9 
 
 / 
 
 EARLY SETTLEMENT 
 
 VIRGINIA AND VIRGINIOLA, 
 
 AS Nu'llCKJ) 1:Y 
 
 POETS AND PLAYERS 
 
 IN THK TIME OF SHAKSPEARE, WITH SOME LETTERS ON THE ENCillSlI Col.OM/.A 
 TION OK AMERICA, NEVER ItEl-ORE PRIXTED. 
 
 By rev. EDWARD D. NEIEL, A. li., 
 
 Author ol " English Colonization of America," " Virginia Company of London," " Virginia Colonial 
 
 Clergy," "'Terra Mariae," "Founders of Maryland," "Fairfaxes of 
 
 England and America," and " History of Minnesota." 
 
 MINNEAPOLIS, MINN.; 
 JOHNSON, SMITH it HARRISON. 
 
 187S. 
 
WITH RESPECTS OF 
 
 EDWARD D. NEILL, 
 MACALESTER COLLEGE, 
 
 MINNEAPOLIS, 
 
 MINNESOTA 
 
EARLY SETTLEMENT 
 
 VIRGINIA AND VIRGINIOLA, 
 
 AS NOTICED I'.Y 
 
 POETS AND PLAYERS 
 
 IN THK TIME OF SHAKSPEAKE, WITH SOME LETTEKS ON ITIE ENiiLIsU COLONl/.A 
 TIOX OF AMERICA, NEVER liEKORE I'KIXTED. 
 
 By rev. EDWARD D. NEILL, A. B.^ 
 
 Author of " Engliih Colonization of America," " Virginia Company <A Lonili)ii," " Virginia C^jlonial 
 Clergy," " Terra Maria.-," "Founders uf Maryland," "Fairfaxes of 
 England and America," and " History of Minnesota." 
 
 MINNEAPOLIS, MINN.: 
 JOHXSOX, S.MITH & HARRISOX. 
 1S78. 
 

Virginia and Virginiola. 
 
 A PUPIL of Westminster School, in Londo]i, one day visited 
 a relative at the Middle Temple, upon whose table were 
 opened books of travel and a map of the world. As distant seas 
 and vast kingdoms but little known were exhibited, the schoolboy 
 resolved, if he ever entered the Universitj^ he would pursue geo- 
 graphical studies, and in consequence of the purpose then formed, 
 became Richard Hakluyt, the best authority of his period, in 
 England, relative to the climate, races and productions of the four 
 quarters of the globe. 
 
 At the time that Sir Francis Drake Avas fitting out his expedition 
 for America, he was chaplain to the English Embassy in Paris, and 
 so great was his interest in the project, that he wrote that he was 
 ready to fly to England " with wings of Pegasus," to devote his 
 reading and observation to the furtherance of the w^rk. And after 
 the gallant navigator sailed up the Pacific coast to the fortieth 
 degree north, "the first to loose the girdle of the world, and encom- 
 pass her in his fortunate arms," ^ he was delighted in listening to the 
 tales of returning mariners. The Muscovy, Grreenland, and other 
 trading companies did not plan expeditions without seeking his 
 advice. In the minutes of the East India Company, under date of 
 January 29, 1601-2, is the following:— ''Mr. Hakluyt, the historio- 
 grapher of the East India Company, being here before the Com- 
 mittees, and having read unto them out of his notes and books, 
 was requested to set down in writing a note of the principal places 
 in the East Indies, and where trade is to be had, to the end that 
 the same may be used for the better instruction of our factors in 
 the said voyage."' 
 
 1 Purchas's Pilgrimage, p. 1779. 
 
 2 Cul. of State Papers, East Indies, inis-lGic, p. vm. 
 
4 GOSNOLD, HAKLUYT, WEYMOUTH. 
 
 On the 14tli of May, 1602, Bartholomew Gosnold, a man of 
 integrity, landed from the ship '' Concord,"' with Gabriel Archer 
 and others, on the coast of what is now called Massachusetts, and 
 passed a month in examining the shores, to-day conspicuous with the 
 domes and monuments of Boston, the church spires of peaceful 
 villages, and the tall chimneys of manufacturing towns, and gave 
 to one of its headlands, a name still retained, Cape Cod. Embark- 
 ing for the return voyage on the 18th of June, he cast anchor in 
 English waters on the 23d of July, and astonished the mercantile 
 world not only b}' the shortness of his passage by the new route, 
 but by his calm and reasonable statements as to the healthfulness 
 of the region visited, and its capabilities for sustaining an English 
 speaking population. 
 
 Prominent among eager listeners to his statement was Hakluyt, 
 then connected with the cathedral at Bristol, who cordially 
 seconded his desire to found a Nova Britannia on the western con- 
 tinent. Many meetings were held by Gosnold and Hakluyt with 
 the Bristol merchants; and Robert Salterne, who had accompanied 
 the former in the voyage to America, was appointed with Hakluyt 
 to obtain permission from Sir Walter Raleigh to make a settlement 
 under his patent. i Raleigh's consent obtained, Salterne in 1603 
 made a second visit with an expedition that left Bristol, who 
 was followed in 16[>5 by Captain George Weymouth, who returned 
 with several Indians, who remained for more than two years in 
 England. 
 
 These successive voj'ages, under the auspices of the most distin- 
 guished and enterprising men of Bristol, Plymouth and London, 
 deepened the conviction that British pride and interests demanded 
 that they should separate the French settlements on the St. Law- 
 rence, and the Spanish plantations near the Gulf of Mexico, by an 
 English colony. The stage is always quick to allude to the absorb- 
 ing questions of the hour, and in 1605 the play of "Eastward Ho," 2 
 in the coarse language of the period, reproduced the conversations 
 
 1 Gorges. 
 
 2 "Eastward Ho " was the united production of Marston, Gliapman and "rare ^i;n 
 Jonsou." Langbaine writes of Cliapnian, " I can give liini no better ooiunicndation 
 tlian tliat he was so intimate with tlie famous Johnson as to enirage in a liinnn irate 
 Willi liim and Marston in a play called ' Eastward Ho." " 
 
PL. iY OF ' 'EAST WARD IlOr 5 
 
 that had takeiij place on the pavements around the Royal Ex- 
 change : — 
 
 " Sea Gull. — Come, drawer, pierce j-our neatest hogshead, and let's have 
 cheer, not fit for your BilHngsg-ate tavern, but for our Virginian Colonel; he will 
 be here instantlj'. 
 
 " Drairer. — You shall have all tilings tit, sir; please you have anymore wine? 
 
 "Spend All. — More wine, slave! whether we drink it or no; spill it and draw 
 more. 
 
 '' Sea (hill. — Come, boys, Virginia longs till we share the rest of her maiden- 
 head. 
 
 " Spend All. — Why, is she inhabited already with any English? 
 
 " Sea Gull. — A whole country of English is there, man, bred of those left 
 there in '79; they have married with the Indians, and make 'hem bring forth as 
 l)eautiful faces as any we have in England; and therefore the English are so in 
 love with "hem that all the treasure they have they lay at their feet. 
 
 " Scapethriff. — But is there such treasure there, Captam, as I have heard? 
 
 ''Sea Gull. — I tell thee, gold is more plentiful there than copper is with us, 
 and for as much red copper as I can bring I'll have thrice weight m gold. Why, 
 man, all there dripping-pans and chamber-pots are pure gold; and all the chams 
 with which they chain up their streets are massive gold; all the prisoners they 
 take are fettered in gold ; and for rubies and diamonds they go forth in holy 
 days and gather 'hem by the sea-shore to hang on their children's coats and 
 stick in their children's caps as commonly as our children wear saftron-gilt 
 brooches and groates with holes in 'hem. 
 
 " Scapethriff. — And it is a pleasant country mthal? 
 
 "Sea Gull. — As ever the sun shin'd on; temperate and full of all sorts of 
 excellent viands; wild boar is as common there as our tamest bacon is hero; 
 venison as mutton. And then you shall live freely there, without sargeants or 
 courtiers, or lawyers or intelligencers. Then for your means to advancement — 
 there it is simple, and not preposterouslj^ mixt. You may be an alderman tiiere, 
 •and never be a scavenger; you may be any other officer, and never be a slave. 
 You may come to preferment enough, and never be a pander; to riches and 
 fortune and have never the more villany nor the less wit. Besides, there we 
 shall have no more law than conscience, and not too much of either; serve God 
 enough, eat and drink enough, and 'enough is as good as a feast.' '' 
 
 The statesmen of the day were not indifferent to the enterprise, 
 for since the war with Spain had ceased, the streets of London had 
 been filled with men. who had been soldiers in Ireland and in the 
 Netherlands, averse to return to the quiet peasant life from which 
 they had been pressed into military service, and 3'et unfitted to 
 obtain a living by honest industry. Too indolent to handle the 
 
6 FIRST CHARTER OF VIRGINIA COMPANY. 
 
 spade, they were foi'ced to beg or to steal, and became a terror to 
 the peaceable citizen on the side-walk, or the traveller on the high- 
 way. 
 
 Military olhcers also favored the scheme, in the hope that the 
 development of a new commonwealth would furnish an occasion 
 for them to draw once more the swords that hung upon the wain- 
 scoted walls of their houses, and beginning to rust ni the scabbards. 
 Merchants were willing to make pecuniary advances, believing that 
 their money would be returned with interest; and clergymen were 
 eloquent in urging their parishioners to aid in an effort which 
 might lead to the conversion of the savages. Gosnold occupied a 
 whole year in obtaining associates to engage in founding a com- 
 monwealth in America, and then a second year in obtaining 
 colonists, and procuring ships and supplies.i In answer to a peti- 
 tion to King James, on the 6th of April, 1606, a patent was sealed 
 for Sir Thomas Gates, an officer in the employ of the Netherlands, 
 Sir George Somers, well acquainted with navigation, Richard 
 Hakluyt, who had become Prebendary of Westminster; Edward 
 Maria Wingfield, Bartholomew Gosnold, and^ others, " to reduce a 
 colony of sundry people into that part of America commonl}' 
 called Virginia," between the 34th and -ISth degrees of north 
 latitude. 
 
 The patentees contemplated two plantations. Gates, Somers, 
 Hakluyt, and others, chiefly of London, under the charter, were 
 designated the First Colony, and authorized to settle between the 
 34tli and 41st degrees of north latitude, while Hannam, Gilbert, 
 Parker, Popham, and associates of Plymouth, were called the 
 Second Colony, and permitted to plant between the 38th and 45th 
 degrees of the same latitude. 
 
 Early in the winter there was gathered, as a nucleus for a colony, 
 a hundred men, no better than those that surrounded David at the 
 cave of Adullam. 
 
 The directions prepared for the first Council of Virginia, by the 
 London Company concludes as follows: 
 
 " You must take care that your mariners that go for wages do 
 not mar your trade, for those that mind not to inhabit, for a little 
 1 Pureliiis, iv., 1705. 
 
DIRECTIONS TO COUNCIL IN VIRGINIA. 7 
 
 gain will debase the estimation of exchange, and hinder the trade 
 for ever after; and therefore yon shall not admit or suffer any per- 
 son whatsoever, other than such as shall be appointed by the 
 President and Counsel there, to buy any merchandizes, or other 
 things whatsoever. 
 
 '" It were necessary that all your carpenters, and all other such- 
 like unknown about building, do first build your store-house, and 
 those other rooms of public and necessary use, before any house be 
 setup for any private person; and though the unknown may belong- 
 to any private persons, yet let them all work together — first for the 
 Company, then for private men. 
 
 "And seeing order is at the same price with confusion, it shall be 
 advisabl}' done to set your houses even, and by a line; that your 
 street may have a good breadth, and be carried square about your 
 market-place, and every street's end opening into it; that from 
 thence, with a few field pieces, you may command every street 
 throughout, which market place you may also fortify, if you think 
 needful. 
 
 "You shall do well to send a perfect relation by Capt. Newport i of 
 all that is done, what length you are seated, how far into the land, 
 what commodities yoa find, what soil, woods, and their several kinds, 
 and so of all other things else, to advertise particularly; and to 
 suffer no man to return but by passport from the President and 
 Counsel, nor to write any letter of anything that may discourage 
 others. 
 
 '' Lastly and chiefiy, the way to prosper and achieve good success 
 is to make yourselves all of one mind, for the good of your country 
 and your own, and to serve and fear Grod, the Giver of all goodness; 
 for every plantation which our Heavenly Father hath not planted 
 shall be rooted out." 
 
 Newport was an experienced mariner, and about a 3';ear before 
 had returned from the West Indies with a present to King James, 
 who was fond of the rare and curious, of a wild boar and two young 
 crocodiles. 
 
 1 A llelation was prepared ))y Newiiort, but not published by rurchas, wlio had ex- 
 amined it. The MS. is in the Lambeth hilirary, and the llelation was lately, and for the 
 first time, printed by the Ameriean Antiquarian Society. It is a fair and accurate 
 description of the first Virginia exploration. 
 
8 Dh'AYTON'S ODE. 
 
 As the hour for the sailing of the expedition arrived, many pray- 
 ers ascended for its welfare. Scholars, divines, statesmen, mer- 
 chants, labourers, all classes and conditions of men heartily adopted 
 the sentiment of Drayton's spirited ode called the— 
 
 VIRGINIAN VOYAGE. 
 
 ■' You brave, heroic minds, 
 Worthy your country's name, 
 That honour still pursue, 
 Whilst loit'ring hinds 
 Lurk here at home with shame; 
 Go, and subdue! 
 
 " Britons! you stay too long. 
 Quickly abroad bestow you ; 
 And with a merry gale 
 Swell your stretch'd sail. 
 With vows as strong 
 As the winds that blow you. 
 
 ■ ' Your course securely steer, 
 West and by south, forth keep, 
 Rocks, lee shores nor shoals, 
 When Eolus scowls, 
 You need not fear, 
 So aljsolute the deep. 
 
 " And cheerfully at sea, 
 Success you still entice, 
 
 To get the pearl and gokl. 
 
 And ours to hold 
 Virginia, 
 Eai'th's only paradise. 
 
 In kenning the shore. 
 Thanks to God, first given, 
 
 you, the happiest men. 
 
 Be frolic then, 
 Let cannons roar. 
 Fighting the wide heaven . 
 
 And in regions far. 
 
 Such heroes bring ye forth , 
 
 As those from whence we came. 
 
 And plant our name 
 Under that star 
 Not known to our north. 
 
 And as there plenty grows 
 Of laurel, everywhere 
 
 Apollo's sacred tree, 
 
 You, it may see 
 A poet's brows 
 To crown, that may sing tliere. 
 
 Thy voyages attend, 
 Industrious Hackluit, 
 
 Whose reachng shall inflame 
 
 Men, to seek fame 
 And much commend 
 To after time, thy wit." 
 
 On the 19th of December the vessels started down the Thames, but 
 owing to the weather, did not sail from the Downs until the 1st of 
 January, 1606-7. 
 
 Newport, in command of the fleet, sailed in the " Susan Con- 
 stant," a ship of one hundred tons, with seventy-one passengers. 
 The zealous promoter of the project, Capt. Bartholomew Gosnold, 
 and fifty-two colonists Avere hi the " Godspeed," a small vessel of 
 
EXPLORATJOX OF JAMES RIVEB. 9 
 
 fifty tons ; and Capt. John Ratcliffe, with twenty others, sailed in 
 the " Discovery," a pinnace of only twenty tons bnrthen. 
 
 Among those who emharked was a qnick-witted, illiterate and 
 self-reliant man, John Smith, who in six weeks after they were ont 
 of sight of the coast of England, was sii^pected of a design to lead a 
 mntiny. 
 
 On the 26th of April 1607, the expedition entered the broad and 
 beautiful Chesapeake Bay, and that night the sealed ordei's were 
 opened, and the following persons were designated as members of 
 the Colonial Council : Edward Maria Wingfield, TSartholomew 
 (iosnold, John Smith. Christopher Newport, John Ratclitfe, John 
 Martin and John Kendall. The Council, in accordance with their 
 instructions, soon selected Wingfield, a man of honourable birth and 
 a strict disciplinarian, as their President.^ 
 
 On the 29th a cross was planted at Cape Henry, and the country 
 claimed in the name of King James : and the next day the ships 
 anchored off Point Comfort, now Fortress Monroe. The 1st of May 
 they began cautiously to ascend the James river : and on the 13th 
 landed on a peninsula, in front of which there was good anchorage. 
 All of the Councillors were duly sworn, except Smith, whose con- 
 duct during the voyage had been disreputable. 
 
 In accordance with the orders prepared at London, Captain New- 
 port, in a shallop, with five gentlemen and nineteen others, explored 
 the river above the site of Jamestown. 
 
 At one of the Indian villages, not far from where is now the city 
 of Richmond, they saw a lad ten years of age with yellow hair and 
 light skin, probably the offspring of one of the colonists, left at 
 Roanoke by White, and an Indian concubine.- On the 21th of May 
 at the foot of the falls of the James River, Newport planted a cross 
 on which were inscribed his own name and that of King James. 
 On the 26th, a day befo^-e the return of the explorers, two hundred 
 
 ' He was the grandson of Sir Kobert "WingHeld of Huntingdonshire, and the son of 
 nionias Maria Wingfield, who was thus christened, in compliment to <iueen Mary, by 
 Cardinal Pole.— Camden- Society Pah., Ao. 43. In 1588 Ferdiuando Gorges and Edward 
 Wingfield wore prisoners of war at Lisle. 
 
 2 Strachcy says : " His Majesty iuith been aciiualnted that the men, women and 
 children of the first idantation at lloanoke, were, by commandment of Powhattan. lu^ 
 jiersuaded thereto by his priests, miserably slaughtered, without any offence given by 
 the first planted, who twenty and odd years had peaceably lived intermixed with those 
 savages, and were ont of his tcivit ovy.—Hohhiyt Society Piih., vol. vi. p. 85. 
 
10 FIRST OFFICIAL DOCUMENT. 
 
 savages attacked Jamestown, and Wingfield bravely resisted them, 
 being foremost in danger, and an arrow of the enemy passing 
 through his beard. 
 
 A fter they had been nearly a month on shore, on the lOth of June, 
 John Smith was permitted to take the oath of councillor. On Sun- 
 day, the 21st, the communion was administered by the devoted 
 Chaplain of the colony, Robert Hunt, and in the evening Newport 
 gave a farewell supper on board of his vessel, and the next day, lift- 
 ing anchor, sailed, and reached England in less than six weeks by 
 the new and more direct route, bearing the first official communi- 
 cation from an English colony in North America, which is still pre- 
 served among the Percy papers with its endorsement in the library 
 of the Earl of Northumberland. 
 
 COPPIE OF A LETTEK FROM VIRGINIA, DATED 22d OF .lUNE, 1607, THE 
 GOUNCELL IHEIR TO THE COUNCKLL OF VIRGINIA HERE IN ENGLAND. 
 
 Wee acknowledge our selues accomptable for o^' time here spente 
 were it but to giue you satisfaccon of o^'. industries and aifeccons to 
 this moste Ho^^'*^ accon, and the better to quicken those good spirritts 
 w<''' haue alreadie bestowed themselues hcere, and to put life into 
 such dead understandings or beleefs that muste lirste see and feele 
 the wombe of o'' labour and this land before they will entertaine anie 
 good hope of vs or of the land: 
 
 W^^'in less than seauen weekes, wee are fortified well against the 
 Indians, we haue sowen good store of wheate, Avee haue sent yow a 
 taste of Clappboord, wee haue built some houses, wee haue spared 
 some hands to a discouerie, and still as god shall enhable vs w^^' 
 strength wee will better and better our proceedinges. 
 
 Our easiest and richest comodity being Sasafrax rootes were gath- 
 ered vpp by the Sailors w*'^ losse and spoile of raanie of our tools 
 and w^^^drawing of o^' men from our labour to their vses againste our 
 knowledge to our preiudice, wee earnestlie entreat yow (and doe 
 truste) that yow take such order as wee be not in this thus defrauded, 
 since they be all our waged men, yet doe wee wishe that they be 
 reasonablie dealt w^'Hi^ll so as all the losse, neither fall on vs nor 
 them. I beleeue they haue thereof two tonnes at the leaste w^^' if 
 they scatter abroad at their pleasure will pull down our price for a 
 
FIBST RKPOh'T FL'OM VIRGIN FA. 11 
 
 long time this wee leaue to your wisedoines. The land would Itlowe 
 w*!' milke and honey if so seconded by yo'' carefnll wisedomes and 
 bountifull ha2ids. wee doe not perswade to shoote one Arrowe to seeke 
 another but to finde them both. And wee doubt not but to send 
 them home w*'^ goulden heads at leaste our desires, laboures and Hues 
 shall to that engage themselues. 
 
 Wee are sett downe 80 miles w^-Mn a River, for breadth sweetness 
 of water, length navigable vpp into the country deepe and bold 
 channellso stored w^^^ Sturgiou and other sweete Fishe as no mans 
 fortune hath euer possessed the like. And as wee thincke if more 
 nuiie be wished in a River it will be founde. The soile is moste 
 fruictfull, laden w^^' good Oake, Ashe, Wallnut tree, Popler, Pine, 
 sweete woodes, Cedar and others yett wt'^out names that yeald gumes 
 pleasant as Franekumcense, and experienced amongest vs for greate 
 vertewe in healing greene woundes and aches, wee entreat your 
 succours for o^' seconds w*'^ all expedition leaste that all deuouringe 
 Spaniard lay his rauenous hands uppon theas gold showing moun- 
 tains, w°'^ if it he so enhabled he shall neuer dare to thinck one: 
 
 This uoate doth make known where o'' necessities do moste 
 strike vs, we beseech yo'' present releiflfe accordinglie otherwise to 
 o"-" greatest and laste griefes, wee shall against our willes not will that 
 w""'* wee most willingl}^ would. 
 
 Captaine Newporte hath scene all and knoweth all, he can fullie 
 satisfieyour further expectations, and ease you of our tedious letters, 
 wee most humblie praie the heauenly Kings hand to bless o^' labours 
 w''*' such counsailes and helpes as we may further and stronger pro- 
 ceede in this our Kinges and countries service. 
 
 James towne in Virginia this 22th of June An" 1607. 
 Your poore Friends, 
 
 Edward Mari.v Wingfield, Bartholomew Gosnold, 
 
 John Smith, John Rattcliffe, 
 
 JotTN Martine, George Kendall. 
 
 After a speedy voyage from Jamestown, of thirty-seven days, 
 Newport anchored in Plymouth Sound, and the same day wrote a 
 letter, which is also in the Percy manuscripts^ with an ancient en- 
 dorsement : 
 
12 LETTER OF CAPTAIN NEWPOBT. 
 
 COPIE OF A LETTER TO Y^'^ LORD OF SALISBYRIE FROM CAPTAINE NEW- 
 PORT y'^ 29th of jflie, 1607. from plimou.th. 
 
 My verie good Lo. my duty in most humble wise remembretl it 
 niaie please yo'" good L''"i^ I arrived here in the Sound of Pliuiouth 
 this dale from the discourie of that parte of Virginia imposed uppon 
 me and the rest of the Colonie for the South parte, in w''^' wee liaue 
 performed o*" duties to the uttermost of o^" powers. And have dis- 
 couered into the country near two hundred miles, and a River naui- 
 gable for greate Shippes one hundred and fifty miles. The contrie 
 is excellent and very rich in gold and copper, of the gould we haue 
 l)rought a Say and hope to be w*^^ y^" Lo'i'i' shortlie to show it his 
 Ma^y and the rest of the Lords. T will not deliver the expectaunce 
 and assurance we haue of great wealth but will leaue it to yo^' LoP'* 
 censure when you see the probabilities. I wish I might have come 
 in person to haue brought theis glad tidings, but my inability of 
 l)ody, and the not having any man to putt in trust with the shippe 
 and that in her maketh me to deferre my coming till winde and 
 weather be fauourable. And so I moste humbly take my leaue. 
 
 From Plimouth this 29th of Julie, 1607. 
 Your Li'^ most humbly bounden, 
 
 Christopher Newpohte. 
 
 On the 18th of August, 1607, a gentleman in London wrote to a 
 friend " that Captain Newport has arrived without gold or silver, 
 and that the adventurers, cumbered by the presence of the natives, 
 had fortified themselves at a place called Jamestown, no graceful 
 name, and doubts not the Spaniards will call it Villiaco. A Dutch- 
 man, writing in Latin, calls the town Jacobolis, but George Percy 
 names it James Fort, wdiich we like the best of all, because it comes 
 near Chelmsford." 
 
 The low situation of the settlement, with the swamps in the rear, 
 soon produced sickness, and during the summer nearly every day a 
 new grave was dug. On the 22d of August, the man who had pro- 
 jected the expedition, and expended money in its behalf, " that wor- 
 thy and religious gentleman," Bartholomew Gosnold,i ^.^^^ buried, 
 
 1 Anthuny, a brother, and Anthony, also a rehitive, perliaps a son. acconuiaiiii'tl 
 Captain Gosnohl to Virginia.— I/<mc?o?i Co. MSS. 
 
COUNCIL DISSENSIONS. 13 
 
 and the saddened survivors manifested their respect by firing volleys 
 of musketry over his remains. 
 
 The colonists, disheartened by the loss of their associates, and the 
 discomforts of immigrant life, chafed under the prudent measures 
 and military exactness of Wingfield. In September the members 
 of the Council demanded a larger daily allowance of food, but he 
 refused, because, with strict economy their supplies would last but 
 thirteen and a half weeks. As a precautionary measure, he also 
 withheld the ration from any that had upon any day obtained fresh 
 fish or wild game. The two gallons of sack and aqua vitaj reserved 
 for the sick and sacramental purposes were even coveted by members 
 of the Council. The President says they " longed for to sup up that 
 little remnant, for they had now emptied their OAvn bottles." 
 
 As Wingfield would not yield to the clamor of his associates, Rat- 
 cliffe, Smith and Martin, they deposed him, and formed a triumvi- 
 rate. On the 11th of September he was arraigned before them, and 
 Ilatcliife accused him of refusing him a chicken, a penny whittle, a 
 spoonful of beer, and of giving him damaged corn. Martin charged 
 him with calling him an indolent fellow, and Smith alleged that he 
 called him a liar. After tbis procedure, contrary to all forms of law, 
 he was imprisoned on board of the pinnace. 
 
 The colonists soon discovered that it was easier to live by angling, 
 huntin'g, and roaming with the Indians, than by tilling the earth. 
 The first winter the}^ pursued their own pleasure, and cared little 
 for the interests of the company they had contracted to serve. 
 
 On the 10th of December, Captain Smith ascended the Chicha- 
 hominy to trade with the Indians, and was treated with great 
 respect and kindness by Powhattan,^ although two colonists, Emery 
 and Robinson, who went with him, were killed by some hostile sav- 
 ages. 
 
 Upon his return to Jamestown, Gabriel Archer, who had become 
 a member of the . Council, on the 8th of January. 1607-8, placed 
 
 1 Smith speaks of this kiiulucss in liis Relationol 1608, but sixteen years after leaving 
 Virginia lie puljlished another narative in which lie contradicts his first statement. 
 Honest Fuller, the Historian, whose schoolmaster was Arthur Smith, a lelative of the 
 t'aptain's, in his Worthier of Enuland, gives the following opinion of the Captain's last 
 work : " From the Turks in Europe he passed to the Pagans in America, where siicli his 
 perils, preservations, dangers, deliverances, they seem to m(M men ahove helief, to goiiic 
 hetjoiid truth. Yet we have two witnesses to attest them, the prose and the pictures, 
 hotli in his own hook, and itsoandetli much to the diminutiou of his deeds, thatln^ alone 
 is Ihe iHjrakl to publish and proclaim them." 
 
14 CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH. 
 
 Smith under arrest for allowing his companions to be killed, but that 
 day Captain Newport again arrived from England, and ordered the re- 
 lease both of Wingfield and Smith. 
 
 After recovering from the fatigue of the sea-voyage, Newport ex- 
 plored the Pamunky river, and was "lovingly entertained" by 
 Powhattan. Returuing to Jamestown on the 9th of March, he 
 loaded his vessel with cedar, Avalnut boards, sassafras, and iron ore. 
 On the 10th of April, 1608, with Archer and Wingfield as passen- 
 gers, he left Virginia, and on the 20th of May arrived in England. 
 
 Wingfield, in reply to the complaints made against him, prepared 
 a full statement of his administration in Virginia for the perusal of 
 the London Company. In it he remarks : ^ ''To the President's 
 and Councirs objections I say that I do know courtesy and civility 
 became a Governor. No penny whittle was ever asked me, but a 
 knife, whereof I had none to spare. The Indians had long before 
 stolen ni}^ knife. 
 
 " Of chickens I never did eat but one, and that in my sickness. 
 Mr. Ratcliffe had before that time tasted of four or five. I had by 
 my own housewifery bred a)30ut thirty-seven, and the most part of 
 them of my own poultry, [of] all which at my coming away I did 
 not see three living. I never denied him, or any other, beer when 
 I had it. The corn was the same which we all lived upon. 
 
 " Mr, Smith, in the time of our hunger, had spread a rumor in the 
 colony that I did feast myself and my servants out of the common 
 store, with intent, as I gathered, to have stirred the discontented 
 company against me. I told him privately in Mr. Gosnold's tent 
 that indeed I had caused half a pint of pease to be sodden with a 
 piece of pork of my own provision for a poor old man which, in a 
 sickness whereof he died, he much desired ; and said if out of his 
 malice he had given out otherwise, that he did tell a lie. 
 
 " It was proved to his face that he l)egged in Ireland, like a rogue, 
 without a license. 
 
 " Mr. Archer's quarrel to me was because he had not the choice 
 
 of the place for our plantation, because I misliked his laying out 
 
 1 Wlngfield's discom'se had 1)P(>u perused by Purclias, l)ut lie was warped in favor of 
 the sentiments of tlie plausibh^ Snntli. It was copied from tlie manuscript in Lambeth 
 Lil)rary, and printed for the first time with Newport's i?6frttton, in vol. iv. of American 
 Antiipiarian Society's Collections. 
 
WINGFIELD'S EXPLANATIONS. 15 
 
 of our town in the pinnace, because I would not swear liim of the 
 council for Virginia, which neither would I do nor he diserve ; Mr. 
 Smyth's quarrel, because his name was mentioned in the intended 
 and confessed mutiny by Gralthropp ; Thomas Wooton, the surgeon, 
 because I would not subscribe to a warrant to the Treasurer of Vir- 
 ginia to deliver him money to furnish him with drugs and other 
 necessaries, and because I disallowed his living in the pinnace, hav- 
 ing many of our men lying sick and wounded in our town, to whose 
 dressings by that means he slacked his attendance. 
 
 " Of the same men also Capt. Gosnold gave me warning, misliking 
 much their dispositions, and assured me they would lay hold of me 
 if they could.'" 
 
 Newport, in accordance with his written instructions, also made 
 a report of his explorations. The manuscripts of Wingfield and 
 Newport were both known to Purchas, yet were not published in 
 his collection of voyages, probably because Sir Thomas Smith, who 
 had furnished him money to aid in printing his '' Pilgrimage," did 
 not approve of their statements. 
 
 In the autumn of the year 1608 he completed his third voyage^ to 
 Jamestown, bringing seventy passengers, among thein Francis 
 West, brother of Lord Delaware, Daniel Tucker, and Raleigh 
 Crashaw. He carried back on his return voyage iron ore, which was 
 smelted and sold to the East India Company.^ 
 
 1 For the fourth time he left England for Jamestown with Gates and Somers, but was 
 wrecked at Bermudas, and did not arrive until the 23d of May, ifiio, at .Jamestown. 
 
 On ISovendier 8, 1610, Sir Thomas Smith, Sir Maurice Berkeley. Sir George Coffin and 
 the distinguished lawyer, Richard Martyn, styled on his portrait " Prcvco Virginia' ac 
 Parens," attorney and founder of A'irginia, entered a hook at Stationers' Hall, praising 
 the soil and climate of Virginia, and confronting scandalous reports. 
 
 When Sir Tnomas Dale (in 1611) arrived at Jamestown he was much disappointed in 
 the appearance of the country and the prospects of the Colony ; and the authorities of 
 Virginia, in a communication to the London Company, state that " he pulled Captain 
 Newport by the lieard and threatened to hang him for that he affirmed Sir Thomas 
 Smith's relation to be true, demanding of him whether it were meant that the people 
 here in Virginia should feed upon trees." 
 
 In the autumn of loll the ship Star, of .300 tons, fitted and prepared in England, with 
 scu])per-holes to take in nuists, sailed from Jamestown with forty fine and large pines. 
 In this vessel Newport was probably a passenger. John Chamberlain, of London, on 
 December 18, 1611, writes to Sir Dudley Carleton : " Newport, the Admiral of Virginia, 
 is newly come home." Soon after this he was appointed one of the six Masters of the 
 Royal Navy, and was employed l)y the East India Company to carry Sir Robert Sherley 
 to Persia. He was. then a married man, as that comjiany allowed ^24 to his wife during 
 his absence. On the 13th of June, 1613, he was in the ship Expedition at Saldanha, on 
 
 2 Stracliey in HaMuyt Society Puh. \ol. vi. and Cal. of State Papers, Eastliulies, A. 
 D. l.'iis— 1618. 
 
VIEGIKIOLA. 
 
 More tlian three centuries ago an adventurous Spaniard, John 
 Bermudez, espied the collection of islets set in a coral reef, situated 
 "in the Atlantic Ocean about six hundred miles from the coast of 
 Carolina. 
 
 In the days of Queen -Elizabeth, a roving Englishman, Job Hor- 
 
 top, in a '' Book of rare travail," declared that near Bermudas he 
 
 had sight of a sea-monster, which three times showed himself from 
 
 the middle upwards in shape like a man, and of the complexion of 
 
 a "mulato,"' or tawny Indian. An old chronicler wrote: "This 
 
 island has been accounted an uninhabited pile of rocks and 
 
 desolate inhabitation for devils, but all the fairies of the rocks are 
 
 the coast of Africa. He returned to England in the sunTiner of 1614, and was much 
 commended hy his employers for his service to Sir Robert Sherley and explorations of 
 the rersian Gulf. 
 
 Before making another voyage to the East Indies Newport requested a salary of 
 .t240, but the Company advised him to " rest awhile," and at length he accepted 
 a salary of -t;i20 a year— one half of what he desired. 
 
 Captain Thomas Barwick was also ememployed by the company at this time, and a 
 request of Captain Samuel Argall was referred to Newport for consideration. 
 
 Before he left Gravesend in January, 1615, the East India Company raised his salary 
 to 4il80 a year, with the understanding that he was not to trade upon his own account 
 with the people of India, China and Japan. 
 
 On the 16th of May, 1617, Newport was at Saldauha ready to sail for Bantam, on tlie 
 isle of Java. 
 
 In January, 1618, the ship Hope, Captain Newport, was cruising in Asiatic seas. 
 
 He arrived in August at Bantam, and soon died there. He had but (uie child, named 
 .lolui. At a meeting of the Virginia Company, of London, held on the 17th of Noveni- 
 I)er, 161!t, the following minute was made : 
 
 '• Wliereas, thelOoiupauy hath fonnerly granted to Captain Newport a bill of adven- 
 ture for 400 pounds, and his son now desiring order from this court for the laying out of 
 some part of the same, Mr. Treasurer was authorized to write to Sir George Yeardley 
 and the Counsell of State for the effecting thereof." 
 
 The land selected was probably called Newport's News. Mrs. Mary Tue, a daughter 
 of Hugh Crouch, an heir and executrix of Lieutenant Richard Crouch, did assign, in 
 1022, one hundred and fifty acres of lands at "Newport's News" to Daniel Gookin. 
 
 Captain Tliomas Barwick, who had been in the same fleet with Newport in the East 
 Indies, in 1619, in a figlit with the Hollanders near Bantam, gave up the ship Bear, says 
 an old letter, either "out of cowardliness or sincerity of religion." Upon his return to 
 England, in 1620, he was sent to Newgate and then to the Marshalsea. 
 
 In the summer of 1622 Barwick, under the Loudon Company, went to Virginia with 
 twenty-five shipwrights to build boats and pinnaces for the use of the Colony. The 
 Governor and Council, in a letter written during the next January, states: "Capt. 
 Barwick and his company at their arrival were acconnnodated according to their desire 
 in James City, where they have sjjent their time in housing themselves, and are now 
 woiking upon sluillops. Since his arrival by sickness he hath lost many of his piiiicipal 
 wiirkuKMi, and he himself at present vei'y dangerouslv sick." Ills sickness was luito 
 (h'alh. 
 
ISLAND OF DEVILS. 17 
 
 but flocks of bir<ls, and all the devils in the woods are but herds of 
 swine." 
 
 Strachey, who was wrecked with Gates, Somers and Newport, 
 speaks of the Bermudas as an Archipelago of many islands, which 
 " seem rent with tempests of thunder, lightning and rain, which 
 threaten in time to drown them all; the storms keep their un- 
 changeable round, winter and summer, rather thundering than 
 blowing.'' 
 
 William Crashaw, the eloquent divine, preacher of the Temple, 
 and father of the poet whom Cowley touchingly eulogized as "poet 
 and saint," in 1613 used this language: "' Who did not think till 
 within these four years but that these islands had been rather a 
 habitation of devils than fit for a man to dwell in? Who did not 
 hate the name when he was on land, and shun the place when he 
 was on seas? But behold the misprision and conceits of the world! 
 For time and large experience hath now told us, it is one of the 
 sweetest Paradises that be upon the earth/"* 
 
 Henry Wriothesley, the Earl of Southampton, the last presiding 
 officer of the Virginia Company' of London, the first patron and 
 life-long friend of Shakspeare, in a dispatch to King James 
 announcing the arrival of the first colony at the islets, stated ''that 
 the Spaniards, dismayed at the frequency of hurricanes durst not 
 adventure there, but call it Daemoniorum Insulam, and that the 
 English merchants had sent home some amber and seed pearls, 
 which the devils of Bermudas love not better to retain, than the 
 angels of Castile to recover." 
 
 To the English speaking world the Bermudas islands have be- 
 come familiar in consequence of the wreck in A. D. 1609, on a reef, 
 of the ship Sea Venture, on board which, were Sir Thomas Gates, 
 Sir George Somers, and a number of colonists on their way to Vir- 
 ginia. For several days the vessel, like the grain ship in which the 
 Apostle Paul sailed for Rome, was driven about by the Avinds, 
 " neither sun nor stars appeared, and no small tempest lay on them, 
 and all hope that they thould be saved was taken away."" 
 
 The ship's seams opened, and from noon on Tuesday until noon 
 on the following Friday, the 28th of July, A. D. 1609, 0. S., the 
 men worked the pumps by day and by night, and yet ten feet of 
 2 
 
18 WRECK OF THE SEA VENTURE. 
 
 water was in the hold. Some in despair went below the hatches, 
 and finding '' some good and comfortable waters,"' drank one to 
 another, and " made themselves ready in the cabin for the mis- 
 chance of the hour." ^ Sir George Somers, three score years of age, 
 remained undaunted, and for three days and three nights, to use 
 the words of Prospero, 
 
 *' Infused with a foititude from Heaven," - 
 sat, wide-awake, on the poop of the vessel, giving orders and await- 
 ing the decrees of Providence, when he descried land ahead. This 
 unlooked for and welcome intelligence hurried up those who had 
 been in drunken sleep or moaning below the hatches '" to look for 
 that they durst not believe."' Hoisting every sail, they made 
 toward shore until the ship struck one of the tortuous passages and 
 stood upright between two rocks about one fourth of a mile from 
 the main island of Bermudas. 
 
 The wreck of this ship, and the safe deliverance of the rest of 
 the fleet created a deep impression upon the Earl of Southampton, 
 and from him Shakspeare would learn many particulars, as well as 
 from the printed narratives of some of those who were passengers 
 in the vessel. How vividly has the dramatist reproduced the events 
 in the play of the Tempest in the conversation of Prospero and 
 Ariel. 
 
 Prospero. Hast thou, Spirit, 
 
 Performed to point, the tempest I liade thee ? 
 Ariel. To every article. 
 
 * * * The fire and cracks 
 
 Of sulphurous roaring, the most mig-hty Neptune 
 
 Seemed to besiege, and make his bold waves tremble. 
 
 Yea, his dread trident shake. 
 Prospero. My brave Spirit ! 
 
 Who was so firm, so constant, that this coil 
 
 Would not infect his reason '? 
 Ariel. Not a soul 
 
 But felt a fever of the mad, and played 
 
 Some tricks of desperation ; all but marmers, 
 
 Plunged in the foaming brine and quit the vessel. 
 
 1 Tempest, Act 1, Soeoe l. 
 
 2 Tempest, Act 1, Scene 2. 
 
FIRST MARRIAGE AT BERMUDAS. 19 
 
 Prospero. But was not this nigh shore ? 
 
 Ariel. Close by, my master. 
 
 Prospero. But are they, Ariel, safe ? 
 
 Ariel. Not a hair perish'd ; 
 
 On their sustaining garments not a blemish, 
 
 But fresher than before * * * 
 
 Prospero. Of the king's ship 
 
 The mariners, say how thou hast disposed. 
 
 And the rest of the fleet ? 
 Ariel. Safely in harbor 
 
 Is the king's ship : in the deep nook where once 
 
 Thou call'dst me up at midnight to fetch dew 
 
 From the stiU vex'd Bermoothes, there she's hid : 
 
 The marinei's all under hatches stow'd ; 
 
 Whom with a charm join'd to then- suifer'd labour 
 
 1 have left asleep ; and for the rest o' the ileet, 
 
 Which 1 dispers'd, they aU have met again, i 
 
 It rejoiced Gates, Somers and Newport that, while the ship was a 
 loss, there was no loss of life. Their residence from August to the 
 following May on the Island, was a succession of surprises. What 
 superstitious sailors had asserted were harsh voiced monsters, proved 
 to be grunting hogs, the offspring of black swine that years before 
 had found their way to shore from some Spanish wreck. Fish 
 eagerly leaped upon the hooks placed in the waters ; the birds with 
 beautiful plumage and the simplicity of little children hovered 
 around or rested upon the shoulders of the castaways. The palmet- 
 to tree furnished food, and its broad leaves were used in construct- 
 ing light cabins. 
 
 Each morning and evening, at the ringing of a bell, the whole 
 company assembled to listen to the prayers according to the order 
 of the Church of England, read by the good Chaplain, Richard Buck. 
 In this " wilderness of sweets " amid the " voiceful music of the sea,'" 
 Thomas Powell, the cook of Sir George Somers, was lifted above 
 the atmosphere of pots and pans and inspired to tell his love to 
 Elizabeth Persons, a servant-maid of a Mistress Horton, and took 
 her to his wedded wife " for better, for worse, for richer, for poorer, 
 in sickness and in health." Godsips or gossips were busy over the 
 birth of a boy christened Bermudas, and of a girl who received the 
 
 1 Tempest, Act l, Scene 2. 
 
20 BAPTISM OF BERMUDA ROLFE. 
 
 name of Bermuda. At the baptizing of the hitter, Captain New- 
 port and Strachey, afterwards secretary of Lord Delaware, stood, sa3^s 
 an okl chronicler, as "' witnesses." Bermuda just peeped into the 
 world, and then went to a "better land,"' but is deserving of men- 
 tion, as the daughter of John Rolfe and his white wife — the same 
 John Rolfe who l)y a wonderful alchemy appears in American his- 
 tory as a devout unmarried young Englishman, praying earnestly 
 for the conversion of Pocahontas, marrying her, says Hamor, " of 
 rude education, manners, barbarous and cursed generation, merely 
 for the good and honor of the Plantation," but in the matter-of-fact 
 transactions of the London Company for A. D. 1622 is spoken of as 
 John Rolfe, lately deceased, with a surving widow and children, 
 besides " a child had by Powhattan's daughter." ^ 
 
 Among the company was also Richard Probisher, an experienced 
 ship carpenter, who afterwards Avas employed by the East India 
 Compan}^ and lived for a time at Malacca with his wife and two 
 sons. LTnder his guidance two cedar vessels, the Deliverance, of 
 seventy tons, and the Patience, of thirty tons, were built, their 
 beams fastened together by wooden pegs, and their seams rendered 
 tight by a smearing of lime made from shells, and oil extracted from 
 fish or swine. Upon a palmetto tree near the ship-yard was a Latin 
 inscription, dated May 10th, 1610, the time they sailed from the 
 island, which stated that a ship had been built by Frobisher to trans- 
 port the castaways to Virginia. It was in these words : 
 
 " Conditur, in hoc loco, per Ricardum Frobisherum, qua? Vir- 
 ginian nos omnes hinc transportabit." 
 
 The portion of the tree upon which this statement was, in 1671 
 was an honored relic, and hung in the hall of the Governor of Ber- 
 mudas. 
 
 Strachey, in his narrative, mentions another monument which was 
 set up in these words : 
 
 " Before we quitted our old quarter, and dislodged to the Avater, 
 
 with our pinnasse, our Gouernor set up in Sir George Summers' 
 
 1 The following is from the transactions of that company under date of Octolier 7th 
 1622: "Mr. Henry Rolfe in his petition desiring the estate of his brother John llolfe ' 
 deceased, left in Virginia, might be enquired out for the maintenance of his relief wife 
 and children, and for his indemnity in rearing up the child his said brother had by Pow- 
 hattan's daughter, is yet living and in his custody." 
 
DEATH OF SIR GEORGE SOMERS. 21 
 
 garden, a faire Mnemosynon in figure of a crosse, made of the tim- 
 ber of our ruined shippe, which was screwed in with strong and great 
 trummels to a mightie cedar, which grew in the middest of the said 
 garden, and whose top and upper branches he caused to be lopped, 
 that the violence of the winds and weather might have less power 
 ouer her. 
 
 ''In the jniddest of the crosse ovr Gouernor fastened the picture 
 of his Maiestie, in a piece of silver of twelve pence, and on each side 
 of the crosse, he set an inscription, graven in copper, in the Latine 
 and English to this purpose : Jn memory of our great deliverance, 
 both from a mightie storm and leake, we haue set vp this to the 
 honour of God. It is the spoyle of an English ship of three hun- 
 dred tunne, called the Sea Venture, bound with seven ships more, 
 from which the storm divided vs, to Virginia, or Nova Britannia, 
 in America." 
 
 When Gates and Somers and Newport with their fellow passen- 
 gers embarked for Virginia^ two persons remained on the island who 
 were fugitives from justice, Edward Waters and Christopher Carter. 
 
 The Deliverance and the Patience arrived at Jamestown on the 
 23d of May, and when Sir George Somers found that the colonists 
 were famishing and feeding upon frogs, '' the good old gentleman 
 out of his own love and zeal," saj^s a dispatch of Lord Delaware to 
 the authorities in England. '" not motioning but most cheerfully 
 and resolutely" re-embarked in his little cedar pinnace of thirty 
 tons, for the Bermudas, to procure a supplj' of black hogs there so 
 numerous. While there he died from eating too much of the meat 
 which he had hoped to have carried to the colonists of the James 
 River. His kinsman and fellow passenger, but not his heir, as 
 has been stated, Matthew Somers betrayed his trust, and persuaded 
 all the crew but one, Edward Chai'd, to sail direct to England. 
 
 There were noAV three human beings left as companions for the 
 birds, and the}' enjo3'ed at first their lonely residence, feeling that 
 they were ''monarchs of all they surve3^ed.'' Each could appreciate 
 the language of Gonzalo in the Tempest •} 
 
 1 A(;t 2, Scene 1. 
 
22 DESCRIPTION OF BERMUDAS. 
 
 Had I a plantation of this isle, my Lord, 
 
 * * * * * 
 
 No name of magistrate ; 
 Letters should not be known ; no use of service, 
 Of riches, or of poverty ; no contracts, 
 Successions ; bound of land, tilth, vineyard, none : 
 No use of metal, com, or wine, or oil : 
 No occupation : all men idle, all." 
 
 Time was wiled away in piying into crannies and crevices of the 
 coral reefs constructed by millions of polypi, and one day they 
 stumbled upon a mass of ambergris, weighing many pounds. Pros- 
 perity did not increase the happiness 'of the triumvirate ; ihe golden 
 age began to vanish with the discovery of treasure ; each urged 
 claims which to the others seemed unreasonable ; Chard and Waters 
 quarreled, called each other hard names, and were about to fight a 
 duel, when Carter had a happy thought, and hiding their weapons, 
 enforced peace. 
 
 Matthew Somers gave a glowing description of the Bermudas 
 when he returned home, and urged its occupancy. He declared that 
 it was not an isle of devils ; in language resembling Caliban's, he 
 asserted :i 
 
 " The isle is fuU of voices, 
 Sounds, and sweet airs, that give delight, and hurt not. 
 Sometimes a thousand twanging instrviments 
 Will hum about mine ears ; and sometuues voices 
 lliat if I then had wak'd after long sleep, 
 Will make me sleep again ; and then in dreaming 
 The clouds methought would open, and shew riches 
 Ready to drop upon me." 
 
 But the merchants of London classed his stories with the travelers' 
 tales— 
 
 "That there are uniconis : that in Arabia 
 There is one tree, the phoenix throne : one plitenix 
 At this hour reigning there." 2 
 
 Virginia had been so highly extolled in the days of Raleigh's at- 
 tempt to colonize America that the stage players often brought down 
 the house by some allusion to the New World. 
 
 1 Tempest, Act 3, Scene 2. 
 
 2 Act 3, Scene 3. 
 
STAGE FLAYERS' ALLUSIONS. 23 
 
 The stage caricatures of Virginia were an annoyance to those in- 
 terested in phmting of an English civilization there, and Crashaw 
 in a sermon preached February 21st, 1609-10 in one of the London 
 churches before the stockholders of the Virginia Company and Lord 
 Delaware, the Governor-General elect of the colony, pours out the 
 following invective : 
 
 " As for players, pardon me right honorable and beloved for so 
 wronging this place and your patience with so l)ase a subject ; they 
 play with princes and with potentates, magistrates and ministers, 
 nay, with God and religion, and all holy things ; nothing that is 
 good, excellent, or holy can escape them ; how, then, can this nation ? 
 But this may suffice that they are players ; they abuse Virginia, but 
 they are players ; they disgrace it, but they are but players ; and 
 they have played with better things^ and such for which if they re- 
 pent not vengeance awaits them. 
 
 '■ But let them play on ; they make men laugh on earth, but He 
 that sits in heaven laughs them to scorn, because, like the fly, they 
 so long play with the candle, till first it singes their wings, and at 
 last burns them altogether. 
 
 " But why are the players enemies to the plantation ? I will tell 
 you the cause ; first, for that they are multiplied here that one 
 cannot live by another, aud they see that we send all trades to Vir- 
 ginia, but will send no players, which if we would do, those that 
 remain would gain the more at home."' 
 
 In September, 1610, Sir Thomas (rates and Captain Christopher 
 Newport arrived in London and corroborated the statements con- 
 cerning the Bermudas, and only a few months later Lord Delaware 
 came back ; and an Indian boy Avho was brought to England by his 
 order, at this time attracted attention as he walked the streets, and 
 perhaps Shakspeare saw him and was led to place these words in 
 Trinculo's mouth. 
 
 " What have we here, a man or a tishV Dead or alive V A tinh, he smells like 
 a fish ; a very ancient and fishlike smell : a kind of, not of the newest Poor John . 
 A strange fish ! Were I m England now, (as once I was) and had but this fish 
 painted, not a holiday fool there but would give apiece of silver : then would this 
 monster make a man ; any strange beast there makes a man. When they will 
 not give a doit to relieve a lame beggar, they will lay out ten to see a dead 
 Indian."! 
 
 1 Act 2, Scene 2, ol' Tciiii)t'st. 
 
24 DISCOVERY OF AMBERGIUS. 
 
 Early in the year 1612, members of the Virginia Company of 
 London sent an expedition to Virginiola as Bermudas was first called 
 but soon changed to Summer Islands, in respect of the mild, un- 
 varying temperature, and also in remembrance of Sir George Somers. 
 In April of this year the three dwellers on the island were filled with 
 joy at the sight of an approaching ship with the flag of England, 
 which proved to be the Plough with a party of colonists under a 
 Governor More. 
 
 "As soon as we landed," says one of the passengers, "we went to 
 prayer, and gave thanks unto the Lord for our safe arrival, and 
 whilst we were at pra\'er we saw three men coming down to us," 
 
 Another wrote : " The climate I hold to be very good, and agree- 
 able with our constitution of England, for the men which were left 
 there are very fat and fair, not tanned nor burned in the sun, so 
 much as we." 
 
 Chard, one of the tiio, being asked by Governor More as to the 
 discover}^ of ambergris, denied any knowledge, and secretly made an 
 arrangement with the captain of the Plough to have the lump con- 
 veyed to England. Carter at length disclosed the plan and con- 
 fessed that they had the treasure, when Chard was arrested, but was 
 subsequently released, and Governor More in behalf of those he rep- 
 resented, received one-third of the ambergris. 
 
 In a few weeks the ambergris was offered for sale in London, and 
 the East India Company bought of the Virginia Company two boxes 
 at sixty-two and sixty-three shillings an ounce. Children stopped 
 at the windows of jewellers' to look at the ornaments made of Ber- 
 mudas' products ; and exclaim, in substance, as in later years the 
 poet Pope : 
 
 ' ' Pretty ! in amber to observe the forms 
 Of hairs, or straws, or dii-t, or worms." 
 
 Chapman, the dramatist, wrote a piece which was played by 
 members of Lincoln's Inn, and the Middle Temple, in February, 
 1613, at the White Hall Palace, London, in honor of the marriage 
 of Frederick, the Prince Palatine, and the Princess Elizabeth, the 
 daughter of King James. The chief maskers were dressed as 
 Indians, with vizards of olive color, feathers on their heads^ and 
 
THE MASK OF FLOWEBS. 2'^ 
 
 long black hair down their shoulders. On the stage was an 
 Island of rocks and caves, and Plutus, Prince of the Virgin land, 
 was prominent. One of the maskers speaks as follows: "A rich 
 island lying in the South Sea, called Pcjeana, being for strength 
 and riches called the ravel of the South Sea, is by earth's round 
 motion moved near this Britain shore, :"n which island, being yet 
 in command of the Virginian continent, a troupe of the noblest 
 Virginians, attended hither the God Riches all triumphantly shin- 
 ing in a mine of gold. For hearing of the most royal solemnity 
 of these nuptials they crossed the ocean in their honour and are 
 here arrived," 
 
 John Rolfe, soon after his arrival in Virginia from Bermudas, 
 opened the first tobacco plantation, in English North America, 
 and others followed, until Virginia tobacco became known in Lon- 
 don stores. In a debate in the House of Commons early in 1614 
 a member said: "The shop-keepers sent over all kinds of goods, 
 for which they received tobacco instead of wine, infinitely to the 
 prejudice of the Commonwealth. Many of the divines now smell 
 of tobacco, and poor men spend Id. of their day's wages, at night, 
 in smoke." 
 
 In the Mask of Flowers, performed at White Hall on Twelfth 
 Night, 1612-13, by gentlemen of the Inner Temple and Gray's 
 Inn, under the auspices of Sir Francis Bacon, afterwards Lord 
 Verulam, and others. Silenus challenges Kawasha, the God of the 
 Florida Indians, and declares that wine is more worthy of praise 
 than tobacco. Kawasha was personated by a masker with a cap of 
 red cloth of gold, pendants in his ears, a glass chain about his 
 neck; his body and legs covered with olive colored cloth, and in 
 his hand a bow and arrows, and "the bases of tobacco colored stuff 
 cut like tobacco leaves." The colloquy is spirited and well sus- 
 tained : 
 
 SiU'inm. " Kawasha comes in majestie, 
 Was never such a God as he : 
 He's come fi'om a farre countrie 
 To make our nose a chimney. 
 
 Kawasha. The Wine takes the contrary way 
 To get into the hood, 
 But good Tobacco makes no stay 
 
26 I'BAISE OF GOOD TOBACCO. 
 
 But seizeth where it shoiikl. 
 More iiicense hath burned at 
 Great Kawashae's foote 
 Than to Silen and Bacchus both, 
 And take in Jove to boote. 
 
 SilciiHs. The Worthies they were nine, 'tis true, 
 And lately Arthur's Knights I knew. 
 But now are come up Worthies new. 
 The roaiing- boys, Kawashae's crew. 
 
 Kairasha. Silenus toppes the barrel, but 
 Tobacco toppes, the braine 
 And makes the vapours fire and soote, 
 1 hat man revives againe — 
 Nothing but fumigation 
 Doth charm away ill spirits, 
 Kawasha and liis nation 
 Found out these holy rites." 
 
 It is worthy of note that on the same nuptial occasion the 
 Tempest was acted by John Heming and the rest of the King's 
 Company before Prince Charles, the Prince Palatine Elector and 
 his bride, the Princess Elizabeth. 
 
 To such representations Crashaw appears to allude in the intro- 
 duction to Whitaker's Good News from Virginia, when he speaks 
 of the calumnies against the colony " and the jests of prophane 
 players and other sycophants, and the flouts and mockes of some 
 who by their age and profession should be no mockers." 
 
 The good clergyman, Samuel Purchas, wrote about the same 
 time: "God Almighty prosper that the word may goe out of 
 Bermuda, and the hiAv of the Lord from Virginia, to a true conver- 
 sion of the American world tlian hitherto our humorists, or Span- 
 ish insolence have intended.'" 
 
 In the Daily Prayer appointed for the Virginia Plantation, and 
 published A. D. 1612. is this petition: "And, whereas, we have 
 by undertaking this i)lantatiou undergone the reproofs of the base 
 world, in so much as many of our own brethren laugh vs to scorne, 
 Lord, we pray Thee to fortifie vs against this temptation; let 
 Sambullat and Toljias, Papist and Flayers., and such other Amonits 
 
THE LAUGHS OF STAGE POETS. 27 
 
 and Horonits the scum and dregs of the earth, let them luocke such 
 as help to build Yp Jerusalem, and they that be filthy let them be 
 filthy still." 
 
 The introductory epistle to a little book called "New Life of 
 Virginia," also published A. D. 1612, asserts that "the malicious 
 and looser sort, with the licentious vain stage poets, have whet 
 their tongues with scornful taunt against the action itself, inso- 
 much as there is no common reproach nor public name of any 
 thing this day, except it be the name of God, which is more wildly 
 defamed, traduced and derided by such unhallowed lips, than the 
 name of Virginia." 
 
 In John Cook's play of " Tu Quoque. or The Cittie Gallant," pub- 
 lished in London A. D. 1616, a penniless fellow says : " I dare not 
 walk abroad to see my friends, for fear the sergeants should take 
 acquaintance of me ; my refuge is Ireland or Virginia."" 
 
 John 0. Halliwell, whose pains-taking research has thrown much 
 light upon the writings of Shakspeare, discovered a poetical tract, 
 " Newes from Virginia," published in A. D. 1610, in the library of 
 the Earl of Charlemont, in Dublin, and knowing of no other copy 
 in existence, in 1865, he had tAventy-five copies printed, of which 
 fifteen were destroyed, and ten were distributed.^ As the earliest 
 narrative which was published of the wreck of the Sea Venture, 
 upon the Island of Devils, " otherwise called BermoothaAves," it is 
 of interest to the students of the early English colonization of 
 America. The Avriter, R. Rich, Avas one of those on board the Sea 
 Venture, at the time of the wreck, and in a brief preface to the 
 poem he calls himself a "soldier blunt and plain." In the list of 
 the adventurers of the Virginia Company appear the names of Sir 
 Robert Rich, who contributed seventy-five pounds, and one Robert 
 Rich, Avho paid twelve pounds and ten shillings. 
 
 Sir Robert Rich, in A. D. 1617, sent out Capt. Thomas Jones, in 
 the ship Lion to trade in the Avaters of India and Japan, and in 
 1619, Rich,noAV become the Earl of Warwick, hired Jones to go to Vir- 
 ginia, with a ship load of cattle, and after this, Jones, under a pat- 
 ent of the Virginia Company, sailed in the May Flower, Avith thc^ 
 Puritans who Avere landed on Plymouth Rock. 
 
 1 On August 10, 1611, .lolin Wright, liookseller, entered at Stationers' Hall "A ballad. 
 The last news fron Virginia, being an encouragement to all others to follow that noble 
 enterprise." No copy of this ballad is known to have been preserved. 
 
28 POEM OF B. RICH. 
 
 It may be that R, Rich, the writer of the poem, was a relative of 
 Sir Robert Rich. 
 
 Shakspeare's latest composition is supposed to have been the 
 play of the Tempest, and was composed at the time when the Earl 
 of Southampton, his friend, was disposed to talk much of the 
 Avreck of the Sea Venture, and the escape of its passengers, and 
 was fitting out colonies to settle in Virginia, and Virginiola, as 
 Bermudas was once called. It is not therefore surprising that we 
 should find in the Tempest, allusions "' to the vexed Bermoothes," 
 the constant play of thunder and lightning, and a monster living 
 on an isle of the sea. 
 
 The poem of Rich is of interest not only on account of its great 
 rarity, but also of its being the first printed account of the wreck 
 of the Sea Venture. 
 
 It was introduced to the reading public in a small quarto with the 
 following title : 
 
NEVVES FROM VIRGINIA. 
 
 The Lost Flocke Triumphant ; 
 
 With the happy Arrival of that famous and 
 
 worthy knight S'' Thomas Gates : and 
 
 the well reputed and valient Cap- 
 
 taine M'' Christopher New- 
 
 porte, and others, into 
 
 England. 
 
 With the manner of their distresse in the Hand of Devils 
 
 (otherwise called Bermoothawes) where they 
 
 remayned 42 weekes, and builded 
 
 two Pynaces, in which 
 
 they returned into 
 
 Virginia. 
 
 / 
 
 By R. Rich, Gent., one of the voyage. 
 
 LONDON : 
 
 Printed by Edw. Allde, and are to be solde by John 
 Wright, at Christ-Church dore. 1610. 
 
WTHE READER. 
 
 Reader, — how to stile thee I knowe not, perhaps leai'iied, perhaps unlearned; 
 happily captious, happily envious ; mdeed, what or how to tearme thee I know 
 not, only as I began I will proceede. 
 
 Reader : Thou dost peradventure imagine that I am mercenarie in this busi- 
 nes, and write for money (as your moderne Poets use) hyred by some of those 
 ever to be admired adventurers to flatter the world. No : I disclaime it. I have 
 knowne the voyage, past the danger, seene that honorable work of Vu-ginia, and 
 I thanke God am arrivd here to tell thee what I have seene, don, and past. If 
 thou wilt believe me, so : if not, so to ; for f cannot force thee but to thy owne 
 likuig. I am a soldier, blunt and plaine, and so is the phrase of my newes ; and 
 1 protest it is true. If thou aske why T put it in verse, I x>rethee knowe it was 
 onely to feede mine owne humour. I must confesse, that, had T not debarde 
 myselfe of that large scope which to the writmg of prose is allowed, I should have 
 much easd myselfe, and given thee better content. But I intreat thee to take 
 this as it is, and before many daies expu-e. T will promise thee the same worke 
 more at large. 
 
 I did feare prevention by some of your wi-iters, if they should have gotten 
 but some part of the newes by the tayle, and therefore, though it be rude, let it 
 passe with thy hking, and in so doing I shall Hke well of thee ; but, however, I 
 have not long to stay. If thou wilt be unnaturall to thy countrjanan, thou inaist, 
 — 1 must not loose my patrymonie. I am for Virginia againe, and so I will bid 
 the hartily farewell with an honest verse : 
 
 As 1 came hether to see my native land. 
 To waft me backe lend me thy gentle hand. 
 
 Thy loving Country-man, 
 
 R. R. 
 
NEWES FROM VIRGINIA, 
 
 of the happy arrival of that famous 
 
 and worthy knight, Sir 
 
 Thomas Gates 
 
 and well reputed and valiante Captaine 
 
 Newport, into England. 
 
 ■ It is no idle fabulous tale. 
 
 Nor is it fayiied newes. 
 For Tndh herself is heere arriv'd. 
 
 Because you should not muse. 
 With her both Gates and Newport come, 
 
 To tell Report doth lye. 
 Which chd devulge into the world. 
 
 That they at sea did dye. 
 
 'Tis true that eleaven moutlies and more. 
 
 These gallant worthy wights 
 Was in the shippe Sea-Venture nam'd. 
 
 Deprived Virginia's sight : 
 And bravely did they glyde the niaino. 
 
 Till Neptune 'gan to ft-owne. 
 As if a courser proudly backt 
 
 Would throws his ryder downe. 
 
 The seas did rage, the windes did blowe, 
 
 Distressed were they then ; 
 Their shippe did leake, her tacklings breake. 
 
 In daunger were her men. 
 But heaven was pylotte in this storme, 
 
 And to an iland nere, 
 Bermoothawes called, conducted them. 
 
 Which did abute their feare. 
 
32 NEWS FROM VIBGINIA. 
 
 But yet these worthies forced were, 
 
 Opprest with weather againe, 
 To runne their ship lietweeu two rockes. 
 
 Where she doth still remain e ; 
 And then on shoare the iland came, 
 
 Inhabited by hog-ges, 
 Some foule, and tortoyses there were, 
 
 They onlay had one dogge. 
 
 To kiU these swyne to yield them foode 
 
 That little had to eate, 
 Theii" store was spent, and all things scant, 
 
 Alas ! they wanted meate. 
 A thousand hogges that dogge did kill, 
 
 Their hunger to sustaine, 
 And with such foode, did m that ili? 
 
 Two and forty weekes remaine. 
 
 And there two gaUant pynases 
 
 Did build of seader-tree 
 The brave Delicerance one was call'd 
 
 Of seaventy tonne was shee, 
 The other. Patience had to name, 
 
 ( Her liurthen thirty tonne ; 
 Two only of their men which there, 
 
 Pale death did overcome. 
 
 And for the losse of these two soules, 
 
 Which were accounted deere, 
 A Sonne and daughter then was borne, 
 
 And were baptized there. 
 The two and forty weekes being past, 
 
 They hoyst sayle and away ; 
 Theii' ships with hogs well freighted were, 
 
 Their harts wath mickle joy. 
 
 And so to Virginia came, 
 
 Where these brave soldiers finde 
 '^ The English -men opprest with griefs 
 
 And discontent in minde ; 
 They seem'd distracted and forlome 
 
 For those two worthies' losse, 
 Yet at their home returne, they joye'd, 
 
 Amongst them some were crosse. 
 
NEWS FROM VIRGINIA. 33 
 
 And in the midst of discontent 
 
 Came noble Delaware ; 
 And heard the griefes on either part, 
 
 And sett them free from care : 
 He comforts them, and cheeres their hearts, 
 
 That they abound with joy ; 
 He feedes them full, and feedes their soules, 
 
 With God's word evejy day. 
 
 A discreet counsell he creates 
 
 Of men of worthy fame. 
 That noble Gates, leiftenant was, 
 
 The admiral had to name ; 
 The worthy Su- George Somers, knight, 
 
 And others of command ; 
 Maister George Pearcy, which is brother 
 
 Unto Northumberland. 
 
 Sir Fardinando Wayneman, knight, 
 
 And others of good fame. 
 That noble lord his company 
 
 Which to Virginia came, 
 And landed there, his number was 
 
 One hundred seaventy ; then 
 Ad to the rest, and they make full 
 
 Foure hundred able men. 
 
 Where they unto their labour fall. 
 
 As men that mean to thrive ; 
 Let's pray that heaven may blesse them all 
 
 And keep them long ahve : 
 Those men that vagrants liv'd with us, 
 
 Have there deserved well. 
 Their governour writes in their praise 
 
 As divers letters tel. 
 
 And to the adventurers thus he writes, 
 
 Be not dismayed at all. 
 For scandall cannot doe us wrong, 
 
 God will not let us fall . 
 Let England knowe our willingnesse, 
 
 For that our worke is good, 
 Wee hope to plant a nation. 
 
 Where none before hath stood. 
 
34 NEWS FROM VIRGINIA. 
 
 To glorifie the Lord 'tis done, 
 
 And to .110 other end; 
 He that would crosse so good a worke. 
 
 To (lod can be no friend; 
 There is no feare of hunger here 
 
 For corne much store here gi'owes. 
 Much fish the gallant rivers yield, 
 
 'Tis truth, without suppose. 
 
 Great store of fowle, of venison, 
 
 Of grapes and mulberries, 
 Of chesnuts. walnuts and such like 
 
 Of fiTiits and strawberries. 
 There is indeed no want at all 
 
 But some, condieion'd ill, 
 That wish the worke should not goe on. 
 
 With words doe seeme to kill. 
 
 And for an instance of their .store, 
 
 The noble Delaware 
 Hath for a present hither sent, 
 
 To testifie his care 
 In managing so good a worke, 
 
 Two gallant ships, by name 
 The Blesshig and the Hercules 
 
 Well fraught, and in the same 
 
 Two ships, are these commodities 
 
 Furres, sturgeon, caviare, 
 Black walnut-tree, and some deale boards. 
 
 With such they laden are ; 
 Some peaiie, some wainscot and clapbords. 
 
 With some sasafras wood, 
 And iron promis't for 'tis true 
 
 Their mynes are very good. 
 
 Then maugre, scandall, false report 
 
 Or any opposition, 
 Th' adventurers doe thus devulge 
 
 To men of good condition. 
 That he that wants shall have reliefe 
 
 Be he of honest minde. 
 Apparel, coyne, or anything. 
 
 To such they will be kinde, 
 
NEWS FROM VIRGINIA. 35 
 
 To such as to Virginia / 
 
 Do purpose to repairs; 
 And when that they shall hither come, 
 
 Each man shall have liis share, 
 Day wages for the laborer, 
 
 And for his more content, 
 A house and garden plot shall have, 
 
 Besides 'tis further ment 
 
 That eveiy man shall have a part, 
 
 And not thereof denied 
 Of generall profit, as if that he ' 
 
 Twelve pounds, ten shillings paid; 
 And he that in Virginia 
 
 Shall copper coyne receive, 
 For hyer, or commodities. 
 
 And will the country leave 
 
 Upon dehvery of such coyne 
 
 Unto the Govemour, 
 Shall by exchange, at his returns. 
 
 Be by their treasurer 
 Paid him in London, at first sight, 
 
 No man shall cause to grieve 
 For 'tis their general will and wish 
 
 That every man shall hve. 
 
 The number of adventurers. 
 
 That are for tliis plantation. 
 Are full eight hundred worthy men, 
 
 Some noble, all of fashion ; 
 (rood, discreete, their work is good. 
 
 May heaven assist them in their worke, 
 And thus our newes is done." 
 
86 DA VENANT, SKAKSPE ARE'S GODSON. 
 
 Gates, Newport, and Rich found Virginia, everywhere, evil 
 spoken of, upon their arrival in September, 1610, in London. 
 
 The seven ships from which they had been separated in the 
 storm, had safely arrived in the summer of 1609, at Jamestown. 
 The passengers were an "unhallowed crew.'' Twenty-eight or 
 thirty were sent in the ship Swallow to trade for corn with the 
 Indians, and never returned. Those Avho reached England told 
 horrible tales, the recital of Avhich caused the hair of the flesh to 
 stand up. They asserted that the colonists were starving and feed- 
 ing upon rats, mice, snakes and toad-stools: that an Indian had 
 been dug out of his grave and eaten; and that one man killed his 
 wife as she slept upon his bosom, cut her in pieces, powdered her, 
 and fed upon her, till he had eaten all of her body except the head. 
 Sir Thomas Grates found that this stor}^ met him everywhere, and 
 he softened it somewhat by stating that the man hated his wife and 
 killed and cut her in pieces, and as an excuse plead hunger, but he 
 was tried, found guilty, and burned to death. 
 
 It was necessary by '"Newes from Virginia," and other pamphlets, 
 to reassure the London merchants, who had become despondent, 
 and bravely assert — 
 
 " For scandal cannot do ns wrongs, 
 
 God will not let us fall, 
 Let England know our willingness 
 
 For that our work is good, 
 We hope to plant a nation 
 
 Where none beibre hath stood." 
 
 Shakspearedied.A.D. 1616.before his patron,the Earl of Southamp- 
 ton, became the presiding officer of the Virginia Company of London. 
 The great dramatist loved to stop at the Crown Inn, Oxford, and 
 was godfather to a son of the handsome landlady. The godson 
 became a poet, and early in 1650, as Sir William Davenant, was 
 commissioned by Charles the Second as Governor of that part of 
 Virginia, known as Maryland. On his voyage he was captured b}^ 
 one of the ships of Parliament, brought back to England and 
 lodged in the Tower, where he finished his poem of Gondibert, and 
 was at length set free by the friendly intercession of the great Puri- 
 tan. John Milton. 
 
DOCUMENTS 
 
 FOR THE FIRST TIME PRINTED, 
 
 ILMTSTKATIVE OF THE 
 
 English Colonization of America. 
 
 The following correspondence copied by the courtesy of the Mayor 
 of Sandwich, from the ancient archives of that town, will be read 
 with interest by all students of Virginia history and the English 
 Colonization of America. 
 
 Sir Edwin Sandys was knighted by King James in 1603, the same 
 year that the philosopher Francis Bacon received the honor. The 
 second son of the Arch1)ishop of York, he attended one of the col- 
 leges of Oxford in 1577 when about sixteen years of age. In early 
 manhood he traveled on the continent and wrote '' Europe Specu- 
 lum, or The State of Religion in the AVestern PaHs of the World," 
 and was several times a member of the House of Commons. 
 
 With the celebrated Lord Bacon he prepared, in 1604. a remon- 
 strance against the title of the King of Great Britain being assumed 
 by James, in which were set forth the noAv accepted principles of 
 popular liberty. For services rendered the government he received 
 an estate at Norburne. or Northburne. six miles in the country, 
 from the port of Sandwich, and here he established his residence. 
 For years he was an active promoter of the colonization of America, 
 and on the 26th of April. 1619 was elected the presiding officer of 
 the Virginia Company of London, in place of Sir Thomas Smith. 
 The town of Sandwich in 1620 chose him, after a " tumultuous elec- 
 tion," as their representative iu Parliament, and during the recess, 
 by order of the King, he was placed under arrest, with the Lords 
 
/ 
 
 38 SIR EDWIN SANDYS. 
 
 Oxford, Southampton, and other opponents of arbitrary rule. When 
 the House of Commons assembled again in November, 1621, the 
 members were indignant at the confinement of Sandys. Sir George 
 Calvert, the King's secretary, also a member, afterwards the projector 
 of the province of Maryland, with acrimony told James the First 
 the feelings of Parliament, and he wrote an angry letter complain- 
 ing of the "■ fiery, popular and turbulent spirits "' of the House, and 
 denying their right of petition in points he had forbidden to be dis- 
 cussed. Pym and other members of a committee, carried to the 
 King a reply, and he again answered in arrogant sentences. Hal- 
 lam states that the court now became alarmed, and sent Calvert to 
 the House of Commons with an explanatory message, but the storm 
 could not be allayed by calling the King's language '' a slip of the 
 pen, at the close of a long letter." The House, to the last, firmly 
 asserted that there should be freedom of debate, and " from all im- 
 peachment, imprisonment and molestation " for anything said on 
 the floor of Parliament. 
 
 While Sandys was under arrest officers were sent to search his 
 house. His high-toned wife, with womanly dignity, bore the inquis- 
 ition of her drawers and jewelry casket, but when the key to her 
 husband's papers was demanded, an indignant heart forced this 
 utterance from her lips, "' I wish his majesty had a key to unlock 
 her husband's heart, that he might see that not anything was there 
 ■ but loyalty.'" 
 
 A few months after Sandys became the head of the Virginia Com- 
 pany, on the 9th of June, 1619, 0. S., a patent was granted largely 
 by his influence to John Whincop^ for the use of the Puritans at 
 Leyden, which was never used, but on the 2d of the next February 
 at a meeting held in his house near Aldersgate, a patent was granted 
 to John Peirce and associates, under which the May Flower sailed 
 and landed its passengers at Plymouth Rock. 
 
 On the 9th of June, 1620, Sandys wrote from his country seat at 
 
 Northburne to Buckingham, that he would cheerfully serve one 
 
 1 In the London Company's transactions of May 2G, 1619, AVhincop is spoken of as : 
 " One Mr. Whincop commended to the company by the Earl of Lincoln, intending in 
 person to go to Virginia." On Easter Sunday A. D. 1032, three hrotliers, Jolm, Samuel 
 and Thomas Whincop, preached in the church of St. Mary's Spittle, London. In A. D. 
 1642, the chaplain of the Puritan Lord Say was a Rev. Dr. Whincop, Keetor of St. Mar- 
 tin's in the field, London. 
 
GEORGE SANDYS, THE POET. 39 
 
 year more as the liead of the Virginia Company, but the King was 
 opposed, and said to some of the members that Sandys was his 
 greatest enemy, and that he cookl liardly think well of any one who 
 was his friend, and working himself into a passion, exclaimed, 
 '' Choose the devil if you will, bat not Sir Edwin Sandys." In view 
 of this opposition the Company, on the 19th of June elected the 
 Earl of Southampton as his successor. 
 
 Sandys lived until he was nearly seventy years of age, died in 
 October, 1629, and was buried at Northburne. In his will he left a 
 legacy of £1,500 to establish a lecture on metaphysics at Oxford. 
 He was married four times. One of his sons, Edwin, a colonel under 
 Cromwell, fell in battle on the 3d of September, 1651. at Worcester.^ 
 
 The first of his letters on file in the archives of Sandwich was 
 written at Northborne on the 21st of March. A. D. 1610. Old Style, 
 but A. D. 1611, according to modern computation, and addressed to 
 the Mayor and Jurats of that port. 
 
 1 n) October, 1621, George, the brother of Sir Edwin Sandys, arrived at Jamestown 
 as Treasurer of Virginia. His fatlier, Archbisliop Sandys, made tliis entry in the family 
 Bible: "George Sandes, born the seventh day of March, at six of tae clock in the 
 morning, 1577. His god-fathers, George, Earl of Cumberland and William, Lord Ewer. 
 His god-mother, Catharine, Countess of Huntington." 
 
 Before he left England he had j)ublislied a translation of five books of Ovid, to which 
 the poet ])raylon alluded in a rliyming letter sent to Virginia : 
 
 ^ '• And .worthy Jleprge , by industry and use, 
 Let's see what lines Virginia will produce ; 
 Go on with Ovid, as you have begun 
 With the first five books ; let your numbers run 
 (Hib as the former, so shall it livelong, 
 And do iinu'h honour to the English tongue, 
 Entice the Muses, tliither to repair, 
 Entreat them gently, train them to that air, 
 ******* 
 But you nuiy save your labour, if you please. 
 To write to me aught of your savages. 
 As savage slaves, be in Great Britain here. 
 As you can show me there." 
 
 While at .Jamestown " worthy Ge(u-ge" translated the remaining books of Ovid, and 
 in 1626, after he returned to England, the whole was published at London, in an elegant 
 illustrated folio. Fuller, the historian, wrote, " Master Sandys was altogether as dex- 
 terous at inventing as translating, and his own poems as spriteful, vigorous and mascu- 
 line. He lived to be a very aged man wliom I saw in the Savoy, in 1641, having a 
 youthful soul in a decayed body." 
 
 He resided at the house of his niece, the widow of Francis Wyatt, Governor of 
 Virginia. In the Register of Bexley Abbey, Kent, is this entry : "Georgius Sandy.s, 
 Poetarnm Anglorum sui sceculi facile princeps. seijultus fuit Martii 7 stilo Anglico. An. 
 Dom. 1643." 
 
LETTEK OF EDWIN SANDYS. 
 
 I am requested by his Mat'''^ Connsil for Virginia to conveigh 
 these inclosed, to yo'" hands & to procure yo^' answer against the 
 beginning of the next term. The effect is to inuite yo'' town & 
 such particular persons of worth as shall be so disposed, to partnership 
 in the great action of Virginia, w'ch after manifold disasters doth 
 now, under the government of noble & worthie leaders, begin to 
 revive, and we trust ere long shall flourish. 
 
 I acquainted them that yo^' Town had been much hindered b}' 
 sickness: in regard whereof the lesse will be perhaps expected. 
 But they would not pass over so principal a port, in an action tend- 
 ing generally to the good of the whole Realm, but the profit 
 whereof will chiefly fall to the Hauen Towns, & principally in 
 them, to merchants. 
 
 But I will leave you to the letter itself; only thus much (to 
 acquaint y" w*^'' the present state of the busines): we have sent 
 away S^' Thomas Dale w^'' 300 men & great abundance of victual 
 & furniture. We send after them, this next month two shi^Ds 
 more w^'' 100 Kyne & 200 swine for breed.^ And if monie come 
 in, whereof we are in very good hope, in May next we shall send 
 S"" Thomas Gates w*^* other 300 men of the best and choicest we 
 
 1 Sir Tliomas Dale before leacliing manhood entered the ai'my of t)ie Netherlands, 
 and rose to a position of honor. Winwood, the English Ambassador to -that country, 
 in March, A. D. 1601, was informed by the Secretary of State, that Kim^ J^imes wished 
 him to "take notice of his gracious opinion of the merit of Captain Dale, both for 
 having been a valiant and long servitor, and having for the most part" served at his own 
 charges. 
 
 In June, 1606, the King of England kniglited him as Sir Thomas Dale of Surrey. 
 Ketaining his commission in tlie army of the Nctlierlands, lie left the Thames with a 
 party of colonists in February, and reached Jamestown on the 12tli of May, A. D. 1610. 
 With John Rolfe. Pocahontas and a party of Indians he retui'ned to England in June, 
 1616. His wife was Elizal)eth. daughter of Sir Tliomas Throckmorton, Kt, and sister of 
 Sir "William Throckmorton, Baronet. Toward the close of the year 1617, he was made 
 commander of the fleet of the East India Company. In February, 1618, after making 
 his will and provision for his wife, he embarked for the Indian Ooean. On the voyage 
 from Engano in the Malay Archipelago, to Masulipatam he became sick and on the 
 19th of July, 1619, soon after his arrival at tlie latter place, died. 
 
 He left no children. His wife's will, made on 4th of July, and prcncd on 2d of De- 
 cember, 1640, directctd that her debts should be paid out of the estate in tlie hands of 
 the East India Company and her estate in Virginia. The statement that Sir Thomas 
 Dale had been twfce married appears to be incorrect. 
 
SKETCH OF SIR THOMAS GATES. 41 
 
 can procure.! W'ch done, and God blessing tliera, the busines we 
 account is wonn. 
 
 Thus w^'^ my very heartie salutations, I betake y" to the Tuition 
 & Direction of the Highest, & rest, 
 
 Y'' very loving friend, 
 
 EDWIN SANDYS. 
 Norborn, 
 
 21 Martii, 1610. 
 
 The letter forwarded from the Virginia Company l^y Sandys was 
 sent from Sir Thomas Smith's house, in Philpot Lane, London, 
 where the meetings of the corporation were then held, and is as 
 follows: 
 
 LETTER OF VIRGIXIA COMPANY. 
 
 " The eyes of all Europe looking upon our endevours to spread 
 the Gospel 1 among the Heathen people of Virginia, to plant o'" 
 English nation there, & to settle at in those p*ts w^'^ male be 
 peculiar to o'" nation, so that we may thereby be secured from being 
 eaten out of all proffits of trade, by our more industrious neighbors, 
 wee cannot doubt but that the eyes of also of y''^" best judgments 
 and affections are fixed no le^se upon a designe of soe great conse- 
 quence. 
 
 The reasons that action hath not yet received the successe of o'" 
 desires and and expectac'ons are published in print to all the world, 
 To repeat them all were idlenes in us & must bee tedious to you, 
 yet to omytt mention of that mayne reason w'ch hath shaken the 
 whole frame of this business & w'ch hath begott theise o'' requests- 
 to you, would l)ut returne unto us a fruitlesse ac^ompt and conse- 
 quentlie a hazard to destroie that life w'ch yet breatheth in this 
 action. 
 
 1 Sir Tlioiiuis (iates, wliilc in tlu- uilliuuy .service of tlie Netherlands, obtained leave 
 of absence to go with the expedition to Virginia. In the summer of tlie year IGIO, he 
 was sent back to England 1)y Lord Delaware to procure supplies and represent tlie 
 interest of the Colony. In June, Ifill, he sailed again for Virginia in charge of a num- 
 l)('r of immigrants, and accompanied b.v his wife and daughters. His wife died at sea. 
 and iu .\ugnst he rc^aclied .Jamestown. In December his daughters returned to Eng- 
 land with Captain Newport. In the si)i'ing of 1G14 Gates "left Virginia and never re- 
 turned. It has been said that lie died in the service of the East India Company. Sir 
 Dudley Digges, while sojom-niug at Amsterdam, in 162], in a letter to the Knglisli 
 Ambassador at the Hague, sends his ''love to the honest Sir Tho's Gates.' 
 
42 LETTER OF VIRGINIA COMPANY. 
 
 That reason in few wordes was want of meanes to iniploie 
 good men, & want of just payment of the meanes which weare 
 promised, so disabling us therebie to set forth o^ supplies in due 
 season. 
 
 Now that we have established a form of gon^'ment fitt for 
 such memliers in the p'sons of the Lord La Warr and S^' George 
 Sommers allready in those p'ts, as also in S'' Thomas Dale embarqt 
 w'th 300 men & provisions for them, and the CoUony to the value 
 of many thousands of pounds, who is already falne downe the 
 ryver, in his waie thither. & in S'" Thomas Gates whom we 
 reserve to second this expedicon, in Male next, with 300 more of 
 the choicest p'sons wee can gett for moneys through your means 
 & our own cares. 
 
 Wee accompt from many advised consultacons that 30,000£ to bee 
 paid in two years, for three supplies, will be a sufficient sum to 
 settle there, a very able and strong foundacon of anexiug another 
 kingdome to this Crowne.^ 
 
 Of this 3O,000£ there is allready signed by diverse p'ticular 
 noblemen, gent" and merchants the some of 18,000 as male 
 appeare unto you by a true copy of their names and somes, written 
 with their own hands in a Register booke w'ch remaynes as a 
 recorde in the hands of S'' Thomas Smith. Threr, for that planta- 
 con, so that the adventures to be procured from all the noblemen, 
 the Byshopps & Clergie that have not yet signed from all the 
 Gentrie, Merchants and Corporate townes of this Kingdome, doth 
 but amount to 1 2,000 £ payable as aforesaid. 
 
 To accomplish w'ch sum wee entreate yo'" favours no farther 
 than amongst yo^selves, and as shall seeme good unto you upon 
 respect of your judgments, ranck and place: we endevour by theis 
 o"" requests to gaine as helpes unto vs. in such poor measure as wee 
 have begun toward the advancement of soe gloryous an action. 
 
 AVee are farther to entreate 3'0'' helpes to procure vs such nom- 
 bers of men & of such condicon as you are willing and able; wee 
 send you herew^^^ the list of the nombers & qualitie that we 
 entende, God willing, to employ in Male next. 
 
 1 In 1619 the Virginia Company adopted as a motto of its Seal : " En ! dat Virginia 
 quintani." Beliold ! Virginia gives a fifth crown. 
 
LETTEB OF VIRGINIA COMPANY. 4;? 
 
 As soon as you can w^'' conveniency wee desire yo'" resolucons 
 touching meanes and men, upon receipt thereof wee shall acknowl- 
 edge due thanks & lymitt the time of their appearance, wherein 
 wee shall not forgett the pointe of charge to the undertakers, how- 
 soever we preferre so farre as lyes in us, a seasonable dispatch to the 
 first place of o^" consideracons. 
 
 The benefitt by this action, if it shall please (xod to blesse these 
 begynnings w*'^ a happye successe must arise to the generall good 
 of this Common wealth. To laie then a stronge foundacon of soe 
 great a work wee hold o'selves & o*' request to yo'*^, warranted by 
 the reasons aforesaid & by the rules of honour & judgment, & 
 for as wee o'selves. the p'sent adventurers cannott receive the whole 
 benefitt, soe can it not be expected that we should undergoe the 
 whole charge. The often renewed complaints against Companyes 
 heretofore hath happened by reason of the Monopolizings of trade 
 into a few men's hands, and though the ice of this busnes hath 
 been broken by the purses, cares, and adventures of a few, 3'et wee 
 seclude no subject from the future benefitt of o^" present care, 
 charge and hazard of p'son & adventures, all w'ch we leave to 
 yo'' judicious consideracons & only importune yo'" speedy resolu- 
 cons, that according to the Avarrants of dutj^ wee male either wash 
 o'" hands from further care or cheerfully embrace strength from 
 you to the furtherance of this action, that tends so directly to ad- 
 vance the glory of God, the honor of o'" English nation & the 
 profitt and securitie in o'' judgment, of this Kingdome, 
 
 And soe leaving you to that sence hereof w'ch his goodness shall 
 
 please to infuse into you. who is of absolute power to dispose of all 
 
 things to the best, wee rest. 
 
 Yo'' very loving fritods. 
 
 From S'' Thomas Smyths' Pembroke.i 
 
 house in Philpot Lane, the Montgomery, 
 
 28''' of February. 1610. Southampton,^ 
 
 LlSLE,^ 
 
 [Sir] AValter Cope. [Sir] Thomas Gates, 
 '' G. Coppix. " Robert Mansell, 
 " [Illegible,] " Edwin Sandys, 
 " Tho. Smythe, " Baptist Hicks, 
 " H. Fans HAW. 
 
 1 William, E;irl oi Pembroke, 
 ii Philip, ' Montgomery. 
 
 3 Hanry, " Southampton. 
 
 4 Robert, Lord Lisle, afterwards Lord of Leicester. 
 
LETTER OF EDWIN SANDYS. 
 
 Boys, in " Collections for the liistory of Sandwich," states that 
 the town in 1609 granted £25 as a venture for the settlement of 
 Virginia, and it is without doubt in reference to this that the fol- 
 lowing letter was addressed on the 8th of April, 1612— 
 
 " To the Bight W<P^'^^, mij reri/ loving friends, the Mayor ami Jurates 
 of Sandwich : 
 
 Gentlemen — I am required by his Ma^'^*^ counsel for Virginia, 
 to call on you for the twenty-five pounds \v°i^ long since y" promised 
 to adventure w^'^ them, towards the furthering of that plantation. 
 And have received from them a Bill of adventure under their seale 
 to be delivered unto you upon paiment of that sum, w*^^^ Bill I have 
 sent you by M'" Parke to be disposed accordingl3^ 
 
 I am also in their names very earnestly to pray y°^' furtherance, 
 towards the furthering of a Lotterie lately granted to them by his 
 Ma^^^ . The use and nature thereof y" shall perceive by the pro- 
 clamation concerning it, which I have also sent. And M'' Mayor 
 of Sandwich is particularly desired to receive & return such monies 
 as men shall be disposed to adventure in it, according to such in- 
 structions as are contained in a book sent to you lor that purpose : 
 presuming greatly of your affectionate rediness to aid & advance 
 so worthie an enterprise tending so greatly to the enlargement of 
 the Cristian truth, the honor of oi' nation, and benefit of English 
 people, as b}' God's assistance the sequell in short time will manifest. 
 The example also hereof, now benficiall in y°i" best & most need- 
 ful occasions, it ma}' prove unto y^'selfs I know in your wisdome 
 y" will easil,y see and consider. So with my very hartie salutations 
 I commend }'" to the divine tuition and rest. 
 
 Y'' \ery loving friend, 
 
 NoRTHBORN. EDWIN SANDYS. 
 
 8 Aprile, 1612. 
 
 Less than a month after (liates arrived, Lord Delaware landed, on 
 the 10th of June. 1610, at Jamestown, but on March 28th, 1611, he 
 visited England on account of ill health, leaving George Percy 
 Deputy Governor. At that time, the only other place inhabited by 
 whites, was Point Comfort, which consisted of a small fort fenced 
 with palisadoes, one dwelling, a store, and a few thatched cabins. 
 
HONORABLE GEORGE PERCY. 
 
 After the name of Rol)ert Hunt, preacher, in the list of the 
 members of the expedition who settled at Jamestown in 1607, is 
 that of George Percy. An honorable man, the descendant of an 
 honorable house, uncomplaining under peculiar hardvships, and 
 faithful to his trust, it is to be regretted that so so few incidents of 
 his life have been preserved. 
 
 He was the brother of the Duke of Northumberland, and his 
 narrative of the plantation of the southern colony in Virginia, end- 
 ing at Septeml^er, 1607, abridged and published by Purchas, is full 
 of interest. 
 
 With Gabriel Archer and John Smith he accompanied Captain 
 Newport in the first explorations of the James river in the vicinity 
 of Richmond, After Captain Smith's term as President of the 
 Council expired, the colonists, in the absence of Sir Thomas Gates, 
 who had been wrecked at Bermudas, chose Percy as president. 
 
 A dispatch to the Earl of Salisbury, Secretary of State under 
 King James, dated October 4, 1609, written by one of the senior 
 captains of the vessels of the Gates and Somers expedition, states 
 that ''they found all the Council dead but Captain Smith, who 
 reigned sole Governor, and is now sent home to answer some mis- 
 demeanors. George Perc}', brother to my Lord Northumberland, is 
 elected President, and Mr. West, brother to Lord Delaware, of the 
 Council, with Captain Martin." 
 
 Among the papers in the library of the present Earl of North- 
 umberland there is evidence that there was an affectionate interest 
 felt by the Northumberland family in their representative in Vir- 
 ginia. Amid many entries in an expense-book, kept in the days of 
 James the First, the following are found: A charge of £9, 2s., 6d. 
 for clothing sent to Mr. George Percy by Captain Newport; and 
 also* a payment of 14 shillings to Mr. Melshawe for many neces- 
 saries which he delivered to Mr. Percy toward the building of a 
 house in Virginia. On February the 6th, 1610, payments to the 
 amount of £432. Is., 6d. were made by the head of the Northum- 
 berland family for Mr. Percy. There appears also a payment by 
 
46 LETTER OF GEORGE PERCY. 
 
 the Duke of Northumberland in 1607-'8 of 3 sbillings for rings 
 and other pieces of copper given to the Virginia Prince; of 8 shil- 
 lings for cutting a large and small Virginia stone; 24: shillings for 
 gold, and 15 shillings for setting the large Virginia stone in gold. 
 In 1610 a Declaration of the State of Virginia was printed, and a 
 copy was purchased for 6 shillings for the Northumberland family. 
 Upon the arrival of Sir Thomas Gates in May, 1610, from the 
 Bermudas, Percy ceased to act as President, and Gates became the 
 Governor under the new charter until the coming of Lord Dela- 
 ware, two weeks later. Delaware, as Governor-General, made 
 Percy one of the Council. In March, 1611, Delaware, on account 
 of ill-health, sailed from Jamestown, and Gates, the Lieutenant 
 Governor, being in England, Percy was appointed Deputy-Gov- 
 ernor. Among the Northumberland papers there is the following 
 letter, written to his brother Henry, and dated August 17, 1611, 
 which probably was brought to England in the ship Star, which 
 arrived there about the 1st of December with Captain Newport. 
 
 Right Hono^'}^ . 
 
 I am not ignorant, and cannot be therefore unmindfull in what 
 I may so satisfie your LoP for your manifold and continuall curtesies 
 ^ych j[ dayly and at the reprotch of everie shipping do abundantly 
 taste of, and I must acknowledg freely that this last yere hath not 
 bin a little chardgable unto your Honnor who I hope will continue 
 so noble and hono^'^'' opinion of me as you shall not think anything 
 prodigally by me wasted or spent w*^'^ tendeth to my no little ad- 
 vancement : True it is the place w*^'' I hold in this Colonic, (the 
 store affording no other meanes then a pound of meale) cannot be 
 de defraied w*'' small expense, it standing upon my reputation (being 
 Governeur of James Towne) to keepe a continuall and dayly Table 
 for Gentlemen of fashion aboute me, ray request unto y^' LoP. at this 
 present is to intreate your Honnor to be highly pleased to dischardg 
 a Bill of my hand made to MV Nellson, and likewise a Bill of eight 
 pounds unto M'" Pindle Burie of Lond° merchant and I shall ever be 
 in all humble dutie bound unto your LoP; And thus wishing all 
 honnor and happines to accompanie you in this world and eternall 
 
PORTRAIT OF GEORGE PERCY. 47 
 
 blisse in the other to come I cease to be further vimecessary troub- 
 lesome vnto 3"our Lop. ever vowing my self and the vttmost of my 
 services in all duty nnto your Honno^'. and rest. 
 Your Lordship's 
 
 louinge brother 
 Virginia. James (lEORGE PERCY. 
 
 Towne, August 17, 1611. 
 
 [Addressed:] To the right Hono''^*" my singuler good 
 Lord and Brother, The Earle of 
 Northumberland, give these. 
 
 The Secretary of the Virginia Historical Society, R. A. Brock, 
 Esq., states that there is among the collections of that Society a fine 
 portrait of Captain George Percy, which, together with one of Lord 
 Culpepper, was donated to the Society by Charles Wykeham Mar- 
 tin, Esq., of Leeds Castle, England, in 1853. The frames accommo- 
 dating each of these portraits are of solid British oak, handsomely 
 carved and gilded, and were presented with them by William Two- 
 penny, Esq., of London. 
 
 ERRATA. 
 
 Page 9. " John" should read " George" Kendall. 
 Page 13. " Narative" should read " narrative." 
 Page 20. "Surving" should read "surviving." 
 
Amber discovered 24 
 
 Archer, Gabriel 4, 13, 14. 45 
 
 Argall, Capt. Samuel :... ic 
 
 Bacon, Lord Francis. 25, 37 
 
 Barwick, Capt. Thomas in 
 
 Berkeley, Sir Maurice 15 
 
 Bermudas described IC, n] 31 . 
 
 •' Allusions by Shakspearc. 18, 19 
 '■ Marriage and baptism at. 19, 20 
 
 Bermudez, John li; 
 
 Biographical skctcli of— 
 
 Sir Thomas Dale 40 
 
 •' Thomas dates 41 
 
 Capt. Christopher Newport 15 
 
 Hon. George Percy. 45 
 
 Sir Edwin Sandys 37 
 
 George Sandys 39 
 
 Edw. Maria Wingfield 9 
 
 Brock. E. A 47 
 
 Buck, Chaplain Richard 19 
 
 Calvert, Sir George 38 
 
 Carter, Christopher, left at Bermudas. 21 
 
 Chapman's writings 21, 25 
 
 Chard, Edward, finds amber 21, 24 
 
 Christening of Bermuda Rolfe 20 
 
 Coffin, Sir George 15, 43 
 
 Cook's, John Play 27 
 
 Cope, Sir Walter . . .' 43 
 
 Crashaw, Raleigh 15 
 
 " Wm., on stage players 23, 26 
 
 Crouch , Hugh 16 
 
 " Richard 16 
 
 Dale, Sir Thomas 15, 40 
 
 Davenant, Shakespeare's Godson 36 
 
 Delaware, Lord 33, 42, 44, 46 
 
 Directions to Virginia Council 6 
 
 Dog, first at Bermudas 32 
 
 Drake, Sir Francis 3 
 
 Drayton, Michael, verses of 8, 39 
 
 "Eastward Ho," play of 4, 5 
 
 Frobisher, Richard, ship builder 20 
 
 Fuller's notice of John Smith 13 
 
 " " George Sandys 39 
 
 Cates. Sir Thomas... 6, 15, 17 21, 23, 33, 46 
 
 " '• " sketch of 41 
 
 tiookin, Daniel 16 
 
 Gosnold, Anthony 12 
 
 " Bartholomew 4, 8, 9, 12 
 
 Hakluyt, Richard 3,4,6 
 
 Halliwell, John O 27 
 
 Hogs of Bermudas 19, 21 , 31 
 
 Horton, Mistress 19 
 
 Hortop, Job Ki 
 
 Hunt, Chaplain Robert 19, 45 
 
 Iron ore of Virginia 15 
 
 Lsland of Devils i. . . . 17, 29 
 
 James the First dislikes Sir G, Sandys .39 
 Jones, Capt. Thomas, of May Flower 27, 38 
 Jonson, Ben 4 
 
 4_97Y.,3 
 
 Kendall, George 9 
 
 Maasell, Sir Robert 43 
 
 Marston, John, Poet 4 
 
 Martin, Capt. John 9, 13 
 
 Mask of Flowers 25. 26 
 
 May Flower and Puritans 38 
 
 Milton, John, Poet 36 
 
 Montgomery, Earl of 43 
 
 Newport, Capt. Christopher.. 7, 8, 9, 11, 12 
 14, 15, 16, 10, 20, 21, 23, 45 
 
 News from Virginia, a poem 29 
 
 Northumberland, Earl of 46 
 
 Peirces, John, patent 38 
 
 Pembroke, Earl of 43 
 
 Percy Manuscripts 10-12 
 
 Percy, (ieorge 12. 14, 33, 45, 46 
 
 Persons, Elizabeth, marriage of 19 
 
 Pope the Poet, quotations from 24 
 
 Powell, Thomas, his marriage 19 
 
 Powhattan's kindness to Smith 13, 14 
 
 Purchas. Siimuel 15 
 
 Puritans of May Flower 38 
 
 Raleigh. Sir Walter 4 
 
 Ratcliff, Capt. John 9, 13 
 
 Rich, R., poetical tract 27-3S 
 
 " Sir Robert 27 
 
 Roanoke colonists 9 
 
 Rolfe, John, tobacco planter 19, 20, 25 
 
 Saltern, Robert 4 
 
 Sandys, George 39 
 
 Sir Edwin 37, 40, 43 
 
 Sea Venture, wreck of 17, 31 
 
 Shakespeare's Tempest.. 18, 19, 22, 23, 28 
 
 " godson 36 
 
 Sherley, Sir Robert 15, 16 
 
 Smith, John, suspected 9, 14 
 
 " " described by Fuller 13 
 
 Somers, Sir George...; 15,17,33 
 
 P " Matthew 21, 22 
 
 Southampton, Earl of 43 
 
 Stage Players rebuked 23, 26, 27 
 
 Strachey, William 9 
 
 Tempest, play of 18, 19, 22, 23 
 
 " acted before the King's family 26 
 
 Tobacco denoimced 25 
 
 " praised 25,26 
 
 Tucker, Daniel 15 
 
 Tue Mary 16 
 
 Virginia Company 6,41,43 
 
 " Council, first report 10 
 
 Virginiola 24 
 
 Virginian Voyage, Drayton's Ode 8 
 
 Wayneman, Sir F 33 
 
 Waters, Edward , castaway 21 
 
 West, Francis 15 
 
 Whincop, John, Puritan 38 
 
 Wife eaten by her husband 36 
 
 Wingfield, Edward Maria.. 6, 9, 13, 14, 15 
 
 WoOton, Thomas, Surgeon 15 
 
 Wyatt, Gov. Francis 37