^mmi^^f-m-^'^''y "-^^^ |^®5«^^«^^ ^'^iwm^f^ PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY PENNSYLVANIA STATE FOREST ACADEMY MONT ALTO, FRANKLIN COUNTY, PA. TWENTIETH YEAR— 1922-1923 rhp BULLETIN 25 APRIL, 192S GIFFORD PINCHOT, Commissioner PENNSYLVANIA DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY PENNSYLVANIA STATE FOREST ACADEMY MONT ALTO, FRANKLIN COUNTY, PA. TWENTIETH YEAR— 1922-1923 BULLETIN 25 APRIL, 1922 GIFFORD PINCHOT, Commissioner 1. LIBRARY OF CpNG'r the wage earners, and healthful living conditions to all. Cheap lumber, pure water supply, stream regula- tions, and the prevention of erosion are among the bcuelits the forest brings. To develop the forest land purchased by the State, trained fores- ters were needed, and as no institution in the Stnte could or would furnish them, the State Forest Academy was organized twenty yeara ago to meet the emergencj'. The State now holds alnutst a million and a cpiarter acres of forest 'and and should aeijuire five million more. This announcement for the 2i)th year is miide to the jieople of Penn- sylvania U) inform them of (he pi-ogress and standing of the Aeademy and to besjieak their hearty cooperation in the restoration of the forests of the State. It is not an extravagant claim to say that the safety and pi-ospei'ity of the entire State hinge on the sm-cess or fail- ure of this movement. G THE FACULTY. Edwin Allen Ziegler, A. M, Director and Professor of Forestry, Willard M. Drake, A. B., M. S. F. Professor of Forestry. George S. Perry, B. F. Professor of Forestry. Coleman J. Harris, A. M., M. S. Professor of Biology. Koland W. Brown, B. S. Professor of Soils and Chemistry. W. Harold Horning, B. F. Assistant Professor of Forestry. Louis C. Loetzer, B. F. Instructor in Forest^^^ SPECIAL LECTURES. Special courses such as fish and game, and first aid will be given by special lecturers. In addition an opportunity is given the studtmts to hear special lectures on forestry, botanical and other subjects. Among these special lecturers will be: Hon. Gifford Pinchot, Commissioner of Forestry. Dr. John W. Harshberger, University of Pennsylvania. Dr. O. E. Jennings, University of Pittsburgh. Mr. K. S. Kellog, Secretary, American Newsprint Associa- tion. Mr. John Foley, Forester, Pennsylvania Railroad. Colonel Henry W. Shoemaker, Pennsylvania State Forest Commissioner. Mr. J. S. lUick, Pennsylvania Department of Forestry. Specialists from U. S. Forest Service, and Pennsylvania Forest Service. SCHOOL CALENDAR, 1922-1923. Jamuiry o. 1D22 Christmas vacation j'tkIs. January 17-21, 1922 First term examinations. Jan. 23, 1922 iSecond term begins. February 22. 1922 Washington's Birthday. May 30, 1922 Memorial Day. June 12-17, 1922 Second term examinations. June 22-23. 192i' Competitive Scholarship Kxaminations. June 19, 1922 Summer session begins. July 4, 1922 Indeitendence Day. Auirust 3. 1922 Commencement Exercises. August 4, 1922 Summer session ends, September 5, 1922 Fall term begins. November :;i>. 1922 Thanksgiving Da>. December 15, l'.>22 Clnistmas vacation begins. January 2, 1923, Christmas vacation ends. .lanuary 15-20, 1923 Tirst term examinations. .lauuary 22. 1!>2."> Second term begins. February 22, 192^'. Washington's Birthday. May 'Ml 1923 Memorial l>ay. .luiif 1 1 Hi. 1923 Si'cond teiiii examinations. • hnif 21 22. 1!>2,''. Ciunpetitive scludarship examinations. .Funo IS, 1923 Summci- session begins. .lulv 1. 192.'i independence Day. August 2. 192.". Summer s«'ssion ends. Sej.lember •>. 192:! Fall <<•''>' begins. 8 ORIGIN AND EARLY HISTORY. As early as 1876, in an address before the recently organized Ameri- can Forestry Association at Philadelphia, jBurnett Landreth pointed out the necessity of teaching forestry as a science in itself and not as a branch of agriculture. From that time, throughout the period of agitation and public education which preceded the foundation of the Department of Forestry there continued frequent references to the necessity of such a separate course, or, better still, of a ,sep>arate school devoted to the teaching of forestry. The European Forest Schools were considered as models, but all recognized the necessity of adapting such a school to American needs and conditions. This agitation was especially strong in the years 'of 18SS and 1889. During 1889 the trustees of the Univorsity of Pennsylvania established a Chair of forestrj^ to be filled as soon as funds became available, but the Chair was never filled. Because of the slow growth of public sentiment in favor of Forestry, particularly among forest owners, no constructive steps were taken towards the establishment of a technical forestry course until about the year 1900. In issues of "Forest Leaves," in 1901 and 1902, are found several articles dwelling on the necessity of trained men to do forestry work upon the large areas of land (which were rapid! V passing into the control of the Department of Forestry. Dr. J. T. Rothrock, then Commissioner of Forestry, took the land in this move- ment. Endeavors were made to have scientific cources in forestry added to the University of Pennsylvania or to Pennsylvania State College. These schools Vefusel at that time to undertake the work. Appreciating the actual need of men and realizing the gTeat advan- tages of a practical school connected with actual forcKt work, Dr. Rothrock decided to establish such a school under the control of the Department of Forestry and locate it upon a State Forest. In the sipring of 1902, Geo. H. Wirt, a Biltmore graduate, was sent to Mont Alto to take charge of the property recently purchased from the Mont Alto Iron Co., and to establish a forest nurser-y. Although the legislature of 1901 had refused to adopt Dr. iRothrock's plans, he felt sure that two years would find a change in sentiment, and, as a preliminary measure fbur men were sent to help Mr. Wirt and get some instruction in forestry. In January, 1903, Paul E. Arnold, &. German forester, and graduate of the famous Tharandt Foresi Academy in Saxony, was added to the teaching force. By act of May 13, 1903, the school was formally established and plans were macle for the entrance of the first class.' The Forestry Keservation Commis- sion had, however, previously adopted, on June 4, 1902, a curriculum and plan of work submitted by Mr. Wirt for the forest school then in his charge. ' The original idea was that the students admitted should be com- posed of young men from the wooded districts with practical woods experience, and the first class was partly composed of such men. It was soon recognized that these men v/ere often unable to do the men- tal work required in a study of scientific forestry and the entrance requirements were made strictly competitive with both physique and mental ability entering into the test. This plan was adhered to up to 19'20, when non-scholarship students were admitted on proofl of standard college entrance preparation. 9 At first tliere was some thought of moving the school to the Cale- donia purchase {as possessing better facilities, but this was finally given up and the administrative buildings of theiold furnace at Mont Alto were utilized for the school. These were far from being ideal, and consequently the school was materially handicapped until ,1908, when ground was broken for the first of the present group of modcn buildings. LOCATION. The Pennsylvania State Forest Academy is located about one mile from Mont Alto, a village in Franklin County, which is sixty miles southwest of Harrisburg on the 'Cumberland Valley Division P. K. R The ground occupied by tlie school buildings is a part of the Mont Alto State Forest, Avhich affords an opportunity for practical instruc- tion and experimentation, equalled hj few, it any, American forest schools. Onn of the foremost forestry educators of the United States called the Pennsylvania State Forest Academy, because of its ex- .ccllent location, ''the gem of American forest s,chools". The situation is healthful and the school is supplied with water from a sipring lo- cated in the interior of ;the 28,000 acre forest. To the west of the school lies the Cumberland A'alley whie-h is regai-ded as one of the garden spots of Pennsylvania, and nearbj^ are some of the most scien- tifically managed apple and peach orchards of the State. The forest location of the school stands in strong contrast Avilh those in larger cities and college towns. Such a situation has advtin- tages which nmke it not only attractive but also convenient for the study and practice of forestry in the forest throughout the year. It enables the student to studv forestrv rather than about f()restr^'. BUILDINGS. Thirteen buildings comprise the Academy group. Weistling Hall the oldest of the buildings, is a large three stoi-j' structure and iwas formerly the residence of 'Col. George B. Wiestling, a member of the first Forestr}'^ Commission of Pennsylvania. This building has recently been remodeled and is now used ais an administration building. It also contains the dining room, kitchen, and quarters for the matron and servants. The Main Building was erected in 1908-09. It is the largest build- ing of the group and constructed of a very attractive native quart- zite. On the second floor of this building are comfortable living rooms for all the students. The first floor is devoted to class rooms, labora- tories, and the library. In the basement are a recreation room, a wood specimen room, and a furnace room. The building is supplied with steam heat, illuminatcid with electricity, and furnished with nec- essary toilet rooms and lavatories. 11 to o O 3 H A double cottage^ ocoiipiod by the Director and another member of the faculty, was built in 1911. Three other single cottages are occu- pied by instructors or are available for their use. Other buildings, such as machine shop, log lodge, gj'uinasium, sawmill, wagon shed, stable, and seed storage house dot the campus. CAMPUS A spacious and attractive campus surrounds the school buildings. Upon it are many native and exotic trees and shrubs. The most dis- tinctive and impressive features of the campus are the massive Black and White Oak trees which are remnants of the original forest and bear mute evidence of many vicissitude^s during lan existence of more than two centuries. Amidst these stately trees are carefully laid out drives and walks, and ia meandering brook of pure mountain water. Overlooking all mis picturesqueness is the productive and carefully managed Mont Alto State Forest. FACILITIES FOR INSTRUCTION. The facilities at Mont Alto for instruction in forestry compare favorably with any -in America. The laboratory equipment is modern and comiplete. The s'chool forest, nursei'y, and arboretum are easily accessible and afford object lessons which cover a wide range of for- estry 'problems. The proximity of the school to its out-door working field economizes much time which would otherwise be spent on the road. The biological, chemical, and soil laboratories are adequately equipped with modern appliances and fully stocked with necessary working material. Numerous collections have been prepared and are available for demonstrating lectures, laboratory work, and si>ecial investigations. A herbarium of more than 4,000 specimens of native and exotic woody and herbaceous plants is carefully classified and available for study purposes. A collection of forest tree fruitss, seeds, and seedlings is in progress. Typical specimens of wood destroying and parasitic tree fungi are on exhibition in a -small museum. Many species of foresu insects have been collected and specimens of their work are availabL' for study and demonstration purposes. In the basement of the main building is a room 16 x 60 feet contain- ing a collection of all the important commercial woods tof the United State and some foreign woods. These woods are used in the course in Wood Identification. A collection of tools, instruments, and machines used in lumbering, silvicultural operations, protective work, and mensuration exercises is in progress, it contains planting hammers, fire torches, firei rakes, bnish hooks and other implements designed by Pennsylvania and other American foresters. It also embraces rei^resentative European instruments. The school is adequately equipped with the best and most practical instruments required in the practice of forestry. The surveying equip- 13 Students Identifying Trees. Counting and Bundling Seedlings in the Forest Academy Nursery. An Exercise in Forest Mensuration. tnent is complete and up to date. The forest mensuration equipment comprises the best types of American and representative European calipers, hypsometers, incj^ement borers, xylometers, chains, tapes, and other necessary instruments. The library comprises all the standard texts on fore.stry in the Eng- lish language and many publicationsdniforeigUi tongues. All the prin- cipal forestry periodicals and representative lumber, trade, and tech- nical journals are received regularly and filed systematically for fu- ture references. A large collection lof carefully selected charts and photographs covering all iphases of forestal activities, is available for use and fur- nisher the best kind of illustrative material for class work. Lantera slides, covering the major forest operations and typical forest condi- tions are in stock and are used to illustrate clas^swork. ]-'or field work in forestry the vicinity of Mont Alto offers unsur- passed facilities. The latitude and topography favor a rich flora. It is the (meeting ground of northern and southern species. The northern follow the mountains towards the South ,and the southern extend northward through the valleys. Within one mile of the school build- ings occur more than 100 species of native woody plants and many in- troduced species. The richness of the local woody and herbaceous flora and its proximity to the school make it possible and practical to give the major .part of the instruction in Tree Identification and Systematic Botany in the forest and nearby field without spending an excessive amount of time on the road. A five-minutes walk from the school brings one to a forest numery with an annual capacity of 2,000,000 seedlings. It is well equipped with modern nurseiy appliances, and in it the students learn, not by genqral observation but by actual work, nursei-y practice from the preparation and sowing of seed beds to the packing and shipping of seedlings and transplants. The Mont Alto State Forest has been under careful and business- like management for the past seventeen years. It is dotted with plan- tations, experimental sample plots, improvement cuttings, fire towers, and ranger stations, ramified by road^ and trails, covered with fire, compartment, and telephone lines, and partly divided into blocks, compartments, and stands. The plantations contain many dift'erent species of trees ranging in^ge from 1 to 19 years and cover an aggre- gate area of over GOO acres. Improvement cuttings have been made annually since the creation of the forest. A study of the effect of light, medium, and heavy thinnings has been in progress for five years. One steel and two wooden towers have been erected at commanding lookout points. They and the ranger^s houses are connected with the forester's headquarters by a state owned metallic circuit telephone system, whose aggregate length is more than 26 miles. The utilization operations are among the most interesting and in- structive on the forest. Fuelwood, posts, and poles are harvested on a large scale. A state-owned portable sawmill, stave mill, shingle mill, and lath mill are operated on the forest. The students, as a part of their course in Lumbering \\'ork upon these mills and learn to handle the different positions from felling the trees and firing the boiler to head sawer and timber scaler. Briefly, the students are kept in con- stant contact with all the operations of a forest business, and are taught the best and most efficient methods of handling a forest prop- erty both by preccipt and practice. SPECIAL LECTURES. The faciiKy ari*aiiers()nal lieallli. and other timely topics. PURPOSE. The purpose of the Pennsylvania State Forest Academy is to pre- pare thoroughly trained foresters for the service of the State in its forests. The duties of a forester in the employ of the State require a thorough training and apprenticeship in actual woods Avork. besides the usual school studies in lorestiy, the sciences, and a number of cultural subjects. The forester must have an equipment covering the surveying and mapi)iiig of his 1"oi-est ; the growing of trees and tiieiv proper nuinagemeni from planting, through thinning, to linal logging and Kawing ; the protection of the forest from its arch-enemy, the for- est fire, as well as from insects, disease, and trespass ; the buibling and improvement of the forest roads, trails, lire lines, telephone lines, and the lire towers; the estimation of timber and the calcuiaiiou of its growth, value, and linancial returns; the directing of labor; the keep- ing of records and accounts; and ,some knowledge of business and forest law. This requires an underlying training in inathematics. botany, /oology, cliemiistry, pliy.sics, geology, and soils, as well as his- tory, language and economics. The i)ractical application of this training is the large feature of the school, for the entire course niav be said to be given in the TO, (K)() acres of the Mont Alto and Michaux State i'orcsts in which the school is located. All the activities of the forester are followed in the woods fi-()m I lie growing of trees from seed in i1k| nursery, to the grind- ing of the forest student's own axe, the cutting of undesirable trees into cordwood, and the mature trees into vsaw-logs, as well as their Miaiiufaclure into lumber, lath, staves, and shingles on the sdiool mills; from the day and night lighting of forest iires and the juck and shovel building of roads to the i)reparation of a thorough working plan loi' a sjx'cilicd tract of I'orest land. lint beyond ajl this technical training, ilie school aims to develop men who love the forest, for a succes.sful forcwter must look upon the forest as more than a mere clumj) or ccdlection of trees. lie must see in it a conqtlcx communily or society of living things ;uid be on a speaking a(<|uainlani i' wilh iliem all. lie sJHiiild know the wild ani- mals, birds, ])lants, ai»d rocks so well lliai lie linds interest in them. A good forester slnnild not be lonesome in I lie lorest. but iustea«i lind (•onlinuous contentinenl in his extensive onl-door laboratory. Last, but not li-ast, the school aims to gratlnaUr men w ln) love the pi'ople of the forest, if not for what they a.iv, at lea.st Ilor what he hopes they will become. .V I'oriv-ster must be a man of "jiarts wiih whom the i»eople (d" the fores! conimunilies nre glad to asscM-iaie. willing to do (irdinary business on a icIialMc ii.isi>. ;mmI rqperties and abandoned fields afford excellent and convenient hunt- ing grounds. Within the forest is a game refuge of 2,000 acres in >vhich wild animals and game birds are propagated systematically. Deer, opossums, raccoons, wood chucks, squirrels, rabbits, pheasants, and quail are plentifid, and wild turkeys and foxes, are occasionallv seen. It is not unusual to see a herd of fifteen deer, and occasionally a herd of 25 and in one instance 31 have been observed. In spring time troutfishing offers an enjoyable form of recreation. The nearby moun- tain streams are numerous and well stocked. Many points of historic interest are the objectives of week-end walking trips. Among these may be mentioned the Gettysburg aiid Antietam battlefields. President Buchanan's birthplace, and Pen Mar, a .summer resort located on a high mountain at a point crossed by the Mason and Dixon line. Walks to local high points and command- ing lookout towers are frequently scheduled. On the Mont Alto forest are one steel and two Avooden towers 50 feet in height, affording ex- cellent Views of the extensive timbered mountain slopes and the fer- tile Cumberland Valley, which is Surpassed in Pennsylvania only by the Lancaster Valley in its agricultural capacity. FOREST CLUB. The I\othrock Forest Club is a student organization named in honor of Dr. J. T. Rotlirock, the founder of the school and for many years the leader of the forestry movement in Pennsylvania, and in the United States. The meetings are held in Log Lodge, a commodious log building finished in southern yellow pine and heated by a spa- cious fire-place. The program of the meetings is similar to that of literary societies at other educational institutions. The club -is also the'ageuc}^ through which the students are introduced' to prom- inent men in forestry and other professions. "" 17 SCHOOL YEAR. The scliool yoar is (]ivi(le I nits .Mai licnial ics i lllrni. Algebra, riaiic ( icnnn't ry .\d\anced .Mcgcbra. Solid erly executed a\pplica-' tion for admission. Application form may be obtained from the Director, State Forest Academy, Mont Alto, Franklin County, Pa, State Scholarships: The State Department of Forestry offers not to exceed ten four- year scholarships annually. The candidates -for these scholarships miist be "Citizens of Pennsylvania, not less than 17 or more than 25 years of age on the first day of September of the year of entrance, must be physically sound as shown by physical examination and must take a mental examination in Scholarship which overs the following branches: English (Grammar, Composition and Rhetoric); United States History; Civil Government; Arithmetic with special emphasis on Mensuration, Interest, Proportion, and Progression; Algebra (com- plete High School Algebra) ; Plane Geometry, and Biology (including Human Physiolog}')". The examinations for 1922 Avill be held on June 22 and 23 at Har- risburg. Candidates Avill report at the Department of Forestrv, Capitol Building, 9 to 12 A. M. June 22. The mental examination will begin at 1 :oO p. m. June 22 and will be completed June 23 by 2:00 p. m. The examination is held by a selected committee of high school teachers "vvho correct and gi'ade the papers. The highest ten men who pass the examinations are assiigned to certain State forests for six weeks practical w,ork beginning Julv 1 for instruction and observation, during which their attitude towai d and their fitness for the work of a forester is determined. Those who prove satisfactory in this work will be offered the scholarships by the Commissioner of Forestiw. During this field-test applicants will pay transportation charge to and from the forest to which jthcy are assigned and the Department will pay their board and lodging. Camping may be required . Conditions of Scholarships: After appointment each scholarship student must furiiish ])!9nd of $500 that he will complete the four year course and remain jn the State Forest Service, in case his services are needed, for three years at such salar}' as the department may reasoiiably offer. C*i its part the State Department of Forestry contracts to provide the student, free of charge, the following for the four jea.i' course: tuition, board, room, heat, light, stationery and j)lain washing. 19 . Vvvr 1150 Free .fiT.:; 253 (I !)■-' !»J fck ;',.•■) 35 .f35 'S.> 23 Free i'.~) 25 2."") HI 10 Ill 5 5 .") Estimated Minimum Expenses Per Year: XoD-sclitilarsliii) Scliular.sliiii stiulents. students. Outside Pen nil. State 'I'liilion Hoard. IC weeks (n f5j/2 K'ddiii. riiniislie weeks @ .50 Forestry Clul., Atlilelic & Soeial ICxpenscs on Held ^K; Iiispeetion lri[)s Id Dejjosit liieakage <'lolliiiiji'. ])ersonal and travllinir expenses ai'c inii)(>s>sil»le to generalize. Stndents rsin^ school hnindi-\ will ju-ovid'' ihenischcs with led woven laundry marks giving- lull name. (Order 'oefore enterinjji; (rom Book-Kooni, Forest Academy). Deposit: >\'lM'n a slndcnl cntci-s the Academy he ninsi make a deposit of f5 v»'itli the Director, against whicli will he ehaijicd all ilems of unnecessary, careless, or wilful hreaka«j:e or damajiic to Stale ju-operty. ^^'henever deposit is lowered by reason of char<;es against it, the stu dent will be re(iuired to inci-ease the deposit at tlie Iwtjinniuji; of each scliool year to the full amount of ^•*. At the time of graduation there will be relnrne(] to him whatever balanc(> may remain to his credit. Degree : r'orllie satisfactory completion of the Inll I'MM' yi mrs course as prescribed, the degree of liachelor of F(uestry is conferred. COURSE OF STUDY. Freshman Year, i'iist TeiiM. Second Term. \nud;er Credit Nund.er Cretlit of Subject. Iiouis. of Sniiject. hours, course. course. 11 r.oiany 4 I L' i'.'.iany I 18 Chemistry 3 lH chemistry 3 !•' I lllcmetiiaiy I'oresti-y - "-"J iMawintj I 1 l-nglish ."'. 1' •_' Eleineiitary Forestry U :'. I .(lernian Cerman oi' l'""rem'h Ll L'l .M:,lliematics I '_' laiglivh :; ■J7 "f'-ucks \ .Mechanics L' L'.'! I'lane Surxcyinj^ I L'!l Physics * 3 128 Shop 1 JO Summer Session. 1 *> Botany 2 (; SilvJciiltuiT 2 • > Forest Mensuration 2 Sophomore Year. First Term. Second Term. u Botany •> F 10 Dendrology 3 20 Chemistrv • > 4 English •> English •> 37 German or Frencli o 32 Geology 31 Meteorology 2 36 German or Freiu-]i ■) 33 Soils 3 38 (Elect) Pa. History 1 25 Surveying 2 30 Physics • ( 15 Zoology o 24 Surveying -1 F 4 Forest Mensuration o .-J Summer Session. F 11 Dendrology F 5 Forest Mensuration 20 Forest Map o F F F F F F First Term. 5 Accounting 12 Dendrology 19 Forest Engineering 13 '' Entomology 15 " I'rotection 20 Mecli. Properties wo' 7 Silviculture 17 Wood Alorpliology 10 Zoology 3 Junior Year. Second Term. 1 8 Business Law f) 2 F 18 Forestry History •J F 14 Forest Pathology •> •> 6 General Economics 4 ') F 22 Lumbering 4 d. 2 F 8 Silviculture 3 F 21 Wood Identification ■1 F 23 Logging k Milling Summer Camp. Senior Year. First Term. Forest Er-onomics & Policy Forest Finance Forest RegulatioTi Game Propagation General Economics F 9 Silviculture F 24 Wood Utilization F 30 Seminar F 25 F 20 F 10 9 7 4 10 F 29 F 28 F 27 F 17 F 31 F 32 Second Term. Fish Propagation 2 Forest Administration 3 '' Appraisal 3 " Laws 3 " Organization & Working Plans 4 Seminar 1 Thesis 5 21 V u o (to c > 3 00 en O c a. n 3 3 5* ffq o o DESCRIPTION OF COURSES. F 1. IILKMEXTAKV EOKESTKV. ..' i'miii llniiis. I ir-sf '!'i rni. I'l-rsli iikiii ) rar. A course to gi\e tlic stiulent n bi-oad iiitrodiiclioii to all phases of work in t'orestiy, and ol' the relation of forestry to other sciences and to the nation's economic life. Text work and field trips in state forest are reqnired. ^foon \: Jirown's Elvm'Cniti of Forestry is used as text. F 2. ELEMENTARY FORESTRY. 2 Credit Hours. Huooud Trnn, Freshman Ycur. The conrse aims to give the student, a through knowledge of the distribu-tion of Forests in the Tnited States and the (I:'\'e!(»])iiic!il of the foiestry idea in United States and in l*ennsylvania. F :{. FOREST MENSl'RATIOX. 2 Credit Hours. Huininrr He-ssio)i, Fresh mractical. F 7. siL\i("ri/rrui-:, isilvics ok fokmcst iocolocjv, and FOREST < IKOGKAPHY ). 2 Credit Hours. First Trnii,. Junior Year. The i>rimary effects of heat, light, wind, moisture and soil upon tree growth and distribution are thoroughly discussed; followed by the elTects of foiests on climate and soil, the internal struggle of th.e stand, site quality assessment, stand description and forest types. Application of the basic fact of sihics and dendrology to the actual forest is made in a series of lectures in forest geography and physic- gi*a])hy ; emltracing a detailed study of the forest regions and types of the I'nited Stales and Canada, with a general survey and discus- sion of the important forested areas of the world noting in jiartioi- lar tiieii- structure, ec(>logy and possibility of economic develop- meni. .Many references are used and abstracts required of each stn- (h'Ut. Considei able mat<'rial given in the course is derived from Schlichs Sliriciilhirc. .Mayr's WdlillxiK, mid l>owman's rarest Phy siolo(/ij. F S. SILN'KMl/riKlO. ( Si:i:i )| \< 1 AM) I'LAXTIXCi. A Credit Nonr.s Seennd 'ii i in , .1 nnior Year. Seed protlnction, collection, e.xti'action and storage, nursery work and administ I'alion . l>irect seeding and plaulalion establishment. Keroresia I ioii pinlilems and jn-ogress ai'c .vimlied in ilir tield and a planting |dan prepared for a definite area of denuction are discussed in detail. Students participate in \arious experimental work wliicli is always under way, and are gi\cn experience in directing work in nursei-j* and planting opiM'ations. Costs are calctilated for work laine n H n n n e 3 Oft? OK? o 1-1 o t/a o o rt- o 3 o> P 0. STLVK'T'LTrKK. (SYSTKMS OF XATn^AL KEGEN- E RATI ON). 3 t'rcdil Hours J'irsf 'ICnn, Senior Yair. Critical (•()iii]):iiis()ns are made lu'tween ])iir(' and mixed woods, bigli and low forest lorms; natural and artificial regeneration; tlie silvicnltnral systems; methods of thinning, forest conversion and im- provement. Cleanings, liberation and damage cuttings, and treat- ment of wood-lots are considered I'roni an experimental as well as theoretical and empirical standjjoint. The location of the school here where the South Mountains, managed for a century prior to their acquisition by the state for continuous yields of charcoal for the iron indust!-y, adjoins an extensive agricultural area with scatter- ed fariri wood-lois, give it a vast natural outdoor laboratory for sil- vicnltnral instruction. This has been improved during the past twenty years by the establishment of more than GOO acres of ])lanta- tions of many species and upon a vai-iety of sites. ITawloy's Silvi- (111 i lire and (ii-ncs" PriiK iiilrs of IhnnU'uKi Woodlands are the texts used, A\ith Scliilch's SllriciiH iirr, Mayr's, Wiihllxtu and Traitr Pra- iiqiif (!<■ SilriciiH lire In/ .Jolyct as chict' i-efei'ence woi-ks. F 10. DKXDlJOLOtJY. 3 Crcdii Hours F>ccond Term, Sopliomnrc Ycnr. A systematic and biological study of the trees of the United States and iiiirodiircd species, stressing the important timber producers. Special attention is given coniferous sju'cies native to temperate climates similar to that of Pennsylvania. Form, distinguishing characteristics, reproduction, occurrence and rangi' an* taken up in detail, in the first semester tree identification in tlie field is begun by a series of bi'ief trips and a collection of winter buds, mounted on cards and representing I.IO sjiecies, as retpiired. Keys are worked oiil by tiic snub'iils f(u- l)oth w iiitei- and summer use. .\ltout IMH important trees of the h>cality are obser\'ed thru-out the year by assigned student.s and j)henological data recorded. The growing school collection of ])liotos. slides, herbarium mounts ami otliei- dried material of the iinporianl forest species adds interest to lecture I'oom instruction. in addition to nuniei-oiis icfercuces, texts especially followed are: I Hick's J'l niisj/lnniia Trees; Sargent's Manual o/ 'J'rccs of Xortli A iinriiyi : Hough's JIaiidhool: of 'J'ncs of .\ortli- rasl(iii I iiilid »s7f//(\ and Canada: .Mayi's Fri inUind'ischr W'ald and I'aric haiunr fur Fiirojir; pnhlical ions of the I'. S. |-'oresl Sei'v ice, li\- (iro. r,. Siidwoilli and olln-rsw F 11. i»i;.\i»i:(H.()(;v. .tki;i; i DFN'rii'HwnoXi . / I'rcdil Hour Suninicr Session. Suidionion Ycir. A field course i inbracing the study of all woody veg('tation iu th'? vicinity of Moni .\lto. wlicri' more than ]Ta) species of trees and shnib^ are native within a radius of ten miles. Including exotics, students are familiarized with about 250 species. The Forest Acade- my is so located that it lies within the ranges of many northern and southern trees which overlap here, and this naturally advantageous siite has been supplemented by an arboretum, containing the more im- portant forest trees of the Western U. S. and temperate foreigu countries. In addition to many half days spent in adjacent forest and fields, during the course all-dciy field-trips are made to the Potomac River, North Mountains, Pen Mar and several localities in the fertile and Iristoric Cumberland Valley, permitting the study of trees under widely varying conditions of growth and habitat. Field tests co\'er S(H) to JfOO specimens. Tests used are Illick's Pennsyl- vania Trees and Checklist of Trees of FraiikUii County. F12. DENDROLOGY. S Credit Hours. First Term, Jimior Year. Continuation of course (F 10.) F 13. FOREST ENTOMOLOGY. 3 Credit Hours First Term, Junior Year. A general discussion of the morphology, physiology, development and classification of insects; the life history of both beneficial and injurious species, with special reference to those forms which are of economic importance in the forest. Sanderson and Jackson's Ele- mentary Entomology is the text used, supplemented by reference to various State and National bulletins on insects of economic impor- tance. F 14. BOTANY, FOREST PATHOLOGY. 3 Credit Hour>i l^ecoiid Term, Jiniioj- Y-(ir. A course considering representative tree diseases caused by cryp- l"«>gamic pariisites and sajiropliytes and ])arisitic Howeriiig plants. Preventive and remedial measures for checking their damage are discussed. Class and laboratory are supplemented by iield exercises. Rankin's Tree Diseases is the text used. F 15. FOREST PROTECTION. 2 Credit Hours First Term, Junior Year. Lectures and reference reading covering a com,plete discussion of general forest protection with special detailed discussion of protec- tion against fire. Special reference is made to Pennsylvania condi- tions and actual field work in forest protection is included in the course as part of the school work. All students are enrolled in or- sraniz-d fire crcwK and take p;n't in the extinction of forest fires on the Mont Alto and Michaux Forests. 21) F 1G. FOREST KEdlJ.ATlO^'. 3 Credit Hours Fir.sf Trnn, tirninr Yrai, The bi'oad aiui jjciMicral ])riiK'iplcs of forest iiiiiiia<^('nK'nt arc first considered. J^very effort tliru-out the oourse is directed toward tlie practical correlation and a^pplication of facts, data and rules derived in oilier scientitic and forestry courses. A proper and clear concept ul ilic normal or ideal forest w.itli continuous yield and other allri butos, is held before the student until eveiT i)hase is firndy grasped. The fundamentals of increment, j^rowing stock and aj;e classes are studied in detail; then follows the drafting of formulation of felling budgets and solution of problems that arise in the effort to attain normality upon forest areas with given conditions. (Critical studies are made of the various formulae and methods whereby an apjiroxi- niation to the nornuil forest may be acLieved. Texts used are Koth's Ft/rest h'cf/iilittioii and Kecknagel's Thcori/ and Practice of ForcM M'orlcinfi Pl(nif< . F 17. FOKEST OKGAXIZATIOX AXJ) WOKKIXd TLAXS. -'f Credit Tloiir^ Second Term, Senior Year. This course is a continuation of that in Forest llegulation but em- bodies more field Avork and takes up geometric, (juantitative and qualitative surveys of a specific 'foi-est area, with the theory and prai:- tice of forest subdivision aiul stand differentiation. A portion of a iState Forest is annually taken up and divided into pei'uuinent coni- jtartments for silvicultural and administrative purposes. Careful .stock surveys, made in conjiinct ion with the soidiomore class in men- suration, furnish a basis for the creation of more or less temporary sub-compartments, coextensive with some definite and important stan^ transportation ami technical instrnments. are furnished iiy the school or forest otlicers. Kelcrcn«-('s used include Sclilich's F(>r< sf Ma iiOift innif . Kaisei-*s F/mlri- lung drr For.stcn ami Wagner's C,ruudl^irincii>al countri(>s of the world. Sjtecial attention is given to (b'Velopment of forestry in Pennsylvania. l'\'rnow"s History ttf Fonsiry is ust'd as a text. F19. FOREST ENGINEERING. 3 Credit Hours First Term, Junior year. Principles of forest roads, practical survey and construction. Con- struction of trails, bridges, telephone lines, fire towers. Logging railroads, grades and curves. Finding the flow of springs and streams. Roads text — HigJuvaij l^ngineering — (JJiafhiini. F 20 . MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WOOD . 2 Credit Hours First Term, Junior Ye^ir. This course aims to acquaint the student with the physical proper- ties of wood, the factors that affect them, and the methods giving these properties actual values through timber testing. Record's Mechanical Properties of Wood is used as text. F 21. WOOD IDENTIFICATION. 1 Credit Hour. Second Term, Junior Year. A detailed study of the methods used and practice on actual speci- mens of the various important commercial vroods of the United States, F 22. LITMHERING. Jf Credit Hours Second Term, Junior Year' This course aims to sIioav in detail how the products of the forests are harvested, and 'prepared for the nuirket. It includes actual Avork in the woods and in the manufacture, in a state owned plant, of lumber shingles, lath, ties, etc. The text in use is Bryant's Logging. F 23. LOGGING AND MILLING. Jf Credit Hours Summer Session, Junior Year. This course includes a 6-8 weeks tri]:) to a large saw-mill operation and includes a study of meihods, costs, 'etc., from stump to car and a detailed report on the same. F 24. WOOD UTILIZATION. ^ Credit Hours First Term, Senior Year. This course includes a study of the industries that further manu- facture the timber and other rough materials removed from the forest in lumbering operations. It includes a study of the wood using industries of Pennsylvania. The texts used are Brown's "Forest Prod- ucts" and Wood Usiufj [ndastrics of Pcnnsii'lvania (Dept. Bulletin No, 9). 31 A Lesson in Saw Filing. Students Making Chestnut Shingles. F 25. FOREST ECONOMICS AND POLICY. 3 Credit Hours First Term, Senior Year A stud}^ of the social utilities flowing from forests and the, impor- tance of forests and forest products in industry. The continuing depletion of our forests; the possibilities for continuous production. The policy of nations, states and municipalities toward forest projra- gation. Government ownership, control and cooperative Ipolicies. Lectures. F 26. FOREST FINANCE. 4 Credit Hours First Term, Senior Year. Forest property from the investment point of view. Calculation involving principles of compound interest and annual charges: In- terest rate ; net income ; financial maturity ; carrying charges ; meth- ods of comparing financial results under different methods) of treat- ment; forestry compared with agriculture; forest taxation. Refer- ences, Roth's Forest Valuation and Chapman's Forest Valuation. F27. FOREST LAWS. 3 Credit Ho-urs Seeond Term, Senior Year. A brief review of the Forest Laws in the U.S. Texts, Kinney on Forest and Timber Lair. Supplemented by a course of lectures on the powers of forest offi- cers as peace officers. F 28. FOREST APPRAISAL. 3 Credit Hours Second Term,, Senior Year. The valuation of forest properties ; determination of stumpage val - uses ; assessment of forest damage. Lectures. F 29. FOREST ADMINISTRATION. 3 Credit Hours Second Term, Senior Year. This course aims to acquaint the student with the principles used in the organization of the business administration and personnel to care for forest property. The present status and methods used in the State Forests, National Forests and Private Forests will be discussed. Lectures and reading. F30. SEMINAR. 1 Credit Hour First and Second Term, Senior Year. A round table discussion of professional forestry mo^iements, events and literature. Includes preparation of papers, reviews and, leading discussions. 33 F 31. THESIS. 5 Credit Hours LiM 6 weeks. Senior Year, Second Term. Each student will make a special field study of a subject approved at the end of the Junior year. These subjects will generally fall un- der the heads of transportation, seasoning, preservation, or price studies of lumber; timber accounting; sjiecial product studies; sil- vicultural or management investigations, etc. 1. EXCiLISH. ,) <'r< ilit Jh)iir'< First Term, Freshman Year. This couise includes a review of the essei^tials of English gi'ammar. the rules for capitalization, punctuation, and business correspond- ence. Themes on ))ertinent subjects are rc^quired fret|uently. "Kng- lisli Com position in 'llirari/ and Practice'' by Canby and others is llic 1e\l used. '■ n oo/ry/'.s- IfaiidhooJ: of Ctini posit inn" is used for reference. 2. ENGLTSII. 3 Credit Hours Second Term, Freshman Year. The whole field of prose and poetical comjjosition is studied in general and detail from the standpoint of the three underlying prin- ciples governing all good composition, unity, coherence, and ciuphasi^^. Themes and other exercises illustrating these principles are required. The mechanics of writing are coutiniu'd •)-•. in I']nglish 1. Ke])resen- talixc classics are read. 3. ENCJLISH. ,9 Credit Hours First Term, SophAnnore Year. A brief review of world literature as a whole, followed by a sum- man* of English and Anu'rcian liteialnic with particular attention given to the study of the scientific writings of .sucli authors as Kooso- velt, Muir, Hurrougiis, Thoreau, ane.s in (h'baiin;;. pultlic speaking, and parliamentary [tracticc. Thcnies. ."). A('(M)rxTiX(;. / Critlil Hour .Junior Y(in\ First Trrnt . riinciple.'i of accounting: Single and double entry procedure: Diffei'ent kinds of accounts: hepreciation budgets: Accounting an api»lic(I to foicsi finances and reconls: I'tMnisylvania Dept. of Fores- liy prescribed accounts. I'se of checks, diafls. notes, mortgages. t). ECONOMICS. 4 Credit Hours Second Term, Junior Year. Principles of economics, Capital; Labor; Business Organization; Money and Banking; Monopoly; Transportation. Taussig's Princi- ples of JJeonomics Vols. 1 & 2. 7. ECONOMICS. 2 Credit Hours First Term,, Senior Year. Continuation of Economics 1, followed by 'a study of Taxation an.d Public revenue. 8. - BUSINESS LAW. 2 Credit Hours Junior Year, Second Ternt. An elementary study of Elements of Business LaAV with speci^J reference to contracts, and pi'operty. Huffcut's 77/c Elements of Business Law, is the text used. 9. GAME PROPAGATION. 2 Credit Hours First Term, Senior Year. Course of lectures by Specialist from Game Commission. A state game preserve located on the school forest is a valuable object lesson in game propagation. The school forest now contains hundreds of deer and much smaller game. 10. FISH PROPAGATION. 2 Credit Hours. Second Term, Senior Year. Course of lectures by Specialist from the Fish C'omniission. 11. BOTANY. :/f Credit Hours First Term, Freshman Yea>\ Morphology of the Spermatophytes. A course specially adapted to the early and fundamental training of the forester. It comprises a study of the external and internal morpliology and physiology of the six primary parts of the seed bear- ing plants. Tree material is used where possible to illustrate the dif- ferent parts of tiie plant system. Part 1 of Ganong's "^'A Text-hook of Botanij for College!^'' is used. 12. BOTANY. 4 Credit Hours Second Term, Freshman Year. Evolution of the Plant Kingdom. A careful study of the morphology of representative examples a- mong the algae, fungi, liverworts, mosses, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms is liursued in the laboratory and in the field. Special 35 attention is given to the alternation of generations in the plants stnd- ied and in working out their lite liistories, the progression and retro- gression of certain organs and phases in jn-oceeding ivom the lower to the higher plants are noted. Field tri])s arcy made once a week to enable the student to collect and study the plants in iheir natui'ai hahitals. I'ai-t - of (ianong's .1 'J'c.rt-boolc of I'oidiiji for Collif/rs is used. 1:J. liOTANY. 2 Credit Hours TaxonoiuA-. A comparative study is Summer i-ics-iion, Frr.sh)ii(i>i Ycdr 14. HOTAXV. 2 Credit Hours. Plant Ecology. First Term, Sophonwre Year. The course deals with the relation of i)lants to their environment. First, there is a study of the ecological factors, which in general are groujK'd under ]>hysical, climatic and 'oiotic factors. Tliis is followc^l by a di.scussioh of succession, the struggle for existence among plants, the laws of migi'ation, the analysis of vegetation forms and struc- tures, plant formations and societies. In the laboratory different members of the ]dant are studied as to their speciiil riinctions ami their relation to (MivironnuMit. Tlie stem, root, leaf, tlower, etc.. are carefully examined and their (M'ological re- lations ])oijited out. The I'oi-est Academy isveiy favoi-ably located foi- the field study of Plant Fcology. a« a great variety of ]»lant life conditions may bo fctiiud in the immediate vicinity of the school. Therefore, stmlent" ai-e able to work in the adjoining fields and forests, which is a decid- «'d adv;iniage ovei" the studying of phinl life pi-oce.s.ses in the laboi-- ator\ . :'. Cridil limns. (lencl;il ZooloiTV. Si'ftmd Trrni, Siii)h(niinrr Ymr. In this cours<^ a gj'JM'ral survey is made of the animal kingdom frmn the Pi'olozoa lo the ( hord.ila. In tin* l.ibai-ts obseivi'd. Jlegner's CnUiqr Zoolnf/lf is the text userohlenis and illusti-ations from oilier authorities are freqiienth' taken nji in class and special assignment. •_'L'. DKAWIXG. 1 Credit Jhnir. Second Trrw, Frrsht/inv Yrcr. The use of drawing inslrnments. Ix'tterinj^. Tracing. lUne- printini;. Projections. Drawing of simple constrnction. The i)lotting of compass surveys in coordination with Surveying. L*::. I' LANE SUIIVEYIXG. 1 Credit Hour. Second Term, Freshman Year. An elementary course intended to clear the way for a