"^ *.^T* A ^o .<^' "^^ cr ^^-^.^^ -X: J^^ .^'"-'^ .^yf' >~ o « o '^ A > ,^ o « o 'P^ ^0^ H q^ ^<^ ' .^^ r,.-* .0 ANDERSON'S SCHOOL HISTORIES. Anderson's Manual of General History. Being an Outline History of the World from the Creation to the Present Time. Fully illustrated with Maps. By John J. 1.NDERS0N, A.M., Late Principal of Grammar School No. 31, New York City — Author of a Grammar School History of the United States, a Pictorial School History of the United States, &c., &c. 1 vol. 12mo. 420 pages. Characteristic Features.— 1. The latest authorities have been consulted ; and the narrative, which is written with clearness and conciseness, is brought down to the present time. 2. Unimportant matters are entu-ely omitted, or only incidentally alluded to. 3. The book is supplied with twenty-three maps, several of which are elegantly colored ; and on these the location of every important place mentioned is accurately shown, and the successive revolutions in the different nations of Europe and Asia clearly delineated. 4. The pro- nunciation of all the proper names is accurately given in connection with the names as they occur ; and a pronouncing indej; is added, by which the whole subject may be reviewed by topics. 5. The plan affords frequent and sys- tematic reviews, both according to the chronology and by topics. College of the City of New York, New YorTc, March 21, 1869. "From such examination as I have been able to give the Manual of Gen- eral History, by John J. Anderson, A.M., I have formed the following opinion as to its merits :— Its plan is comprehensive and judicious. The details are carefully chosen, and presented with clearness and accuracy. Superfluous and tedious matter is excluded ; yet nothing of importance and within the grasp of young pupils is passed over in silence. At the same time, I would not hesitate to make trial of it as a syllabus or framework for the more ample and minute inquiries of a college course. As a collection of facts to be committed to memory by students, whether of the higher grade or the lower, it appears to me to be superior to any other school-book on the subject. It is particularly worthy of praise for its coming right down to the present time ; and it is altogether the work of a highly intelligent teacher for intelligent scholars. To both these classes of persons I heartily recommend it. ''CHAELES E. ANTHON, '■'' Pivfessor of History, etc.. College City of New York.'''' From K. M. Lusher, State Suinrintendent of Public lastmction. La., and Agent for the Feabody Educational Fund. "This Manual is one of the best compilations I have ever seen, and it certainly must effect a reform in the teaching of history in high schools and academies. The maps and chronological recapitulations in the body of the work are an invaluable feature." From Prof. Thomas Emerson, Principal High-School, Wobum, Mass. " Your Manual of General History has already been introduced into our High-School, and subjected to the only real test of the merits of a book— daily use in the class-room. It is the best compend of general history I have yet seen. In the general division of the subject in the choice, and arrangement of the details, in the clearness and simplicity of the language, in the omission of the endless and uninteresting minutiae with which many text-books on this subject are cumbered, you have been highly successful. Unlike most com- pends of history, the narrative is well connected and pleasing, thereby attract- in<^ rather than repelling the student. Nor are the maps among the least \ alu- able features of the booK. You have fully recognized the principle that the study of History and Geography should go hand in hand It ^i extremely gratifying to find a book that furnishes the pupil with the leading facts of history in so attractive a manner, and leaves to the teacher so large an opportunity for oral instruction." Published by Glark & Maynard, 5 Barclay St., N. Y. EECOMMESTDATIONS. ^om S. S. Randall, Esq., Superintendent of Public Schools, New York City. I have carefully examined Anderson's Introductoiy, Common School, Grammar School, and Pictorial Histories, adopted by the Board of Education, and used in the Public Schools of this city, and cheerfully commend them to the favorable regard of teachers and school officers generally, as well adapted to the purposes of instruction in this branch of study, and as excellent and compre- hensive compendiums of the leading events of American History. From Henry Kiddle, Esq., Assistant Superintendent of Publio Sclwols, N. T. City. The series of School Histories of the United States, by John J. Anderson, Esq., have been in use in the Common Schools of thia city from the date of their publication, and, as far as I know, have given the highest degree of satisfaction. They are written in a clear, concise style, are unusually accurate, and abound in exercises which only a practical teacher could have constructed, and which make them invaluable Class Manuals. They can scarcely fail to prove acceptable wherever practically ti'ied. From J. W. Bulklet, Esq., Supt. of Public Schools, Brooklyn. This is to certify that I am well acquainted with Anderson's Histories of the United States, they having been in the Public Schools of this city durmg the last two years. After having seen a variety of works on the subject tried here, I am confident that Anderson's are decidedly the best for class-room instruction. They give the teacher just the aid he needs to produce satisfactory results, and I therefore give them my unqualified recommendation. All the Grammar-School Masters of Cambridge, Mass., having united in a petition for Anderson's Histories, the Committee, by a unanimous vote, ordered that they be put into the Grammai Schools in place of the works on the subject then in use. From tU Hon. H. II. Van mc^Jormer Superintendent of FablU Instruction for the State of New York. The books comprising Anderson's Series of School Histories have been in my possession dm-ing the last six months. I have examined them with considerable care, and find them works of decided merit. There is a directness, clearness, and concisenesg in the statements, and an admirable method connected with the chronological and geographical features of the narrative, that commend them to my judgment. ^ To the instructor who aims at thoroughness m the knowledge hnparted to his pupils of our country's histoiy, these books are certainly invaluable. I recommend them without reservation. Ft'om thirty-nine FnncipaU of arammar ScTiools in the city of K Y. We are using Anderson's Histories of the United States in our schools with complete success. For class-room instruction they are, we beheve, superior to any other worl^ on the subject with which we are acquamted. At a meeting of the Teachers' Association of the city of Brooklyn, the followmg resolution was unanimously adopted: " Resolved That the Association recommend to the Text-Book CorninUteeof the Board of Education Andei-son's Histories of The United States, and ask to have said books placed on the list in place of those now there." The request haung been granted, and tU hooks asked for thorough- ly tried, the twenty-eight principals of Public Grammar Schools signed the following testimonial : "It gives us pleasure, after using Anderson's Histories in onr schools durmg the last two years, to say that we like them. The plan of insti-uction, combining the geography with the chronology of the narrative, is one which gives the books a decided superior- ity over the works of other authors on the subject They have our hearty commendation. Anderson's Histories are used m more than three hundred of the most important cities and towns in the United States. PROGRESSIVE IVL^PS, N?l 8 7 Lou'g. I'roni 82 Greenwich. 77 East of tlie Mssissippi;) ^ AS QGmm m wr mmjm 9"' GRAMMAR SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE u:n^ited states TO WHICH ARE ADDED THE COJ^STITUTIOX OF THE UNITED STATES WITH QUESTIONS AND EXPLANATIONS, THE DECLAEATION OF INDEPENDENCE, AND WASHINGTON'S FAREWELL ADDRESS. JOHN J. ANDERSON, A.M., Late Pbincipal op Grammar School No. 31, New York Citt. / NEW YORK: X^^^^ CLARK & IMAYNARD, PUBL^miS, 5 BARCLAY STREET. 1870. ^.^'W, SCHOOL HISTORlMf^'^o BY JOHN J. AJSFDERSON, A. M., Late Pbincipal of Grammar School No. 31, New York City. 1. Introductory School History of tlie United States. Illustrated with maps. 194 pp. IGmo. This work, though arranged on the catechetical plan, may be read independ- ently of the questions as a continuous narrative, the text having been fully writ- ten before the questions were prepared. It I8 designed for classes op ad- vanced AS WELL AS LOWER GRADES, IN WHICH ONLY AN OUTLINE OP UNITED States History is taught. 3. Common School History of the United States. Dlustrated with maps. 350 pp. 16mo. This work is more catechetical than the preceding, since the anHwers are more independent of each other. It is designed por large graded schools. 3. Grammar School History of the United States. With one series of maps showing the places referred to in the work, and another showing the progress of the country, with its territorial extent at different pe- riods in its History. 252 pp. 16mo. The narrative plan has been adopted in this book, with one set of questions at the bottom of the pages, and another for topical review at the end of the gections. This work will meet all the wants op graded schools and ACADEMIES. 4. Pictorial School History of the United States. Fully illustrated with maps, portraits, vignettes, &c. 402 pp. 12mo. This work is also on the narrative plan, but more circumstantial in its state- ments than any of the preceding. It is designed for High Schools and Academies. *** All of the above-named works contain the Declaration of Independ&ce and the Constitution of the United States, with questions and explanations : and ill the Grammar School History will also be found Washington's Farewell Address. 5. A manual of General History. Copiously illus- trated with maps, and accompanied with questions. Chronological Tables, Tables of Contemporaneous History, etc. etc. 420 pp. 12mo. This work has been prepared with great care on the narrative plan. Its statements are brief and clear. Designed por advanced classes. 6. Anderson^s BIoss's Ancient History. Illustrated with colored maps and a chart. 445 pp. 12mo. Designed for High Schools AND Academies. One op the leading aims in all op Anderson's Histories is to cok- Kect the geography with the chronology. Clark & Maynard, publishers, 5 BARCLAY ST., New Yorlt Entered according to Act of CongrcBS, in the year 1809. By JOHN J. ANDERSON, In Uw> fJlcrk'fl Office of tlie District Court of tlie TTnitod States for thft Southern District of New York. TO TEACHEES. This work is intended for advanced classes in Gram- mar Schools and Academies. The leading aim in its preparation has been to narrate the events, as well as their causes, details, effects, and connection with each other, in the most concise language consistent with the clearness and fulness necessary for the proper understanding of the subject. Although the history of our country is here condensed within a few pages, it is believed that all the important facts are stated, and that no particulars are omitted that are essential to their clear comprehension. A knowledge of history can never be acquired so as to make the acquisition permanent and useful, unless, at the same time, the geography of the narrative is well understood. The exact location of every place mentioned in this work, except a very few beyond the limits of the United States, is shown on maps, a num- ber of which were specially prepared for this work ; and the system of map questions, by which not only the location of each place is required to be learned, but its situation with reference to other places, is a, TO TILVCnEKS. feature not to bo found in any other histoiy which has come under the author's notice. Of the import- ance of uniting the two studies of history and geo- gi-aphy, no practical teacher need be informed. By associating event;s with phices, both are more perma- nently impressed on the mind. The design of the questions at tlie bottom of the pages, is to draw attention to the facts singly. Those at the end of the sections, called Eeview Questions, associate facts belonging to the same class or train of events, and, consequently, require answers of a topical character. This method, in connection with the requkements in relation to geogi*aphy, cannot fail to awaken an interest in the mind of the learner, and lead him to a knowledge of the subject that will prove satisfactory and permanent. It will give him, too, a power and readiness of gi'ouping, describing, and re- lating, that will prove of lasting benefit. It will be observed that the author has given more attention to the pronunciation of proper names than in his previous works. The pronunciation of no name that seemed to be at all ditficult for the learner, has been omitted. The authorities employed are Web- ster's and Worcester's Dictionaries, and Baldwin's Gazetteer. The author would suggest to his fellow-teachers, TO TEACHEES. that this book may be used just as it is written. It is a production growing out of twenty years' expe- rience in the school-room ; and, while no claim of perfection is made either for its plan or infallibility in its statements, it will be, it is believed, when thus used, an important aid in the hands of teachers. The maps should be used freely : they may be drawn by the teacher or pupils on the blackboard ; and no reci- tation should be heard nor instruction given, without them. In this way pupils will bo made to learn and recite intelligently, since they will be compelled to use their eyes as well as their ears, and to exercise their understanding. With regard to the chronology, two things are to be avoided. The pupil should not be required to learn dates unassociated with the narrative, nor should any system of mnemonics be employed which requires the use of facts or statements not belonging to the his- tory. In the one case, the mind is burdened with useless lumber to the overtasking of the memory ; and, in the other case, it is confused with a multipli- city of facts, perhaps, of but little or no importance. A few prominent events should be selected as stand- points, from which, on the one side, may be seen a train of causes ; and, on the other, a series of effects or consequences. In this way, whatever is really im- TO TEACHEES. portant, will be readily remembered and judiciously appropriated. "With these few remarks and suggestions, the author commits the work to the impartial examination of his fellow-laborers in the cause of education; trusting that it will be received with that kind consideration which has been extended to his other works on this subject. Teachers who desire that their pupils should acquire a more comprehensive knowledge of the history of the United States than can be gained from the text, are referred to the Questions for Topical Study and Eeci- TATION at the end of the work. These questions, with the references and the additional information given in connection therewith, supply a complete collection of topics, beginning with the discovery of the New World, and running through succeeding events to the present time. Much interesting information, not found in the preceding pages of the book, is there inserted. The author is indebted to School Superintendents and teachers, and to examination-papers which have been furnished him, for many of these questions. lE-TEODUOTIOSr. 1. The geographers of ancient times had no knowledge whatever of America ; though it has been asserted that, several yeai-s before Christ, navigators had sailed out of the Mediterranean Sea, and, being wafted across the Atlantic Ocean by the trade-winds, had reached the Western Continent. 2. About five centuries previous to the discovery of America by Columbus, the Northmen, a people from Norway, colonized Iceland and Greenland, and made explorations in America as far south as New England. Settlements are also said to have been made by them, and intercourse kept up for some time with the mother country. These expeditions, however, seem not to have attracted any general attention ; nor were their results permanent, or known to the other nations of Europe. 3. It is certain, indeed, that when Columbus set sail on his event- ful voyage in 1493, he had not the least knowledge of the existence of a second continent, nor is there any evidence whatever that he even imagined there was such a continent. • His great aim was to find a shorter and better route to India than the one then travelled by way of Egypt and the Red Sea. To him, nevertheless, is justly ascribed the honor of being the discoverer of the New World, since it was through his enterprise and sagacity that its existence came to be generally known. 4. At the time of Columbus's discoveiy, the continent of America, from the icy latitudes of the North to the regions far south of the equator, together with most of its islands, was inhabited by various races who difiered in many respects from Europeans. As the coun- try at that time, and until Balboa discovered the Pacific Ocean (p. 17), was supposed to be a part of India, these inhabitants were called Indians. In some parts of the countiy they were found to have attained a considerable degree of civilization ; in others they were in the savage state, being divided into tribes, living in i*ude huts called wigwams, and existing mostly by fishing and hunting. INTEODUCTION. They spoke dirtVreut languages, and their religion consisted in wor- shipping an unknown and invisible Deity, whom they called the '* Great Spirit," 5. Whence did they come ? How did they reach America ? How long had they been living there ? These questions have been asked a great many times, but have never yet been satisfactorily answered. 31 any theories have been advanced to solve the dithcult}-; but the origin of these various races, both civilized aud uncivilized, remains as much a mystery as ever. (». According to one of these theories, America received its tirst inhabitants from eastern Asia, b}' way of Behring's Straits; while other and more probable statements are, that vessels were at various times wafted by the trade-winds across the Atlantic Ocean from the Old World, and that thus people of ditlerent races being acci- dentally carried to the other continent, settled there, and foimded the ditlerent nations which inhabited it at the time of its dis- coveiy by Columbus. 7. Of one thing there can be no doubt. Wlien America was dis- covered by Columbus, it had been inhabited for centuries ; and the previous occupants of certain portions of it had attained a degree of civilization not possessed by their inhabitants at the time of this discovery. The evidences of this :\re still abimdant in the ruins of temples and other buildings, and in the articles of copper and silver found buried beneath these ruins. Curious specimens of pottery of great tvntiquity have also been found ; and mounds of remark- able extent are seen in certain parts, the origin of which was im- known to the uncivilized Indians. S. After Columbus led the way. expeditions were undertaken by Europeans of diderent nations in order to explore the Xew World, and make settlements m various parts of it. None were marked by more heroism and self-sacritice than those conducted by the French Catholics in their eflorts to explore the country in the n^gion of the great lakes, and along the ^Mississippi River and its tributar}- stnnims. Marquette {mar-k0 Soto l-"?<'ff 153U €^ ir JL T O J HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. SECTION I. Discoveries and JExplorations, EXTENDING FROM THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA, IN 1492, TO THE SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA, IN 1C07. 1. America was discovered in 1492 by Cliristopher Co- lumbus, a native of Genoa (joi'-o-a), Italy. Believing the earth to be round, Columbus concluded that by sailing westward he would sooner reach India than by taking the usual route by way of Egypt. The route around the southern extremity of Africa was not then known. 2. Being too poor to fit out an expedition at his own expense, he applied for aid to tlie republic of Genoa, and afterward to the monarchs of England and Portugal ; but in vain. At last lie was assisted by Isabella, Queen of Spain. With a fleet of three vessels he set sail, and after a vo yagq of ten weeks, discovered one of the Baha- W^rT.STfJ' w1-~^^-''^r.^'^*'P' P^-? ^-^ Whore are the Bahama Islands ? The wtMiiulies? Where IS Guanahani ? Labrador? Porto Rico? Florida' St N^w'tim swi^kV A^'"/n^^J^ Newfoundland? Onebec? Nova Scotia ? So,^d9 Aih^n^il Acadia? f^ort Royal entrance? gt. An? What was Gilbert's design? Give an account of Gilbert's operations. Of his fate. 22. Who was Sir Walter Ealeij^h? What expedition did he send in 15S4? Give an account of it. 23. Why was the country called Virginia? What honor was conferred npon Raleisrh ? 1&85.] DISOOVEEIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 15 24. Two attempts were afterward made by Raleigh to establish a colony on Koanoke Island — one, under llalph Lane, in 1585, and the other, under John White, in 1587. The people under Lane, after a year of distress at Uoan- oke, embarked for England with !Sir Francis Drake, who IkkI stopped there on his way from the West Indies. White did not remain long at the island : lie went to England for supplies. When he returned, after an absence of nearly three years, none of the colonists could be found. 25. The next attempt to plant an English colony in America was made by Bartholomew Gos'-nold, in 1602. He discovered Cape Cod, and so named it because of the great number of codfish caught there. Concluding to settle on one of the Elizabeth Islands, he built a store- house and fort ; but discontents arising, the design was abandoned, and the whole party returned to England. 26. The favorable reports of the country made by Gos- nold induced some English merchants to fit out two ves- sels, under the command of Martin Pring, for exploration and trade. Pring, in 1603, examined the shores and large rivers of Maine, as well as the coast thence to Martha's Vineyard. Three years later he made a second voyage, and also a more accurate survey of Maine. 27. The territory which the English claimed, basing their claim upon the discoveries of the Cabots, extended from the 34th to the 45th degrees of north latitude. In 1606, James I. divided this region into two divisions. The northern, called North Virginia, he granted to the 24. What did Raleigh wish to do ? Give an account of the undertaking con- ducted by Lane. Of the one conducted by White. 25. When was Cape Cod discovered? By whom? Why was it so named? Give an account of Gosnold's attempt at settlement. Where are the Elizabeth l!?lands ? (See Map, p. 24.) 26. Who sent Pring to America? What induced them to send him? Give an account of his first voyage. Of his second. 27. What extent of American territory did the English claim? What was their title to the claim ? What division was made of the territory in ItiOti ? 16 DISCOYEEIES AND EXPLOBATIONS. [1607. Plymouth Company ; and the southern, called South Vir- ginia, to the London Company. 28. During the following year, 1607, the Plymouth Company sent a number of planters, who began a settle- ment at the mouth of the Kennebec ; but the cold of the winter, the destruction of their storehouse, and the death of their president, discouraged them, and they returned to England. 29. The London Company was successful. They sent more than a hundred persons, in a fleet commanded by Christopher Newport. The design of the colonists was to settle on Roanoke, but a storm carried the vessels fur- ther north. Sailing up a large stream, which they named the James River, they selected a place for a settlement, and called it Jamestown. CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 1493. America was discovered by Columbus. 1497. The Continent of America was discovered by John Cabot. 1498. The coast of North America was explored by Sebastian Cabot. The Continent of America was discovered by Cokmibus. 1499. South America was visited by Amerigo Vespucci. 1512. Florida was discovered by De Leon. 1520. Carolina was visited by De Ayllon. 1521. Mexico was conquered by Cortez. 1524. Tlie coast of North America was explored by Verrazzani. 1528. The conquest of Florida was undertaken by Narvaez. 1534. The St. Lawrence was discovered by Cartier. 1541. The Mississippi was discovered by De Soto. 1562. The Huguenots began a settlement at Port Royal. 1564. The Huguenots began a settlement in Florida. Map Questions.— (See Map, p. 53.) What larije hay is on the East of Vh'» ginia ? Into what body of water does the James River flow ? Where is James- town ? Where are the Bermuda Ishxnds ? (.See Map, p. S.) » ~r« i. 28. Whatattempt at settlement did the Plymouth Company make? What caused the failure of the attempt ? . , , , , 29- Where did the London Company desijjn to plant a colony ? Did tiiey dO BO ? Why not ? Where did they make a settlement ? DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 17 15G5. St. Augustine was settled by the Spaniards. 1584. The coast of Carolina was explored by Amidas and Barlow. 1085. The first attempt was made to form a settlement at Roanoke. 1587. Second attempt was made to form a settlement at Roanoke. 1G02. Cape Cod was discovered by Gosnold, 1G03. The New Enijland coast was explored by Pring. 1005. Port Royal, Nova Scotia, was settled by the French. 1006. The London and Plymouth Companies received charters. 1007. The Plymouth Co. began a settlement on the Kennebec. Jamestown was settled by the London Company. REVIEW QUESTIONS. PAGB 1. Give an account of Columbus and his discoveries 9, 10 2. Give an account of the Cabots and their two voyages 10 3. Give an account of the two voyages made by Vespucci 10 4. Give an account of De Leon's two expeditions to Florida 11 5. Give an account of De Ayllon's two expeditions to Carolina 11 6. Of Narvaez's expedition (12). — 7. Of De Soto's expedition 12 8. Of Verrazzani's expeditions (12, 13).— 9. Of Cartier's expeditions 13 10. Give an account of the Huguenot settlement at Port Royal entrance. . . 13 11. Of the Huguenot settlement on the St. John's River 13, 14 12. Of Gilbert's expedition to Newfoundland, and his fate 14 13. Of the voyage made by Amidas and Barlow 14 14. Of Raleigh's two attempts to settle Roanoke Island 15 15. Of Gosuold's expedition and discovery in 1G02 15 16. Of two voyages made by Pring to New England 15 17. What grants of land did King James make in 1606 ? 15, 16 18. What were the exact limits of the two regions thus granted? A?is. North Virginia extended from the 41st to the 45th degree of north latitude ; and South Virginia, from the 34th to the 38th degree. 19. Give an account of the undertaking made by the Plymouth Company. . 16 20. Give an account of the success of the London Company in 1607 16 21. Name, in order, twelve important events from 1^02 to 1541 16 22. Name, in order, twelve important events from 1541 to 1607 16, 17 2J. Name six of the early navigators who sailed in the interests of Spain 9-17 24 Name four of the early navigators who sailed in the interests of France ... 9-17 25. Name eleven of the early navigators who sailed in the interests of England. 917 26. By whom was the southwest passage to Asia discovered ? Ans. By Ferdinand Magellan, who sailed through the strait which bears his name, in 1520. At the Pliilippine Islands, in a contest with the na- tives, he was killed ; but one of his vessels reached Spain by way of the Cape of Good Hope, thus making the first voyage around the globe. S7. Had the Pacific Ocean been previously discovered? Ans. In 1513, Bal-bo'-a, w^hile crossing the Isthmus of Darien, gained the summit of a mountain, from which he discovered the Pacific Ocean. ( 18 COLONIAL HISTORY. [1607. SECTION II. Colonial History. EXTENDING FROM THE SETTLEMENT OF VIRGINIA, IN 1607, TO THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR, IN 1754. YIEGINIA. 1. The first settlement in Virginia, as previously stated, was made at Jamestown, in 1607, under the direction of the London Company. The colony was governed under a charter granted by James I., the supreme government being vested in a council resident in England, and the local government in a colonial council of seven persons appointed by the king. 2. At first the colony did not prosper. The scarcity of provisions, the hostility of the natives, the want of in- dustrial habits among the settlers, and sickness, which carried to the grave fifty men in less than four months, proved nearly fatal to the enterprise. Among those who died was Bartholomew Gosnold. 3. Wingfield, the president of the council, having em- bezzled the public stores and become concerned in a plot to abandon the settlement, was expelled from office. He was succeeded by llatcliffe ; but, in consequence of the inefficiency of the latter, the management of affairs fell into the hands of Captain John Smith, the most enter- prising and sagacious man in- the colony. 4. Several months later, upon the actual deposition of 1 . Where was the first settlement made in Virginia ? Who made it ? When was Jamestown settled ? How was the colony governed ? 2. Why did not the colony prosper at first ? What is said of Gosnold ? 3. Who was Wingfield ? What is said of him ? Who was Ratclifie ? What ;s said of him ? What, of Smith ? 4. What further is said of Smith ? Where is Chesapeake Bay ? (Map, p. 53.) The James River ? 1607.] COLONIAL HISTORY. 19 Ratclifie, Smith was formally elected in his place. To the efforts of the new president the salvation of the in- fant colony was owing. He explored Chesapeake Bay, as well as the James and other rivers, and often returned with supplies of corn. 5. It is related that Smith, while on one of his expedi- tions, was surprised by a large body of Indians, and, after a desperate struggle, was captured, and conducted to Powhatan i^pow-hat-tan) ^ the principal chief. The war- riors met in council, so goes the story, and determined that Smith should be put to death. 6. Accordingly he was bound, and his head placed upon a stone ; but, just as the savages were raising their clubs to dash out his brains, Po-ca-hon'-tas, a daughter of Pow- hatan, rushed forward, clasped the captive's head in her arms, and begged that his life might be saved. It is fur- ther related that the conduct of Pocahontas touched her father's heart, and the sentence was revoked. Recent investigations, however, render it nearly certain that no such event ever took place. 7. The London Company, not having realized their ex- pectations of profit from the Jamestown colony, sought and obtained a second charter, in 1609, and conferred upon Lord Delaware, a nobleman distinguished for his virtues, the appointment of governor for life. Three com- missioners, Newport, Gates, and Somers (sum'-erz)^ who had been appointed to administer the affairs of the colony till the arrival of Delaware, w^ere dispatched to America with a fleet of nine vessels, and more than five hundred emigrants, 5. Who was Powhatan ? What is stated in relation to the capture of Smith f What further is stated ? 6. State what is said in relation to carrying out the sentence. Of the part taken by Pocahontas. Of the result. Of the whole story. 7. When did the London Company get a second charter ? Why did they ask for it ? Who was Lord Delaware ? Wnat appointment was given him ? What is stated of three commissioners y 20 COLOMAL HISTORY. [1610. 8. While on tlie passage a severe storm dispersed the fleet. One of the vessels (that bearing the commission- ers) was Avrecked on the Ber-mu'-da Islands, and another foundered ; the others reached the James River in safety. Considering that no person had yet arrived to supersede liim, Smith maintained his position as president, until, having been severely injured by an explosion of gun- powder, he returned to England for surgical aid. 9. No sooner had Smith fairly de2:)arted than tlie col- onists gave themselves up to idleness and vice. The Indians became hostile, the horrors of famine ensued, and in less than six months not more than sixty of the five hundred persons whom he had left were alive. This pe- riod, extending over the first half of 16 10, was long re- membered as the " starving time." 10. lu consequence of their destitution and gloomy prospects, the colonists determined to seek safety among the English fishermen at Newfoundland. In four vessels they embarked ; but, just as they were drawing near the mouth of the river, Lortl Delaware appeared with emi- grants and supplies, and persuaded them to return. The new administration was a wise one, and under it the col- ony prospered. In consequence, however, of ill health, Delaware was soon compelled to return to England. He was succeeded in office by Sir Thomas Gates. 11. New settlements were made in the vicinity of Jamestown ; and, notwithstanding the laws were harsh and strict, the colony continued to prosper. With a view to greater privileges, the London Company obtained 8. What misfortune befell them ? Whore are the Bermudas ? (p. S.^t Why did Smith po to England ? (The three commissioners afterward reached Virsrinia.) 9. How did the colonists behave alter Smith left them ? What were the con- Bequences ? What further is stated * 10. What did the colonists determine unon ? Why did they so determine ? Did they carry out their plan ? Why not * what is said of Lord Delaware's ad- ministration ? Why did he return to Enirland * ^"Tio succeeded hira in office ? 11. When did the London Company receive their third charter ? What re- markable feature did the new charter contain * 1612.] COLONIAL HISTORY. 21 their tliird charter, in 1G12. A remarkable feature of the new charter allowed the company to hold meetings for the transaction of business, thus giving to that body a democratic form of government. 12. Next year occurred the marriage of Pocahontas to a young Englishman, named John Rolfe (rolf). This event proved of great public importance, as it had the eifect of establishing a confirmed peace with Powhatan. Three years after her marriage, Pocahontas accompanied her husband to England, where she was an object of in- terest to all classes of citizens, and was presented at Court. While preparing to return to her native land, she suddenly died, leaving a son, from whom are descended some well-known families in Virginia. 13. The commencement of negro slavery in the Englisli colonies dates from its introduction into Virginia, in 1G20, when a Dutch trading-vessel entered the James River with negroes, twenty of whom were landed and sold into perpetual slavery. During the same year, about a hundred women of good reputation arrived from England, and were married to the planters, each man giving for his wife one hundred and twenty pounds of tobacco, the price of her passage to America. The culture of cotton was begun the next year. 11. After the marriage of Pocahontas, until the death of her father, peaceful relations existed between the settlers and the Indians; but, in 1622, Powhatan's suc- cessor commenced a bloody war, in one day massacring about three hundred and fifty men, women, and children. The colonists retaliated, slaughtering great numbers of the enemy. In an attack made upon the settlements, in 12. What event occurred in 1613? Of what advantage did it prove to the colonists ? What further can you state of Pocahontas ? 13. When did ncp-o slavery commence in this country? State the circum* stances. What other event took place in 1620? In 1021 ? 14. What occurred in 1622 ? Give an account of what followed. 22 COLONIAL HISTORY. [1644. 1644, about three hundred persons were killed. Hostili- ties continued until 1646, when a treaty was made. 15. The affairs of the colony caused frequent meetings of the London Company, which were largely attended. The freedom of speech manifested on such occasions dis- pleased the king, James I., and, under the pretext that the disasters to the colony Avere the result of bad govern- ment, he dissolved the company. Thus Virginia became, in 1624, a royal province. 16. The "Navigation Act," passed by Parliament in 1651, secured to English shipping the monopoly of the carrying trade with England. Though not at first en- forced against Virginia, yet after its re-enactment, in 1660, with new provisions, it was vigorously executed, notwith- standing the remonstrances of the people. 17. The colonists, in consequence, became dissatisfied; and when, in 1673, Charles II. ceded to Lord Culpepper and the Earl of Arlington " all the dominion of land and water called Virginia," for the term of thirty-one years, their dissatisfaction was greatly increased. 18. Besides, they were restricted in the elective fran- chise, were required to conform to the doctrines and rituals of the Church of England, and the taxes levied were un- equal and oppressive. A spirit of rebellion, in conse- quence, broke out among the "common people," who wanted but an excuse for appearing in arms ; and it was soon found in an invasion made by the Susquehanna Indians. 19. The measures for defence adopted by Berkeley, the governor, being inefficient, the people demanded permis- 15. "VNTien did Virginia become a royal province? How was the change ■brought about ? 16. When was the "Navigation Act" passed? What feature of it is men- tioned ? What is said of the enforcement of the act ? IT. What made the colonists dissatisfied? What increased their dissatis- faction ? 18. What restriction is mentioned ? What requirement ? What oppression ? What was the consequence ? 1676.1 COLONIAL HISTORY. 23 sion to arm and protect themselves. This being refused, a struggle for j^opular liberty broke out in 1676, known as Bacon's Rebellion. Five hundred men under arms, with Nathaniel Bacon as leader, marched against the Indians, whom they defeated. The colonists recovered for a time the rights w^hich they formerly enjoyed ; but Bacon dying, Berkeley caused twenty-two of the insur- gents to be hung ; and fines, imprisonments, and confisca- tions disgraced the rest of his administration. 20. Upon his recall by Ihe king, in 1677, Virginia be- came a proprietary government, with Culpepper as gov- ernor. Culpepper ruled till 1684, when, because of his mismanagement, the king revoked the grant made in 1673, and deprived him of his office. Virginia then be- came a royal province again, and so remained till the Revolution. MASSACHUSETTS. FROM ITS SETTLEMENT, IN 1620, TO THE UNION OF NEW ENGLAND COLONIES, IN 1643. 21. Captain Smith, who had performed so creditable a part in the settlement of Virginia, set sail from London in 1614, for the purpose of trade and discovery in America. He examined the shores from the Penobscot River to Cape Cod, and prepared a map of the country, to which he gave the name of New England. 19. Who was Berkeley? What demand did the people make? Why did they make the demand ? How did Berkeley treat their demand ? What was the consequence ? Who was Bacon? What further can you say of him ? ^^'hat further can you say of Berkeley? 20. When was Berkeley recalled ? What, then, did Virginia become ? What further history of Virginia can you give ? 21. What explorations did Captain Smith make in 1614 ? Where had Smith previously made explorations ? How did New England get its name ? 24 COLONIAL HISTORY. [1620. 22. The original Plymouth Company having been su- perseded by another, called the Council of Plymouth, the king, James I., granted to the latter, in 1620, all the ter- ritory between the fortieth and forty-eighth parallels of north latitude, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific. 23. It was not, however, under the direction of this company, nor with the aid of the king, that the first per- manent settlement was made in "New England, but by a small band of Pilgrims, dissenters from the Church of England, who had fled from their own country to find an Map Questions.— Where is Cape Cod? Cape Cod Bay? PljTiiouth ? Salem? Boston? Little Harbor ? Portsmouth? Dover? Merrimac River ? Penobscot River? (Map, p. 61.) 22. What company took the place of the PljTnouth Company ? What grant \ya8 made to the new company ? , 23. Who were the Puritans? Who were the Pilgrims? Why did the Pil- . grims leave England ? f 1620.] COLONIAL HISTORY. 25 asylum from religious persecution. They were known in England as Puritans. 24. They at first went to Amsterdam, in Holland, whence they removed to Ley den {U'-den). At Ley den they lived eleven years in great harmony, under the pastoral care of John Robinson ; but, from various causes, they became dis- satisfied with their residence, and desired to plant a colony in America, where they might enjoy their civil and reli- gious rights without molestation. After much solicitation, they obtained a grant of land from the London Company. 25. As many as could be accommodated, embarked on board a vessel called the Speedwell. The ship sailed to Southampton, England, where she was joined by another ship, called the Mayflower, with other Pilgrims from Lon- don. The two vessels set sail, but had not gone far before the Speedwell was found to need repairs, and they entered the port of Dartmouth {dart' -ninth) , England. A second time they started, but again put back — this time to Plymouth, where the Speedwell was abandoned as unseaworthy. 26. The Mayflower finally sailed alone, with one hun- dred and one passengers, the most distinguished of whom were John Carver, William Brewster, Miles Standish, William Bradford, and Edward Winslow. After a bois- terous passage, they reached Cape Cod Bay ; and there, in the cabin of the Mayflower, they agreed to and signed a solemn compact for their government, and unanimously elected Carver governor for one year. 27. Several days were spent in searching for a favora- ble locality. At length, on the 21st of December, 1620, 24. To what place did they first ^o ? Where next did they go ? How long did they live in Leyden ? Why did they leave ? What did they desire '? What did they obtain ? 25. In what vessel did the Pilgrims sail from Leyden? What took place at Southampton? At Dartmouth? At Plymouth? 26. What finally took place ? Name five of the most distinguished of the Mayflower's passengers. What bay did they reach ? Where is that bay ? (Map, p. 24.) What compact was signed ? Where were the Pilgrims when they eiguea iVS Who was the first governor of the colony ? 26 COLONIAL HISTORY. [1608. J they landed at a place which they called Plymouth, in i memory of the hospitalities which had been bestowed | upon them at the last English port from which they had ' sailed. The winter was severe, and in less than five months nearly half of that I^ilgrim band died from the etteets of exposure and privations. Carver and his wife be- . ing among the number. Bradford was thereupon elected J governor, and he continued, during thirty years, to be a ' prominent man in the colony. 28. In 1G21, a treaty of friendship was made with Massa- i soit (;;2(YS-st(f-.«7'),chief of the AVampanoags (iconi-pa-?id'-^ a(/s)yt\mi was sacredly observed for more than thirty yeaiu Canonicus {ka-?iofi'-i'-k'i(s)^ chief of the Narragansetts, kept the colonists in fear for awliile, but the decisive course of Bradford eventually compelled him to sue for peace. 20. Meanwhile other intluences were at work to extend the range of settlements. A company of persons inter- ested in the fisheries of New England, having purchased | a tract of land, sent a hundred persons, under the charge of En'-di-cott. These settled at Salem, in 1628, thus lay- ing the foundation of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The proprietors soon after obtained a charter from Cliarles I. 30. Accessions were rapidly made to the new colony, and settlements at Charlestown and other places were begun. An important change, by which the government of the colony was transferred to Xew England, induced men of fortune and education to join the enterprise. About three hundred families, mostly Puritans, under the care of John Winthrop, arrived in 1030, and settled at and near Boston. Winthropwas elected governor. 27. When did the Pilirrims land ? Is the anniA-ersary of that day celebrated ? | An,<. Owini; to a mistake in convert in>r the date from old to now "style, the 2"2d is colebnited instead of the "ilst. Where did the Pilirrims land ? Whv did they call the place riymoiith ? What is said of their sutlerinirs* Of Bradford? 2S. Who was Massasoit ? What treaty was made ? What is said ofCanonicus? 2\}. On what enterprise was Endicott sent * With what success * 30. Whore is Charlcstow n * (Map. p. 70.) What change in govcrumeut took place ? What was the effect ? What took place iu 1G30 ? 1629.] COLONIAL HISTORY. 27 31. An act of the "General Court" at Boston, in 1636, by which about two thousand dollars were appropriated for the purpose of founding a public school or college, led to the establishment of what is now the oldest literary institution in America. Two years after, the Kev. .John Harvard bequeathed upwards of three thousand dollars to it, which, in lionor of the benefactor, was named Har- vard College. Its location is at Cambridge. NEW HAMPSHIEE 32. The Council of Plymouth, it will be remembered, obtained, in 1620, a grant of land including the whole of what is now known as New England. Two years after, a portion of this territory was ceded to Sir Ferdinando Gorges {gor'-jez) and John Ma- son, and called Laconia. In 1623, Mason and Gorges sent emigrants to America, who settled at Little Harbor, near Portsmouth ; and at Dover. S3. Although the grant to Gorges and Mason included all the territory between the Merrimac and the Kennebec, the Rev. John AVheelwright, in 1629, purchased of the Indians a portion of the same territory. In the same year Mason obtained from Gorges a grant, in his own name alone, of rORTSJIOUTH AND VICINITY. 31. Where is Cambridge? (Map. p. 70) What celebrated inetitution of learriiiiij is there ? Give the hiftory of its es^tablishment. 32. When did the Council of Plymouth obtain their grant? What took jjlacf! two year-- after ? When was New Hampshire settled ? Where '! 33. By whom was New Hamj/r-hire so called ? How did Mason come by the tern tory V Upon what did Wheelwright base his claim ? Where is the Kennebec River t (Map, p. 61.) 28 COLONIAL HISTORY. [1636. tlie country which Wheelwright had purchased, and to this he gave the name of New Hampshire. 34. After the death of Mason, a vexatious controversy took place in consequence of the land claims which his heirs made. It was not terminated until the parties to whom the claims were finally conveyed (in 1746) relin- quished the occupied portions of the province. New Hamp- shire was several times connected with Massachusetts, but in 1741 a final separation occurred. (See pp. 33, 34.) CONNECTICUT. 35. In 1630, the Council of Plymouth ceded the "soil of Connecticut" to the Earl of Warwick ; and this grant, the following year, was transferred to Lord Say-and-Seal, Lord Brooke, and others. As the Dutch, at the time, laid claim to the territory thus ceded, they built a fort on the Connecticut, where Hartford now stands, to prevent the English from making any settlements in that section. 36. The structure was hardly completed when Captain Holmes (homz) and a company from Plymouth, sailed up the river. Though menaced by the Dutch, the English passed the fort unhurt, and commenced the settlement of Connecticut, by erecting in that year, 1633, a trading- house at Windsor (vjin'-zer). Important additions Avere made to this, called the Connecticut Colony, by two large emigrations from Massachusetts — the second conducted by the Rev. Thomas Hooker, in 1636. 34. What controvergy took place? How was it ended? Give the eubse- queiit history of the New Hampsnire colony. 35. What iiiant was made in 1«30 ? In 1G31 ? Where did the Dutch bnild a fort ? Why did they build it there ? 36. When was Connecticut settled? At what place ? By whom ? What threat did the Dutch make ? What additions were made to the Comieclicut colouy ? 1635.] COLONIAL HISTORY. 29 Trcurrrr or LONG- ISLAND SOUND 37. Toward the close of 1635, John "\^^inthrop, son of the Massachusetts governor, acting under a commission from the proprietors of Connecticut, built a fort at the mouth of the Connecticut. A colony was also established there, which, in honor of Lord Say-and-Seal, and Lord Brooke, was called Saybrook. 38. About this time difficulties w^ith the Indians com- menced. The Pequods [j^e'-hicodz), a warlike tribe inhab- iting the southeast part of Connecticut, having committed Map QirESTiONS.— Where is Windsor? Saybrook? Hartford? Wethersfield? New Haven ? Providence ? (p. S4.> What city is on the island of Rhode Island ? Ans. Newport. In what direction is Newport from Providence ? What State is on the South of New Hampshire ? (p. 24.) What two on the south of Mas- sachusetts ? Describe the Connecticut River. 37. When was the Saybrook colony established? Why was It so called? Give its orif^in. 38. Who were the Pequods? What united action was taken by the set- tlers ? 'Wliy was the action taken ? Give the result. 30 COLONIAL HISTORY. [1637. many acts of hostility, Hartford, Windsor, and Wethers- field, in 1637, united in declaring war against them. Captain Mason, with a force of colonists and friendly Indians, proceeded against the Pequods, burned their fort and wigwams, killed more than six hundred of their num- ber, and completely broke them up as a tribe. 39. A third colony was established in Connecticut, in 1638, called the New Haven Colony. The land was bought of the Indians ; and, under the guidance of The- ophilus Eaton and the Rev. John Davenport, a colony, remarkable for the religious spirit that marked its laws, was planted and flourished. 40. In 1639, the people of Hartford, Windsor, and Wethersfield, finding their settlements beyond the limits of Massachusetts, met at Hartford, and .united in forming a government for themselves. The colony of Saybrook maintained its separate existence until 1644. By its an- nexation in that year to the Connecticut Colony, only two colonies remained, which were united, in 1665, under a liberal royal charter granted by King Charles II., of England. 41. Sir Edmund Andros, who was afterward royal gov- ernor of New England, in 1687 appeared before the Con- necticut Assembly, in session at Hartford, and demanded the surrender of the charter. A discussion at once arose, which was protracted till evening, when the charter was brought in and laid upon the table; but just as Andros was stepping forward to take it, the lights were suddenly extinguished. When the candles were relighted, the document could not be found. It had been carried away and hid in the hollow of a tree. 39. When was the New Haven colony established ? Give the origin of it. What further can you say of it ? 40. What union took place in 1639 ? In 1644 ? In 166.5 ? 41. What appointment did Andros receive ? What demand did he make? Mow was liis demand met ? 1636.1 COLONIAL HISTORY. 31 EHODE ISLAND. 42. Rhode Island was settled by Roger Williams, who had been banished from Massachusetts because of his de- nunciation of the religious intolerance practised there, as well as for certain opinions touching civil matters. The settlement was made in 1636 at Providence, on lands pur- chased of the Indians, and so called by Williams to com- memorate " God's merciful providence to him in his dis- tress." The great freedom in religious matters, and the democratic government of the colony, caused immigrants to flock thither in large numbers. 43. In 1637, William Coddington, who had been sub- jected to religious persecution in Boston, accepted an invitation from Williams, purchased from the Indians the island of Rhode Island, and settled there. Rather than admit a claim of jurisdiction set up by Plymouth, Wil- liams went to England, and obtained a charter whereby the two settlements of Rhode Island were united, in 1644, under one government, as the Rhode Island and Provi- dence Plantations. 44. After Charles II. ascended the throne of England, Rhode Island, in 1663, obtained a new charter. When Andros assumed the government of New England, the management of afi*airs imder the charter was, for the time, necessarily suspended; but directly after he was seized and sent to England, as elsewhere stated, the char- ter became the fundamental law of the colony, and was the only constitution of the State till 1842. 42. Why was Roger Williams banished from Massachusetts ? Where did he malvc a settlement ? When ? Why did he call the place Providence ? 43. What did Coddington do ? Why did Williams go to England ? How did he succeed ? 44. When did Rhode Island get a new charter ? Who granted it ? What can you state of its history ? 32 COLONIAL HISTORY. [1643, MASSACHUSETTS. FKOM THE UNION OF NEW ENGLAND COLONIES, IN 1643, TO "the EKENCH and INDIAN WAK." 45. The four colonies, Massachusetts, Plymouth, Con- necticut, and New Haven, formed a union in 1643, for mutual protection against the encroachments of the Dutch and Frencli, and for better security against the hostility of the Indians. This union lasted nearly fifty years. Rhode Island was refused admittance into it, because she would not consent to be incorporated with Plymouth, and lose her separate existence. 46. In 1656 a serious trouble commenced, growing out of the arrival in that year of a number of Quakers from England. They had been represented as a people of pe- culiar opinions and conduct, and consequently they were persecuted. Many were banished, four were executed, and others were whipped or cast into prison. The great sever- ity of the measures at last produced a reaction in public feeling ; and, after five years of trouble, the Quakers wej-e allowed to come and enjoy their opinions in peace. 47. King Philip's War. — During the life of Massasoit, the treaty of friendship between him and the people of Plymouth was faithfully kept ; but, after his death, Philip, commonly known as King Philip, his son and successor, made war upon the colonists. It became evident to the Indians that the spreading settlements were fast breaking 45. What, union was formed in 1043? How long did it last ? "Wny was not Bhode Island admitted to it ? 46. What trouble commenced in 1656 ? Give an account of it. What was the end ? 47. Who was Philip? What became evident to the Indians? What did thev see ? What other cause of war had they ? 1675.] COLONIAL HISTOEY. 33 lip their hunting-grounds ; and they saw, too, in the grow- ino' power of the whites, their own inevitable extinction. Besides, they were burning to avenge personal wrongs. 48. Nothing short of a union of the New England tribes for the extermination of the colonists, it was thought, could arrest the tide against them ; and Philip, so it was alleged, was the leading spirit in plotting the combina- tion. It Is related that a converted Indian, who had been sent as a missionary among his people, was the principal informer against Philip. This man was found murdered. The execution by the whites of three Indians, convicted of the murder, may be considered as the immediate cause of the war. 49. The first attack was made by Philip, in 1675, upon the people of Swan'-zey, as they were returning, one Sun- day, from church. Although a treaty of peace had been made with the Narragansctts, they joined in the war against the English. A strong force was sent against the Indians ; and, in an immense swamp in the southern part of Rhode Island, they were defeated with great loss. Yet they continued their depredations till the death of Philip, which occurred in 1G7G, he being shot by one of his own tribe. 50. A controversy which had been going on for a num- ber of years, between the heirs of Gorges and Mason and the Massachusetts colony, concerning the ownership of Maine, was, in 1677, decided in favor of the heirs, and Massachusetts then purchased their interest. Three years after, a separation of New Hampshire from Massachusetts 48. How, only, could the Indians look for success ? What charge was made against Philip ? What was the immediate cause of the war ? 49. Where is Swanzey ? (Map, p. 24.) What took place there ? How did the Narragansetts act ? What defeats did the Indians meet ? Give the closing history of the war. 50. What controversy was settled in 1677 ? How was it settled? How did Massachusetts get to own Maine ? Which was the first royal province in New England ? When was that brought about ? B4 COLONIAL HISTORY. [1680, having been declared, the former became a royal prov- ince — the lirst in Kew England. 51. The opposition which Massachusetts had shown to the " Navigation Act," and other obnoxious laws of Par- liament, displeased the king, Charles II., and he declared her charter void. His death occurring not long after, his successor, James II., pursued the same arbitrary policy, and, in 1686, deprived Massachusetts of her charter-gov- ernment. In the same year Andros was appointed royal governor of New England. 52. These proceedings on the part of King James ren- dered him so unpopular, that, when the news of the Eng- lish Revolution and of his dethronement reached Boston, in 1689, it caused great rejoicing. Andros and his offi- cers, w^hose tyranny had made them odious to the people, were seized and sent to England, when the New England colonies established their former modes of government. 53. KiXG William's Wak. — James fled to France, and William, Prince of Orange, and Mary, his wife, the eldest daughter of James, w^ere called to the English throne as king and queen of that country. The cause of the fugi- tive king was espoused by the French monarch ; and this, principally, led to a contest between the two powers, known as King William's War, in which the respective colonists became involved. 51. An expedition, fitted out by Massachusetts, com- manded by Sir William Phipps, captured Port Poyal, now Annapolis, and secured a large amount of booty. A second expedition, also commanded by Phipps, for the conquest of Canada, proved a failure. These were the 51. Why did Charles II. declare the Massachusetts charter void? What afterward took place ? When was Andros appointed governor ? 52. What news reached Boston in 16St> '? What eflect did it have there? Why did it have that ettect ? What treatment was reserved for Andros ? 53. What was the cause of King William's War ? 54. Give an account of Phipps's first, expedition. Where is Annapolis? (Map. p. 61.) Of his second expedition. IIow long did the war last? What was the result as regards the ownership of territory ? u692.] COLONIAL HISTORY. 3S most important events of the contest in America. The war lasted from 1689 to the peace of Ryswick (riz'-icick), in 1697, a period of about eight years. The claims to ter- ritory in America remained as before the war. 55. SALEir Witchcraft. — During the war, King Wil- liam, refusing to restore to Massachusetts the charter which James II. had taken away, granted a new one, which united Plymouth, Massachusetts, Maine, and Nova Scotia in a royal government. Upon Phipps was con- ferred the office of governor. 56. One of the first acts of the new governor was the formation, in 1692, of a court to try certain persons who, because of their real or supposed strange conduct, were accused of practising witchcraft. Most of the inhabitants of Salem and vicinity, where the accused parties lived, believed the accusations to be true; and, before the delu- sion was dispelled, twenty persons were put to death, more than fifty were tortured or frightened into con- fessing themselves guilty, and many suffered imprison- ment. 57. QuEEx Axxe's War. — Upon the death of James II., which occurred in France, the French monarch ac- knowledged his son king of England. This tended to produce a spirit of resentment in England, where the crown had previously been settled uj^on Anne (a7i), the second daus^hter of James. While the Ensrlish were making preparations for war. King William died, and Anne became Queen of England. 58. The interference of France in the succession to the English crown, in connection with other causes, led 55. What appointment was conferred upon Phipps ? 56. What act of Phipps is mentioned? What belief prevailed at Salem? Where is Salem? (See Map. p. ^i.) Give an account of the *• Salem Witchcraft." 57. Where was James II. when he died ? What action did the French king take ? What etfect did his action have ? What followed ? 58. What was the principal cause of Queen Anne's War? By what name is the war known in Europe ? Where is Nova Scotia ? (Map, p. 61.) 36 COLONIAL HISTORY. [1702. to a war between England on the one side, and France and Spain on the other, Avhich is known in America as Queen Anne's War ; but in Europe, is called the War of the Spanish Succession. Hostilities were commenced in 1702. 59. The cajiture of Port Royal, in 1710, by a force from Massachusetts, after an unsuccessful attempt three years before, was the most important event of the war in America. The name of the place was changed to An- napolis, in honor of the English queen, and Acadia was annexed to the British realm. The contest continued about eleven years, being terminated by the treaty of Utrecht {u-trekt), in 1713. 60. KixG George's War. — A peace of nearly thirty years followed, which was broken, during the reign of George II., by King George's War. This contest had its origin in European disputes, relating, principally, to the kingdom of Austria, and was therefore known in Eu- rope as the War of the Anstria?i Succession. 61. War having been declared between England and France in 1744, the colonists soon became involved. The most important event of the struggle in America was the taking of Louisburg (loo'-is-burg), a fortress erected by the French, and which, from its strength, was called the Gibraltar of America. 62. The capture of this place was effected in 1745, by a force, mostly of New England troops, under William Pepperill, aided by an English fleet commanded by Coni- 59. When did the French finally lose- Port Royal ? WTiat change of name was made ? What change in ownership of territory took place ? ' How long did the war last ? 60. How did King George's War originate ? What other name did the war have ? Why was it so called ? 61. When was war declared? What is stated of Louisburg? ^Vhere is Louisburg? (See Map. p. 61.) • 62. When did the English capture it? Give an account of the capture. When did the war end ? How did it result as regards ownership of territory ? Who, then, owned Louisburg ? 1745.] COLONIAL HISTORY. 37 modore AYarren. The contest Avas terminated by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle {dkes lah slia-peX)^ in 1748, by which all acquisitions of territory, made during the war, were mutually restored. NEW YORK. 63. Henry Hudson, an English navigator, while sailing in the service of " The Dutch East India Company," in 1609, discovered the river which now bears his name. His object Avas to find a northwest passage to the Pacific Ocean ; in pursuance of which he sailed up the river to the head of ship navigation, and, in a small boat, continued his explorations some miles further. 64. The Dutch, claiming that Hudson's discoveries gave them a title to the country, in 1614 built a fort on Man-hat'-tan Island. Their claim to territory included the w^hole region from Cape Cod to the southern shore of Delaware Bay. This became known as New Neth'-er- lands, though the name Avas more generally applied to only that part actually in possession of the Dutch. 65. The colonization of the country did not commence until 1623. In that year, under the auspices of a new organization, known as " The Dutch West India Com- pany," two settlements Avere made — one on Manhattan Island, called New Amsterdam, and the other at Albany, called Fort Orange. The company, to encourage emi-r 63. AVho was Henry Hudson ? What river did he discover? What was he tryinj? to do when he discovered the river? How much of the river did he ex- plore ? AA'^ho first discovered the Hudson river ? Ans. Verrazzani, in 1524. 64. What claim to territory did the Dutch make? AA'hat was their title to the claim ? What name did they What State-= are on the Sotith of New York ? On the soath of Pennsylvania ? What river separates Marvland from Vinrinin ? Wiiat lars-e bay di%-ides Maryland ? What laree river flows into it from the north? Where was St. Mary's situated* 74 What license was sranted to Clavbome ? Where did Claybome establish trad]n2-posts ? 7.5.' Who wa« Georee Calvert? What sreat desire did he have? For what did he apply ? With what success ? To whom was the grant then made ? 4:2 COLONIAL HISTOKY. [1634. 76. This charter was the most liberal one, in every respect, that had thus far been granted by the English Crown, for by it equality in religious rights and civil freedom were guaranteed to all emigrants. The province was called Maryland, in honor of Henrietta Maria, wife of King Charles. 77. The first body of emigrants sent by Lord Baltimore consisted of about two hundred persons, mostly Roman Catholics. They arrived in 1634, and at once commenced a settlement, which they anticipated would become a great city, calling it St. Mary's. Leonard Calvert, brother of the proprietor, was the first governor. 78. Clayborne, who had refused to submit to the au- thority of the governor, in 1645 incited a rebellion, which compelled Calvert to seek safety for a time in Virginia. After the governor resumed his office, the Assembly enacted a law known as the " Toleration Act," which secured the free exercise of religious opinions to all per- sons professing belief in Jesus Christ. Thus did the right promised by the charter receive the sanction of law. 79. During the supremacy of Cromwell in England, Parliament appointed commissioners to administer the government of the colony. The Protestants gaining a majority in the Assembly, the Catholics were deprived of their rights as citizens, and an act was passed declaring them not entitled to the protection of the laws. A civil war between the Catholics and the Protestants followed. After Cromwell's death, the rights of Lord Baltimore were restored to him. 80. Upon the death of Cecil Calvert, his son Charles became the proprietor of the province, of which he retained 76. What was the character of the charter? What name was given to the province ? Why was it so named ? 77. Did Lord Baltimore go to America? Whom did he send? When and where did they make a settlement ? 78. Give an account of " Clayborne's Rebellion." Of the " Toleration Act." 79. Give an account of the civil war. Of after events. 1T15.] COLONIAL HISTOEY. 43 possession until deprived of it by King William, in 1691. In 1715 the proprietor's rights were restored to his infant heir, the fourth Lord Baltimore, and Maryland remained a proprietary government from that time till the Revo- lution. PENNSYLVANIA. 81. Actuated by a desire to found a colony where civil and religious liberty might be enjoyed, and where the 80. Of what injustice was King William guilty? What further account can vou give of Maryland ? Map Questions.— What river separates New Jersey from Pennsylvania? How IS Philadelphia situated ? Trenton ? Tinicum Island ? 44 COLONIAL HISTORY. [1682. people might dwell together in peace, William Penn ob- tained from Charles II. a tract of land west of the Dela- ware. The domain thus granted was called Pennsylvania. From the Duke of York, Penn also obtained a grant of Delaware, then called " The Territories," or " The Three Lower Counties on the Delaware." 82. Though small settlements of Swedes had been pre- viously made within the limits of both Pennsylvania and Delaware, the permanent settlement of Pennsylvania dates from the founding of Philadelphia in 1GS2, by Penn. Af- ter several conferences with the Indians, he met them beneath a wide-spreading elm, at a place now called. Ken- sington, a portion of Philadelphia, where he made his fjamous treaty with the "red men," and paid them for their lands. This treaty was " nevei: sworn to and never broken." 83. To the Swedes on the Delaware, Penn gave assur- fiuce that they should not be molested in their religion or laws. The wisdom of his course toward the Swedes and Indians, as well as of his government in general, was soon apparent ; for the colony had a more rapid and peaceful growth than any other in America. 84. Upon the death of Penn, which occurred in Eng- land in 1718, he left his American possessions to his sons. They administered the government, most of the time by deputies, until the Revolution, when their claims were purchased by the commonwealth of Pennsylvania. 81. What ereat desire did William Penn have? What did he obtain from the kin-: ? From the Duke of York ? 82. When was Philadelphia founded? By whom had Pennsylvania been previously settled ? Bv whom Delaware ? What bar-rain did Penh make with the Indians ? Where did Penn make his famous treaty ? What is said of the treaty ? S3. What assurance did Penn srive to the Swedes ? What is said of the growth of tlie colony ? To what was the growth attributed ? 84. Where and When did Peuu die? Give the further history of Pennsyl- vania. 1038.] COLONIAL HISTORY. 45 DELAWAKE. 85. The settlement of Delaware may be said to have had its origin in the desire of Gus-ta'-vus Adolphus, the renowned king of Sweden, to found a free colony in the New World for ail persecuted Christians. His death occurring before the project was undertaken, a delay of several years followed ; but finally a charter was granted by the government of that countiy to the Swedish West India Company. 86. In 1638 a body of emigrants, sent out by tlie com- pany under the care of Minuits, a former governor of New Netherlands, arrived at Cape Hen-lo'-pen. Having jiurchased of the Indians all the lands from the cape to the falls in the Delaware at Trenton, they commenced a settlement on Chris-ti-an'-a Creek, near the present site of Wilmington. To the country thus purchased was given the name of New Sweden. 87. Other settlements were formed, but the one on Tin'-i-cum Island, a few miles below Philadelj^hia, was made the capital. The Dutch, regarding these settle- ments as intrusions upon their territory of New Nether- lands^ Governor Stuyvesant proceeded against the Swedes, in 1655, and subjected them to the authonty of Holland, which government retained possession of the country till 1664. 85. What was the origin of the settlement of Delaware ? What further can yon state of the project ? 86. What territory was called New Sweden? By whom was it so called? Where did the Swedes first settle ? Where is Wilmington ? (Map, p. 53.) What two capes are at the entrance of Delaware Bay ? 87. What is stated of Tinicum and other settlements ? Give an account of the subjugation of New Sweden. 46 COLONIAL HISTOKY. [1682. 88. During the period from 1664 to 1682, Dela^-are, being- claimed by tlie Duke of York, formed a part of the province of New York. By the grant to Penn, in 1682, it was united to Pennsylvania ; and, although the settlers in " The Territories" became dissatislied with Penn's gov- ernment, and were granted an Assembly of their OAvn, Pennsylvania and Delaware continued under one governor until the Revolution. NOETH AND SOUTH CAROLINA, oitlLe CAROLINAS 10 30 60,,., 88. What is said in connection witli the claim of the Duke of York ? Whai further account can you sive of Delaware ? (See p. 39.) Map Questions. — What State is on the south of \'ir;rinia ? On the south of North Carolina? On the west of South Carolina? What body of water on the east of the two Carolinas ? Describe the Chowan River. Where is Edenton? Wilmington? Charleston? The Savannah Kiver ? 1650.] COLONIAL HISTORY. 47 89. The earliest attempts to settle North Carolina, as before described, were made by parties sent by Raleigh in 1585 and 1587. More than sixty years later, probably in 1650, emigrants from Virginia made a settlement upon the Cho-wan' Kiver, near the present village of E'-den-ton. 90. In 1663 a vast territory, south of Virginia, was granted by Charles II. to Lord Clar'-en-don and seven other noblemen of England ; and, in the same year, a government was instituted over the settlement on the Chowan, which was called " The Albemarle County Colony." Two years later a second colony was planted in North Carolina. A company from Barbadoes {bar-ba- doz) selected a place near Wilmington, and there estab- lished " The Clarendon County Colony." 91. It having been discovered that the settlement on the Chowan was outside of the limits of the domain granted to Clarendon and associates, a new grant was made to the same parties, by which the boundaries were extended so as to embrace the country from Virginia to about the middle of Florida. 92. In 1670, a colony, known as " The Carteret County Colony," was planted on the western bank of the Ashley River ; this, in consequence of not being well located for commercial facilities, was removed, ten years after, to the junction of the Cooper and Ashley rivers, and thus the foundation of Charleston was laid. In 1729, Carolina was sold to the king of England, and separated into North and South Carolina. From that time till the Revolution they were royal j^rovinces. 89. Which were the earliest attempts made to settle North Carolina ? What eettlement was made in 1650 ? 90. Give the early history of " The Albemarle County Colony." Of " The Clarendon County Colony." What grant was made in 1063? 91 . What discovery was made ? What then was done ? 92. When was " Old Charleston" settled ? Why was a removal made ? When was Charleston settled ? How is Charleston situated ? (Map, p. 73.) Describe the Cooper River. The Ashley River. What occurred in 1729 ? COIiOmAIi HTSTOET. [1732. GEOEGIA. 93. Though Spain claimed the territory of Georgia as a part of Florida, the English king, George II., disregarded the claim; and, in 1732, granted to a corporation, consist- ing of James Oglethorpe (o'-gl-thorp) and twenty other trustees, for twenty-one years, all the country between the Savannah and the Altamaha {cd-ta-ma-haiv'). In honor of the king it was called Georgia. The object of the trustees was to provide an asylum for their destitute countrymen, the grant being " in trust for the poor." 94. The first settlement was made in 1733, at Savannah. The colony made rapid increase in numbers ; but, owing to the poverty and idle habits of the settlers, as also to the impolitic regulations of the trustees, the bright antici- pations of plenty and comfort which had been entertained were not, for a time, realized. 95. In consequence of the claim to territory set up by Spain, hostilities took place between the English settlers and their Spanish neighbors. Owing, however, to the bravery and skill of Oglethorpe, the result was to the ad- vantage of the English. The trustees governed till 1752, when, wearied with their troublesome charge, they sur- rendered their charter to the Crown, and Georgia became a royal province. 93. What j?rant was made in 1732? What distinijuishcd person Avas ^0™ in that year? Ans. Georcre Washin^jton. Describe the Altamaha River. (Map, p. 174.) The Savannah. Why was Georgia so called ? What object did Oglethorpe and associates have ? 94. When was the first settlement made in Georgia? At what place? What is stated of the progress of the colony ? 95. What hostilities occurred ? How did they end? IIow long did the trustees govern ? What then did they do ? What followed ? Map Questions. —(Map, p. 4(i.) How is Edcnton situated? Charleston? Savannah? Wilmington? Name eight rivers Of l^orth Carolina. What river is between Soutli Carolina and Georgia ? COLONIAL HISTORY. 49 CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 1607. Virginia was settled at Jamestown. 1G09. The Hudson River was discovered by Henry Hudson. 1010. Tlie " Starving Time" prevailed in Vii'ginia. 1013. Tlie marriage of Pocahontas occurred. 1014. Smith explored the coast of New England. New York was settled by the Dutch. 1020. Negro slavery was introduced into Virginia. The Council of Plymouth received a grant. Massachusetts was settled by the Pilgrims at Plymouth.. 1621. A treaty was made with Massasoit. 1022. The first Indian massacre in Virginia occurred. 1623. New Hampshire was settled at Little Harbor and Dover. The Dutch began to colonize New York. 1628. A settlement was made at Salem by Endicott. 1680. A settlement M^as made at Boston by Winthrop. 1033. Connecticut was settled at Windsor by Holmes. 1034. Maryland was settled at St. Mary's. 1035. The Saybrook Colony, Connecticut, was established. 1030. Rhode Island was settled at Providence by Williams. 1637. The Pequod War, in Connecticut, occurred. 1038. Delaware was settled near Christiana Creek by the Swedes. The New Haven Colony was established. 1639. Settlements on the Connecticut united as the Conn. Colony. 1643. A union of New England colonies was formed. 1644. The Connecticut and Saybrook colonies were united. The Second Indian Massacre in Virginia occurred. The two settlements of Rhode Island united, forming R. I. 1045. Clayborne's Rebellion in Maryland occurred. 1650. North Carolina was settled on the Chowan River. 1651. The Navigation Act was passed by Parliament. 1055. A civil war in Maryland occurred. New Sweden was conquered by Stuyvesant. 1656. The Quakers, in Massachusetts, were persecuted. 1663. Carolina was granted to Clarendon and others. The Albemarle County Colony was established. 1664. New Netherlands was taken by the English and named N. Y. 3 50 COLONIAL HISTORY. 1664. New Jersey was settled at Elizabethtown (now Elizabeth). 1665. The Clarendon County Colony was established. The Connecticut and New Haven colonies were united. 1670. South Carolina was settled on the Ashley River, 1673. Virginia was ceded to Culpepper and Arlington. 1675. King Philip's war began by an attack at Swanzey. 1676. Bacon's Rebellion broke out in Virginia. 1680. The settlement at Charleston, South Carolina, was begun. New Hampshire became a separate royal province (first time). 1683. Pennsylvania was settled at Philadelphia by William Penn. The Duke of York granted Delaware to William Penn. 1686. Andros was appointed royal governor of New England. 1687. The Connecticut Charter was hid in the " Charter Oak." 1689. Andros was seized and sent to England. King William's War began. 1690. Port Royal was captured by the English under Phipps. 1692. The Salem Witchcraft delusion prevailed. 1697. The treaty of Ryswick ended King WilUam's War. 1702. Queen Anne's War began. 1710. Port Royal was captured (a second time) bv the English. 1713. The treaty of Utrecht ended Queen Anne's War. 1729. Carolina was separated into North and South Caroluia. 1732. Washington was born in Virginia, February 22d. 1733. Georgia was settled at Savannah. 1741. New Hampshire became a separate royal province (last time). 1744. King George's War began. 1745. Louisburg was taken by the English. 1748. The treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ended King George's War. 1752. Georgia became a royal province. REVIEW QUESTIONS PACK 1. Give the history of Virginia under the first charter 18, 19 2. Give the history under the second charter 19, 20 3. State what you can of Pocahontas '. 19, 21 4. Give the history of Virginia under the third charter 21, 22 5. Give an account of Bacon's Rebellion 22, 23 6. State all you can in relation to Captain John Smith 18-23 7. All, in relation to the Council of Plymouth 24, 27, 28, 29 8. In relation to the pilgrims before they came to America 24, 25 9. Give an account of their movements from Holland to America 25 10. When and where did they make their settlement ? 25, 26 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 51 PAGE 11. Give their early history at Plj-mouth 26 12. What can you state of the treaty made with Massasoit ? 26, 32 13. Give the early history of the Massachusetts Bay Colony 26 14. Give the history of the founding of Harvard College 27 15. Whence did Massachusetts derive its name ? Atis. From the name of a tribe of Indians. 16. Give an account of the settlement of New Hampshire 27 17. Give the subsequent colonial history of New Hampshire 28, 33, 34 IS. How did New Hampshire get its name ? Ans. It was so called by John Mason, who lived in Hampshire county,England. 19. Give an account of the first settlement of Connecticut 28 20. Give the history of the Saybrook Colony 29, 30 21. Give an account of the Pequod War 29, 30 22. Give the history of the New Haven Colony 30 23. State how Andros was foiled in his attempt to get the Conn. Charter. . 30 24. Whence did Connecticut get its name? Ans. From the name of its principal river, which the Indians called the Connecticut. The word signifies the long river. 25. Give an account of W^illiams's settlement of Rhode Island 31 26. Give an account of Coddington's settlement of Rhode Island 31 27. Give the subsequent colonial history of Rhode Island 31 28. How did Rhode Island get its name? Ans. It (the island) was "so called from a fancied resemblance to the island of Rhodes.'' Another authority says : that in consequence of the reddish appearance of the island, it " was soon known by the Dutch as Boode, or Red Island. From this is derived the name of the island and state." 29. Give an account of the Union of New England colonies 32 30. Give an account of the persecution of the Quakers 32 31. Give an account of King Philip's War 32, 33 32. Give an account of King William's War 34, 35 33. Give an account of Queen Anne's War 35, 36 34. Give an account of King George's W^ar 36, 37 35. Give an account of the settlement of New York 37, 38 36. What can you state of Kieft and his administration 3S, 39 37. What can you state of Stuyvesant and his administration 39, 45 38. Give the subsequent colonial history of New York 39, 40 39. Why was New York so called ? Ans. In compliment to the Duke of York, to whom it had been granted. 40. Give an account of the settlement of New Jersey 40 41. Give the subsequent colonial history of New Jersey 40, 41 42. Why was New Jersey so called ? Ans. In honor of Sir George Carteret, who had been governor of the island of Jersey. 43. Give an account of the settlement of Maryland 41, 42 44. Give the history of Clayborne's Rebellion 41, 42 45. What is said of the charter granted to Maryland ? 42 46. What is said of the Maryland Toleration Act ? 42 47. What were the causes of the civil war in Maryland ? 42 48. Give the subsequent colonial history of Maryland 42, 43 49. Why was Maryland so called ? 42 50. Give an account of the first settling of Pennsylvania 43, 44 52 REVIEW QUESTIONS. PAGE 51. What induced William Penn to form a colony ? 43, 44 52. What two tracts of land did Penn get ? 44 53. Give the history of their conversion to him 44 54. What were the important events of 1682 ? 44, 50 55. State what you can of Penn's treaty with the Indians 44 56. Of his treatment of the Swedes, and of his government 44 57. Give the subsequent colonial history of Pennsylvania 44 58. How did Pennsylvania get its name ? A)is. The word sylva means a wood or forest. William Penn, thinking that sylvania would be an appropriate name for a land covered with forest, suggested it for his territory. The prefix Penn was put to the word, in honor, as the king said, of 'Penn's father. 69. When and by whom was Delaware settled ? 45 60. What had Adolphus done in relation to the settlement ? 45 61. Name two important events of 1638 49 62. What was accomplished in New Sweden that year ? 45 63. Give an account of Stuyvesan^^'s expedition against the Swedes 45 64. Give the subsequent colonial history of Delaware 46 65. Name, in order, ten important events from 1607 to 1621 49 66. Name, in order, ten important events from 1622 to 1637 49 67. Name, in order, ten important events from 1638 to 1651 49 68. Give an account of the attempts to settle Eoanoke Island 14, 15, 16 69. Give the history of the Albermarle County Colony 47 70. Give the history of the Clarendon County Colony 47 71. Give the history of the Carteret County Colony 47 72. State how North and South Carolina derived their names 13, 47 73. Give the closing colonial history of the two Carolinas 47 74. Name, in order, ten important events from 1655 to 1670 49, 50 75. Name, in order, ten important events from 1673 to 1689 50 76. Why was Georgia so called ? 48 77. Give the history of the settlement of Georgia 48 78. Give an account of the subsequent colonial progress of Georgia 48 79. Name, in order, ten important events from 1682 to 1702 50 80. Name, in order, ten important events from 1710 to 1752 50 81. How many colonies have you learned the history of? 18^8 82. Give their names in the order of their settlement 49, 50 83. Give their names in their geographical order, beginning with New Hampshire (Progressive Map, No. 2). 84. Which of them were settled by the English ? 18-48 85. Which were settled by other nations than the English ? 18-48 86. Which offered asylums for persecuted Christians ? 18^8 87. Which were settled because of religious persecutions ? 18-48 88. Give the date and place of settlement of each. (Table, end of history.) 89. Give the name of the most prominent man in the settlement of each. . 18-48 90. State what Indian troubles occurred in each 18-.39 91. Name the colonies of which Andros was governor 18-46 92. Name nine events belonging to the history of Virginia 49, 50 93. Name ten belonging to the history of Massachusetts 49, 50 94. Name five events belonging to the history of New Hampshire 49, 50 05. Name four events belonging to the history of New York 49 THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 53 54 THE FEENCH AND INDIAN WAE. [1748. SECTION III. The French and Indian War. 1. Although the boimdaries between the British and French possessions in America had been, for more than a quarter of a century, a subject of dispute, the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, made in 1748, left them still undefined. 2. The English, basing their title upon the discoveries made by the Cabots, laid claim to all the territory from Newfoundland to Florida, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The French claimed all the interior portion adjacent to the rivers St. Lawrence and Mississippi and their tributaries, upon the ground that they had explored and occupied it ; and, the better to secure this claim, they erected forts at various places through the region. 3. In consequence of these conflicting claims, a war broke out between England and her colonies, with a few Indians, on the one side, and France and her colonies, largely aided by the Indians, on the other, which is known as " The French and Indian War." It was a contest for territory and dominion in America. 4. Events op 1*753. — At the time of the breaking out of the war, there was in existence an organization, known Map Questions.— (Map. p. 53.) What river is the outlet of Lake Ontario? What, the outlet of Lake Erie ? What are the head branches of the Ohio ? De- scribe the Alleghany. The Monongahela. The Mohawk. Where is Williams- burg ? Crown Point? Albany? Fort Edward? Montreal? Ticonderoga? Lake George ? Lake Champlain ? Kittanning ? Where was Fort Venango ? Fort Le Boeuf ? Fort Duquesne ? Fort Necessity? Fort Niagara ? Fort Wm. Henry ? Fort Frontenac ? 1. When was the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle made? What dispute did that treaty leave unfinished ? 2. What territory did the English claim ? By what right did they make the claim ? What claim did the French set up ? What was trie basis of their claim ? Ans. That which exploration and occupancy gave. 3. To what ^id the conflicting claims lead ? What was the object of the con. test? 1753.] THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 55 as the Ohio Company, which had obtained from the king of England a grant of land on and near the Ohio River, for the purpose of carrying on the fur-trade with the In- dians, and of settling the country. 5. The French having seized three British traders, and also built forts on the land of the Ohio Company, Gov- ernor Din-wid'-die, of the Virginia colony, determined to send a letter to their commander, remonstrating against the aggressive acts. This message was intrusted to George Washington, a young man not then twenty-two years of age. 6. Washington set out on his mission on the last day of Oct., 1753, from Williamsburg, then the capital of Vir- ginia. He had before him a difficult and dangerous jour- ney of four hundred miles, more than half of which was through a wilderness inhabited by hostile Indians. Hav- ing reached Fort Ve-nan'-go, he was conducted thence to Fort Le Boeuf {pi(f), where he found the French com- mander, St. Pierre [i^e-dre). 7. Events of 1754. — After an absence of eleven weeks, during which he encountered severe hardships amid snow, icy floods, and hostile Indians, Washington delivered to DiuAviddie St. Pierre's letter in reply. In it St. Pierre stated that he was acting under orders from Du Quesne {doo-hane\ governor of Canada, and that he could not leave the territory. This document and the report made by Washington of warlike preparation which he had seen during his journey, convinced the English that, if they would secure possession of the region on and near the Ohio, they must act without delay. 4. What can you state of the formation of the Ohio Company ? 5. What message was sent to the French? What part was assigned to Washington ? When and where was Washington born ? Ans. In Virginia, on the 22d of February, 1732. 6. Give an account of Washington's journey to Le Boeuf. 7. Of his journey back to Williamsburg. What reply did he bring? Of what were the EnglLsk convinced ? What produced that conYlction ? 56 THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAE. [1754. 8. At the confluence of the Alleghany and Monongahela rivers, the Ohio Company commenced the construction of a fort ; and a body of troops, of which Washington became the commander, was sent to protect the works. Before, however, he had time to reach the place, a party of French and Indians suddenly appeared and took pos- session. The works were then completed, and called Fort Duquesne. 9. Receiving intelligence of the disaster, and that a strong force was marching to intercept him, Washington fell back, and took a position at a place called the Great Meadows. Here word came to him that a small detach- ment of the French had advanced to within a few miles of his position, where they were skulking, evidently with hostile intent. With the determination of forestalling their design, he sallied forth, came upon them by surprise, and, in the contest that followed, 28th of May, 1754, killed or captured all but one. 10. In little more than a month after, a force of fif- teen hundred French and Indians, commanded by De Villiers (vil-le-dre'), made an attack upon a small fort which Washington had constructed and named Fort Necessity. A brave defence of ten hours was made, but, on the morning of the 4th of July, Washington was com- pelled to surrender, though upon condition that he and the garrison should be permitted to return to Virginia. 11. Events of 1755. — Four expeditions, on the part of the English, were planned for 1755 ; namely, against Nova Scotia, Crown Point, Fort Niagara, and Fort Du- quesne. The one against Nova Scotia was commanded by Col. Monckton (mo?ik'-tu?i). Two forts there were 8. What measures were then taken against the French? What followed? What name was given to the fort ? 9. What course did Washington then pursue ? Give an account of the con- test that took place. Where were the Great Meadows ? (Map, p. 53.) 1 0. Give an account of the battle of Fort Necessity. 1 1 . What expeditions were planned for 1755 ? Give an account of the first. 1755.] THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 57 captured in June ; a beautiful and fertile country was reduced to a solitude ; and the inhabitants by thousands were driven on board the English ships, and scattered among the colonists of New England and other places. 12. Gen. Brad'-dock, who had been sent to America as commander-in-chief of the royal forces, headed the expe- dition against Duquesne. Disregarding the suggestions of Washington, who was acting as his aid-de-camp, he fell into an ambush of French and Indians, July the 9th, when within a few miles of the fort, and was defeated with great loss, he himself being mortally wounded. This con- flict is known as the battle of the Mo-non-ga-he'-la. 13. The expedition against Niagara was also a failure. Gov. Shir'-ley, Avho commanded it, advanced as far as Oswego ; but the defeat of Braddock paralyzed his ef- forts, his Indian allies deserted, and finally the enterprise was abandoned. Leaving garrisons for two new forts which had been commenced, Shirley returned to Albany. 14. To Gen. Johnson had been confided the expedition against Crown Point. He was preceded by Gen. Ly'-man, who, at the " carrying place" between the Hudson and Lake George, constructed Fort Edward. Johnson ad- vanced as far as the head of the lake, and, while encamped there, his Indian scouts brought word that two thousand French and Indians were marching to attack Fort Ed- ward. Dieskau {de-es-ko')^ commanding this force, had made his way from Montreal. 15. Losing no time, Johnson sent Col. Williams, with twelve hundred men, two hundred of whom were Indians, to intercept the enemy. But Dieskau changed his plan. As he approached the fort, Sept. 8th, his Indian allies, 12. Of the expedition accainst Duquesne. Wliat battle was fought ? 13. Give an account of the expedition ai^ainst Niagara. 14. How was the expedition against Crown Point undertaken? Where did Johnson encamp ? What word did he receive ? 15. What detachment did he send? Why did Dieskau change his plan? What followed ? 3* 58 THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. [1756. fearful of its cannon, refused to proceed. Then, taking another direction, to surprise the army at the lake, he drew the forces of Williams into an ambush, and routed them with fearful slaughter, pursuing the fugitives to Johnson's camp. 16. From behind a breastwork of trees, Johnson fired upon his assailants ; but he receiving a wound early in the action, the defence was continued by Lyman, and finally turned into an attack. The French and their allies were defeated ; and Dieskau, incurably wounded, was made a prisoner. Johnson, after erecting Fort William Henry, retired to Albany. 17. Events of 1V56. — The Marquis de Montcalm {mont-Jcam')^ Dieskau's successor, in August, 1756, made an attack upon Oswego, and compelled the English, num- bering fourteen hundred men, to surrender. A large amount of stores and money also fell into the hands of the victor. Incited by French emissaries, the Indians of the Ohio committed great desolation ; but Col. Arm- strong, after a long and perilous march, reached Kittan- ning {kit-tan -ning)^ their chief town, and destroyed it by fire. 18. Events of 1757.^ — In the beginning of August, 1757, Montcalm, with nine thousand men, two thousand of whom were Indians, laid siege to Fort William Henry. For six days its commander, Col. Monroe, kept up a vig- orous defence, trusting to receive aid from Gen. Webb, who, at the time, was in command of a large force at Fort Edward, only fifteen miles off. 19. At length, learning that no assistance would be sent, and being without ammunition, he was compelled 1 6. Give an account of the battle at the lake. What did Johnson do after the battle ? 17. What did the French accomplish in 1756 ? Where is Oswego ? (p. 53.) Give an account of Armstrong's expedition. Where is Kittanning ? (p. 53.) 18. What was the principal military operation of 175T ? Give an account of it. Where was Fort Wm. Henry ? (p. 53.) ITSS.] THE FKENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 59 to surrender, on the 9th, capitulating that his men should have a safe escort to Webb's quarters. Notwithstanding the stipulation, the English had hardly left the fort be- fore the Indian allies of Montcalm, incited by the hope of plunder, attacked them and massacred a large number. The fort was demolished. 20. Events of 1758. — Upon the death of Braddock, which occurred four days after his defeat in 1755, the general command devolved upon Shirley. Shirley was soon succeeded by Lord Lou'-don, and he, in turn, by Gen. Ab'-er-crom-bie. With the celebrated William Pitt, af- terward Lord Chatham, at the head of the British gov- ernment, preparations to carry on the war were made with great vigor. Three expeditions were planned for 1758 : one, under Gen. Amherst {am' -erst), against Louisburg ; another, under Abercrombie, against Eort Ticonderoga ; and a third, under Gen. Forbes, against Fort Duquesne. 21. On the 26th of July Louisburg surrendered, after a desperate resistance of more than forty days, during which two officers, Wolfe and Montgomery, greatly dis- tinguished themselves by their bravery. St. John's Island, now Prince Edward's, as well as the island of Cape Breton (brit'-im), fell into the hands of the British. 22. Abercrombie, making his way northward, sailed down Lake George, and, debarking near its outlet, com- menced a march through the forests toward Ticon- deroga, then commanded by Montcalm. In a conflict which took place, July 6th, between advanced bodies of the contending parties, Lord Howe, an officer greatly be- loved, was slain. Two days after, an unsuccessful assault 19. Why was Monroe compelled to surrender? What capitulation was en- tered into ? State hmv it was violated ? 20. Who, up to 1758, were the successive English commanders ? What ex- peditions were planned for that year ? Who was William Pitt ? 21. Where is Louisburg? (Map, p. 61.) Cape Breton Island? St. John's Island ? Give an account of the expedition against Louisburg. What were the further results of the victory ? 22. Give an account of the expedition commanded by Abercrombie. 60 THE FEENCH AND INDIAN WAE. ^'[1758. upon the fort was made in full force, the assailants losing nearly two thousand men in killed and wounded. 23. While Abercrombie, at the head of Lake George, was wasting away the rest of the season, a detachment of his army, under Col. Bradstreet, achieved an important success. Proceeding by way of the Mohawk and Oswe- go, Bradstreet crossed Lake Ontario, and captured Fort Fron'-te-nac, situated where Kingston now stands. A vast amount of military stores and several vessels fell into his hands. 24. In the expedition against Fort Duquesne, Wash- ington held a prominent command. Instead of advan- cing by the old road which Braddock had taken in 1755, it was decided, against the judgment of Washington, that a new one further east should be opened for the expedi- tion. The progress of the army was, consequently, slow, and a feeling of discouragement perA'aded the troops, which was greatly increased by a defeat sustained by Major Grant, while leading an advanced detachment. 25. It was then determined to abandon the expedition, but before the order to return was given, prisoners were brought in who made known the fact that the garrison at the fort was in a weak condition. The march was therefore resumed, but when Duquesne was reached, it was found in flames and deserted. In honor of their illustrious statesman, the English changed the name of the place to Fort Pitt. 26. Events of 1759. — The great object of the campaign of 1759 was the reduction of Canada. Gen. Wolfe was to lay siege to Quebec ; Amherst, who had succeeded Abercrombie as commander-in-chief, was to reduce Ticon- deroga and Crown Point, and then co-operate with Wolfe ; 23. Of the one under Bradstreet. Where was? Fort Frontenae ? (p. 5.3.) 24. Give an account of the progress of the ex])edition airaiii!*t Duquesne. 25. State what afterward occurred. What chaiiIAN WAE. 61 Scate ol MUes. NOVA SCOTIA, NEWBRUNSWICK -A3rD TIC ijsix'X'r and Gen. Prideaux {prid'-o) was to capture Niagara and Montreal, and tlien join Amherst. 27. Prideaux reached Niagara in July, but, during the siege of the place, was killed. Johnson, having succeeded to the command, defeated a relief force of French and Indians, and compelled the besieged to surrender. In- stead, however, of proceeding to Montreal, he made his Map Questions.— Into what "body of water does the St. Lawrence flow? The St. John's? The Penobscot? The Kennebec? The Connecticut? What country is on the north of the St. Lawrence ? What natural division of land is Nova Scotia? Describe it. Where is Louisburc:? St. John's, or Prince Edward's Island? Cape Breton Island ? Quebec? Isle of Orleans ? Point Levi? 27. Give an account of the expedition acrainst Niagara. Of Anaherst's expe- dition. Where are Ticouderoga and Crown Point ? 62 THE FRENCH AND INDLVN WAR. [IT 60. Avay to ^Vlbaiiy. Amherst ivacluHl tlio vicinity of Ticon- (loro2:a, Avhoii the Fivnoh abandoned both it and Crown Point withont striking a blow. He went into winter- quarters at the hitter phiee, and thus laihnl to eo-operate witli AVolte. 28. With eight thousand men AVolte ascended the St. Lawrence and landed his army upon the Isle of Orleans. On the ;>lst of .Inly he made a daring though unsuccess- ful attempt upon the French intrenchments before Quebec. Kot discouraged by the disaster, the English etfected a landing at night about two miles above the city, and climbing the steep banks of the river, by daybreak, on the following morning, September 13th, stood on the Plains of Abraham \n battle array. 29. Alontcalm, surprised at the advantage gained by the English, left his strong position, and at once attacked them. A tierce and bloody battle followed, which rC' suited in the defeat of the French. Wolfe fell in the mo- ment of victory. Montcahn, who was mortally wounded, on being told that he could not live long, replied : " So much the better; I shall not live to see the surrender of Quebec." The city capitulated live days at\er. 30. Events of 1700, and close of the avae. — Pe Levi, ]\Iont calm's successor, made extensive preparations for the recovery oi^ Quebec. He marched to Sillery, three miles above the city, and there, on the '28th of April, 17G0, was fought one o{ the most desperate battles of the Avar. At length the English, at\er losing a thousand men, fell back; but the opportune arrival of a British Heet, some days at\er, compelled the French to retreat. Amherst proceeded against and invested Montreal. The governor 28. Give an account of Wolfe's operations. Where is the Isle of Orleans ? (^oe Map. p. (>t.) Where are the Plains ol" Abraham ? '29. '-'ivo an account of the battle that follow etl. What memoRible reply did Montcalm make ? When diil Quebec fall into the hands of the En«rlish ? 30. Who was De Levi ? A\ hat pivpanitiou did he make * Give an account of the battle that followed. Where is Sillery * Wliat succcjss did Amherst have ? ll-GO.! THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAE. 63 unable to resist, signed a capitulation, by whicli not only that city but the whole of Canada was surrendered to the Englisli. 31. The war between France and England continued until 1703, when a treaty of peace was signed at Paris, by which France ceded to Great J^ritain all her American j)OSsessions east of the Mississippi, and north of the Iber- ville {i'-ber-vU) River, in Louisiana. At the same time Spain ceded Florida to Great Britain. 32. FoNTiAc's Wak. — The transfer of the posts between the lakes and the Ohio to the British, whom the Indians disliked, exasperated the savages; and they, in a short time, gained possession of them all, except Niagara, Fort Pitt, and Detroit. Hundreds of families were butchered or driven from their homes. Detroit was besieged six months, but was finally relieved ; and at last tlie Indians were compelled to sue for peace. Pon'-ti-ac, their princi- pal chief, a few years after, was assassinated by an Indian. CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 1753. Washington was sent with a letter from Dinwiddie . .Oct 31. 1754. Washington defeated the French at Great Meadows. .May 28. Washington capitulated at Fort Necessity July 4. 1755. Monckton expelled the French from Nova Scotia. Braddock was defeated at the Monongahela July 0. Dieskau defeated tlie British near Lake George, \ « . f q The British defeated Dieskau at Lake George, j" ' • '^^'^^' ^' 175C. War between England and France was proclaimed. The Frencli, under Montcalm, captured Oswego . . .Aug. 14. Armstrong defeated the Indians, at Kittanning Sept. 8. 1757. Webb surrendered Fort Wm. Henry to Montcalm. . .Aug. 9. 1758. Montcalm repulsed Abercrom])ie at Ticonderoga July 8. The English, under Amherst, captured Louisburg. . .July 20. 31. When was the war hroucht to a close? What terras of the treaty are meiitioTifd ? What became of Florifla? .32. Wliat war occurred after 17(18? What was the cause of it? Give an accouutofit. Where is Detroit? (Map, p. 105.) ()4: THE FKENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 1758. English, under Bradstreet, captured Ft* Frontenac. .Aug. 37. Aubiy defeated Grant near Fort Duquesne Sept. 31. Fort Duquesne fell into the hands of the English. . .Nov. 35. 1759. The English, under Johnson, captured Ft. Niagara. .July 35. Wolfe was defeated in the battle of Montmorenci. . . .July 31. Wolfe defeated Montcalm on the Plains of Abraham, Sept. 13. Quebec was surrendered to the English Sept. 18. 17G0. De Levi defeated the English at Sillery, near Quebec, Apr. 38. ]\[ontreal surrendered to the English, under Amherst, Sept. 8. 17G3. The Treaty of Paris ended the French and Indian War, Feb. 10. EEVIEW QUESTIONS. PAGE 1. What was the principal cause of the French and Indian War ? 54 2. On what mission was Washington sent in 1753 ? 55 3. Give an account of his journey and success 55 4. In wliat direction was Fort Le Banif from Williamsburg? 53 5. Give the history of the construction of Fort Duquesne 56 6. Give an account of the battle of the Great Meadows 56 7. Name three principal events of 1753 and 1754 63 S. Name four principal events of 1755 83 9. Name nine principal events of the next three years 63, 64 10. Name seven principal events that next occurred 64 11. State all you can of General Braddock 57 12. State all you can of Governor Shirley 57-59 13 State all you can of General Johnson 57, 58, 61, 62 14. State what you can of Baron Dieskau 57, 58 15. State what you can of Montcalm 58, 59, 62 16. Give an account of the expedition against Kittanning 58 17. State what you can of General Amherst 59, 60, 62, 63 18. Give an account of Bradstreet's expedition against Frontenac 60 19. Give an account of Forbes's expedition against Duquesne 60 20. State what you can of General Wolfe 59, 60, 62 21. Give an account of the military events of 17G0 62, 63 22. Name, in order, sixteen battles of the war 63, 64 23. Name seven in which the English were successful 63, 64 24. Name nine in which the French were successful 63, 64 25. Name five battles that were fought in Pennsylvania 63, 04 26. Name six that were fought in New York 63, 64 27. Name four that were fought in Canada 63, 64 28. Give an account of Monckton's expedition 56, 57 29. Give the history of lAmisburg to the close of 1758 36, 59 30. Give the history of Fort Duquesne to the close of 1758 56, 55, 57, 59, 60 31. When did the French and Indian War begin and end ? 63, 64 32. Give an account of Fontiac's War 63 1761.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 65 SECTION IV. The American Hevolution, 1. Causes of the war. — The expenses which Great Britain had incurred in the French and Indian War, greatly increased her national debt. The English min- istry, asserting that this had been done in defending their American possessions, proposed to lessen the bur- den by taxing the colonies. In connection with the pro- position thus made, it was affirmed that the right to tax the- colonies was inherent in Parliament. 2. On the other hand, it was maintained that the colo- nies had been founded at their own expense ; and that, while they had already contributed their full proportion in defending themselves, the advantages resulting from their preservation were shared by England in common with themselves. The colonists also maintained that they could be justly taxed only by a legislature in which they were represented. Inasmuch, then, as they were not al- lowed to send representatives to the British Parliament, that body had no right to tax them. 3. Besides, the policy of CTreat Britain toward her col- onies had been, for years, unjust and illiberal, and calcu- lated to incite a rebellious spirit. The Navigation Act, previously described, and the issuing of " Writs of As- sistance," in 1761, were measures which were loudly com- 1. How did the French and Indian War aflcct the debt of Great Britain? What assertion was made ? What affirmation ? What proposition was made ? 2. What reply did the colonists make ? What was the conclusion ? 3. What policy had been pursued ? What is said of the Writs of Assistance ? 66 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. Ll'7t*o. plained of. These " Writs" were general search-warrants empowering custom-house officers to break open shij^s, stores, and private dwellings, in search of merchandise on which it was suspected no duty had been paid, 4. When, therefore, the news of the Stamp Act, passed by Parliament in 17G5, reached America, intense indigna- tion was produced. By the provisions of the Act, it was required that stamps, to be furnished by the British gov- ernment, were to be put upon all instruments, such as deeds, bonds, and notes ; as well as upon newspapers, al- manacs, and other printed matter. This Avas " taxation by means of a stamp duty." 5. The first burst of opposition appeared in the Legisla- ture of Virgina, where Patrick Henry distinguished him- self by his bold eloquence. Afterward a more formidable opposition was shown, when, upon the recommendation of the Massachusetts Assembly, a Colonial Congress, in which nine colonies were represented, was held in New York. Of this Congress, Timothy Ruggles, of Massa- chusetts, was elected president ; and, after mature delib- eration, a Declaration of Riglits, a Petition to the King, and a Memorial to Parliament, were adopted. 6. When the day came on which the Stamp Act was to go into effect, there were no officials courageous enough to carry it into execution ; and, besides, all the stamps had been concealed or destroyed. Business continued to bo conducted without stamps, and the colonial merchants agreed to import no more goods while the obnoxious measure remained a law. A change in the British minis- try occurring, the act was repealed in 1766. 7. Parliament, still claiming the right to tax the colo- 4. What took place in 1TG5 ? What effect did the news have in America ? What provisions of the Stamp Act are named ? 5. What opposition did the Stamp Act meet with ? . , „ wi „f , ,.. +i.« 6. How were llio operations of the Stamp Act prevented? What was the consequence ? 1767.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 67 nies, passed a bill, in 17G7, for levying duties on glass, paper, painters' colors, und tea. The news of this and other obnoxious measures of the British government, pro- duced a revival of the feelings which had been caused by the passage of the Stamp Act ; and non-importation associations were formed. 8. The opposition of the people of Boston being par- ticularly bold, two regiments were ordered by Gen. Gage from Halifax to overawe them. The presence of the troops exasperated the people ; and affrays ensued, in one of which, called the " Boston Massacre," occurring on the 5th of March, 1770, the soldiers fired upon the populace, killing three men and wounding others. 9. The opposition to the revenue measures induced I*arliament to revoke all the duties laid in 17C7, except that of three pence per pound on tea ; but as the peo- ]>le were contending against the princi]}le of " taxation without representation," and not against the amount of taxes imposed, the concession was not satisfactory. 10. The tea for New York and Philadelphia was sent back ; that for Charleston being stored in damp cellars, perished. At Boston a party of men, since known as the. *' Boston Tea Party," disguised as Indians, boarded the ships on a moonlight night in December, 1773, broke open the chests of tea, and emptied their contents into the water. 11. For the purpose of punishing the Bostonians, Par- liament passed the Boston Port Bill, which prohibited all 7. What ripht did Parliament still claim ? By what act was the claim made known ? What was the eflect ? 8. What military measure was adopted? W^hat was the effect? Give an account of the '' Bos^ton Massacre.'" Where is Halifax ? (Map, p. 01.) 9. What concession was made by Parliament? Why was not the concession eatisfactory to the colonists ? 10. What was done with the tea brought to America? Where is Phila- delphia? CMap, p. 43.) Where is Charleston ? (Map. p. 40.) 11. What retaliatory measure did Parliament adopt? What generous con- duct did the people of Salem manifest? Where is Salem ? (Map, p. 2i.) 68 THE AMERIC^VN EEYOLUTION. [1774. iiitereoui-se with Boston by water, and I'omovcd tlie cns- toni-houso to Saloni. l>iit the |>oo[)lo of Saloni g'onorously ivtiisod to thrive at the exjiense of their iieiLihhors, and the wharves of that town Mere otfered for the use oi' the lioston nierehants, free of eharge. 12. A general Congress, known as "The Fh-st Conti- nental Congress,'' with Peyton Kandolph, o{ Virginia, as president, met at l*hiladelphia, in September, 1774. All the colonies, except Georgia, were represented. After duo deliberation, a Declaration of Kights was made; the suspension of all commereial intercourse with Creat Britain reconmionded ; and addresses were voted to the king and the people ot'Cueat IJritain and Canada. 13. A contlict with Creat Britain seemed inevitable. The men in 3lassachusetts capable of bearing arms were daily trained in military exercises, and pledged to take the field at a minute's notice, — hence their name of "^Min- ute ^len."' ^lilitary measures were also adopted in other colonies, and a gt^ncral determination was manifest to resist, even with arms, the new oppressions attempted to be imposed by Great Britain. 14. Events op 1T75. — On the night of the ISth of April, 1775, Gen. Gage dispatched eight hundred troops, under Col. Smith and ^lajor Pitcairn [pit'-kCir/u)^ to dt^ stroy some military supplies which the Americans had collected at Con«.'ord, a town in Massachusetts, about six- teen miles trom Host on. 15. The patriots of Boston, having had a suspicion of such a movement, were on the alert. By preconcerted 1 "2. What oonvontion was hold In- tho oolonisits ? Give an acconnt of its or- CJUiii-ntion ;uul doiiii:;^. i:r What soomoiUnovitaWo? ^^'hat is Siiid of tho '' Minute Men ?" ^^*^lat is Mid of tnilitarv pr\>ivu-ations? M.xr QiKSTioNs.- (Map. p. 34'> How is Tioston sitnatod? Xowhurvport ? Nowport ? Now Uodt'oni * Now London « In whioh diitH'tion is Loxinsrton ftvni Hostoti ? Conooixi ftxnn Uoston * Salom ftvm Ui^ston * 14. What WJis GaJ;^^'s first importjuit moasurc Ji^^'tiiust tho Amoricans ? 1775.] Trri: AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 69 pii^Tials, tlio ;il:inn wJis oston, the liritish were re-enforced at Lexington, but during their retreat, as far as Charles- town, the Americans pursued, k(iei)ing up a constant and destructive lire upon them. The loss of the IJritish dur- ing the day was over two hundred ; that of the patriots was about ninety. 17. When the news of tlie day's contest spread, the militia from all j)arts of New England hastened to join those of Massachuscitts in forming a camj) near IJoston, where General Ward, of JVIassachusetts, was exercising a limited command. It being deemed imj)ortant to possess Ticonderoga and Crown Point, both 2)laces were captured in May by Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold, and a large supply of military stores secured for the l)atriots. 18. Upon the arrival of re-enforcements from England, under Generals Howe, ]>ur-goyne', and Sir Jlemy Clin- ton, Gage issued a proclamation declaring all Americans in arms rcibels and traitors, but offering pardon to those who should return to their allegiance. John Hancock and Samuel Adams, whose offences were pronounce^ 1 5. Wliat action did Uio patriots tako ? Give an account of what occurred at L(;xlnt,'t()n. Where in Li!xiiij,'l()n V (Map, p. 24.) 1 6. Ciive an account ol' what took i)lace at Concord. Of the other cvcntB of the day. Wliere is Charlestown '/ (Map, j). 70.) 17. What cfTect did the newH have V What succcps did Allen and Arnold hav. 29.) 46. Uow did the Americans offset Tryon's wantonness ? 1777.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 79 Gen. Prescott, the commander at Rhode Island. Pres- cott, in 1778, was exchanged for Lee. 47. AVashington's army was encamped at Morristown during the early part of 1777; but in the spring he removed to Middlebrook. Howe having failed to draw Washington from this latter place, and bring on an en- gagement, withdrew his troops to Staten Island, thus leaving the Americans in complete possession of N"ew Jersey, 48. The British troops, to the number of eighteen thou- sand men, then embarked on board the fleet of Lord Howe, and the vessels put to sea, leaving Clinton in com- mand of a large force at New York. The destination of the fleet being unknown to "Washington, he remained for many days in painful uncertainty about it. 49. At last the enemy's expedition was heard from. Their fleet had sailed up Chesapeake Bay, the troops had been landed, and a march commenced against Philadelphia. Washington hastened to dispute the progress of the Brit- ish, and, with the main part of his army, took a position at Chad's Ford, on Brandy wine Creek, where, on the 11th of September, a battle was fought. 50. The enemy advanced in two divisions, and while one made a direct attack upon the left wing of the Americans, the other crossed the stream above, and un- Map Questions.— Where is Paoli ? Chad's Ford ? Germantown ? Fort Mer- cer? Fort Mifflin? Red Bank ? Valley Fore:e ? Readins;? 47. What scheme did Howe endeavor to carry out in New Jersey ? What aiovement did he next make? 48. What further can you state of TTowe's movements ? 49. In what way did Washintiton try to save Philadelphia? 49, 50. Give au accouut of the battlo of Brandy wine. 80 THE AMERICAN EEVOLUTION. [1777. expectedly fell upon their right. The patriots defended themselves with great valor, but were at length forced to give way. The loss of the Americans, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, amounted to twelve hundred men ; that of the British to about five hundred. Among the wounded was Lafayette. Pulaski [pn-las' -ke) , a Po- lish nobleman, was also in the battle, doing brave ser- vice for the cause of liberty. 51. AVashington in vain endeavored to save Philadel- phia. The two armies again met, but a violent storm prevented a battle ; and Gen. Wayne (icdne), who had been detached with fifteen hundred men to hang upon the rear of Howe's army, Avas attacked at night near Paoli (pd-o'-le)^ and defeated. On the 26th Howe entered Philadelphia, but the main body of his army encamped at Germantown.* 52. Seven or eight miles below Philadelphia, the Americans held two forts on opposite sides of the Dela- ware, and thus commanded the river. Learning that a strong detachment of the British had left for their re- duction, Washington attacked the force remaining at Germantown, Oct. 4th ; but the patriots, although at first successful, were finally repulsed, with the loss of a thousand men. 53. Both forts were attacked, Oct. 2 2d ; — Mercer, by a force of two thousand troops, under Count Do'-nop ; and Mifliin, by a number of frigates and other vessels. But the assailants were rej^ulsed with heavy loss. Donop was mortally wounded, about five hundred Hessians and marines were killed or wounded, and two large ships were destroyed. 51. What nest occurred ? Give an account of the battle of Paoli. When did Howe enter Philadelphia ? Germantown is now a part of Philadelphia. 52. What induced Was^hington to go agaiu!S". (^ive the particulars of tlie disasters that followed St. Clair's retreat. r>?). What retreat and advance next took nlaee ? GO. Kclato the story in rolutiou to Jane McCroa. Sdif-rwciiuliy MASS.: 1777.] rilE AMEIIICAN REVOLUTION. 83 Bifect of greatly increasing the number of Scliuyler's troops. Tlic lady, it a})i)cared, had been captured by some Indians attached to IJurgoyne's army, during a visit bIic was making at the house of a friend; and while they were conducting her to his camp, slio met her deatli. Accounts dilfer as to how she was killed ; but the savages brought her scalp into Burgoyne's camp, and the opinion prevailed that they were her murderers. 61. J)urgoyne had j)reviously sent a detachment under Col. St. Leger (lej'-er) to capture Fort Schuyler. On reaching the place and linding it resolutely defended, St. Leger determined upon a siege. While this was in pro- gress, Gen. Iler'-ki-mer, in advancing to the relief of the garrison, fell into an ambuscade, August Oth, and was de- feated, lie being mortally wounded. At last the Indian allies of St. Leger, hearing that Arnold, who had been dispatched by Schuyler, was approaching with a large army, fled in great haste, and the siege was consequently abandoned. 62. Burgoyne, having arrived at Fort Edward, and finding himself in want of supplies, sent five hundred men, under Col, Baum (boimi), to seize the stores which the Americans had collected at Bennington. ]>auni Avas met near Bennington by tlie New nam})shire militia, under Gen. Stark, and defepted; and, on the same day, August IGth, a detachment which had been sent to tlio aid of 1 xxum, was also defeated, 63. The reverses experienced by the Britisli at Fort Schuyler and Bennington embarrassed the movements of Burgoyne, and weakened and dispirited his army. Just then, when the Americans were in good force to confront 01. Oive tho particnlarn of St. Lcj^cr's oporations. Where was Fort Scbuy- Icr Y (Map, p. 88.) By what name is Herkimer's hattle known ? ^l/^s\ O-ris'-ka-ny. (12. (iive an aeecnint of the battle of Bennin<^ton. G;{. Uow (lid the reverses of tho British allect Iheia ? What change in com- mandcrs took pUico ? 84 THE AMEKICAN REYOLUTION. [1777. the enemy, General Gates, by act of Congress, was ap- pointed to succeed Sckuyler. 64. Gates advanced to 13em'-is Heights, near Stillwater, and Burgoyne crossed the Hudson. On the 19th of Sept. was fought the first battle of Stillwater, sometimes called the battle of Bemis Heights, in which Arnold displayed great bravery. Both parties claimed the victory; but, though the British remained on the field of battle, their progress toward Albany was eftectually checked. 65. The two armies remained in sight of each other for more than two weeks. Burgoyne, in the mean time, strengthened his position, to await the co-operation of Clinton from Xew York ; but, at last, despairing of aid from that quarter, he determined, if possible, to cut his way through the American lines. This brought on, Oc- tober Tth, the second battle of Stillwater, often called the battle of Saratoga. 66. After a fierce conflict of several hours, in which the loss of the British was severe, they were compelled to give way. Arnold again distinguished himself, though fighting without any assigned command, and was severely wounded. Burgoyne retired to Saratoga, where, finding himself so surrounded by the Americans that all chance of retreat was cut ofl", and being without provisions, on the 17th of October he surrendered his whole army, num- bering more than five thousand men, prisoners of war. 67. Clinton, in the mean time, had ascended the Hudson as far as forts Clinton and Montgomery, and captured both forts ; but instead of hastening to the co-operation of Burgoyne, he sent an expedition to devastate the coun- 64. Give an account of the first battle of Stillwater. 65. What positions did the two armies then hold? What determination did Biiriroyne at last form ? 65, i66. Give an account of the second battle of Stillwater. Give an account of Burgoyne's final movements and surrender. 67. What had Clinton been doing meanwhile ? What did the British do on hearing of Burgoj-uc's surrender ? 1778.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 85 try. The British, on the northern frontiers, upon hearing of their disaster at Saratoga, abandoned Ticonderoga and other forts ; and Clinton's expedition, after burning Kings- ton, returned to New York. 68. In November of this year Articles of Coxfedera- Tiox for the government of the United States were adopted by Congress. These, however, in consequence of not being ratified by all the states till 1781, did not go into effect before that time. 69. Events of 1778. — The success of the Americans at Saratoga decided the negotiations which had been set on foot in 1776. France acknowledged the independence of the United States, and an alliance was concluded between the two nations. The French government at once fitted out a squadron, of which Count D'Estaing (des-tang') was given the command, and, about the middle of April, the fleet sailed for America. 70. In England the tidings of Burgoyne's surrender produced alarm ; a more conciliatory spirit began to pre- vail; and two bills, in keeping with this feeling, were passed by Parliament. Commissioners were sent to Amer- ica to negotiate a restoration of peace ; but Congress re- fused to treat with them until Great Britain should with- draw her fleets and armies, or acknowledge the independ- ence of the United States. 71. In the mean time. Gen. Ilowe having resigned his command, Gen. Clinton was appointed his successor ; and the British government^ fearing for the safety of their army at Philadelphia, ordered Clinton to proceed to New York. In July D'Estaing arrived in Delaware Bay, but 68. What is stated in relation to the Articles of Confederation ? 69. What effect did Burj^oyne's surrender have in France ? 70. What effect did the surrender have in England? How did Congress re. ccive the commissioners ? 7 1 . What change in commanders was made ? What instructions were sent to Clinton ? Wiiat escape did the British fleet make ? 86 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. [IT 7 8. not in time to capture the British fleet, as Lord Howe had sailed a few days before. 72. On the 18th of June Clinton evacuated Philadel- phia, and commenced his march through New Jersey to New York. The Americans gave pursuit ; and at Mon'- mouth, on the 28th, a severely contested battle was fought. In the early part of the conflict Lee's division fell back, and was in full retreat just as Washington came up. Lee was rebuked by the commander-in-chief, and directed to assist in further operations : he complied, and, during the rest of the battle, displayed both faith- fulness and courage. 73. Though, at the close of the day, the result of the engagement was indecisive, the advantage was with the Americans, and they slept on their arms, intending to renew the contest on the following morning ; but Clin- ton silently departed before dawn. The loss of the Brit- ish in the battle and by desertions during the march, amounted to fifteen hundred men. The j^atriots lost more than two hundred, many of whom fell from the ex- cessive heat and fatigue of the day. 74. Lee's pride having been wounded by the rebuke which he had received, he addressed two disrespectful letters to Washington. For this disrespect and his con- duct on the battle-field, he was tried by a court-martial, found guilty, and sentenced to be suspended from command for one year. He, however, never rejoined the army, but, just before the close of the war, died in Philadelphia. 75. A combined attack by D'Estaing and Gen. Sullivan was planned for the expulsion of the British from Rliode Island, where, under Gen. Pig'-ot, they had established a 72. Give an account of the battle of Monmouth. 73. Give the result and consequences of the battle. Where ia Monmouth? (Map, p. 43.) Morristown '? 74. What oflensivc course did Lee take ? Give an account of the trial and consequences. mtS.l THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 87 military depot. Tempted by the hope of a victory, D'Estaing sailed from Newport to meet Lord Howe, who had heard of Pigot's danger and hastened to his relief; but a furious storm having disabled the two fleets just as they were about to engage, he returned to Newport, and soon after departed for Boston, to repair his ships. 76. Sullivan, finding himself thus deserted, withdrew to the northern part of the island ; and, being followed by the enemy, an enga-gement took place, August 29th, resulting in a loss of over two hundred on each side, and in the repulse of the British. Learning that a fleet with troops was coming to the aid of Pigot, Sullivan gained the mainland just in time to avoid being intercej)ted by Clinton. 77. An expedition, commanded by Gen. Grey, commit- ted great destruction at New Bedford and other places ; but no acts of the enemy during the entire war were con- sidered more atrocious than those of which they were guilty at Wy-o'-ming, in Pennsylvania, and Cherry Val- ley, in New York. 78. Early in July a large force of tories and Indians, under Col. John Butler, entered the valley of Wyoming, spread desolation in every direction, and slaughtered a body of the inhabitants who had marched against them. In. November a party of the same mixed character fell upon the settlement of Cherry Valley, and killed or car- ried into captivity many of the settlers. 79. Toward the close of the year Clinton sent an ex- pedition of two thousand men to invade Georgia. Col. 75. What enterprise was planned for D'Estaing and Sullivan ? Give an ac- count of D'Estaing's movements. 76. Give an account of the land battle and Sullivan's movements. By what name is that battle known ? A7is. Quaker Hill, or Batt's Hill, 7 7. What account can you give of Grey's expedition ? 77. 78. Give an account of the " Massacre of Wyoming." Also of the at- tack upon Cherry Valley. Where is Wyoming? (Map, p. .38.) Cherry Valley ? 79. What expedition was sent against Georgia ? What did the British ac- complish in Georgia ? 88 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. [1779. Campbell, its commander, proceeded against Savannah, then delehded by a small force uiuler Gen. Robert Howe, and, on the 20th of December, made an attack. The Americans were defeated with much loss, and, in conse- quence. Savannah fell into the hands of the British, and was retained by them till 1783. 80. Events of 1779. — At the beginning of 1779 only one post in Georgia, that of Sunbury, remained in pos- session of the Americans. This was captured on the 9th of January by Gen. Pre-vost', who had arrived with troops from Florida. Assuming the command of the British forces in the South, Prevost ordered Campbell to occupy Auo'usta, his object being to encourage the tories in that region to join the royal standard. 81. The tories along the western frontiers of the Caroli- nas were thus induced to organize themselves into a body, with Col. Boyd in command. They then marched to- ward the Savannah, committing great devastation and cruelties as they proceeded ; but, at Kettle Creek, Feb. 14th, they wtre attacked by a force of Carolina militia, under Col. Pickens, and utterly defeated. Boyd was among the slain. 82. Encouraged by this success. Gen. Lincoln, then in command of the American forces at the South, sent Gen. Ashe {ash) to aid in driving the enemy from Augusta. The patriots having concentrated a force opposite that town, Campbell tied. Ashe pursued, but at Brier Creek, ]\Iarch od, he was surprised by Prevost, and defeated, losing nearly his whole army by death, captivity, and dispersion. 83. Learning that a body of British troops was sta- 80. Wh;\t did the Pritisih accomplish in Goonrin. in January. 171^0? SI. Give an account ot" Rovd'ts operations and defeat. S'i. Give an account of Ashe's openitions and defeat. 83. Of Lincoln's operations and defeat. Of the disasters at the North. Where is Stony roiiit 1 (Map, p. 3S.) Verpiauck's Toiut ? 1779.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 89 tioncd at Stono Ferry, ten miles from Charleston, Lin- coln determined to drive the enemy from a position so menacing to the city. Accordingly the attempt Avas made, June 20th, but, after a severe engagement, the Americans were repulsed. Disaster, too, attended the patriot cause at the North. Tryon made two more expe- ditions against Connecticut, and Clinton captured Stony and Verplanck's Points. Savaimab. Sunbury 84. Washington, desiring to recapture Stony Point, planned an attack to be conducted by Wayne. At mid- Map Questions.— What State is on the South of Virginia? On the Ponth of North Carolina? On the Pouth and west of South Carolina? Where Ib Savan- nah? Sunburv? Auijusfa? Monk's Corner? Ninety-six? Rocky Mount? Ilanfrinf* Koek? KinjrV Mountain ? Cow|)ens? fJuilford Court House ? Wil- inin(>njamin Franklin, John Jay, and Henry Laurens. On the 19th of April, 17S3, a cessation of hostilities was ])r()claimed in the American army; and on the 3d of Sep- tember following, a deiinitive treaty was signed at Paris. 117. ]>y the terms of the treaty. Great Britain acknow- ledged the independence of the United States, and the boundaries were fixed at the great lakes on the north and the Mississipj)i on the west. She also conceded the right to fish on the Banks of Newfoundland. Florida was re- turned to S})ain. 118. At the close of the war the government was una- ble to meet the just claims of its creditors, and the conse- (juence was general discontent, particularly among the ollicers and j)rivates of the army. Through the infiuence of Washington the ill-feeling among the troops Avas al- layed ; and Congress afterward granted five years' whole ]>:iy to the oificers, instead of, as by resolution passed in 1780, haU-pay for life. Four months' whole pay was granted to the privates. 119. By order of Congress, the army was disbanded on the 3d of November, 1783. On the 25th of the same month New York was evacuated by the British; and in December following, Washington, " with a heart full of 1 1 .'». Whftt waa the ofl'ec.t in Amorica and Rni^land ? 110. M'liut steps were taken for the establishment of peace? 117. WIkU tiTins of the treaty are nientioneil? 118. In what eoiuHtion did the cUise of lite war find the uational finances f llow wore the troubled with the army hcjiled If PROGRESSIVE MAPS. XV 2 I'S'S?.] THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 99 love and gratitude," took leave of his officers at that city. He then repaired to An-nap'-o-lis ; and there, on the 23d of December, in a simple and impressive address, resio-ned to Congress his commission as commander-in-chief. On the following day he reached his home at Mount Vernon. 120. It was found tliat, by the Articles of Confeder- ation, under which the United States had existed since 1781, Congress had no power to raise money and pay the debts incurred by the war. Tlie individual States were therefore called upon for funds ; but their efforts to raise them by direct taxation produced great opposition, espe- cially in Massachusetts, where it grew to an open insur- rection, known as Shays's Rebellion. This, however, was suppressed in 1787. 121. This rebellion and other causes convinced tlie peo- ple that a more powerful general government was needed. Accordingly, a national convention was held at Phila- delphia, with ^Yashington as president, and after four months' deliberation, the Constitution was adopted, Sep- tember 17th, 1787. After being ratified by the requisite number of States, though not without great opposition, it went into operation on the 4th of March, 1789. CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 17G5. Parliament passed the Stamp Act March 8. The Colonial Congress met in New York Oct. 7. 17G6. Parliament repealed the Stamp Act March 18. 17G7. A bill taxing tea, glass, paper, etc., was passed June 29. 17G8. A body of British troops arrived at Boston Sept. 27. 1770. Affray, known as the " Boston Massacre," occurred . March 5. 119. Name some of the closins: scenes of the war. To what place did Washington then go ? Where is Mount Vernon ? (Map. p. 126.) Annajjolis? 120. Peace being established, what embarrassments beset Congress ? What measnre for relief was adopted ? Give an account of Shays's Rebellion. 121. To what conviction did Shays's rebellion and other cauaes lead ? State what followed. 100 TMK AI\1KIU(\\N HKVOT.UTION. 1778. Tho t(ni ill l)()sl(»ii luirWor was lluowii overboard Dec. 10. 1771. 'VUv liosloii Port Hill was passed by rarliiimcnt . . .Murcli iJl. Till' Kiist C'oiiliiicntal Coiii^ri'ss incl in IMiiladclphia. .Sept. 5. 1775, 'VUv war (•DinMU'iu't'd wilh tlic baltlo of Iit'.\ini;i()n. . April 11). Allen and Arnold caplnrcil 'IMconderot^a May ID. Washington was clcelcd conunandcr-in-cliicf Jiino 15. 'riif battle of linnker Hill occurred June 17. l\l«)ntreal surrendereil U) Moid^oinery Nov. 13. J\lonti;-oniery was dei'eated and slain at tiuebec Dec. ill. 1770. Boston was evacuated by the British troops March 17. The British were repulsed at Ft. Moullrie,('harleston.June 128. Cont;ress udopt(>d the Declaration of Independence. . .July 4. The Americans were defeated on Loni;: Island Auij:. 27. Washington waH defeated at While Plains Oct. 28. The British captured Fort Washins^lon Nov. 10. Washiniiton took a thousand prisoners at Trenton.. .Dec. 20. 1777. Washini^ton i!:ained a victory at Princeton Jan. S. Tryon made an expedition against (\)nnecticut April 20. I\lei!i,s destroyed British property at Sa.i^ Harbor May 2;{. ]iuri;'oyne connncnced his invasion of New York.. . ..lune U5. Ticomler(\i;a fell into the hands of Bur^oyne ]u\y 5. The Aniericans were defeated at llubbardlon lul}^ 7. Vrescott was captured by liarton at Bhode Island. . .July 10. Fort Schuyler was besic!;-eil by St. Le^cr Aui^. 'A. Herkimer was ilefeat«'d at Oriskany Aussion of Philadelphia Sept. 20. The British repulsed the Ameiicans at (Jermantown. .Oct. 4. The British captured Forts (Minton and J\lonti;-omery. .Oct. 0. The battle of Saratoiiii was fought Oct. 7. Bur^-oyne surrendered his army to Gates Oct. 17. The British Avere repulsed at Fts. l\lcrcer and Miniin.Oct. 32. Am. army went into winter-quarters at Valley Fori>c. Dec. 11. 1778. France acknowlcdu-ed the inde|)eiulence of the U. S.. .Feb. 0. Tlu^ British, under (Tmlon, evacuated Philadelphia June 18. AVashini;ton defeated Clinton at Monmouth June 28. The battle and massacre at Wyominu; occurred Inly 8, 4. Sullivan defeated the British at C^uaker Hill, U. I.. . .Aug. 20. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 101 1778. Tories and Indians massacred people at Cheny V'y.Nov. 11. Campbell captured Savannah Dec. 29. 1779. Tlie British, under Prevost, captured Sunbury Jan. 9. Pickens defeated Boyd at Kettle Creek Feb. 14. Prevost surprise J and defeated Ashe at Brier Creek. March 3. The British repulsed Lincoln at Stono Ferry June 20. The Amei-icans, under Wa}Tie, captured Stony Point. July 15. The British garrison at Paulus Hook was captured. .July 19. Sullivan made an expedition airainst tlie Indians. Aug., Sept. Paul Jones gained a victory oti" the coast of England. Sept. 23. D'Estaing and Lincoln were repulsed at Savannah Oct. 9. 1780. Charleston was besieged by the British April and May. Tarleton defeated the Americans at Monk's Comer. April 14. Lincoln surrendered Charleston to Clinton ^lay 12. Tarleton defeated Buford at Wax haw Creek May 29. CornwallLs defeated Gates at Sanders Creek Aug. 16. Tarleton routed Sumter at Fishing Creek Aug. 18. Arnold plotted to betray West Point to the British. Andre was executed as a spy, at Tappan Oct. 2. Ferguson was defeated and slain at King's Mt Oct. 7. 1781. The Pennsylvania troops revolted Jan. L Morgan defeated Tarleton at the Cowpens Jan. 17. The New Jersey troops revolted Jan. 18. Comwallis pursued Morgan and Greene Jan., Feb. The Articles of Confederation were ratified by the States. Comwallis defeated Greene at Guilford C. H March 15. Rawdon defeated Greene at Ilobkirk's Hill April 25. Arnold made an expedition against New London Sept. 6. The battle and massacre at Ft. Grlswold occurred. . . . Sept, 6. The battle of Eutaw Springs was fought Sept. 8. Yorktown was besieged by Americans and French. .Sept. 30. Comwallis surrendered at Yorktown Oct. 19. 1782. A preliminary treaty of peace was signed at Paris. , .Nov. 30. 1783. Savannah was evacuated by the Bi'itish July 11. A definitive treaty of peace was signed at Paiis Sept. 3. The American anny was disbanded Nov. 3. New York was evacuated by the British Nov. 25. Charleston w^as evacuated by the British Dec. 14. Washington resigned his commission to Congress. . .Dec. 23. 1787. Shays's liebeUion occurred in Massachusetts. Convention at Philadelphia adopted Const, of U. S..Sopt. 17. PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE REVOLUTION. • The aiterisk indicates the auccessful pnrty. t Doubtful. 1775. April! 9. June 17, Dec. 81, 1776. June 28, Aug. 27, Oct 2S, Nov. 16, Dec. 26, 1777. Jan. 8, July 7, Aug. 6, Aue. 16, Sept. 11, Sept. H), Sept 20, Oot4, Oct 6, -j Oct 7, Oct 22, 1 Nov. 16, 177S. June 28, July 3, Aue:. 29, Dec. 29, 1779. Feb. 14, March 3, June 20, July 15, Aue:. 13, July 19, Aug. 29, Sept. 23, Oct. 9, 1780. April 14, May 12, May 29, June 23, July 80, Aug. 6, Aug. 16, Aug. 18, Oct 7, 1781. Jan. 17, March 15, April 25, Sept 6, Sept 8, Oct 19, I-cxington , Bunker Hill Quebec Fort Moultrie Lonii I.-^liiiid White Plains Fort Washington. Trenton Princeton llubbunlton Ori-skanyt Bennington Brandynino Bcinis Heights... Piioli Germantown Fort Clinton Fort Montgomery Saratoga Fort Mercer FortMitllin Fort Mifflin Monmouth Wyoming Khoile Island Savannah Kettle Creek Brier Creek Stono Ferry Stony Point Penobscot Paiilus Hook Chemung Flamboro' Head . Savannah Monk's Corner. .. Charleston Waxhaw SpringfleUl, N. J. Rocky Mount Hanging Uock... Sanlers Creek ... Fishing Creek ... King's Mountain. Cowpens Guilford C. H.... Hobkirk's Hill... Fort Griswold... Eutaw Springst.. Yorktowa COMMANDKKS. Parker Prescoit Montgomery., Moultrie* Putnam McDougall .. Mngaw Washington*. Washington*. Warner Herkimer Stark* Washington.. Gates* Wayne Washington.. Jas. Clinton. * Gov. Clinton j Gates* Col. Greene*. Col. Smith* . Major Thayer Washington* Col. Z. Butler Sullivan* . . . . Robert Howe Pickeus* Ashe Lincoln Wayne* Lovell Major Lee* . . Sullivan*.... Paul Jones*.. Lincoln linger Lincoln Buford Greene* Sumter . . Sumter* Gates Sumter Campbell*. .. Morgan* Greene Greene Le(ly.ard Greene Washington*. British. Smith* Gen. Howe*. . Carleton* Parker Gen. Howe*.. Lesl ic* Gen. Howe*.. Rahl Mawhood .... Fraser* St Leger Baiim Gen. Howe* .. Burgoyne Grey* Gen. Howe* . . Sir II. Clinton* Burgoyne Donop Gen. Howe... Gen. H()we*.. Clinton John Butler* . Pigot Campbell* Boyd Prevost* Maitland* .Fohnson • McLean* Sutherland .. Brant I'earson Pre vest* Tarleton* Clinton* Tarleton* Knyphausen.. TurnbuU* .... Brown Cornwallis*... Tarleton* Ferguson Tarleton Cornwallis*... Rawdon* Eyre* Stuart Cornwullis.... unknwn 1.500 900 400 10,000 1,600 8.000 2.400 MEN ENOAQED. Anrrica British. 8,000 700 1,000 2,000 11,000 2,500 l,5t)0 11,000 600 8,000 450 400 400 12,000 400 5,000 900 800 1,200 800 1,200 900 850 4,000 squadr'n 4,500 800 8,700 400 8,000 600 600 8,000 700 900 900 4,400 1.200 150 2.000 16,000 1,700 8,000 1,200 4,000 20.000 2,000 5,000 1,000 1,800 1,200 1,500 1,200 18,000 8,000 8,000 15,000 8,000 4,500 2,000 Mi.\ebnrfJi^'^ f ''^^''^'l /"/ir «r TiPPcnMioc% >'-0/"il' o Sl!SF» I • CO LDMBCS.'S -^^S^X / / '^ i I A/l-ciT'-riautoK, Dayton* / - ) 2r '■^>'. V ' '.•^'^•Creeav ;^-^^j. * franklin ^JT A^'i( ^/'"^ ^-avaan&t raye'(i«jn(]i>^^'"^"'^^?'^'^'\^^ f'r • /A L A. J* ») AtKm\ 106 WASHINGTON S ADMINISTEATION. U789, ^ SECTION V. FROM THE BEGINNING OF WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION TO THE CLOSE OF JEFFERSOn's I 1789 TO 1809. 1. Washington's Administration. — The first election for President of the United States resulted in the choice of George Washington, wlio received the whole number of electoral votes. At the same time John Adams of Massachusetts, was elected Vice-President. New York was then the capital; and in that city Washington ap- peared before the first constitutional Congress, and was inaugurated on the 30th of April, 1789. 2. Congress having created three executive depart- ments, — of state, treasury, and war, — the heads of which were to form the President's cabinet, Washington ap- pointed Thomas Jeiferson of Virginia, Secretrary of State ; Alexander Hamilton of New York, Secretary of the Treas- ury; and Henry Knox of IVlassachusetts, Secretary of War. Hamilton, by his judicious management, placed the public finances in a good condition ; and, upon his rec- ommendation, the debts of the states, contracted during the war, were assumed by the general government. 8. In 1790 a law was passed establishing the seat of government at Philadelphia for ten years, and afterward locating it permanently on the Potomac. In the follow- ing year, the Bank of the United States was incorporated ; 1. Who was the first prepldent of the ITnitod States? Who was the first vice-president ? What was New York City at that time ? When and where was Washipffton inauenrated ? 2. What executive departments did Congress create? What is said of Ham- ilton and his plans ? 3. What is said ahont the seat of government? About the Bank of me United States ? About Vermont ? 1190.] Washington's administkation. 107 and Vermont was admitted into the Union, making the number of states fourteen. During the Revohition, Ver- mont applied for admission into the Confederacy ; but as Kew York claimed the territory, the application was not granted. 4. In the summer of 1790 an Indian war was com- menced by the tribes north of the Ohio. Washington at first used pacific means ; but, these failing, he sent an expedition, under Gen. Harmar, against the hostile tribes. Ilarmar destroyed several of their villages, but, in two battles, near the present village of Fort Wayne, Indiana, he was defeated with severe loss. 5. In the following year St. Clair marched against the Indians ; but while encamped at a place in the western part of Ohio he was surprised, and defeated witli the loss of six hundred men. During the war, Kentucky, which had been previously claimed by Virginia, was admitted into the Union; and, in the same year, 1792, Washington was again elected president. Adams was abo rechosen vice- president. 6. Gen. Wayne was finally sent against the Indians. In August, 1794, he met them near the rapids of the Mau-mee', and gained a complete victory. This success, followed up by vigorous measures, compelled the Indians to sue for peace ; and, in 1795, a treaty was made at Green- ville, by which a large tract of territory was ceded to the United States. Tennessee was admitted into the Union in 1796. 7. When France, during her great revolution, declared war against England, a large part of the people of this 4. What occurred in 1790? Give an account of Harmar's expedition? Where is Fort Wayne? (p. 105.) „.^ . . .^ , t- ^ i o n. Give an account of St. Clair's expedition. What is paid of Kentucky? Of WaFhinfi;t on' s re-election ? 6. Give an account of Wayne's expedition. What is said of the treaty of Greenville ? Where is Greenville ? (p. 105.) In what direction from Grecnvillo iB the battle-ground of Wayne's victory ? What is said of Tennessee ? 108 JOHN ADAMS's ADMINISTRATION. [1791. country were in favor of helping their old ally of the Rev- olution. M. Genet {zhe-nd'), the French minister in the United States, presuming upon the feeling in favor of his country, began to fit out privateers in American ports to cruise against British vessels. Washington, deeming it best to preserve a position of strict neutrality between the two countries, demanded his recall, and another minister was sent in his place. 8. The first measure adopted by the United States gov- ernment for raising a revenue by internal taxation, was the law of 1791, imposing a duty on domestic liquors. It met with considerable opposition, especially in the west- ern part of Pennsylvania, where, in 1794, the resistance grew to an open rebellion, known as the Whisky Insur- rection. Upon the approach of a force sent by Washing- ton, the insurgents yielded. 9. It was not long after the making of the treaty of 1783, at the close of the Revolution, before the American and British governments began to accuse each other of violating its stipulations. To avert a war which seemed inevitable, John Jay was sent as a special envoy to En- gland, where, in 1794, a treaty was made. This new treaty met with considerable opposition in the United States, because its provisions were regarded as being too favorable to the English ; but it was at length ratified. 10. John- Adams's Administration. — Washington, hav- ing declined a nomination for a third term, John Adams was elected to succeed him ; and the new president was inaugurated at Philadelphia, on the 4th of March, 1797. Washington then retired to the quietude of his home at Mount Vernon. 7. What imprudence was committed by the French minister? What course did Washino^ton adopt ? 8. Give an account of the Whisky Insurrection. 9- State the circumstances in relation to Jay's Trontv. 1 0. Who succeeded Washington as president ? When and where was Adams Inaugurated ? What, then, did Washington do ? 1797.1 Jefferson's administration. 109 11. The neutral position taken by the United States in the war between England and France, gave offence to the latter power; and "Jay's Treaty," ratified in 1795, so aggravated the unfriendly feeling, that a war seemed in- evitable. The president, therefore, convened an extra ses- sion of Congress, and defensive measures were adopted, Washington being appointed commander-in-chief. Hos- tilities at sea were commenced; but the decided stand taken by the Americans had its effect, and a treaty of peace was made with Napoleon Bonaparte, who had be- come First Consul of France. 12. Washington, however, did not live to see the trou- bles terminated : he died at Mount Vernon, on the 14th of December, 1799. His death was regarded as a national bereavement. Congress paid honors to his memory, and the whole people mourned the loss which each person felt that he had individually sustained. During the following year the " City of Washington" was made the nation's capital. 13. Toward the close of Adams's administration of four years, a fierce struggle took place between the two great parties of the day — Federal and Republican — in relation to the presidential succession. Upon counting the electoral votes it was found that no candidate had the requisite majority; therefore the election went to the House of Representatives, by whom Jefferson was chosen president, and Aaron Burr of New York, vice-president. 14. Jeffersox's ADisriNTSTRATiox. — The inauguration of Jefferson took place in the new capitol, at Washington, on the 4th of March, 1801. At the expiration of his first 11. Give an account of the troubles with France. 12. What is ptated in relation to Washington's Hpath? What occurred in 1800 ? Where is the citv of Washington ? (Map. p. 126.) 13. What strusele is spoken of? State the particulars in relation to the election of Adams's successor. 1 4. When and where was Jefiferson inaugurated ? 110 Jefferson's administkation. [I802. term of office, he was re-elected for a second ; consequently he was president eiglit years. 15. During his first term Ohio was admitted into the Union (in 1802) ; and an immense tract of land, including the present State of Louisiana and extending from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains, was bought (in 1803) from France, for fifteen millions of dollars. By the purchase thus made the free navigation of the Missis- sippi to the Gulf of Mexico was secured. 16. In the same year, 1803, Commodore Preble (preb-'el) was sent against the pirates of the Barbary States, who were constantly on the alert to commit depredations upon the commerce of the United States. One of his vessels, the frigate Philadelphia, while reconnoitring in the har- bor of Tripoli [triji-ii-le), struck on a rock, and was cap- tured, her crew being made slaves. 17. The recapture of the frigate being considered im- practicable, her destruction was determined upon. Ac- cordingly, on a night in February, 1804, Lieut. Decatur (dt-kd'-t (()•), in a small vessel, with about 80 companions, en- tered the harbor, boarded the Pliiladelphia, killed or drove into the sea every one of the Tripolitan crew, and, after setting the frigate on fire, escaped without losing a man. 18. About a year later, Mr. Eaton, an agent of the L^nited States, concerted an expedition with Hamet, the exiled though rightful heir to the tlirone of Tripoli. He marched from Egypt across the desert, and captured Der'-ne ; but, in the midst of his successes, a treaty of peace was con- cluded between the bashaw and Mr. Lear, American Consul-General. 15. What is said of Ohio? of Louisiana? Of the advantage gained by the purchase of Louisiana ? 16. What were the Barbary States? Af.'^. ^rorocco. Algiers. Tunis, and Tripoli. lyin>r along the north coast of Africa. What expedition was sent in 1S03 ? Why was" it sent ? Wliat misfortune occurred ? 17. Give the subsequent history of the Philadelphia. 18. Give au account of Eaton's successes. What followed? 1804.] Jefferson's administration. Ill 19. In July, 1804, the duel between Alexander Hamil- ton and Aaron Burr occurred. This sad affair, which re- sulted in the death of Ilaniilton, o-ivw out of a political quarrel. Burr, finding tliat lie had lost his ])olitical influ- ence, became engaged, two years after, in organizing a secret expedition at the West. He was tried on a charge of treason, and, though acquitted, was generally believed to be guilty of a design to dismember the Union. 20. About that time, France and P2ngland being at war, the latter power declared the northern coast of France in a state of blockade. Napoleon retaliated, decreeing the blockade of the British islands. In consequence of these and other " decrees" and " orders," great numbers of American vessels were seized by the cruisers of the bel- ligerent powers, and our commerce with Europe was nearly destroyed. 21. But the crowning grievance of the Americans was the so-called " right of search." This was a claim set up by Great Britain, nnder which American vessels were searched, and all sailors of English birth fouiKl on board, were impressed as subjects of the king. 22. An event occurred, in June, 1807, wliich brought things toward an issue. The frigate Chesapeake, when off the capes of Virginia, was fired into by the British frigate Leopard. The American vessel being unprepared for ac- tion, struck her colors, after having twenty-one of lier crew killed or wounded. Four alleged deserters were then transferred to the Leopard ; but three of them, it was afterward proved, were native Americans. 23. This outrage provoked the president to issue a pro- 19. What is said of a duel? Of Burr, his western expedition and trial? What opinion prevailed? 20. Wl»at declaration and decree are mentioned ? What was the consequence of the decrees and orders? 2 I What is said of the " ricrht of search" claim ? 22. In what notable case did the British enforce their claim? 23. To what act did the outrage lead the President ? 112 CHRONOLOGICAL EECAPirULATION. [180T. clamation forbidding British armed vessels to enter the ports or Avaters of the United States. Although the act of the Leopard was not approved by the British govern- ment, no reparation was made till four years after. 24. In consequence of the policy of the two European nations, so destructive to our commerce. Congress passed the Embargo Act, forbidding American vessels to leave the ports of the United States. As the Act not only failed to produce any change in the policy of the two powers at war, but was ruinous in its effects upon the shipping interests, it became very unpopular, and was re- pealed — a law, prohibiting all intercourse with those coun- tries beino: substituted for it. CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 1789. George Washington was inaugurated President April 30. 1790. The Indians defeated Harmar near Fort Wayne. .Oct. 17, 23. 1791. The United States Bank was established at PhiUidelpliia. Vermont was admitted into the Union March 4. Indians defeated St. Clair in western part of Ohio Nov. 4. 1792. Kentucky was admitted into the Union June 1. 1794. Wayne defeated the Indians on the Maumee Aug. 20. The Whisky Insurrection in Pennsylvania occurred. 1795. Jay's treaty with Great Britain was ratified June 24. 1796. Tennessee was admitted into the Union June 1. 1797. John Adams was inaugurated president March 4. 1799. Washington died at Mount Vernon, Virginia Dec. 14. 1800. The City of Washington became the capital of the U. S. A treaty of peace was concluded with France Sept. 30. 1801. Thomas .lefferson was inaugurated president March 4. Tripoli declared war against the United States June 10. 1802. Ohio was admitted into the Union Nov. 29. 1803. Louisiana was purchased of France April 30. Commodore Preble was sent against Tripoli. 1804. Decatur destroyed the frigate Philadelphia Feb. 15. 24. What was the Embarp^o Act? Why was the act passed? Why was it repealed ? What was substituted ? REVIEW QUESTIONS. 113 1804. Hamilton and Burr fought a duel July ii. 1805. Eaton captured Derne, a Tripolitan city April 27. A treaty of peace was concluded with Tripoli June 8. 1807. The Leopard attacked U. S. Frigate Chesapeake June 22. British armed vessels ordered to leave the U. S July 2. Congress laid an embargo on American ships Dec. 22. 1809. Congress interdicted commerce with Great Britain and France March 1. REVIEW QUESTIONS. PAGE 1. When and where was Washington inaugurated president ? 106 2. How was Washington's first cabinet organized ? KM} 3. State what you can of Vermont 82, 83, 107 4. Whence did Vermont derive its name ? Ans. From its principal range of mountains. The word is derived from the French words vert, green, and mont, mountain. 5. Give an account of the three expeditions against the Indians 107 6. Give the history of General Wayne 80, 89, 90, 107 7. State what you can of General St. Clair 81, 82, 107 8. Give an account of the difficulties with France 107, 108, 109 9. What can you state of Kentucky ? 107 10. How did Kentucky get its name? Atis. The Indians called the region Kentucky, because it had been the scene of savage warfare. The word means the dark and bloody ground. 11. Give the history of the Whisky Insurrection 108 12. Write an account of General Washington ... .50, 55, 56, 57, 60, 71, 72, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 86, 96, 97, 98, 99, 106-109 13. Give the history of New York City . .37, 39, 40, 66, 67, 73, 75, 79, 85, 91,58, 106 14. What account can you give of John Adams ? 98, 106, 107, 108, 137 15. Give an account of Jefferson 74, 106, 109, 110, 111, 112, 137 16. When was Ohio admitted into the Union ? 110 17. Whence did Ohio get its name ? Ans. From the river forming its southern boundary. The Indians called the river the Ohio, a term meaning the beautiful river. 18. Give an account of the troubles with the Barbary States 110 19. What account can you give of Alexander Hamilton ? 106, 111 20. What account can you give of Aaron Burr ? 109, 111 21. What foreign war-measures injured United States commerce ? Ill 22. Give an account of the affair between the Chesapeake and Leopard 111 23. Give the history of the Embargo Act 112 24. During what period was Washington president ? 112 25. Name, in chronological order, ten important events of that period 112 26. What states were admitted during his administration ? 112 27. During what period was John Adams president ? 112 28 Name, in chronological order, four important events of that period... 112 39. During what period was Jefferson president ? 112, 114 114 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. [1809. SECTION VI. Madison'' s Adininistration : 1809 to 1817. 1. The Secoxd War with England. — The fourth President of the United States, James Madison of Vir- ginia, was inaugurated at Washington, on the 4th of March, 1809, at a crisis in the affairs of the nation which required, on the part of the administration, the utmost caution, prudence, and resohition. 2. In May, 1811, an affair occurred which tended to increase the ill feeling which then existed between Great Britain and the United States. The British sloop-of-war Little Belt, while cruising off the coast of Virginia, fired into tlie American frigate President ; but her fire was returned with such heavy broadsides, that, in a few min- utes, tliirty-two of her crew were killed or wounded. 3. Before Madison became President, the Indians on the western frontiers, influenced by tlie appeals of Te- cumseh {te-kum'-se), one of their ablest warriors, began to form a hostile confederacy. Their hostility increasing, Gen. Harrison marched against them in 1811. 4. Harrison approached the Indian town of Tip-pe-ca- noe', and encamped for the night. Early on the following morning, November 7th, the Indians made a furious at- tack upon the camp, but, after a bloody contest, were repulsed. This conflict, known as the Battle of Tippe- canoe, ruined the plans Avhich Tecumseh had formed. 1 When was Madii^on inaufrurated President ? 2. What naval affair inflamed the war spirit of the Americans? 3. Who attempted to unite the Indians in a leaiifue aijainst the whites? 3, 4. Give an account of the battle of Tippecanoe." Where was the battle foujirht ? (p. 105.) What was the consequence of the battle V Was Tecumseh iu the battle ? Ans, He was not. 1812.] MADISON S ADMINISTBATION. 115 5. Events of 1812. — The government of the United States having in vain endeavored to induce the British to abrogate their restrictions so injurious to American commerce, and also to cease their impressment of our seamen, war was declared against that power on the 19th of June, 1812. 6. The invasion of Canada by Gen. Hull (July 12th) was the first hostile movement on the part of the Ameri- cans ; and the capture of Fort Mack'-i-naw, five days after, the first on the part of the ]3ritish. Hull crossed the Detroit River, intending to go against Fort Maiden (mmd'-den)^ but, instead of donig so, encamped at Sandwich. 7. A detachment which Hull had sent to convoy a sui)[)ly train for his army, was met near Brownstown, on the 6th of August, and utterly defeated. Four days after, a second detachment, imder Col. Miller, encountered and routed the enemy. In about a month Hull recrossed the river, atid took post at Detroit. DETROIT TT:cjLarjnr Map QtTESTiONS.— What two lakes does the Detroit River connect? Namo four places situated on the Dctrftit Iliver. Name four rivers that flow into Lake Erie. Where was fort Mei^'s ? Fort Maiden '/ Fort Stephenson ? Where is De- troit? Sandwich? Brownstown? Frenchtown ? Name two rivers that flow into Lake St. Clair. What battle was foujjht on one of these rivers? Who f^ained a victory on Lake Erie ? Who, in 1794, gained a victory on the Maumee ? Whero is Fort Mackinaw ? Cp. 10.5.) 5. How did the " War of 181f>" have its origin ? 6. What were the first hostile acts of the war ? What movement did Hull make in Canada ? 7. Give an account of ttis tw^o battles near BrownBtowa. 116 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. [1812. 8. To this place he was soon after followed by Gen. Brock, commauding thirteen hundred British and Indians. The Americans were confident of victory in the battle which seemed about to take place, yet, to their great in- dignation, Hull ordered a white flag to be shown, in token of submission. By this act, not only Detroit, but the whole territory of Michigan passed into the hands of the enemy. The surrender took place on the IGth of August. 9. A second invasion of Canada was made in October of the same year. Gen. Van llensselaer {van reii'-se-ler)^ in command of a body of troops, mostly New York militia, was stationed at Lewiston. On the 13th, a de- tachment of this force crossed the Niagara, and carried a battery on the heights of Queenstown. 10. The enemy, re-enforced by Brock, attempted to re- gain their lost bat- tery, but were re- pulsed, and Brock was killed. On the afternoon of the same day, the 13th, they made a second at- tempt with fresh troops, and this time with success. Van Kensselaer, retiring from the service, was , succeeded by Gen. Smyth ; but the lat- t e r accomplished nothing, and also resio-ned. ^^c.ile Map Questions.— What two lakes does the Niagara River connect ? Namo seven tovv^ns situated on the Niagara River. Name four forts that were on that river. Where is Lewiston ? Queenstown ? Chippewa ? Lundy's Lane ? York (now Toronto) f 1812.] Madison's administration. 117 11. The triumphs of the Americans on the ocean during 1812 were as decided as their reverses on the land. There were live important naval battles, in every one of which the Americans were victorious. The first was the cap- ture, August 13th, of the sloop Alert, by the frigate Es- sex, Captain Porter. 12. On the 19th, six days after, the frigate Constitu- tion, Captain Hull, captured the Guerriere {gare-e-are), after an action of about forty minutes. In October, the sloop Wasp, Captain Jones, captured the Frolic ; but scarcely had the prize been taken possession of, when an P^nglish ship of seventy-four guns hove in sight, and captured both vessels. 13. Just one week after, October 25th, the frigate United States, Commodore -Decatur, after an action of nearly two hours, west of the Canary Islands, compelled the Macedonian to surrender. A little more than two months later, the Constitution, then commanded by Com- modore Bainbridge, gained her second victory, in the capture of the Java (jah'-va/i). The action took place off the coast of Brazil, Dec. 29th, and lasted nearly two hours. 14. American privateers, too, scoured the ocean, and British commerce suffered in every direction. During the year more than three hundred vessels, with not less than three thousand prisoners, besides valuable cargoes, were taken by the Americans. The presidential election engaged the attention of the people toward the latter 8. What next followed, Includine: the surrender of Detroit ? 9. What second invasion of Canada was made? 9, 10. Give an account of the battle of Qiieenstown. What Is said of Van Kenspclacr and Smyth ? 11. Compare the land and naval hattles of 1812? What was the first im- portant naval victory jrained by the Americans? 12. State what you can of the capture of the Guerriere. (See, also, table, p. 132.) state what you can of the Wasp. 1 3. State what you can of the capture of the Maecdonian. Of the capture of the Java. 1 4. What is said of the privateers and their successes ? What is said of the presidential election of 1812 ? 118 Madison's administkation. [is 13. part of Madison's first term, but, though he was opposed by those who condemned the war, he was chosen for a second term. 15. Events of 1813. — For the campaign of 1813, three armies were raised. That of the West, near the head of Lake Erie, was commanded by Gen. Harrison ; that of the Centre, on the Niagara frontier, by Gen. Dearborn ; and that of the JVbrth, near Lake Champlain, by Gen. Hampton. 16. Harrison's first object was the recovery of Michigan. A division of his army, mostly Kentuckians, commanded by Gen. Winchester, reached the Maumee, whence a de- taclnnent was sent forward, Avhich drove a body of British and Indians from Frenchtown. Winchester soon after arrived. On the 22d of January, lie was attacked by fifteen hundred British and Indians, under Gen. Proctor. 17. The Americans made a brave defence; but Win- chester, who had Jbeen made a prisoner, agreed upon a capitulation, though at the time he was in the hands of the enemy, and his troops surrendered upon condition that they should be protected. But Proctor failed to keep his promise, and many of the wounded Americans were murdered by his savage allies. 18. Harrison, who was at the rapids of the Maumee when the news of Winchester's defeat reached him, selected a position for defence, and there built Fort Meigs {megz). On the 1st of May a large force of British and Indians appeared before the place, and at once com- menced a siege. Four days after, Gen. Clay arrived with twelve hundred Kentuckians, and successfully attacked 1 a. What preparations were made for the campaisrn of 1813 » 1 6. What was Harrison's first object ? State what occurred previous to tho S'id of Januarv. 16, 17. Give an account of the battle and massacre at Frenchtown. 18. Where was Harrison when the news of Winchester's defeat reacheU nim ? What measures of defence did he then adopt ? Slate what fison make ? What movement did Proctor make ? 120 MADISON S AD^knNISTTwVTIOX. risi3. seeing liis opportunity for success, crossed the lake in Perry's Heot, and landed near Fort Maiden. But the fort was deserted, and Proctor and Teeumseh were in full retreat. 23. Harrison followed in eager pursuit, and, on the 5th of October, overtook the enemy at a place on the Thames (ii'7uz). The Americans charged, breaking the lines of the British, and soon compelling them to surrender; but the contest with the Indians was more obstinate. At length Teeumseh fell, and the savage warriors tied. The war on the western frontier was terminated. 24. In tlie spring of 18ir>, several months before the successes ot^ Perry and Harrison, the Southern Indians were visited by Te- V ^."^^ ^->V/.:( ifpi J7tr<.i* cumseh, and in- duced to take up arms against the wliites. On the last day o^ August, tif- teen Imndred of their warriors sur- prised Fort Minis, and massacred near- ly three hundred men, women, and children. 25. This unpro- voked attack arous- ed the whole South, and volunteers as- Map QrKSTTON?.— VThat Ptaro is on the north of ALsJ^am.-' ? On \\w oast ? On tho wost? On the south? Name sixrivors partly or wlu.lly in Alabama. Whore was Fort Mims i^also written Minims^? Tohopoka ? 23. mvo an account of tlio battle of the Thames. *2 I. How were the Creek Indians induced to make war upon the whites? Oive an account of the massacre at Fort Mims. 25. Give an account of what followed. Give an account of the battle of To- liopekii. What were the cousequences * 1813.) Madison's administration. 121 Bomblod to avon<>o tlic dood of horror. Sov(m*u1 l)Mttles Avcre ionglit in (juick Biiccossion, in every one of wliicli the Indians were (K'lejited. At lenij^tli a tliousand war- riors made a iinal stand at To-lio-pe'-ka, where tliey were defeated by Gen. Jackson, on tlie 27tli of JNIareli, 1814, with great slanu:hter. Their snbjnoalion was eoni[)k^tc. 2ii. Toward tlie hatter part of April, 18l;>, (len. Dear- born, commanding tlie uirniy of the Centre^ left Sackett's Harbor, in Commodore Chauncey's {chaJni'-se's) fleet, crossed Lake Ontario, and proceeded to attack York, now Toronto. On the 27th, the troo])s landed, led by (ien. Pike, and were carrying everything before them, when the enemy's magazine explotled, moi'lally wounding l*ike, and making sad havoc among his men. Altera moment's ])anie they moved on, and were soon in possession of the town. 27. Just one month later, INFay 'JVth, the fleet with Dearborn and his army, appeared off Fort (Jcorge. The British made but a brief defence of the place, and then fled. A detachment, under (Jenerals Chandler and AVin'- der, sent in pursuit, w^as unsuccessfully attacked on the night of the 6th of June, though both generals were made prisoners. 28. The Ib-itish in Canada, on being informed that Dearborn with a large body of troops had sailed IVom Sackett's Harbor, sent a thousand uumi across the lake to attack the i)lace. Gen. Pre-vost', the commander, elfected a huiding; but w^as met. May 20th, by a small body of regulai's and some militia, under (Jen. JJrown, and repulsed. 29. Dearborn, having resigned liis command, was suc- 20. Give an account of the battle of York. 27. What fort (lid the Amoricanfl capture just a month after? What befell Chandler and Winder? 28. What tempted the British to p;o against Sackett's Harbor? Give an ac- count of the battle fought there. Where is Sackett's Harbor ? (Map, p. 88.) 6 122 Madison's administration. 11813. ceeded by Gen. Wilkinson. A plan for the invasion of Canada was devised by the Secretary of War, by wbich the Army of the Centre^ under Wilkinson, and the Army of the JVorfh, under Hampton, were to form a junction on the St. Lawrence, and proceed against Montreal. 30. In passing down the St. Lawrence, Wilkinson landed a detachment near AVilliarasburg, to cover the descent of the fleet. On the lltli of November a severe though indecisive engagement took place, known as the battle of Chrysler's (kris'-ler^s) Field, in which the Americans Avere the greater sufterers. Wilkinson proceeded some dis- tance further, but, Hampton tailing to co-operate with him, the design against jNlontreal was abandoned. 31. Though the American seamen, during 1813, were not uniformly successful, their gallantry still continued to be the theme of admiration. On the 24th of February, the sloop-of-war Hornet, Captain Lawrence, encountered the British brig Peacock, otf the coast of Guiana {ge-ah'- 9ia), and in fifteen minutes compelled lier to strike her colors. The captured vessel sank in a few minutes after, carrying down with her nine of lier own crew and three of the Hornet's. 32. On his return to the ITnited States, Lawrence was promoted to the command of tlie frigate Chesapeake, then lying in Boston harbor. In the forenoon of June 1st the British frigate Shannon, Captain Broke, appeared off the harbor to meet the Chesapeake. Though the American vessel had imperfect equipments, and an ill- assorted crew, while the British ship had a select crew 29. Who pucceeded Dearborn in the command ? What plan of action was devised at Washinirtun ? 30. C4ive an account, of the battle of Chrysler's Field. Where is Williams- bun"- y (,M'^P< P- '^^-^ What were the farther movements of Wilkinson * si. What is said of the naval operations of 1S13? Give an account of the action between the Hornet and the Peacock. 32. What took place preliminary to the battle between the Chesapeake and the Shannon ? 1813.] madisoin s administration. 123 and was in the best possible condition, Lawrence still felt impelled to go out and engage her. 33. Toward evening the two vessels met, and a terrific contest of fifteen minutes ensued. Lawrence was nior- tally wounded in the early part of the action, but \m last injunction as he was borne below was, " Don't give up the ship." The Chesapeake, after having all her su- perior otHcers eitlier killed or wounded, was boarded by the enemy, and her fiag hauled down. 34. The brig Argus, Captain Allen, made a daring cruise in the waters about England, capturing a large number of vessels. While in the English Channel, Al- len fell in wdth the brig Pelican ; and, in the action Avhich ensued, and Avhich resulted in the capture of the Argus, w\as mortally w^ounded. 35. Fortune next favored the Americans. Off the coast of JMaine, Sept. 5th, the brig Enterprise, Lieut. Burrows, met the British bri^ Boxer, Capt. Blythe, and, after an action of forty minutes, captured her. Both com- manders fell in the engagement, and their bodies were buried side by side, at Portland, with the honors of w^ar. 36. Events of 1814, and close OF THE War. — During the winter of 1813-14, the army of Gen. Wilkin- son was quartered at French Mills. Early in 1814 a detachment, under Gen. BrowTi, w^as sent to Sackett's ILarbor ; and, toward March, the main body removed to l^lattsburg. In the PART OF SOREL RIVEU. 33. Give an acconnt of the action between the Chesapeake and Shannon. In what atlair did wc hear of the Chesapeake before ? (p. 111.) Did Perry's vic- tory occur before or after the loss of the Ciiesapeake ? 3 1. Give an acconnt of the cruise and loss of the Arcrus. 35. Give an account of the capture of the Boxer, and subsequent events. 36. Wliere did Wilkinson's army (piarter durinrr the winter of 1S1.V14? Where is French Mills? (p. .')8.) What army movements are mentioned ? What eventa closed Wilkinson's military career? "Where is La Colle ? (Map, p. 123.) 124 Madison's administeation. [1814. same month, March, Wilkmson marched into Canada, but being repulsed at La CoUe (kol-la), he returned to Platts- burg. He was soon after superseded in the command by- Gen. Iz'-ard. 37. Brown did not remain long at Sackett's Harbor, but, having been appointed to the command of an army on the Niagara frontier, he hastened to carry out the views of the Secretary of War for another invasion of Canada. On the 3d of July his advance, consisting of two brigades under Generals Scott and Ripley, crossed the Niagara, and captured Fort Erie without a struggle. 38. The Americans, with Brown in command, pushed forward along the western bank of the river, and, at Chippewa {c/uj^-j^e-iomv), on the 5th, gained a brilliant victory over the enemy, under Gen. Ki'-all. The British retired to the shores of Lake Ontario, and there were re- enforced by Gen. Drummond, who took the command. 39. Drummond marched against ^the Americans, and, on the 25th, the battle of Lundy's Lane, the most obsti- nate of the war, occurred. Scott, who led the advance, bravely contended against superior numbers, until the arrival of Brown ; but, it soon becoming evident that a battery which the enemy held on a height, and which swept all parts of the field, must be captured or the Americans be defeated. Col. Miller was asked if he could take it. He promptly answered, " I'll try, sir." 40. He did try, and was successful. Three times the British attempted to regain their lost battery, but were repulsed at every assault. Finally, at midnight, after a contest of six hours, they withdrew, each party losing about eight hundred men. Brown and Scott being se- 37. Who. in 1814. coTnmanflod an expedition for the invasion of Canada? Wliat were the first movements ? 38. Give an account of the battle of Chippewa? What did the British do after the battle? 39. 40. Give an account of the battle of Lundy's Lane. WTiat is said of Brown, Scott, Ripley, and Gaines ? 181-1.] Madison's administration. 125 verely wounded, Gen. Kipley conducted the army to Fort Erie, where Gen. Gaines soon after took command. 41. On tlie 4th of August, Drummond laid siege to Fort P]rie, and, on the lotli, in attempting to carry the place by assault, was repulsed with the loss of about a thousand men. On the I7th of September, Brown being then in command, the Americans made a sortie from the fort, and destroyed the advanced works of the besiegers. Drummond, on being informed that Izard was approach- ing, retired northward ; and, in November, the Americans destroyed the fort and crossed over to New York. 42. Izard, when he started from Plattsburg, left Gen. Macomb {ma-komh') in command there, with only a few hundred men. In September, Sir George Prevost, at the head of fourteen thousand -men, marched against Ma- comb, and, at the same time, the British fleet on Lake Champlain, commanded by Commodore Downie {down'-e)^ sailed to attack the American fleet under Commodore MacDonough {mak-do7i' -o) . 43. The battle of Plattsburg and of Lake Champlain took place on the 11th. While the British, from their batteries, commenced the one on the land, their fleet en- gaged MacDonough's vessels which were at anchor in the bay of Plattsburg. In a little more than two hours Mac- Donough gained a complete victory. The fire from the land batteries then slackened, and, at nightfall, Prevost made a hasty retreat, having lost in killed, wounded, and desertions, about twenty-five hundred men. 44. During the greater part of 1814, the whole Atlantic seaboard was locked up by British cruisers, from which 4 1 . What was the next movement of the British ? What occurred more than a month later ? How was the fiiej^e broui^ht to a close ? 42. Who, after Izard, had the command at Lake Champlain? What forces threatened the army and fleet there? 42, 43. Give an account of the two battles that occurred Sept. 11th. Where iB Lake Champlain ? (Map, p. 53.) Plattsburg? (Map, p. 82.) 126 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. [1814. descents were made upon small towns. In August, Stonington was bombarded, but without success. A lit- tle later in the month, a squadron entered the Pa- tux'-ent, and, at Benedict, landed five thousand men, commanded by Gen. Ross. 45. An American flotilla was then lying in the Pa- tuxent, but, rather than have his boats fall into the hands of the invaders, Com- modore Barney burnt them. Ross's object was the cap- ture of Washington. In- stead, however, of making a direct march, he proceeded by the way of Bla'-dens- burg, where he met, Aug. 24th, with some opposition from the militia, under Gen. Win'-der, and a body of seamen and marines, under Barney. 46. On the same day, Aug. 24th, he reached Washing- ton, and destroyed a large amount of property. The capitol, with its library, the president's house, and other buildings were burned, and, next day, the British made a hasty retreat. In the mean time a division of the ene- Map Questions. — Name gix rivers that flow into Chesapeake Bay. Describe the Patuxent. Where is Benedict ? Bladensburg? Washington ? Alexandria? Baltimore? FortMcIIenry? NorthPoint-? 44. What did British cruisers accomplish? What is said of Stonington? Where is Stonington ? (Map, p. 24.) What took place at Benedict ? 45. What action did Barney take ? What was Koss's object? State what happened at Bladensburg. 46. What destruction was effected at Washington ? What did the British effect at Alexandria ? 1814.] Madison's administeation. 127 my's fleet ascended the Potomac to Alexandria, and com- pelled the inhabitants of the town, on threat of bombard- ment, to surrender their merchandise and shipping. 47. Ross next proceeded against Baltimore. On the 12th of September he landed his troops at North Point, several miles from the city, while sixteen of the enemy's ships sailed up the Patapsco to bombard Fort McHenry. On his march, Ross was killed in a skirmish, and the progress of the troops was then disputed, for more than an hour, by a body of militia under Gen. Strick'-er. Next day the enemy encamped near the defences of the city, to await the movements of the fleet. 48. The bombardment of Fort McHenry commenced on the morning of the 13th, and continued till near the following morning, but without making any serious im- pression. Gen. Brooke, Ross's successor, seeing no pros- pect of success against the city, embarked his troops, and the whole force of the enemy withdrew. 49. During the summer, the authorities of Pensacola, then a Spanish port, allowed the British to take possession of their forts and fit out expeditions against the United States. On the 15th of September, Fort Bowyer (bo'-yer), now Fort Morgan, was attacked by a British fleet, aided by a force of Indians and marines, but the assailants were repulsed, losing one of their ships and many men. The other ships effected their escape to Pensacola. MOBILE AND VICINITY. 47. Against what place did Ross next proceed ? What further can you state of Ross ? What took place on the 12th, after Ross's death ? 48. Give an account of the attack upon Fort McHenry. Give an account of Brooke's subsequent movements. 49. What wron^ did the authorities of Pensacola permit ? Give an account of the attack upon Fort Bowyer. Where is Fort Morgan 'i (Map, p. 120.) Mobile ? Pensacola ? 128 Madison's administration. [is 14. 50. Jackson being in command at Mobile, marched to Pensacola at the head of three thousand men ; and, nego- tiations failing, seized the town and compelled the British to leave. He then returned to Mobile, whence, learning that the British were preparing to invade Louisiana, he hastened to put New Orleans in a condition of defence. 51. Toward the middle of December, a British squadron entered Lake Borgne {born)^ carrying twelve thousand troops, commanded by Sir Edward Pakenham {pak'71-am), the first object of the expedition being to capture New Orleans. On the 14th, a flotilla of American gunboats was compelled to surrender, and, on the 23d, Jackson made a spirited though ineffectual attack upon an encamp- ment of the enemy's vanguard. On the 28th, and again on the first day of the new year, the British were unsuc- cessful in cannonading the intrenchments which Jackson had thrown up four miles from the city. 52. On the 8th of January, 1815, the British made a general advance against the American intrenchments ; but volley after volley was poured upon them with such terrible efiect, that they were compelled to flee. Paken- ham was slain, and two thousand of his men were killed, wounded, or taken prisoners. The Americans lost only seven killed and six wounded. 53. Although, during 1814, the Americans were gener- ally victorious on the ocean, yet the frigate Essex, Capt. Porter, after a successful cruise of more than a year, was attacked in the harbor of Valparaiso {vahl-jKih-rl'-so)^ March 28th, by two British vessels, and forced to surrender. The conflict was one of the most desperate of the war. 50. Give an account of Jackson's procedure against Pensacola. Wliat was Jackson's next movement? 51. What invasion was made in December? Where is Lake Borgne ? (Map, p. 120.) New Orleans ? What misfortune did the Americans meet with on Lake Bors^ne? What is said of the attack made by Jackson? Of two attacks next made by Pakenham ? 52. Give an account of the battle of New Orleans. 63. Give an account of the cruise and loss of the Essex. 1814.] Madison's administration. 129 54. A large number of citizens of tlie United States, mostly residents of New England, had been opposed to the war from its very commencement. They regarded it as entirely unnecessary ; besides, the losses which they were sustaining in their commerce and fisheries, were not without influence upon them. 55. For the purpose of considering their grievances and devising means of redress, delegates met at Hartford, in December, 1814. The friends of President Madison and of the war looked upon this assemblage, commonly known as the " Hartford Convention," as a treasonable body; but the doings of the members were, to say the least, harmless, their principal act being the recommendation of several amendments to the Constitution. After three weeks of secret session, the convention adjourned. 56. In February, 1815, the joyful tidings reached the United States that a treaty of peace had been signed at Ghent (gent, not jent) on the 24th of December, 1814. The two great points of dispute — Ifhe encroachments upon American commerce, and the impressment of American seamen — were left untouched by the treaty. The omis- sion, however, was not important, inasmuch as, by the termination of the European war, all encroachments upon American commerce ceased ; and, by the great success of the American navy, the impressment question was effectu- ally disposed of. 57. War avith Algiers. — In 1795 a treaty was made with Algiers, in which it w^as stipulated that an annual tribute should be paid to that power, to secure American vessels from seizure by the Algerines. The tribute was 54. By whom, and why were persons opposed to the war? 55. Give what account you can of the Hartford Convention. 56. When did hostilities between Great Britain and the United States cease ? In what respect was the treaty incomplete ? What rendered the omission of no consequence ? 5 7. What treaty was made in 1795 ? How long did the United States pay the tribute ? What practice did the Algerines resume ? 130 Madison's administration. accordingly paid until 1812, when the Algerines, believ- ing that the Americans, because of their war with the English, would not be able to protect their commerce, resumed their old practice of piracy against United States vessels. 58. After peace with England was established, a naval force, commanded by Decatur, was sent to the Mediter- ranean. Decatur captured the largest frigate in the Al- gerine navy, and another vessel with more than five hun- dred prisoners, and then appeared before Algiers. The terrified Dey was compelled to liberate the American prisoners in his hands, and relinquish all claim to tribute from the United States for the future. Decatur also made satisfactory treaties with Tunis and Tripoli. 59. The charter of the first Bank of the United States having expired in 1811, a second bank of the same name was incorporated in 1816. During Madison's adminis- tration two states were added to the Union : — Louisiana, previously the Territory of Orleans, in 1812 ; and Indiana, formerly a part of the Northwest Territory, in 1816. CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATIOK 1809. James Madison was inaugurated President March 4. 1811. The U. S. frigate President defeated the Little Belt.. May 16. Harrison gained a victory at Tippecanoe Nov. 7. 1813. Louisiana was admitted into the Union April 8. United States proclaimed war against Great Britain. June 19. General Hull made an invasion of Canada.. July 12. Fort Mackinaw was surrendered to the British July 17. The British defeated the Americans near Brownstown. Aug. 5. The Americans defeated the British near Brownstown . Aug. 9. The American frigate Essex captured the Alert Aug. 13. 58. Upon what expedition was Decatur sent ? Give an account of Decatur's successes. 59. What is said of the Bank of the United States ? What is said of Louis- iana ? Of Indiana ? Madison's administration. 181: 1812. Hull surrendered Detroit to Brock Aug. 16. American frigate Constitution took the Guerriere. . .Aug. 19. The Americans were defeated at Queenstown Oct. 13. The American sloop Wasp captured the Frolic Oct. 18. American frigate United States took the Macedonian . Oct. 25. The American frigate Constitution took the Java. . .Dec. 29. 1813. Winchester was defeated at Frenchtown Jan. 22. The American sloop Hornet captured the Peacock. .Feb. 24 The Americans captured York (now Toronto) April 27. Proctor laid siege to Fort Meigs May 1. Harrison and Clay defeated Proctor at Fort Meigs.. . .May 5. The Americans, under Dearborn, took Fort George. May 27. Brown repulsed the British at Sackett's Harbor May 29. The British frigate Shannon took the Chesapeake June 1. Croghan repulsed the British at Fort Stephenson Aug. 2. The British sloop Pelican captured the Argus Aug. 14. Creek W^ar began by the massacre at Fort Minis. . .Aug. 30. The American brig Enterprise captured the Boxer. .Sept. 5. Perry gained his victory over Barclay on Lake Erie. . Sept. 10. Harrison defeated Proctor at the battle of the Thames. .Oct. 5. Battle ofWilliamsbm-g or Chrysler's Field was fought. Nov. 11. 1814. The battle of Tohopeka ended the Creek War March 27. Two British vessels captured the Essex March 28. The British defeated Wilkinson at La Colle March 30. Scott and Ripley captured Fort Erie July 3. Brown defeated the British at Chippewa July 5. Battle of Lundy's Lane or Bridgewater was fought. .July 25. The Americans repulsed the British at Fort Erie. . .Aug. 15. Ross defeated the Americans at Bladensburg Aug. 24. Ross entered Washington and fired public buildings. Aug. 24. MacDonough defeated the British on L. Champlain. .Sept. 11. Macomb defeated the British at Plattsburg Sept. 11 Battle of North Point, near Baltimore, was fought .. Sept. 12. The Americans repulsed British fleet at Ft. McHenry . Sept. 13. The Americans repulsed the British at Fort Bowyer. Sept. 15. Brown made a sortie upon British works at Ft. Erie . . Sept. 17. Jackson compelled the British to leave Pensacola. . .Nov. 7. British squadron on Lake Borgne capt'd U. S. flotilla . Dec. 14. The delegates to the Hartford Convention met Dec. 15. The treaty of peace was signed at Ghent Dec. 24. 1815. Jackson defeated the British at New Orleans Jan. 8, 132 MADISON S ADMINISTRATION. 1815. Congress declared war against Algiers March 3. Decatur was sent against the Algerines May 21. 1816. The Bank of U. S. was rechartered for twenty years . April 10. Indiana was admitted into the Union Dec. 11. FRINCIPAL NAVAL BATTLES OP THE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. * The asterisk indicates the successful party. MADISON S ADMINISTEATION. 133 PRINCIPAL LAND BATTLES OF THE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND. * The asterisk indicates the successful party. DATES. BATTLES. COMMANDERS. MEN ENGAGED. American. British. Amer' n British. 1812. Aug. 5, Aug.9,-j Oct. 13, 1813. Jan. 22, Aoril 27, May 5, May 29, Aug. 2, Oct. 5, Nov. 11, 1814. Mar. 30, July 5, July 25, Aug. 15, Aug. 24, Sept. 11, Sept. 12, Sept. 13, Sept. 15, Sept. 17, Dec. 23, 1815. Jan. 8, Brownstown Maguaga, or 2d of Brownstown Quecnstown Van Horn j- Miller* Van Rensselaer Tecumseh*. . Tecumseh... Brock* 200 600 1,200 600 900 2,500 Frenchtown York Winchester. . . . Pike* Proctor* .... Sheaffe Proctor Prevost Proctor Proctor Morrison 800 1,700 1,200 1,000 150 2.500 1,200 1,500 1,.500 2,000 1,000 1.300 2,0(X) 2,000 Fort Meigs Sackett's Harbor.. Fort Stephenson . . Thames Chrysler's Field . . . Clay* . Brown* Croghan*. Harrison* Boyd La Colle W^ilkiiveon Brown* Brown* Gaines* Winder Macomb* Strieker Armistead*.... Lawrence* Brown* Jackson Hancock*.... Riall Drummond. . Drummond. . Ross* Prevost Brooke* Cochrane. ... Nicholls Drummond . Kcane 4,000 1,900 3.500 2.500 3.500 3,000 2,000 1,000 120 2,500 2,000 2,000 2,100 5.000 5,000 5.000 14.000 5,000 16 ships 3,500 2,500 Chippewa ... . Lundy's Lane Fort Erie (assault). Bladensburg Plattsbur"' North Point Fort McHenry Fort Bowyer Fort Erie (sortie).. 9 miles from N. 0. New Orleans ..,.., Jackson* Pakenham. . . 6,000 12,000 REVIEW QUESTIONS. PAGB 1. Name the first ten important events of Madison's administration 130 2. Give an account of the events of 1811 114 3. What were the causes of the second war with England ? Ill, 115 4 Give an account of the expedition under General Hull 115, 116 5. Give an account of General Van Rensselaer's campaign 116 6. What account can you give of General Brock ? 116 7. Give an account of the action between the Alert and Essex 117, 132 8. Of the action between the Constitution and Guerriere 117, 132 9. Of the action between the United States and Macedonian 117, 132 10. Of the action between the Constitution and Java 117 11. Now state, in chronological order, the naval events of 1812 117, 132 12. Name, in chronological order, thirteen important events of 1812 130, 131 134 REVIEW QUESTIONS. PAGR in. state what you can of Ocneml WinclR'8ter 118 1 1. \N'lu-ii, \vlu'n\ iiiul why, wuh b\)il MtMj,'H built? 118 IT). (Jive thi^ further hintory of Fort Mcij^'s 118, 119 Irt. State what you can iu ri'hition to Major Cro«,'hftn 11}) 17. State what you can in rehition to (Jonimodoro Perry 11!) 18. (Jive an account of Tecumseli 114, ViO 10. (Jive an account of (ieneral Harrison 114, 11«, Hi), 1«J() 20. (Jive a full account of the Creek War 120, 1 SI 21. What nioveuuMit did Dearborn nmke in April, 1813? 121 22. State what you can in rt^hition to (Jeneral IMko 121 2;i What BUcceriH did Dearborn afterward have ? 121 24. Now, Rivo ft Aill account of Dearborn'n part in the war 118-121 25. Give a full account of Wilkinson'H jiart in the war 122-124 20. Of the action between the Chetiapeake aiul the Shannon 122, 128, 133 27. Give an acct)unt «>f the ctireer of the Ar','Uri 123, 133 2S. Of the action between the Enterprise and the Boxer 123, 133 21). Name, in order, live naval events of 1813 1.^9 30. Name, in order, fifteen important events of 1813 131 84. State how the Americans capturtul Kort Erie 124 82. Give a full acccumt of the battle of Chippewa ...134, 133 33. (Jive a full account of the bat tie of Lundy's Lane 124, 188 84. (Hve, as far as you can, the histt)ry *)f lA)rt Erie 124, 125 85. State all you can in relation to (Jeneral IJrown 121, 123-125 80. Give an ncctmnt of the Battle of Lake Chaniplain 125, 133 87. (Jive an account of the battle of IMattsburj,' 125, 133 8S. State what you can in relation to Sir Georj;:e Prevost 121, 125 30. (Jive an account of naval atlairs diiriui,' 1814 125, 120, 128 40. How and when did (Jeneral Koss couunence operations ? 120 41. Give an account of his march from Benedict to Washington 120 42. Of his acts at Washington, and death near Baltimore 126, 127 43. Now t^Mve the whole account In relation to Uosa 120, 127 41. State what is said in connection with I'ensacola 127, 128 45. (Jive an account of the exjjedition a-rainst Fort Bowyer 137 40. Of I'akenham'a mi>vements in December, 1814 128 47. Of the disaster to the Americans cm liake Borgne 128 48. Of the defeat and death of l'aken\\am > 128 40. Now give the full account of I'akenham's expedition 128 50. Give the history and doing" of the Hartford Convention 129 51. (Jive the particulars in relation tt> the treaty of peace 129 52. Name six naval events of 1814 138 53. Name, in order, nineteen important events of that year 131 54. Name three impi)rtant events of 1815 131, 13^ 55. Give an account of the troubles with Algiers 129, 13Q 50. (Jive a fidl account of the troubles with the Barbary powers 110, 129, 13Q 57. Give the history of Louisiana 110, 128, 130 5S. How did Louisiana get its name? Ans. The whole country watered by the Mississippi was taken i)ossession of by the French, in 1082, and named Louisiana, iu honor of the French king, Louis XIY. 69. Whence did Indiana get its ujune? From tin- wi>rd Indian. It waa first a]tplied, in 1708, to a grant of land near the Ohio, which a com- pany of traders that year obtained from the ludiaua. 1817.] Monroe's administration. 135 SECTION VII. JFroYYi the heginning of 3fonroe's Administration to the close of Pierce'' s: 1817 ^o 1857. 1. Monroe's Administration. — James Monroe, of Vir- ginia, Madison's successor in the presidency, was inaugu- rated on the 4th of March, 1817 ; and Ids administration commenced under very favorable circumstances. We were at peace with all foreign powers ; our commerce rode every sea ; and the strife at home, between the two (^reat political parties. Democrats and Federalists, had en- tirely ceased. 2. Toward the close of 1817, the Seminoles {serrt 4-ndlz) of J^'lorida, joined by other Indians, commenced depreda- tions on the frontier settlements of Georgia. At first Gen. Gaines, and, afterward. Gen. Jackson, was sent against them. Being convinced that the Indians had been instigated to hostilities by persons in Florida, Jack- eon marched into that province, though, at the time, it belonged to Spain ; seized the fort at St. Mark's ; hung two instigators of the war, both l)ritish subjects ; and sent the authorities of Pensacola to Havana. 3. This having led to difficulties between the govern- ments of Spain and the United States, a treaty was finally made in 1819, by which Florida was ceded to the United States, but Spain did not surrender possession of the ter- ritory before 1821. The Mississippi Territory, embracing 1. When was Monroe inaufjurated president? In what condition was the country at that time ? 2. Give an account of the troublea in Florida. 3. State how Florida came into the pofjscHsion of the United States. Wher* is St. Marks t (p. 174.) What ia tsaid or the etatc of Misttissippi ? 136 Monroe's administration. [is it. the present states of Alabama and Mississippi, was di- vided in 1817, and the western portion admitted into the Union as the State of Mississippi. 4. Illinois, which, up to 1800, was a part of the North- west Territory ; and then, till 1809, formed with Indiana the Indiana Territory ; and subsequently, by itself, was the Illinois Territory ; became a state in 1818. Alabama Avas admitted in 1819. In 1820, Maine, which had up to that time been a district of Massachusetts, was organized as a state, and admitted into the Union. 5. The most important event during Monroe's admin- istration was the controversy preceding the admission of Missouri into the Union. The states of the North op- posed its admission as a slave-state, Avhile those of the South favored such admission. 6. In Congress the debate was long and violent ; but at length, in 1820, a bill, known as the "Missouri Com- promise," was passed, by which it was declared that, with the exception of Missouri, slavery should be prohibited in the territory of the United States north of the parallel 36° 30', and west of the Mississippi. Under this com- j^romise, Missouri, with a constitution permitting slavery, was admitted into the Union in 1821. 7. An important event of Monroe's administration was the recognition of the independence of the South Ameri- can republics. In his annual message of 1823, Monroe declared that the American continents " are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European power." This is known as the " Monroe Doctrine." 4. What is said of Illinois ? Of Alabama ? Of Maine ? 5. What was the most important event during Monroe's administration? How were the states divided ? 6. When was the Missouri Compromise Act passed? What declaration was made in the act ? When was Missouri admitted into the Union ? 7. What other important event of Monroe's administratioa is mentioned? What is the Monroe jDoctrine ? 1825.1 JOHN Q. ADAMS'S ADMINISTllATION. 137 8. In the summer of 1824, Lafayette arrived on a visit to this country, as a guest of the nation. His tour through the states was everywhere signalized by tokens of respect from a grateful people. In the fall of the same year, the election for president took place ; but, in conse- quence of there being four candidates, and no one receiv- ing a majority of the electoral votes, the election went to the House of Representatives, by whom (in 1825) John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts, was chosen. 9. John Quincy Adams's Administration. — The in- auguration of Adams took place on the 4th of March, 1825. His administration of four years was one of peace, and under it the nation made rapid increase in population and wealth. 10. On the fiftieth anniversary of American Independ- ence, July the 4th, 1826, occurred the deaths of the two venerable ex-presidents, John Adams and Thomas Jefter- Ron. When it is recollected that Adams and Jefferson were members of the committee to prepare the Decla- ration of Independence, that both had been foreign min- isters, vice-presidents, and presidents, the coincidence in their deaths is indeed remarkable. 11. The subject of domestic manufactures engaged a large share of the president's attention. In 1828 a tariff law was passed, based upon the principle of protecting home manufactures by imposing heavy duties upon im- ported articles of the same kind. This policy, known as the American System, had its friends and opponents then as it has now. 12. Toward the close of the presidential term, the con- 8. What is said of Lafayette ? State how John Quincy Adams was elected president. 9. When was Adams inaugurated ? What is said of his administration ? 10. When did Jeflerson and John Adams die? What coincidence in their lives and deaths occurred? What took place on the 4th of July, just five years after ? Ans. The death of James Monroe. 1 1 . What can you state of the tariff policy known as the American system ? 138 Jackson's administration. [isao. test for the succession was carried on with great bitter- ness of party feeling. Adams was a candidate for a sec- ond term, but was defeated by Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee. John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina, then Vice-President, having been elected four years before, was again chosen to that office. 13. Jackson's Administration. — Jackson's inaugura- tion took place on the 4th of March, 1829, and he at once commenced a series of vigorous measures, which he car- ried out for eight years. The practice of removing office- holders and appointing political friends of the president, was begun by Jackson. 14. In his first annual message to Congress, the new president took ground against the renewal of the charter of the United States Bank. Notwithstanding the objec- tion. Congress, in 1832, passed a bill to re-charter it, but Jackson vetoed the bill, and the bank consequently ceased to be a national institution when the charter expired. 15. In 1832 the northwest frontier suffered from Indian hostilities. Black Hawk, the most noted of the savages, and from whom the contest that followed took its name, was taken prisoner. The Indians finally gave up a large tract of territory and removed further west. 16. The tariff law of 1828 caused dissatisfaction among the people of the cotton-growing states ; and when, in 1832, an act was passed imposing additional duties on foreign goods, the feeling was greatly increased. A con- vention in South Carolina declared the tariff acts uncon- stitutional, and therefore null ; and proclaimed that if any 1 2. What is stated of the presidential canvass of 1828 ? Give the result, as re- pfards both Jackson and Calhoun. 13. When was Jackson inanj^nrated? What is said of his measures ? What is said of the practice he becran ? 14. What is stated in relation to the United States Bank? lo. Oive an account of the Black Hawk War. 16. What is said of the tariff act of 1S2S? Of the act of 1832? What was done, in consequence, in South Carolina ? 1835.1 Jackson's administration. 139 attempts were made to collect the duties, the state would secede from the Union. 17. Jackson acted with promptness and firmness. He sent Gen. Scott to Charleston, and issued a proclamation against the " nullifiers." A "compromise bill," providing for the gradual reduction of the duties, was offered by Henry Clay, and passed by Congress. It was accepted by Calhoun, Ilayne, and the other South Carolina leaders, and thus quiet was restored. 18. Toward the close of 1835, the Seminoles became hostile, in consequence of an attempt to remove them to lands west of the Missis- sippi, in accordance with a treaty which had been made with some of the chiefs, but which others did not consider binding. Osceola (os-e-o'-lah), their most noted chief, having, in his opposition, used threatening language. Gen. Thompson, the govern- ment agent, put him in irons; but by feigning penitence and making promises, he soon obtained his Uberty. 19. On the 28th of December, Osceola, resolved upon vengeance, approached a house in which Thompson and others were dining, and, making a sudden attack, killed five of the party, including Thompson. On the same day, Major Dade, while marching with more than a hun- dred men to join Gen. Clinch, at Fort Drane, was at- 1 7. Give the subsequent history of the attempt at " Nullification." 18. What troubles commenced in 1835? Howwas Osceola treated ? How did he resrain his liberty ? 1 9. How was Osceola revenged ? How was he revenged at Fort Drane ? PART OF FLORIDA. 140 VAN BUREN's administration. [1837. tacked, and, with his whole force except four men, was massacred. 20. A number of battles were fought during the follow- ing year ; but in none could the Americans claim a de- cided victory. In October, 1837, Osceola appeared in the American camp with a flag of truce, when Gen. Jessup seized the chief, and sent him to Fort Moultrie. Two months later, Col. Taylor, afterward pi'esident of the United States, defeated the Indians near Lake 0-kee-cho'- bee, in the most desperate battle of the war ; and though they continued hostile till 1842, they never again rallied in large force. 21. Van Buren's Administration. — Jackson was suc- ceeded in the presidency by Martin Van Buren, of New York. Van Buren served only one term, or four years, extending from the 4th of March, 1837, to the 4th of March, 1841. 22. Soon after his inauguration, a revolution in mone- tary affairs took place, producing great distress in all branches of business throughout the country. Merchants failed, commerce and manufactures were prostrated, and the crash was finally consummated by the suspension of specie payments on the part of the banks. 23. In the latter part of 1837 a rebellion broke out in Canada, w^hich enlisted the sympathies and engaged the active co-operation of many citizens of the United States. A proclamation, issued by the president, forbidding inter- ference in the affairs of Canada, together with the decided measures of the British authorities, had the effect intend- ed, and the attempt at insurrection was suppressed. 20. What is said in relation to the battles fought in 1836 ? What took place in October, 1837 ? What further can you say of Osceola ? Ans. He died about three months after, while at Fort Moultrie. Give an account of the battle of Okeechobee. What were the consequences ? 21.. Who succeeded Jackson in the presidency ? When was Van Buren in- augurated ? ^ . 22. Give an account of the revolution in monetary aflfairs. 23. Give an account of the insurrection in Canada. 1841,] Harrison's and tyler's administrations. 141 24. Harrison's and Tyler's Administrations. — Van Buren's successor in office was William Henry Harrison, of Ohio, the " hero of Tippecanoe and the Thames." The cabinet of the new president was judiciously chosen, and the people anticipated for him a successful administration ; but, on the 4th of April, 1841, just one month after his inauguration, he died ; and the vice-president, John Tyler, on taking the oath of office two days after, became presi- dent. 25. In 1842 serious difficulties occurred in Rhode Island, growing out of a movement to substitute a con- stitution extending the right of suffrage, in place of the charter granted by Charles IL, in 1663, and which had been the " fundamental law of the land" the greater part of two centuries. The "suffrage party" attempted to effect the change without regard to existing laws, even resorting to force; but the legitimate power prevailed. A constitution, the one under which the state is now gov- erned, was soon after adopted. 26. A proposition for the admission of Texas into the Union caused an excited discussion throughout the country during the closing months of Tyler's administra- tion. Those who objected to an increase of the slave- power in the government, opposed the proposition ; while those who favored such increase, advocated it. Three days before the expiration of his term of office, the presi- dent signed a bill for the annexation of Texas to the United States. 24. Who succeeded Van Buren in the presidency? When was Harrison inaugurated ? What further can you state in relation to Harrison? When was Tyler inauirurated ? 25. Give an account of the "Dorr Rebt-llion" in Rhode Island. 26. What proposition caused excited discussion? How were the people di- vided ? What did Tyler do on the 1st of March ? 26, 27. Who succeeded Tyler in the presidency? When was Polk inau- gurated ? State how Texas was made a member of the Union. 142 Harrison's and tyler s administrations. lUHXICO, CALIFORNIA, TEXAS &rc. ;En q^'by Fish: Jt TttisseTl.ZrT : ^V\,cr«^ 1S45. POLK S ADMINISTRATION. 143 27. War with Mexico. — Polk's Administration. — ■ Tyler's successor in office was James K. Polk, who was inaugurated on the 4th of March, 1845. His adminis- tration continued during only one term, but it was an eventful one. On the 4th of July, 1845, the Legislature of Texas approved the " annexation bill" passed by the United States Congress, and, by this act of approval, Texas became one of the United States. 28. Texas had been a pi ince of Mexico, but, in consequence of the arbitrary pol- icy of the Mexican rulers, the Texans re- volted, and, in 1836, set up a government of their own. The annexation of Texas to the United States led to a war with Mex- ico ; for Mexico still claimed Texas as a part of her own ter- ritory, and consid- ered the act of an- nexation a sufficient cause of war. 29. Events of 1846. — For the protection of the new state. Gen. Taylor proceeded, by order of President Polk, ji£ :c TAXXOIL'iS CAMPAI GN Scale 28. What can you state of the previous history of Texas ? To what did the annexation of Texas lead ? Why did Mexico feel injured ? Mai> Qukstions.— (Maps, pp. 143, 142.) Into what waters does the Rio Grande How? The '{opulous city of Puebla (poo-Ci'-bla/i). Here they halted nearly three months for re-enforcements, and then resumed their march, reaching Ayotla {ah-yot'-lah)^ a town fifteen miles from the city of Mexico. 46. Finding that the direct route thence was strongly fortilied, and anxious to spare the lives of his men, Scott turned southward, and encamped at San Augustin {san aw-g US-teen'), about ten miles from the capital. The a])- proaches to the city of jNCexico thence were guarded by s Vora Cruz situated ? What fort protects the city f Vera Cwiz to Mexico, what towns do you \mm Map Questions.— IIow i On the national road from throujjfh ? In what direction is the city of Mexico from San Auirustin? From San Antonio ? From Contreras * From Churubusco * From Chapultepec ? 44. Give an account of Scott's march to and success at Cerro Gordo. 45. Give an account of Scott's success from Cerro Gordo to Ayothi. 4G. What route did Scott take from Ayotla ? Why did he chanire his route ? W'here did he encamp ? How, thence, were the approaches to the city of Mexico guarded 1 , 1847.] folk's administration. 149 batteries at Contreras {con-trd' -ras) and San Antonio, and l)y the strong forts of Churubusco {choo-roo-hoos' -ko) and Chapultepec {chali-pool-td-pek'). 47. At sunrise, on the 20th of August, tlie Americans attacked Contreras, and, in less than twenty minutes, car- ried the batteries. They were also successful at San An- tonio. On the same day Churubusco was attacked : the defence was obstinate, and the conflict l>loody, but, at length, the Mexicans were driven from the Ibrt and com- pelled to flee. 48. At the request of Santa Anna, an armistice was granted, during which Scott endeavored to bring about a peace ; but finding that- the Mexican commander was violating the truce by strengthening his defences, he or- dered Gen. Worth to storm the Molino del Key {itio-le- 710 delrCi)^ an outer defence of Chapultepec. The attack was made on the 8th of September, and, although the Mexicans defended themselves desperately, inflicting a loss of six hundred upon their assailants, they were driven from their position. 49. Chapultepec itself, a strongly fortified castle, situ- ated on a lofty hill, was yet to be taken before the capital could be reached. Batteries were erected to bear upon it : from these a fire was opened which made breaches through the stone wall defences, and, on the I'Uh of Sep- tember, the place was carried by assault. During the night Santa Anna and his army fled from the capital, and, on the following morning, September 14th, Scott made a triumphant entry into it. 50. The Mexicans, taking advantage of the weakness of the garrison which Scott had left at Puebla, laid siege 47. What three successes did the Americans have in one day ? 48. What request did Santa Anna make 'i How did Scott endeavor to im- prove the armistice ? Why did he order Worth to make an attack ': Give an account of Worth's success. 49. Give an account of the success against Chapultepec. What were tha immediate consequences of the victory ? 150 Taylor's AND Fillmore's ADMINISTRATIONS. [i848. to the place ; and Santa Anna, after his flight from the capital, joined the besiegers. Learning, however, that recruits were on their march to re-enforce Scott, he at- tacked them, but, as usual, met with defeat, and the siege of Puebla was raised. 51. On the 2d of February, 1848, a treaty of peace was signed, by which all the territory north of the Rio Grande, together with the whole of New Mexico and California, was relinquished to the United States. On the part of the United States, it was agreed that $15,000,000 should be paid for the territory acquired, and that debts due from Mexico to American citizens, amount- ing to 13,000,000, should be assumed. Peace was pro- claimed by President Polk, on the 4th of July, 1848. 52. Taylor's and Fillmore's Administrations. — Polk's successor in the presidency was Gen. Zachary Tay- lor, the hero who had achieved such brilliant victories in the war with Mexico. His inauguration took place on the 5th of March, 1849, the 4th being Sunday. 53. During the early part of 1848, gold began to be found in California in large quantities. The news at once spread with wonderful rapidity, and thousands of emi- grants from all parts of the world rushed thither. So rapidly did the territory become populated, that in the fall of 1849, there was a suflicient number of settlers there to constitute a state; and an application for admission into the Union was consequently made. 54. As the constitution which California had adopted 50. What took place at Puebla? Give an account of Santa Anna's last defeat. 51. How was the war brought to a close? What territory did the United States acquire ? What did the United States agree to do in return ? What States were added to the Union during Polli's administration ? Ans. Texas, Iowa, and Wisconsin. 52. Who, next after Polk, was president of the United States ? When was Taylor inaugurated ? 53. What excitement, with regard to California, soon broke out ? What is eaid of the growth of California ? What application to Congress was made by the Callfornians ? FKUCjKhiJStSlVJ:^ MAt'h, JNVa. Lone, tronri 82 Greemvich, 77 m lit cjLmM/vwmmm mm. 35 Xojig . froTTi lo AVashglTi " C\ I M^HM 1850.1 PIERCES ADMINISTRATION. 151 excluded slavery from her territorj', a violent dispute com- menced in Congress, and throughout the United States, which continued several months, the friends of the slave- power oj^posing the admission of California as a free state. Before the dispute was settled, Gen. Taylor died, after an administration of only one year, four months, and four days ; and the vice-president, Millard Fillmore, thereupon, became president. 55. Other questions, growing out of the suhject of sla- very, having been introduced into Congress, live acts were passed in conformity with the spirit of a compromise of- fered by Henry Clay. These provided for the admission of California as a free state; the organization of territo- rial governments for New Mexico and Utah {yoo'-taJi), without mention of slavery; the establishment of the boundary of Texas ; the abolition of the slave-trade in the District of Columbia ; and the surrender to their masters of slaves escaping to free states — this last bill being known as the " Fugitive Slave Law." 56. Pierce's Administration. — During the administra- tion of Franklin Pierce, who succeeded to the presidency on the 4th of March, 1853, the controversy iK-tween the slaveholding and non-slaveholding sections of the Union was renewed, the one being in favor of and the other op- posed to the extension of slavery into the territories of the United States. 57. This fresh outbreak had its origin mainly with Con- gress, in the introduction there of what is known as the " Kansas-Nebraska Bill." By the " Missouri Compromise 54. What dispute of national importance soon occnrred ? What loss did the nation sustain at that time ? Who, then, became president ? 55. Give a full account of what was done before California gained admission to the Union * Now, repeat the provisions of the five acts. By what name was Mr. Clay's bill known ? Am. The Omnibus Bill. 56. Who succeeded Fillmore in the presidency ? When was Pierce inau- gurated ? IIow did the slavery question in another shape appear? 57. What was the ori^iu of the new outbreak? Give the history of the trouble. 152 riEECE's ADMEsISTR.\TION. [IS 54. Bill," passed in IS 20, slavery was prohibited in all the territory bought of Fraiiee, north of the sonthern bound- ary of Missouri — Missouri excepted. By the " Kansas- Kebraska Bill," Avhioh Congress passed in 1S54, this pro- hibition Avas repealed, and the two territories of Kansas and Nebraska were duly organized. 5S. Xo sooner had the bill passed than emigrants from both sections of the Union began to pour into Kansas, those from the North being determined to make it a free state, while those from the South were equally resolved the other way; and with such undue zeal was the strife carried on, that frequent collisions took place, in which blood was sometimes shed. 59. As the time for the next presidential election ap- proached, three candidates were put in nomination. James Buchanan was the choice of the Democratic party; Mil- lard Fillmore, of the American; and John C. Fivmont, of the organization opposed to the extension of slavery, known as the Republican party. xVfter an exciting can- vass, during which the- repeal of the ''Compromise of 1820," the troubles in Kansas, and the "Fugitive Shive Law," entered largely into the subjects of discussion, Buchanan was elected. CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 1517. James Monroe was inaiiiiurated president ^Fareh 4. Mississippi was admitted into the Union Dec. 10. The Semiuoles eonnneneed depivdatious. 1518. Jackson went apnust the Seminoles ^lareh. Illinois was admitted into the Union Bee. ll 1819. Alabama was admitted into the Union Bee. 14. 1820. Maine was admitted into the Union Maix^h 15. 58. Oivo an acconnt of the strife that followed. 59. Wh.Ht cainiidittes were uominiitoti to smveod Pierce? Give au account of the canvass. What was the result of the election? CHKONOLOGICVL rvECAriTUL^iTIOX. 153 1S20. The "Missouri Compromise Bill" Avas passed [March 3. 1821. Spain siirrondored Florida to the United States July i. ^lissuuri was admitted into the Union Aug :20. 1824. Lafayette visited the United States Aug. 15. 1825. John Quiney Adams Avas inaugurated president. . . [March 4. 1826. John Adams and Thomas Jetlei-son died July 4. 1820. Andrew Jackson was inaugurated president ]March 4. 18o2. The Black Hawk War oecurivd. South Carolina declared the doctrine of Nullilicalion.Nov. 24. 1835. The war with the Seminoles commenced Dec. 28. Seminoles massacred Thompson's and Dade's party. .Dec. 28. 1836. Arkansas was admitted into the Union June 15. 1837. [Michigan was admitted into the Union Jan. 26. [Martin Van Burcn was inaugurated president [March 4. Taylor defeated the Indians at Okeechobee Dec. 25. 1841. AVilliam llcnry Harrison was inaugurated president. [March 4. The death of President Harrison occurred April 4. John Tyler was inaugurated president April 6. 1842. The war with the Seminoles terminated. The Dorr Kebellion in Bhode Island occurred. 1845. Tyler signed the bill for the annexation of Texas. . .[March 1. Florida was admitted into the Union [March 3. James K. Polk was inaugurated president [March 4. Texas was admitted into the Union Dec. 20. 1846. The [Mexicans captured Thornton's party April 26. The [Mexicans bombarded Fort Brown May. Taylor defeated the [Mexicans at Palo Alto [May 8. Taylor defeated the [Mexicans at Besaca delaPalma. .[May 0. Congress declared " war existed by the act of [Mexico". [May 11. Taylor crossed the Bio Grande and took 3Iatanioras.[May 18. Taylor defeated the [Mexicans at [Monterey Sept. 24. Doniphan defeated the [Mexicans at Bracito Dec. 25. Iowa was admitted into the Union Dec. 28. 1847 Taylor defeated the Mexicans at Buena Yista Feb. 23. Dmiiphan defeated the Mexicans at Sacramento Feb. 28. The jMexicans surrendered Vera Cruz to Sct^tt [>[arch 27. Scott defeated the [Mexicans at Cerro Gordo April 18. Scott took Contreras and Churubusco Aug. 20. The Americans were victorious at [Molino Del Bey.. Sept. 8. The Americans were victorious at Chapultepec Sept. 13. Scott entered the city of [Mexico Sept. 14. 154 CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 1848. 1849. 1850. 1853. 1854. A treaty was made between the U. S. and Mexico . . . Feb. 2. AViscousin was admitted into the Union May 29. Zachary Taylor was inaugurated president March 5. The death of President Taylor occurred July 9. Millard Fillmore was inaugurated president July 10. California was admitted into the Union Sept, 9. Franklin Pierce was inaugurated president IMarch 4. Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Bill May 31. PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE WAR WITH MEXICO. (The Americans -were successful in every battle.) DATES. BATTLES. COMMANDERS. FORCES ENGAGED. American. Mexican. Amer'nl Mex'n 1846. May 8, May 9, Sept. 24, Dec. 25, l;J47. Feb. 2:3, Feb. 28. March 27, April IS, Aug. 20, -j Sept. 8, Sept. 13, Oct. 9, Palo Alto Taylor .... Taylor .... Taylor 2,300 2,200 6.()00 500 6.000 5,000 10,000 1,200 Repaca de la Palma Monterey. . . Arista.. Amiiiirli)! Bracito Buena Vista Sacramento Taylor .... Doniphan.. Scott Scott Scott Scott Worth Scott Laue Santa Anna Trias 4,700 1)00 12.000 8..50() 4.000 y.ooi) 3,500 7,200 500 17,000 4.000 fi,0(K) 12.000 7.000 25.000 14,(HK) 25.(X)0 1,000 Morales Santa Anna.... Valencia Santa Anna.... Aharez Cerro Gordo Contreras Chnriibusco Molino del Key... Chapultepec Huamantla Santa Anna,... REVIEW QUESTIONS. PAGK Name three important events of 1817 152 What events happened at Pensacola ? 127, 128, 135 Give the history of Florida 11, 12, 13, 14, 63, 98, 127, 128, 135, 153 What history can you give of the State of Mississippi ? 135, 136 Give the early history of Illinois 1,36 Give the early history of Alabama '. 1,36 Give the early history of Maine 27, 33, 136 State Avhat you can of the early history of Missouri 110, 1:36 Give the particulars in relation to the admission of Missouri 136 State all you can in relation to the " Monroe Doctrine'" 136 Give an account of Lafayette 78, SO, 96, 97, 137 How was John Quincy Adams elected president ? 137 What presidents have been elected by the House ? 109, 187 REYIEW QUESTIONS. 155 PAGE 14. Which three presidents died on the 4th of July ? 137 15. Name ten important eventa from 1S18 to 18:26 152, 153 IG. What can you state of the tariff law of 1828 ? 137 17. Which of the presidents served each two terras? (See Table, end of history.) 18. Give the history of the United States Banks , 106, 130, 138 19. Give an account of the Black Hawk War 138 20. Give the history of the " South Carolina Nullification" 137, 138, 139 21. Give the history of the troubles with the Seminoles 135, 139, 140 22. Name seven events of Jackson's administration 138, 153 23. Write an account of Jackson 121, 128, 135, 138, 139, 140 24. Name three events that occurred in Van Buren's term 140 25. Give an account of the battle of Okeechobee 140 26. What distress was produced in monetary aflairs ? 140 27. What account can you give of the Canadian Eebellion ? 140 28. Give an account of Harrison 114, 118, 119; 120, 141 29. Name in order the events from 1836 to 1845 153 30. Give the history of Rhode Island 31, 33, 68, 74, 79, 86, 87, 141 31. Name four important events of 1845 153 32. What dispute was there in relation to Texas ? 141 33. What was the cause of the war with Mexico ? 143 34. Name, in order, nine important events of 1846 153 35. Give the history of Fort Brown 143, 144, 145 36. Give a full account of the battle of Talo Alto 144, 154 37. Give an account of the battle of Resaca de la Palma 144, 145, 154 38. What city did Taylor soon after get possession of? 145 39. What were Taylor's other successes during 1846 ? 145 40. What did General Wool accomplish during the war ? 145 41. What service did Com. Conner render during the war ? 145, 147 42. What service did General Kearny render during the war ? 145, 147 43. Give a full account of Doniphan's expedition 145, 146, 154 44. Give an account of Fremont's movements and successes 146, 147 45. What did Com. Slote accomplish ? 146, 147 46. What plan " to conquer a peace" was decided upon ? 147 47. Give an account of Taylor's successes during 1847 147, 154 48. Of Scott's success against Vera Cruz and its fortress 147 49. Of his march to and success at Cerro Gordo 147, 148 50. Of his march from Cerro Gordo to Ayotla 148 51. Of his march from Ayotla to San Augustin 148 52. Of his march and successes during August, 1847 148, 149 53. What can you state of the armistice granted by Scott ? 149 54. Give an account of the conflict at the Molino del Rey 149 55. Of further operations and Scott's final success 149 56. Give an account of the siege of Puebla 149, 150 57. What were the closing acts of the war ? 150 58. Name eight important events of IS47 153 59. Write an account of General Taylor 140, 143, 144, 145-150 60. Give the early history of California 150, 151 61. Give the history of the " Kansas-Nebraska Bill" 151, 152 62. State what you can of Kansas 110, 151, 152, 157 63. Name eight eventb that occurred from 1848 to 1854 154 156 UNCOLN S ADMISISTEATION. PART OF 1857.] Buchanan's administration. 157 SECTION VIII. Fi^om the heginning of J3ucha7ian''s Achnmistratioji in 1857, to the close of Johiisoii's. 1. The GpvE at Civil War. — Buchanan's Administra- tion. — The inauguration of Buchanan took place on the 4th of March, 1857. During liis administration of four years, three states — all free — were added to the Union. Minnesota was admitted in -1858 ; Oregon, in 1859; and Kansas, in 18G1. 2. The slavery question continued to be the prominent topic of discussion ; and an event, which occurred in the flxU of 1859, and which created intense excitement throughout the country, not only gave increased impulse to the discussion, but greatly aggravated the feeling then prevailing at the South against the North. This was " John Brown's raid." 3. Brown's object was the liberation of slaves. With that in view, he and twenty-one associates seized the ar- senal at Harper's Ferry, for the purpose of making it a rendezvous ; but the movement was a total failure. Those engaged in it were overpowered by state and na- tional troops, thirteen of their number were killed, two escaped, and the rest, including Brown, were tried and hung. 4. As Buchanan's term of office drew toward its close, no less than four candidates were nominated to succeed 1 . When was Buchanan inaugurated ? What states were added to the Unioa during his administration ? 2. What subject continued to be generally discussed ? 2, 3. Give an account of John Brown's raid. 4. What is said of the presidential canvass of 1860 ? What was the result ? 158 Buchanan's administeation. usgo, him. After an exciting canvass, in which the slavery question was the all-absorbing one, the election resulted in favor of Abraham Lincoln, the candidate of the Re- publican party. 5. When it became known that the party opposed to the further extension of slavery had been successful, and that Lincoln would be the next president, public meetings were held in South Carolina to bring about a secession of that state from the Union ; and, on the 20th of De- cember, 1860, an ordinance of secession was passed by a state convention held in Charleston. 6. Six days after. Major Anderson, commanding at Fort Moultrie, withdrew his force of but eighty men from that fort, and established himself at Fort Sumter, a place of greater security. This being regarded by the South Carolinians as a hostile act, they at once seized the cus- tom-house at Charleston, as well as other property be- longing to the general government, and began to make preparations to drive Anderson from his new position. 7. Events of 1861. — The steamer. Star of the West, sent from New York with supplies and re-enforcements for Fort Sumter, arrived off Charleston, January 10th, 1861 ; but, being fired upon by batteries which had been erected and manned by authority of South Caro- lina, she was compelled to put back. During this month, January, five of the slave states, — Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, and Louisiana, — following the lead of South Carolina, passed secession ordinances ; and, on the first of February, Texas did the same. 5. What immediate effect did the election have in South Carolina? What action was taken by a state convention there ? 6. What movement did Major Anderson make ? What were the immediate consequences of the movement ? Where is Fort Moultrie ? (Map, p. 73.) Fort Sumter ? 7. What plan for the relief of Fort Sumter did the Confederates frustrate ? Which states passed secession ordinances in January, ISCl ? Which state fol- lowed next ? IS 61.1 Lincoln's administration. 159 8. On the 4th of February, a congress, composed of delegates from all these states, except Texas, met at Montgomery ; and, four days after, organized a gov- ernment by the adoption of a " Provisional Constitu- tion," assuming the title of the " Confederate States of America." On the 9th, this congress elected Jeiferson Davis " President of the Confederacy;" and, on the 18th, Texas being then represented, he was duly inaugurated. 9. Forts, arsenals, navy-yards, custom-houses, and other property belonging to the general government, within the boundariesofthe Confederate states, were seized by state authority for the Confederacy. Fort Pickens, near Pensacola, which had been saved by Lieut. Slemmer, with Fort Sumter, and the forts at the southern extremity of Florida, alone remained in the possession of the United States. 10. Lincoln's Administration. — In this distracted and sad condition were the affairs of the country when Lin- coln, on the 4th of March, 1861, entered upon the office of president. His inauguration took place " amid a greater display of military force than had ever before been witnessed on such an occasion." 11. The president, in his inaugural address, announced that he had " no purpose to interfere with the institution of slavery" where it existed ; further stating that, in his opinion, he had " no right to do so." But this assurance had no effect whatever upon the Southern leaders. Re- garding their duty to the general gOA^ernmelit as second- ary to the obligation they owed to their respective states, 8. State what took place at Montgomery, in February. How is Montgomery Bituated ? (Map, p. 120.) 9. What is said of the seizure of forts, &c. ? Of Lieutenant Slemmer ? Where is Pensacola ? (Map, p. 120.) Fort Pickens ? 10. When was Lincoln inaugurated ? What is said of the occasion ? 11. What announcement did Lincoln make? What did he further state? What is said of the etfect produced ? How did the Southern leaders regard their duty T What military preparations did they make ? 160 Lincoln's administration. risei, they organized an army, and ordered Gen. Beauregard {bo-re-gard) to reduce Fort Sumter. 12. Accordingly, on the morning of the 12th of April, the first shot was fired upon the fort. After a bombard- ment of thirty-four hours, the defence being but feeble in consequence of the smallness of the garrison and the poor supply of ammunition, Anderson was compelled to capitulate. On the following day, April 14th, he de- parted with his command, and sailed for Xew York. 13. The news of this event produced an almost uncon- trollable excitement throughout the country ; and the president's proclamation, issued on the 15th, calling foi' troops, was responded to at once by all the free states. A Massachusetts regiment, while on its way to defend the national capital, was attacked, April 19th, in the streets of Baltimore, by a mob of Southern sympathizers. Two of the soldiers were killed, and a number wounded. 14. Lincoln's proclamation was followed, two days after, by one from Davis, offering letters of marque and reprisal to all persons, who, in private armed vessels, would prey npon the commerce of the United States. This was followed, April 19th, by another proclamation from Lincoln, declaring the ports of the Confederate states in a state of blockade. 15. With the exception of Delaware, not one of the slave states arrayed itself promptly and decidedly on the side of the Union. Before June, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina, passed secession ordi- nances, Virginians seized the armor}' at Harper's Ferry 13. Give an nccount of the bomhardment of Fort Snmter. 13. What effect did the news produce? What call did President Lincoln make? How was the call responded to? Give an account of the attack upon the Maesachusetts refjiment. What event took place just eighty-six years he- Tore ? (p. fiO.) 1 4. What proclamation did Davis put forth ? By what action, on the part of Lincoln, was Davis's proclamation followed ? 1 5. Which states besides those already named passed eecession ordinances ? What seizures did tho Viririnlans maka 1 1861.] Lincoln's administration. 161 and tlK} navy-yard at Xoriblk, both places having been abandoned by tlie Union officers in charge after a large ])art of the property contained therein had been destroyed. 16. It can hardly be said that the national government made any otlensive movement before the 24th of May. Then Gen. Scott, commanding the Union army, sent troops into Vir- ginia ; and Arlington Heights, oppo- site Washington, as well as the town of Alexandria, were occupied. Some days after, June 10th, a force, sent by Gen. Butler, commanding at For- tress Monroe, was severely- repulsed in an attack upon the Confederate works at Big Bethel. 17- The Confederate army, to the number of about one hundred thousand men, occupied a line through Virginia, from Harper's Ferry to Norfolk ; their strongest position being on the road from Washington to Richmond, at a place called Ma- nassas Junction. Richmond was then the capital of the Southern Confederacy, the transfer from Montgomery having been decided upon in May. 18. About the middle of July, a large army, commanded bv Gen. McDowell, marched to attack the Confederates, under Map Questions.— CMap, p. 15fi.) How is Baltimore situated? Norfolk? Harper's Ferry ? Washington ? Alexandria ? Fortress Monroe ? Biir Bethel f Riclimond ? Where is :Manassas Junction ? Arlington Heights ? Bull Run ' Ed- ward's Ferry? Cedar Mt.? Ball's Blufl'? 16. What movements were made on the 24th of May ? Give an account of the Battle of Big Bethel. 1 7. What line of defence did the Confederates occupy ? "\Miat was Richmond then ? IS. When did the battle of Centreville occur ? How is Ceutreville situated f (Map, p. 156.) Give au account of the battle of Bull Run. 162 Lincoln's administeation. [isgi. Beauregard, at Manassas Junction. On the IStli a conflict took place near Centreville. On the 21st occurred the battle of Bull Run, a desperate conflict, in Avhicli more than forty thousand men ^vere engaged. At length the Confederates, being largely re-enforced, prevailed ; and the Union troops, panic-stricken, fled in disorder toward "Washington. The Union loss reached nearly three thou- sand men, while that of the Confederates did not much exceed half that number. 19. On the following day, July 22d, Gen. McClellan was called to take command of the forces around AVash- ington, known as the Army of the Potomac. He had just closed with credit a campaign in West Virginia, during which the Confederates were routed at Philippi {fi-^ip'-pi)^ Rich Mountain, and other places. Congress, which com- menced an extra session on the 4th of July, appropriated five hundred million dollars for carrying on the Avar, and voted to raise five hundred thousand troops.- 20. In the mean time efforts had been made by the Se- cessionists to take Missouri out of the Union. In this, however, they tailed, mainly through the prompt action of Gen. Lyon, who captured their camp near St. Louis, defeated them at Booneville on the ITtli of June, and thus frustrated the designs of the disloyal governor. 21. On the 5th of July a division of his troops, under Col. (afterward Gen.) Sigel {se'-gel)^ made a gallant fight at Carthage; but on the 10th of August, having been confronted by a vastly superior force, and fearing that a retrograde movement would be fiital to the cause, Lyon 19. To what position was McClellan called? What can you state of hia previous successes * Wliat was done by Couo^ross ? Map Questions.— (,p. Kw.) Where "is St. Louis ? Booneville? Carthage? Wilson's Creek ? Spriuirlield ? Belmont ? New Orleans ? Cairo ? Lexin-rtou f 20. What had been the aim of secessionists in Missouri ? What suceessea did Gen. Lvon have at St. Louis ? At Booneville ? 21. Wliat account can you give of the battle of Carthage ? Of the battle of Wilson's Creek or Springfield ? 1861.] LINCOLN S ADMINISTEATION. 163 made an unsuccessful attack upon tlic enemy at Wilson's Creek, near Springfield, and was killed. 22. In a little more than a month afterward. Col. INIul- ligan, commanding twenty-five hundred men at Lexing- ton, Missouri, was attacked by a Confederate force at least five times as large, and, after a contest of four days, was compelled to surrender, September 20th. 23. Gen. Fremont, then in command of the Western Department, left St. Louis for Jefierson City, and thence marched against I*rice, who was retreating in a southerly direction. The pursuit was continued only as far as Springfield, when Fremont, in compliance with orders, turned the command over ,to Gen. Hunter, who held it until the arrival of Gen. Ilalleck. 24. In October, Gen. Stone was in command of a large Union force on the Potomac, in Maryland. A division of this force, having crossed the river to Ball's BlufiT to make a reconnoissance, was disastrously defeated, on the 21st, and its commander. Col. Baker, killed. In an attack upon the Confederate works at Belmont, Missouri, Nov. Vth, Gen. Grant was at first successful, but the enemy having been re-enforced, he retired to his boats. 25. Two coast expeditions — one to North Carolina, and the other to South Carolina — were completely successful. In the first. Com. Stringham {stri7ig' -am) and Gen. But- ler, commanding a naval and military force, captured the Confederate forts at Ilatteras Inlet. In the seciond. Com. Du-pont', with a fleet of about fifty vessels, captured the 22. Give an account of the battle of Lexington. 23. Who, at the time, was in the chief command of the Union forces at the West. Give an account of the pursuit made by Fremont. Wlio superseded Fremont in the command ? Who succeeded Hunter ? 24. Where was Gen. Stone in command ? Give an account of the disaster at Ball's Bluff. By what name is the battle of Ball's Bluff also known ? A7is. Edwards' Ferry. Give an account of the battle of Belmont '? 25. Give ail account of the expedition asrainst the forts at Hatteras Inlet. Give an account of the expedition agaiust the forts at Port Royal harbor. What change iu commanders was made ? 164 Lincoln's administration. [isgi. forts at Port Royal entrance. In the mean time, Gen. Scott, in consequence of physical infirmities, resigned the command of tlie army of the United States, and McClellan was aj^pointed in his place. 26. On the sea an event occurred in November, which produced great excitement both in the United States and Great Britain. Capt. Wilkes (tcilks), in command of the frigate San Jacinto {sa?ija-sin'-to),mtQYceptQd an English steamer, and took from her Messrs. Mason and Sli-dell', Confederate commissioners to Europe ; but as the seizure was contrary to the rights of neutral vessels, and the British government resented the act, the two prisoners were given up. 27. This affair tended to make still less amicable the relations which, at the time, existed between the United States and England ; for before the last of the States that passed secession ordinances had joined the Confederacy, Queen Victoria (May 13th) acknowledged the South as a belligerent power ; and France, soon after, did the same. 28. The Confederates fitted out a number of privateers, one of the most successful being the steamer Sumter, Capt. Semmes {semz), which ran the blockade of New Orleans on the last day of June. She captured a number of vessels, and then, crossing the Atlantic, entered the bay of Gibraltar. Here she was found by a United States gunboat, and, being unable to escape, was sold- Her crew went to England, where a faster steamer was in process of construction. This vessel the Confederates obtained, and named the Alabama. 29. During the year 1861, the Federal government in- creased its navy, from less than fifty, to about two hun- 26. Give an account of the capture of Mason and Slidell. 27. What unfriendly acts did England and France perform? 28. Give an account of the career of the Sumter. 29. What addition was made to the Union navy in 1861 ? "VMiat is said of the blockade ? Of specie payments ? Of the circulating medium ? Of gold ? Lincoln's administeation. 165 166 Lincoln's ADMnsiSTEATioN. [1862. drecl vessels. This whole force Avas required in block- ading Southern ports ; and, as it was increased in the three succeeding years, the blockade became more effec- tive. A general sus|3ension of specie payments by the banks of the North having taken place, specie circulation soon gave way to that of paper, and gold became an ar- ticle of merchandise commanding a high premium. 30. Events of 1862. — At Cairo {kd'-ro) the Union troops established a base of operations, Gen. Grant being in command. From a point on the Mississippi, a few miles below Cairo, the whole river to its mouth was in possession of the Confederates, and great preparations were made by both parties, one to retain and the other to gain the mastery of the river. 31. The Confederates had also a line of defences from the Mississippi to Cumberland Gap, with strong positions at Columbus, Bowling Green, Fort Henry, Fort Donel- Bon, and near Mill Spring. In January, 1862, Gen. Buell was in command of a Federal department, with his head- quarters at Louisville. A division of his army, under Gen. Geo. H. Thomas, gained a brilliant victory at Mill Spring, Jan. 19th, the defeated party escaping further loss by crossing the Cumberland. 32. In February, Commodore Foote, commanding a fleet of gunboats, sailed up the Tennessee, and, on the 6th, reduced Fort Henry. Bowling Green was soon after abandoned. On the 16th, Gen. Grant, with the co-opera- tion of the fleet, eflected the important capture of Fort Map Questions.— (p. 174.) Where is Cmnberland Gap ? Mill Spring ? Louis- ville ? Roanoke Island ? Elizabeth City? Columbus? (p. KiS.) Bowling Green ? Fort Henry ? Fort Donelson ? Nashville ? Pea Ridge ? New Madrid ? Island No. 10? 30. At what western place did the Fnion troops establish a base of opera- tions ? How^ much of the Mississippi did the Confederates hold? What eflbrts were made by both parties ? 31. What line of defences did the Confederates have? Where were their strong positions ? Give an account of the battle of Mill Spring. 32. Of the capture of Fort Henry. Of the capture of Fort Donelson. 1S62.] LINCOLN S ADMINISTRATION. 1G7 Donelson, on the Cumbcvlaiul, with sixteen tlionsand prisonei*s. The enemy thereupon evaeuated CoUimbus and Xashville. 33. An important sneeess nieauwhUe attended tlie ef- forts of the l^nionists on the Athxntic eoast. A hind and naval expedition, sailing from Hampton Koads, un der Gen. Burnside and Com. Gohlsborongli, eap- tured Koanoke Ishmd, Feb. Sth. This success was followed by the de- struction of the Confed- erate tlotilla at Elizabeth City, by the capture of k that and other i^laces, and c^ V by a victory gained by ^^"^^^ I^urnsiue at Aewbern. pakt op sox^th Carolina and geokgia. An expedition, titted out at Port Royal, captured Fort Pulaski {pu-las'-ke). 34. Two im]H>rtant events occurred on the Sth of March. Gen. Curtis, ably seconded by Sigel, defeated the Confederates, under Gen. Van Dorn, at Pea Ridge, Arkansas, after three days' hard fighting ; and the ram Virginia, steaming out from Norfolk to Hampton Roads, destroyed the United States sloop-of-war Cumberland and the frigate Congress. 35. This vessel, formerly the Merrimac, which had been sunk at Xorfolk by the Union commander there at the )eo:innin,_^^^ ^-^ %°^f^ !c' -^Ad % ^ETERSBURO -STj 43. Give an account of the battle of Richmond, Kentucky. Of Bragg's ad- vance, and defeat at Perryville. Where is Perryville ? (p. 174.) What advantage did Bragg gain daring his northward march ? Ans. He captured Munfordsville. By whom was Buell i^uccecded in command ? 44. What new disposition of military commanders was made ? What oc- curred at Winchester ? Map Questions.— (Map, p. 15f>.) Where is Alexandria ? Fortress Monroe ? Norfolk ? Into what water does the York River flow ? Into what the James River? Where is Yorktown ? Williamsburg? Strasburg? (p. 174.) Front Roval? Cedar Mt.? Chantillv? Fair Oaks ? (Map, p. 170.) 45. At what place did McClellan embark his troops ? From what place did he commence his Peninsula Oampaisn ? Whatpeninsula is alluded to ? What was done at Yorktown ? At Williamsburg ? At Norfolk? With the ram Virginia ? 1862.] Lincoln's administration. 171 the 31st of May, and the battle was resumed the follow- ing day. It was a bloody though indecisive contest. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, the Confederate general-in-chief, hav- ing been severely wounded in the battle, was relieved from active duty and Gen. Lee became his successor. 47. Banks's division, at the time, was at Stras'-burg, and .this force the Confederates formed the plan of capturing; but in consequence of the resistance which they met at Front Royal, Banks became aware of their purpose, and made a masterly retreat to the Potomac. Their pursuing general, T. J. Jackson, known as Stonewall Jackson, was in turn pursued by Fremont, but escaped to join Lee. 48. Believing that the force at his disposal was not sufficient to protect his lines, McClellan transferred his base of operations to the James River; but, while this movement was in progress, the Confederates fell upon the Union troops, June 25th, and a series of destructive bat- tles took place, lasting through seven days. The con- teiidino; armies numbered tosfether not less than two hun- dred thousand men, and the joint losses thirty thousand. 49. Late in June, President Lincoln ordered the forces of Fremont, Banks, and McDowel'l, to be consolidated, and gave the command to Gen. Pope. Lee soon began to menace Washington ; but, at Cedar Mountain, August 9th, his advance, under Jackson, was defeated in a conflict with Banks's division. 50. The Confederates, in full force, advanced, and from the 23d of Aus:ust to the besrinninof of the foUowinir 46. Give an account of the battle of Fair Oaks. By what name is that battle also known ? Ans. Seven Pines. What did the Confederate cavalrj' ac- complish ? A71X. Gen. Stuart passed north from Richmond entirely round the Union army. What chanjre was made in the Confederate commanders? 47. Give an account of Banks's retreat and escape. Wiiat pursuit was made by Fremont ? 48. What transfer of base did McClellan make ? Why did he do po ? What battles followed ? How strong: were the two armies, and what were their losses ? 49. What consolidation of forces was made ? What movement did Lee make ? What occurred at Cedar Mt. ? 172 LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. [1862. month the struggle between the two great armies was desperate. In that part of the struggle known as the Second Battle of Bull Run^ Pope was defeated. In its closing part, at Chan'-til-ly, though losing Stevens and Kearny *two of his best generals, he was more fortunate. 51. Lee, instead of marching to attack the fortifications of Washington, crossed the Potomac into Maryland, where he was pursued by McClellan, who had been ordered from the James. At South Mountain, September 14th, the na- tional forces were victorious ; but this success was more than counterbalanced, a few hours later, by the loss of Harper's Ferry with its munitions of war and large gar- rison. 52. On the I7th, the great battle of Antietam {an-te'- tam) was fought. Lee was defeated, his loss in the battle and during the campaign being not less than twenty-five thousand men. On the night of the 18th, he withdrew his forces across the Potomac, into Virginia. 53. After remaining in Maryland till the latter part of October, McClellan crossed the Potomac, but, in Novem- ber, was superseded in the command by Burnside. Led by their new commander, the army crossed the Rappa- hannock, the design being to march against Richmond by the route from Fredericksburg. Fredericksburg was taken, December 12th; but, after a disastrous attempt to carry the works behind the city, the river was recrossed. 54. Events of 1863. — On the 1st of January, 1863, President Lincoln issued his memorable proclamation, de- claring: " forever free the slaves in the states then in rebel- 50. Give an account of the etrnsffle between Lee and Pope. *Philip Kearny. 51. What movement did Lee then make? By whom was he pursued? What occurred at South Mountain? At Harper's P"'erry ? Where is South Mountain ? (p. 156.) 52. Where is Antietam C. ? (Map, p. 174.) Give an account of the battle fouf;;ht there. What movement did Lee make after the battle. 53. By whom was McClellan superseded in command ? Where is Fredericks- hurg ? (p^ 126.) Name four rivers that flow into Chesapeake Bay. Give an ac- count of JBurnside's march, repulse, and retreat. 1863.3 Lincoln's administration. 173 lion, excepting in certain designated portions, occupied, in most part, by national troops. On the same day Gal'- ves-ton was taken, and the naval force before the place was captured^ destroyed, or dispersedby the Confederates. 55. The close of 1862 witnessed a fierce struggle at Mur'-frees-bo-ro between the armies of Rosecrans and Bragg. On the 2d of January, 1863, victory decided for the national cause. Nine days after, the Confederates lost Arkansas Post, which was taken by a land and naval force, commanded by Gen. McClernand and Admiral Porter. 56. Burnside having, at his own request, been relieved of the command of the Army of the Potomac, was suc- ceeded by Gen. Hooker, who, toward the latter part of April, crossed the Rappahannock, and, encountering Lee on the 2d and 3d of May at Chancellorsville, was worsted, losing more than eleven thousand men, in killed and wounded. He then recrossed the river. 57. On the 9th of June, Lee, whose army numbered nearly a hundred thousand men, began a northward move- ment; and Hooker followed the invaders into jNIaryland, where, on the 28th of June, his command was transferred to Gen. Meade. At Gettysburg [get'-tiz-burg)^o\\ the 1st, 2d, and ^d of July, one of the most important, as well as severe and decisive, conflicts of the Avar took place. Lee was finally defeated, and, his army reduced one-third, he made a rapid retreat. 54. What can you state of Lincoln's memorable proclamation ? Of affairs at Galveston, January 1st, 1803 ? Map Questions.— (p. 165.) Where is Galveston? Murfreesboro ? Arkansas Post? \icksburi^? Port Gibson? Port Hudson ? Into what water does the Red River flow ? Name four towns on that river. 55. Give an account of the battle of Murfreesboro. Of the capture of Ar- kansas Post. 56. Who succeeded Burnside in the command of the Army of the Potomac? Give an account of the battle of Chancellorsville. Where is Chancellorsville? (Mai), p. 1.56.) 5 7. What movement did Lee bejrin on the 9th of June ? By whom was he followed? What chan: ? Fisher's Hill ? Petersburg? 71. What took place from the 20th to the 28th of July ? What expeditions did Sherman send ? What misfortune befell Stoneman ? 'How, at last, did Sher- man eain Atlanta? Where is Jonesboro ? (p. 174.) 72. Where were Grant's headquarters? What control did Grant exercise over army movements? When did Meade cross the Kapidan ? State what oc- curred on the following day. What occurred on the 7th. 73. What occurred on the Mth? What is said of the succeeding struggle? What battles are mentioued 7 What co-operation did Butler give y 8* 1864.3 Lincoln's administeation. 179 armies was more or less severe. The battles of Spottsyl- vania, North Anna, and Cold Harbor were particularly desperate and bloody. Butler, co-operating with Meade^ sailed from Fortress Monroe, and secured a position on the south side of the James, thus favoring a movement by which the Army of the Potomac was transferred, June 14th, to that side of the river. 74. Petersburg was at once besieged. On the 30th of July a mine was exploded under one of the strongest of the works before that city, so that a storming party might rush through the gap thus formed, and the place be captured. The assault was made, but it resulted in disastrous failure. Other conflicts took place between the armies of Meade and Lee, yet at the close of the year, the Confederates still held Petersburg and Rich- mond. 75. A large force, intended for co-operation with Meade's army, was in the Shenandoah Valley, under Sigel ; but, after meeting a defeat at Newmarket, Sigel was superseded by Gen. Hunter. Hunter gained a vic- tory at Pied'-mont, June 5th, and then marched upon Lynchburg, but finding the Confederate force there strengthened by recent arrivals from Lee's army, he withdrew into West Virginia. The Valley being thus open, Lee detached twenty thousand men, under Gen. Early, to invade Maryland. 76. With overwhelming numbers Early defeated Gen. Wallace at the ]\Io-noc'-a-cy River, July 9th; and, after threatening Baltimore and Washington, he recrossed the Potomac, loaded with plunder. A body of the Confeder- 74. What place was besieged ? Where was a mine made ? Give an account of the assault'/ What is said of other conflicts ? 75. Where did Sigel have a force to co-operate with Meade's army ? What befell Sigel? By whom was Sigel superseded in command? What success did Hunter have ? What were Hunter's subsequent movements ? How did the Confederates take advantage of Hunter's absence? 76. Give an account of the battle of Monocacv? What movements did Early then make ? What occurred at Chamberaburg ? What succcbs did Averill have ? 180 Lincoln's administration. [18«4« ate cavalry which afterward advanced into Pennsylvania and set fire to Chambersburg, while retreating was over- taken by Gen. A'-ver-ill and defeated. 77. Grant hurried off troops for the defence of Wash- ington, and a strong force was organized for Sheridan, who relieved Hunter from command. On the 19th of September, Sheridan attacked and routed Early near Winchester; and, three cays after, at Fisher's Hill, he routed the enemy again. Just a month after his victory at Winchester, his troops, then at Cedar Creek, were sud- denly attacked and driven from the field, he, at the time.^ being absent. Arriving at this critical time, he arranged his lines, repulsed an attack, assailed in return, and, for the third time, routed Early's army. 78. Leaving Thomas in Tennessee to watch Hood, Sherman destroyed Atlanta, and, on the 15th of Novem- ber, commenced his memorable march to the sea-coast. Advancing through Georgia and living upon the country, he occupied the state capital and other large towns ; car- ried Fort McAllister by assault ; and, on the morning of the 21st of December, entered the city of Savannah. 79. In the mean time Hood advanced into Tennessee, while Thomas fell back toward Nashville. Coming up at Franklin, November 30th, with the main part of the Union army, Hood made an assault, but was repulsed ; and Thomas then brought his troops together at Nashville. Hood formed a plan to dislodge his opponent, but, before he could put it into execution, Thomas attacked him, on the morning of the 15th of December, and, in a battle 77. Who succeeded Hunter in command? What occurred at Winchester ? At Fisher's Hill ? Give an account of the battle of Cedar Creek. 78. What did Sherman do with Atlanta? What did Sherman then do? Through what state did he march ? What fort did he capture ? What city did he enter ? Where is Fort McAllister ? (Map. p. IGT.) 79. What movement did Hood meanwhile make? How did Thomas act? Give an account of the battle of Franklin. Who commanded the Union troops in that battle ? Ans. Gen. Schofield. Where is Franklin ? Give an account of the battle of Nashville. 1865.] Lincoln's administbation. 181 lasting two days, defeated and drove him from the field. Hood fled into Alabama. 80. The Confederates, by means of English-built priva- teers, sailing under the Confederate flag, succeeded in destroying a large number of American merchantmen. Semmes, in the Alabama, resumed* his career of destruc^ tion, luring vessels by hoisting the British flag ; but the Alabama was at last met, June 19, by the Kearsarge {ke'-ar-sciT^)^ Capt. Winslow, and, after a short contest, was sunk. 81. Of all the achievements of the army or navy of the United States during the war, none were more brilliant than that of Admiral Far'-ra-gut in Mobile Bay, on the 5th of August. He succeeded in jDassing Forts Morgan and Gaines at the entrance of the bay, and then gaining a complete victory over the enemy's fleet. The two forts were afterward captured. 82. Events of 1865, and close of the War. — The active operations of 1865 began with the reduction of Fort Fisher, the main defence of Wilmington. This was accomplished on the 15th of January, by eight thousand men under Gen. Terry, aided by Admiral Porter's fleet. About a month before, Butler had made a demonstration against the fort, but deeming the works too strong to be carried hy his force, returned to Fortress Monroe. Wil- mington was occupied by the Federal troops on the 2 2d of February. 83. Sherman having halted at Savannah only long 80. By what means were the Confederates enabled to destroy American merchantmen ? What course did Semmes pursue ? What was the fate of the Alabama ? 81. How is Farragut's success in Mobiie Bay spoken of? What was hia achievement? Where is Mobiie Bay ? (p. 165.) Fort Morgan ? 82. V/here did the operations of 1865 begin ? Give an account of the suC' cess achieved by Terry and Porter. What attempt had been previously made to reduce the fort ? Where is Fort Fisher ? (p. 174.) 83. When did Sherman move from Savannah ? How did he compel the Con- federates to evacuate Charleston ? Give the account of bis subsequent progres* and successes. 182 Johnson's administration. [ises. enough to refit his array, was again in motion by the 1st of February. On the l^th he captured Columbia, com- pelling the Confederates, by this achievement, to evacuate Charleston. He entered North Carolina, fought and de- feated Gen, Hardee on the IGth of March, and, four days later, gained a victory over Gen. J. E. Johnston. 84. On the 29th of March the final movement of the national forces, which Gen. Grant had gathered around Kichmond, commenced ; and, after ten days'* marching and fighting, the campaign was ended. On the 3d of April, both Petersburg and Richmond were occupied by the nation's victorious troops. The retreating troops were hotly pursued by Sheridan, and, on the 9th, Lee, over- taken and surrounded, surrendered to Grant near Appo- mattox Court House. From this period the history of the war is but a record of national successes in the sur- render of the several remaining Confederate commanders. 85. The hearts of the loyal people were throbbing with joy because of the triumph so long struggled for, but this feeling was suddenly turned into mourning. In less than a week after Lee's surrender. President Lincoln was as- sassinated by a desperado acting in sympathy with the Confederate cause. He died on the following morning, April 15th. 86. Johnson's Administration. — The vice-president, Andrew Johnson of Tennessee, thereupon became presi- dent, retaining the cabinet of his predecessor. The as- sassin of the lamented president eluded pursuit until the 26th, when, having been tracked to his hiding-place and refusing to surrender, he was shot. Jeiferson Davis, after 84. When did the final movement of the national forces commence? Give an account of the ten days' campaitrn. When, where, and to whom did Lee sur- rendei ? To whom did Johnston gnrrender ? J «.s\ Sherman. 85. How were the people's rejoicings turned into sorrow ? When did Pres- ident Lincoln die ? 86. Who, then, became president? What was the fate of the person who shot Lincoln ? Wh^t is said of Jefferson Davis ? PROGRESSIV^E MAPS, N«4. 18C5.] JOHNSON'S ADMINISTEATION. 183 abandoning Richmond, fled to Georgia, where he was captured. He was then conveyed a prisoner to Fortress Monroe ; but, after a long confinement, was released (1867). 87. On the 29th of April, President Johnson issued a proclamation removing restrictions on commerce in the South ; and, a month later, he addressed a proclamation of amnesty to all those who had been concerned in the late war, excepting certain specified classes of persons, A resolution of Congress, proposing an amendment to the Constitution abolishing slavery, having been approved by three-fourths of the states, slavery was declared consti- tutionally abolished on the 18th of December. 88. The national debt, at the close of 1865, amounted to about two billions seven hundred millions of dollars. To raise the enormous sums required during the war, the government had offered loans which were freely taken ; the duty on importations was increased ; taxes were im- posed on incomes and manufactures ; and revenue stamps were required to be placed upon bonds and other docu- ments. 89. In March, 1865, Congress passed an act known as the Freedmen's Bureau Bill. By the term freedmen were meant all the colored people of the South, who, at the breaking out of the late war, were slaves ; but who had afterward been declared free by proclamation of the president. The bill had for its object the supervision and relief of freedmen and loyal refugees. A second bill, amending and continuing in force the first, although vetoed by the president, was passed in July, 1866. 87. What proclamation in relation to commerce did Johnson issue ? What other proclamation did he issue ? What was done in relation to the abolition of slavery ? 88. What did the national debt amount to at the close of 1865 ? How had the government procured money during the war ? 89. When was the Freedmen's Bureau Bill passed? Who were meant by the term freedmen? What was the object of the Bill? What is said of the eecond Freedmen's Bureau Bill ? 184 Johnson's administration, [isgt. 90. It soon became evident that Congress and President Johnson were at variance on the subject of " Reconstruct- ing the Union," the former being opposed to the resto- ration of the late Confederate states to their former politi- cal standing, until certain guarantees of protection should be extended to the colored population, and other condi- tions complied with by the states. A Reconstruction Act was, however, passed by Congress, notwithstanding the veto of the President, March 2d, 1867, and two Supple- mentary Reconstruction Acts were also passed, in like manner. 91. In March, of the same year, a bill to regulate the tenure of certain civil offices was passed over the presi- dent's veto. By this bill it is declared that persons hold- ing, or appointed to, any civil office, by and with the ad- vice and consent of the Senate, shall be entitled to hold such office until a successor shall have been, in like man- ner, appointed and duly qualified. This is known as the Temire-of-Office Bill. 92. During the year 1867, Nebraska was admitted into the Union, and the territorial possessions of the United States were very much enlarged by the addition of Alas'- ka, formerly known as Russian America. This vast tract of land was purchased of Russia, the price agreed to be paid being $7,200,000, in gold. 93. In August, 1867, the president suspended Mr. Stan- ton, the secretary of war, from office, because, " upon im- portant questions, the views of the secretary diffi?red from his own." Gen. Grant was , appointed to discharge the duties of the office. In December, the president notified 90. What soon became evident as between Congress and the president ? What position did Couirress take? What is said of the Reconstruction Bill ? Of the two Supplenu'iitary Acts? 91. State what von can in relation to the Tenure-of-Office Bill. 92. What is said of the admission of Nebraska ? What is said of Alaska ? 93. From what office was Mr. Stanton suspended ? By whom was the sus- pension made ? Why was it made ? What course, in relation to the matter, 1868.] Johnson's administration. 185 the Senate of the change he had made, and of his reasons for so doing. The Senate having duly considered the reasons, passed a resolution of non-concurrence in the suspension ; and, thereupon, January 13th, 1868, Mr. Stan- ton resumed the exercise of the duties of secretary of war. 94. On the 21st of February, the president sent a mes- sage to the Senate, declaring that he had removed Mr. Stanton from office, and had placed Gen. Lorenzo Thomas in his stead until a successor should be appointed. This pro- duced great excitement in both houses of Congress. The Senate passed a resolution notifying the President " that, under the Constitution and laws of the United States, h^ had no power to remove the secretary of war and desig- nate any other officer to perform the duties of that office." 95. On the 24th, a resolution, impeaching President Johnson of high crimes and misdemeanors, was adopted by the House of Representatives. In accordance there- with, nine articles of impeachment, prepared by a com- mittee of the House, were, on the 2d of March, adopted ; and seven managers were thereupon selected from among the members of the House, to conduct the impeachment before the Senate. 96. Two more articles of impeachment having been added, in which the president was charged with declaring that Congress, as then constituted, was an illegal body, the trial was begun on the 30th of March. On the 16th of May a verdict of acquittal was declared on the eleventh article ; and, ten days after, a like verdict was rendered on two other articles, when the Senate, as a court, ad- journed. On the same day. May 26th, Mr. Stanton re- f^igned his position as secretary of war. did the president afterward take ? What course and action did the Senate take ? What course did Mr. Stanton take ? 94. What course did the president take in the following February ? What was the eflect in Con^rress ? What resolution did the Senate pass ? 95. What resolution was afterward adopted by the House of liepreseutatives ? What subsequent action was taken by the House ? 186 GKANT's administration. [186» SECTION IX. From the heginning of GranCs Administration to the prese7it time. 1. Grant's Administration. — The presidential election in the fall of 1868 resulted in the choice of General Ulysses S. Grant, of Illinois. Though Virginia, Missis- sippi, and Texas did not participate in the election, not having complied with the " reconstruction" requirements of Congress, Grant received a decided majority of the whole number of electoral votes; and his inauguration accordingly took place on the 4th of March, 1869. CHRONOLOGICAL EECAPITULATION. 187 CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 1857. James Buchanan was inaugurated president March 4. 1858. Minnesota was admitted into tlie Union May 11. 1859. Oregon was admitted into the Union Feb. 14. Johu Brown made a raid into Virginia Oct. 16. 1860. South Carolina passed a secession ordinance Dec. 20. Anderson witlidrew from Ft. Moultrie to Ft. Sumter. Dec. 26. 1861. Mississippi (Jan. 9), Florida (Jan. 10), Alabama (Jan. 11), Georgia (Jan. 19), Louisiana (Jan. 26), Texas (Feb. 1), Virginia (April 17), Arkansas (May 6), Ten- nessee (May 7), and North Carolina (May 20), passed secession ordinances. Kansas was admitted into the Union Jan. 29. The " Southern Confederacy" was formed Feb. Davis became " President of the Confederacy" Feb. 18. Lincoln was inaugurated president of the U. States. . .Mar. 4. The Confederates attacked Fort Sumter April 12, 13. President Lincoln called for 75,000 troops April 15. Davis offered letters of marque and reprisal April 17. Lincoln proclaimed a blockade of Southern ports. . .April 19. Volunteer troops were attacked in Baltimore April 19. England (May 13), France (June 10), Spain (June 17), and Portugal (July 29), acknowledged the insur- gent states as belligerents. The Confederates were routed at Philippi June 3. Union troops were repulsed at Big Bethel June 10. The Confederates were routed at Booneville June .17. The United States Congress met in extra session July 4. The Confederates were victorious at Carthage July 5. The Confederates were routed at Rich Mountain July 11. The Union army was routed at Bull Run July 21. The Confederates gained a victory at Wilson's Creek. Aug. 10. A Union force captured the forts at Hatteras Inlet. .Aug. 29. Lexington, Mo., was surrendered to the Confederates . Sep. 20. The Confederates gained a victory at Ball's Bluff Oct. 21. A Union force captured forts at Port^Royal en trance. Nov. 7. The Confederates were victorious at Belmont Nov. 7. 188 CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 1861. Mason and Slidell were taken from a Br. steamer Nov. 8. 1862. The Confederates were defeated at ]Mill Spring Jan. 19. Fort Henry was captured by a tleet of U. S. gunboats. Feb. 6. A Union force captured Roanoke Island Feb. 8. Fort Donelson was captured by the Unionists Feb. 16. The Confederates Avere defeated at Pea Ridge March 8, The ^lerrimac destroyed two U. S. vessels Mar. S Engagement between the ]\Ionitor and Merrimac. . .March 9, The Unionists captured Newbem March 14, The Confederates were defeated at Winchester March 23, The Unionists gained a victory at Shiloh April 7, Island No. 10 was captured by the Unionists April 7, Fort Pulaski was surrendered to the Unionists April 11, New Orleans was captured by the Unionists April 25, The Confederates retreated from Williamsburg i\Iay 5, The battle of Fair Oaks was fought May 31, June 1, Memphis surrendered to the Unionists June 6 " The Seven daj's' contest before Richmond" . . June 25-July 1 The battle of Cedar Mountain was fought Aug. 9 Battles between Manassas and Washington Aug. 23-30 The Confederates were victorious at Richmond, Ky. Aug. 30 The Confederates, under Lee, invaded Marjdand Sept. 5 Lee's army was defeated at South Mountam Sept. 14 Harper's Ferry surrendered to the Confederates Sept. 15 Lee's army was defeated at Antietam Sept. 17 The Unionists were victorious at luka Sept. 19 The Confederates were repulsed at Corinth Oct. 4 The Unionists gained the battle of Periyville Oct. 8 The Confederates gained a victory at Fredericksburg. Dec. 13 1863. Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation Jan. 1 The Confederates captured Galveston Jan, 1 The Unionists gained a victory at Murfreesboro Jan. 2 The Unionists captured Arkansas Post Jan. 11 The Confederates were defeated at Port Gibson May 1 The Unionists were defeated at Chancellorsville May 3 West Virginia was admitted into the Union June 20 Lee made his second invasion of Maryland June 21 The Union army was victorious at Gettysburg July 3 Vicksburg was surrendered to the Uuionists July 4 Port Hudson was surrendered to the Unionists July 8 The great riot in New York occurred July 13-16 CHKONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 189 1863. Morgan made a raid into Indiana and Ohio July. The Confederates were victorious at Chickamauga. .Sept. 20. The Unionists gained a victory at Cliattanooga Nov. 25. The Confederates were repulsed before Knoxville.. .Nov. 29. 1864. The Unionists were defeated at Olustee Feb. 20. Grant was appointed Lieutenant-General March 3. Grant was appointed to command the U.. S. armies.. Mar. 13. Tire Red River Expedition was made ^ .March and April. The Confederates captured Fort Pillow April 12. The Army of the Potomac began a forward movement . Ma}^ 3. The battle of.the Wilderness was fought May 5, 6. Sherman began his march against Atlanta ^ May 7. The battles near Spottsylvania were fought May 9-21. The Unionists were routed near New Market. , .■ — .May 15. The Confederates were defeated at Piedmont June 5. The Kearsarge met and sunk the Alabama June 19. The Confederates, under Early, invaded ]\Iaryland . . .July 4. The Confederates gained a victory at the Monocacy. .July 9. Sherman gained victories before Atlanta July 20, 22, 28. Chambersburg was sacked and partly burned July 30. The Unionists exploded a mine before Petersburg. . .July 30. The Unionists gained a victory in Mobile Bay Aug. 5. Sherman captured Atlanta Sept. 2. The Confederates were defeated at Winchester Sept. 19. The Confederates were routed at Fisher's Hill; Sept. 22. The Unionists were victorious at Cedar Creek Oct. 19. Nevada was admitted into the Union Oct. 31. The Confederates were repulsed at Franklin Nov. 30. The Unionists gained a victory at Nashville Dec. 16. Savannah was occupied by Sherman's army Dec. 21. 1865. Union troops and fleet captured Fort Fisher Jan, 15. Sherman captured Columbia Feb. 17. Charleston was occupied by Union troops Feb. 18. Wilmington was captured by Union troops Feb. 22. The Freedmen's Bureau Bill became a law March 3. The Unionists were victorious at Averysboro March 16. The Confederates were routed at Bentonville March 20. Union troops occupied Petersburg and Richmond . . . April 3. Lee surrendered to Grant April 9. President Lincoln was assassinated April 14. Andrew Johnson was inaugurated president April 15. 190 CHRONOLOGICAL RECAPITULATION. 1865, Gen. J. E. Johnston surrendered to Sherman A|tri'l 9.Q. Jefferson Davis was captured May 10. Slavery was declared constitutionally abolished Dec. 18. 1806. Congress passed 2d F's Bureau Bill over veto July 16. 1867. Nebraska was admitted into the Union .March 1. Congress passed Reconstruction Bill over veto. . . .March 2. Congress passed Tenure-of-Office Bill over veto March 2. Alaska was purchased for $7,200,000 June 20. President Johnson suspended Stanton from office . . .Aug. 12. 1868. The Senate non-concurred in Stanton's suspension.. .Jan. 13. The president declared Thomas in Stanton's place. . .Feb. 21. The H^se of Representatives impeached the president.Feb. 24. The president's trial was commenced in the Senate. .Mar. 30. He was acquitted on the eleventh article May 16. He was acquitted on two other articles May 26. Stanton resigned as secretary of war May 26. EEVIEW QUESTIONS. 191 EEVIEW QUESTIONS. PAGE 1. Give the history of the slavery question .... 21, 136, 141, 150, 151, 152. 157, 158 2. Give the account of John Brovm's raid 157 3. State the circumstances attending Lincoln's election 157, 158 4. Give the facts in relation to the history of Fort Sumter 158-160 5. How many and what states passed secession ordinances ? 186 6. Give the history of the formation of the Southern Confederacy 153 7. What property did the Confederates take possession of ? 159 8. What is said in connection with Lincoln's inauguration ? 159 9. What, in connection with his inaugural address ? 159 10. What three proclamations were issued in April, 1861 ? 160 11. What occurred during that month in Baltimore ? 160 12. How did the United States lose Harper's Ferry and Norfolk ? 160, 161 13. What movement was made by order of General Scott ? 161 14. Give the particulars in relation to the battle of Bull Run 161, 162 15. In relation to McClellan's campaign in West Virginia 162 16. In relation to Lyon's successes, his defeat and death 162, 163 17. In relation to Mulligan's defence and surrender 163 18. What followed, connected with Fremont, Hunter, and Halleck ? 163 19. Give the particulars of Baker's defeat at Ball's Bluff 163 20. Of the coast expedition to North Carolina 163 21. Of the coast expedition to South Carolina 163, 164 22. Of the capture and release of Mason and Slidell 164 23. Of the unfriendly action taken by England and France 164 24. Give the history of the steamer Sumter 164 25. How was the U. S. Navy increased and employed during 1861 ? 164, 166 26. What changes in money matters took place in 1861 ? 166 27. Name the important events of 1861 186, 187 28. What preparations were made as regards the Mississippi ? 166 29. Give an account of Thomas's victory at Mill Spring 166 30. Of Commodore Foote's success against Fort Henry 166 31. Of Grant's success at Fort Donelson 166, 167 32. Of the success of the expedition against Roanoke 167 as. Of events in Arkansas during March, 1862 ! 167 34. Of events at and near Hampton Roads, March 8th and 9th 167, 168 35. What two successes did General Pope gain in the West ? 168 36. What success did Com. Davis have soon after ? 168 37. Give a full account of the battle of Shiloh 168, 169 38. What did General Halleck do after the battle ? 169 39. To what position was General Halleck then called ? 169 40. Give an account of the capture of New Orleans 169 41. Of Rosecrans's two victories— luka and Corinth 169 42. Of Bragg's march through Tennessee and Kentucky 169, 170 43. What new organization of military departments was made ? 170 44. How did McClellan begin his Peninsular Campaign ? 170 45. What success did he have at Yorktown and Williamsburg ? 170 46. Give some account of General Wool 145, 170 47. Give an account of the battle of Fair Oaks 170, 171 192 REVIEW QUESTIONS. PAGE 48. Give an account of Banks's escape from capture 171 49. Give an account of the " Seven Days' Battle before Richmond" 171 50. What change did Lincohi make in army organizations ? 171 51. Give an account of the contest between Lee and Pope 171, 172 52. What movement did Lee then make ? 172 53. Give an account of the battle of South Mountain 172 54. Of the loss (for the second time) of Harper's Ferry 172 55. Of the battle of Antietam, and Lee's retreat 172 56. Of McClellan's subsequent movements and loss of command 172 57. Of Burnside's attempt to reach Richmond 172 58. Name, in order, the important events of 1802 187 59. What important event occurred on the 1st of January, 1863 ? 172 60. State what took place at Galveston on that day 173 61. Give an account of Rosecrans's victory at Murfreesboro 173 62. Of the capture by Union forces of Arkansas Post 173 63. Give an account of the battle of Chancellorsville 173 64. What march and pursuit a month afterward took place ? 173 65. Give an account of the battle of Gettysburg 173 66. Give an account of Grant's success on the Mississippi 175 67. Give an account of Banks's success at Port Hudson 175 68. Of the entire contest for the Mississippi 166, 168, 169, 175 69. Give an account of the battle of Chickamauga Creek 175 70. Give an account of the battle of Chattanooga 175 71. Give a sketch of Rosecrans's military career 169, 170, 175 72. Give a sketch of Burnside's military career 167, 172, 173, 175 73. Give an account of Morgan's raid into Indiana and Ohio 175, 176 74. Give an account, with the cause, of the riot in New York City 176 75. What service did the navy render during the year 1863 ? 176 76. In what case, and why, was not the blockade successful ? 176 77. Give the early history of the state of West Virginia 176 78. Name, in order, the important events of 1863 187, 188 79. What disaster befell the Unionists in Florida ? 176, 177 80. Give the full account of the Red River expedition 177 81. Give the full account of Forrest's raid in the West 177 82. What two extensive campaigns were planned ? 177 83. Give an account of the contest between Sherman and Johnston 177,178 84. Give an account of the contest between Sherman and Hood 178 85. Of events from the 4th to the 7th of May with the army of the Potomac 178 86. Of the battles of Spottsylvania, North Anna, and Cold Harbor 178, 179 87. What movement did Meade afterward make ? 179 88. What attempts were made to capture Petersburg ? 179 89. Give a sketch of Sigel's military career 162, 167, 179 90. Give an account of Early's invasion of Maryland 179 91. Give a full account of the contest between Sheridan and Early 180 92. Give an account of Sherman's march from Atlanta to Savannah 180 93. Give a full account of the contest between Thomas and Hood 180, 181 94. Give, in full, the history of the Confederate steamer Alabama 164, 181 95. What did Admiral Farragut accomplish during the war ? 169, 181 96. What was done by General Butler during the war ? 161, 163, 169, 179, 181 ^7. Name the important events of 1864 [ 188 REVIEW QUESTIONS. 19: PAGE 98. Give an account of the failure and success at Fort Fisher 181 99. Give an accoiint of Sherman's march from Savannah 181, 182 100. Of his whole march froui c;hattanooga 177, 178, 180, 181, 182 101. Give an account of the closing military events of the war 182 102. Give an account of the events of April 14th, 15th, and 16th 182, 188 10.3. Give an account of the otlier events of that month 182, 183, 188, 189 104. Give an account of the other events of the year 1865 183, 188, 189 105. Give the important military events in Grant's life. .163, 166, 168, 175, 177-182 106. Name, in order, the important events of 1865 . 188, 189 107. State all the facts in connection with the Freedmen's Bureau Bills. . .183, 189 108. All, in connection with the subject of " Reconstructing the Union" . . 184 109. All, in relation to the Tenure-of-Otlice Bill 184 110. What can you state of Nebraska and Alaska ? 184 111. Give the facts relating to Stanton's suspension from office.. . 184, 185 112. Relate the events which grew out of the suspension 1^5 Questions to be answered rROM the Tables on page 194. 1. How many president? of the United States have there been ?— 2. Give their names in the order of their succession.— 3. How many and which of them served two terms each?— 4. Which of them died while in office? (141, 151, 182.)— 5. By whom were they succeeded in office?— 6. How many states belonged to the Union when Washington was inaugurated in 1789 ? (Appendix, p. 11.)— 7. When did North Carolina and Rhode Island adopt the Constitution of the United States ? (Ap., p. 11.)— 8. Name the thirteen original states in the order of their settlement. —9. Name them in their geographical order, beginning with the one most north- easterly.— 10. How many states belonged to the Union at the close of Washing- ton's administration ?— 11. Give the names of the three new states, with the dates of their admission into the Union.— 12. What addition was made to the Union during Jeft'erson's administration ?— 13. What, during Madison's administra- tion?— 14. What, during Monroe's ?— 15. What, during Jackson's ? -16. What, during Tyler's ?— 17. What, during Polk's ?— 18. What, during Fillmore's ?- -19. What, during Buchanan's ?— 20. What, during Lincoln's?- -21. What, during Johnson's ?— 22. Name the administrations during which no states were admitted to the Union. 194 PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES. NO. PRESIDENTS. RESIDENCE. INAUGURATED. VICE-PRESIDENTS. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. George Washington.. Virginia Massachusetts . Virginia Virginia Virginia Massachusetts . Tennessee New York...... Ohio Virginia Tennessee Louisiana New York New Hampshire Pennsylvania . . Illinois Tennessee Illinois April 30, 1789 March 4, 1797 March 4, 1801.... 1 March4, 1809.... j March 4, 1817 March 4, 1825 March4, 1829.... j March 4, 1837 March 4, 1841 April 6, 1841 March 4, 1845 March 5, 1849 July 10, 1850 March 4, 1853 March 4, 1857 March 4, 1861 .... | April 15. 1865 March 4, 1869 John Adams. Thomas Jefferson. Aaron Burr. George Clinton. George (Clinton. Elbridge Gerry. Daniel D. Tompkins. John C. Calhoun. John C. Calhoun. Martin Van Buren. Richard M. Johnson. John Tyler. George M. Dallas. Millard Fillmore. William R. King. John C. Breckinridge. Hannibal Hamlin. Andrew Johnson. Schuyler Colfax. Thomas Jefferson.... James Madison James Monroe John Q. Adams Andrew Jackson Martin Van Buren . . . William H. Harrison. James K. Polk Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore Franklin Pierce James Buchanan . . . Abraham Lincoln Andrew Johnson Ulysses S. Grant SETTLEMENT AND ADMISSION OF THE STATES. STATES. SETTLED. admit'd DURING WHOSE AD- MINISTRA- TION. When. Where. By whom. Virginia 1607 1614 1620 1623 16:33 1634 1636 1638 1650 1664 1670 1682 17:33 1724 1775 1757 1788 1699 1730 1716 1720 1711 1625 1764 1685 1670 1565 1692 18:33 1669 1769 1816 1811 Jamestown New York Plymouth Little Harbor.... Windsor Eno'lish •s a ■& H 1791) 1792 > 1796^ 1802 1812; 1816 S 18171 1818 1819 ■ 1820 1821. ia36( 18:37 ) 1845 1845 i 1846 > 1848) 1850 1858 i 1859 / 1861 ) 1863 < 1864 ^ 1867 Washington. Jefferson. Madison. Monroe. Jackson. Tyler. Polk. Fillmore. Buchanan. Lincoln. Johnson. New York Dutch Massachusetts New Hampshire ... Connecticut English English St. Mary's Providence Wilmington Chowan River . . . Elizabeth Ashley River Philadelphia Savannah Fort Dummer Boonesboro Fort Loudon English English Rhode Island North Carolina .... New Jersey South Carolina Pennsylvania English ... jjutch English English Kentucky . ... English English Iberville French Vincennes French I llHnois Kaskaskia Mobile Bristol St. Louis Arkansas Post . . . French Arkansas French Michigan Florida St. Augustine San Antonio Burlington Green Bay San Diego St. Paul Spaniards Spaniards English Iowa Wisconsin French Spaniards Americans Americans Americans English Americans Astoria Nevada Nebraska THE DECLARATIOlf OF mDEPENDENCE. A Declaration hy the JRepreseiitatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled^ July Uh, 111Q. When, in the course of human events, it becomes neces- sary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to. the opinions of mankind re- quires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these, are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That, to se- cure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the gov- erned ; that, whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established, should not DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. he changed for light and transient causes; and, accord- ingly, all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to sutter, Avhile evils are sufFerable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are ac- customed. But, when a long train of abuses and usurpa- tions, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a de- sign to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is then- right, it is their duty, to throw off sucli government, and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies, and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The history of the pres- ent king of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having, in direct object, the establish- ment of an absolute tyranny over these states. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world : — He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of imme- diate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his assent should be obtained ; and, when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. He has refused to pass other laws for the accommoda- tion of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the legislature; a right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative bodies at places un- usual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. He has refused, for a long time after sucli dissolutions, to cause others to be elected ; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise ; the state remaining, in the mean time, exposed to all the danger of invasion from without, and convulsions w.ithin. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these states ; for that purpose, obstructing the laws for natural- ization of foreigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands. He has obstructed the administration of justice, by- refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance. He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing ar- mies, without the consent of our legislatures. He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to, the civil power. He has combined, with others, to subject us to a juris- diction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation : For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us: For protecting them by a mock trial, from punishment, for any murders which they should commit on the inhabit- ants of these states : For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world : For imposing taxes on us without our consent : 6 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefit of trial by jury : For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pre- tended offences For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging it's boundaries, so as to ren- der it at once an example and fit instrument for intro- ducing the same absolute rule into these colonies : For taking away our charters, abolishing our most val- uable laws, and altering, fundamentally, the powers of our governments : For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection, and waging war agauist us. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun, with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation. He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our fron- tiers, the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions. In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned for redress, in the most humble terms ; our repeated peti- DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. tions have been answered only by repeated injury. A prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unlit to be the ruler of a free people. Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts made by their legislature to extend an unwar- rantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and mag- nanimity, and we have conjured them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and corre- spondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. We must, therefore, acqui- esce in the necessity which denounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies in war, in peace, friends. We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, in general Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name, and by the authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and de- clare, that these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states ; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all po- litical connection between them and the state of Great Britain, is, and ought to be, totally dissolved ; and that, as free and independent states, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which in- dependent states may of right do. And, for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other, our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 8 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. The foregoing declaration was, by order of Congress, engrossed, and signed by the following members • JOHN HANCOCK. New Hampsldre. Josiah Bartlett, William Whipple, Matthew Thornton. Massacliuseits Bay. Samuel Adams, John Adams, Robert Treat Paine, Elbridge Gerry. Rhode Island. Stephen Hopkins, William EUery. Connecticut. Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, William Williams, Oliver Wolcott. Neio York. William Floyd, Philip Livingston. Francis liewis, Lewis Morris. JSfeio Jersey. Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkinson, John Hart, Abraham Clark. Pennsylvania. Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John Morton, George Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, George Ross. Belaiaare. Caesar Rodney, George Read, Thomas M'Kean. Maryland. Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll, of Car- roll ton. Virginia. George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jetferson, Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, jun., Francis LightfootLee, Carter Braxton. North Carolina, William Hooper, Joseph Hevves, John Penn. South Carolina. Edward Rutledge, Thomas HeywaTd,jun. Thomas Lynch, jun. Arthur Middleton. Oeorgia. Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton. THE CONSTITUTION OP THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 1. Origin of the Constitution. — When the Revel a- tionary struggle commenced, there were three forms of colonial government in force among the colonies, namely : the provincial or royal, the proprietary, and the charter. The provisional or royal government was under the con- trol of a governor, who, appointed by the king, adminis- tered affairs according to instructions from his royal mas- ter. The colonies of this class were New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. 2. The proprietary government was under the control of one or more proprietors, who derived their authority by grant and privileges conferred by the king. Pennsylva- nia, Delaware, and Maryland were subject to the proprie- tary rule. The charter government secured certain politi- cal rights to the people by royal charter. Of this class were Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. 3. On the llth of June, 1776, Congress resolved that a committee should be appointed to prepare a form of con- 1. What forms of government existed am.on{i: the colonies previous to the Revolution? What was the provincial or royal government? Which of the colonies were provincial or royal ? 2. What was the proprietary government? Give the names of the colonies that were subjected to the proprietary rule ? What was the charter government ? Which of the colonies had charters ? 10 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. federation, to be entered into by the colonies. On the 12th of July following, this committee, consisting of one from each state, reported a draft of Articles of Confedera- tion. The Report was considered and debated from time to time until the 15th of November, 1777, when, with some amendments, it was adopted. 4. These Articles of Confederation were ratified in 1778 by all the states except Delaware and Maryland, and by Delaware in 1779; but, in consequence of the delay on the part of Maryland, they did not go into effect until tlie 1st of March, 1781, the day on which they were signed by the delegates from that state. 5. It was soon found that the Articles of Confederation were not adequate to the w^ants of the government. They were deficient as regards the regulation of commerce, the settling of controversies between tlie states, the making of treaties with foreign nations, and especially so in not conferring the necessary power upon Congress to liqui- date the debts incurred during the war. 6. Consequently, a convention of delegates from all the states, except Rhode Island, met at Philadelphia, in May, 1787, for the purpose of revising the Articles of Confed- eration ; but it was thought best by a majority of the delegates to adopt an entirely new form of government, instead of making any attempts to amend the defective one then in existence. Accordingly, on the 17th of Sep- tember, 1787, after four months' deliberation, the present Constitution, — except some changes which were made in after years, — was adopted by the Convention. 3. What resolution was first adopted in Congress in relation to a form of con- federation ? Give the subsequent history of the measure. 4. When did the states ratify the Articles of Confederation ? When did the Articles of Confederation go into effect ? 5. What was soon ascertained with reference to the Articles of Confedera- tion ? In what respects were they deficient ? 6. What convention was held in May, 1787 ? What was done by the conven- tion? CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 11 7. The new Constitution was submitted to the people, who, in the newspapers, legislative halls, and elsewhere, discussed it with earnestness and thoroughness ; the rati- fication of nine states being requisite before it could go into efiect. It met with considerable opposition ; but after it had been adopted by all the states, except North Carolina and Rhode Island, it went into operation, March 4th, 1789. The Constitution was Adopted as follows: By Delaware, on the 7th of December . , . 1787 Pennsylvania, on the 12th of December 1787 New Jersey, on the 18th of December ........ 1787 Georgia, on the 2d of Januaiy -. 1788 Connecticut, on the 9th of January 1788 Massachusetts, on the 6th of February 1788 Maryland, on the 28th of April 1788 South Carolina, on the 23d of May 1788 ■New Hampshire, on the 21st of June 1788 Virgmia, on the 26th of June 1788 New York, on the 26th of July 1788 North Carolina, on the 21st of November 1789 Rhode Island, on the 29th of May 1790 •7 To whom was the Constitution submitted? Where was it discussed? How many states were required to ratify it before it could pro into eflect ? When did it go into operation ? Which of the states had adopted it at that time ? THE CONSTITUTION, PREAMBLE. We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. ARTICLE L THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. SECTION I. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. SECTION II. 1st Clause. The Plouse of Representatives shall be com- posed of members chosen every second year by the peo- Preamble.— What is the introductory part of the Constitution called ? What is the object of the preamble ? Ans. To state the purposes of the Constitution. How many and what purposes are stated in the preamble ? By whom was the Constitution ordained and established ? Recite the preamble. How many and what departments of t^overnmcnt are established under the Constitution ? Ans. Three: the legislative, the judicial, and the executive. What is the iejrislative department? Ans. The power that enacts the laws. What is the executive de- partment? Ans. Thepower that enforces the laws. What is the judicial depart- ment ? Ans. The power that interprets the laws. AuTicLE l.Sec. 1. Of what does Article first of the Constitution treat ? In whom is the legislative power vested ? Of how many and what branches does Congress consist ? CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 13 pie of the several states, and the electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the state legislature. Id Clause. No person shall be a representative who shall not have attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state in which he shall be chosen. Zd Clause. Representatives and direct taxes shall be ap- portioned among the several states which may be included Avithin this Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, threo- fifths of all other persons.* The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subse- quent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of representatives shall not ex- ceed one for every thirty thousand, but each state shall have at least one representative; and until such enumera- tion shall be made, the state of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, Sec. ll.—lst Clai'se.— By whom are tiie representatives chosen? How often are they chosen ? What qualifications are requisite for electors of representa- tives ? What is an elector ? Ans. One who has the right to vote in choosing an officer. M Clause.— Gow o]d must a person be before he can be a representative? How long must he have been a citizen of the United States ? What is the requisite in regard to his habitation? Now name the three qualifications requisite for a representative. '3d C/aw6e,— How were representatives and direct taxes apportioned among the states ? How were the respective numbers of the representative population ol th several states to be determined ? What provision is made in regard to In- dians ? What was meant by " all other persons ?" Am. Slaves. When was the first census or enumeration to be made ? How often thereafter is the census to be made ? How many inhabitants at least are required for one representative ? If a state should not have that number, what is the law ? Was the first represent' ation in Congress based upon the actual population of the several states ': vVhicn state at first sent the greatest number of representatives ? Which two states Bent the smallest number ? Of how many members did the first House of Rep* resentatives consist ? Of how many does the present House consist ? (338.) * See Article XIV. of the x^meudments. 14 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 'New York six, New Jersey four; Pennsylvania eight, Del- aware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten. North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. 4th Clause. When vacancies happen in the representa- tion from any state, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. 5th Cause. The House of Representatives shall choose their speaker and other officers ; and shall have the sole power of impeachment. SECTION III. 1st Clause. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators from each state, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six years ; and each senator shall have one vote. 2c? Clause. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expira- tion of the second year, of the second class at the expira- tion of the fourth year, and of the third class at the ex- piration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year ; and if vacancies happen by resigna- 4(h Clause.— Row are vacancies in the representation of a state to be filled? 5ih Clause.— By whom is the speaker of the House of Eepresentatives chosen? By whom are the other officers of the House chosen? What sole power lias the House ? What is meant by impeachment ? Ans. An accusation against a public officer, charging him with misconduct in the discharge of his oSftcial duties. , -„ , Sec. in.— 1«^ Clause.— Of whom is the Senate composed ? By whom are the senators chosen ? For how long a period are they chosen ? How does the mode of electing a senator difier from that of a representative ? A7is. A senator of the United States is chosen by the legislature of his state ; a representative is chosen by the people. How do their terms of office difler? Ans. A senator is chosen for six years; a representative for only two. How many votes is each senator entitled to ? Have the large states any more senators than the small ones? 2d Clause.— Into how many classes were the senators at first divided? In what order were their seats of office vacated ? What proportion of the Senate is elected every second year ? How often is one-third elected ? When may the executive of a state fill a vacancy in the Senate ? For how long a time does a genator so appointed hold his office ? How is the vacancy then filled? Now state how vacancies in the Senate are filled. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 15 tion, or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of any state, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies. od Clause. No person shall be a senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which he shall be chosen. 4t/i Clause. The vice-president of the United States shall be president of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. 5th Clause. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a president pro tempore, in the absence of the vice-president, or when he shall exercise the office of presi- dent of the United States. Qi/i Clause. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall all be on oath or affirmation. When the presi- dent of the United States is tried, the chief-justice shall preside : and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. ^th Clause. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office, and dis- qualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, Sd Clmise.— How old must a person be before he can be a senator? How long must he have been a citizen of the United States ? What is required of him in regard to residence ? Now name the three requisites for a senator. How do they differ from those of a representative ? (See paofe 13.) 4f/i Clause.— Vi" ho is president of the Senate ? When only is he entitled to vote ? 5fh Claitse.— What officers are chosen by the Senate ? What is meant by a "president pro tempore?" Arts. One chosen only for the time being. When does the Senate choose a "president pro tempore ?" Mh Clan.se.— What sole power has the Senate? What sole power has the House? (See page 14.) Under what solemnity does the Senate sit for the trial of impeachments? When does the chief-justice preside in the Senate? Who presides when the president of the United States is tried? What proportion of the Senate is necessary to a conviction ? 1th Clanse.— How far may judgment extend in cases of impeachment ? To what is the convicted party further liable ? 16 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. or profit under the United States ; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment, according to law. SECTION IV. Isi Clause. The times, places, and manner of holding elections for senators and representatives, shall be pre- scribed in each state by the legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such reg- ulations, except as to the places of choosing senators. 2d Clause. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Mon- day in December, unless they shall by law appoint a dif- ferent day. SECTION V. 1st Clause. Each house shall be the judge of the elec- tions, returns, and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business ; biit a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner and under such penalties as each house may provide. 2c? Clause. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, 2)unish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. 3d Clause. Each house shall keep a journal of its pro- Sec. IV.— 1^;! Clause.— What is prescribed by each state legislature in regard to elections for senators and representatives ? What power has Congress over each regulations ? 2(1 Clause. — How often docs Congress assemble ? On what day is it prescribed that the meeting shall take place ? May a diflerent day be appointed V How ? SKC.Y.^lsi Clause.— 0{ what is each house constituted the judge? What proportion constitutes a quorum ? What is meant by a quorum ? Ans. A suffi- cient number to do business. What power do a smaller number possess as re- gards adjourning ? What else may they do as regards absentees ? M CVai/^e.— What power has each house over the rules of its proceedings? What power does each house possess for enforcing its rules ? 3d Clause. — What is required of each house, in respect to keeping a journal? How is publicity given to the proceedings of Congress ? What part of its jour- nal may either house withhold from publication ?' When shall the yeas and nays be entered ou the journal ? CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 17 ceedings, and from time to time publish the same, except- ing such i^arts as may in their judgment require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house on any question, shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. •ith Clause. Neither house, during the session of Con- gress shall, without the consent of the other adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting. SECTION VI. \st Clause. The senators and representatives shall re- ceive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall, in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their at- tendance at the session of their resjjective houses, and in going to and returning from the same ; and for any speech or debate in either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place. 2d Clause. No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time ; and no person 'ith Clause.— For what length of time may either house adjourn without the consent of the other ? How is each house restricted as regards the place to Avhich it may adjourn ? Sec. VI.— l^<;f Clause.— Are members of Congress compensated for their ser- vices ? How is the compensation determined ? Are members of Congress paid by their states respectively, or by the general government ? A?h^. They are compensated by the general government, out of the treasury of the United States. What personal privileges are members of Congress entitled to V What are the three exceptions to the general privilege that the Constitution allows to Con- gressmen? In what does treason consist ? (See p. .32.) What is felony ? Ans. A crime punishable with death. What is meant by a breach of the peace ? Ans. A violation of the public order. For what are members of Congress not to be questioned ? 2d Ctoi/se.— To what offices cannot members of Congress be elected? Sup- pose that a person holds aa office under the United States, what then ? 18 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office. SECTION VII. Ist Clause. All bills for raising revenue shall originato in the House of Representatives ; but the Senate may pro- pose or concur with amendments as on other bills. 2d Clause. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a law, be presented to the president of the United States ; if he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such re- consideration two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsid- ered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the president within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he Sec. l.—lst Clause.— In which branch of Congress must all bills for raising revenue originate ? What power has the Senate "over such bills ? 2d CTaw.*!e.— After a bill has passed both houses of Congress, what must be done with it ? What must the president do with the bill ? What is the presi- dent's act of objecting to a bill called? Ans. A veto. Why was the veto power given to the president ? Ans. To enable him to protect the executive depart- ment of the government against the encroachments of the legislature : also with a view to greater security against the enactment of improper laws. When the president vetoes a bill, what is the duty of the house to which it is sent ? When is the bill sent to the other house? What accompanies the bill to the other house? Then what does that other house do with the bill ? If two-thirds ap- prove of the bill, what then ? Now state how a bill may become a law, notwith- standing the veto of the president ? When the two houses reconsider a vetoed bill, how do they determine the votes ? What record of names is imperative ? State how a bill may become law, even though the president has neither signed nor vetoed it. In what case does a bill fail to become & law, though it has passed both houses of Congress, and is not vetoed ? CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 19 had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. 3d Clause. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representa- tives may be necessary (except on a question of adjourn- ment) shall be presented to the president of the United States ; and before the same shall take effect, shall be ap- proved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Rep- resentatives, according to the rules and limitations pre- scribed in the case of a bill. SECTION YIII. The Congress shall have power — 1st Clause. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the com- mon defence and general welfare of the United States ; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform through- out the United States ; 2d Clause. To borrow money on the credit of the United States ; Sd Clause. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes ; M Clause.— What i= necessarj' to be done with orders, repolutions. and votes, requirino- the concurrence of both houses before they can take effect ? What is the object of the provision? Ans. If it were not for the provision, Congress might pass laws, calling them orders or resolutions, and thus evade the presi- dent's veto. When the president vetoes an order, resolution, or vote, what course does it take ? In what case, requiring the concurrent action of both houses, has the president no veto power ? Sec. VIII.— 16-^ Clause.— ^Vhat power has Congress in regard to taxes, duties, imposts, and excises ? What are taxes ? Ans. Contributions of money exacted by government from individuals, for public purposes. How many kinds of taxes are there? Ari. hat are ex- cises ? Ans. Taxes on goods produced or manufactured in the country. 2d Claicse.— What power has Consrress in regard to borrowing money ? 3c? Clause.— What in regard to regulating commerce ? 20 CONSTITUTION OP THE UNITED STATES. Ath Clause. To establish a uniform rule of naturaliza- tion, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States ; bth Clause. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures ; Uh Clause. To provide for the punishment of counter- feiting the securities and current coin of the United States ; ^ith Clause. To establish post-ofiices and post-roads ; ^th Clause. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries ; ^th Clause. To constitute tribunals inferior to the su- preme court; lO^A Clause. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offences against the law of nations ; ll^A Clause. To declare war, grant letters of marque Afh CZaM5«.— What in regard to a rule of naturalization ? What is meant by naturalization ? Arts. The act by which a Ibreipier becomes a citizen of the United States. How long must a person reside in the United States before he can be naturalized ? Ans. Five years. What power has Congress in regard to bankruptcies ? What is meant by bankruptcies ? Ans. A person is a bankrupt when he is unable to pay his just debts. Uh Clause.— \\\\&i power has Cono;ress in regard to coining money ? What, in regard to the value of money ? What, in regard to foreign coins ? What, in regard to weights and measures. Uh Clause. —Whai power has Congress in regard to counterfeiting? 1th Clause.— Vfh&t power has Congress in regard to post-offices and post-roads ? 8^^ Clause.— Jn what way may Congress promote the progress of science and arts ? For how long a time is the author of a book entitled to the exclusive right of publishing it? Ans. Twenty-eight years? What is the right called ? A72S. A copyright. May a copyright be renewed ? Ans. At the expiration of the twenty-eight years, it may be renewed for the further period of fourteen years. For how long a time is the inventor of a machine entitled to the exclusive right of manufacturing it? Ans. Fourteen years. What is the right called? A patent right. Can a patent right be extended? Ans. The commissioner of patents is authorized, at the end of the fourteen years, to extend the right for the further period of seven years. 9th Clause.— \Vhat power has Congress in regard to judicial tribunals ? 10th Clause.— Wh&t, in regard to piracies, felonies, etc.? What is piracy ? Ans. Kobbery on the high seas? What is meant by the term "high seas?" Ans. All the waters of the ocean beyond the boundaries of low-water mark. llth Clause.— Wh&t power has Congress in regard to declaring war? What, in regard to " letters of marque and reprisal V What are letters of marque and CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 21 and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water ; \2.th Clause. To raise and support armies; but no ap- propriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years ; \Zth Clause. To provide and maintain a navy; \Mh Clause. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces: \Dth Clause. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suj^press insurrections, and repel invasions ; \Qth Clause. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the states respectively the appoint- ment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Con- gress ; \1th Clause. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceedino- ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the ijov- reprisal ? Ans. Commissions granted bj- the government to individuals, author^ jzing them to prey upon the commerce of another nation. What power haa Congress in regard to rules concerning captures ? Vith Clause.— Wh&X. uower has Congress in regard to armies. In what way is such power restricted ? IZtk Clause.— V^hsil power has Congress in regard to a navy ? lUh Clause.— What power in regard to the government of the land and naval forces ? loth Clause. — What power in regard to calling forth the militia, etc. ? IWi Clause.— Whsii power in regard to organizing armies, and disciplining the militia •; What, in regard to governing the militia ? What reservations ars secured to the respective states ? Vdh Clause. —What power has Congress in regard to the seat of government, and to places purchased for certain purposes set forth ? What is the district occupied as the seat of government called? Ans. The District of Columbia. How large was the District of Columbia originally? Ans. Ten square miles. From what states had it been derived ? Ans. By cession from the states of Maryland and Virginia? Is the District of Columbia at present ten miles square ? Ans. The portion derived from Virginia having been ceded back to that state, in 1846, the District is now confined to the Maryland side of the Po- tomac. What consent is requisite before the United States can acquire property in a state for the erection of forts, magazines, etc. 22 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. ornmcnt of tlie United States ; and to exercise like author- ity over all places purchased by the consent of the legis- lature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful buildings ; — and ISt/i Clause. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any depart- ment or otttcer thereof. SECTION IX. 1st Clause. The migration or importation of such per- sons as any of the states now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not ex- ceeding ten dollars for each person. 2(7 Clause. The privilege oi the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it. 3(7 Clause. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. 18^^ r7(T?^<<'.— What general powers are conferred upon Congress in regard to making laws ? SecT IX.— Ij?/ r/fl'u^«<'.— What restriction was imposed upon Congress in re- card to the migration or importation of certain persons * Who were meant by ^' such persons"? Am. Shaves. What was the great object of the ch\use* Ans. To enable Congress to put an end to the importation of shwes into the United States, afler the year 1808. In what way was Contrress left to restrain the im- portation without actually forbiddiuir it ? When was the importation actually prohibited ? Ans. On the 1st of January, ISOS. M C7a«,vY.— What is said of the writ of habeas corpus? What is a writ of habeas corpus? Am. A written command from a judge or other magistrate, directinsr that the bodvof a certain person ^hall be brouirht before him. What is the object of the wt-it? Ajis. To provide a means of redress for all manner of illegal imprisonment. Repeat the clause in relation to the writ of habeas corpus. In what cases may the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus be sus- pended? 3^ r/£7ws<'.— What is said of bills of attainder or ex post facto laws ? What is a bill of attainder? Ans. An act of the legislature inflicting the punishment of death, without trial, upon persons supposed to be guilty of high crimes. What is an ex post facto law ? Atis. A law which renders au act punisliable which was not punishable at the time of its commissiou. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 23 4^/i Clause. No capitation, or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken, bth Clause. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any state. ijth Clause. No preference shall be given by any regu- lation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one state over those of another: nor shall vessels bound to, or from, one state, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another, Ith Clause. No money shall be drawn from the treas- ury, but m consequence of appropriations made by law ; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. Sth Clause. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States ; and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or* foreign state. SECTION X. \st Clause. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant letters of marque and repiisal; coin money ; emit bills of credit ; make any thing but Ath Clause.— In what way may Congress lay a capitation or other direct tax ? What is meant by a capitation tax ? Ans. K direct tax upon individuals. How is the census to be taken ? (See p. 13.) . Wi Clause.— ^NhSiX. prohibition is imposed upon Congress in relation to articles exported from any state ? .... mil Clause.— ^N\\&i preference is forbidden in relation to a regulation of com- merce or revenue? What freedom have vessels that are bound from one state to another ? , , -, • i. ^v. Vh 67rt?/5e.— Under what circumstances only can money be drawn Irom the national treasury? What publication must be made in regard to receipts and expenditures of all public money? „.^ . iitli Clause.— \Nh&t is said in the Constitution about titles of nobility ? \\ hat is said of officeholders accepting presents, etc. ? Under what circumstances may an officeholder accept a present? Repeat the clause relating to titles and presents. , , ^, , ^ Sec. ^.—\st Clause.— What prohibition is placed upon the several states 24 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex post flicto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. 2d Clause. No state shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, exce])t what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws : and the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any state on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States ; and all guch laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. Zd Clause. No state shall, without the consent of Con- gress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or com- pact with another state^ or with a foreign power, or en- gage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. as regards treaties, alliances, or confederations ? What, as regards letters of marque and reprisal ? What, as regards the coining of money? What, as re- gards bills.of credit? What is meant by bills of credit? Ans. Bills of credit, within the meaning of the Constitution, are bills intended to circulate as money among the people. What is constituted a legal tender in payment of debt ? What prohibition is placed upon individual states, in regard to a bill of attain- der? What, in regard to an ex post facto law? What, in regard to a law im- pairing the obligation of contracts ? What, iu regard to a title of nobility ? Re- cite the clause just considered. 'M Clause.— \Nh&t prohibition are individual states under, as regards imposts or duties ? In what case only may a state lay any imposts or duties ? What are inspection laws ? Ans. Laws requiring certain articles of commerce to be ex- amined by officers called inspectors. What disposition must be made of the net produce of all duties and imposts laid by any state ? What are the inspec- tion laws of individual states as regards imports or exports subject to? M Clause.— Whaii prohibitions are individual states under as to the laying of a duty of tonnage ? What is a duty of tonnage ? Ans. A tax laid on vessels at a certain rate per ton. What prohibition are individual states under as to the keeping of troops? What, as to the keeping of ships of war? What, as to an agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power ? What, as to engaging in war ? Under what circumstances then may a state engage in war? CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 25 ARTICLE II. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. SECTION I. 1st Clause. The executive power ^hall be vested in a president of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together with the vice-president, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows. 2d Clause. Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of senators and representatives to which the state may be entitled in the Congress ; but no senator or representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be ap- pointed an elector. THE TWELFTH AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION. 1st Clause. The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for president and vice-j^resident, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves ; they shall name in their bal- Article II.— Sec. l.—lst Clause.— Oi what does Article II. of the Constitu- tion treat? In whom is the executive power of the United States vested? What is the president's terra of office? How often may a president be re- elected ? Am. The Constitution does not limit the number of terms for which a president may be re-elected. W^ho was the first president of the United States ? (See table, p. 193.) For how many terms did Washington serve ? Why was not Washington elected for a third term ? Ans. At the close of his second term of office, he declined to be a candidate for a third term. What has been the effect of his declination ? A?is. Washington's example in declining to be elected for a third term, has become a precedent by which subsequent presidents have been guided. How many and what presidents have served two terms each ? (See table, p. 193.) Which has the longesttermof office— the president, a senator, or a representative ? What term has each ? What is the vice-president's term of office? Who was the first vice-president of the United States ? (See. table, p. 193.) By whom are the president and vice-president chosen ? Ans. The presi- dent and vice-president are not chosen by the people directly, but by electors. 2d Clause.— In what manner does each state appoint electors ? W'hat number of electors is each state entitled to ? Who are prohibited from being electors ? The Twelfth Amendment to the Cmstitution.— What has been done with the 26 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. lots the person voted for as president, and in distinct bal- lots tlie person A^oted for as vice-president, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as president, and of all persons voted for as vice-president, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the president of the Sen- ate; — the president of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted; — the person having the greatest number of votes for president, shall be the president, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as president, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the president. But in choosing the president, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a president whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the vice-president shall act as president, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the jDresident. original clause of the Constitution prescribing the proceedings to be taken to elect a president and vice-president? Ans. The original" clause of the Constitution, prescribing the mode in which the president and vice-president were to be elected has been repealcd,-and its place supplied by the twelfth, amendment to the Constitution. What is the history of the twelfth amend- ment? Ans. It was proposed in 1803, and declared adopted in 1804. Where do the electors for president and vice-president meet? In what way do they vote? What is prescribed respecting one of the persons for whom they shall not vote ? How is it required that their ballots shall be made out ? After voting, what lists are they required to prepare? What provision must be complied with, before the lists can pass out of their hands ? After the lists arc signed, certified, and sealed, to w'hom are they directed? To what place are they then transmitted? What does the president of the Senate do with the.certifl- CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 27 2d Clause. The person having the greatest number of votes as vice-president, shall be the vice-president, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the vice-president: a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. ?>d Clause. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of president shall be eligible to that of vice- president of the United States. Uh Clause. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes ; which day shall be the same throughout the United States. bth Clause. No person except a natural-born citizen, or cate^? How is it determined who is elected president? Now describe the maiiiier in which the electors choose a president. In the event of no choice beiiii>^ made by the electors, by whom is the president chosen? From how many and what candidates must the House of Representatives choose the presi- dent ? In what way must the choice be made ? How are the votes taken in choosinj? the president? How many votes is each state entitled to ? How many is each entitled to, when votini? by electors ? In choosing the president by the House of Representatives, how many constitute a quorum ? In such case, how many states are necessary to a choice? Whenever the right of choosing a president devolves upon the House of Representatives, till what time may the right be exercised ? Noav describe the manner in which the House of Repre- sentatives choose a president ? In the event of both the electors and House of Representatives failing to choose a president, what takes place ? M Clause.— \Yho shall be the vice-president ? In the event of no person hav- ing a majority of electoral votes, by whom is the vice-president chosen ? When choosing a vice-president, how many senators are requisite lo a quorum ? How many are necessary to a choice ? 'M Clause. — Who are ineligible to the office of vice-president ? Alh Clause. — What power has Congress over the time of choosing the elect- ors? What as to the day on which the electors shall vote? In the event of Congress determining the day on which the electors shall give their votes, what sameness is prescribed ? When are the electors chosen? Ans. On the Tues- day next after the first Monday, in the last November of each presidential term, where do the electors meet to give their votes ? Ans. In their respective states, at a place appointed by the legislature thereof, usually in the capital. When do the electors meet to give their votes ? Ans. On the first Wednesday in the lasl December of each presidential term. 28 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of presi- dent ; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States. Qth Clause. In case of the removal of the president from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the vice-23resident ; and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the president and vice-president, de- claring what officer shall then act as president, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be re- moved, or a president shall be elected. 1th Clause. The president shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensation, which shall neither be in- creased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States, or any of them. ^th Clause. Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or affirmation : — ^th C/a?/.fe.— What person, as rep^ards his place of birth, cannot be eligible ta the office of president ? How old must a person be to be eligible to that office ? How many years must a person, to be eligible to that office, have resided with- in the United States? Now state the legal qualifications of a president. Re- cite the clause relating to the qualifications. 6//i Ckn/se.—lvL what contingencies does the office of president devolve on the vice-president? What provision is made by the Constitution for the case of removal or death, etc., of the president? What provision is made by the Con- stitution for the case of removal or death, etc., of both president and vice presi- dent? In the case of removal, etc., of .both president and vice-president, what officer shall, by law of Congress, act as president? An^. The president of the Senate, pro tempore, shall act as president. What is to be done, in case there is no president of the Senate ? Ajis. The speaker of the House of Representa- tives shall act as president. How long shall such officer continue to act ? 7th Clause.— What does the Constitution provide as regards the compensa- tion to be allowed to the president? What restriction is imposed, in regard to any other emolument ? Recite the clause relating to the president's compensa- tion. What is the salary of the president ? Ans. $25,000 a year, together with the use of the presidential mansion and its furniture. What is the salary of the vice-president ? Am. $8,000 a year. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 29 " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that 1 will faithfully execute the office of president of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and de- fend the Constitution of the United States." SECTION II. 1st Clause. The president shall be commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several states, when called into the actual service of the United States ; he may require the opinion, m writing, of the j^rincipal officer in each of the execu- tive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for oifences against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. 2d Clause. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two- thirds of the senators present concur ; and he shall nomi- nate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and con- suls, judges of the supreme court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law : but the Congress may by law vest the appointment 8/^ Clause.— What does the president do, just before entering on the execu tion of his office ? Repeat the oatli or affirmation taken by the president. Sec. II.— l.sY Clause. In what relation does the president stand toward the army and navy ? When only can he command the militia ? Whose opinions may he require in writing? Upon what subjects may he require the opinions? Is he bound to be guided by such opinions? Ans. He is not. What executive departments have been established by Congress ? A?is. Six, namely : Of State, of the Navy, of War,of the Treasury, Post-office Department, and of the Interior. For Avhat purpose were they established ? Ans. To aid the president in the execu- tive and administrative business of the government. How are the heads of the departments appointed ? Ans. By the president, with the advice and consent of the Senate. How is the attorney-general appointed? Ans. In like manner as the heads of the departments. Of whom does the president's cabinet consist? Ans. Of the heads of the departments, and the attorney-general. What power has the president, in relation to reprieves and pardons ? What is a reprieve ? Ans. A limited suspension or delay of the execution of a sentence in a criminal case. With what exception is the president vested with the power to grant reprieves and pardons ? 30 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the pres- ident alone, in tlie courts of law, or in the heads of de- partments. dd Clause. The president shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions, which shall expire at the end of their next session. SECTION III. He shall from time to time give to the Congress infor- mation of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient ; he may, on extraordinary occasions, con- vene both houses, or either of them, and in case of disa- greement between them, with respect to the time of ad- journment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper ; he shall receive ambassadors and other pub- lic ministers ; he shall take care that the laws be faith- fully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States. SECTION IV. The president, vice-president, and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeach- ment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. 2d Clause.— What power has the president relative to treaties ? lu whom is the appointing power vested ? What is the first step in makinp^ an appoint- ment? What offices are enumerated, for which the president and Senate make appointments ? What may Congress do in relation to the appointment of infe- rior officers ? Sd Clause.— What vacancies can the president fill? When does such appoint ment expire ? Sec. III.— What information is the president required to jjive to Compress > What recommendations is he required to make? In what way are the recom mendations made ? Ans. By means of written mespajres. Was the readinc: ol written messaarticular interest in Union, all the j^arts combined cannot fail to find in the united mass of means and efforts, greater strength, greater resource, proportion- ably greater security from external danger, a less frequent interruption of their peace by foreign nations ; and what is of inestimable value, they must derive from Union an exemption from those broils and wars between themselves, which so frequently afflict neighboring countries, not tied together by the same government ; which their own rivalship alone would be sufficient to produce, but which opposite foreign alliances, attachments, and intrigues would stimulate and embitter. Hence likewise they will avoid the necessity of those overgrown military establish- ments, which under any form of government are inauspi- cious to liberty, and which are to be regarded as particu- larly hostile to Republican Liberty. In this sense it is, 48 Washington's farewell address. that your Union ought to be considered as the main prop of your liberty, and that the love of the one ought to endear to you the preservation of the other. These considerations speak a persuasive language to every reflecting and virtuous mind, and exhibit the con- tinuance of the Union as a primary object of patriotic desire. Is there a doubt whether a common government can embrace so large a sphere ? Let experience solve it. To listen to mere speculation in such a case were criminal. We are authorized to hope that a j)roper organization of the whole, with the auxiliary agency of governments for the respective subdivisions, will aflbrd a happy issue to the experiment. It is well worth a fair and full experi- ment. With such powerful and obvious motives to Union, affecting all parts of our country, while experience shall not have demonstrated its impracticability, there will always be reason to distrust the patriotism of those, who in any quarter may endeavor to weaken its bands. In contemplating the causes which may disturb our Union, it occurs as matter of serious concern, that any ground should have been furnished for characterizing jjarties by geographical discriminations — Northern and Southern — Atlantic and Western^' whence designing men may endeavor to excite a belief that there is a real dif- ference of local interests and views. One of the expedi- ents of party to acquire influence, within particular dis- tricts, is to misrepresent the opinions and aims of other districts. You cannot shield yourselves too much against the jealousies and heart-burnings which spring from these misrepresentations ; they tend to render alien to each other those who ought to be bound together by fraternal affection. The inhabitants of our western country have lately had a useful lesson on this head : they have seen, in the negotiation by the Executive, and in the unanimous rat- ification by the Senate, of the treaty with Spain, and the Washington's fabewell address. 49 ■universal satisfaction at the event throughout the United States, a decisive proof how unfounded were the suspi- cions propagated among them of a policy in the general government, and in the Atlantic States, unfriendly to their interests in regard to the Mississippi : they have been witnesses to the formation of two treaties, that with Great Britain and that with Spain, which secure to them every thing they could desire, in respect to our foreign relations, toward confirming their prosperity. Will it not be their wisdom to rely for the preservation of these advantages on the Union by which they were procured ? Will they not henceforth be deaf to those advisers, if such there are, who would sever them from their brethren, and connect them with aliens ? To the efficacy and permanency of your Union, a Gov- ernment for the whole is indispensable. No alliances, however strict, between the parts can be an adequate sub- stitute ; they must inevitably experience the infractions and interruptions which all alliances in all times have ex- perienced. Sensible of this momentous truth, you have improved upon your first essay, by the adoption of a Con- stitution of Government better calculated than your for- mer for an intimate Union, and for the efficacious man- agement of your common concerns. This Government, the offspring of your own choice, uninfluenced and unawed, adopted upon full investigation and mature deliberation, completely free in its principles, in the distribution of its powers, uniting security with energy, and containing within itself a provision for its own amendment, has a just claim to your confidence and your support. Respect for its authority, compliance with its laws, acquiescence in its measures, are duties enjoined by the fundamental maxims of true liberty. The basis of our political systems is the right of the people to make, and to alter their Constitu- tions of Government. But the Constitution which at 50 Washington's farewell addeess. any time exists, until changed by an explicit and authen- tic act of the whole people, is sacredly obligatory upon all. The very idea of the power and the right of the peo- ple to establish Government, presupposes the duty of every individual to obey the established Government. All obstructions to the execution of the laws, all com- binations and associations, under whatever plausible char- acter, with the real design to direct, control, counteract or awe the regular deliberation and action of the consti- tuted authorities, are destructive of this fundamental principle, and of fatal tendency. They serve to organize faction, to give it an artificial and extraordinary force — to put in the place of the delegated will of the nation, the will of a party, often a small but artful and enterpris- ing minority of the community ; and, according to the alternate triumphs of different parties, to make the public administration the mirror of the ill-concerted and incon- gruous projects of faction, rather than the organ of con- sistent and wholesome plans digested by common coun- cils and modified by mutual interests. However combinations or associations of the above description may now and then answer popular ends, they are likely, in the course of time and things, to become potent engines, by which cunning, ambitious, and unprin- cipled men will be enabled to subvert the power of the people, and to usurp for themselves the reins of govern- ment : destroying afterward the very engines which have lifted them to unjust dominion. Toward the preservation of your government, and the permanency of your present -happy state, it is requisite, not only that you steadily discountenance irregular op- positions to its acknowledged authority, but also that you resist with care the spirit of innovation upon its princi- pies, however specious the pretexts. — One method of assault may be to effect in the form of the constitution Washington's farewell address. 51 alterations which will impair the energy of the system, and thus to undermine what cannot be directly over- thrown. In all the changes to which you may be invited, remember that time and habit are at least as necessary to fix the true character of governments, as of other human institutions ; that experience is the surest standard by which to test the real tendency of the existing constitu- tion of a country — that facility in changes upon the credit of mere hypothesis and opinion, ex^^oses to perpetual change from the endless variety of hypothesis and opin- ion ; and remember, especially, that for the efficient man- agement of your common interests, in a country so ex- tensive as ours, a government of as much vigor as is consistent with the perfect security of liberty, is indispen- sable. Liberty itself will find in such a government, with powers properly distributed and adjusted, its surest guar- dian. It is, indeed, little else than a name, where the gov- ernment is too feeble to withstand the enterprises of fac- tion, to confine each member of the society within the limits prescribed by the laws, and to maintain all in the secure and tranquil enjoyment of the rights of person and property. I have already intimated to you the danger of parties in the state, with particular reference to the founding of them on geographical discriminations. Let me now take a more comprehensive view, and warn you in the most solemn manner against the baneful efflects of the spirit of party, generally. This spirit, unfortunately, is inseparable from our na- ture, having its root in the strongest passions of the human mind. It exists under difierent shapes in all gov- ernments, more or less stifled, coiatrolled, or repressed ; but in those of the popular form, it is seen in greatest rankness, and it is truly their worst enemy. The alternate domination of one faction over another, 52 Washington's farewell address. sharpened by the spirit of revenge, natural to party dis' sension, which in different ages and countries has perpe- trated the most horrid enormities, is itself a frightful des- potism. But this leads at length to a more formal and permanent despotism. The disorders and miseries which result, gradually incline the minds of men to seek secu- rity and repose in the absolute power of an individual .' and sooner or later the chief of some prevailing faction, more able or more fortunate than his competitors, turns this disposition to the purposes of his own elevation, on the ruins of public liberty. Without looking forward to an extremity of this kind (which nevertheless ought not to be entirely out of sight), the common and continual mischiefs of the spirit of party are sufficient to make it the interest and duty of a wise people to discourage and restrain it. It serves always to distract the public councils, and enfeeble the public administration. It agitates the com- munity with ill-founded jealousies and false alarms : kin- dles the animosity of one part against another, foments occasionally riot and insurrection. It opens the door to foreign influence and corrujDtion, which find a facilitated access to the government itself through the channels of party passions. Thus the policy and the will of one country are subjected to the policy and will of another. There is an opinion that parties in free countries are use- ful checks upon the administration of government, and serve to keep alive the spirit of liberty. This within cer- tain limits is probably true : and in governments of a monarchical cast, patriotism may look with indulgence, if not with favor, upon the spirit of party. But in those of the popular character, in governments purely elective, it is a spirit not to be encouraged. From their natural tendency it is certain there will always be enough of that ispirit for every salutary purpose. And there being con- Washington's fakewell address. 53 stant danger of excess, the effort ought to be, by force of public opinion, to mitigate and assuage it. A fire not to be quenched, it demands uniform vigilance to prevent its bursting into a flame, lest, instead of warming, it should consume. It is important, likewise, that the habits of thinking, in a free country, should inspire caution in those intrusted with its administration, to confine themselves within their respective constitutional spheres, avoiding in the exer- cise of the powers of one department to encroach upon another. The spirit of encroachment tends to consolidate the powers of all departments in one, and thus to create, whatever the form of government, a real despotism. A just estimate of that love of power, and proneness to abuse it, which predominates in the human heart, is suffi- cient to satisfy us of the truth of this position. The ne- cessity of reciprocal checks in the exercise of political power, by dividing and distributing it into different de- positories, and constituting each the guardian of the pub- lic weal against invasions by the others, has been evinced by experiments ancient and modern : some of them in our country and under our own eyes. To preserve them must be as necessary as to institute them. If, in the opinion of the people, the distribution or modification of the con- stitutional powers be in any particular wrong, let it be corrected by an amendment in the way which the consti- tution designates. But let there be no change by usur- pation ; for though this, in one instance, may be the instrument of good, it is the customary weapon by which free governments are destroyed. The precedent must always greatly overbalance in permanent evil any partial or transient benefit which the use can at any time yield. Of all the dispositions and habits which lead to politi- cal prosperity. Religion and Morality are indis- 54 Washington's farewell address. pensable supports. In vain would that man claim the tributes of Patriotism, who should labor to subvert these great pillars of human happiness, these firmest props of the duties of men and citizens. The mere politician, equally with the pious man, ought to respect and to cher- ish them. A volume could not trace all their connections with private and public felicity. Let it simply be asked, where is the security for property, for reputation, for life, if the sense of religious obligation desert the oaths which are the instruments of investigation in courts of justice ? And let us with caution indulge the sup- position, that morality can be maintained without re- ligion. Whatever may be conceded to the influence of refined education on minds of peculiar structure, reason and experience both forbid us to expect that national morality can prevail in exclusion of religious principle. It is substantially true, that virtue or morality is a ne- cessary spring of popular government. The rule indeed extends with more or less force to every species of free government. Who that is a sincere friend to it, can look with indifierence upon attempts to shake the foundation of the fabric ? Promote then, as an object of primary importance, insti- tutions for the general diff*usion of knowledge. In pro- portion as the structure of a government gives force to public opinion, it is essential that public opinion should be enlightened. As a very important source of strength and security, cherish public credit. One method of preserving it, is to use it as sparingly as possible — avoiding occasions of ex- pense by cultivating peace ; but remember also that timely disbursements to prepare for danger, frequently prevent much greater disbursements to repel it ; avoiding likewise Washington's farewell address. 55 the accumulation of debt, not only by shunning occasions of expense, but by vigorous exertions in time of peace to discharge the debts which unavoidable wars may have oc- casioned, not ungenerously throwing upon posterity the burden which we ourselves ought to bear. The execu- tion of these maxims belongs to your Representatives, but it is necessary that public opinion should co-operate. To facilitate to them the performance of their duty, it is essential that you should practically bear in mind, that toward the payment of debts there must be revenue; that to have revenue there must be taxes ; that no taxes can be devised which are not more or less inconvenient and unpleasant ; that the intrinsic embarrassment insepa- rable from the selection of the proper objects (which is always a choice of difficulties) ought to be a decisive mo- tive for a candid construction of the conduct of the gov- ernment in making it, and for a spirit of acquiescence in the measures for obtaining revenue which the public exi- gencies may at any time dictate. Observe good faith and justice toward all nations, cultivate peace and harmony with all : religion and mo- rality enjoin this conduct ; and can it be that good policy does not equally enjoin it? It will be worthy of a free, enlightened, and, at no distant period, a great nation, to give to mankind the magnanimous and too novel example of a people always guided by an exalted justice and be- nevolence. Who can doubt but in the course of time and things, the fruits of such a plan would richly repay any temporary advantage which might be lost by a steady adherence to it ? Can it be, that Providence has not con- nected the permanent felicity of a nation with its virtue? The experiment, at least, is recommended by every senti- ment which ennobles human nature. Alas ! is it rendered impossible by its vices ? 56 washintgon's farewell address. In the execution of such a plan, nothing is more essen- tial than that permanent, inveterate antipathies against particular nations, and passionate attachments for others, should be excluded ; and that in place of them just and amicable feelings toward all should be cultivated. The nation which indulges toward another an habitual ha- tred or an habitual fondness, is in some degree a slave. It is a slave to its animosity or to its affection, either of which is sufficient to lead it astray from its duty and its interest. Antipathy in one nation against another, dis- poses each more readily to offer insult and injury, to lay hold of slight causes of umbrage, and to be haughty and intractable, when accidental or trifling occasions of dis- pute occur. Hence frequent collisions, obstinate, enven- omed, and bloody contests. The nation, prompted by ill-will and resentment, sometimes impels to war the gov- ernment, contrary to the best calculations of policy. The government sometimes participates in the national pro- pensity, and adopts through passion what reason would reject ; at other times, it makes the animosity of the na- tion subservient to projects of hostility instigated by pride, ambition, and other sinister and pernicious motives. The peace often, sometimes perhaps the liberty, of na- tions has been the victim. So, likewise, a passionate attachment of one nation for another produces a variety of evils. Sympathy for the favorite nation, facilitating the illusion of an imaginary common interest in cases where no real common interest exists, and infusing into one the enmities of the other, betrays the former into a participation in the quarrels and wars of the latter, without adequate inducement or justi- fication. It leads also to concessions to the favorite nation of privileges denied to others, which is apt doubly to injure the nation making the concessions, by unneces- sarily parting with what ought to have been retained; Washington's farewell address. 57 and by exciting jealousy, ill-will, and a disposition to retaliate, in the parties from whom equal privileges are withheld : And it gives to ambitious, corrupted, or de- luded citizens (who devote themselves to the favorite nation) facility to betray or sacrifice the interests of their own country, w^ithout odium, sometimes even with popu- larity: gilding with the appearance of a virtuous sense of obligation a commendable deference for public opinion, or a laudable zeal for public good, the base or foolish compliances of ambition, corruption, or infatuation. As avenues to foreign influence in innumerable ways, such attachments are particularly alarming to the truly enlightened and independent j^atriot. How many oppor- tunities do they afford to tamper with domestic factions ; to practise the arts of sedition, to mislead public opinion, to influence or awe the public councils ! Such an attach- ment of a small or weak, toward a great and powerful nation, dooms the former to be the satellite of the latter. Against the insidious wiles of foreign influence (I con- jure you to believe me, fellow-citizens) the jealousy of a free people ought to be coiistantly awake ; since history and experience prove that foreign influence is one of the most baneful foes of Republican Government. But that jealousy to be useful must be impartial ; else it becomes the instrument of the very influence to be avoided, instead of a defence against it. Excessive partiality for one for- eign nation, and excessive dislike of another, cause those whom they actuate to see danger 'only on one side, and serve to veil and even second the arts of influence on the other. Heal patriots, who may resist the intrigues of the favorite, are liable to become suspected and odious ; while its tools and dupes usurp the applause and confi- dence of the people, to surrender their interest. The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign nations, is, in extending our commercial relations, to have 58 Washington's farewell address. with them as little political connection as possible. So far as we have already formed engagements, let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us stop. Europe has a set of primary interests, which to us have none, or a very remote relation. Hence she must be en- gaged in frequent controversies, the causes of which are essentially foreign to our concerns. Hence, therefore, it must be unwise in us to implicate ourselves, by artificial ties, in the ordinary vicissitudes of her politics, or the ordinary combinations and collisions of her friendships or enmities. Our detached and distant situation invites and enables lis to pursue a different course. If we remain one people, under an efiicient government, the period is not far off when we may defy, material injury from external annoy- ance; when we may take such an attitude as will cause the neutrality we may at any time resolve upon to be scrupulously respected; when belligerent nations, under the impossibility of making acquisitions upon us, will not lightly hazard the giving us provocation ; when we may choose peace or war, as our interest, guided by justice, shall counsel. Why forego the advantages of so peculiar a situation ? "Why quit our own to stand upon foreign ground ? Why, by interweaving our destiny with that of any part of Eu- rope, entangle our peace and prosperity in the toils of European ambition, rivalship, interest, humor, or caprice ? It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alli- ances with any portion of the foreign world : so far, I mean, as we are now at liberty to do it ; for let me not be understood as capable of patronizing infidelity to ex- isting engagements. I hold the maxim no less applicable to public than to private affairs, that honesty is always the best policy. I repeat it, therefore, let those engage- ments be observed in their genuine sense. But, in my Washington's farewell address. 59 opinion, it is unnecessary, and would be unwise to extend them. Taking care always to keep ourselves, by suitable estab- lishments, on a respectable defensive posture, we may safely trust to temporary alliances for extraordinary emer- gencies. Harmony, and a liberal intercourse with all nations, are recommended by policy, humanity, and interest. But even our commercial policy should hold an equal and impartial hand ; neither seeking nor granting exclu- sive favors or preferences ; — consulting the natural course of things; diffusing and diversifying by gentle means the streams of commerce, but forcingr nothino;; establishing^, with powers so disposed, in order to give trade a stable course, to define the rights of our merchants, and to ena- ble the government to support them, conventional rules of intercourse, the best that present circumstances and mutual opinion will permit, but temporary, and liable to be from time to time abandoned or varied, as experience and circumstances shall dictate ; constantly keeping in view, that it is folly in one nation to look for disinterested favors from another: that it must pay with a portion of its independence for whatever it may accept under that character ; that by such acceptance, it may place itself in the condition of having given equivalents for nominal favors, and yet of being reproached with ingratitude for not giving more. There can be no greater error than to expect, or calculate upon, real favors from nation to na- tion. It is an illusion which experience must cure, which a just pride ought to discard. In offering to you, my countrymen, these counsels of an old and affectionate friend, I dare not hope they will make the strong and lasting impression I could wish — that they will control the usual current of the passions, or prevent our nation from running the course which has 60 Washington's farewell address. hitherto marked the destiny of nations : But if I may eA^en flatter myself that they may be productive of some partial benefit, some occasional good ; that they may now and then recur to moderate the fury of party spirit, to warn against the mischiefs of foreign intrigue, to guard against the impostures of pretended patriotism ; this hope will be a full recompense for the solicitude for your wel- fare by which they have been dictated. How far in the discharge of my official duties I have been guided by the principles which have been delineated, the public records and other evidences of my conduct must witness to you and to the world. To myself, the assurance of my own conscience is, that I have at least believed myself to be guided by them. In relation to the still subsisting war in Europe, my proclamation of the 22d of April, 1793, is the index to my plan. Sanctioned by your approving voice, and by that of your Representatives in both Houses of Congress, the. spirit of that measure has continually governed me, uninfluenced by any attempts to deter or divert me from it. After deliberate examination, with the aid of the best lights I could obtain, I was well satisfied that our coun- try, under all the circumstances of the case, had a right to take, and was bound in duty and interest to take, a neutral position. Having taken it, I determined, as far as should depend upon me, to maintain it with modera- tion, perseverance, and firmness. The considerations which respect the right to hold this conduct, it is not necessary on this occasion to detail. I will only observe, that according to my understanding of the matter, that right, so far from being denied by any of the Belligerent Powers, has been virtually admitted by all. The duty of holding a neutral conduct may be inferred, without any thing more, from the obligation which jus- WASHINGTON'S FAREWELL ADDRESS. 61 tice and humanity impose on every nation, in cases in which it is free to act, to maintain inviolate the relations, of peace and amity toward other nations. The inducements of interest for observing that conduct will best be referred to your own reflections and experi- ence. With me, a predominant motive has been to en- deavor to gain time to our country to settle and mature its yet recent institutions, and to progress, without inter- ruption, to that degree of strength and consistency which is necessary to give it, humanl}^ speaking, the command of its own fortunes. Though, in reviewing the incidents of my administra- tion, I am unconscious of intentional error, I am never- theless too sensible of my own defects, not to think it probable that I may have committed many errors. What- ever they may be, I fervently beseech the Almighty to avert or mitigate the evils to which they may tend. I shall also carry with me the hope that my country will never cease to view them with indulgence ; and that after forty-five years of my life dedicated to its service, with an upright zeal, the faults of incompetent abilities will be consigned to oblivion, as myself must soon be to the mansions of rest. Relying on its kindness in this as in other things, and actuated by that fervent love toward it, which is so nat- ural to a man who views in it the native soil of himself and his progenitors for several generations; I anticipate with pleasing expectation that retreat, in which I promise myself to realize, without alloy, the sweet enjoyment of partaking, in the midst of my fellow-citizens, the benign influence of good laws under a free government — the ever favorite object of my heart, and the happy reward, as I trust, of our mutual cares, labors, and dangers. G. WASHINGTON. United States, 17th September, 1796. 62 QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY. QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY AND RECITATION. The pupils should gather the required information from the pages referred to, as well as from the statements found in connection with such references and th« respective questions; and, after arranging the facts in chronological order, ehould give connected accounts, in writing or otherwise, as directed by the teacher, according to the requirements of the book. The numbers following the quesiUms refer to the pages of the History : the Ap.^ with the numbers in connection therewith, to the pages of the Appendix. 1. Give a sketch of the life of John Adams 98, 106, 107, 108, 109, 137, Ap. 8 Was bom at Quincy, Massachusetts, in 1735. 2. Give an account of Samuel Adams 69, 70, Ap, S Was born at Boston, in 1722, where he died in 1803. 3. Give an account of John Quincy Adams 137, 138 Son of John Adams, 2d president of the U. S., was born near Boston, in 1767. While at Washington, in Feb., 1848, occupying his seat as a member of the House of Representatives, he had a chock of paralysis, of which he died a few hours after. 4. Give an account of Ethan AUen 69 Bom in Connecticut in 1742; died in Vermont in 1789. In the dispute grow- ing out of the claim made by New York to Vermont (p. 107), Allen took a conspicuous ^art, being commander of a military force in behalf of the latter. In the expedition conducted by Montgomery against Canada (p. 72) he was captured ; and being sent to England in irons, was held a captive nearly two years. 6. Give an account of Major John Andre 93, 94 Born in London in 1751. His body was buried at Tappan, but, in 1821, it was disinterred and removed to England, where it was placed beneath a costly monument. 6. Give an account of Sir Edmund Andros 30, 31, 34, 39, 40 Born in England, where he died in 1714. After his trial on the charges pre- ferred by the people of Massachusetts, which ended without any judicial de- cision, he was made governor of Virginia, in which position he acted with moderation. 7. Give an account of John Armstrong 58 Was a native of Pennsylvania, and, as'a general in the American army dur- ing the Revolution, rendered good service in the defence of Ft. Moultrie (p. 74) and at the battles of Brandywine and Germantown. 8. Give an account of John Armstrong, Jr 98,126 Son of the preceding, was also in the Revohition. He was the author of the "Newburg Addresses," written at the close of the war to quicken Congrew QUESTIONS FOB TOPICAL STUDY. 63 to do justice to the soldiers. They produced discontent among the officers, and had it not been for the wisdom of Washington (p. 98), might have led to unfortunate results. He was secretary of war in 1814, when the British cap- tured the city of Washington, and was unjustly censured for the disaster (p. 126). 9. Give an account of Benedict Arnold 69, 72, 78, 83, 84, 92, 93, 94, 97 Bom in Connecticut in 1740 ; died in London in 1801. Before the Revolution he was engaged in business in New Haven as a druggist ; afterward he did business in New Brunswick. He finally went to England, and in London he lived in obscurity, everybody avoiding him with disgust. 10. What account can you give of Gen. Robert Anderson ? 158, 159, 160 Born in Kentucky in 1805 ; took an active part in the war against the Semi- noles (p. 139) ; was with Scott in Mexico (p. 147) ; in 1861 was appointed a general in the U. S. army, but, in consequence of failing health, was not able to participate in active military service. 11. Give an account of Nathaniel Bojcon 23 Bacon and his party entered Jamestown, but fearing they could not hold it, and being unwilling that it should be used by Berkeley's party, they burned it to the ground. Only some slight ruins of the town remain. 12. Give an account of Col. E. D. Baker.' 163 Bom in England in 1811, resigned his position as a member of Congress when the Mexican war broke out, and joined Scott (p. 147). At the time of his death he was a U. S. senator from Oregon. 13. Give an account of Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks 170, 171, 175, 177 Bora in Massachusetts in 1816, was a representative in Congress several years ; was elected speaker of the House in 1854, after an exciting contest of two months ; was governor of Massachusetts ; and again a representative in Congress. 14. Give an account of Commodore Wm. Bainbridge 110, 117 Bora in New Jersey in 1774 ; died in Philadelphia in 1833. Was in command of the frigate Philadelphia when she struck on a rock and was captured (p. 110), and he was held in captivity nineteen months. 15. Give an account of Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard 160, 161, 162, 169 Bora in Louisiana, received a military education at West Point, and was a lieutenant in Scott's army in Mexico (p. 147). 16. Give an account of the Committees of Correspondence. The system adopted by the patriots of the Revolution, in 1772, of holding correspondence among the colonies, was the invention of Samuel Adams. By means of it, the different colonies were informed of the intentions, plans, and doings of each other ; encouragement was given to each ; and thus unity of action was attained. 17. The history of the Slavery Question, 21, 39, 136, 141, 150, 151, 152, 157, 158, Ap. 22 It is computed that 300,000 slaves were imported into the thirteen colonies up to the time of the Declaration of Independence (1776). Slavery existed in all of the states until 1780. The northem states then, one after another, most of them by a system of gradual emancipation, began to abolish slavery. 18. Name the wars of European origin that occurred before the French and /;*. dian War, and the causes of each 34, 35, 36 13. By what treaties, and when, were they terminated? 34, 35, 36, 37 20. WTien did the British evacuate the different ports after the Revolution f 98, 101 64 QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 21. Give an account of Gen. Braxton Bragg 169, 170, 173, 175 Born in North Carolina, received a military education at "West Point, and held a command, first as lieutenant and afterward as captain, in Taylor's army during the Mexican war. 22. Give an account of Gen. Edward Braddock 57, 59 Born in Scotland. Before he came to America he had been forty years in the British army, serving in the wars against Spain, Portugal, and Germany. 23. Give an account of Gen. Jacob Brown 121, 123, 124, 125 Born in Pennsylvania in 1775. In early life he was a Quaker and a school- teacher. At his death, which occurred at Washington in 1828, he held the supreme command in the U. S. army. 24. Give an account of James Buchanan 152, 157, 158, 159 Bom in Pennsylvania in 1791 ; died there in 1868. He was a represen^tive in Congress, envoy extraordinary to St. Petersburg, U. S. senator, secretary of state, and minister to England. 25. Give an account of Don Carlos BuM 166, 168, 169,170 Bom in Ohio, received a military education at West Point, and distinguished himself in the two Mexican campaigns conducted by Taylor and Scott. 26. Give an account of Gen. John Burgoyne 69, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85 Born in England. After his surrender to Gates he returned to England, where he was coldly received in Parliament, of which body he was a mem- ber. He wrote several dramas, and died in London in 1792. 27. (rive cm account of Gen. A. E. Bumside 167, 172, 173, 175 Born in Indiana in 1824, received a military education at West Point, and, after the Great Civil War, was govemor of Rhode Island. 28. Give an account of Aaron Burr 71, 72, 86, 109, 111 Born in New Jersey in 1756. He graduated at Princeton College, accompa- nied Arnold in the expedition against Canada (p. 72), and distinguished him- eelf in the battles of Quebec (p. 72) and Monmouth (p. 86). His death oc- curred at Staten Island, N. Y., in 1836. 29. Give an account of Gen, B. F. Butler 161, 163, 169, 175, 179, 181 Born in New Hampshire in 1818, graduated at college, and acquired a high reputation as a lawyer. After the Great Rebellion he was a member of tiie U. S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts, and was one of the sevou managers by whom President Johnson's impeachment was conducted before the Senate (p. 185). 80. Give an account of John and Sebastian Cabot 10,54 It is not known when and where these navigators were bom, nor at what, time and place they died, though it is supposed they were natives of Italy. 81. Give an account of John C. Calhoun 138, 139 Bom in South Carolina in 1782, graduated at Yale College, was admitted to the bar, was a representative in both Houses of Congress, and was secretary of war in Monroe's cabinet, and secretary of state in Tyler's. His death occurred at Washington in 1850. 82. Give an acccnint of Henry Clay 139, 151 Bom in Virginia in 1777, was admitted to the bar, and was sent to Congress from Kentucky, where he was many years speaker of the House of Repre- Bentatives, and afterward a senator. He was one of the commissionera that signed the treaty at Ghent in 1814 (p. 139). His death occurred at Washington in 1852. QUESTIONS FOE TOPICAL STUDY. 65 83. Give an account of Sir Henry Clinton 69, 73, 75, 84, 91, 93, 97 After the Revolution he was appointed governor of Gibraltar. He died in 1795. 34. Give an account of Christopher Columbus 5, 9, 10 The most of his life, previous to its great event, was passed on the waters of the Mediterranean and oflf the west coast of Africa. He made a voyage toward Greenland, passing beyond Iceland. Having, in 1498, reached Amer- ica the third time, he began to govern a colony which ho had previously es- tablished at Hispaniola ; but his efforts were misrepresented, charges were made against him, and he was sent to Spain in chains. This outrage pro- duced great indignation throughout SpaLu, and the king consequently dis- claimed having authorized it. 35. Give an account of Lord Charles Comwallis 76, 77, 78, 91, 92, 95, 96, 97 After the Revolution he was appointed to an important command in India, where he inaugurated a series of victories by which the British authority there was finally established. He died in India in 1805. 36. Give an account of Fernando Cortez 11, 12 Bom in Spain in 1485, and died there neglected and in solitude in the 63d year of his age. 37. Give an account of Col. George Croghan 114, 118, 119 Bom in Kentucky in 1791. He was in the battles of Tippecanoe and Fort Meigs (May 5)', and served with Taylor in Mexico. His death occurred at New Orleans in 1849. 38. Give an account of Gen. S. R. Curtis 143, 167 Born in Ohio in 1807 ; received a military education at West Point, served under Taylor in Mexico, and was a representative in Congress from Iowa. 39. What can you state of Kosciusko ? 84 Thaddeus Kosciusko, a Polish patriot, was with Gates in the two battles of Stillwater, and afterward distinguished himself as an adjutant of Washing- ton. He died in Switzerland in 1817, 40. Give the early history of the city of Boston 26, 67, 68, 70, 72, 73 41. Give an account of the Eev. John Davenport 30 Bom in England ; was the minister of a church at New Haven for thirty years, and afterward of another church at Boston, where he died. 42. CUve an account of Jefferson Davis 159, 160, 182, 183 Born in Kentucky in 1808 ; received a military education at West Point, served with credit in the Black Hawk (p. 138) and Mexican wars, was a representative in Congress and a U. S. senator from Mississippi, and secre- tary of war in President Pierce's cabinet. 43. Give an account of General Dearborn 121 Henry Dearborn was bom in New Hampshire in 1751 ; was in the battle of Bunker Hill (p. 70), was with Arnold in the expedition against Canada (p. 72), and was taken prisoner at the attack upon Quebec. Being exchanged, ho served under Gates in the Northern campaign (p. 84), and did good service in the battle of Monmouth (p. 86), in Sullivan's expedition against the In- dians (p. 90), and in the successful operations before Torktown (p. 97). He died in 1829. 44. What can you state ofSUasDeane? 78 Bom in Connecticut, and was a member of the first Continental Congress. In consequence of the extravagant contracts ho made in France, he was recalled, and John Adams was appointed commissioner in his place. He died in England in poverty. QUESTIONS FOB TOPICAL STUDY. 45. Give an account of Commodore Stephen Decatur, Jr 110, 117, 130 Born in Maryland in 1779. The affair between the Chesapeake and the Leopard in 1807 (p. Ill), in the opinion of Decatur, was disgraceful, and he did not hesitate to speak in severe terms of the conduct of Commodore Bar- ron, who commanded the Chesapeake on that occasion. The consequence Avas a duel with Barron, thirteen years after, in which Decatur was killed. 46. What can you state of the Baron Dieskau ? 57, 58 Was a German general, and served in France and Germany. After being wounded (p. 58), he returned to Europe, and died at Paris in 1767. 47. Give a sketch of D'Estaing's life 85, 86, 87, 90, 91 Bom in France in 1729 ; was a member of the Assembly of Notables in the French Kevolution, but, falling under the suspicion of the Terrorists, was guillotined in 1794. 48. Give the history of Delaware 45, 46, 44, 160; Ap, 11, 14 Delaware Bay and River were so named in honor of Lord Delaware, one of the early governors of Virginia : whence the name of the State. 49. Give a sketch of the life of Baron De Kalb 9^ Bom, in 1732, in a German province then held by France ; was an officer in the French army just previous to the time he came to America with Lafay- ette in 1777, was second in command under Gates, and died three days after the battle of Sanders Creek. 60. What can you state of the '■'■ Jersey Prison-Ship r"" During the Ee volution, the British used the hulks of their decaying ships for the imprisonment of captives. One of these, the Jersey Prison-Ship, which was anchored near Brooklyn, is noted for the inhuman treatment which its prisoners received, hundreds of whom died in consequence. 61. Give the history of California. . ■ 150, 151 "A romance was published in Spain in 1510, in which the word California, applied to an imaginary island, for the first time occurred. Cortez had read the book, it is supposed ; and -when he sailed along the west coast of Mex- ico, in 1535, supposing he was in the region of the island, he called the country California." 52. Give the history of Connecticut 28, 29, 30, 32, 51, 68, 78, 89, 126 ; Ap. 11, 13 63. Give a sketch of Dr. Franklin's life 78, 98; Ap. 8 Benjamin Franklin, a philosopher and statesman, was bom at Boston in 1706. He learned the printing business in Boston, followed it in Philadel- phia, and, after a trip to England, became postmaster of Philadelphia. About the year 1746 he began to make experiments in electricity, applying hi3 discoveries to the invention of lightning-rods for the protection of build- ings. The people of Pennsylvania and other colonies becoming dissatisfied with the rule which the colonial proprietors exercised, Franklin was sent to England to gain redress ; and in this he was successful. He again went to Europe, both before and after the Revolution ; was a member of the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence ; and signed, in France, the treaty of alliance between that country and the United States (p. 85). He died in Philadelphia, in the 85th year of his age. 64. Give the history of Florida 11, 12, 13, 14, 63, 98, 127, 128, 135, 153, 154, 158, 159, 177, Table of States. 55. Give a sketch of the lift of John C. Fremont. 146, 147, 152, 163, 171 66. What can you state of Millard Fillmore ? 151, 152 Bora in New York in 1800, and was a representatiye in Congress. QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 67 B7. What account can you give of Admiral Farragut? 169, 181 David G. Farragnt was bom in Tennessee in 1801. At the early age of eleven he became a midshipman, which position he hold on board the Essex when that vessel captured the Alert (p. 117). After the Great Civil War, he crossed the Atlantic in a government vessel, and visited the principal seaports of Europe. 58. Oine a sketch of Admiral Footers life 166, 163 Andrew H. Foote was born in Connecticut in 1806. lie spent the most of his life in the naval service of his country, and was an active friend of reli- gious and philanthropic enterprises. His death occurred at New York in 1803, as he was preparing to take charge of the squadron off Charleston. 69. State what you can of General Gage 67, 68, 69 60. Give a sketch of the life of General Gates 84, 92, 95 Horatio Gates was born in England in 1728. He was an officer in Brad- dock'a expedition, in 1755, and was severely wounded in the battle of the Monongahela. After the Revolutionary War, he resided in Virginia, and subsequently removed to New York, where he died in 1806. •51. Give the history of Georgia 48, 68, 87, 88, 90, 91, 135, 158, 175, 180, 183 ; Ap. 11, 14 ; Table of States. 62. What can you state of Bartholomew Gosnold ? 15, 18 6a Give a sketch of Gen. Grant's life. Am, 166, 108, 169, 175, 177, 178, 182, 183, 186 Ulysses S. Grant was born in Ohio in 18~2 ; received a military education at West Point, participated in the battles of Palo Alto (p. 144), Resaca de la Palma, Monterey, and in every one of Scotfs battles in Mexico. At the commencement of the Great Civil War, he was engaged in commercial busi- ness at Galena, Illinois, and was among the firet to offer his services to the government. 64. Give a sketch of General Greene's life 95, 96 Nathaniel Greene was born of Quaker parents, in Rhode Island, in 1742. He aided, at the beginning of the Revolution, in driving the British from Boston (pp. 72, 73), and took a prominent part in the battles of Trenton, Princeton, Brandywine, and Germautown. He died of " sunstroke," in Georgia, in 1786. 65. Give a sketch of Alexander Hamilton's life 106, 111 Hamilton was born in one of the West India Islands in 1757. At the age of thirteen he was sent to New York to be educated. At the beginning of the Revolution he was one of the first to take up arms in behalf of the patriots, performing a creditable part as captain of an artillery company, in the battle of Long Island. By his activity and intelligence he attracted the attention of Washington, and after the battles of Trenton and Princeton, in both of which he was engaged, he accepted an invitation from Washington to take a place on hia staff", as aide-de-camp. He participated in the battles of Brandywine, Germantown, and Monmouth. 66. Give a sketch of the life of Nathan Hale 75 He was born in Connecticut in 1765; graduated at Yale College, and became a teacher. Directly after the battle of Lexington he entered the army aa lieutenant, and before the close of the year was promoted to be a captain. After the battle of Long Island (p. 75), and of the retreat of the American army to New York city, Washington desired to gain a knowledge of the condition of the enemy on Long Island, and Hale volunteered for the ser- vice ; but, as he was returning with the information, he was arrested by th© enemy, and, on the following morning, was executed. 68 QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 67. In what respects do the cases of Hale and Arnold differ? 93, 94 68. Give a sketch of John Hancock's life 69 ; Ap. 6 He was born in Massachasetts, in 1737, and died there in 1793. He was the president of the second Continental Congress (p. 71). 69. Give a sketch of General Harrison's life 114, 118, 119, 120, 141 He was bom in Virginia in 1773. His father's name was Benjamin (Ap. 8). At the age of eighteen he joined the army, served under St. Clair (p. 107) and Wayne, and was governor of Indiana Territory (p. 136). 70. Give a sketch of Patrick Henry's life 66, 71 He was bom in Virginia in 1736 ; died there in 1799. "Was admitted to the bar ; was a member of " The First Continental Congress" (p. 68), and gover* ncr of Virginia. He opposed the adoption of the Federal Constitution (p. 99). Without doubt he was the most gifted orator in America during his time. 71. What can you state of Gejieral Joseph Hooker ? 173, 175 Was born in Massachusetts in 1819 ; received a military education at West Point, distinguished himself in the Mexican War, and in McClellan's Penin- sula (p. 170) and Antietam battles. 72. Give a sketch of Henry Hudson's life 37 Hudson made four voyages for the purpose of finding a shorter passage to the Pacific than the one around Cape Horn. While in the large bay which now bears his name, during his fourth voyage, in 1610, a mutiny occurred anytng his men, and he, with eight who remained faithful to him, was put into an open boat, and abandoned. No tidings were ever afterward heard of him. 73. State what you can of General HuU 115, 116 William Hull was born in Connecticut in 1753. He fought with courage in the battles of White Plains, Trenton, Princeton, Bemis Heights, Saratoga, Monmouth, and Stony Point. After his surrender of Detroit he was tried by a court-martial, pronounced guilty of cowardice in making the surrender, and sentenced to be shot ; but, in consideration of his age and revolutionary services, President Madison remitted the sentence. He died in 1825. 74. Wiat can you state of Captain HuU? 117 Captain Isaac Hull, afterward Commodore, was a nephew of General Hull. During the war with the Barbary States, from 1803 to 1805, he served with distinction. 75. Give the history of Harper's Ferry 156, 157, 160, 161, 172 During the Civil War the Confederates had possession of the place three times^ It contains a U. S. arsenal. 76. Give the history of Illinois 98, 136 ; Table of the States. " Illinois was so named from its principal river. The word, an Indian one, is said to signify the river of nien.'" 77. Give the history of Indiana 98, 107, 130, 134, 136, and Table of States. 78. Give the history of Iowa 110, and Table of the States. " Iowa is an Indian name, meaning ' Here is the place.'' " 79. Give a sketch of Andreiv Jackson's life 121, 128, 135, 137, 138, 139, 140 He was born in North Carolina in 1767 ; died in Tennessee in 1845. Though but a boy during the Revolution, he took an active part in behalf of the patriots. He became a lawyer, a representative and U. S. senator from Tennessee, and governor of Florida. 80. Name in chronological order the important events in Jackso%''8 administra- tion 158 QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 69 81. What can you state of " Stonewall'''' Jackson ? 171 BorD in Virginia in 1824 ; was a graduate of West Point, and served in the Mexican war. It was remarked by one of his officers, that in the battle of Bull Run he " stood like ^ stone wall ;" hence he was afterward popularly known as " Stonewall Jackson." He was accidentally wounded by his own men at the battle of Chancellorsville, April 2d, 1863, and died in consequence eight days after. 82. What account can you give of John Jay ? 98, 108, 109 Bom in New York city in 1745 ; died in 1829. Was a member of " The First Continental Congress'" (p. 68), rendered important aid in favor of the adop- tion of the Constitution (p. 99), and was the first chief-justice of the United States. 83. Give an account of Sir William Johnson 57, 58, 61 Bom in Ireland in 1715 ; died at his residence about fifty miles from Albany, N. T., in 1774. For his services, in 1755 he was made a baronet. 84. Give a sketch of Jefferson's life 74, 106, 109, 110, 111, 112, 137 ; Ap. 8 Bora in Virginia in 1743, and died there. (See Table of the Presidents.) 85. Name the important events of Jefferson's administration^ 112,113 ; Introduction. 86. What can you state of Paid Jones ?.^ 90 Bom in Scotland in 1747. After the Revolution he entered the Russian naval service, and died at Paris, in poverty, in 1792. 87. What can you state of Gen. Joseph E. Johmton ? 171, 178, 189 88. Give a sketch of Andrew Johnson's life 182, 183, 184, 1&5, 186 Born in North Carolina in 1808. Served nine years at the business of a tailor, was several times elected a representative in Congress, twice governor of Tennessee, once a U. S. senator, and was appointed governor of Tennessee in the beginning of the Great Civil War. 89. Nam£ in chronological order the important events of his administration. . . 189 90. Give a sketch of the history of Kentucky. ... 98, 107, 113, 166, 168, 169, 170, 177 ; Table of States. The first permanent settlement was made by Daniel Boone. 91. C^ve a sketch of the history of Kansas 110, 151, 152, 157 ; Table of States. The name Kansas, said to signify smoky water, was that of a tribe of In- dians. (See Introduction.) 92. What can you state of Gen. Lyman? 57, 58 Phineas Lyman was born in Connecticut in 1716 ; died in Florida in 1775. 93. What account can you give of Gen. Lincoln f 88, 90, 91, 102 Gen. Lincoln of the Revolution was bom in Massachusetts in 1733 ; died there in 1810. Was a farmer until he was 40 years old, was in the battles of White Plains (p. 75) and Bemis Heights (p. 84), and commanded the forces w^hich quelled Shays's Rebellion (p. 99). He was a great favorite of Wash- ington. 94. Give a sketch of the life of President Lincoln 158-182 Abraham Lincoln was born in Kentucky in 1809. His early life was passed at hard labor on his father's farm in Indiana. At the age of 19 he made a trip to New Orleans as a hired hand on a flat-boat, and afterward moved to Illinois ; served as captain in the " Black Hawk War" (p. 138) ; was elected to the niinoie Legislature, and was a representative in Congress. 95. How many and what persons by the name of Lee took prominent parts In the Revolutionary War ? 73, 74, 78, 90 ; Ap. 8 96. WJml accuaid can you give of Gen. Charles Lee? 78, 76, 76, 79, 86 70 QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY. Born in England in 1731 ; was with Braddock in the battl of the Mononga- hela (p. 57), with Abercrombie in the assault on Ticondcroga (p. 59), and aficr ward served in the Russian army. Died at Philadelphia in 1782. 97. What can you state of Gen. Robert E. Lee? 171, 172, 173, 178, 179, 182 Was born in Virginia ; graduated at West Point, and served in the MexiCMi War. He is now (1869) president of a Southern college. 98. Give a sketch of Gen. Lafayette's life 78, 80, 96, 137 The Marquis de Lafayette was born in France in 1757. Was in the battles of Monmouth (p. 86) and Yorktown (p. 97), and was a member of the court that tried Andre (p. 94). Died at Paris in 1834. (Give a further account.) 99. Give a sketch of the life of La Salle 8 A celebrated French navigator, born about 1635, died in 1687. Made four visits to America : in the first, while endeavoring to find a passage by water to China, he explored Lake Ontario ; in the third he descended the Missis- sippi ; in the fourth, which was undertaken to settle Louisiana, he sailed from France, but instead of landing at the mouth of the Mississippi, pro- ceeded, by mistake, to Texas, where he was shot by one of his men. 100. What account can you give of Marquette ? 8 Born in France in 1637. He died in Michigan in 1675, near a small river, which Btili bears his name. ■•01. Givethehista)-y of Louisiana....^ 110,120,130,158,164,169,177 ** In 1682 La Salle descended the Mississippi, and taking possession for France of the whole country watered by the river, named it Louisiana, in honor of Louis IV. of France." The French held the whole domain known by the name of Louisiana till 1762, when they ceded it to Spain. In 1800 it was retroceded to France. In 1804 it was divided into two governments ; that of the " Territory of Orleans," including the present State of Louisi- ana, and that of the " District of Louisiana." (See Table of States.) 102. Give a sketch of the life of General Montgomery 59, 71, 72 Richard Montgomery was born in Ireland in 1736. He settled in New York State, and in 1775 was a member of the -Provincial Congress. A monument was erected to his memory in front of St. Paul's church, New York city, beneath which his remains were placed in 1818. 103. Give a sketch of the life of General Marion 91 Francis Marion was born in South Carolina in 1732. The amount of aid which he rendered the patriot cause during the Revolution can hardly be estimated. All attempts of the enemy to baffle him were entirely futile. He was an honest man and a pure patriot. His death occurred in 1795. 104. Give the history of Massachusetts, 23-27, 32-37, 51, 66-73, 99, 129, 136 ; Ap. 11, 13 105. Give the history of Maine 16, 27, 3y, 136 ; Table of States. Authors are not agreed with regard to the derivation of the name of this State. The prevailing opinion is, that Maine was so called in compliment to Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I. of England, who, it was supposed, owned the province of Maine, in France. 100. What can you state of Robert Morris ?. 94, 95 ; Ap. 8 Born in England in 1734 ; came to America when thirteen years old ; was educated at Philadelphia. After the Revolution, he lost by land speculation an immense fortune gained in the China trade, and died at Philadelphia in 1806, in compamtive poverty. 107. Give the history of Fort Ticonderoga 59, 60, 62, 69, 71, 81, 85 It was built by the French in 1755, and by them called Carillon (chime of QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 71 beUs)^ in allusion to the music of the waterflalls at the outlet of Lake George, near it. 108. Give the history of Alabama 120, 121, 127, 135, 136, 158, 159, 169, 181 The territory now comprising the States of Mississippi and Alabama, ex- cept the coast-strip between Florida and Louisiana (see Latroduction), was originally a part of Georgia, but in H'JB was organized as the Mississippi Territory. The word Alabama is of Indian origin, signifying here we rest. (Table of States.) 109. Give the history of Mississippi. ... 135, 136, 158, 159, 164, 166, 169, 175, 177, 186 The word Mississippi is of Indian origin, signifying, according to some writers, the Great liiver ; according to others, the Great Father of Waters. (See above, under the history of Alabama; also, Table of States.) 110. Give a sJcetch of General Daniel Morgan's life 95 Born in New Jersey in 1736; died in Virginia in 1802. Was with Brad- dock in 1755 (p. 57), performing the duties of teamster; joined Washington at Cambridge, with a rifle corps (p. 72) ; accompanied Arnold across the wilderness to Quebec, participating in the attempt to capture that city (p. 72) ; and took a distinguished part in the battle of Bemis Heights (p. 84). 111. Give the history of Mainland... A\\ 42, 43, 68, 74, 76, 99, 127, 160, 172, 173, 179; Ap. 8, 11, 14 112. Give a sketch of the life of James Madison 114r-130 Bom in Virginia in 1751 ; died there in 1836, Was a member of the con- vention which prepared the Constitution of the U. S. (p. 99) ; united with Jay and Hamilton in advocating its adoption ; opposed Hamilton's finan- cial measures (p. 106) ; and was secretary of state in Jefferson's cabinet. 113. Nam£^ in chronologicai order, the important events of Madison's administra- tion 130,131,132 114. Give a sketch of the life of James Monroe 125, 126, 127, 128, 137 Bom in Virginia in 1758 ; died in New York city in 1831. Entered the army in 1776 ; was at the battles of White Plains (p. 75), Trenton, in which he was wounded (p. 76), Brandywine (p. 79), Germantown (p. 80), and Mon- mouth (p. 86) ; was a member of Congress when Washington resigned his commission (p. 99) ; was governor of Virginia ; and was minister to Prance, to England, and to Holland. 115. What can you state of General Meade ? 173, 178, 179 116. Give the history of Missoun 110, 136, 162, 163, 168 ; Table of States. The name Missouri, an Indian one, signifying Mud liiver, was first applied to the river of that name. 117. Give the history of Michigan 63, 98, 115, 118, 119 ; Table of States. The name Michigan, supposed to be formed from two Indian words, signi- fying Great Lake, was first applied to the lake. 118. Give the history of Arkansas. 110, 159, 160; Table of States. " The State takes its name from a tribe of Indians now extinct." 119. Give the history of Minnesota 98, 110, 157; Table of States. The name Minnesota was first applied to the river. It is compounded of two Indian words, signifying sky-colored water. 120. Nam^ the important military events in General McCleUan's life 162, 164, 170, 171, 172. 121. Give the history of New York State. . 87-39, 51, 66, 68, 69, 71, 74, 75, 79, 81-85, 87, 89, 90, 93, 94, 98, 116, 121-125; Ap. 8, 9, 11, 14; Table of States, 122. Give the history of New Tori City. . . 37-40 60, 67, 73, 74, 75, 98, 106, 158, 178 72 QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 123. Give the history of New Hampshire 27, 28, S3, 34, 51, 68 ; Ap. 8, 9, 11, II 124. Give the history of New Jersey. . 37, 40, 41, 51, 68, 76-Sl, 86, 90, 94 ; Ap. 8, 9, 11, 14 125. Give the history of North Carolina... 13, 47, 68, 95, 96, 160, 163, 167, 181, 182; Ap. 8, 9, 11, 14 126. Give the history of South Carolina. . . 13, 47, 68, 73, 74, 89, 91, 92, 95, 96, 138, 139, 158, 159, 160, 163, 164, 167, 182 ; Ap. 8, 11, 14. 127. Give the events of Charleston 47, 67, 73, 74, 91, 101, 139, 158, 160, 182 128. Give the history of the Northwest Territory 110, 136 The territory north of the Ohio, which was earrendered to the United States at the close of the Revolution, was claimed by individual States. In 1787 it was organized into the Northwest Territory., though, in consequence of delay on the part of the States to cede their claims to the General Govern- ment, the latter did not acquire complete jurisdiction over it before 1800. 129. Give the history of Ohio 107, 119, 113, 118, 119, 176 (See also Table of States, and preceding paragraph in relation to the North- west Territory.) IZO. Give the history of Oregon 7,157; Table of States. A writer of note states that the name Oregon was probably invented by Captain Carver, who made an early exploration of the region. Another writer gives it as his opinion that the name was derived from the Spanish oregano, wild sage, which grows in great abundance on the Pacific coast. (See Introduction to the History.) 131. Give the history of Nevada 7, 150 ; Table of States. The State derived its name from the mountain range on the west of it. The two words sierra and nevada, are Spanish, meaning mountains snow-covered. 132. Give an account of William Penn 40, 43, 44, 4fl Was born in London in 1644. Though reared in the principles of the Church of England, he became a convert to Quakerism. He was several times ar- rested and imprisoned for attending Quaker meetings and preaching. 133. Give the history of Pennsylvania. 43, 44, 52, 55, 56, 57, 60, 68, 79, 80, 81, 87, 108. 179, 180 ; Ap. 8, 9, 11, 14 134. Give the history of Philadelphia 44, 67, 68, 71, 74, 76, 79, 80, 86, 99, 106 135. What can you state of William Pitt ? 59, 60 Was born in England in 1708. At the beginning of the American Revolu- tion he favored the Americans. At the close of a speech made in Parlia- ment in 1778, against the motion to acknowledge the independence of the United States, he fell to the floor in a fit, and died a few weeks after. 136. What account can you give of General Putnam? 75 Israel Putnam, familiarly known as " Old Put," was born in Massachusetts in 1718 ; died in Connecticut in 1790. In the latter state he made himself famous by his daring encounters with wolves and Indians. Was in the ex- pedition against Ticonderoga (p. 59), during which he was captured by In- dians, tied to a tree to be burned, but was saved by a French officer ; served in the Pontiac War (p. 63) ; was in the battle of Bunker Hill ; and in 1779 opposed Tryon's expedition (p. 89). 137. What can you state of Count Pulaski ? 80, 91 138. Name as many early navigators as you can 9-37 12Q. Give an account of James K. Polk 143-150 Bom in North Carolina in 1795 ; died in Tennessee in 1849. Was a repre- sentative in Congress from Tennessee for fourteen years, and was speaker of the House three terms. QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 73 140. Give an account of Franklin Pierce 151, 159 Born in New Hampshire in 1804 ; was a representative in Congress, a United States senator, and served in the Mexican War. Died in 1869. 14,\. State what you can of General Pope 168, 171, 172 142. State what you can of Admiral Porter 169, 173, 181 143. In hmjo many and what wars have the United States been engaged? 65, 90, 107, 110, 114, 115, 120, 130, 135, 138, 139, 143 144. In what wars were they involved when they were Colonies? 21, 22, 29, 32, 34, 35, 36, 42, 48 145. What rebellions have there been in the United States ? 99, 108, 138, 157 146. Give the history of Rhode Island.... 31, 51, 68, 79, 86, 87, 141 ; Ap. 8, 9, 11, 13 1^1. What can you state of Sir Walter Ralei-gh? 14,15 Bom in England in 1552. The death of Queen Elizabeth, in 1603, proved fatal to his fortunes. He was tried on a false charge of treason, convicted, and, after a period of fifteen years, during which time he suffered imprison- ment, and afterward commanded an unsuccessful expedition to the coast of South America, he was beheaded in London in 1618. 148. Whai can you state of General Eosecrans ? 169, 170, 173, 175 149. State what you can of Captain John Smith 18, 19, 20, 23 Bom in England in 1579 ; died there in 1631. His life was an eventful one. The narrative of the part he took in wars against the Turks, of his captiv- ity by them, and of his escape, seems more like a romance than a reality. 150. Give tJie history of Savannah 48, 87, 83, 90, 91, 180, 181, 182 151. What can ym state of Gen. Philip Schuyler ? 71, 72, 82, 83, 84 Born at Albany, N. Y., in 1733 ; died there in 1804, Was in Johnson's expe- dition in 1755 (p. 57), and was a member of Congress prior to the presidency of Washington, and afterward a U. S. senator from New York. One of hia^ daughters married Alexander Hamilton in 1780. 152. What can you state of General John Sullivan ? 76, 86, 87, 90 Born in Maine in 1740 ; died in New Hampshire in 1795. Was in the battles of Trenton (p. 76), Princeton (p. 78), Brandywine (p. 79), Germantown (p. 80). 153. Give an account of General Arthur St. Clair 81, 82, 107 Bom in Scotland in 1735 ; died in Pennsylvania in 1818. Was with Wolfe in 1759 (p. 62), with Washington in the battles of Trenton and Princeton and siege of Yorktovra, was president of Congress in 1787, and governor of the Northwest Territory from its organization in 1789 to 1802. 154. What can you state of General Thomas Sumter ? 91 , 102 Born in South Carolina in 1734 ; died there in 1832. After the Revolution- ary War he was a representative and U. S. senator from South Carolina. Fort Sumter (p. 158) was so named in honor of him. 1.55. Give the early history of St, Augustine 13, 14 156. Give an account of Gen. Winfield Scott.... 124, 139, 147, 148, 149, 150, 161, 164 Bom in Virginia in 1786; died in New Jersey in 1866. In the battle of Qneenstown (p. 116) he was taken prisoner, but was soon after exchanged. 157. What can you state of Gen. William T. Sherman ?. . . 176, 177, 178, 180, 181, 182 Born in Ohio in 1820 : graduated at West Point, and served in Florida. Gen. Grant, on the very day of his inauguration, nominated Sherman for the position of general of Uie army, and the nomination was at once confirmed by the United States Senate. 74 QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 158. What can you state of Gen. Philip IT. Sheridan ? 180, 18J liorn in Ohio of Irish parents in 1831 ; graduated at Weet Point, and served against the Indians. After the Great Civil War he was placed in military com- mand at Nevjr Orleans, but his rigorous course toward the late Confederates did not meet the approbation of President Johnson, and he was transferred to a field of operations against the hostile Indians of the far West. Gen. Grant, almost immediately after he became president, nominated Sheridan for the position of lieutenant-general, in place of Gen. Sherman, promoted, and the nomination was at once confirmed by the United States Senate. 159. What can you state of certain organizations known as Commissions that ex- isted during the Great Civil War ? There were several of them, and they did incalculable service in relieving the sick and wounded soldiere, not only in the hospitals but on the baltlo- fields. The two known as the United States Sanitary CommiBSion and the Christian Commission were the largest. 160. Give the history of Tennessee. . . 107, 160, 168, 169, 173, 175, 180 ; Table of States. *' The name is derived from Tannassee (signifying river of the big bend), the Indian name applied to the little Tennessee River." North Carolina ceded the territory to the General Government in 1789. Two years after, it was organized, with Kentucky, as the " Territory of the United States south of the Ohio." ir.l. Give the history of Texas 141, 143, 144, 158, 173 ; Table of States. Las Tekas., from which the name Texas is derived, is supposed to have beeu the name of a petty tribe of Indians living in Eastern Texas. 162. Give an account of John Tyler 141, 143 Born in Virginia in 1790 ; died there in 1862. 163. Give an account of Gen. Zachary Taylor 140, 143, 144, 145, 147, 150, 151 Born in Virginia in 1784 ; was in the War of 1812 (p. 114), and in the Black Hawk War (p. 138). 164. Crive an account of Washington 12th Question, p. 113. 165. Give an account of Gen. Joseph Warren 71 Born in Massachusetts in 1741 ; graduated at Harvard College, studied medi- cine, became a physician in Boston, and was one of the most earnest and eloquent leaders in resisting the unjust measures of the British Govern- ment. His loss was sincerely lamented by his countrymen. 166. Give an account of Gen. James Wilkinson 121, 122, 123, 124 Was born in Maryland in 1757 ; studied medicine, became a physician, was an officer in the American army during the Revolution, was in the battle of the Maumee (p. 107), was governor of the Louisiana Territory in 1805-6 (p. 110), aided in breaking up the plans of Aaron Burr in 1806 (p. Ill), and died in Mexico in 1825. 167. Give the history of Washington City 106,109,126,160 168. Give the history of the District of Columbia 106, 109 In 1788 Maryland ceded 60 square miles of land, and next year Virginia ceded 40 square miles, to the United "States as a site for the national capi- tal. This made a square of 10 miles, or 100 square miles, 60 square miles being on the east side of the Potomac and 40 on the west, which was named the District of Columbia, in honor of Christopher Columbus. The tract on the Virginia side of the river was retroceded to that State in 1846, conse- quently the District now consists of the territory ceded by Maryland in 1788. It contains the two cities of Washington and Georgetown, and ia QUESTIONS FOR TOPICAL STUDY. 75 snoject to the exclueive jurisdiction of Congress. The population in 1869 was about 75,000, one-third of whom were colored persons. 169. Give the history of West Point 93 As early as 1776 the Americans erected a fort there. Next year a chain was stretched across the river to prevent the passage of the enemy's ships. A U. S. military academy was established there in 1802. 170. Give the history of Wisconsin 8, 98, 110, 150 ; Table of States. " This State takes its name from a large tributary of the Mississippi, dis- covered by Marquette in 1673, and called by him Masconsin {wild rushing channel). Masconsin became changed to Ouisconsin, and finally to Wis- consin.'''' 171. Give the history of West Virginia 176 172. Give a sketch of the life of Martin Van Buren Table end of History, 140 Born at Kinderhook, N. Y., in 1782 ; died there in 1862. Was U, S. senator, governor of the State of New York, and vice-president of the United States during President Jackson's second term. 173. Give the history of Vermont 82, 83, 106, 107, 113 ; Table of States. 174. How many and ivhat States were admitted to the Union during Washington's ad?ninistration ? • (Table of States, end of History.) 175. Give the names of those admitted during each administration. (Same Table.) 176. Give Vie history of Virginia 14, 18-23, 66. 68, 71, 96, 97, 157, 160, 161, 162, 167, 170, 171, 172, 176, 178, 179, 180, 182; Ap. 11, 14 177. Gitie a sketch of the life of Daniel Webster Bom in New Hampshire in 1782 ; died in Massachusetts in 1852. A large part of his life was spent at Washington, either as a member of Congress or in the President's cabinet. In 1842, while secretary of state, he nego- tiated with Lord Ashburton a treaty, settling the differences between the United States and Great Britain in relation to the Northeastern boundary, differences which had disturbed the relations of the two countries many years. 178. How and when were the Northwestern differences settled ? Introduction. 179. Give the history of Nebraska 110, and Table of States. The word Nebraska is of Indian origin, signifying Ne, water, and braska, wide or shallow ; and being applied to the Platte River, which runs through the State, was afterward used to name the Territory. 180. Nam£, in order of succession, the Presidents of the United States Table. 181. Name those who served two terms, or eight years each Table. 182. Na?ne those who served one term, or four years each Table. 183. Nam£ those who served less than four years each Table. 184. Nam^ those who died in office 141, 151, 182 185. State how each President was elected to his j)osition 106-186 186. Nam^e, in their order of settlement, the thirteen original States Table. 187. Name, in their order of admission to the Union, the other States Table. 188. What territory has been added to the United States since 1783? 6, 7 189. State how and when each portion was added 6,7 190. Give the story of Jane McCrea 82,83 The Indians asserted that they did not kill her, and the evidence afterward collected went to sustain the assertion, and also to show that she was killed by a shot intended for her captors, which was fired from Ft. Edward by ono of the patriots, a number of whom still lingered though the place had been dyacoated by Schuyler, Olmsted's School Philosophy. Revised by E. S. Snell, LL. D., Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy in Amherst College. 12mo. 320 pages. The teacher who desires to give his pupils a clear understanding of the facts and principles of Natural Philosophy, cannot fail to be pleased with Professor Snell's revision of Olmsted's School Philosophy. The topics discussed are well selected, and the reasonings upon them are uncommonly lucid. Superfluities are avoided ; the language is concise and free from ambiguities and repetitions. It possesses the great merit of being a moderate-sized volume, which is considered so desirable for the class-room. Professor Graves, of Phillips' Academy^ Andover, says : "We use the Snell's Olmsted's School Philosophy, and I feel prepared to speak from experience in teaching it. I cheerfully and heartily give my opinion in its favor. Its clearness, conciseness, and accuracy are such as to render it admirably adapted to schools of the grade for which it is designed. I can see no reason why the book should not be generally used." From Pres. Wyman, of St. Louis. "I have examined with care Professor Snell's new edition of Olmsted's School Philosophy, and find it all it claimed to be. The text is remarkably concise, yet very thorough and comprehensive ; and this feature alone should commend it to those who have experienced the evils of a diffuse, superficial style, common to so many even popular authors." From Mr. Seavet, Princij)al Girls'' High and Normal School., Boston. "It gives me pleasure to state that the actual use in the school-room of the (Snell's) revised edition of Olmsted's School Philosophy, has more than justified the very high opinion which an examination of the work had given me, of its excellence as a text-book. " Wherever, in addition to the mere facts of Natural Philosophy, a clear and logical development of the more important laws and principles of the science are desired, this is just the work to be used. " It is admirable in the subjects selected to be treated of, and in the manner of treating of them ; in what it gives, and in the quite as rare virtue of modern school-books, what it omits." From Mr. Frisbee, Principal of the High ScJiool., AmJierst, 3fass. "Professor Snell's revised edition of Olmsted's School Philosophy has been used inmy school for the past three years. For clearness and concise- ness of statement, with, at the same time, suflicicnt illustration, I regard it as one of the very best text-books on Natural Philosophy now published." Published by CLARK & MAYNARD, ^ ISUEW YORK. ^ H 1^9 79 1 v.^^ %.^^ r^', V , ^^ /^(/?^>. \* s • • ^ <;^ Of' ^ ^ '^ (X^ o N c r» V , >■ ' • ^ O l?\_. n' rf ^ ^^'\ ' ^0^ .» » • n ^ .0' 'S'^ N. MANCHESTER, ^^"-^^ INDIANA 46962 ■-? * 'o . » * A. «,v ^ov-