fstt fit e$f i THE TENTS OF GRACE ** A TRAGEDY % f$» ci» *f «i» ^f» ^ •! w/» «w riw HARRY EDWIN MARTIN Jlu Jft. Jiu Jfe. (lass ^^ /9 l'<)|A-n6lilN" comuGirr DEPosrr The Tents of Grace The Tents of Grace A Tragedy And Four Short Stories Harry Edwin Martin II t CINCINNATI: PRESS OF JENNINGS AND GRAHAM Copyrigh', iQit\ by Harry Edwin Martin ©ClA-278077 i 'J YOU, DEAR MOTHER, I DEDICATE THIS LITTLE VOLUME, FILLED WITH THE CHILDREN OF MY YOUTH- FUL BRAIN, IN TOKEN OF MY LOVE AND HONOR THROUGH ALL THE YESTER-YEARS AND ALL THE DAYS TO BE. Table of Contents Preface, 9 The Tents of Grace— ^ Tragedy, n The Voice in the Primitive- Story, 51 After Many Years— Story, . . 59 The Monster— Story, 79 "The Port of the Unexpected" —Story, 85 " Whoever thinlcs a faultless piece to see, Thinks what ne'er was, nor is, nor e'er shall be." "Blame where you must, be candid where you can, And be each critic the good-natured man." PREFACE Man's inhumanity to man has often traced a border of black around many of the fairest pages in the annals of universal history. The fields are green, the flowers bloom, the birds sing, but man — man alone is vile. Perhaps we might prefer to record only those events which show forth the beauti- ful, the noble, the true; but it is only in the realm of fancy that all things may take a happy course, and just so long as man is man the historian must ever report the bit- ter with the sweet, the evil with the good. Wherefore it has seemed good to the author of this little volume to present to the public the story, forgotten save by a few, of the founding, the life, and the cul- minating tragedy of old Gnadenhiitten. It is not questioned that many, many tales might be found concerning the early days when the stalwart pioneers were blazing a trail through the forests of Ohio, yet it is doubtful whether any could be brought for- Preface ward which would equal in human interest and simple pathos this incident of the mar- tyrdom of the Moravian Indians in the "Tents of Grace." Each of the stories that go to make up the second part of this book has been pub- lished before, primarily for a small circle of readers. But the varied criticisms have been so kind and the praise so sincere that all have been deemed worthy of a wider circulation. The author does not doubt that you who read may sometimes find that which is prosy, and yet he hopes here and there you may come upon some bits of honest pathos, touches of human interest, and a smatter- ing of art. That you may find herein a story of an almost forgotten historical incident which I)rovcs to be enlightening and interesting, and that you may further find the four short stories to be of some interest and delight, is the sincere wish of the author. Harry Edwin Martin. Scio College, Sci'o, Ohio. September 2g, igto. lO The Tents of Grace A Tragedy Resting peacefully in the scenic Tuscara- was Valley, in Ohio, is the town of Gnaden- hiitten. A stranger visiting the village will note the beautiful site; the wide, shaded streets ; the pretty, flower-dotted lawns ; the neat homes ; and the thrifty, genial inhabit- ants and their tranquillity ; but unless he is very familiar with the early history of Ohio he utterly fails to comprehend why the town is called Gnadenhiitten, nor will he realize that this is an historic, almost sacred, spot. Here, where peace and happiness now pre- dominate, one of the saddest tragedies of all history occurred — a tragedy of pathos unsurpassed and involving Christian forti- tude akin to martyrdom. Here at the clos- ing of the eighteenth century a dream of Christian empire came true for half a score of years — and then ended in annihilation. II The Tents of Grace It was late in the summer of the year 1772 that two companies of Moravian missiona- ries and their Indian followers, after many and severe vicissitudes, arrived upon the banks of the Tuscarawas River — then known as the Muskingum. They came from Fricdenshuetten, on the Susquehanna River, and from Friedenstadt, in the Alle- gheny region, both within the bounds of Pennsylvania, and they migrated to the new Ohio country, hoping there to make homes wliich would be free from the encroach- ments of the unfriendly white man. The first company to arrive, under the leadership of the missionaries, David Zeisberger and John Heckewelder, stopped about two miles south of the present city of New Philadel- phia and founded the village Schonbrunn, or "Beautiful Spring'" named thus because of the small lake which was nearby. By October 9, 1772, the second company had reached the valley and farther down the river had begun the building of a town which the builders aptly christened Gnaden- hiitten, or "Tents of Grace." The Tuscarawas \^alley was an ideal 12 The Tents of Grace place for the founding of such a religious empire as the devout missionaries planned. It was then inhabited almost solely by the Delaware tribe, who will be remembered as among the clans of red men with whom William Penn made his famous peace treaty in the long ago. These peaceful Indians, feeling their inability to check the westward advance of white civilization, had moved from Penn's colony several years before and had established their headquarters in the beautiful Tuscarawas Valley. One of the leading Delaware villages, but ten miles be- low Gnadenhiitten, was King Newcomer's Town, situated where now stands the town of almost similar name. Other than these friendly neighbors, who had invited the Moravians to dwell in the valley, the Chris- tians found everything congenial and de- lightful. Nature was here prodigal of all her stores. Fine woodlands covered many a hill and hollow, and great fertile fields stretched away on every side. Forest and field abounded in game of numerous kinds, and the little river was full of fishes of va- rious sizes. The climate was excellent — 13 The Tents of Grace warm in summer and mild in winter — and the air was pure and wholesome. The company founding the "Tents of Grace" was under the leadership of Joshua, a Mohican elder, and was composed mainly of ^lohican and Delaware Indians, all of whom had emhraced Christianity. The only white persons dwelling here were two or three teachers and their families. Sur- rounded by such peaceable neighbors and with such delightful natural environments Gnadenhiitten soon became a pleasant and prosperous hamlet. It was well laid out. but had only one principal street, which was long, wide, and straight. The houses and chapel, as in all of the new settlements, were built of rough and hewn logs. Each of the homes contained only one room, but usually had an attic overhead and a cellar under- neath, and was enclosed by a picket fence. The crude doors swung on wooden hinges, the small windows were made of greased paper, the rustic furniture was hand-made, and through a hole in each door hung the necessary latchstring as a token of welcome to friend or stranger. None but professing 14 The Tents of Grace Christians were allowed to make their homes here, yet notwithstanding this ban the population steadily increased ; for many of the neighboring Indians buried the battle- ax, accepted the white man's religion, and became men, not savages. In this little kingdom so far from Eastern civilization, industry and order were neces- sary. Under these two guiding principles the inhabitants became well-to-do farmers with now and then a proficient tradesman. Joshua, the leader, was an expert cooper and canoe-maker. The wide and fertile bottoms on either side of the river gave ample opportunity for labor, and visitors from Pennsylvania and from the savage tribes living farther north and west mar- veled at the sight of the large, waving fields of grain, the patches of vegetables, and the hills dotted with cattle and poultry. In- deed, civilization had seemingly let down her mantle here in the blossoming wilder- ness, and Christianity had leavened the sav- age heart. Generosity and kindness were also marked characteristics that classed the Mo- IS The Tents of Grace ravians wholly apart from the other Indians. Whenever possible the red men from afar would journey to Gnadenhiitten in order to be recipients of the kindness and the gifts of its inhabitants. All visitors were treated with Christian courtesy, and food in abun- dance was offered to them. And oftentimes the Moravians gladly ransomed prisoners when their savage captors passed through the town on their return from a marauding expedition along the frontier. These simple red men were earnest and sincere in their religious zeal. Each day the bell on the mission church called the people to prayer, and while the men and boys were busy in the fields, hunted game, or fished, and while the women did their household duties or assisted the men. the children were being taught by their faithful white teachers to read, to write, and to honor God in all things. The government of the village, it might here be said, was ad- ministered by the missionaries and their helpers who were selected from among the more educated of the Indians. Questions of great moment, of course, were always sub- i6 The Tents of Grace mitted to the people. At all times, let it be known, the Bible was the great statute book of the "Tents of Grace." Such, indeed, was the daily life of the meek Moravian Indians. As we look upon the Indian of yesterday all of this seems one vast Utopian dream. But the facts of his- tory — immutable as they are — prove it all a reality. Under the influence of Christian- ity, guided by their white brethren, these wild men of the forest put aside the toma- hawk, learned to forego revenge, and left off unchastity and drunkenness to become obedient, honest, and industrious toilers. As we give thought to them and their tragic story we should venerate them not as sav- ages, but as civilized men, faithful and un- affected in their Christian beliefs. We should honor them further because reflect- ing from their lives are lights that even to this day have not been extinguished. They lived and they perished as Christian men. It is an interesting fact that the first white child born in Ohio was John Lewis Roth, who opened his eyes to the light of day on the 4th of July, 1772, at Gnadenhiitten. 2 17 The Tents of Grace Historians have differed as to who really was the first white child born within the bounds of Ohio, but no authentic record of a birth previous to this date has so far been found. The rip:ht of Roth to be Ohio's first son is found in the official diary of the Gnadenhiitten mission, now preserved in the archives of the Moravian Church at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, which reads: "J"ly 4, 1773. To-day God gave to Brother and Sister Roth a youns^ son. He was bap- tized into the death of Jesus, and named John Lewis, on the 5th instant, by Brother David Zeisberci^er." The opening of the Revolution marked the beginning of the hardships of the mis- sion town. These afflictions, however, proved to be only the foreboding shadows of the crisis — the cataclysm. The year of 1775 had been a most prosperous one, both in a spiritual and in a temporal sense; but by 1777 progress in the development and expansion of all the mission towns along the Tuscarawas Valley had come to a halt. The Christian Indians and missionaries be- ing opposed to war, thinking it wrong, re- 18 The Tents of Grace mained neutral. In so doing they, perhaps unknowingly, were the silent allies of the Americans, because their peaceful attitude influenced a great part of the Delaware tribe to refrain from taking the warpath in behalf of the English. The Detroit com- mandant and his faithful accomplices, the renegades and savage chiefs, did all in their power to persuade, and afterwards to force, the entire Delaware tribe to enter the serv- ice of England, but failed. Gnadenhiitten lay on the main trail be- tween the British headquarters at Detroit and the American post at Fort Pitt, which made it a ver}^ desirable vantage-ground for the English forces, if the aid of its inhab- itants could be secured. Several of the con- verts did yield to persuasion and joined the warring clans, but the great number of the Christian red men were not moved by the enticements of those who would have the Moravians go back to barbarism in order that they themselves might be amply re- warded by the Red Coats of Detroit. Plots were then laid to force the Christians to array themselves under the Cross of St. 19 The Tents of Grace George ; but tlirough all intrigues and plots they continued steadfast. They neither took up the battle-club nor spilled the blood of any man. Content to worship God and treat all men as brethren, they went about their daily tasks, patient in their persecu- tions and all the while wholly unthoughtful of what these plots and tricks of coercion augured. In August, 1 78 1, a band of about three hundred savages, flying the English ensign and commanded by the renegade Elliott and a Wyandot chief, Pomoacan or Half King l)y name, entered the Tuscarawas Valley with the express purpose of removing the obnoxious Christians. When near Salem, a mission town founded shortly after the building of the 'Tents of Grace," the Half King sent a message to the Christian In- dians, assuring them of his friendship and asking which of their three settlements would be most convenient for a council. Gnadcnhiittcn was deemed the most suit- able, and. acting accordingly, on August nth the savages encamped on the west side of that hamlet. Within a few days a 20 The Tents of Grace meeting was held, at which the Wyandot chief advised a speedy removal, and in the course of his address, as reported, we find these words: "I am much concerned on your account, seeing that you live in a dan- gerous spot. Two powerful, angry, and merciless gods stand ready, opening their jaws wide against each other; you are be- tween both and thus in danger of being de- voured and ground to powder by the teeth of either one or the other, or of both. It is, therefore, not advisable for you to stay here any longer.'' The missionaries courteously replied to this speech, but with their followers de- clined to leave their pleasant homes until they thought it more expedient. On hear- ing this the majority of the savages evinced a willingness to depart, but the renegade and his two English comrades persuaded them to continue faithful to the Detroit commandant and to help remove the Chris- tians as soon as conditions were favorable. The days slipped by until September came, when it unfortunately happened that two Moravian Indians, whom the missionaries 21 The Tents of Grace had sent to Pittsburgh with information concerning their precarious situation, were captured by the savages. This event was enlarged upon by Elhott as the conclusive proof of his contentions, that the JMoravian Indians were friendly to the rebelling colo- nists, and that the missionaries were Ameri- can spies. This gave things a turn. Half King wavered in his friendliness towards the Christian red men, and another meeting of the leaders of both parties was called. Still the Moravians persisted in their un- willingness to desert their settlements. The intruders insisted that this must not be. The council broke up in confusion. The missionaries were seized and made pris- oners, and the greedy savages began plun- dering the village. By September loth the outrages of the pillagers had become so distressing that the Moravians consented to abandon their homes and do the bidding of their perse- cutors. On the following day with their teachers they were ruthlessly driven toward Detroit. With heavy hearts and intense suffering the captives trudged on for one 22 The Tents of Grace hundred and twenty-four miles through the trackless wilderness until Sandusky was reached. Here the Christian Indians were liberated and warned with many threats not to wander back to their homes, while their captors moved on to Detroit, taking with them the missionaries, whom the savages deemed dangerous should they be permitted to remain with their followers. This was a sad exile. The Moravians had left behind three pleasant settlements — Gnadenhiitten, Schonbrunn, and Salem — their well-kept homes, their churches and schools, their cattle and poultry wandering in the fields, an abundance of corn in store and three hundred acres of grain ripening in the bottoms, great patches of vegetables, and numerous valuables that had been hid- den away in the cabins. Their books and writings, which were used in the schools, had been burned by their captors even be- fore their northward march. Great was the material loss of this forced removal to the Moravians, but there was still a greater loss. The glory, the hopes, and the bless- ings of the Christian Kingdom on the little 23 The Tents of Grace Tuscarawas River constituted a volume henceforth forever closed. Left alone in the Northern forests, the exiles began to be in want. The small stock of provisions that had been brought with them was soon consumed. Game was scarce, corn was not to be obtained, and it appeared that no means of sustenance could be found. They wandered from place to place, subsisting on whatever could be se- cured that was at all edible, until finally stopping at a place, afterwards known as Captive's Town, they prepared to spend the remainder of the winter. While the huts of poles and bark were being built, a few of the bravest Moravians dared to disregard their restricted liberty and returned to the Tuscarawas Valley for grain. Seven were captured, while the few who escaped brought back only about four hundred bushels of corn. This supply was speedily exhausted, and the ravenous wolf of starva- tion stared them in the face. Something must be done, and that right quickly. After deliberation it was decided that a company of men and their families should return to 24 The Tents of Grace their old homes to secure a good supply of corn, which yet stood unharvested in the fields. Acting on this resolve, over one hun- dred and fifty Indians with eager hearts set out early in February, 1782, for the mission towns. When the party arrived in the valley it divided into three detachments, the first going to Schonbrunn, the second to Sa- lem, and the third to Gnadenhiitten — all working for a common purpose, the secur- ing of food for their starving brethren in the barren wilderness. With joy they la- bored, hastily husking, shelling, and sack- ing the corn, ever anxious for the day to draw near when they should have com- pleted their task and would be able to hasten back to their friends with that which alone would give them renewed strength and life. During the years between 1779 and 1782 the Wyandotte and other warlike tribes had been on many marauding expeditions, at- tacking the lonely cabins and hamlets along the frontier and slaying their inmates and inhabitants. Slaughter and destruction were rampant everywhere. In 1779 some 25 The Tents of Grace seventy-live men, under the command of Colonel Rodgers, were slain near where now is the site of Covington, Kentucky, and early in the summer of 1781 Colonel Loch- ry's force of one hundred men was also annihilated. These atrocities, linked with the startling number of homes and families destroyed, aroused the ire of the border- men. And quite often, after perpetrating many of these vicious crimes, the cunning savages would make a hurried retreat in the direction of Gnadenhiitten, causing many of the unknowing to suspect the Moravian In- dians as the principal culprits, and leading others to think that they at least had a hand in the depredations. And so it appeared inevitable that every event that transpired was but a stimulus to the rising anger and ferocity of the Indian fighters toward the humble Christian red men. Conditions were driving fast in the direction of chaos, tragedy, destruction. Multitudinous and varied are the stories that have been told and scattered broadcast, purporting to give a cloak of justice or le- gality to this black crime and to shield the 26 The Tents of Grace criminals. But truth, mighty, unalterable truth strips bare the falsity of all these sto- ries and leads the honest historian and stu- dent to call the perpetrators of the terrible massacre murderers of innocent men and women and children. One story, and perhaps the one most re- lated, pertained to the murder of the Wal- lace family in 1781, which event, the nar- rators tell us, precipitated the movement which consummated in the wiping out of the mission kingdom on the banks of the little Tuscarawas. The apologists have cited with much warmth the burning of the Wallace cabin and the capture of the mother and her three children, whom the savages led away toward Gnadenhiitten. An Indian hunter named Carpenter, who had been cap- tured by the savages, w^as being led over the trail when he is said to have come upon the body of the youngest child at the side of the path where it had been impaled, to have seen the mutilated body of the child's mother, and also to have found, some time later, the bloody garments hidden in one of the cabins at Gnadenhiitten. Then 27 The Tents of Grace followed the assembling of Williamson's men. This story, after diligent search of rec- ords and comparison of credited historical accounts, is found to be only partly true. First of all, the Christian Indians had noth- ing whatever to do with the crime, be- cause at the time of its perpetration, late in the fall of 1781, they w^ere exiles in the northern wilderness ; and furthermore, the finding of the bloody dress in the village is only traditional and, excepting Carpenter, no evidence of its discovery has ever been found. And Carpenter had his dates and details so mixed that even some of his friends doubted his veracity. It is true, however, that the mother and baby were slain in a cruel manner, but the other two children were taken care of. one growing to manhood and the other son dying a natural death. Minus all its falsity, this story is yet most tragic ; still it was not un- like hundreds of such crimes in those days. .\11 things, however, moved towards a cli- max, for the frontiersmen were aroused and thirsted for the life and scalp of the red 28 The Tents of Grace man, be he heathen or Christian. Only the wreaking of vengeance would satisfy them. At the coming of March, 1782, word was passed along the border enjoining all men to assemble and at once march to the Tus- carawas Valley, for the sole purpose of completely destroying the mission towns and their inhabitants. Over the hills and along the valleys of the frontier sped the portending news. With all speed of horse and foot the men hastened to Mingo Bot- tom, the designated rendezvous, eager to spill the red man's blood. They came singly, in pairs, and in squads, and all were men of brawn and daring. Some had hearts of flint and faces that scowled in their in- explicable hatred of the savage. A few loved mercy, but the vast majority knew not the meaning of such a word. This company gathered without legal authority, and consequently had no ap- pointed leader. The officer in charge of Fort Pitt, who at this particular time was absent from his post, was kept in the dark concerning the proposed raid and learned of it only when the time for intervention had 29 The Tents of Grace passed. But with the self-assertion of fear- less men they picked the one whom they considered best suited for such an atrocious task, and this man was none other than Colonel David Williamson, of Pennsylvania. He at once assumed leadership, and at the appointed time the two hundred men who bad assembled began the march. With many ridin.c: and a few walking, the aven- gers advanced carelessly and without order along the trail leading to the "Tents of Grace." No twang of conscience nor feel- ing of fear bothered these men — they had a villainous purpose, and boldly and arro- gantly would they carry it out. On Tuesday evening, March 5th, the Pennsylvania militia, as these men called themselves, neared Gnadenhiitten and camped upon the farther side of the hill overlooking the mission town. The follow- ing morning the pioneers held their council and decided to attack the hamlet and de- stroy its inhabitants at once. They moved nearer, and then the company was separated into two detachments ; one was to go for- ward to the river, cross over to the western 30 The Tents of Grace side, and capture the Indians at work in the cornfields, while the other division was to surround and take the village. The first party, on coming near to the river bank, found a lone halfbreed, whom they instantly and mercilessly killed and scalped, although upon his trembling knees he had begged that they might spare his life. They attempted to cross the river, which at this time was somewhat swollen from recent storms. Unable to find a canoe, only six- teen succeeded in reaching the opposite shore, and this they luckily accomplished by means of a large wooden trough which had formerly been used by the Moravians for collecting sap from the maple trees. The little band with more than usual caution ascended the bank. Realizing the utter fu- tility of attacking the large number of In- dians in the fields, the sixteen frontiersmen quickly changed their plans and quietly ap- proached the laborers as friends and breth- ren. They sympathized with the Moravians in their suffering and banishment, and all the while mingled with them as they joy- ously gathered the grain. This was to be 31 The Tents of Grace the last day of gathering, as they expected to begin the return to their fellow-Chris- tians at Captive's Town on the following rnorning. But, alas ! that was never to be. After numerous and varied fraternal inqui- ries and words of compassion and solicitude the border-men told the Indians that they should prepare for a journey to Pittsburgh, where they and their starving brethren would be given food and homes. Pitts- burgh, or Fort Pitt, as it was then com- monly called, was a very dear name to the meek Moravian red men. The commandant there had always shown his friendship for them, and upon receiving such an invitation, which apparently came from Colonel Gib- son, of Fort Pitt, the Indians with one ac- cord believed implicitly in the veracity of the white men. Gladly giving expression to their eagerness to comply with the wishes of their professed friends, they immediately laid aside their work and began the return to the "Tents of Grace" to make ready for the journey to what appeared to them to be a land flowing with the milk of abundant prosperity and the honey of unmolested liberty. -^2 The Tents of Grace In the meantime the other division had entered the village. At its outskirts some of the men had found, hiding among the hazel bushes, a defenseless man and his wife, whom they quickly murdered. The town being empty of all inhabitants, the border-men took complete possession and awaited the approach of their companions and the Indians from the cornfields across the river. When they did finally come near, those occupying the hamlet noted the seem- ing friendship that existed among the red and white men, and intuitively grasping the situation, also accosted the Moravians as friends. After a profusion of further greet- ings and questions the frontiersmen casually suggested that if the Indians would give their weapons over into the safe-keeping of their white friends they could immediately begin to get ready for the pilgrimage to Fort Pitt. The Moravians agreed to this suggestion, turned over all their arms, and with a will set to work hunting up and gath- ering together their belongings. One of the Moravian teachers, John Mar- tin, and his son on their way to Salem came 3 33 The Tents of Grace near Gnadenhiitten at this unlucky hour. Noticing the presence of other people in the valley than their brown brethren, the twain rode nearer to the village. On seeing the Americans going to and fro among the In- dians, the missionary hastily concluded that the blessing of protection and liberty had come to his people — that for which he had long hoped and prayed. Sending his son to the ''Tents of Grace" to apprise the Americans and his brethren that he had gone to Salem with the good tidings of temporal salvation, he hurried on with a light heart, dreaming of better days for the Moravian Indians. Salem, it must be re- membered, was about five miles below Gna- denhiitten, and its site was near the present \illage of Port Washington. After a short consultation with the Chris- tian red men, Martin, accompanied by two of the older and more educated men from Salem, liastened back to the "Tents of Grace." The trio, speaking in behalf of their brethren, gladj^v accepted the proffered protection of the Americans and asked that a small guard bo sent with them to lead 34 The Tents of Grace back their fellow-Moravians from Salem. This request was granted, but the sending of the men was put off until the following morning. The remainder of the day they put to good use by helping the unsuspect- ing Moravians to bring together all their treasures and goods. Early Thursday morning, March 7th, a band of the border- men, with the two veteran Indians as guides, marched off, purposing to bring back the red men who had been laboring in the fields near Salem. When the company reached its destination the workers were found al- ready assembled and anxiously waiting the coming of their deliverers. With all speed they began to return to Gnadenhiitten, from which place the entire body of Moravians v/as to start on the journey to Pittsburgh. But back in the mission town of erstwhile prosperity and peace things had taken a turn. The valuable and treasured goods, which the Moravians had hidden before they were driven into the north some few months previous, had -all been unearthed and brought together, and everything was in readiness for the departure. It would be 35 The Tents of Grace easy now for the avengers to accomplish their purpose and then flee with the spoils. This, indeed, was the border-men's oppor- tunity. Without warning and w'ithout de- lay they sprang upon the helpless Indians, made them captives, and imprisoned them in two houses : the men and boys were placed in one, while the women and chil- dren were thrust into another. When the ^loravians from Salem came upon the bloody spot where Schebosh, the halfbreed, had been killed the day before, they naturally were startled and amazed. They turned to question their pretended de- liverers, but before they could speak the Americans had pounced upon them. Tying their hands and otherwise making escape impossible, the white men led them into the villa.c^e. and immediately they were placed in the caljins with their brethren. Now, in- stead of the friendly words and the cordial greetings, the Moravians heard only the wild curses and diabolical taunts of their villainous captors. The friendship of the Americans was changed to the merciless cruelty of enemies thirsting for the blo