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THE 
 
 MODEL HISTORY 
 
 A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 American People 
 
 FOR schools 
 
 By EDWARD TAYLOR, A.M. 
 
 REVISED EDITION 
 
 Short History of Kansas 
 
 By noble L. PRENTIS 
 
 LITERARY EDITOR "'KANSAS CITY STAR" 
 
 "■Nothing is really worth recording as final history except what promotes 
 the permanent welfare of man.'" — Parton. 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 SCOTT, FORESMAN & CO, 
 
 1897 
 
 .0^^ 
 
 ^t 
 

 Copyright, 1878, 
 By George Sherwood & Co. 
 
 Copyright. 1885, 
 UY George Sherwood & Co. 
 
 Copyright, 1889, 
 By George Sherwood & Co. 
 
 ('opykight, 1897, 
 Hy Scott, Foresman & Co. 
 
PEEFACE. 
 
 The author is aware that he is entering a field wliich has been dili- 
 gently cultivated; and it is evident that if there be room for one 
 more History of the United States for Schools, it must difier in char- 
 acter from those now before the public. Several distinctive features 
 are claimed for this work. 
 
 I. The Chart of Events. To most minds the mastery of dates is 
 drudgery, and in the average school few exercises are more barren 
 and profitless. No claim of originality in the general plan of the 
 Chart is made. A. S. Lyman, in his Chart of Universal History, used 
 it thirty years ago. It has been found that the association of an event 
 with its relative place in the stream of time, remains impressed on 
 the mind long after the arbitrary memory of a date has passed away. 
 It is a method approved by experience, and not a scheme dictated 
 by the fancy. The maps give the location of every place mentioned 
 in the text, except those in foreign countries. 
 
 II. Colonial history is dwelt upon briefly, and much space is given 
 to the period of nationality. The valuable lessons of American history 
 are mostly to be found in our national, rather than provincial, life. 
 
 III. It is specially adapted to collateral reading. For this pur- 
 pose a list of authorities is given at the beginning of every period. 
 The amount of advantageous supplementary reading, to give com- 
 pleteness to the picture, is limited only by the time and inclination 
 of the learner. 
 
 IV. The illustrations are not merely fanciful. Very few of our 
 battle scenes and other sensational cuts can lay any claim to his- 
 torical truth. In nearly every case they are "evolved from the 
 consciousness" of imaginative artists, and reduce to mere pictorial 
 effect what might be made to yield trustworthy and pleasurable 
 information. 
 
 (3) 
 
4 PREFACE. 
 
 V. Its adaptation for securing definite results in recitation. 
 Broad-laced type suggests to the eye tlie chief point of each para- 
 graph, and fits tlie narrative to the topical method of recitation. Pro- 
 vision is made for reviews. It is believed that the tables on contem- 
 porary European history vs^ill throw much light upon the true 
 significance of many American events. 
 
 VI. It does not make a specialty of military details. It is not 
 " a drum and trumpet history." Men are perceiving that war is a 
 brutal, even if sometimes a necessary, method of adjusting national 
 differences, and that that is a very barren national life which pro- 
 duces nothing better than the repetition of military deeds. It is a 
 growing opinion with teachers of the young, that it is time some 
 other history than military were taught in our schools. History is a 
 much nobler thing than a mere record of bloodshed. "War plays a 
 small part in the real history of modern nations," and in that of 
 the United States it is smaller than in any other. It has been the 
 design, therefore, without ignoring military history, to divest it of its 
 details, and to present the salient features of the campaigns as the 
 only thing the interests of the pupil demand. 
 
 VII. More than usual space is given to political contests, inven- 
 tion, education, industries, schemes for internal improvements, 
 reforms, presidential issues, causes and results, progress of opinion, 
 social, official, and domestic manners — in a word, the development 
 of our national life. The paramount idea has been to show the 
 learner the steps of progress by which we have become a great nation. 
 
 The style is simple and concise, without ignoring the ordinary 
 graces of composition. The treatment of the various subjects will 
 be found to be free from partisan bias on controverted points in 
 politics, religion, and sectionalism. The narrative, it is thought, will 
 be found to be full of facts and those the essential ones. 
 
 I desire to make public acknowledgment of my obligations to 
 Prof. Leonard F. Parker, A.M., of the chair of History and Greek 
 in the State University of Iowa, for his careful and scholarly revision 
 of the proofs. Prof Miles Reece has rendered valuable assistance 
 in the correction of clerical deficiencies and errors of taste and syntax. 
 
 E. T. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 PA.OB. 
 
 Table of Periods, - 8 
 
 Chakt of Events, 9 
 
 PERIOD I. 
 
 I. Mound- Builders, Indians and Northmen, - . 17 
 
 Review, 22 
 
 Contemporary Events in European History, - 23 
 
 PERIOD II. 
 
 I. Story of the Great DISco^'ERY, - - - - 25 
 
 II. Exploration and Claims, 31 
 
 Review, ... - 36 
 
 Contemporary Events in European History, - 36 
 
 PERIOD III. 
 
 I. Colonial Settlements, 39 
 
 II. Colonial Progress, 63 
 
 III. The French and Indian War, - - - - 74 
 
 IV. The Interval, .-....- 82 
 V. Causes of the Revolution, 95 
 
 VI. The Revolution, 103 
 
 Review, 108 
 
 Contemporary Events in European History, 111 
 
 PERIOD IV. 
 
 I. Independence and Revolution, - - - - 114 
 
 II. Confederation and Union, - - - - 133 
 
 III. Administration of Washington, ... - 138 
 
 IV. Administration of John Adams, - - - 150 
 V. Administration of Jefferson, .... 156 
 
 VI. Administration of Madison, - - - - 170 
 
 VII. Administr.viion of Monroe, 180 
 
 VIII. Administration of J. Q. Adams, ... 190 
 
 IX. Administration of Jackson, 198 
 
 X. Administration of Van Buren, ... 207 
 
 XI. Administrations of Harrison and Tyler, - - 213 
 
 XII. Administration of Polk, 223 
 
 XIII. Administrations op T.\ylor and Fillmore, - 231 
 
 XIV. Administration of Pierce, ----- 2S5 
 XV. Administration op Buchanan, . - . . 240 
 
 XVI. Administration of Lincoln, ... - 248 
 
 XVII. Administr.\tion of Johnson, ----- 269 
 
 XVIII. Administration of Grant, ----- 274 
 
 XIX. Administration of Hayes, 285 
 
 XX. Administrations of Garfield and Arthur, - 291 
 
 XXI. First Administration of Cleveland, - - - 298 
 
 XXII. Administration of Harrison, . - - - 308 
 
 XXIII. Second Administration of Cleveland, - - - 317 
 
 XXIV. Administration of McKinley, - . - - 323 
 
 Review, - - 329 
 
 Contemporary Events in European History, - 334 
 
6 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Forty Historic Americans, ----- ^ . 339 
 
 Fifty Illustrations of History, - - .. . _ 360 
 
 Historical Recreations, ..-_..- 375 
 
 Political Maxims of Washington. - - - ^ -^ 379 
 
 Pronouncing Vocabulary op Proper Names, - - ^ - 383 
 
 Tables, - _ 386 
 
 The Origin op the Declaration, . . . . . 390 
 
 Declaration of Independence, - - . . . 392 
 
 Origin of the Constitution, .-.-._ 395 
 
 Constitution of the United States, - ., - _ 395 
 
 History of Kansas, --------- 406 
 
 Index, ---_- 434 
 
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 
 PAOK. 
 
 I.— CHARTS, - 
 
 9 
 
 Calhoun, J. C, - 
 
 - 200 
 
 II.-MAPS. 
 
 
 Clay, Henry, 
 
 186 
 
 
 
 Cleveland, Grover, 
 
 . 298 
 
 Territorial Acquisitions, 
 
 Frontispiece. 
 
 Columbus, 
 
 28 
 
 World as known before Co- 
 
 
 Davis, Jefferson, 
 
 - 247 
 
 lumbus, ... 
 
 26 
 
 Edwards, Jonathan, 
 
 93 
 
 Locating Discoveries, opp. 
 
 33 
 
 Field, Cyrus, 
 
 - 241 
 
 French and Indian War, 
 
 79 
 
 Fillmore, Millard, 
 
 233 
 
 Northern Campaigns of 
 
 
 Franklin, - 
 
 - 94 
 
 Revolution, 
 
 105 
 
 Fulton, Robert, 
 
 165 
 
 Southern Campaigns of 
 
 
 Garfield, - 
 
 - 291 
 
 Revolution, 
 
 137 
 
 Goodyear, Charles, 
 
 221 
 
 Mexican War, 
 
 224 
 
 Grant, U. S.. - 
 
 - 274 
 
 Eastern Campaigns of Re- 
 
 
 Greeley, Horace, - 
 
 278 
 
 bellion, 
 
 251 
 
 Hamilton, Alex., 
 
 - 163 
 
 Western Campaigns of Re 
 
 
 Harrison, Benjamin, 
 
 309 
 
 bclliou, . - . - 
 
 255 
 
 Harrison, W. H., 
 
 - 213 
 
 Standard Time, 
 
 294 
 
 Hayes, R. B., 
 
 285 
 
 
 
 Henry, Patrick, 
 
 - 95 
 
 III. -PORTRAITS. 
 
 
 Howe, Elias, 
 
 228 
 
 Adams, John, 
 
 150 
 
 Isabella, 
 
 - 29 
 
 Adams, J. Q., 
 
 190 
 
 Jackson, Andrew, 
 
 198 
 
 Agassiz, Louis, - 
 
 280 
 
 Jefferson, Thos., 
 
 . 157 
 
 Arthur, Chester A., 
 
 293 
 
 Johnson, Andrew, 
 
 269 
 
 Brown, John, . . - 
 
 244 
 
 La Fayette, 
 
 - 122 
 
 Bryant, W. C, 
 
 325 
 
 Lee. Robert, E., - 
 
 256 
 
 Buchanan, James, 
 
 240 
 
 Lincoln, Abraham, 
 
 - 248 
 
 Burr, Aaron, 
 
 162 
 
 Longfellow. H. W., 
 
 326 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 
 PAGE 
 
 
 PAGF 
 
 McKinley, Wni. 
 
 323 
 
 Michigan, 
 
 204 
 
 Mann, Horace, 
 
 - 211 
 
 Minnesota, - - . . 
 
 244 
 
 Madison, James, 
 
 170 
 
 Mississippi, 
 
 184 
 
 Marshall, John, - 
 
 - 159 
 
 Missouri, - . . . 
 
 186 
 
 Monroe, James, 
 
 180 
 
 Nebraska, 
 
 273 
 
 Morse, S. B., 
 
 - 219 
 
 Nevada, .... 
 
 268 
 
 Pierce, Franklin, 
 
 235 
 
 New Hampshire, - 
 
 53 
 
 Polk, J. K., 
 
 . 223 
 
 New Jersey, 
 
 58 
 
 Powers, Hiram, 
 
 326 
 
 New York, 
 
 50 
 
 Sumner, Charles, 
 
 - 239 
 
 North Carolina, 
 
 58 
 
 Taylor, Zachary, 
 
 231 
 
 Ohio, .... 
 
 163 
 
 Tyler, John, 
 
 - 213 
 
 Oregon, .... 
 
 245 
 
 Van Buren, M., 
 
 207 
 
 Pennsylvania, 
 
 59 
 
 Washington, 
 
 - 106 
 
 Rhode Island. 
 
 56 
 
 Webster, Noah, 
 
 167 
 
 South Carolina, 
 
 57 
 
 Webster, Daniel, 
 
 - 201 
 
 Tennessee, ... 
 
 144 
 
 West, Bc-nj., 
 
 146 
 
 Texas, 
 
 217 
 
 Whitney. Eli, - 
 
 - 146 
 
 Vermont, .... 
 
 143 
 
 IV.— STATE 
 
 Alabama, 
 
 Arkansas, 
 
 SEALS. 
 
 - 184 
 204 
 
 Virginia, 
 
 West Virginia, - 
 
 Wisconsin, 
 
 42 
 267 
 230 
 
 California, 
 
 - 232 
 
 v.— MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 Colorado, 
 
 282 
 
 Confederate Flag, 
 
 257 
 
 Connecticut, 
 
 - 55 
 
 Cotton Plant, 
 
 84 
 
 Delaware, 
 
 60 
 
 Drafting Wheel, 
 
 261 
 
 Florida, 
 
 - 222 
 
 Dutchman of Olden Time, 
 
 51 
 
 Georgia, 
 
 61 
 
 Early N. E. Church, - 
 
 67 
 
 Illinois, 
 
 . 184 
 
 First 11. R. Train, - 
 
 194 
 
 Indiana, 
 
 176 
 
 Fulton's Folly, . 
 
 166 
 
 Iowa, 
 
 - 230 
 
 Graded Way, 
 
 19 
 
 Kansas, 
 
 245 
 
 Hopeton Works, 
 
 18 
 
 Kentucky, 
 
 - 144 
 
 jMerrimac and Monitor, - 
 
 258 
 
 Louisiana, 
 
 157 
 
 New England Kitchen, 
 
 72 
 
 Maine, 
 
 - 185 
 
 Spinning Wheel, - 
 
 84 
 
 Maryland, 
 
 53 
 
 Union Flag, 
 
 124 
 
 Massachusetts, . 
 
 - 44 
 
 Federal Commanders, opp. 
 
 261 
 
PERIODS OF AMERICAN HISTORY. 
 
 When we think upon the political condition of this country from 
 the beginning, it will seem convenient and natural to consider its 
 history as divided into four periods. 
 
 I. The Aboriginal Period, extending to the discovery of 
 the continent in 1493. ^ 
 
 II. The Period of Discovery and Exploration, ex- 
 tending over 115 years, from the discovery of America in 1492 to the 
 founding of the first English colony in 1607. 
 
 III. The Colonial Period, extending over 169 years, from 
 the first English colony in 1607 to the Declaration of Independence 
 in 1776. 
 
 IV. The Period of Nationality, extending over 121 years, 
 from the Declaration of Independence in 1776 to the present time, 
 1897. 
 
 EXPLANATION OF THE CHART. 
 
 In most minds the faculty of abstract number is one of the least 
 efficient, and locality one of the most efficient, of the mental powers. 
 Hence the use of maps and charts. In geography maps are indis- 
 pensable. In this chart the same principle of bringing the eye to 
 the aid of the mind, is applied to history in locating events. 
 
 Time is represented as a stream, bearing events upon it, and flow- 
 ing six inches each half century. It is recommended that the pupil 
 thoroughly master the chart, and read the text in connection with it. 
 It will be found that the varied facts of history will take their places 
 in a panoramic view, giving a clear and lasting knowledge of the 
 sequence of events and their bearing upon one another. The history 
 of our country becomes, not a mass of dim and detached facts, but a 
 coherent biography of the nation. 
 
 (8) 
 

 
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A BRIEF HISTORY 
 
 OP 
 
 The American People. 
 
 PERIOD I. 
 
 ABORIGINAL TIMES. 
 
 TO THE DISCOVERY OP AMERICA. 
 1492. 
 
 [AcTHoniTiES AND REFERENCES.— Bancroft's History of tlie United States; 
 Graham's History United States; Squier and Davis's "Ancient Monuments;' 
 Baldwin's "Ancient America;" Foster's "Prehistoric Races of America;" Jones's 
 "Mound-Builders of Tennessee;" Schoolcraft's "History and Condition of the 
 Indian Tribes;" Anderson's "Discovery of America by the Northmen ; " Cooper's 
 "Leatherstocking Tales;" Mathews's "Behemoth, a Legend of the Mound-Build- 
 ers;" Longfellow's "Hiawatha;", Whittier's "Mogg Megoue " and "Bridal of 
 Pennacook;" Lowell's "Chippewa Legend."] 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 MOUND-BUILDERS, INDIANS, AND NORTHMEN. 
 
 1. The first Inhahitants of America are unknown. 
 I'hey were probably people from Asia. We do not know 
 when, how, or why they came, though we can think of 
 several ways by which they might have come. 
 
 2. The Mound- Builders is the name given to a 
 race long since passed away, that erected earthworks for 
 defensive, religious, and funeral purposes in the Mississippi 
 Valley, from the Lakes to the Gulf.* The Indians liave 
 
 *It Is now becoming a wellsupported opinion that these remains are the work of 
 ancienV lodians, similar to the Aztecs of Mexico. 
 
 (17) 
 
18 
 
 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 no traditions of their origin. At Marietta, Ohio, is a mound 
 bearing a tree eight hundred years okl. These mounds 
 consist of embankments, ditches, and heaps of earth, indi- 
 cating considerable knowledge of military science. The 
 embankments often have the outline of gigantic men and 
 animals. It is saidthere are ten thousand of these works in 
 Ohio alone. In Mexico and Peru are found still more 
 
 
 
 HOPETON WORKS IN OHIO. 
 
 wonderful remains. They consist of earthworks, ruined 
 temples, idols, bridges, aqueducts, and paved roads. The 
 Mound- Builders dwelt in cities, wove cotton, worked 
 metals, and had regular trades and systematic govern- 
 ments. 
 
 '■). T/ie IndidilS followed the Mound -Builders as 
 masters of the continent. We do not know why the latter 
 left. They were probably enticed away by the more pleas- 
 ant climate of the South, or were driven thither by the less 
 civilized but more powerful tribes of the North. Having 
 no written history, the Indians can give no reliable account 
 
MOUND BUILDERS, INDIANS, ETC. 
 
 19 
 
 of their origin and progress. They nearly all belonged to 
 two great families, the Algonquins and the Iroquois. 
 
 4. I7l ^fevsotl the Indians were copper-colored, and 
 had straight l)lack hair and high cheek bones. They had 
 no beard, and commonly cut oif their hair except one lock 
 called the " scalp-lock." They were not equal to Euro- 
 peans in bodil}^ strength, but they had wonderful endur- 
 ance. They were very light of foot, and their best racers 
 could run eighty miles a day. 
 
 GRADED WAY IN OHIO. 
 
 They used skins as clothing, which they prepared by 
 smoking instead of tanning. When white men came they 
 obtained blankets, which they decorated with feathers, 
 beads, shells, and trinkets. In summer they wore but 
 little clothing, and the early settlers said it was hard to 
 fight with an Indian, because there was " nothing to hold on 
 by except his hair, and not much of that." 
 
 5. Their domestic life was peculiar. The Indian 
 regarded all labor as degrading. He therefore compelled 
 
20 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 his squaw to build the wigwam, cut the wood, and carry 
 the burdens. While he was on the hunt or spending a 
 lazy life in fishing, she cleared the bushes away, scratched 
 the ground with a crooked stick, and cultivated the simple 
 crop of corn and pumpkins with a hoe made of a clam- 
 shell. 
 
 The wigwams were made by fixing poles m the ground, 
 bringing them together at the top, and covering them with 
 bark of trees or mats made of rushes. Mats on the earthen 
 floor, or the skins of wild animals, formed their beds. The 
 fire was kindled in the center, and the smoke escaped at 
 the sides and top. 
 
 The inmates had neither chair nor stool, but sat on the 
 ground with their elbows on their knees. They had no 
 domestic animals or beasts of burden. Their domestic 
 utensils were of wood or stone, and fire was produced by 
 continued friction. "They made stone axes and arrow- 
 heads ; and these are often found in the ground to this 
 day." Iron was unknown to them. Their most ingenious 
 inventions were the birch-canoe and the snow-shoe. The 
 canoes were sometimes thirty feet long, and would carry 
 a dozen Indians. "An Indian could travel forty miles a day 
 upon snow-shoes, and could overtake the deer and moose, 
 whose pointed hoofs cut through the snow." These shoes 
 are still much used in Canada, where the snows are deep. 
 
 6. The eiluccitiOfl of the Indian consisted of muscular 
 exercises, and such restraints as would accustom him to 
 endure hunger and fatigue. There were long fastings, 
 races on foot, trials of strength, and contests with the 
 bow and arrow. It was a purely physical training. In 
 some tribes the youth were instructed by the old men in 
 the history and institutions of their people. They knew 
 nothing of the books, writing, and sciences of civilized life. 
 
 7. TJteir f/overnment consisted of a council of the 
 chiefs antl all those warriors who had killed an enemy in 
 battle. These, sitting in a half circle, deliberated with 
 great solemnity of manner on the making of peace or war. 
 
MOUND BUILDERS, INDIANS, ETC. 21 
 
 the disposal of prisoners, and the management of the 
 chase. The professed orators engaged in long debates, 
 and often the sound of true eloquence was heard. Treaties 
 were ratified by smoking the pipe of peace, and records 
 were kept by strings of sea-shells. 
 
 8. JVav was thought to be a glorious occupation, and 
 the tribes were nearly always engaged in it. The war- 
 dance always preceded the opening of hostilities. A 
 painted post was set in the ground, and the warriors 
 formed a circle around it. The chief stepped into the 
 open space, chanting the deeds of himself and his fathers, 
 and striking the post as though it were an enemy. The 
 warriors would follow, one by one, making the forest ring 
 with their yells. This was always at night. In the morn- 
 ing they laid aside their ornaments, and crept quietly 
 through the forest to the place of attack. 
 
 The expeditions were conducted by small parties whose 
 object was to surprise the enemy, kill as many as possible, 
 and return with their scalps. They made rapid advances 
 and retreats, covering their trail to deceive the enemy. 
 Their greatest warriors were incapable of any well-planned 
 campaign or far-reaching policy, and their success was 
 mainly owing to their silent approaches, patient watchings, 
 and cunning stratagems. They thought it honorable to 
 kill an unarmed enemy, and praised treachery and deceit. 
 To fight a pitched battle was evidence of rashness or want 
 of skill. They were very brave, but saw no shame in run- 
 ning away when there was no chance of success. 
 
 9. The chciVClCteV of the Indian was a strange mixture 
 of good and bad qualities. He was faithful in friendship, 
 and strongly susceptible to kindness. But as an enemy he 
 was cruel and treacherous. " The very words tomahawk, 
 scalping-knife, and torture-scaffold fill the fancy with dire 
 images; and to say 'as savage as an Iroquois warrior ' is 
 to exhaust the power of simile." 
 
 The Indians had no forethought, and were satisfied if 
 they had plenty to-day,* although starvation threatened them 
 
22 THE MODEL msfOitf. 
 
 to-morrow. They showed great firmness under torture, and 
 thought it unmanly to manifest emotion or pain. They 
 were usually without a sense of modesty, and followed 
 the suggestions of the baser propensities. They had no 
 delicate moral principle, and their religion was full of 
 superstitious notions and without much spirituality. 
 
 .10. The jmpiilatio'n of the United States east of the 
 Mississippi River, at the time of the earliest white settle- 
 ments, did not exceed two hundred thousand. The Indians 
 have probably never been a very numerous race. The 
 tribes lived far apart, and had ample scope for their wan- 
 dering life. The Aztecs, a Mexican tribe, were partly civil- 
 ized, but the Indians of the North were barbarians. From 
 the earliest times they have shown great dislike to a settled 
 life. This they must finally adopt, or disappear from the 
 earth. 
 
 11. TJie Noi'thmetlf who dwelt in Sweden, Norway, 
 and Iceland, claim to have been the original discoverers 
 of America. According to their tradition, the continent 
 was first seen about the year 1000 by one of their sea- 
 kings, Erickson by name, whom a tempest had driven away 
 from the coast of Greenland. They claimed to have made 
 settlements on the Atlantic coast, and to have sailed south- 
 ward as far as Florida. It is probable that these traditions 
 are true; but no permanent settlement was made, the dis- 
 covery was not considered of any importance, and was not 
 known to the rest of Europe; the route was lost, and even 
 \lie existence of the continent was forgotten. 
 
 HE VIEW. 
 
 The first inliabitants of America are unknown. — Tliere are many 
 remains of the Mound -Builtlers. — The Indians came next. — Their 
 appearance. — Their domestic life. — Their two chief inventions. — 
 Their education. — Their government. — Their opinion of war. — Theii' 
 manner of conducting campaigns. — Their character. — Indian popula- 
 tion at the time of Columbus. — The Nortlimcn. 
 
'GONTEMPORART EVENTS. 23 
 
 TABLE OF CONTEMPORARY EVENTS IN 
 EUROPEAN HISTORY. 
 
 The five hundred years immediately preceding the dis- 
 covery of America were the latter half of the Jifidllle 
 j4.ges. It was a period in which the religious unity of 
 Europe produced the great tidal waves of the Crusades. 
 Peter, the hermit of Picardy, kindled a flame of military and 
 religious zeal which burned two hundred years throughout 
 the continent. Later than this, old institutions gave way 
 before new opinions, the feudal system was vanishing, and 
 tendencies which had long lain in the germ sprung forth 
 into activity. The art of printing came to diffuse a general 
 enlightenment, and the revival of ancient learning greatly 
 stimulated European genius. The discovery of a continent 
 hitherto unknown, gave a new direction and opened a new 
 field of unlimited scope to the activities of the age. 
 
 During all this time A.mevicdf as we have seen, was a 
 wilderness inhabited only by the vanishing Mound Builders, 
 and roamed over by wild Indian tribes. The continent 
 was reserved for the future, and was yet in its prehistoric 
 period. 
 
 1000. The French language began to be written. Manu- 
 
 facture of paper from rags introduced into Europe 
 by the Arabs. 
 
 1001. Erickson, the Icelander, reached Labrador and ex- 
 
 plored the coast as far as Rhode Island. 
 1025. The Musical Scale invented by Guido Aretino, an 
 
 Italian. 
 1066. William the Conqueror, a Norman, ascended the 
 
 English throne. 
 1095. Peter the Hermit preached the first Crusade, 
 1120. Scholastic Philosophy attained its highest point by 
 
 the teachings of Pierre Abelard, of France. 
 1137. The Pandects (the collection of Roman laws made by 
 
 order of Justinian) discovered at Amalfi. It 
 
24 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 became the foundation of modern law in most 
 
 civilized nations. 
 1154. Henry II, the original Plantagenet, ascended the 
 
 English throne. 
 1180. Construction of the great cathedrals of Europe laid 
 
 the foundation of modern architecture. 
 1211. The Children's Crusade; 90,000 children perished. 
 1215. The Magna Charta secured important rights to 
 
 Englishmen. 
 1230. Dawn of modern literature brought in by the poets 
 
 of Sicily, the troubadours of Provence, and the 
 
 minnesingers of Germany. 
 1248. The Inquisition established in Italy by Pope Inno- 
 cent IV. 
 1200. Glass mirrors, magnifying glasses, and spectacles. 
 1272. The last of the Crusades. 
 1283. The Nibelungen Lied, the great German epic poem 
 
 of the migration of nations. 
 1302. Mariner's Compass introduced into Europe. 
 1308. Founding of the Swiss Cantons. 
 
 1349. Gunpowder first used in Europe by the English at 
 
 the battle of Crecy. 
 
 1350. The "Black Death" ravaged western Europe. 
 1356. Mandeville wrote the first English book. 
 
 1400. Wickliffe at Oxford, and Huss at Prague, prepared 
 
 the mind of Europe for the Reformation. 
 1431. Burning of Joan of Arc, the peasant girl of 
 
 Domremy. 
 1434. Cosmo de Medici. For the next 300 years the 
 
 enlightened tastes of the Medici make Florence 
 
 the mother of modern art. 
 1444. The art of printing by movable type invented in 
 
 Germany by Gutenberg. 
 1479. The marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella united the 
 
 kingdoms of Castile and Aragon. 
 1485. The Wars of the Roses, having desolated England 
 
 for thirty years, ended with the battle of Bosworth. 
 
PERIOD II. 
 
 DISCOVERIES AND EXPLORATIONS. 
 
 FROM THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA TO THE FOUNDING 
 OF THE FIRST ENGLISH COLONY. 
 
 1492-160T, 
 
 [Authorities and Rkfkrencbs.— Bancroft's and Grahaine's Histories United 
 States.— Parkman's "Pioneers of France liitiieNew World."— Irviner's "Lifeof Col- 
 umbus. "—Parkman's "Discovery of the Great West.'"— Hakluyt's " Voyagestouch- 
 Ingtlie Discovery of America."— Simnis's "Damsel of Darien" (Balboa), " Vascou- 
 selos"(DeSoto; and "The Lily and tbe Totem."J 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 STORY OF THE GREAT DISCOVERY. 
 
 1. Modem IListory begins with the year 1500. It 
 was a time of great changes in Europe. Modern civiliza- 
 tion was just beginning its development. The darkness of 
 the Middle Ages was passing away, and the Revival of 
 Learning was about to free the human mind from the 
 ignorance of the times. The art of printing had now been 
 discovered, and the Protestant Reformation was about to 
 break up the feudal and religious systems of Europe. 
 
 2. The Discovery of America occurred at this 
 
 time. A new field for adventure and colonization was thus 
 opened to the restless spirits of the Old World, who were 
 ready to occupy it, 
 
 3. The map of the world at that time was exceed- 
 ingly imperfect. Only a portion of the African coast had 
 been explored; Asia and northern Europe had no well 
 defined limits; and America and Australia were unknown 
 
 2 25 
 
26 
 
 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 Mariners did not venture far from land, and the unexplored 
 regions were supposed by the superstitious sailors to abound 
 in whirlpools, headless men, horrible serpents, hippogriffs, 
 and other monsters. 
 
 The vessels were small and clumsily constructed, and, 
 as they sailed for trade and not for exploration, they coasted 
 timidly along the shore. But little interest was taken in 
 geographical discovery. 
 
 THB WORLD AS KNOWN BEFORE COLUMBUS. 
 
 4. The shape of the earth was not known by most 
 persons to be round. They thought it was a flat surface 
 with the ocean lying like a great river around it. They 
 did not think to ask what was beyond. But a few scientific 
 and thoughtful men believed the earth to be a sphere, and 
 two or three ventured the opinion that Asia could be 
 reached by sailing westward. The wildest speculation 
 never dreamed that between the western coast of Europe 
 and the eastern shore of Asia there was a mighty continent 
 
THE QBE AT DISCOVERT. 27 
 
 three thousand miles wide and ten thousand long, and peo- 
 pled by another race of men. 
 
 5. The spirit of eocploratiofl prevailed in western 
 Europe. The monarchs of Portugal, avoiding the conflicts 
 of states in European wars, chose the sea as the field of 
 their enterprise. Under their patronage the vessels no 
 longer coasted timidly along the shore but sailed abroad on 
 the Atlantic. They discovered the Cape Verd islands and 
 the more distant Azotes, lying six hundred miles from the 
 shore of the continent. These became waymarks on the 
 ocean route to the New World. 
 
 6. The great problem of the (Iffe,, during the latter 
 half of the fifteenth century, was to find a nearer route to 
 Asia, Commerce with that continent was carried on by way 
 of the Red Sea, the Isthmus of Suez, and the Mediterranean 
 Sea. Bartholomew Diaz and De Gama had not yet sailed 
 around the Cape of Good Hope. India and China had long 
 been celebrated for their wealth. Their silks and shawls, 
 their spices and fragrant woods, their pearls and ivory, 
 their diamonds and jewels, made them a wonder- land whose 
 trade was very valuable to Europe. 
 
 7. No sailor was brave enough to undeitake the ji.fr i- 
 Cflfh route. That continent extended to an unknown dis- 
 tance southward, and the fancy of the people filled the 
 South Sea with numerous terrors, — pools of fire, boiling 
 whirlpools, and man-eating monsters. 
 
 8. Toscanelli was the name of an eminent geogra- 
 pher living at Florence. He thought the earth to be a sphere, 
 and wrote a letter to Portugal recommending a voyage 
 westward to reach Asia. 
 
 9. As early as 1356 the English traveler, Sir John 
 Jifandeville^ had declared in the first English book ever 
 written, that when traveling northward he had seen the 
 north star rise in the heavens, and that when going south 
 the antarctic constellations came into view. He said the 
 earth was a sphere, and that it was possible and practicable 
 for a sailor to reach Asia by a western voyage. 
 
28 
 
 THW MODEL BISTOAY. 
 
 COLUMBUS. 
 
 10. Chvistoplier Colunibns, a native of Genoa, 
 had been a sailer from boyhood. During all his life he was 
 
 either making voyages or 
 drawini!^ charts. He was 
 a man of originality and 
 genius, and reflected much 
 on the proposed route to 
 Asia. The world was then 
 thought to be only al)out 
 eight thousand miles in cir- 
 cumference; and Columbus 
 saw that if this was correct, 
 the distance westward to the 
 shores of Asia could not ex- 
 ceed four thousand miles. 
 But for this lucky mistake 
 Columbus would never have been the discoverer of America^ 
 The mariner's compass, which was then in continual use, 
 and the astrolabe, a rude kind of quadrant, were the instru- 
 ments which made the navigation of ])athless oceans pos- 
 sible. Columbus therefore thought the voyage could be 
 made. He regarded himself as divinely chosen to open 
 the new route to the opulent East, and to carry the bless- 
 ings of Christianity to the people residing there. 
 
 11. Some direct evidence, ^^ well as his theories, 
 greatly interested him. His brother-in-law had seen a piece 
 of strangely carved wood that had been washed on the shores 
 of Portugal by a westerly storm. An old sailor had picked 
 up the paddle of a canoe a thousand miles west of Europe. 
 Strange plants, a canoe, and the bodies of two men very 
 different in appearance from Europeans, had been washed 
 from the westward to the shore of the Azores. These 
 tilings, together with an encouraging letter from Toscanelli, 
 so far confirmed him that he resolved to act. 
 
 12. A:id could only be o])tained from the government, 
 Columbus was a poor man and had no ships of his own. 
 He first tried his countrymen, the Genoese, then the repub- 
 
THE GREAT DISCOVERY. 
 
 29 
 
 lie of Venice, and then the king of Portugal. He next 
 turned to Spain. He had now become so poor that he was 
 obliged to beg bread for himself and his little son, and to 
 borrow suitable clothes to wear in his interview with the 
 king. Ferdinand was engaged in a great war, and had no 
 time to listen to a poor sailor whom every one laughed at. 
 The very children mocked him as he passed in the streetsi 
 and put their fingers to their heads in ridicule. But he 
 watched and waited, 
 
 13. Success came at last. Eighteen years had now 
 passed since he conceived his great design, seven of which 
 v/ere spent waiting for the answer of Ferdinand. Sad- 
 dened by his continual failures, he was leaving Spain, beg- 
 ging a little food at convent doors, and resolving to apply 
 
 to the king of France, At a 
 lonely mountain pass he was 
 overtaken by a messenger from 
 the queen, Isabella, asking him 
 to return to the capital. Urged 
 by a desire to spread the Cath- 
 olic faith throughout the world, 
 and to see Spain the mistress of 
 lands in Asia, the queen had 
 changed her mind. To the cold 
 objections of Ferdinand she 
 nobly answered, "I undertake 
 the enterprise for my crown of 
 Castile, and will pledge my 
 jewels to raise the necessary 
 funds." Thus the perseverance of one man and the enter- 
 prise of one woman triumphed over the ignorance and 
 bigotry of the age. 
 
 14. JPreparatiOilS began at once. The sacrifices of 
 Isabella were not required. By a draft on the treasury for 
 twenty thousand dollars, equal to six times that amount at 
 the present day, three small vessels were equipped, and a 
 crew of ninety men secured. These men were compelled 
 
 ISABELLA. 
 
30 THE MODEL HISTORY, 
 
 to embark on the expeditioiic They were full of fea/.^ and 
 very few had any faith in the theories of their leader or 
 shared in his enthusiasm. 
 
 15. The voyage began Aug. 3, 1492, and the little 
 fleet proceeded to the Canaries. On leaving them, Colum- 
 bus sailed steadily westward for many days. The sailors 
 became despairing and mutinous. The leader calmed their 
 fears as well as he could, and exercised great patience with 
 them. They even talked of throwing him overboard and 
 returning to Spain. At length he promised them that if 
 they diix not see land within three days he would turn 
 back. That very day the sailors were cheered by signs of 
 a})proaching land. Flocks of land birds were seen over- 
 head, singing their forest songs, sea weeds and tunny fish, 
 seldom found far from shore, floated around the vessels ; a 
 cane, freshly cut, and a branch of red berries, were picked 
 up, and the water was growing shallower. On the third 
 evening at ten o'clock a light was seen glimmering across 
 the water. 
 
 16. When the morning of Octol)er 12, 1492 ^ 
 dawned upon Columbus and his fleet, land was before 
 them. There ware gay flowers, strange trees, and tropical 
 fruits. The shore was lined with co])per-colored people 
 who looked with wonder at the Spanish ships. They 
 believed the strangers had come down from Heaven. Col- 
 umbus landed, carrying the standard of Spain, kissed the 
 earth, and with approjiriate religious ceremonies took pos- 
 session of the land in tlie name of Ferdinand and Isabella. 
 
 17. The Inntl was found to be a small island, to 
 which Columbus gave the name San Salvador, — the Span- 
 isli words for Holy Saviour. It is now usually called Cat. 
 Island. Columbus did not doubt that he had discovered 
 one of the seven thousand four hundred and forty islands 
 which Toscanelli had declared to lie in the ocean east 
 of Asia. As he supposed the people belonged to the 
 Indies, he called them Indians. 
 
EXPLORATION AND CLAIMS. 31 
 
 18. Three other voyages were made by Colum- 
 bus. In one of these he reached the mainland of South 
 America. He never dreamed that he had discovered a 
 new continent, and died supposing that he had opened the 
 new route to Asia. His later years were saddened by per- 
 secution and neglect, and his labors and character were 
 not appreciated till subsequent times. 
 
 19. The nUiitlnf/ of the new world was a mis- 
 take caused by the ignorance of the times. An Italian 
 explorer named Amerigo Vespucci visited the coast of 
 South America a year after Columbus. He wrote an 
 account of his four voyages, giving it the date when he 
 started on his first, — May, 1497, — which was a year before 
 Columbus saw the mainland. After the death of Columbus, 
 this account was published, and a German geographer 
 suggested that the name "America" be given to the new 
 lands. This was six years before the death of Vespucci, 
 but he never disclaimed the honor. It is the judgment of 
 most historians that he intended to wrong Columbus by 
 plainiing the fraud and allowing it to go uncorrected. 
 Hence we live in "America" instead of "Columbia." 
 
 CHAPTER II. \ 
 
 EXPLORATION AND CLAIMS. 
 
 20. To the West ! was the cry of European naviga- 
 tors when Columbus brought the news of his discoveries. 
 The new lands were represented as abounding in precious 
 minerals, delicious fruits, and strange animals. Stories 
 were told of diamonds as big as robin's eggs, and of 
 mountains where gems could be seen glittering among 
 the rocks. It became at once the fashion to enter on 
 western exploration. Those who went now were not 
 unwilling seamen, but were mostly those adventurous men 
 whom the peace at home had thrown out of their regular 
 
32 THE MODEL mSTORY. 
 
 employment, warfare. They were animated by high hopes 
 of wealth and fame. The era of exploration had come. 
 
 21. The foilV poweVS which took an active part in 
 exploring North America were Spain, England, France, 
 and Holland. 
 
 THE SPANISH. 
 
 22. Under Collinibus the Spaniards planted a colony 
 in the West Indies, from which they sent out expeditions 
 to the mainland. 
 
 23. Under Vespucci they reached the eastern 
 coast of South America. He first announced the fact that 
 the new lands were not a part of India, but were in reality 
 a new continent. 
 
 24. They colonized Central America by an expedition 
 under Halboa, and discovered the Pacific Ocean at the 
 isthmus of Panama. The leader waded into the water, 
 drawing his sword after the pompous fashion of Spanish 
 explorers, and declared that the ocean and all the lands 
 washed by it should be Spanish property forever. 
 
 25. Under JPoilce de Leou they explored the coast 
 of Florida for many leagues. 
 
 26. They invaded and conquered, under Covtez, the 
 wealthy empire of Mexico. 
 
 27. They sent an expedition under 2flaf/e71an around 
 South America and across the Pacific and Indian Oceans. 
 This was the first circumnavigation of the globe. 
 
 28. They explored the Pacific coast, under Ccihvillo^ 
 as far north as Oregon. 
 
 29. They sent a finely equipped force of six hundred, 
 under De SotOf through the Southern States, and discov- 
 ered the Mississippi River. This little army fought a 
 severe battle with the natives, endured incredible hard- 
 ships, and buried their leader in the river they had dis- 
 covered. 
 
 30. They founded St, Augustinef the oldest city 
 in the United Stateg, 
 
V ^ G T F T G C F^ ^ 
 
EXPLORATION AND CL.UMS. 33 
 
 THE ENGLISH. 
 
 31. The English became the earliest rivals of Spain in 
 American exploration. John and Sebastia7i Cabotf 
 
 father and son, sailed under a commission from the King-. 
 They explored the coast from Gulf St. Jjawrence to Cape 
 Hatteras. This was fourteen months before Columbus 
 touched on the mainland of South America. North America, 
 therefore, belonged to the English by what was called the 
 right of discovery. 
 
 32. Out of respect for a decree of tlie Pope of Rome, 
 arbitrarily granting to Spain all the lands on the western 
 shore of the Atlantic, the Catholic monarchs of England 
 engaged no more in western exploration for three fourths 
 of a century. Then JMavtitl Ft'Obisfwr obtained a 
 commission, with the idea of reaching the Indies by sailing 
 around America to the north. He attained a higher lati- 
 tude on the Atlantic coast than had ever been reached 
 before. 
 
 33. The great sea captain and piratical commander, 
 Sir Francis Drake, explored the Pacific coast and 
 returned homeward by way of the Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 34. Sir Walter Maleigh, a favorite at the court 
 of the English Queen, obtained a grant of a large body of 
 land and attempted colonization. 
 
 35. The first expedition sent by him explored Roanoke 
 Island and the adjacent sounds, and gave so favorable an 
 account of the country that Raleigh named it in honor of 
 the Queen, Virginia. 
 
 30. His second party settled at Roanoke and were 
 kindly received by the natives. But because a silver cup 
 had been lost or stolen, the commander burned an Indian 
 village and the corn of the inhabitants. Soon after, a party 
 of Englishmen, having met a chief and his associates in a 
 council, fell upon them and put them to death. This was 
 not only a treacherous, but a very unwise act. The 
 Indians withdrew their supplies, and the colonists, becoin- 
 2* 
 
34 TUE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 ing dissatisfied, returiKnl to England. They took with thom 
 three products ol" America, — corn, potatoes and tobacco. 
 
 37. Ills third attempt was to found an agricultural 
 colony in Viiginia. He saw that he must send not advent- 
 urers but I'amilies to America, who would make it their 
 possession and home. Tiie party founded the city of 
 Raleigh, but failed in making a })ermanent settlement. 
 Uidike their predecessors, they awaited death in the laiuJ 
 of their adoption. "If America had no English towns it 
 soon had English graves." Every member of the colony 
 perished or was adopted by Indian tribes. 
 
 THE FRENCH. 
 
 38. The French navigators could not remain quietly at 
 home with the glories of western exjiloration ringing in 
 their ears. 
 
 39. Under Vevva^^atli they explored the coast fi-om 
 Caroliiui to Nova Scotia. They supposed this land had 
 never been seen by white men, but we know that Cabot 
 had discovered it twenty-five years before. Th(>y named 
 the country New France. Verrazzani wrote to the king ol 
 France the earliest description of the Atlantic coast now 
 extant. 
 
 40. Cavtierf in search of the Northern Passage, 
 explored the coast of Newfoundland and named the St. 
 Lawrence. 
 
 41. Under J)e 3IOflts they made good their claim tc 
 Canada and the St. Lawicnce by establishing a permanent 
 settlement at Port Royal, Nova Scotia. 
 
 42. Chainplaln founded the City of Quebec as a 
 trading post, lie has been termed the father of New 
 France. 
 
 TIIE DUTCH. 
 
 43. The Dutch, still trying to find a Northwestern Pas- 
 sage, made a single expedition under Henvy Hudson, 
 who discovered and ex])lored the Hudson River, and trav 
 
EXPLORATION AND CLAIMS. 35 
 
 ersed the coast nortliward to Hudson Bay. He named the 
 country New Netherlands. 
 
 44. The objects of these explorations were 
 
 various. The Spaniards went for gold and precious 
 stones; the Portuguese to capture Indians and reduce them 
 to slavery; the French for the sake of fishing-; and the 
 English and Dutch to find a passage to India. Even the 
 learned supposed for a loiii^ time that the new lands 
 were a series of islands called "Florida," " Hispatiiola," 
 and " America." The geogra})hei's thought China and 
 .lapan lay just west of these islands, and they eagerly 
 sought a passag;e thence. 
 
 45. The claims of territory resulting from these 
 
 explorations were very conflicting. The Spaniards wished 
 to own all the lands they had seen or sailed near. So did 
 the English. So did the French. So did the Dutch. Hut 
 none of them were willing to stay there and keep posses- 
 sion. Finally the Spanish made a beg'inning at St. Augus- 
 tine, and the French at Port Royal. The right of 
 discovery was then regarded as a just title to ownership ; 
 and the conflicting claims led to endless trouble in after 
 years, and finally brought on a contest of arms for the pos- 
 session of the continent. 
 
 40. The Spanish clahned nearly all of the United 
 States under the name of Florida, and all the Pacific coast 
 under the name of New Mexico. 
 
 47. The English claimed the coast from Cape 
 
 F'oar to Halifax, and the territory west of it to the Pacific. 
 
 48. The French claimed Canada and the Avhole 
 of the Mississippi Valley. 
 
 40. The Dutch claimed the territory between the 
 Connecticut and Delaware Rivers. 
 
 50. We shall now study the settlements made on this 
 contested territory, the conflicts of authority, and the 
 development of a great nation. 
 
36 THE MODEL HiSTORt. 
 
 BE VIE W. 
 
 CIIAPTKR I. 
 
 The beginning of modern liistoiy. — An incomplete map of the 
 world. — Known to be a sphere but thought to be small. — The great 
 problem. — i\Iandeville first suggests the idea. — Toscanelli confirms it. 
 — Columbus resolves to jirove it. — He finds much to confirm his 
 theory. — And spends eiglUecn years searching for a patron. — He sails 
 and finds land. — And makes three other voyages.— The new lands 
 called Anu'rica. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Tlu' fever for western exploration. — Balboa sees the Pacif c. — Ves- 
 puccius visits Brazil. — Cortcz in Mexico. — Magellan circumnavigates 
 Hie globe. — CabriUo first visits Oregon. — De Soto explores the South- 
 ern States. — The Cabots first explore the Atlantic coast.— Frobisher 
 visits Labrador. — Drake explores the Pacific. — Raleigh makes three 
 attempts to found a colony in Virginia. — Verrazzani visits New 
 France. — Cartier names the St. Lawrence. — De INIonts plants a colony 
 at Port Royal. — Champlain founds Quebec. — Hudson discovers the 
 Hudson River. — The object of the exi)loratious. — The confiicting 
 claims. 
 
 TABLE OF CONTEMPORARY EVENTS IN 
 EUROPEAN HISTORY. 
 
 UO-2-lGO:. 
 
 Tliis period in Europe was a tini3 of StOmiS. Strujr- 
 i^les of vast power, religious, civil, and intellectual, shook 
 the continent. It was the stormy dawn of Modern Times. 
 The temporal power of the Papacy was declining from the 
 height which it liad attained under the diplomacy of war- 
 like popes. The four great monarchies of England, France, 
 Spain, and Germany, having recovered from feudal strifes, 
 stood in !-()lid form and power under rulers of surpassing 
 ability. The wonderful awakcniing of intelligence in the 
 preceding period passed over into this to stir the mind of 
 Europe in every class of society, and in every department of 
 thought. The Protestant Reformation, at first a religious 
 di i)ute, swept over the continent in a whirlwind of opinion, 
 
CONTEMPORARY EVENTS. 37 
 
 and soon absorbed within itself all other issues, political, 
 
 social, and moral, of the age. 
 
 A-'itiei'lCd, as we have seen, became the theater upon 
 
 which the active spirits of an adventurous age played their 
 
 parts in (piest of wealth, knowledge or dominion. 
 
 141)2. Ferdinand conquered the Moors, who for SOO 3'ears 
 had held the fairest portions of Spain. 
 
 1517. Martin Luther began the Protestant Reformation by 
 his opposition to papal indulgences. 
 
 1520. Raphael and Michael Angelo ilourished in Italy. 
 
 1524. The Peasants' War in Germany. The revolt sup- 
 pressed with terril)le slaughter, 
 
 1529. The Reformers called Protestants because they ^:>ro- 
 
 testcd against the decrees of the Diet of Spires. 
 
 1530. The Augsburg Confession drawn up by Melancthon, 
 
 and aj)proved by Luther, as the creed of the Ger- 
 man Protestants. 
 
 151)2. True theory of the solar system taught by Coper- 
 nicus. 
 
 15;»4. The order of Jesuits founded by Ignatius Loyola, 
 with six other students of the University of Paris. 
 
 1545. Flourishing pei'iod of the Dutch linen, and the 
 Spanish silken and woolen, manufactures. 
 
 1550. The Catholics control in England. Persecution of 
 English Protestants. Ridley and Latimer burned 
 at the stake. 
 
 1555. The Revival of Learning promoted by the trans- 
 lation and study of the Bible. 
 
 1558. The first English newspaper (the English Mercury) 
 by Lord Burleigh. 
 
 1572. Massacre of St. Bartholomew, in which 70,000 French 
 Protestants were murdered. 
 
 1579. The East India Company established. 
 
 1581. Independence of the Dutch Republic declared. 
 
 1582, Reformation of the Calendar— called the New Style 
 
 — introduced into Catholic countries by a papal 
 decree, October 5 being reckoned October 15. 
 
38 THE MODEL IIlSTOItT. 
 
 1588. The "Invincible Armada" defeated in the English 
 
 channel. 
 1598. Edict of Nantes restored religious liberty to tlie 
 
 Protestants of France. 
 IGOO. During the latter half of the century Europe was 
 
 scourged by desolating wars between the old 
 
 Catholicism and the young Protestantism. 
 lODl. Great commercial companies incorporated for trading 
 
 with, settling, and governing distant lands became 
 
 very popular with the nations of western Europe. 
 1G05. Discovery of the Gunpowder Plot for blowing up the 
 
 English Houses of Parliament. 
 
PERIOD ITT. 
 
 COLONIAL TIMES. 
 
 FROM THE FOUNDING OF THE FIRST ENGLISH COLOHY 
 TO THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 1G07-17T6. 
 
 FAUTHORITIES AND Referencks. — Bancroft's, Graliain's ami llildretli's His- 
 tDiiesof United States.— I'alfrey's " New England."— Upliam's "History of Witcli- 
 craft."— I>ral<e's "Indian Wars."— Elliott's " New England."— Mather'.s " Magnolia.'' 
 —Sparks' "American Biography." — Jefferson's "Notes on Virginia." — Hauvard's 
 "Plyniontli and the Pilgrims."— Parton's "Franklin."— Wirt's "Patrick Henry."— 
 Longfellow's ".lolin Endicott," "Giles Corey," "Evangeline," and "Ct iirtship of 
 Miles Standlsh."— Mrs. Hemans' "Landing of the Pilgrims."] 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 COLONIAL SETTLEMENTS. 
 
 1. At the close of the former period the COlldltion of 
 Attiet'lCCl was nearly the same as when Columbus found 
 it. It was still almost an unbroken wilderness. The few 
 settlements which had existed were of a commercial and 
 transient character, and it had not yet entered the European 
 mind that here was to be the seat of great states. But now 
 that gigantic commercial corporations had come into vogue, 
 with powers of colonization and government, the work of 
 settlement was ready to begin. The state-builders of the 
 new world were now to enter on their labors. 
 
 2. A.p}'il 10 f 1606f was an important day for the 
 western continent. On that day the king of England issued 
 two great patents to men of that country, authorizing them 
 to possess and colonize most of that portion of North 
 America lying between the thirty-fourth and forty-fifth 
 degrees of latitude, and extending from ocean to ocean, 
 
 ,(39> 
 
40 THE MODEL IH STORY. 
 
 3. The London Company was an association of 
 nobles, gentleinen, and in<M-cli;ints residing in London. To 
 it was granted the territory lying between the thirty-l'ourtli 
 and thirty-eighth degrees — from C'ape Fear to the Potomac. 
 
 4. Tlie 1*1 yniouth Cofnpany was composed of 
 corresponding classes at Plymouth, in tlie west of England. 
 It received the exclusive right to plant colonies between 
 tne forty-first and forty-fifth degrees — from New York City 
 to Halifax. By this allotment a strip of land three degrees 
 wid(> lay between the territories of the companies from 
 which both were excluded. These grants led to the per- 
 manent settlement of the country. 
 
 5. By the terms of the patents the affairs of the 
 companies were to be managed by a Superior Council 
 residing in England, and an Inf(M-ior Council residing in 
 the colony. "• The mend)ers of both Councils were apjiointed 
 and dismissed at the ])l(\asure of the king. All law-making 
 authority was also finally vested in the monarch, and not a 
 single ])rincipl(i of self-government was admitted. The 
 (;ompanies were l)ound to pay to (he king one fifth of all 
 the gold and one fifteenth of all the silver found within the 
 territory. Tiie colonists were retpiired to hold all property 
 in common for five years, and were to retain all the rights 
 and privileges of Englishmen. 
 
 VIRGINIA, IGOr. 
 
 0. The first settlement was made by order of the 
 London Company. One; hun(b-ed and five men without 
 families reached Chesapeake Bay and coasted along the 
 southern shore till they came to the mouth of a broad and 
 beautiful riv(ir. They proceeded up this stream about fifty 
 mil(>s, moored their vessels, and in the forest laid off a town. 
 The stream was called James River, and the town James- 
 town, in honor of their king. This was one hundred and 
 ten years after Cal)ot had sailed along that coast. This 
 length of time had l)een required to plant English civili- 
 zation among the forests of America. 
 
COLONIAL SETTLEMENTS. 41 
 
 7. The colonists were not the kind of men to found 
 a new State. They were idle and wasteful. There were 
 only twelve commoii laborers, six masons and blacksmiths, 
 and four carpenters. There was a long list of forty-eight 
 " useless gentlemen," and several pardoned criminals. 
 They regarded themselves as mere sojourners, expecting 
 to dig gold, trade with the Indians, get wealth, and return 
 home. Being mere adventurers, they planted nothing the 
 first year, and the provisions they brought were soon con- 
 sumed. By autumn, famine and the diseases of a hot, moist 
 climate had swept away half their number, 
 
 8. Cuptaiu John Stnith, a very brave and able 
 man, was the president of the colony for several years. 
 Though less than thirty years of age, his life was full of 
 experience. Born in England; a soldier in Holland; a 
 traveler in France, Italy, and Egypt; captured by the 
 Turks and sold as a slave; sent to distant Tartary whence 
 with an iron collar about his neck he escaped through the 
 forests of Russia to Europe; thrown overboard at sea; 
 he returned to England, restlessly joined tlu; London Com- 
 ))any, and was now to rescue a colony from destrneJ^ion. 
 He was the most noted man of early tinies in America. 
 
 9. His labors were incessant and generally success- 
 ful. He cultivated the friendship of the Indians and tried 
 to stimulate the indolent colonists. He spent the winters 
 in exploring the shore and interior, and he made the first 
 accurate map of the coast. In these expeditions he had 
 many adventures with the Indians. He was greatly cha- 
 grined to find that in spite of his entreaties the company 
 continued to send out gold-hunters, jewelers, engravers, 
 adventurers, and " gentlemen," instead of mechanics and 
 laborers. 
 
 10. The love of (jold was the impulse which drew 
 these people to America. As soon as spring came they 
 began to stroll over the country in search of it, and the 
 industry which Smith encouraged was laughed at. When 
 some glittering sand was discovered on the banks of the 
 
42 
 
 THE MODEL HISTORY, 
 
 SEAL OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 river the whole colony began to glow with excitement. A 
 ship was loaded with this " fooPs gold " and sent to Eng- 
 land. Even the Indians laughed at men who would rather 
 dig worthless sand than raise a crop of corn ! 
 
 10. The growth of the colony was slow for many 
 
 years. The reinforce- 
 
 iiSff •i-/'^' 4Xi^ J'4^^ys^—'>S^ ments from England 
 
 could do hut little 
 more than supply the 
 loss from disease, fa- 
 mine, and Indian mas- 
 sacre. Two or three 
 times the entire colony 
 was on the point of .abaiuloning Jamestown and returning 
 to England. Twice they had already taken passage with 
 this view, but luckily met new colonists, with provisions, 
 who induced them to return. At the end of twelve years 
 not one in twenty of all those who had lived in the colony 
 was alive. 
 
 11. After the gold fever had passed, the pvofTllCtlotlS 
 of the soil rapidly increased. Tobacco was now very j>opu- 
 lar but very scarce in England, and the colonists engatred 
 extensively in its cultivation. It became, and for many 
 years remained, their principal article of export. With it 
 they paid for the goods brought to them from England. 
 The huge forests of Virginia supplied large quantities of 
 lumber, which was very welcome in the mother country. 
 " One fir-tree will make the main mast for the greatest ship 
 in England," wrote a colonist to his relative. Tar and 
 pitch, deer skins, beaver pelts, and salted fish were exported 
 in considerable quantities. 
 
 13. The want of laborers was severely felt for 
 many a year. The Company induced many young men 
 to join the colony who were to have a free passao-e, and 
 food, clothing, and tools to work with, for one year. They 
 were then to choose a master among the planters, whom they 
 were to serve for seven years. They were called " bound 
 
COLONIAL SETTLEMENTS. 43 
 
 servants." This plan was not very successful. English- 
 men did not like to deed away their freedom, and so the 
 great want of the colony still continued. 
 
 13. JilacJv labovevs were first introduced into the 
 colony in 1()'*0. A Dutch ship trading in the East Indies 
 stopped at Jamestown, and sold the planters twenty negroes 
 as servants for life. They made good field-hands, and their 
 number rapidly increased. The Council discouraged the 
 importation of these people by placing a heavy tax on 
 female slaves. But the demand for lal)orcrs was so press- 
 ing that even the worst criminals were liberated from 
 English prisons and sent to America that they might be of 
 some use. Many of these convicts became honest men 
 when they had a chance to begin a new life in the young 
 colony, 
 
 14. The presence of WOniCtl was another want. 
 Many of the young men were idle and unsettled and needed 
 tidy wives to care for their homos. The Company, there- 
 fore, sent over one hundred and fifty young women as wives 
 for the unmarried men. We are told that they were " maids 
 of virtuous education, young, handsome and well recom- 
 mended." In a short time every maiden was wooed and 
 wedded by a young planter. The husband was required 
 to pay the cost of his wife's passage to America, usually 
 1"^5 pounds of tobacco valued at ^90. The result was that 
 homes increased, the ])lantations flourished, and the colo- 
 nists lost all desire to return to England. 
 
 15. A ivriften COnstittttion was soon given to 
 the colony, which granted the privilege of electing a legis- 
 lature, the right of petition, and of trial by jury. Power 
 was given the legislature to veto any objectionable acts of 
 the Company. Under this constitution the first legislative 
 assembly of America met. Thus the people learned the 
 important lessons of self-government. 
 
 IG. Two Indifffl massacres came near extermi- 
 nating the growing colony. One day at noon the savages 
 fell upon the settlements along the James River through a 
 
44 THE MODEL 11 r STORY. 
 
 distance of one humlieJ and forty miles, and an indiscnnu- 
 nate slaughter i'oUowedo Hundreds perished under Ihen- 
 clubs and hatchets. The more distant plantations were 
 entirely destroyed; but a friendly Indian having revealed 
 the pU)t at Jamestown the night before, those settlements 
 to which the news could be carried by the Ueetest horsed, 
 prepared for the attack and were saved. 
 
 17. The laiVS of the colony were very strange and 
 very severe, especially on religious matters. At one time 
 it was the law that if a man was absent from church, with- 
 out a good reason, even for a single Sunday, he must be o.i 
 half allowance of food for one week; if he offended a sec- 
 ond time, he must be whipped; if a third time, he was to 
 suffer death. A woman who was an habitual scold might 
 be "ducked" three times in running water. The usual 
 punishments were whipping, sitting in the stocks, and 
 standing at the church door with the names of their crimes 
 pinned to their breasts. The Roman Catholics and the 
 (juiet Quakers were severely punished if they came into 
 the colony. All these things were quite common in that 
 period. 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS, 1G;30. 
 
 18. The second colony was planted witln'n the 
 . territory of the Plv- 
 
 ■•^V^ mouth Comjiany, 
 
 ''y&^'^'^fr'''' ^^ ^^^ "9 "«'i''T''}"'"""thRock, 
 
 ^ i "^"l**^ ill ^y Englishmen IVom 
 r' Tf^"* S'<'J'i«"'fr SCJ^j.'tA L Holland, who had 
 ,;^ , '/ -"^ -".:,^.>,^.^ resi(le(l there to se- 
 cure religious free- 
 
 SEAL OF MAPSACHrSETTS. l ■ i l 
 
 dom, denied them ni 
 Enghind. They were part of that large body of English 
 people who dissented from the Established Churcli, the 
 Episcopal, and who were called Puritans. 
 
 19. They called themselves pilgrims, and they are known 
 in American history as the Pilyrhn Fathers, Their 
 
COLONIAL SETTLEMENTS. 45 
 
 clothes were plain in color and cut. They were also called 
 in derision " Roundheads." Tliey were slow to quarrel, 
 and never swore, as was then the wicked fashion. They 
 spoke slowly, discouraged mirth, and took life in solemn 
 earnest. One hundred and two of these people came in a 
 single ship, the Mayflower. They landed on a frozen coast 
 in the middle of winter, and began to build houses, divid- 
 iiio- themselves into nineteen families. Their suffer! no;s 
 
 CD O 
 
 were very great, and the first winter swept away half their 
 number. Occasionally a ship arrived from England, bring- 
 ing them articles of comfort and luxury. After some years 
 their exports of dried tish, furs, and lumber, brought them 
 whatever civilized life required. 
 
 20. A few years afterward anothci' C'OiUJ^nnf/ of Puri- 
 tans arrived from England. They made wliat they called 
 a " short and speedy" voyage of forty-five days, and settled 
 on the coast of Massachusetts at Salem. They came in 
 summer and saw the shore in its floral beauty. Soon after, 
 three hundred of the best Puritan families in England 
 came over in seventeen ships. They were not adventurers 
 and vagabonds, but educated, enterprising, and virtuous 
 people, wlio came to secure religious freedom, and with no 
 expectation of returning. Their first governor was a noble 
 man, John Winthrop. 
 
 21. TheiP SllffeviriffS were scarcely inferior to 
 those of their neighbors at Plymouth. It was the same 
 old story of famine, disease, and suff'ering from cold. 
 Many of the settlers Ivid been delicately nurtured in their 
 old homes, and could not endure the wintry blasts. "Sleet 
 and STiov/ drifted through the cracks of their board huts 
 where enfeebled men and delicate women moaned out their 
 lives." Before Christmas two hundred had perished ; but 
 there was no complaint nor despair. 
 
 22. The lildlatlS gave them no trouble, though for 
 , a time the colonists were in great fear. One day an Indian 
 
 came to the settlement, and, holding out his hands, ex 
 claimed, " Welcome, Englishmen ! welcome. Englishmen I" 
 
46 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 A solemn treaty of IVioiidship was made with them, whi(;h 
 was faithfully kejit for fifty years. Tliis was the first dis- 
 play of justice and humanity toward the Indians made by 
 any of the Europeans appearing on the American con- 
 tinent. 
 
 23. The f/ovet'n^nent of the colony at first was 
 dem ocratic. The peo[)le elected their own officers, and a 
 legislative body chosen by them made the laws. But after 
 some years the right of suffrage was much restricted, and 
 only church members could vote at the colonial elections. 
 Thus a minority of one-fourth made laws for a majority of 
 three fourths. None but members of the church were 
 eligible to offices of trust , taxes were levied for the sup- 
 port of the ministers of the gospel ; and attendance on 
 public worship and oaths of obedience to the magistrates 
 were required by law. 
 
 24. During whole generations veligioilS matters 
 were subjects of public and private discussion. In Eng- 
 land at that time religious intolerance was common. An 
 established church was thought to be a powerful thing in a 
 State, and difference of belief in religion a very great dan- 
 ger. The Puritans, therefore, having secured liberty of 
 conscience for themselves, did not mean to give it to any 
 one else, and kept strict watch that no one spoke disre- 
 spectfully of the church or disputed any of its doctrines. 
 If any one thus transgressed he was arrested and admon- 
 ished. If he did it a second time, he was banished from 
 the colony. 
 
 25. The first man to speak against these practices, and 
 in favor of religious freedom, was HiUjer WilllnniSf a 
 learned and very promising young minister of Salem. He 
 taught his congregation that a magistrate had nothing to 
 do with the consciences of the people, and that they should 
 rule only in civil cases, as the collection of taxes, the sup- 
 port of equal rights, and the repression of crime. 
 
 He wrote a paper, declaring that the lands belonged to 
 the Indians, and that the king of England had no right to 
 
COLONIAL SETTLEMENTS. 47 
 
 ^ive them away without buying them. He also said that 
 compulsory attendance of church service and forced taxation 
 for the support of the ministry, were contrary to the gospel. 
 
 26. There was much excitement, and his Cirvest soon 
 followed. Governor Winthrop, who was a very gentle 
 Puritan, entreated him to desist. But Williams said he 
 came to America to secure liberty of conscience, that every 
 one else had the same right as himself, and that he must 
 declare what he believed to be true. 
 
 He was condemned, and became an exile in the wild 
 forest in the middle of winter, traveling through the snow 
 for fourteen weeks, sleeping on the ground and in hollow 
 logs, and living on parched corn and acorns. He made his 
 way southward, and lived among the hospitable Indians. 
 We shall hear of him again. 
 
 27. Soon after this a noted preacher named A.tltie 
 HiltchiflSOflf a clear-headed and powerful reasoner, 
 desired the privilege of speaking in the weekly debates. 
 The elders refused her, and said that women had no busi- 
 ness in such assemblies. 
 
 She declared that ministers who deprived women of the 
 gospel were Pharisees. She called meetings at her own 
 house and elsewhere, spoke much in public, declared that 
 every person has a right to interpret the Scriptures for 
 himself, and argued with great fervor for full freedom of 
 conscience. 
 
 The eloquence and ability of her argument gained many 
 adherents. But she was declared unfit for the society of 
 Christian people, and was banished from Massachusetts. 
 With a company of her friends she joined the apostle of 
 freedom, Roger Williams. 
 
 28. The persecution of the Quakers was another 
 
 event of interest in the history of this religious common- 
 wealth. When these good, but sometimes rather imprudent 
 people came, there was a cry of alarm. Two women were 
 searched for marks of witchcraft, their books were burned, 
 and they were thrown into prison. 
 
48 TUE MODEL HISTOBT. 
 
 Soon after, eight others were banished, and a law was 
 passed excluding Quakers from the colony. For the first 
 violation the penalty was whipping, the loss of one ear, and 
 banishment; for the second, the loss of the other ear; for 
 the third, the tongue was to be bored through with a red- 
 hot iron, and the victim hung. 
 
 Under this law, four Quakers who came to preach against 
 persecution, gave up their lives, and many others suffered 
 banishment. But this savage intolerance was of short 
 duration. The law was repealed, and the prisons were 
 opened. It has always been thought strange that a people 
 who fled to America to secure freedom in religious belief, 
 should thus begin their career by intolerance and persecu- 
 tion. 
 
 But we should remember that the history of those times 
 in Europe is full of wrong and violence, and that charity 
 was not a popular grace. Since the colony was more of a 
 religious than civil organization, heresy was considered worse 
 than treason. We should be glad we live in better dayg. 
 
 29. At the end of about half a century K:ing FhlHp^S 
 TVdV broke out, and peace with the Indians was at an 
 end. They saw in the increase of pale-faces the doom of 
 their race. A new generation had come forward who 
 longed for the hunting grounds of their fathers, and could 
 not understand why the white men should possess them. 
 The game was falling before the rifles of the strangers, 
 and the fish were scooped from the rivers by English nets. 
 
 Soon blood was shed on both sides, and the Indian chief 
 King Philip regretfully prepared for war. The contest 
 lasted over a year, and was full of terror and blood. Nearly 
 all the frontier settlements of New England were attacked 
 and burned and the inhabitants sank under the vengeful 
 tomahawk. 
 
 30. The principal battle was called the Swamp 
 Fight, The Indians collected all their warriors to the 
 number of three thousand, with all their possessions, in a 
 deep swamp, which they carefully fortified. 
 
COLONIAL SETTLEMENTS. 49 
 
 In this, as in nearly all the previous engagements, victory 
 was with the colonists. A thousand warriors were killed 
 and hundreds captured. The wounded and the old men, 
 women and children, with all their goods, were consumed 
 in the flames. The result of this contest was the subjuga- 
 tion of the Indians of New England. 
 
 31. But the darkest days were those of SaleWl Wiich- 
 craft, a "remarkable delusion which spread through the 
 colony. It was believed that the devil appeared to some 
 people in the form of a black cat, and persuaded them to 
 enter his service, and write their names in his big red 
 book. Such persons had power to bewitch and injure 
 others by magic arts. 
 
 This belief was then common in many civilized countries, 
 and even among the learned. At Salem it prevailed like 
 a panic. The wildest tales were believed. To express 
 doubt in witchcraft was proof of being a witch. If the 
 accused persons confessed that they were witches they were 
 pardoned, but if they would not tell a lie even to save their 
 lives, they were tortured and hanged. 
 
 Persons of the highest respectability, clergymen, magis- 
 trates, and the wife of the governor, were accused. One 
 child, only five years old, lay chained in Salem jail awaiting 
 trial. An old man, Giles Corey, was slowly pressed to death 
 by heavy stones placed on his chest. 
 
 32. In about six months a recictiotl of Opinioil 
 took place, but not till fifty-five persons had been tortured 
 into confession; not till two hundred had lain chained in 
 prison; not till twenty were hung, including one minister 
 of the gospel. 
 
 The Puritans were very much ashamed of what they had 
 done, though they had acted with entire honesty. One old 
 judge used to keep a day of fasting and prayer every year 
 to atone for the sins he had committed. 
 
 33. The cause of this strange outbreak of frenzy is 
 now believed to have originated in the personal malice of 
 a minister, Samuel Parris. He bad a quarrel in his church 
 
 9 
 
50 
 
 THE MODEL U I STORY. 
 
 about tlie selection of a new minister, George Burroughs 
 Under the management of Parris and the celebrated Cotton 
 Matlier, minister of Boston, the superstitions of the people 
 were turned against Burroughs and his party. He was hung; 
 and every one of those accused, imprisoned, or hung, was 
 in sympathy with him in the church quarrel. 
 
 In Scotland, four thousand had suiferetl death on the 
 charge of witchcraft, and it is not very strange that men 
 high in authority should cause twenty to be executed in 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 ^ 
 
 --S,: 
 
 SEAL OF NEW YORK. 
 
 NEW YORK, 1623. 
 
 34. The third colon]/ was planted by the Dutch on 
 Maiiliattan Island, where New York City now stands. It 
 
 did not occur to the 
 English king wheu 
 he granted the, two 
 /^'iM^sJil - t ' '^ "Ufc^^^ great patents to the 
 ^/ V'^ ; uta^&iyiil^lL.^A ^ London and Ply- 
 mouth Companies, 
 that another nation 
 might place a colony 
 on the neutral ground between them. This is just what 
 happened. The colonists bought the island of the natives 
 for twenty-four dollars — about one cent per acre — and 
 built a fort at its southern extremity. They surrounded 
 this with residences, and called the place New Amsterdam, 
 and the colony New Netherlands. 
 
 35. At first the people who came were poor; but soon 
 wealthy and influential men, called JPatroous, were sent 
 out by the Dutch West India Company. Each of these 
 men had authority to found a colony of fifty persons, and 
 to own a tract of land sixteen miles wide and extending 
 into the interior as far as he chose. Each patroon thus 
 became a little lord, who was responsible to the Company. 
 
 36. The population was chiefly honest, thrifty, whole- 
 souled Dutchmen, thougli they were soou joined by 
 
COLONIAL SETTLEMENTS. 
 
 51 
 
 many French, Germans and English. They were slow and 
 leisurely in their manners. They delighted in good eating 
 and drinking, a fine story and hearty laughter. 
 
 They it was who introduced into this country many of 
 our popular festivals, — " Santa Claus " or " St. Nicholas " 
 at Christmas, and dinner parties at New Year. These were 
 very diiferent people from the Cavaliers in Virginia, and 
 the Puritans in Massachusetts. 
 
 A DUTCHMAN OF THE OLDEN TIME. 
 
 37. For a long time friendly relations were sustained 
 with the Indians, But finally, under the influence of 
 Dutch rum, they committed several acts of violence. The 
 governor, a cruel and unreasonable man, resolved upon a 
 general destruction of the natives. A company of them 
 one night was surrounded and murdered before they had 
 time to take their arms. 
 
 Soon after, the red men in revenge burst upon the lonely 
 settlements and killed all the inhabitants. The contest 
 
52 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 thus became a succession of acts of retaliation and treach« 
 ery performed by the opposing races. The })eople rightly 
 charged all the bloodshed and horror to the headstrong pas- 
 sions of their governor. 
 
 38. Peter Stayvesantf familiarly called " Head- 
 strong Peter," was the last Dutch governor of New Neth- 
 erlands. Under his government the colony was ably man- 
 aored and defended against the Indians and the Enirlish. 
 He was very arbitrary and despotic, and the people had but 
 little voice in the government. The greater freedom enjoyed 
 by the other colonists made them dissatisfied. 
 
 Finally an English fleet appeared before New Amster- 
 dam and demanded its surrender. Disre^ardino^ the blus- 
 ter of "Headstrong Peter," who had haughtily said that 
 his authority was "by the appointment of God and the 
 West India Company," the people welcomed the invaders, 
 expecting to enjoy more freedom under English control. 
 
 39. Under the Eilf/lish Vllle the people did not gain 
 as much as they expected; and the history of New York in 
 colonial times is a long succession of contests and trou])les 
 with the royal governors, most of whom were obstinate and 
 despotic men. 
 
 40. New York, like Salem, was visited by a fatal delu- 
 sion. It was The Negro Plot, Slavery was then per 
 mitted in the province, and the slaves were suspected of 
 having caused several destructive fires which occurred. 
 Some worthless women testified that the negroes had plot" 
 ted to burn the city, kill all who opposed them, and set up 
 a neo-ro a:overnor. 
 
 Freedom was offered to any slave who would reveal the 
 plot. Scores rushed forward to tell their contradictory tales. 
 The jails were filled, and over thirty accused negroes were 
 huno" or burned. Reason soon returned to the people. It 
 was only a panic, and it became evident that there was no 
 'plot at all. 
 
COLONIAL SETTLEMENTS. 
 
 53 
 
 41. 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE, 1629. 
 
 The fourth colony was originally a part of Mas- 
 sachusetts, and re- 
 mained so during 
 -<^jL4r most of the colonial 
 times. It was twice 
 made a separate pro- 
 vince, but was again 
 ^— placed under the care 
 of Massachusetts to 
 secure protection from the hostile triljes of Indians. It 
 was for a long time violently agitated by conflicting claims 
 to the land. The people were courageous, hardy, and 
 liberty-loving. 
 
 SEAL OF NEW HAMPSUIUK. 
 
 SEAL OP MARYLAND. 
 
 MARYLAND, 1634. 
 
 43. The fifth colony was founded l)y the Catholics of 
 
 England under Lord 
 Baltimore, whose 
 name was Cecil Cal- 
 vert. The object in 
 coming was to secure 
 religious liberty, de- 
 nied them under the 
 Episcopalian rule in 
 England. Not meeting a cordial reception from the Puri- 
 tans in Massachusetts, Calvert led his people south to 
 Chesapeake Bay. 
 
 43, Their Charter was the most liberal Avhich had 
 ever received the sanction of the British government. No 
 taxes were to be collected without consent of the people. 
 Two Indian arrows were to be sent every year in token 
 of subjection, and one fifth of any gold and silver found in 
 the borders of the colony was to be the property of the 
 king. 
 
 Equality in religion was conceded to all, with the excep- 
 
54 THE MODEL ETSTORT. 
 
 tion of those who denied the doctrine of the Trinity and 
 the revelation of the Bible. The government was nearly a 
 pure democracy. These liberal provisions were granted 
 by the king as a special favor to Calvert who was his inti- 
 mate friend. 
 
 44. The J}OpulatioU rapidly increased. " Within 
 six montlis it had advanced as much as Virginia had done 
 in as many years." Here was an asylum for the oppressed 
 consciences of England, and large numbers came. Puri- 
 tans oppressed in Virginia, and Quakers persecuted in 
 Massachusetts, found here a quiet home. 
 
 45. Religious troubles afterward arose, and con- 
 stituted a large part of the colony's history. The Puritans 
 became so numerous that they obtained control of the colo- 
 nial legislature. One of their first acts was to disfranchise 
 the Catholics, and deprive them of the protection of the 
 laws. A more ungrateful piece of legislation can not be 
 found in history. 
 
 War ensued between the Protestants and the Catholics. 
 This strange contest between religions for political supre- 
 macy continued at intervals and with varying fortunes for 
 more than a century. 
 
 46. Purely political matters claimed but little 
 attention. The habits and occupations of the people were 
 much like those of the Virginians. There were few large 
 towns, and the people lived on plantations and raised 
 tobacco. 
 
 For a long time there was a dispute between Maryland 
 and Pennsylvania about their boundary line. But it was 
 at last settled by the appointment of two surveyors, Mason 
 and Dixon, who drew the boundary called *^ J^IasOfl afifl 
 jyixoil's lifie." This line afterward became of great 
 importance, because it divided the Slave States from the 
 Free States. 
 
COLONIAL SETTLEMENTS. ' 55 
 
 CONNECTICUT, 1635. 
 
 47. The valley of the Connecticut was settled from Mas- 
 sachusetts. The first company was composed of sixty 
 
 men, women, and 
 children, who made 
 a journey on foot 
 through the wilder- 
 ness, guided by the 
 compass and driving 
 
 SEALOFCON.XECT.CUr. ^^dr flocks. Thc 
 
 winter came on 
 early, and they reached their destination after intense suifer- 
 ing. Before spring came, they must have perished but for 
 the milk of their cows. The country was found to be good, 
 and settlements were made in several places. 
 
 48. Almost at its beginning the colony engaged in a 
 desperate struggle — The Pequod War. It originated 
 in a single murder committed by some young Indians. 
 This met a bloody punishment from a company of militia. 
 
 An alliance of Indian tribes was prevented only by the 
 intercessions of that noble man, Roger Williams. Embark- 
 ing alone in a frail canoe, during a storm on the bay, he 
 proceeded to the wigwam where the Pequod warriors were 
 urging the alliance against the English. For three days 
 and nights, at the imminent peril of his life, Williams 
 resisted the arguments of the Pequods. His efforts were 
 successful. 
 
 Soon after, the colonists surrounded the palisaded fort of 
 the Pequods, surprised it, and set it on fire. The destruc- 
 tion was complete and awful. If the wretched Indian 
 burst through the flames he met death by the sword or 
 bullet. Six hundred men, women, and children, were roasted 
 to death in a sickening heap ! The Pequods were utterly 
 destroyed. 
 
 49. The government was based upon a written 
 constitution formed by a convention of the people, the first 
 
56 THE MODEL m STORY. 
 
 instance of the kind in history. It was one of the most 
 liberal ever adopted. An oath of allegiance to the State 
 was the only (jualification of citizenship. The people made 
 the laws and chose their officers, and all religions were 
 allowed and respected. 
 
 This instrument was sent to England, and, to the surprise 
 of every one. King Charles II signed it without the altera- 
 tion of a letter. Thus, as though striving to outdo his father's 
 favors to Calvert, he granted the most liberal and ample 
 rights ever secured from aii English monarch. 
 
 oO. The career of the eolofiy was one of nearly 
 uninterrupted peace and prosperity. The little republic 
 was a shining example of self government. The farmer 
 sowed and reaped his fields in safety. The mechanic toiled 
 in cheerful content, and the hum of the spinning wheel was 
 mingled with the voice of song. Want was unknown, 
 wealth was lightly esteemed, and crime was rare, among a 
 people who cultivated intelligence and virtue. 
 RHODE ISLAND, ]636. 
 
 51. The seventh colony was founded by the exile 
 from Massachusetts, Roger Williams. His stay with the 
 
 Indians had greatly 
 endeared him to 
 them, and they re- 
 gretted to ]>art with 
 ^j^i .1 J^^J^ ")]^JUtjUi^Jik^ him. With five com- 
 — * -"^^^^^^^C- '^'^^^'""'^ "!^^!^^»^^B*^^ panions he began a 
 ^ -^ " "■ settlementat a place 
 
 SEAL OF RHODE ISLAND. i . i 
 
 which, in order to 
 express his confidence in the mercies of God, he called 
 Providence. All the lands which he had bought of the 
 Indians the generous founder gave away to the colonists 
 who flocked in, except two small fields to be cultivated by 
 his own hand. 
 
 52. The f/OVemmeHt was a pure democracy. The 
 supreme authority was vested in the entire body of the 
 peoj)le. The majority should always rule. Laws were 
 
COLONIAL SETTLEMENTS. 
 
 57 
 
 passed g'uaranteeing the utmost freedom in belief and wor- 
 ship to all, — " the first legal declaration of freedom of con- 
 science ever adopted in Europe or America." 
 
 Maryland made Christianity the religion of the colony, 
 but in Rhode Island all beliefs were welcome. A Moham- 
 edan from Constantinople, a .lew from Damascus, or a pagan 
 from Madagascar, would have been welcomed at Providence, 
 and given a voice in the provincial councils. Thus early 
 was the precious tree of Equality planted in America. 
 
 53. Such a scheme of government was a novelty on 
 both sides of the Atlantic, and those who made pt'eclic- 
 tlotlS of fdiluve were by no means few. But it stood 
 the test of time, and became the asylum for all the 
 oppressed bodies and consciences of the other colonies. 
 
 Instead of the predicted turmoil there was only peace 
 and quiet. It was found that when the State had nothing 
 to do with the Church all men could live in harmony. Rhode 
 Island was always true to these early professions. Although 
 the least of the colonies in the area of her teri-itory, she 
 was the greatest of them all in the grandeur of her prin- 
 ciples. 
 
 CAROLINA, 1GG3. 
 
 54. This settleifietlt was made by English, Scotch, 
 
 Dutch, and French, 
 mostly from the other 
 colonies. The king 
 granted the land to a 
 few English noblemen, 
 who resolved to have 
 a more aristocratic 
 form of government 
 
 than any existing in America. 
 
 55. With this view the Granil 3Iodel was proposed 
 as a constitution "agreeable to monarchy." It was the 
 work of the philosopher .lohn Locke, and was an attempt 
 to connect hereditary wealtli aiul political power. Orders 
 of nobility were created, and the rights of the common 
 
 3* 
 
 SKAL OF SODTH CAROLINA. 
 
58 
 
 THE MODEL UISTORT. 
 
 people were ignored. It was an attempt to establish an 
 aristocratic system among a democratic people. 
 
 Of course, such a pompous scheme of government did 
 not suit the plain people living in the woods of Carolina. 
 Though nominally the law for twenty years, this ideal dream 
 of a philosopher met with such opposition and contempt, 
 that it never really went into effect at all. We see that the 
 foundations of the Republic were not laid by men of giant 
 intellect, or by "nobles after the flesh." 
 
 56. The cultivation of rice flourished in Carolina. 
 The captain of a ship from Madagascar presented to the 
 governor a sack of seed, which was distributed among the 
 planters. It yielded a good harvest, and the crop soon 
 became a staple of the colony. Indigo, tar, turpentine, and 
 deer-skins, were also exported. 
 
 57. The division of the colony into North and 
 
 South Carolina came 
 
 ^*.« after seventy years. 
 w^^ I In the south the people 
 
 SEAL. OF NOUTU CAROLINA. 
 
 lived on large isolated 
 1 plantations as in Vir- 
 ginia; in the north the 
 settlers lived in the 
 woods, where they 
 made tar and turpentine, hunted the bear, and trapped the 
 beaver. These diff'erences caused the division of the colony 
 in the year 1729. 
 
 NEW JERSEY, 1GG4. 
 58. The history of NetV Jersey begins with its set- 
 tlement by English 
 
 ^^^'^^i^'^^^fe. Puritans from Long 
 
 Island, in 1664. The 
 
 colonists bought the 
 
 ^'^^'?^2, land of the Indians, 
 
 and of the Governor 
 
 SKAL OK NEW JEllSKV. of NcW York, whO 
 
 claimed the territory as a part of his province. 
 
COLONIAL SETTLEMENTS. 59 
 
 59. Afterward, it became a Quaker colony by being 
 
 assigned to a company of English Friends, who ruled it by a 
 body of laws called Concessions, The name was very 
 proper, for it conceded every thing to the people, rivaling 
 the code of Rhode Island, previously enacted, in the lib- 
 erality and purity of its principles. 
 
 All men and all religions were declared equal before the 
 law; imprisonment for debt was forbidden; no rum was to 
 be sold to Indians; no superiority was acknowledged to 
 wealth, title, or birth; and taxes could be levied only by 
 vote of the people or their representatives. 
 
 ■ 60. The career of the lyrovince was one of peace. 
 
 Indian wars never troubled the Jerseys. The people were 
 industrious, moral, and great lovers of liberty. They firmly 
 resisted the attempts of the royal governors to impose upon 
 them. The rich soil and the frugal habits of the peoj)le 
 brought a prosperity which continued till the end of colonial 
 times. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA, 1682. 
 
 61. Wllllaui Penn, an eminent English Friend, 
 obtained a charter from the king to plant a colony in 
 
 America as an asy- 
 lum for his afflicted 
 „„, „„. people. For this 
 \J\ ^ \^R,i ~ charter he aban- 
 .U -ij V_"-?r~U •, y , )7»\ ~ doned a claim of 
 „ --. _^_ ^ »^» eighty thousand dol- 
 
 lars, which he held 
 
 SEAL OF PENNSYLVANIA. • j. xl 1 • TT 
 
 against the king. He 
 bought the land a second time from the Indians, and invited 
 all men to his colony without reference to race or religion. 
 " I will found a colony for all mankind," were the sublime 
 words of Penn. 
 
 63. Its growth was very rapid, and over two thou- 
 sand settlers came in one year. Within three years Phila- 
 delphia had gained a larger population than New York in 
 half a century. 
 
60 THE MODEL HISTOBT. 
 
 63. One of Penn's first cares was to make a tt'eutif 
 tvitll the IndlaflS, At a great conference, addressing 
 them by an interpreter, he said, " My Friends: We are all 
 one flesh and blood. Being brethren, no advantage shall 
 be taken on either side. When disputes arise we will set- 
 tle them in council. Between us there shall be nothing 
 but openness and love." 
 
 To this the chiefs replied, " While the rivers run and 
 the sun shines we will live in peace with the cliildren of 
 William Penn.'* This verbal treaty lasted seventy years. 
 During the time the colony was under the control of the 
 Friends it was free from border troubles, nor -was tiie war- 
 whoop heard in the land. 
 
 64. The f/ohernnient made belief in Christ a neces- 
 sary qualification for voting and office-holding; but pro- 
 vided tliat none who believed in the existence of the Deity 
 should be molested in their views. These were very liberal 
 provisions for those intolerant times. 
 
 DELAWARE, 1703. 
 
 65. This colony was settled by the Swedes as early as 
 
 1638. They were 
 soon overpowered 
 b}^ the Dutch. De- 
 laware fell under 
 the control of the 
 English at the same 
 time as New York. 
 
 formed a part of Pen liSi/f vaniu, but in 1703 it estab- 
 lished a legislature, and became a separate colony. It 
 took a prominent part in the Revolution. 
 
 GEORGIA, 1733. 
 
 Q(j. Iniprisoiinient for debt was for a long time 
 common in England. Thousands of good but unfortunate 
 
COLONIAL SETTLEMENTS. 
 
 61 
 
 people lay without hope in prison, while their families were 
 
 desolate and starving. 
 A commissioner ap- 
 pointed at his own 
 request visited the 
 prisons, investigated 
 pauperism, and suc- 
 ceeded in opening the 
 jails and returning the 
 Who was this noble hearted 
 
 SEAL OF GEUUGIA. 
 
 poor victims to their homes, 
 commissioner ? 
 
 67. James Oqletliorpe, the philanthropist. He 
 obtained a grant of hind from King George II, to which 
 he invited all the poor and oppressed of England. The 
 land was given to the founder " in trust for the poor," and 
 was named Georo-ia, in honor of the kino-, 
 
 68. Oglethorpe spent ten years with the colony, 
 wisely directing the government. The warm friendship of 
 the Indians was early secured and always kept. Slavery 
 was forbidden, and for many years excluded. The impor- 
 tation of rum and the sale of it to the Indians, were pro- 
 hibited. 
 
 69. A conflict ivith the Spaniards of Florida 
 
 was brought on by their nearness and their rival claims of 
 territory. Hostilities continued over two years with vary- 
 ing success, and ended in the defeat of the Spaniards. 
 
 70. Beside this, there was much Internal troilhle. 
 The settlers had not been allowed to own their lands by a 
 deed, and agriculture had not flourished. Estates could be 
 inherited only by the eldest son, and the colonists charged 
 their poverty to the fact that slave labor was prohibited. 
 
 Slaves began to be hired on terms of service which were 
 sometimes as long as a hundred years ! This was equiva- 
 lent to slavery. Finally slaves were imported, plantations 
 laid out, the free-labor plan abandoned, and slavery formally 
 introduced. 
 
62 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 NATURE OF THE COLONIAL GOVERNMENTS. 
 
 71. Subjection to the king was tlie chief feature of the colonial 
 governments. Tliese difiered greatly. The colonies received ditferent 
 powers from the monarch, and had different laws among themselves. 
 The styles of government were five in number. 
 
 73. I. Voluntary Association. Some colonies, as Con- 
 necticut, were founded by the people without asking authority of the 
 king or others. 
 
 73. II. Coininercial Association. Some, as Virginia, 
 were founded by a company for purposes of trade and profit. 
 
 74. III. Proprietary. Some, as Maryland and Pennsyl- 
 vania, were founded and ruled by a Proprietor to whom the king had 
 granted the land. 
 
 75. IV. Koyal. Some, as New York, were ruled by governors 
 appointed by the king and made answerable to him. Nearly all the 
 colonies were, at some time, under this form. 
 
 76. V. Charter. Some, as Rliode Island, had a written 
 instrument from the king granting certain powers and conferring 
 certain privileges. 
 
 PERIODS OF COLONIAL FOUNDATIONS. 
 
 77. Only six months were required to plant a colony by the 
 wise governor of Georgia. 
 
 78. Only one year did the Catholics, require in laying the foun- 
 dations of the Maryland colony. 
 
 79. Seven years were required in Connecticut. 
 
 80. Eight years were necessary in Rhode Island. 
 
 81. Twelve years were spent by English adventurers in their 
 attempt to plant a permanent colony in Virginia. 
 
 83. Fourteen years were required to make a permanent settle- 
 ment in Massachusetts. 
 
 83. For seventeen years Dutch traders were traffickiug on the 
 Hudson before a permanent colony was planted in New York. 
 
 84. Fifty years elapsed from the first settlements to the estab- 
 lishment of colonial governments in Pennsylvania, Delaw^are, 
 and New Jersey. 
 
 85. Sixty years passed away before the settlements in Carolina 
 and New Hampshire became fully developed colonies. 
 
COLONIAL PROGRESS. 03 
 
 CHAPTER IL 
 
 COLON I Ah PROGRESS 
 
 86. The rate of settlement, as we have seen, was 
 slow indeed. The idea of planting agricultural colonies in 
 A.merica was long in being entertained, and slow in being 
 executed. 
 
 The great obstacle, at first, was the belief, which outlived 
 the eai'ly explorers, and which for a century after Vespucci 
 filled the popular mind, that America Avas only a portion 
 of the great Asiatic continent. 
 
 Other and later causes were the attachment of the people 
 to their old homes, the dangers of the sea, the sacrifices to 
 be endured by pioneers, and the hostility of the Indians. 
 
 87o The great object of roloillzatioii was to escape 
 from some form of persecution in the Old World. The 
 people were nearly all pilgrims and refugees, who fled to 
 avoid the intolerance of the state, of the church, or of 
 society, beyond the Atlantic. 
 
 To achieve freedom the colonists risked the dangers of 
 the sea, endured the sufferings of a Avintry coast, braved 
 the pangs of famine, and met Indian warfare at their own 
 doors. 
 
 88. Afrlrait Slaver ij was introduced, as we have 
 seen, early in the settlement of the colonies. That score 
 of blacks sold by the Dutch traders at Jamestown, was the 
 advance troop of that host which was to overshadow the 
 republic. 
 
 At that time the slave trade was carried on extensively 
 in Europe. Slave labor was wanted in Virginia and else- 
 where in America. Tobacco was Mng. The soil and 
 climate were adapted to its culture, and negro labor 
 could best produce it. This was the real cause of slavery 
 in this country. 
 
 Cargo after cargo of blacks were stolen from their homes 
 in Africa and brought to America. Slave labor was found 
 
64 THE MODEL HISTORY 
 
 to be profitable to the planters in the South, and slave 
 importation to the merchants in the North. Thus the insti- 
 tution gradually extended to all the thirteen colonies. 
 South Carolina alone was a slave colony from its beginning 
 In New England the slaves were employed as house ser 
 vants; elsewhere they performed all kinds of manual labor 
 It is an interesting coincidence that the same ocean, in 
 the same year, brought to the same shores the Pilgrim 
 Fathers, the apostles of freedom, and a cargo of Africans. 
 the victims of slavery. 
 
 89. The treattnent of the Indians in early times 
 produced Very marked effects on colonial life. The natives 
 received the early explorers with hospitality and confidence. 
 But this fair picture passed away, and in the place of mutual 
 kindness came those acts of hatred and revenge which 
 have resulted in three hundred years of border warfare and 
 Indian atrocity. 
 
 90. Thelt' iVVongs would make a long record of 
 inhumanity. Columbus himself carried considerable num- 
 bers of the natives to Europe, where they were sohi into 
 slavery. 
 
 Another explorer carried off fifty to the same fate. 
 
 Another, having induced the confiding Indians to visit 
 his ship, closed the hatchways, spread his sails, and started 
 for the West Indies. 
 
 Another enticed the king of the Hurons on board his 
 vessel, and carried the captive chief to France, where he 
 died of grief and loneliness. 
 
 Another compelled them to perform the most degrading 
 kind of work, used them as beasts of burden, loaded them 
 with chains, killed them without regret, burned their vil- 
 lages, and pursued the flying inhabitants with blood-hounds. 
 
 When Hayti was discovered it contained about a million 
 of inhabitants; but within fifteen years they were reduced 
 to sixteen thousand by the cruelty of Spanish taskmasters. 
 
 " The entire aboriginal population of the West Indies soon 
 became extinct under the iron rule of the Spaniards." The 
 
COLONIAL PROGRESS. 65 
 
 practice of selling Indians into bondage in Europe con- 
 tinued for nearly two centuries. 
 
 91. The news of these and other wrongs spread from 
 wigwam to wigwam, from tribe to tribe, till the tales oi 
 treachery and outrage reached the most distant nations ot 
 North America, 
 
 92. The vesillts were such as might have been 
 expected. A general distrust of white men spread among 
 the Indians, Except an occasional treaty of friendship, as 
 those of Williams, Penn, Oglethorpe, and the French Jesuits, 
 not one of the nations colonizing America met the red men 
 with kindness, or succeeded in winning their confidence. 
 
 The English colonists were not men of blood, but they 
 were far more ready to punish than to pardon offenses. 
 The wise men among the Indians told their tribes that more 
 Englishmen were yet to come, tiiat they came to stay, and 
 that they would drive the red men from their homes anrt 
 hunting-grounds. 
 
 They saw white men increasing, ships arriving, settle- 
 ments spreading, cities growing. Tlie instinct of self-pre- 
 servation brouglit a deliberate resolve to annihilate their 
 enemies. Beside, there were frequent conflicts, which 
 could not fail to excite revengeful feelings in a savage 
 breast. 
 
 Whatever might have been the immediate occasion, these 
 were the real causes of those massacres, midnight horrors, 
 and Indian wars, which fill the pages of colonial history. 
 
 93. The Mer, John Eliot, of Massachusetts, often 
 called the Indian apostle, was one of the many good men 
 who tried to convert the natives to Christianity. 
 
 He learned their language, wrote an Algonquin grammar, 
 and translated the Scriptures into that tongue. This book 
 was printed at Cambridge, and was the first Bible published 
 in the country. He had spent many years in its prepara- 
 tion, and he made good use of it. It is now a mere literary 
 curiosity, the extinction of the tribe for which it was 
 intended having made it a sealed book. 
 
66 THE MODEL UISTORY. 
 
 He spent a lonj;^ lifo in missionary work, and was groatlj) 
 beloved by the Indians. His labors were confined to a 
 small district, and were only [)artially suucessfnl. At ono 
 time there were thirty ciuirches ol" "praying Indians" 
 under native preachers. 
 
 The red men were found to adhere closely to the manners 
 of tlieir fathers, and efforts toward their civilization were 
 attciuled with the greatest dillioulties. They said they did nol 
 want tlie tcniehings of a people wlu) murdered aiul enslaved 
 th(^m. Eliot was followed by John Sargent, l^avid Brain- 
 (Mil, David Zeisberger, James Marquette, 'JMiomas Mayhew, 
 and otlier heroic hd)ortM's in this uni)roniisiiig held. 
 
 1)4. The character of the Puritans was stern ami 
 
 rugged. Ti\ey were sober, earnest people, moved by deep 
 religious principle, and true to tlieir convictions of duty. 
 They were part of a great body of people in England who 
 lu>ld si'.nil.'ir o[)inions. They were haters of sham and 
 fashion — wigs, veils, long hair, plumes, scarfs, silken hoods, 
 and long: sleeves. 
 
 They wore broad-brimmed hats, long vests, loose pants, 
 and knee-buckles. They carefully observed the Sabbath, 
 beginning it on Saturday evening. Amusements were 
 restrained and holidays abolished. They esjiecially hated 
 the observance of Christmas and all the ceremonies of the 
 Episcopal church. Industry and economy were every where 
 practiced. 
 
 The authority of magistrates was highly respected, and 
 the ministers of the Gospel wielded great influence in 
 public and private life. In Connecticut it was said thai 
 every town had a scholar for its minister. From these 
 strange, good people have descended the enterprising, pro- 
 gressive Yankees. 
 
 95. The Puritans of Massachusetts had scarcely settled 
 themselves in their new homes, till the nun'h' of C(l HC(l- 
 tlon> claimeil tlieir attention. In ll!-fr, the general court 
 declared tnat every town or district of lifty families should 
 support a common school. Every town of one hundred 
 
OOLONTAL PROQUEHB. 
 
 67 
 
 families sliould maintain a grammar scJjooI of sufficient 
 grade to fit young men for Harvard, founded nine yearh. 
 before. 
 
 This regulation soon found its way into the other New 
 England colonies, and thus was founded the American 
 system of public schools. Heretofore education had been 
 the task of the church or private enterprise, but now for 
 tlie first time in the history of the world, the State took thf; 
 matter in charge, and taxed all for the support of public 
 instruction. Thus the foundations of the republic were 
 being laid. 
 
 96. With these people churfJi inattevH were 
 esteemed of the highest importance. A drum, a horn, a 
 
 conch-shell, or possibly a bell, 
 called the people to service at 
 ■\ nirje o'clock on .Sunday morn- 
 ing. They came to the log 
 .. "meeting - house," carrying 
 ' their muskets for fear of Indian 
 
 i^^':j(/!vPi\ -M\ treachery. 
 
 ^^^ '• V'^^^jjr, • /^- Within the church, the old 
 
 rir 1S|*Vi v.^', men sat in one place, the young 
 
 1 j-:'*; i\ men in another, and the chil- 
 
 ' V ''''J>1 - £AP'^'>'' 't^i dren in another. The boys sat 
 
 ^ . :^'_^i W^''^-'^ ^^' ^'^'^ stairs or in the ir-A\<iT\\ 
 
 .[•S^.^^^-j,'''' \\ f'^^K^/'/ guarded by an elder, who car- 
 
 ^wi^:L Jr^^^^^^^-JazA '^ ried a long, light rod with a 
 
 hare s foot on one end, and a 
 
 I 
 
 EAULY ^■E■.V ENOL. 
 
 ■ D CHI-'BCH. 
 
 hare's tail on the other. 
 
 " If a woman went to sleep he touched her on the fore- 
 head with the hare's tail; if a boy nodded, he received a 
 rap with the otlier end. We can imagine the rod was often 
 needed, for the service was from three to six hours in 
 length, the sexton turning the hour-glass on the pulpit at 
 the end of every hour." 
 
 There were no organs, choirs, or hymns; but the music 
 consisted of singing by the entire congregation, from a 
 
68 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 poetical version of the Psalms. The whole number of tunes 
 did not exceed ten, and few congregations could sing more 
 than five. 
 
 Prayers and sermons were little esteemed, unless they 
 were of great length. Tlie children and servants were 
 regularly catechised. Persons were fined for unnecessary 
 absence from service, and for protracted absence they were 
 put into the stocks or into a cage. 
 
 97. It was early seen that some form of union among 
 the colonies would be desirable. The primary object was 
 mutual defense. The Dutch threatened in the west, the 
 French in the north, and the Indians in the very midst. In 
 1643, the colonies Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, 
 and New Haven, were joined in a loose confederacy, called 
 the United Colonies of New Eitfjland, 
 
 The chief authority was vested in the assembly, com- 
 posed of two representatives from each colony. There was 
 no president, and each colony could do as it pleased about 
 obeying the laws. Only the general matters relating to 
 war and revenue were submitted to the assembly. No 
 other colonies were ever admitted, though several others 
 applied. This first union lasted forty years. 
 
 98. The laws of New Emjland were generally 
 severe. All war that was not defensive was condemned, 
 idolatry and blasphemy were punished with death, and 
 heavy penalties were attached to gambling, drunkenness, 
 and other immoralities. No interest was to be taken on 
 borrowed money. 
 
 Church and State were much united. The privilege of 
 voting was greatly restricted, and the whole number of 
 voters in Massachusetts was not over one-fifth of the popu- 
 lation, 
 
 99. The genuine Blue Laws of Connect Irat — so 
 
 called because they .vere originally printed on blue paper 
 — were very curious. A few of them will serve to illustrate 
 the strange legislation of the times. The early citizens of 
 Connecticut adopted, in substance, the law of Moses as 
 
COLONIAL PROGRESS. 69 
 
 their code in the punishment of crime. Blasphemy, mur- 
 der, and gross immorality were, therefore, capital offenses. 
 
 A child of sixteen years or older, if stubbornly disobe- 
 dient, or if he should curse or strike his father or mother, 
 was liable to the penalty of death. 
 
 Profaning the Sabbath was, in extreme cases, a capital 
 offense. Lying subjected the offender to a fine of five, 
 ten, or twenty shillings; inexcusable absence from church 
 on Sunday, to a fine of five. 
 
 No man could vote unless he was a member of one of the 
 churches allowed in the province. 
 
 All were required to pay for the suppoi't of the regular 
 congregational minister, and if any failed to do so, he was 
 assessed for that purpose, and the assessment was collected 
 in law as an ordinary debt. 
 
 If children were brought up in ignorance, the selectmen 
 were to provide education at the expense of the parent. 
 
 Married persons were obliged to live together or be 
 imprisoned. Should a young man seek the hand of a young 
 lady in marriage, without having obtained the previous 
 consent of her father, he was liable to a fine of forty shil- 
 lings for the first offense, eighty for the second, and a rea- 
 sonable amount for the third, or he might be Hogged. 
 
 It is well to remember that, though these laws seem to 
 us severe, tlie men of Connecticut were no less tolerant 
 tlian their fellows. While there were twelve capital offenses 
 in Connecticut, there were about two hundred in England. 
 
 100. The pOpuJatiOil of the colonies at the acces- 
 sion of King James II to the throne of England was 
 two hundred thousand, — seventy-five in New England, forty 
 in the middle colonies, and eighty-five in the South. These 
 were drawn from several different countries. English pre- 
 dominated; but Dutch, Swedes, French, Scotch, Irish, and 
 Germans also abounded. 
 
 These people were nearly all of a good class, fully deter- 
 mined to win their way in the New World. This mixture 
 of solid men and women from the best races has made the 
 
TO THE MODEL EISTORT. 
 
 people of the United States the most proi^ressive nation in 
 the world. 
 
 101. The farm i Tiff of the early settlers was attended 
 by many difficulties. Unbroken forests extended from the 
 Atlantic to the Mississippi. For many years the people culti- 
 vated only those small patches of ground which the Indians 
 had cleared of wood. After this it was thought necessary 
 in clearing land to remove all the stumps and roots. By 
 thus doing a man could not prepare more than one acre a 
 year. 
 
 But at one time a farmer, more negligent than the others, 
 cut down the trees, plowed the stumpy and rooty ground 
 as best he could, and scratched in his seed. His neighbors 
 made him the subject of mvich ridicule; but at the time of 
 harvest he gathered an excellent crop. It was a great dis- 
 covery. 
 
 From that time forward forests were rapidly cut away, 
 farms were made, and the waving grain quickly followed 
 the woodman's ax. In New England the land was divided 
 into small farms, by which means social life was cultivated, 
 and enterprise and thrift were increased. Towns and vil- 
 lages were numerous. 
 
 In the southern colonies the planters lived on great plan- 
 tations, miles apart. Their households were large, consist- 
 ing at first of apprenticed hands sent over from England. 
 These laborers were afterward entirely superseded by 
 slaves. 
 
 102. The productions were corn, oats, rye, peas, 
 hay, barley, squashes, wheat, and pumpkins. Many of the 
 plants which the colonists had brought from Europe could 
 not be made to flourish in the climate of the Atlantic coast. 
 For whole generations public and private attention was 
 given to the production of silk, — almost the only business 
 that has not been made to flourish in America. 
 
 It required many years to ascertain the crops suited to 
 the conditions of climate; but this was finally done so 
 thoroughly that, with the exception of sorghum, there has 
 
GOLONiAL PR0OBES8. Tl 
 
 been no new field crop of any impoitanee introduced into 
 American agriculture since the Revolution. 
 
 Apples, pears, plums, quinces, and cherries, were raised. 
 Linen and woolen cloths were made in early times in the 
 homes of the people. Ship-building was carried on. The 
 first cargo sent to Europe was a ship-load of sassafras root. 
 The chief exports were furs, fish, sweet potatoes, tobacco, 
 and lumber. 
 
 It is a strange fact that one hundred and thirty years 
 before England had a saw-mill, one was put in full opera- 
 tion by the Puritans only fourteen years after their landing. 
 
 103. At first the TtlOnetf in use was corn, beaver skins, 
 bullets, and pounds of tobacco. These were used even in 
 paying taxes. English and foreign coins afterward came 
 into use. Massachusetts set up a mint in 1652, and coined 
 small silver pieces for circulation. 
 
 The mint-master was to receive fifteen pence for every 
 twenty shillings coined. It is recorded that he became 
 wealthy, and gave his only daughter her weight in silver. 
 This coinage was called " the pine-tree currency." 
 
 Paper money was first issued by Massachusetts in 1G90, 
 to defray the expense of a military expedition. Paper cur- 
 rency soon became common among the colonies. In trade 
 with the Indians, Yankee-made wampum was much used. 
 Value was estimated in pounds, shillings, and pence. Dol- 
 lars and cents came in with the Revolution. 
 
 104. The mode of life was exceedingly simple. 
 The people wore home-spun clothes, and made their yarn 
 from the wool of their own sheep. But on great occa- 
 sions, and on the Sabbath, the young men wore gold 
 and silver buttons and showy belts ; and the young 
 women, silken hoods, lace handkerchiefs, and embroidered 
 caps. 
 
 All persons were required by law to dress within their 
 means. Alice Flynt was accused of wearing a silken hood; 
 but the complaint was dropped when she showed that she was 
 worth a thousand dollars ! Jonas Fairbanks was arrested for 
 
72 
 
 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 wearing "great boots;" but he was acquitted of the crime 
 for want of sufficient evidence. 
 
 3fr., Mrs.^ and Miss, were titles applied only to min 
 isters, their wives, and persons of high standing. Good- 
 man and Goodwife, commonly contracted into Goody, were 
 the addresses of all persons in ordinary stations. Mr. 
 Josias Plaistowe stole some corn from the Indians. He 
 was afterward only Josias Plaistowe. 
 
 ^'A 
 
 ■:;;;;'aiiiii. 
 
 lir'^ 
 
 1 • •■ ' :?(> 
 
 "■ Ln,,J|,l|Mll|illlli 
 
 -'ft' 
 
 NEW ENGLAND KITCHEN. 
 
 The farmer's wife rode to church or market behind her 
 husband on the same horse. The roads were poor, and 
 wheeled vehicles scarce. The food was simple but abun- 
 dant. People in all stations made their morning and even- 
 ing meal of mush and milk. The standard dinner was el: 
 pork and beans, or beef and peas. Tea and coffee were 
 not yet used, but home-made beer and cider were largely 
 taken as drinks. Potat(ios were not used as food till about 
 a century aftt'i- the- landing- :;t Plymouth. Forks were 
 
COLONIAL PROGRESS. 73 
 
 not vised at the table. Bread was commonly made of rye 
 and corn- meal rather than of flour. The houses were 
 mostly log cabins, with small windows, and chimneys made 
 of sticks and clay plaster The furniture was generally 
 very simple and plain. The kitchen was the most important 
 apartment, with its wide fire place, the mortar and pestle 
 for pounding corn, and the firelock for hunting and 
 defense. 
 
 There were few amusements; dancing and the theater were 
 not tolerated; and no one was allowed to carry cards or 
 dice. Thanksgiving was instituted to take the place of 
 the Christmas festival. The standard of morality was 
 very high. 
 
 105. Bfitish oppression was early felt, more or 
 less, in all the colonies, in two ways. 
 
 First. The exactions of the royal governors, who were 
 often men without principle, seeking to enrich themselves 
 by oppressing the people. 
 
 Second. The Navigation Acts, which forbade all British 
 colonies to send their products elsewhere than to England; 
 to buy their goods any where but in England; and to send 
 by any but English vessels. 
 
 The love of liberty grew strong. Having come originally 
 to secure freedom of conscience, the colonists soon wished 
 it to extend to political matters. In every colony the ten- 
 dency was toward "a rule of the people by the people." 
 The royal interference might check, but it could not destroy, 
 this strong tendency toward republicanism. 
 
 106. The veliffious belief of the colonists differed 
 greatly, though nearly the entire population professed 
 Christianity. Maryland, founded by Catholics, soon had, 
 like the other colonies, a majority of Protestants. 
 
 The Church of England, — the Episcopal, — prevailed in 
 Virginia and Carolina. In New England, the people were 
 largely Calvinistic in doctrine and Congregational in prac- 
 tice. In New York, the Dutch Reformed were supreme. 
 
 The Quaker element predominated in Pennsylvania, 
 
74 THE MODEL BISTORT. 
 
 Delaware, Rhode Island and New Jersey. Roger Wil 
 liams established at Providence the first Baptist church in 
 America. 
 
 The French Protestants, — the Huiruenots, — were found 
 ill considerable numbers in New York and Carolina. 
 
 107. The celebrated Johfl Weslcf/^ the founder of 
 Methodism, and Creorf/e JV I lit ('fields an eloquent evan- 
 gelist, visited America on a missionary tour, in 1738. It 
 was the mission of the latter to arouse the people; of the 
 former, to lead and organize. 
 
 The people flocked to their ministry, and on one occasion 
 in England, Whitefield is said to have preached to sixty 
 thousand listeners. His open-air meetings were often 
 attended by foi'ty thousand. This was a time of intense 
 religious enthusiasm on both sides of the ocean, and is 
 known as the " Great Awakening." 
 
 108. A. ivav of sectH was waged in several of the 
 colonies. The people forgot their ideas of tolerance and 
 religious equality when power came to them. " New Eng- 
 land Protestants appealed to Lil)erty; then they closed the 
 door against her." It was a sad, strange picture of life. 
 
 The Puritans imprisoned Baptists and executed Quakers. 
 
 The Churchmen in Virginia banished Puritans and 
 imprisoned Baptists. The Protestants in Maryland disfran- 
 chised the Catholics. 
 
 But as years passed away, a more kind, tolerant spirit 
 prevailed; and long before the end of the colonial period 
 the illiberal sentiment of persecution had passed away. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 THE FREXCH AND INDIAN WAR. 
 
 109. For three hundred years five powevs struggled 
 for the possession of North America, — the Indians, Spain, 
 France, England, and the Thirteen Colonies. These strug- 
 gles have occasioned nearly all the wars in our history. 
 
 110. The Tnillans were in reality subdued by the 
 
THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. T5 
 
 white races at an early period, althougli they have continued 
 a hopeless struggle at intervals during our entire history. 
 For the last fifty years it has been within the power of the 
 United States, did not humanity forbid, to inflict upon the 
 red man the last wrong he can suffer — extermination. 
 
 Ill- The Spanish did not engage to much extent 
 in conflicts with other colonists. They left behind them 
 names for our towns, rivers, and islands; but they disap- 
 j)eared from the territory now inclu(l(Ml in the United 
 States late in our history, at the purchase of Florida, the 
 annexation of Texas, the acquisition of California, and the 
 war with Mexico. 
 
 112. The French first engaged with the English in 
 the struggle for supremacy on the continent. It had long 
 been foreseen, in a day when arbitration was not practiced 
 and men knew no better way of settling disputes than by 
 warfare, that a contest of arms must some time come. 
 
 113. The causes of the war had existed for genera- 
 tions. They were two in number. 1. The conflicting claims 
 of territory. 2. The old enmity of England and France. 
 
 114. The claiins of territory on both sides were 
 very distinct. The English based their pretensions of 
 ownership on the voyage of Cabot along the Atlantic coast, 
 and always assumed that their territory extended westward 
 to the Pacific. The French claimed the Mississippi valley, 
 because they first explored and occupied it. 
 
 115. Froich '■Tesilits, acting in the double capacity 
 of explorers and Indian missionaries, had penetrated far 
 into the interior. They were brave, devoted men, who 
 were ready to endure every privation, suffering, and even a 
 lonely death, in carrying a knowledge of Catholic Chris- 
 tianity to the red men of the forest. 
 
 Under their leadership, the French had explored the 
 Great Lakes, had seen the Mississippi River from the Falls 
 of St. Anthony to the Gulf, and had established a chain of 
 no fewer than sixty military posts on the lakes and in the 
 Mississippi valley. 
 
76 
 
 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 116. Some jyvevious collisions had occurred 
 between the English and the French in America; but these 
 conflicts had grown out of war between the parent coun- 
 tries. The issue now raised was an American question, and 
 was to be decided, in part, on An;erioan soil. 
 
 117. The x>opulation of the two national it ies 
 
 in America at that time was nearly as follows: English, 
 one million; French, one hundred thousand. The former 
 were confined to the Atlantic coast; the latter to the valleys 
 of the St Lawrence and the Mississippi. 
 
 118. The iniinediate occasion of the war was an 
 
 infringement on the French claims by the issue of a grant 
 of land to a number of capitalists called The Ohio Com- 
 pany. This grant consisted of a large tract on the Ohio 
 River, with the obligation of colonizing it, and the privi- 
 leges of the Ii}dian trade. 
 
 The Company set up peaceful trading posts. But the 
 wary Frenchmen busily established forts, indicatino- mili- 
 tary occupancy, in the center of the contested territory. 
 
 119. Major Geotufe Wash ington now first appears 
 in the history of his country. The act of the French 
 alarmed the English government, and orders were dis- 
 patched to the governor of Virginia, to send " a person of 
 distinction " to demand of the French the abandonment of 
 the disputed territory. The letter was to be carried from 
 the capital of Virginia to the French commander on Lake 
 Erie. It was the most serious mission yet undertaken in 
 America. 
 
 George Washington was chosen. He was a Virginian 
 by birth. When a boy he was distinguished for good 
 behavior, for energy, and for a disposition for hard work. 
 At sixteen he became a good surveyor. At nineteen he 
 was made adjutant of one of the military districts of his 
 native State, ranking as major. 
 
 He was twenty-one when he undertook the message to 
 the French commander. He was even then regarded as a 
 young man of unusual promise. 
 
THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 77 
 
 . 120. Sis journey lay through four hundred miles 
 of forests. Selecting a few companions, he traveled the dis- 
 tance to Erie, delivered his message, and bore back the reply- 
 in safety. No subsequent act of his life elicited so much 
 admiration as the performance of this hazardous mission. 
 The re])ly was a courteous and evasive refusal to accede to 
 the demands of the English. 
 
 131, Unity of action was secured to the colonies 
 by the home government. A council was held at Albany, 
 in which the provinces resolved to act together. Treaties 
 were also made with several Indian tribes. 
 
 A. plan for the political union of the colonies was pro- 
 j)osed by Benjamin Franklin, a delegate to the council. 
 The scheme was adopted by the convention, but it did not go 
 into effect. It was rejected by both the colonial assem- 
 blies and the British government, being too aristocratic for 
 the former, and too democratic for the latter. 
 
 1 22. It should be remembered that the idea of union 
 grew very slowly on this continent. A part of the New 
 England colonies had been joined for many years in a con- 
 federacy formed for protection against the Indians, and for 
 the regulation of commerce. 
 
 William Penn had proposed, ])ut not successfulU^, an 
 annual congress of all the colonies, with power to regulate 
 trade between them. Franklin revived this idea, and 
 argued it acceptably before this provincial congress at 
 Albany, twenty-two years before the Great Declaration. 
 
 123. The contest which ensued was fought on both sides 
 of the ocean, and is called in European history The Seven 
 Years' War. In American history it is known as The 
 French and Indian War, For five years commis- 
 sioners from both nations had been engaged at Paris in 
 discussing the conflicting claims. 
 
 Their labors were in vain. The quarrel was secretly 
 incited by the parent governments, and these intrigues 
 soon brought on a general war vastly more disastrous than 
 the contest on this side of the Atlantic, nearly nine 
 
78 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 hundred thousand men falling on the battle-fields of 
 Europe. 
 
 1755, 
 
 124. General Edward JivaddoeU^ an Irish officer 
 
 of distinction, bore a commission as Commander-in-Chief 
 of all the British and colonial forces in America. 
 
 125. Four ejrpeditions were jjlanned as the opera- 
 tions of the year : one under General Johnson, against 
 Crown Point; a second under General Shirley, against Fort 
 Niagara ; a third under General Winslow, against the French 
 settlers in Nova Scotia; and a fourth, and chief, under Gen- 
 eral Braddock, against Fort Du Quesne. 
 
 126. The first was a failure. 
 
 127. T/w second was a failure. 
 
 128. T/te third was a success. The French settlers 
 of Nova Scotia were a peaceable, innocent, and happy 
 people. Tliey desired to remain neutral during the war, 
 but it was claimed that they might join their countrymen 
 in arms. 
 
 Seven thousand of them were therefore kidnapped, put 
 on ships, and carried into exile into the various colonies. 
 Families were broken up, never to be reunited; and the 
 newspapers in following years often contained advertise- 
 ments asking for missing relatives. The crops and the 
 homes of the simple Acadians were destroyed, and the 
 people stripped of every possession except the clothes 
 they wore. 
 
 This act resulted in the expulsion or extinction of the 
 entire French population of Nova Scotia. The poet Long- 
 fellow founded his poem entitled " Evangeline " on this 
 sad event. 
 
 129. The foarth, was a failure. Rejecting the advice 
 of Washington, JJraddock fell into an Indian ambuscade, 
 and his army was thrown into confusion. The loss Avas 
 heavy. Braddock was killed, and the remnant was saved 
 only by the coolness and skill of Washington, who led tho 
 shattered army back to Philadelphia^ 
 
THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 
 
 79 
 
80 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 1756. 
 
 i;30. The pla^i of the campaign was the same as 
 the year before, with the exception of the expedition against 
 Nova Scotia. The colonies had twenty thousand men in 
 the field. Evert/ one of the expeditions failed. 
 
 1757. 
 
 131. TJie plan this year was a single expedition 
 against Louisl>urg, on Cape Breton. Leaving the entire 
 Canadian frontier in undisputed possession of the French, 
 the British General Loudon settled down near Louisburg 
 with eleven thousand men, cleared off a mustering plain, 
 and, lest his men should take the scurvy, planted the fields 
 near the city in onions ! 
 
 When he heard that the enemy had one more ship than 
 himself, he surpassed his former absurdity by sailing away 
 to New York. Thus the expedition ended in disgrace and 
 failure. 
 
 133. The situation was far from satisfactory to the 
 English. They had not a single village or fortress remain- 
 ing in the whole valley of the St. Lawrence. West of the 
 mountains there was not a single cabin where English was 
 spoken. France claimed, and appeared to possess, twenty 
 times as much American territory as England, although its 
 population was only one-tenth as great. 
 
 1758. 
 
 133. Discontent with the management of the war was 
 now freely expressed in the colonies and in England. 
 3Iore viyorous nieasares were adopted. The firitish 
 ministry was changed, and William Pitt, called the Great 
 Commoner, was placed at the head of the government. 
 The colonies raised men and money, and in the spring 
 fifty thousand regular and provincial troops took the field. 
 This force equaled the entire male P^rench population of 
 the continent. 
 
 134. The Xilan of operations was nearly the same 
 
THE FEENGH AND INDIAN WAR. 81 
 
 as that of the first year of the war. Three expeditions 
 were planned. The first against Louishurg; the second 
 against Ticonderoga; and the third against Fort Du Quesne. 
 
 135. TJie first was successful. With twelve thousand 
 men the British attacked the fortress by land, and bom- 
 barded it from the fleet. After thirty days the defenders 
 of Louisburg struck their colors. It was the first heavy 
 blow of the English armies against the French power in 
 America. 
 
 136. The secOfl,fl was a failure. A finely eqvupped 
 army of fifteen thousand, — the largest force that had ever 
 been seen iu the western hemisphere, — came confidently to 
 Ticonderoga. It was repulsed with a loss of two thousand. 
 
 137. The third was successful. Nine thousand men 
 went against the fort. The advance detachment, under 
 Washington, proceeded with caution, and found the fortress 
 burned and abandoned. The army entered the ruins, raised 
 the English flag, and named the place Pittsburg, in honor 
 of the British minister. Washington had already displayed 
 military qualities superior to those of any other general 
 who had appeared on the continent, 
 
 77,7.9. 
 
 138. The plan of the campaign was to conquer 
 
 Canada, and it eml)raced tliree expeditions: one against 
 Ticonderoga; the second against Fort Niagara; and the 
 third, and chief, against Quebec. Every one of these 
 expeditions was successful. 
 
 139. General Wolfe, the British commander of the 
 third expedition, rose from a bed of sickness, and in the 
 stillness of night led his army up a precipice three hundred 
 feet high to a plain, — the Plain of Abraham, — overlooking 
 Quebec. 
 
 3fontCalinf the French general, led out his forces, and 
 a bloody battle was fouglit. Both commanders were slain. 
 The capital of New France surrendered. 
 
 140. The Treat t/ of J*aris ended the war. France 
 
 gave up to England all her possessions in North America 
 4* 
 
82 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 east of the Mississippi River, except the city of New Orleans 
 and the island adjoining it. Thus England won in the con- 
 test for the possession of the continent. It was to be the 
 home of the Eng-Iish-spoaking- millions. 
 
 141. The cost of the ivat' to the colonies was very- 
 great. The British generals often sneered at the awkward 
 young farmers and mechanics fighting in their armies, but 
 they nearly always did their duty well, and many thousands 
 of them had fallen in the struggle. The colonies spent 
 sixteen million dollars, five of which were afterward repaid 
 by the British government. 
 
 142. The sigfiificance of the war was in its being 
 a preparation for the impending struggle of the Revolution. 
 It was a training-school for the generals and soldiers of the 
 colonies. It showed them war as conducted by the best 
 captains of Europe. Washington, Putnam, Gates, Mont- 
 gomery, Stark, Arnold,' Morgan, and others, who acted in 
 the Revolution, here learned the science and art of war. 
 
 It taught the colonies the idea of consolidation, and that 
 " in union there is strength." In later years, when defend- 
 ing the x\merican colonies in Parliament, the statesman 
 Burke strikingly illustrated the process of growth now 
 going on in American character: " These colonies are yet in 
 the gristle ^ they have not yet hardened into honey 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 THE INTERVAL. 
 
 143. The sixteen years between the close of the 
 French War and the opening of the Revolution, were years 
 in which the character of the colonies rapidly matured. It 
 was a time of deep political study. 
 
 The Common Law of England was everywhere discussed, 
 and every young lawyer became familiar with the legal 
 literature of the parent country. Burke said of America, 
 "In no country in the world is the law so gen(M-al a study." 
 Meetings for political debate were held in every city and 
 
THE INTERVAL. 83 
 
 village. The rights of man were the absorbing theme; 
 and the very schoolboys tried to handle, in earnest discus- 
 sion, the high topic. 
 
 144. The State of society was very different fron, 
 that of the early colonial times. There had been a gradual 
 assimilation of manners, and the colonies had become a 
 coherent people. Instead of being thirteen provinces with 
 separate and sometimes opposing interests, they had be 
 come one nation in thought and feeling. 
 
 They were Americans. They began to feel that they fJl 
 had the same interests, and that it was their destiny at sonib 
 time to be a united people. Society was growing in prepa 
 ration for nationality; but the most far-seeing statesman 
 could not have imagined that union and independence were 
 to come together. 
 
 145. Agt'iCiiltUVe continued to be the chief industry, 
 but slow progress was made in introducing improved meth- 
 ods of husbandry. 
 
 Seeds were expensive and implements imperfect. The 
 sickle, the scythe, and the flail, made the farmer's life full 
 of labor. Rotation of crops was not thought of, and tlie 
 value of fertilizers was little understood. 
 
 Sheep and cattle were not over half as large as at the 
 present time. The swine were long-legged, covered with 
 bristles, and hard to fatten. There were no agricultural 
 journals, and "book-farming" was often spoken of with 
 contempt. With the exception of a few valuable essays 
 on field husbandry, published in 1747, by .Tared Eliot, a 
 clergyman, there were no attempts to encourage improved 
 tillage. 
 
 Tobacco was the source of much wealth in Virginia, 
 where the planters became an aristocratic class. The pro- 
 duce of the Mt. Vernon plantation was carefully managed 
 by the proprietor, and the barrels of flour bearing the brand 
 of George Washington of Mt. Vernon were entered in the 
 ports of the West Indies without inspection. 
 
84 
 
 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 About the year 1740, a young woman of eighteen, named 
 Eliza Lucas, was managing a 
 plantation in South Carolina. 
 Her father sent her some cotton 
 seeds from the West Indies. 
 She planted them and had a 
 good crop. From that day, the 
 cultivation of cotton increased 
 with great rapidity in the South, 
 till it became the king of pro- 
 ducts. 
 
 146. In the northern colo- 
 nies, 7naniifactiiriti(f also 
 received much attention. The 
 people early began to diversify 
 their industry, and to make by 
 hand nearly all the articles pro- 
 duced in England. 
 
 The first manufactory was a 
 glass furnace. Hats, paper, household furniture, farming 
 implements and cutlery, were made to a limited extent. 
 Silks were made in Connecticut, cotton and woolen cloth 
 in Rhode Island, and shoes at Lynn. 
 
 The weaving of cloth by machinery was not yet thought 
 of, and the thrifty people spun their yarn and wove their 
 fabrics by hand. It is recorded that Mrs. Washington had 
 sixteen spinning-wheels ri;nning 
 at a time. 
 
 Ship carpenters were busy. 
 Nantucket had one hundred and 
 fifty vessels engaged in whaling 
 voyages; and Marbleliead had fifty 
 vessels in the foreign fishing trade. 
 Iron furnaces were erected as 
 ^y- early as 1740, the same year in 
 which Eliza Lucas planted her 
 
 SPINNING-WHEEL. COttOU Seed. 
 
 THE COTTON PLANT. 
 
THE INTERVAL. 85 
 
 147. The usual mode of travel was on foot or on 
 horseback, thougli the gjeiitlemen planters of Virginia used 
 to ride in great coaches with yellow wheels, and drawn by 
 six horses. 
 
 There were no turnpikes nor macadamized roads. Lum- • 
 bering coaches made the trip from New York to Philadel- 
 pliia twice a week ; but in 1766 a stage was put on the 
 route which accomplished the journey in "the remarkably 
 short time of two days." This was called The Flying 
 Machine. 
 
 148. For a long time postal accoimuodations 
 
 were very inferior. Previous to 1693, all mail matter was 
 carried by private conveyance. In that year Parliament 
 voted to establish post-offices in the colonies, and Thomas 
 Neale was authorized to transmit letters and packets " at 
 such rates as the planters should agree to give." 
 
 Seventeen years later, a chief office was established at 
 New York, and a line of posts reaching northward to New 
 Hampshire and southward to Philadelphia. The postman 
 traversed "this route as often as letters enough had accumu- 
 lated to pay expenses. 
 
 Benjamin Franklin held the office of postmaster general 
 in America for twenty years, until his dismissal at the out- 
 break of the Revolution. 
 
 149. Slavery continued to flourish in all the colonies. 
 Its prosperity was owing in part to the demand for slave 
 labor, and in part to slave importation by order of 
 the British government. 
 
 In 1712, the English South Sea Company and the 
 African Company were endowed with the monopoly 
 of introducing negro slaves into the western world. 
 They were encouraged and firmly sustained by English 
 legislation, and during the century ending at the Declara- 
 tion of Independence, the British nation, chiefly by these 
 two companies, imported into the English, Spanish, and 
 French colonies in America about three million negroes, 
 most of them between the ages of fifteen and thirty years. 
 
86 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 Several of the colonies, and especially Virginia, com- 
 plained of this excessive importation ; hut Parliament was 
 firm in the support of this traffic, pronouncing it " a trade 
 highly advantageous to the kingdom and its colonies." The 
 object of all this was to encourage agriculture and discour- 
 age manufacturing in America, in order that British facto- 
 ries might have an abundant supply of raw materials and a 
 ready market for their goods. 
 
 The acknowledged policy was to keep the colonies 
 dependent on the parent country. The result was that fifty 
 years before Independence some of the colonies had a 
 greater colored than white population. 
 
 150. The sldve laws in force during colonial times 
 were very severe. As a sample, it may be stated, that in 
 the colony of the Carolinas, it was enacted, in 1712, that 
 " all negroes, Indians, and mulattoes, who can not prove 
 themselves freemen, are made and declared slaves." Any 
 person finding a slave abroad without a pass, must 
 chastise him, or else be liable to a penalty for the 
 omission. 
 
 All crimes committed by a slave, from theft to murder, 
 were punishable by death. If the owner of a runaway 
 slave failed to whip the culprit, cut off" his ear, or brand 
 him with a red-hot iron, he forfeited his ownership. 
 
 The expense of hunting slaves was paid from the public 
 treasury, and if any person, while engaged in such service, 
 should be disabled, the public paid the damages. If a slave 
 died during his punishment, no penalty was to be attached, 
 unless murder was intended, when a fine of fifty pounds 
 was to b(i ])aid. 
 
 151. TJie N'ew EnfflfnideVS could no longer be 
 called Roundheads. IIicn wore great powdered wigs, 
 and tied them behind in a long queue fastened by a pink 
 ribbon. Well dressed gentletnen at home wore a red velvet 
 cap, a l>lue damask dressing-gown, a white satin waistcoat 
 with deep embroidered flaps, black satin breeches, lon^ 
 white silk stockings, and red morocco slippers. This was a 
 
THE INTERVAL. 87 
 
 very dandyish costume compared with the modest dress of 
 the early Puritans. 
 
 In manners and opinions the people had not changed so 
 much. They believed in the future, and they labored as 
 much for posterity as for themselves. They still maintained 
 their spiritual worship; they called upon no saint; they 
 hated Christmas and Popish festivals; they erected neither 
 altar nor crucifix; they married without a minister; and 
 buried the dead without prayer. They thus manifested 
 their dislike of Episcopacy and Catholicism. 
 
 152. Tlie Soutliet'liet'S were mostly descendants of 
 the earlier Cavaliers of Virginia. They dressed much as 
 tlieir neighbors in New England, but differed from them 
 greatly in manners. The Virginia planters lived like 
 princes. They had grand Christmas dinners, with music 
 and dancing. They did not care much for schools and 
 books, but built fine residences, and bought gay dresses and 
 rich furniture. 
 
 They busied themselves in managing their plantations, 
 and spent their vacant time in hunting and fishing. Bull- 
 baiting, cock-fighting, and fox-hunting were popular amuse- 
 ments. Much attention was given to politics. 
 
 153. As time advanced, many new CitStoms were 
 introduced into society at which we would smile to-day. 
 Watches were rarely carried. Forks at the table were used 
 in 1680 in the wealthier families, but plates were articles 
 not yet thought of. 
 
 Coffee was used by only a few, and as a luxury. Tea 
 was supped sparingly in 1710. Potatoes began to be used 
 as food about 1720; but when, fifty years later, Samuel 
 Garver put away a bushel for winter use, his neighbors 
 wondered what he would do with so many ! 
 
 In 1721, singing by note began to be introduced into 
 church service, a custom which encountered much 
 opposition, and opened a ten years' quarrel in the 
 chui'ches. 
 
 An organ was made in 1745, but it was not allowed in 
 
88 THE MODEL BISTORT. 
 
 the " meeting-house." At home, young ladies played on 
 the spinet, and the young men on the violin. 
 
 About the close of the French war, chaises came into use 
 for Sunday traveling, in place of the saddle. 
 
 154. The Press early became a power in the land. 
 Few books were allowed by Parliament to be printed in 
 the colonies, but they were highly prized. In 1639, an 
 English printer named Stephen Day, set up at Cambridge 
 the first printing press. 
 
 The first printing done in the country was The Freeman's 
 Oath, and the next, an almanac calculated for New England. 
 The first book was a poetical translation of the Psalms, 
 which was published in a volume of three hundred pages, 
 and went through seventy editions. It was the hymn-book 
 of New England. 
 
 The first newspaper appeared in 1701, and was called 
 the JBoston News Letter. John Campbell was the first 
 American editor. Fifty years later there were but seven 
 newspapers in the country. They were small, single sheets, 
 frequently printed on only one side, and mostly devoted lo 
 local news. 
 
 The age of newspapers had not yet come. But pam- 
 phlets on political topics were very popular, and teemed 
 with much thought in the right direction. Sound political 
 philosophy was thus spread among a people who were so 
 soon to take a place among the nations. 
 
 ]55. In 1732, John Peter Zenger, of New York, pub- 
 lisher of the Weekly Journal., strongly censured the gov- 
 ernor and the assembly for laying illegal taxes on the 
 colony. No newspaper had ever taken so bold a step 
 before. Zenger was arrested on a charge of libel, and the 
 edition of his paper containing it was publicly burned. 
 The freedotn of the press was thus for the first time 
 put on trial. Attorneys feared tlie power of the govern- 
 ment, and it was very difficult for Zenger to obtain counsel. 
 On the day of trial, a venerable, noble-looking stranger 
 appeared on his behalf. It was Andrew Hamilton, the 
 
THE INTERVAL. 89 
 
 speaker of the assembly of Pennsylvania, and the famous 
 "Quaker lawyer " of Philadelphia, Being not allowed to 
 prove the truth of the charge which Zenger had made, 
 Hamilton appealed to the jury that they were aware from 
 their own knowledge, that it was true, and asserted that 
 the principles of liberty were on trial before them, and not 
 the mere person of a man. 
 
 Zenger was acquitted amid cheers; and thus freedom 
 was proclaimed to the press in the New World, long before 
 it had escaped the censorship of the government in the Old. 
 
 156. The I*lllplt was also a great educator of the 
 times. Many of the ministers were men of superior scholar- 
 ship, who preached their long, strong sermons to congre- 
 gations of farmers, mechanics, and small tradespeople of 
 the district. In many a parsonage the Scriptures were read 
 in the original languages at the morning and evening 
 worship. 
 
 For two-thirds of a century metaphysical theology had 
 held the ascendency in the ministry; but the clergy did not 
 stop with the discussion of dogmas : they led and inspired 
 the people ; they kept patriotism aflame ; they promoted 
 vital religion ; they moulded national character. 
 
 157. The importance of ef7tlC((ti(Hl was acknowledged 
 from the first settlement of the colonies. In NuiV JEtlf/- 
 IffUdf the people prized it next to religion. In Connecti- 
 cut, every town that (lid not keep open a school at least 
 three months in the year, was liable to a fine. 
 
 1 iie "town meetings," now mostly abandoned, were 
 then common. Old and young, rich and poor, there met 
 on equality, and discussed matters of local and national 
 interest. Every one had the right to vote and speak. In 
 these village councils the people formed the habit of acting 
 in a body for the good of all, and accepting the will of the 
 majority as law. These meetings developed public spirit, 
 taught the people the important art of self-government, 
 and gave skill in puljlic debate. 
 
 158. The M^iddle colonies had their common 
 
90 THE MODEL HISTOBT. 
 
 schools and colleges. The first schools in New York were 
 taught by Dutch masters, who gave instruction in English 
 as an accomplishment. 
 
 The first girls' school in the country was started at I.ewis- 
 ton, Delaware. In the first schools of Pennsylvania, "read- 
 ing, writing, and casting accounts," were taught for eight 
 shillings a year. 
 
 159. Tlw SoHfJiern colonies met with difficulties 
 in their plans to promote education. The royal governors 
 were generally opposed to public instruction, and would 
 not allow the people to have common schools. One of the 
 governors of Virginia, Sir William Berkeley, said, " I thank 
 God there are no free schools nor printing in the colony, 
 and I hope there will not be these hundred years: for learn- 
 ing has brought disobedience, heresy, and sects into the 
 world, and printing has published and scattered them." 
 
 This wish came near being fulfilled; for, a century and a 
 half later, a member of Congress from Virginia thanked 
 God that his district was without a newspaper. The scat- 
 tered condition of the people was unfavorable to the cause 
 of general education. The planters, and others who could 
 afford the expense, sent their sons to be educated in 
 England. 
 
 160. It must bo acknowledged that litevittlU'e and 
 science did not receive much attention in colonial times. 
 The people were too busy in making homes and developing 
 their country. Increase Mather, one of the early presi- 
 dents of Harvard College, and his son, Cotton Mather, were 
 the founders of American literature. 
 
 Cotton Mather's Magnalia, a religious history of New 
 England, was the first important book written by a native 
 of this country, and it is still interesting reading. Frank- 
 lin's experiments with a ])()y's kite, by which he proved the 
 identity of lightning and electricity, elicited the praise of 
 all Europe. 
 
 161. Nine COlleffes existed in this country at the 
 close of the colonial period, — three Episcopalian, three 
 
THE INTERVAL. 91 
 
 Congregational, one Presbyterian, one Baptist, and one 
 Dutch Reformed. They exerted a great and steady influ- 
 ence from a very early date. They sent out a continuous 
 succession of minds, trained to do their country's solid think- 
 ing and effective action. They educated the generation 
 of men who achieved Independence. 
 
 162. Harvard College was the oldest of these insti- 
 tutions, being founded in 1638, at Cambridge, Massachu- 
 setts, oidy eighteen years after the landing of the Puritans. 
 They saw that they must provide for the education of young 
 men in the ministry, as they could not fill their pulpits 
 from England. 
 
 At the outset about two thousand dollars were appropri- 
 ated by the general court, gifts of books were made, many 
 subscribed cash or supplies, and the school was opened with 
 a very small attendance. 
 
 A few years afterward, each family gave a peck of corn, 
 or a shilling, or a sheep, or a string of wampum, for its 
 support. The income of a ferry was set aside for its usC; 
 and valuable presents of liooks were sent from England. 
 
 It was named Harvard College in honor of John Harvard, 
 a lately arrived and learned Englishman, who, in his will, 
 made bequests of his library and five thousand dollars in 
 money. As a college motto it adopted the words, I^or 
 Christ and the Cliurch. As it was the earliest, it has also 
 been the most richly endowed, institution in the land. It 
 is the pride of the United States, as it was the pride of its 
 Puritan founders. 
 
 From its walls' have issued Everett, Sparks, Emerson, 
 Bowditch, Felton, Ticknor, Longfellow, Lowell, Channing, 
 Palfrey, Parsons, Story, Kent, and many other illustrious men. 
 
 163. William and 3Iarif Collerfe was next in 
 order, being founded in 1693, at Williamsburg, the colonial 
 capital of Virginia. In its early history it was much inter- 
 ested in humane but impracticable schemes for the educa- 
 tion of the Indians, who, instead of instructing their race, 
 nearly always relapsed into barbarism themselves. 
 
92 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 Another object was the preparation of youn<^ men to 
 become ministers of the church in Virginia — the Episcopal. 
 Although Joxr times destroyed by fire, it was promptly 
 rebuilt, and has always been the leading institution of the 
 South. 
 
 Its list of distinguished names is very long. It instructed 
 Peyton Randolph, Thomas .leiferson, .James Monroe, .John 
 Tyler, Chief Justice Marshall, and Winfield Scott. It gave 
 Washington his commission as surveyor, and made him its 
 chancellor during the last ten years of his life. 
 
 164. Seeing the great success and advantages of the 
 Harvard school, ten worthy ministers assembled, in 1700, 
 near New Haven, and each placed a few volumes upon the 
 table at which they were sitting, with these words: "I give 
 these books for the founding of a college in this colony." 
 
 Such was the beginning of Yale Colleije, It was 
 named in honor of Elihu Yale, a native of Nev/ Haven, 
 who made valuable gifts of books and money. Sir Isaac 
 Newton and other Englishmen sent books. 
 
 The college has always .held a prominent })lace in Ameri- 
 can education, and has produced many famous men. Ten 
 thousand persons have received degrees, of whom over two 
 thousand have been ministers of the gospel. It has now 
 about one thousand pupils, under fifty professors. 
 
 165. The College of New Jersey at Princeton was 
 founded in 1T4G. It had its origin, like the others, in a 
 desire to educate gospel ministers. It has always filled a 
 laro-e sphere, especially in the education of Presbyterian 
 clergymen. It has granted about six thousand degrees. 
 
 166. Colliynhia College — formerly called King's 
 College — was founded in the city of New Yoik, in 1755. 
 Among its early students were DeWitt Clinton, Alexander 
 Hamilton, and John Randolph. It has always been famous 
 as a classical school. Its School of Mines is probably the 
 most prosperous in the country. It has about one thousand 
 
 pupils. 
 
 167. In the same year the JJnivevsity of JPenn" 
 
THE INTERVAL. 
 
 93 
 
 sylvanict was founded at Philadelphia by Benjamin 
 Franklin. 
 
 168. SrOlVH Univer'sity — formerly called Rhode 
 Island College — was founded at Providence in 176-1:. It is 
 controlled by the Baptists — the followers of Roger Wil- 
 liams — but the utmost liberality is practiced in religious 
 opinion. Like nearly all the other colleges, it was closed 
 during the Revolution. 
 
 169. Rutf/ers College — formerly Queen's College 
 — was founded in 1770 by the Dutch Reformed. It is situ- 
 ated at Brunswick, New Jersey. It has had much financial 
 embarrassment during its history. 
 
 170. Uartmouth College was founded at Hanover, 
 New Hampshire, in 1769, to provide a Christian education 
 for the Indians. Without exalted pretensions it has always 
 done its work well, and has sent out over five thousand 
 graduates, among whom were Daniel Webster and Rufus 
 Choate, 
 
 171 The libraries of colonial times were few in 
 number but great in power. They were moulders of society. 
 The Philadelphia Library was founded by Franklin in 1731. 
 He was then a young man, and desired to provide the means 
 of self-improvement to the masses. It now contains about 
 
 one hundred thousand vol- 
 umes. 
 
 The Redwood Library, at 
 Newport, R. I., was founded 
 near the same time by a club 
 of literary gentlemen. The 
 New York City Library was 
 chartered in 1754. The Li- 
 brary of Congress was not 
 founded till after the Revolu- 
 tion. 
 
 172. The colonial times 
 produced several great 
 fiteflf whose lives are illus- 
 
 JONATHAN EDWARDS. 
 
94 
 
 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 trious examples to American youth, and whose labors did 
 much to sliape the American character. 
 
 173. Jonathan EdwardSf of Connecticut, was one 
 of the greatest theologians and metaphysicians that has 
 lived in this country. Born in a colony which was almost 
 a wilderness, educated at a college yet in its infancy, and 
 settled for many years as pastor over a church on the 
 borders of civilization, he yet exerted the greatest influence 
 over religious thought and character. His greatest work 
 was "An Inquiry into the Freedom of the Will." His 
 belief was severely Calvinistic. He died in the midst 
 of his usefulness, at the age of fifty-five. 
 
 174. Senjainhl Ft'aJlhlin^ the philoso]iher and 
 statesman, was a man of ceaseless activity, and possessed 
 
 a trvily practical mind. He 
 founded the first public library, 
 and edited the best newspaper 
 in the colonies. He first intro- 
 duced newspaper advertising. 
 He created our post-office s^'s- 
 tem. He invented the Frank- 
 lin stove, and abolished that 
 great nuisance of colonial times, 
 smoking chimneys. ' He first 
 eff'ectually taught the necessity 
 of ventilation, introduced the 
 basket willow, and suggested 
 the use of mineral fertilizers. He proved the identity of 
 lightning and electricity, and set up the first lightning- 
 rods. 
 
 He founded the American Philosophical Society, our first 
 organization in tlie interests of science. He first expounded 
 the theory of ocean navigation by means of winds and 
 currents. He pro])osed the first acceptable scheme for 
 uniting the colonies, and was chiefly instrumental in caus- 
 ing the repeal of the Stamp Act. He took a leading part 
 in concluding the peace which ended the Revolution, and 
 
 BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. 
 
THE INTERVAL. 
 
 95 
 
 in the labors of the convention .which framed the Constitu- 
 tion. He died at the age of eighty-four. 
 
 175. James Otis, the fervid orator of Massachusetts, 
 was the first man to assert before a supreme court the doc- 
 trine of the riglit of the colonies to absolute freedom ot 
 trade under self-imposed laws. He was the earliest leader 
 of the Revolutionary party in Massacliusetts. He made a 
 masterly argument against the "Writs of Assistance," and 
 was largely instrumental in securing their repeal. 
 
 He became the Father of Congress by first proposing to 
 call a convention of the colonies without asking consent of 
 the king. He issued a radical treatise entitled, " Rights of 
 the British Colonies." He died just before the Revolutioii, 
 by a stroke of lightning, at the age of forty-nine. 
 
 176. Patrick Henry, of Virginia, was the twin 
 spirit of Otis. The early part of 
 his life was spent in struggles with 
 poverty; but he made up for his 
 early disadvantages by subsequent 
 study. His first case in law won 
 him fame. His vigorous argument 
 in the House of Burgesses secured 
 tiie opposition of the colonies to 
 the Stamp Act. He is represented 
 
 W/ as having possessed extraordinary 
 powers of oratory, and he was 
 every where regarded as the cham- 
 PATiucK HENuv. pion of colonlal liberty. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 177. The attachment of the colonies to the 
 
 mother country was deep and sincere. Thoy believed in 
 the justice of English sentiment, and had no thought but 
 of submission to the king and the laws. Even after thev 
 had raised armies and begun to fight, the Continental Con- 
 
96 TUB MODBL iirsroitr. 
 
 {.^n^ss said, " W(! liavj; not raised urmirs with the aiiihitious 
 dcsif^ii (»( scparatiiii;- fit)!!! Groat Britain and cstahlisliinjr 
 ind('|>(Mid('nt States." 
 
 178. Jiiit the (lest hit/ of America yf AH a separate 
 national e.xistence. Numerous influences wore at work to 
 produce this result much sooner than the most far-sooinj^ 
 statesman would have predicted. 
 
 I7i*. JfU'Sty the v(My orij^in of the colonies indicated 
 independenc(! as thcur ])irthrii^ht. 
 
 IHO. Second^ their isolation from thi; parent country 
 iorhadi! IOnrop<'an control of the continiMit. 
 
 ISl. !FhU'(lf the misconduct of the royal <rovernors, 
 and the obstinacy of the Enjrlish kin<r, made the people 
 suspicious of arbitrary power. 
 
 IS'i. l^^Olli'th, tlie anti - monarcliical institutions, the 
 marked absence of class le^'ishition, the; coiisciousiK^ss of 
 capacity for self-fj^overnment, and the opinions of a self- 
 i-eliarit people conccMMiin^ political libi'rty — ail pcjinted to 
 independence as tlu; natural condition of the colonics. 
 
 bs;{. These were the re((l Ctiusrs of the Itrt^olu- 
 fioti. 
 
 1S4. The immediate occasion of that struggle 
 
 was the passage of s(;veral acts by Parliament, supposed 
 to be destructive of liberty. These extended over a period 
 of twelve years just preceding the outbreak, and related to 
 the collection of money l)y taxation. 
 
 185. T/n' pofiCi/ iff l^Jllfflaml was to nuike all her 
 colonies a source of revenue. An English statesman 
 declared in Parliament that this was the very purpose for 
 which they were planted. With this view, the treatment 
 of the American colonies was, from the first, rather severe, 
 though far less so than the oppression of English countries 
 in other parts of the world, as India and Ireland. 
 
 Tlie idea j>revailed tliat if one nation b(>came wealthy 
 another must become poor, that what one gained another 
 lost, and that it was necessary to enact laws to secure the 
 prosperity of England. 
 
CAUHKS OF 11 iH iiI':v()Ij:ti()N. 97 
 
 180. To socuro the execution of iltia jtol letj, tlio 
 Navigation Act had boon passed by Pariiam'-nt lo re-strict 
 the commerce of other nations, over a century before this 
 time — lOol. Other Acts followed: one placing a heavy 
 tax on sugar, molasses, and rum imported into the country; 
 a/iother, forbidding the erection of iron works ; anothe-r, 
 {prohibiting the manufacture of steel and other articles 
 which would compete with the English products in the 
 markets of the world. 
 
 ill the land of the beaver no hats could be made, as, it 
 was argued, America would soon supply the whole world 
 with hats, in a land of abundant mineral wealth it was 
 forbidden "to niake even a nail for a horse-shoe." Jn a 
 country where every family read the Scriptures, no English 
 Ijible could be printed without committing piracy. 
 
 The ol^ject of all this was to secure an American market 
 for English goods at a high price, and an English market 
 for American goods at a low price. 
 
 187. But such laws could never be carried into effect. 
 They were simply disregarded and ignored. To aid the 
 oflicers in finding smuggled gor^Js, Parliament autliorized a 
 kind of search-warrant called Wl'itH of Asfiifitfince, 
 They gave command to the constables to enter houses to 
 search for and seize goods suspected of having evaded the 
 duty. These acts created much excitement in the colonies. 
 
 188. The eSHentifll point in the difficulty was that 
 America was not represented in the British Parliament. 
 It should be remembered that at this time it was not the 
 custom with the European nations to permit the representa- 
 tion of their colonies in their law-making assemblies. The 
 colonists were willing to pay taxes only on condition that 
 they should have a voice in the government. 
 
 " jYo tnxotion irUhout repreaentoMon^^'' was the pithy and 
 popular motto of the times. When the colonies were called 
 upon to pay a still greater portion of the expense of the 
 ?Vench AVar, which had added three hundred million dollars 
 to the English debt, the colonial legislatures declared that 
 
98 THE MODEL U I STORY. 
 
 tlieir losses and expenses in the struggle were already as 
 great as they could bear. 
 
 1S9. .Nevertheless the Stamp Act passed Parliament 
 by a vote of seven to one. It provided that all legal docu- 
 ments, almanacs, pamphlets, newspapers, and advertise- 
 ments should be written or printed on paper bearing an 
 English stamp, and furnished by the British government at 
 high prices. 
 
 The sum demanded for each sheet varied from a half- 
 penny to six pounds. This would prove a heavy tax on 
 business. As some compensation to the colonies for the 
 stamp duties, provision was made for allowing the exporta- 
 tion of American lumber to all the ports of Surope. 
 
 IQO. The Qtiarterinf/ Act was passed about the 
 
 same time. It provided that a standing army should be sent 
 to America, and that the people should provide bedding, fire- 
 wood, drink, soap, and candles, for the soldiers. It was a 
 new thing to see soldiers among the colonists in times of 
 peace, and it was regarded by them as a menace. Their very 
 presetice was, under the circumstances, hateful and irri- 
 tating. 
 
 191. The feeling of the colonists on the passage 
 of these measures, was one of sorrow and anger. Frank- 
 lin, who was then in England, using his influence to pre- 
 vent their adoption, wrote home: "The sun of liberty is 
 set; you must light up the candles of industry and 
 economy." Serious alarm was excited from one end of the 
 country to the other. 
 
 192. Several of the colonial Icffislatuves passed 
 strong resolutions denouncing the Acts. In Virginia, after 
 waiting several days in vain for the older members to speak, 
 Patrick Henry, " alone, unadvised, unassisted," jotted down 
 five resolutions on the fly-leaf of an old law book, read 
 them, and, in a sj^eech of thrilling eloquence, so ably 
 defended them, that they passed the House. They were 
 cautiously circulated, till they reached New England, where 
 they were fearlessly published in the newspapers. Speeches, 
 
CAL^SES OF THE REVOLUTION. 99 
 
 liamplilets, and sennons, against the odious measures, 
 increased the popuhir excitement. 
 
 193. The Sotis and Dfmghters of Libert tj were 
 the names of organizations wliich had their origin in these 
 patriotic times. Tiie Daughters pledged themselves to buy 
 no goods imported from England. They formed sjiinning 
 societies, and wove all the cloth used in the families. At 
 one spinning match a company of school -girls produced 
 two hundred and thirty skeins of yarn as the result of the 
 afternoon's labor. 
 
 The Sons made it their special business to frighten and 
 drive away stamp officers. In some of the colonies these 
 officials were compelled to resign, and the stamps were 
 seized and burned. 
 
 194. Political Parties were now formed for the 
 first time in our country. Two great parties, Whigs and 
 Tories, appeared. The Wiiigs were advocates of popular 
 freedom, and even encouraged resistance to the laws of 
 Parliament. 
 
 The Tories were upholders of Parliamentary authority, 
 and believed that the true interests of the country 
 demanded a cheerful obedience to the commands of Eng- 
 land. 
 
 195. The excitement resulted in the meeting of the 
 First Colonial Conr/reSSf which assembled in New 
 York in 1TG5. It was not a numerous body, being com- 
 posed of only twenty-eight delegates from nine of the 
 colonies ; but it was an imposing assembly, embracing the 
 foremost men in the country. It remained in session only 
 fourteen days; but it prepared three official papers whose 
 spirit and principles were unmistakable. The first was a 
 Declaration of Rights ; the second, a Memorial to Parlia- 
 ment ; the third, a Petition to the King. 
 
 These documents expressed attachment to the govern- 
 ment of the parent country, urged the injustice of being 
 taxed and at the same time nnre|)resented, and maintained 
 that the advantage derived by England from the monopoly 
 
100 TIIS MODEL insfOtt'/. 
 
 of the Amorican trade was a sufficient contribution from 
 the colonies to her treasury. 
 
 19G. The Atneflfau nierchants resolved to import 
 no more goods till the measures were repealed. Associa- 
 tions were formed for the encouragement of manufactures, 
 and the people very generally agreed to wear garments 
 made only of American cloth. The most wealthy men and 
 women clothed themselves in homespun goods. There was 
 no market for foreign luxuries, and the trade with England 
 Avas nearly discontinued. The very cliildren echoed the 
 cry, " Liberty, ])roperty, and no stamps ! " 
 
 197. Of course tlie sale of stamps was very slow. 
 To avoid using them, proceedings in the courts were sus- 
 pended, and differences were wisely settled by arbitration. 
 Society was at a standstill. The stamp officers were 
 nowhere to be found ; no stamps were on sale ; the royal 
 governors did not dare to attempt the execution of the law ; 
 and the Act never went into effect during the twelve 
 months of its existence on the statute books of England. 
 
 108. This opposition created great surprise and alnt'iil 
 ill Ellffldild, The law was just such as has existed in 
 England for several generations. It was such a law as has 
 since been imposed in America by vote of the people. 
 The colonists objected because it involved a principle. 
 The British merchants, seeing their trade ruined, peti- 
 tioned for a repeal. The friends of America were very 
 numerous in England, and they strongly urged the same 
 thing. William Pitt and Edmund Burke, two eminent 
 statesmen, were advocates of the repeal. These efforts 
 weresuccessfal. The joy in both countries was excessive and 
 demonstrative. Good fe(»ling revived and trade was resumed. 
 
 199. A great ('Jtaitf/e 1)1 sentiment had taken place 
 in the colonies concerning taxation. Before this the people 
 had not objected to external taxation, as duties on imports, 
 but only to internal taxation, as was imposed by the Stamp 
 Act. They now olijected to all taxation, l)asing their argu- 
 ment on their non-representation in Parliament, 
 
CAUSES OP THE REVOLUTION. 101 
 
 200. The right of taxation had not been relin- 
 quished. Tlie historian says: " Wise princes, wlien forced 
 to yield, do it with a pjraee that wins tlie populace." This 
 could never have been said of King George and his party, 
 for when repealing the Stamp Act, it had been explicitly 
 declared that Parliament had a right to bind the colonies in 
 all cases whatsoever. This "right" was the very thing 
 objected to. It was pithily said by John Adams, " The right 
 to take one pound implies the right to take a thousand." 
 
 201. Another Act was soon passed, laying a tax on 
 tea, paints, lead, glass, and paper. The duty was soon 
 removed from every thing except tea. Although the tax 
 on this was reduced to six cents a pound, the sales of tea 
 fell off, the non-importation societies were formed again, 
 and the old spirit of resistance was aroused. 
 
 202. The history of the colonies for the nCJCt eight 
 years may be summed up in the passage of odious meas- 
 ures by Parliament, and remonstrance and evasioii by the 
 colonies. 
 
 203. T he first blood of the impending struggle was 
 shed in New York. A riot occurred because the soldiers 
 had cut down a liberty pole. One citizen was killed and 
 several were wounded. 
 
 204. Although the importation of tea was discon- 
 tinued by the people, British merchants sent it at their own 
 risk. In New York and Philadelphia the tea ships were 
 not allowed to land their cargoes. In Charleston the tea 
 was stored in damp cellars until it became worthless. 
 
 In Boston, forty citizens, disguised as Indians, very 
 quietly proceeded to the ship, broke open three hundred 
 and forty chests of tea, and, in the presence of a large 
 crowd, emptied their contents into the sea. As soon as the 
 news of this audacious proceeding reached England, an Act 
 was passed closing Boston port. These were the sad times 
 of violence and retaliation. 
 
 205. The Second Colonial Congress soon after 
 met in Philadelphia, composed of delegates from all the 
 
102 TUB MODEL UISTORT. 
 
 colonies except Georgia, where the governor prevented 
 their appointment. It was the most important body which 
 had ever assembled in America. It had authority to act 
 for the colonies even to the declaration of war. It issued 
 addresses to the king, to the English nation, and to the 
 people of Canada. It reaffirmed the sentiment of non- 
 importation of English goods, voted to encourage domes- 
 tic manufactures, and resolved upon a steadfast resistance 
 till the objectionable acts were repealed. 
 
 30G. It was evident that a crisis was ax>proachiiig. 
 For several years British soldiers had been stationed at 
 various places ; and now the British General Gage seized 
 tiie military stores in the provincial arsenals, and fortified 
 advantageous positions near Boston. Parliament voted 
 that a rebellion existed in Massachusetts and was encour- 
 aged by the other colonies. Ten thousand more troops 
 were ordered to America. 
 
 207. The preparation in the colonies was active. 
 
 In Massachusetts a committee of safety was appointed, and 
 the volunteer militia were ordered to train and be ready to 
 march on a minute's notice. Twenty thousand pounds were 
 voted to pay for their equipment. In Virginia Washing- 
 ton was organizing the militia, and Patrick Henry was 
 exclaiming, " I repeat it, we must fight ! '' 
 
 208. The Tories loved their country as truly as the 
 advocates of resistance. They were generally the rich and 
 prosperous men, and those who held office under the British 
 government. They believed that the colonies were too 
 weak to oppose England, and that it would be better to 
 submit than to resist. Many of them, with tearfid eyes, 
 tried to persuade the Whigs to listen to reason. Their 
 oj)inions were at first opposed by argument ; they then 
 became unpopular and hateful ; and finally were regarded 
 as treason. Many of these Tories afterward changed their 
 opinions; others went to England and the other British 
 provinces; others joined the royal armies to fight against 
 their country. 
 
THE REVOLUTION. 103 
 
 209. The Tories rightly said that the resolve of 
 Khig George was to make the colonies submit. It was 
 the old contest of argument against obstinacy. It was 
 popular aspirations against kingly pride. Neither the 
 moderation of Congress, nor the diplomacy of Franklin, 
 nor the forbearance of the people, nor the statesmansliip of 
 Pitt and his associates, could avert the determination of the 
 king and his party to coerce the colonies. Sorrowfully and 
 prophetically Washington wrote: "More blood will be 
 shed than history has yet furnished instances of in the 
 annals of North America." 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 1775. 
 
 210. The opeiiinff of hostilities soon followed. 
 One midnight a regiment of British soldiers was ordered 
 by General Gage to destroy some military stores collected 
 at (Joncord, a small town near Boston. The design was 
 anticipated by the wary colonists, and a light was raised 
 in the belfry of the old North Church as a signal to 
 the surrounding country. Swift messengers rode all night, 
 arousino- villaire and farm house for miles around. Long- 
 fellow's poem, " Paul Revere's Ride," was founded on this 
 incident. 
 
 211. At Lexington the troops found a party of min- 
 ute-men collected on a green. " Disperse, ye rebels," cried 
 the leader of the British. No one mov'ing, he ordered his 
 men to fire. Seven of the patriots were killed and nine 
 were wounded. 
 
 The troops then marched to Concord, destroyed such 
 stores as could be found, threw a small quantity of ammu- 
 nition into a mill-pond, and began a retreat. The minute- 
 men were pouring in from all quarters, and the retreat soon 
 became a rout. Hidden behind trees, rocks, fences, and 
 barns, the provincial soldiers poured in a constant fire upon 
 
104 TUB MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 the ranks of the running enemy. This bush-fighting and 
 chase continued till the panting regulars found refuge in 
 Boston. 
 
 The losses in this memorable skirmish were small, the 
 Americans losing eighty-eight, and the British two hundred 
 and seventy-three ; but the significance of the event could 
 not be measured by the number who fell. It meant Ameri- 
 can Independence. 
 
 212. The effect was great and immediate. As the 
 news flew through the colonies a tide of aroused men 
 poured to the seat of war. Horses were taken from the 
 field and mounted by men who rode them till they dropped 
 dead, and witliiii a few days eleven thousand provincial 
 soldiers had invested Boston. 
 
 213. As another result of the startling news from Lex- 
 ington, the Mecklenburg Derhi ration was passed 
 by a coMHuittee of the citizens of Mecklenburg County, 
 North Carolina, assembled at Charlotte. It was a declara- 
 tion of iiidei)endence, and preceded the Declaration at 
 Philadel])iiia more than a year. 
 
 214. Fresh avrh'dls of British troops under Gen- 
 erals Howe, Clinton, and Burgoyne, placed twelve thou- 
 sand veterans at the command of Gage. He resolved on 
 active operations. 
 
 215. The Hattle of Hunker HiJl soon followed. 
 
 In order to strengthen the investment of Boston, fifteen hun- 
 dred New England troops under General Prescottone night 
 silently fortified the high ground in the rear of Charles- 
 town. Having fired this place, the British made two assaults, 
 which were severely repulsed. At the third attack, the 
 ammunition of the Americans gave out, and the enemy 
 carried the rude line of defences. Bunker Hill became a 
 dearly bought English victory. The ])attle was witnessed 
 by thousands of peo{)le from tlie house-tops of Boston and 
 from burning Charlestown. 
 
 21G. The Third Colonial CoUf/resS met in Phila- 
 delphia according to previous agreement, and by common 
 
THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 105 
 
 
106 
 
 THE MODEL niSTORY. 
 
 consent assumed authority to act in all cases for "The 
 United Colonies." It passed resolutions declaring a strong 
 desire for peace, and denying a wish to throw off allegiance 
 to England. At the same time it voted that the colonies 
 should be prepared for war, and would never submit to 
 taxation without representation. It voted to raise and 
 equip an army of twenty thousand men, and authorized an 
 issue of one million dollars in paper money. 
 
 217. John Adams made a powerful address on the 
 
 choice of a coininander-ln-chieff and closed by 
 
 nominating George Washington, of 
 Virginia. As soon as his name was 
 mentioned, Washington arose and 
 left the hall. He was overpowered 
 by the responsibility about to be 
 placed upon him, and, with tears in 
 his eyes, he remarked to Patrick 
 Henry, " I fear this day will mark 
 the downfall of my reputation." 
 
 218. Washington entered atonce 
 upon the dlschapf/c of his du- 
 ties. His journey to Boston was 
 one continued ovation : every where he was greeted with 
 cheers and benedictions. He reached the seat of war two 
 weeks after the battle of Buid-cer Hill, and next morning 
 took command. He found fifteen thousand undisciplined, 
 insubordinate, and ])oorly equipped militia, encamped on 
 Cambridge common. Some degree of system and regu- 
 larity was soon introduced, and arrangements were made 
 for the manufacture of gunpowder. Several ships laden 
 with this article and intended for the ]?ritish army, were 
 soon after captured, affording a seasonable supply to the 
 colonial troops. 
 
 219. Four Major Generals were appointed to aid 
 Washington. The first was Artemas Ward, one of Massa- 
 chusetts's favorite soldiers. The secoiul was Charles Lee, 
 of Virginia, a man possessing brilliant but superficial quali- 
 
 GEOBGE WASHINGTON. 
 
THE REVOLUTION. 107 
 
 ties, enjoying the society of British officers, and without 
 much love for liberty or the cause of his country. The 
 third, Pliilip Sclmyler, of New York, was a man of patriot- 
 ism, but without military qualities or experience. The 
 fourth was Israel Putnam, of Connecticut, whose adven- 
 tures and dasiiing career had won him a reputation for 
 bravery, Horatio Gates was chosen Adjutant General. 
 " The colonies took up arms with only one general officer 
 who drew to himself the love and trust of the country, with 
 not one of the next five below him fit to give him efficient 
 aid or to succeed to his place." 
 
 220. The difficult ies to be surmounted were appal- 
 ling. They were of two kinds : 
 
 First. In the colonial army there was no lack of valor, 
 ef patriotism, and, at first, of men. But the enthusiastic 
 multitudes who rushed to the contest, although intelligent 
 men and good marksmen, were ignorant of field movements 
 and the whole art of war. They were to resist a disci- 
 plined force largely superior in numbers and trained on 
 the battle-fields of Europe by the best generals of the age. 
 
 Second. The authority of Washington was greatly 
 restricted. He could not choose his subordinate officers, 
 he was dependent upon voluntary enlistments for his troops, 
 and Congress more than once interfered with his plans. 
 The colonies were not accustomed to unity of action. They 
 were only united in the common impulse to resistance. 
 The habit of subordination and the unquestioning obedi- 
 ence so necessary in war, were new. 
 
 From this source sprang those sad and almost fatal con- 
 fli^cts of authority which were continually arising. It is 
 not at all strange that the friends of popular freedom in 
 Europe regarded the issue with doubt, and welcomed suc- 
 cess as an unexpected triumph. 
 
 221. An im^asiou of Canada was first planned to 
 prevent a union of the British forces there with those on 
 the coast. It was intrusted to Generals Richard Mont- 
 gomery and Benedict Arnold. After a march of great 
 
108 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 difliiuilty, Montreal was taken. An attack on Quebec was 
 repulsed with luuxvy loss, including Montgomery. The 
 remnant spent a miserable winter in fortifications of snow. 
 When S])ring came they were driven back to the colonies. 
 The expedition was a total failure. 
 
 222. A postal St/.stritl was adopted by Congress 
 during the third session, and Benjamin Fraid<lin was re-ap- 
 pointed Postmaster General, with power to appoint depu- 
 ties to carry mails from Maine to Georgia, with as many 
 cross lines as might seem fit. He made a grand tour of the 
 country in a chaise, maturing the plan. It took five months 
 to make the trip, which could now be accomplished in as 
 many days. This was the beginning of the mail service 
 of the nation. 
 
 223. Each of the three Colonial Congresses had 
 addressed petitions to their monarch, and now, for six 
 months. Congress had been waiting for tJiC fnistrc)' of 
 Kiilf/ QeotUje to their third and last ap})eal. There sat 
 John Adams, Samuel Adams, Franklin, Patrick Henry, and 
 Jefferson. The colonies were still loyal to the British 
 Crown. It was a time of hesitancy and uncertainty. 
 
 At last the message came. It was such a reply as 
 George III and his l)arty would make to the petitions for 
 human rights. He did not know any such a bod}^ as the 
 Colonial Congress. He insisted on the right of taxation, 
 spurned the idea of representation, and demanded disarm- 
 ament and submission. Unconditional submission was the 
 only passport to his favor. Congress and the nation saw 
 that the day of independence had come. 
 
 RE VIE W. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Two great Cliarters issued by Kiug James. — Jamestown is founded 
 by a party of "gentlemen." — They talie the gold fever. — Jolin Smilli 
 sets them to worlc. — Tobacco culture begins. — Slaves needed and 
 bougiit to till the fields. ^The youiiL,'' women come to make homes 
 
BE VIEW. 109 
 
 for the colonists. — The people troubled by Indian massacres. — The 
 Virginians pass some strange laws. 
 
 The Puritans come to Massachusetts. — They sutler greatly. — They 
 are welcomed by tlic Indians. — Are very strict in religion. — Roger 
 Williams makes trouble in the church. — Anne Hutchinson reasons 
 well and is driven away. — The Quakers are persecuted. — Finally 
 King Philip's War throws New England into alarm.— But the 
 Indians are exterminated in the Swamp Fight. — The mini.sters quar- 
 rel, and Salem hangs twenty witches. 
 
 The Dutch found New York.— They set up the Patroons. — The 
 English take possession in spite of Headstrong Peter. — The Negro 
 Plot creates a panic. 
 
 New Hampshire finally becomes able to take care of itself. 
 
 The Catholics find an asylum iu Maryland. — Its advancement is 
 very rapid. — Till its attairs are deranged by religious quarrels. 
 
 Massachusetts sends out a colony to Connecticut.^ — Who are obliged 
 soon after to wage the Pequod War. — Tiiey then live in peace. 
 
 Williams and his friends settle at Providence. — They set up the 
 first democracy in America. 
 
 The Grand Model is tried in Carolina. — Rice is first cultivated.^ 
 The colony is finally divided. 
 
 The English found New Jersey. — It soon becomes a Quaker colony 
 — And has a peaceful career. 
 
 William Penn founds Penn.sylvania. — He keeps peace with the 
 Indians. — And the colony grows rapidly. 
 
 Delaware finally separates from Pennsylvania. 
 
 Oglethorpe brings a colony of paupers to Georgia. — And manages 
 its affairs for ten years. — He prohibits slavery and rum. 
 
 The colonies furnish examples of five kinds of colonial government. 
 
 The period of colonial foundation varies from six months to sixty 
 years. 
 
 CH.\PTER II. 
 
 The rate of settlements is hindered. — Slavery flourishes in all the 
 colonies. — The Indians are harshly treated from the beginning. — 
 This produces endless trouble and bloodshed. — John Eliot, the Indian 
 apostle, organizes thirty churches among them. — The character of the 
 Puritans delineated. — The public-school system is founded. — Form 
 of church service described. — Examples of the Blue Laws. — A lazy 
 farmer greatly stimulates agriculture. — Character of the colonial pro- 
 ductions. — The colonies use many kinds of money. — Their simple 
 mode of life. — The people feel the weight of British oppression. — 
 Wbitefield and Wesley visit the colonics. 
 
110 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 CHAPTEK III. 
 
 Five powers struggle for America. — The war is caused by the 
 rivaling claims. — Washington appears in history. — The colonies 
 unite in the war. — The first year ends in failure.— The second docs 
 not better affairs. — The third results in some success. — And the fourth 
 ends the war to the satisfaction of England and her colonies. — It 
 becomes a training school for the Revolution. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 During the interval the people study ])olitics. — And begin to think 
 of uniting in one government. — Sketch of progress in agriculture. — 
 Origin of the cotton culture. — Sketch of colonial mauufacluros. — 
 Postal accommodations. — Dress of the New Englander. — Introduc- 
 tion of new customs. — Freedom of the press is established. — Progress 
 in printing. — Education flourishes in New England and languishes 
 in the southern colonies. — Sketch of the nine colonial colleges. — 
 Colonial libraries. — Sketch of Jonathan Edwards. — Of Benjamin 
 Franklin. — Of James Otis. — Of Patrick Henry. 
 
 CIIAPTEK V. 
 
 The real causes of the Revolution enumerated. — Scope and effect 
 of the Navigation Acts. — The Writs of Assistance give offense to the 
 colonies. — The Stamp Act and the Quartering Act increase this feel- 
 ing. — Patrick Henry makes a sensation in Virginia. — Political i)ar- 
 ties are first formed. — Acts of the First Colonial Congress. — Non- 
 importation societies are formed. — The sale of stamps is very slow. — 
 The act is repealed. — But a tax is placed on tea. — Boston has a tea 
 party. — Convention of the Second Colonial Congress. — The colonies 
 prepare for war. — What the Tories thought. — King George is evi- 
 dently intent on crushing resistance. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Ilostililies open at Lexington. — AVhereat there is a great uprising. 
 — And independence is declared in Carolina.— Battle of Bunker Hill 
 is fought— The Third Colonial Congress chooses Washington as 
 commander.T— He is assisted by four major-generals. — The soldiers 
 are brave but undisciplined. — Montgomery and Arnold invade Can- 
 ada. — The reply of the English king puts aside all idea of peace. 
 
G0NTEMP0RAB7 EVENTS. H* 
 
 TABLE OF CONTEMPORARY EVENTS IN 
 EUROPEAN HISTORY. 
 
 1607-1776. 
 
 In Europe this was a jferiocl of reaction. There 
 was a backward movement in both religion and govern- 
 ment. The grand and successful struggle for republican 
 freedom in the Netherlands was followed by the pitiless 
 tyranny of the House of Hapsburg. The constitutional 
 government of Queen Elizabeth, conceding important popu- 
 lar rights, was followed by the despotic reign of the Stuarts, 
 in Great Britain. The long battle for religious freedom in 
 France, ending in triumph with the Edict of Nantes, was 
 followed by the intense al)solutism of Richelieu and Maza- 
 rin. The Reformation had succeeded throughout Europe, 
 except in Spain and Italy, where the Inquisition crushed out 
 reform. But in the midst of its success Protestantism 
 began to fall into formalism and to split into opposing 
 factions. "Reformers sought the corrupting alliances of 
 the state, and religion was made subordinate to politics." 
 
 On the other hand, there was an era of splendid intellect- 
 ual progress. Bacon, Descartes, Locke, and Montesquieu 
 in philosophy; Galileo, Kepler, Newton, and Leibnitz in 
 physical science; Shakespeare, Milton, Johnson, Rollin, 
 Racine, and Corneille in literature; and .Jansenius, Pascal, 
 Fenelon, Fox, Bunyan, Wesley, and Whitefield in divinity, 
 pushed the sphere of knowledge far beyond the range of 
 ancient thought, and prepared the way for still grander 
 achievements in our own century. 
 
 Ifl Alfiericxi the period was one of steady progress. 
 The reactions and oppressions of Europe drove out many 
 liberty-loving souls, who found here the freedom denied 
 them beyond the Atlantic. "It was as if God, having 
 matured the seed for a new civilization, had now permitted 
 it to be rudely shaken from the European tree." During 
 
112 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 this long- period, as we have seen, the Atlantic coast was 
 being lined with happy and growing colonies, eventually 
 to be moulded into nationality. 
 
 10 10. The thermometer invented in Germany by Drebel. 
 IGll. Completion of the authorized version of the Bible 
 
 by order of King James. 
 1610. Death of William Shakespeare, the great dramatist. 
 1618. Sir Walter Raleigh beheaded. Beginning of the 
 
 Thirty Years' War. 
 1G26. Death of Francis Bacon, philosopher. His writings 
 
 changed the current of human thought. 
 1628. The circulation of the blood discovered in England 
 
 by Harvey. 
 1631. First French journal — the Gazette of France. 
 
 1640. The Long Parliament convened in England. Charles's 
 
 reign was one long battle with his subjects. 
 
 1641. Coffee first brought to England. 
 
 1648. The Peace of Westphalia readjusted the map of 
 
 Europe, ended the Thirty Years' War, and first 
 promulgated the doctrine of "the balance of 
 power," which became the basis of modern Euro- 
 pean politics. 
 
 1649. Execution of Charles I. 
 
 1650. Sect of Friends, or " Quakers," founded in England 
 
 by George Fox. 
 1654. The air-pump and electrical machine invented in 
 
 Germany by Guericke. 
 1660. Founding of the Royal Society in London, and the 
 
 Academy of Arts in Paris. 
 
 1665. The Plague in London cai'iied off 100,000 victims. 
 
 1666. A great fire in London laid waste two-thirds of the 
 
 city. Tea first used in England. 
 1679. Habeas Corpus Act passed in England to protect 
 
 citizens against illegal imprisonment. 
 1G83. Discovery of the sujiposed Rye House Plot for thg 
 
 assassiiuition of Kina: Charles IL 
 
CONTEMPORARY EVENTS. 113 
 
 1684. Rise of the two great parties in England, the Whigs 
 
 and the Tories. The former was the party of 
 popuhir liberty, denying the divine right of kings, 
 Tories were the supporters of kingly authority. 
 The contest between them was long and bitter. 
 
 1685. The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes let loose 
 
 fresh terrors of persecution upon the French 
 Protestants. 
 
 1694. Bank of England established. 
 
 1707. England and Scotland united under the title of Great 
 Britain. 
 
 1720. Bursting of the South Sea Bubble. 
 
 Viib. Stereotype printing invented by Ged, a goldsmith 
 of Edinburgh. 
 
 1727. Death of Sir Isaac Newton, the great physical phil- 
 osopher, who founded the modern system of phil- 
 osophy and physics. 
 
 1729. Sect of the Methodists founded at Oxford by the 
 Wesleys. 
 
 1753. British Museum founded. 
 
 1757. Lord Clive took Calcutta to avenge the " Black 
 Hole," and laid the foundation of the English 
 empire in India. 
 
 17li3. End of the Seven Years' War. 
 
 1769. Invention of the spinning-jenny by Arkwright. 
 
 1770. Lord North became prime minister of England, 
 
 He was the ready servant of George HI. 
 
PERIOD IV. 
 
 NATIONALITY. 
 
 FROM THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE TO THE 
 PRESENT TIME. 
 
 177G-1893. 
 
 [AUTHORITIES AND REFERENCES.— Hildreth's "Hlstory United States" tc 
 1820.— Bryant and Gay's " History United .States " to 1865.— Lossing's " Field-Book 
 of the Revolution."— Wilson's " Rise and Fall of tlie Slave Power. "—Parton's "Jef- 
 ferson," "Burr," "Greeley," " Franiclin," and "Jackson."— Lossing's "Field-Book 
 of the War of 1812."— Benton's "Thirty Years' View."— Mayer's "History of tlie 
 Mexican War."— Moore's "Rebellion Record."— Greeley's "American Conflict."— 
 Pollard's "Lost Cause." — Thayer's "Youth's History of the Rebellion."— 
 Duyckinck's" American Literature."— Bancroft's "History U. S." to close of Revo- 
 lution.— Appleton's, Johnson's and Chamber's Cyclopedias.— For the English view 
 of the Revolution, see Stanhope's "History of England from Peace of Utrecht."— 
 Irving's " Washington."— Parker's "Historic Americans."— Adams's "Life of John 
 Adams," and "John Adams's Diary."- Sparks's "American Biography." -Cooper's 
 "History of the Navy."— Griswold's "Courtof Washington."— Giddings's "Exiles 
 of Florida."— Webb's and Redpath's " John Brown."— Dunlop's "History of Art 
 and Design in America."— "Lewis and Clarke's Expedition."— Pierce's "Charles 
 Sumner."— Draper's "American Civil War."— Story, Towle, or Alden on Constitu- 
 tion of the U. S. — Renwick's "Hamilton." — Rives's "Madison." — Mansfield's 
 "Scott." — Colden's "Fulton." — Jenkins's '-Calhoun."- Sargent's "Clay."— Curtis's 
 " Webster."— Powell's "Taylor."— Hall's or Dawson's "Harrison." — Chase's "Ad- 
 ministration of Polk."— Stowe's •' Men of our Time."— Holland's and Raymond's 
 "Lincoln."— Adams's "Life of J. Q. Adams."] 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 INDEPENDENCE AND REVOLUTION. 
 
 1776. 
 
 1. It is important to understand the nature of the 
 
 Revoltitionary govern/nient. The SeeoTid Colonial 
 
 Congress had resolved to remain in session, from time to 
 time, till the odious measures were repealed. This was 
 done. Delegates to Congress were voluntarily chosen by 
 the colonies, some by the legislatures, and some by the 
 people, and this irregular association of the States consti- 
 
 114 
 
INDEPENDENCE AND REVOLUTION. 115 
 
 tuted the national government till near the close of the 
 Revolution. The powers of Congress were nowhere 
 denned or limited. It did whatever seemed best, and its 
 acts were approved by the people. Of necessity it assumed 
 arbitrary and revolutionary powers. 
 
 2. The idea of independence was of very slow 
 growth. More than ten years liad elajDsed from the passage 
 of the Stamp Act to the Declaration. It was not till blood 
 had been shed at Lexington and Bunker Hill, that the popu- 
 lar mind welcomed separation from England. Thousands 
 of additional troops and millions of money were voted by 
 Parliament to crush the rebellion of the colonies. The 
 people urged the general assemblies, and the legislatures 
 urged Congress, to assert Independence. 
 
 3. A Hesolutlon offered in Congress by Richard 
 Henry Lee, on the 7tli of June, embraced three subjects — 
 a declaration of independence, a confederation of the States, 
 and treaties with foreign powers. It was in the following 
 words : 
 
 " Resolved, that the United Colonies are, and of right 
 ought to be, free and independent States; that they are 
 absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown; and that 
 all political connection between them and Great Britain is, 
 and ought to be, totally dissolved. That it is expedient 
 forthwith to take the most effective measures for forming 
 foreign alliances. That a plan of Confederation be pro- 
 posed and transmitted to the respective colonies for their 
 consideration and approbation." 
 
 4. It was known that Conf/pcss was not pre- 
 
 pai'ed to vote such a radical sentiment. Many in that 
 brave assembly could see nothing but calamity in declaring 
 a separation from England. Beside, every man knew that 
 in voting for it he was risking a swing on the gallows. 
 
 Congress sat with closed doors, and no report has ever 
 been made of the grave and exciting debate during the 
 time the resolution was pending. Not a single speech 
 then delivered is now in existence; but the arguments irs 
 
116 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 favor of independence prevailed, and many doubters were 
 convinced. 
 
 5. Meanwhile a committee of five was appointed to pre- 
 pare a fortnal declaration^ and be ready to report 
 when Lee's resolution was brought up for the vote. Thomas 
 Jefferson was made chairman, and the special lal)or of pre- 
 paring the paper fell upon him. The original resolution 
 was made the order for the 1st of July. Tiie debate con- 
 tinued during the 2d, the 3d, and till five o'clock on the 
 4th of July. The Declaration of American Independence 
 from the pen of Jefferson was then passed, with a few addi- 
 tions and erasures, by a unanimous vote. It still remained 
 for the Thirteen Colonies to make good their claim of sov- 
 ereignty by the labors of camp and court. 
 
 6. The reception of the Declaration was most 
 
 cordial. It was. commended by the general assemblies, 
 cheered by every brigade in the army, welcomed by the 
 people, and praised by the friends of freedom in Europe. 
 " It was received more like a song of triumph than a call to 
 battle." Its effect was to give a definite aim to the war, 
 and to greatly increase the interest in the cause. 
 
 7. Its recei^tion in Etigland was very different. 
 Parliament pronounced the Americans rebels and outlaws, 
 prohibited all intercourse with them, ignored their civil 
 existence, and placed the entire country under military 
 law. All American ports were declared closed, and prison - 
 ships, and irons, were to be the fate of all those taken in 
 arms. 
 
 8. The UritisTl forces in the war were drawn from 
 three sources: 
 
 First. Troops were voted for service in America to be 
 taken from the standing: armv of Eng-land, and to be 
 enrolled by voluntary enlistment. 
 
 Second. By a treaty with one or two small German 
 States, seventeen thousand Hessians were hired to come 
 across the Atlantic to fight in America. 
 
 Third. The English relied upon making allies of the 
 
INDEPENDENCE AND REVOLUTION. H^ 
 
 Indians. By the influence of British gold they were very 
 successful, and the barbarous mode of warfare thus inau- 
 gurated was persisted in to the very end. 
 
 9. The campaigns of the year were three in num- 
 ber: The Siege of Boston; the Siege of Charleston; and 
 Washington's operations in New York and New Jersey. 
 
 10. The first was successful. The British army had 
 spent the winter, close prisoners, in Boston. With a 
 view of forcing the enemy into battle or driving him out 
 to sea, Washington fortified, one night, the heights com- 
 manding the city. The English general saw his danger. 
 He hastily lifted his anchors and spread his sails for Halifax. 
 
 11. The second was favorable to the Americans. A 
 British fleet attacked Charleston and its defenses. After 
 a long bombardment the attempt was given up. 
 
 13. Tlie thil'fl was a failure. Howe, who had super- 
 seded Gage, returned from Halifax to New York with 
 largely increased forces. He now had thirty thousand 
 men. General Putnam was sent to resist the advance to 
 Brooklyn. The Battle of Lo7Uf Island was fought, 
 in which the Americans were defeated, with a loss of nearly 
 two thousand. 
 
 1.3. The retreat of Washington was very skill- 
 fully managed. During a foggy night he silently withdrew 
 his army to New York, thence northward, followed by the 
 enemy. As soon as he saw Howe's plan to threaten Phila- 
 delphia, where Congress was sitting, he left seven thousand 
 men under Lee, and retreated southward. The British, 
 with heavy loss, took Forts Washington and Lee on the 
 Hudson, and then a well-appointed detachment under Lord 
 Charles Cornwallis, the ablest British general who took part 
 in the war, started in pursuit of Washington. 
 
 14. On Christmas night Washington crossed the Dela- 
 ware, marched to Trcnton^ and surprised a body of Hes- 
 sians, who were sleeping off the eff'ects of their holiday 
 debauch. He took a thousand prisoners. A few days 
 afterward, by a brilliant dash to the rear of Cornwallis's 
 
118 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 army, he defeated a regiment at Princeton, and came off 
 loaded with prisoners and military stores. 
 
 These sudden strokes were the only successes attending 
 the operations of this critical time. They strengthened the 
 Americans for future battle; they reversed the judgment 
 of foreign nations on the prospects of success, and made it 
 easier to gain allies to the patriot cause. They showed 
 Washington to be a brave yet prudent general, and secured 
 the confidence of the nation. 
 
 15. But the result of the catnpaif/nSf in most 
 respects, was very unfavorable to the cause of independ- 
 ence. Beside the losses in battle, the soldiers were poorly 
 fed and clothed, and large numbers, being discouraged by 
 continual retreat, and allured by the pleasures of home, 
 deserted the army. By the expiration of the term of enlist- 
 ment many regiments were disbanded at the very time 
 when their services were most needed. Questions of rank 
 and precedence were continually arising, and no vigorous 
 measures were taken by Congress to equip a force able to 
 resist the attack of a single hostile division. 
 
 The flight of Congress from Philadelphia to Baltimore, 
 at the approach of the British, had a very depressing effect. 
 The paper money issued by Congress had so far depreciated 
 that it was no longer acceptable as pay to the soldiers, and 
 Washington, with other leading patriots, pledged his pri- 
 vate fortune to raise specie to pay the suffering troops. 
 
 16. The j>ff.so*«-<?i'S taken by the British were carried 
 to New Yoi'k, and placed in loathsome prison-ships in the 
 harbor, where they experienced intense suffering from want 
 of fire, clothing, food, and medicine. Large numbers died 
 in captivity, when they might have had freedom by accept- 
 ing the i>ardon offered by the British commander and join- 
 ino- the roval party. These sufferings resulted partly from 
 inhuman treatment, but chiefly from the neglect and rigor 
 which is always a part of war. After Washington's vic- 
 tories in New Jersey it was agreed to exchange prisoners, 
 man for man. 
 
INDEPENDENCE AND REVOLUTION. It9 
 
 17. Washington's army went into ivintev quarters 
 
 at Monistown. Tlie British spent the winter at New 
 Brunswick. 
 
 1777. 
 
 18. The poivers of Washington were greatly 
 
 enlarged by Congress during the winter. He had shown 
 himself to be the proper man for the supreme command, 
 and he was authorized to enlist men from the entire coun- 
 try. He could displace all incompetent officers and appoint 
 new ones to the rank of brigadier general. He could arrest 
 troublesome persons, and take supplies for the use of the 
 army at a just valuation. He thus became in fact, what he 
 had been only in name, Commander-in-Chief. 
 
 19. He was busily engaged, durlilf/ the ivlnter^ in 
 recruiting his army, and when spring came he had ten 
 thousand men in his command. "Good news from the Jer- 
 seys," became an inspiring proverb. The timid became 
 brave, and from all quarters armed men came flocking in. 
 
 The British ceased to sneer about the "mob of un-uni- 
 formed rebels," and began to dread the man who could play 
 about and outgeneral their best commanders. British offi- 
 cers, who were held as prisoners in the American camp, 
 wrote home: " It will be hard — yes, impossible — to con- 
 quer such men." Frederick the Great, of Prussia, said : 
 "This young American general is opening a new chapter 
 in the art of war. England h'as no man to match him." 
 
 20. During the winter session of the legislatures State 
 Consttttltions were adopted in all the States. These 
 differed greatly, but they all embraced the essential prin- 
 ciples of a republican form of government. 
 
 21. Wash tHf/tOH's policy was now fully developed. 
 He did not risk a battle in an open field, with a force supe- 
 rior to his own, where defeat would be ruinous, but he 
 harassed the enemy by unexpected attacks, flank move- 
 ments, countermarches, and ambuscades. In this he imi- 
 tated the ancient Roman general, Fabius. He was there- 
 fore called the American Fabius. 
 
120 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 22. The eampaigns of the year were two in num- 
 ber: The invasion of northern New York by the British; 
 and the operations of Washington in New Jersey and Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 23. The fovniCV was a brilliant success for the 
 Americans. With a force of ten thousand the Britisli gen- 
 eral, Charles Burgoyne, invaded New York from Canada, 
 with a view of holding the Hudson River, and thus sepa- 
 rating New Eno-land from the Middle States. The Ameri- 
 cans under General Gates fell back, abandoning their stores 
 and fortified places, felling trees, and ])urning bridges, 
 behind them. 
 
 24. Meanwhile a body of British, sent to destroy stores 
 a.t Self H htf/fOilf wsis totally defeated by a regiment of 
 militia under tlie dashing, rough-and-ready Colonel John 
 Stark. A saying of his, as he dashed into the battle, has 
 become quite famous: " Boys, we conquer to-day, or Betsy 
 Stark is a widow."* 
 
 On the same day another body was defeated by Colonel 
 Seth Warner and his "Green Mountain Boys." Congress 
 passed a vote of thanks to the soldiers thus engaged, and 
 made Stark a brigadier general in the regular army. 
 
 25. A general engagement soon came on at StilliCa- 
 tev. The army of Gates was in excellent condition, and 
 was the strongest American force ever collected in one 
 command during the Revolution. Tiie battle was severe, 
 and both sides claimed the victory. Night closed the fight; 
 and for two weeks the armies lay within cannon shot of 
 each other. 
 
 26. The second baffle of Stillwater then fol- 
 lowed. Burgoyne fought bravely against superior numbers, 
 but was every where repulsed. His personal bravery 
 amounted almost to recklessness. After spending several 
 days in attempts to escape, he surrendered his army, num- 
 bering six thousand men, beside seven thousand stand of 
 arms, a fine train of artillery, and a large supply of tents, 
 
 •stalk's wife was named Elizabeth, and not Mary, or Mollie, as has been so 
 often stated. She was the daughter of Caleb Page, and married Stark Aug. ;30 1758- 
 
INDEPENDENCE AND REVOLUTION. 121 
 
 clothing, and othei' stores. These were greatly needed by 
 the Americans. 
 
 27. The latter was a total failure. Howe left his 
 quarters at Brunswick with eighteen thousand men, and, 
 embarking in his transports, sailed up the Chesapeake Bay. 
 Washington anticipated his design, and went to the defense 
 of the national capital. It was insisted by members of 
 Congress that Washington should risk a general engage- 
 ment. He therefore proceeded southward to Svaildy- 
 ivine creek, where the armies met, and a battle was fought. 
 The Americans were defeated with a loss of twelve hun- 
 dred, and their retreat left the road open to Philadelphia. 
 Congress adjourned to York, carrying all the public records, 
 and the British marched into the city. 
 
 28. Soon afterward Washington formed a design to 
 attack a portion of- Howe's army stationed at GemiClU- 
 tOWtl. After a stubborn contest, the Americans were 
 again defeated, with about the same loss as before. 
 
 29. Tlie success of Howe had cost dearly in time 
 and men. It required all summer to take the capital, and 
 he was detained a whole month, in a march of fifty miles, 
 by the ceaseless strategy of Washington. He clearly saw 
 that his tardy success would cost him his commission as 
 commander-in-chief. 
 
 30. The armies now went into IVUltef qUClTteVS — 
 Howe at Philadelphia, and Washington at Valley Forge. 
 
 31. The effect of the camxmiffns was very marked. 
 With the patriots the feeling was rather one of confidence, 
 though good fortune and bad had been so evenly mixed. 
 The Tories, who had been loud and numerous in the spring, 
 now became silent and dejected. Men began to treat Tory- 
 ism, not as a mere opinion, but as treason. In Europe, 
 public indignation was aroused against the barbarous policy 
 of forcing German peasants into the British service, to fight 
 in a foreign land. Because France and Spain hated Eng- 
 land, their sympathies were strongly enlisted in favor of 
 independence. 
 
 6 
 
122 
 
 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 32. The Liberal Party in Enffland^ although 
 saddened at the shiughter of tlieir countrymen, acknowl- 
 edged a strong sympathy for the Americans. In a speech 
 on the war, the Earl of Chatham uttered the memorable 
 words: "If 1 were an American as I am an Englishman, 
 while a single foreign troop remained in my country, I would 
 never lay down my arms; never, never, never." Burke 
 plead for "an agreement with the Americans on the best 
 terms we can make." Fox said, " I do not fear the conse- 
 quences of their independence." 
 
 33. Offers of pardon were published by Howe to 
 all soldiers vvlio would lay down their arms and take the 
 oath of allegiance to England. Citizens were encouraged 
 to accept his protection, or take the oath, and Toryism was 
 cultivated to weaken the American cause. Tiiousands of 
 people, all over the country, accepted these terms. When 
 Washington saw his movements revealed to tlie enemy, and 
 his operations hindered, he struck terror into the Tory heart 
 by this positive order : " All persons who have accepted 
 British protection shall withdraw within the enemy's lines, 
 or take the oath of allegiance to the United States of 
 America." 
 
 34. During the sunmier a young nobleman of France, 
 titled Mart/ais of La Fayette^ but whose real name 
 
 was Gilbert Motier, came over and 
 joined the American cause. The 
 king withheld his consent to his 
 plan, the British minister protested, 
 an<l his friends pictured to him the 
 brilliant career which his talents 
 and large fortune would open to 
 him in his own country. He pro- 
 cured a vessel, eluded the officers, 
 and landed on the coast of South 
 Carolina. Here he purchased horses, 
 and, with six companions, rode to 
 i,A FAYJSTTB. Philadelphia, and offered his ser- 
 
INDEPENDENCE AND REVOLUTION. 123 
 
 vices to Congress. He joined the army as a volunteer, but 
 was soon made a major general. Although only nineteen 
 years of age, he soon became the trusted companion of" 
 Wasliington. He rendered invaluable service to the cause 
 of independence, and was admired and beloved by the 
 army. 
 
 35. The ivintet' at Valley Forge was gloomy in the 
 
 extreme — the darkest of the war. The army was discouraged 
 by continual defeat and retreat. It was poorly clad, ill-fed, 
 and unpaid. More than half the soldiers were barefooted; 
 and bloody footsteps marked their route to the spot. The 
 paper money had so far lost its value that the pay of an 
 officer would not procure him the necessities of life, and it 
 required six months' pay to enable a soldier to buy a pair 
 of boots. It was the darkest day in Washington's life. 
 Congress, in a measure, abandoned him, and many people 
 blamed him. " It seems almost incredible that there could 
 have been enough patriotism in the breasts of any body 
 of men to stand by a cause so deeply and so sorely 
 tried." 
 
 36. Meanwhile the Cofiwai/ Cabal was hatched in 
 Congress. It was a shameless plot to remove Washington 
 and to appoint Gates to the supreme command. When it 
 became known, the indignation of the army and people 
 was so great that those who were active in the scheme sank 
 away into silence or denial. 
 
 37. No sooner was the Declaration passed and provision 
 made for the immediate public safety, than Congress began 
 to devise means for a permanent union of all the States 
 under a general government. Thus far the States had vol- 
 untarily associated in Congress under the cementing 
 influence of a common cause. But it was foreseen that 
 when independence had been attained and peace had 
 returned, rivalries, and jealousies, and differing local inter- 
 ests, would soon sever the common attachment, and bring 
 on a condition dangerous to peace and prosperity. 
 
 A plan for a " perpetual union " was proposed by Con- 
 
124 
 
 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 o-ress iti tlu; Articles of Conjed- 
 
 f'rflfioi). Tins was immediately sub 
 iiiitted to the States, when delays and 
 ohjections arose; and as the government 
 was not to go into effect till the consent 
 111" all the States should be obtained, 
 the Confederation was not finally adopted 
 till four years later — two years before 
 the end of the Revolution. 
 
 38. Congress also enacted that the 
 Union Flag should " be thirteen 
 stripes, alternate red and white, and 
 thirteen white stars on a blue field." 
 UNION FLAG. Jt was afterward ordered that a new 
 
 star be added to the constellation on July 4th, following 
 
 the admission of every new State. 
 
 1778. 
 
 39. A joyful event was the alliance tvith France, 
 
 Commissioners, headed by the venerable philosopher, Ben- 
 jamin Franklin, had been in Europe, chiefly at Paris, for 
 more than a year, endeavoring to conclude treaties of friend- 
 ship and defense with the powers of the continent. France 
 happened to be at peace with England, and, although very 
 willing to see that country lose its provinces, it was regarded 
 as a very serious thing to interfere in behalf of rebellious 
 colonies, which, it was supposed, would soon be conquered, 
 and thereby bring on a conflict with her ancient enemy. 
 The entire French nation treated Franklin with the utmost 
 respect and admiration. He was a man of most persuasive 
 manners 'and great majesty of intellect. He was regarded 
 in Europe as the greatest man America had produced. 
 
 It should always be remembered that one of the severest 
 and most important battles of the Revolution was fought 
 by Franklin in the cabinet of the French king. He won 
 the victory. When the news of Burgoyne's surrender 
 reached Europe, Franklin was informed that the nation was 
 ready to aid the Americans. A treaty was made, recogniz- 
 
INDEPENDENCE AND REVOLUTION. 125 
 
 m^ the independence of the United States, providing 
 for commercial intercourse, and binding the two nations not 
 to lay down arms till the acknowledgment of American 
 independence by Great Britain. 
 
 40. Proposals of peace were then made by Eng- 
 land. It was urged by the liberal party in Parliament that 
 another war with France should be avoided. Conciliatory 
 bills were passed repealing all taxes, granting all the 
 Americans originally asked, and appointing commissioners 
 to negotiate for peace. But it was too late to talk of peace 
 without independence. The envoys soon departed for home. 
 
 41. The symi^athy of other nations was extended 
 
 to the Americans. This was owing not to the love of repub- 
 licanism among European monarchs, but chiefly to the 
 jealousy which they entertained toward the power of Eng- 
 land. It is believed that without this aid and sympathy 
 the Revolution would have been a failure. Several mili- 
 tary men came from Europe to assist the Americans. 
 Besides La Fayette, there were two Polish patriots, Thad- 
 deus Kosciusko and Count Pulaski; and two Germans, 
 Baron De Kalb and Baron Steuben. They were very com- 
 petent men, and rendered valuable service. 
 
 Steuben was a veteran soldier and disciplinarian from 
 the Prussian army. He was appointed inspector-general 
 of the American forces. He drilled the army in the tactics 
 of war as practiced in Europe. From that time the Ameri- 
 can regulars were never again beaten by an equal British 
 force. 
 
 43. The removal of Howe as commander-in-chief 
 occurred in the spring, and Sir Senry Clinton took 
 his place. 
 
 43. The operations of the year were two in num- 
 ber — the Battle of Monmouth and the Massacre of 
 Wyoming. 
 
 44. The former was an American success. Clinton 
 left Philadelphia and started for New York. Washington 
 followed, and at Monmouth succeeded in bringing Clinton 
 
126 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 to battle. The causeless retreat of General Lee, at the 
 beginning, came near bringing disaster, but Washington 
 dashed to the front, sent Lee to the rear, and turned the 
 course of the battle. The conflict lasted all day. During 
 the night Clinton hastily retreated, leaving his killed, 
 wounded, and sick. These were cared for by the Americans. 
 
 45. Tlie Iflttev was a British success. The Indians 
 of the Six Nations, being bribed by gold, became English 
 allies, and, together with a band of Tories, planned the 
 destruction of the unsuspecting colony of Wyoming, Penn- 
 sylvania. They were led by a ruffian named Butler. They 
 overcame the small force opposing them, burned every 
 house in the valley, and killed by scalping or torture all 
 who fell into their hands. This sickening story is useful 
 for two purposes — to show the atrocities of war, and how 
 merciless is despotism in its outrages on human rights. 
 
 46. The French fleets carrying six thousand men, 
 did valuable service on the coast, following and defeating 
 the British fleet under Admiral Howe, brother of the 
 general. 
 
 47. The result of the year was satisfactory to the 
 Americans. The British were confined to two islands — 
 New York and Rhode Island. The Americans held every 
 other stronghold in the country. 
 
 48. The British found ^v inter quarters in New 
 York; the Americans at Middlebrook. 
 
 1779. 
 
 49. Two campaifpis marked this year — one in the 
 South and one in the North. 
 
 50. The former was advantageous to the British. 
 The French fleet departed for the West Indies, to attack 
 the English possessions there, and the fleet of the British 
 went to oppose it. Clinton then transferred the war to the 
 South, that he might be near his ships and co-operate with 
 them. The operations were several in number: 1. The 
 British took Savannah. 2. A body of Tories, on the march 
 
INDEPENDENCE AND REVOLUTION. 
 
 127 
 
 to join the enemy, was defeated by Colonel Pickens. 3. A 
 force of two thousand Americans, under General Ashe, 
 were surrounded and beaten, with heavy loss. 4. The siege 
 of Savannah, by the French fleet and General Lincoln's 
 command, failed, with a loss of one thousand men. The 
 gallant Pulaski was among the slain. 
 
 51. The latter went generally in favor of the British. 
 Their moves were unimportant, being chiefly plundering 
 
 . op THB 
 
 REVOLUTION. 
 
 expeditions, in which villages and towns were burned, 
 crops destroyed, houses robbed, homes desolated, and their 
 inmates abused. The Americans sent ont an expedition 
 against the Indians in revenge of the massacre of Wyoming, 
 They burned forty villages, destroyed the crops, and killed 
 many of the people. It was a time of barbarous raids and 
 butcheries. The sad policy of revenge prevailed on both 
 sides. 
 
 52. The naval operations of the war do not occupy 
 
128 THE MODEL HISTORT. 
 
 a })rominent place in history, but they resulted in remark- 
 able success to the Americans. At the outbreak of the 
 war, Conjrress authorized a regular navy of seventeen ves- 
 sels, varying in force from ten to thirty-two guns. Durincr 
 the first year, over three hundred British vessels were cap- 
 tured, and many privateers were sent out to prey upon the 
 British commerce. Expeditions fitted out in French sea- 
 ports produced great alarm on the English coasts. 
 
 53. The first commander-in-chief of the navy was lEseh 
 HopkUhS. He was succeeded by .Paul Jones, a 
 Scotch American. His little fleet, aided by his ceaseless 
 activity, proved a match for " the mistress of the sea." His 
 pluck was astonishing, and some of his encounters were the 
 most desperate on record. He first hoisted the American 
 flag at sea. 
 
 54. The State of American finance at this time 
 
 was very low. The pajier continued to depreciate. It 
 took fifty and sixty dollars to buy one in specie, and yet it 
 was considered as treason to refuse to accept the conti- 
 nental currency. One cause of this prostration of the pub- 
 lic credit was the failing confidence of the world in the 
 success of Independence. The French alliance, which 
 promised so much, had resulted in but little real benefit, 
 and the American armies were melting away by desertions, 
 sickness, and defeat. 
 
 Another cause was the fact that England counterfeited 
 the continental currency. These facsimiles were printed 
 in England to the extent of many millions, brought to 
 America, and scattered through the country. This was 
 done by the British government, which was every month 
 hanging men for committing the same crime against her 
 own currency. People knew that if the Revolution proved 
 a failure, not a dollar of the continental debt would ever 
 be paid. To purchase army supplies with such money 
 became very difficult, and finally impossil)le. 
 
 Two hundred million dollars of this currency had been 
 issued, and it now became worthless and ceased to circu- 
 
INDEPENDENCE AND REVOLUTION. 129 
 
 late. Strange expedients were used to obtain money; one 
 of these being the establishment of a lottery " for defray- 
 ing the expenses of the next campaign." Washington was 
 obliged to take subsistence from the surrounding country. 
 
 55. The results of the year were very discourag- 
 ing to the Americans. With all the desperate fighting, 
 nothing definite had been accomplished. It seemed that, 
 with reduced forces and universal destitution, a final tri- 
 umph of arms was not to be hoped for. The soldiers of 
 Washington were shivering in their huts at Morristown, 
 while the resources of the British were unlimited. 
 
 Parliament voted one hundred and twenty thousand men 
 and a hundred million dollars, to prosecute the war. The 
 French fleet had sailed for home, and Congress was divided 
 in angry disputes on questions of public policy. In bit- 
 terness Washington wrote: "It seems that friends, as well 
 as foes, are combining to pull down the fabric they have 
 been raising at the expense of so much time, blood, and 
 treasure." 
 
 1780. 
 
 56. The campaigns of the year were again two 
 
 in number — the Southern and the Northern. 
 
 57. The former resulted greatly to the advantage 
 of the British. Clinton advanced to the siege of Charles- 
 ton and surrounded the city. Lincoln was obliged to sur- 
 render his force of three thousand men. The British then 
 spread over the State, and Clinton wrote to the home gov- 
 ernment, " South Carolina is English again." But it was 
 the territory and not the people who were conquered. 
 Such dashing officers as Francis Marion and Thomas 
 Sumter came forward with hastily gathered militia, and 
 kept up an irregular warfare. They harassed the enemy 
 and kept down the Tories. 
 
 58. After the fall of Charleston the British forces con- 
 centrated at Camden under Cornwallis. Near this place 
 they were met by five thousand Americans under General 
 Gates. The battle was short but violent, and ended in the 
 
 6* 
 
150 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 complete defeat of the Americans, with a loss of nearly 
 two thousand, beside stores and artillery. De Kalb fell 
 with eleven wounds, 
 
 59. The lattet' is to be remembered for one infamous 
 plot of treason. Benedict Arnold was a brave man, and 
 had done effective service for the American cause. But 
 being censured by Washington for misuse of public funds, 
 his pride was wounded, and he resolved to betray his 
 country. Being appointed commander at West Point on 
 the Hudson, he offered to surrender this most important 
 post, and had an interview with Clinton's adjutant-general, 
 Major Andre, to arrange the details. 
 
 While returning to the British lines Andre Avas arrested 
 by three patrolmen, and his papers were found concealed 
 in his stockings. He was tried as a spy, found guilty, and 
 hung. He was a young man of noble character, and his 
 fate elicited much sympathy in both armies. Washington 
 wept when he signed his death-warrant. Arnold escaped, 
 and received the price of his treachery. A plan for his 
 capture unfortunately failed on the eve of its success. He 
 joined the British service, and led a desolating expedition 
 against Virginia. He spent the rest of his life in England, 
 a shunned and despised traitor. 
 
 1781. 
 
 60. A mtitiny at 3forrisfoirn occurred on the 
 
 first day of the year. Extreme destitution still existed in 
 the army; and fifteen hundred Pennsylvania soldiers rose 
 in tumult, and threatened to march with arms in their hands 
 into the hall of Congress to get their pay or end its ses- 
 sions. La Fayette was much beloved, but when he attempted 
 to prevent the mutiny he had to leave the camp. General 
 Wayne entered the ranks, and, with a loaded pistol, 
 threatened to shoot the first man that opened his mouth; 
 but in an instant a hundred muskets were pointed at him. 
 The mutineers were met on the way by a committee of 
 Congress, who made some provision for their immediate 
 
INDEPENDENCE AND REVOLUTION. 131 
 
 necessities, and gave pledges which were subsequently 
 redeemed. The soldiers returned to camp. 
 
 61. A wealthy merchant of Philadelphia, named 
 Robei't MlovriSf was appointed financial agent of the 
 government. His measures did much toward securing a 
 successful ending of the struggle. His credit was unlim- 
 ited, and on several occasions he used his private fortune to 
 relieve the government. 
 
 63. A. Frefich fleet under Count Rochambeau, carry- 
 ing seven thousand men, arrived during the year. They 
 were sent chiefly through the influence of La Fayetie. 
 
 63. In the South General Nathaniel Greene super- 
 seded Gates. He was a man of noble character, and a 
 general of great energy and prudence. His troops met the 
 British at Cowpens^ and an obstinate battle followed, 
 with victory for the Americans. 
 
 64. Another action soon occurred at GuiffOf'fl CoilVt- 
 Soiise. Ten thousand men were engaged, and the 
 losses were fifteen hundred on each side. It was a severe 
 but indecisive battle. The British had been so much har- 
 assed by scouting parties of the enemy that they ceased 
 ofi"ensive operations in the South, and retired to Charleston, 
 where they were watched by the Americans till the close of 
 the war. 
 
 65. In the WortJi the Americans were able to gain a 
 victory which put an end to the war. Cornwallis received 
 an order from Clinton to take a position with his army on 
 the sea-coast, so as to be able to assist in case Washington 
 should attack New York. It was true that Washington 
 had spent the season in collecting forces, and had formed 
 the very design anticipated by Clinton. But when Corn- 
 wallis centered his army at Yorktown he resolved to strike 
 a blow in Virginia. 
 
 When his secret preparations were completed he made 
 forced marches for Yorktown, arriving at the same time as 
 the French fleet. The sieo-e then beo-an. Washington 
 had the largest force he jver commanded, sixteen thousand, 
 
132 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 of whom seven thousand were Frencli. Cornwallis had an 
 army of eight thousand, embracing the flower of the Brit- 
 ish forces in America. He stood the siege for three weeks. 
 Finding all means of escape cut off, he surrendered his 
 entire army. 
 
 66. The etld of the wav had evidently come. The 
 wildest rejoicings prevailed in the army and with the peo- 
 ple. Public sentiment had so changed in England that 
 King George could no longer continue his warlike policy. 
 Lord North, the leader of the Tory party there, and the 
 obedient prime minister of the king, was forced into 
 resignation, and the Marquis of Rockingham, the leader of 
 the Whig party, took his place. 
 
 Clinton was superseded by Sir Guy Carleton, who was 
 instructed to open the way for peace. The soul of the 
 war was gone. Hostilities ceased and both sides waited 
 for peace. 
 
 67. In Parliament a resolution passed to give up 
 " all further attempts to reduce the revolted colonies." 
 The city of London entreated the king to " put an end to 
 this unnatural and unfortunate war." Spain and Holland 
 had declared in favor of Independence. Tlie stubborn 
 monarch was obliged to submit to the voice of his people. 
 
 68. The American commissioners, headed by Franklin, 
 met the delegates from England, France, Spain, and Hol- 
 land, at Paris. The Treaty of JParis was drafted aiid 
 signed. It acknowledged the political independence of the 
 United States, secured to the Americans the free naviga- 
 tion of the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River, and 
 granted the right to the cod fisheries of Newfoundland. 
 The boundaries of the United States were declared to be 
 the Atlantic Ocean, the Mississippi River, the St. Lawrence 
 and the Lakes, and Florida. Florida, and all the territory 
 west of the Mississippi, was declared to be the possession 
 of Spain. 
 
 69. The dishandlng of the army was attended 
 with serious difficulty. The men had not been paid for a 
 
CONFEDERATION AND UNION. 133 
 
 long' time, and the discontent from this cause was about to 
 break out into another mutiny. Many of the officers had 
 expended their private fortunes, and were fearful of being 
 left without any provision for future support. A plot was 
 made to march to the capital and demand satisfaction of 
 Congress. But by great effort Washington averted the 
 danger. Congress redeemed its pledges, and the army was 
 quietly disbanded. 
 
 70. According to an estimate by Congress, the COSt 
 of the wav' to the country was one hundred and thirty 
 million dollars and forty thousand men. It had cost Eng- 
 land fifty thousand lives and five hundred million dollars. 
 Beside this visible loss, there was great depression in busi- 
 ness, and a serious decline in private morals. 
 
 71. Washimjton-s retirement immediately fol- 
 lowed. His work was done. In New York he assembled 
 his officers and bade them an affectionate and tearful fare- 
 well. His journey to Annapolis, where Congress was in 
 session, was a continual triumph. Old nuen crowded to the 
 roadside to bless the chieftain ; young men, to shout with 
 enthusiasm; and young women, to strew his path with 
 flowers. 
 
 In an address full of feeling, wisdom, and modesty, he 
 resigned to Congress his commission as commander-in- 
 chief, which he had received over eight years before. He 
 soon after retired to his home at Mount Vernon, which he 
 had seen but once during these years of warfare. He car- 
 ried with him the benedictions of a nation. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 CONFEDERATION AND UNION. 
 
 72. The tardy adoption of the Articles of Confederation 
 had left the prosecution of the war to the generalship of 
 Washington and the assvimed powers of Congress. These 
 proved sufficient. The success of the Coufedera- 
 tiofl during the last two years of the war, and the subse- 
 
134 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 quent years of peace, was far from satisfactory. Though 
 intended to serve as a bond of perpetual union, its princi- 
 pal provisions referred to a state of war, and were dormant 
 in time of peace. The States had preferred to reserve to 
 themselves nearly all the power, and regarded the least 
 possible delegation of authority to Congress as quite suffi- 
 cient for national purposes. There could be no such a 
 thing as a strong central government. Foreign nations did 
 not like to make treaties with such a loose and feeble com- 
 pact of States. Washington said, " We are one nation 
 to-day, and thirteen to-morrow; who will treat with us on 
 these terms.?" 
 
 73. The defects of the Articles soon became appar- 
 ent : 1. Congress could ascertain the sum necessary to 
 defray the expense of the public service, but it could not 
 collect a dollar. It could contract debts, but it could not 
 raise money. Some of the States made the desired levy, 
 some delayed, and others refused. 3. There was no power 
 to regulate commerce, either foreign or domestic. State 
 taxation of goods brought in from adjoining States, was 
 very common, and produced endless disputes and bitterness. 
 3. Nearly all the powers of Congress were merely advisory. 
 It could declare any thing, but it could do nothing. " The 
 wonder is, not that such a scheme of government should 
 fail; but that it should have been capable even of a 
 momentary existence." 
 
 74. The eoitseqiience was that the government was 
 often entirely without funds; and it is probable that, had 
 Congress not had the good fortune to secure some foreign 
 loans, this dilatory scheme of taxation would have been 
 fatal to the cause of independence. The large fortune of 
 Robert Morris was much reduced and he brought to want 
 in the attempt to sustain a government which the States 
 refused tcj support. 
 
 War between individual States was seriously threatened, 
 agriculture languished, and trade fell off. Private debts 
 were enormously increased and public ones were not paid. 
 
CONFEDERATION AND UNION. 135 
 
 Foreign nations saw our weakness, and proceeded to ruin 
 our commerce. The Confederation had not only lost all its 
 vigor, but it had even ceased to be respected; and it 
 became evident to all that an important work was yet to be 
 done or the great interests of the Union would fall in ruins. 
 Washington said: " Thirteen sovereignties pulling against 
 each other and all tugging at the Federal head, will soon 
 bring ruin on the whole." 
 
 75. The idea of refnodeling the government 
 
 originated at Mount Vernon. The convention of revision 
 met at Pliiladelphia in May, 1787. Washington was chosen 
 chairman. The object which called these fifty men together 
 was to devise better regulations fi)r commerce between the 
 States. The proposed amendments to the Articles were 
 debated two weeks, when Edmund Randolph introduced a 
 resolution to set aside the Articles of Confederation and 
 adopt a new Constitution. This constitutional convention 
 sat with closed doors, and its proceedings were never pub- 
 lished. But James Madison, who was a ready penman, took 
 copious notes of the speeches and deliberations, frequently 
 submitting them to the speakers for revision. These valu- 
 able papers were afterward bought by the government, and 
 were published in 1840, as a legacy to the nation. 
 
 At the end of four months the Constitution was com- 
 pleted and signed. The original draft was from the pen 
 of Gouverneur Morris, of Pennsylvania. It was a work of 
 the greatest difficulty. The interests of the various sec- 
 tions of the country were thought to be so opposite that 
 the chances of a union were very small. A final adjourn- 
 ment was several times proposed, and it required all the 
 tact of Washington, Franklin, and others, to hold the con- 
 vention together till its work was done. 
 
 76. The first slavery trouble arose in that con- 
 vention. The six hundred thousand slaves in the country 
 at that time were mostly in the South, and violent disputes 
 arose between the two sections concerning the ratio of 
 representation. The northern members claimed that slaves 
 
136 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 should not be counted in representation and taxation; the 
 southern, that they should. A compromise was eflFected by 
 which ever afterward during the existence of slavery in the 
 country, live slaves were equal in political power to three 
 white men. This power was exercised by the masters, and 
 not by the slaves; and thus, in several States of the South 
 a white man had twice as much political power as a white 
 man in the North. 
 
 This over-representation enabled the slave interest to 
 control the government most of the time till the abolition 
 of slavery. It was also agreed that the northern States 
 were bound to return fugitive slaves. It is believed that 
 without these concessions on the part of the North, the 
 Constitution would never have been adopted by the States. 
 
 77. Before this time there had been but little politics in 
 the country; but questions of importance now came for- 
 ward which divided the convention and people into two 
 political J^flt'ties, These were the Federalists and the 
 Republicans. The former favored a strong, central, and 
 united government, which would confer large powers on 
 the President and Congress, and make a nation " one and 
 indivisible.'' 
 
 The latter believed that the government should be strictly 
 democratic, the power being more in the hands of the 
 people and the States. This party favored " State Rights," 
 meaning the right of each State to be independent of the 
 others, with the agreement that all should unite for the 
 common defense. Beside these, there were a few who 
 thought that a limited monarchy and a system of institu- 
 tions resembling the English, would be most suitable. The 
 political parties remained thus for thirty-eight years. 
 
 78. In the new Constitution tJie legislative power 
 was vested in Congress — a body composed of a Senate and 
 a House of Representatives. The Senators are chosen by 
 the State legislatures, and serve six years. Each State is 
 entitled to two Senators. The Representatives are elected 
 by the people, and each State is entitled to a number pro- 
 
CONFEDERATION AND UNION. 137 
 
 portionate to its population. They serve two years. Con- 
 gress makes laws for the entire people, and no State can 
 pass a law conflicting with them. 
 
 79. The executive l)Olver of the government was 
 vested in a President, who is a native of the United States, 
 and is chosen to serve four years by bodies of men called 
 the electoral colleges. The people choose the electors, each 
 State being entitled to as many as it has members in Con- 
 gress. The chief duty of the President is to execute the 
 laws which Congress may make. He may veto a bill passed 
 by Congress; but a congressional majority of two-thirds 
 may pass a law without his consent. He has the general 
 appointing power, and is commander-in-chief of the army 
 and navy. The Vice-President presides over the Senate, 
 except when called to the presidency by the death, resigna- 
 tion, or removal of the President. This has occurred four 
 times in our history. 
 
 80. The judicial po wer was vested in one Supreme 
 Court and sevei'al inferior courts. The chief- justice and 
 his associates hold office during life or good behavior. 
 These courts have jurisdiction in all cases in which the gov- 
 ernment niay be a party. 
 
 81. By further provisions the right of trial by 
 jury is granted in all cases, except the impeachment of 
 public officers. Treason consists only in making war against 
 the United States, or in giving aid and comfort to their 
 enemies. New Territories may be organized and new 
 States admitted into the Union. Each State is guaranteed 
 a republican form of government, and is protected against 
 invasion and domestic violence. 
 
 Amendments may be made when sanctioned by a two - 
 thirds vote of both Houses of Congress and ratified by the 
 legislatures of three- fourths of the States. Fifteen amend- 
 ments have been made since the adoption of the Constitu- 
 tion — most of them soon after it went into effect. These 
 secure religious freedom ; alter the manner of electing 
 President and Vice-President; abolish slavery; and secure 
 
138 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 the right of manhood suffrage without regard to race or 
 color. 
 
 82. Within one year after the Constitution had been 
 framed, eleven of the States had ratified it, being two more 
 than was necessary to put it in operation. Senators and Rep- 
 resentatives were elected in the several States thus ratify- 
 ing, except New York, and presidential electors chosen. 
 Soon afterward the cJloice of a President was made. 
 There was but one voice in selectino; the man for this hisfh 
 trust. 
 
 When the ballots of the electors were opened in the 
 presence of Congress, George Washington was found to have 
 been unanimously chosen President, and John Adams was 
 made Vice-President. Washington's journey from Mount 
 Vernon to New York was a continued triumpii. The " more 
 perfect union " was thus formed, and Congress ordered that 
 the new government should go into operation on the fourth 
 of March, 1789, a day since called Inauguration Day. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 WASHINGTOX'S ADM I X ISTRAT [OX. 
 
 1789—1797, 
 
 83. On the third of March the Continental Congress 
 ceased to exist. The non-arrival of the members of the 
 first Constitutional Congress deferred the COiniilCilce- 
 
 tnent of the new (/overnitient^ and that event did 
 
 not occur till the thirtieth of April. On the balcony of the 
 Federal Hall in New York, the Chancellor of the State of 
 New York administeriHl to Washington the oath of office, 
 which was in the following words: "I do solemnly swear 
 that I will faithfully execute the office of the President of 
 the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, pre- 
 serve, protect, and defend, the Constitution of the United 
 States." In all subsequent inaugurations this oath has beeri 
 administered by the Chief- Justice. 
 
WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. 139 
 
 84. Five Departiuents of State were soon 
 after created. Thomas Jefferson was confirmed as Secre- 
 tary of State; Alexander Hamilton, as Secretary of the 
 Treasury; Henry Knox, as Secretary of War; Edmund Ran- 
 dolph, as Attorney - General, and Samuel Osgood, as Post- 
 master-General. These men became the chosen advisors 
 and assistants of the President, and were collectively called 
 the Cabinet. Later in our history three other departments 
 were added — the Navy, the Interior, and Agriculture 
 
 85. Many coti.stUiitional anieii(linenfs were now 
 proposed, and eleven of them were adopted. By this 
 action on the part of Congress, which now for the first time 
 sat with open doors. North Carolina and llhode Island 
 became satisfied with the Constitution, and ratified it accord- 
 ingly. The thirteen States were thus united. 
 
 86. The juflicifll'f/ of the nation was established 
 soon afterward. The bill was the work of Oliver Ells- 
 worth. .John Jay became the first Chief Justice. The 
 judiciary remains to this day, in substance, as it was first 
 organized. 
 
 87. The salaries of the puhlie officers were also 
 fixed by the first Congress. The President was to receive 
 $25,000 yearly, the Vice-President 15,000, and the cabinet 
 officers $3,500 each. Senators were entitled to seven dol- 
 lars a day and mileage for their traveling expenses; Repre- 
 sentatives, the mileage and six dollars per day, 
 
 88. With the wise and impressive sentiments of Wash- 
 ington's Inaugural Address before it. Congress gave its 
 immediate attention to the subject of revenue. To pay 
 the current expenses of the government and provide for 
 the liquidation of the public debt, a tax was placed on 
 goods brought into the country, and on the tonnage of 
 merchant-ships entering the ports of the United States. 
 This was called indirect taxation. A tax was also placed 
 on spirituous liquors distilled in the country. This was 
 called an excise. 
 
 Direct taxation was considered unwise in policy and 
 
140 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 odious in practice; but by the metliod adopted, while the 
 tax was really paid by those who bought and used the 
 imported articles, its presence in their cost was often unsus- 
 pected and therefore cheerfully paid. 
 
 89. The public credit was still very low. The 
 paper money of the Continental Congress was worth onl}! 
 one per cent, of its nominal value, although independ- 
 ence was achieved, the new Constitution was adopted, and 
 the good wishes of the world were secured. 
 
 At the request of Congress, Hamilton presented a plan 
 f(M- the relief of the country. He proposed the funding 
 of the National Debt, in which he included not only the 
 fifty -four millions contracted by Congress, but also the 
 twenty -five millions owed by the States. The interest 
 was to be paid regularly, and the principal finally extin- 
 guished by the revenue derived from imported articles 
 and from distilled spirits. 
 
 The warmest feelings were aroused, and the excitement 
 reached a dangerous intensity. Hamilton's scheme pre- 
 vailed. Part of the debt was funded at dollar for dollar, 
 and this part was afterward paid in coin. The rest was 
 not presented for redemption, and was never heard of 
 again. The walls of a barber shop were papered with this 
 worthless money. 
 
 90. A National Sanh was also proposed, to regulate 
 the currency by securing uniformity in the kind and value 
 of money in the different parts of the country. The Repub- 
 licans violently opposed the measure, saying that it was 
 unnecessary, unconstitutional, and adverse to republican 
 institutions. The bill became a law, and the bank was 
 chartered for twenty years with a capital of ten millions. 
 It was established at Philadelj)hia, whore a mint was also 
 put in operation. 
 
 91. The seat of govermnent had always been at 
 places which the Continental Congress had found most 
 convenient for its sessions, chiefly New York and Phila- 
 delphia. It was now decided that Congress should hold its 
 sessions at the latter city for ten years, or during the rest 
 
WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. 141 
 
 of the century, and that the capital be then permanently 
 established at some point on the Potomac. 
 
 Under authority from Congress, Washington selected the 
 District of Columbia, which was ceded by Maryland and 
 Virginia to the general government. The place was densely 
 wooded, level, and wet, and, in the opinion of many, quite 
 unsuited to the purpose. The capital city was named Wash- 
 ington, public buildings were erected, and Congress removed 
 thither in 1800; and art so far overcame natural disadvan- 
 tages that the city finally became prosperous and handsome. 
 
 92. Few of the States had any regular code, and Stdte 
 legislation was based on the Common Law of England. 
 Independence made no violent changes in the institutions 
 of the country, and in the law-books of this time were many 
 quaint and strange regulations which would now excite a 
 smile or awaken censure. 
 
 93. The First Census was taken, in obedience to 
 the Constitution, in 1790, to determine the ratio of repre- 
 sentation in Congress, and to obtain an official record of 
 progress. When completed it was found that the enumera- 
 tion amounted to nearly four millions (3,929,214), of whom 
 seven hundred thousand were slaves. The ratio of repre- 
 sentation in Congress was placed at one representative for 
 every thirty -three thousand inhabitants. 
 
 94. Foreign affairs claimed much attention. Trea- 
 ties were made with Spain, Algiers, and England, securing 
 the navigation of the Mediterranean sea and the Mississippi 
 River. In France, the French Revolution was in progress. 
 Monarchy was overthrown in 1792 and a republic formed. 
 Remembering their own recent struggles for independence, 
 many people in this country sympathized with the move- 
 ment. France was then at war with England, and as soon 
 as the new French ambassador. Citizen Genet, arrived in 
 the United States, he began to fit out privateers in Ameri- 
 can ports to capture British ships. 
 
 He also demanded an alliance between France and. this 
 country. In this course of conduct he was sustained by many 
 
142 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 of the Republicans, who favored an alliance as a return for 
 the aid rendered by France during our struggle for inde- 
 pendence. But the President resolved to remain neutrai 
 and adopted the motto of Jefferson: "Friendship with 
 all, but entangling alliances with none." This has ever since 
 been the settled foreign policy of our goverinnent. 
 
 Relying on the sympathy of the Republicans, Genet 
 thought he could demand almost any thing, and he behaved 
 very defiantly. But when he threatened to appeal from 
 the President to the peo])le, his adherents deserted him, and 
 Washington secured his recall. The forbearance of the 
 administration with Genet gave rise to the idea that the 
 government was not strong enough to enforce its authority. 
 
 95. This quarrel was scarcely ended when another 
 trouble, called the Wliisky Insurrection, arose in 
 western Pennsylvania. The excise on spirits had always 
 been unpopular there, and meetings were called to con- 
 demn the tax. The collectors were threatened, and the 
 marshal was resisted and fired upon while in the discharge 
 of his duties. The mills and barns of those who paid the 
 tax were burned. The insurgents numbered seven thou- 
 sand, and matters remained thus for two years. 
 
 The President finally resolved that resistance to the laws 
 should be ended. He therefore sent an army of fifteen 
 thousand into the rebellious district, and the mob melted 
 away before it. 
 
 This was a political rather than a social outl)reak. The 
 whisky-tax was a measure of the Federalists, and was sup- 
 posed to bear heavily on the distilling districts. Genet and 
 his partisans had carefully cultivated the discontent till it 
 broke out into resistance. 
 
 96. A more serious work was before the President. 
 Troubles witJl Emjlun.d had survived the treaty 
 which ended the Revolution, and the newspapers in both 
 countries continued to abound in irritating editorials and 
 correspondence. Complaints were made in England that 
 private debts contracted before the Revolution could not 
 be collected in x\merica. 
 
WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 143 
 
 On the other hand it was charged by the Americans that 
 the British armies had carried off their slaves, that posts 
 were still held on the western frontier in violation of the 
 treaty, that Indians, having committed massacres, were 
 protected by the British, and that American seamen were 
 impressed into the marine sei-vice of England. All these 
 complaints, on both sides, were true. 
 
 97. But the imtnediate occasion of the alarm was 
 the secret issue of instructions by King George to British 
 privateers to seize all neutral vessels found trading with 
 the French in the West Indies. Before Congress had noti- 
 fication of this measure goods to the value of millions of 
 dollars had been taken on American ships on the high seas. 
 
 Every thing was tending toward another war with Eng- 
 land, when fortunately the American minister in London 
 succeeded in concluding a treaty on the basis of mutual 
 concession. Although it did not secure all that the Ameri- 
 cans desired, it was admitted to be the best that was obtain- 
 able, and after a time of violent party warfare it was rati- 
 fied by Congress and the best judgment of the people. 
 
 98. Three new States were added to the original 
 thirteen during this presidency. New States were allowed to 
 have at least one representative in Congress, and were 
 required to adopt a State constitution, republican in form, 
 and consistent with the Constitution and laws of the United 
 States. They were then admitted, on application, by a vote 
 of Congress. 
 
 99. Vevmontf signifying green mountain, was settled 
 
 by hardy woodsmen 
 
 >^^^ from New Hamp- 
 
 shire. New York 
 afterward claimed 
 the territory and 
 ;J;c^^ tried to drive out 
 the settlers, but 
 without success. 
 The volunteer militia aided greatly in the Revolution. 
 
 SEAL OF VEaMONT. 
 
144 
 
 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 ^KAL OP KENTUCKV. 
 
 100. Keiltuchy was at first considered a part of 
 Virginia, and was explored before the Revolution by 
 
 the famous hunter 
 and pioneer, Daniel 
 Boone. The story 
 of his remarkable 
 life leads us to re- 
 member theproverb, 
 " Truth is stranger 
 than fiction." The 
 long series of conflicts between the Kentuckians and the 
 Indians caused the region to be called the Dark and Bloody 
 Ground. 
 
 101. Tennessee 
 
 was first settled by 
 people from North 
 Carolina. At one time 
 the settlers became dis- 
 satisfied with the laws 
 of the parent State and 
 proposed to set up a new one under the iiauie of Frankland, 
 but it was changed to Tennessee, the Indian name of the 
 principal river flowing through it. Both Kentucky and 
 Tennessee, being settled from slave States, became slave 
 States themselves. 
 
 102. Although the country needed quiet so much, 2>(X,Vt f/ 
 .S7>irif was exceedingly bitter. The Federalists — called 
 by their opponents High -Flying Feds — were accused of a 
 desire to form an alliance with England, and of hostility to 
 the growth of republican ideas in Europe. The private 
 character of Washington did not escape the -worst insinua- 
 tions, and malicious satires were aimed at his policy. 
 
 On the other hand, the Republicans were charged with 
 being friendly toward the bloody leaders of the French 
 Revolution, with entertaining loose views of government, 
 and even with a desire to introduce commvmism, by break- 
 ing up the foundations of tlie Republic and shattering the 
 
 SEAL OiTteNNESSEE. 
 
WASHINGTON'S AD3IINISTRAT10N. 145 
 
 structure of society. None of these charges were correct; 
 but they show to what extravagance patriotic men may be 
 led by the force of party strife. 
 
 103. In 1793 the country was visited by a calamity to 
 which it had before been a stranger. The yellow fcvev 
 broke out in Philadelphia with such fatality that, out of a 
 population of sixty thousand, four thousand died. Terror 
 seized all classes, and the city was nearly deserted. Among 
 those who heroically remained to attend the sick was Dr. 
 Benjamin Rush. His treatment was highly successful, and 
 after a course of three months the pestilence was stayed. 
 
 104. The subject of 2)llblic education received the 
 attention of Congress even before the administration of 
 Washington. In passing laws respecting the disposal of 
 the public lands, it was ordered, in 1785, that section six- 
 teen in every township be set apart for the maintenance 
 of public schools. In justification of this national legis- 
 lation, this sentiment was expressed: "Knowledge being 
 necessary to good government and the happiness of man- 
 kind, schools and the means of education shall be forever 
 encouraged." 
 
 Two years later Congress further donated two complete 
 townships of land perpetually to support a university in 
 each State. Every State admitted into the Union has par- 
 taken of these bounties from the general government. The 
 States also began to tax themselves to support universities, 
 colleges, and common schools, and to authorize county and 
 township taxation for educational purposes. 
 
 Thus the government undertook to provide for the edu- 
 cation of the people, and from these provisions has come 
 our system of public instruction. The little district school - 
 house of the country, and the large ward - school building 
 of the city, have resulted from this wise legislation of our 
 forefathers. 
 
 105. The litePCltllve of the time was mostly of a poli- 
 tical character, explaining legal and constitutional principles. 
 We should remember that beside their political labors, 
 
 7 
 
146 
 
 THE MODEL BISTORT. 
 
 BENJAMIN WEST. 
 
 Washington, JefFersou, Adams, Hamilton, Jay, Franklin, 
 and others, were lal)orious and voluminous authors. Dr. 
 David Ramsay was tlie first American historian. 
 
 106. The fine Clt't^S were cultivated by few, Init with 
 great success. John Trumbull, 
 a member of Washington's staff, 
 painted the scenes of the Revo- 
 lution. Tiie best of his pictures 
 now adorn the rotunda of the 
 Capitol at Wasliington. Ben- 
 jamin West excelled in painting 
 Bible scenes, and many of his 
 pictures may now be viewed at 
 the Academy of Fine Arts in 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 107. Tlie Cotton Gin 
 was the name of a very import- 
 ant machine invented at this 
 time — 1792. The Southern States were well suited by 
 nature for the production of cotton; but the labor of sepa- 
 rating the seed from the fiber — called ginning it — was so 
 great that a man would not gin more than a pound a day. 
 
 A machine was greatly needed. 
 So much was cotton - raising 
 hindered, that after the Revolu- 
 tion " eight bags of cotton-wool " 
 shipped to England were seized 
 at the custom - house at Liver- 
 pool as being dishonestly entered, 
 ,^ " cotton not being a 2)'>'oduction 
 of the United States.'''' Finally, 
 a young man from Massachu- 
 setts, named Eli Whitney, who 
 had just graduated at Yale Col- 
 lege, went South to teach school. 
 He lived in the family of Mrs. 
 Greene, widow of the revolutionary general, Nathaniel 
 
 KLI WUIINKV. 
 
WASStNQTON'S ADMINISTRATION. 147 
 
 Greene; and during his moments of leisure he had made 
 many ingenious toys for her children. 
 
 One day she had a company of planters at her house, and, 
 in their presence, she asked Whitney to try his skill in 
 making a machine for ginning cotton. He secretly 
 undertook the task. But he could buy neither tools nor 
 materials in that region, and had to make the former 
 before proceeding. He also spent weeks in making iron 
 wire. 
 
 After much difficulty the rude machine was completed, 
 and Mrs. Greene invited the leading planters to examine it. 
 They were delighted to find that with Whitney's invention 
 one man could gin as much cotton as live hundred men 
 without it. The news flew rapidly, and multitudes clamored 
 for a sight of the wonderful machine. One night the shop 
 was broken open and the prize was carried off. 
 
 Before Whitney could complete his model and get his 
 patent, many machines were set to work in the South, and 
 it was a long time before he could get any compensation 
 for his labor. The cultivation of cotton immediately 
 assumed great importance, and through the invention of 
 the gin the production increased from five thousand to five 
 millions of bales yearly, being seven - eighths in value of 
 all the cotton produced on the globe. It is a very moderate 
 estimate to say that this machine was worth to the South- 
 ern States a thousand millions of dollars. 
 
 108. The niatmers of socletff at the capital were 
 very formal and exacting, much resembling the manners 
 then prevalent at the English court. The President held 
 receptions every Tuesday at his own house. At precisely 
 three o'clock the doors were thrown open, and the Presi- 
 dent was seen, surrounded by his cabinet and other promi- 
 nent citizens, dressed elegantly in black velvet, with white 
 waistcoat, yellow gloves, silver knee -buckles and shoe - 
 buckles. He held a cocked hat and wore a sheathed sword. 
 His hair was powdered and tied up in a silk bag liehind. 
 He never shook hands with his guests, but bowed when 
 
148 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 introduced, and afterward exchanged a few words in con- 
 versation. The President was a master of etiquette, and 
 never descended to familiarity. 
 
 When a title for the President was to be selected, " High 
 Mightiness," was suggested, the words used to describe the 
 president of the republic of Holland; but the more moder- 
 ate title, " Excellency," was adopted. When Washington 
 went to the sessions of Congress he used a fine stage - coach, 
 which was usually drawn by four white horses, but on great 
 occasions by six, and on Sundays by two. The drivers and 
 footmen wore liveries of white and scarlet. 
 
 The President's birth- day was celebrated by dinners and 
 public meetings, and poets often ad(b-essed odes to His 
 Excellency. It was thought by the Federalists that these 
 things were necessary to add dignity to the Republic ; but 
 the Republicans ridiculed them as a weak imitation of the 
 habits of monarchy, and accused Washington of too much 
 etiquette and love of display. 
 
 109. I}i fasliionahle life the style of dress differed 
 much from the custom of the present day. Clergvmen 
 wore wigs and silk gowns in the pulpit and cocked hats on 
 the street. " Gentlemen had a great variety of brilliant col- 
 ors in their clothes, such as only ladies now display. When 
 a well dressed gentleman went into company he appeared 
 in a wig, white stock, white satin embroidered vest, black 
 satin small - clothes, white silk stockings, and fine broad- 
 cloth or velvet coat." 
 
 Pantaloons were worn occasionally as a business costume, 
 but never when in full dress. A gentleman's snuff-box 
 was as indispensable as a cigar is now, and courtesy was 
 shown in taking the weed in this form with a friend. A 
 snuff-box was a very popular kind of gift, and much 
 expense was often lavished upon it. 
 
 " Ladies wore those beautiful silks and brocades which 
 are still preserved as heirlooms in many American families. 
 Their luiir was dressed in powder and ])omatuin, and was 
 often built up to a great height above the head. The hair - 
 
WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION. 149 
 
 dressers were kept so busy on the day of a fashionable 
 entertainment that ladies had to employ their services as 
 early as four in the morning, and sit upright all the rest of 
 the day to avoid disturbing their head dress." 
 
 110. Iti cotiiniOil life the people were recovering 
 from the losses of the war. The soldiers went quietly back 
 to their farms and workshops, and very few beggars were 
 seen in the country. Most people wore home - spun clothes: 
 for, although cloth was woven by machinery, the threads 
 must still be spun by hand. Silk worms were raised in 
 Connecticut, and it became the custom to give the minister 
 a home-made silk gown. 
 
 Carpets first came into use during this presidency, lying 
 in a square in the center of the floor. The houses had spa- 
 cious halls, wide stairs, and enormous "fire-places." The 
 punch -bowl was always found in families of means, and its 
 contents made a customary treat to company. 
 
 Hotels on such a large scale as our modern ones were 
 unknown; but there were taverns and coffee -houses which 
 afforded solid comfort to the traveler. The people had 
 great, open fires of wood, and when the Philadelphians tried 
 to use coal as fuel they gave it up as a failure. 
 
 111. Thus far the main party isSUe had been differ- 
 ences of opinion respecting the fundamental principles of 
 the government; but now a new question came forward — 
 whether it was the true policy to enter into intimate rela- 
 tions with the French Republic. The Federalists said. No ! 
 The Republicans said. Yes ! 
 
 The force of party feeling was shown by a remark of 
 Hamilton to Washington, that he should consider the head 
 of every prominent Federalist in danger if a Republican 
 were elected President. Washington and Jefferson broke 
 a friendly correspondence which had existed for many years. 
 Outside of party platforms and popular imagination our 
 politics have had no golden age. 
 
 112. The question of foreign relations was the leading 
 
 issue of tJie presidential campaign. Washington, 
 
150 TUE MODEL UlSTOllY. 
 
 declining a third term, declared his intention to return to 
 private life. The Federalists, desiring the continuation of 
 his j)olicy, brought forward John Adjuns as their candidate. 
 The Republicans named the foremost man of their party, 
 Thomas Jefferson. At the election Adams stood first, 
 with seventy -one electoral votes, and, of course, Jefferson 
 second, with sixty - nine. As the Constitution then read, the 
 former was declared elected President and the latter Vice- 
 President. 
 
 113. At the close of his presidency, Washington issued 
 to the people of the United States his IPdrewell 
 Address f a document full of political wisdom and lofty 
 patriotism. It exhorts the people to cherish an unwavering 
 attachment to the union of the States. It discourages the 
 support of large militaiy establishments, cautions against 
 the ill-considered alteration of constitutional provisions, and 
 especially depicts the violence of party spirit as hostile to 
 the best interests of the nation. The Father of his Coinitry 
 was never again enticed from the retreat of Mt. Vernon 
 to the performance of public duties. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 ADAMSS ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 1797 1801. 
 
 111. The neiv President was sixty -two years 
 
 old. In the Colonial Congress he had nominated Wash- 
 ington as commander-in-chief, and had 
 been a member of the first and second 
 Continental Congresses. .Jefferson wrote 
 the Declaration, but Adajns secured its 
 adoption l)y his pcn-suasive argument 
 during the three diU'S of debate. He 
 was distinguished for his lofty patriot- 
 ism. He was a good writer and an able 
 
 JOHN ADAMS. i tt i i i 
 
 lawyer. He was a ceaseless worker, and 
 was said to have been the clearest-headed man in the nation. 
 
ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION. 151 
 
 Of him Jefferson said: "Not always fluent, not always 
 graceful in his public addresses, he yet came out upon us 
 with a power, both of thought and expression, that moved 
 us from our seats." He was distinguished for the stately 
 formality of his bearing. He was sometimes called " the 
 Colossus of Independence" in the American Congress. 
 
 115. The presidential electioTi had shown a weak Spot 
 ifl the Const it lit iotlf which declared that the candi- 
 date having the highest number of electoral votes should 
 be President; and the one ranking next, Vice - President. 
 It now became apparent that the heads of the two opposing 
 parties would continually share the two highest offices of 
 the nation between them. This would inevitably bring 
 such differences among those high in authority as to endan- 
 ger the stability of the government. 
 
 Few men could be found more unlike in mind and opin- 
 ions than Adams and Jefferson; but they agreed in being 
 true patriots, with a sincere wish for the good of their coun- 
 try. Mutual respect and concessions preserved them from 
 any great misunderstanding. 
 
 116. The tt'ouhle with France did not end with 
 the recall of Genet. The French people continued much 
 displeased with the American neutrality, and especially 
 disliked the dismissal of their minister. In retaliation 
 for these supposed insults France declined to receive the 
 newly appointed American minister to Paris, Charles C. 
 Pinckney, and even ordered him to leave France. The 
 French Directory authorized the capture of American ves- 
 sels containing English goods. 
 
 117. When Congress convened at the call of the Presi- 
 dent, the matter was referred to that body. It was deter- 
 mined to preserve peace if possible, and to make one more 
 attempt at negotiation. Three special envoys — 
 Charles C. Pinckney, John Marshall, and Elbridge Gerry — 
 were appointed to proceed to Paris and seek reconciliation. 
 
 118. On their arrlral the envoys were informed 
 that they could not be received by the Directory, but it was 
 
152 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 hinted to them that tlie payment of a large sum of money 
 wouhl conciliate France. This was, in part, to heal the 
 wounded French honor by bribing the members of the 
 Directory. Insulted by these shameless proposals, Pinck- 
 ney exclaimed, " Millions for defense, but not a cent for 
 tribute." This became the American motto during the 
 pending of these difficulties. The envoys soon left Paris. 
 
 119. Hostilities began on the sea. There seemed 
 to be a prospect of another war; and General Washington 
 was made nominal commander with General Alexander 
 Hamilton as his acting first lieutenant. It was during 
 these excitements that the National Lyric was written, 
 beginning, 
 
 " Hail, Columbia! Happy land! " 
 
 120. War was averted by an unexpected change in 
 the French government. Napoleon Bonaparte overthrew 
 the Directory, and assumed control. He saw through the 
 affair at a glance, and as he had nothing to gain by an 
 American war, he concluded a satisfactory treaty of peace. 
 Thus ended what is commonly called the " Quasi War." 
 From that day to this, with the exception of one brief occa- 
 sion, our intercourse with France has been marked ]:)y har- 
 mony and mutual confidence, through all the changes of 
 that fickle government. 
 
 121. The death of WasJtiUffton occurred in the 
 midst of these troubles. In riding out to superintcMid the 
 affairs of his })lantation he was overtaken by a storm, and 
 he returned home with a chill. Inflammation of the throat 
 ensued, and being neglected a few hoiu-s till beyond medi- 
 cal control, the disorder terminated liis life on the follow- 
 ing day. 
 
 All classes remembered how mucii the country owed to 
 his covirao-e and wisdom. Funeral eulogies were pronounced 
 in all parts. Congress wore mourning during the session, 
 and inquired "the most suitable manner of paying honor 
 to the man who was first in war, first in peace, and first in 
 the hearts of his countrymen." 
 
ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION. 153 
 
 123. I*atvick Henvy died the same year. The 
 venerated Ft'ClilJilhh had closed his career nine years 
 before. Thus the patriarchs of the Revolution were pass- 
 ing away. 
 
 123. The Second Census ^ taken in 1800, showed a 
 population of nearly five and a half millions (5,308,483). 
 During the ten years the annual exports had increased from 
 twenty millions to seventy millions of dollars; and the rev- 
 enue from nine to thirteen millions yearly. The seventy- 
 five post - offices reported ten years before had now multi- 
 plied to nine hundred and three. Agricultural and com- 
 mercial wealth was rapidly increasing. 
 
 124. The Westwar^d nioveinentf which began as 
 soon as we became a nation, steadily increased in import- 
 ance. Daniel Boone, the Kentucky pioneer, was the first 
 man well known in the nation who "went West;" but he 
 was soon followed by others, who flocked into the valleys 
 of the Ohio and Tennessee Rivers. These hardy pioneers 
 among the western woods \e(L lives of toil, danger, and 
 privation. They went with their families to make their 
 homes in the forests. 
 
 Their dwellings were log -cabins; their food was wild 
 game and crushed corn and wheat; very often they had 
 notliing to cook in but an iron kettle; their clothing was 
 made of deer skins; their beds were the shaggy robes of 
 the bufl^alo and the bear. Their struggles with the Indians 
 would make volumes filled with adventures more thrilling 
 than romance. 
 
 125. The great want in these homes in the wilderness 
 was salt. It was made only on the sea -coast; and in 
 Ohio and Kentucky was worth twenty dollars a bushel, 
 being brought over the mountains of Virginia on pack- 
 horses. Occasionally the settlers would find a salt spring, 
 from which with great labor they would make a little 
 home - made salt. It was treasured almost as though it 
 were gold - dust. 
 
 126. Social and domestic life continued to make 
 7* 
 
154 THE MODEL U I STORY. 
 
 gradual changes. Umbrellas were frequently carried to 
 church, though for many years they were considered a mark 
 of effeminacy, and those who used them were much ridi- 
 culed. Plates came into general use at the breakfast and 
 tea - tables. Boots began to be worn instead of shoes. 
 
 Very few mechanical inventions had yet been introduced. 
 The people still did not know how to use coal as fuel, but 
 had great open tires of wood in their "fire-places." They 
 used tallow candles of their own dipping, and wore garments 
 of homespun cloth. 
 
 Even the cities were not far from the wilderness, and the 
 gun and fishing- rod were in almost every house. " In the 
 South there were scarcely any large towns, and the Far 
 West was as yet unexplored by the English settlers, and 
 was known only to the Canadian French." 
 
 The theater was just beginning to be tolerated. Private 
 theatricals sometimes took place, and the President had 
 entertainments at his own house. Musical concerts were 
 allowed, and balls were sometimes given on a large scale. 
 The guests often went to these in sedan- chairs, arriving 
 between seven and eight o'clock, and going home at ten 
 or eleven. The dances were minuets and contra-dances, 
 the quadrille being but recently introduced. 
 
 127. The means of inihlic coni'ef/ance were 
 exceedingly imperfect in these times. On land the Flying 
 Machines still made the best time. On water the sloops 
 were much slower, were licensed to carry only a few pas- 
 sengers, and were by no means safe. As late as the admin- 
 istration of John Quincy Adams the President chose to 
 make his annual visit to his home in Massachusetts on 
 horseback, " to be sure that he should reach there in some 
 decent season." 
 
 128. During this entire presidency parfi/ spirit ran 
 very high. The exercise of extraordinary jiowers by Con- 
 gress and the President during a time of threatened war, 
 gave the Republicans reason for vehement opposition to 
 the Federal rule. This party had now had control of the 
 
ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION. 155 
 
 government for twelve years, but during this administra- 
 tion it gradually lost support. This dissatisfaction was 
 owino- to four things: 
 
 First. The Alien Law, which was passed in 1798, was 
 to be in effect for two years, and gave the President power 
 to expel from the country any foreigner he might consider 
 dangerous to the nation. 
 
 Second. The Sedition Law, which provided that those 
 who falsely accused the President or Congress should be 
 prosecuted aiid punished. 
 
 Third. An impression that the party entertained opin- 
 ions less favorable to the liberties of the people than the 
 Republican. 
 
 Fourth. A belief that it was partial to England and 
 unfriendly to France. The Republicans chose to see in 
 these things reasons for their advocacy of State Rights, and 
 grounds for their fears that the Republic would become a 
 monarchy and the President a king. 
 
 129. When the time drew near for the jyvesiclential 
 Cnntpoigfl it became apparent that Adams had excited 
 so much feeling against himself that his party had but little 
 prospect of success. Adams and Pinckney became the 
 Federal candidates. The Republicans nominated Thomas 
 Jefferson and Aaron Burr. 
 
 At this time tlie germ of future party platforms appeared 
 in "an inspired editorial" in a Richmond journal, explain- 
 ing Jefferson's views. He was a warm friend of the French 
 people, and reflected the sentiments of his party in his 
 deep dislike for England. " Three hundred American ves- 
 sels seized, and one thousand American sailors impressed," 
 stood at the head of the Republican newspapers, and made 
 the burden of Republican speeches. All the resources of 
 argument and anger were exhausted in the heated passions 
 of the day. A New England clergyman refused to baptize 
 a child Thomas Jefferson, saying he would rather call it 
 Beelzebub. Another lifted up his dying head to say: "I 
 love the Savior, but hate the devil and Jefferson." 
 
166 THE MODEL II I STOUT . 
 
 130. The vesnlt was the election of JeiFerson and 
 Burr by a small majority; but they both received the same 
 number of electoral votes — seventy -three. By the pro- 
 visions of the Constitution the choice between them was 
 referred to the House of Representatives. A long and 
 exciting struggle ensued, and it was not till the thirty -sixth 
 ballot that by adroit management the friends of Jefferson 
 induced Representative Bayard to break the lock. He 
 received one majority and was declared elected to the first 
 place on the ticket. Neither Jefferson nor Burr took a 
 part in this contest. The Federal party thus passed from 
 power never to be restored. 
 
 131. Thus was found another tveak place in the 
 
 Constitution, by which the candidate intended by the people 
 for the second office within their gift might attain the first. 
 It now became evident that this kind of tie, instead of 
 being an accident, would be likely to recur at every elec- 
 tion. Both of these defects were removed by the Twelfth 
 Amendment, ratified in 1804. 
 
 132. Previous to this time the members of the elec- 
 toral eolleffes had voted their own individual preferences, 
 there having been no party nominations. Four years before, 
 beside Jefferson and Adams, there had been as many as 
 ten presidential candidates voted for, most of them the 
 " favorite sons " of particular States. But now party cau- 
 cuses were secretly held, and the electors were working in 
 the harness of a regular nomination. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 1801 — 1809. 
 
 133. The new I*7U'shlent was a ripe scholar, a bold 
 reformer, the founder of the Republican Party,* and the 
 author of the Declaration. He was an ardent supporter 
 of the doctrine of State Rights, and led the opposition to 
 the Federalists. He found great difficulty in managing 
 
 ♦Tbl8, of course, was not the Kepublican Party of to-day. See Art. 859. 
 
JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 157 
 
 the government according to his theory, and became con- 
 vinced that the Executive needed en- 
 larged powers. Though not brilliant in 
 oratory he had the reputation of " a 
 matchless pen. ' Every man in his 
 Cabinet was college-bred, and in some 
 peculiar way identified with knowledge. 
 134. His administration began by 
 
 acts of vefoTin and "economy, 
 
 THOMAS JEFFERSON. The army and navy were reduced, and 
 many government offices were abolished. These retrench- 
 ments enabled Congress to suppress the odious internal 
 taxes, and still provide for the gradual payment of the 
 National Debt. The violators of the Sedition Act were 
 released from prison, and the period required for naturali- 
 zation was reduced from fourteen to five years. These 
 popular reforms kept him in the presidential chair for eight 
 years. On re-election he received eleven times as many 
 electoral votes as his rival, Pinckney. 
 
 135. Tlie piivchase of Louisiana was regarded 
 
 by Jefi"erson as the 
 greatest act of his ad- 
 ministration. This ter- 
 litory belonged to 
 France, and embraced 
 that vast country west 
 of the Mississippi River 
 to the Rocky Mountains, and from New Mexico to British 
 America. The purchase grew out of the French trouble 
 of the previous administrations. By royal decree the port 
 of New Orleans was closed against the commerce of the 
 United States. This cut off the West from all access to 
 the ocean, and it became evident that its commerce had 
 nothing but ruin to expect. Alarm spread through the 
 entire West, and .Jefferson saw but one plan to pursue. 
 He instructed the American minister at Paris to propose 
 the purchase of the Louisiana territory. 
 
 SEAI. l)K LOUISIANA. 
 
158 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 Napolooii, who needed money to carry on his wars, enter- 
 tained tlie idea, and a treaty was made by which, for the 
 sum of fifteen million dollars, the area of the Union was 
 more than doul)led. Tliis secured the entire control of the 
 Mississip})i River, which Jefferson foresaw would one day 
 be a great commercial highway of the nation. After years 
 showed the purchase to have been dictated by the wisest 
 statesmanship. 
 
 136. Au JEocplorinff Expedition^ under Captains 
 Lewis and Clarke, was fitted out to visit the newly acquired 
 territory. The President and the people wished to know 
 what the value of the country was; what rivers, mountains, 
 animals, plants, minerals, and tribes of Indians, were to be 
 found there. They wished to see whether the people were 
 peaceable or warlike, and whether they would sell the title 
 to their lands. 
 
 The expedition carried provisions, camp -equipage, fire- 
 arms, and presents to the Indians. They left St. Louis, 
 then a small trading post, sailing up the Missouri River, 
 and were gone nearly three years, encamping two winters 
 in the wilderness. Finding a rivulet near the source of the 
 Missouri, they followed it into the Columbia, which they 
 traversed to the Pacific. They returned by a similar route, 
 and safely reached St. Louis. 
 
 It was supposed by many that they had died of starva- 
 tion or been killed by the Indians. They found buffaloes so 
 abundant that a herd filled a river a mile wide, and the 
 party stopped an hour to see the animals pass. They 
 found Indians before unknown, the Dakotas and the 
 Shoshones, and reported some of the tribes as being very 
 poor and miserable, and others as having houses, guns, and 
 horses. These knew nothing of civilized life, and one chief 
 was so much pleased with dried squash that he said it was 
 the best food he had ever tasted except sugar, of which he 
 had once eaten a single lump. 
 
 137. *Tohu Mars7iffU„ who became Chief -Justice 
 about this time and held the high office for thirty - five 
 
JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 159 
 
 years, was the founder of American law. Heretofore judi- 
 cial decisions were based entirely 
 on precedents established in 
 English courts. It was Mar- 
 shall's great work to adapt these 
 principles of law to a republican 
 form of government. He left a 
 large number of important deci- 
 sions as guides to the courts 
 of future generations. 
 
 138. The Bat'hary States 
 
 in northern Africa had long 
 maintained a lawless supremacy 
 in the Mediterranean sea by 
 JOHN MARSHALL. prcylug ou tlic commerce of 
 
 other nations and claiming as slaves the crews and pas- 
 sengers of all the vessels they took. It was a common 
 thing for notices to be read in American churches of the 
 captivity of some member of the congregation in Algiers. 
 A sum of money was then raised as a ransom — frequently 
 as high as 14,000 for a single individual. These sums 
 were frequently paid by the government. As many as six 
 thousand Americans had been held in captivity, and 
 millions of dollars paid as ransom. 
 
 In common with the European powers, the United States, 
 for seventeen years, paid an annual tribute of $23,000 to 
 buy exemption from the piratical attacks of tliese fierce 
 little states. But when a dispute arose about the terms of 
 payment, Jefferson resolved to endure the humiliation no 
 longer. The people now saw that they had too long 
 encouraged these exactions by unresistingly paying thein. 
 
 139. Military operations began in 1801. The 
 American navy consisted of six vessels. Four of these 
 under Commodore Preble, were sent to the Mediterranean, 
 and the port of Tripoli was blockaded. Hostilities con- 
 tinued four years, and then the Bashaw, fearing defeat, pro- 
 posed settlement. A treaty was made by which the com- 
 
160 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 nierco of the United States was to be exempt from tribute. 
 This chastisement of a piratical nation was a])j)lau(led by 
 civilized countries, and gave a new impetus to our growing 
 trade with tlie Mediterranean. 
 
 140. FrefiJi ti'ouJples with Enfjlnnd arose during 
 
 tliis presidency, and continued till they resulted in a 
 destructive war. England and France were still enemies, 
 and so intent were they in injuring each other that they 
 had little regard for the rights and interests of other coun- 
 tries. While France was victorious on the land, England 
 had made good her boast of being " mistress of the 
 sea." 
 
 The American position of neutrality gave our merchant- 
 men very profitable employment in carrying goods to Euro- 
 pean nations. In order to cut off these supplies to France, 
 England declared the French coast in a state of blockade. 
 Napoleon retaliated by proclaiming a blockade of British 
 ports. The result was a nearly total extinction of Ameri- 
 can commerce. 
 
 141. Tlie tenure of allef/lance in the two coun- 
 tries had widely differed. The American doctrine was that 
 a foreigner by a legal process could be naturalized and thus 
 become an American citizen. The English idea was pithily 
 expressed, "Once an Englishman, always an Englishman." 
 European nations had always asserted that citizenship 
 and political allegiance could not be voluntaiily surren- 
 dered. 
 
 142. Because of this doctrine the Hiyht of Search 
 was a claim which had long been made by England, and 
 had proved very irritating to the Americans. It was an 
 assertion that English vessels had a right to overhaul and 
 search American ships on the high seas, and take from them 
 any seaman of English birth. England had not been able 
 to man her fleets by voluntary enlistments, and had resorted 
 to the policy of impressment by seizing persons of sup- 
 posed English birth where ever found on the high seas. 
 
 Beside this, the higher wages offered by the Americans 
 
JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 161 
 
 was a great temptation to English seamen to desert the 
 British service. In order to capture these deserters, Eng- 
 lish men -of- war had repeatedly detained American vessels 
 and impressed American seamen on the mere suspicion that 
 they were British subjects. At one time there were six 
 thousand names on the books of the State department as 
 having been thus impressed. Presidents Washington, 
 Adams, and Jefferson, had often protested against this 
 pretended right, but without effect. 
 
 143. Ail it't'itathig event soon occurred in conse- 
 quence of these misunderstandings. In 1807 an American 
 frigate, the Chesapeake, refusing to surrender four men, 
 was fired upon by an English ship, the Leopard. After a 
 loss of twenty men the Chesapeake struck her colors. The 
 men were taken away. It was soon ascertained that three 
 of these were native American citizens. 
 
 144. Measures of retaliatioti were often em- 
 ployed during these complications. The President issued 
 a proclamation forbidding all armed ^British vessels to 
 enter our ports until England should give satisfaction for 
 the past and security for the future. 
 
 145. The famous Orders hi Coiineil soon came 
 from the British government, prohibiting neutral vessels 
 from trading with France, except on the payment of a 
 tribute to England. 
 
 146. Napoleon immediately retaliated by his ]}£ilafl 
 Decree f confiscating all vessels which submitted to the 
 search or paid the tribute. 
 
 147. Ail Etilhargo was passed by Congress, by which 
 all American sailors and vessels were called home and 
 detained, and foreign vessels forbidden to take cargoes 
 from our ports. The enforcement of the embargo reduced 
 the commerce of the country to a mere coasting trade. 
 Sailors were thrown out of employment, and there was no 
 market for our surplus products. Thus matters steadily 
 drifted toward war. 
 
 148. Aaron Surr was one of the most brilliant men 
 
162 
 
 THE MODEL BISTORT. 
 
 of the period. But he was thought by many to be unprin- 
 cipled and ambitious. When he 
 became a candidate for the gov- 
 ernorship of New York, Hamil- 
 ton, believing him to be an 
 unsafe man, was instrumental in 
 securing his defeat. Burr took 
 this as a personal affront, and 
 challenged Hamilton to a duel. 
 I\)pular sentiment did not then 
 condonm this barbarous manner 
 of settling differences, and Ham- 
 ilton thought himself required 
 AAi:.>.N lur.K. to accept. They met on the 
 
 Hudson a few miles above New York, and Hamilton was 
 killed at the first shot. 
 
 By this false, cruel code 
 of honor, the nation was 
 robbed of one of its ablest 
 and most popular citizens. 
 The matter created intense 
 excitement throughout the 
 country. Hamilton was the 
 ^ leader of the Federalists, 
 '^'and his death rolled upon 
 Burr the hatred of a great 
 party. The press was 
 mostly in the hands of his 
 enemies, and it completely 
 swept away his political 
 influence. 
 
 149. His subsequent career was gloomy and dis- 
 astrous. Finding himself shunned and distrusted in the 
 East, he purchased boats with the professed object of 
 descending the Ohio River and founding a colony in the 
 newly -iiurchased Louisiana. 15ut careless disclosures by 
 his associates, and dark hints given by himself, led to the 
 
 II \M II lOX. 
 
JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 163 
 
 suspicion that he aimed rather to seize New Orleans and 
 establish a separate government in the southwest, or to 
 make an armed invasion of Mexico, overthrow the Spanish 
 authority there, and set up a republic. He was watched 
 and arrested; but, there not being sufficient proof, he was 
 discharged, though never acquitted in the minds of -his 
 political opponents. 
 
 150. The estimates of historians differ much 
 
 respecting tliis wonderfully gifted man. The quarrel seems 
 to have been the work of the partisan press. The bitter- 
 ness of newspaper controversy surpassed any thing known 
 in later years. It is asserted that Burr was goaded to 
 desperation by malicious assaults made under the garb of 
 superior virtue claimed for Hamilton. Many writers at 
 the present day do not believe that Burr's design was to 
 divide the Union, but that it was his own silence, misinter- 
 preted by enemies, that led to the supposition of treason. 
 
 151. Ohio was first settled in 1788 by a company of 
 forty - seven New England pioneois. They sailed down 
 
 ^, 7-7.^___- - -:z^ t'i*3 Ohio River and 
 
 j^j'^^f^V '' ^ -^^ settled at Marietta. 
 
 , ^uw'^c-wt Northwest Territory, 
 
 lf-.,Vvii organized in 1787, 
 and including all the 
 country between the 
 Ohio and Mississippi 
 Rivers and the Lakes. The next year another company 
 began the village of Losanteville, a name afterward changed 
 to Cincinnati. Indian hostilities prevailed for five years. 
 But emigration soon poured over the mountains, and 20,000 
 people settled in Ohio in one year. 
 
 At that time the country seemed very far west, and the 
 man who had seen Lake Michigan or the mouth of the Mis- 
 souri was considered a great traveler. In 1802 Ohio had a 
 sufficient population (60,000) to entitle it to admission aa 
 a State. 
 
164 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 152. T7ie Foreif/ti Slave Trade had existed 
 during the entire history of the American colonies. For 
 nearly two hundred years traders had sailed to the coast of 
 Africa, bought negroes wlioni the native princes had taken 
 captive in war, and brought them in loathsome holds to the 
 United States to be sold into perpetual bondage. It is 
 estimated that a quarter of a million of those who had been 
 purchased on the African coast for transportation died 
 under the horrors of the " middle passage," and were buried 
 in the waters of the Atlantic. 
 
 It had been agreed when the Constitution was framed 
 that there should be no interference with the slave - trade 
 for twenty years, which time expired January 1, 1808. A 
 year before that time, the President, in his annual message, 
 congratulated Congress that the time was so near when it 
 would be possible to " forbid a traffic which the morality, 
 the reputation, and the best interests of the country, had 
 long been eager to proscribe." 
 
 153. All exciting debate then arose in Congress, 
 but no legislation was accomplished for some time. All 
 parties seemed willing to abolish the foreign slave-trade, 
 but they could not agree how to do it. At last, under the 
 leadership of .Tosiah Quincy, a law was passed forbidding 
 the importation of slaves from any foreign country after the 
 year 1807. Only a few months before, a law making the 
 slave-trade illegal received the royal assent in England. 
 
 Slavery had continued to exist in all the American colo- 
 nies, except Massachusetts, till the Revolution; but during 
 the next forty years it was abolished in all the northern 
 States. Th(^ slave-trade between the States, not being 
 included in this prohibition, continued to flourish in the 
 South until slavery was abolished during the war of the 
 Rebellion. 
 
 154. This legislation respecting the importation of slaves 
 did not bring the end of the tvafftc. British and 
 American subjects continued the trade, sailing under 
 Spanish or Portuguese flags. The slave - ships were more 
 
JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 165 
 
 crowded than before, and it often happened that the miser- 
 able negroes were thrown overboard when the risk of cap- 
 ture seemed great. 
 
 In 1811 the United States joined with England in making 
 the slave-trade a felony and punishable with long impris- 
 onment at hard labor. In 1822 it was declared to be 
 piracy, and the traders were made punishable with death. 
 The navies of the leading civilized nations finally united 
 in breaking up the traffic. 
 
 155. A bill authorizing the Coast Suvvey was passed 
 late in Jefferson's term. This was a vast and important 
 work, and although it has been jorosecuted for sixty years 
 it is still incomplete. 
 
 156. Tlie Steamboat was the most important inven- 
 tion made during this administration. The first person to 
 make one was William Henry, before the Revolution. The 
 poet Darwin had prophetically said, 
 
 "Soon shall thy arm, unconqucrcd steam, afar 
 Drag the slow barge, or drive the rapid car." 
 
 A few years later James Ramsay built a vessel which 
 reached a speetl of three miles an hour against the current 
 
 of the Potomac. John Fitch 
 built one whicli ran on the Dela- 
 ware, and he predicted that steam- 
 ships would one day cross the 
 Atlantic. 
 
 157. But the first steamboat 
 constructed on the plan of those 
 used at the present dav was built 
 at New York by Bobei't Ful- 
 ton in 1807. He provided hia 
 rude boat with machinery, mostly 
 of his own invention. When it 
 was being built it was called 
 ROBERT FULTON. " Fultou's Folly," aud every one 
 
 laughed at the idea. Many persons gravely declared that, 
 
166 
 
 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 even if successful, steamboats would destroy the business 
 of sloops, coaches, and stages; and that they would make 
 the water in the rivers so muddy that all the fishes would 
 die. Fulton bitterly wrote in his diary that during the 
 construction of his boat no one had ever made to him a 
 single encouraging remark about it. 
 
 158. When the day of trial came, the boat left 
 
 the pier, which was 
 crowded with peo- 
 ple. It moved a 
 short distance and 
 __ stopped. Hisses and 
 ^^ sneers came from 
 ^ the crowd. Fulton 
 
 ^^^^- went below, re - ad- 
 "iiLToNs FOLLY." justcd thc machiu" 
 
 ery, and again the vessel moved onward. Before it had gone 
 a quarter of a mile doubters were convinced, and shouts of 
 applause arose. The boat was named Clermont. It made 
 the trip from New York to Albany, against wind and cur- 
 rent, at the rate of five miles an hour. Showers of sparks 
 flew from the smoke-stack; the noise of the paddles was 
 great; and when it passed other vessels in the night their 
 crews sometimes hid themselves below deck, and turned 
 pale in fear of the monster! Such was the beginning of 
 steam-navigation in our country and the world. 
 
 159. Noah Webster was one of the truly great men 
 of America. At the age of twenty-four he conceived the 
 idea of preparing a series of books for use in American 
 schools. Nothing of the kind had been attempt(Kl this side 
 of the Atlantic, and in literary matters, aside from theolog- 
 ical and political writings, the country was entirely depend- 
 dent on England. 
 
 As early as 1783 Webster published the American Spell- 
 ing -Book, which immediately went into general use. He 
 obtained a home copyright. This was the beginning of 
 our copyright system. The history of this book is truly 
 
JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 167 
 
 NOAH WEBSTER. 
 
 wonderful. Though humble in form and modest in its 
 
 pretensions, it has sustained a 
 remarkable celebrity through all 
 the changes in our history. It 
 taught the art of spelling to 
 whole generations of girls and 
 boys; and to this day about a 
 million copies are sold annually. 
 Its total sales have been about 
 eighty-live million copies. 
 
 100. His Dictioihart/ was 
 first published in an abridged 
 form in 1806. At the close of 
 the Revolution his friend, Dr. 
 Goodrich, one of the professors 
 of Yale College, suggested to Webster the compilation of 
 a dictionary which would instruct the people in the pronun- 
 ciation, orthography, and meaning of all the words in the 
 language. The plan was seen to be very desirable in order 
 that we might become a nation of one uniform language, 
 as well as of one government; but the magnitude of the 
 undertaking deterred him from attempting its execution. 
 Finally he began; and his Unabridged Dictionary of the 
 English Danguage is the rich result of his forty years of 
 labor. It, with its later though powerful rival, ^Yorces- 
 ter's Dictionary, has aided us in escaping diiferences in 
 spelling and pronunciation, and in becoming a nation of 
 one language. 
 
 " The peasant of the Apennines drives his goats home at 
 evening over hills that look down on six provinces, none of 
 whose dialects he can speak. Here a journey of three thou- 
 sand miles changes not the sound or meaning of a word." 
 The book has gone wherever the language is spoken, and 
 its mission is probably only just begun. 
 
 161. The first Foreign Missionary Soeiety 
 was formed in Williams College, at Williamstown, Massa- 
 chusetts, in ISOO. A student named Samuel J. Mills met 
 
168 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 four of his fellow students in a grove for meditation and 
 prayer. A thunderstorm arose and drove them to the shel- 
 ter of a haystack. At this meeting the conversation turned 
 to the moral condition of Asia, and the thought occurred 
 to Mills that they might carry the gospel to the people in 
 that ancient land. Four of them agreed to the suggestion, 
 and they separated filled with the great idea. They talked 
 with their fellow-students, formed a society, and sent dele- 
 gates to other colleges to excite a similar spirit. Four 
 years afterward, as the result of the haystack prayer-meet- 
 ing, the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign 
 Missions was formed. 
 
 Mills and his companions went to Asia, and two of them 
 died in the work they had undertaken. Before long the 
 missionary spirit pervaded all classes of religious people. 
 At the present time the American Board has five hundred 
 and eighty-seven missions under its charge, in nearly all 
 parts of the world. From them a knowledge of the gospel 
 and the blessings of civilization are spreading through hea- 
 thendom. 
 
 162. The manners of societi/ at the capital were 
 greatly changed when the Republicans came into power. 
 Having opposed empty display, they now introduced severe 
 simplicity. Jefferson abolished court* etiquette and every 
 thing resembling it. This endeared him to the common 
 people, and he tried hard to retain their favor. Instead 
 of going to the Capitol in a coach- and - six, he rode to 
 Congress on horseback, unattended. He hitched his horse 
 to a post, and went to the chamber dressed in phiin clothes 
 to make his address. He afterward did not do even this, 
 but sent a " Message " to Congress by a secretary, as has 
 been the custom ever since. He did away with the Presi- 
 dcMitial levees, which were afterward re-established by 
 Mrs. Madison; but on New Year's Day and the Fourth 
 of .July he threw open his doors to all who chose to come. 
 He refused to allow his birth-day to be celebrated, conceal- 
 
JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 169 
 
 ing the date for that purpose. This simplicity at the capi- 
 tal was felt throughout the nation. 
 
 163. Party spirit was exceedingly bitter during this 
 entire presidency. The Federalists sneered at his " level- 
 ing system." The decided views of Jefferson made him 
 many enemies. It was charged that his want of official 
 dignity brought contempt upon the country. His wish to 
 extend the right of voting excited the alarm of the Fed- 
 eralists, who believed that suffrage should be carefully 
 limited. Newspapers teemed with irritating editorials; 
 and partisan journals descended to the vilest slander and 
 abuse. 
 
 Jefferson removed twenty-six Federalist officers, but it 
 was not because they were opposed to him in politics. He 
 declined to make an official tour. The legislatures of 
 fourteen States requested him to run for a third term. 
 The wisdom of much that he did has been questioned 
 to the present day; but he went out of office with a 
 treasury replenished, an army and navy reduced, the public 
 debt diminished, and the sanction of the nation on his 
 labors. He had the rare reward of seeing his popularity 
 with his party greater on leaving office than it was on 
 entering it. 
 
 164. The leading issue in the presidential election 
 was the question of war with England. Tlie Federalists 
 opposed a declaration of war and the Republicans favored 
 it; and the election-day was to decide whether the second 
 war with Great Britain should have an existence. The 
 Federalists nominated Charles C Pinckney. The Republi- 
 cans named the intimate friend of Jefferson, James Madi- 
 son, who was committed, though unwillingly, to the policy 
 of no longer submitting to the wrongs from England 
 against which we had been protesting for fifteen years. 
 Pinckney received forty-eight electoral votes, and Madison 
 one hundred and twenty-two. George Clinton was elected 
 Vice-President. 
 
 8 
 
170 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 CHAPTER VL 
 
 MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 1809 — 1817. 
 
 165. Tlie new President had been a leading advo- 
 cate of the Constitution, a senator from 
 Virginia, and the Secretary of State 
 during the whole of the previous admin- 
 istration. He had laid up a great store 
 of learning which he used with much 
 skill; and he always exhausted the sub- 
 ject upon which he wrote or spoke. His 
 success was not so much owing to great 
 
 JAMES MADISON. natural abilities as to strict accuracy and 
 intense application. 
 
 166. The Indians residing in the Indiana Territory 
 had long shown signs of hostility toward the settlers on the 
 frontier. They complained of the encroachments of white 
 men, that their hunting grounds were taken without their 
 consent, and that their tribes were forced by the govern- 
 ment to deed away their lands for a trifling consideration. 
 Injuries done by the chief, Tecumseh, and his followers, 
 induced the government to send General "William Henry 
 Harrison with a small force to obtain satisfaction or to fight. 
 Having arrived at their principal town near the present city 
 of Lafayette, he was met by a deputation of chiefs, and it 
 was decided that no hostilities should be commenced before 
 the next day, when a conference was to be held. 
 
 167. In violation of this contract Harrison's camp was 
 furiously attacked before daylight. The soldiers, fearing 
 bad faith, had slept on their arms, and were prepared for 
 resistance. A bloody battle was fought, mostly in the night. 
 The Indians were defeated and scattered and their country 
 was laid waste. This Sattle of Tippeeanoe broke up 
 the confederacy of Tecumseh, and ended the apprehensions 
 of an Indian war. 
 
MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 171 
 
 168. The difficulty with England continued to increase. 
 The prospects of peace were very slight. British 
 cruisers had ah-eady captured nine hundred American ves- 
 sels for violation of her " Orders." Compromise was talked 
 of, but it could never be arranged in a manner consistent 
 with the supposed honor of the parties. George III, 
 though very old, was still on the throne, and tlie Britisli 
 ministry would not surrender their " ancient and well- 
 established right" of search. On three separate occasions 
 the opportunity of a peaceable settlement was wasted by 
 listening to the suggestions of that very sensitive thing, 
 national pride. The elections had plainly shown the drift 
 of public sentiment, and the people clamored for war. 
 
 1812. 
 
 169. A pvoclamation of war was accordingly 
 made, and General Henry Dearborn, of Massachusetts, was 
 appointed commander-in-chief. The regular army was 
 ordered to be increased from ten thousand to twenty-five 
 thousand, and the President was authorized to call out the 
 militia of the states to the number of one hundred thou- 
 sand. Only five days after this declaration of war the 
 British government, unaware of this hostile decree, repealed 
 the famous Orders in Council, thus removing the imme- 
 diate occasion of hostility. For a fourth time the govern- 
 ment at Washington had missed the opportunity of peace, 
 and the nation again entered into the whirlwind of war. 
 
 170. The plan of operations was to garrison and 
 defend the sea-board, and to attack and conquer Canada. 
 
 171. The land operations of this year near the 
 Canadian border resulted in total defeat and heavy loss to 
 the Americans. 
 
 173. The navy and the privateers were highly 
 successful in defending the coast, making about three 
 hundred captures of British merchantmen and men-of-war. 
 
 173. The opposition of the Federal party to 
 the prosecution, as well as the declaration, of war, was 
 
1T2 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 strongly felt. They said it was unconstitutional to call out 
 the militia for offensive warfare, and greatly blamed the 
 administration for not concluding peace on the basis of 
 admitting the English right of search. Many even thought 
 tlie offenses of England were not so great as those of 
 France, and that the war was the result of party move- 
 ments at home, rather than of injuries received from 
 abroad. But Congress voted money and men, and the con- 
 test went forward. The people supported the war policy 
 by the re-election of Madison. 
 
 1813, 
 
 174. At the beginning of the year the American forces 
 were divided into three aViilies — the Army of the AVest, 
 under General Harrison; the Army of the Center, under 
 General Dearborn; and the Army of the North, under Gen- 
 eral Hampton. 
 
 175. The Avint/ of the West was to recover Michi- 
 gan, lost the year before. Having succeeded in this, it 
 joined the forces of Dearborn. 
 
 176. The Army of the Center directed every energy 
 toward the invasion of Canada. Dearborn took several 
 fortified places on the St. Lawrence and Niagara Rivers; 
 but he soon withdrew his troops, and the British regained 
 all they had lost, and made several raids into New York, 
 plundering and burning. 
 
 177. The Army of the N^ortll was ordered to join 
 Dearborn in an expedition against Montreal. This it failed 
 to do, and the campaign was abandoned. 
 
 178. Engagements on lahe dlflil seci were frequent 
 during the year. A severe naval battle on Lake Erie 
 resulted in a complete victory for the Americans, which 
 Commodore Perry announced to General Harrison in these 
 short and modest words: " TFe have met the enemy and 
 they are ours.'''' The sea - fights resulted in about equal 
 success to the two navies. In one of these encounters the 
 American captain, Lawrence, as he was being carried 
 
MADISON'S AD^IINISTRATION. 1T3 
 
 below mortally wounded, uttered the words which have 
 ever since been the motto of our navy: '•'•DouH give up 
 the s/ii]).^'' 
 
 179. Being angered by the injustice of some bad white 
 men, and stirred up by Tecumseh, tJie Cveek Indians 
 in Alabama made an assault upon the settlers, and 
 butchered several hundred of them, including women and 
 children. "Blood for blood ! " was the cry that arose at 
 the news of this massacre. General Andrew Jackson was 
 sent against the Indians. He cooped them up in the bend 
 of a river, slew fifteen hundred warriors, and nearly 
 exterminated the nation. 
 
 1814, 
 
 180. During this year the celebrated Savtfovd Con- 
 vention was held. It was composed of leading Federal- 
 ists, who thus convened to protest against the war, and to 
 propose constitutional amendments respecting restrictions 
 on commerce, the declaration of war, and the admission of 
 new States. It first resolved that the President should 
 serve but one term. The war party hastened to condemn 
 the objects of this convention as treasonable, and it became 
 the final step in the decline and downfall of the Federal 
 Party. 
 
 181. The plan of operations embraced tllVee cam- 
 i?flif/ns — the northern, the central, and the southern. 
 
 182. TJte Wot'theV7l^ under Generals Scott and Rip- 
 ley, was along the Canadian borders. The Americans 
 were successful in battles near Niagara Falls, and in a 
 severe naval contest on Lake Champlain. 
 
 183. The CentTCll was directed against an army 
 recently arrived under General Ross and advancing against 
 Washington. The city was taken without difficulty, and 
 the capitol and most of the other public buildings were 
 burned in retaliation for similar acts by the Americans. It 
 was during one of the bombardments of this campaign 
 that the Star Spangled Banner was written by Francis S. 
 
174 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 Key, an American detained on the enemy's ships anrt an 
 eye witness of " the rocket's re4 glare, the bomb bursting 
 in air." 
 
 184. The South evfi was laid at New Orleans. The 
 bloody battle there fought by a newly arrived British army 
 under General Packenham and the American forces under 
 General Jackson, resulted in complete victory for the latter. 
 Jackson's army was behind breastworks, and his loss was 
 so small that it may be called "our tearless battle." The 
 British loss was twenty-four hundred — the heaviest En- 
 gland has ever sustained in America. It is interestingr to 
 note that this battle was fought two weeks after the treaty 
 of peace was signed, which was then crossing the Atlantic 
 in a sailing vessel. Now it would be flashed under the 
 ocean in an instant ! 
 
 185. Proposals for peace had long been under 
 discussion by commissioners of the two governments assem- 
 bled at Ghent, in Belgium, and now that England's troubles 
 with France were about ending with the overthrow of 
 Napoleon, no motive existed for the continuation of the war. 
 
 186. A treaty of peace was accordingly ratified, by 
 which conquests were restored and matters placed as they 
 had been before the war. The absurd treaty only signified 
 that the two countries, having been at war, now agreed to 
 be at peace. Not one of the questions about which all this 
 blood was shed, was settled, or even mentioned. It was a 
 struggle without results, and ended because of mutual 
 weariness. In fact, a better treaty could have been secured 
 before the war than after it. Then the British government 
 was willing to disclaim any intention to commit arbitrary 
 impressment, leaving the subject open for debate and set- 
 tlement after the close of the war with France. 
 
 The act of impressment was discontinued, but the right 
 was not surrendered. The war was full of disaster to both 
 countries, ruinous to American commerce, and extremely 
 unpopvdar with larg(! numbers of tlie ])eople. 
 
 187. On the return of peace the country was filled 
 
MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 175 
 
 with joy. All parties looked forward to a time of pros- 
 perity and growtli. Since the French and Indian War the 
 country had had but little real peace. Exciting questions 
 tending- toward war agitated the public .mind even when the 
 musket and the cannon were not heard in the land. The 
 thirty years since the Revolution were little more than a 
 protracted armistice, and not till 1814 did we secure a 
 permanent peace. 
 
 188. The Third Census, taken in 1810, showed a 
 
 population of over seven millions (7,239,881), of whom one 
 million were slaves, 
 
 189. The finances of the country, were in a deplorable 
 condition when peace returned — no money in the treasury, a 
 debt of one hundred and twenty millions, commerce ruined, 
 and all kinds of industry depressed. Banks had stopped 
 payments, coin was scarce, and there was no currency that 
 commanded the public confidence. Bills, small notes, and 
 tickets were issued by private banks, towns, and even single 
 individuals. At length Congress was obliged to step in to 
 bring order from all this monetary confusion. 
 
 190. The charter of Hamilton's Wafidfial Bank had 
 expired in 1811. Near the close of the administration 
 another Bank was chartered for twenty years, with a capital 
 of thirty-five millions. It began operations at Philadelphia, 
 and, with its branches in other cities, supplied the people 
 with paper money redeemable at all times with gold and 
 silver. It performed all the financial business of the gov- 
 ernment without charge, receiving as its compensation the 
 use of the national deposits. 
 
 191. In honor of Louis, the king of France, the French 
 had given the name of Louisiana to the whole of their 
 vast possessions in the valley of the Mississippi. Soon after 
 the Louisiana Purchase the area now included in the State 
 of Louisiana was organized into the Territory of Orleans. 
 The rest of this vast acquisition was called the District of 
 Louisiana. Numerous French settlements already existed 
 in the Territory. The city of New Orleans was founded in 
 
176 
 
 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 SEAL OF INDIANA. 
 
 1718, and remains to the present time a flourishing city with 
 French peculiarities. Louisiana entered the Union in 18l!j. 
 
 192. India^ia was first settled by Frenchmen at 
 
 Vincennes. In 1800 
 it was organized as 
 the Indiana Territory. 
 William Henry Har- 
 rison, afterward Presi- 
 dent of the United 
 States, was the first 
 
 governor. Like Ohio, it became involved in warfare with 
 the Indians. It was admitted as a State in 1816 under a 
 wise and liberal constitution. 
 
 193. Timriigration into the United States steadily 
 increased in times of peace. For the first twenty years 
 after the Revolution the average foreign immigration was 
 about six thousand annually. Then for about ten years, in 
 consequence of the difficulties with England and France, 
 it nearly ceased. But during the last year of Madison's 
 term twenty thousand foreigners arrived. This seemed an 
 immense number then. The pioneers penetrated the deep 
 forests, planted settlements, and laid out towns. The fur 
 trade led to the settlement of the northwest Territories. 
 The whole country was about to witness a state of growth 
 and activity. 
 
 194. Several great names should be mentioned here. 
 Among the orators noted for their eloquence were John 
 Randolph of Virginia, and John C. Calhoun of South 
 Carolina. Henry Clay of Kentucky made his first great 
 speeches in Congress on public improvements and domestic 
 manufactures. Daniel Webster first appeared in Congress 
 in 1813. Josiah Quincy was celebrated for his legal attain- 
 ments, and De Witt Clinton for his patriotism and perse- 
 verance in securing internal improvements. Washington 
 Allston was probably the greatest historical painter, and 
 William E. Channing the greatest ethical writer, that 
 America has produced. 
 
MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 177 
 
 1'j5. Several literary men of ability flourished. 
 Philip Freneau was the first ilmerican poet of note; Joel 
 Barlow, the author of the Columbiad; William Wirt, the 
 biographer; Charles Brockden Brown, the first American 
 novelist; and John Marshall, the biographer of Washing- 
 ton. For the half century ending in 1815, the literature of 
 America is to be found chiefly in newspaper essays on 
 political topics, some of them being of great ability; "but 
 the editorial portions of the paper, and no small part of 
 the communications consisted of declamatory calumnies 
 expressed in a style of vulgar ferocity." The epithets, 
 rogue, liar, and villain, were bandied about between editors 
 without any thought of their coarseness. Yet the news- 
 papers of that day had an influence on the minds of their 
 readers far beyond that of much abler journals in after times. 
 
 196. At this time ))l(Ulllfactnres had become impor- 
 tant; but the power employed, except in operating saw- 
 mills, was nearly entirely that of men and animals. Shops 
 were small, and nowhere was a large force of hands employed 
 It was not till the present century that the mode of manu- 
 facturing was inaugurated by using the power of falling 
 water. In 1813, Francis C Lowell was so strongly con- 
 vinced of the practicability of cotton manufacture by water- 
 power, that he put in operation at Waltham, near Boston, 
 the first mill in the world that converted raw cotton into 
 finished cloth. 
 
 Years before this, spinning by machinery had been 
 introduced into England by Arkwright, the power-loom for 
 weaving cotton cloth by Cartwright, and calico-printing by 
 Peel. These inventions were used by Lowell. His experi- 
 ment was a success, and his example was followed by 
 others. Gradually New England abatsidoned agriculture 
 and engaged in commerce and manufacturing. When steam 
 cairue to be used as a motive power, this movement was 
 greatly hastened. 
 
 197. The American Bible Society was founded 
 in 1816, in the city pf New York, by sixty men of learning 
 
 8* 
 
178 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 and philanthropy. The object was " to establish a geneial 
 Bible Institution for the circulation of the Holy Scriptures 
 without note or comment." Before the invention of print- 
 ing, when the Bible was produced only by copyists, it was 
 the most expensive book in the world. A single copy cost 
 the entire wages of a laboring man for fifteen years. At 
 the time of the Revolution the cheapest edition cost two 
 dollars. At the present time the entire Scriptures can 
 be had for twenty-five cents, and a Testament for five cents, 
 so that the Bible has become the cheapest book in the 
 
 world. 
 
 The Society has had a career of unbroken prosperity. 
 It has agencies in every part of the country and sends 
 its books to every part of the world. It has distributed over 
 50,000,000 copies of the Scriptures in eighty different 
 languages and dialects — over 4,000 books every day. 
 It publishes, in English, only the Authorized Version of 
 1611. Its publishing house — called the Bible House — in 
 New York City, is an imposing structure. 
 
 198. The first Savhlf/S JBanU was established in 
 Boston in the same year. The object was to collect by 
 deposit the surplus earnings of poor and laboring people, 
 though the banks were soon patronized by the rich. The 
 funds were received in any amount, put at interest, and 
 could be withdrawn by the depositors at any time. Every 
 depositor, however poor, thus became a capitalist, for there 
 is no caj^ital except the savings of labor. The plan was 
 found to be a great promoter of industry and thrift among 
 the people. Millions of dollars were thus saved for future 
 use, that would otherwise have been squandered in idle 
 pleasures or in unwise investment. Banks flourished and 
 increased in numbers. There are now about eight hundred 
 of them in the country, with about four million depositors 
 and about one thousand million deposits. Recent failure 
 of some of these banks lias occasioned much suffering and 
 distrust. 
 
 199. The American Colonisation Society was 
 
MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION. l'?9 
 
 also formed near the close of this presidency. Henry Clay 
 was one of its presidents. Large tracts of land were 
 obtained on the western coast of Africa, and inducements 
 were held out for the emancipated slaves and free colored 
 people of the United States to migrate thither, where they 
 could have happy homes and free governments. 
 
 The Southern States entered earnestly into the scheme, 
 in order to clear their country of the free-born and eman- 
 cipated colored people. It was proposed to build up a 
 great community, which would send out its colonies along 
 the coast and into the interior to civilize and enlighten 
 Africa and to break up the foreign slave trade. 
 
 It was a philanthropic, as well as a political, scheme, and, 
 though Clay and other prominent men in Congress gave it 
 their support, it was without much patronage from the gov- 
 ernment, A republic, holding an honorable place among the 
 nations, was thus built up with churches^ schools, and free 
 institutions modeled after our own. Its capital was called 
 Monrovia, in honor of President Monroe. After several 
 years the philanthropic feeling of the country was diverted 
 to other objects, and the scheme of colonization was aban- 
 doned. The population of the colony in 1876 was about 
 six hundred and twenty thousand. 
 
 200. The attitude of ^>«rfie8 remained as in 
 former years. For the last time as a distinct party the 
 Federalists attempted to gain control of the government. 
 Reduced to a hopeless minority by its support of the Alien 
 and Sedition Laws, by division among its leaders, and by 
 its opposition to the war, it had no chances of again rising 
 into power. There was no issue before the country, except 
 the strong desire of the party out of power to get in, and 
 the party in power to stay in. 
 
 201. The Republicans nominated as their candidates 
 James Monroe, of Virginia, for the first, and Daniel D. 
 Tompkins, of New York, for the second, place on their ticket. 
 The Federalists despondingly named Rufus King, who 
 received thirty -four electoral votes. The Republicans 
 
180 THE MODEL HISTOBT. 
 
 swept the country, electing Monroe with one hundred and 
 eighty-three votes. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 1S17—182S. 
 
 202. The netv JPresideilt had been a Revolutionary 
 officer, governor of Virginia, a foreign 
 minister, and a member of Madison's cabi- 
 inet. In politics he was a moderate Re- 
 publican, and he carried out the general 
 ,^ policy of his predecessor. Like him he 
 was more prudent and painstaking than 
 -' brilliant. His integrity was proverbial. 
 203. His administration was called the 
 JAMES MONROE. ^^.^^ ^y. ^^^^^^^ feelin(f. Quietness in 
 
 politics was a new thing in the country, and only existed 
 now because one party was so strong as to have everything 
 its own way. Monroe traveled in the eastern and northern 
 States, visiting the military posts to become acquainted 
 with the capacities of the country should fresh troubles 
 arise. The old issue of war-time having passed away, there 
 was but little politics in the country. The nation grew. 
 
 204. The Seminole Indians in Georgia had 
 
 become odious to the people of the South by providing an 
 asylum for fugitive slaves, and by making hostile raids into 
 the surrounding settlements. The chief cause of the com- 
 plaint and campaign against them was the hope of getting 
 their land for the use of white men. General Andrew 
 Jackson followed them to their retreat, defeated them in 
 several skirmishes, and destroyed their villages. He then 
 proceeded to Pensacola, where some of the Indians had 
 obtained provisions. On the plea that protection had thus 
 been furnished them, Ik; took possession of the town and 
 sent the Spanish garrison to Havana. 
 
 This act of hostility toward a foreign and friendly power 
 
MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION. 181 
 
 excited much unfavorable comment throvighout the country. 
 The President and Congress justified the act, but ordered 
 that the town should be given up whenever the Spanish 
 should demand it. 
 
 205. The acquisition of Florida resulted from 
 this raid of Jackson. Seeing that the defense of the prov- 
 ince would cost more than it was worth, the king of Spain 
 proposed to cede it to the United States. It was accord- 
 ingly bought for five million dollars. 
 
 206. The National Debt was a subject that had 
 engaged the attention of statesmen for many years. The 
 payment of the principal was too remote for much consid- 
 eration, but the question was how to I'aise a revenue to pay 
 the annual interest. Direct taxation of the States was 
 earnestly advocated; but this method was opposed and 
 defeated, as being odious to the people. The discussion 
 became violent and bitter. Many wise men believed it 
 would result in the dissolution of the Union. 
 
 At last John C. Calhoun, then a young congressman, 
 introduced a petition signed by the merchants and planters 
 of South Carolina for the passage of a bill providing a 
 revenue by a high tariff on imported goods, protection to 
 domestic industries, and the encouragement of home pro- 
 duction. The plan was adopted in spite of the opposition 
 of New England. 
 
 207. Thus the so-called American Systein of 
 
 Protection had its origin. Henry Clay became the chief 
 advocate, and Daniel Webster the chief opponent, of the 
 system in Congress. It has usually been favored by the 
 eastern States, which are devoted to manufacturing, and 
 opposed by the southern and western, which are chiefly 
 agricultural. 
 
 The tariff has always been a great subject of debate in 
 Congress, and the arguments which bear upon it are very 
 numerous and complicated. There has never been a ques- 
 tion in the whole circle of American politics, upon which 
 our statesmen, basing their opinions upon the same facts. 
 
182 THE MODEL BISTORT. 
 
 and viewing it from the same standpoint of local interests, 
 have arrived at such exactly opposite conclusions. 
 
 In our history since I'ZSO, when the Hamilton Tariff was 
 enacted, we have had ten general tariff laws. Of these, 
 seven, extending over a period of sixty-three years, have 
 been drawn for protection to home industries ; three, ex- 
 tending over forty-five years, have been drawn chiefly for 
 revenue. We have never had, and no party has ever de- 
 manded, entire free-trade. 
 
 '308. Within a few years after the system of protection 
 went into operation, public sentiment was completely 
 reversed. New England ceased to oppose the tariff, and 
 became its strongest advocate, while the South regarded 
 herself as the originator of a system which had become 
 the source of all her calamity. The cause of this 
 chciilffe is one of the curious things in our political 
 history. 
 
 New England was a commercial section, and had grown 
 rich in carrying cotton to England to be manufactured and 
 in bringing back the manufactured articles. The South 
 conceived the idea of cutting off this profitable business 
 by building up manufactories of her own, under the pro- 
 tection of a high tariff. The carrying trade was ruined, 
 and for a time business was stagnant in New England. 
 
 But the people were led to the reflection that if tho 
 South could prosper by building manufactories, they could 
 also. They A^ery soon found it moi-e profitable to manufac- 
 ture southern cotton than to carry it to England. Slave 
 labor could not compete with the skill and enterprise of 
 New England, and the southern cotton -mills soon fell into 
 the hands of those for w^hose ruin they had been intended. 
 To use a homely saying, " The slaveholder shook the tree 
 and the Yankee caught the api)les." 
 
 209. The fever for internal iniproveinents 
 
 overto(jk the country in 1817. The country was growing 
 fast, and there was a general desire to hasten its develop- 
 ment. This feeling pervadetl every branch of the govern- 
 
MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION. 18S 
 
 ment. People desired to have canals cut every where, 
 and to have the States traversed by great roads. All this 
 was to be done at government expense. President Monroe 
 admitted the desirability of these improvements, but 
 opposed the scheme as being unconstitutional. The States 
 finally undertook the work of improvement. Surveys were 
 made and state roads were laid out in all directions. The 
 people were determined to have better means of travel and 
 transportation. 
 
 210. One of the most important of these public works 
 was the Erie Cental , joining the waters of the Great 
 Lakes and those of the Hudson River. It was first pro- 
 posed by Jesse Hawley, and was carried into execution by 
 the State of New York, under the influence of its great and 
 progressive governor, De Witt Clinton. For half a century 
 it has been a channel for the commerce between the East 
 and the West. 
 
 211. The National Hoad, leading from Cumber- 
 land, Maryland, to St. Louis, Missouri, was planned at this 
 time. When Oliio came into the Union one of the condi- 
 tions was that the government should build a road across 
 the mountains, to connect the State with the Atlantic bor- 
 der. Part of it was macadamized, part was graveled, part 
 was planked, and part was only graded. Before it was 
 finished, other and better means of inland transportation 
 were in use, and the government refused further appropria- 
 tions. It became the property of the States in which it 
 lay, and afterward of private companies. It was projected 
 to St. Louis, laid out to Vandalia, Illinois, graded to Plain- 
 field, Indiana, and completed to Indianapolis. It is still 
 maintained in admirable order. 
 
 212. Ocean steam navif/ation was first attempted 
 
 in 1819. A company of merchants of Savannah built an 
 ocean steamer in the city of New York. When completed, 
 passengers were advertised for, but none applied. The 
 vessel made a trip to Liverpool in thirty-one days, using 
 pitch-pine as fuel. Twenty years more elapsed before the 
 
184 
 
 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 SEAL OF MISSISSIPPI. 
 
 first regular line of steamers — the Cunard — crossed the 
 Atlantic. At present over two hundred steamers regu- 
 larly sail from American to European ports. 
 
 213. The Fourth Census , taken in 1820, showed 
 a population of nine and a half millions (9,633,822). 
 
 214. In 1800 Georgia ceded to the United States its 
 
 claim to the country 
 west of it, including 
 the present States of 
 
 •>^ Mississippi and 
 Alahania, It was 
 
 -vKt -^ organized into the Ter- 
 ritory of Mississippi. 
 It remained under this 
 form of government till 1817, when it was divided, and the 
 western part entered the Union as the State of Missis- 
 sippi. Two years later 
 the Alabama Territory 
 sought and obtained 
 admission as a State. 
 
 215. The first white 
 men to see Ulinoid 
 ^^^- were French explorers, 
 and the first settlement 
 was made by French traders and missionaries at Kaskaskia, 
 in 1682. The deposits of lead at Galena were known and 
 worked while it was a French province. In 1818 it was 
 ^^.^^te^ admitted as a State. 
 
 ^-^"^ -:^ ^^ ^^ Its rich agricultural 
 
 lands quickly attract- 
 ed a large population. 
 It took a promiiient 
 part in the construc- 
 tion of railroads, and 
 has more miles in 
 operation than any other State in the Union. The rapid 
 growth of Chicago is one of the miracles of the age. 
 
 SEAL OF ALABAMA. 
 
 SEAL OF ILLINOIS. 
 
MONUO£J 'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 185 
 
 SEAL OP MAINE. 
 
 216. Maine remained a part of Massachusetts until 
 
 1820, when it was 
 ^'^^r- i^ admitted as a State. 
 
 Settlement was slow 
 and confined to the 
 southern part and 
 -^ the coast. 
 — ^ 217. The ques- 
 tion of slavery 
 
 had long claimed 
 the attention of Congress and the country, and had now 
 become the chief topic of debate. The northern and the 
 southern sections of the country alternately acquired a State, 
 and thus the balance of jDolitical power was preserved. 
 When the Constitution was formed it was supposed that 
 slavery would soon die out, and that the main source of 
 dispute would be jealousy between the large States and 
 the small ones. This was a great mistake. The hostility 
 that arose was a sectional one, between the free and the 
 slave Slates. 
 218. When a bill for the admission of Missouri 
 
 came before Congress a long and memorable debate arose. 
 The members from the South denied that Congress had a 
 right to control the institutions of individual States, and 
 \irged that each State should decide for itself whether 
 slavery should or should not exist within its borders. The 
 members from the North opposed on moral, economic, and 
 political grounds, the admission of another slave State into 
 the Union. 
 
 All the States previously admitted, except Louisiana, had 
 been composed of territory which the original thirteen had 
 ceded to the general government; and it was agreed by all 
 sections that new States seeking admission should have 
 institutions similar to those States to which they had origi- 
 nally belonged. The territory of Missouri was a part of 
 the Louisiana Purchase; and hence the question of the 
 extension of slavery did not come prominently before 
 
186 
 
 THE MODEL BISTORT. 
 
 HENKT CLAY. 
 
 Congress or the people till the year 1821. The country 
 was now intensely agitated. The aged Jefferson said: 
 
 " From the battle of Bunker Hill 
 to the treaty of Paris, we never 
 had so ominous a question." 
 210. The 3Iissoifri Com- 
 
 JiVOltlise brought, for the time, 
 an eiul to this angry dispute. 
 The bill, introduced by Jesse B. 
 Thomas,of Illinois, and sujjported 
 by Henry Clay, provided that 
 Missouri be admitted as a slave 
 State. Slavery was to be pro- 
 hibited in all territory west of 
 the Mississippi River and north 
 of 36° 30' north latitude; the territory south of that line 
 being open to freedom or slavery, as the people residing in 
 
 it should decide. It 
 was a political scheme 
 to preserve the bal- 
 ance of power. The 
 bill became a law; and 
 the Compromise was 
 observed by both sec- 
 tions for thirty years. 
 Ft is one of the great landmarks of American history. 
 
 220. Tlie re-election of Monroe and Tompkins 
 
 was {juietly effected at a time when new issues had not 
 come forward to take the place of those which had been 
 settled by the lapse of time and the course of events. 
 Party strife seemed to subside. In reality Monroe had no 
 opponents; and he received every electoral vote but one, 
 and that was cast by Plumer, of New Hampshire, for John 
 Q. Adams, (m the groiuul that it was dangerous to give a 
 unanimous vote. A large meeting was held in Philadelphia 
 to take measures for j)utting in the field an Anti- Slavery 
 ticket; but this was not done. 
 
 SEAL OF MISSOURI. 
 
MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION. 187 
 
 231. In his annual message to Congress the President 
 proclaimed the so-called MoHVOe Doctrine. The 
 
 republics in South America had long been struggling with 
 Spain for their independence; and the people of the United 
 States desired to recognize them as sovereign nations. 
 The President declared that " the American continents are 
 not to be considered as subject for future colonization by 
 any European powers." He said that " any attempt by 
 European powers to control their destiny would be the 
 manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the 
 United States." He declared the true American policy to 
 be, " neither to entangle ourselves in the broils of Europe, 
 nor permit the powers of the Old World to interfere with 
 the aifairs of the New." 
 
 This novel idea was equivalent to saying that the United 
 States forbid the nations of Europe to acquire territory 
 this side of the Atlantic. Though seemingly a very 
 haughty pretension, it has ever since, in a modified form, 
 been the settled policy of the government. 
 
 223. The education of the Deaf arid Dumb 
 
 received the attention of Congress during this administra- 
 tion. Mr. Cogswell, of Hartford, having a daughter who 
 was deaf and dumb, proposed to found a school for tlie 
 education of those similarly unfortunate. Rev. T. H. Gal- 
 laudet was sent to Europe to learn the manner of teaching 
 in such institutions there. On his return the school was 
 opened at Hartford in 1817, with seven pupils. Within a 
 year there were thirty-three, and Congress donated a town- 
 ship of land, expecting that one school would be sufficient 
 for the entire country. This was soon found to be a nns- 
 take, and before many years had passed away every State 
 in the Union had made provision for the care and education 
 of its deaf and dumb. The instruction appeals chiefly to 
 the eye, and extends through a period of seven years. 
 
 223. The American Sundatj School Union 
 
 was formed in 1824. An Englishman named Robert Raikes 
 was the originator of Sunday Schools. During the Revo- 
 
188 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 lutionary war he collected poor children on Sunday after, 
 noons, and gave them religious instruction. Such schools 
 became very numerous in this country. The first Sunday 
 school of the United States vpas held in Hanover County, 
 Virginia, by Bishop Asbury, in 1786, at the house of Thomas 
 CrenshavF. 
 
 Progress in Sunday schools vv^as very slow till about the 
 year 1830. Finally it was seen that they would be useful 
 to the children of the middle and upper classes as well as 
 to the poor, and they were started in nearly every city. At 
 first the exercises consisted in repeating Scriptural texts 
 and singing hymns. The object of the union was to publish 
 question-books, to organize schools in destitute places, and 
 to advance the knowledge of the Scriptures among the 
 people. From these beginnings have arisen all the Sunday- 
 schools of the land. Before 1872 each school chose its owh. 
 lesson, but since that time a uniform series of lessons has 
 gone into use over the world. In 1890 there were about 
 100,000 schools and 10,000,000 teachers and pupils. 
 
 224. At the invitation of Congress, General Lafay- 
 ette re -visited this country, near the close of Monroe's 
 administration. He was now an old man, near the end of a 
 career full of important and stirring events. Nearly half 
 a century had elapsed since he aided in the Revolutionary 
 struggle; but the people well remembered the services of 
 the generous Frenchman. From the moment of his arrival 
 he became the nation's guest, and wherever he went he was 
 received with the utmost respect and affection. Every- 
 where the cry was, " Welcome ! welcome ! thrice welcome, 
 Lafayette ! " 
 
 He received a public reception at New York, and then 
 passed through the various states, being present at tlie 
 founding of the Bunker Hill monument, participating in 
 the ceremonies on the Fourth of July at the fiftieth anni- 
 versary of independence, and visiting the tomb of Wash- 
 ington. The Government voted him $200,000, and a 
 township of land, which he located in Florida, He spent 
 
MONROE'S ADMINISTRATION. 189 
 
 over a year in the country, " encompassed," as he said, " in 
 an unexpected whirlwind of popular kindnesses," and he 
 was sent back to his country in a frigate — the Brandy wine 
 — built expressly for this service. 
 
 225. The ^^ olden tlities^' were fast passing away. 
 Monroe was the last of the Revolutionary statesmen, and 
 great changes were constantly occurring. The time is 
 within the memory of men still living, when the Mississippi 
 valley had no markets and no good roads. Live stock was 
 driven over the mountains to market at Baltimore, and 
 grain was laboriously conveyed in huge wagons, with two, 
 four, or six-horse bell-teams, over almost impassable roads, 
 and in the middle of winter. 
 
 A whole neighborhood near the river would join together, 
 build a raft, and float their entire produce — corn, vv^heat, 
 pork, feathers, ginseng, Indian turnips, and whisky — to the 
 New Orleans market, and afterward spend a month in 
 walking home again. " Many of the words most familiar to 
 our grandfathers, such as chimney-lug, hominy-block, hunt- 
 ing-shirt, spinning-wheel, bee-coursing, log-rolling, and 
 latch-string, have become obsolete, or else are used only in 
 a figurative sense." 
 
 226. The f/7'OWth of the West surpassed any thing 
 known before. Along the National Road an endless stream 
 of pioneers poured over the mountains into the Ohio and 
 Mississippi valleys. The cry was " Westward, ho ! " In 
 1800, St. Louis was a collection of log cabins, containing 
 Creoles, Indians, half-breeds, boatmen, and Yankee traders; 
 Cincinnati was a little settlement, protected by stockades; 
 and Chicago was a few shanties on a wet prairie. Now all 
 this was changing, and on rafts and flat-boats great numbers 
 floated down the Ohio River, with their household goods 
 and live stock, to settle the wild but fertile frontier, and to 
 convert it into the busy homes of men. 
 
 227. Near the close of this presidency, three questions — 
 ^he national bank, the tariff, and the extension of slavery 
 
 »-began to assert themselves as the issues then coming 
 
190 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 to the front. But the new party lines were not yet clearly 
 drawn, and the election was more a choice of men than of 
 political measures. 
 
 328. Up to this time, the Presidential candi- 
 
 d/Utes had been determined in caucuses held at Washing- 
 ton by members of Congress. After this they were selected 
 by a national convention of delegates, chosen by the people. 
 On this occasion, four well-matched rivals entered the field, 
 — Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, John Q. Adams, and 
 William H. Crawford. These men all occupied prominent 
 positions under the Government, and they all claimed to be 
 Republicans. As had been clearly foreseen, no one of them 
 received a majority of all the electoral votes cast. The 
 House of Representatives, therefore, for the second and last 
 time in our history, was called upon to elect a President. 
 Tiie friends of Clay and Adams united and elected the latter, 
 though Jackson had received the highest number of both 
 popular and electoral ballots. The electoral vote had already 
 chosen John C. Calhoun, as Vice-President. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OF JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. 
 
 1825—1829, 
 
 229. The neiv I^vesident was a son of John Adams. 
 He was a scholar, an orator, a diplomatist, 
 and a model statesman. He had served 
 as a, Senator, and as minister to Berlin 
 and St. Petersburg. He had helped to 
 conclude the treaty of Ghent, and had 
 served as Secretary of State under Mon- 
 roe. Though receiving the best early 
 advantages, and having great ability and 
 JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, a staiuless reputation, he was never a 
 
 popular Presidontf H« had a majority against him in both 
 
 Houses, 
 
ADAMS'S administration: 191 
 
 He wished to be considered the republican successor of 
 Monroe, and tried to strengthen himself by assuming the 
 championship of internal improvements and protection to 
 domestic industry. He spent the last seventeen years of 
 his life in Congress, v^^here he became the leader of that 
 small but determined band who regarded slavery as both a 
 moral and a political evil. He was familiarly known as 
 "the" old man eloquent." 
 
 230. Several Indian treaties were made during this 
 and the two following administrations, by which the tribes 
 exchanged their lands east of the Mississippi for territory 
 west of that stream. These treaties were usually made 
 with a few chiefs, who did not represent the wishes or the 
 interests of their tribes. 
 
 Though the Indians received annuities for a certain 
 number of years, they were in reality forced to aljandon 
 the soil upon which the advancing settlements of white men 
 were encroaching. Some of these tribes were civilized and 
 had printed laws, farms, and schools. When about to be 
 sent into exile by military force, they exhibited the deepest 
 dejection of miad and a most pathetic consciousness of 
 their wrongs. This method of extinguishing Indian titles 
 was assailed as unjust and inhuman. 
 
 231. Since 1816, the attention of Congress was directed, 
 from time to time, to the protective tariff. As yet 
 the system had been carried no further than to a small pro- 
 tective tax on coarse cotton cloths. Since the close of the 
 last war, manufactures had increased greatly, especially in 
 New England and the Middle states; but, owing to the 
 cheaper labor in Europe, goods from that continent could 
 be sold in our markets at a lower price than American pro- 
 ductions. To enable the latter to compete with the English 
 goods, it was thought necessary to raise the price of the 
 foreign articles by placing a high import tax upon them. 
 
 232. The argument was made that this would bring 
 new and extensive manufacturing establishments into exist- 
 ence, build up home industries, give employment to more 
 
192 THE MODEL HISTORT. 
 
 laborers, create a home market for agricultural product^ 
 prevent our money from flowing to foreign countries, greatly 
 increase the public revenue, and bring general and immedi- 
 ate prosperity. 
 
 On the other hand, it was argued that this tax would, in 
 reality, be paid by our own people, and not by the foreign 
 nation; that, by raising prices, the manufacturers alone 
 would be benefited, and the consumers — who are the mass 
 of the people — would be injured; that it would diminish the 
 exportation of our goods; that the country was not prepared 
 for the forced establishment of manufactures, on account of 
 the high price of 4abor; that it would really lessen, instead 
 of increase, the revenue; and that it was legislation in favor 
 of one section and opposed to all others. 
 
 In those days, such phrases as, "clogging the wheels of 
 trade," " diversifying our occupations," " protection to indus- 
 try," and "the pauper labor of Europe," were very common. 
 
 233. The VesllJt of all this discussion in Congress and 
 among the people was, that in 1828 the President and his 
 party secured the passage of a bill — called by its enemies 
 the Bill of Abominations — providing for a high protective 
 tariff on cotton, woolen, and silken fabrics, and on goods 
 made of iron, lead, and hemp. The duty on these was 
 placed at an average of thirty -eight per cent, of their value. 
 The law was commended in the manufacturing North, and 
 condemned in the agricultural South. 
 
 234. In the early part of this administration, an, (inti- 
 Masonic excitement broke out in the country. Free- 
 Masonry, an old and secret fraternity in Europe, originated 
 by architects and builders, found its way to America in 
 1730. Lodges had been formed in many parts of the 
 country. A man named William Morgan, residing in 
 western New York, having threatened to expose the secrets 
 of the order, suddenly disappeared, and was not heard of 
 again. It was suspected that the Masons had abducted and 
 murdered him; and the report of an investigating commit- 
 tee, appointed by the New York Legislature, confirmed 
 
ADAMS'S ADMINISTRATION. 193 
 
 the suspicion. Though the charge was never proved, a 
 great outcry was made against tlie fraternity, and a party 
 was formed with the object of suppressing Masonry as 
 dangerous to freedom and society. The excitement thus 
 became a political issue, and many prqminent men were 
 involved in the controversy. The anti - Masonic party 
 acquired great power in several states, bringing forward 
 candidates and carrying the elections. It was many years 
 before the excitement passed away. 
 
 235. For the first forty years after the adoption of the 
 Constitution, the vast power of dismissal from office which 
 was conferred on the President, was sparingly used. It 
 was exercised only to prevent the public from suffering 
 through faithless or incompetent officials, and not to gratify 
 party or personal ambitions. In conducting the Civil 
 service f Washington dismissed nine officers, and Adams, 
 ten. Jefferson adopted as his test, respecting applicants 
 for office, these queries: "Is he honest? Is he capable?'' 
 He found the offices filled by Federalists, yet he removed 
 but twenty -six during his term, twelve of whom were 
 judges appointed by Adams on the very eve of his retire- 
 ment, and called in derision, "the midnight judiciary." 
 
 Madison removed eight, and Monroe, nine. J. Q. Adams 
 dismissed but two, and declared his resolution to remove no 
 man on account of his opinions, saying, "If I can not 
 administer the government on these principles, I am con- 
 tent to go back to Quincy." In those days, office-seekers 
 did not speak of their " claims," and the civil service was 
 removed from the accidents of politics by making the 
 tenure of office depend upon a faithful and competent per- 
 formance of duty, and not upon the triumph of parties. 
 
 336. Invention became a necessity to the people, 
 from a lack of hands to do the labor. They could not wait 
 till population sufficiently increased. The growth of wealth 
 was found to depend far more upon labor-saving machinery 
 than upon increase of population. An invention that greatly 
 stimulated agriculture was the cast - iron plow, by Jethro 
 9 
 
194 
 
 THE MODEL U I STORY. 
 
 Wood, in 1814. Previously the plow had a simple wooden 
 share, plated with iron. 
 
 237. The imjyvoiJenients in land travel did not 
 
 keep pace with the means of water communication. Steam- 
 boats had increased rapidly in numbers on rivers and lakes 
 from the time of Fulton's success; but there had been no 
 application of the steam engine to land travel. Inventors 
 seemed slow in putting the idea into practice. 
 
 238. The first railroads were at mines. It was 
 so much labor to draw carts of coal from the mines to the 
 market that some one suggested planked roads with wooden 
 rails. These were called tramways. The first road of that 
 kind in this country was built in 1826 by Gridley Bryant. 
 It was only four miles long, reaching from the stone quarries 
 at Quincy, Massachusetts, to the tide-water. The cars were 
 drawn by horses, and the wooden rails were strapped with 
 flat iron. 
 
 239. For many years, ingenious men had been making 
 
 exjyerinients on the locomotive. They tried to 
 make one with wheels ; they tried to make one with legs 
 like a horse. Oliver Evans, of Philadelphia, invented a 
 steam road engine ; but he was ridiculed, and his project 
 was deemed a very wild one. Richard Trevithick, in 
 England, made the first successful locomotive; but the man 
 who first made land traveling by steam possible was the 
 English collier, George Stephenson. 
 
 240. Soon afterward, we introduced locomotives in 
 A.nierica, The train was expected to make a speed of 
 
 THE FIRST RAILROAD TRAIN. 
 
 fourteen miles an hour, and was regarded as a great curi- 
 osity. Many people said the engine would never be able 
 to draw the weight of the train, but its wheels would spin 
 
ADAMS'S ADMtNlSTRATIOK. 195 
 
 round and round on the rails; others said that, even if 
 successful, it would injure the country by rendering wagons 
 and coaches useless; others, that it would destroy the value 
 of farming land near the road, by frightening the draft 
 animals so that the soil could not be cultivated ! None of 
 these calamities followed. 
 
 The first true railroad in this country was the Baltimore 
 and Ohio, begun in 1828. The railroad fever immediately 
 took possession of the popular fancy; and there has been 
 little abatement of this feeling to the present time, when 
 there are 155,000 miles of road in this country, and 350,000 
 miles in the world. 
 
 241. On July 4, 1826, a Sti'ikinff event occurred. 
 On this fiftieth anniversary of indejDendence, John Adams 
 and Thomas Jefferson both died. The many coincidences 
 of their lives were completed in this remarkable coincidence 
 of their deaths. It struck the people mth awe and aston- 
 ishment. They had now grown old, and their political 
 differences had been many years forgotten. They spent 
 much time in writing each other friendly letters. The day 
 was being celebrated in the village where Adams lived, 
 and he sent the toast, " Independence forever." As he 
 lay dying at sunset, the watchers could hear the shout of the 
 people as they received the old man's message. Thus there 
 was sorrow, as well as joy, on this semi-centennial day. 
 Ex-Prcsident Monroe died on the same day a few years 
 later, and again sadness was mingled with the celebra- 
 tion. 
 
 242. TJie American Tract Society was formed 
 
 in 1825 by a couple of gentlemen in New York. Its 
 object was to print and distribute cheap books and tracts 
 of a moral and religious character. Since that time its 
 average annual publications have been half a million vol- 
 umes and ten million tracts. In 1874, seventy million 
 pages of matter were gratuitously distributed. Its publi- 
 cations are printed in one hundred and forty-three diiferent 
 languages, and are sent to nearly all parts of the earth. 
 
196 THE MODEL BISTORT. 
 
 243. In 1828, the Anncricafi Peace Society was 
 
 formed at New York by a number of humane reformers, 
 headed by William Ladd, of Maine, who has been called 
 the Apostle of Peace. Fourteen years before this. Rev, 
 Noah Worcester, of Massachusetts, appeared as one of the 
 first advocates of the cause of peace, on moral grounds, in 
 this or any other country. His volume. Serious Review of 
 the Custom of War, produced a deep impression on many 
 thoughtful minds, and many peace societies sprang up in 
 New England. Mr. Ladd wrote and lectured in advocacy 
 of the reform, and edited the Harbinger of Peace. He 
 secured promises from clergymen to preach a sermon at 
 least once a year in the interests of the cause. 
 
 The society proposed that a congress of nations should 
 be convened to arrange a code of international law, by 
 which every difficulty and question of right between nations 
 could be settled without resort to war. This code was to 
 be administered by a high court of nations, composed of a 
 few men from all civilized countries. A scheme similar to 
 this was originally proposed by William Penn, as early as 
 1693; but it was lost sight of till revived by Mr. Ladd. 
 The plan was pronounced practicable by leading reformers 
 in Europe and America. In its support the world's peace 
 convention assembled at London in 1843, and again in Paris 
 in 1849. 
 
 244. It is interesting to note the changes in doiues- 
 tic life. Some time before this, the people learned how 
 to use coal as fuel, and gas was introduced into Boston. 
 Percussion locks took the place of the old fiint-locks in 
 muskets. India-rubber began to be used for overshoes and 
 other useful articles. A new vegetable, the tomato, formerly 
 cultivated as a curiosity, and called the love-apple, was spar- 
 ingly eaten. People began to throw away the old tinder- 
 box with flint and steel, and to use friction matches — then 
 called lucifers or loco-focos — when they desired to make a 
 fire or light a candle. Steel pens came into use about this 
 time, and were worth twenty-five cents each. Gold pens, 
 
ADAMS'S ADMINtSTRATION. 197 
 
 letter envelopes, and postage stamps were not in use till 
 about 1844. 
 
 245. These four quiet years gave opportunity for atten- 
 tion to the great interests of agriculture, commerce, and 
 manufacturing; yet the bitterest feeling toward the faction 
 in power continued throughout AdaniS^S adniinis- 
 tration. The friends of Jackson and Crawford were very 
 indignant at what they called "the base coalition" between 
 Adams and Clay, and they organized a determined oppo- 
 sition both to his administration and re-election, even before 
 he was inaugurated. The cry of extravagance was made, 
 though the public expenses scarcely amounted to $13,000,000 
 a year. Not so much from disapproval of his policy as from 
 hatred of the man, every measure of his administration was 
 doomed even before it was developed. Though he was so 
 revengefull}^ assailed, we have, perhaps, never had a purer or 
 more economical administration than that of J. Q. Adams. 
 He left to the nation a greatly diminished debt and a legacy 
 of unexampled prosperity. 
 
 246. Early in this administration the question arose, 
 
 WJio shall he the next President ? Up to this 
 
 time the Chief Executive had been a resident of Massa- 
 chusetts or Virginia. Originally settled by different people, 
 — the Puritans and the Cavaliers, — these sections were still 
 far from being alike. The former was manufacturing and 
 commercial, fostering schools, loving political equality, 
 abolishing slave labor, advocating a strong federal govern- 
 ment. The latter was agricultural, the population being 
 scattered, education not being generally diffused, politics 
 tending to "state rights," slave labor forming a landed 
 aristocracy. The West had now grown into importance, 
 and it began to be seen tliat the next President would 
 come from the new country beyond the mountains. 
 
 247. As usual, the campaign was a heated one. So 
 violent was party strife during the contest that the country 
 seemed on the verge of civil war. Adams, supported by 
 Clay and his faction, became the candidate of the East, as 
 
198 THE MODEL mSTORT. 
 
 had been well understood for the last four years. "The 
 hero of New Orleans" again became the candidate of the 
 South and the West. Adams received eighty-three elec- 
 toral votes; and Jackson and Calhoun achieved an easy 
 victory with one hundred and seventy-eight. The excite- 
 ment immediately abated, and public attention turned to 
 other subjects. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 1829 — 1837. 
 
 248. The fiew President was a man of strong will 
 and great energy. His mind was power- 
 ful but unpolished, and his integrity 
 undoubted. He did what he thought 
 was right, without asking who would be 
 displeased. He was familiarly called 
 Old Hickory. Perhaps we have never 
 had a President who was so heartily 
 hated and so heartily loved. He had a 
 
 ANDREW JACKSON, stormy and adventurous career — the 
 exact opposite of Adams's. His love of country was a 
 master passion. He was a military hero; and his availa- 
 bility as a presidential candidate was due chiefly to his 
 military successes. 
 
 249. Among his first official acts was the fe-orffdn- 
 
 iiiation of the civil service. Adopting the cry, "to 
 
 the victors belong the spoils," and believing that public 
 affairs would be best managed by those of the same political 
 views, he removed from office many of those opposed to 
 him, and appointed his supporters to the places thus vacated. 
 He went into office pledged to reward his friends and punish 
 his enemies. Thousands of applicants for office thronged 
 the capital and clamored all over the country. Heretofore 
 it had been the custom in cases of removal, to furnish the 
 officer with a copy of the charges against him, and to listen 
 
JACKSOJ^f'S ADMINISTRATION. 199 
 
 to his defense; now persons were dismissed not only with- 
 out trial, but without charges. 
 
 When Jackson came into the Presidency, he did not find 
 many persons belonging to his party in office. During his 
 eight years he removed six hundred and ninety officials — 
 more than ten times as many as during the entire previous 
 history of the government ; and yet, among the thousands 
 of removable officers, he never had a majority on his side. 
 His course created a storm of abuse, but it was steadily 
 persevered in, and his example has been followed to some 
 extent by all our later Presidents. Van Buren, during the 
 trying times of his presidency, held the party together by 
 official patronage; and Tyler, with an eye to re-election, 
 undertook to steer a middle course between Whigs and 
 Democrats, distributing appointments right and left to 
 strengthen his chances. 
 
 250. The National BanJc has been already men- 
 tioned. As its charter was about to expire, the question 
 of its renewal came before Congress. The President took 
 strong grounds against this proposal, believing that such a 
 gigantic moneyed corporation was not safe in a republic. It 
 was asserted that Nicholas Biddle, its president, had boasted 
 that he could make war or peace, and that no man could be 
 elected President or Governor without his consent. On the 
 other hand, the benefits of the reliable and uniform currency 
 which it provided, were undeniable. The bill to re-charter 
 the Bank passed Congress. Jackson vetoed it ; and, as 
 Congress did not pass it over his veto, the charter was not 
 re-issued. The excitement was great; and the press, large 
 numbers of his friends, and nearly all his cabinet officers, 
 deserted him. But the people sustained him. 
 
 251. The OJfCratlon of the tariff was not so satis- 
 factory as had been expected. It was found that the 
 manufacturers were enriched, since the price of their goods 
 was increased. The government was enriched, since the 
 tax on imported articles went into its treasury. The 
 factory-laborers were enriched, since their employers were 
 
200 
 
 THE MODEL BI8T0BY. 
 
 able to pay them better wages. But the mass of the people 
 ;v^ere obliged to pay more for their goods than before. 
 
 253. From this cause discontent in the South had 
 been arising for several years. It is a strange fact that the 
 first protective tariff law in 1816 had been proposed and 
 
 supported by the very man and 
 the very state that now led the 
 opposition to protection — John 
 C. Calhoun, of South Carolina. 
 
 Now the South said to Con- 
 gress: "We have tried protection 
 for fourteen years, and find it 
 does us no good in Virginia and 
 ( 'arolina. We do not sell our 
 cotton at any better price on 
 account of it; and when we wish 
 to buy cloth or shoes, we pay 
 high for the American article. 
 Beside, the foreign goods which 
 we could buy cheap but for this odious tax, are better than the 
 American goods, which are dear. If Massachusetts, which 
 makes cloth and shoes, and Pennsylvania, which produces 
 iron, want a protective tariff, let them have it; but give us 
 free-trade, or a tariff for revenue only." 
 
 253. During the agitation of this subject, a noted 
 dehnte arose in the Senate. In a discussion about the 
 disposal of the public lands, Robert Y. Hayne, a brilliant 
 orator from South Carolina, affirmed in an elaborate speech 
 that any state had the right to declare null and void any 
 act of Congress which it should consider unconstitutional. 
 He plainly asserted that the Union was a compact of states, 
 from which any of them could withdraw at pleasure. This 
 idea had never before been publicly expressed. 
 
 Daniel Webster replied in a very eloquent speech, deny- 
 ing the right of secession, arguing that the Constitution 
 was the work of the people as a nation, ana not as separate 
 states, and asserting that secession was treason, and that 
 
 J. 0. CALHOUN. 
 
JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 201 
 
 DANIEL WEBSTER. 
 
 differences between the government and states were to be 
 settled by the Supreme Court. 
 Thirty years afterward, this ques- 
 tion came up again, to be decided 
 by one of the bloodiest wars in all 
 history. 
 
 254. At a free-trade con- 
 
 lietltioil in South Carolina it was 
 declared that the tariif was injuring 
 the agricultural interests of the 
 South; that Congress had usurped 
 a power not granted in the Con- 
 stitution, in legislating in the 
 interests of a particular class; that the tax was "null and 
 void;" that no more duties should be paid on imported 
 goods; and that, if the government should attempt collec- 
 tion, the state would secede from the Union. Calhoun, 
 having resigned the Vice - Presidency, was placed at the 
 head of the movement, and medals were struck, bearing 
 the inscription, "John C. Calhoun, First President of the 
 Southern Confederacy." 
 
 255. All this was called nullificflfion. The Con- 
 gressmen from South Carolina boldly threatened secession, 
 and the Legislature called for twelve thousand volunteers 
 to fight the United States. When President Jackson read 
 this news, he leaped from his seat, exclaiming: " The Union ! 
 It must and shall he preserved ! Send for General Scott .'" 
 He issued a proclamation, announcing his determination to 
 enforce the laws, and declaring these acts to be treasonable, 
 and that " to say that any state may at pleasure secede from 
 the Union, is to say that the United States are not a nation." 
 Bloodshed was happily avoided. Congress soon passed 
 the compromise bill of Henry Clay, providing for the gradual 
 reduction of the odious duties, and limiting the existence 
 of the protective tariff to ten years. This was the last 
 tliat was heard of nullification and secession during that 
 generation. 
 9* 
 
202 THE MODEL UISTORT. 
 
 256. The re-election of JacUson was not accom- 
 plished without the greatest opposition. His rivals were 
 Henry Clay, a man of the greatest ability, and William 
 Wirt, the anti - Masonic candidate. Jackson's veto of the 
 Bank and Public Improvement bills created a strong party 
 against him, but he was re-elected over Clay by an electoral 
 vote of nearly five to one. Martin Van Buren, of New 
 York, became Vice-President. Jackson was lauded by his 
 friends as a second Washington. His re-election was 
 bewailed by his enemies as a public calamity, greater than 
 war, famine, and pestilence combined. 
 
 257. After his re-election the President ordered the 
 removal of the Govemnieut deposits from the 
 
 National to the state banks. He had no law for such a 
 course, but believing himself to be in the right, he did not 
 hesitate. If Jackson had declared himself a military dic- 
 tator for life, there could scarcely have been a greater 
 uproar. He believed that the money was being used for 
 two irregular purposes — to effect his own overthrow, and 
 to create an injurious spirit of speculation. 
 
 When the ten millions of public funds were deposited in 
 the state banks — called "pet banks" — matters were not 
 much improved. The removal caused the failure of the 
 National Bank, and brought on much financial distress. It 
 became easy, from the abundance of money, for any one to 
 borrow. Wild speculation followed, especially in western 
 land. New cities were laid out in forests and on prairies, 
 and fabulous prices were paid for building-lots which existed 
 only on paper. Every one had some scheme for making a 
 fortune. The evil results of this were severely felt during 
 the next administration. 
 
 As yet the country was so prosperous that the national 
 debt was extinguished, and a surplus revenue had accumu- 
 lated. It is a singular fact in our history that 128,000,000 
 of this surplus was surrendered to the people, and distrib- 
 uted among the several states. 
 
 258, The Seminole Indians in Georgia and 
 
JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 203 
 
 Florida were ajrain the source of trouble. They refused to 
 leave their homes at the command of the government, and 
 force was employed against them. Osceola, their chief, was 
 a leading character in the war which followed. It resulted 
 in the defeat and removal of the Indians, and was an 
 expensive contest. Expedition after expedition of veteran 
 soldiers was sent to Florida, and the war was continued in 
 the everglades for seven years. The cost in money was 
 forty million dollars — eight times as much as had been 
 paid to Spain for the whole of Florida. 
 
 259. Numerous aflti-slavery societies were formed 
 during Jackson's term of office. The object was to persuade 
 the country that freedom was better than slavery. As early 
 as 1816, a Quaker minister, named Charles Osborne, pub- 
 lished, at Mount Pleasant, Ohio, a little paper, called the 
 P hilanthropht^ devoted to the cause of emancipation. A 
 few years later, another Quaker gentleman, named Benjamin 
 Lundy, published, at Baltimore, a newspaper, called The 
 Genius of Universal Emancipation., advocating the idea of 
 gradually freeing the slaves. 
 
 No one gave much attention to this; but when a young 
 man named William Lloyd Garrison started in Boston a 
 weekly paper called The Liberator., advocating immediate 
 and unconditional emancipation, there quickly arose a great 
 excitement all over the country. The Governor of Massa- 
 chusetts, in his message, gave his opinion that the abolition- 
 ists might be prosecuted in the courts. Garrison was 
 repeatedly pelted with eggs by excited mobs, and the 
 Legislature of Georgia offered five thousand dollars for his 
 head. When warned to stop his paper, he came out with 
 this flaming motto: "/ vnll not equivocate ; I toill not 
 excuse; I vnll not retract a single inch; and I loill 
 be heard.''"' 
 
 260. An insurrection of the slaves soon arose 
 in Virginia, headed by a slave named Nat Turner, who, with 
 a mob, went from house to house, putting whole families to 
 death. He was finally arrested, tried, and executed. It 
 
204 
 
 TEE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 SEAL OP ARKANSAS. 
 
 was charged tliat this was the result of Garrison's teachings. 
 The excitement became fiercer than ever. In order to quiet 
 the public mind, Jackson urged Congress to pass a law to 
 exclude abolition publications from the mails. But, as this 
 would have been equivalent to restricting the freedom of 
 the press, it was not done. 
 
 261. The fifth census-, taken in 1830, sliowed a 
 population of nearly thirteen millions (12,866,020) — three 
 
 times the enumera- 
 tion under the presi- 
 dency of Washington. 
 i,x, 202. Arkansas 
 \:^'l was, for a long time, a 
 part of the Missouri 
 Territory; but in 1819 
 it was set off as a distinct territory, and so remained till 
 1836, when it entered the Union as a state. 
 
 263. I^ichiffan was organized as a territory in 1805, 
 A , „ff1t5£i^^l35>s. ^>-l and it remained so 
 
 '^^^^ty \ 3\- ^^^ thirty-two years. 
 
 \ ^ It was invaded by the 
 
 "^ British in 1812. A 
 
 y . ""^--f 2 ^^isp^ite with Ohio 
 
 ;':^-X^ ^ about its boundaries 
 
 was settled in 1837, 
 
 SEAL OF MICH1( 
 
 when it was admitted as a state. 
 
 264. In 1832, the country was visited by a fatal pesti- 
 lence, the Asiatic cholera. The disease originated 
 several years before in the marshes at the mouth of the 
 Ganges. From India it spread westward to England and 
 America. Appearing first in Canada, it traversed the Union 
 in a southwesterly direction, defying medical skill, and 
 swiftly carrying thousands to the grave. Wherever the 
 plague went, the people were panic-stricken ; and the cities 
 and towns were abandoned by nearly all who could leave 
 them. In its subsequent visits to our country the disease 
 
JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 205 
 
 seemed to be more manageable, and to have lost much of 
 its original terror. 
 
 365. Near the close of this presidency, two destruc- 
 tive fires occurred, which were regarded as national 
 calamities. 1. A fire broke out among the large mercantile 
 houses of New York, and, before it could be stayed, thirty- 
 five acres in the center of the city were laid in ashes, and 
 property worth eighteen millicn dollars was consumed. A 
 few failures occurred, but "the burned district" was soon 
 covered with buildings, more magnificent than before. 
 2. A fire destroyed the United States Patent Office, in 
 Washington, with seven thousand models and ten thousand 
 designs of inventions. 
 
 26G. To the other calamities must be added the death 
 of our f/reat men. Ex- President Madison died at the 
 age of eighty-five, and Charles Carroll, the last surviving 
 signer of the Declaration, at the age of ninety-six. Chief- 
 Justice Marshall closed his labors at the age of eighty. To 
 these may be added the names of William Wirt and the 
 eloquent John Randolph, of Roanoke. 
 
 267. While engaged in public matters, the nation did 
 not forget the care of its unfortunate citizens. The first 
 asyluiU for the Mind was founded in 1832, chiefly 
 through the labors of John D. Fisher. The idea had been 
 prevalent that the blind were incapable of education ; but, 
 from the success of European institutions, the idea of doing 
 something for these unfortunates occurred at the same time, 
 but without concert, in many places in this country. 
 
 A company of blind pupils from one of the early asylums, 
 with their teachers, visited seventeen states, and exhibited 
 before the Legislatures and the people. Great interest was 
 awakened, and soon many institutions for the education of 
 the blind were founded, some by private benevolence, but 
 generally by the state. The instruction was mostly oral ; 
 and at first books were printed for the use of the blind in 
 sunken characters. But the raised letters sooii came into 
 use ; and in X836 a New Testament was printed in raised 
 
206 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 characters. Now the literature of the blind is abundant, 
 numbering hundreds of volumes. These include works of 
 history, poetry, religion, biography, travel, science, art, 
 school texts, and the better kinds of fiction and juveniles. 
 Even newspapers are printed for them. 
 
 268. The night of November 13, 1833, is remarkable 
 from the occurrence of a wonderful natural phenomenon — 
 a great shower of *^ shoothig StClVS,** These meteors 
 varied in size from a mere point of light to globes equaling 
 the moon in brightness. This display was witnessed with 
 astonishment and even alarm throughout the United States. 
 
 369, In 1833, a great advance was made in the construc- 
 tion of the first effective reajiing and mowing 
 TttncJlifieS, I'or many years, attempts had been made 
 to devise means to cut grain by machinery. At first the 
 idea was to do it by revolving knives, in imitation of the 
 hand - scythe. The experimenters were numerous, and 
 the honor of final success belongs to no one man. 
 
 In 1833, Obed Hussey, of Cincinnati, invented and pat- 
 ented a reaper with saw -toothed cutter and guards. This 
 machine cut one hundred and eighty acres of oats, and was 
 favorably noticed by the press. During the next year, 
 Cyrus McCormick made a reaping machine, using a sickle- 
 edged, sectional bar, with guards, such as are still in 
 universal use. 
 
 At the same time that McCormick was making his reaper, 
 Frederick Ketchum, of BuiFalo, was constructing the first 
 mowinsr machine. He also used sectional knives with 
 guards. It did its work well, but was a very crude affair 
 in comparison with the mowers of the present day. These 
 inventions laid the foundation of vast improvement in farm 
 machinery. Our improved drills, planters, sowers, culti- 
 vators, and threshing machines have all come into use since 
 that day. 
 
 270, For some years a gradual re -Org animation of 
 J)iirties had been going on ; and now public opinion on 
 the issues of the day had ranged the voters of the country 
 
VAN BUREN'S ADMINISTBATION. 207 
 
 in two great parties, the Whigs and the Democrats. The 
 Whigs, named in remembrance of the revolutionary fathers, 
 included nearly all the old Federalists, and were understood 
 to favor protective duties, the National Bank, and the policy 
 of internal improvements. The Democrats included most 
 of the old Republicans, and opposed all these measures. 
 The question of the extension of slavery was one upon 
 which the parties had not yet taken sides. 
 
 271. In the presidential election of 1836, the 
 Whigs brought forward Gen. William Henry Harrison, of 
 Ohio. The Democrats named Martin Van Buren, of New 
 York, the intimate friend of Jackson, and a strong supporter 
 of his policy. He was elected by a handsome majority. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 VAN BUREN'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 1837 — 1841. 
 
 373. The new President had been United States 
 Senator, Governor of New York, Minister to England, Sec- 
 retary of State, and Vice-President with 
 Jackson. He held the usual Democratic 
 views of the tariff and the National Bank. 
 His presidency was therefore a continu- 
 ation of Jackson's policy. He was a man 
 of more than ordinary ability. His pri- 
 ; vate character has never been impeached, 
 ■^ and, though a shrewd, he was not a dis- 
 MARTiN VAN BUREN. houcst. Statesman. 
 
 As President he was the subject of much censure, but he 
 retained the confidence of his party to the last. He was 
 brought forward as a candidate in three presidential cam- 
 paigns after he became President. 
 
 373. The lyanic of '37 was brought on by specula- 
 tion and over-trading during the previous administration. 
 The banks had made large issues of paper money, based on 
 the govcrnmeut deposits. Money was plentiful, and the 
 
208 TUE MODEL UISTOBT. 
 
 country was apparently rapidly increasing in wealth. Banks 
 had so increased in number that there were then about eight 
 hundred in the Union. Trading was done on credit, and 
 men gave up steady business for speculation. Not many 
 saw that the general rise in prices, and the apparent pros- 
 perity, were fictitious and liable to result in disaster at any 
 moment. 
 
 At length it began to be seen that nearly every one was 
 in debt. A feeling of uneasiness arose; then several 
 extensive failures occurred in the principal cities. The 
 alarm spread, and caused a general flood of notes to the 
 banks for redemption in coin. Many of these banks had 
 three or four times as many bills in circulation as they had 
 specie in their vaults, and they were quite incapable of 
 continuing specie payments. 
 
 The banks in New York and New Orleans refused to 
 redeem their notes, and their example was followed by all 
 the banks in the country. Within two months, failures in 
 those two cities occurred to the amount of a hundred and 
 fifty million dollars. Mercantile houses failed; public works 
 were stopped; manufacturers closed their shops; and thou- 
 sands of poor people were thrown out of employment. X 
 session of Congress was called; but legislation could do but 
 little to correct the evils of public extravagance. It was 
 only by industry and economy that the nation finally grew 
 into prosperity. 
 
 274. The foreign credit of the government was 
 also seriously affected. Bonds for one hundred million 
 dollars of state indebtedness had been issued, with the 
 pretense of carrying on internal improvements. For many 
 years the states were on the brink of bankruptcy ; but the 
 bonds were finally all paid, except those of Mississippi and 
 Florida, which refused payment of the interest, and repudi- 
 ated the debt. As the bonds had been sold chiefly in 
 Europe, a great outcry arose there; and when, in 1842, the 
 government tried to negotiate a foreign loan, not a bidder 
 could be found iu all Europe. 
 
VAN BUREN'S ADMINISTRATION. 209 
 
 375. The Suh-Treasury scJieine was the measure 
 
 proposed by the President to avoid extravagant speculation 
 and its attendant evils in the future. It was violently 
 assailed, but became a law. It provided that all govern- 
 ment dues should be paid in gold or silver, and that the 
 public funds should be taken from the state banks and 
 deposited with certain persons called sub - treasurers, 
 appointed for the purpose, who should give security for the 
 proper discharge of their duties. Thus an independent 
 treasury was established. 
 
 The law was passed in 1810, repealed in 1841, re-enacted 
 in 1846, and still remains in force. Its wisdom and useful- 
 ness are now generally admitted. It compelled banks to 
 limit operations, by keeping specie in the vaults of the 
 government. The unpopularity of this measure ruined 
 Van Buren's hopes of re-election. 
 
 276. At this time a Canadian j'ebellion broke 
 
 out. A portion of the people of Canada opposite New 
 York rose against the British Government, and attempted 
 to establish independence. Many people in the United 
 States sympathized with the movement, and crossed the 
 border to render assistance. For a short time there was 
 danger of war with England; but the President issued a 
 proclamation of neutrality, and sent a military force to the 
 frontier to forbid interference and punish disturbers. The 
 insurrection was soon suppressed. 
 
 277. The slavery agitation increased in bitter- 
 ness, and often resulted in mobs and violence, even in the 
 free states. A slave girl, who had been taken by her master 
 to Boston, was declared free by the Supreme Court of the 
 state. A meeting of the Boston Anti-Slavery Society was 
 broken up by a mob, and the mayor of the city said he was 
 unable to protect it. 
 
 Mr. Garrison, who tried to address a meeting, was dragged 
 through the streets with a rope around his body, till saved 
 by the police, who put him in jail for protection. Schools 
 for colored children were broken up, and the teachers driven 
 
210 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 away. At Alton, Illinois, Rev. Elijah Lovejoy, the editor 
 of an anti- slavery newspaper, was killed by a mob. The 
 anti-slavery, or abolition party, was gradually growing; but 
 Congress, by large majorities, declared itself unable to 
 interfere with slavery, either in the states, the District of 
 Columbia, or the territories. 
 
 278. The sixth census, taken in 1840, showed that 
 the population had increased to seventeen millions 
 (17,009,453). 
 
 279. The temjyerance reform had interested large 
 
 numbers of the people for many years. During the Revo- 
 lution, and till the war of 1812, the use of intoxicating 
 drinks among the people greatly increased. There was 
 scarcely any odium attached to the practice, and but little 
 was done to arrest its progress. An occasional sermon was 
 })reached, but the minister was generally thought to have 
 meddled in a matter which did not concern him. 
 
 In 1811, through the influence of Dr. Benjamin Rush, 
 the New England clergymen resolved to abstain from wine 
 at their entertainments, and to scatter among the people 
 information respecting the effects of strong drink. Soon 
 after, societies for the suppression of intemperance, called 
 "moral societies," became very popvdar. It became the 
 custom to show the evils of intemperance by ridiculing 
 the drunkards and mimicking their manners. Of course, the 
 societies did but little good. The intemperate were offended 
 by these assaults, but they were neither convinced nor 
 reformed. 
 
 In 1817, forty farmers pledged themselves to gather their 
 harvest without whisky. This was then thought a very 
 strange thing; and, in order to secure laborers on this con- 
 dition, they were obliged to offer much higher wages than 
 were usual. The American Temperance Society was formed 
 in Boston in 1826, composed of those who were pledged to 
 observe and promote total abstinence. This gave a new 
 aspect to the reform. Popular lecturers were sent out, 
 societies were multiplied, and great interest was exgited- 
 
VAN- BUREN'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 211 
 
 In 1840, a little company of six drunkards, in Baltimore, 
 having emptied their glasses one niglit, resolved to abandon 
 their drinking habits. They formed a society called " The 
 Washingtonians," whose object was to feed, clothe, employ, 
 and encourage reformed drunkards. Such societies were 
 formed all over the country. They sent out lecturers, and 
 the people never wearied of listening to the appeals of these 
 reformers. The noted temperance lecturer, John B. Gough, 
 first appeared at this time. License laws were first discussed 
 in these meetings. Prohibition was scarcely thought of. 
 
 380. EduccitiOfl continued to receive the attention 
 of Congress and the people. The grants of land made by 
 Congress had resulted in the establishment of a system of 
 public schools in most of the states. Colleges and academies 
 became numerous, and sent out many well-trained minds. 
 In 182G, the first educational paper was started at Boston. 
 It was called TJie Journal of Edu- 
 cation. Soon after, Josiah Holbrook 
 prepared educational apparatus for 
 schools, delivered educational lec- 
 tures, and held the first teachers' 
 institutes and conventions ever 
 assembled in the country. The first 
 normal school was opened in 1839, 
 at Lexington, Massachusetts, by 
 Edmund Dwight. Horace Mann, 
 the great educator,, contributed more 
 to the success and popularity of our 
 public school system than any other 
 man the country has produced. 
 
 38L Near the close of this presidency, the attitude 
 of pdVties indicated a violent political contest. Though 
 the President really had nothing to do with causing the 
 financial distress which was prevailing, he was assumed to 
 be responsible for it, and the public confidence in his 
 administration and in the Democratic party was greatly 
 weakened. Financial questions constituted the issues of the 
 
 HORACE MANN. 
 
212 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 campaign, and the luckless administration of Van Buren 
 called forth the bitterest denunciation of the opposition. 
 
 282. Tlie candidates were well known. To vindi- 
 cate his policy, the Democrats re -nominated Van Buren. 
 Again the Whigs named General William Henry Harrison. 
 Since his contests with the Indians, thirty years before, he 
 had dwelt in a common frame house on the western frontier, 
 and lived like a pioneer and a plain farmer. The Abolition- 
 ists now came forward asking the votes of the people for 
 their candidate, James G. Birney, of New York. 
 
 283. The ca^tipaigil was the most exciting known 
 in our history. Some of his opponents had sneeringly said: 
 "Give Harrison a log-cabin and a barrel of hard cider, and 
 he will never leave Ohio to be President." From that time, 
 the "log-cabin candidate" and the "hard-cider campaign" 
 became popular expressions. Log -cabins were built and 
 drawn on wagons in political processions, with the latch- 
 string out, a coon-skin nailed over the door, and a barrel 
 of hard cider with a gourd for a drinking-cup lying beside 
 it. Many a loud hurrah went up at the witty hits of stump 
 orators. Barrels of hard cider were rolled from one town 
 to another, followed by hundreds of men and boys, who 
 turned out to see the fun. "Tippecanoe and Tyler too," 
 became the rallying cry of the WhigSc Many stirring songs 
 were composed and sung by the glee-clubs at the political 
 meetings. 
 
 284. The Vesult of all this was the defeat of Van 
 Buren with sixty votes, and the triumphant election of Har- 
 rison with two hundred and thirty -four. With him wac 
 chosen John Tyler, of Virginia. The Abolitionists, who 
 favored the entire extinction of slavery, were comparatively 
 few. Birney received no electoral votes, and only 7,G00 
 jiopular ballots. Thus, after controlling the government 
 for forty years, the Democratic party passed temporarily 
 out of power, and th? party which claimed to represent 
 Washington and the elder Adams once more took command. 
 
ADMINISTRATIONS OF BAltRlSON AND TYLER. 213 
 
 WM. H. HARRISON. 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 ADMINISTRATIONS OF HARRISON AND TYLER. 
 
 1841 — 1845. 
 
 285. The presidential labors of Harrison were 
 short. He was an old man of sixty-eight, 
 and worn out with the excitements of the 
 campaign. Even before his inauguration 
 he was beset by office-seekers; and he 
 desired to gratify the political friends 
 who flocked about him. He gave himself 
 incessantly to the public business, taking 
 neither rest nor sufficient sleep. In less 
 than a month he was sick with pneumonia. 
 His illness lasted but eight days. 
 
 His death caused profound and universal grief. "Out of 
 consideration of his expenses in removing to the seat of 
 government, and the limited means he left behind," Congress 
 appropriated to his widow the equivalent of one year's 
 presidential salary. It was the first time the country had 
 lost a President. Three other instances of the kind have 
 occurred since. Tyler took the oath of office, and became 
 the first "accidental President." 
 
 286. The new Executive was a Virginian and a 
 graduate of William and Mary College. 
 He had served as a Representative, as a 
 Senator, and as Governor of his native 
 state. He retained the members of Harri- 
 son's cabinet. ' He was the most unpopular 
 President the United States has ever had. 
 
 287. His policy proved a great 
 disappointment to the party which had 
 placed him in power. The Whigs had 
 expected to establish a National Bank to afford relief to the 
 country. But the President promptly vetoed two bills 
 passed for that purpose, the latter being drafted according 
 
 JOHN TYLER. 
 
214 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 to his own suggestions. His former political friends tlien 
 denounced him as having deserted his party. But the fact 
 was, that he had long been known to be hostile to the 
 National Bank, and he had been put on the ticket for no 
 other purpose than to secure the Southern vote. All his 
 cabinet officers resigned, except Daniel Webster, Secretary 
 of State, who retained his office till he had completed some 
 important public plans, which would have suffered by his 
 resignation. 
 
 288. The panic had left great numbers of men financially 
 embarrassed. To afford relief to these, a general hmiJi'- 
 VUpt 1(IW was passed, early in this presidency, by which 
 bankrupts could be freed from their debts on the surrender 
 of their property to their creditors. This law was afterward 
 repealed. 
 
 289. For fifty years, two grave questions had 
 remained open between England and the United States. 
 1. The northeast boundary, between Maine and New Bruns- 
 wick, had never been definitely located. The people in that 
 region threatened to take up arms in support of their 
 respective claims. 
 
 2. It will be remembered that Great Britain had never 
 surrendered the right of search. It was thought necessary 
 in order to carry out her commercial policy, and it had long 
 been a favorite idea with her statesmen. It had continued 
 to be the source of long and irritating debates and diplo- 
 matic correspondence, entering every international question, 
 and threatening to close the way of friendly negotiation. 
 But, in 1842, Daniel Webster and Lord Ashburton, on 
 behalf of their respective 'countries, satisfactorily settled 
 these questions in the celebrated treaty of Washington. 
 The right of search was abandoned, and the two countries 
 were to unite in the suppression of the foreign slave trade. 
 
 290. Serious difficulties in Rhode Island arose 
 at this time. According to the old colonial charter, which 
 even under the Constitution had remained as the funda- 
 mental sifate law, no citizen could vote unless he had a 
 
ADMINISTRATIONS OF HARRISON AND TYLER. 215 
 
 certain amount of property. It was proposed to alter this 
 law and other offensive provisions; but a difference of 
 opinion about the manner of doing it created two parties, 
 the one called the "suffrage party," and the other, the "law 
 and order party." 
 
 Each faction -elected a governor, and prepared to support 
 its claims by arms. The leader of the suffrage party, Thomas 
 W. Dorr, made an unsuccessful attack upon the state 
 arsenal. The government then sent troops to keep the 
 peace. Dorr was arrested, convicted of treason, and sen- 
 tenced to imprisonment for life ; but he was afterward 
 pardoned. A more liberal constitution was adopted in 1843. 
 
 291. At this time much excitement arose about the 
 3TormonSf a religious sect, headed by Joseph Smith. 
 Smith was a native of Vermont, and seems to have been a 
 man of strong individuality. He claimed that divine aid 
 enabled him to discover certain golden plates, covered with 
 a sort of Egyptian characters, and to translate them, and 
 thus to produce the Book of Mormon. He and his followers 
 removed in 1831 from New York, where he founded his 
 first church, to Ohio, thence to Missouri, and thence to 
 Illinois. Here they founded Nauvoo, which became a 
 flourishing city of ten thousand inhabitants. 
 
 The practice of polygamy among them rendered them 
 odious to their neighbors. Robberies and murders com- 
 mitted near the city were attributed to them, and they 
 passed ordinances thought to be at variance with the state 
 laws. The anger of the people was increased by the belief 
 that the Mormons controlled the county courts, and defied 
 attempts to bring them to justice. 
 
 Their prophet was assailed by a mob and killed in 1844. 
 Some time after this, their city was attacked and bombarded 
 for three days, when the inhabitants fled and migrated to 
 the wilderness beyond the Rocky Mountains. There they 
 founded Salt Lake City, and industriously overcame the 
 difficulties of their location, and made a prosperous settle- 
 ment. Brigham Young was their leader after the death of 
 
216 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 Smith until his own death in 1877. The sect call themselves 
 the Latter Uay Saints, and their highest law is the Book 
 of Mormon. 
 
 292. But the great question of this administration was 
 the annexation of Texas. For a long time it had 
 been the policy of Mexico, to which Texas belonged, to 
 keep it uninhabited, that the more vigorous Americans 
 might not encroach on the feeble Mexicans. As early as 
 1819, a certain James Long, with seventy- five lawless 
 adventurers from Mississippi, invaded the oountry, and 
 issued a proclamation calling upon the native Spaniards to 
 unite their territory to the United States. Long pompously 
 styled himself " President of the Supreme Council of 
 Texas." His party was speedily dispersed. 
 
 In 1821, Stephen F. Austin, of Connecticut, obtained from 
 the Spanish authorities permission to establish a colony of 
 three hundred Catholic families in Texas. He took slavery 
 with him, and so rapidly did his colony grow, that at the 
 end of one decade, ten thousand citizens of the United 
 States had found homes in Texas. After some years, 
 Mexico passed a decree freeing every slave in Mexican 
 territory. This did not suit the slave - holding colony in 
 Texas, and hence, as there was no pretext for war, propo- 
 sitions were made for the purchase of the country by the 
 United States. At first President Jackson offered one 
 million dollars, and then five millions. Both offers were 
 promptly rejected. 
 
 Then the government encouraged emigration into Texas; 
 and soon the American settlers found themselves in full 
 possession. They immediately issued a declaration of 
 independence. Of the fifty-seven signers of this document, 
 fifty were from the slave-holding states, and only three were 
 native Mexicans. There was much sympathy with the Texan 
 colonists in this country, and especially in the South, and 
 many adventurers, including a few men of ability, went to 
 Texas to assist in securing independence. After some 
 sharp fighting, this was achieved, and it was acknowledged 
 
ADMlNlSTBATiONS OF HAHRISON AND TYLER. 217 
 
 by the United States, England, and France. The new 
 nation immediately sought admission into the Union, and 
 its application was welcomed by many. 
 
 293. It was frankly admitted by Calhoun that the 
 object of annexatiofl was "to uphold the interests of 
 slavery, extend its influence, and secure its perpetual dura- 
 tion." The South saw that the rapid growth of the North- 
 west would take the control of the government out of their 
 hands unless they could add more slave territory to the 
 southern border. Texas was about five times as large as 
 New York. It was believed that freedom would there be 
 outvoted, and that slavery would prosper. From the North, 
 petitions adverse to annexation, and signed by thousands, 
 poured into Congress. Efforts were made to exclude them; 
 but ex-President Adams, then a Congressman, spoke an 
 hour a day for twelve days in behalf of the petitioners and 
 amid constant interruption. But a rule was adopted — 
 and it remained in force ten years — to exclude all petitions 
 on the subject of slavery. 
 
 294. But the act of annexation was not to be pre- 
 vented. The bill passed 
 
 rrim Congress in 1845, but 
 
 \'--'p^^h. only by the artifice of 
 t% voting on a resolution 
 of annexation, requir- 
 ing merely a majority 
 of the votes, instead of 
 the ratification of a treaty, which would have required two- 
 thirds of the members. The United States assumed the 
 debts of Texas, amounting to seven million dollars. " This 
 seemed at the time a vast sum to pay for a doubtful advan- 
 tage, and it was said that the word 'Texas' was only 'Taxes' 
 with the letters differently arranged." 
 
 295. The development of j^ostal affairs was slow 
 but wonderful. When Washington became President, there 
 were only seventy-five post-offices in the country, and the 
 mails between New York and Boston were carried on horse- 
 
 SEAL OF TEXAS. 
 
218 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 back, and only twice a week, occupying five days in the 
 transit. Tlie rate of letter postage during whole generations 
 was twenty-five cents, and was reduced to ten cents in 1845, 
 and to three cents in 1851, and to two cents in 1883. 
 Postal cards came into use in 1873. Jn 1889 there were 
 about sixty thousand post-offices, from which a billion letters 
 were annually sent. 
 
 290. The magnetic telegraph is a modern inven- 
 tion, for which scientific minds on both sides of the ocean 
 had long been preparing. The identity of lightning and 
 electricity had been known for ninety years ; but, though 
 this strange power had been carefully studied, it had not 
 been brought into the service of man. Lightning-rods had 
 only disarmed it. 
 
 297. The first of the early experimenfers was 
 
 Franklin. He sent lightning across the Schuylkill River on 
 a wire. As early as 1798, some Spanish experimenters sent 
 a signal on a wire twenty-six miles long. One man dis- 
 covered that the impulse passed instantaneously; another, 
 that the current could be instantly broken and instantly 
 re-united; and another, that it was possible to record at one 
 end of the line a message sent from the other. It took a 
 great many years to make these discoveries. 
 
 298. Almost at the same time, three '}fieu — an English- 
 man, a German, and an American — began to invent a system 
 of telegraphing by electricity. No one of them knew about 
 the labors of the others. The Englishman was William 
 Wheatstone. He completed his invention and put it in 
 operation in 1837. His method is still in use in England, 
 The German was Professor A. C Steinheil. His method was 
 much superior to Wheatstone's. The Americanwas Samuel 
 F. B. Morse, of Massachusetts. With remarkable generosity 
 Steinheil admitted the superiority of Morse's method, but 
 Wheatstone never did. 
 
 299. The storg of 3£orse/'s inveuf ion ^'yvhlch is 
 now used nearly exclusively over the world, is as follows: 
 In 1832, Morse, who had visited Europe to study and 
 
ADMINISTRATIONS OF UARRISON AND TYLER. 219 
 
 practice painting, took passage on a French ship for 
 America. One day, at the dinner- 
 table, the conversation turned upon 
 the recent discoveries in electro- 
 magnetism. During the talk Morse 
 remarked: "If the presence of elec- 
 tricity can be made visible in any 
 [)art of a circuit, I see no reason 
 why intelligence may not be trans- 
 mitted instantaneously by it." This 
 one idea took complete possession 
 of his mind. He spent the re- 
 mainder of the voyage in inventing 
 sAMn L F. B. iMoiisi,. his instruments and planning the 
 
 details of his invention. 
 
 300. His Idhoi'S began at once. But he worked with 
 small means and with but little encouragement. At the 
 end of three years his instruments were completed. He put 
 half a mile of wire in coils around his room, and sent through 
 it a message which was correctly recorded at the other end. 
 Next year he asked Congress to aid him in the construction 
 of an experimental line from Washington to Baltimore, a 
 distance of forty miles. But Congress would not listen to 
 him. He went to Europe, and was no better appreciated. 
 Returning home, he labored on, encouraged by the good 
 wishes of his friends, but unaided by the jDoliticians at 
 Washino-ton. A bill in his behalf was brouarht before 
 Congress, but it was sarcastically amended so as to include 
 a line to the moon, and to provide pay for experiments in 
 witchcraft and mesmerism. Session after session he renewed 
 his application for national aid, but he met only rebuff and 
 defeat. 
 
 301. But success came at last. On the last day of the 
 session of 1843, there was still no prospect of aid. Morse 
 left the chamber in deep disappointment at eleven o'clock 
 at night; but next morning at the breakfast-table he was 
 startled by the announcement that, ten minutes before 
 
220 THE MODEL BISTORT. 
 
 adjournment, Congress had voted him thirty thousand 
 dollars to set up his proposed line. His long struggle was 
 over. The line was constructed the following year, and 
 was completely successful. 
 
 The first message sent was the words, " What hath God 
 loroiKjht ! " suggested to Morse by his young friend, Miss 
 Annie Ellsworth, who had brought him the tidings of his 
 success. The first news sent was a notice to Silas Wright, 
 in Washington, of his nomination for the office of Vice- 
 President, by the Democratic convention in Baltimore, and 
 his reply declining the honor. On the same day the news 
 of the nomination of James K. Polk, as candidate for Presi- 
 dent, was sent to Washington. These dispatches were 
 published next morning in the papers, but were not believed, 
 the people preferring to wait for more reliable news. In 
 commemoration of this great advance in useful invention, 
 a popular poet wrote: 
 
 " What more, presumptuous mortals, will you dare? 
 See Franklin seize the Clouds, tlieir bolts to bury. 
 Tlie Sun assigns his pencil to Daguerre; 
 And Morse, the Lightning makes his secretary! " 
 
 302. The honoris of the invention are shared by 
 several men. Wheatstone put the first line in operation; 
 but his invention was not so early as that of Morse, and he 
 borrowed most of his ideas from a young Englishman named 
 William F. Cooke. Morse was greatly aided by the inves- 
 tigations of Prof. Joseph Henry, and the inventive genius 
 of Alfred Vail, of New Jersey. 
 
 303, The value of the invention was immediately 
 acknowledged throughout the world. Seventeen years 
 before, the British government, when asked to aid the early 
 experimenters, replied: "Telegraphs are of no use in times 
 of peace, and during war the semaphore answers all required 
 purposes." But now telegraphic lines were rapidly erected 
 on both sides of the ocean. In 1889 there were in tlie 
 United States about 230,000 miles of line, 800,000 miles of 
 
ADMINISTRATIONS OF HARRISON AND TYLER. 221 
 
 wire, and 20,000 offices. The Western Union Company 
 sends 50,000,000 messages, and receives for the same 
 $20,000,000 annually. Morse's apparatus is used nearly 
 exclusively in America, and in sixty per cent, of all the 
 offices in the rest of the world. 
 
 304. The principal itnitvove^fients applied to the 
 apparatus of Morse are three in number : 1. The Repeater., 
 by which messages may be sent over distances ranging from 
 five hundred to ten thousand miles without re -writing. 
 2. The Duplex, Apparatus., invented by Joseph B. Stearns, 
 of Boston, by which as high as sixteen different messages 
 have been faithfully transmitted in opposite directions over 
 the same wire at the same time, eight passing in one direc- 
 tion and eight in the other. 3. The Telephone., invented 
 in 1876. The honor of this invention has been contested 
 by Professor A. Graham Bell, of Salem, and Mr. Elisha Gray, 
 of Chicago. By it, sounds, tones, and musical notes are 
 communicated over long distances in the electric current. A 
 
 gentleman in Portland talked 
 with his friends in Boston, 
 recognizing them by their 
 voices. A lady in Boston 
 talked with her friend in 
 Salem in a v^hisper. A ball 
 in Chicago has been supplied 
 with music by wire from Mil- 
 waukee. 
 
 305. In 1839, Charles Good- 
 year discovered the process of 
 vulcAiiiizing rnhher, by 
 the accidental mixing of a bit 
 of rubber and sulphur on a 
 red - hot stove. This simple 
 discovery was the basis of the present great rubber indus- 
 tries throughout the world. 
 
 306. Soon after the purchase of Floyidn, it was 
 organized as a territory. It contained the oldest settle- 
 
 CHAKLES GOODYEAR. 
 
222 
 
 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 ments in the Union. On the last day of his administra- 
 tion Tyler signed a 
 bill for its admission 
 as a state. 
 
 307. In 1842, an an- 
 nouncement was made 
 of the discovery of an 
 
 anffti'ctic conti- 
 
 SEAL OP FLORIDA. fieflt. Four ycars be- 
 
 fore,the government had sent out an exploring expedition 
 into the antarctic seas. It was attended by a strong scientific 
 corps. It made many important "discoveries in the far 
 south, and coasted along the antarctic continent a distance 
 of about two thousand miles. 
 
 308. When the time for the presidential cani- 
 
 2?Clifffl came again, Congress and the country were violently 
 agitated by the Texas question. It was the main issue 
 dividing the parties. The Whigs, who opposed the annexa- 
 tion, nominated Henry Clay, the idol of his party. The 
 Democrats, who favored it, nominated James K. Polk, of 
 Tennessee. The Abolitionists again nominated James G. 
 Birney. The canvass was a zealously contested one. Clay 
 was in a trying place. He was not pro-slavery enougli for 
 the South, nor anti-slavery enough for the North. Just 
 before election he disgusted his friends and ruined his 
 chances by writing: "Personally, I could have no objection 
 to the annexation of Texas." 
 
 309.. Election day decided the contest in favor of 
 Polk, who received a large electoral, and a small popular, 
 majority. Birney, as before, did not receive a single elec- 
 toral vote; but he was supported by sixty-five thousand 
 popular ballots. The result was to be the Mexican war, as 
 had often been foretold. Thus the Democrats assumed 
 control again; and, the Texas bill having passed three days 
 before, the presidency of Tyler ended amid the hurrahs of 
 the Democrats and the curses of the Whigs. 
 
POLK'S ADMINISTRATION. 223 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 POLK'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 1845 — 1849. 
 
 3i0. The new President had served in Congress, 
 as member or Speaker, for fourteen years. 
 He had served as Governor of Tennessee, 
 and at the early age of forty-nine was called 
 to the presidential chair. His election united 
 the Democratic party, which had been dis- 
 turbed by political differences during Tyler's 
 term of office. He was pledged to the one- 
 term principle, and hence was not a candidate 
 JAMES K. POLK, for rc - elcctiou. He died of the cholera 
 three months after his retirement. 
 
 311. A question relating to the nortJllvesteru 
 bouildnt't/ was settled at this time. Oregon had long 
 been claimed by the United States from the discoveries 
 of Lewis and Clarke, but the region had really been 
 under control of the British fur companies. Many Ameri- 
 cans settled there, but no definite boundaries had been 
 established. The United States claimed as far north as 
 54° 40'; and the mottoes, "Fifty -four forty or fight," and 
 "All Oregon or none," became popular electioneering cries. 
 But it was finally decided that the line should be drawn at 
 49°. This reflected credit on Polk's administration, and 
 finally gave satisfaction to all. 
 
 313. No sooner was Texas annexed than the country 
 
 found it had anotliev question of boundary to 
 
 settle, — this time in the southwest. The Texans claimed 
 the country southward to the Rio Grande ; but Mexico 
 declared that the so-called republic of Texas extended no 
 further than to the Nueces. The disputed country was 
 small and unimportant. The United States took up the 
 quarrel of Texas, and both parties marched to get posses- 
 sion of the contested territory by force of arras. 
 
224 
 
 THE MODEL UISTORT. 
 
 313. The Americans built Fort Brown, on the Rio 
 Grande. This the Mexicans attacked. On the march to 
 relieve the garrison, the American commander, General 
 Zachary Taylor, met and defeated six thousand Mexicans at 
 Palo A-ltO. Such was the beginning of the Mexican war. 
 
 314. The 2)lan of 
 the tvav was to in- 
 vade Mexico on three 
 different lines. 1. 
 General Taylor was 
 to advance southward 
 from the Rio Grande. 
 2. General Kearney 
 was to cross the Rocky 
 Mountains and con- 
 quer New Mexico and 
 California. 3. General 
 Scott was to advance 
 from the gulf coast 
 against the Mexican 
 capital. 
 
 315. General 
 
 Taylor advanced to 
 Monterey, a city sur- 
 
 Giianaxuato " ^ 
 /oQuerctani' 
 
 *«y 'MEXICO 
 
 ^''couuera^-^-S?''^^^'-'™ co.do--^ Toundcd by mountains 
 
 Ay^riaPueV/'^'"'^*^^"^ and deep ravines, its 
 
 streets barricaded and 
 
 The sie^e lasted three 
 
 TO ILLUSTRATE THE MEXICAN WAR. 
 
 defended by ten thousand men- 
 days; and then the Americans rushed through the streets 
 and al'eys, under a destructive fire from the roofs and 
 windows, dashed into the houses, and thus compelled the 
 Mexicans to surrender. 
 
 316. At JBuena Vistas Taylor's army was attacked 
 by twenty thousand of the best troops of Mexico, under 
 their best general, Santa Anna. The battle lasted till night, 
 and closed in favor of the Americans. Taylor's work was 
 
POLE'S ADMINISTRATION. 225 
 
 now done. He simply held the country, sending most of 
 his troops to aid General Scott. 
 
 317. General Kearney, with 2,700 men, started 
 from Kansas, and marched nearly a thousand miles to 
 Santa Fe. He took the capital of New Mexico without 
 bloodshed, and then started on to the conquest of California. 
 On his march he met the noted hunter and mountaineer, 
 Kit Carson, who informed him that California was already 
 in American possession. 
 
 318. A few years before, a young surveyor, named John 
 C. Fremont f had been sent with sixty men to survey a 
 southern route to Oregon. He learned that the Mexican 
 commander in California was organizing a force to drive out 
 the American settlers. He resolved to protect them. They 
 flocked to Fremont's standard, and in every engagement 
 they defeated their Mexican enemy. By Fremont's advice, 
 the people declared themselves independent, and Mexican 
 authority in California was at an end. No discoverer .since 
 Lewis and Clarke had done so much as Fremont in extend- 
 ing the knowledge of the far west. 
 
 319. General Seott landed with twelve thousand 
 men at Vera Cruz, which surrendered after a bombardment 
 of four days. Its defenses were the strongest in America, 
 except those of Quebec. The army then began its march 
 toward the interior, over mountains, sand-hills, and ravines. 
 Several obstinate engagements occurred, in which the 
 Americans were always successful, though opposed by 
 superior numbers. With 6,000 men, Scott then entered the 
 city of Mexico, containing a population of 140,000. 
 
 320. The opposition to the war was very great 
 from the beginning. When hostilities began, the Whigs 
 declared that war was not begun by Mexico, but by 
 General Taylor. The eastern states gave but little support 
 or sympathy, the volunteers coming chiefly from the South. 
 Tt was apparent to all that the war was fought in the inter- 
 ests of slavery, the object being to increase slave territory 
 on the South, which had been limited on the North by the 
 
 10* 
 
226 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 Missouri Compromise. It was therefore against the judg- 
 ment and the conscience of a large body of the people. 
 
 331 . A treaty of peace, called the Treaty of Guada- 
 lupe HidalffOf was ratified, by which Mexico surren ■ 
 dered New Mexico, Utali, and California to the United 
 States, and acknowledged the Rio Grande as the boundary 
 of Texas. In return, the United States were to pay Mexico 
 eighteen million dollars. Thus enough territory was added 
 to the Union to make seventeen states as largo as New 
 York. 
 
 322. A SUrmninff up of the contest showed that, 
 though brilliant in a military view, it was far from a suc- 
 cess in a financial one, having cost one hundred million 
 dollars, which was forty times as much as the contested 
 territory was worth. In two respects it was a peculiar con- 
 flict. 1. It was the only war the United States ever waged 
 for the acquisition of territory. 3. The Americans never 
 lost a battle. They are now believed to have been the 
 aggressors in a hasty and unjustifiable war. 
 
 333. Peace was no sooner concluded than the discovery 
 oi (fold in California was announced. Captain Sutter, 
 a Swiss settler in the valley of the Sacramento, employed 
 an American, named Marshall, to erect a saw-mill on the 
 American River. The water, in rushing through the race, 
 deposited a bank of sand ; and one day Marshall saw, 
 glittering in this heap, small particles which he knew to be 
 gold. He told Sutter aiid they resolved to keep the matter 
 secret. 
 
 But the news became noised abroad, and the American 
 settlers in California came flocking to the spot. The whole 
 surface of the country for miles around the saw-mill was 
 torn uj) by the eager seekers after wealth, and sometimes 
 gold to the value of a thousand dollars was picked up by a 
 miner in an hour. Gold dust was used instead of coined 
 money, and the price of all kinds of provisions became 
 enormously high. For a time there seemed no end of 
 discoveries. 
 
POLK'S ADMINISTRATION. 22t 
 
 324. Soon the news reached the Atlantic states, and 
 around the world. Then tJlC gold fevet' broke out, and 
 a rush for the diggings set in. Men in every station 
 and business in life left their homes and started for the 
 land of gold. Many took the long, desolate route across 
 the plains, rendered dangerous by Indians, famine and 
 thirst. Some doubled Cape Horn, and others braved 
 the deadly climate of Panama. Within a year San Fran- 
 cisco grew from a village of clay huts to a city of fifteen 
 thousand people, living in caves, tents, wooden shanties, and 
 unpainted hotels. Four million dollars were obtained the 
 first year. It is estimated that a thousand million dollars 
 have been added to the wealth of the world by the mines 
 of California. 
 
 For several years the state of society among these adven- 
 turers was very bad. Lawlessness and disorder prevailed", 
 but finally the best citizens took matters into their own 
 hands, organized vigilance committees, and administered a 
 rough but prompt justice, which soon brought respect for 
 the law. Within a few years the "gold fever" subsided, 
 and left only disappointment and failure to thousands. But 
 the movement populated the western coast, led to the con- 
 struction of a railroad across the continent, and opened with 
 the East a commerce greater than that which inspired 
 Columbus to meet unknown dangers on his new route to 
 the Indies. 
 
 325. The honor of having invented the sewhlff 
 niachlne belongs to one man, Elias Howe, of Cambridge, 
 Massachusetts. As early as 1832, Walter Hunt, of New 
 York City, had made a sewing machine, using the shuttle 
 in forming the stitch. But it could not he made to seio a 
 seam. Howe was laboring on daily wages as a machinist, 
 when the great idea was suggested to him by a conver- 
 sation between his employers. He had no knowledge of 
 Hunt's attempts. He used to spend his evenings in search- 
 ing throuo;h books on mechanics, and in watchino- his wife 
 sew, absorbed in thought. For a long time he tried to 
 
228 
 
 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 Eliashowe.jr. 
 
 make a machine to imitate the movements of the human 
 hand, but with no success at all. On abandoning this idea, 
 
 he hit upon those contrivances 
 ever since used in all sewing- 
 machines — the shuttle, the 
 needle with the eye in the 
 point, the holding surfaces, and 
 the feed mechanism. 
 
 Stealing every possible mo- 
 ment from the labor necessary 
 to support his family, he made 
 a machine that did the work,, 
 receiving pecuniary aid from 
 his friend and only convert, 
 George Fisher. The machine 
 was tried in a clothing house, and did more work, and of a 
 better quality, in a given time, than six of the best seam- 
 stresses. Strangely enough, no one would buy; and Howe 
 turned to England, where he was swindled out of his 
 invention by a man named Thomas, who afterward made 
 from it an ill-gotten fortune of two million dollars. In 
 order to get money for his passage, Howe left his machine 
 in a pawnbroker's shop, and sadly returned to America. 
 
 He toiled on in poverty years longer, till, through the 
 persistent effort of a noble American, Anson Burlingame, 
 his "dear little instrument" was found and brought back. 
 Then, in 1846, he applied for his patent. He was able to 
 prove clearly that the invention was his own, and that it 
 was earlier than all others. His patent was issued. He was 
 able to command money now, and years were spent in dis- 
 couraging law-suits and contests with infringers, before his 
 claims were affirmed by the courts and his rights secured, 
 
 326. The reception of the ifivention, was 
 
 peculiar. In this country it was at first looked upon as a 
 great curiosity, very ingenious, but far too complicated and 
 expensive to come into actual use, except, perhaps, in the 
 largest clothing establishments. In England it met with 
 
POLK'S ADMTNTSTRATION. 229 
 
 actual opposition, where it was argued that it would take 
 employment from the sewing women. More than ten years 
 elapsed after the issue of the first patent before the machine 
 became jjopular, and was seen outside of large tailoring 
 houses or in the homes of the people. 
 
 337. The first machine carried the invention well on 
 toward perfection; but many lni2^VOVenie fits have since 
 been made. Almost two thousand patents have been issued 
 in this country for alleged improvements; but the great 
 improvements are not more than ten in number, and were 
 made in the infancy of the machine. The highest place 
 among the improvers belongs to Allen B. Wilson, who 
 invented an effective machine without having seen one, or 
 known of Mr. Howe's labors. Instead of the shuttle he 
 used a revolving hook — a most ingenious device. 
 
 I. M. Singer was another of the early improvers. William 
 O. Grover, a Boston tailor, invented the exquisite contriv- 
 ance by which the famous Grover and Baker stitch is 
 formed. "No successful sewing machine has ever been 
 made which does not contain some of the essential devices 
 pf the first attempt;" and every manufacturer in America 
 has paid to Mr. Howe a royalty on every machine, for using 
 the contrivances employed in his "dear little instrument." 
 
 328. The results of the invention are already 
 
 vast, and its usefulness has only just begun. The first 
 inventor soon had an ample income as some compensation 
 for his early struggles with poverty; and the large manu- 
 facturers of machines made fortunes which can only be 
 counted by millions. The sale of machines has been enor- 
 mous, as high as one million of American manufacture 
 having been sold in 1873. The chief glory of Elias Howe's 
 achievement consists in emancipating woman from the 
 slavery of the needle. 
 
 339. In 1848, the first asyluni fov idiots was set up 
 in Boston. Previously this unfortunate class had been 
 regarded as incapable of improvement. They had been 
 neglected and abused. It was soon shown that they could 
 
230 
 
 THE MODEL HISTOBT. 
 
 be raised from a state of low degradation into a better con^ 
 dition. Many became able to converse in sign language, 
 and about one -fourth of those admitted were enabled to 
 perform the simple duties of life with tolerable ability. 
 There are now ten such schools in the Union, mostly sup- 
 ported by state patronage. 
 
 330. Iowa was a part of the Louisiana Purchase, and 
 
 was settled as early as 
 
 1788 by a Canadian 
 Frenchman, named 
 Dubuque, who came to 
 mine lead and trade 
 with the Indians. It 
 was organized as a 
 
 SEAL OF IOWA. 
 
 territory in 1838, and in 184:0 was admitted into the Union. 
 Since that time it has had a very rapid development. 
 
 331. Like several other states, JViscotlsifl was first 
 
 explored by French 
 traders, priests, and 
 trappers. The first 
 settlement was made 
 at Prairie du Chien. 
 It was not much 
 settled by Americans 
 
 SEAL OP WISCONSIN. till 1833. It remained 
 
 a territory twelve years, and entered the Union in 1848. 
 
 332. Both political parties made efforts to secure the 
 control of the territory acquired by the war. For this 
 purpose, the TVilinot PvovisOf so named from its 
 author, David Wilmot, of Pennsylvania, was introduced 
 into Congress, excluding slavery from the whole of the new 
 acquisitions. It was long discussed, but finally defeated. 
 
 333. The subject of slavery, being thrown prominently 
 before the people, led to the formation of a new party, 
 whose object was to oppose the further extension of the 
 system. It was called the FreesOil 2)artf/f and advo- 
 cated the Wilmot Proviso. It took an active part in politics, 
 
Ta YLOn '5 AND FTLLMOUE '5 ADMINISTRATION 231 
 
 although it was, for many years, small and extremely unpopu- 
 lar. But it was composed of determined men, and it 
 gradually increased in numbers and influence. The Abo- 
 litionists joined the Freesoilers. At a later period, under 
 the name of the Republican party, it obtained control of 
 the government. 
 
 334. When the time came to nominate pvesidetltidl 
 CCUld id Cites f the Democrats brought forward Lewis Cass, 
 of Michigan ; the Freesoilers, ex-President Martin Van 
 Buren; and the Whigs, General Zachary Taylor. The 
 Freesoilers fought for a principle, and did not expect 
 victory. Van Buren received no electoral votes, but was 
 supported by 290,000 of his countrymen. The real contest 
 lay between Cass and Taylor; and, as the position of their 
 parties respecting slavery in the territories, was not yet 
 clearly made out, the election was decided by the personal 
 popularity of the candidates. The recent military success 
 of General Taylor made him a jDublic favorite, and he was 
 elected by a large majority. Millard Fillmore, of New York, 
 was chosen as Vice-President. Thus the Whigs again came 
 into power. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 TAYLOR'S AND FILLMORE'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 1S49 — 1853, 
 
 335. The netV Preside nt had served with dis- 
 tinction in the Mexican war. He was extremely popular 
 
 with his soldiers, and they admiringly 
 
 called him "Old Rough and Ready." 
 
 But he knew nothing of civil affairs, and 
 
 had taken so little interest in politics 
 
 that he had never voted in his life. He 
 
 felt his lack of qualifications, and ex- 
 
 '^^^^^^W^f \ " pressed regrets that he had accepted 
 
 ,>'^ /' - office. He had nothing but a successful 
 
 ZACHARY TAYLOR. |,j^ttle to recommend him to the North, 
 
 and nothing but his slaves to win him the support of the 
 
232 
 
 THE MODEL UIST0R7. 
 
 SEAL OP CALIFORNIA. 
 
 South. Personally, he was highly esteemed for his patriot- 
 ism and intense honesty of purpose. 
 
 336. Soon after the inauguration, Ccilifov^lia, which 
 had suddenly assumed great imjoortance from the discovery 
 
 of gold, called a con- 
 vention, adopted a 
 constitution prohibit- 
 ing slavery, and asked 
 to be admitted into the 
 Union. At this, there 
 arose in Congress the 
 old agitation respect- 
 ing slavery, which had been reasonably quiet at Washington 
 for the last thirty years, since the passage of the Missouri 
 Compromise. The South bitterly opposed the petition, on the 
 ground that California was south of the line of 36° 30', and 
 therefore open to the introduction of slavery. The North 
 replied that the argument, such as it was, could apply to 
 only a part of the new state, that the Compromise had 
 reference only to the Louisiana purchase, and that the 
 people had chosen freedom, as they had a right to do. 
 Such was the issue about which arose a controversy so 
 bitter that the stability of the Union was endangered. 
 
 337. In a spirit of mutual concession, compromise 
 measures were brought forward by Henry Clay, who has 
 been called The Great Pacificator. He had been appointed 
 chairman of a committee of thirteen, to whom all the ques- 
 tions under discussion were referred. He and Webster 
 used all their eloquence in urging the necessity of forbear- 
 ance and conciliation. This bill — called The OitlllibllS 
 Sillf from the number and variety of its provisions — 
 proposed five things. 1. The admission of California as a 
 free state. 2. That the territories of Utah and New Mexico 
 should be formed without any provision respecting slavery, 
 
 3. The formation of not more than four states out of the 
 Territory of Texas, without provision concerning slavery. 
 
 4. The abolition of the slave trade in the District of Columbia. 
 
TAYLOR'S AND FILLMORE'S ADMINISTRATION 233 
 
 5. The enactment of a more rigorous law for the recovery 
 of fugitive slaves. 
 
 338. These proposals only added point to the debate. 
 It was urged that the advantage of the last provision should 
 make the compromise acceptable to the South, whence 
 slaves in large numbers were continually escaping. By 
 others it was argued that the bill conceded much to slavery 
 and little to freedom; and that to permit slaveholders to 
 re-capture their escaped slaves in any part of the free states, 
 and to carry them back without proof of ownership or trial 
 by jury, was unconstitutional as well as inhuman. The 
 measure was opposed by the Abolition party all over the 
 country, and b}^ the leading anti-slavery orators, as Horace 
 Mann, Charles Sumner, W, L. Garrison, and Wendell 
 Phillips. But it was acceptable to the South, was supported 
 by Clay, "Webster, and other statesmen in the North, and 
 became a laio. 
 
 339. While this contest was going on, the death of 
 the President occurred, after an ill- 
 ness of five days. He had served sixteen 
 months. His last words were: "I have 
 tried to do my duty." He was immedi- 
 ately succeeded by Mr. Fillmore. 
 
 340. By the seventh census, 
 
 taken in 1850, the population of the 
 whole nation was twenty -three millions 
 
 MILLARD FILLMORE. /O^IOI Q,'^C\ 
 
 341. At this time much interest was felt in avctic 
 exploration. An English explorer, named Sir .John 
 Franklin, had sailed to the arctic seas in 1845. No tidings 
 had been received from his party, and it was feared they 
 might be suffering for help. To discover new lands and to 
 do a deed of humanity, Henry Grinnell, a wealthy merchant 
 of New York, fitted out an expedition for the North. A 
 few years later, another party sailed under Dr. Elisha Kent 
 Kane, a resolute and scientific explorer. No record of Sir 
 John and his men could be found ; and no doubt was left 
 
234 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 that they had perished. Lady Franklin continued the 
 search. In 1859, Capt. McClintock found nienioiials show- 
 ing that the party died of starvation, June 11, 1847. In 
 I8G2, Capt. Hall, sailing in the frozen zone, found numer- 
 ous relics of the ill-fated expedition. 
 
 342. During this administration the Departnient of 
 the Interior was formed to relieve the Secretary of State 
 of a part of his duties. Thomas Ewing, of Ohio, was the 
 first incumbent, and was charged with the management of 
 public lands, the care of the Indians, and the issuing 
 of patents to inventors. 
 
 343. After a trial, it was found that the operation 
 of the Fugitive Slave LaiV oidy tended to disturb 
 the country still more. In Ohio, a woman named Margaret 
 Garner killed two of her children rather than see them 
 carried back to the South. State troops were called out to 
 aid in the arrest of a fugitive slave named Anthony Burns. 
 Private citizens were obliged bylaw to assist the slaveholder 
 in arresting and binding his slaves. It was also found that 
 many free colored people in the North were unjustly claimed 
 and returned. In the North these things were regarded as 
 outrages; and in several states laws were passed to restrict 
 or wholly defeat the operation of the Fugitive Slave Law. 
 
 344. Tlie underf/roiind railroad was an anti- 
 slavery invention. Abolitionists near the border of the 
 slave states received runaway slaves into their homes, con- 
 cealed them from their pursuers, and sent them northward 
 to their friends. These too cared for them and sent them 
 on to another station as before, carefully disguised or con- 
 cealed. The object of the fugitives was to reach Canada, 
 from which they could not be returned into slavery. Many 
 of tluMn escaped across the Ohio River on floating ice or by 
 lying concealed in vessels. On the coast many hid them- 
 selves in the hold of ships, or were sent north in boxes as 
 merchandise. The story of the U. G. R. R. is full of pa- 
 thetic and tragic interest. The Abolitionists believed that 
 they were justified in opposing and thwarting an unholy 
 law for the sake of oppressed humanity. 
 
PIERCE'S ADMINISTRATION 
 
 235 
 
 345. During this administration the country was called 
 
 upon to mourn the loss of distlnf/ulsJied nieHf as 
 
 well as the death of a President. John C. Calhoun died in 
 1850, aged sixty-eight. Two years afterward, Henry Clay 
 and Daniel Webster closed their careers. Thus within four 
 years America lost her three greatest orators and statesmen. 
 
 34G. When the next President was to be elected, the 
 attlttlde of parties was peculiar. The question at issue 
 was the Compromise Act of 1850. But ])oth Democrats 
 and Whigs were agreed on the wisdom of that measure, 
 antl stood by the provisions of the Omnibus Bill. The 
 Freesoilers doubted its wisdom, and declared that all the 
 territories should be free. 
 
 347. The candidates were Franklin Pierce, of New 
 Hampshire, representing the Democratic party, who was 
 nominated on the forty-ninth ballot — "a man whose previous 
 ol)scurity served at least to shield him from personal attack." 
 General Winfield Scott represented the Whigs; and .lohn 
 P. Hale, of New Hampshire, the Freesoilers. Pierce was 
 elected by a large majority, Scott receiving the vote of only 
 four states. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 PIERCE'S ADMIN ISTRATIOJSr. 
 
 1853 — 1857. 
 
 348. The new Chief 31af/istrafe was a lawyer 
 of prominence and a statesman of considerable ability. He 
 had been a member of both houses of 
 Congress, and had served with distinction 
 as a general in the Mexican war. He was 
 one of that large class called northern 
 men with southern principles. His term 
 of office was one of the stormiest in our 
 history. He came into office- pledged to 
 suppress the slavery agitation, and his 
 sympathies and influence were always in 
 favor of the South. But afterward, when the civil war 
 
 FRANKLIN PIERCE. 
 
236 THE MODEL HISTORY, 
 
 broke out, he espoused the cause of the Union, and urged 
 a support of the government at Washington. 
 
 349. In the early part of this presidency, an acquisition 
 of territory was made in the purchase of a strip of land on 
 the Mexican border. At the time of the treaty of Guada- 
 lupe Hidalgo, the maps were so imperfect that the lines 
 were not drawn with sufficient exactness. Both countries 
 claimed the Mesilla valley, which was said to be very fertile, 
 and which was important to the United States as affording 
 what was regarded as the best route to California. For ten 
 million dollars Mexico surrendered its title to the disputed 
 territory, and guaranteed to the United States the free 
 navigation of the Gulf of California and the Colorado 
 River. This acquisition was called the Gaclsdeil JPuV~ 
 clicise, from the name of the minister who negotiated it. 
 It was afterward organized into the Territory of Arizona. 
 
 350. Very soon the President was called upon to take a 
 part in the opening ceremonies of the WovllVs Fflfi'f^n 
 exhibition of all nations. Two years before, England had 
 erected a costly building of glass and iron, and had invited 
 the different nations to put on exhibition samples of their 
 manufactures, inventions, agricultural products, and works 
 of art. Now a similar enterprise was started here. A 
 Crystal Palace was built in New York, and filled with the 
 choicest products of all nations. Thousands visited it from 
 all parts of the land; and, though not a financial success, it 
 diffused correct ideas of the advance of the world, and 
 cultivated a mutual acquaintance and respect between the 
 nations. International fairs have been an expensive but 
 fashionable luxury with the leading nations ever since. 
 
 351. The acquisition of California made a treaty with 
 tTapan very desirable. The jealousy of that empire 
 toward other nations had closed its ports to foreign com- 
 merce, and seamen shipwrecked on the coast were treated 
 with the greatest cruelty. When the fleet of the United 
 States appeared in the waters of Japan, the authorities, 
 amazed at such boldness, warned the Americans to depart. 
 
PIERCE'S ADMINISTBATIOir. 237 
 
 The order was disregarded, and a plan for a commercial 
 treaty unfolded. On a stated day the expedition landed 
 and delivered the letter of the President. The procession 
 was received with great pomp, and informed that an answer 
 would be returned in the spring. The treaty which followed 
 opened the ports of Japan almost for the first time in history, 
 and secured to American merchants the rich commerce of 
 the East. 
 
 353. The construction of a IPacific Railroad had 
 been proposed for several years. As early as 1846, a Mr. 
 Whitney proposed to make a road from I^ake Michigan to 
 the mouth of the Columbia River, if Congress would vote 
 him a strip of land ten miles wide on each side of the track. 
 This bill was lost through indifference rather than oppo- 
 sition. Three years later, P. F. Degrand proposed to con- 
 struct from St. Louis to San Francisco a double-track road, 
 if Congress would vote one hundred million dollars and the 
 same amount of land as was demanded by Whitney. The 
 Panama Railroad was completed by American capitalists 
 in 1855. In 1853, the first corps of engineers was sent out 
 to survey the various routes to the Pacific. The enterprise 
 was at first pronounced an idle dream, then considered 
 possible, and finally begun and finished, though not till 
 many years after the work was projected. 
 
 353. TJie slavery agitation took the form of a 
 contest about the territorial organization of a vast region 
 west of the Missouri River. The friends of slavery claimed 
 that the Omnibus Bdl, by admitting California as a free 
 state, had broken the Missouri Compromise; but the friends 
 of freedom insisted on its validity. 
 
 354. In order to secure a temporary settlement of the 
 matter, Stephen A. Douglas, a Senator from Illinois, intro- 
 duced a bill, knowu as the Kansas- Nebvasha JBill, 
 providing for the organization of two territories, to be 
 called Kansas and Nebraska. It was proposed to leave the 
 question of slavery or freedom to the people of these terri- 
 tories for decision when they should seek admission as 
 
238 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 states. Immediately the violent debates in Congress and 
 the stormy scenes among the people broke forth again. 
 The doctrine of popular sovereignty, sometimes nicknamed 
 "squatter sovereignty," was violently denounced in one 
 section, and praised as the very essence of republicanism 
 in the other. Three thousand clergymen of New England 
 petitioned Congress against the bill; but all efforts to defeat 
 it failed, and it became a law. It was a virtual repeal of 
 the Missouri Compromise. 
 
 355. The effect was immediately apparent. The law 
 increased rather than allayed the excitement. In the North 
 it was said that an attempt was made to introduce slavery 
 everywhere; and the story was told that Senator Toombs, 
 from Georgia, had boasted that he would yet live to '< call 
 the roll of his slaves from Bunker Hill." The anti-slavery 
 party was greatly strengthened, and a struggle ensued 
 between the champions of slavery and the friends of free- 
 dom to secure possession of the new territories. From both 
 North and South emigrants rushed to Kansas to out-number 
 and out-vote each other. 
 
 This was especially the case with a class of Missourians, 
 who could cross the border, commit depredations, vote at 
 elections, and retreat undisturbed. These invaders were 
 called Border Ruffians. They took possession of the Mis- 
 souri River, and prevented settlers from the North from 
 entering Kansas, except by a circuitous route through Iowa. 
 The United States officials supported sometimes one party 
 and sometimes the other, and governor after governor, sent 
 out from Washington, was removed or resigned in despair. 
 Two separate constitutions, two rival Legislatures, and two 
 capitals were chosen by the settlers. Civil war was appar- 
 ently inevitable, and it came in its worst form, 
 
 350. *^ Bleed iuff Kaiisas" was the universal talk. 
 The ruffians sacked and burned the town of Lawrence, 
 lately settled by men from Massachusetts. Frequent con- 
 flicts between the military parties occurred. Stealing 
 horses and cattle became very common, so that men would 
 
PIERCE'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 239 
 
 speak of a pro-slavery horse or an anti-slavery cow, according 
 to the political views of the owner. Outrages of all kinds 
 were committed, and neither life nor property was safe. 
 Peace was not restored till the President sent a governor- 
 backed by a strong military force. 
 
 357. A memorable incident of this contest in 
 Congress was the election of Nathaniel P. Banks, of Massa- 
 chusetts, as Speaker of the House of Representatives. This 
 was accomplished on the 133d ballot, after a contest of 
 about two months, and was regarded as a victory for the 
 anti-slavery party. 
 
 358. A very exciting event in these troublous times 
 
 was the assauJt on Charles 
 
 Stinilier, the Senator from 
 Massachusetts. The occasion of 
 this outrage was a speech de- 
 livered by Mr. Sumner a short 
 time before, on The Crime 
 agaiiist Kansas^ in which he 
 had denounced slavery, its cham- 
 pions, and its measures, in the 
 severest terms. Preston S. 
 Brooks, a Representative from 
 South Carolina, with a heavy 
 cane assaulted the Senator in 
 his seat, and beat him over the 
 head till he fell bleeding and senseless to the floor. This 
 ruffianly personal assault, in the midst of the bitterness of 
 partisan debate, created a still wilder storm of excitement 
 in the land. 
 
 359. The old party issues between the Whigs and 
 Democrats had gradually disappeared as the old leaders 
 passed away. The slavery question now overshadowed 
 every other issue. The Freesoilers, the free-sod Democrats, 
 and nine-tenths of the Whigs united into a new party under 
 the name of Republicans. The exclusion of slavery from 
 all the territories by action of Congress was the main feature 
 
 CHARLES SUMNER. 
 
240 THE MODEL IIISTORT. 
 
 of their platform. The Democratic party preserved its 
 organization, and re-affirmed the doctrines of the Kansas- 
 Nebraska Bill. Besides these, there was an American, or 
 Know -Nothing party, opposed to foreign, and especially 
 Roman Catholic, influence in national legislation. It 
 desired to ignore the slavery question, and held as a leading 
 proposition, "Americans should rule America." 
 
 360. At the presidential eleetiofif which was pre- 
 ceded by a very exciting canvass, the Americans, with 
 Millard Fillmore as their nominee, carried one state — Marv- 
 land. The Republicans, with John C Fremont at the head 
 of their ticket, carried eleven states. The Democrats.^ 
 favoring the extension of slavery wherever it found its way 
 by the will of the people, were victorious in the election 
 of James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania, as President, and 
 John C. Breckinridge, of Kentucky, as Vice-President. 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 BUCHANANS ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 1857 — 1861, 
 
 361. The new Execntive has been styled the 
 Bachelor President. He had been a 
 Senator, Secretary of State, and Minister 
 to Russia and England. He came into 
 power at a critical time, and declared the 
 object of his administration to be "to 
 destroy every sectional party, whether 
 North or South, and to restore, if possible, 
 JAMES BUCHANAN, that fratcmal feeling between the states 
 that had existed during the early days of tlie republic." 
 
 302. During his first year, the 3Ioi'niOns in Utah 
 assumed a defiant bearing, refusing to acknowledge any 
 governor but Brigham Young, and even compelling a United 
 States judge to adjourn his court at the point of the bowie- 
 
BUCHANAN '<S' ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 241 
 
 knife. A force of twenty-five liundred was sent to bring 
 tliem into subjection. They then concluded to come to 
 terms. The troops remained in Utah two years to maintain 
 order and enforce the laws. 
 
 363. It is pleasing- to turn from political quarrels to the 
 history of tlie Atlantic cable. As early as 1845, Mr. 
 Morse had ventured the wild prediction that " telegraphic 
 communication on the electro-magnetic plan will be estab- 
 lished across the Atlantic ocean." But no message was 
 ever sent through a submerged wire till John J. Craven, in 
 the employ of Morse, in 1846, after many persevering experi- 
 ments, made a cable by protecting a wire with gutta-percha. 
 He laid it across the Hudson River, and sent messages 
 through the water. To him belongs the honor of being the 
 pioneer in submarine telegrai)hy. AVhen the fact was 
 established that messages could be sent under water, 
 experiments multiplied in this country and in Euro2:)e, and 
 it was not long before several short lines were laid. None 
 of them were longer than one hundred and fifteen miles. 
 
 364. The origin of the entef'prise was in the 
 
 dining-room of Cyrus W. Field, 
 a wealthy merchant of New 
 York, in March, 1854. Seven 
 enterprising and prominent 
 citizens were present. They 
 matured their designs, and pro- 
 ceeded to its execution. A 
 construction company was 
 formed, both in this country 
 and in England. A short line 
 was laid from Nova Scotia to 
 Newfoundland, and soundings 
 were made with a view of ex- 
 tending it to Ireland. It was 
 found that the ocean was in no 
 
 place more than two and a half miles deep, and that the 
 
 bottom was nearly level. 
 11 
 
 CYRUS W. FIELD. 
 
242 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 3G5. The cotistruetlon of the cable was a work 
 
 of the greatest difficulty, and sixty-two different kinds of 
 rope were tried before the exact form and character was 
 determined. The conducting line was made in the form of 
 a strand, being composed of one central wire and six others 
 drawn around it,«all of the purest copper. This strand was 
 covered with gutta-percha to exclude the water, and several 
 other wires outside to add strength. The cable was made 
 in England, and was coiled up on board two large steamers, 
 which sailed for America, uncoiling the cable and dropping 
 it quietly into the sea. Soon it broke, and that attempt 
 was a failure. The next summer two steamers were sent 
 into mid-ocean, the ends were spliced, and the vessels 
 steamed away toward their respective countries. A hun- 
 dred miles were payed out when a second break occurred. 
 Again the ships met, re-spliced, and sailed away. This time 
 both ends were successfully landed, and a steady current 
 of electricity was received from the other side of the 
 Atlantic. 
 
 366. The success was announced to the world in the 
 business-like dispatch of Mr. Field, " The cable is success- 
 fully laid." The public, discouraged by delays and failures, 
 had lost faith in ultimate success. The news thrilled the 
 country like an electric shock, and the whole land sent up 
 a shout of rejoicing. Congratulatory messages were sent 
 by Queen Victoria and President Buchanan. Then was 
 sent, "Europe and America are united by telegraph. Glory 
 to God in the highest; on earth peace and good will toward 
 men." 
 
 367. In 1859, a new industry was suddenly developed 
 in western Pennsylvania. It was the J)€troleiim busi- 
 tiess. As early as 1819, in boring a well in Ohio for brine 
 for salt-making, a mineral oil was struck, instead of water. 
 It was a source of great annoyance to the salt -makers. 
 Attempts to use it for illuminating purposes failed for want 
 of proper lamps. Many years afterward, oil was extensively 
 
BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION. 243 
 
 made from coal, and was called kerosene or coal -oil. The 
 process of manufacture was expensive, and it was finally 
 proposed to sink wells for the native mineral oil. 
 
 A well was bored in Venango County, Pennsylvania, 
 seventy-two feet deep, from which a flow of ten barrels a 
 day was obtained. This yield was worth two hundred 
 dollars. The wildest excitement and speculation immedi- 
 ately followed. Land, worthless before, became of immense 
 value, and wells were sunk in great numbers in all direc- 
 tions. Some of these yielded nothing, and others as high 
 as two thousand barrels a day. The speculative spirit 
 passed away in a few years, and the business became a 
 settled industry. Large fortunes have been made, and an 
 excellent and cheap illumination has been furnished for 
 the world. 
 
 .368. In spite of the President's efforts, the slavevy 
 qiiestiOfh continued to be the disturbing theme. The 
 North was irritated at the defiant bearing of the slave 
 power; and the South was angered at the growing oppo- 
 sition to its institutions. 
 
 369. Soon the Dred Scott Decision was made, by 
 which the Supreme Court of the United States declared 
 that negroes are not, and can not become, citizens. Chief- 
 Justice Taney referred to the fact of history (and was 
 understood by many to declare) that "negroes have no 
 rights which white men are bound to respect." 
 
 370. Several of the free states immediately passed 
 Persfnifd Liherttj Sills, intended to prevent the 
 execution of the Fugitive Slave Law, and to secure to run- 
 away slaves the benefit of trial by jury. 
 
 37L The country was soon startled by the JoJlJl 
 Srowtl raid. The scheme was devised by an old man 
 named John Brown, who, with his sons, had taken a part 
 in the border warfare in Kansas, and had done some sharp 
 fighting there. His plan was to excite an insurrection 
 among the slaves, arm them, and thus attack slavery in the 
 
244 
 
 THE MODEL HISTOBT. 
 
 slave states themselves. In order to secure weapons for his 
 army of blacks, he, with twenty -one followers, seized the 
 
 arsenal at Harper's Ferry, and 
 held the town. 
 
 By delaying his departure he 
 was overpowered by the state 
 militia, and most of his com- 
 panions were killed. A few 
 ^ others who were posted on the 
 ^ outside of the town escaped to 
 -- the mountains, and thence, after 
 many perils and hardships, to 
 the free states. Brown was put 
 on trial before a Virginia jury 
 charged with murder, treason, 
 JOHN i;iiM\v.\. and exciting insurrection. In a 
 
 few weeks after conviction, he was hung, his last act being 
 to kiss the forehead of a slave child on his way to execution.* 
 
 372. With the Southern people the effects of the 
 Tflid were immediate and disastrous. It was taken as 
 evidence of an intention to make war on the South, and as 
 the natural result of free-soil doctrines. It was the most 
 powerful argument ever placed in the hands of the dis- 
 unionists. The South listened with favor to the idea of 
 secession, and in the alarm and excitement forgot that most 
 Northern people condemned the mad attempt of Brown. 
 
 373. About two hundred years ago. Father Hennepin, a 
 
 French priest, visited 
 
 Minnesota. In 
 
 1805, Lieutenant Pike 
 |W?''; explored the Missi- 
 sippi to its source. 
 The first white settle- 
 ments were made by 
 a party from the Brit- 
 Its climate being severe, its 
 growth was slow. In 1858 it entered the Union. 
 
 •This Incident has been denied. It rests upon the uuthority of Greeley's "Amen 
 can Conflict." 
 
 SEAL OV MINNESOTA. 
 
 ish possessions in the north. 
 
BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 245 
 
 SEAL OP OKEUON. 
 
 374. Lewis and Clarke were the early explorers of 
 
 Oregon, The first 
 settlement was made 
 at Astoria, as a fur- 
 trading post, by John 
 Jacolj Astor,a wealthy 
 merchant of New 
 York. There were no 
 American /tomes in 
 
 Oregon till 1834, when a little company of Methodist mis- 
 sionaries settled in the valley of the Willamette. Its 
 population increased rapidly after the discovery of gold on 
 the Pacific coast. It became a state in 1859. 
 
 375. Zll Kansas the struggle between freedom and 
 
 slavery still went on. 
 
 _ The President gave his 
 _'~ influence to support the 
 "/t^ pro-slaverv men: but 
 
 ■^1 \ 1. ( > 1' KANSAS 
 
 ^o strong was the tide 
 )f immigration from the 
 f---- free states that it was 
 found impossible to 
 fasten slavery upon the territory. Kansas entered the 
 Union in 1861 as a free state, after six years of angry 
 agitation. 
 
 37G. The eUjllth census^ taken in 18(30, indicated 
 a population of over thirty-one millions (31,443,321). 
 
 377. As the time for another election drew near, public 
 attention was directed to the DeniOCi'atlc national 
 Onventlon at Charleston. About six hundred delegates 
 were in attendance, and they were much divided on the 
 question of slavery. The Southern delegates, being unable 
 to obtain an expression of their views in the platform, with- 
 drew from the convention. Thus the great Democratic 
 party, which had been victorious for so many years, was 
 split asvinder. The wedge was slavery. 
 
 378. Thus the people were divided into fouv pavties. 
 
246 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 The Southern Democrats nominated John C. Breckinridge, 
 and declared that Congress had recognized slavery in the 
 territories, and that any citizen has a right to take slave 
 property into any territory without forfeiting ownership. 
 The Northern Democrats nominated Stephen A. Douglas, 
 and declared that slavery or freedom is a question to be 
 decided entirely by the wliite settlers in a territory. The 
 Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois, and 
 declared that, as there is no law for slavery in the territories, 
 and no Legislature to enact one, Congress is bound to pro- 
 iiibit it in every territory. The Constitutional Union party 
 nominated John Bell, of Tennessee, and pronounced some- 
 what vaguely the motto, "The Union, the Constitution, and 
 the enforcement of the laws." 
 
 379. The CCinvciSS was one of extraordinary excite- 
 ment. The public mind was troubled by signs of coming 
 danger. Efforts were made to repeat "the hard cider cam- 
 paign." Immense processions paraded the streets, in which 
 men split fence-rails on platforms. The Wide-Awakes, 
 with capes and torches, were organized by thousands. 
 "Honest Old Abe," "Abe, the Railsplitter," and many other 
 inspiring epithets were on the lips of the Republicans. 
 From first to last the campaign was a triumphant success. 
 On the night after the election, the telegraph flashed the 
 news over the land that Abraham Lincoln was elected 
 President, and Hannibal Hamlin, of Maine, Vice-President. 
 
 380. Threats of secession^ in the event of Lin- 
 coln's election, had been freely made during the campaign 
 by the Southern leaders. They now declared it was time 
 to leave a government which had fallen into the hands of 
 their avowed enemies. The North had much to say to them 
 about the crime and cowardice of ruining a government 
 they could not rule. It was believed that this threat was a 
 mere election artifice to secure votes, and would not be 
 executed. In this the country was mistaken. 
 
 381. As soon as Lincoln's election was ascertained, fJie 
 IVOVk of secession began in South Carolina, which. 
 
BUCHANAN 'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 24t 
 
 since Jackson's time, had been the center of political dis- 
 content. A convention was called, at which a resolution 
 favoring secession was unanimously adopted. The Legis- 
 lature immediately passed an ordinance of withdrawal from 
 the Union. It was a momentous step. The action was con- 
 tagious. Within six weeks, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, 
 Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas passed similar ordinances, 
 and their Representatives and Senators at Washington 
 resigned their seats and left to follow the fortunes of their 
 states. 
 
 382, Just before the end of Buchanan's term, delegates 
 from the seceded states met at 
 Montgomery, and formed a govern- 
 ment called Tlie Confcdevdte 
 States of America, They 
 elected Jefferson Davis, of Missis- 
 sippi, as President, and Alexander 
 IL Stephens, of Georgia, as Vice- 
 President. Committees were ap- 
 pointed on finance, foreign rela- 
 tions, and military affairs. The 
 righteousness of slavery as a per- 
 manent institution was boldly 
 declared, and the policy was openly 
 
 announced to establish a slave -holding republic in the 
 South. 
 
 383. The course of events was very rapid. Most 
 of the friends and indorsers of the President either favored 
 secession or opposed all attempts to arrest its progress. He 
 was distracted by diverse councils, and allowed most of the 
 forts and arsenals in the seceded states to be seized, one 
 after another, with their munitions of war. For years the 
 military stores had been quietly conveyed southward, under 
 authority of a pro-slavery Secretary of War. The army had 
 been reduced and stationed at remote parts on the frontier, 
 and the navy was scattered on distant seas. There was a 
 cry of " No coercion ! " and affairs steadily drifted toward 
 
248 
 
 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 war. For the first time in the liistory of tlie republic, the 
 President-elect slipped into Washington secretly and at 
 night. Amid the upheavals of revolution, and in public 
 and private alarm, the calamitous presidency of Buchanan 
 ended. 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 LINCOLN'S ADM I N ISTRAT ION. 
 
 180 1 — 186S, 
 384. Tlie 7ietr President had risen from humble 
 life to the Legislature and to Con- 
 gress. Though he opposed slavery, 
 he did not think the Constitution 
 gave Congress a right to interfere 
 with it where it already existed. 
 
 385. In his inattf/ural ad- 
 dress he declared that no state 
 could voluntarily withdraw from the 
 Union ; that he had no intention to 
 interfere with slavery; but that his 
 oath of office made it his duty to 
 hold, occupy, and possess all the 
 property of the United States. To the seceded states he 
 said : " In your hands, my dissatisfied countrymen, not in 
 mine, is the momentous issue of civil war." 
 
 386. The ijidications of war were too lightly esti- 
 mated by both sections. The South believed that the 
 people of the North were so engrossed in money-making, 
 and so enfeel)led by luxurious living, that thev could not 
 send out a vigorous soldiery, and that victory would be 
 eas3^ They said, "Cotton is king," and believed that 
 foreign nations would soon end the war, in order to supply 
 themselves with that staple. The North thought the matter 
 was all bluster, and that the South would not dare to fight 
 for slaverv with four million slaves exposed to the chances 
 of war, 
 
 387. Hostilities began at Fort SliniteVf in Charleston 
 
 ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 
 
LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 249 
 
 harbor. It was garrisoned by Major Anderson with eighty 
 men. Its supplies being nearly exhausted, the President 
 resolved to provision it. The Confederates demanded its 
 surrender. This being refused, it was bombarded from the 
 city for thirty-four hours. His men being exhausted, his 
 quarters on fire, and his ammunition nearly gone, Anderson 
 surrendered the fort. These events occurred April 12 and 
 13, 1861. The war had begun. 
 
 388. A review of the causes which brought on the 
 civil conflict would show that the evil tree had been planted 
 by a past generation, and that its roots were spreading out 
 into all the natioiuil life. 1. The difference in habits and 
 pursuits had tended to weaken the bonds of common ances- 
 try. 3. Different opinions of the nature of the government, 
 — whether it was an indivisible union or a mere compact 
 of states, — had existed from the days of Washington. 3. It 
 had long been foi-eseen that the balance of political power, 
 which was steadily moving northward, Avould at some time 
 overthrow the southern rule. 4. The failure of the Missouri 
 Compromise, which had preserved peace for forty years, 
 revived the earlier threats of disunion. 
 
 5. The tariff, resulting in nullification, was seen to favor 
 the manufacturing North at the expense of the cotton- 
 growing South. C. Little intercourse between the two 
 sections led to jealousy and suspicion, till they looked upon 
 each other almost as separate nationalities. 7. The j^ubli- 
 cation of partisan books, whose popularity sprang from the 
 ill-feeling between the two sections. They were often filled 
 with ridicule and falsehood, and did much to eml)itter the 
 sectional hatred. 8. The slavery question; especially as 
 involved in the annexation of Texas, the Fugitive Slave 
 Law, the Dred Scott Decision, the Kansas struggle, the 
 John Brown raid, — these, all these tended to alienate the 
 sympathies of the people, and, in the excitements of the 
 passing hour, make them forget their common interests and 
 their common struggles for independence. The gates of 
 war were opened. 
 
 n* 
 
250 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 1861. 
 
 389. The effect of the news from Sumter was won- 
 derful. No one wlio was not in tlie midst of it can imagine 
 the storm of excitement that swept over the land. In, the 
 .Woi'tJl f people had thought that patient labor at recon- 
 ciliation would bring the seceded states back into the 
 Union, and that the only object was to frighten the North 
 into concessions to slavery. Some had thought the South 
 should be allowed to go, and very few believed there would 
 be much fighting. When the attack came, intense indig- 
 nation prevailed everywhere, and thousands who before had 
 expressed sympathy with the movement, now declared in 
 favor of the Union. 
 
 390. In the South the effect was scarcely less marked. 
 
 The wildest joy was manifested that the blow had at last 
 
 been struck that would bring safety to their institutions. 
 
 The colored people took sides with the Union, but, being 
 
 unarmed and io-norant, counted little. White citizens who 
 
 *. . . 
 
 opposed disunion were either forced into silence, killed, or 
 
 driven away. 
 
 391. A Cdll for tvoops was made in both the North 
 and the Soutli. President Lincoln called for 75,000 volun- 
 teers, to serve three months. The Confederacy called for 
 38,000. Both of these calls were responded to with the 
 utmost alacrity. Four states — Virginia, North Carolina, 
 Arkansas, and Tennessee — not having joined the Confed- 
 eracy, were included in Lincoln's call. They sent back 
 defiant replies, and soon joined the fortunes of the South. 
 The other four slave states — Delaware, Maryland, Ken- 
 tucky, and Missouri — refused to secede, and declared in 
 favor of neutrality. They were thus saved to the Union. 
 
 392. The scene of the war, as now became evident, 
 was to be Virginia in the East, and the border slave states, 
 Kentucky and Missouri, in the West. From both sections 
 troops rushed forward to occupy these states. 
 
 393. The operations in the JEast were divided 
 
LINCOLN '5 ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 251 
 
 P E N NIS Y L Y A N I A 
 
 ~», ^ o 
 
 
 flK THK 
 
 REBELLION. 
 
 
 ] J-H.BOGftRT ENG'R. GIN. 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
252 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 into two campaigns — one in western Virginia, and the 
 other in nortliern Virginia. 
 
 394. In western Virf/inia the Union forces, under 
 General George B. McClelhin, numbered thirty thousand, 
 and the Confederates ten thousand. The engagements all 
 resulted in victory for the Union; but they were of no great 
 magnitude. They served to encourage the North, and led 
 to the appointment of McClellan to the main command. 
 
 395. In northern Virginia the army, under Gen- 
 eral McDowell, crossed the Potomac and took Alexandria. 
 To take Richmond was the object of the operations in the 
 East during all the years of the war. Led on by the popu- 
 lar cry, " On to Richmond ! " a forward movement was 
 made. After some skirmishing, the two armies met at 
 Hull Run, About thirty-five thousand men were engaged 
 on each side. A severe battle ensued, and lasted nearly 
 all day. McDowell's army was then thrown into utter 
 confusion, and fled panic-stricken to Washington. 
 
 39G. The l^esult of this battle was to convince the 
 country that the war was to be no mere holiday affair. The 
 North saw that the southern people could fight and win 
 victories. Both sides set to work to collect and equip 
 gigantic armies. President Lincoln called for half a million 
 volunteers to serve three years. 
 
 397. The o/)erations in the West were confined to 
 Missouri. There was some sharp fighting for possession of 
 the State. In most of the engagements the Union forces 
 were compelled to retreat. 
 
 398. The Southern J^ortS had been closed early in 
 the year by a blockade declared by President Lincoln. No 
 ship was allowed to enter or leave. It was a long line of 
 coast to be guarded by a small navy, and fast-sailing steam- 
 ers found little difficulty in running the blockade. By 
 escaping past the Union ships on dark nights, during the 
 first part of the war, cotton was largely exported to En- 
 gland, and sold at a high price for muskets, siege-guns, 
 powder, and cartridges. For a long time the inefficiency 
 
LINCOLN'S ADiMINISTBATION. 253 
 
 of the blockade enabled the South to continue the stru2:a:le 
 by obtaining supplies from Europe. But ships were rapidly 
 made or purchased, and finally the government at Washing- 
 ton was able to seal the southern ports. 
 
 399. Coast operations were carried on to capture 
 these blockaded ports. Two forts at Hatteras Inlet and two 
 at Port Royal, were taken. They were converted into 
 depots of supplies for the Unioti fleet and armies. A 
 number of privateers were fitted out by the South to roam 
 over the sea and prey on the commerce of the North. In 
 this the South was very successful, the privateer Sumter 
 alone capturing many rich cargoes. 
 
 400. Foreign relations during the war were satis- 
 factory to neither of the contesting parties. Soon after the 
 opening of hostilities, England and France issued proc- 
 lamations of neutrality, but acknowledged the South as a 
 belligerent power and entitled to the rights of nations 
 struggling for independence. This caused anger and alarm 
 at the North, where it had been hoped that foreign nations 
 would take no part in the quarrel. In the South it caused 
 deep disappointment, where it had been expected that the 
 foreign demand for cotton would lead the nations to 
 acknowledge the independence of the Confederacy, and to 
 break the blockade. 
 
 401. An event called the Trent affair^ at this time, 
 greatly endangered peaceful relations with England. Mason 
 and Slidell, two Confederate ambassadors to England and 
 France, ran the blockade and took passage on board the 
 Trent, an English mail steamer. The next day the Trent 
 was stopped by a United States war vessel, and the com- 
 missioners were seized and imprisoned at Boston. When 
 the news reached England, the whole 'kingdom burst into a 
 blaze of anger. The release of the envoys and satisfaction 
 for the insult to a neutral flag were positively demanded. 
 
 War was averted by the wise and far-reaching diplomacy 
 of the Secretary of State, William H. Seward. He admitted 
 ihat the seizure was not warranted by the law of nations. 
 
254 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 and declared that it was done witliout authority from Wash- 
 ington. A suitable apology was made, and the ambassadors 
 were released and sent to their destination. Thus England 
 was committed to a policy concerning the rights of neutral 
 vessels which she had always denied, and which the United 
 States had always contended for. 
 
 40:2. During the year the CUVrenCf/ of the nation 
 greatly changed. The banks suspended specie payments, 
 and nearly all the gold and silver in the country was sent 
 to Europe to buy military supplies. A new paper currency 
 was created on the credit of the government. In the North 
 "greenbacks," and in the South "confederate scrip," 
 became the money of the people. 
 
 403. The pvepcfVfltionS for a long war went cease- 
 lessly forward during the winter. Foundries, ship-yards, 
 and manufactories were kept busy night and day. The 
 entire energies of both governments centered in the prose- 
 cution of the war. 
 
 1862. 
 
 404. The Civmies during this year were much the 
 largest that had ever appeared on the continent. The 
 whole Union force amounted to about half a million. 
 The Confederate was somewhat smaller. 
 
 405. In, the East^ General McClellan, with two 
 hundred thousand men, set out from Washington to capture 
 the Confederate capital. He proceeded but a short distance 
 when he changed his plan and embarked for Yorktown. 
 From that point he advanced to within seven miles of 
 Richmond without much resistance. Here McClellan was 
 attacked, and the bloody battle of Fcilr OciJtS was fought, 
 lasting two days, and ending without decisive results. 
 
 In it, the Confederate commander-in-chief. General 
 Joseph E. Johnston, was severely wounded. He was suc- 
 ceeded by General Robert E. Lee, a man of high military 
 talents, who remained, to the end, the chief stay of the 
 Confederacy. McClellan thought best to change the base 
 
LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 255 
 
 OF THE 
 
 REBELLION. 
 
256 
 
 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 GENERAL ROBERT E. LEE. 
 
 of his operations to the James River, in order to be near his 
 
 supplies and transports on that 
 stream. This extremely hazardous 
 movement brought on a series of 
 obstinate battles, called the Sevetl 
 Ufu/s' Battles of the Pen- 
 in sulci. For a week the roar of 
 battle was almost incessant, but 
 the encounters were indecisive, 
 though the Union forces were 
 obliged to retreat. The campaign 
 ended with a loss of forty thousand. 
 406. Richmond being thus ren- 
 dered secure, Lee resolved upon 
 an invasion of the JS'orth, In numerous hotly- 
 contested battles between Generals Lee and Pope, the 
 Confederates were successful, and the Union army was 
 driven into Washington. Lee marched into Maryland. 
 Meanwhile, McClellan had hastily placed his army on trans- 
 ports and gone northward, following Lee. The latter made 
 a stand at Antietam ; and, when McClellan came up, 
 one of the greatest battles of tlie war was fought, raging 
 all day and shattering both armies. Lee retreated into 
 Virginia, and McClellan was superseded by General Ambrose 
 E. Burnside. Lee's invasion cost him sixty thousand men. 
 The Union losses were about the same. 
 
 407. The new commander advanced toward Fredericks- 
 burg, which was held by Lee, and strongly fortified in the 
 rear. "When Burnside crossed the river, he brought on 
 the bloody battle of FredeVicL'sharg, whi;-h resulted 
 in a Union defeat, Avith a dreadful loss of twelve thousand. 
 
 408. In the TVesf^ the commander. General U. S. 
 Grant, resolved to drive out the enemy from Kentucky and 
 Tennessee. By the aid of the Federal gunboats, commanded 
 by Commodore Foote, Fort Henri/, on the Tennessee 
 River, was taken. The army and the flotilla then proceeded 
 to Fort Donelson, on the Cumberland River. This 
 
LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 257 
 
 place soon surrendered with ten thousand prisoners. The 
 army then occupied Nashville, the Confederates collecting 
 their forces and falling back to a 
 second line of defenses, of which 
 Corinth was the center. This was 
 the first decided victory won by the 
 Union arms. 
 
 409. At Stliloh these armies 
 met again. Grant was violently at- 
 tacked in his camp, with the ri^'er 
 CONFEDERATE FLAG. j,^ j^jg ^.^^^^ rp,^^ Cottfedcrates were 
 
 led by Golierals Albert S. Johnston and Beauregard. All 
 day long the battle raged with fearful slaughter on both 
 sides, and, when night came, Grant was hemmed in near 
 the river, protected by the gunboats. During the night the 
 Union army was reinforced, and the battle was resumed 
 next morning. Finally the Confederates fell back to 
 Corinth. The losses were twelve thousand on each side. 
 General Johnston was among the killed. On the approach 
 of the reinforced Union army, the Confederates abandoned 
 the Corinth line, and fell back over a hundred miles to 
 Vicksburg and Jackson, 
 
 410. In August, the Confederates from East Tennessee, 
 under Gen. Bragg, invaded Kentucky and caused a panic 
 in Cincinnati and Louisville. Tliev then leisurely retreated, 
 taking four thousand wagon loads of spoils. In December, 
 the Union army, under Gen. Rosecrans, met Brag'g at 
 Murfreesboro, ami the great but indecisive Imttle of Stone 
 Rive}' was fought. It was a desperate battle, the losses 
 amounting to 24,000, nearly one-third of those engaged. 
 
 411. The narnl Oiyefations of the year were impor- 
 tant as introducing a new method of marine warfare. The 
 Merrimac was a Confederate war vessel, clad in impene- 
 trable iron and made at Norfolk. It burst out upon, the 
 Union fleet, sent two of the best ships to the bottom, ana 
 threatened the entire destruction of the Northern navy. 
 During the night, the Monitor, an iron-clad vessel of peculiar 
 
258 
 
 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 construction, arrived from New York. The two sea-mon- 
 sters met next morning at close quarters, using heavier 
 guns than had ever before been employed in naval en- 
 counter. 
 
 For five hours neither produced the slightest effect upon 
 
 FIGHT BKT^\•^;F,^' the Mi;r.i;iMAC' aM' the monitor. 
 
 the other, till at last the Monitor sent a shot through the 
 port-hole of the Merrimac, which returned disabled to 
 Norfolk. After this novel sea-fight, the navy department 
 gave much attention to the building of monitors. At this 
 time, James B. Eads, who afterward built the steel bridge 
 across the Mississippi, at St. Louis, and constructed the 
 jetties below New Orleans, made and delivered complete 
 to the government, all within two months, seven iron-plated 
 steamers. They have since been introduced into the navies 
 of the world. John Ericsson invented the original monitor. 
 413. In review of the year it v/as seen that the 
 nation had suffered a slaughter without a parallel in the 
 New World, but that the fortunes of war were about evenly 
 divided, being favorable to the Confederate army in the 
 East, and the Union army in the West. 
 
 1863, 
 
 413. The most notable event of the war occurred on the 
 first of January, when President Lincoln issued one of the 
 
LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 25C 
 
 most important documPii.ts of modern times, TJie EmdTl^ 
 
 cl2)ation Proclamation, The war was begun with 
 
 no design of abolishing slavery. But the sentiment of abo- 
 lition had grown very rapidly' in the North; and, when it 
 became necessary to strike at the labor system of the South 
 in order to weaken its military force, the step was taken 
 with but little hesitancy or opposition. It was done as a 
 military necessity, and not as a reformatory measure. Thus, 
 after an existence of two hundred and forty-two years, that 
 disturber of American politics, African slavery, became a 
 thing of the past. 
 
 41-i. At the same time, colored troOpS began to be 
 enlisted to fight in the armies of the Union. It had been 
 thought that white troops would object to this movement; 
 but the former slaves were anxious to strike a blow to 
 guarantee their freedom, and on many a field their conduct 
 was gallant and their presence acceptable. 
 
 415. Ill the East, Burnside, at his own request, was 
 relieved of his command, and was succeeded by General 
 Joseph Hooker. He advanced to Chancellor SVlllej 
 where he was met -by General Lee, supported by General 
 Stonewall Jackson. The battle lasted two days, and resulted 
 in a sickening defeat to Hooker. His loss was seventeen 
 thousand, nearly twice that of his enemy. The brave and 
 skillful Jackson was mortally wounded in the darkness by 
 a mistaken volley from his own troops. 
 
 416. Encouraged by his success, Lee resolved on a 
 second invasion of the North. He marched rapidly 
 into Pennsylvania, followed by Hooker, who, on the eve of 
 battle, was superseded by General George G. Meade. The 
 two armies, numbering each eighty thousand, met, face to 
 face, at the battle of Getty shurff. The conflict, the 
 greatest of the war and in the history of the country, raged 
 during the first three days of July. Victory favored the 
 Union army, and Lee retreated southward. The losses 
 were fifty-three thousand. 
 
 417 In the Westf Grant followed his enemy south- 
 
260 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 ward to Vich'Sbtirg. The gunboats were run past the 
 batteries lining the bank, and the army passed around to 
 the south, ci-ossed the river, and confronted Vicksburg from 
 the east. These movements brought on a number of obsti- 
 nate battles, in all of which Grant was successful. The 
 attempts to take the city by storm were repulsed, and the 
 army settled down to a siege. The city, commanded by 
 General Pemberton, held out a month, and then surren- 
 dered with twenty -seven thousand prisoners and vast 
 quantities of guns, cannon, and military stores. By this 
 victory the Union gained more, and the Confederacy lost 
 more, than by any previous contest of the war. It opened 
 the Mississippi from Cairo to the gulf. 
 
 418. L,ater in the year. General Roseorans, with a large 
 Union armv, met a severe defeat by the Confederate Gen- 
 eral Bragg, at Chich'aniaugaf in Georgia. Bragg had 
 been driven from Tennessee, but was now strongly rein- 
 forced from Virginia. He turned upon his enemy, defeated 
 him in a battle in v.-hich the losses aggregated forty 
 thousand, and drove him into Chattanooga. Here Rose- 
 crans also was heavily reinforced from Virginia. He yielded 
 the command to Grant, and in a series of stubborn battles 
 about CJifftt(HtOOga, Bragg was defeated and driven 
 further southward, 
 
 419. The calls for* Iroops in the North were fre- 
 quent. After McClelhin's re]-»ulse from Richmond, the 
 President called for 300,000 additional troops; and during 
 Lee's first invasion of the Xotth, he called for 300,000 more. 
 Again, during Lee's second invasion, 100,000 were de- 
 manded. All these calls had been promptly responded to 
 except the last, which was not fully met. 
 
 420. A period of reaction had set in. The expenses 
 and losses of the war were so vast that a large party in the 
 North clamored for peace on any terms. Voluntary enlist- 
 ments nearly ceased. Desertions from both armies were 
 of contiinial occurrence. The bounty paid to soldiers 
 induced many to desert and enlist again. A^ one time 
 
SHPiKMAN. SHElUDAN 
 
 GRANT. 
 FARKAGUT. P(JRTER. 
 
 FEDERAL COMMANDERS. 
 
LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 261 
 
 more than two hundred a day deserted the army of the 
 Potomac. It was even worse than this in the Confederate 
 army. 
 
 421o In order to fill these vacancies, Congress jDassed a 
 Consct'iption, Act, and President Lincoln oi-dered a 
 general draft of 300,000 men« All able-bodied men between 
 
 THE DRAFTING WHEEL. 
 
 the ages of twenty and forty-five were subject to military 
 duty. The opponents of the war denounced this measure, 
 and in several places, especially New York, the draft officers 
 were resisted. Only about fifty thousand soldiers were 
 obtained by the draft, but enlistments were quickened, and 
 the thinned ranks were soon filled. 
 
 1864, 
 
 422. Two great movements were planned by 
 General Grant, who had now been called to Washington 
 and appointed to the command of all the armies, with the 
 title of Lieutenant-General. The first of these was to be 
 directed against Richmond by the army of the Potomac, led 
 by General Grant. The other, under General Sherman, 
 was a march through the interior of the Confederacy, from 
 the Mississippi to the Atlantic. 
 
 423. Ifi' the East, with a hundred and forty thousand 
 men, Grant pushed the operations with vigor, and wrote to 
 
262 TUE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 President Lincoln, "I propose to fight it out on tliis line if 
 it takes all summer." Next day after breaking camp, he 
 met the Confederates in the TVUdeVJieSS, The battle 
 lasted three days, with terrible losses, but resulted inde- 
 cisively. Grant turned to one side to Spottsylvafliaf 
 where was fought one of the bloodiest Ijattles of the war. 
 He continued southward to Colcl Havhov, where he lost 
 ten thousand men within half an hour ! The Union troops 
 were everywhere repulsed, but they would not retreat. 
 Thus far the campaign had cost Grant sixty, and Lee thirty- 
 five, thousand men. 
 
 424. A chanffe of base brought Grant against the 
 defenses of Petersburg, beyond which were those of Kich- 
 mond. A furious assault was ordered. This was repulsed 
 with great slaughter, and Grant resolved upon a siege. 
 This was pressed all fall and winter, conflicts often occurring 
 in which each side lost thousands of men. 
 
 425. Meanwhile a thh'd invasion of the North 
 was executed by General Early, in order to compel Grant 
 to raise the siege of Petersburg. Overcoming all oppo- 
 sition, he dashed up within gunshot of Washington, and 
 then ordered a retreat, loaded with plunder. He was 
 followed by a consolidated army, under General Philip H. 
 Sheridan, and was defeated in three desperate liattles. 
 This was the last northern raid. 
 
 42G. Sherman's '^^ March tO the Sea'' was intended 
 to cut off the supplies and sever the railroad connnunication 
 of the Confederacv. The army consisted of sixty thousand 
 men,aiul marclied in two columns, subsisting" lai'gely on the 
 country. Having defeated a large Confederate army under 
 GcTu^ral Hood at Atlanta, he met with l)ut little further 
 oj)position. Sherman thus showed that the Confederacy 
 was "an empty shell," the men being drawn from the 
 interior to defend the border. 
 
 427. Several Confederate ivar vessels were fitted 
 
 out in the ship-yards of Great Britain to roam over the seas 
 in quest of the Union commerce. The United States pro- 
 
LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 263 
 
 tested against this action on the part of England; but these 
 remonstrances were not listened to. Here was laid the 
 foundation of a difficulty which afterward cost Great Britain 
 fifteen million dollars. The most famous of these cruisers 
 was the Alahania — oYigiivAWy called "2-90," because 
 two hundred and ninety British merchants furnished money 
 to build it. "In her whole career, involving the destruction 
 of sixty-six vessels and a loss of ten million dollars to the 
 merchant service of the United States, she never entered a 
 Confederate port, but continued abroad, capturing and 
 burning." She was finally sunk in an encounter with a 
 Union war steamer, the Kearsarge, near the coast of France. 
 
 428. When election times came again, the Repub- 
 licans re-nominated Lincoln by acclamation. The Demo- 
 crats named General George B. McClellan. The seceded 
 States, of course, took no part in the election. Lincoln 
 secured the electoral vote of every state but three. 
 
 1865. 
 
 429. The operatioHH of this year were principally 
 East. Grant had Ijecome satisfied from observation and 
 the march of Sherman that the South was nearly exhausted, 
 and that a vigorous stroke would end the war. Sheridan 
 joined the commander-in-chief, and destroyed the railroads 
 in the rear of Lee, whose situation was now nearly hopeless. 
 Grant ordered an assault on Petersburg, and the works 
 were carried. Lee dispatched to President Davis, "My 
 lines are broken in three places. Richmond must be evacu- 
 ated this evening." The dispatch was handed to Mr. Davis 
 in church. He hastily left the room, and the report spread 
 that the city was to be abandoned. The wildest confusion 
 ensued. The records of the Confederate government and 
 large stores of provisions were sent away after the retreat- 
 ing army. The next day the Union army entered the city, 
 and the Confederacy was without a capital. 
 
 430. The surrender of Lee soon followed. He 
 made brave efforts to retreat with his arniy, but he was 
 
264 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 closely followed by Sheridan. His troops were utterly 
 worn out and hemmed in on all sides. An eye-witness 
 said : " Hundreds dropped from exhaustion, and thousands 
 let their muskets fall from inability to carry them farther." 
 Having done all that human power could do to save the 
 falling Confederacy, Lee surrendered his army on terms 
 honorable to both the victor and the vanquished. When 
 Johnston heard of this event, he knew that further resist- 
 ance was useless. He opened a correspondence with Sher- 
 man, and surrendered his army. Thus, after four years of 
 slaughter, ruin, and sorrow, the civil war was at an end. 
 
 431. But this work was scarcely done when a tcvvihle 
 event occurred at Washington. While Pi-esident Lincoln 
 was sitting in a theater with his wife and friends, an actor 
 named John Wilkes Booth, maddened by Lee's overthrow, 
 came unnoticed into his 'hox, leveled a pistol, and shot the 
 President in the liead. The victim died tlie next morning. 
 The assassin leaped upon the stage, escaped through the 
 darkness, and fled. He was pursued, found concealed in a 
 barn, and shot. Almost at the moment of the tragedy in 
 the theater, another murderer, named Lewis Payne Powell, 
 rushed into the bed-room of Secretary Seward, leaped upon 
 the bed, stabbed him again and again — Ijut not fatally — 
 and escaped. He was afterward caught, convicted and 
 hanged. 
 
 432. The grief of the nation was very marked. 
 No President liad ever been put to so severe a test, and 
 none, since Washington, had so endeared himself to the 
 people. His honesty, simplicity, fidelity, and sympathetic 
 nature, which never deserted him, had secured his re-election 
 by a large majority. In the presence of the difficult ques- 
 tions yet to be solved, the nation felt it had lost a wise and 
 safe guide. This feeling extended even to the late Con- 
 federacy. The colored people especially mourned for him 
 as for a father. "He went through life bearing the load of 
 the people's sorrows with a smiling face. He was the 
 guiding mind of the nation while he lived, and, when he 
 died, the little children cried ia the streets." When the 
 
LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. 265 
 
 funeral procession passed by railway from Washino;ton to 
 his former home at Spring-field, every station was crowded 
 with mourners and draped with the emblems of grief. 
 
 433. The losses of the war were enormous. The 
 total number of Union troops called for was 2,942,748. 
 The entire number obtained was 2,690,401. The term of 
 service varied from three months to three years. On the 
 Union side it was estimated that three hundred thousand 
 were killed in battle and died from disease. It is believed 
 that four hundred thousand more were crippled and disabled 
 for life It would be safe to say that over a million men 
 were either killed or disaliled, including- both sides. 
 
 434. A national debt of 12,790,000,000 had accumu- 
 lated at the end of the war. This was eighty-eight dollars 
 for every man, woman, and child in the United States. In 
 order to strengthen the confidence of the bondholders in 
 the security of their investments. Congress solemnly 
 pledged the nation, with but one dissenting vote, to the 
 payment of the entire debt, principal and interest. During 
 the last year, the cost of conducting the war, on the Union 
 side, was three and a half million dollars a day; and the 
 expense during the whole of the last year was more than 
 the entire cost of carrying on the government from the 
 administration of Washington to that of Lincoln. 
 
 At one time two dollars and eighty cents in paper were 
 required to buy one dollar in gold. Near the close of the 
 contest, the southern currency became worthless, a soldier 
 not being able to buy a dinner with a -$100 bill. The 
 Confederate debt will probably never be paid, that govern- 
 ment having been overthrown. 
 
 435. To meet these tremendous demands, several finan- 
 cial tneaSHVeS had been adopted by Congress. A tax 
 was levied on manufactures, imports, incomes, and salaries, 
 and a stamp duty on legal documents. These taxes, far 
 heavier than those imposed by England before the Revolu- 
 tion, were patiently submitted to by the people, and thus 
 an annual income of three hundred million dollars was 
 
 13 
 
266 THE MODEL HISTORY, 
 
 secured. This was sufficient to pay the one hundred and 
 thirty-three millions of annual interest, defray the current 
 expenses of the government, and leave a surplus to reduce 
 the national debt. 
 
 United States bonds were issued on the credit of the 
 government, redeemable at any time after five and under 
 twenty years, and bearing interest in gold, payable semi- 
 annually. National banks were also legalized, by which 
 private persons might issue paper money, using national 
 bonds instead of specie as the basis of their circulation. 
 The treasury of the United States furnished the currency 
 for this purpose, and guaranteed its redemption. 
 
 436. In its inUitary features the war presented 
 several facts, illustrating the resources of science and the 
 inventive facility of the people. By the improvement in 
 small arms a regiment armed with breech-loading muskets 
 could make five times as many discharges as one supplied 
 with the old-style muzzle-loading guns. Great improve- 
 ments also were made in ordnance and projectiles. Explosive 
 machines, as torpedoes and hand-grenades, came into use. 
 Iron-clad vessels have been- already mentioned. 
 
 Troops were transported from place to place, with all 
 their equipments, by railroads, steamboats, and sailing ves- 
 sels. At one time twenty-three thousand men were taken 
 by railway from Virginia to Tennessee, a distance of over 
 a thousand miles, in seven days, eating and sleeping on the 
 cars. Balloons were sometimes employed in examining the 
 position and defenses of the enemy; and telegraph* wires 
 were carried to the battle fields, that instant communication 
 might be had with the commander-in-chief. 
 
 437. The political results of the war were antici- 
 pated by very few. Final victory for the Union for a long 
 time seemed doubtful; and, had foreign nations interfered, 
 the Federal arms would probably never have prevailed. 
 The most important result was the abolition of slavery. The 
 principle was also established that the United States are to 
 be regarded as a nation, one and indivisible, and not as a; 
 mere alliance of sovereign states. 
 
LINCOLN '*§ ADMINItiTRATION. 
 
 267 
 
 438. The SltfferinfJS resulting from the war were 
 terrible and wide-spread. They extended even to Europe. 
 The derangements of commerce, and especially the lack of 
 cotton, threw thousands of poor English operatives out of 
 employment. In this country there were few families that 
 did not suffer some bereavement. In both the North and 
 the South the devotion and patriotism of the women at 
 home equaled the heroism of the soldiers in the field. In 
 watching the sick and wounded in the hospital and on the 
 field they did much to lessen the horrors of war. 
 
 439. Smiitfivy fah'S were organized all over the 
 country, and fourteen million dollars were raised in cash 
 and supplies. In thousands of quiet homes, delicate food 
 and warm clothing were prepared for the soldiers in the 
 field. The Sanitary Commission had its hospital cars on 
 the railroads, and hospital cabins on steamers. Its litters, 
 wagons, and ambulances were found on the battle fields. 
 It provided dinners for regiments on their way to the front, 
 took care of the wives and children of destitute soldiers, 
 and collected vast stores of ])rovisions. In no previous 
 struggle in history liad so much been done to relieve the 
 miseries attending war; and even in the midst of the dead- 
 liest conflicts humanity liad its victories. 
 
 440. The C/iristiaji Cominissioiico-operntedwith 
 the Sanitary, and i-aised four and a half million dollars for 
 moral and religious work in the army. Bibles were dis- 
 tributed, tracts were scattered, and Christian teachers visited 
 the camp and the hospital. 
 
 441. During the war, two new states were added to 
 
 the Union. West ViV- 
 {jinlff, liaving refused 
 to secede, was organized 
 into a separate state in 
 1863, in order that it 
 might have the privi- 
 leges guaranteed by the 
 Constitution. 
 
 s^\I or ^vL'^r \ir(,ini\ 
 
268 
 
 TEE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 IK NK\-AI1A. 
 
 442. Wevada was acquired by the Mexican conquest, 
 but it contained a very small population till the discovery 
 of its rich silver mines in 1859. It remained a territory 
 
 three years, and then 
 entered the Union in 
 1864 as the thirty-sixth 
 state. 
 
 443. The sale of 
 public lands had 
 been a source of income 
 to the government from 
 the time of Washington. The thirteen colonies claimed the 
 great territory lying directly west of them to the Mis- 
 sissippi ; but at the close of the Revolution it was all ceded 
 to the general government. At first, not less than four 
 thousand acres could be sold at one time, iiut as this ruij 
 placed the lands in the hands of speculators, who neither 
 produced nor improved, smaller tracts were offered to those 
 wishing farms, after 1804. The lands were surveyed only 
 as they were put in market, being divided into townshij)S 
 and sections. The cost of the public domain to the govern- 
 ment averaged twenty-two cents per acre. 
 
 Previous to 1820, the lands were sold at auction at the 
 land-office, at not less than two dollars per acre. After 
 that time they were sold at auction at any price above a 
 dollar and a quarter, the lots remaining unsold being after- 
 ward closed out on private sale at that figure. In 183G, the 
 receipts from public lands were greater than at any time 
 before or since, amounting to twenty-five million dollars. 
 This land fever was caused l)y the completion of the Erie 
 Canal, the use of steamboats on the western rivers, and the 
 immigration into the Ohio and Mississippi valleys. It will 
 be remembered that this a])parent pros])ority and rapid 
 inflation of prices collapsed in the "panic of '37." After 
 this the sale of lands was only such as was demanded by 
 the advance of settlements. 
 
 444. Homestead laws datr back to the vear 3 830. 
 
JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 269 
 
 The object was to regulate the disposal of public lands to 
 actual settlers by giving- a j^re-eniptive right. Previous to 
 that year, the government was opposed to the settlement 
 of the public domain by non-purchasers; but Mr. Greeley 
 took up the idea of "free homes for free people," and, 
 through the columns of his paper, became the leading- 
 advocate of the pre-emptive principle. The law was 
 amended from time to time, till it assumed its present form 
 under the presidency of Lincoln. 
 
 The law provides, among other things, that no one can 
 acquire public lands without residing upon them as a home 
 and making improvements, and that any citizen can take 
 a claim of a quarter-section, remain upon it a specified time, 
 and then receive a free deed from the government. The 
 effect of this provision is to shut out speculators, secure 
 homes to the people, and rapidly fill up the territories. 
 
 CHAPTER XVII, 
 
 JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 1865 — 1869, 
 
 445. On the day after the assassination of Mr. Lincoln, 
 the Vice-President, Andrew John- 
 son, of Tennessee, became the third 
 "Accidental President." With no advan- 
 tages of education in the schools, he was 
 entirely a so-called "self-made man." 
 From poverty and neglect he rose through 
 
 o. A t, -^ successive offices to the Senate of the 
 ANDREwto^NsoN. '^'^'■^'''^ States. He had opposed secession 
 with all his power, and served during the 
 war as military governor of Tennessee. He was earnest, 
 honest-hearted, and sincerely desired to do his duty. His 
 mistakes were probably not due to any wish to serve his own 
 interests or those of any party. 
 
 446. The first duty of the President was the disband- 
 
270 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 ifig of the armyf which consisted of about a million 
 men. It was prophesied by foreign nations, and feared by 
 many persons at home, that the return of so many men to 
 civil life would be attended by serious evils. The quiet 
 return of this vast multitude to their old homes and voca- 
 tions was regarded as a great triumph of law and order, 
 and as another proof of the stability of our institutions. 
 
 447. The most important duty of Congress and the 
 President was the adaptation of affairs to a state of peace. 
 This was called vecoiistriiction. The question was, on 
 what terms the southern states siiould be restored to their 
 former position in the government. 
 
 448. The President soon issued a Proclamation of 
 A.'iH7iesty f granting pardon to all persons, (except certain 
 specified classes,) who had engaged in the organization and 
 defense of the Confederacy. All persons accepting the 
 pardon should take the oath of allegiance to the United 
 States. Provisional governors were appointed for the 
 southern states, who were instructed to call conventions of 
 the people. The states were required to repeal their ordi- 
 nances of secession, declare the Confederate debt void, and 
 vote for a constitutional amendment abolishing slavery. 
 All this was done, and the Thirteenth Amendment, having 
 been ratified by the legislatures of twenty-seven states, 
 became a part of the Constitution. 
 
 449. A serious disagreement unfortunately arose at 
 this time between the President and Congress. The former 
 held that the ordinances of secession were utterly void; and 
 that therefore the so-called seceded states had never been 
 out of the Union at all, and were immediately entitled to 
 representation at "Washington. Congress admitted that 
 secession was void, but argued that, since the South had 
 been in a treasonable state for four years, it would be 
 unsafe and unwise to admit it to its former relations under 
 the government without special legislation and guaran- 
 tees. 
 
 These conditions were embodied by Congress in the Four- 
 
JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION. 271 
 
 teenth Amendment, granting certain civil rights to the 
 colored jDeople of the South, revising the southern repre- 
 sentation in Congress, and affirming the validity of the 
 Federal debt and the nullity of the Confederate. The 
 contest between Congress and the Executive lasted two 
 years, during which time a large number of bills were 
 passed, promptly vetoed by the President, and as promptly 
 re-passed by a two-thirds vote. The states were finally 
 restored in accordance with the views of Congress and the 
 provisions of the new amendment. 
 
 450. So far did this quarrel extend that avticles of 
 hnpeachtiient against the President were, for the first 
 time in our history, agreed to by the House of Representa- 
 tives. After a trial of two months, the President was 
 acquitted. His escape was very narrow; a majority of 
 two-thirds in the Senate was required for conviction, and 
 only one vote was wanting. 
 
 451o During the war. Napoleon III of France interfered 
 in the affairs of Mexico f and, having sent a French 
 army there, succeeded in setting up an empire. He 
 appointed Maximilian of Austria as emperor, who sustained 
 his rule by an army of French and Austrian soldiers. The 
 United States jjrotested against this violation of the Monroe 
 doctrine, but, being entirely absorbed in the war, could 
 enforce nothing. But the Mexican President, Juarez, 
 headed a movement against the usurper, and finally, at the 
 demands from Washington, Napoleon withdrew his army. 
 Maximilian fled, was arrested, tried, and shot. Thus the 
 despotic attempt of Napoleon ended in failure. 
 
 452. The rejoicings of the country over the Atlantic 
 cable in 1858 ended in disappointment. After a short 
 time of successful operation, the cable was found to be 
 giving out. Heavier and heavier charges were necessary 
 in order to carry a message through, till, in a few weeks, 
 the line could not be operated at all. The leaders of the 
 enterprise were not dismayed by their third failure, but 
 continued to experiment during all the time of the war 
 
272 TEE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 upon every kind of wire, and to advocate the possibility of 
 the scheme., 
 
 Mr. Field made fifty voyages across the Atlantic, and 
 finally secured enough capital to make and lay another 
 cable. In the summer of 18G5, it was coiled up in the 
 Great Eastern, the largest vessel ever built. The steamer 
 sailed from Ireland, and had payed out more than twelve 
 hundred miles when the cable again broke and was lost. 
 Six millions of dollars had already been spent in unsuccess- 
 ful attempts; but, during the sumtner of 1866, Mr. Field 
 and his determined associates again, and for the fifth time, 
 started a steamer on its way. Permanent success was now 
 achieved. 
 
 To make the triumph complete, the Great Eastern sailed 
 back to the spot where the cable was lost the summer 
 before, threw out grappling-irons, cavight the lost line, 
 brought it to the surface, spliced it, and landed it success- 
 fully at Newfoundland. After twelve years of persistent 
 labor, Mr. Field received the gratitude and applause of all 
 civilized nations. Since that time, several lines have been 
 laid, and the Old World and the New are in constant com- 
 munication. The apparatus used is exceedingly delicate, 
 and the perfection of the cable is shown by the fact that 
 the electricity from a single small cup is sufficient to send 
 a message across the Atlantic. 
 
 453. In 1S67, by the purchase of Alaska, the 
 United States acquired, for the first time in its history, 
 territory not lying on its border. That country had been 
 explored by a party of scientific men, with a view of estab- 
 lishing communication by telegraph with Asia by way of 
 Behring Strait. Their report showed that its coast fisheries 
 were of great value, and that its forests of white pine and 
 vellow cedar were among the finest- in the world. The pro- 
 posal to purchase the peninsula met with much opposition 
 from the press, but it was finally ceded by Russia to the 
 United States on the payment of seven million two hundred 
 thousand dollars. The territory is larger than the original 
 
JOHNSOW'S ADMINISTRATION. 273 
 
 thirteen states, and contains a population of twenty-nine 
 thousand. 
 
 454. During this presidency, the tewitOTieS of the 
 
 United States were reduced in size, increased in number, 
 and made to assume a form in preparation for their early 
 admission as states. Dakota was cut off from Nebraska, 
 and Arizona from New Mexico. The others were organized 
 under the names Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, Idaho, 
 
 Utah, and Washing- 
 ton. The Indian Ter- 
 ritory and Alaska 
 have not yet been 
 organized into terri- 
 torial governments. In 
 1867, Nebraska was 
 
 SKAL OP NEBRASKA. j •, , j , , 
 
 admitted as a state. 
 
 455. In 1868, Congress ratified a treaty ivitli tJie 
 
 North German Confederation, by which the right 
 
 of German emigrants to sever their allegiance to their native 
 country and to become citizens of the United States, was 
 allowed. 
 
 456. During the same year, an embassy from 
 Chifiaf headed by Anson Burlingame, formerly the 
 American minister to that country, visited the United 
 States. A treaty was ratified by which liberty of con- 
 science, protection of property, and important commercial 
 privileges were mutually secured. This was the first time 
 that exclusive nation had ever sought a treaty with foreign 
 countries. 
 
 457. When the lyresidefltial election came again, 
 the contest was still found to be between the Republican 
 and the Democratic parties. The former nominated Gen- 
 eral Ulysses S. Grant, and the latter, Horatio Seymour, of 
 New York. The campaign was attended with much excite- 
 ment; but there was no prominent issue before the people. 
 Both parties accepted the results of the war, and affirmed 
 the validity of the late amendments. The questions most 
 
 12* 
 
274 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 discussed were those arising out of the war. Thus politics 
 looked back to the past instead of forward to the future. 
 The result was the election of General Grant as President, 
 and Schuyler Colfax, of Indiana, as Vice-President. 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 1869 — 1877. 
 
 458. The new Executivef the eighteenth President, 
 had received a military education, and served with dis- 
 tinction in the Mexican war. His national 
 reputation was won by his campaign in 
 the West, beginning with the capture of 
 Forts Henry and Donelson. He rose 
 rapidly in rank, till he became com- 
 mander-in-chief of the Union army. 
 
 459. Soon after his inauguralrion, fJie 
 Pacific Railroad was completed. 
 
 ULYSSES S. GRANT. ^^^^• . . • IJU Vil 
 
 1 his great enterprise had been agitated 
 since the discovery of gold in California. But the work 
 was not undertaken till 1863. To a company of capitalists 
 Congress voted large amounts of land adjoining the pro- 
 posed road, as Whitney and Degrand asked to have done 
 years before. The land grant included the alternate sections, 
 for ten and twenty miles on each side of the track. Beside 
 this, Congress guaranteed the payment of a large amount 
 of bonds to be issued by the company. California had now 
 grown into a wealthy state, and she lent her energy to the 
 achievement. 
 
 The first division of the road extended from Covuicii 
 Bluffs, Iowa, to Ogden, in Utah, a distance of 1,032 miles. 
 This was called the Union Pacific Railroad. The other 
 division, called the Central Pacific Railroad, extended from 
 San Francisco to Ogden, a distance of 882 miles. The 
 work went on at both ends at the same time, and on May 
 10, 18G9, two engines slowly s'.teamed till they touched each 
 
GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION. 275 
 
 other in front, and the engineers from the East and the West 
 shook hands across the narrow line of separation. The last 
 rail was laid, and the last spike driven, with appropriate 
 ceremonies. From Europe to America in nine days; from 
 the Atlantic to the Pacific in five more; and across the 
 Pacific to China in twenty more, — thus was realized the 
 ambitious scheme of the fifteenth century, a short route to 
 .the Indies. 
 
 400. The work of reconstruction was completed in 1870 
 by the adoption of the Fifteenth Amendment to the 
 Constitution. It declared that the right of suifrage shall 
 not be withheld from any citizen of the United States "on 
 account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." 
 Thus the ballot was conferred upon the emancipated black 
 men of the South and the free colored men of the North. 
 Texas was the last state to signify its acceptance of the 
 amended Constitution, and to take its place in the recon- 
 structed Union. 
 
 4G1. The ninth census^ taken in 1870, showed a 
 wonderful growth and jDrogress, notwithstanding the ravages 
 and waste of war. Since the last enumeration, the popula- 
 tion had increased from thirty-one millions to thirty-eight 
 millions (38,558,371). Since the days of Washington, the 
 country had doubled its population about every twenty-five 
 years. The expenses of managing the government doubled 
 about every sixteen years. At the end of the second year 
 of Grant's administration, $204,000,000 of the national 
 debt had been paid, and the price of gold had fallen to 110. 
 Manufacturing had nearly doubled since 18G0. The South 
 was rapidly adjusting its industry on a basis of free labor, 
 and the effects of the war were fast passing away. 
 
 462. The ratio of representation m Congress has 
 
 been changed frequently. As the population of the country 
 has increased, it has required more and more people to be 
 entitled to a representative. By this means the House of 
 Representatives has been kept within reasonable size. In 
 1872, Congress ordered that thenceforth the House should 
 
276 THE MODEL ET8T0RY. 
 
 not be composed of more than 293 members. On the basis 
 of the ninth census, the number of people entitled to a 
 representative was fixed at 135,239 ; though some states, 
 as Nevada, have been admitted with a far less population, 
 and some territories, as Utah, have been kept out with a 
 far greater population, at the option of Congress. 
 
 463. This administration was signalized by the settle- 
 ment of the Alabama claims — a difficult and threaten- 
 ing question. The injury done during the war to American 
 commerce by Confederate privateers, built and equipped in 
 British ports, had been very great. These cruisers had 
 been sent out without any attempt to conceal their purpose, 
 and with no eflforts on the part of the British government to 
 restrain them. The repeated remonstrance of the Secretary 
 of State against this violation of the laws of nations had 
 been almost unheeded; but, after the war, both parties 
 became anxious for a settlement. 
 
 A high commission, composed of five British and five 
 American statesmen, met at Washington, and, after much 
 discussion, bound their respective countries to submit all 
 the claims of either nation against the other to a board of 
 arbitration, composed of five members, to be appointed by 
 the kings and rulers of friendly nations. This court of 
 arbitration met at Geneva, Switzerland, gave the two 
 nations a full and impartial hearing, and rendered an 
 award of damages to the United States for fifteen and a 
 half million dollars. This sum was paid by Great Britain 
 the next year. This result was very encouraging to those 
 who hope that the bloody and expensive methods of war 
 will gradually go out of use, and that the disputes of nations, 
 as well as those of individuals, will bo settled by the courts. 
 This arbitration was the most important triumph of the 
 principles of the apostle of peace, William Ladd. 
 
 464. In 1871, a great calamity visited the country in the 
 humhlff of Chicago, It broke out one evening in a 
 stable on De Koven Street, ana was caused b}'^ a cow's 
 knocking over a kerosene lamp. It soon spread, driven by 
 a high wind, to the neighboring lumber yards and wooden 
 
GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION. 277 
 
 buildings. The flames leaped the Chicago River, and swept 
 on through the business part of the city. It raged with 
 unabated fury for two days, and died out only when it 
 reached Lake Michigan and Lincoln Park. The area 
 burned over was two thousand one hundred acres, or three 
 and a third square miles. About two hundred and fifty 
 lives were lost, and the property destroyed amounted to 
 two hundred million dollars. Ninety-eight thousand people 
 were rendered homeless. "In the extent of the district 
 burned over, the Chicago fire stands first; in the amount of 
 property destroyed, second; and in the suffering occasioned, 
 third, among the great conflagrations of the world." 
 
 465. Almost at the same time ' with the burning of 
 Chicago, extensive fovest fives burst out in the pine 
 woods of Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Michigan. Many 
 entire villages were consumed, and the flames out-traveled 
 the fleetest horse. Fifteen hundred people perished in 
 Wisconsin alone. 
 
 4GG. A year afterward, another misfortune came in the 
 SosfOfl five. It raged for thirty -six hours, and laid 
 many of the finest blocks in the country in ashes. Fifteen 
 lives were lost, sixty-five acres were burned over, and 
 property to the value of eighty millions was consumed. 
 The losses of these conflagrations fell upon the entire 
 people by depressing business and largely advancing the 
 rates of insurance. 
 
 4G7. In 1872, Congress, ])y a two-thirds vote, removed 
 the polifieffJ disahlUtieS imposed by the third section 
 of the Fourteenth Amendment. The only exceptions were 
 memliers of Congress, officers in the army and navy, cabinet 
 officers, and foreign ministers, who had resigned and joined 
 the Confederacy. One hundred and fifty ■'fnousand men of 
 capacity and experience were thus restored to political life. 
 
 468. The issues entering into the presidential cail- 
 VflSS at the close of Grant's first term, grew out of recon- 
 struction as completed by Congress. Some of these 
 measures had been received with great disapproval in the 
 
278 
 
 THE MODEL BISTORT. 
 
 South. The bestowal of the complete rights of citizenship 
 upon the colored race, excited there the greatest alarm and 
 indignation. A state of violence and lawlessness was thus 
 inaugurated, and the issues of the war were often re- 
 discussed with much bitterness. There was but little 
 difference between the platforms of principles adopted by 
 the opposing parties, and the canvass, which was exciting 
 and sharp, was really a struggle for place and power. 
 
 469. The candidates were well-known men. The 
 Republicans re-nominated General Grant for the first, and 
 Henry Wilson, of Massachusetts, for the second, place on 
 
 their ticket. The Democrats 
 and Liberal Republicans nom- 
 inated Horace Greeley, editor 
 of the New York Tribune. For 
 thirty years he had been one 
 of the foremost men and the 
 brightest light of journalism in 
 the country. He had long been 
 a leader of public opinion, 
 having discussed daily, with 
 great ability and enthusiasm, 
 almost every subject of interest 
 to the people. He was one of 
 the truly great men of America. The result of the campaign 
 was the re-election of Grant by a large majority. Mr. 
 Greeley died three weeks afterward, broken down by labor, 
 political disappointment, and domestic bereavement. 
 
 470. Near the beginning of Grant's second term, public 
 attention was directed to the Credit MohiJier iu- 
 vestUjatioil in Congress. The Credit Mobilier was a 
 joint-stock company, chartered to advance the construction 
 of public works. With a capital of nearly four millions it 
 undertook the construction of the Pacific Railroad. Its 
 business was so managed as to be very profitable, and the 
 stock rose rapidly in value, the stockholders receiving 
 enormous dividends. It so happened that a law-suit in 
 
 HORACE GREELEY. 
 
GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION. 279 
 
 Pennsylvania revealed the fact that a large amount of the 
 stock was owned by members of Congress. A suspicion 
 was at once aroused that members had used their votes for 
 selfish purposes in the subsidies and special privileges 
 granted to the railroad. An investigation was demanded, 
 in the course of which many scandalous transactions were 
 revealed and several fair reputations tarnished. 
 
 471. In the fall of 1873, a disastrous money _29rfliic 
 occurred. The great bankii]g house of Jay Cooke & Co., 
 of Philadelphia, failed suddenly. Other important failures 
 occurred in quick succession. Depositors hurried to the 
 banks all over the land and withdrew their money. The 
 national currency was sent home for redemption. The result 
 was that a large percentage of the banks temporarily sus- 
 pended payment. Mercantile houses and manufacturing- 
 companies, not being able to meet the sudden demands of 
 their creditors, were forced into suspension or bankruptcy. 
 
 It was now seen that both public and private expendi- 
 tures had been extravagant, and that the apparent prosperity 
 of business had been largely fictitious. Public confidence 
 was shaken. Months elapsed before this was restored, and 
 for years afterward business languished, manufactures fell 
 off, and the value of nearly everything gradually receded. 
 The main causes of the panic were speculation in railroad 
 stocks, construction of unprofitable railroads in new and 
 unsettled parts of the country, frequent changes in the 
 value of the currency, excessive importations and manu- 
 factures, the Chicago and Boston fires, and the heavy burden 
 of public and private debts, caused by war and extravagance. 
 
 472. During these eight years, the country was fre- 
 quently called upon to record the loSS of puhlic men 
 by death. Among these may be mentioned Edwin M. 
 Stanton, Secretary of War under President Lincoln, and 
 afterward Judge of the Supreme Court of the United 
 . States; General Robert E. Lee, who had served since the 
 war as president of Washington and Lee University, in 
 Virginia ; William H. Seward, Secretary of State under 
 
280 
 
 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 President Lincoln, and one of the ablest statesmen of the 
 century ; Professor S. F. B. Morse, the honored inventor of 
 the magnetic telegraph; Horace Greeley, our greatest jour- 
 nalist ; General George G. Meade, the commander at 
 Gettysburg ; Salmon P. Chase, Secretary of the Treasury 
 
 under President Lincoln, the 
 author of our "greenbacks," 
 and afterward Chief Justice of 
 the United States; Andrew 
 Johnson, the last ex-President; 
 Henry Wilson, Vice-President; 
 Louis Agassiz, our greatest 
 t(-aeher of science; and Charles 
 Sunnier, Senator from Massa- 
 chusetts. He was the successor 
 of l^aniel Webster in the 
 Senate, and had served con- 
 Louis AGASSIZ. tiuuously for twcuty- two ycars. 
 
 He was a leader, not a follower, of public opinion, speaking 
 often and powerfully on all questions affecting the welfare 
 of the nation. He read the future clearly, and he lived to 
 see every one of his chief measures adopted, except the one 
 that was enlisting his powers of argument at the time of 
 his last illness. 
 
 473. In 1874, an order, called the Patrons of II US- 
 hflfldry , extended widely over the country. All persons 
 engaged in agriculture were eligible to membershijo. The 
 objects were, to cultivate mutual acquaintance, to secure 
 prosperity to the farmers by selling their products directly 
 to the consumer and buying their goods directly from the 
 producer, to oppose all monopolies and corporations that 
 oppress the people, to strengthen the attachment to rural 
 life, to discontinue the credit and mortgage systems, and 
 to insist on purity in the management of public affairs. In 
 1868, there were but ten Granges in the United States. 
 Six years afterward, they had increased to twenty thousand 
 Granges, with a membershij> of a million and a half, secur- 
 
GB^iNT'ti ADMINISTRATION. 281 
 
 ing a saving to the members of twenty million dollars 
 yearly. 
 
 474, Early in the same year, a similar order, called the 
 Sovereigns of Illdustrt/f was formed to secure to all 
 industrial classes the same benefits the Grange was intended 
 to secure to the farmer. This order flourished mostly in the 
 East, as the Grangers in the West, The problems which 
 these orders have tried to solve are among the most impor- 
 tant of the age. Some of them are rapidly claiming the 
 attention of political parties, and appearing in Congress 
 and in state legislatures, 
 
 475. As a help to commerce and agriculture, the Signal 
 Service bureau was established by Congress in 1870, 
 to make careful observations upon the temperatvire and 
 moisture of the air, the rise and fall of rivers, and the 
 direction and velocity of the wind. By this means the 
 approach of storms and floods is announced hours, and 
 sometimes days, before they reach distant localities. Thus 
 time is gained for the protection of property and life. The 
 probabilities of the weather for the various sections of the 
 United States are daily published, and ninety per cent, of 
 these predictions have been verified. 
 
 Stations for observation are established at about one 
 hundred and forty places in the United States, and also at 
 Behring Strait, Hudson Bay, Greenland, Labrador, Iceland, 
 Norway, Russia, Italy, India, West Indies, South America, 
 
 — around the globe! At all of the stations in the United 
 States observations are taken at the same moment of time 
 
 — corresponding to 7:35 A.M. at Washington. Great 
 benefits have already resulted to river, lake, and marine 
 commerce, and to agricvilture, from the bureavi, whose use- 
 fulness has probably only just begun. 
 
 47G, A new Indian policy was adopted by the 
 President at this time. The plan was to educate and civil- 
 ize the Indians, not merely to punish them for their crimes. 
 This humane scheme included schools, model farms, and 
 instruction in the trades and the manners of civilized life. 
 
282 
 
 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 The President was led to the adoption of this policy from 
 the consideration that "the actual treatment of the Indians 
 has been unjust and iniquitous beyond the power of words 
 to express," and that, "as ascertained from government 
 statistics since 1820, the policy of war had cost, for each 
 Indian killed, the lives of twenty white men and half a 
 million dollars." 
 
 Though the restless nature of the race was very apparent, 
 the war-path was not so often trod, nor plundering raids so 
 frequent. Thousands were settled on farms of their own, 
 surrounded with domestic animals and many of the comforts 
 of life. From the earliest times the race has been decreas- 
 ing in numbers. The causes have been, a hopeless struggle 
 with white men, the exposure incident to their mode of life, 
 and their own vices made fatal by their adoption of those 
 of their white neighbors. There were in 1880 about three 
 hundred and eighty thousand Indians in the United States, 
 They will finally either disappear altogether, or adopt the 
 customs of civilized life, 
 
 477, In 1875, Congress passed the Specie Mesunip- 
 tioi% A-Ctf providing that after January 1, 1879, the legal- 
 tender notes should be redeemed, on presentation, in coin. 
 In the mean time silver was to take the place of fractional 
 currency. This law was much discussed by the people, 
 being greatly praised in the East and criticised in the West, 
 Its effect was to raise the value of United States bonds and 
 lower the premium on gold, 
 
 478, In the same year, Colorado was admitted into the 
 
 Union as the thirty- 
 
 yZ eighth state. The 
 healthfulness of its 
 climate had made it 
 ;i favorite resort for 
 invalids; and its rich 
 mineral deposits had 
 made mining the chief occupation of its people, 
 
 479, As the year 1876 drew near, the nation made 
 
GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION. 283 
 
 preparation to celebrate the American Centeunial 
 
 in an appropriate manner. Philadelphia was naturally 
 . selected as the place, it being the original seat of govern- 
 ment. The celebration took the shape of an international 
 exhibition, or world's fair. Many spacious buildings were 
 erected, the grounds elegantly laid off, and the exhibition 
 opened with appropriate ceremonies on May 10, 1876. It 
 continued for six months. The products, industries, and 
 achievements of nearly all civilized nations, — the new 
 thoughts of the new age, — were represented there. "It 
 was the first congress of the democracy of the world to 
 which all mankind had been invited." 
 
 480. During the whole of Grant's term of office, the 
 country was agitated by political tt'OUhJes hi the 
 South, The rivalry between the parties — those favoring 
 the new order of things and those preferring the old — 
 was exceedingly bitter and not always bloodless. Secret 
 orders of a treasonable nature, called Ku-Klux and White 
 Leaguers, carried on the work of proscription and assassin- 
 ation. Armed conflicts between the whites and the blacks 
 were very frequent, and always resulted in the slaughter 
 of the negroes. The assassination of unarmed colored men 
 was not uncommon. In several states two rival governors 
 and legislatures claimed to be elected, and proceeded to 
 support their claims by violence and intrigue. On such 
 occasions, when asked by the governor interested, troops 
 were sent into the riotous district until quiet could be 
 restored. 
 
 481. When the time came for another presidential can- 
 vass, the attitude of 2yarties was nearly the same as 
 four years before There was no great issue before the 
 people. Politics still looked backward instead of forward. 
 The Republicans argued that the record of the Democratic 
 party for the last forty years showed it to be unfit to con- 
 trol the affairs of the nation. The Democrats had much to 
 say about the extravagance and corruption of the Republican 
 party, and the necessity of reform and economy in public 
 
284 THE MODEL HISTORT. 
 
 expenditures. Both parties accepted the amended Consti- 
 tution. It was a struggle for the preferments of office and 
 the patronage of the government. 
 
 482. There was no lack of candidates. The Repub- 
 licans nominated Rutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio, and the 
 Democrats, Samuel J. Tilden, of New York, both being the 
 governors of their respective states. Two other parties 
 made their appearance for the first time. The Greenback 
 party nominated Peter Cooper, of New York, and made 
 opposition to the Resumption Act its distinctive principle. 
 The Prohibition party nominated General Green Clay 
 Smith, of Kentucky, and advocated, among other things, 
 the adoption of a constitutional amendment prohibiting the 
 sale of alcoholic liquors as a beverage. 
 
 483. Tlie efectlojl was the most peculiar ever held 
 in the country. Neither Smith nor Cooper received a 
 single electoral vote. The contest between Hayes and 
 Tilden was so close in several of the states that the true 
 condition of the vote was difficult to determine. The 
 Republicans hastened to charge the Democrats with intimi- 
 dating the colored Republican voters in the South. The 
 Democrats charged the Republicans with illegal voting and 
 making fraudulent returns. Boards of canvassers were sent 
 to the doubtful states to ascertain the facts and to take 
 testimony from competent witnesses. 
 
 The matter excited the greatest apprehension throughout 
 the nation, till it Avas finally settled by peaceful arbitration. 
 Fifteen judges were chosen — five from the House, five from 
 the Senate, and five from the Supreme Court — to decide 
 the question, both parties being pledged to abide by their 
 verdict. The result was, 185 electoral votes were counted 
 for Hayes, and 184 for Tilden. On March 5, 1877, R. B. 
 Hayes was peacefully inaugurated President, and William 
 A. Wheeler, of New York, Vice-President. 
 
HAYES'S ADMINISTEATION. 
 
 285 
 
 484 
 
 lU IHLKFOUD H nAYES. 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 HAYES'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 1877—1881. 
 
 The new Presideflt had served with distinc- 
 tion as an officer in the Union army 
 during- the Rebellion. He had been 
 thrice elected Governor of Ohio, after 
 the most determined opposition. In 
 his letter accepting the nomination 
 for the presidency he expressed the 
 determination, if elected, to do all in 
 his power to restore quiet to the 
 South and business prosperity to 
 the entire country. His inaugural 
 address outlined the policy of his 
 administration, and gave general 
 satisfaction. 
 
 485. He was immediately confronted with the question 
 of the rernoi^al of the troops that had been sent to 
 keep the peace in the South. Many people in the North 
 thought it would not be safe or prudent to do so. Being 
 assured that there would be no disturbance, the President 
 relieved the soldiers from their police duties. This course 
 was widely disapproved in the North. 
 
 486. The President went into office pledged by the 
 Republican party to eivil-sewice vefot'lH, For many 
 years it had been the custom to appoint such officials as 
 were recommended by the members of Congress from that 
 state where the officer was to be stationed. Great abuses 
 had grown up under this system, as it had become the 
 custom to recommend persons for appointment as a reward 
 for party services or as a return for personal obligations. 
 Too often the fitness of the applicant was disregarded. 
 The President gave much attention to the correction of 
 these abuses. He made but few dismissals, and did not 
 specially consult supposed party interests. His course in 
 
286 THE MODEL BISTORT. 
 
 this matter excited much discussion and disapproval, 
 especially among the members of the Republican party. 
 
 487. The month of July, 1877, is made memorable by 
 Vailt'Oad viotS. The train hands on the Baltimore & 
 Ohio Railroad at Martinsburg, struck for higher wages. 
 Instead of being a respectful demand for what they wished, 
 it rapidly developed into rebellion against the state itself. 
 The strikers swarmed upon the trains with revolvers, and 
 engaged even with the state troops in armed conflicts. Soon 
 the strike extended the whole length of the road, whose 
 business was entirely suspended. The next day the insur- 
 rection spread to other roads and states. The mobs seized 
 the railroad property, forbade the departure of all trains, 
 and resisted both the local authorities and the troops of the 
 United States. 
 
 At Pittsburg the mob destroj'ed a hundred locomotives, 
 and burned miles of freight cars, the depots, and round- 
 houses. In many other places the lawlessness was nearly 
 as great. In less tiian a week the bloody and defiant spirit 
 of riot extended to the West and even to California. For 
 the time the rioters suspended all business on the leading 
 railroads throughout the Union. The entire nation seemed 
 to be under mob law. Conflicts between the troops and the 
 mob occurred in many cities; much blood was shed and 
 vast amounts of property destroyed. Gradually the police 
 and troops routed the rioters; order was re-establislied, and 
 the rgads resumed their business. The great insurrection 
 lasted twelve days. It was commonly called the railroad 
 strike, and was the first riotous illustration in American 
 history of the supposed conflict between labor and capital. 
 
 488. As soon as Congress met, the currency question 
 assumed fresh importance; and bills for the vcmone- 
 tizatlon of silver were introduced. Since 1873, silver 
 had been demonetized, and therefore was not legal tender 
 for the payment of public or private debts in sums of over 
 five dollars. The bill provided for increased coinage of 
 silver and its restoration as legal tender. After much dis- 
 
HAYES'S ADMINISTRATION. 287 
 
 cussion the measure passed Congress. It was promptly 
 vetoed by the President, and quickly re-passed by more 
 than a two-thirds vote in both Houses. Veto was only vote 
 with the letters differently arranged. The mints immedi- 
 ately began to coin and send out silver money. 
 
 489. During this presidency the force of the Jay Cooke 
 panic was broken by a revival of business. Return- 
 ing- prosperity first showed itself in the iron trade, which 
 suddenly assumed great activity. All branches of industry 
 were soon affected. Specie resumption was quietly and 
 permanently accomplished at the appointed time, the bal- 
 ance of foreign trade was largely in our favor, and a great 
 impetus was given to European immigration. Every kind 
 of government bond commanded a premium in the market, 
 and for the first time in over thirty years the public credit 
 was unquestioned. 
 
 490. For several years people from Asia — chiefly men 
 from China and Japan — had been coming to California 
 and the States further east. As their number increased a 
 strong feeling arose on the Pacific coast against CJlitiese 
 inmiif/vation. Congress passed a bill to regulate this 
 so-called "invasion of the Mongolians," but it failed under 
 the President's veto. This veto was in accordance with 
 the well-established theory that this country should wel- 
 come industrious and law-abiding immigrants from any 
 quarter of the globe. 
 
 491. During two summers the dreaded yelloiv fevev 
 made another visit to the United States, and thousands of 
 people died in the cities and villages of the South. The 
 Howard Association, composed of heroic men and women 
 as volunteer physicians and nurses, did much to alleviate 
 the sufferings attending the plague. 
 
 492. Large numbers of colored people left the South 
 in these four years and migrated to the North — especially 
 to Kansas. This movement was known as tJie eXO(lus» 
 Its cause was variously stated. The Democrats asserted 
 that the Republicans imported these voters to influence 
 
288 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 the Northern elections, and to diminish the Southern repre- 
 sentation ill Congress. The Republicans declared the 
 exodus was caused by the hardships and persecution to 
 which the colored people were subjected in their old 
 homes. The movement continued from year to year, and 
 greatly reduced the number of plantation laborers in many 
 parts of the South. 
 
 493. In the Summer of 1879, the President called an 
 extra session of Congress to pass the necessary 
 
 bills for the appropriation of money to meet the various 
 expenses of the government during the year. These bills 
 had been passed at the regular session, but to them had 
 been appended certain political provisions by the Democrat- 
 ic Congress which the Republican President deemed very 
 objectionable. He had therefore persistently vetoed them. 
 This was the seventh extra session in the history of Con- 
 gress. The first was called by the elder Adams to provide 
 means to carry on the "quasi war" with France. The 
 second was convened by Van Buren to relieve the financial 
 distress following the panic of '37. Harrison called the 
 third to consider the currency and the revenue. The 
 fourth was called by Pierce to pass an army appropriation 
 bill which had failed at the regular session. The fifth was 
 assembled by Lincoln to provide for the prosecution of 
 war at the outbreak of the Rebellion. The sixth was 
 called by Hayes, in 1878, because the army bill had fiiiled 
 of passage. 
 
 494. The tenth census, t&'ken in June, 1880, showed 
 an aggregate population of fifty millions (50,155,783), a 
 gain of 30 per cent. The eight largest cities of the Union 
 ranked as follows : New York, Philadelphia, Brooklyn, 
 Chicago, Boston, St. Louis, Baltimore, Cincinnati. The 
 six most populous States stood as follows : New York, 
 Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, Missouri, Indiana. Reports 
 from the United States Treasury showed that the public 
 debt was being steadily j^aid at an average rate of six or 
 seven millions a montli. The total annual revenues of the 
 
HAYES'S ADMINISTRATION. 280 
 
 government were $333,000,000, and the total expenditures 
 were 1169,000,000, exclusive of 195,000,000 as interest on 
 the national debt. 
 
 495. During these years the country was frequently 
 called to mourn by the death of eminent citizef IS, 
 Among these was William Cullen Bryant, the venerable 
 poet and journalist ; John Lothrop Motley, the historian ; 
 Oliver P. Morton, the Indiana senator ; Joseph Henry, the 
 scientist ; Bayard Taylor, the traveler and poet, and W. L. 
 Garrison, the pioneer abolitionist. 
 
 496. Soon after the end of his presidency, public atten- 
 tion was directed to General Grant's tour around 
 the globe. He visited, with his companions, nearly all the 
 civilized countries of the Old World, and was always hos- 
 pitably and sometimes magnificently entertained. His 
 cordial reception in all lands was interpreted as indi- 
 cating a friendly feeling toward the country he represented. 
 
 497. During his absence his name was often mentioned 
 by influential joui'nals for the next presidency. His return 
 near the time of holding the National Convention brought 
 the third term question into sudden prominence. It 
 was argued by one faction that another term would be a 
 suitable reward for his services to the republic, and that 
 the country should not lose the benefits of his experience. 
 On the contrary, it was argued that he could not reasonably 
 ask another term ; that Washington, Jefferson, and every 
 ex-President to whom it had been offered, had declined 
 this distinction ; and that a long tenure of office was 
 hostile to republican principles. 
 
 498. When the time came for the several parties to 
 name the presidential candidates^ the Republicans 
 met first at Chicago, Several names were put in nomina- 
 tion, the most prominent being General Grant, of Illinois, 
 and James G. Blaine, of Maine. Mr. Hayes was not a 
 candidate for re-election, as, like Polk, he had pledged 
 himself at the beginning of his administration to the one- 
 term principle, Thirty-four ballots were taken without a 
 
290 THE MODEL HISTORY 
 
 result, when very unexpectedly the name of General James 
 A. Garfield, of Ohio, came to the front. The opponents 
 of Grant flocked to his support, and in a few minutes, amid 
 great excitement, he was nominated on the thirty - sixth 
 ballot. Chester A. Arthur, of New York, was nominated 
 for Vice-President. The Democrats met at Cincinnati and 
 nominated Winfield S. Hancock, of Pennsylvania, a Major 
 General in the regular army. The National Greenback 
 party nominated General James B. Weaver, of Iowa. The 
 Prohibition party named Hon. Neal Dow, of Maine. 
 
 499. The platforms of principles adopted by the several 
 parties set forth with some clearness the issues of the 
 catlVClSS* The Prohibitionists made temperance and 
 woman suffrage the chief issues. The Nationals urged the 
 more rapid payment of the public debt, the abolition of 
 national banks, and the issue of greenbacks in place of the 
 national currency. The Republicans adopted a resolution 
 equivocal in form, but understood to favor a protective 
 tariff, while the Democrats declared plainly in favor of a 
 tariff for revenue only. Again, the Republicans favored 
 a strong general government, and boasted of spelling 
 " Nation with a capital N " ; while the Democrats, prefer- 
 ring a greater delegation of authority to the individual 
 States, were particularly pleased with the phrase and idea 
 of " local self-government." 
 
 But it was observable that political questions were little 
 argued. Again politics took color from the struggles of 
 the past, and the canvass was a contest for office and vic- 
 tory rather than for the supremacy of principles. 
 
 500. TJie vesillt was that neither Dow nor Weaver 
 received a single electoral vote, though the former was suj)- 
 ported by 10,305 popular ballots, and the latter by 307,740. 
 Hancock carried every Soutlwjrn State, giving him 150 
 electoral votes. Garfield was successful in nearly every 
 Nortliern State, aggregating 214 votes. The total popular 
 vote of the thirty-eight States was 9,218,550. On March 
 4, 1881, Garfield and Arthur were quietly inaugurated. 
 
ADMINISTRATIONS OF GARmELB AND AMTETIR. 291 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 AOMINISTRAriONS OF OARFIELD AND ARTHUR. 
 
 188 1-1885. 
 
 501. Like Lincoln, Johnson, and some other of our 
 
 chief magistrates, the 
 
 tiventietli Presi- 
 dent came up from a 
 lunnble station in life to 
 the highest within the 
 gift of the people. He 
 had been a college pro- 
 fessor, a Christian min- 
 "ister, and a brigadier 
 general during the Re- 
 bellion. He served his 
 district in Congress con- 
 tinuously for eighteen 
 years, and had just be- 
 fore his nomination for 
 the presidency been 
 elected to the Senate. The Autumn elections had again 
 placed both houses of Congress under control of the 
 Republicans. 
 
 503. By far the most remarkable object of antiquarian 
 interest in the country — the Egifl)tian ohelish — was 
 set up at this time in Central Park, New York City. Il> is 
 a huge monolith of red granite, seven feet square at the 
 base, seventy feet high, and weighs 214 tons. It was 
 dressed in the stone quarries of Egypt 3,600 years ago, 
 covered with Egyptian inscriptions, and set up at Heliopo- 
 lis on the Nile. It stood there when Joseph, of Bible 
 story, married the daugliter of a priest in that city. About 
 thirty years B. C. it was removed by a Roman emperor 
 and set up at Alexandria, on the shore of the Mediter- 
 ranean. In 1880 it was presented to the United States by 
 the Khedive of Egypt, and was brought to New York in 
 
 JAMES A. GARFIELD. 
 
292 THE MODEL HISTORY 
 
 the liold of a steamer, at a cost of $100,000. For nearly 
 2,000 years it has been called Cleopatra's Needle. Egyp- 
 tian obelisks are j^reatly prized in Europe, and similar 
 ones, though smaller, are to be seen in Paris, London, 
 Constantinople and Rome 
 
 ' 503. In the year 1870, a company of fifty-two English 
 and twenty-seven American scholars engaged in the work 
 of the revision of the Sible, The task was to make 
 one more translation from the original Hebrew and Greek 
 languages into English, following as closely as possible the 
 Authorized Version, with a careful examination of the 
 most ancient manuscripts of the Holy Scriptures. The 
 revisers, who were chosen because of their eminent Chris- 
 tian scholarship, continued this labor reverently and with 
 the utmost care for ten years, when the New Testament 
 was completed. It was published in England, America 
 and Australia on the same day — May 20, 1881. One 
 million copies were sold on that one day. The Old Testa- 
 ment was issued in May, 1885. It was expected that this 
 Revision would, in time, go into general use in place of 
 the Authorized Version of 1611, from which it is somewhat, 
 but not greatly, diiferent. 
 
 504. On July 2, 1881, the world was horrified by the 
 shooting of President Garfield, This act was 
 done with a heavy revolver by Charles J. Guiteau, a dis- 
 appointed office-seeker and political adventurer. The 
 assassin, without accomplices, had deliberately formed his 
 dark design, and had waited for weeks to accomplish it. 
 In the depot at Washington he assaulted the President 
 who was about leaving to rejoin his invalid wife at Long 
 Branch. Two shots were fired, the latter inflicting a 
 serious wound in the back. This startling event produced 
 extraordinary grief and indignation in all parts of the 
 country and the Avorld. Guiteau was immediately arrested 
 and lodged in jail. He was afterward tried, convicted, and 
 hanged. 
 
 The assassin had conceived the i-dca that the accession of 
 
ADMINISTRATIONS OF GARFIELD AND ARTHUR. 293 
 
 Arthur was "a political necessity." The victim lay at the 
 door of death for eighty days. The nation waited in hope 
 and fear. Despite medical skill and his vigorous constitu- 
 tion, he died. It was more than a public loss. It was a 
 private grief to every citizen. Mr. Arthur immediately, at 
 midnight, took the oath of office. 
 
 505. TJie new I*resldent had not occupied any 
 
 station of national prom- 
 inence, but he was a man 
 of reputation in his own 
 state. Being thus raised 
 to the presidency by the 
 mad design of an assas- 
 sin, he was placed m a 
 position of difficulty and 
 delicacy. His adminis- 
 tration was dignified and 
 prudent, and it gave a 
 good degree of satisfac- 
 tion to the country. 
 500. During these four 
 ;^$ years two TTiore Pa- 
 cific Hail roads were 
 
 pushed forward to com- 
 pletion. One was the Northern Pacific, which, after the 
 Jay Cooke Panic of 1(S73, remained for several years as it 
 was left by that collapse. The other was the Southern 
 Pacific, the shortest route of the three. The United States 
 was also connected by railway with Manitoba and the City 
 of Mexico. Thus remote sections of our own country were 
 joined in commercial intercourse ; and the neighboring 
 nations were bound to us in the ties of good-will and 
 fraternity. 
 
 507. Notwithstanding the failure and disaster attending 
 avctic exploration in previous years, two expeditions 
 were fitted out to search for the North Pole. One of these, 
 equipped by James Gordon Bennett, proprieter of the N. 
 
 CHESTKR A. AHTHUR. 
 
294 
 
 THE MODEL JIlSTOnr. 
 
 Y. ITeralcI, Lieut. Geo. W. DeLong commanding, sought a 
 route north of Asia. After being gone two years, and 
 having their ship crushed by the ice, a portion of the 
 party reached home safely ; l:)ut tlie others, including the 
 commander, perished, and were found buried in snow on 
 the delta of the Lena River. The other expedition, under 
 command of Lieutenant Greeley, sailed by the Greenland 
 
 TO ILLUSTRATE 
 
 STANDAllI) TIME, 
 
 route. After being out three years and losing their ship 
 in the ice, tlie remnant of the crew were rescued by a 
 relief expedition wlien at the point of starvation. The 
 pole still kept its secrets. 
 
 508. On Nov. 18, 1883, all the railroads in the country 
 adopted Standard Time in place of Mean Local Time. 
 For convenience the country is considered as divided into 
 sections by meridians west from Greenwich. Intercolonial 
 Time is based on the 60th meridian; Eastern Time, on the 
 
ADMINISTRATIONS OF GARFIELD AND ARTHUR. 295 
 
 7oth; Central Time, on the 90th; Mountain Time, on the 
 105th; and Pacific Time, on the 120th. Each of these five 
 divisions, being fifteen degrees in widtli, represents one 
 hour of time; so that every place in any one division has 
 the same minute and hour of time, while all places in the 
 entire country have the same minute, though they may 
 have ditFerent hours. Central Time is just one hour 
 slower than Eastern and one hour faster than Mountain. 
 At points in any division east of the meridian, Local Time 
 is faster than Standard, while at places west of it, Local is 
 slower than Standard. In most cities and towns the new 
 reckoning has taken the place of the old for common use. 
 509. As these quiet years were passing away, great 
 
 advance was made in discovery and hiventiofi. The 
 
 Electric Light became a success, through the labors of 
 Thomas A. Edison and others, and it was extensively used 
 in cities for streets and buildings. Electricity was also 
 used as a motive power, running machinery and miniature 
 trains of cars. Telegraphy was brought to such perfection 
 that messages could be sent to and from a railway train 
 running at full speed, tluis doing much to prevent collisions. 
 Speech and other sounds were transmitted over considera- 
 ble distances on a beam of light, by the photophone of 
 Prof. A. Graham Bell, inventor of the telephone. Mr. 
 Edison invented the speaking phonograph, which received 
 and recorded the vibrations of the human voice and other 
 sounds, and afterward reproduced them, causing a repeti- 
 tion of the speech. Engines were run by steam generated 
 by the heat of the sun. Two moons of the planet Mars, the 
 smallest celestial bodies known, were discovered by Prof. 
 Asaph Hall, at Washington. Tt became a strongly sup- 
 ported theory in medicine that cholera, diphtheria, consump- 
 tion, fevers, and some other deadly maladies, are caused by 
 different kinds of bacilli, microscopic parasites or germs, 
 in the blood and tissues. It was proved that hydro- 
 phobia, like small-pox, may be prevented by a system of 
 inoculatioD- 
 
296 THE MODEL HISTORT. 
 
 510. Much attention, also, was given to several i^nhllc 
 questions of importance. Among these were the Mor- 
 mon problem, the temperance question, the issue of free 
 trade and protection, the proper disposal of the public 
 lands, the prohibition of Chinese immigration, the restric- 
 tion of capital and monopoly, and the reform of the civil 
 service. The agitation of these questions trained the minds 
 and consciences of the people to a watchful interest in 
 matters of public moment. 
 
 511. In 1882 tlie wave of imini(ft'(ttiotl reached the 
 greatest height ever known, 780,000 foreigners arriving in 
 that year to make their homes with us. In all our history, 
 each wave of immigration has been o-ieater than that 
 preceding. There are many who fear the consequences 
 of such an enormous inflow of people not accustomed to 
 American modes of thought, life, and government. 
 
 512. Two great avehitectuval (whievetnents were 
 completed at this time. One was the Brooklyn Bridge 
 across East River to New York. The other was the 
 Washington Monument, at Washington City, ordered by 
 Congress over a century ago, in 1783. It is built of 
 Maine granite surfaced with Maryland marble, with a 
 steam elevator in the interior. It is 55 feet square at the 
 base, and 555 feet in height. The former is the greatest 
 bridge, and the latter, except the Eiffel Tower, at Paris, 
 the highest structure ever erected. 
 
 513. When the time arrived to name jn'esi'fJenfial 
 candidates^ the RepMblicans met first in Cliicago, and 
 nominated, without much contest, .fames G. Blaine, Secre- 
 tary of State under Garfield, and a prominent candidate for 
 nomination both in '7G and '80, and Gen. .lohn A. Logan, 
 of Illinois, for Vice-president. The Democrats met in the 
 same place, and nominated, on the thirc! ballot, Grover 
 Cleveland, Governor of New York, for the first place on the 
 ticket, and Thomas A. Hendricks, of Indiana, for the second 
 place. « The old ticket of 1876,"— Tilden and Hendricks, 
 — would have been nominated agaiii* but for the fact that 
 
ADMINISTRATIONS of^'GARFIELB AND ARTHUR. 29T 
 
 Mr. Tiiden positively declined on account of the infirmities 
 of ao-e. The Nationals and Anti- Monopolists nominated 
 Gen. Benjamin F. Butler, Ex-Governor of Massachusetts. 
 The Prohibitionists nominated Ex-Gov. John P. St. John, 
 of Kansas. A new party — the Woman SufiVagists — nomi- 
 nated Belva Lockvvood, a lady lawyer of Washington. 
 
 514. A new feature of the canipahjli was the fact 
 that each of the candidates, except Mr. Cleveland, engaged 
 actively and personally in the canvass, making electioneer- 
 ing tours and speeches over the country. Each party 
 emphasized its peculiar doctrine. The chief issue between 
 the major parties was Protection and Revenue Reform, the 
 Republicans being favorable to the former, and tiie Demo- 
 crats to the latter. This question, which had been dimly 
 outlined as an issue in 1880, now assumed clear-cut and 
 definite features for the first time in forty years. 
 
 515. The result of election-day was a total pop- 
 ular vote of 10,050,347, of which 4,911,01? were cast for 
 Cleveland, 4,848,334 for Blaine, 151,809 for St. .rohn, and 
 133,825 for Butler. The vote for Mrs. Lockwood was not 
 officially counted. The electoral vote was in a condition of 
 uncertainty in New York for three weeks, wl>en the official 
 count showed that tlie state had gone Democratic by a 
 pluralit\^ of only 1,047 in a total vote of over one million. 
 This small balance of popular support decided the election. 
 Cleveland received 319 electoral votes and Blaine 183. 
 The others received none, nor is it probable that they ex- 
 pected any. The triumph of Cleveland and Hendricks was 
 regarded by the Democrats as a popular rebuke of what 
 they were accustomed to call " the Electoral Commission 
 Fraud of 1870." 
 
 516. On March 4, 1885, the hiauf/tiratioji of the 
 new incumbents was quietly accom])lislied in the presence 
 of an immense crowd, and with manv demonstrations of 
 rejoicing. Thus, after being in political exile for twenty- 
 four years, the Democratic party again came to the front 
 and resumed the helm of state. 
 
298 
 
 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 CLEVELAND'S FIRST ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 1885—1889. 
 
 517. The neiv 
 President had rap- 
 idly risen through suc- 
 cessive offices to the 
 highest in the land. He 
 had been chosen gov- 
 ernor of New York by 
 a larger majority than 
 was ever before obtained 
 in a state election. He 
 had resigned nearly 
 every office he ever held 
 in order to accept a 
 higher one. He called 
 able counsellors about 
 GRovER CLEVELAND. him, and bcgau his ad- 
 
 ministration by wise and conservative measures. 
 
 518. Tlie fedet'Ol offices-, more than one hun(b'ed 
 thousand in number, were filled chiefly by Republicans; 
 and it was expected by many, that most of these would be 
 speedily removed. But the administration proceeded 
 slowly, declaring that removals would be made only for 
 cause, and that the letter and spirit of the law regulating 
 the civil service would be obeyed. Much dissatisfaction 
 was expressed by the office-seekers, that they could not 
 at once enjoy " the spoils of victory," but the moderate 
 course of the executive won the general approval of his 
 party. The Republican party l)ehaved a,dmirably under its 
 close defeat, and those who had predicted disaster to the 
 country soon ceased their prophecies. If tliis was not " an 
 era of good feeling," it was, at least, an era of good sense. 
 
CLEVELAND' 8 ADMINI8TRATI0K 299 
 
 51*J. In July, 1885, the country was saddened by tlie 
 death of General Grants iu his sixty-third year. 
 He was a native of Ohio, and received his education as a 
 cadet of West Point. After his services in the Mexican 
 War, he resigned his commission in the regular army and 
 retired to tlie pursuits of private life. In 18G1, he was 
 among the first to respond to tlie call of the country. His 
 promotion was ra))id and always because of merit. After 
 his return from his trip around the world, he resided in 
 New York City, the most illustrious citizen of the Republic. 
 Through the dishonesty of a business partner, he lost all 
 his property, and was involved in millions of indebtedness 
 besides. The depression from this misfortune developed 
 the germs of disease in his system, — a cancerous growth in 
 his throat. Medical skill combated the ailment for months, 
 while the sympathizing country watched the bulletins. 
 During his suffering he completed his literary labors, — 
 " The Personal Memoirs of General Grant." His disease 
 was necessarily fatal, and on the day of his death, telegrams 
 of grief and condolence were received from various parts 
 of the world. On the day of his interment at Riverside 
 Park, New York City, with ceremonies unequaled in 
 America, funeral eulogies were pronounced all over the 
 country. 
 
 Though he had attained the highest earthly station. 
 General Grant was modest, unambitious, atid unselfish. 
 He was a man of deeds, not words. Though the greatest 
 military chieftain of the age, he hated war and loved peace. 
 His voice was always for good-will and fraternity. All 
 parties and sections regarded his death as a private loss and 
 a national misfortune. 
 
 520. But the country suffered other losses of this kind. 
 The death-roll of (jreat names lengthened from 
 
 year to year. It included, among others, Schuyler Colfax, 
 ex-vice-president ; Frederick T. Frelinghuysen, Secretary 
 of State under Arthur ; Alexander H. Stephens, ex-vice- 
 president of the Confederacy ; Josh Billings, the humorist. 
 
300 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 Junius Brutus Booth, tlie tragedian ; Ralph Waldo 
 Emerson, the poet and philosopher of Concord ; Peter 
 Cooper, the philanthropist and founder of Cooper Institute; 
 Johns Ploj)kins, the benevolent founder of Johns Hopkins 
 University ; Richard Grant White, the literary critic and 
 verbalist ; Henry W. Longfellow, our greatest poet; 
 Matthew Simpson, the most famous and eloquent of the 
 Methodist bishops ; and John McCloskey, the first Ameri- 
 can cardinal of the Catholic Church. 
 
 521. In October, 1885, an engineering work of novel 
 interest was completed in the hlowhlff lip of Hell 
 Gate, This was an island of rock, about nine acres in 
 extent, lying between New York and Brooklyn. The reefs 
 adjoining it had always been dangerous to navigation, and 
 the wrecks averaged about one a day. For thirty years 
 attempts liave been made to remove it. For ten years the 
 government had been tunneling under both island and 
 reefs ; and now 285,000 pounds of dynamite and other 
 explosives, in 13,286 cartridges, were inserted in the solid 
 rock. They were all exploded at the same instant by elec- 
 tricity. The water and rocks rose in a mountain of foam 
 two hundred feet high. When the mist cleared away, it 
 was seen that Flood Rock had been shattered into fragments. 
 
 522. The assassination of Lincoln and Garfield often 
 gave occasion io the question, " W hat would be the line of 
 succession in office in the event of the sudden death 
 of both the President and the Vice ?" The law provided 
 no answer. In order to make a condition of anarchy 
 
 impossible, the Presidential Succession Law was 
 
 enacted. It provided that on the death or incapacity of the 
 Vice President the Secretary of State should become Pres- 
 dent, and after him the other cabinet officers in their 
 order. 
 
 523. Another act of importance was The Inter- 
 state Commerce Law. Lines of transportation by 
 rail and water often cross several states, and hence they 
 are under as many diiferent sets of laws. To secure 
 
CLEVELAND'S ADMINLSTRATION. 301 
 
 uniformity and to compel these public carriers to respect 
 the rights of the people, the law was enacted. It is 
 administered by au Interstate Commission of five mem- 
 bers, appointed by the President. One important provision 
 is that the rates of freight and passengers shall not be less 
 from competing points than it is from nearer points where 
 competition is not possible. Its operation is in a o-ood 
 degree satisfactory to both the people and the lines. 
 
 524. As settlements advanced westward it became 
 apparent that before many years all the good public 
 lands would be needed as homes for the people. 
 A strong opinion arose that in past years Cono-ress 
 had been wasteful in granting j)ul)lic lands in large 
 blocks to encourage the construction of railroads. Tlie 
 result was the forfeiture of railroad land 
 
 f/rantS, In many cases the lands had not been earned, 
 since tlie roads had not been built. In this wa\' about 
 50,480,000 acres, chiefly west of the Mississi])j)i, were 
 declared forfeited and returned to the public domain, to be 
 taken up as homesteads by actual occupants. 
 
 525. In order to preserve the memories of services 
 and army friendships, the soldiers of tlie Union organized 
 
 the society known as The Grand Army of the 
 
 liepilblic. They grouped themselves into G. A. R. 
 Posts, or lodges, in towns and cities, and maintained 
 a military organization. They met yearly in national 
 encampment. On parade a braided hat, and in business 
 diess, a button-hole badge, marked out the veteran of 
 the Union. They take charge of the solemn ceremonies of 
 Decoration Day. Poor and sick comrades are cared for in 
 life and buried in death. The widows and orphans 
 of soldiers have a helpful hand extended to them. 
 Pensions were liberally bestowed by the government upon 
 its needy defenders and their families. 
 
 526. About this time great interest was aroused by the 
 discovery and use of Natural Gas. In drilling for 
 petroleum in western Pennsylvania it was found in manv 
 
302 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 cases that when the drill reached Trenton rock — a very 
 early and deep-lying formation — instead of fluid an inllam- 
 able gas rushed forth with great violence. When piped 
 to cities it lights the streets and houses and becomes 
 fuel for domestic and manufacturing uses. The origin of 
 the gas and the durability of the supply are not known with 
 any certainty. The "gas belt" extends across northern 
 Ohio and Indiana. The gas is also found elsewhere, 
 and sometimes when the Trenton rock has not been pierced. 
 This is a unique and wholly unexpected gift of mother 
 earth to her children. 
 
 527. The feeling on the Pacific coast against Chlfiese 
 Tmttligt'dtiO'll continued to gather intensity. The com- 
 plaint was that these people became competitors with 
 white laborers in many occupations ; that they worked at a 
 lower price than white men can live at ; that they had no 
 desire to develop the country, but only to absorb its 
 wealth ; and that their habits imported from Asia were bad 
 and often abominable. On the other hand, it was argued 
 that they were faithful, patient and capable servants ; that 
 they entered just those pursuits in which there was a 
 scarcity of white help ; that because they worked cheaply 
 the country was benefited more than if they had demand- 
 ed high wages ; and that being a seclusive people their 
 bad habits were not likely to corrupt the public morals. It 
 was seen that the Chinese were rapidly increasing in num- 
 ber everywhere in the West. In 1888 a law was passed 
 rio-idly excluding them. Those already here may come and 
 go under certificates of identification. No restraint was 
 placed upon white immigrants, except that paupers and 
 laborers imported under contract are excluded. 
 
 528. A national organization of trades unions attracted 
 much attention at this time. It was called ThcKniffhtS 
 of Labor, It embraced workers in many different 
 trades, and lodges were organized all over the country. 
 The purpose was to regulate the hours of labor, to secure 
 better wages, and to provide for the families of niembers 
 
CLEVELAND'S ADMINLSTRATION. 303 
 
 when out of employment. The unions often struck for 
 higher wages ; sometimes they went so far as to resist 
 by force the employment of others to fill their places. 
 Another method was the boycott, — an attempt to compel 
 the employer to hire only men belonging to the union, 
 by trying to ruin his business in case he refused. This 
 device was first tried in Ireland against an Eng^Hsh land- 
 lord's agent named Boycott. 
 
 529. In 1886 serious labor difficulties arose and led 
 to many riots and other acts of violence in which life 
 and property were destroyed. Trouble always followed 
 when striking laborers went beyond simple refusal 
 to work and undertook to prevent others from taking their 
 places. The greatest of these was Tlie Haymarket 
 Riotf in Chicago, on the eveniiigof May 4. The city police 
 were attempting to quiet a riotous and socialistic meeting. 
 A dynamite bomb was thrown in their midst, by the mob, 
 and seven officers were killed and sixty others were wound- 
 ed. Eight of the socialists, as leaders of the riot, were cap- 
 tured, tried and convicted. Four of them were executed 
 and one committed suicide. The country began to realize 
 that we have an element in our population that would wreck 
 the government to escape from ills which it can not peace- 
 ably remove. 
 
 530. The times were favorable for the formation of 
 associations for the propagation of ideas. The most wide- 
 spread of these was the Woman's Christian Tern- 
 pevance UfliOfl, Organized in 1874, it has a large 
 membership in every state and territory, and in thirty other 
 countries. Its work is done in eleven diiferent languages. 
 Though at first intended to grapple specially with the 
 liquor traffic, it now represents forty-four diff"erent branches 
 of reformatory work. The W. C. T. U. is an aggressive but 
 not a secret order. It is one of the powers of the land. 
 The public heart appears to approve of its aims and to 
 wish it success. 
 
 531. During these years many questions tieiV atici 
 
304 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 olll were widely discussed. Prominent among them 
 were the rehition of employer and employed; the growth 
 of monopolies and trusts, with plans for their control; the 
 protection of what remains of the public territory against 
 "boomers and land graljbers;" the preservation of forests 
 and fisheries; corruption in office; the endangered purity 
 of the ballot box; national aid to education; the suppress- 
 ion of the liquor traffic; and party supremacy in Congress 
 and Legislatures. 
 
 532. There was no decline in inveiltiofl. When an 
 improvement was i:eeded, the necessity became its mother. 
 The business of the Patent Office swelled year by year. 
 Occasionally a new invention attracted attention. Most 
 striking of tliese was the application of electricity to light- 
 ing cities and buildings and to the storage and transmission 
 of mechanical power, as in electric railways and street cars. 
 It was also demonstrated by the construction and use of 
 dynamite guns that that substance, which explodes by 
 concussion as well as by fire, can be safely thrown with 
 such accuracy in shells to a great distance that neither stone 
 masonry nor steel-clad shij^s can withstand its power. 
 
 533. In 188G the Cliarlestou earthquake oc- 
 curred. The brick buildings of that city were nearly all 
 injured, and many completely wrecked. Awaiting other 
 shocks, the people encamped for days in the streets and 
 commons. It shook 3,000,000 square miles, extending 
 from Wisconsin to Cuba and from Maine to New Orleans. 
 It was calculated that the origin of the shock was twelve 
 miles below the surface. It was accompanied by a rum- 
 blingsound, thought to be the cracking of rock strata. 
 
 534. An architectural novelty known as the Stattie 
 of Lihevtl/ KnUghteniwg the World was in the same year 
 erected on Bedloe Island, in New York Harbor. It was 
 the work of M. Bartholdi, an artist of France, and was a 
 ]n'esent from the people of the French Republic to the 
 peo[)le of the American Republic. It was made in France 
 from plates of hammered brass, which were shipped to 
 
CLEVELAND'S ADMLNISTBATION. 305 
 
 America and riveted together on a frame of steel. Tlie 
 statue is a female figure 151 feet high. The total height 
 including the pedestal is 306 feet. Like the ancient Pharos 
 of Alexandria, it is used as a lighthouse. It is also a 
 noble monument to fraternity between nations. 
 
 535. A peculiarity of the times were the bOOms in 
 Veul estate. The rapid gi'owth of towns in many parts 
 of the Western States, witli the swift rise in landed values, 
 sometimes created a fever of speculation. Millions of dok 
 lars flowed in for investment. Often the boom was neither 
 honest nor healthy. Artful men fed the excitement till 
 values of town lots became pvu-ely speculative and beyond 
 reason. Then distrust arose, sellers rushed into the 
 market, fiction went out of values, and a panic followed the 
 fever. The boom had collapsed. It made money for the 
 crafty few, but it delayed real growth, and brought loss to 
 thousands. 
 
 536. Vice President Hendricks s'erved the 
 
 country in his new station only a few months. He sud- 
 deidy died in November from paralysis of the brain, at his 
 home at Indianapolis. As a safe and sagacious leader, he 
 commanded the highest I'espect of his party, and he was 
 sincerely mourned by the people. This was the fifth loss 
 of this kind the country had sustained, — Vice Presidents 
 George Clinton having died in office in 1812; Elbridge 
 Gerry, in 1814; Rufus King, in 1853, and Henry Wilson in 
 1875!' 
 
 537. But the country suffered great loss during these 
 years from Hie death of Other 2^^'onttnent j^cr- 
 SOnS. The death-roll embraced of public men one 
 ex-president, Chester A. Arthur; four unsuccessful candi- 
 dates for the presidency, Samuel J. Tilden, called the Sage 
 of Gramercy, Gen. George B. McClellan, Gen. Winfield 
 S. Hancock, and Horatio Sevmour; two unsuccessful 
 candidates for the vice-presidency, B. Gratz Brown and 
 Gen. John A. Logan; Morrison R. Waite, the seventh chief 
 justice of the Supreme Court; Charles Francis Adams, 
 
306 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 the learned statesman; Gen. Philip Sheridan; and Rosdoe 
 Conkling, the ex senator of New York, In other lines 
 of activity it included Helen Hunt Jackson, the authoress; 
 John G. Saxe, the humorous poet; D. R. Locke (Petro- 
 leum V. Nasby), the editor and humorist; John B. Gough, 
 the famous temperance lecturer; Wendell Phillips, the 
 orator, agitator, and reformer; John McCullough, the 
 tragedian ;" Dr. Dio Lewis, the writer on hygiene and 
 physical culture; Paul H. Hayne, the poet of the South; 
 Richard M. Hoe, inventor of the cylinder printing-press; 
 Henry Ward Beecher, our most famous preacher; Joseph 
 B. Eads, the great civil engineer; Capt. John Ericsson, 
 inventor of monitors; Edward P. Roe, the popular 
 novelist; Richard A. Proctor, the astronomer; O. S. 
 Fowler, the phrenologist; Prof. Asa Gray, our greatest 
 botanist; Bronson Alcott, the Concord philosopher, and 
 his daughter, Louisa M. Alcott, the popular authoress. 
 
 538. Thfe Secretary of the Interior was charged with 
 business relating to pensions, public lands, Indians, 
 patents and agriculture. So great were the demands of 
 the last that it was found necessary to establish n fiew 
 dejyavttneut of state. The head was called the 
 Secretary of Agriculture. Thus the President had eight 
 advisors and assistants, instead of seven. The first in- 
 cumbent was Norman J. Colman, of Missouri. 
 
 539. Under much difficulty from the clamors of place- 
 hunters in his party, the President made some attempt, but 
 the Republicans thought not very successfully, to enforce the 
 Civil Sevuice Law and enlarge its apjilication. Passed in 
 1883 it provided competitive examinations for the selection 
 of applicants and non-competitive examination to determine 
 fitness for promotion. It provided that examinations 
 should be held in every state, and appointments made in 
 proportion to population. A Civil Service Commission 
 of three persons was provided to aid the President in 
 making rules and executing the law. The law does not 
 apply to any of the higliest offices, and it has not been 
 
CLEVELAND'S ADMINISTRATION. 307 
 
 extended to postmasters — the most numerous class. It 
 proliibits officers Irom giving or receiving money for 
 political purposes, and it provides, that no recommenda- 
 tion for appointment by members of Congress shall be 
 accepted, except as to character and x-esidence. President 
 Cleveland found the law applied to 13,000 offices: he 
 left it applied to 27,000. The entire civil service list 
 included 142,000. 
 
 540. As usual, the naming of Presidential 
 
 candifJateS was of great interest to the country. The 
 Republicans met in Chicago and selected on the eighth 
 ballot, from a dozen candidates, Benjamin Harrison, of 
 Indiana. They named Levi P. Morton, of New York, for 
 Vice-President. The Democrats renominated Grover 
 Cleveland by acclamation. The Prohibitionists named 
 Clinton B. Fiske, of New Jersey. The United Labor 
 Party perfected its organization and nominated Alson J. 
 Streeter, of Illinois. 
 
 541. It had long been foreseen that the question 
 of the surplus vpould enter the campaign as a factor. 
 During the decade the annual revenues of the government 
 averaged $340,000,000, of which 1; 188,000,000 was from cus- 
 toms receipts and $125,000,000 from internal taxes, chiefly 
 on liquor and tobacco. These revenues were yearly almost 
 $100,000,000 larger than were demanded by the public 
 necessities. Previously this surplus had been kept down 
 by the payment of National bonds. But now all of these 
 that were due had been canceled, and those outstanding 
 could be bought only at a large premium. 
 
 542. This state of affairs created the isSUes of the 
 campaifjn. The Democrats, ratifying the sentiments 
 of the President's annual message, declared in favor 
 of a decrease of revenues by a reduction of the protective 
 taxation on imports. The Republicans opposed the sacri- 
 fice of any part of the protective tariff system, and favored 
 the repeal of the internal taxes on liquors and tobacco. The 
 issues of the war-time were allowed to sleep on. It was a 
 
308 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 vvell-matclied contest over tlie old issue of high taxes 
 for the purposes of piotectioii against low ones for the sake 
 of revenue. The exact truth was that the leaders of neither 
 of the major parties cared so much for the supremacy of 
 principles as for the spoils of victory. The canvass was in 
 a good degree free from personal abuse. It would be too 
 much to assert tliat the debate towered above sophistical 
 argument, or that the purity of the ballot box was main- 
 tained. Both parties were pledged to civil service reform. 
 The canvass was pushed with unsurpassed vigor, and 
 especially in doubtful States, as New York and Indiana. 
 
 5-1:3. The 7'esillt vpas a total popular vote of 
 11,38(3,G41, of which 5,538,434 were cast for Cleveland, 
 5,440,551 for Harrison, 250,299 for Fiske, and 147,045 
 for Streeter. Texas gave a plurality of 146,401 for Cleve- 
 land, and Kansas a plurality of 80,159 for Harrison. 
 The Democrats thus received the largest popular support; 
 but the Republicans secured the electoral majority of 
 233 to 168. As usual, the minor candidates received no 
 electoral votes. The Republicans accepted the result 
 as a national endorsement of their policy, and they cele- 
 brated their return to power by exultant demonstrations 
 everywhere. 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 BARlilSOXS ADMlNlSTJiATlON. 
 
 1889-1803, 
 
 544. The new Chief 3I(igisfrate was a grand- 
 son of the ninth President. He was by profession a lawyer. 
 He had been a volunteer soldier in the Civil War, going 
 out as a colonel, and returning as a brigadier general. He 
 was a party leader in Indiana, and had been an unsuccessful 
 candidate for the governorshi}) of his state. He had ably 
 served one term as senator, but he was defeated of re-elec- 
 tion. Unlike some preceding candidates he did not make 
 
BABELS 01^ 'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 809 
 
 BENJAMIN HAKKibON. 
 
 an electioneering tour of 
 the country, but he re- 
 ceived visiting delega- 
 tions at his home at 
 Indianapolis. His inaug- 
 ural address favored the 
 rebuilding of the navy, the 
 maintenance of the pro- 
 tective tariff, and the en- 
 ! I'orcement of the civil ser- 
 \ ice law. 
 
 545. Except the nom- 
 ination of persons to of- 
 fice, his first public act 
 
 was the openhif/ of 
 
 OklaJiOnia, From the 
 Indian Teri-itory white settlers had been rigidly ex- 
 cluded because the faith of the nation had long been 
 pledged to its maintenance as an Indian reservation. But 
 because of the pressure of immigration seeking entrance, 
 treaties were made extinguishing the Indian title. The 
 President proclaimed noon of April 22, as the hour for 
 entering tliis "promised land." In readiness for the grand 
 rush tens of thousands of homesteaders lined the border on' 
 all sides, while the troops kept back the floods. At the 
 minute, the invasion began. It was a neck-break race for 
 the best places. Before night cities were staked out and 
 every homestead taken. At sutn-ise Guthrie was a silent 
 prairie: at sunset it was a houseless city of 10,000. This 
 occurrence was a unique event in history. 
 
 540. On April 30, 1S89, the Centennial of the 
 Constitutiou and of Washington's TtiaiKju- 
 Vdtion was suitably celebrated at New York and hun- 
 dreds of other places. Parades, speeches, sermons, poems, 
 illuminations, were among the proprieties of the occasion, 
 Tlie country congratulated itself on the completed century 
 of o-rowth. A thousand felicitous thina'S were said and 
 
SlO THE MODEL IITSTORT. 
 
 done to rekindle the glow of patriotism in old hearts and 
 to create it in young ones. A Constitution still remaining 
 almost as originally enacted, shows the wisdom of its 
 makers and the stability of the Government. 
 
 547. In May occurred The Johnstowii Disaster ^ 
 
 a unique and terrible calamity. At the head of the 
 (Jonemaugh Valley, near Pittsburg, Pa., had been for many 
 years a large reservoir. The water covered an area of 
 eight square miles, and was a hundred feet deep. At this 
 time the dam suddenly gave way, and the immense flood 
 rushed down the narrow valley, sweeping everything be- 
 fore it. Whole villages floated on the seething torrent. 
 A warning was given down the valley, but many discredited 
 the alarm, others failed to receive it, and others had no 
 time to flee. Twenty miles below the dam was Johnstown, 
 a city of about 25,000 inhabitants. Nearly the wliole of it 
 was suddenly swept away against a strong stone railroad 
 bridge. About 2,500 lives were lost. For weeks U\e work 
 of recovering, identifying, and interring the dead, and 
 removing the debris, went forward. Money and supplies 
 for the suffering survivors were furnished in abundance by 
 the sympathizing people in all parts of the Union, — 
 another noble illustration of the maxim, ^'' An injury to one 
 should be the concern of all^'' 
 
 548. Early in the administration. The Pan-AtUevl- 
 can Couffvess was held at Washington. It was a con- 
 vention of sixty-six public men as delegates from nearly all 
 (the word Pan being a Greek word meaning all) the nations 
 of the Western Hemisphere. Its purpose was to deliberate 
 upon and decide matters of international importance. Sec- 
 retary of State, James G. Blaine, presided, and the session 
 lasted several weeks. Its greatest work was its decision 
 that in the future all disputes between the governments of 
 the Americas shall be settled by courts of arbitration, 
 rather than by war. This conclusion was ratified by our 
 Congress by joint resolution of the House and Senate. 
 
 549. Fifteen years had now elapsed without the Cld- 
 
HARRISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 311 
 
 fnissiofl of new states, Tlie territories had increased 
 slowly in population, and had now become prepared for 
 statehood. In 1889, Montana, Washington, North Dakota 
 and South Dakota, having adopted constitutions in agree- 
 ment with that of the United States, sought admission as 
 states. Each of them having, as was believed, a popula- 
 - tion sufficient to be entitled to one or more representatives 
 in Congress, their petition was granted. A year later, 
 Idaho and Wyoming, having, according to the new census, 
 a sufficient population, were admitted. Wyoming is the 
 first state ever admitted in which women may vote and hold 
 office in full equality with men. The Union was now com- 
 posed of forty-four states. 
 
 550. During the first session of Congress, The 
 McKiflley Bill was passed. It was a revision of the 
 tariff. Accepting the election as an endorsement of the 
 Republican policy of protection, the Committee of Ways 
 and Means, whose chairman was William McKinley, of 
 Ohio, shaped a bill more highly protective than ever before. 
 The free list was enlarged, but the average duty on pro- 
 tected articles was raised. Mr. Blaine's influence planted 
 in the bill the policy of reciprocity — that is, we agreed to 
 admit duty free a few articles from other countries, if 
 they would, in like manner, admit the products peculiar to 
 the United States. A few of the foreign governments to 
 which this privilege was extended, accepted the condition. 
 
 551. Ihe Eleventh Census, taken in June, 1890, 
 showed a population of sixty-two millions (62,623,350), an 
 increase of only 20 per cent. Cities had grown faster than 
 the rural parts. New York (1,700,000) remaining the me- 
 tropolis, and Chicago (1,100,000) becoming the second city. 
 The Census Report gave much unexpected information 
 of a statistical nature. Among otlier things it showed 
 that a greater per cent, of the people were foreign born 
 than ever before; that all our schools had not been able to 
 reduce the ratio of illiteracy; and that the expenses of 
 government were increasing faster than our population. 
 
312 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 552. The result of tlie Congressional Elections 
 
 ill 1890, was a surprise to both parties. The McKiiiley 
 tariff liad been in effect only a few months, and it was the 
 chief issue in the campaign. Democrats assailed it and 
 Republicans defended. The former were successful beyond 
 their hopes in the election of a majority of 148 congress- 
 men. The Democrats asserted that the country had spoken 
 ao-ainst protection; but the Republicans declared that the 
 result was owing to stay-at-home voters in that party. It 
 was, however, a fruitless victory for the Democrats, since 
 the Senate and the Executive were against them. 
 
 553. The census returns iiaving been completed as to 
 population, a new aitportiomnent law was enacted 
 for representation in Congress. The basis was one member 
 for each 173,901 of the population. Tlie number of mem- 
 bers, after the admission of the new states, was 35G. Both 
 the basis and the number were higher than ever before. 
 
 554. Mr. Blaine, aiding the President, managed our 
 foreign affairs with so mucli skill that tJlvee diplomatic 
 incidents, each of which threatened the peace of the 
 country, were settled without a sacrifice of duty or dia-iiity. 
 
 555. One of these was the Behrinff Sea Difficulty, 
 The United States claimed that in the purchase of Alaska 
 was also acquired the exclusive right to take the seals on 
 the adjoining islands, including the Aleutian. This Great 
 Britain denied, and sent her sealing vessels there to take 
 her part of the catch. War was averted by the good sense 
 and moderation of statesmen in both countries. It was 
 agreed to submit the case to a court of arbitration, both 
 governments being pledged to abide by the verdict. 
 
 556. Another difficulty was known as The Italian 
 Tncident, Eleven Italians in New Orleans, supposed to 
 belong to the Mafia, a secret and bloody society, were 
 lodged in jail charged with murder. Though they were 
 acquitted by the courts, the jail was forced by a mob and 
 they were shot. Five of them were subjects of Italy, and 
 that government demanded a cash indemnity to their farai- 
 
HARRISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 313 
 
 lies and that the murderers be punished. Diplomatic 
 relations were suspended for some months. After some de- 
 lay, $125,000 was paid, and friendly feeling was resumed. 
 
 557. The third was The Chilian Dijficultif. 
 
 Chili had been in civil war, during- which one of our war 
 steamers lay in the harbor of Valparaiso to protect our in- 
 terests. One day, while our sailors were in the city, they 
 were attacked by Chilian citizens, and two or three were 
 killed. A diplomatic correspondence followed, in which 
 the little republic wrote very haughtily. Finally the Presi- 
 dent sent his "ultimatum." Being thus forced. Chili apolo- 
 gized, and our national honor was not stained ! 
 
 558. During this presidency the subject of ballot reform 
 received practical attention. It was seen that as long as 
 an open ballot was cast, the purchase of votes and the 
 coercion of voters would continue to corrupt elections. To 
 avoid this, several of the states enacted what was called the 
 Australian JSallot Law. Though used in Australia, 
 it was really modeled after the English system. Its chief 
 feature was an absolutely secret ballot. It was found to 
 promote quiet elections, prevent the purchase of votes, and 
 secure an honest expression of choice by voters. It proved 
 satisfactory to all political parties, and it was speedily 
 adopted in a majority of the states. 
 
 559. A new feature in legislation was the passage of the 
 Copyright LaiV, In all the history of the country it 
 had never been illegal for American publishers to issue the 
 books of foreign authors without paying a copyright for the 
 privilege. A few high-minded publishers had voluntarily 
 done this act of justice. The rest of our foreign books were 
 "pirated." Tiie same thing was done in Canada and 
 Europe with books of American authorship. The law 
 secured to foreign authors a copyright on their books pub- 
 lished in the United States, as soon as similar rights should 
 be secured to American authors by foreign countries. Thus 
 the existence and value of literary property was more fully 
 
314 THE MODEL RlSTOliY. 
 
 recognized, and another step was taken toward **an era of 
 good feeling" among the nations. 
 
 ."iCJO. A few of the states had passed laws prohibiting the 
 importation and sale of alcoholic liquors. But these were 
 
 nullified by the Original Package Decisioti^ made 
 by the Supreme Court. It declared that liquor may be 
 imported into a prohibition state and sold there, if it be 
 kept in the original package of the manufacturer. Much 
 excitement followed, and it was asserted that the govern- 
 ment was interfering with the rights of the states to legis- 
 late for the welfare of their people. At the next session, 
 Congress passed an act enabling states to protect themselves 
 against the effect of the Decision. 
 
 561. For many years the Louisiana Lottery had 
 
 held a license to do business in that state. When the 
 charter was about to expire, the lottery company offered 
 millions of dollars to the state for a renewal. The whole 
 country became interested in the question. The contest was 
 a heated one, but the proposal was finally rejected. Con- 
 gress passed laws excluding from the mails all lottery tick- 
 ets, circulars, and newspapers containing advertisements of 
 lotteries. This was done in the interest of public morality. 
 
 562. From year to year the country suffered, as before, 
 
 the loss of great men claimed hy death. Each of 
 
 these in his life work had done something which gave him 
 rank as a national personage, and for which he will be 
 remembered. In public affairs the roll included Hannibal 
 Hamlin, ex-vice president with Lincoln; Gen. John C. Fre- 
 mont, first Republican candidate for the presidency; Jef- 
 ferson Davis, ex president of the Confederate States. Of 
 the military leaders in the Civil War, Gens. William T. 
 Sherman and Joseph E. Johnston, and Admiral David D. 
 Porter passed away. In literature the loss was especially 
 severe in the d,eath of George Bancroft and Benson J. 
 Lossing, the historians of the United States; .lames Rus- 
 sell Lowell and John G. Whittier, almost the last of our 
 major poets ; Walt Whitman, poet of the Passions ; James 
 
HARRISON'S ADMINISTRATION. 315 
 
 Parton, the essayist; and George William Curtis, the editor. 
 In other fields of activity were Maria Mitchell, the astron- 
 omer; Phineas T. Barnum, the showman, and Cyrus W. 
 Field, the originator of the Atlantic cable. 
 
 563. The near approach of the four hundredth anniver- 
 sary of the discovery of America led the people to think 
 of a suitable way to celebrate the event. It was proposed 
 
 to have a World's Columbian Exposition, This 
 
 met with general approval, and congress selected Chicago 
 as the place. The magnitude of the preparation prevented 
 the holding of the Fair in 1S93; but a formal opening was 
 held on Oct. 21 (the new-style date for Oct. 12) with im- 
 pressive ceremonials, in the presence of government 
 officials and foreign representatives, 
 
 564. The political parties prepared for the usual con- 
 test by announcing their presidential nominees. 
 
 The Republicans met at Minneapolis and re-nominated 
 Benjamin Harrison on the first ballot. The Democrats 
 met at Chicago and nominated Grover Cleveland for the 
 third time and on the first ballot. As vice-president 
 tliey named Adlai E. Stevenson, of Illinois. The Prohibi- 
 tionists nominated John Bidwell, of California; and the 
 People's party, James B. Weaver, of Iowa. 
 
 565. The attitude of x^arties was clear-cut. The 
 Republicans stood by the McKinley Bill and advocated 
 protection as a permanent policy, holding that "the pros- 
 perous condition of our country is largely due to the wise 
 revenue legislation of the Republican Congress." The 
 Democrats as clearly denounced the new tariff as "a rob- 
 bery of the great majority of the American people for the 
 benefit of the few." They demanded a tariff for revenue 
 only. The Proliibitionists favored woman suffrage and 
 opposed the liquor traffic. The Populists renewed the 
 Greenback idea, and recommended government control of 
 railway, steamboat and telegraph lines. Minor points 
 were found in all the platforms. Each of the parties was, 
 in one or more planks, as definite and forcible as words 
 
316 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 could make ideas; but they were all silent or purposely 
 indefinite on other points. 
 
 566. A new factor was thrown into the strug'gle by the 
 fuslOlil of parties. In several strong Republican 
 states, as Kansas and Nebraska, the Democrats fused 
 with the Populists and voted for Weaver, with the hope 
 of so dividing the electoral vote that Harrison would not 
 have a majority. Thus the election would be thrown into 
 the House of Representatives, as provided by the consti- 
 tution, and as was done in 1801 and in 1835, whereby 
 Cleveland would be chosen by that Democratic body. The 
 result showed that this precaution was not necessary. 
 
 567. The canvass was dignified and largely free 
 from personal abuse. It was a quiet campaign. All parties 
 boasted that it was a "campaign of education." Each of 
 the major parties appeared confident of success; and each 
 of the minor ones expected to grow into the party of the 
 future. Never before was the tariif issue so fully discussed. 
 Sophistry, as well as argument, abounded. Prejudice, as 
 well as reason, was appealed to. The Democrats tried to 
 frighten voters by denouncing the " Force ]3ill," and the 
 Republicans by raising the cry of "Wild Cat Currency." 
 Both the minor parties declared both the major and each 
 other to be unworthy of support. 
 
 568. The decision of election day was another 
 
 surprise to the country. Of the 444 electoral votes, Cleve- 
 land obtained a large majority, and Weaver a few. It 
 was generally conceded to be the verdict of the people 
 against the McKiidey Bill and a protective tariff. 
 
CLEVELAyD'S SECOND ADMINISTRATION. 317 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 CLEVELAND'S SECOND ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 1893 — 1897. 
 
 569. For the first time the country had re-elected a 
 President after retirement to private life. ]}£r, Cleve- 
 land was the favorite and the leader of his party. But 
 so vigorous was his administration that he had many open 
 and bitter enemies within his party. For the first time 
 since Buciianan, the Democrats had control of both branches 
 of Congress, as well as the Presidency. The wave of pop- 
 ular favor that elected Cleveland carried also many Demo- 
 crats into Congress and swept the Republicans from power. 
 
 oTO. Hard timeSf which had set in during Harri- 
 son's term of oftice, continued during the whole of this. 
 Some years before, the silver mining states had demanded 
 and secured the passage of the Bland Act, providing that 
 the Government buy silver bullion and coin !ii>2,000,0()0 in 
 silver each month. Thus they secured a market for the 
 product of their mines. Xot long satisfied with this, those 
 states demanded the free and unlimited coinage of silver. 
 In a spirit of comi)romise the Sherman Law — so called 
 from John Sherman, of Ohio — was passed, providing that 
 4,500,000 ounces of silver bullion be bought monthly to be 
 paid for by treasury notes. As time advanced, the de- 
 pressed condition of business was believed by many to be 
 due to the Sherman Law. The President called an extra 
 session of Congress to consider the financial problem. 
 After long discussion, the silver states leading the opposi- 
 tion, Congress repealed the purchase clause of the Sherman 
 Law, and adjourned. 
 
 571. At the regular session the McKmley Tarifi" was 
 repealed and the Wilson Tariff was enacted. The 
 Democrats had hoped to make this a revenue tariff with 
 few protective features. But a difiiculty arose. The party 
 was not united in opposition to protection, and certain 
 members in both houses voted with the Republicans to 
 
318 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 retain high rates for the sake of protection. After months 
 of agitation, during which the bill was so amended as to be 
 unacceptable to its friends and little less objectionable to 
 its enemies, it became a law. Too protective for the Dem- 
 ocrats and too non-protective for the Republicans, it had 
 no friends at all. The President refused to sign it, but 
 would not veto it. It passed as a compromise, the Demo- 
 crats quoting the homely maxim, " Half a loaf is better 
 than no bread," and the Republicans saying, " It is not so 
 bad as we feared." 
 
 572. As had been determined before, the IVorld's 
 Columbian Exposition was opened May i, 1893, 
 with an address by President Cleveland. At its conclusion 
 he touched an electric button, which set the vast machinery 
 in motion. The Fair continued six months. The build- 
 ings were the largest ever erected. In the extent and 
 variety of the exhibits, in the beauty of the grounds and 
 buildings, in the number of nations making displays, in 
 the expense incurred, and in the number of visitors, it far 
 surpassed any of the world's fairs previously held. 
 
 573. Since the battle between the Monitor and the Mer- 
 rimac, the nations of Europe had been constructing war- 
 ships clad in steel armor plate. This the United States, 
 being at peace with all nations, had failed to do. Nearly 
 all the vessels comprising our navy were old wooden ships. 
 In the event of war these would be useless, and the de- 
 fenceless condition of our coasts was often, pointed out. 
 Finally Congress decided that, in order to be ready for war, 
 we needed a fiew nari/. From year to year, therefore, 
 beginning in 1881, first-class warships of modern construc- 
 tion were added. Lavish appropriations were made as the 
 work advanced, so that at this time our navy will compare 
 well with that of the great nations of Europe. Some of 
 these vessels, as the Maine, the Texas, the Massachusetts, 
 tlie Indiana, the Oregon, and the Iowa, are the largest and 
 most powerful warships ever made. Though this fleet has 
 cost over ^50,000,000, let us hope it will never be needed. 
 
CLEVELAND'S SECOND ADMINISTRATION. 319 
 
 574. The Railroad Riots of 1877 and the Hayraarket 
 Riot of 1886 were violent ways of expressing the settled 
 discontent of the laboring people in large cities and the 
 manufacturing centers, Chicago was the scene of another 
 outbreak of striking and boycotting , in 1894. It 
 was chiefly due to the hard times. The Pullman Company 
 reduced the wages of its workmen, being forced thereto, it 
 said, by loss of business and falling prices. This brought 
 on a strike, which developed into riots and destruction of 
 railroad property. The rioters "tied up" nearly all the 
 railroads of the city. For some days travel and traftic 
 ceased. This interference with the transmission of the 
 mails called out a proclamation from the President, who 
 showed that the usual functions of the Government could 
 not be suspended in the interests of a boycott. He sent 
 troops to Chicago to force the movement of the mails, and 
 the disturbance came to an end at once. 
 
 575. In 1895 the country was much excited over the 
 Venezuelan Affair, For fifty years a dispute had ex- 
 isted between Great Britain and Venezuela concerning the 
 boundary line between the latter and British Guiana. By 
 secret diplomatic corres^^ondence President Cleveland 
 asked the English Government to submit the question to 
 arbitration. This suggestion was rejected. The President 
 then sent a message to Congress on the subject, reaffirming 
 the Monroe Doctrine, and proposing that a commission be 
 appointed to investigate the claims on both sides, and to 
 ascertain whether Great Britain was attempting to gain 
 territory that did not rightfully belong to her. This was 
 promptly done. There was much excitement, and war talk 
 and "jingoism" were freely indulged in on both sides of 
 the ocean. But better sense prevailed. England agreed 
 to arbitrate, and the matter passed from public notice. 
 This incident committed the United States to the policy of 
 international arbitration, and so strengthened the Monroe 
 Doctrine that it can almost be said that the United States 
 exercises a protectorate over the other American republics. 
 
320 THE MODEL IIISTOIIY. 
 
 576. The Territory of Utah bad long been asking for 
 admission to the Union as a state. For thirty years it liad 
 been the most populous of the territories. It was acquired 
 by the Mexican Cession in 1847, and was made a territory 
 by the Omnibus Bill of 1850. As early as 1847 it was 
 settled by the Mormons, who continued to have control of 
 its affairs. But, since polygamy remained to be a practice 
 of the Mormons, it was foreseen that plural marriages 
 would be legalized and perpetuated if Utah should be ad- 
 mitted as a sovereign state. For this reason its admission 
 was delayed till 1896. l^efore its admission polygamy had 
 been made illegal by Congress, and had been rejected as a 
 doctrine and a practice by the Church of the Latter Day 
 Saints. The objection being removed, Utah became the 
 forty-fifth state, with a population of about a quarter of a 
 million. 
 
 577. Not long before the close of this administration 
 the country was surprised by the announcement that the 
 President and the Secretary of State, Richard J. Olney, 
 had concluded a treaty with Great Britain, binding the 
 two countries to adjust future differences between them 
 by inter }iat ion fil arbitration. It was |>roposed to 
 constitute a high court of arbitration, to apply the princi- 
 ples of international law therein, and to bind both nations 
 to accept the verdict rendered. The press and the people 
 welcomed this result as a triumph of national good-Avill 
 befitting the closing years of the greatest century. Some 
 great thoughts take root slowly ; thus two hundred years 
 were required to bring to fruitage this seed-thought of 
 AVilliam Penn, in 1693. The approval of the Senate was 
 essential to the adoption of the treaty ; but up to the pres- 
 ent time (May, 1897,) this has been withheld. 
 
 578. During this quadrennial tJie death-roll of 
 f/reat names was not so lengthy as at some other 
 times. It included Oliver Wendell Holmes, the brilliant 
 essayist and tlu; last of our major poets ; Harriet Beecher 
 Stowe, the author of Uncle Tom's Cabin ; ex-Presidont 
 
CLEVELAND'S SECOND ADMINISriLlTlON. 321 
 
 R. B. Hayes ; James G. Blaine, the eminent statesman ; 
 Walter Q. Gresbam, the Secretary of State ; and Phillips 
 Brooks, the distinguished Episcopalian clero-yman. The 
 death of its famous citizens is one of the greatest losses 
 a country can sustain. 
 
 5V9. The repeal of the Sherman Law was not attended 
 by the results hoped for. There was no revival of business 
 and no abatement of the hard times. In a study of their 
 grievances the scarcity of money led many to think that 
 something was wrong with the currency. This brought 
 the Silver Question to the front. It was the belief of 
 many that the volume of the currency should be increased 
 by opening the mints to the free and unlimited coinage of 
 silver in the legal ratio by Aveight of sixteen parts of silver 
 to one part of gold. This opinion began in the silver min- 
 ing states and rapidly spread to those further east. 
 
 580. Free coinage means that anyone who shall take 
 silver bullion to the mints may have it coined at the ex- 
 pense of the government. By one party the (IVf/unieilt 
 was made that free coinage would stimulate silver mining 
 and other industries in the West, and that the abundance 
 of money thus put afloat would bring in an era of business 
 revival and prosperity to the entire country. The other 
 party called attention to the inequality in the value of sil- 
 ver and gold, and held that, since the silver put into a dol- 
 lar was worth only about fifty cents, free coinage would 
 result in a debasement and cheapening of the currency. It 
 was predicted that the cheap money would drive gold from 
 circulation, that we would soon be on a silver basis of 
 values, and that unparalleled disaster would follow. 
 
 5S1. As this administration neared its end, the state of 
 opinion about the currency made tJie issues of the 
 coming contest apparent. Sectionalism and the tariff 
 were dead issues, but the question of free coinage became 
 vital. The Republicans met early at St. Louis, and adopted, 
 not without opposition, a platform condemning free coin- 
 age and favoring the continuation of the gold standard. 
 
322 THE MODEL HISTOllY. 
 
 The Democrats met at Chicago and ado}3ted, with many 
 opposing, a platform in favor of free coinage. Both parties 
 declared as usual respecting the tariff and other questions. 
 
 582. The nonihiatiOilS contained some surprises. 
 Before the Republican Convention, state after state had 
 declared in favor of William McKinley, of Ohio, and he 
 was nominated on the first ballot. But in the Democratic 
 Convention several ballots had been taken, when William J. 
 Bryan, an ex-congressman from Nebraska, made a thrilling 
 speech which was wildly applauded. Though he had not 
 been an avowed candidate, he was nominated on tlie next 
 ballot by a large majority. The Populists ratified the nom- 
 ination of Bryan, chiefly because of his free silver opinions. 
 The prohibition party was split by opposing views, and 
 each faction placed a candidate in the field. 
 
 583. The campaign was conducted in a dignified 
 and honorable way. There w^as but one issue — the silver 
 question. In imitation of Mr. Harrison, Mr. McKinley 
 received and addressed visiting delegations at his home at 
 Canton. Mr. Bryan spent the entire time between his 
 nomination and the election day in a political tour of the 
 country, traveling by special train and speaking at great 
 meetings many times daily. Such phrases as "16 to 1;" 
 " sound money ; " " free silver ; " "a cheap dollar ; " " gold 
 standard ; " " hard money ; " " gold bug ; " made up no 
 small part of the campaign talk. 
 
 684. The result was the election of McKinley. This 
 was probably caused by support of the sound money Dem- 
 ocrats, who thus voted in opposition to their views on the 
 tariff in order to strengthen the gold standard. With him, 
 Garrett A. Hobart, of New Jersey, was chosen as Vice- 
 President. After the hurrahs and the bonfires the excite- 
 ment subsided. 
 
McKlNLErS ADMTXISTBA TION. 
 % CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 McKINLFA"S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 1897 — 
 
 585. The twenty-fifth I*residefit had been gov- 
 ernor of his state, a congressman, and a statesman of promi- 
 nence for several years. He was best known as the reputed 
 author of the McKinley Tariff Law, so named because it 
 was the work of the congressional committee of which he 
 
 WILLIAM McKINLEY. 
 
 was chairman. During all his public life he had advo- 
 cated a high tariff for the sake of protection, as being 
 essential to the welfare of the Nation. It seems not a 
 little strange that his views on the supreme question of 
 the campaign were unknown at the time of his nomination. 
 
 586, The center of population has been moving 
 nearly westward since the Revolution, at an average rate 
 of seventy-five feet a day, and in 1890 had reached a point 
 twenty miles east of Columbus, Indiana. 
 
 587. Manufacturing is the chief industry of New 
 England, and it has been brought to a high state of perfec- 
 
324 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 tion through improved machinery and skilled workmen. 
 That section produces enough calico, muslin, and shoes, to 
 supply tlie whole country. 
 
 588. AyricultUTe, also, has made great advances 
 under the influence of better implements, agricultural 
 societies, fairs, field chemistry, and farm journals. In 1880 
 the yield of Indian corn, the greatest cereal product of the 
 country, was 1,755,000,000 bushels; of wheat, 400,000,000 
 bushels; of cotton, 5,755,000 bales; and of wool, 150,000,- 
 000 pounds. Minnesota produces enough wiieat in one 
 year to feed its own people four years; Ohio, one 3'ear; 
 New York, four months ; Massacliusetts, one day ; and 
 Rhode Island, enough for breakfast, but not enough for 
 dinner. 
 
 589. TJie National Dehtf which had reached its 
 maximum on Aug. 31, 1805, when it was $2,845,907,620.56, 
 was gradually paid from the surplus revenues, and the 
 interest on the remainder was largely reduced by re-fund- 
 ing it at lower rates. In 1885, about half tlie principal 
 had been paid, and the remainder is being cancelled as fast 
 as it matures. 
 
 590. As years passed away the issiies of wav-titne 
 were forgotten, and sectional b tterness abated. Many 
 prominent men in the South returned to public life and 
 helped to work out our jiational destiny. The time had 
 come which was predicted in the closing words of Lincoln's 
 first inaugural, when the hearts of our ])eople were "again 
 touched by the better angels of our nature." 
 
 591. The poivev of the Jtress seems to be constantly 
 increasing. To the genius of an American, Richard M. 
 Hoe, the world is indebted for the type-revolving press, by 
 which thirty thousand coi)ies may be struck off in an hour. 
 It is the age of the newsj)aper. Directed by the abilities 
 and energy of sucli journalists as William Cullen Bryant, 
 of the Eroitng Post, Horace Greeley, of the I'rlbftiie, atul 
 James Gordon Bennett, Sr., of the Ifenz/J, the newspaper 
 has become a great power for good or evil. In 1889, the 
 
 ' 
 
McKINLEY'S ADMINKTRA TION. 
 
 325 
 
 numberof periodicals was about sixteen thousand. Several of 
 these print over a hundred thousand copies each issue, and 
 the total regular circulation is over twenty-eight million 
 copies. The number of books published averages about 
 three thousand a year. 
 
 592. In recent years public libraries have become 
 very numerous in towns and cities. These are extensively 
 read, and have great influence in directing the thought of 
 the people. One American library — the Congressional, at 
 Washington — contains over 400,000 volumes; while the 
 Boston Public Library and that of Harvard College number 
 over 200,000 each; and at least ten others contain fifty 
 thousand each. The contents of these libraries aggregate 
 forty-five million volumes. 
 
 598. The work of education has gone rapidly 
 forward. The common-school system, which at first met 
 with strong opposition in some localities, has become a 
 great favorite with the people, single states, as Ohio, spend- 
 ing ten million dollars annually to educate the children. 
 Seven million pupils attend these free schools, and are 
 taught by two hundred thousand teachers. The system is 
 in use in every state, and is rapidly gaining popularity in 
 the South. Many of the states have adopted compulsory 
 
 education. Higher education is 
 furnished by about twenty-five 
 hundred colleges, academies, pro- 
 fessional and scientific schools, 
 attended by two hundred and 
 fifty thousand pupils, some of 
 them being supported by public 
 funds, and others by private and 
 denominational patronage. Peo- 
 ple see that ignorant sufi'rage is 
 one of the greatest dangers of 
 the republic. In all nations the 
 sovereign is carefully educated. 
 In this country every voter is a sovereign. 
 
 WILLIAM CULLKN BRYANT. 
 
326 
 
 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 594. In literature much has been accomplished. Wil- 
 liam Cullen Bryant, when a boy of eighteen, wrote Than- 
 atopsis, the first poetry, written by a native of America, 
 that the world acknowledged to be poetry. He was fol- 
 lowed by a troop of reputable writers, including Drake, 
 Halleck, Poe, Willis, Whittier, Lowell, Longfellow. Charles 
 Brockden Brown, the first American novelist, was followed 
 
 by James Fenimore Cooper 
 and Nathaniel Hawthorne. As 
 historians, Sparks, Bancroft, 
 Hildreth, Lossing, Prescott, 
 Motley, and Irving are honored 
 names. 
 
 595. In the fine cirts 
 America can not compare 
 favorably with older countries. 
 Our paintings and statuary 
 have not won such applause 
 from the world as has been ac- 
 corded to our sewing machines, 
 HENKY \vai>.sw()i:tii LONGFELLOW, piauos, and farming imple- 
 ments. Yet much has been done. The names of West, 
 Copley, and Page, in painting, and Powers, Story, and 
 Harriet Hosmer, in sculpture, have 
 secured great and perhaps lasting 
 reputation. 
 
 596. Our country has achieved its 
 greatest results in material pro- 
 ffvess, American sewing machines, 
 pianos, agricultural implements, and 
 locomotives have received the highest 
 awards of EuropB. The American 
 Bank Note Company, of New York, 
 ])rints the pa])er money of Italy and 
 Turkey. Steam fire-engines of Amei'i- 
 can manufacture are used in the Euro- 
 pean capitals, and the Pullman palace cars are becoming 
 
 HIRAM POWERS. 
 
McKLXLEY'S ADMINISTRATION. 327 
 
 favorites on European railroads. Machines of American 
 patents print English newspapers and reap the English 
 harvests. The European goes to work by a Connecticut 
 clock, and is wanned by an Albany stove. 
 
 597. Since the war, the work of relif/ion has been 
 advancing with increasing success. Next to the Roman 
 Catholics, the Methodists are the most numerous denomina- 
 tion. There are 65,000 churches in the country, and they 
 can seat twenty-five million people. There is one evan- 
 gelical minister to every 791 persons. The church property 
 is valued at !|;350,000,000, and $50,000,000 are paid every 
 year for local church interests. 
 
 598. The end of our first hundred years is a suitable 
 time to review the />/'fYZi>^/oir8 of foreign states- 
 fiieil. No sooner was the Declaration of Independence 
 passed than they ventured to predict five things: T. That 
 the United /States icould he involved in ruinous foreign 
 wars. We have had bvit two foreign wars since the Revo- 
 lution, and emerged safely from both. In the same period 
 England has had seven, France ten, Prussia six, Russia ten, 
 Austria five, and Italy six; and, except England, every one 
 of these nations has been beaten in some of its conflicts. 
 
 II. That the 7'epuhlic would be torn asu7ider by internal 
 quarrels. During the entire century we have had but one 
 serious internal disturbance — the Rebellion. During the 
 same time England has had two insurrections, Prussia one, 
 Austria two, and Russia one. France has had seven revo- 
 lutions, and Italy and Spain ten or a dozen each. 
 
 III. That the republic vjould be succeeded by monarchy . 
 This has not yet come to pass. But during the last century 
 France has not been able to maintain any one system of 
 government twenty-five consecutive years. The sovereigns 
 of Austria, Spain, and Greece have been forced to vacate 
 their thrones. The monarch of France has been seven 
 times compelled to leave his seat. Even Prussia has been 
 obliged to change her form of government from an absolute 
 to a constitutional monarchy. 
 
328 THE MODEL IILSTORY. 
 
 IV. 77u(t the confederation of states would he broken up. 
 This has not proved true. But Germany has witnessed the 
 destruction of the German Confederation. England has 
 lost some of her colonies, and Austria, her provinces. France 
 has lost her possessions in Holland, in Belgium, and on 
 the Rhine. Italy changed from a few to many individual 
 states, and then to a united kingdom. 
 
 V. That the rejniblic icould he robbed of its territory by 
 strong military jiowers. Our territory has rapidly increased, 
 and we have never, at any time, parted with a single square 
 foot of land belonging to the nation. During the same time 
 there is not a single European state that has not lost a oart 
 of its territory. 
 
 599. The past has already indicated the fiituve issues 
 that will agitate the public mind. These are questions of 
 importance, — civil service reform, the currency, the tariff 
 question, the Bible in the public schools, compulsory edu- 
 cation, woman suffrage, foreign — and especially Chinese 
 — immigration, cheap transportation and the regulation of 
 railroads, the rights of labor and capital, secret' societies, 
 temperance, and religion. What shape these questions will 
 assume, or which will be most prominent, it is impossible to 
 foresee. 
 
 600. Oiir country claims and needs the love and 
 service of all. Compared with the nations of Europe, it is 
 in its infancy. There, kingdoms have been growing more 
 than a thousand years, Avhile our republic has reached only 
 the end of its first century. They celebrate their Millenium, 
 and we our Centennial. Without vain boasting, we may 
 congratulate ourselves on the solidity and rapidity of our 
 growth. The world has never before produced a republic 
 of such size, and many a democracy has been shattered in 
 less than a century. Our success has been attained in spite 
 of the political contradiction in proclaiming freedom in 
 theory, and yet cherishing slavery in practice ; in spite of 
 the annual arrival of thousands of immigrants, without a 
 just apprehension of republican principles or institutions; 
 
EEVIEW. 329 
 
 in spite of violent political and partisan turmoils every four 
 years; and in spite of sectional discontent upheaving into 
 attemjDted revolution. To guard against domestic, even 
 more than foreign, dangers; to educate the people in cor- 
 rect living and the high duties of citizenship; to lead pure 
 lives and cultivate noble purposes, — these are the essential 
 duties of every American, "that the republic may receive 
 no detriment," that the nation may rise in true majesty, 
 and that democratic government may not disappear from 
 the earth. 
 
 R E VIE W. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 The idea of independerice, a slow growth. — R. H. Lee introduces 
 an important resolution. — A formal Declaration of Independence is 
 drafted. — And passed. — It is received with enthusiasm by the Whigs, 
 with alarm by the Tories, and with auger by King George. — The 
 British evacuate Boston. — Washington is badly beaten on Long Island. 
 
 — But nuikes a successful dash at Princeton and Trenton. — Stark 
 wins a victory at Bennington. — And Gates at Stillwater.— Washington 
 loses one at Brandy wine. — And another at Germantown. — England 
 otlers pardon. — Lafayette lends timely aid. — The army spends a 
 winter of suffering at Valley Forge. — The Conway Cabal is defeated. 
 
 — Articles of Confederation proposed and finally adopted. — A flag is 
 adopted.— Franklin wins a great victory at Paris. — England proposes 
 peace. — Howe is superseded by Clinton. — Washington wins the battle 
 of Monmouth. — Butler desolates the colony of Wyoming. — Paul 
 Jones makes the navy famous. — Sketch of finance. — Charleston is 
 surrendered to the British. — Gates is severely beaten at Camden. — 
 Arnold plots his treason. — A mutinj^ breaks out at Morrislown. — But 
 is quieted by Congress. — Seven thousand men arrive from France. — 
 Greene supersedes Gates. — He fights at Cowpeus and Guilford Court- 
 House. — Washington takes Cornwallis. — Which ends the war. — The 
 provisions of the treaty. — The army is disbanded. — And Washington 
 retires to Mount Vernon. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Defects of the Confederation stated. — The convention of revision 
 decides to make a new Constitution. — The slavery question first enters 
 politics.— And the Federalists and the Republicans arise.— Sketch 
 
330 THE MODKI. HISTORY. 
 
 of tlie legislative ijower.— Of the executive power. — Of the judicial. 
 • — Washington is chosen President. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Washington becomes President. — Eleven constitutional amend- 
 ments are adopted. — A revenue is raised by import duties. — Public 
 credit was also improved by the National Bank. — Congress resolves 
 to remove to the Potomac. — The first census taken in 1790. — Citizen 
 Genet makes trouble in America. — But is sent home. — The President 
 quells the whisky insurrection. — And gives attention to the growing 
 trouble with England. — Vermont, Kentucky, and Tennessee join the 
 United States. — Wasiiington's policy is maliciously assailed. — Con- 
 gress makes provision for public education. — Whitney invents the 
 cotton gin. — Description of His Excellency's dress and receptions. — 
 Styles of dress in fashionable life. — In common life. — WashingtoL 
 declines re-election, and delivers his farewell address. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Sketch of Adams's career. — A weak spot found in the Constitution. 
 
 — The French difficulty again becomes serious. — But war is averted 
 by a change at Paris.— The country mourns for Washington. — The 
 life of the western pioneer. — The second census. — Manners of society 
 outlined. — Four things destroy Adams's chances of re-election. — 
 The Twelfth Amendment adopted. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Sketch of Jefferson. — He begins by reform. — He purchases Louisi- 
 ana. — And sends a party to explore it. — War arises with Tripoli. — 
 Troubles with England assume fresh prominence. — Right of search 
 and tenure of allegiance explained. — The Chesapeake surrenders to 
 the Leopard. — Measures of retaliation. — Burr shoots Hamilton. — 
 And plans to operate in the Southwest. — Ohio is admitted. — Congress 
 abolishes the foreign slave trade. — And authorizes the coast survey. — 
 Fulton puts a steamboat on the Hudson. — Webster writes his spelling- 
 book and dictionary. — Results of a prayer-meeting under a haystack. 
 
 — Sketch of Jefterson's official manners. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Sketch of Madison. — Harrison goes against Tecumseh. — War is 
 declared with England. — The Federalists oppose the war. — Perry 
 wins an important victory on Lake Erie. — Jack.son quiets the Creeks. 
 
 — The British take and burn Washington. — Jackson wins at New 
 Orleans. — And the war ends without political results. — Finances 
 greatly deranged. — Another National Bank is chartered. — Louisiana 
 
REVIEW. 331 
 
 and Indiana are admitted. — Eate of immigration noted. — Great men 
 come forward. — Early history of power manufacturing. — Sketch 
 of the American Bible Society. — Savings banks originated. — The 
 Colonization Society formed. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Sketch of Monroe. — Jackson raids the Seminoles. — And Florida 
 is purchased. — Calhoun becomes the originator of protective tariffs. — 
 Sketch of subsequent legislation respecting tariffs. — The country 
 takes the fever for internal improvements. — The Erie Canal is dug. — 
 And the National Road is constructed. — The first steamer crosses to 
 Liverpool. — Five new states ai-e admitted. — Which brings on a great 
 debate. — But the country is quieted by the Missouri Compromise. — 
 Monroe declares his "doctrine." — The first school for deaf mutes. 
 
 — Lafayette revisits America. — Sketch of changes in western life. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Sketch of J. Q.Adams. — Several Indian tribes are removed. — 
 New agitation of the tariff question. — The country is excited about 
 Free Masonry. — The history of railroads outlined. — Adams and 
 Jefferson both die on the semi-centennial day. — The Tract Society is 
 formed in New York. — And is followed by the Peace Society. — 
 Novelties in domestic life. — Adams has a quiet presidency. — Tlie 
 next President chosen from the West. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Sketch of Jackson. — He displaces seven hundred officials.— 
 Which creates a sensation. — He forbids the National Bank. — Which 
 creates another. — The South talks against protection. — Hayne and 
 Webster have a debate. — And Jackson nips nullification. — He 
 removes tlie government deposits. — The Seminole war drags through 
 seven years. — The slavery agitation among the people. — Anti-slavery 
 newspapers. — Nat. Turner makes an insurrection. — The fifth census. 
 
 — Arkansas and Michigan are admitted. — The cliolera visits the 
 country. — The first asylum for the blind. — Reaping and mowing 
 macliines come into use. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Sketch of Van Buren. — The panic breaks out. — And is somewhat 
 relieved by the Sub-Treasury scheme. — The sixth census. — The 
 history of the temperance reform outlined. — Tiie advance of educa- 
 tion. — The famous hard cider campaign comes on. 
 
332 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 Harrison dies after a mouth's service. — Sketcli of Tyler. — He 
 refuses to re-cliarter the National Banlc. — Wliicli causes a storm 
 of abuse. — England finally abandons her right of search. — An 
 excitement arises against the Mormons — The annexation of Texas 
 becomes the great question. — Sketch of postal affairs. — Mor.se con- 
 ceives a great idea. — And labors for years ui)on it. — Is surprised by 
 an appropriation. — And constructs the first telegraph — Goodyear 
 vulcanizes rubber. — The antarctic continent is discovered. — The 
 Freesoilers declare themselves at the election. 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 Sketch of Polk. — Northern boundary is fixed at 49°. — The Mexi- 
 can war begins at Palo Alto. — Monterey is taken. — And victory won 
 at Buena Vista. — Fremont takes California. — Vera Cruz is taken. — 
 Scott captures Mexico. — Which ends the war. — Gold is di.scovered in 
 California. — And the world takes a fever. — Howe makes a sewing 
 machine. — But struggles through difficulties to success — Sketch of 
 subsequent improvements. — An asylum for idiots is set up at Boston. 
 
 — Texas, Iowa, and Wisconsin are admitted as States. — David Wilmot 
 makes a proviso. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 Sketch of Taylor. — Agitation about tlie admission of California. 
 
 — The Omnibus Bill becomes a law. — But only after long and angry 
 debate. — Taylor dies. — The seventh census. — Much interest is taken 
 in Arctic exploration. — The U. G. R. R. takes passengers to Canada. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 Sketch of Pierce. — Arizona acquired by purchase. — A world's 
 fair is opened at New York. — Commercial intercourse with Japan. — 
 History of the Pacific railroad outlined. — Douglas introduces the 
 Kansas-Nebraska Bill. — Which brings war upon " bleetling Kansas." 
 
 — Sumner is beaten in the Senate chamber. — The American party 
 is organized. 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 Sketch of Buchanan. — He sends an army to quiet the Mormons. 
 
 — The story of the Atlantic cable outlined. — Sketch of the petroleum 
 excitement. — The Supreme Court decides the Dred Scott case.— 
 John Brown makes his raid. — The eighth census. — The Democratic 
 party is split by slavery. — And it is beaten at the election. — Then 
 talk of secession is heard. — And the work begins in South Carolina. 
 
 — Soon the Confederate States are organized. — And the country is 
 covered with gloom- 
 
REVIEW. 338 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 Lincoln's inaugural. — The Rebellion breaks out at Fort Sumter.— 
 Review of its causes.— Battle of Buil Run — Blockade of Southern 
 ])orts. — The Trent Affair nearly causes war with England. — Battle of 
 Fair Oaks. — Lee's first invasion of the North. — Antietam. — Freder- 
 icksburg. — Forts Henry and Donelson. — Grant wins at Shiloli. — The 
 ]\Ioniti)r and the Merrimac. — The Proclamation of Emancipation. — 
 Colored Troops. — Lee's second invasion. — Meade wins a great victoiy 
 at Gettysburg— Grant takes Vicksburg. — Rosecrans beaten at Chick 
 amauga. — But gets a victory at Chattanooga. — A draft is ordered. — 
 Battle of the Wilderness. — And Cold Harbor and Spottsylvania. — 
 Grant besieges Petersburg. — Third invasion of the North. — Sherman 
 marches to the Sea. — Richmond is evacuated — And Lee surrenders. — 
 The war ends. — Assassination of the President. — Some statistics of 
 the war. — Military features of the war. — Two new states admitted. — 
 Government land sales. — Homestead law. 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 Johnson becomes President. — Disbands the army. — Proclamation 
 of Anniestj\ — He disagrees with Congress. — And is impeached. — But 
 acquitted — Napoleon interferes in ]\Iexico. — The Atlantic Cable is 
 made a permanent success. — Alaska is purchased. — The Territories 
 reduced to final form. — Treaties with Germany and China. 
 
 CHAPTER xviri. 
 Grant becomes President. — Pacific Railroad. — Fifteenth Amend- 
 ment. — The Ninth Census. — The Alabama Claims. — Chicago burns. — 
 And Boston.— Credit Mobilier Investigation. — Jay Cooke Panic — 
 Death of public men. — Patrons of Husbandry. — Sovereigns of Indus- 
 try. — Signal Service Bureau — Specie Resumption Act. — Colorado 
 admitted — The Centennial — The Electoral Commission. 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 Hayes, President. — Civil Service Reform.— The Railroad Strike — 
 Silver Coinage. — Revival of l)usiness — Chinese immigration. — Yellow 
 fever.— The Exodus— Tenth Census. — Death of great Americans. — 
 General Grant's tour — The Third term question. — Presidential 
 campaign. 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 Sketch of Garfield. — Cleopatra's Needle brought to America — 
 The Bible is revised. — Assassination of Garfield. — Accession of 
 Arthur — Two more Pacific Railroads are completed. — And two 
 Arctic Expeditions are undertaken— The railroads adopt Standard 
 Time. — Invention and discovery. — Public questions which interest 
 the people.— Waves of immigration.— The Brooklyn Bridge and th" 
 
334 THE MODE J. JlLsrORY. 
 
 Washington Monument. — Candidates. — Tiie result. 
 
 CUAI'TER xxi. 
 
 Sketch of Cleveland. — Death of General Grant. — Interstate Com- 
 merre Law. — The G. A. R. — Natural ^as. — Chinese immigration. — 
 Haymarket Riot.— The W. C. T. U.— The death-roll.— Civil Service 
 Law.— The Campaign and its Issues. 
 
 CHAPTER XXII, 
 
 Sketch of Harrison. — Oklahoma. — Johnstown Disaster. — The 
 ran-American Congress. — Four states admitted. — The McKinley 
 Bill. — Census of 1890. — Three diplomatic incidents. — Australian 
 Ballot. — Copyright Law. — Louisiana Lottery. — World's Fair. — The 
 Election and its Results. 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 Hard times.— The Wilson Tariff.— The new navy.- The Pull- 
 man strike.— The Venezuelan Affair. — Utah admitted. — Interna- 
 tional arbitration. — The death-roll. — The silver question. — The 
 issues, nominations, campaign, and result 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 Sketch of ]\IcKinley.— Manufacturing.— Agriculture.— The Press. 
 — Lil)raries.— Education. — Literature. — Fine Arts.— Religion.— Un- 
 fulfilled predictions —Future issues.- The present duty. 
 
 TABLE OF CONTEMPORARY EVENTS IN 
 EUROPEAN HISTORY. 
 
 1V76 — ISOT. 
 
 This has been the jteriod of progress. It lias been 
 the era of politics and great popular ideas. The actors 
 were nations, not men. The responsibility of rulers, the 
 right of popular suffrage, the natural equality and fraternity 
 of men, the ])rogressive character of society, the true value 
 of human life and the human soul, the sacred freedom of 
 conscience, the right of free speech and thought, — these 
 were the ideas that, springing into action, shaped the achieve- 
 ments of the age. Resisting these tendencies in which the 
 public conscietice was asserting itself, Europe encountered 
 the storms of revolt, and retreated before the advancing 
 
CONTEMPORARY EVENTS. 835 
 
 power of the people. Accepting them, America went 
 steadily onward in the career of nationality and progress. 
 
 A strong tendency of the age has been toward central- 
 ization of power. The century has witnessed the absorption 
 of pigmy kingdoms by giant monarchies, the consolidation 
 of small and hostile states into great and coherent empires. 
 It has been seen that philanthropy is more than patriotism, 
 and humanity more than nationality. 
 
 Government has ceased to be the arbitrary domination 
 of a few, and has become, more than ever before, the 
 expression of the popular will. Political ideas which had 
 only an uncertain and traditionary existence, have been 
 embodied in settled constitutions and embalmed in written 
 forms of government. 
 
 But the triumphs of this intellectual and progressive 
 age have not been confined to politics or government. 
 They have also been in industry and thought. All eyes 
 have been attracted by these successive achievements. 
 Commerce has grown from the uncertain employment of a 
 few to an overshadowing interest of the state. Mechanic 
 art has quadrupled the wealth-producing power of the race, 
 and the wildest dreams of magic have been equaled by the 
 realizations of inventive genius. Science and literature 
 have kept even pace with art. They have left no field 
 unexplored, and have doubled the sum of human knowl- 
 edge. Religious zeal has awakened for the conquest of the 
 world. It is the age of -missions and missionary labor. The 
 Bible has gone into hundreds of languages, and been 
 printed by the millions of copies. 
 
 In Amevica the period opened with the utterance of 
 Jefferson, that "governments derive their just powers from 
 the consent of the governed." It closed with the sublime 
 sentiment of Lincoln, "government of the people, by the 
 people, and for the people." It has shown how grand are 
 the possibilities of the American republic, — that it can 
 cope with gigantic evils; that its tendency is toward peace 
 and good will, while it is strong to maintain itself against 
 
336 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 rebellion, tumult, and war. It has proved that there is a 
 power stronger than armies — the public opinion of an 
 enlightened people. "The Great Century" has presented 
 more problems and achieved more solutions than any other 
 in the Ions: roll of time. 
 
 ]776. Adam Smith published his "Wealth of Nations." 
 1778. Captain Cook discovered the Sandwich Islands, 
 
 1781. Warren Hastings, Governor-General of India, re- 
 
 ceived a bribe of £100,000. 
 
 1782. The rotary steam engine invented in England by 
 
 Watt. 
 1785. The power- loom invented by Cartwright, and 
 
 machines for cotton spinning made by Arkvvright. 
 1785. Invention of the guillotine in France. 
 
 1787. The English government sent 558 male and 21 8 
 
 female convicts to Australia as a penal colony. 
 
 1788. Trial of Warren Hastings be^an. It lasted ei<rlit 
 
 years. He was acquitted. 
 
 1789. The French Revolution began by the destruction of 
 
 the Bastile by the mob. 
 
 1793. The Reign of Terror in France. Execution of 
 
 Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. 
 
 1794. The " Goddess of Reason " worshipped. 
 
 1795. Mungo Park explored Africa. 
 
 1795. Final partition of Poland between Russia, Austria 
 and Prussia. 
 
 ]798. Vaccination discovered in England by Dr. Jenner, 
 and galvanism at Bologna by Galvani. Litho- 
 graphy invented at Munich by Senefelder. 
 
 1800. Parliamentary union of Great Britain and Ireland. 
 
 1801. Toussaint I'Ouverture, a negro general, headed an 
 
 insurrection against the Frencii in Hayti. 
 
 1803. Robert Emmet, the Irish patriot, headed an insurrec- 
 
 tion against the English. 
 
 1804. British and Foreiarn Bible Societv organized. 
 
CONTEMPORA RY E VENTS. 337 
 
 1807. Granville Sharp secured the abolition of the slave- 
 trade throughout British dominions. 
 
 1809. Fifth coalition of European powers against Napoleon. 
 1812. Russian expedition of Napoleon. 
 
 1815. Battle of Waterloo resulted in the total and final 
 
 overthrow of Napoleon. 
 181G. Safety-lamp invented in England by Sir Humphrey 
 
 Uavy. 
 1821. Napoleon died at St. Helena. 
 
 1821. Independence of Mexico. 
 
 1822. Brazil became independent of Portugal. 
 
 1824. Macadamizing the streets of London began by 
 Mac Adam. 
 
 1829. England abolished Sutteeism, or burning of widows 
 
 in India. 
 
 1830. A year of revolutions — in Belgium, Poland and 
 
 France. 
 
 1831. The first appearance of the cholera in England. 
 
 1832. Opening of the first railway — the Manchester & 
 
 Liverpool — in England. 
 
 1833. Slavery abolished throughout British dominions. 
 
 The owners received ^20,000,000 as compensa- 
 tion. 
 
 1837. Accession of Queen Victoria. 
 
 1838. Grace Darling, the English heroine, rescued the 
 
 crew and passengers of the Forfarshire steamboat 
 when it struck the Hawker Rocks. 
 
 1839. Opium war between China and England. 
 1839. Daguerre invented the photographic process. 
 
 1810. Penny postage adopted in England. 
 
 1845. Sir John Franklin, in the " Erebus " and the 
 
 " Terror," sailed on an arctic expedition, from 
 
 which he never returned. 
 184G. Repeal of the English Corn Laws, by Sir Robert 
 
 Peel. 
 1847. Famine in Ireland. England sent £10,000,000 for 
 
 relief. 
 
338 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 1848. Another year of revolutions — in Sicily, France, 
 
 Austria, Venice and Hungary. 
 1851. The Great Exhibition, or first World's Fair, at Hyde 
 
 Park, London. 
 1851. Submarine cable between France and England. 
 1851. Louis NajDoleon forcibly seized power in France. 
 1853. The Crimean War. 
 
 1857. Sepoy Rebellion against the English in India. 
 
 1858. Victoria proclaimed sovereign of India. 
 1860. Garibaldi became dictator of Sicily. 
 
 18G3. Japanese ports closed against foreign traders. 
 1804. Maximilian of Austria accepted the throne of 
 
 Mexico. 
 1867. Overthrow and execution of Maximilian. 
 
 1867. German unity secured through the North German 
 
 Confederation. 
 
 1868. Fenian agitation in Great Britain. 
 
 1868. The Mt. Cenis railway opened under the Alps. 
 
 1869. Suez Canal completed and opened. 
 
 1871. Italian unity secured and the capital re-established 
 at Rome. The Pope lost the temporal power. 
 
 1871. Staidey found Livingstone in Africa. 
 
 1872. Franco-Prussian War resulted in the total defeat 
 
 and humiliation of France. 
 
 1877. Russia invaded and absorbed provinces in Asia. 
 
 3878. Death of Pope Pius IX and election of PojDe Leo 
 XIIL 
 
 1884. Home Rule for Ireland became the important ques- 
 tion in Eng-land. 
 
 1886. Completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway. 
 
 1888. Death of Emperors William and Frederick of 
 Germany. 
 
 1892. War between China and Japan. 
 
 1895. Overthrow^ of monarchy in Hawaii. 
 
 1896. Discovery of the X Rays. Rebellion in Cuba. 
 
FORTY HISTORIC AMERICANS. 339 
 
 FORTY HISTORIC AMERICANS. 
 
 FERNANDO DE SOTO. 
 This man was the chief lieutenant of Pizarro in the conquest of 
 Peru. He then returned to Spain with much ill-gotten wealth, and was 
 received by the king, Charles V. Believing that the Eldorado was 
 in Florida, he conquered it at his own expense. Receiving a com- 
 mission as governor of Cuba, the flower of the nobility flocked to his 
 standard. With these, and his beautiful young wife and other noble 
 ladies, he sailed from Spain in ten vessels. After spending a year in 
 Cuba for preparation, he sailed with a thousand men. Soon the 
 cruelty of his nature betrayed itself in his treatment of the natives. 
 Wlien asked where the gold was, they pointed westward. Not per- 
 ceiving that they wished only to be rid of him, he hastened in that 
 direction. During the wanderings of two years he fought many 
 obstinate battles with the Indians, killing them by thousands and 
 practicing a Pizarro-like treachery towards them. On the banks of 
 the Mississippi he was attacked by a fever, and died. To prevent the 
 desecration of his body by the Indians, it was encased in a trough 
 made of a live-oak log, and sunk in the middle of the river near where 
 Natchez now stands. Before dying he made jNIoscoro his lieutenant, 
 who led the thinned ranks back to Cuba. The news of De Soto's 
 death cast a gloom over Havana, and poor Doiia Isabella, wife of 
 the great leader, wlio had so long waited for his return, died of grief. 
 
 POCAHONTAS, THE LADY REBECCA. 
 
 A romantic interest attaches to this woman from the story Captain 
 Smitli told about her saving his life. We know that when a little 
 girl she used to go to Jamestown with berries for sale, and that she 
 played with the children of the town. When she was seventeen, she 
 was captured by the colonists and held as a hostage on one of their 
 ships. Here one of the men, John Rolfe, fell in love with her, 
 taught her something about Christianity, and wished to make her 
 his wife. But it was first necessary that she should join the church 
 — the Episcopal — which she did, being baptized as Rebecca. Rolfe 
 was a worthy man, and the marriage was with the approval of 
 Powhatan. With her husband she went to England, where she was 
 received with much favor by the Court. Being a princess, she was 
 called Lady Pocahontas, and it was seriously debated whether Rolfe, 
 
340 THE MODF.L 1IIS7VRY. 
 
 a mere subject, liad not committed treason in marrying a woman of 
 royal birth. In London she was visited by Captain Smith, who was 
 there being treated for a wound. In a few months she prepared to 
 return with her husband and infant son to Virginia. She had 
 become so attached to her life in England, that she regretted her 
 departure. They had proceeded to Gravesend and were about to take 
 ship when Pocahautas was taken ill and died. Her sou became a 
 man of some note in Virginia, and even to this day some rather fool- 
 ish people like to boast that the blood of Pocahontas flows in their 
 veins. 
 
 MILES STANDISH. 
 
 He had been a soldier in the English array in Holland. He 
 there became acquainted with the Pilgrims, and when they decided 
 to come to America he sought and obtained permission to accompany 
 them, though he did not belong to their church. His wife. Rose 
 Standish, died during the tirst winter at Plymouth. He became the 
 military chieftain of the Pilgrims, and reniiered them good service 
 against their Indian enemies. On Sunday morning he used to march 
 in his military cloak beside Governor Bradford in his robes of state, 
 and Elder Brewster in his clerical dress, to the church, followed by 
 the women, the rear being brought up by the men carrying their 
 guns. It was "the church militant." .Standish was a man of 
 excellent education for those times. Tlie poet Longfellow has made 
 his name familiar, with that of John Alden and Priscilla Mullins, by 
 his admirable poem, " Courtship of Miles Standish," which everyone 
 should have the pleasure of reading, 
 
 STEPHEN DAY. 
 
 This man is historic only because he was our first printer. The 
 first printing press in America was set up in the city of INIexico, in 
 15:59; the second at Lima, Peru, in 158G, and the third at Harvard 
 College, in 1639. Upon the minutes of the college is found this 
 record: " Mr, Joss Glover gave to the college a font of printing 
 letters, and some gentlemen of Amsterdam gave towards furnishing 
 a printing press." Rev. Jesse Glover, a Puritan preacher, started 
 with his family to Boston, having this press in his care. There were 
 then al)out two lunidred in Europe. He brought Day, a competent 
 printer, Avith him. Mr. Glover died on the voyage; but on arrival, 
 '•the printcry " was set up in the house of Henry Dunster, the first 
 president of the college. After a time, the president married widow 
 Glover, "so taking her, as well as the press, into his own house." 
 The Freeman's Oath was first printed on one side of a small sheet. 
 The next issues were uliuaaacs for 1639 and 1640. The Bay Psalm 
 
FORTY mSTOntC AMERICANS. 341 
 
 Book, printed in the latter year, is now so scarce that a copy of it is 
 worth more than its weight in gold. 
 
 DANIEL BOONE. 
 He was a son of tlie forest. A Penusylvanian by birtli, a Caro- 
 linian by residence, he was a frontiersman by nature and choice. He 
 and his brother spent a year in exploring Kentucky in the midst of 
 constant dangers from the Indians. In 1775 he led a company of 
 settlers to the banks of the Kentucky River, and established a fort 
 and settlement at Boonesborough. He had many fights with Indians, 
 and twice he was captured, but each time he escaped. He lost two 
 sons by Indian attacks, and he rescued his daughter from the red 
 man's camp, to which she had been carried from his very door. 
 Once, while a prisoner, he learned that the Indians were planning an 
 attack on Boonesborough. He escaped in the night, traveled one 
 hundred and sixty miles in five days, and appeared at the fort after 
 his friends had lost all hope of his being alive and his family had 
 gone mournfully back to North Carolina. After a nine-days' attack 
 the Indians abandoned the siege. Having lost his lands in Kentucky, 
 through a defective title, he retieated to the wilderness of Missouri, 
 where he trapped and hunted. There he received a grant of land 
 from Spain, which was then the owner; but he lost it also through a 
 mistake in the deeds. After the Louisiana Purchase, the state of 
 Kentucky secured for him a grant of land from Congress; but crafty 
 lawyers cheated the old man out of even this, and he who had helped 
 to acquire an empire, died landless at last. With touching simplicity 
 he said, "I have.no place to call my own, whereon to lay my bones." 
 He should be held in honor. "His simple, retiring manners never 
 altered into rustic rudeness. Bold and unsparing in warfare, he 
 was mild and kind to every creature. His love of adventure kept 
 his life full of inspiration, while constant danger made him cautious, 
 but not uneasy or suspicious." 
 
 NATHAN HALE. 
 
 This young captain was a graduate of Yale College, and was em- 
 ployed by Washington as a spy in the British camp on Long Island. 
 He personated a plain young farmer, and made sketches and notes 
 unsuspected. A Tory kinsman recognized and betrayed him. Papers 
 fouiid on him revealed who he was, and he frankly avowed his rank, 
 name, and character as a spy. On the morning of September 22, 
 1776, he was delivered to the marshal, Cunningham, to be hanged. 
 He was denied the services of a clergyman and the use of a Bible. 
 A more humane ofiicer supplied him with material to write to his 
 mother, his betrothed, and his sisters. The brutal Cunningham tore 
 
342 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 these into fragments before the eyes of his victim. Placed in a cart 
 with a rope around his neck, tlie vehicle was driven away, and he 
 was suspended from the limb of a tree. His last words were, "I 
 only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country." 
 
 GEORGE ROGERS CLARK. 
 A Virginian by birth, he settled in Kentucliy on attaining man- 
 hood. During the Revolution he formed the design of taking 
 Vincennes and Kaskaskia from the British. These posts were in the 
 untracked wilderness. Patrick Henry, then governor of Virginia, 
 furnished him with arms and supplies, and empowered him to enlist 
 troops for this purpose. Dropping down the Ohio, and crossing 
 southern Illinois, he surprised and captured Kaskaskia without firing 
 a guti. Through the influence of Father Gibault, the Catholic priest 
 at Vincennes, the French inhabitants of that Post took the oath of 
 allegiance to the United States, and turned over Fort Sackville to 
 Clark, the British commander, Gov. Hamilton, being absent at 
 Detroit. Capt. Helm was left in charge with only one companion. 
 The news was carried to Hamilton, who returned in haste and re- 
 took the fort. Again, by aid of Francis Vigo, Clark went against 
 Vincennes. It was a march of two hundred miles, in winter, through 
 woods and across overflowed swamps and swollen streams. The 
 march has no parallel in our history. After incredible difficulty, 
 with one hundred and seventy men, he besieged the garrison of six 
 hundred and took the fort in two days. This was an event of the 
 largest importance. It meant the possession of the country for 
 hundreds of miles in every direction. It was this event which caused 
 the boundary of the United States, at the close of the Revolution, to 
 be drawn at the Mississippi River instead of at the mountains. It 
 can be truthfully said that while Washington was securing the inde- 
 pendence of the United States, Gen. Clark was doubling its area. 
 
 GENERAL LAFAYETTE. 
 This man belongs to this country almost as much as to France. 
 At thirteen he inherited an immense estate, and at sixteen he 
 married. He entered the French army, and soon after, in 1776, he 
 heard of the struggle of the American colonies, whom he resolved to 
 aid. At the close of the Revolution he returned to France and was 
 there made a major-general. In 1784 he re-visited the United States, 
 and was everywiiere received with affection. He took an active 
 part in the French Revolution, as a leader of the moderate Repub- 
 licans. When the fierce Jacobins seized power in France his arrest 
 was ordered; but he escaped, intending to take refuge in Holland. 
 The xVustrians seized him and confined him in a dungeon for five 
 
FORTY HISTORIC AMERICANS. 348 
 
 years. For a long time no news of hira reached his friends. In 
 1797 Bonaparte demantled and obtained his release. Grateful for 
 this personal favor, he yet felt it his duty, being a Republican, to 
 oppose with all his might the ambitions of Napoleon. In the French 
 legislature his voice was always in favor of liberal measures. He 
 died in 1834, the acknowledged chief of the constitutional party on 
 the continent of Europe. 
 
 BENJAMIN THOMPSON, COUNT RUMFORD. 
 
 He was almost the only American who ever received a title of 
 nobility from European mouarchs. During the Revolution he was a 
 Tory, and deemed submission better than rebellion. For this reason 
 he fell out of unity with tiie cutrent of opinion here, and he spent 
 most of his life in Europe. He even raised in England a loyalist 
 corps, and he served a short time in the British army, in South 
 Carolina. For fourteen years he served the King of Bavaria, — re- 
 organizing the army, beautifying Munich, and abolishing pauperism 
 by providing work. When the king conferred the title, he chose 
 Rumford, from the name of the village (now Concord, N. H.) where 
 he taught school in his younger days. His later years were devoted 
 to science. He first advanced the now popular dynamic theory of 
 heat (that it is a mode of motion) in opposition to the caloric theory. 
 His first wife was a rich widow of Concord, and his second the 
 widow of the French chemist Lavoisier. He bequeathed to Harvard 
 College the funds by which the Rumford Professorship was 
 endowed. 
 
 ROBERT MORRIS. 
 
 This man's fame rests upon the important services he rendered 
 the American cause by means of his large fortune. At thirteen he 
 came from England to Philadelphia, where lie entered mercantile 
 pursuits. He became wealthy. He voted in (/Ongress against the 
 resolution of Richard Henry Lee, thinking that the right time for 
 independence had not j^et come; but he signed the Declaration a few 
 days later. When the states refused or neglected to send their quota 
 of money for the expenses of the war, he contributed largely from 
 his own fortune. At one time he sent three million rations. He 
 furnished nearly everything for the campaign against Cornwallis, 
 issuing his personal notes to the amount of |1, 400, 000. He was 
 superintendent of finance iinder the Confederation for three years. 
 He then proposed a plan which would have established the publio 
 credit ; but the jealousy of the states prevented its adoption. Washing- 
 ton wished him to enter his cabinet as Secretary of the Treasury, but 
 he declined. In his old age he lost all his property, and was im- 
 
^44 TJin MODEL histohy. 
 
 prisoned for debt. His money made the prolongation of the war 
 possible, and coutribute<l very largely to the final success of 
 independence. 
 
 ALEXANDER HAMILTON. 
 
 A native of the West Indies, he came to New York and entered 
 Columbia (then King's) College. At seventeen he made a remarkable 
 speech to a popular meeting, urging resistance to England. He 
 served during the Revolution, and then studied law. He was a leader 
 in Congress under the Confederation, and was a signer of the Con- 
 stitution, which he did much to shape. He is credited — or charged 
 — with securing tlie adoption of the electoral system in the choosing 
 of President. While the Constitution was awaiting state adoption, 
 Hamilton, aided by the able pens of JVIadison and Jay, sent forth, 
 through the columns of the New York Gazette, a series of remarkable 
 essays in favor of its ratification, which in book form bear the name 
 of The Federalist. But his greatest work was in giving form to the 
 financial system of the government, while Secretary of State under 
 Washington. He it was who inspired the assumption of the state 
 debts, the Funding Act. the protective tariff system, and the United 
 States Bank. He was courageous enough to oppose both men and 
 measures deemed by him unworthy. He twice baffled the ambition 
 of Col. Aaron Burr: first, by securing the election of Jefferson to the 
 presidency, instead of Burr; and, second, by causing his defeat in his 
 contest for election as governor of New York. In a secret conference 
 of Federalists at Albany, Hamilton, in a speech, pronounced Burr an 
 unsatisfactory and unreliable candidate. In a bed-room adjoining, 
 two of Burr's friends were concealed, and they heard every word. 
 Several notes passed, but Burr, unsatisfied l)y any explanation that 
 Hamilton could truthfully make, sent a challenge to fight a duel. 
 Hamilton shot his piece into the air, but he was fatally wounded and 
 died the next tlay. 
 
 JOHN LEDYARD. 
 This was the man whose mind originated the idea and first saw 
 the necessity of extending the United States from the Mississipjii to 
 the Pacific. He was a rover in his tastes; and from England Jie shipped 
 with Captain Cook on his last voyage round the world. On his return, 
 his mind was filled with crude projects for opening a trade with 
 the northwest coast, now Oregon. Failing to get an American 
 merchant to fit out a ship for him, he went to France, where he 
 talked and labored with the zeal of an enthusiast for the success of 
 his scheme. At that time, 1785, Thomas Jefferson was our minister 
 to Paris. Ledyard often sought counsel and aid from him. Jefferson 
 
FORTY HISTORIC AifERICANS. 345 
 
 was much impressed with Ledyartl, and said to him, oue day, " Why 
 not go by laud to Kamscliatka, cross over in some of the vessels 
 to Nootka Sound, drop down the coast to the latitude of the 
 Missouri, and then penetrate to and through that to the United 
 States? " To-day this seems strange advice ; but it was not foolish 
 then, and it was acted on by Ledyard. He set out on foot and 
 reached Irkutsk, in Siberia, when he was arrested and sent back. 
 Next year he accepted an offer, in London, to explore Central Africa. 
 Proceeding to Cairo, he Avas attacked by a billious fever, and died. 
 His great work was in directing Jefferson's attention to the value of 
 the Great West. He never lost sight of Ledyard's idea. In his 
 sagacious mind it soon grew into a matter of national importance. 
 Thus it was Ledyard who conceived the great design which Jefferson 
 adopted and realized, — the acquisition and exploration of the empire 
 between the Mississippi and the Pacific. 
 
 HERMAN BLENNERHASSETT. 
 He was a victim of Aaron Burr's cous]3iracy. An Irishman of 
 means and education, he became Involved in political troubles in 
 Ireland; and, therefore, he sold his estates and came to America. 
 He bought an island in the Ohio River near Marietta, built an elegant 
 mansion, and furnished it handsomely. There he and his accom- 
 plished wife lived with books, pictures, philosophical apparatus, and 
 other means of culture, when Burr entered this paradise, tempted 
 and ruined it. He laid his plans before Blennerhassett and his wife, 
 and they were captivated by his dreams of power and honor. They 
 made large purchases for the expedition and joined Burr's flotilla. 
 The vessels were destroyed and a mob laid Blennerhassett's island 
 waste, the owners escaping. He was prosecuted as an accomplice of 
 Burr, but was discharged. To mend his fortune he became a cotton 
 planter in Mississippi, but lost everything. After spending three 
 years at Montreal, in the practice of law, he and his wife returned to 
 England, where he died a broken hearted man, at the age of sixty-one. 
 His widow returned to seek from Congress remuneration for their 
 losses; but while the claim was pending she also died, in 1843, and 
 was buried by the Sisters of Charity. 
 
 DeWITT CLINTON. 
 He studied law and was admitted to the bar, but he practiced 
 very little. He early entered politics, and rose to the United States 
 Senate. On becoming governor of New York, in 1817, he at once 
 became the champion of the Erie Canal, and he secured the passage 
 of a bill for its construction. " Clinton's Big Ditch " became a stand- 
 ing joke for the wits and the newsjmpers. The people did not 
 
346 THE MO I) El. IIISTOIIY. 
 
 believe the work possible, and refused to vote money for its com- 
 pletion. They said it was absurd to think of making a canal sixty- 
 three miles long, and to take boats overland from the seaboard to the 
 lakes. But the "ditch " was finished in 1825, and at its inauguration 
 Clinton poured a vessel of water from Lake Erie into the Atlantic, as 
 significant of their wedding. The canal was a success from the first. 
 Those who called Clinton insane before, now praised him beyond 
 measure. Great rejoicings were held everywhere, and Clinton was 
 the hero. He declined the ministry to England, saying there were 
 still important duties for him in his own state. He was a tall, 
 distinguished looking man, and some called haughtiness what others 
 called dignity. He was among the greatest men of his time. He 
 died suddenly in office, at Albany, in the midst of his work and 
 popularity. 
 
 OSCEOLA. 
 
 This leader of the Indians in the Seminole War was a half-breed 
 of superior ability. The treaty by the government for the surrender 
 of the Indian lands in Florida was never satisfactory to a majority of 
 the tribes. The attempt of the President to remove them forcibly to 
 the Indian Territory was, therefore, resisted. Osceola's haughty 
 bearing led Gen, Thompson to put him in irons for one day. 
 Resolving on vengeance for this humilation, he some time later killed 
 and scalped the general and five friends as they sat at the dinner 
 table. In 1837 Osceola, with otlier chiefs and seventy warriors, 
 appeared in Gen. Jessup's camp, under a flag of truce, with friendly 
 professions. As the chief rose to speak, Jessup gave a signal, when 
 his soldiers rushed forward and bound Osceola. The warriors drew 
 their gleaming hatchets, but were restrained by sight of the troops. 
 Osceola was sent to Charleston, and confined in Ft. jNIoultrie, where 
 he died of fever, two years later. Jessup defended his treachery by 
 declaring that it was the only way to overcome the equally treacher- 
 ous Osceola. This war, like nearly all our Indian troubles, grew out 
 of the avarice of white men, which led them to secure treaties by 
 artful means from ignorant Indians, and then to employ the military 
 power to enforce the claim thus created. 
 
 THOMAS H. BENTON. 
 
 A lawyer, soldier and politician, he went from Tennessee and 
 settled in St. Louis. He was a leader in favoring the admission of 
 Missouri as a state, and he was its first Senator, an office which he held 
 for thirty coasecutive years. He was always prompt and urgent in the 
 interests of the West. He was the champion of Jefferson's scheme for 
 an overland highway to India. The National iioad was ardently sup- 
 
FORTY HISTORIC A MERICA NS. 347 
 
 ported by liim as a part of this great project. Some years later lie ad- 
 vocated surveys for a railroad to the Pacitic. He saw clearly that the 
 commercial route to India was to be overland. A few years before his 
 death he devoted himself to literature. His " Thirty Years' View of 
 the United States Senate " is a history of standard worth. His most 
 voluminious work was an "Abridgment of the Debates in Congress" 
 from 1789 to 1856, in sixteen volumes. A short time before his death 
 in 1857, he predicted the outbreak and liual suppression of the 
 Rebellion. 
 
 MARCUS WHITMAN. 
 
 He was a missionary sent out with a few others by the Methodist 
 Church to the Indians in Oregon, in 1834. Both the British and the 
 Americans claimed that country; and he saw that immigration and 
 settlement must determine who should have it. The Hudson Bay 
 Company was sending in settlers, and the Americans were about to 
 be outnumbered. With dismay Whitman saw that the government 
 had no true conception of the value of the country. If Oregon was 
 to be saved to the Union, not a day was to be lost. On horseback he 
 started to Washington with news of the invasion of British settlers-. 
 His ride to St. Louis by way of Santa Fe will always be memorable 
 in the history of Oregon, as much from its hardships and perils as 
 from what it accomplished. On reaching Washington he found that 
 Webster had just signed the Ashburton Treaty, which carried our 
 northern boundary on the 49th parallel to the Rockies, leaving Oregon 
 undetined. He fully and forcibly explained to the government the 
 value of Oregon, and organized an emigrant train of two hundred 
 wagons to return with him and settle there. Whitman's labors were 
 a large factor in the formation of the treaty of 1846, which carried the 
 boundary onward to the Pacific. 
 
 SAMUEL HOUSTON. 
 
 This man was the hero of Texan Independence. In his early days 
 he was adopted by the Cherokee Indians as one of their nation, and 
 he afterward returned their kindness by becoming their legal pro- 
 tector against the fraud of bad white men. He led the Texan 
 forces in the battle of San Jacinto, in which the Mexicans were 
 defeated. He was made the first President of the Republic of Texas 
 in 1836. He favored the annexation of Texas to the United States. 
 The question was settled by the presidential election of 1844, and he 
 became the first senator of the state in 1846. He served several years 
 as Governor of Texas. In 1861 he opposed its secession, and when 
 he was unable to prevent this step he resigned his oflice as governor 
 
348 THE MODEL JIlSTonV. 
 
 rather than take the oath of allegiauce to the Confederacy. He died 
 in private life in 1863. 
 
 DAVID CROCKETT. 
 
 "Make room for Colonel Crockett," said the doorkeeper at the 
 White House. " Colonel Crockett makes room for himself," was the 
 characteristic remark of that bluff congressman. In early life lie was 
 a noted hunter in Tennessee. Without much education, he yet had 
 great native force of intellect. He served under Jackson in the Creek 
 War, was then a congressman, and he then removed to Texas, where 
 he took a prominent part in the war of independence. His fame rests 
 principally upon his dramatic death. The Alamo was a stone church 
 used as a fort at San Antonio. It was garrisoned by 183 Americans, 
 of whom Crockett was one. They were besieged by the Mexican 
 army under Gen. Santa Anna. The enemy displayed the red flag, 
 indicating that no quarter would be asked and none given. The 
 Alamo kept the Mexicans at bay for eleven days. Early the next 
 morning an assault was ordered, and in a hand-to-hand struggle of 
 unparalleled ferocity every man was killed. Crockett's body was 
 found in an angle of the wall, surrounded by a dozen Mexicans either 
 dead or dying from his blows. Not a defender lived to tell the story. 
 Thenceforth during the war and during the Mexican War the battle- 
 cry of the Americans was "Remember the Alamo!" When Texas 
 built its first capitol this inscription was placed over the archway of 
 the entrance: "Thermopylae had its messenger of defeat: the 
 Alamo had none." Crockett was the author of the every-day epigram, 
 "Be sure you are right, then go ahead." 
 
 JOHN C. CALHOUN. 
 When he entered public life slavery was the foremost question, 
 and it enlisted him as its champion. He served it till his death. 
 Entering Congress in 1811, he became a leader of the war party. He 
 favored the United States Bank, and he delivered carefully prepared 
 arguments in favor of a protective tariff — speeches which Henry Clay 
 never surpassed and essays which Horace Greeley could not have 
 improved. About 1824 his views on the tariff issue underwent a 
 radical change, and thenceforth he became a strenuous advocate of a 
 revenue tariff. He was an honest adherent of the doctrine of state 
 sovereignty, which was the bottom principle of disunion. He wrote 
 a paper called The South Carolina Expositor, in which he argued 
 that a state could nullify unconstitutional laws. He swayed the 
 public opinion of the Soutli, and he caused the calling of a convention 
 in South Carolina to nullify the tariff. He hotly opposed Jackson 
 and did all he could to force the slavery question on the country, 
 
FORTY HISTORIC AMERICANS. 349 
 
 while Clay aud Webster were doing their best to allay excitement. 
 He became Secretary of State in Tyler's cabinet just long enough to 
 secure the annexation of Texas, when he returned to the Senate. 
 We know little a!)Out the private life of Calhoun. He was without 
 doubt an honest and pure-minded man. As a statesman he stands 
 in the foremost ranks. Eminent men of his time all respected his 
 high talents. He died at Washington in 1850. 
 
 HENRY CLAY. 
 
 He was born during the Revolution in Virginia, in a swampy 
 district called the Slashes. Left fatherless at five, he helped in the 
 support of a large family. Part of his work was taking grain to the 
 mill, and hence he is sometimes called the Mill Boy of the Slashes. He 
 obtained a meager education at a log school-house. He studied law, 
 and began practice before he was twenty-one. In order to acquire skil 1 
 in public speaking, it was his habit to go to the stable and address 
 his audience of horses and cattle. He removed to Lexington, Ky., to 
 grow up with that new country. His ability gave him plenty of 
 business, aud he soon entered politics on the side of the Republicans 
 led by Jefferson. His successes and honors were rapid. In 1803 he 
 was elected to the state legislature, and to the speakership in 1807. 
 He became United States Senator in 1808, and a representative and 
 Speaker of the House in 1811, serving in all thirteen j^ears in that 
 station. On four occasions he was a candidate for nomination as 
 President, and twice he was successful, but failed at the election. 
 His great public works were his attempts to keep slavery out of the 
 constitution of Kentucky; his vigorous support of the war of 1812; 
 his services as commissioner at the Treaty of Ghent; his pleas for 
 recognizing the independence of the South American Republics; his 
 defence of the Missouri Compromise; his advocacy of internal im- 
 provements at national expenses; his labors in behalf of a protective 
 tariff ; and his support of the Omnibus Bill of 1850. The Sage of 
 Ashland died at Washington in 1853. He was always distinguished 
 for courtly manners and personal magnetism. His matchless voice, 
 his fluent utterance, his sweeping gestures, his splendid attitudes, 
 and his inspiring sentiments gave him his surpassing fame as an 
 orator. 
 
 DANIEL WEBSTER. 
 
 This great expounder of the Constitution was a poor boy. With 
 the first twenty-five cents he ever earned he bought a handkerchief on 
 which the Constitution was printed. He studied it till he could repeat 
 every word. His father mortgaged his farm to obtain means to send 
 his two soos lo college. After graduation he auuouaced his dctcrmi- 
 
350 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 nation to be a lawyer. His fatlier told him there was no room for any 
 more, when Daniel made the well-known reply, " There is room 
 enough at the top." He worked on, reached the Boston bar, and in 
 1813 Congress, where he soon took rank as one of the foremost men of 
 the nation. For the next forty years he devoted himself to the public 
 matters of his time. His first great case was about Dartmouth Col- 
 lege, and he not only won the desired verdict, but the decision settled 
 a point of law about college charters that has rested ever since. He 
 opposed Calhoun's theories of nullification with all his power. 
 Though Hayne's speech was unexpected and Webster's reply was 
 made the next day, it was not a sudden inspiration. He had thought 
 out that masterly argument by the lamp years before. Though 
 he opposed the extension of slavery, and thus truly voiced the senti- 
 ment of his section, he supported the Omnibus Bill of Clay. This 
 course deeply disappointed many of his admirers, and was the occasion 
 of Whittier's striking poem, "Ichabod," a word which means "the 
 glory is departed." Not less famous and classical than his congres- 
 sional speeches are his formal orations delivered in honor of great 
 national events. One of these was delivered at Plymouth, in 1820, 
 on the two hundreth anniversary of the landing of the Pilgrims. 
 Four years later he gave another when the corner-stone of the Bunker 
 Hill Monument was laid, Lafayette being present. He delivered yet 
 another on the completion of the Monnment in 1843. Perhaps the 
 most brilliant of all was his eulogy on Jefl'erson and Adams, delivered 
 in Faueuil Hall. Boston, soon after their death in 1826. When the 
 great statesman was seventy years old, his birthday was celebrated in 
 Boston by a great ovation. In the course of the speech he made 
 thanking his friends for the honor, he told the secret of his success in 
 these words: " Work has made me what I am. I never ate a bite of 
 idle bread in my life." He died in 1853. He is known as the Sage of 
 Marshfield. 
 
 ROGER B. TANEY. 
 
 Born in Maryland, in 1777, he graduated at Dickinson College in 
 1796; and, being admitted to the bar, he held several state offices. 
 Succeeding Marshall, he became chief justice of the Supreme Court 
 in 1836, by the appointment of Jackson, whom he had assisted in his 
 struggle with the United States Bank. Slavery was the overshadow- 
 ing question during the twentj^-eight years he occupied this judicial 
 elevation, and his decisions were always in its favor. His most 
 noted one was in the Dred Scott Case. Dred Scott was the negro 
 slave of an army officer living in Missouri, who took him to Hliuois. 
 There Scott married the slave of another officer, with the consent 
 of the masters. Two children were born there, The mother was 
 
FORTY HISTORIC AMERICANS. 351 
 
 bought by Scott's master, who took the family back to Missouri, 
 and there sold them. Scott sued for his freedom on the ground of 
 his involuntary residence of several years in a free state. In the 
 St. Louis court the decision was in Scott's favor; but the Supreme 
 Court of Missouri reversed the decision, and tlie case was carried 
 to the Supreme Court of the United States, Mr. Taney presiding. 
 For prudential reasons the decision was withheld until after the 
 presidential election in 1856. It was against Scott. It declared that 
 no person whose ancestors were imported into this country and held 
 as slaves, had a right to sue in a court of the United States; that the 
 framers of the Declaration did not mean to include negroes, when 
 they said " all men are created equal"; and that the patriots of the 
 Revolution, and their fathers, regarded the negro race so far inferior 
 that they had no rights which the wliite man was bound to respect. 
 This decision was published two days after the inauguration of 
 President Buchanan, and in his inaugural address he spoke of the 
 measure as one which would "speedily and finally" settle the 
 slavery question. Taney died in 1864. 
 
 HORACE MANN. 
 
 This great educator M'as a graduate of Brown University, a 
 lawyer, and a self-made man. He rose from poverty to station in 
 Massachusetts, and became the successor of John Quincy Adams 
 in Congress. He opposed the extension and favored the abolition of 
 slavery. But his great work was as secretary of the Massachusetts 
 Board of Education, in which capacity he traveled much, — visiting 
 schools, holding teachers' institutes, delivering educational lectures, 
 and writing on educational topics. In this work he was a pioneer. 
 He labored with ceaseless activity, and his work was truly original, 
 preparing the way for educators who followed him. His yearly 
 reports on education were masterly productions, and were highly 
 praised in Europe. He declined the governorship of Massachusetts, 
 after being elected, in order to accept the presidency of Antioch 
 College, Ohio, which needed him more. It was a young school, and 
 needed careful management. It was too great a task. After seven 
 years of labor his health failed, and he died in 1859. Like the famous 
 Dr. Arnold, of Rugby, he was the noble pattern and inspiration of his 
 pupils. He was a man of true grandeur of intellect and heart. 
 
 JOHN BROWN. 
 
 He was sometimes called Ossawattomie Brown, from the town of 
 
 Kansas where he lived. He was born in Connecticut, in 1800, and 
 
 w^as hanged at Charlestown, Virginia, in 1859. His ancestor was 
 
 Peter Brown, of the Mayflower, and his grandfather was a Revoiu 
 
352 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 tiouary soldier. He became a tanner in Ohio, and made a businesa 
 trip to Europe. In 1855 he moved to Kansas, where he opposed the 
 pro-slavery influence during the Border Ruffian Troubles. Being 
 devout, courageous, and moved by high moral aims, he hoped to 
 be the means of abolishing slavery. When asked his motive for his 
 raid at Harper's Ferry, he candidly replied, "To free the slaves." 
 He expected a general uprising. He received his defeat with calm- 
 ness, and met his fate without complaint. 
 
 STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS. 
 
 From his small stature of body and his great powers of mind, 
 he was popularly called " The Little Giant." He started in life as a 
 cabinet-maker, then studied law, then became an auctioneer's clerk 
 at Jacksonville, 111., then taught school, and then began his pro- 
 fession. He was active in politics, and he served as attorney -general, 
 representative, and secretary of state, of Illinois. He served two 
 terms in Congress. In one of these campaigns he had Abraham 
 Lincoln as his opponent. They made a joint canvass of the dis- 
 trict. It was a struggle of giants, and it was honorably and 
 courteously concluded by the contestants. He then became 
 senator, and was the father of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. He 
 had moderate views about the extension of slavery, and favored 
 fi'eedom in Kansas. He thought the southern states should be 
 allowed to withdraw peaceably; but when war began, his sympathies 
 were with the Union cause. He died in Chicago six weeks after the 
 attack on Sumter. 
 
 JOHN C. FREMONT. 
 
 He was a teacher of mathematics in the Navy, and he then ex- 
 plored the country now Iowa and Minnesota. ]\Ir. Benton found in 
 him a man suited to aid him in the survey of the Oregon route. The 
 subject led to an intimacy between the two men, in the course of 
 which Fremont fell in love with the senator's daughter, Jessie, whom 
 a little later he married. Several years were spent in western ex- 
 ploration, opening up an unknown region. He was a leader in the 
 concjuest of California in the Mexican War, and he was made its 
 military governor, and, after its admission, its first senator. He was 
 approjiriately called " The Pathfinder." He became the first Repub- 
 lican candidate for President, and received 114 electoral votes against 
 174 for Buchanan. He took an active part in the first year of the 
 Rebellion, serving as major-general. Later he was prominent in the 
 construction of trans-continental railways. For some years he has 
 lived in retirement in New York Citv. 
 
FORTY HISTORIC AMERICANS. 353 
 
 WILLIAM H. SEWARD. 
 
 He made his fame as Lincoln's Secretary of State, thougli he had 
 served as governor of New York and as United States senator. He 
 was a leader of the anti-masonic excitement, about 1833. He was a 
 determined enemy of slavery; and while governor he refused to 
 surrender to Virginia eight colored seamen who were charged with 
 having aided a slave to escape. In the Senate he made a powerful 
 speech on the admission of California, in which he said, "There is a 
 higher law than the Constitution." Tliis speech was talked of far 
 and wide, and the Higher Law Doctrine became a phrase in common 
 use in the slavery discussion. During all tlie Civil War he guided 
 with skill the diplomacy of the government through all the dangers 
 of the time. Of his official acts the greatest were the management of 
 the Trent Affair, the French invasion of Mexico, and the purchase of 
 Alaska. He never fully recovered from the shock of his attempted 
 assassination in 1865. His speeches were published in four volumes. 
 He wrote a life of John Quincy Adams, and one of DeWilt Clinton. 
 Merit, not position or wealth, won his friendship. He was ready to 
 devote himself to the weak, the unfortunate, and the forsaken, rather 
 than to the prosperous and the strong. His monument bears the 
 true and appropriate epitaph, — 
 
 "He was Faithful." 
 
 ANSON BURLINGAME. 
 
 His fame rests on his remarkable career as a diplomatist. He 
 was a student at the University of Michigan, and he graduated from 
 Harvard. Becoming a politician in Boston he joined the Free Soil 
 party. He assisted in the formation of the Republican party in 1856. 
 President Lincoln appointed him minister to Austria in 1861, but that 
 country refused to accept him because he had spoken in favor of 
 Hungarian independence. He was then sent as ambassador to China. 
 While there Prince Kung, the regent of the empire, offered to appoint 
 him its special ambassador to the United States and the great powers 
 of Europe, for the purpose of forming treaties of friendship and 
 commerce with those countries. This high and peculiar honor he 
 accepted. With a retinue of Chinese officials he visited the United 
 States in 1868. Having completed his business here, he visited in 
 succession England, France, Denmark, Sweden, Holland and Prussia. 
 He was well received everywhere, and he concluded treaties with 
 each, except France. He had just begun negotiations at St. Peters- 
 burg in the spring of 1870, when he died of pneumonia after a short 
 
 illUGSS. 
 
354 THE MODEL lIlSTOkY. 
 
 HARKIET BEECHER STOWE. 
 
 While Feniinore Cooper was the most voluminous, and Nathaniel 
 Hawthorne the greatest, American novelist, this lady is the most 
 famous. Her story, " Uncle Tom's Cabin," which appeared nine years 
 before the Civil War, made the deepest impression of any book that 
 has ever been issued in America. It has been translated into every 
 civilized language, and, though slavery has gone, it is still widely 
 read. When the book first appeared it was as a serial in a weekly 
 ]iaper called The National Era. published at Washington. Then it 
 appeared in book form, and it was a great literary event — a great 
 political event. The arguments of statesmen and the verdicts of 
 courts were overturned by its touching appeals to the heart. It did 
 more than any ten men in forming a sentiment against slavery. Mrs. 
 Stowe was a sister of Henry Ward Beecher and the wife of Prof. 
 Calvin E. Stowe. Her great novel was written while she was poor 
 and engrossed in the cares of a family. She states that she wrote 
 many an hour with her foot on the cradle and writing paper in her 
 lap. Among the best of her other writings are "The Minister's 
 Wooing" and " Oldtown Folks." During many of her later years 
 she wrote nothing, feeling that her literary work was finished. 
 
 SALMON P. CHASE. 
 
 He lives in history chiefly as the financier of the Civil War. Be- 
 coming secretary of the treasury on the day that Lincoln became 
 President, he managed the monc}^ matters of the nation with the 
 greatest ability and energy. Business was deranged, coin was scarce, 
 and yet there was the largest need of money the government had ever 
 known. The national credit was low, and the revenues were insuffi- 
 cient even for a state of peace. Siiould the crisis be met, or should 
 the army fail for want of support? No greater problem ever con- 
 fronted a statesman. He first tried to raise the needed funds by 
 borrowing from wealthy people and the banks. But the expenses 
 soon grew so heavy that there was not specie enough in the United 
 States to meet them. Some foreign loans were secured, but Mr. 
 Chase felt that the only true reliance was on the people. He there- 
 fore formed a plan by wliich paper money, instead of coin, should 
 be a legal tender. This was issued in bills called greenbacks, because 
 their reverse side was printed with green ink. Interest-bearing 
 bonds, not taxable, were also issued on the credit of the nation. 
 These were bought by investors, who paid greenbacks for them, and 
 thus the circulation of the currency was kept up. It was a successful 
 scheme of finance, because the people had faitli in the final success of 
 the government. The national banking system was also established 
 
POUTY msTOmC a MEPJCA NS\ 355 
 
 to help the sale of bonds, and the secretary soon had the entire bank- 
 ing capital of the country in a position where it must live or die with 
 the nation's life. Mr. Chase became chief justice on the death of 
 Roger B. Taney. He was a worthy compatriot of Seward, Sumner 
 and Lincoln. He died in 1873. 
 
 EDWIN M. STANTON. 
 This man was the great war minister of the Rebellion. Mr. 
 Lincoln had never seen hiiu when he called hiiu to the cabinet, but lie 
 liad read Stanton's fearless speech when, as attorney -general under 
 Buchanan, he had denounced the plans of those who strove to breakup 
 the Union. He was the right man for so responsible a post. He could 
 plan campaigns, organize troops, give oixlers to officers, and personally 
 see that everything was carried out successfully. Of liim Lincoln 
 once said to an officer: " When you have Mr. Stanton's sanction to 
 any matter, you have mine; for so great is my confidence in his judg- 
 ment and patriotism that I never wish to take an important step 
 myself without consulting him." Next to Lincoln he was the most 
 influential person in this country during the war. After Lee's surren- 
 der, Stanton handed jn his resignation to the President, saying that 
 the work for freedom was now done. Mr. Lincoln was deeply 
 moved, tore the paper into pieces, and, throwing his arms about his 
 Secretarj'', he said: "Stanton, you have been a good friend and a 
 faithful public servant, and it is not for you to say when you will no 
 longer be needed here." After Lincoln was shot he continued in his 
 office,carrying all its vast cares that none but himself could even name. 
 He held office till 1868. The next year he was appointed associate 
 justice of the Supreme Court, but he died four days later, his health 
 having been shattered by his arduous services as war minister. 
 
 CHARLES SUMNER. 
 A Boston boy, he graduated at Harvard at twenty, and became a 
 clerk in the office of .Judge Story. His studious habits advanced him 
 rapidly, and he published law reports, edited the American Jurist, 
 and lectured at Harvard on constitutional and international law. On 
 July 4, 1845, he delivered in Boston a remarkable oration on the 
 "True Grandeur of Nations." It was read far and wide and 
 attracted admiring attention in Europe. It was a plea for peace and 
 for arbitration as a means of adjusting international differences, all 
 expressed in words the most forcible and elegant. It is one of 
 America's greatest speeches. Originally a Whig, he became a Free 
 Soiler. as a party more decidedly reflecting his ojiposition to slavery. 
 His fame as orator and statesman was now national, and in 1851 he 
 "waa elected to succeed Webster iu the Senate, who left it to become 
 
35 G Ttm MODEL msTORY. 
 
 secretar}' of state under Fillmore. He held the office with credit and 
 abilit}' till his death twenty- three years later. He took as his political 
 formvda, "Fieedom is national; slavery is sectional." From the 
 assault of Brooks he long suffered severely, and many months passed 
 before he was able to resume public duty. Brooks was rewarded by 
 a re-election and a present of a gold-headed cane in place of the gutta 
 percha one. On Sumner's return to the Senate he made a powerful 
 speech on " The Barbarism of Slavery." He was a warm friend and 
 admirer of President Lincoln, but he was not in harmony with Presi- 
 dent Grant. He did not wait to Avatch the weathercock of public 
 opinion, but he aspired to create and direct it. No hope of favor or 
 fear of censure had any weight with him, against what seemed to 
 him right. He often espoused an unpopular side because it was the 
 right one. 
 
 HORACE GREELEY. 
 
 He was the great American editor. He was fond of books, and 
 at the age of six he was a good scholar in the common branches, and 
 had read the entire Bible. He resolved to become a printer. His 
 wages were $40 a year, much of which he sent to his poor parents. 
 With $10 in his pocket, and his outfit tied up in a red handkerchief, 
 he went to New York at the age of twenty. He was tall, stooped, 
 in linen roundabout, without stockings, with short trousers, and 
 drooping hat. But he had sterling equalities within, and these 
 brought success. Ten years later he founded the New York 
 Tril)ime. His fame rests upon his labors as its editor. His forcible 
 and sagacious utterances did much to direct the current of ])ublic 
 opinion. When the Rebellion threatened, he favored a peaceable 
 division of the country; but when hostilities set in, he advocated a 
 vigorous prosecution of the contest. He was much criticised for 
 signing the bail-bond of Jefferson Davis, after he had lain two j^ears 
 a prisoner at Fortress Monroe. It is now known that the govern- 
 ment, not wishing to hang Davis, took this means of getting an 
 imwelcome case off its docket. As an author his greatest work was 
 " The American Conflict," in two large volumes. He wrote in 
 advocacy of a protective tariff. He was a Universalist in religion, 
 and a W^hig and afterward a Republican in politics. The heavy 
 labors of the presidental campaign of 1872, together with anxiety 
 and watching at the bedside of his dying wife, the disappointment of 
 defeat, and the desertion of some of his friends, unsettled his mind. 
 Under this mental cloud he was taken to a private hospital, where he 
 died. 
 
 WENDELL PHILLIPS. 
 
 He was famous as an orator and antislaverv ag'tator. Born in 
 
FORTY HISTORIC AMERICANS. S57 
 
 1811; he graduated from Harvard, and three years later was 
 admitted to tlie Segal profession. In politics he joined the Abolition- 
 ists. He condemned the Constitution because it protected slavery. 
 Believing that he could not in good conscience take an attorney's 
 oath to support the Constitution, he resigned his profession. He 
 then began the career of an agitator. Ilis first great speech was at 
 Faneuil Hall, Boston, on the occasion of a meeting "to notice in 
 a suitable manner the murder of Rev. Elijah Lovejoy, who fell in 
 defense of the freedom of the press." He advocated also temperance, 
 woman suffrage, and other causes. Having inherited an ample 
 fortune, he gave his life to the advancement of what he deemed 
 right ideas. Mr. Phillips was an eloquent, logical, and most effective 
 speaker. He abstained from voting so long as slavery existed, 
 because to do so would be to recognize the Constitution. He was 
 always the most radical of the Garrisonian Abolitionists. The fame 
 of his eloquence drew large audiences everywhere. He never lectured 
 for money, but he gave away the funds thus earned to aid the causes 
 he represented. He gave his life to his work like a hero and a giant, 
 and he kept up the struggle so long as slavery existed. He died in 
 1884. 
 
 GEORGE BANCROFT. 
 
 He is famous as the author of our standard history of the United 
 States. Born with the century, he graduated at Harvard at seven- 
 teen, and continued his studies in Europe, making history his 
 specialty. While a teacher in Massachusetts he completed the first 
 volume of his history, which was published In 1834. He was not a 
 rapid writer, but he had a good faculty of continuance; and the 
 great work was prosecuted with regularity for about forty years. 
 The tenth and last volume brings the narrative down to the adminis- 
 tration of Washington. It is not merely a chronicle of events, but a 
 philosophic treatise, dealing with causes and discussing principles- 
 Entering poliiics as a Democrat, he organized the Naval Academy, at 
 Annapolis, wliile secretary of the navy under Polk. He was the 
 man who gave the order to the Navy to take possession of California, 
 and to General Taylor to cross the Rio Grande to invade Mexico. He 
 was for three years our minister to England. In 1867 he was 
 appointed by President Johnson minister to Germany. He held this 
 office for seventeen years. He spent his closing years at his home 
 in Washington, an honored citizen. He died in 1892. 
 
 ALEXANDER STEPHENS. 
 
 Born itt 1812 he began to practice law in 1834, and soon rose to 
 eminence. He early adopted the doctrine of state sovereignty, hold- 
 
358 TttK MODEL msfOkY. 
 
 iug that one's duty to his state is superior to his allegiance to the 
 Nation. He asserted the rightfulness of slavery. His acts were 
 always consistent with tliese views. He was in Congress for sixteen 
 years. Originally a Whig, he joined the Democrats, He violently 
 denounced those who favored the dissolution of the Union. He 
 opposed the secession of Georgia; but when he could not prevent it, 
 he signe'd the measure. Later he justified secession, and declared 
 that slavery was the true corner-stone of the Confederacy. As its 
 vice-president he was active in upholding its fortunes. For some 
 months after the close of the war he was confined as a state 
 prisoner, at Ft. Warren, in Boston Harbor. He wrote the " History 
 of the War between the States." In 1877 he returned to Congress as 
 a representative from Georgia. He served several years, till liis 
 death, an invalid and a cripple in body, but with a tongue and mind 
 of quickness and force. 
 
 JOSEPH HENRY. 
 
 It is seldom that a professional scliolar liolds so close a relation to 
 the government as this man. He had l)ecome famous from his 
 studies in electrical science, being a forerunner of Morse, and he was 
 a professor of his specialty at Princetozi College. About 1835 a 
 curious bequest of $590,000, then deemed a large gift, was made 
 to Congress in trust by James Smithson, " to found at Washington 
 an establishment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among 
 men." The will gave no indication as to the details of the establisli- 
 ment; but Congress accepted the trust, and Prof. Henry was selected 
 as the most suitable man to carry out the conditions of the bequest. 
 The Smithsonian Institution was his creation. He drew up a scheme 
 for the regents, wliich they adopted, and which has been followed 
 ever since. It was his idea that the Institution should take up no 
 work done b}^ any other, and thus, confining itself to its unique 
 spefiialty, increase and diffuse knowledge. The doors were opened 
 and the work was begun in 1816. The annual reports of the Institu- 
 tion arc of great value, as being records of original investigation. 
 A set of them is a valuable addition to any public librar}'. Prof. 
 Henry was also at the head of the Lighthouse Board, and when the 
 Signal Service began, his knowledge was of the greatest help. The 
 idea of using the telegraph for sending out the weather reports, was 
 his. On all questions where the knowledge of a scientist was neces- 
 sary, he was for many years the chief reliance of the government 
 officials. His salary was ]>aid by the Institution, and he never asked 
 or accepted a dollar from the government for what he did for it. 
 He died in the midst of his work, in 1878. 
 
pouty HisToiuc americaks. S5i) 
 
 HENRY WARD BEECHER. 
 
 In youth he gave no promise of greatness, but had a poor memory 
 and a hesitating speech. He went to school to learn navigation, with 
 a view of being a sailor; but, becoming interested in religion, he 
 jollied his father's church and prepared for the life of a preacher. 
 He graduated at Amherst College, at twenty-one, and then entered 
 Lane Seminary, at Cincinnati, for a course in theology. After 
 graduation and marriage, he took charge of a small church at Law- 
 renceburg, Indiana. Here he not only preached, but he acted as 
 church janitor, — ringing bells, making fires, and cleaning lamps. 
 He was soon called to Indianapolis, then a small town, where he 
 labored eight years, and began to make a reputation. In 1847 he 
 received a call to become pastor of a new congregational organiza- 
 tion, in Brooklyn, called Plj'mouth Church. He remained in this 
 work till his death, forty years later. His talents as an orator were 
 enlisted against slavery, intemperance, crime, and all kinds of evil, 
 while the oppressed and the suffering always found in him a friend. 
 During the War he went to England to oppose the sentiment of 
 hostilitj' to the Union, which appeared to be growing there. He had 
 much influence in this way, though we have the recent statement of 
 Hon. W. E. Gladstone that the British ministry never entertained the 
 subject of intervention in American affairs. 
 
 HENRY M. STANLEY. 
 
 This distinguished American explorer was born in Wales in 1840. 
 His original name was John Rowlands. He was educated in a poor- 
 house, became a teacher at thirteen, and soon after shipped as a 
 cabin-boy to New Orleans. There he found employment with a 
 merchant named Stanley, who adopted him as his son, and gave him 
 his name. Joining the Confederate army at the opening of the War, 
 lie was captured, and he entered the Union navy as a volunteer. 
 After the War he was employed by the New York Herald to accom- 
 pany the British expedition to Abyssinia, as a correspondent. After 
 this work he was suddenly called by telegram to Paris, and com- 
 missioned to find Livingstone, whom the civilized v/orld had not 
 heard from for about three years. Arriving at Zanzibar, he set out 
 for the interior with 192 followers, all natives but two or three. 
 November 10, 1871, he found Livingstone at Ujiji, on the banks of 
 Lake Tanganyiki. In 1874 he was sent by the Herald and the 
 London Telegraph to explore the lake region of Central Africa. 
 Setting out from Zanzibar with 300 followers, he circumnavigated 
 the Victoria Nyanza, explored the interior region, and descended the 
 Congo to the Atlantic. His discoveries resulted in the founding of 
 
360 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 the Congo Free State. In 1884, while lecturing in the United States, 
 he was summoned to Europe and sent at the head of 1.000 men to 
 aid Emin Bey, a European 'general, supposed to be surrounded by 
 enemies. He reached his destination, but found the " White Pasha " 
 in safety, enjoying a fine country, and quite free from such suffer- 
 ings as Stanley had endured to reach him. 
 
 FIFTY ILLUSTRATIONS OF HISTORY. 
 
 PERIOD OF DISCOVERY AND EXPLORATION. 
 
 Columbus and the Egg. We must always wonder at the 
 foolish Jealousy which led to the neglect and persecution of Colum- 
 bus after his great discovery. One day, after being liectored by his 
 enemies in the court and his discoveries belittled, he challenged them 
 in jest to stand an egg on its end upon the table. They all tried in 
 vuin. Columbus then took the agg, and with a delicate tap lie 
 cracked the shell a little, when it stood upright. They smiled and 
 said, "The trick is an easy one." "Yes, when I have showed you 
 how," meaningly replied the great discoverer. This little pleasantry 
 was not an original one with Columbus. So far as we know it was 
 first used by Brunei leschi, the Florentine architect, sixty years before. 
 When the dome was to be constructed on the cathedral of Florence, 
 he was about to submit his plans to secure the contract. The rival 
 architects desired to see these, when, in refusing, Bruneleschi used 
 the egg to illustrate his reason. There is little doubt that Columbus 
 heard of this occurrence through his friend the geographer Toscanelli, 
 who lived at Florence and was a great admirer of Brunelleschi. 
 
 Burning His Ships. When in 1519 Cortez had sailed across 
 the Gulf, he lauded on the mainland of Mexico. There he set up his 
 banner of blood and gold; and, before marching into the interior, he 
 set fire to his ships, thus to cut off the possibility of retreat. This 
 act of reckless daring was not, however, an original idea of his. He 
 was an imitator of the Roman Emperor Julian and William the 
 Conqueror, of England, "Burning one's Ships," like " Cros.sing the 
 Rubicon," has passed into a proverb, 
 
 Hoiv Cortez Introduced Himself. Through the jealousy 
 of enemies Cortez, like Columbus, died under a cloud. Hastening 
 back to Spain to defend himself, the king who had before shown 
 him great honors, pretended not to know him, and asked the 
 courtiers who he was. Cortez pushing himself forward, said: "I 
 am the man who has given your majesty more provinces than your 
 father left you towns." 
 
ILL USTRA TJONS OF JfJSTOR Y. 361 
 
 The Eldorado. During the time of the Spanish explorations 
 
 the story was told, and believed by many in Europe, that somewhere 
 in Florida or Mexico there was a golden city, ruled over by a king 
 who was sprinkled every day from head to foot with gold-dust 
 instead of powder. This story stimulated the cupidity of the 
 Spaniards who named the city El Dorado, or the City of the Gilded 
 One. To find it was the chief object of the Spanish explorations. 
 
 A Child of the Sun. De Soto claimed to the Indians that 
 he was endowed with supernatural powers. He did this with the 
 hope that they would reverence him as a god, and bring liim 
 supplies. One day he told a Natchez chief that he was a child of 
 the sun. Pointing to the Mississippi River, the chief replied: " Dry 
 up the river and I will believe you." 
 
 The Will of Adam. In the fifteenth century Spain was far 
 more powerful than now. The rest of the world looked on with 
 wondqr and jealousy at her grand schemes of conquest. Spain haught- 
 ily warned away all other nations from America as intruders. Francis 
 I., king of France, however, with equal haughtiness, desired to be 
 shown that clause in the will of Adam which disinherited the French 
 people from all interest in the New World. Soon after, he fought 
 with Spain the battle of Pavia, in which he was so badly defeated 
 that he wrote to his mother the memorable words so often used in 
 like extremes, " Madam, all is lost except honor." 
 
 Revenge in Parallel Colmnns. Religious fanaticism and 
 hatred was a blot on those times. Among the French explorers was 
 Ribault, who attempted a settlement in Florida. The Spaniards, 
 claiming the territory, captured Ribault and his men. They asked 
 every man what religion he professed, and then murdered such as 
 did not give a satisfactory answer, and hung the bodies on trees with 
 this label fa.stened to them, " Not as Frenchmen, but as Lutherans." 
 When the news of this act reached Europe, a nobleman of France 
 named De Gourgues fitted out an expedition and sailed for Florida. 
 There he attacked the Spanish forts, and killed every man within 
 them. To the bodies, as they hung, he attached this label, " Not as 
 Spaniards and sailors, but as trait(n-s, robbers, and murderers." This 
 history gives us a little glimpse of those sickening times of bloodshed 
 and violence. 
 
 An Ideal Courtier. Walter Raleigh was a handsome and 
 accomplished man. Meeting Queen Elizabeth of England, as she 
 was walking abroad one day, he threw down his silk cloak over a wet 
 place in the path for her to tread upon. Though the queen declined 
 the proffered gallantry she was so well pleased by the act that she 
 invited him to her court, and he continued a favorite during the rest 
 of her life. To most persons his act seems a rather foolish one, l/Ut 
 
302 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 it was the best investment lie ever made. His attempts at colony, 
 planting in America resulted from the favoritism thereby secured. 
 
 The Weight of Smoke. An incident that illustrates the 
 adroit mind of Raleigh and his friendly relations with the queen was 
 the following: After tobacco had been carried from America to 
 Europe by Raleigh's second colony, its use rapidly increased in Eng- 
 land. In a conversation one day upon its properties and the new 
 fashion of smoking it, he assured the queen that he could tell with 
 exactness the weight of the smoke in any quantity consumed. The 
 queen doubting, a bet was made, as was then the custom. Sir 
 Walter weighed his tobacco, smoked it, and weighed the ashes, stat- 
 ing the difference, Elizabeth confessed herself outwitted, and, on 
 paying tlie forfeit, said she had often heard of turning gold into 
 smoke but never before of turning smoke into gold. 
 
 More Tobacco Stnoke, Raleigh's colonists on Roanoke 
 Island had learned from the Indians to smoke tobacco. When Sir 
 Walter was learning on their return to England, his servant, on 
 entering his room one mornina to take him a mug of ale, saw a cloud 
 of smoke pouring from his mouth. Instantly he dashed the liquor in 
 his master's face and rushed down stairs for help, declaring that he 
 would soon be burned to ashes. 
 
 The Route to India. Knowing so well as we now do the 
 geography of America, we are tempted to smile at the attempts of 
 England and her colonies to find a water route to India. Cabot 
 expected every hour to see the coast of Labrador bend to the west- 
 ward. Frobisher sailed into every cove and inlet to get further west. 
 Hudson sailed up Hudson River to find an outlet into the Pacific. 
 Later, when he circumnavigated Hudson Bay for the same purpose, 
 his men were almost justified in their mutiny. Captain John Smith, 
 by order of the British Government, exjilored the Chickahominy 
 River, and Captain Newport sailed up the James River, to get into the 
 Pacific. As late as 1766 Jonathan Carver crossed the Great Lakes, 
 followed the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers, and went up the Mississippi 
 and Minnesota Rivers for the same purpose. But we must admire 
 the steadfastness and zeal of these men in searching for what we 
 cow linow was as iuqiossible of attainment as Ponce de Leon's 
 fountain of youth. 
 
 THE COLONIAL PERIOD. 
 
 Tlie Romance of JPocahontas. During Captain John 
 Smith's expedition up the Chickahominy, he was captured by the 
 Indians. He was condemned to die by the chief Powhatan. He 
 was bound hand and foot, and his head was placed upon a flat stone. 
 Already the heavy war-club was poised to give the fatal stroke, when 
 
ILL VSrilA TIONS OF IIISTOR Y. 363 
 
 suddenly Pocahoutas, the little daughter of the chief, rushed forward, 
 threvv her arms about tlie prisoner, and, with tears, begged that his life 
 be spared. Her father granted the request, and sent Smith home with 
 promises of friendship. After his return to England the captain 
 published a book in which this incident first appears. Its truth is 
 generally doubted. He was a man who loved to tell large stories of 
 his adventures, most of which rest upon no evidence except his own 
 statement. In this he followed the bad example of the travelers, 
 Marco Polo and John Mandeville, 
 
 Gunpowder Seed. Captain Smith first made the Indians 
 of Virginia acquainted with the use of gunpowder. Some lime 
 after, having seized a quantity from the colonists, they sowed it 
 in the ground, expecting to gather a harvest of ammuuitiou. They 
 were like small boys who think that stones grow. 
 
 Sanioset, the White Man's Friend. At first the Indians 
 did not molest the settlers at Plymouth, though they lurked about 
 the settlement. In March, 1621, an Indian nearly naked came alone 
 into the village. To their surprise he said to the settlers in good 
 English, " Welcome, Englishmen! Welcome, Englishmen! " They 
 threw a cloak over him and gave him food. He gave his name as 
 Samoset, and said he was the sagamore of his country, which was a 
 day's sail from theirs with a great wind. He said he had learned to 
 speak English from the fishermen who came to his country every 
 year from Virginia. He quieted the fears of the colonists when he 
 told them that the Indians of that part had nearly all died of a 
 plague four years before. He visited Plymouth frequently, and was 
 always the white man's friend. 
 
 The Useful Squanto, Soon after, Samoset sent another 
 Indian, Scpianto, to Plymouth. As his friends had all died of the 
 plague, the Pilgrims adopted him and he lived with them till he 
 died. He showeii them how to plant corn as the Indians did, by 
 dropping the seed when the oak leaf was as large as a mouse's ear 
 and by placing one or two herrings in each hill. He showed them 
 how to fish and where to find game. He kept back the hostile 
 Indians by telling them that the white men kept the plague buried in 
 the ground, and could let it loose among the Indians whenever they 
 pleased. 
 
 The Quakeress, Mary Dyer. To this day, on the Boston 
 Common, an elm tree is standing from whose boughs the Puritans 
 hanged a woman because she was a Quaker, and insisted on preach- 
 ing their doctrines. Good doctrines they were, teaching lessons of 
 peace and good-will to men, and telling the people not to go to war 
 but to live in peace and love one another. She was once whipped on 
 Uer bare back through the street? of Boston, tied behind a carl. 
 
364 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 Being banished, slie returned, as slie said, "to l)ear testimony to the 
 truth." When we lliiuli of the Immane and liberal Boston of to day 
 all are glad we live in a better time. 
 
 Warlike Symbols. One day a Narragauset Indian brought 
 to Plymouth a bundle of arrows wrapped in a snake skin. He then 
 hastily left. When Squanto saw the arrows, he said it meant a 
 challenge to war. Though greatly alarmed, the Pilgrims thought 
 it would not do to show fear. Governor Bradford, tiierefore, tilled 
 the snake skin with gunpowder and bullets and sent it back to 
 Canonicus, chief of the Narragansetts. To the great relief of the 
 colonists, no war followed. It was only a war of bluff. 
 
 Thanksgiving Day. The Pilgrims were a deeply religious 
 people. They gave thanks for mercies and humbled themselves at 
 Divine visitations. In November, 1621, after gathering in the first 
 crop, the Plymouth Colony met for public thanksgiving. In 1623 
 they held service for fasting and humiliation on account of a drouth. 
 When food became scarce during the first winter in Boston, 
 Governor Winthrop appointed a day for prayer, to seek God in 
 their affliction. But just as they were eating their last food, a ship 
 from England arrived in the bay M'ith ])rovisions for all. A Thanks- 
 giving was held instead of the fast. Salem had held a Thanksgiving 
 on the arrival of a ship in .July of that year. In 1631), the 28lh of 
 November yearly was appointed a day of thanksgiving in all 
 churches of Plymouth Colony. The annual keeping of this day 
 made it a custom in New England, and it became a national observ- 
 ance in obedience to a proclamation by President Lincoln during the 
 Kebellion. 
 
 The First, The first white child born on this continent was 
 Virginia Dare, daughter of Ananias Dare and his wife Ellinor. They 
 belonged to Raleigh's third company. The first birth among the 
 Plymouth Pilgrims was a son of William White, and was named 
 Peregrine, meaning wanderer. Already graves had become numer- 
 ous; but the first among the Pilgrims was Dorothy Bradford, wife 
 of the Governor. Their first marriage was that of Edward Winslow 
 to Susannah White. Tradition declares that the first persons to step 
 on Plymouth Rock were the young man John Aldcn and the young 
 woman Mary Chilton. 
 
 " The first on Plymouth Rock to leap 
 Among the timid flock she stood. 
 
 Rare figure, near the Mayflower's prow. 
 With heart of Christian fortitude. 
 And light heroic on her brow." 
 
 The first wbite person to set foot in Boston was a romping Eug- 
 
ILL USTRA riONS O F HISTOR Y. 365 
 
 lisli girl, named Anne Pollard. The first slaveholder in New 
 England was Samuel Maverick. The first Bible printed in America 
 was in the German language, by Christopher Sauer, of Germantowu, 
 Pa., in 1743. The first and only peerage ever created on the soil of 
 the Republic was conferred by John White, governor of Raleigh's 
 agricultural colony on Roanoke Island, upon Manteo, the Indian 
 chief of Croatan Island. He became a baron with the title, Lord 
 Roanoke. The first and only person ever executed for treason in the 
 United States was a gambler named William B. Mumford, who wr.s 
 hanged by Gen. Butler, at New Orleans in 1862, because he tore 
 down the flag from the Mint, dragged it through the streets, and 
 publicly boasted that he had humbled "the old rag of the United 
 States." 
 
 The Bay Path. Rev. Thomas Hooker was the leader of the 
 first emigration through the wilderness from Boston to Connecticut, 
 his invalid wife being borne on a hor.se litter, and the people walking 
 and driviug their flocks. For the sake of distinction the new colony 
 was called the Connecticut Colony, and the fir.st the Bay Colony. 
 The rouie through the forest between the two was called the Bay 
 Path. It is now the great highway between Boston and Springfield. 
 In those early times it was marked by blazed trees. Camping places 
 were established at the end of each day's journey. These af teiward 
 became towns. The early traveler often lost the trail and wandered 
 in the wilderness. The author J. G. Holland wrote a romance 
 of the early times, entitled Bay Path, with Springfield as the scene 
 of the story. 
 
 A Pig Shapes the Government. When the people became 
 so numerous in Massachusetts that the freemen could not all meet in 
 General Court, it was agreed that each town should send deputies. 
 This was the beginning of representative government in America. 
 For some years there was but one law-making body, till a dispute 
 arose about a stray pig. A woman prosecuted another citizen 
 for stealing and killing her pig. The case finally went, on appeals, 
 to the General Court, where the hearing occupied seven days, On a 
 final vote, a majority of the Assistants were for acquittal and a 
 majority of the Deputies were for conviction. As no sentence could 
 be passed without a majority of both classes, the suit failed. From 
 this a jealousy sprang up which led to separating the Court into two 
 bodies. The other colonies followed this example, and finally 
 Congress, under the Constitution, wns so modeled. 
 
 The Pine Tree Shiflinffs. In early times in Massachusetts 
 all the money was of foreign coinage. In order to make it move 
 plentiful, Captain John Hull was authorized to coin silver shillings, 
 six pences and three pences, for use in the colony. He was allowed 
 
366 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 to keep for bis work five per cent, of Jiis coinage, or one shilling in 
 twenty. Tins was a very profitable contract, and be became quite 
 wxaltby. The money bad tbe year 1652 on one side and tbe figure of 
 a pine tree on the other. The story goes tliat Samuel Sevvell, 
 a young man of good character and education, fell in love with 
 Capt. Hull's daughter, and wi^hed to marry her. The day arrived 
 and the ceremony was performed. Young Sewell bad thought nothing 
 about the dower, doubtless esteeming himself fortunate enough with- 
 out any. To the surprise of all, huge scales were brought in, 
 the young wife, plump and rosy, was placed by her father in 
 one pan and the bright shillings from the oak chest were heaped in 
 the other till they balanced in tlieair. " There, son Sewell," said the 
 honest mint master, "take these shillings for my daughter's 
 portion, treat her kindly and thank heaven foi' her. It is not every 
 wife that is worth her weight in silver." 
 
 ixoffe the liegicide. Charles I, king of England, was con- 
 demned by twenty-four Puritan judges to be executed. Years after- 
 ward, at the restoration of the throne to his son, Charles II, two of 
 these men, William Goffe and Edward Whalley, fled to America. 
 Here they concealed themselves from the vengeance of Charles. For 
 years they lived in hiding-places — caves and lonely farm houses. 
 There is a cave near New Haven, called the Regicide's Cave, where 
 they once hid. Their presence in this country was not generally 
 known. In 1G75 the Indians attacked Hadley, Mass., one Sunday 
 while the people were at church. Each man grasped the gun he had 
 with him, but the contest was an unequal one. Suddenly a strange 
 old man, of great height, with long, streaming white hair and beard, 
 appeared as the leader of the settlers. The Indians fell right and left 
 before his .strokes, and soon they fled. But the deliverer disappeared 
 almost as suddenly as they. No one knew him and he could not be 
 found. Many believed to their dying day that an angel had been 
 sent or a Hebrew prophet had re-appcaied for their deliverance. Years 
 afterward it became known that it was Goffe the Regicide, who, from 
 the window of the minister who preached that day, had seen the 
 Indians approach. He rushed from his retreat, led the people 
 to victory, and then without a word hastened to his hiding-place 
 to re-appear no more. 
 
 Story of the Charter Oak. The Connecticut Constitution 
 was most precious to the people, and it was guaranteed by a royal 
 charter dated 1662. Twenty- four years later the royal governor. 
 Sir Edmund Andros, went to Hartford "in powdered wig, glittering 
 with scarlet and lace," and demanded the surrender of the Charter. 
 A meeting was called at the court house, and a strong little box 
 containing the Charter was placed on the table. The officers began 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF HISTORY. 367 
 
 an earnest argument with Andros and his party, and it was con- 
 tinued till darliness compelled the lighting of candles. Suddenly the 
 lights were put out, and when they were lighted a few minutes later 
 the box was gone. Andros, however, pronounced the charter govern- 
 ment at an end, and wrote " Finis" after the last record in the book 
 of minutes. What had become of the box? Captain Wadsworth 
 had seized it, and hidden it in the hollow of an oak tree just outside 
 the court house. The Captain kept his secret, and the Charter 
 remained there two years, till William and Mary became sovereigns 
 of England, when it was taken out and replaced in the court house 
 with great rejoicing. "Finis" was erased from the book. The 
 Charter Oak was blown down in 1856, and a marble slab now marks 
 the spot where it stood. This is a famous story; but its truth as a 
 matter of history is in some doubt. 
 
 Captain Kidd's Treasures. In colonial times pirates 
 roamed over the sea doing great damage to the ocean commerce. In 
 1695 a company was organized to suppress privateering. A vessel 
 was placed in command of Captain William Kidd, with a crew of 
 one hundred and fifty-four men and boys. Kidd turned pirate him- 
 self. After three years' absence he appeared on Long Island Sound 
 wilh a ship laden witli treasure. He buried a part of his treasure on 
 Gardiner's Island, and then went to Boston. He w^as recognized, 
 aiTested, sent to England on a charge of piracy and murder, found 
 guilty iu an unfair trial, and executed, protesting his innocence. 
 The buried treasure and that on the ship were recovered, amounting 
 to $70,000. Credulous people have believed the stories that only 
 a part was found, and they have done much digging along the coast 
 of Long Island to i-ecover the rest. 
 
 Poetry in War. After the capture of Louisburg Gen. James 
 Wolfe, with a large fleet, sailed for Quebec. He disembarked on 
 Point Levi, a plain opposite the fortress, where he remained for two 
 mouths, planning his attack. The problem was how to reach the top 
 of the cliffs to the Plain of Abraham. One quiet, moonless night, in 
 September. 1759, the army crossed the St. Lawrence noiselessly in 
 small boats, to begin the ascent. Wolfe was a great admirer of the 
 poet Gray, and on the way across he repeated to those with him in 
 the boat a part of " The Elegy in a Country Graveyard." 
 
 "The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power. 
 
 And all that beauty, all that wealth e'er gave, 
 Await alike the inevitable hour. 
 Tho paths of glory lead but to the grave." 
 
 He said ' I would rather be the author of that poem than the 
 captor of Quebec." 
 
368 ^^^^' MODl-JL If [.STORY. 
 
 The Last Words of Wolfe ami Montcalm. While 
 leading the final charge at the Siege of Quebec Gen. Wolfe fell with 
 three wounds. As he was being carried to the rear he heard the 
 cry, "They run! They run!" " Who run?" gasped Wolfe. "The 
 French." Then sinking back in the arms of his attendents, he said 
 with his last breath, ' ' I die happy. " A short time later Montcalm 
 was wounded while trying to rally his troops. On b?ing told that 
 his end was approaching rapidly, he said, "So much the better. I 
 shall not See the surrender of Quebec." 
 
 Patrick Henry 31akes a Tumult. In his speech 
 denouncing the Stamp Act before the Virginia House of Burgesses he 
 as.serted that the Americans were free-born English citizens, and that 
 to tax them without their consent was tyranny. A hot debate ensued, 
 but Henry supported his resolutions with great ability and eloquence. 
 At length, Avhen speaking of tyrants, he exclaimed, " Caesar had his 
 
 Brutus, Charles the First his Cromwell, and George the Tliird " 
 
 At this moment he w^as interrupted by members leaping to their feet 
 and shouting "Treason! Treason!" Waiting till the tumult was a 
 
 little subsided, he completed his sentence in a calmer tone, " may 
 
 profit by these examples. If this be treason, make the most of it! " 
 
 Temper of the Boston Boys, One winter's day a party 
 of boys built a snow fort on Boston Common. Some idle soldiers 
 battered it down merely to annoy the boys. A meeting was held and 
 a committee was appointed to call on General Gage and make com- 
 plaint. " We come, sir," said the tallest boy "to demand satisfac- 
 tion." " What! " exclaimed Gage, " have your fathers been teaching 
 you rebellion and sent you here to exhibit it?" "Nobody sent us 
 here, sir " said the boy with flashing eye. " We have never insulted 
 nor injured your soldiers, but Ihey have trodden down our snow 
 hills and broken the ice on our skatinggrounds. We complained, and 
 they called us young rebels, and told us to help ourselves if we could. 
 We told the captain of this, and he laughed at us. Yesterday our 
 works were destroyed for the third time, and we will bear it no 
 longer." Gage promised redress, and then, turning to an otTicer, he 
 said, "Even the children here draw in a love of liberty with the air 
 they breathe." 
 
 The Title Became Important, In 1776 General and 
 Admiral Howe were authorized to make terms with the leaders of 
 the Americans. They proclaimed that pardon would be extended 
 to all who would lay down arms, except Samuel Adams and John 
 Hancock. To fire the American heart, this document was published 
 by Congress. In regard to this business an officer was sent to the 
 American camp with a letter addressed to ' George Washington. 
 Es(i." He declined to receive it, since it did not recognize his military 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF HTSTORY. 369 
 
 character. The letter was taken back to General Howe, who changed 
 the address to read "George Washington, etc., etc." Still it was not 
 accepted. Howe then sent an officer who transacted the business 
 orally. Parliament regarded the American army as a rebellious 
 mob, and did not wish to recognize them as engaged in regular war- 
 fare. This was the significance of Washington's nicety in regard to 
 the title. 
 
 Paul Hevere and Mis Ride. He was forty years old when 
 he took the midnight ride so stirringly described by the poet 
 Longfellow. He was a printer and engraver by trade, and he made 
 the continental paper money for the government. He was employed 
 by General Warren to warn Adams and Hancock that they were in 
 danger of being arrested and taken to England for trial as arch 
 traitors. They were at the house of Rev. Jonas Clarke, in Lexing- 
 ton, and Gage thought to send by night a force to capture them, as 
 well as to destroy the stores. The vigilant Warren learned this 
 secret, and gave Revere the word. He waited at Charlestown for 
 a' signal light from the sexton of the North Church to inform 
 him that the troops were on the march. It was given, and on Deacon 
 Larkiu's swift horse Revere sped away, alarming the people as he 
 rode. Just after midnight he rode up to Clarke's house and asked 
 for Hancock. "The family have retired," said the soldier on guard, 
 "and they must not be disturbed by any noise." "Noise!" 
 exclaimed Revere, "you'll have noise enough before long. The 
 regulars are coming out." Hearing the talk, Mr. Clarke appeared at 
 a window, when Revere said, " I wish to see Mr. Hancock.'' "I do 
 not like to admit strangers to my house so lale at night," replied Mr. 
 Clarke. ILincoek was now awake, and, recognizing Revere's voice, 
 called out, " Come in. Revere; we are not afraid of you." The "arch 
 traitors " witnessed the skirmish that day from a wooded hill near 
 Mr. Clarke's house, and Adams exclaimed, " What a glorious morn- 
 ing for America is this ! " 
 
 Putnam Harries to the Field. On the morning after the 
 skirmish at Lexington, Israel Putnam, who was a famous soldier in 
 the French and Indian War, was at work on his farm in Connecticut, 
 dressed in a tow l)lousc and leather apron, assisting his hired men in 
 building a stone fence. A horseman dashed up at full speed and 
 acquainted him with the stirring news. He immediately ran to 
 his stable, saddled his best horse, and rode to the nearest town, 
 Pomfret, to arouse the militia. At the signal they rushed together 
 and chose Putnam as their leader. In his rough dress he then 
 set out for Boston, and reached it at sunrise the next morning, having 
 ridden the same horse a hundred miles in eighteen hours. 
 
S70 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 PERIOD OF NATIONALITY. 
 
 Ringing in Independence, In the belfry of Independence 
 Ilall still hangs the bell which hung there on July 4, 1776. On its 
 larger circuit were cast these appropriate words, "Proclaim liberty 
 throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof." On the day 
 when the Declaration was expected, the old bell-ringer waited 
 impatiently for the vote, that he might announce it to the city, all as 
 eager as himself. A boy was to carry the word from the Hall. At 
 last, late in the afternoon, he heard the boy running to him, exclaim- 
 ing, " Ring, grandpa ! Ring 1 " He did so. The token was caught 
 up by the people in shouts, the other bells pealed forth, the old door- 
 keeper of Congress died from excess of joy, and all night hurrahs, 
 illuminations and the boom of cannon attested the approval of 
 the people. 
 
 A. Pan on Hanging. After the passage of the Declaration, 
 the signing was a necessary formality. The president, John Han- 
 cock, realizing the importance of the act and fearing that some timid 
 one might lack the courage to affix his signature, exhorted the 
 members, saying, "We must all hang together." "Yes," said 
 Franklin, "for if we do not hang together, we shall all hang 
 separatel}'." 
 
 A.nother Joke about Hanging. When grave, earnest men 
 have accomplished their severe labors, it is quite common that their 
 minds react toward what might appear to superficial observers an 
 unbecoming levity. Benjamin Harrison, the signer, father of the 
 ninth President, was a large man, over six feet tall. Elbridge 
 Gerr}^ was a small, thin, sinewy man. Having affixed his name to 
 the Declaration, Harrison turned to Gerry, and said, " When the 
 time of hanging comes I will have the advantage of you. It will be 
 over with me in a minute, while you will be kicking in the air for 
 half an hour after I am gone." 
 
 Musqiiitoes as a Factor in Indej)endence. Adjoining 
 Independence Hall on July 4, 1776, was a livery stable. The 
 musquitoes were troublesome. They bit the legs of the members 
 through their long hose, and as the day wore away the statesmen 
 grew weary of whisking away their tormentors by their handker- 
 chiefs. In order to escape the sooner, they hastened to take the final 
 vote of adoption. A musquito added half an hour to the age of the 
 Republic ! 
 
 Baying Patriots. As soon as France acknowledged the 
 independence of the United States, England sent (commissioners to 
 make peace. The terms which would have been acceptable before 
 Lexington, were not satisfactory since the Dec aration. The envoys 
 then tried the effect of "British gold." Among those solicited in 
 
ILL VSTRA riONS OF HISTOR Y. 371 
 
 tliis dishonorable way was Gen. Joseph Reed, the governor, or, as he 
 was then called, the president, of Pennsylvania. He was offered 
 $50 000 if he would use his influence to bring about peace. Scorn- 
 ing the base proposal, he said: "I am not worth purchasing; but 
 such as I am, the king is not rich enough to buy me." 
 
 Washington at Prayer. During the dreadful winter at 
 Valley Forge, Washington was quartered in the house of Isaac Potts. 
 One day while passing along a rivulet near his house, he heard a 
 voice of prayer. Looking in the direction, he saw in a secluded 
 spot Gen. Washington on his knees. On returning to the house, he 
 said to his wife, "If there is one to whom the Lord will listen, 
 it is George Washington, and under such a commander our independ- 
 ence is certain." 
 
 Hanging Arnold. When Arnold was in Virginia with the 
 marauding party of British and Tories, Jefferson offered $25,000 
 for his arrest, and Washington detached Lafayette with twelve 
 hundred men for that purpose. The caution of Arnold alone 
 prevented his capture. One day Arnold asked a prisoner in his 
 camp, ' ' What would the Americans do with me if they should 
 catch me?" "They would cutoff and bury with military honors 
 your leg that was wounded at Saratoga, and then hang the rest of 
 you," replied his prisoner. 
 
 The Fair 3IeS8enger. Wiiile General Nathaniel Greene 
 was pursuing the British in South Carolina he wished to send a 
 message to General Sumter to take a position in front of the enemy 
 to impede his retreat. The duty was full of danger, as the Tories 
 were active. Emily Geiger, a young woman of eighteen, offered to 
 Garry the letter. Greene told her its contents, so that in case she 
 found it necessary to destroy it the message might be delivered orally. 
 The girl was stopped and arrested. Her errand being suspected, she 
 was taken to a house near by and a woman was employed to search 
 her. Being left alone a few moments she ate up the letter, so that no 
 evidence was found upon her. She was released with apologies. 
 She passed on to Sumter's camp, and soon he and Marion were co- 
 operating with Greene. Emily Geiger afterwards married a rich 
 planter on the Congarce. 
 
 Francis Marion and the Sweet Potatoes. A famous 
 story is told of this partisan leader in South Carolina. A British 
 officer was sent to liis camp in the woods on some military business. 
 After completing this, Marion invited him to stay to dinner. As 
 much from curiosity as from appetite he accepted. There were no 
 indications of a dinner. Soon, however, the officer was presented 
 with well baked sweet potatoes on a clean piece of bark, and the two 
 chiefs ate, sitting on a log. Marion explained that the dinner, out of 
 
372 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 respect to his visitor, was a little better than usual. When the ollicer 
 learuetl that Marion and his men. were serving without pay his 
 wonder was increased. The story concludes by saying that he 
 resigned his commission and returned to Enghuid, declaring that such 
 men could never be conquered. 
 
 The Missiotiary Box. During the war of 1812 one of our 
 privateers captured a Welsh vessel from Cardigan, freighted witii 
 grain. In the cabin was a small box with a hole in the top marked 
 " Missionary Box." "What is thatV" asked the American captain. 
 " Oh," replied the Welshman, " the truth is my poor fellows have l)een 
 accustomed, every Monday morning, to drop a penny each into that 
 box to send out missionaries lo preach the gospel to the heathen; but 
 that is all over now." After a moment's reflection the American 
 replied, "Captain, I'll not hurt a hair of your head nor touch your 
 vessel." He immediately returned to his ship and sailed away. 
 
 Tecumselt's Pride and Eloquence. A few months 
 before the battle of Tippecanoe General Harrison invited Tecumseh 
 to visit Vincenues, the capital of the Territory', that they might hold 
 a council. He came with four hundred wari'iors. The governor 
 invited him to enter the house, but lie refused. The air of tlie white 
 man's dwelling stifled him. AVheu they were assembled in the yard 
 one of Harrison's officers asked the chief to sit beside the governor, 
 saying, "Tecumseh, j^our father requests you to seat yourself." But 
 the warrior drew his blanket closely about him, and sneeringly 
 replied, "My father! The sun is my father. The earth is my mother. 
 On her bosom I will repose," and seated himself on the ground. 
 
 Tlw Heart of Old Hickory. After a skirmish in the war 
 against the Seminoles an Indian baby was found lying beside its dead 
 mother. The Indian captives said, "His people are all dead ; kill 
 him also." Jackson ordered some sugar to he given him, and sent 
 liim to Huntsville. He afterward adopted him and gave him an 
 education, and placed him at a saddler's in Nashville to learn the 
 trade. Every Sunday he used to visit Jackson at the Hermitage, 
 twelve miles from the city. 
 
 In the same campaign the rations of tlie army were entirely 
 exhausted. One day, as he sat at tlie foot of a tree, planning relief 
 for liis suffering men, one of the soldiers, seeing that he was eating 
 sometliing, approaclied and aslced for a jjortion. Jackson looked up 
 witli a smile and said. ' I willingly divide with you what I have," 
 and, taking some acorns from his pocket, gave them to the 
 astonished soldier. 
 
 Rather he Right than President. The Compromise 
 proposition of Henry Clay- for a gradual reduction of the tariff 
 in obedience to the sentiments of the South during the NuUiflcation 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS OF HISTORY. 373 
 
 troubles, was very unpopular in New England. No man was 
 a stronger protectionist than Clay, but he recognized the public 
 necessity. He felt like Sir Robert Peel about the repeal of the Corn 
 Laws in England. When warned that his course would make his 
 election to the presidency impossible, he nobly replied, " I would 
 rather be right than President. ' 
 
 The Lome Star. The admission of Texas as a state soon fol- 
 lowed its annexation. One of the things to be decided upon was 
 a seal of state. AVheu the officials had completed the papers in the 
 case, it was found that the matter of a seal had been overlooked. To 
 give the papers an official appearance, however, one of the commis- 
 sioners took off his cuff-button and made its impress in the wax. No 
 other seal was ever adopted, and thus the seal of Texas is a "lone 
 star " 
 
 Lihe a Stone Wall. At the Battle of Bull Run Gen. 
 McDowell drove the Confederates from the field. But they were 
 soon rallied in the rear by Gen. Thomas J. Jackson, Avho formed 
 anew the line of battle. The Confederate Gen. Bee, in trying 
 to rally his own men under fire, shouted to them, as he pointed across 
 the plain, " There's Jackson standing like a stone wall ! " From 
 that time he was always spoken of as " Stonewall Jackson." 
 
 Mold the Fort. This popular hymn, by the evangelist P. P. 
 Bliss, is based on an incident in the Civil War. Col. Tourtellotte was 
 occupying a fort containing a million rations, at Allatoona Pass, 
 Georgia. Gen. Sherman eslablished a signal station on the top of 
 Kenesaw Mountain, and he telegraphed by signal flags to Gen Corse, 
 at Rome, to hasten to the support of Tourtellotte. This he instantly 
 set out to do. Meantime the Confederates invested the fort, and 
 began an assault. From the top of Kenesaw Sherman heard the roar 
 and saw the smoke, though he was eighteen miles distant. He 
 signaled to Allatoona, "Hold the fort, for relief is approaching.'' 
 Corse replied, "T will." Sherman being assured that Corse had 
 arrived, said: "He will hold out! I know the man." And so he did 
 The young signal ofticer who "waved the answer back" was James 
 W. IMcKenzie, of Hampton, Iowa. 
 
 The Proclam atfon of Emancipation. The proclama- 
 tion abolishing slavery was written in July, 1862, but it was not then 
 published. Mr. Lincoln said: " I put the draft of the proclamation 
 aside, waiting for a victory Well, the next news we had was of 
 Pope's disaster at Bull Run. Things looked darker than ever. 
 Finally came the week of the battle of Antietara. I determined to 
 wait no longer. The news came, I think, on Wednesday, that the 
 advantage was on our side. I was then staying at the Soldiers' 
 Home. I finished writing the second draft of the proclamation; 
 
374 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 came up Saturday; called the Cabinet together to hear it; and it was 
 pul)li.sht'd on the following Monday. I made a solemn vow before 
 God that if General Lee was driven back from Maryland, I would 
 crown the result by the declaration of freedom to the slaves." This 
 proclamation, issued in September, was a notice to the Southern 
 States that unless they laid down arras the slaves would be declared 
 free. In pursuance of this, tlie second proclamation was issued on 
 January 1, following. 
 
 Mules and brigadier Generals. Everyone knows that 
 Abraham Lincoln was a great joker. But his sallies of wit, though 
 p('in4,cd, were always innocent. They were really reactions from 
 the tremendou'= strain of labor to which he was constantly subjected. 
 Once wlien lie met reproving looks for joking after news of a severe 
 defeat, he replied: "I must laugh, or I shall cry." On one occasion 
 the Confederates captured from the Army of the Potomac three or 
 four generals and about fifty mules. To a member of his Cabinet 
 he. said, "I can make more generals in fifteen minutes, but those 
 mules cost a hundred dollars a piece." This might seem a little 
 coarse; but when we think of the great pressure for promotions to 
 which military officers subjected the President, his remark becomes 
 a delicate wittinism. 
 
HISTORICAL RECREATIONS. 375 
 
 HISTORICAL RECREATIONS. 
 
 1. Who first suggested the idea that the world is a sphere? 
 
 2. Who first suggested a westward voyage to Asia? 
 
 3. How long was Columbus in seeking aid? 
 
 4. How large was the settlement of Jamestown? 
 
 5. What was the first regular industry in the' country? 
 
 6. Name two strange delusions in colonial history. 
 
 7. What strange idea hindered the settlement of America? 
 
 8. Name two things that caused its settlement. 
 
 9. Recount some of the outrages against the Indians. 
 
 10. Where is the center of our population and our territory? 
 
 11. Who first "went West?" 
 
 12. In what battle did Washington bitterly rebuke the 
 
 general and rally the army to victory? 
 
 13. What sieges can you mention? 
 
 14. Mention the points of contrast between Washington 
 
 and Jefferson. 
 
 15. By whom and on what occasion were the words used: 
 
 "Millions for defense, but not a cent for tribute?" 
 
 16. Name some famous retreats in our history. 
 
 17. Mention a great achievement of a lazy farmer. 
 
 18. Who first proposed a union of all the colonies? 
 
 19. Who was the first American editor? 
 
 20. What boy wrote the first standard American poetry? 
 
 21. Which cause of the Revolution do you think the most 
 
 important? 
 
 22. Name the wars in our history in their order. 
 
 23. Which of these do you think were justifiable? 
 
 24. Which of them was without political results? 
 
 25. In which did the Americans win every battle? 
 
 26. How did the French and English populations compare 
 
 in the French and Indian war? 
 
 27. Which wars do you think might have been avoided? 
 
 28. In which did the cost amount to more than the victory 
 
 was worth? 
 
376 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 39. Name the events in our liistory that seem to you 
 providential. 
 
 30. What commander died at the moment of victory? 
 
 31. What territory have the United States acquired l)y 
 
 purchase? By annexation? By oonqucjst? 
 
 32. What six Vice-Presidents afterward became Presi- 
 
 dents ? 
 
 33. What six Secretaries of State afterward became 
 
 Presidents? 
 
 34. Who are tlie only ex-Piesidonts now living? 
 
 35. Which was the oldest and which the youngest at the 
 
 time of death? 
 30. What has been the average per cent, of increase in 
 population during each ten years since the first 
 census? How long does it take the country to 
 double its population? 
 
 37. At that rate, what will be the population in the year 
 
 1900? The year 1976? 
 
 38. What tea-party became historical ? 
 
 39. Which is the longer, the Pacific Railroad or the 
 
 Atlantic cable? 
 
 40. Name the great American inventors. 
 
 41. Who, in a frail canoe, on "a stormy night, visited an 
 
 Indian wigwam, at the risk of his life, to save those 
 of his enemies?' 
 
 42. What Presidents died in office? 
 
 43. Who was called the Colossus of the American 
 
 Congress? 
 
 44. Who was called the "Old Man Eloquent?" 
 
 45. Who was called the "Apostle of Peace?" 
 
 46. Who was called the "Great Pacificator?" 
 
 47. Who was called "Old Rough and Ready?" 
 
 48. Who was the Bachelor President? 
 
 49. What father and son were Presidents? 
 
 50. What three ex-Presidents died on the Fourth of July? 
 
 51. Whose dying words were, "Don't give up the skip?" 
 
 52. How did the President's message originate? 
 
HISTORICAL RECREATIOXS. 377 
 
 53. Who was called the "American Fabius?" 
 
 54. Who was "Old Hickory?" 
 
 55. What was the "hard-cider campaig-n?" 
 
 5G. What important society began in a haystack? 
 
 57. In whose administration was the largest number of 
 
 states admitted? 
 
 58. In which were none admitted? 
 
 59. What general arose from a sick-bed to lead his army 
 
 to victory? 
 
 60. How many years since Independence has the country 
 
 been involved in war? 
 
 61. Who drafted the Declaration of Independence? 
 
 62. Who drafted the Constitution? 
 
 63. What was Lafayette's name? 
 
 64. Name ten labors and achievements of Franklin. 
 
 65. How many Presidents were Virginians? 
 
 66. Name the states that have furnished Presidents. 
 
 67. What battle was fought after peace was made? 
 
 68. Who used and what was meant by the words, "To the 
 
 victors belong the spoils?" 
 
 69. What celebrated foreigners have fought in the armies 
 
 of the United States? 
 
 70. What President went to Washington secretly and at 
 
 niofht? 
 
 71. Who was called the "Father of American Law?" 
 
 72. What President had not voted in his life? 
 
 73. What rendered Valley Forge memorable? 
 
 74. What colony was founded as a home for the poor? 
 
 75. In which 'Colony was the greatest degree of religious 
 
 toleration practiced ? 
 
 76. In which was the least degree? 
 
 77. How many invasions of the North did Lee's army 
 
 make? 
 
 78. What President was impeached? 
 
 79. Which presidency do you think was the most unfor- 
 
 tunate for the country? 
 
 80. On what occasion were 133 ballots taken in Congress? 
 
378 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 81. Name the men who commanded the ariiiy of the 
 
 Potomac. 
 83. Give one example of treason, one of assassination, and 
 
 one of personal assault. 
 
 83. How many attempts were made to lay the Atlantic 
 
 cable? 
 
 84. Give a noted example of arbitration. 
 
 85. Who Avas the son of one president and the father of 
 
 another ? 
 
 86. State some strange facts about the food, houses, and 
 
 domestic life of the people. 
 
 87. Who was the author of "squatter sovereignty," and 
 
 what did it mean? 
 
 88. What Presidents Avere not elected by the people? 
 
 89. When and for what reasons were the various consti- 
 
 tutional amendments made? 
 
 90. Which of our Presidents have been military men? 
 
 91. How many years did the Federalists control the gov- 
 , ernment? The Republicans (in the old sense)? 
 
 The Democrats? The Whigs? The Republicans 
 (in the present sense)? 
 
 92. Name some important characters among the Indians. 
 
 93. Name some unsuccessful candidates for the presidency. 
 
 94. What general was shot in the night by his own men? 
 
 95. Who took a midnight ride to alarm the country? 
 
 96. What English statesmen iavored America in the 
 
 Revolution? 
 
 97. How many times since Independence, and on what 
 
 occasions, has Congress fled for safety? 
 
 98. What battle was witnessed from the house-tops? 
 
 99. Mention the greatest slaughter, considering the length 
 
 of time, to be found in our history. 
 100. What questions are likely to enter into future politics? 
 
POLITICAL MAXIMS OF WASHINGTON. 379 
 
 POLITICAL MAXIMS OF WASHINGTON. 
 
 The End of Government. — The aggregate happi- 
 ness of society, which is best promoted by the practice of a 
 virtuous policy, is, or ought to be, the end of all govern- 
 ment. 
 
 The Right to Choose a Form of Govern- 
 ment, — My politics are plain and simple. I think every 
 nation has a right to establish that form of government un- 
 der which it conceives it may live most happy, provided 
 it infracts no right and is not dangerous to others. 
 
 T7ie Right to Interfere. — No government ought to 
 
 interfere with the internal concerns of another, except for 
 the security of what is due to itself. 
 
 Stjmj^athg with the Oj^pressed. — My best wishes 
 
 are irresistibly attracted whensoever in any country 
 I see an oppressed nation unfurl the banners of freedom. 
 
 The Excellence of Our Government.— T\mt, 
 
 though not actually perfect, it is one of the best in the 
 world, I have little doubt. 
 
 Nobility and KnigJithood. — It appears to be 
 incompatible with the principles of our National Constitu- 
 tion to admit the introduction of any kind of nobility 
 or knighthood am')ngst the citizens of our republic. 
 
 Civil Liberty. — Liberty, when it begins to take root, 
 is a plant of rapid growth. 
 
 The Progress of Liberty, — A spirit of equal 
 liberty appears fast to be gaining ground everywhere, 
 which must afford satisfaction to every friend of mankind. 
 
 The Right of Taxation, — What is it we are con- 
 tending against ? Is it against paying the duty of three 
 pence per pound on tea, because burdensome ? No ; it is 
 the 7'ight only tliat we have all along disputed. 
 
 Independence Won, — The foundation of a great 
 empire is laid ; and I please myself with the persuasion 
 that Providence will not leave its work imperfect. 
 
380 THE MODEL IIJSTORY. 
 
 FoilV Essentlnls. — First. An indissoluble union of 
 the States under one federal head. Second. A sacred re- 
 gard to public justice. T/iird. The adoption of a proper 
 peace establishment. Fourth. The prevalence of a 
 pacific and friendly disposition among the people. 
 
 PllVty Violence. — I am under more apprehensions 
 on account of our own dissentions than of the efforts of the 
 enemy. 
 
 Willinffuess to Concede. — A spirit of accomoda- 
 tion was the basis of the present Constitution. 
 
 PHbllc Confidence, — The best way to preserve the 
 confidence of the people durably is to promote their true 
 interests. 
 
 Education,. — Promote, as an object of primary im- 
 portance, institutions for the general diffusion of knowl- 
 edge. It is essential that public opinion should be 
 enlightened. 
 
 TJie Guide. — The Constitution is the guide wliich I 
 can never abandon. 
 
 Confidence in the People. — The mass of citizens 
 
 in the United States mean well, and I firmly believe 
 they will always act well whenever tliey can obtain a rigiit 
 understanding of matters. 
 
 Fitne.ss of Character. — In every nomination to 
 office I have endeavored to make fitness of character my 
 primary object. 
 
 The WorUVs Granary. — I hope, some day, we 
 
 shall become a storehouse and granary for the world. 
 
 Honesty the Best Policy. — I Iiold the maxim no 
 
 less applicable to public than to private affairs, that honesty 
 is always the best policy. 
 
 A Policy of Peace. — Peace with all the world is 
 my sincere desire. I am sure it is our true policy. 
 
 A Chinese Wall. — America may think herself happy 
 in havitig the Atlantic for a barrier. 
 
 Equitable Treaties, — Treaties which are nut built 
 
POLITICAL MAXIMS OF WASHINGTON. 381 
 
 upon reciprocal benefits are not likely to be of long dura- 
 tion. 
 
 Public Credit, — As a very important source of 
 strength and security, cherish the public credit. 
 
 Ptlhlic Debt, — No pecuniary consideration is more 
 urgent than the regular redemption and discharge of the 
 public debt. On none can delay be more injurious. 
 
 Depreciation of Currency, — The depreciation 
 
 has got to so alarming a point that a wagon load of money 
 will scarcely suffice to purchase a wagon load of provisions. 
 
 Connnerce and Industry, — Commerce and in- 
 dustry are the best mines of a nation. 
 
 A Nation or a Confederacy, — We are either a 
 
 united people under one head and for federal purposes, 
 or we are thirteen independent sovereignties eternally 
 counteracting each other. 
 
 Mncouragenient of Mannfactnres, — Congress 
 
 has repeatedly directed its attention to the encouragement 
 of manufactures. The object is of too much importance 
 not to insure a continuation of its efforts in every way 
 "which shall appear eligible. 
 
 TJie Military and the Civil Power, — The army 
 
 is the mere agent of the civil power. Soldiers are not ex- 
 empt from arrests and indictments for violations of the laws. 
 Spies in War, — Single men in the night will be more 
 likely to ascertain facts than the best glasses in the day. 
 
 The Soldier and the Citizen, — When we as- 
 sumed the Soldier we did not lay aside the Citizen. 
 The Strenyth in Unity, — My first wish would be 
 
 that my military family and the whole army should 
 consider themselves as a band of brothers, willing and 
 ready to die for each other. Let all distinctions be sunk 
 in the name, an American. 
 
 The Tnyratitude of Republics, — I am growing 
 
 old in my country's service, and losing my sight ; but I 
 never doubted its justice or its gratitude. 
 
 A Standing Ariny, — The commonly received opin- 
 
382 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 ion is certainly true, that standing armies are dangerous to 
 the State. 
 
 Foreigners as Office' Holders, — it does not 
 
 accord with the policy of this government to bestow offices 
 upon foreigners to the exclusion of our own citizens. 
 
 The CoUittry^S Call. — When my country demands 
 the sacrifice, personal ease must always be a secondary 
 consideration. 
 
 A. Hod ff guard, — I require no guard but the affections 
 of the people. 
 
 The Patriot's Vow, — The love of my country will 
 be the ruling influence of my conduct. 
 
 Trust ifl God. — I shall rely confidently on that 
 Providence which has hitherto preserved and been bounti- 
 ful to me. 
 
PEOI^OUI^CIlsrG YOOABTJLAKY 
 
 OF PROPER NAMES. 
 
 Abelard, ab'-e-lard. 
 Agassiz, ag'-a-see. 
 Algiers, al-jeerz'. 
 Algonquin, al-zh6n-keen'. 
 Allston, awl'-ston. 
 Amalfi, ah-mal'-fee. 
 Angelo, an'-ja-lo. 
 Andre, an'-dra. 
 Antietam, an-tee'-tam. 
 Antoinette, an-tO-net'. 
 Aretino, a-ra-tee'-no. 
 Armada, ahr-mah'-dii. 
 Ashe, ash. 
 Augsburg, 5ugs'-boorg. 
 
 Balboa, bahl-bo'-a. 
 Beauregard, bo'-reh-gard. 
 Behemoth, be'-he-muth. 
 Behring, beer'-ing. 
 Birney, bur'-ne. 
 Bologna, bo-lOn'-ya. 
 Buel, bu'-el. 
 
 Buena Vista, bwa'-na vis'- 
 Burgoyne, biir-goin'. 
 Burke, biirk. 
 Burleigh, bur'-li. 
 Burroughs, bur'-rGz. 
 
 Cabot, kab'-5t. 
 Cabrillo, ktl-brel'-yo. 
 
 ta. 
 
 Cairo, ka'-rO. 
 Calhoun, kal-hoon'. 
 Carleton, kahrl'-tun. 
 Cartier, kar-te-5'. 
 Castile, kas-teel'. 
 Champlain, sham-plane'. 
 Cliarta, kar'-ta. 
 Chattanooga, chat-an-o6-ga. 
 Chickamauga, chick-a-maw'- 
 
 ga. 
 Colfax, kol'-fax. 
 Copernicus, ko-per'-ni-kus. 
 Corneille, kor-nal'. 
 Cornwallis, korn-wSl'-lis. 
 Cortez, kOr-tes'. 
 Credit Mobilier. cra'-di-m5' 
 
 bil-i-ar. 
 
 Daguerre, da-ger'. 
 De Gama, da-gah'-m5. 
 Uegrand, de-grand'. 
 De Kalb, da kahlb'. 
 De Monts, du-mong'. 
 De Soto, da sO'-to. 
 Descartes, da-kart'. 
 Diaz, dee'-az. 
 Douglas, dug'-las. 
 Dubuque, du-buke. 
 Du Quesne, du-kan'. 
 Duyckinck, di'-kink. 
 
 383 
 
384 
 
 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 Egyptian, e-glpt'-shun. 
 Erickson, er'-ik-sun. 
 Evans, ev'-anz. 
 Ewing, yoo'-ing. 
 
 Fabius, fa'-bi-us. 
 Fenelon, fen'-eh-l6n. 
 Freneau, fre-no'. 
 Frobisher, fr6b'-ish-er. 
 
 Galena, ga-lee'-na. 
 Galileo, gai-i-lee'-o. 
 Genet, jeh-net'. 
 Genoese, jen-o-eez'. 
 Ghent, gent. 
 Gilbert, zhel-bair'. 
 Gouverneur, goov-er-noor'. 
 Grinnell, grin-nell'. 
 Guericke, ga'-rik-keh. 
 Guide, gwee'-do. 
 Gutenberg, goo'-ten-berg. 
 Guy, ghi. 
 
 Habeas, hab'-e-as. 
 Hakluyt, hak'-loot. 
 Hatteras, hat'-e-nls. 
 Hayne, hain. 
 Hennepin, hen'-ne-pin. 
 Hiawatha, hee-a-wa'-thil. 
 Hispaniola, hiss-pan-i-o'-la. 
 Holbrook, hol'-brook. 
 Horatio, hO-ra'-shO, 
 Hosmer, hoss'-mer. 
 Huguenots, hu'-ge-nots. 
 
 Ignatius, Ig-na'-she-us. 
 Iroquois, Ir-5-kwah'. 
 
 Juarez, hoo-5'-res. 
 
 Kosciusko, k6s-si-us'-ko. 
 Kaskaskia, kas-kas'-kl-jl. 
 Kearney, kar'-ni. 
 
 Lafayette, la-fa-et'. 
 Leibnitz, llb'-nits. 
 Loyola, loi-o'-la. 
 
 Magellan, ma-jel'-lan. 
 Mandeville, man'-d(5-vil. 
 Manhattan, man-hat'-tan. 
 Maximilian, max-i-mil'-yan. 
 Mazarin, maz-a-reen'. 
 Melancthon, me-lank'-th5n. 
 Mesilla, mes-il'-la. 
 Meyer, mi'-er. 
 Milan, mil'-an. 
 Montcalm, m5nt-kahm'. 
 Michael, ml-kel. 
 Monterey, mQn-ta-ra'. 
 Montesquieu, mon-tes-ku . 
 Motier, mo-ti-a'. 
 Munich, mil'-nik. 
 
 Nantes, nants. 
 Nauvoo, nav/-voo'. 
 Norfolk, n6r'-f5k. 
 Nueces, nwa'-ses. 
 
 Oglethorpe, 5'-gel-th6rp, 
 Orleans, or'-le-anz. 
 Osceola, 6s-se-0'-la. 
 Otis, O'-tis. 
 
 Palo Alto, pah'-lo al'-to. 
 Panama, pan-a-maii'. 
 Patroons, pa-troonz'. 
 Plumer, plu'-mer. 
 
PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY. 
 
 385 
 
 Plymouth, plim'-uth. 
 
 Polish, pOl'-ish. 
 
 Ponce de Leon, p5n'-tha da 
 
 la-On'. 
 Prairie du Chien, pra'-ri du 
 
 sheen. 
 Pulaski, pn-las'-kee. 
 
 Quebec, kwe-beck'. 
 
 Racine, ras-seen'. 
 Raleigh, raw'-U. 
 Revere, re-veer'. 
 Richelieu, reesh-eh-lu'. 
 Rochambeau, ro-shou-bu'. 
 Rosecrans, rose'-e-krahns. 
 
 San Diego, san de-a'-go. 
 Santa Fe, san'-ta fa. 
 Schuylkill, skool'-kil. 
 Schuyler, ski'-ler. 
 Scotia, sko'-sheJi. 
 Seward, su'-ard. 
 Seymour, see'-mQr. 
 Shirley, shur'-li. 
 Slidell, sli-del'. 
 Steuben, stn'-ben. 
 
 Steinheil, stin'-hll. 
 
 St. Augustine, sent aw'-gus- 
 
 teen. 
 Stuyvesant, sti'-ve-sant. 
 Squier, skwir. 
 
 Taney, taw'-ni. 
 Tecumseh, te-ciim'-seh, 
 Toscanelli, tQs-ka-nel'-lee. 
 Thanatopsis, than -ri-t5p'-sis. 
 Trevethick, trev'-i-thick. 
 
 Ulysses, u-liss'-eez. 
 
 Van Eyck, van-Ik'. 
 Vasconselos, vas-koii-sel'-lOs. 
 Venango, ve-nang'-go. 
 Venice, ven'-iss. 
 Vera Cruz, va'-rah kroos. 
 Verrazzani, ver-rat-tsah'-ne 
 Vespucci, ves-poot'-she. 
 
 Worcester, woos'-ter. 
 Whitefield, whit'-feeld. 
 Willamette, wil-lah'-met. 
 
 Zeisberger, zis'-berg-er. 
 Zenger, zeng'-er. 
 
386 
 
 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
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388 
 
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STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATUS. 
 
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390 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 THE ORIGIN OF THE DECLARATION. 
 
 The idea of independence was a thing of growth. It was "not an 
 act of sudden passion, nor the work of one man or one assembly." In 
 May, 1776, Washington, with the army at New Yorlv, said: "When 
 I first took the command of the army I abliorred the idea of independ- 
 ence; but 1 am now fully convinced that nothing else will save us." 
 The question was discussed everywhere — by farmers, merchants, 
 mechanics, fishermen on the coast, lumbermen in the woods. It was 
 talked about at the town-meetings, from tlie ])u]pit, by the camp- 
 fires, in the social gatherings. Congress waited to hear from the 
 people. 
 
 Massachusetts gave her delegates in Congress instructions favor- 
 ing a declaration in January, 1770. South Carolina followed in 
 March, Georgia on April 5, and North Carolina on April 13. On 
 May 4 Rhode Island renounced British allegiance. On May 15 
 Virginia gave her delegates, at Philadelphia, positive directions to 
 •propose and vote for independence, and she urged her sister colonies 
 to do likewise. 
 
 On June 7 Richard Henry Lee, inspired by this action of his 
 colony, introduced the Resolution given on page 115. John Adams 
 seconded it. At 10 o'clock on the next day the debate began, and it 
 lasted till 7. Livingstone, Wilson, Dickinson, and Rutledge opposed 
 tjie adoption. John Adams, and many delegates from New England, 
 \irginia and Georgia, spoke in its favor. On Monday, June 10, 
 Rutledge moved to defer further action for three weeks, to allow 
 delegates time to hear from their constituents and assemblies. The 
 motion prevailed. Next day Jefferson, Adams, Franklin, Sherman 
 and Livingstone were chosen by ballot to prepare a formal Declara- 
 tion in harmony with Mr. Lee's Resolution. Jefferson was chosen to 
 draft the instrument; both because he represented Virginia, whence 
 the proposition originated, and because he received more ballots than 
 either of the other four. 
 
 The invitation of Virginia was responded to by the assembly of 
 Connecticut on June 14, by that of New Hampshire on the fifteenth, 
 by New Jersey on the twenty-first, by Pennsylvania on the twenty- 
 fourth, by Maryland on the twenty-eighth. 
 
 On the expiration of the three weeks, July 1, Congress resolved 
 itself ' into a committee of the whole to take into consideration the 
 Resolution respecting independency." In the absence of Mr. Lee, 
 all eyes turned to John Adams. He rehearsed for the new members 
 
THE ORIGIN OF THE DECLARATION. 391 
 
 from New Jersey the argumeuts used iu the former debate. Mr. 
 Dickinson, of Pennsylvania, in an ehxborate speech, gave liis reasons 
 for opposing tlie Resolution. Other members spoke. The vote was 
 then taken. Nine colonies sustained the Resolution, the vote of 
 South Carolina and Pennsylvania being in the negative, and Delaware 
 being a tie. The committee then arose and Benjamin Harrison, of 
 Virginia, the father of the ninth President, reported the Resolution. 
 
 On the following day, July 2, forty-nine members were present. 
 Rodney had returned and Delaware was no longer a tie. Dickinson 
 was absent, probably by design, which enabled Pennsylvania to vote 
 for independence. South Carolina, for the sake of unanimity, did 
 likewise. New Yoi'k did not vote. Thus the twelve colonies, with- 
 out one dissenting vote, adopted the Resolution. 
 
 That vote changed the old thirteen colonies into free and inde- 
 pendent states. It remained only to set forth foi'mally the reasons 
 for the act. Jefferson wrote the document out of a full mind and 
 without consulting any bodk. He then submitted it separately to 
 Franklin and to Adams. He accepted from each one or two verbal 
 corrections, and on June 28 he reported it to Congress. Immediately 
 after the adoption of the Resolution, on July 3, the Declaration was 
 taken up. During the rest of that day and the next two, the words, 
 statements, and principles of the paper were closely scanned. This 
 work was completed late in the afternoon of July 4, when. New 
 York still declining to vote, twelve states, without one negative 
 voice, agreed to the Declaration. It was not signed on that day, but 
 it was attested by the president and the secretary, and published to 
 the world. 
 
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 
 
 A Declaration by the Representatives op the United States o» 
 America, in Congress assembled, July 4, 1776. 
 
 When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to 
 dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume, 
 among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of 
 nature and of nature's God entitle them, adecent respect to the opinions of mankind 
 requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. 
 
 We hold these truths to be self -evident— that all men are created equal ; that they 
 are endowed by their Creator witli certain unalienable rights; that among these 
 are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness: that, to secure these rights, govern- 
 ments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the 
 governed ; that, whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, 
 it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, and to institute a new government, 
 laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as 
 to them shall seem most likely to affect their safety and happiness. Prudence, 
 indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for 
 light and transientcauses; and, accordingly, all experience has shown that mankind 
 are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by 
 abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of 
 abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to 
 reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty to throw off 
 such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. 
 
 Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies, and such is now the 
 necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The 
 history of the present king of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and 
 usurpations, all having, in direct object, the establishment of an absolute tyranny 
 over these states. To prove this let facts be submitted to a candid world: 
 
 He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the 
 public good. 
 
 He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing impor- 
 tance, unless suspended in their operation until his assent should be obtained; and, 
 when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. 
 
 He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of 
 people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the 
 Legislature— a right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only. 
 
 He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and 
 distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing 
 them into compliance with his measures. 
 
 He lias dissolved representative houses repeatedly for opposing with manly firm- 
 ness his invasions on the rights of the people. 
 
 He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others to be 
 elected, whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, liave returned 
 to the people at large for their exercise; the state remaining, in the meantime, 
 exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without and convulsions within. 
 
 Ho has endeavored to prevent the population of these states; for that purpose 
 obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreigners, refusing to pass others to 
 encourage their migration hither and raising the conditions of new appropriations 
 of lands. 
 
 392 
 
DECLA RA TION OF INDEPENDENCE. 393 
 
 He has obstructed the administration of justice by refusing his assent to laws for 
 establishing judiciary powers. 
 
 He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their oflSces, 
 and the amount and payment of their salaries. 
 
 He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers to 
 harass our people and eat out their substance. 
 
 He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies without the consent of 
 our Legislature. 
 
 He has affected to render the military independent of and superior to the civil 
 power. 
 
 He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our Con- 
 stitution, and unacknowledged by our laws, giving his assent to their acts of pre- 
 tended legislation: 
 
 For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us: 
 
 For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murders which 
 they should commit on the inhabitants of these states: 
 
 For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world: 
 
 For imposing taxes on us without our consent: 
 
 For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury: 
 
 For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended otfences: 
 
 For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province, estab- 
 lishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to 
 render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute 
 rule into these colonies: 
 
 For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering 
 fundamentally the powers of our governments: 
 
 For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested wi'th 
 power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 
 
 He has abdicated government here by declaring us out of his protection, and 
 waging war against us. 
 
 He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed 
 the lives of our people. 
 
 He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete 
 the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun, with circumstances of 
 cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally 
 unworthy the head of a civilized nation. 
 
 He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, to bear 
 arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and 
 brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. 
 
 He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored to bring 
 on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule 
 of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions. 
 
 In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned for redress in the most 
 humble terms; our repeated petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. 
 A prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant 
 is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. 
 
 Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have warned 
 them, from time to time, of attempts made by their Legislature to extend an un- 
 warrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances 
 of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice 
 and magnanimity, and we have conjured them, by the ties of our common kindred, 
 to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections 
 and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and consan- 
 guinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our 
 separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind— enemies in war, in 
 peace friends. 
 
 We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, in General 
 Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude 
 of our intentions, do, in the name and by the authority of the good people of these 
 colonies, solemnly publish and declare that these United Colonies are, and of right 
 
394 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 ^.. 
 
 ought to be, free and independent states; that they are absolved from all allegiance 
 to the British crown, and that all political connection between them and the state 
 of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved; and that, as free and inde- 
 pendent states, they have full power to levy war. conclude peace, contract alliances, 
 establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent states 
 may of right do. And for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on 
 the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, 
 our fortunes, and our sacred honor. 
 
 The foregoing declaration was, by order of Congress, engrossed, and signed by 
 the following members: John Hancock. 
 
 New Hampshire.— J o&i&h Bartlett, William Whipple, Matthew Thornton. 
 Massachusetts Baj/.— Samuel Adams, John Adams, Robert Treat Paine, 
 
 Elbridge Gerry. 
 Rhode isiand.— Stephen Hopliins, William EUery. 
 
 Connecticut— Koger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, William Williams, 
 Oliver Wolcott. 
 
 New rork.— William Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis 
 
 Morris. 
 New Jersey.— Richnril Stocliton John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkinson, 
 
 John Hart, Abraham Clark. 
 Pennsylvania.— Kohert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John 
 
 Morton, George Clyraer, James Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, 
 
 George Ross. 
 
 Delaware.— Ciesa,T Rodney, George Read, Thomas M'Kean. 
 
 Maryland.— Sa,muel Chuse, William Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll, 
 of Carrollton. 
 
 Virgmta.— George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jeiferson, Ben- 
 jamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter 
 Braxton. 
 
 Nerth Carolina. — William Hooper, .Joseph Hewes, John Penn. 
 
 South C'oroUno.— Edward Rutledge, Thomas Hey ward, Jr., Thomas Lynch, 
 Jr., Arthur Middleton. 
 
 Georjia.— Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton. 
 
ORIGIN OF THE CONSTITUTION. 395 
 
 ORIGIN OF THE CONSTITUTION. 
 
 The Articles of Confederation were never satisfactory. The 
 Assembly of New York unanimously proposed their amendment in 
 1783, only a few months after their adoption by the States. In 1785, 
 commissioners appointed by the legislatures of Virginia and Mary- 
 land met at Alexandria, to form a compact between those states rela- 
 tive to the navigation of the Potomac and the Chesapeake Bay. But 
 feeling that measures of a more enlarged nature would alone meet 
 the necessities, they did nothing but recommend this course to their 
 states. Accordingly, in January, 1786, the Virginia legislature 
 invited all the other states to join it in appointing commissioners to 
 take into consideration the state of trade and to devise means looking 
 to the common interest. Eight states appointed delegates, but those 
 of only five met at Annapolis in September, 1786. 
 
 Again nothing was done except to frame a report to be laid before 
 Congress, advising that a general convention of commissioners 
 from all the states be called to meet in Philadelphia in May, 1787, for 
 a revision of the Articles Congress accepted the suggestion, and in 
 February, 1787, passed a resolution calling a convention as proposed. 
 All the states, except Rhode Island, made the appointment, and the 
 delegates met May 25, in Independence Hall. 
 
 It was thought essential that the deliberations be conducted 
 in secret. The members were not allowed even to take copies of the 
 entries in the journal. The injunction of secrecy was never removed. 
 At the final adjournment, the journal was intrusted to Washington, 
 who deposited it in the Department of State. It was published 
 in 1818. Yates, a meml)er from New York, took notes, which 
 were published at his death, in 1831. These, with the notes of 
 Madison, furnished material for a view of the conflicts of opinion 
 which divided the Convention and the successive steps in the evolu- 
 tion of our Federal Constitution. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 [Went into operation on the first Wednesday in March, 1789.1 
 
 PREAMBLE. 
 
 Wk, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, 
 
 establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defense, 
 
 promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and 
 
 our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of 
 
 America. 
 
 ARTICLE I. 
 
 OP THE LEGISLATIVE POWER. 
 
 Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress 
 of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. 
 of the house of representatives. 
 
 Sec. 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen 
 every second year by the people of the several States, and the electors in each State 
 shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of 
 the State Legislature. 
 
 No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the age of 
 twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall 
 not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen. 
 
 Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States 
 which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, 
 which shall bedetermined by addingto the whole numberof free persons, including 
 those bound to service for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three- 
 fifths of all other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three 
 years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every 
 subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The 
 number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each 
 State shall have at least one Representative; and, until such enumeration shall be 
 made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts 
 eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five. New Yorl< 
 six. New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia 
 ten. North Carolina five. South Carolina five, and Georgia three. 
 
 When vacancies happen in the representation from any .State, the executive 
 authority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. 
 
 Tlie House of Representatives sliall choose their speaker and other officers; and 
 shall have the sole power of impeachment. 
 
 of the senate. 
 
 Sec. .3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from 
 each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall 
 have one vote. 
 
 Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, 
 they shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the Sen- 
 ators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year, of tlie 
 second class at the expiration of the fourth year, .and of the third class at the expi- 
 ration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year; and if 
 vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature 
 of any State, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the 
 next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies.' 
 
 396 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED ST A TES. 397 
 
 No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty 
 years, antl been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when 
 elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. 
 
 The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but 
 shall have no vote, unless they shall be equally divided. 
 
 The Senate shallchoose their other officers, and shall have a President pro tempore, 
 in the absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the office of Presi- 
 dent of the United States. 
 
 The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for 
 that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United 
 States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside; and no person shall be convicted 
 without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present. 
 
 Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal 
 from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit, 
 under the United States; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and 
 subject to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment according to law. 
 
 MANNER OP ELECTING MEMBERS. 
 
 Sec. 4. The times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators and 
 Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but 
 the Congress may at any time, by law, make or alter such regulations, except as to 
 the places of choosing Senators. 
 
 CONGRESS TO ASSEMBLE ANNUALLY. 
 
 The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall 
 be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. 
 
 POWERS. 
 
 Sec. 5. Each house shall be the jud^e of tue elections, returns and qualifications 
 of Its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do busi- 
 ness; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized 
 to compel the attendance of absent members, in such manner, and undersuch 
 penalties, as each house may provide. 
 
 Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for 
 disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. 
 
 Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish 
 the same, excepting such parts as may, in their judgment, require secrecy; and the 
 yeas and nays of the members of either house on any question shall, at the desire of 
 one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. 
 
 Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the 
 other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which 
 the two houses shall be sitting. 
 
 COMPENSATION, ETC., OF MEMBERS. 
 
 Sec. 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for their 
 services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. 
 They shall in all cases, except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged 
 from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in 
 going to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either house, 
 they shall not be questioned in any other place. 
 
 No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be 
 appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall 
 have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during 
 such time; and no person holding any office under the United States, shall be a 
 member of either house during his continuance in office. 
 
 MANNER OP PASSING BILLS, ETC. 
 
 Sec. 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representa- 
 tives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other bills. 
 
 Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, 
 shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President of the United States; 
 if he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his objections, to 
 
398 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 that house In which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large 
 on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two- 
 thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the 
 objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if 
 approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases 
 the votes of t)oth houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the 
 persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house 
 respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days 
 (Sunday excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a 
 law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their adjournment 
 prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. 
 
 Kvery order, resolution or vote, to which the concurrence of the Senate and 
 House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment), 
 shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the same shall 
 take effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be re- 
 passed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the 
 rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. 
 
 POWER OP CONGRESS. 
 
 Sec. 8. The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts 
 and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general wel- 
 fare of the United States; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform 
 throughout the United States; 
 
 To borrow money on the credit of the United States; 
 
 To regulate commerce vpith foreign nations, and among the several States, and 
 with the Indian tribes; 
 
 To establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject 
 of bankruptcies throughout the United States; 
 
 To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the stan- 
 dard of weights and measures; 
 
 To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin 
 of the United States; 
 
 To establish post-ofBces and post-roads; 
 
 To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times 
 to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and dis- 
 coveries; 
 
 To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court: 
 
 To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and 
 offenses against the law of nations; 
 
 To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning 
 captures on laud and water; 
 
 To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be 
 for a longer term than two years; 
 
 To provide and maintain a navy; 
 
 To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces; 
 
 To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress 
 insurrections and repel invasions; 
 
 To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, and for governing 
 such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving 
 to the States respectively the appointment of the officers, and the authority of train- 
 ing the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress; 
 
 To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not 
 exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular States, and the accept- 
 ance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to 
 exercise like authority over all places purchased by tlie consent of the Legislature of 
 the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, 
 dockyards and other needful buildings; and 
 
 To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execu- 
 tion the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the 
 government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof. 
 
CONSriTVTIOX OF THE VNITED STA TES. 399 
 
 LIMITATION OF THE POWERS OP CONGRESS. 
 
 Sec. 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the States now 
 existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior 
 to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed 
 on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person. 
 
 The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in 
 cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it. 
 
 No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. 
 
 No capitation, or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census 
 or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken. 
 
 No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. 
 
 No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the 
 ports of one State over those of another; nor shall vessels bound to, or from, one 
 State, be obliged to enter, clear or pay duties in another. 
 
 No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in consequence of appropria- 
 tions made bylaw; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expendi- 
 tures of all public money shall be published from time to time. 
 
 No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States; and no person holding 
 any office of profit or trust under them shall, without the consent of the Congress, 
 accept of any present, emolument, office or title, of any kind whatever, from any 
 king, prince or foreign State. 
 
 LIMITATION OF THE POWERS OF THE INDIVIDUAL STATES. 
 
 Sec. 10. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance or confederation; grant 
 letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make any thing 
 but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainder, 
 ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts or grant any title of 
 nobility. 
 
 No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any Imposts or duties on 
 imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary lor executing its 
 inspection laws; and the net produce of all duties and imposts, laid by any State on 
 imports or exports, shall be for the use of the treasury of the United States; and all 
 such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress. 
 
 No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep 
 troops, or ships of wai', in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with 
 another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, 
 or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay. 
 
 ARTICLE II. 
 
 EXECUTIVE POWER. 
 
 Section 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United 
 States of America. He shall hold his office durini; the term of four years, -and 
 together with the Vice-President, chosen for the same terra, be elected as follows: 
 
 MANNER op ELECTING. 
 
 Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, 
 a number of electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to 
 which the State may be entitled in the Congress; but no Senator or Representative, 
 or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be 
 appointed an elector. 
 
 (The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for two per- 
 sons, of whom one at least shall not bean inhabitant of the same State as tnem- 
 selves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number 
 of votes for each ; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the 
 seatof the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. 
 The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Repre- 
 sentatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The per- 
 son having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be 
 a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if there be more than 
 one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of 
 
400 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 Representatives shall Immediately choose by ballot one of them for President; and 
 if no person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said House 
 shallin like manner choose the President. But in choosing the President, the votes 
 shall be talcen by States, the representation from each State having one vote; a 
 quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of 
 the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every 
 case, after the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of 
 votes of the electors shall be the Vice-President. But if there should remain two 
 or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the 
 Vice-Presdent.*) 
 
 TIME OP CHOOSING ELECTORS. 
 
 The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on 
 which they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same throughout the 
 United States. 
 
 WHO ELIGIBLE. 
 
 No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the Unlte(? States at the 
 time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President; 
 neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained the 
 age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a residentwithin the United States. 
 
 WHEN THE PRESIDENT'S POWER DEVOLVES ON THE VICE-PRESIDENT. 
 
 In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation or 
 inability todischarge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve 
 on the Vice-President, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of 
 removal, death, resignation or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, 
 declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accor- 
 dingly until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. 
 
 PRESIDENT'S COMPEN.SATION. 
 
 The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensation 
 which shall neither be increased nor diminished during tlie period for which he 
 shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emol- 
 ument from the United States, or any of them. 
 
 Before he enter on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or 
 affirmation: "1 do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the 
 office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, 
 protect and defend the Constitution of the United States." 
 
 POWERS AND DUTIES. 
 
 Sec. 2. The President shall be Commander-in-Chief of the army and navy of 
 the United States, and of the militia of the several States when ca'led into the actual 
 service of the United States; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the princi- 
 pal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the 
 duties of their respective offices, and lie shall have power to grant reprieves and 
 pardons for offences against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. 
 
 He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make 
 treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nomi- 
 nate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassa- 
 dors, other public ministers and consuls. Judges of the Supreme Court, and all other 
 officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided 
 for, and which sliall I)e established by law; but the Congress may by law vest the 
 appointment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, 
 in the Courts of law. or in the heads of departments. 
 
 The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during 
 the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of 
 their next session. 
 
 • Altered by the 18th Amendment. See page 404. 
 
COXSTITCTIOX OF THE UXITED STATES. 401 
 
 Sec. 3. He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress information of the 
 state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall 
 judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both 
 houses or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them, with respect 
 to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he sliall think, 
 proper; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care 
 that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the 
 United States. 
 
 OFFICERS REMOVED. 
 
 Sec. 4. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United States, 
 shall be removed from office, on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, 
 bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. 
 
 ARTICLE III. 
 
 OF THE JUDICIARY. 
 
 Section 1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested In one 
 Supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time 
 ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the Supreme and inferior Courts, shall 
 hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their 
 services a compensation which shall not be diminished during their continuance In 
 office. 
 
 Sec 2. (The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising 
 under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which 
 shall be made, under their authority; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other 
 public ministers and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; 
 to controversies to which the United States shall be a party; to controversies 
 between two or more States; between a State and citizens of another State; between 
 citizens of different States; between citizens of the same State claiming lands under 
 grants of different States, and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign 
 States, citizens or subjects.*) 
 
 JURI.SDICTION OP SUPREME COURT. 
 
 In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those 
 In which a State shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdic- 
 tion. In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appel- 
 late jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such 
 regulations as the Congress shall make. 
 
 • OF TRIALS FOR CRIMES. 
 
 The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury; and 
 such trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall have been commit- 
 ted; but when not committed within any State, the trial shall be at such place or 
 places as the Congress may by law have directed. 
 
 OF TREASON. 
 
 SEC. 3. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war 
 against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. 
 
 No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses 
 to the same overt act, or on confession in open Court. 
 
 The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no 
 attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during 
 the life of the person attainted. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. 
 
 STATE ACTS. 
 
 Section 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State tof./e public acts, 
 records and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may, by 
 general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records and proceedings 
 shall be proved, and the effect thereof. 
 
 •Altered by the 11th Amendment. Seepage 404. 
 
402 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 PRIVILEGES OP CITIZENS. 
 
 Sec. 2. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immuni- 
 *jes of citizens in the several States. 
 
 A person charged in any State with treason, felony or other crime, who shall flee 
 from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the executive 
 authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the 
 •State having jurisdiction of the crime. 
 
 RUNAWAYS TO BE DELIVERED DP. 
 
 No person held to service or lator in one State, under the laws thereof, escaping 
 into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged 
 from such service or labor, but shill be delivered up on claim of the party to whom 
 such service or labor may be due. 
 
 NEW STATES. 
 
 Sec. 3. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no 
 new State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other State; nor 
 any State be formed by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States, with- 
 out the consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress. 
 
 TERRITORIAL AND OTHER PROPERTY. 
 
 The Congress shall have power to dispose of, and make all needful rules and 
 regulations respecting, the territory, or other property belonging to the United 
 States; and nothing in tliis Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any 
 claims of the United States, or of any particular State. 
 
 Sec. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every Stateinthis Unionarepubli- 
 can form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion; and, on 
 application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature can not be 
 convened), against domestic violence. 
 
 ARTICLE V. 
 AMENDMENTS. 
 
 The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall 
 propose amendments to this Constitution ; or, on the application of the Legislatures 
 of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention for proposing amend- 
 ments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intentsand purposes, as partof this 
 Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the several 
 States, or by Conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of 
 ratification may be proposed by Congress; provided, that no amendment which may 
 be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, shall in any man- 
 ner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth Section of the first Article; and 
 thatnoState, without its consent, shall be deprived of Its equal suffrage in the Senate. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. 
 DEBTS. 
 
 All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this 
 Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution as 
 under the Confederation. 
 
 SUPREME LAW OP THE LAND. 
 
 This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made In pur- 
 suance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority 
 of the United States shall be the supreme law of the land ; and the Judges in every 
 State shall be bound thereby, any thing in the Constitution or laws of any State to 
 the contrary notwithstanding. 
 
 OATH.— NO RELIGIOUS TEST. 
 
 The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the members ot the 
 several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United 
 States and of the several .States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support 
 this Constitution; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to 
 any oKce, or public trust, under the United States. 
 
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 403 
 
 ARTICLE VII. 
 
 The ratifications of the Conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for the estab- 
 lishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same. 
 
 Done in Convention, by the unanimous consent of the States present, the seven- 
 teenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and 
 eighty-seven, and of the Independence of the United States of America the tvfelfth. 
 In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names. 
 
 GEORGE WASHINGTON, 
 President, and Deputy from Virginia. 
 
 New Hampshire— John Langdon, Nicholas Gilman. Massachusetts— Hnthaniel 
 Gorham, Rufus King. Connecticut— William Samuel Johnson, Roger Sherman. 
 Neiv I'orfc— Alexander Hamilton. iVcw Jersey— William Livingston, David Brear- 
 ley, AVilliam Patterson, Jonathan Dayton. Pennsylvania — Benjamin Franklin, 
 Thomas Mifflin, Robert Morris, George Clymer, Thomas Fitzsimmons, Jared Inger- 
 soU , James Wilson, Gouverneur Morris. De/aware— George Read, Gunning Bedford, 
 Jr., John Dickinson, Richard Bassett. Jacob Broom. Maryland— James M'Henry, 
 Danielof St. Tho. Jenifer, Daniel Carroll, rirginia— John Blair, James Madison, 
 Jr. North CaroJina — William Blount, Richard Dobbs Spaight, Hugh Williamson. 
 South Carolina— John Rutledge, Chas. Cotesworth Pinckney, Charles Piuckney, 
 Pierce Butler. Georgia— William Few, Abraham Baldwin. 
 
 Attest, William Jackson, Secretary. 
 
 AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION. 
 
 [The first ten amendments were proposed by Congress at their first session, in 
 1789. The eleventh was proposed in 1794, and the twelfth in 1803.] 
 
 ARTICLE I. 
 
 FREE EXERCISE OF RELIGION. 
 
 Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibit- 
 ing the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; 
 or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for 
 a redress of grievances. 
 
 ARTICLE IL 
 
 EIGHT TO BEAR ARMS. 
 
 A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right 
 of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. 
 
 ARTICLE III. 
 NO SOLDIER TO BE BILLETED, ETC. 
 
 No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent 
 of the owner; nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. 
 
 UNREASONABLE SEARCHES PROHIBITED. 
 
 The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and etfects, 
 against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated; and no warrants 
 shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particu- 
 larly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 
 
 ARTICLE V. 
 
 CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS. 
 
 No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous crime, 
 unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except In cases arising in 
 the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service, in time of war or 
 public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be put twice 
 
404 THE MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 In jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a 
 ■witness against himself; nor be deprived of life, liberty or property, without due 
 process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use vrithout justcom- 
 pensation. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. 
 
 MODE OF TRIAL. 
 
 In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and 
 public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall 
 have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by 
 law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be con- 
 Ironted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining 
 witnesses in his favor; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. 
 
 ARTICLE VII. 
 RIGHT OF TRIAL BY JURY. 
 
 Insults at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty 
 dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved; and no fact tried by jury shall 
 be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States than according to the 
 rules of the common law. 
 
 ARTICLE VIIL 
 BAIL.— FINES. 
 
 Excessive bail Shall not be required, nor excessive fines Imposed, nor cruel and 
 unusual punishments inflicted. 
 
 ARTICLE IX. 
 
 RIGHTS NOT ENUMERATED. 
 
 The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights, shall not be construed to 
 deny or disparage othei's retained by the people. 
 
 ARTICLE X. 
 POWERS RESEUVKD. 
 
 The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited 
 by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively or to the people. 
 
 ARTICLE XI. 
 
 LIMITATION OP JUDICIAL POWER. 
 
 The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any 
 suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by 
 citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State. 
 
 ARTICLE XH. 
 BLECTION OF PRESIDENT. 
 
 The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for President 
 and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same 
 State with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as 
 President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President; and they 
 shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President and of all persons 
 voted for as Vice-President, and of the numl)er of votes for each, which list 
 they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of tlie Government of 
 the United States, directed to the President of the Senate; the President of the 
 Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all 
 the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted; the person having the greatest 
 number of votes for President shall be the President, if such number be a majority 
 of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have such a majority, 
 then from the persons having the higliest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list 
 of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose imme- 
 diately by ballot the President. But in clioosing the President, the vote shall be 
 taken by States, the representatives from each State having one vote; a quorum 
 for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the 
 States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the 
 
CONSTITUTION OP' THE UNITED ^STATES. 405 
 
 House of Representatives shall not choose a President, whenever the right of choice 
 (hall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then Hie 
 Vice-President shail act as President, as in the case of the death or other Con- 
 stitutional disability of the President. 
 
 The person having the greatest nunil)er of votes as Vice-President shall be the 
 Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors 
 appointed; and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers 
 on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose 
 shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the 
 whole number shall be necessary to a choice. 
 
 I5iit no person Constitutionally ineligible to the ofBce of President shall be 
 eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. 
 [Ratified in 1865.] 
 ARTICLE XI 11. 
 
 Sec. 1. Neither Slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for 
 crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the 
 United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. 
 
 Sec. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legis- 
 lation. 
 
 [Ratified in 1868-] 
 ARTICLE XIV. 
 
 Sec. 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the 
 Jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States, and of the State wherein they 
 reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall aoridge the privileges 
 and iinmuiiities of citizens of the United States. Nor shall any State deprive any 
 person of life, liberty or property without due process of law, nor deny to any 
 person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. 
 
 Sec. 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several .States according 
 to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, 
 excluding Indians not taxed; but whenever the right to vote at any election for 
 electors of President and Vice-President, or United States Representatives in 
 Congress, executive and Judicial ofiicers, or the members of the Legislature there- 
 of is denied to any of tl;e male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years 
 of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for pai- 
 ticipation in rebellion or other crimes, the basis ot reinesentation therein shall be 
 reduced in tlie proportion which the number of such male citizens shall oear to the 
 whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in that State. 
 
 Sec. 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, electorof 
 President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civilor military, under the United 
 States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath as a member of 
 Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State Legisla- 
 ture, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution 
 of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the 
 same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof ; but Congress may by a vote 
 of two thirds of each House, remove such disability. 
 
 Sec. 4. The validity of the public debt ot the United States authorized by law, 
 including debts incurred for the payment ot jiensions and bounties tor service in 
 suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned; but neither the 
 United States nor any State shall assume to pay any debt or obligation incurred in 
 aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim tor the loss 
 or emancipation of any slave, but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be 
 illegal and void. 
 
 Sec. 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, 
 the provisions of this article. 
 
 [Ratified in 1870.] 
 ARTICLE XV. 
 
 Sec. 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or 
 abridged l)y the United States, or by any State, on account ot race, color or previous 
 condition of servitude. 
 
 Sec. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this Article by appropriate 
 leglsIatioD. 
 
A SHORT HISTORY OF KANSAS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 EARLIEST KAXSAS, lS04—lSo4. 
 
 The present State of Kansas, with the exception of a 
 small part in the southwest corner, was comprised in the 
 "Louisiana Purchase," made by President Thomas 
 Jefferson of Napoleon [3onaparte, First Consul of France, 
 in 1803. 
 
 But while the pui'chase was made from France the 
 country i-emained in possession of Spain. Accordingly^ 
 on March 9, 1804, Major Amos Stoddard, of the United 
 States Army, appeared at St. Louis, and as "agent and 
 commissary " of the French Republic received from Don 
 Carlos Dehault Delassus, tlie Spanish lieutenant-gov- 
 ernor, the formal cession of the province of Upper 
 Louisiana. The S})anish "Regiment of Louisiana" 
 marched out of the fort ; a detachment of the First 
 United States Artillery mai'ched in ; the American flag- 
 was raised ; and the next day being March 10, 1804, 
 Major Stoddard began the rule of the United States, 
 with the title of "commandant." 
 
 On May 14, the expedition fitted out unch'r the per- 
 sonal direction of President JcffiM'son, and jointly com- 
 manded by Capf. William Clark und Capt. Merri- 
 wether Lezois, which had been held in tli(> vicinity of 
 St. Louis until the transfer sliould have nuide the 
 Missouri legally an American river, started up that 
 stream. On June 27 the expedition landed at what is 
 now Kansas City, Kansas. At noon on July 4, 1804, the 
 
SHORT HISTORY OF KANSAS. -107 
 
 voyagers halted at or near the {)resent site of Atchison, 
 and named a small stream "Fourth of July Creek." 
 Resuming their journey, they passed the mouth of a 
 creek, to which they gave the name of "Independence," 
 which it bears to this day. Thus came to Kansas the 
 first American Fourth of July. The evening gun of the 
 explorers, as it echoed among the bluffs of the Missouri, 
 gave early proclamation of the sovereignty of the United 
 States of America. 
 
 It was in May, 1806, two years and two months after the 
 starting of the Lewis and Clark expedition, that Lieut. 
 Zebitlon Montgomery Pike (l^is family called him by his 
 middle nau^e) left Bellefontaine on the Missouri and took 
 the road of the Missouri and the Osage for Kansas. He 
 entered what is now Kansas, in Linn County, traveled 
 on to the Neosho and the Verdigris, and then to the 
 northwest to the Saline, in the direction of the Pawnee 
 Republic. The Kansas traversed by Pike was a great, 
 open, undulating pi'airie, without the ruins or monu- 
 ments or remains of any prehistoric race. On all the 
 long march he found no road or trace made by human 
 beings as wide as the buffalo's path to the rocky ford, 
 till he came upon the trail of a large Spanish force 
 retui'ning to New Spain. In all the wide wilderness there 
 were no human habitations, save the lodges of the Indians 
 in a few widely scattered villages, scarcely more arti- 
 ficial and permanent than the house and dam the beaver 
 builds. It was on September 25, ISOG, that Pike reached 
 the village of the Pawnees, who had separated from 
 the body of their tribe in Nebraska and established this 
 settlement in Kansas, called by the white people 
 the Pawnee Republic. From this the Republican 
 river derives its name. The latest r-esearches would 
 indicate that the village was located in White Rock 
 Township, Republic County. On September 29, Pike 
 met in council 500 Pawnee warriors. He had with his 
 
408 MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 party Osage and Kansas Indians. He found a Spanish 
 flag flying at the door of the council lodge. It had been 
 left by the Spanish party whose home-returning trail he 
 had crossed. It appeared that the Spaniards of New 
 Spain did not recognize the transfer made at New 
 Orleans or at St. Louis. The country was still S})anish 
 to them. They warned the Indians against the United 
 States, a nation which they described as small but 
 enterprising. Lieutenant Pike firmly insisted that the 
 American flag should be raised in the place of the Span- 
 ish flag at the council lodge door, and it was done, but 
 reluctantly, for the Pawnees feared the return of the 
 Spaniards. Pike endeavored to calm their fears, but 
 they remained sad, sullen, and finally showed signs of 
 hostility. Then he was obliged to inform the Indians of 
 the tone and temper of the American soldier, to tell 
 them that his score of men were well armed and if 
 attacked would sell their lives dearly, and "Our Great 
 Father will send young warriors to gather our bones,' 
 he said, "and revenge our death, and our spirits will 
 rejoice in hearing our exploits sung in the war songs of 
 our chiefs." 
 
 Pike having overawed the Indians, remained in the 
 neighboi'hood till October 1), when he marched toward 
 the Great Bend of the Arkansas. There his party 
 divided, part going down the rivei- to finally reach Fort 
 Adams, Pike and the remainder marchiiig up the stream 
 to the discovery of the gi'cat white mountain, called by 
 the Spaniards the Grand Peak, h^it which we now call 
 Pike's Peak. 
 
 Continuing his march amid the mountains, Pike finally 
 built a stockade and went into winter quarters on the 
 Rio del Norte. Here he was taken prisoner by a force 
 from New Spain, as an intruder on S])anish territory. 
 He was carried away to Santa Fe, and to Chihuahua, 
 finally to be released and nuike his way to Natchitoches, 
 Louisiana, in July, 1807. 
 
SHORT HISTORY OF KANSAS. 409 
 
 Both Amos Stoddard, first governor of Upper Loui- 
 siana, and the brave explorei-, Pike, were destined to die 
 for their country in the war of 1812, with Great Britain. 
 Major Stoddaixl fell in the defense of Fort Meigs, in 
 Ohio ; General Pike gave up his life in the hour of vic- 
 tory at the capture of York, now Toronto, in Canada. 
 
 Pike was the fii'st intelligent American to visit and 
 descril)e the interior of Kansas. In his journal, which 
 was pul)lished in 1810, an abridgment of which after- 
 ward appeared in London, liis descriptions of the appear- 
 ance and characteristics of the country are always clear, 
 and sometimes picturesque. "The borders of wood- 
 land which ornament the l)anks of the streams," he 
 says in one place, "are no more than a line traced on a 
 sheet of ]Kip)er when compared to the immense tract 
 of meadow coimiti'y." 
 
 The narrati?^ of Pike threw much light not only 
 upon Kansas, but southern Colorado and New Mexico, 
 and awakened interest in those regions, and the country 
 beyond them to the westward. 
 
 In 1808, two years after Pike's expedition, fur ti-aders 
 established themselves on thc^ lower Kansas River, and on 
 Mission Creek, in Shawnee County. After the trader 
 came the missionary. Father Charles de la Croix, in 1822, 
 baptized two Indians (the first baptisms in Kansas), at 
 what was afterward the site of Osage Mission, now St. 
 Paul, in Neosho County. The overland trade to Santa 
 Fe was established by that year. Then Kansas became 
 the open gate. Traders and freighters bound for Santa 
 Fe ; trappers and hunters seeking the fastnesses of the 
 Rocky Mountains ; soldiers going to the Mexican war ; 
 emigrants moving out on the Oregon trail ; ex])lorers 
 sent liy the United States Government to find its own ; 
 gold-seekers pressing on to far California ; Mormons 
 seeking their city of refuge by the Great Salt Lake ; 
 Indians moving silently and in single file on their capri- 
 
410 MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 cit)us journeys, for nearly fifty yeai's used Kansas, without 
 brawling- and dang-erous river or opposing mountain, for 
 their broad and open highway. 
 
 About 1832 the Government seemed to have deter- 
 mined that Kansas should be forever an Indian country ; 
 it was then properly designated the Indian Territory. 
 Originally the country seemed to have few other Indian 
 residents than the Osages and their " poor relations," 
 the Kansas Indians, by the French called the Kaws. 
 But these were called on to "move on," and make room 
 for other Indians. Tlien came to the neighborhood of 
 the mouth of the Kansas River the Wyandottes, wdio are 
 said to have once lived on an island in the St. Lawrence 
 neai- Montreal. The Shawnees and the Ottawas, and the 
 Delawares from Ohio, had come before. So first and last 
 came from Missouri and farther east the Weas and the 
 Piankeshaws, the Kickapocxs and the Peorias, and the 
 lowas, and the Sacs and Foxes, and more important 
 than these the Pottawatomies of Indiana. With these 
 various peoples came missionaries. A missionary to the 
 Ottawas, Rev. Jotham Meeker, brought the first print- 
 ing press to Kansas. The first wdiite children l)orn in 
 Kansas were the sons and daughters of missionaries. 
 Thus the missionai'ies were the "first families." For 
 the lands the Indians gave up in the East the Govern- 
 ment agreed to pay $27,000,000 ; more than for all of 
 Louisiana. And the Indians were to live in Kansas and 
 be happy while "grass grows and water runs." 
 
 All this, however, was destined to come to an end in 
 1854. By the agreement made in 1820 aiid called tlu^ 
 Missouri Compromise, slavery would have been " for- 
 ever prohibited " in Kansas, but on May 22 was passed 
 in the Senate, and on May 2(; in the House, and on May 
 30, 185-4, received the signature of President Pierce, the 
 act entitled "An Act to organize the Territories of 
 Nel)i"aska and Kansas," which repeale'd the anti-slavery 
 
SITOR T nrSTOR Y OF KA NSA S. 4 1 1 
 
 clause of the compromise. Tlio hill, commonly called I'or 
 a k)ng time the ^'Nebraska bill," received in both 
 houses 113 votes for to 100 votes against it. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 THK TERRIToniAL I'ERJOD, ISM—tSGl. 
 
 The Kansas Territorv, oi-ganized under and by this 
 bill, extended westward to the "summit of the Rocky 
 Mountains," including a large |)ortion of the State of 
 Colorado, which became a Kansas territoi-ial county 
 under the name of Arapahoe. 
 
 Prior to the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the 
 title to large portions of the Indian lands in eastern 
 Kansas had been relinquished to the United States. The 
 country was open to white settlement, and it came. The 
 contest as to wh(>ther Kansas should be a free or slave 
 State began at once, both within and without the Terri- 
 tory. Three newly discovered agencies came into use 
 about that time: the telegraph, the "correspond- 
 ent," foreign and domestic, and tlie metropolitan daily 
 newspaper. Nothing was hidden in Kansas after these 
 came. A pistol shot in Kansas roared like a volley on 
 the Atlantic coast ; a whis])er in Kansas became an 
 echoing cry in the Alleghanies. 
 
 Before the first snow fell on Kansas as a Territory 
 Lawrence had been founded, and also Leavenworth and 
 Atchison. Each town, as it was laid oft', was known as 
 "Free State " or " pro-slavery. " It was the time for the 
 appearance of thc^ first net0Spapers, which were all 
 '.' Free State " or " jjro-slavery." The Leavenworth 
 Herald (pro-slavery) was fhc first news})aper. The 
 first b(»oks about Kansas Territory, of which there were 
 many, appeai'ed. The great poets of the country were 
 
412 MODPJL HISTORY. 
 
 interested in tlie Kansas (juestion. William Cullen 
 Bryant wrote the "Prairies," and .Tulm (i. Whittier 
 wrote : 
 
 "We cross the i)rairies as of old 
 The pilgrims crossed the sea." 
 
 Governor Andrew H. Reeder, first Terriforial Goz'- 
 
 ernor oi Kansas, arrived on October (J, 1854, and estab- 
 lished the executive ottice at Fort Leavenworth, but 
 removed to the Shawnee Mission in November. 
 
 On November 26 was held the first election in the 
 Territory, and General John W. Whittield, pro-slavery, 
 was declared elected delegate to Congi^ess. 
 
 The earlier days of 1855 witnessed the arrival in 
 Kaiisas of three foi-ces destined to be prominent, " Old 
 John Brozan," James H. Lane, and the Sharps' rifle. 
 
 On Mai-ch 30, 1855, occurred the election for members 
 of the Legislature and county officers, and with it came 
 the immsion of voters from Missouri, an estimated 
 force of 1,000 men appearing at the polls at Lawrence. 
 The returns of this election showed 5,427 pro-slavery, 
 and 791 Free State votes cast. The census taken in Feb- 
 ruary preceding showed 2,905 voters in the Territory. 
 
 Governor Reeder signalized the beginning of his 
 administration by an abortive attempt to remove the 
 Territorial Legislature to Pawnee, near Fort Riley. The 
 Legislature adjourned from Pawnee at once, and reassem- 
 bled at Shawnee Mission, on July 16, 1855. It adopted 
 the laws of Missouri, with special acts for the mainte- 
 nance of slaz'erv i'^ Kansas, and the punishment of 
 disbelievers in slavery who wrote, printed or spoke 
 against it. It was called by the Free State party the 
 "Bogus Legislature, " and its laws the "Bogus laws." 
 Yet the earlier cities of Kansas were incorporated by its 
 authority, and it gave to twenty-four Kansas counties 
 the names they still bear. It established the permanent 
 seat of government at Lecompton. 
 
moR r iiisTOR r of ka nsas. ^i 3 
 
 The actions of this Legislature added fuel to an alfeady 
 fierce flame. There were murders, mobs, lynchings, the 
 destruction of printing presses, and the driving out of 
 settlers and citizens throughout the j^ear. The rescue of 
 a prisoner named Branson from Samuel J. Jones, sheriff 
 of Douglas County, Kansas, and postmaster of Westport, 
 Missouri, led to the summoning of the militia as a sheriff's 
 posse, and the armed rally of the Free State forces at 
 Lawrence, with Charles Robinson as commander-in-chief, 
 and of the pro-slavery forces at Franklin, near the 
 mouth of the Wakarusa, and the disbanding of both 
 forces without a battle, all together known as the 
 " JVakartisa War." The pro-slavery forces dispersed 
 on the order of Governor Shannon, who had succeeded 
 Governor Reeder August 10, 1855 
 
 In this year was inaugurated the first movement for 
 the admission oj Kansas as a State, in the calling 
 of a constitutional convention, and the adoption, Octo- 
 ber 23, of the Topeka Constitution, which said, "There 
 shall be no slavery in Kansas.'' On January 15, 1856, 
 occurred the election of State officers under the Topeka 
 Constitution, with Charles Robinson as Governor. In 
 January, President Pierce, in a special message to Con- 
 gress, denounced the organization of the Topeka govern- 
 ment as revolutionary, and an act of rebellion. On 
 March 4 the Legislature chosen under the Topeka consti- 
 tution assembled at Topeka, and adjourned to meet on 
 July 4. On that day it was dispersed by a force of 
 United States troops, commanded by Colonel Sumner. 
 The time of Congress was entirely occupied with various 
 phases of the Kansas question. The Topeka constitu- 
 tion was presented and was favored by the House, but 
 rejected by the Senate. 
 
 In Kansas both parties wei^e reinforced. Free State 
 immigrants continued to pour in, coming by way of Iowa 
 and Nebraska. In August a party of GOO immigrants, 
 
414 MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 led by Gen. James H. Ln,n(\ arrived by this route. 
 Companies of Southern })artisans arrived from Georgia, 
 Alabama and South Carolina. The Federal authority 
 adopted the ])oliey of making arrests on charges of 
 treason. Governor Robinson was ari'ested in May, and 
 was held at Lecompton for four months before being 
 released on bail. The Territory was declared in a state 
 of insurrection and was actually in a state of war. The 
 pro-slavery army from Missouri on May 21 attacked 
 Lawrence, destroyed the Free State hotel and two news- 
 paper offices, and burned the house of Governor Robin- 
 son, under the direction of SherifT Jones. Five days 
 after, five pro-slavery settlers living on Pottawatomie 
 Creek were called out at night and killed. John Brown 
 took the field and defeated and captured Captain Pate's 
 party. Franklin was captured by the Free State men. 
 Col. Samuel Walker invested and took "Fort Titus." 
 The fort of the Georgians near Osawatomie was 
 taken. The war raged in Linn County. In Septemb(>r 
 Captain Harvey attacked and cari-ied Hickory Point in 
 Jefferson County, and his command was afterward taken 
 in custody by United States soldiers, and added to the 
 "Lecompton prisoners." The pro-slavery men bui-ned 
 Osawatomie. 
 
 On September 10, IS.")!;, Go7wrnor John IV. Geary 
 arrived and relieved Secretary Woodson, who had ruled 
 since the departure of Governor Shannon, removed. 
 Governor Geary set at work t(i disljand the armed 
 parties ; met and released from the United States troops 
 a party oi Free State innnigi-ants coming Ivova the 
 North, and met at the mouth of the Wakarusa a large 
 pro-slavery force advancing from MissoiuM, and ordered 
 them to fall f)ack, which they did. Many years afterward 
 the name of the county of Davis in fvansas was changed 
 to Geai"y in his honor. 
 
 With IS,')! came the ///;-;/ of the tide. On the meet- 
 
SHOE T HISTOR Y OF KANSAS. 41 5 
 
 ing of the Territorial Legislature at Lecompton, Gov- 
 ei'iior Geary recommended the repeal of some of the slave 
 laws, and also the building of a railroad to the Gulf of 
 Mexico. Governor Geary resigned in February, and was 
 succeeded in May, 1857, by Governor Robert J. Walker. 
 
 Marcus J. Parrot was elected territorial delegate to 
 Congress and was admitted without contest. 
 
 The Lecompfon Consiitidional Convention niet 
 September 7, 1857, and adopted a constitution contem- 
 plating slavery. It was destined to be voted on three 
 times, the last time under the "English bill," in August, 
 1858, when it was rejected by over 9,000 votes. A candle 
 box found in a wood pile, and once containing fraudulent 
 election returns, forms part of the Kansas Historical 
 Society's collection, a relic of the Lecompton constitu- 
 tion. 
 
 The legislature elected in 1857 contained a Free State 
 majority. It provided for the meeting of a constitu- 
 tional convention, which sul)se(piently adopted what is 
 known as the Leavenworth Constitntion, which did 
 not contain the word "wliite." 
 
 In November, 1857, Gov^ernor Walker left the Terri- 
 tory not to return, and Secretary Stanton was removed 
 soon after. John W. Denver was appointed secretary 
 and acting Governor in December, and was later 
 appointed Governor. He resigned in Septeml)er, 1858, 
 and on December 17, Samuel Medary, the last terri- 
 torial Goz'ernor of Kansas, took the oath of oflice. 
 
 On May 19, 1858, near Trading Post, in JAnn County, 
 occurred the tragedy known as the " ]\Iarias des 
 Cygnes Massacre." The |)lace is now marked by a 
 monument. The memory of the bloody deed will be 
 preserved by the verses of Whittier with their final 
 
 ])rophecy : 
 
 " Ilencefurth to the sunset, 
 Unchecked on her way, 
 Shall Liberty follow 
 The march of the day." 
 
410 MODEL niSTORY. 
 
 Tn the years 1857 and lsr)S Kansas enjoyed eompara- 
 tive })eac'e, received, especially in IS")?, a large t'tnmi- 
 gratioHi discussed plans foi* railroads, established many 
 newspapers, indulged in high schools, and 1858 saw the 
 old roads made by the California gold-seekers of 1840 
 thronged l)y adventurous thousands bound for the 
 then n(>wly discovered gold fields of Pike's Peak 
 
 The territorial Legislature of 185!), which met at Le- 
 compton January 4, and immediately adjourned to Law- 
 rence, found its attention directed to the war in ])rogress 
 in Linn and Bourbon counties, between Capt. James 
 Montgomery and his enemies. Captain Montgomery's 
 ultimatum was laid before the Legislature, one article 
 being that the parties he had "run out " of the Terri- 
 tory should "Stay out." Later, a treaty was ari-anged 
 between the contending forces. This Legislature re- 
 pealed the laws of 1855 (the "Bogus laws") and the 
 statute books were formally burned. Events moved rap- 
 idly. Governor Medary issued on Mai'ch 1) his procla- 
 mation for a vote for or against a constiftitional 
 COIwenlion. On Mareh 28 the election was held, 
 resulting in a majority in favor of a convention. 
 The election for delegates was held June 7, 14,000 votes 
 were cast, and of the delegates elected 35 were styled 
 Republicans and 17 Democrats, the old distinction, Free 
 State and pro-slavery having ceased. 
 
 The Wyandotte Constitutional Convention assem- 
 bled July 5, 1S51). It was the lirst- constitutional con- 
 vention held in the Territory where both parties were 
 repi'esented. James M. Winchell was chosen president, 
 John A. Martin secretary, and Solon O. Thacher presi- 
 dent pro tern. It was resolved to take the Constitution 
 of Ohio as a model. In defining the limits of the State, 
 the convention cut ofi Arapahoe County and declined to 
 receive Nel)raska south of llie Platte River. A commit- 
 tee on claims reported to the convention that in the 
 
SHORT HISTORY OF KANSAS. 417 
 
 course of the "Border troubles" tzoo httndred Iwes 
 
 had been lost and $2, QUO, 000 worth of [)roperty had 
 been destroyed. On October 16, 1859, the Wyandotte 
 Constitution was ratified by a vote of the people ; and 
 on December 0, State officers, members of the Legislature 
 and a representative in Congress were elected. 
 
 The year 1860 has been remembered for the great 
 calamity known as i\iQ " drouth of '6o," although it 
 began in 1859 and continued into 1861. Many settlers 
 left the Territory never to ?-eturn. The sufferings of the 
 people who remained were relieved through the gener- 
 osity of the Northern States. The Legislature of New 
 York appropriated $50,000, the Legislature of Wiscon- 
 sin $10,000. The contributions of societies ajid individ- 
 uals were very great. The general relief committee for 
 the Territory acknowledged the receipt of aid to the 
 amount of over one million pounds, besides clothing, 
 boots and shoes. The principal point of receipt and 
 distribution was Atchison. The president of the relief 
 society and its most active agent was Samuel C. Pom- 
 eroy. 
 
 Notwithstanding the distress of the Territory, the 
 first mile of railroad track was laid, and the first 
 locomotive ap[)eared in Kansas at Elwood, Doniphan 
 County, in 1860. Peace and quiet generally prevailed in 
 the Territory, save in Linn County, where Captain Mont- 
 gomery again took the field, and among other acts 
 executed Russell Hinds as a "man stealer," under the 
 authority of a passage in Exodus. 
 
 The United States census of 1860 gave Kansas a popu- 
 lation of 107,204, though this was later much diminished. 
 
418 MODEL HisrORY. 
 
 CHAPTER TIJ. 
 
 THE STATE OF KANSAS, 
 
 iS6i—i8g7. 
 
 On January 21, 18(!1, the House of Representatives 
 passed the bill for ihe admission of Kansas a,s a 
 
 State under the Wyandotte constitution ; on January 28 
 the bill passed the Senate, and on January 2'J was signed 
 by President Buchanan. The news was received in 
 Kansas with rejoicings that filled the day and consumed 
 the night. The children of Kansas still honor January 
 29 with songs and speeches as " Kansas Day." The 
 State officers elected on December (I, 1859, assumed 
 office. Governor Robinson was sworn in on February 9, 
 1861, the same day that Jefferson Davis was chosen 
 Provisional President of the Southern Confederacy. 
 
 "^^^i^ first Legislature <>f the State of Kansas assembled 
 at Topeka on March 26, 1861. The House met in the 
 "Gale Block " and the Senate in the " Ritchie Block." 
 The first important act of the Legislature was the election 
 of two United States Senators on April 4. But one 
 ballot was taken and it consumed two hours. James H. 
 Lane and Samuel C. Pomeroy were chosen. 
 
 Martin F. Conway had been elected a member of 
 Congress at the election held under the Wyandotte 
 Constitution December 6, 1859. His term expiring 
 March 4, 1861, he was re-elected on June 17, 1861, 
 thus completing the Kansas representation in Congress. 
 
 The Legislature at this session adopted the State seal. 
 The motto Ad astra per aspera was suggested by 
 John James Tup-alls. 
 
 Topeka was made the permanent Capital by a vote 
 of the people November 5, 1861. 
 
SHORT HISTORY OF KANSAS. -11 ^ 
 
 On June 4 the iirst Legislature adjoui-ned. The eouutry 
 was wrapped in flames, and thei^eal'ter foi- hnir years tlie 
 bushiess of Kansas was war. 
 
 A summary made from the reeords of the Adjutant- 
 General of the United States in 1865, showed that under 
 every call of the President, Kansas furnished her quota 
 of volunteers. Under all the calls her cpiota was 12,930 ; 
 the State furnished 20,151 men. The record credits 
 Kansas with nineteen regiments, five companies and 
 three batteries ; these participated in 127 engagements 
 during the war. Adjutant-General Anderson reported 
 in lS(](j that Kansas had lost out of her force 472 officers 
 and 7,;>45 men. 
 
 The bombardment of Fort Sumter occurred on April 
 12, 1801. On April 17 Col. Samuel Walker, of Law- 
 rence, tendered Governor Robinson a company of one 
 lumdred mcMi. Thereafter the enlistment and mustering 
 was continuous. The 1st Kansas Volunteers was mus- 
 tered on June 1. On August 10, the 1st and 2d Kansas 
 were engaged in the battle of Wilson Creek, Missouri. 
 In February, 1802, Kansas had !l,000 soldiers in the field. 
 In the s[)ring and suuuner of 1802 three regiments were 
 recruited from the loyal Indians driven into Kansas 
 from the Indian Territory, and officered from the Kansas 
 regiments. In May, 180)2, the 1st Kansas, the 7th Kan- 
 sas Cavalry, tlie 8th Kansas Infantry and the 2d Kansas 
 Battery were sent beyond the Mississippi. 
 
 On August 21, 1803, the guerrilla Quantrell at- 
 tacked Lawrence at four o'clock in the morning, and 
 left the burning city between nine and ten o'clock in the 
 forenoon. A great portion of the city was burned ; 143 
 citizens were killed and 30 wounded. The loss of prop- 
 erty was estimated at $2,000,000. After this the war 
 along the border took on a more merciless character. 
 The numl^er of lives taken in revenge for Lawrence has 
 never been recorded. 
 
420 MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 In October, 186-1, theudvance of Gen. Sterling Price 
 
 with a large Confederate force in the direction of Kansas 
 City and the Kansas border led to the calling out of the 
 Kansas militia. Tt was estimated that 20,000 Kansas 
 men were underarms. In the actions called the "Battle 
 of the Blue" and the "Battle of Westport," General 
 Blunt conmianded the Kansas brigades of Colonels 
 Moonlio'ht, Jennison and Blair. The decisive battle of 
 Mine Creek, three days later, was fought on Kansas soil 
 in Linn County. 
 
 The larger numl)er of Kansas troops saw service west 
 of the Mississippi in Missouri, Arkansas and the Indian 
 Territory, extending their marches as far south as 
 Mississippi, Louisiana and Te.xas. It was all hard and 
 perilous work, much of it in a country but little more 
 than a wilderness. All over this country Kansas 
 soldiers, white, black and red, met and patiently and 
 bravely endured the rude fortunes of war. During the 
 war the State suffered numerous invasions by the enemy, 
 and defenseless towns were burned and plundered. 
 
 The history of two wars, the Border War and the Civil 
 War, is preserved in the collections of the Kansas State 
 Historical Society, in the capitol at Topeka. There 
 thousands of public rejjorts and ])rivate letters ; the 
 annals of the war ; journals written u[) by soldiers by 
 the campfire's light and amid the echoes of battle, gath- 
 ered with "bruised ar-ms"; and tattered flags hanging 
 old and weary on tlu^ walls, tell all the story. 
 
 Those who served and waited, fought and fell, have 
 been I'einembei-ed on the map of Kansas. The coun- 
 ties of Mitclu>Il, Cloud, Trego, Norton, Clark, Hai-- 
 per, Rooks, Rush, Russell, Stafford, Cowley, Graham, 
 Jewell, Osborne, Ellis, Gove, Pratt, Ness and Hodgeman 
 were named in honor of Kansas soldiers of the Union. 
 Governors Crawford and Harvey, whose names are borne 
 by counties, were officers in Kansas regiments. Alfred 
 
SHORT iiistohy of kaxsas. -121 
 
 Gray and Dudley C. Haskell saw service with the Kan- 
 sas troops. 
 
 Charles Robinson and Thomas Carney were the " zoar 
 governors" o( Kansas. 
 
 During the continuance of the Civil War, following 
 as it did a year of drouth and four years nearly filled 
 with "Border tn)ubles," Kansas made slow accumula- 
 tion of population and material wealth, but with the 
 close of the strugrerle the State beffan to receive an 
 increased immigration. This was largely owing to the 
 passage by Congress, in 1802, of the Homestead Laze, 
 giving the settler a title to 1(!0 acres of public land, on 
 five years' residence. The adding to the law of a ])ro- 
 vision allowing the deduction from this term of resi- 
 dence of the time the soldier had served in the armies of 
 the United States, filled the young State with the dis- 
 banded soldiers of the Union, bringing martial and 
 patriotic traditions. In ISSG, 100,000 Union volunteers 
 had been enrolled by the Adjutant-General of Kansas as 
 residents of the State. The Government land offices, 
 which were moved westward from time to time as the 
 State became occupied, were centers of interest ; the 
 claimants sometimes surrounding the office all night, 
 waiting its opening in the morning. In the Concordia 
 land district alone, in the year 1871, 932,715 acres of 
 land were entered under the Homestead Law. The 
 '^ homesteader " was the "Pilgrim father" of Kan- 
 sas ; he pushed to the front, following the bulTalo, kill- 
 ing the beast for his meat and hide ; and later gathering 
 up his bleaching bones and hauling them to the railroad 
 for "money or barter." 
 
 Railroads were the first desire of Kansas. The 
 earliest territorial Legislatures were accustomed to char- 
 ter railroad companies with ample powers. The ])lans 
 usually contemplated following the old trails of the 
 traders. The objective points were the Rocky Moun- 
 
422 MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 tains, llio Gulf of Mexico and Santa Fe. Congress 
 adopted the policy of niakino- immense grants of land 
 
 to the railroads, especially those designed to connect 
 the East and the West, the routes of which necessarily 
 ran through Kansas. In January, ISOG, the Legislature 
 granted 500,000 acres of State lands to four different 
 railroad companies. Large bodies of Indian lauds \vei"o 
 purchased by the railroads. The laiuls granted by the 
 United States to the railroads usually lay within ten 
 miles on either side of the ti"ack's in alternate sections ; 
 the Government retaining the remaining sections for 
 sale at $2.50 per acre. In the same decade following 
 the war, railroad building was vigorously pushed in 
 Kansas, the year 1866 seeing the beginning of several 
 important enterprises. It was the year of " breaking 
 ground." The counties followed the example of the 
 United States and of the State, and voted bonds. At. 
 the close of the year 1867 tlu-re were reported 52)5 miles 
 of railroad in the State ; in June, 1870, there were 1,288 
 miles. The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe received its 
 first locomotive in Topeka in 18(;!l. On September 1, 
 1870, the Kansas Pacific, later called the Union Pacific, 
 and begfun in 1863, reached Denver, the first railroad to 
 cross Kansas "from end to end." 
 
 The new State was troubled for years by the incur- 
 sions of Indians, who in May, 1866, killed six men at 
 Lake Sibley in Cloud County, and in July of the same 
 year committed rol)beries and outrages on White Rock 
 Creek in Republic County. Latt'r in the season the set- 
 tlers in the Solomon and Republican valleys were driven 
 out. in 1867 an Indian war prevailed on the plains, and 
 in July the 18th Kansas Battalion of four companies, 
 commanded by Rlajor H. L. Moore, took the field. The 
 Indians continued their activity, the principal object of 
 their attacks being the grading parties along the line of 
 the Kansas Pacific Railroad. The ISth defeated the 
 
SHOE T ins TORY OF K. I .V,SV1 ,S; 423 
 
 Indians in the Republican valley, l)ut nuiiiy uiufders 
 continued to be reported from the Solomon, Republican 
 and Saline valleys. In September, Governor Crawford 
 called out five companies of cavalry militia to })rotect 
 these regions. On October 9, 18G8, General Sheridan 
 called on Governor Crawford for a cavalry regiment of 
 volunteers, and on tlie 20th of the month the first com- 
 pany of the lUth Kansas Cavalry was mustered at Topeka, 
 and on November 4 Governor Crawford resigned his 
 office to take command of the regiment, which }»artici- 
 pated in tlie campaign against the savages, until April, 
 18G1>. The Indians were badly cut up at Black Kettle's 
 village on the Washita by General Custer anti professed 
 their submission, but in the spring of 1870 broke into 
 the Republican and Solomon valleys and murdered 
 settlers. United States soldiers were stationed in the 
 assailed country to protect the jicople of the frontier. 
 In his message to the Legislature of 1875, Governor 
 Osborne called attention to the fact that in the June 
 previous Indians had killed a citizen near Fort Dodge ; 
 that this was followed l)y the murder of four other men 
 in Barber and Comanche counties, and that the " l)loody 
 work went on until twenty-six citizens of Kansas had 
 been killed witliin the limits of the State." The mur- 
 derers were believed to be Osages. The Goveimor 
 armed several companies and sent arms to the threatened 
 people, after which there were no further incursions. In 
 September, 1878, a body of Northern Cheyennes who 
 had been removed to the Indian Territory broke away 
 and started with their women and children to the north- 
 ward. They wei"e first heard of attacking the cattle 
 camps and killing the herders. On September 28 the 
 Indians were attacked by troops from Fort Dodge. 
 Lieut. -Col. William H. Lewis was killed and the Indians 
 pursued their way northward. They halted on the Sappa 
 Creek in Decatur County, and committed many murders 
 
424 MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 und outrages. They finally made their escape, having 
 passed entirely across the State without having been 
 seriously molested. They killed twenty-nine white 
 people and wounded three. This was the last Indian 
 raid in Kansas. 
 
 The Legislature of 18()3 located the Insane Asvlttnt 
 at Osawatomie, accepted the Congressional grant of 
 lands for an Agricultural College iit Manhattan, and 
 provided for the State UniT'ersitv ''■^^' Lawrence, and the 
 State Normal School at Emporia. The Legislature of 
 1864 located the State Blind Asvltim at Wyandotte, and 
 the Deaf and Dumb Asylum at Olathe. The State 
 Penitentiary was located at Lansing, Leavenworth 
 County, in 18r)4. 
 
 The State continued to prosper, and the United States 
 census of L870 showed that the gain of ])(tpulation in the 
 decade between 1860 and 1870 had l)een 2J^.^Q per 
 cent, against an average increase of 21.52 per cent in 
 the country at lai'ge. This gain in Kansas was almost 
 entirely made in the years 1865 70. 
 
 Up to the year 1872 Kansas had but one representa- 
 tive in Congress, the office being filled successively by 
 Martin F. Conway, A. Carter Wilder, Sydney Clarke 
 and D. P. Lowe. Under the census of 1870 the State 
 became entitled to three Representatives, and in 
 November, 1872, D. P. Lowe, William A. Phillips, and 
 Stei)hen A. Cobb were elected from the State at large. 
 
 The decade 1870 to 1880 witnessed a grreat erowth 
 in the institutions of the State. In January, 1870, the 
 State moved out of its "own hired house" into the Cap- 
 itol, the east wing of which was then opened and occu- 
 pied. The State University at Lawrence, which dedi- 
 cated in 1866 its first building, in 1873 opened its main 
 building, considered at the time one of the finest struc- 
 tures dedicated to educational uses in the United States. 
 The State Normal School comj)leted a new building in 
 
SHORT nrSTORY OP KAXSAS. 425 
 
 1872. The State AgTieultural College removed to the 
 new quarters. Thus it happened in this period, 1870-80, 
 that all the State institutions, educational, charitable and 
 penal, removed from the buildings first ])rovided for 
 them into new and larger ones. The State Insane 
 Asylum at Topeka was added to the original State insti- 
 tutions in 1879. 
 
 In 1874 occurred the hwasloH of the locusts, or 
 grasshoppers. They came simultaneously with a drouth 
 which set in after the wheat harvest, and affected nearly 
 the entire area of the State. Where they passed, the 
 destruction of vegetation was absolute. In the spring 
 of 1875 the young grasshoppers appeared in great num- 
 bers, but in a shoi-t time disappeared, and- the season 
 which followed was one of the most fruitful in the his- 
 tory of the State. 
 
 In 187(! Kansas participated in the great Centennial 
 Kxposition a,t Philadelphia, while several older States 
 "made no sign. " Kansas attracted universal attention 
 by the character of her display, and the artistic manner 
 of its arrangement. The display of fruit was perhaps 
 the most i-emarkable feature. The Kansas State Board 
 of Agriculture, the late Alfred Gray being its efficient 
 secretary, took an active and notable part in this expo- 
 sition. One much admired featui'e was a large maji of 
 Kansas, a star showing the location of eziery school- 
 house ill the State. Kansas made an educational 
 exhibit at the Paris Exposition (.f 1878, and took a silver 
 medal. 
 
 Kansas was settled largely by "colonies." In 1871 
 the Kansas Pacific sold to a Swedish colony in Saline 
 Counly, 22,000 acres ; to a Scotch colony in Dickinson 
 County, 47,000 acres ; to an English colony in Clay 
 County, ::)2,(t00 acres ; and to a Welsh colonj'^ in Riley 
 County, 19,000 acres. Each of these purchases became 
 the nucleus of prosperous village and farming communi- 
 
426 MODEL HlSTOkY. 
 
 ties. With tlie addition of the Atchison, Topel\a & 
 Santa Fe Railroad Comjiany to the land-selling corpoi-a- 
 tions, Kansas received "bold advertisement." Not only 
 was the United States covered, but the company estab- 
 lished its agencies in London and the principal cities of 
 Europe. Its agents traversed every country where 
 intending emigrants were likely to be found. As a 
 result of these labors the McnnoiiHe settlers, who had 
 resolved to leave their homes in Southern Russia, on 
 account of the announced revocation by the Russian 
 Government of certain privileges granted their fathers on 
 settling in Russia, commenced arriving in large parties at 
 Topeka, in September, 1874. In October, they bought of 
 the Santa Fe, 100,000 acres of land lying in the coun- 
 ties of Harvey, Marion and Reno. In a short time it 
 was announced that G,000 Mennonites had settled in the 
 Arkansas valley. These people, while popularly called 
 "Russians," were Germans in lineage and language. 
 They brought with them from Russia the apricot and 
 mulberry, and also brought what they had retained in 
 Russia, the German thrift, industry and belief in popu- 
 lar and universal education. They abandoned, after a 
 brief trial, the village or community system and ado])ted 
 the Western American idea. At about the time of the 
 arrival of the Mennonites there came large numbers of 
 German-Russian emigi-ants, usually professing the Catho- 
 lic faith, who made their settlement on the line of the 
 Kansas Pacific, in Ellis County. They built their vil- 
 lages, named after old homes in Russia, cultivated the 
 lands around them, and here they have since lived and 
 flourished. 
 
 Four years after the coming of the emigrants from 
 Russia, there a])peared in Kansas a migration of a vei-y 
 different character. This was the famous Exodus. 
 Parties of colored people, had, prior to 1S70, settled in 
 southern Kansas and planted cotton, but their numbers 
 
snonT msTon v of ka ns^as. -^27 
 
 \vei"e trifling comparcMl with tlu> host wlio, without warn- 
 ing, camo ashoi'c from stoanihouts at Wyanth^tte and 
 Atchison, and eventually gathered at Topeka. They 
 came fi'om Tennessee, Mississippi and Louisiana, and 
 later laro-e delegations arrived at Parsons from Texas. 
 All secerned cheerful but in a state of utter destitution. 
 Steps were taken for their relief, and as usual, when 
 Kansas was in trouble, aid came from all quarters. In 
 April, ISSO, the Kansas Freedman's Relief Association 
 reported that nearly $30,000 had been received, $3,000 
 of the amount coming from England. The number of 
 " Exodusters " was estimated as high as 20,000. All 
 became absorbed in the population of the country. Col- 
 ored Tennesseans established the town of Nicodemus 
 and became the first settlers of Graham County. 
 
 The Legislature of 1879, by a decided majority in both 
 branches, passed a joint resolution to submit to a vote 
 of the people an amendment t«i the State Constitution 
 proliihiting in Kansas "th(> manufacture and sale of 
 intoxicating liquors, except for medical, scientific and 
 mechanical purposes." The amendment was adopted at 
 the general election in November, 1880. The Legislature 
 of 1881 passed the act to enfoi'ce the provisions of the 
 amendment, commonly called the *■' Prohibition Law :" 
 the final vote in both Houses standing 132 ayes to 21 
 noes. On February 1!) the act received the sig»ature of 
 Governor St. John. On February 22 the Supreme Court 
 decided that the amendment had been legally adopted. 
 On May 1, 1881, the prohibitory law went into effect. 
 
 The United States census of 1880 gave Kansas a pop- 
 ulation of 900,060. The State was reaching forward 
 toward her first million. Under the census of 1880 the 
 representation of Kansas in Congress was increased to 
 four members, and E. N. jNIorrill, B. W. Perkins, Lewis 
 Hanback and S. R. Peters were elected from the State at 
 laro-e. 
 
■1^8 MODEL HJSTOllY. 
 
 The decade 1880-1800 was generally prosperous. It 
 was in these years that there came about without any 
 legal enactment or declaration the adoption of ffie sttn- 
 flower a.s the emblem, and the " Sunflower State " as the 
 familiar and household name of Kansas. The sunflower 
 comes with the breaking of the prairie soil by passing 
 wheel or other disturbing agency. The flower sprang up 
 on either side of the Santa Fe trail for 700 miles. Where 
 ever in Kansas the settler has come to sow or reap, and 
 whenever the dug-out is abandoned, the sunflowers grow 
 within and overtop the roofless walls. The sunflower is 
 the badge worn by Kansans on all great festal occasions. 
 
 The early and actual settlers of Kansas fully under- 
 stood the value and use of the free, the common school. 
 The school went on during the most troublous yeai's of the 
 Territorial period. The organic act under which Kansas 
 was admitted provided that Sections IG and 36 in every 
 township of public land in this State "shall be granted 
 to said State for the use of schools" — this exclusive 
 of seventy-two sections granted a State university — 
 this formed the basis of a permanent school fund. 
 On the close of the Civil War the school interest in town 
 and country became a leading one. In Leavenworth, in 
 18(36, Hon. David J. Brewer, later of the Supreme Court 
 of the United States, was Superintendent of Schools. 
 Prof. Louis Agassiz, in describing his visit to Leaven- 
 worth in that year, speaks of "that great free-school 
 building." In 1868-69 all the larger towns in the State 
 built school houses, varying in cost from $8,000 to 
 $40,000; in 1872 Paola erected one costing $50,000. 
 Out in the pi"airie country the people built school houses, 
 th(> best possible; when other building material was not 
 available they were built of sod. In the Historical 
 Socielys ccillection there is ;i picture dated 1879 of a 
 sod school house in Osboi-ne County, with forty-one 
 children standing in front of it. The first newspaper 
 
man t histor y of kans^as. 429 
 
 in each count}^ took notice wlicn the first sod school house 
 was completed. The preservation of the school lands 
 from spoliation early became a matter of official anxiety. 
 State Superintendent McVicar reported in 1871 that 
 "owing to a reaction in the public mind in regard to the 
 disposal of the Indian reserves, there had been added to 
 the common school endowment of the State" through 
 acts of Congress 404,755 acres. Improvements in the 
 common-school system have been made from time to 
 time. The first Teachers' Institute was held at Em- 
 poria in 18G3. In 180G Institutes were held in all the 
 counties. The State Teachers' Association held its first 
 meeting in Leavenworth in 1808. 
 
 The following is a list of all Territorial and State 
 Superintendents of Public Instruction in the order of 
 their succession : 
 
 TERRITORIAL SUPERIXTEXDENT.S. 
 
 James H. Note ware, jNIaroh, 1858, to Decern] )er, 1858. 
 Samuel Wiley Greer, Decemlier, 1858, to January, 1861. 
 John C. Douglas, January, ISGl, to February, 1861. 
 
 STATE SUPERINTENDENTS. 
 
 William Riley Gritiith, February, 1861, to February^ 1862. 
 Simeon I\I. Thorp, March, 1862, to January, 1863. 
 Isaac T. Goodnow, January, 1863, to January, 1867. 
 Peter McVicar, January, 1867, to January, 1871. 
 Hugh De France McCarty, January, 1871, to January, 1875. 
 John Fraser, January, 1875, to January, 1877. 
 Allen Borsley Lemmon, January, 1877, to January, 1881. 
 Henry Clay Speer, January, 1881, to January, 1885. 
 Joseph Iladden Lawliead, January, 1885, to January, 1889. 
 George AV. Winans, January, 1889, to Januar\', 1893. 
 Henry Newton Gaines, Jamiary, 1893, to January, 1895. 
 Edmnnd Stanley, January, 1895, to January, 1897. 
 William Stryker, January, 1897. 
 
 The State on June 30, 1896, possessed 9,418 school 
 houses, and had employed 11,700 teachers in the instruc- 
 tion of 378,399 scholars. The total attendance at the 
 State University for the year was 915; at the State 
 
430 MODEL lUSTOnr. 
 
 Normal Schnol, 1,730; at the State Agricultural College, 
 647. On July 1, ]897, the permanent school fund of the 
 State of Kansas amounted to $(1,271,2157.01. 
 
 The celebration of the Quarter- Centennial of 
 Kansas, being the twenty-fifth year since the })a,ssage of 
 the Kansas-Nebraska Act, began at Lawrence, on Sep- 
 tember 15, 1879, which date, as it happened, was the 
 twenty-fifth anniversary of the issue of the first news- 
 paper in Kansas. The occasion was notable for the 
 number of those present who took part in the stirring 
 scenes of the "Territorial period." On January 29, 
 1885, the Quarter Centennial of the State Wcis 
 formally observed by a meeting at Topeka. The Gov- 
 ernor of the State, John A. Martin ; Chaiies Robinson, 
 the first Governor, and Col. D. R. Anthony, President of 
 the Sbile Histoi-ical Society, presiding at the sessions. 
 The thirtieth anuwersary of the settlement of Law- 
 rence was observed Se})teml)('r 2, 1884, and was marked 
 by the presence of Territoi-ial Secretary, Frederick P. 
 Stanton, and Territorial Governor, J. W. Denver, who 
 spoke amid the cold ashes of the old warfare. 
 
 The observations of Kansas weather began at the 
 State University, in 18(17, and three times a day ever 
 sinc(> have been I'ecorded the rainfall and th(> " I'un of 
 the wind," the temperature and the moisture, and the 
 proportions of cloud and sun. This procedure is typical 
 of the care which has been taken in Kansas in all her 
 days in the exploration of the heavens above, and the 
 earth l)eneath, and the waters under the earth. All the 
 resoui'cc^s of the State, actual and possiljle, have been 
 investigated and discussed, the volumes of the State 
 Board of Agriculture forming an extensive library of 
 infoi'mation on all these subjects. Sugar and cotton and 
 sdk have been made the subjects of sometimes costh' 
 experiment, the State extending its aid. The making 
 of salt liiis been developed into a leading industry at 
 
SHORT IITSTOB Y OF KA NSA^. 431 
 
 tTutehinson ; forestry has exercised its charm ; the 
 dream of "re-foresting the plains" has been indulged 
 in (the Timber Act was a Kansas idea) and "Arbor 
 Day " (a Nebraska suggestion) has been duly obsei-ved, 
 and shade and shadow has come where once the map- 
 maker located the "Great American Desert." 
 
 First and last with these has been the quest of a 
 supply of water, and the study and practice of irriga- 
 tion. Here again the State has been an observer and a 
 patron. In 187!) a more extensive irrigation plant than 
 had ever been known in Kansas was begun near Garden 
 City. The experiment has been continued with varying 
 success in widely separated neighborhoods, especially in 
 the valley of the Arkansas. The Legislature of 1895 
 mad(^ an appropriation for the investigation of the 
 " tinder- flow" believed to exist, from the success of 
 artesian wells in Meade County, and from other indica- 
 tions. Early experiments have been followed up to 
 successful demonstration at Tola, Allen County, of the use 
 for manufacturing purposes of natural gas; ^nd at 
 Neodesha, Wilson County, there is a great coal oil pi"<>- 
 duction. 
 
 Between the years 1880 and 1890 many additions were 
 made to the number of State institutions. In 1881 the 
 State Asylum for Imbeciles was established at Lawrence, 
 and in 1886 was removed to Winfield. The Soldiers' 
 Orphans' Home was located at Atchison in 1885, and 
 opened in 1887. The State Reform School for Girls at 
 Beloit began its work in 1889. In the same year the 
 State Soldiers' Home was created at Dodge City, the 
 United States granting the gi'ounds and buildings at Old 
 Fort Dodge for the purpose. The State Reformatoi'y 
 was located at Hutchinson in 188G, though not opened 
 for the reception of prisoners until 1895. 
 
 In the year 1887 the counties of Gray, Garfield, Has- 
 kell and Stanton were oro;anized. The counties of Kear- 
 
432 MODEL IIlsTOnr. 
 
 noy iind Grant were organized in LS8S, completing the 
 list ^'f Kansas counties. The Legislature of 1893 
 changed Garfield County to Garfield Township, Finney 
 County, so that Kansas now comprises 105 counties. 
 
 The organization of several of the counties was attended 
 by violence and murder, caused by the contention of rival 
 towns for the county seat. In January, 1888, there were 
 troubles in Wichita County. In the summer of that year 
 Stevens County was the scene of disturbance culminating 
 in the killing of Sherifi" Cross and several citizens. The 
 State militia was called out to preserve the peace and 
 restore oi'der. 
 
 The United States census of 1890 gave Kansas a pop- 
 ulation of 1,410,914. Under this census Kansas became 
 entitled to eight Representatives in Congress 
 
 In 1898 Kansas was represented at the IVorld's Fair 
 at Chicago by a creditable exhibition made through the 
 exertions of the people and without an ap})ropriation 
 from the State. 
 
 In 1896 John W. Leedy, the pi'cscnt incumbent, was 
 elected Governor. 
 
 In the order of succession, the Governors of Kansas 
 have been as follows : 
 
 Charles Kobinson, 1861, 2 years. John P. St. John, 1879, 4 years. 
 
 Thomas Carney, 1803, 2 years. George W. Glick, 1883, 2 years. 
 
 Samuel J. Crawford, 1865, 3 John A. :\Iartin, 1885, 4 years. 
 
 years. Lyman U. Htunphrey, 1889, 4 
 Ntheniiah Green, 1808, 1 year. years. 
 
 James M. ITarvey, 1869, 4 years. Lorenzo 1). Lewellyn, 1893, 2 
 Thomas A. Osborne, 1873, 4 years. 
 
 years. Ednmiul N. INIorrill, 1895, 2 
 (ieorge T. Anthony, 1S77, 2 years. 
 
 years. John ^\'. Lee<ly, 1897. 
 
 Tilt' first senators cIiosimi from Kansas were : James 
 H. Lane and Samuel C. Pomeroy in 1801. 
 
SHORT HISTORY OF KANSAS. 
 
 433 
 
 The following is a table of United States Senators from 
 Kansas in the order of their sueeession : 
 
 *Janies H. Lane ISOl 
 
 tEdnuuid (i. Ross 1S6G 
 
 " " " ISO? 
 
 II Alexander Caldwell 1S71 
 
 fRobert Crozier 1873 
 
 tJanies M. Harvey 1874 
 
 Preston B. Plumb 1877 
 
 " 1883 
 
 * " " " 1889 
 
 tBishop W. Perkins bS<)3 
 
 tLucien Baker 18'J5 
 
 * Died in ofUcc. II Resigned. 
 
 t Elected to till vacancy. 
 
 Samuel C. Pomeroy 1861 
 
 " " " 1867 
 
 John James Ingalls 1873 
 
 1871) 
 
 1885 
 
 William A. IVH'er 1891 
 
 William A. Harris 1897 
 
 t A|)pointed to till vacancy. 
 
 Now, Kansas, far removed from the trials and perils of 
 her youth, in the possession of great and constantly de- 
 veh^ping- natural resources, performs in peace and safety 
 tlie labors, meets the responsibilities and studies the 
 questions of law and liberty vital to the existence of an 
 American State. 
 
INDEX 
 
 A. 
 
 Acquisitions of Territory, oS8. 
 Adams, John, 101, 108, 146, 150, 
 155, 195. 
 
 Samuel, 108. 
 
 .John Q., 154, 190, 217. 
 Ao-riculture, 8:!, 293, 300, 324. 
 Alabuinii, The, 203. 
 
 Admission of, 184. 
 
 Claims, 276. 
 Alaska, Purchase of, 272. 
 Alien Law, 155. 
 Alliance with France, 124. 
 Allston, Washington, 176. 
 American flag, 124. 
 Andre, Major, 130. 
 Anti-Masonic Excitement, 192. 
 Arctic Exploration, 233. 
 Arkansas, Admission of, 204. 
 Arnold, Gen. Benedict, 82, 107, 
 
 130. 
 Art, 146, 295. 
 
 Articles of Confederation, 124. 
 Ashburton Treaty, 214. 
 Assassination of Lincoln, 264. 
 Atlantic Cable, 241,271. 
 Australian Ballot Law, 313. 
 
 B. 
 
 Balboa, 32. 
 Banks, N. P., 239. 
 Barlow, Joel, 177. 
 Battle of Antietam, 256. 
 
 Bennington, 120. 
 
 Brandy wine, 121. 
 
 Buena Vista, 224. 
 
 Bull Run, 252. 
 
 Bunker Hill, 104. 
 
 Camden, 129. 
 
 Chancellorsville, 259. 
 
 Chattanooga, 260. 
 
 Chickamauga, 260. 
 
 Cold Harbor, 262. 
 
 Cowpens, 131. 
 
 Fair Oaks, 254. 
 
 Fort Donolson, 256. 
 Henry, 25(). 
 Sumter, 248. 
 Washington, 117. 
 
 Fredericksburg, 256. 
 
 Germantown, 121. 
 
 Gettysburg, 259. 
 
 Guilford Court-House, 131. 
 
 Lexington, 103. 
 
 Long Island, 117. 
 
 Monmouth, 125. 
 
 New Orleans, 174. 
 
 Palo Alto, 224. 
 
 Seven Days', 256. 
 
 Shiloh, 257. 
 
 Spottsylvania, 2()2. 
 
 Stillwater, 120. 
 
 Tippecanoe, 170. 
 
 Trenton, 117. 
 
 Wilderness, 262. 
 Bible Society, 177. 
 Biddle, Nicholas, 199. 
 Birney, James G., 212, 222. 
 Blue Laws, 68. 
 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 152, 158, 
 
 406. 
 Boone, Daniel, 144, 153. 
 Boston News Letter, 88. 
 
 Fire, 277. 
 Tea Party, lOL 
 
 434 
 
INDEX. 
 
 435 
 
 Braddock, Sir Edward, 78. 
 Brown University, 93. 
 Brown, Charles B., 177. 
 John, 243, 412, 414. 
 Breckinridge, John C, 240, 246. 
 Buchanan, James, 240. 
 Biirgoyiie, Gen., 104, 120. 
 Burke", Ednnind, 82, 100, 122. 
 Burr, Aaron, 155, 1(31. 
 
 C. 
 
 Cabot, 33. 
 
 Cal)rillo, 32. 
 
 Calhoun, J. C, 176, 190, 200, 2.J5. 
 
 California, Admission of, 232. 
 
 Calvert, Cecil, 53, 56. 
 
 Campbell, John, 88. 
 
 Carolina, [Settlement of, 57. 
 
 Cartier, 34. 
 
 Cass, Lewis, 231. 
 
 Census, First, 141. 
 
 Second, 153. 
 
 Third, 175. 
 
 Fourth, 184. 
 
 Fifth, 204. 
 
 Sixth, 210. 
 
 Seventh, 233. 
 
 Eighth, 245. 
 
 Mnth, 275. 
 
 Tenth, 288. 
 
 Eleventh, 311. 
 Centennial Exhibition, 283. 
 Champlain, 34. 
 Channing, W. E., 176. 
 Chicago, Burning of, 276. 
 Chinese Inniiigration, 287, 302. 
 Cholera, Asiatic, 204. 
 Church Practice, 67, 73. 
 Citizen Genet, 141. 
 Civil Service, 169, 193, 198, 285, 
 
 306. 
 Claims of Territory, 35, 75. 
 Clay, Henry, 176, 179, 181, 186, 
 222, 235. 
 
 Cleveland, Grover, 298, 317. 
 Clinton, Gen., 104, 125, 129. 
 
 Cleorge, 169. 
 
 De Witt, 176, 183. 
 Coast Survey, 165. 
 College of New Jersey, 92. 
 Colonial Governments, Nature 
 
 of, 62. 
 Colonial Foundations, Periods 
 
 of, 62. 
 Colonization Society, 178. 
 Colorado, Admission of, 282. 
 Columbia College, 92. 
 Columbian Exposition, 315, 318. 
 Columbus, Christopher, 28,.32,64. 
 Confeilerate States, 247. 
 Congress, First Colonial, 99. 
 
 Second Colonial, 101. 
 
 Third Colonial, 104. 
 Connecticut, Settlement of, 55. 
 Conscription Act, 261. 
 Conway Cabal, 123. 
 Copyright Law, 313. 
 Cornwallis, Gen., 117, 131. 
 Cortez, 32. 
 
 Cotton, Culture of, 84, 147. 
 Credit Mol)ilier Investigation, 
 
 D. 
 
 Dartmouth College, 93. 
 Daughters of Lil>erty, 99. 
 Davis, Jefferson, 217, 263. 
 Day, Stephen, 88. 
 Dearborn, Gen. Henry, 171. 
 Declaration of Independence, 
 
 392. 
 De Gama, 27. 
 De Kalb, Baron, 12.5, 130. 
 Delaware, Settlement of, 60. 
 De Monts, 34. 
 De Soto, 32. 
 Diaz, Bartholomew, 27. 
 
436 
 
 MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 Discovery of America, 25. 
 Domestic Life, 71, 87, 149, 1.");;, 
 
 196. 
 Dorr, Thomas W., 215. 
 Douglas, S. A., 2;J7, 246. 
 Drake, Sir Francis, 33. 
 Dred Scott Decision, 243. 
 Duplex Apparatus, 221. 
 Dwight, Eanmn(l,211. 
 
 E. 
 
 Education, m, 89, 145, 211, 294, 
 
 325. 
 Edwards, Jonathan, 94. 
 Egyi)tian Obelisk, 2i)l. 
 Electoral Colleges, 156. 
 Eliot, Rev. Jared, 83. 
 
 Rev. John, 65. 
 Ellsworth, Oliver, 139. 
 Emancipation Proclamation 259 
 Embargo, 161. 
 
 Erickson the Northman, 22. 
 Erie Canal, 183. 
 Ewiiig, Thomas, 234. 
 Exodus, 287. 
 Extra Sessions of C-ongress, 288, 
 
 F. 
 
 Fairbanks, Jonas, 71. 
 Farewell Address, 150. 
 Farming in Early Times, 70. 
 Ferdinand of Spain, 29. 
 Field, Cyrus W., 241. 
 Fifteenth Amendment, 275. 
 Fillmore, Millard, 231, 240. 
 Finance, 128, 175, 265. 
 Fine Arts, 146, 295, 325. 
 First Inhabitants, 17. 
 Fitcii, John, 165. 
 Florida, Purchase of, 181. 
 
 Admission of, 221. 
 Flying Machines, 85, 154. 
 Flynt, Alice, 71. 
 
 Foreign Missionary Society, 167. 
 Forty Historic Americans, 339. 
 Franklin, Benjamin, 77, 90, 94, 
 108, 124, 146, 153. 
 Sir John, 2.33. 
 Frederick the Great, 119. 
 Freedom of the Press, 88. 
 iM-eesoil Party, 230. 
 Fremont, John C, 225, 240. 
 Freneau, P., 177. 
 Frobisher, INIartin, 33. 
 Fulton, Robert, 165. 
 
 G. 
 
 Gadsilen Purchase, 236. 
 Gage, Gen., 102, 103. 
 Garfield, Gen. J. A., 291. 
 Garrison, W. L., 203, 209, 233. 
 Gates, Gen., 82, 107, 120, 129. 
 Genet, Citizen, 141. 
 Georgia, Settlement of, 60. 
 Gerry, Elbridge, 151. 
 Gold in California, 226. 
 Goodrich, Dr., 167. 
 Goodyear, Charles, 221. 
 Gougii, J. B., 211. 
 Grand Army of the Pepub ic, 
 
 301. 
 Grand Model, 57. 
 Grant, Gen. U. S., 256, 2(;i, 273, 
 
 274. 
 Greeley, Horace, 269, 278, 280. 
 Greene, Gen. Nat., 131. 
 
 H. 
 
 Hale, John P., 235. 
 Hamilton, Andrew, 88. 
 
 Alexander, 139, 146, 152, 162 
 Handin, Hannibal, 246. 
 Hard Times, 317. 
 Harrison, Gen. W. H., 170, 172, 
 
 176,207,212. 
 Harrison, Benjamin, 308. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 437 
 
 Hartford Convention, 173. 
 Harvard College, 91 . 
 Hayes, Captain Isaac, 234. 
 
 Rutherford B., 284. 
 Hayne, R. Y., 200. 
 Henry, Patrick, 95, 98, 102, 106, 
 
 108, 153. 
 Hessians, 116, 117. 
 Historical Illustrations, 375. 
 Holbrook, Josiah, 211. 
 Homestead Laws, 268, 421. 
 Hopkins,. Esek, 128. 
 Howe, Gen., 104, 117. 
 
 Elias, 227. 
 Hudson, Henry, 34. 
 Hussey, Obed, 206. 
 Hutchinson, Anne, 47. 
 
 I. 
 
 Illinois, Admission of, 184. 
 Illustrations of History, 360. 
 Impeachment of President, 271. 
 Indiana, Admission of, 176. 
 Indian Massacres, 43, 51,126, 422. 
 Indians, 18, 410. 
 
 Treatment of, 64. 
 International Arbitration, 320. 
 Interstate Commerce Law, 300. 
 Iowa, Admission of, 230. 
 Isabella, 29. 
 
 J. 
 .lackson, Gen. Andrew, 173, 174, 
 
 180, 198. 
 .hiy, John, 139, 146. 
 Jefferson, Thomas, 108, 116, i::!9, 
 
 155, 156, 195. 
 Jesuits, 37, 65, 75. 
 John Brown Raid, 243. 
 Johnson, Andrew, 269, 280. 
 Johnston, Gen. Jos. E., 254. 
 
 Gen. A. S., 257. 
 Johnstown Disaster, 310. 
 Jones, Paul, 128. 
 
 K. 
 
 Kansas, Admission of, 245, 418. 
 Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 237, 411. 
 Kansas, History of, 406. 
 Kearney, Gen. P., 225. 
 Kentucky, Admission of, 144. 
 Ketchum, Frederick, 206. 
 Key, Francis S., 173. 
 King Philip's War, 48. 
 King, Rufus, 179. 
 Knox, Gen. Henry, 139. 
 Kosciusko, Thaddeus, 125. 
 
 Latayette, Gen., 122, 130, 188. 
 Lawrence, Captain, 172. 
 Laws of New England, 68. 
 Lee, Gen. Charles, 10(). 126. 
 
 Richard Henry, 115. 
 
 Gen. Robert E., 2.54, 279. 
 Lewis and Clarke, 158. 
 Libraries, 93, 294. 
 Literature and Science, 90, 145, 
 
 177, 295. 
 Lincoln, Gen., 127, 129. 
 
 Abraham, 246, 248. 
 London Company, 40. 
 Louisiana, Admission of, 175. 
 Lovejoy, Rev. Elijah, 210. 
 Lowell, Francis C, 177. 
 Lucas, Eliza, 84. 
 Lundy, Benj., 203. 
 
 M. 
 
 Madison, J., 135, 169, 170, 205. 
 Magellan, 32. 
 Maine, Admission of, 185. 
 Mandeville, Sir John, 27. 
 Mann, Horace, 211, 233. 
 iManufactures, 84, 177, 323. 
 March to the Sea, 262. 
 Marion, Francis, 129. 
 Marshall, John, 151,158,177,205 
 
438 
 
 MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 Maryland, Settlement of, 53. 
 Mason and Dixon's Line, 54. 
 Massachusetts, Settlement of, 44. 
 Mather, Increase, 90. 
 
 Cotton, 50, 90. 
 McClellan,Gen.,252, 263. 
 McCormick, Cyrus, 206. 
 McDowell, Gen., 252. 
 McKinley, William, 323. 
 Meade, Gen. G. G., 259, 280. 
 Mecklenl>urg Declaration, 104. 
 Michigan, Admission of, 204. 
 Milan Decree, 161. 
 Minnesota, Admission of, 244. 
 Mississippi, Admission of, 184. 
 Missouri Compromise, 186,410. 
 Money Panic, 207, 279. 
 Monitor and Merrimac, 257. 
 Monroe, James, 179, 195. 
 Monroe Doctrine, 187. 
 Montcalm, Gen., 81. 
 Montgomery, Gen. R., 82, 107. 
 Monnons, 215, 240. 
 Morris, Robert, 131. 
 
 Gouverneur, 135. 
 Morgan, William, 192. 
 Morse, Prof. S. B., 218, 280. 
 Mound-builders, 17. 
 
 N. 
 Naming the New World, 31. 
 National Bank, 140,175,199,213. 
 National Debt, 181, 265, 324. 
 National Road, 183. 
 Natural Gas, 301. 
 Navigation Acts, 73, 97. 
 Navy, 318. 
 Negro Plot, 52, 
 New Hampshire, Settlement of, 
 
 53. 
 New Jersey, Settlement of, 58. 
 New York, Settlement of, 50. 
 Nevada, Admission of, 268. 
 
 Northmen, 22. 
 Nullification, 201. 
 
 O. 
 
 Ocean Navigation, 183. 
 Oglethorpe, James, 61, 65. 
 Ohio, Admission of, 163. 
 Ohio Company, 77. 
 Omnibus Bill, 232. 
 Orders in Council, 161, 171. 
 Oregon, Admission of, 245. 
 Osborne, Charles, 203.- 
 Osgood, Samuel, 139. 
 Otis, James, 95. 
 
 P. 
 
 Pacific Railroad, 237, 274. 
 Packenham, Gen., 174. 
 Panama Railroad, 237. 
 Pan-American Congress, 310. 
 Party Spirit, 144, 149, 154, 169. 
 Patrons of Husbandry, 280. 
 Patroons, Dutch, 50. 
 Peace Society, 196. 
 Penn's Treaty, 60. 
 Pennsylvania, Settlement of, 59. 
 Penn, William, 59, 65, 77, 196. 
 Pequod War, 55. 
 Perry, Commodoi'e, 172. 
 Petroleum Business, 242. 
 Pickens, Col., 127. 
 Pierce, Franklin, 235. 
 Pilgrim Fathers, 44. 
 Pinckney, C. C, 151,155,157,169. 
 Pitt, William, 80, 100, 122. 
 Plaistowe, Josias, 72. 
 Plymouth Company, 40. 
 Political Maxims of Washing- 
 ton, 379. 
 Political Parties, 99, 136, 206. 
 Polk, J. K., 222. 
 Ponce de Leon, 32. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 439 
 
 Postal Matters, 85, 108, 217. 
 Preble, Commodore, 159. 
 Prescott, Gen., 104. 
 Presidential Succession La\v,300. 
 Pi-ess, 88, 293, 324. 
 Pronouncing Vocabulary, 383. 
 Protective System, 181, 191, 199. 
 Public Credit, 140, 208. 
 
 Lands, 268. 
 Public Libraries, 325. 
 Pulaski, Count, 125, 127. 
 Pulpit, 89, 290. 
 
 Purchase of Louisiana, 157, 40(i. 
 Puritans, Character of, 66. 
 Putnam, Gen., 107, 117. 
 
 Q. 
 
 Quakers, Per.*ecution of, 47. 
 Quai'tering Act, 98. 
 Quincy, Josiali, 164, 176. 
 
 R. 
 
 Raikes, Robert, 187. 
 Railroad Riots, 286. 
 Railroads, 194, 421. 
 Raleigh, Sir Walter, 33, 112. 
 Ramsay, Dr. David, 146. 
 
 James, 165. 
 Randolph, Edmund, 135, 139. 
 
 John, 176, 205. 
 Reaping and Mowing Machines, 
 
 206. 
 Religion, 73, 74, 89, 296, 327. 
 Remonetization of Silver, 286. 
 Repeater, 221. 
 Revenue, 139. 
 Revision of Bible, 292. 
 Rhode Island, Settlement of, 56. 
 Rice, Introduction of, 58. 
 Right of Search, 160. 
 Rochambeau, Count, 131. 
 
 Rush, Dr. Benj., 145, 210. 
 Rutgers College, 93. 
 
 S. 
 Salem Witchcraft, 49. 
 Sanitary Commission, 267. 
 Savings Banks, 178. 
 Schuyler, Gen. P., 107. 
 Scott, Gen., 173, 201, 22.5, 235. 
 Sedition Law, 155. 
 Seminole Indians, 180, 202. 
 Seward, W. H., 2.3:!, 264, 279. 
 Sewing Machine, 227. 
 Sherman, Gen, 261, 262. 
 Siege of Boston, 117. 
 
 Charleston, 117, 129. 
 
 Petersburg, 202. 
 
 Vicksburg, 260. 
 
 Yorktown, 131. 
 Signal Service Bureau, 281. 
 Silver Question, 321. 
 Slave Importation, 85. 
 
 Laws, 86. 
 
 Trade, 164. 
 Slavery, Introduction of, 43, 63. 
 Slavery Agitation, 135, 185, 203, 
 
 209. 
 Smith, Capt. John, 41. 
 Society Manners, S3, 147, 168. 
 Sons of Liberty, 99. 
 Sovereigns of Industry, 281. 
 Specie Resumption Act, 282, 
 
 287. 
 Stamp Act, 9S. 
 Stark, Gen. John, 82, 120. 
 Statistics of the L'nited States, 
 
 :!89. 
 Steamboat, 165, 183. 
 Steuben, Baron, 125. 
 Stuyvesant, Peter, 52. 
 Sumner, Charles, 233, 239, 280. 
 Sumter, Thomas, 129. 
 Sunday School Union, 187. 
 
440 
 
 MODEL HISTORY. 
 
 T. 
 
 Table of the Presidents, 386. 
 Taylor, Gen. Z., 224, 231. 
 Tea Party at Boston, 101. 
 Tecuinseh, 170. 
 
 Tab'e of the United States, 387. 
 Telegraph, Magnetic, 218. 
 Telephone, 221. 
 Temperance Reform, 210. 
 Tennessee, Admission of, 144. 
 Texas, Annexation of, 216. 
 Tories, 99, 102,121. 
 Toscanelli, 27, 28, 30. 
 Town-meetings, 89. 
 Tract Society, 195. 
 Travel. Means of, 85, 154, 194. 
 Treaty of Paris, 81, 132. 
 
 of Ghent, 174. 
 
 with China, 273. 
 
 with Cilermany, 273. 
 
 with Japan, 236. 
 Trent A Hair, 253. 
 Tripoli, War with, 159. 
 TrunilHill, John, 146. 
 Turner, Nat., 203. 
 Tyler, John, 212, 213. 
 
 U. 
 
 U. G. K. R., 2:!4. 
 
 United Colonies of N. E., m. 
 University of Pennsylvania, 92. 
 Utah, 320. 
 
 V. 
 
 Valley Forge, Winter at, 123. 
 Van Buren, Martin, 202, 207. 
 Venezuelan Affair, 319. 
 N'ermont, Admission of, 143. 
 Verrazzani, 34. 
 
 Vespucci, 31, 32, 63. 
 Virginia, Settlement of, 40. 
 
 \V. 
 
 Ward, Gen. Artemas, 106. 
 Warner, Col. Seth, 120. 
 Washington, George, 76,82, 102, 
 
 106, 138, 150, 152. 
 Wayne, Gen., 130. 
 Webster, Daniel, 176, 181, 200, 
 214,235. 
 Noah, 166. 
 AVesley, John, 74. 
 West, Benjamin, 146. 
 West Virginia, Admission of, 
 
 267. 
 Whigs, 99. 
 
 Whisky Insurrection, 142. 
 Whitefield, George, 74. 
 Whitney, Eli, 146. 
 William and Mary College, 91. 
 "WMUiams, Roger, 46, 55, 56. 
 Wilmot Proviso, 230. 
 Wilson, Henry, 278, 280. 
 Wilson Tariff Bill, 317. 
 Winthrop, Gov., 45, 47. 
 Wirt, William, 177, 202, 205. 
 Witchcraft at Salem, 49. 
 Wisconsin, Admission of, 230. 
 Wolfe, Gen., 81. 
 Writs of Assistance, 97. 
 Wyoming, Massacre of, 126. 
 
 Y. 
 
 Yale College, 92. 
 Yellow P^ever, 145, 287. 
 Yorktown, Surrender at, 131. 
 
 Z. 
 
 Ziesberger, David, 66. 
 Zenger, John Peter, 88. 
 
 ^ V 
 
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