v^S^V^ "v^^*V°'' "v^^V^^ "v^P>' Brief Sketch of the Naval History OF THE United States Coast Guard WITH Citations of Various Statutes Defining Its Military Status from 1790 to 1922 n PRESS OF BYRON S. ADAMS WASHINGTON, D. C. BRIEF SKETCH OF THE NAVAL HISTORY OF THE United States Coast Guard WITH Citations of Various Statutes Defining Its Military Status from 1790 to 1922 The Act of January 28, 1915 (38 Stats., 800), established the Coast Guard in lieu of the then existing Revenue-Cutter Ser- vice and the Life-Saving Service. That Act expressly provides that the Coast Guard "shall constitute a part of the military forces of the United States, and shall operate under the Treas- ury Department in time of peace, and operate as a part of the Navy, subject to the orders of the Secretary of the Navy in time of war or when the President shall so direct." It will be observed that under the terms of the Act, the Coast Guard op- erates as "a part of the Navy" not only in time of war, but whenever the President shall so direct. It may also be noted that the Coast Guard is defined as "a part of the military forces of the United States" whether it be operating under the Treas- ury Department or under the Navy Department. Of the 270 commissioned officers now authorized by law in the Coast Guard, only 13 were acquired from the personnel of the former Life-Saving Service. These were the district super- intendents who, not formerly commissioned officers, were com- missioned as such by the terms of the Act of January 28, 1915. That Act gave to the personnel of the former Life-Saving Ser- vice the right of retirement and the military status, with its privileges and obligations, that already pertained to the Reve- nue-Cutter Service. The naval history of the Coast Guard, therefore, as well as the legislative history with respect to its military status, is a continuation of that of the Revenue-Cutter ( ' Service. After the freedom of the American colonies had been won through the War of the Revolution the Continental Navy was disbanded. There was then no sea force available for the pro- tection of the coasts and the maritime interests of the newly constituted United States until the organization of the Revenue- Cutter Service under an Act of the First Congress, approved by President Washington on August 4, 1790. The cutters formed the only armed force afloat belonging to the young Republic until a Navy was authorized a few years later. The officers of the first cutters were appointed largely from the officers who had served in the old Continental Navy. The first commission granted by President Washington to any of- ficer afloat was issued to Captain Hopley Yeaton of New Hamp- shire in the Revenue-Cutter Service. The Act of August 4, 1790, creating the service provided that the commander of a cutter should have the subsistence of a captain in the Army, and that the other officers should have the subsistence of a lieu- tenant in the Army, and that each enlisted man should have the same ration as allowed to a soldier in the Army. The subsis- tence was based on that of the Army because the Navy had not been established at that time. The Act of July 1, 1797, authorized the President to employ the cutters to defend the seacoasts and to repel any hostility to the vessels and commerce of the United States. It is of in- terest to note that the same Act refers to the service of marines on board the cutters. The Act approved February 25, 1799 "An Act for the aug- mentation of the Navy" contained the following: "Sec, 3. And be it further enacted. That the President of the United States shall be, and is hereby authorized to place on the naval establishment, and employ accordingly, all or any of the vessels, which, as revenue cutters have been increased in force and employed in the defense of the seacoasts, pursuant to the Act, entitled 'An Act providing a naval armament,' and thereupon, the officers and crews of such vessels, may be allowed, at the discretion of the Presi- dent of the United States, the pay, subsistence, advantages and compensations, proportionably to the rates of such vessels, and shall be governed by the rules and discipline which are, or which shall be, established for the Navy of the United States." The Act of March 2, 1799, provided that the crew of a cut- ter should consist of not more than 70 men "including non- commissioned ofiicers, gunners, and mariners." The same Act also provided that the cutters "shall, whenever the President of the United States shall so direct, cooperate with the Navy of the United States, during which time they shall be under the direction of the Secretary of the Navy, and the expense thereof shall be defrayed by the agents of the Navy Department." Vessels of the Coast Guard have been armed, their crews have been drilled, they have had strict naval discipline since 1790. The Service has played a distinguished part in every war in which this country has been engaged, with the exception only of the War with Tripoli. During the difficulties with France in 1798 and 1799, the records show that 8 cutters (1 sloop, 5 schooners, and 2 brigs) operated along our southern coast in the Caribbean Sea, and among the West India Islands. The 2 brigs, and 2 of the schooners carried each 14 guns, and 70 men; the sloop, and the other schooners had each 10 guns, and 34 men. Of the 22 prizes taken during that period 18 were captured by cutters unaided, and they assisted in the capture of 2 others. The cutter Pick- ering made two cruises to the West Indies and captured 10 prizes, one of which carried 44 guns and 200 men — three times her own force. In the War of 1812, it was a cutter that made the first cap- ture during that war. One of the most hotly contested en- gagements in the war was between the cutter Surveyor and the British frigate Narcissus. Although the Surveyor was captured, the British commander considered his opponents to have shown so much bravery that he returned on the following day to Captain Travis, who commanded the Surveyor, his sword accompanied by a letter in which he said : "Your gallant and desperate attempt to defend your ves- sel against more than double your number excited such ad- miration on the part of your opponents as I have seldom witnessed, and induced me to return you the sword you had so ably used in testimony of mine * * * j am at loss which to admire most, the previous arrangement on board the Surveyor or the determined manner in which her deck was disputed inch by inch." The defense of the cutter Eagle against the attack of the British brig Dispatch and an accompanying sloop, is one of the most dramatic incidents of the War of 1812. The cutter was run ashore on Long Island, her guns were dragged up on a high bluft\ and from there the crew of the Eagle fought the British ships from 9 o'clock in the morning until late in the afternoon. When they had exhausted their large shot, they tore up the ship's log book to use as wads and fired back the enemy's shot which lodged against the hill. During the engagement the cut- ter's flag was shot away three times and was as often replaced by volunteers from the crew on the hill. The piracy which prevailed during the first quarter of the nineteenth century in the Gulf of Mexico and along the coasts of the territory then recently acquired from France and Spain, owed its suppression chiefly to the Bevenue-Cutter Service. The officers of that Service waged a relentless war upon the pirates, pursued them to their every resort and rendezvous, and at- tacked and dispersed them wherever found. On August 31, 1819, the cutters Louisiana and Ala- bama were boldly attacked off the southern coast of Florida by the pirate Bravo, commanded by Jean La Farge, a lieuten- ant of the notorious Jean La Fitte. The action was of short duration and was terminated by the cutters' boats boarding their enemy and carrying his decks in a hand to hand struggle. When the vigilance and daring of the cutter officers made it too hazardous for the pirates to continue harboring along the coast or in the numerous bayous of Louisiana, they estab- lished themselves on Bretons Island. Here they were followed by the cutters Alabama and Louisiana and driven off in their boats, while everything on the island which could afford shelter or make it habitable was destroyed. The destruction of this rendezvous practically put an end to their harboring on the coasts of the United States. But piratical craft from Mexico, Central and South America and Cuba, made frequent visits to these coasts and the adjoining waters and a number of engage- ments took place between them and the cutters. And in over- hauling and attacking the pirates, inferiority in armament or men was not apparently a consideration. There were instances in which pirates were fearlessly attacked and made to strike their colors when greatly the superior in force. The capture of the Bolivia affords an illustration. This vessel with her prizes, the Antoinette and Isabella was attacked and taken in South West Pass by the cutter Louisiana on July 6, 1821. In number and calibre of guns and in number of men, the pirate was much stronger than the Louisiana. During the Seminole Indian War (1836-1842) 8 revenue cutters took part by cooperation with the Army and Navy in the operations. Duty performed by these vessels and their crews included attacks on parties of hostile Indians and the breaking up of their rendezvous, picking up survivors of mas- sacres, carrying dispatches, transporting troops, blocking rivers to the passage of the Indian forces, and the landing of riflemen and artillery from the cutters for the defense of the white settlements. These duties covered the whole coast of Florida and won commendation from the Army and Navy of- ficers in charge of operations. In the War with Mexico 5 cutters were engaged in naval operations and performed efficient service in the attacks on Alvarado and Tabasco. Excellent work was also done by the cutters in connection with the blockading fleet off the Mexican coast. When a naval force was sent to Paraguay in 1858, the cut- ter Harriet Lane was ordered to join the squadron. Commo- dore Shubrick, in reporting to the Secretary of the Navy on the operations of the expedition, made special mention of the skill and zeal shown by Captain Faunce, the commanding officer of that cutter, and of her value to the squadron. In the Civil War, the Harriet Lane accompanied the fleet intended to relieve Fort Sumter, and shared in the capture of Hatteras Inlet. The Revenue-Cutter Service participated in the Civil War (1861-1865), both in naval engagements and in the more trying blockade duty. At the attack on Fort Hatteras ; in the recon- naissance of the batteries at Norfolk; in the bombardment of Drurys Bluff on the James River; and in operations in Chesa- peake Bay the cutters were actively engaged. It is not generally known that the famous dispatch sent by the Secretary of the Treasury, General John A. Dix, which con- tained the direction "If any man attempts to haul down the American flag, shoot him on the spot," was transmitted on the evening of January 15, 1861, for the purpose of retaining under the control of the Federal Government the U. S. Revenue Cutter Robert McLelland, then in the port of New Orleans. 6» In the Spanish-American War, the cutters rendered con- spicuous service. Eight cutters, carrying 43 guns, were in Ad- miral Sampson's fleet, and on the Havana blockade. The McCiilloch, carrying 6 guns, and manned by 10 officers and 95 men, was at the battle of Manila Ray, and subsequently was employed by Admiral Dewey as his dispatch boat. At the battle of Cardenas, May 11, 1898, the cutter Hudson, Lieutenant Frank H. Newcomb, commanding, sustained the fight against the gunboats and shore batteries of the enemy side by side with the naval torpedo boat Winslow, and when Ensign Bagley and half the crew of the latter named vessel had been killed and her commander wounded, rescued from certain destruction the ves- sel and remainder of the crew under the furious fire of the enemy's guns. In recognition of this act of heroism, upon the recommendation of the President of the United States, Con- gress authorized, by Joint Resolution approved May 3, 1900, that a gold medal be presented to Lieutenant Newcomb, a sil- ver medal to each of his officers, and a bronze medal to each member of his crew. On the morning of April 6, 1917, a code dispatch was sent from Washington by radio and by land wire to every ship and shore station of the Coast Guard. Within a few hours there- after the entire Coast Guard, officers and enlisted men, vessels and units of all sorts, passed into the naval establishment as provided by law and began operating as a part of the Navy of the United States. The Navy was thus instantly augmented by 223 experienced and highly trained commissioned officers, ap- proximately 4500 experienced and competent warrant officers and enlisted men, 47 vessels of all classes, and 279 stations scattered along the entire coast line of the United States. In August and September, 1917, six Coast Guard cutters, the Ossipee, Seneca, Yamacraw, Algonquin, Manning and Tampa, left the United States to join our naval forces in Euro- pean waters. They constituted Squadron 2 of Division 6 of the patrol forces of the Atlantic Fleet and were based on Gibraltar. Throughout the war they escorted hundreds of vessels between Gibraltar and the British Isles, and also performed escort and patrol duty in the Mediterranean. The other cruising cutters performed escort and patrol duty in home waters, on important missions to Rermuda, the Azores Islands, in the Caribbean Sea> and off the coast of Nova Scotia, and operated generally under the orders of the commandants of the various naval districts, or under the direct orders of the Chief of Naval Operations. Nothing can be more conclusive of the professional ability of Coast Guard officers and of the confidence that the Navy De- partment imposed in them than the fact that of the 138 com- missioned line officers of the Coast Guard, 24 commanded com- batant ships of the Navy in the war zone in European waters, 5 commanded combatant ships attached to the American Pa- trol detachment in the Caribbean Sea, and 23 commanded com- batant ships attached to naval districts. Five Coast Guard of- ficers commanded large training camps. Six officers performed aviation duty, two of them being in command of important air stations, one of these in France. Shortly after the armistice, four Coast Guard officers were assigned to the command of large naval transports engaged in bringing home the troops from France. The Navy Department, naturally enough, as- signed to the command of combatant ships only officers in whom the Department had implicit confidence. The large pro- portion of Coast Guard officers assigned to command duty is impressive. Officers not assigned to command served in practically every phase of naval activity — on transports, on cruisers, cut- ters, patrol vessels, in naval districts, as inspectors, at training camps — and were of great value because they required no training and were possessed of professional ability and large experience. Officers of engineering ability and experience were urgently needed, and the 70 commissioned engineer officers of the Coast Guard contributed greatly toward filling that need. Five Coast Guard officers performed responsible and impor- tant duty at the Navy Department in Washington. One of the two pilots of the hydroplane NC-4 that made the first trans- Atlantic flight was a Coast Guard officer. Lieutenant Comman- der E. F. Stone. These Coast Guard officers were not appointed temporarily in the Navy, or in the Naval Reserve Force, but served under their commissions as Coast Guard officers. Of the 223 com- missioned officers of the Coast Guard, seven met their deaths during the war as a result of enemy action, or 3.14 per cent of the entire commissioned strength. The Coast Guard Cutter Tampa sailed from New York on September 15, 1917, for service in European waters, under the command of Captain Charles Satterlee, U. S. Coast Guard. She proceeded to Gibraltar via the Azores Islands and was as- signed to duty with the division of vessels escorting convoys from Gibraltar to England. On September 5, 1918, Rear Ad- 8 • miral Niblack, commanding the U. S. naval forces based on Gi- braltar, addressed a special letter of commendation to the com- manding officer of the Tampa. He called attention therein to the fact that since the Tampa's arrival on that station she had escorted 18 convoys between Gibraltar and the United King- dom, was never disabled, and was ready whenever called upon, and that only one request for repairs, and this for two minor items, had been received from her. Admiral Niblack stated: "This excellent record is an evidence of a high state of ef- ficiency and excellent ship's spirit and an organization capable of keeping the vessel in service with a minimum of short as- sistance. The squadron commander takes great pleasure in congratulating the commanding officer, officers, and crew on the record which they have made." On the evening of September 26, 1918, the Tampa, having acted as ocean escort for a convoy from Gibraltar to the United Kingdom, and having completed her duty as ocean escort, pro- ceeded, in accordance with her instructions, toward the port of Milford Haven, Wales. At 8.45 p.m. a loud explosion was heard by persons on vessels of the convoy. The Tampa failed to ar^ rive at her destination and search was made for her by U. S. destroyers and British patrol craft. Nothing was found except a small amount of wreckage identified as belonging to the Tampa and two unidentified bodies in naval uniforms. It is believed that the Tampa was sunk by a German submarine, and it is said that the German submarine U-53 claimed to have sunk a United States vessel of her description. It is understood that the "listening-in" stations on shore had detected the pres- ence of an enemy submarine in the vicinity of the place where the Tampa was destroyed at the time the explosions were heard. Every officer and man on board the Tampa perished — 115 in all, of whom 111 were Coast Guard personnel. With the ex- ception of the Cyclops, whose fate has never been ascertained, this was the largest loss of life incurred by any U. S. naval unit during the war. Vice Admiral C. H. Dare of the British Navy, the commanding officer at Milford Haven, in a telegram to Ad- miral Sims expressing the universal sympathy felt at Milford Haven by all ranks and rates in the loss of the Tampa said : "Myself and staff enjoyed the personal friendship of her commanding officer, Captain Charles Satterlee and had 9 great admiration for his intense enthusiasm and high ideals of duty." The British Admiralty addressed a letter to Admiral Sims as follows: "Their Lordships desire me to express their deep regret at the loss of the U. S. S. Tampa. Her record since she has been employed in European waters as an ocean escort to convoys has been remarkable. She has acted in the ca- pacity of ocean escort to no less than 18 convoys from Gi- braltar comprising 350 vessels, with a loss of only two ships through enemy action. The commanders of the con- voys have recognized the ability with which the Tampa carried out the duties of ocean escort. Appreciation of the good work done by the U. S. S. Tampa may be some con- solation to those bereft and Their Lordships would be glad if this could be conveyed to those concerned." One of the modern destroyers of the Navy has been named for Captain Satteflee, and on April 16, 1921, a new cruising ves- sel of the Coast Guard was launched at Oakland, Calif., and named the Tampa. Those enlisted men of the Coast Guard who went down with the Tampa did not go into the War Zone through the pro- cess of enlisting in the Navy, or in the Naval Reserve Force, or by volunteering for naval duty. They went because they were enlisted men of the Coast Guard, and therefore subject to the military duty of the Coast Guard for which they had enlisted, and for which they had been trained. 10 . Ranks and titles of line officers of the Coast Guard are pre- cisely the same, in so far as they go, as those of corresponding officers of the line of the Navy. Line officers of the Coast Guard are trained as cadets in practically the same manner as line of- ficers of the Navy are trained as midshipmen. Engineer officers of the Coast Guard, appointed first as cadet engineers after a rigorous professional examination, undergo a thorough course of training, including instruction in military duties, before be- ing commissioned. The grades of warrant officers, chief petty officers, petty officers, and enlisted men of the Coast Guard are precisely the same as those of the Navy, in so far as the duties of the Coast Guard may require. The Coast Guard has the rating of surf- man, which the Navy does not have, because of the surf work necessary to be performed at Coast Guard stations, a need which does not exist in the Navy. Warrant officers in the Coast Guard are appointed in exactly the same way as warrant of- ficers are appointed in the Navy, and under the same standards. Chief petty officers and petty officers in the Coast Guard are ap- pointed and rated under the same standards as in the Navy, and after examinations of the same character and scope. Vessels of the Coast Guard are armed with guns of 5-inch calibre and below, and are supplied with the equipment neces- sary for landing forces. All naval drills, including target prac- tice, that are practicable on small vessels operating singly are carried out. The personnel of the Coast Guard are trained and drilled to take up at a moment's notice the important duty im- posed upon the Service by statute law of becoming a part of the Navy in time of war or whenever the President shall so direct. The above is only a brief sketch of some of the operations of the Coast Guard in war. The Coast Guard is the "Peace and War service." Its duties in time of peace are but little less ar- duous and hazardous than they are in time of war. It is an interesting fact that this service, with such a notable military history, has also established a record that is unequaled for hu- manitarian accomplishment in affording succor to those in dis- tress at sea. The following figures for the fiscal year 1921 will suggest the magnitude of this activity of the Coast Guard in time of peace — one of the many duties with which the service is charged: 11 Lives saved or persons rescued from peril 1,621 Persons on board vessels assisted 14,013 Value of vessels assisted (including cargoes) $66,260,445 Value of derelicts recovered and delivered to owners $1,163,435 Derelicts and other obstructions to navigation re- moved or destroyed 19 12 • Certain Statutes other than those above cited bearing on the military status of the coast guard with an opinion OF THE Attorney General thereon. On May 13, 1920, the Attorney General of the United States rendered an opinion that persons who are honorably dis- charged from their enhstments in the Coast Guard, after ser- vice under the jurisdiction of the Treasury Department dur- ing a time of peace, should be considered within the class of "honorably discharged soldiers, sailors, and marines" to whom preference in appointments is allowed by the Act of July 11, 1919. The following are quotations from the opinion of the Attorney General : "The Act of October 6, 1917 (40 Stats., 402), contains the following language : " 'The term "military or naval forces" means the Army, the Navy, the Marine Corps, the Coast Guard, the Naval Reserves, the National Naval Volunteers, and any other branch of the United States service while serving pursuant to law with the Army or the Nav}^' " "It will be noted that in this language it is provided that any branch of the United States service other than those specifically mentioned is covered by the term 'military or naval forces' only when that branch is serving, pursuant to law, with the Army or the Navy." "As the Coast Guard is distinctly declared to be a part of the military service of the United States, and as it is in the active service of the United States at all times, I am of the opinion, therefore, that each of the questions pro- pounded by the Civil Service Commission should be an- swered in the affirmative, and that members of such Coast Guard honorably discharged under the conditions stated in each question, should be considered within the class of 'honorably discharged soldiers, sailors, and marines,' to whom preference is allowed by the Act of July 11, 1919." The following is a verbatim quotation from the opinion of the Attorney General above referred to in which he cites a number of Acts enacted in recent years indicating the intent of Congress with respect to the status of the Coast Guard : "The Act of March 3, 1915 (38 Stats., 931), empowers the President to prepare a suitable medal of honor to be 13 awarded to any officer of the Navy, Marine Corps, or Coast Guard who shall have distinguished himself in battle or displayed extraordinary heroism in the line of his pro- fession. "The Naval Appropriation Act of August 29, 1916 (39 Stats., 600), provides: " 'Whenever, in time of war, the Coast Guard operates as a part of the Navy in accordance with law, the personnel of that service shall be subject to the laws prescribed for the government of the Navy : Provided, That in the initia- tion, prosecution, and completion of disciplinary action, including remission and mitigation of punishments for any oifense committed by any officer or enlisted man of the Coast Guard, the jurisdiction shall hereafter depend upon and be in accordance with the laws and regulations of the department having jurisdiction of the person of such of- fender at the various stages of such action : Provided, fur- ther. That any punishment imposed and executed in ac- cordance with the provisions of this section shall not ex- ceed that to which the offender was liable at the time of the commission of his offense.' "Under this Act an enlisted man of the Coast Guard who committed a military offense prior to April 6, 1917, while the Coast Guard was operating under the Treasury Depart- ment, if time had not permitted his being brought to trial by a Coast Guard court before that date, could be subse- quently tried by a naval court-martial. Also, an enlisted man of the Coast Guard who committed a military offense while the Coast Guard was operating as a part of the Navy, if time had not permitted his being brought to trial by a naval court-martial before August 28, 1919, when the Coast Guard was turned back to the Treasury Department, could be brought to trial, subsequent to that date, by a Coast Guard court. Such a man was admittedly in a mili- tary status — a 'sailor of the United States' — while operat- ing as a part of the Navy. If, after August 28, 1919, he is not in a military status, and no longer a 'sailor of the United States' it is not thought that Congress would have provided, in the Act of August 28, 1916, that he could be tried and punished for a military offense committed while he was in such status. "The Act of August 29, 1916 (39 Stats., 582), provides that the prohibition against receiving more than one salary from the Government, when the combined amount of said salaries exceeds the sum of $2,000 per annum, shall not 14 • apply to retired officers or enlisted men of the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, or Coast Guard. "The Act of August 29, 1916 (39 Stats., 600, 601), author- izes the Secretaries of War and Navy, at the request of the Secretary of the Treasury, to receive officers and enlisted men of the Coast Guard for instruction in aviation at any aviation school maintained by the Army and Navy. "The Act of August 29, 1916 (39 Stats., 649), provides that section 125 of the Act of June 3, 1916 (39 Stats., 216), rela- tive to the protection of the uniform shall apply to the Coast Guard in the same manner as to the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps. "The Act of October 6, 1917 (40 Stats., 391), providing for the reimbursement of officers, enlisted men, and others in the naval service for the loss or destruction of their per- sonal property and effects due to the operations of war or by shipwreck or other marine disaster extends the pro- visions of the Act to the personnel of the Coast Guard in like manner as to the personnel of the Navy, whether the Coast Guard is operating under the Treasury Department or operating as a part of the Navy. "The Act of July 1, 1918 (40 Stats., 717, 731, 732) , provides for the assignment to active duty and promotion of any commissioned or warrant officer of the Navy, Marine Corps, or Coast Guard on the retired list during the exis- ence of war or of a national emergenc3^ The same Act provides for temporary promotions during the present war of certain officers of the Coast Guard to the same rank and grade in the Coast Guard not above captain and captain of engineers as correspond to the rank and grade that may be attained in accordance with law either permanently or temporarily by line officers of the Regular Navy of the same length of total service. "The Act of July 1, 1918 (40 Stats., 640), provides that ca- dets in the Coast Guard shall receive the same pay and al- lowances as are now or may hereafter be provided by law for midshipmen in the Navy. "The Act of July 11, 1918 (41 Stats., 139), provides for the payment of mileage to all enlisted men of the Navy, and Coast Guard discharged under certain conditions and ex- tends certain privileges regarding reenlistment to enlisted men of the Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard." The Naval Appropriation Act of August 31, 1852, allowed to the officers, seamen, and marines of the Navy, and to the 15 officers and men of the Revenue-Cutter Service, who served in the Pacific Ocean on tlie coast of California and Mexico since September 28, 1850, the same increased compensation as had been allowed by law to the officers and soldiers of the Army who served in California. The Act of February 28, 1867 (14 Stats., 416), provided that from and after December 31, 1866, each officer of the Revenue- Cutter Service, while on duty, should be entitled to one Navy ration per day. The Act of February 19, 1879 (20 Stats., 316), referring to the payment of 3 months' extra pay to the officers and soldiers of the Mexican War provided : "That the provisions of this Act shall include also the officers, petty officers, seamen, and marines of the United States Navy, the Revenue Marine Service (Revenue-Cutter Service) and the officers and soldiers of the United States Ariny employed in the prosecution of said war." Section 1492 of the Revised Statutes gave officers of the Revenue-Cutter Service rank with officers of the Navy when serving as a part of the Navy. The Act of April 12, 1902 (32 Stats., 100), gave officers of the Revenue-Cutter Service actual rank with officers of the Army and officers of the Navy at all times. Their pay was based on that of the Army by that Act as follows : "Sec. 3. That the commissioned officers of the United States Revenue-Cutter Service shall hereafter receive the same pay and allowances, except forage, as are now or may hereafter be provided by law for officers of corres- ponding rank in the Army including longevity pay." The Act of April 16, 1908 (35 Stats., 61), authorized in the Revenue-Cutter Service one captain commandant "with the rank of a colonel in the Army and a captain in the Navy, and who shall have the pay and allowances of a colonel in the Army;" six senior captains "each with the rank of a lieutenant colonel in the Army and a commander in the Navy, and who shall each have the pay and allowances of a lieutenant colonel in the Army;" one engineer in chief "with the rank of a lieuten- ant colonel in the Army and a commander in the Navy, and who shall have the pay and allowances of a lieutenant colonel in 16 • the Army;" and six senior engineers "each with the rank of a major in the Army and a lieutenant commander in the Navy and who shall each have pay and allowances of a major in the Army." The pay and allowances of officers of the Coast Guard con- tinued to be based entirely on those of officers of the Army un- til the Act of July 1, 1918 (40 Stats., 733), authorized, during the period of the war, the same increase of pay and allowances to officers of the Coast Guard on sea duty or on shore duty be- yond the continental limits of the United States as provided by law for officers of the Navy of corresponding rank. This status continued until, by virtue of Section 8 of the Act of May 18, 1920, the pay and allowances of Coast Guard of- ficers were made the same as those of officers of the Navy of corresponding grades and length of service. The pay of warrant officers, petty officers, and enlisted men of the Coast Guard was made the same as that of corres- ponding grades or ratings and length of service in the Navy for the duration of the war, by the Act of May 22, 1917 (40 Stats., 87), and this parity with the Navy was made permanent by the Act of May 18, 1920. The enlisted force of the Coast Guard are regularly enlisted in precisely the same manner as are the men of the Navy, and they are subject to court-martial, to imprisonment for desertion, and to such punishments, within the law, for infractions of discipline, as may be imposed upon them by courts composed of Coast Guard officers. Such courts, under the law, must "be governed in their organization and procedure substantially in accordance with naval courts" (34 Stats., 200). 89 i BINDERY INC. |e| ^^^^^ ^^Mm'* ^P-p^ '^SM "^"^ "^ ^ DEC88 ;■ /^vP -.^^; .♦^'V impi J'^ V |pB^ N. MANCHESTER, , Ar ^S^ INDIANA 46962 j A^