire edifice, grounds and appur- tenances have cost $700,000. The buildings, furnishing and appurtenances of the Twelfth Ward Hospital building adds to this sum $100,000, being about $800,000 in all without the Twelfth Ward grounds, which is valued at about $200,000. The buildings were open November 11, 1861, and a few days after 113 patients were removed from the hospital buildings in the Twelfth ward, and the institution began its ofl&ce of humanity. At the outbreak of the civil war, the managers of the Western Pennsylvania Hospital tendered the use of the Twelfth Ward Hos- pital building to the government. It was accepted and placed in charge of gov- ernment officers. Nearly one thousand sick and wounded soldiers were accom- modated in the building and temporary outside arrangement. The tender of this costly property to the government was without expectation of remuneration, and none has ever been asked. By means of a fund received from a sanitary fair, mentioned in the chapter on the military record of Pittsburgh, the institution still remains open for the care of disabled volunteers. It is also still open for surgical and medical uses to the public as a general hospital, having a full staff of surgeons and physicians, with a thorough and complete corps of superin- tendents and nurses and other assistants. Further mention of this noble public charity is restricted by the limits of the volume, which has already much over- run its proposed pages. The Pittsburgh Infirmary, corner of Roberts and Reed streets, is another institution for the sick and suffering. It is to a great extent the results of the personal exertions of Rev. W. A. Passavant. It was established in January, 1848, and chartered by the State in 1850, and has accommodations for forty-five patients. Indigent persons are admitted gratuitously, the object being to relieve the indigent sick, without reference to color, creed or country. The Homeopathic Hospital, situated on Second avenue, is another of this class of charities that the liberality of the citizens of Pittsburgh has called into useful existence. As its name indicates, it is in charge of a particular school of medicine. It was chartered in 1866. Patients are admitted without distinction of race or religion. A full medical and surgical staff are attached, who render gratuitous service. The Mercy Hospital is a fourth benevolent institution of this class. It is in charge of the Sisters of Mercy, and was chartered in 1848. Patients are ad- mitted without distinction of race or creed. Those whose circumstances will admit, are required to pay a small sum — all others admitted free. There are several ^' Homes," so-called, for various various classes of persons. The Home for the Friendlsss, No. 32 Washington street, was organized May 1, 1861, and chartered January 4, 1862. Its object is to receive and provide for every child in distress, and to receive children whose mothers, depending upon In the Centennial Year. 267 their labors for support, are unable to extend to their children that care which their tender years require. The institution was organized and is managed by the benevolent ladies of all denominations in the city. Allegheny Widow's Home is another institution organized and managed by benevolent ladies ot Pittsburgh and Allegheny, and is designed as a refuge and a home for indigent widows. Home for Aged Protestant Women. — This Home is designed for such aged Protestant women as in the closing years of life find themselves bereft of means and relations and destitute of a home, yet not wholly unable, either through the kindness of friends or from some little pittance left from former competency to contribute somewhat to their own support. It was organized June 10, 1869, under the auspices of the Women's Christian Association of Pittsburgh, and was chartered by the State as an independent institution 25th March, 1871. The buildings occupied a site of five acres, donated by James Kelly, at Wilkinsburgh, adjoining the city line. The Home is one hundred feet long, forty feet wide, three stories high ; built of brick. About $35,000 have been expended in its erection. It is under charge of a Board, of exclusively lady managers, to whose personal exertions its successful establishment and main- tenance is due. The Home for Destitute Women is another benevolent institution, origi- nating within the workings of the Women's Christian Association of Pittsburgh. It is designed and used as a temporary refuge for destitute women, and has been in existence for eight years. Boarding Home for W^orking Women is another benevolent institution which has grown from the active spirit of the Women's Christian Association of Pittsburgh. Its title indicates its object. It was organized on November 2, 1870. The buildings cost $17,500. The Sheltering Arms is a reformatory institution, which also owes its ex- istence to the efforts of the Women's Christian Association of Pittsburgh. Its objects are to throw a sheltering arm around those young girls, who deceived and betrayed, would abandon themselves to a vicious life, and also to reclaim such women as, having strayed from the habits of a correct and virtuous life, desire to abandon evil ways. Attached to this institution is an " Hospital for Incurahles^^ where women in destitute circumstances, suffering from dropsy, consumption or like incurable diseases may find care and attention. A further object being to furnish to such women as have sought its protection in their shame, or as a help in their efforts to reform, employment in the care of the sick ; whereby not only the influence of the suffering they thus daily sef> and help to alleviate, may impress their minds to the purifying of their lives, but give thera the opportunity to acquire a profession that will enable them to eaxn a sufficient livelihood, and regain their own self-respect in the consciousness of well-doing, and laboring in an honorable if humble profession. 268 Pittsburgh and Allegheny The institution occupies a site in Wilkinsburg of five acres, donated by- James Kelly. The buildings were dedicated in October, 1872, and when fully completed, will cost about $40,000. At present only one wing is built, which cost, with the furnishing, $20,337. The institution is under the charge of a board of ladies. Home of Industry. — This is an institution under charge of the Sisters of Mercy, its object being to afford shelter to poor and friendless girls in the city and aid them in procuring situations. Home of the Little Sisters of the Poor, is also a home under charge of the Sisters of Mercy, and is designed for the care of the aged of both sexes. Orphan Asylums. — Of these there are three. Two under the charge of the Sisters of Mercy, and one under the benevolent ladies of both cities: the details of which the limits of this volume restrains mention. It is thus of many other benevolent associations that exist in the city, and carry their good works and the light of their christian labors into the dark places that exist in all great cities. In their organization, their labors, and all the details of their work and existence, pages would be occupied. Greatly as the preceding pages show that the Iron City has grown in wealth, in manufacturing, and all the accompaniments of a thriving business center, yet christian charity has walked hand in hand with, and strengthened with her strength and spread with her increase. Where in 1784 it was stated there did not exist either church nor chapel, nor priest of any persuasion, there are now eleven Baptist churches^ forty-seven Roman Catholic churches and chapels, forty-five Presbyterian, forty- four Methodists, twelve Episcopalian, twenty Lutheran churches, three Jewish synagogues, one Universalist, two Congregational, one Swedenborgian church, and six of various other denominations, being in all one hundred and ninety- two churches. There are also thirty-fivfe Masonic, seventy-eight Odd Fellows, eleven .Red Men, thirty-seven Knights of Pythias, and twenty-one United Workingmen lodges, being one hundred and eighty-two secret benevolent asso- ciations in these five Orders, with half as many more in less prominent and known Orders. Forty-six public schools and a High School, spread intelligence among the growing generations of the mass of busy people who populate the two cities. There is in the foregoing exhibit of Pittsburgh and Allegheny in the Cen- tennial year much which might have been perhaps more fully and better presented. The attainment of statistical information is, under the most favorable circumstances, a labor of vexations and perplexities, and beset with many liabilities to error. In a reticent city like Pittsburgh such impediments are mul- tiplied. Much as has been said of the. Birmingham of America, much remains unsaid from the difficulty of obtaining and delay in giving the information In the Centennial Year. 269 necessary, and also by that which has already been presented greatly OTerrun- ning the propose.-i limit within which it was expected the story of the growth of Pittsburgh ayd Allegheny cities, and their business, could be told. The area occupied by the two cities is equal to thirty-four square miles, or 22,000 acres, ex- tending up the Allegheny river five miles, and up the Monongahela river about eight miles, and down the Ohio river about three miles. The distance between the rivers is about five miles. This in its bulk of territory, is what is popularly and generally known as Pittsburgh, and its population in 1876 is about 225,000. It has 400 miles of streets, and the two rivers are spanned by eleven bridges, whose aggregate length is about three and a half miles. Throughout all these miles of streets are scattered the factories, the furnaces, the mills, and workshops, which have originated for Pittsburgh the sobriquet of the Birmingham of America. What those establishments are in detail is gener- ally shown in the preceding pages; what they aggregate in bulk is best shown by stating that if they were placed in a compact form they would form a body or would occupy a space of 1,867 acres, or extend 77 miles, giving each an aver- age space of 200 by 200 feet. The packages in which the glass produced in her factories is packed, if placed in compact shape in a row six feet high by three broad, would extend over ninety miles each year, and the straw used to pack it would need 2,000 acres of ground to grow it on annuall3^ The barges and tow boats used to transport her yearly product of coal taken out of the Monongahela river alone, would, if placed in a continuous line, form a walk of fifty miles, while to transport the whole product of her mines by rail would require over 3,000 miles of cars, each holding ten tons. The lumber used in her sash, door and box factories and planing mills, would build a board walk each 3^ear ten feet broad and one thousand miles long. The wages annually paid in the factories and collieries would require one man 4,133 hours, or 172 days, to count it in single dollars, at the rate of 120 a minute, and would pave with silver half dollars a street 40 feet wide and one mile long. These figures present, in perhaps a somewhat fanciful shape, some of the indica- tions that determine the magnitude of the city, and convey, in connection with the statement made of the area of the city, what Pittsburgh is in bulk. In her growth, Pittsburgh is a practical proof of the enrichment that the development of the resources of a nation creates among its people. The mate- rial which have kept her thousands of workmen busy in the past years, and built up the city that the foregoing pages show, would still be resting in the mountain's side and sleeping in the valleys breast, but for the principle of protection to American industries, from which the city of Pittsburgh, and simi- lar developments over the country, has proceeded. The effects of this as an el- ement of national strength was apparent during the late war, when, among other items of defense, the armor plates of the Ironsides and other ships to amount of over 2,000 tons were made at Pittsburgh by the Wayne Iron Works, and the 270 Pittsburgh and Allegheny stoppers, weighing 10,000 pounds each, for the port holes of the iron clads built by Capt. Eads, at St. Louis, were made at the same mill. As free trade is often proposed as a remedy for the idle masses of men, whose failur^ during the past two or three years to earn wages is at the bottom of a great proportion of the dullness of trade, this volume cannot better conclude than by the presenta- tion of some few figures showing how many laborers find employment in the production of one only of Pittsburgh's staples. The United States produced in 1873, among other forms of iron, 2,290,658 tons pig iron, 721, Y75 tons of iront rails, 980,000 tons rolled iron of other kinds. To manufacture the 2,290,658 tons of pig metal requires two and a quarter tons of coal to each ton of pig, or 5,153,980 tons of coal. The 721,775 tons of iron rail takes 1,443,550 tons, and the 980,000 tons of rolled iron 2,352,000 tons, or in all 8,935,530 tons of coal. At a royalty of one-half cent per bushel the owner of the coal receives $1,249,974. The proprietor of the collery, who mar- kets the coal, benefitting to the extent of one cent per bushel over his working expense, receives $2,449,948. Eighty-four cents per ton is a fair average of coal miners' wages, and at this rate, $7,499,844 is the sum the miners obtain. Two tons of ore is the amount accepted as requisite to produce a tons of pig iron. It will then require 4,581,316 tons of ore to produce the 2,290,658 tons of pig made in 1873. Estimating the average cost of mining at one dollar and a half a ton, we have $6,871,974 as the sum the ore miners alone obtain. To produce the amount of pig our figures give as the product of 1873, requires over two hundred and fifty such furnaces running full time. Here is an expen- diture of over twenty-five millions of money. The average labor to produce a ton of pig iron from the ore being one man to each ton made, this would require 7,633 men working three hundred days each. The average wages of men em- ployed about each furnace is $720 each, making a total of $5,504,835.00. The labor of 43,040 men would be required to manufacture the 1,701,775 tons of rail and roll iron made in 1873. The average wages of the mill hands is $750 each. Over $32,250,000 is thus distributed. The entire distribution of wages for the mere items of ore, coal, furnaces, building and labor in the production of a similar weight of iron as in 1873, in the United States, is nearly $130,000,000» Of this, Pittsburgh pays one-fifteenth in the distribution of wages in her fur- naces and rolling mills, to say nothing of the amount to those who work the iron her mills produce into forms and condition beyond the simple pig and bar. The entire wages paid in the manufactories of Pittsburgh are over $30,000,000 annually; and the capital in the buildings and machinery of her factories alone, and the ground they occupy, is, as nearly as could be arrived at, $43,216,955. Pittsburgh is the tangable proof of the results of the development of Ameri- can industry and American resources. The hum of her streets, the noise of her hammers, the shout of the escaping steam, the roar of her furnaces, and the cheerful sounds of thousands of busy men calling to their comrades in the necessary orders of their employment, continually intones Protection's Hymn — In the Centennial Year. 271 "^Protection! that the trowel's cheerful clink, The joyous sound of busy plane and saw, The engine's puft', the jar of carter's wheel, Be not the land's exception, but its law, That year on year the furnace 'mid the hills Bid from the ore the iron sparkling run ; And farmers whistle as they count their gains From crops yet ripening in the summer sun. Let not again the mountain echoes sleep, Where now the furnace roar disturbs their rest; Nor yet, again, the pick slow rusting leave Rich mineral hidden in the earth's rough breast; Nor grass, now banished by the workmen's feet, Around the forge thick springing widely spread; Nor where the factory's spindles humming twirl The spider silent spin his silken thread. In lusty strength will Labor then rejoice. Nor like a wounded giant starving die ; O'er villages, by rivers nestled down. The factory's towering smoke obscure the sky. Then Plenty '11 still the laborer's cottage bless, The strong mechanic's home with comforts fill, Enrich the farmer 'mid his fields and flocks, The mealy miller in his dusty mill. Still 'mid the mountains let the furnace roar, Sing the deep bass of Labour's holy hymn ; The ringing anvil, hum of toil, tell how Protection gives the workmen's sinews vim. Still through our factories' long and windowed rooms Let fair girls tend their looms with busy feet; So shall the nation strengthen by its arts. While Plenty dances to the hammer's beat. Let sunny France's dark-eyed daughters use The shining silks her subtle looms prepare ; Let England, with her skillful woven stuffs. Make all her graceful daughters yet more fair, And forge her iron into guns and swords To aid her drums around the world to beat ; We fear her iron only when in peace It keeps our workmen idle in the street. *By Geo. H. Thurston. INDEX. HAP TER I. a II. a III. a IV. u V. <,i VI. a VII. a VIII. iC IX. u X. u XI. a XII. a XIII. a XIV. (,i XV. u XVI. a XVII. a XVIII. a XIX. 44 XX. 44 XXI. 44 XXII. 44 XXIII. 44 XXIV. 44 XXV. 44 XXVI. Pen Pictures of Pittsburgh, 3 The Military Record of Pittsburgh, „ . . 16 Geographical Position, 41 Railway System of Pittsburgh, 47 Half Century of Manufacturing, .... 53 Growth of Population at Pittsburgh, ... 74 Climate and Health of Pittsburgh, . . . . 79 Boat Building of Pittsburgh, 82 Mineralogical Position, 104 Manufacturing Advantages, 110 Lumber and Its Products, 118 Glass Factories of Pittsburgh, . . ... 127 The Coal Business of Pittsburgh, . . . . 136 The Iron AVorks of Pittsburgh, 160 Steel Manufacturing at Pittsburgh, . . . 191 The Oil Trade at Pittsburgh, 202 Lead, Copper and Brass, ....... 213 Cotton and Wool Manufacturing, .... 216 Manufactures from Earthy Substances, . . 218 Manufactures from Animal and Agricultural Products, . 224 Miscellaneous Manufactures, . . . . . 228 Mercantile Interests, . 234 Produce Business, . . 246 Financial Institutions, 251 The Press of Pittsburgh, ...... 261 Benevolent Institutions, and Conclusion, . . 265