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EARLIEST DAYS 
 
 IN 
 
 AMEEICA 
 
 BLANCHE E. HAZARD 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 SAMUEL T. DUTTON 
 
 ILLUSTRATED 
 
 New York 
 THE MORSE COMPAN 
 
 1897 
 
 WO COPIES RECEIVED 
 
•H 
 
 Copyright, 1897, 
 By SAMUEL T. DUTTON. 
 
 All rights reserved. 
 
 Entmed at Stationkbs' Hall, Londom. 
 
GLADLY AND GRATEFULLY 
 
 DEDICATED 
 
 TO 
 
 Blbert JBusbnell 1bart t 
 
 WHOSE INTEREST IN STUDENTS OP 
 
 AMERICAN HISTORY 
 
 EXTENDS FROM HIS CLASSES AT 
 
 HARVARD UNIVERSITY 
 
 TO THE YOUNG CHILDREN FOR WHOM 
 
 THIS BOOK IS INTENDED. 
 
AUTHOR'S PREFACE. 
 
 Most children like to hear stories of the boy- 
 hood of great men in whom they become inter- 
 ested, and eagerly lead the story-teller back to 
 the earliest years of their hero's life. 
 
 It is hoped that these stories of the "Earliest 
 Days in America " will awaken a similar inter- 
 est in the early years of onr country and its 
 people. 
 
 Young readers like to feel, also, that they are 
 reading "real, true stories." Here are gathered 
 true stories, not of one man, but of hundreds who 
 settled this great country where my little Ameri- 
 can readers live to-day. 
 
 Blanche E. Hazard. 
 
EDITOR'S PREFACE. 
 
 The attempts made by the author of this vol- 
 ume to give young people a knowledge of the 
 life and habits of early men and women upon this 
 continent, as well as of the beginnings of our 
 history, cannot fail of being appreciated. 
 
 Facts about primitive men have been the too 
 exclusive possession of antiquarians, and too little 
 has been written for young readers about those 
 who lived and struggled in the early days. 
 
 It is believed that parents who desire to intro- 
 duce their children to history at an early age will 
 welcome this volume. It is intended as a partial 
 solution of the question, "What kind of history is 
 adapted to boys and girls? 7 ' 
 
 The care and fidelity of the author are seen 
 upon every page, and will be recognized by all 
 who are familiar with this field of study. 
 
 Samuel T. Dutton. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Abinos, of Indians 66 
 
 Adze (illustrated) 21 
 
 Albany, founded by the Dutch . 234-235 
 
 Named by English 247 
 
 Antiquarians, careful work of 11 
 
 Ideas concerning glacial 
 
 men : 21,22 
 
 Ideas concerning shell-heaps. . 29 
 
 Antiquities, discovery of 11 
 
 Arizona, Cliff Dwellers in 44 
 
 Arrow head, found in mounds 36 
 
 (see chipped implements) 
 
 Axe, use of by Glacial Men 20, 21 
 
 Use of by Mound-builders — 36 
 
 Balboa 127 
 
 Baltimore, Lord, attempts colony 
 
 at Avalon 162 
 
 Instructions to colonists 163 
 
 Deposed 165 
 
 Bi-ans-wah, story of 71, 72 
 
 Blackstone, John 205 
 
 Blaxton (see Blackstone). 
 Boston, capital of Massachusetts 
 
 Bay colony 193, 202, 206 
 
 Early names of 205-206 
 
 Fortification of 206-208 
 
 Map of 207 
 
 Prosperity of 215-217 
 
 Bradford, Wm., ruling elder. . .169, 177 
 
 Journal of 179-183, 186-187, 190 
 
 Brewster, Win., Puritan elder. 172, 174 
 
 Brooklyn 235 
 
 Burial mounds, description of .34, 41-42 
 
 Contents of 34-35, 39 
 
 Cabot, John, birth of 113 
 
 Theories of 113 
 
 Sets sail March, 1497 114 
 
 Relations of, to Henry VII. . . 114 
 
 Landfall of 114 
 
 Second voyage of 116 
 
 Cambridge 202, 220, 221 
 
 Cannonicus 225 
 
 Cape Cod, reached by Pilgrims.177,179 
 
 Explored by Pilgrims 180-183 
 
 Carolina (see North Carolina and 
 
 South Carolina). 
 Cartier, Jacques, settlements at- 
 tempted by 126, 127 
 
 Carver, John 174-175, 177, 190 
 
 Cathay, search for by way of the 
 
 West 93 
 
 Cave Men, Time of 30 
 
 Possibly descendants of Mid- 
 den men 31 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Caves used as dwellings 30 
 
 Contents of 30-31 
 
 Salt Cave of Kentucky 31 
 
 Central America, early migra- 
 tions from 53-55 
 
 Visited by Columbus 109 
 
 Champlain, settlements made by. 126 
 
 Charlestown, founding of 202 
 
 Charlton (see Charlestown). 
 
 Chipped Implements, location (il- 
 lustrated) 12 
 
 Of prehistoric people 13 
 
 Found in glacial deposits 19-20 
 
 Made by man 20 
 
 (Illustrated) 20, 21, 25 
 
 Uses of 21 
 
 Use of (illustrated) 25 
 
 Of Indians 77 
 
 Cliff Dwellers, habitation of 44, 46 
 
 Habitsof 46,47 
 
 Ancestors of 53-55 
 
 Cliff Dwellings, location of 46 
 
 As cities of refuge 46 
 
 Description of 46 
 
 Coddington, William 225,227 
 
 Collections in museums of prehis- 
 toric implements 13 
 
 Largest and finest 13 
 
 Explained by custodians 13 
 
 Colorado, Cliff Dwellers in 44 
 
 Colonists, Spanish 99-106, 128 
 
 French 126-127 
 
 English 129,138 
 
 Dutch 230,251 
 
 Swedish 251 
 
 Columbus, Christopher, birth of . . 96 
 
 Education of 96 
 
 Among books 96 
 
 Great aim of 96-97 
 
 Helped by Ferdinand and Is- 
 abella 96-97 
 
 Diego, son of 97 
 
 Making preparations at Palos 97 
 Helped by Pinzon brothers ... 97 
 
 Ships of 97 
 
 Sets sail August 3, 1492 97 
 
 First voyage of 98 
 
 First landfall of 90 
 
 Builds Fort La Navidad 99 
 
 Letter to Santangel 99-101 
 
 Received at Spanish court ... 101 
 
 Second voyage of 104 
 
 Sets sail September, 1494, ... . 104 
 Builds the town Isabella 104 
 
 IX 
 
INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Columbus, treatment of savages. 104 
 
 Blamed by colonists 106 
 
 Third voyage of 107 
 
 Sets sail May, 1498 107 
 
 Touches mainland of South 
 
 America 107 
 
 Sent to Spain in chains 107 
 
 Petitions to the king 107 
 
 Fourth voyage of 109 
 
 Sets sail May, 1502 109 
 
 Touches the coast of Central 
 
 America 109 
 
 In deep distress 109-110 
 
 Death of, in 1506 110 
 
 Character of Ill 
 
 Significance of the discover- 
 ies of. 111,127 
 
 Connecticut, colony of 220, 221 
 
 Coronado 127 
 
 Cortez 127,128 
 
 Cotton, John 206, 224 
 
 Cuba, discovered bj r Columbus. . . 99 
 Dale, Sir Thomas, High Marshal 
 
 of Virginia 149 
 
 Makes strict laws 150 
 
 " Dale's Code " 150 
 
 Dare, Virginia 138-139 
 
 Davenport, John 222 
 
 De la War, Gov 148-149 
 
 Delaware 251 
 
 Dishes (see Pottery). 
 
 Dorchester 202, 220, 221 
 
 Drake 128 
 
 Drift, left by glaciers 17 
 
 Scattered over country 17 
 
 (Illustrated) 18 
 
 Dutch, in Connecticut 220 
 
 Claim to discovery of the re- 
 gion of the Hudson 231-233 
 
 Relation with the Indians 240 
 
 Indian attacks on 241-242 
 
 Conquest of, by English. . . .246, 251 
 
 In Pennsylvania 257 
 
 Dutch East India Company send 
 
 out Hudson 230-231 
 
 Dutch West India Company char- 
 tered 234 
 
 Send out colonists 235 
 
 Letter of P. Schagen to. . . .236-237 
 Establish Patroon system. ... 237 
 Receive complaint from colo- 
 nists 242-243 
 
 Called to account by Dutch 
 
 government 243 
 
 Duty-boy, in Virginia 158 
 
 East Indian trade in Europe, influ- 
 ence of crusades upon 90-92 
 
 Destroyed by Turks 92 
 
 Search for western passage in 
 
 order to continue 93 
 
 Eaton, Theophilus 222, 223 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Endicott, John, leadership of . .196-197 
 
 Finns 257 
 
 Fire- buckets 8-10 
 
 Florida, shell-heaps in 28-29 
 
 Fort Orange (see Albany). 
 
 Fox, George 254, 255 
 
 Freemen, in Massachusetts 200-201 
 
 Free-willers 157 
 
 Friends (see Quakers). 
 
 Frobisher 128 
 
 Frosty Stone, story of 22-27 
 
 Genoa, birthplace of Columbus. . . 96 
 
 Birthplace of John Cabot 113 
 
 Geography, early ideas of 89-90 
 
 St udied by Columbus 96 
 
 Of America in 16th century. . . 121 
 
 Germans 257 
 
 Gilbert 128, 138 
 
 Glacial age, climate of 14 
 
 Conditions of, existing in Alas- 
 ka and Greenland to-day. . . 14 
 
 A story about 22-27 
 
 Glacier Men, name of earliest peo- 
 ple..... 14 
 
 Tools of 19 
 
 Life of 20 
 
 Occupat ions of 20 
 
 Flee from advancing ice-sheet 21 
 
 Original home of 21 
 
 History of 21 
 
 Descendants of , . 22 
 
 Glaciers, formation of 14 
 
 (Illustrated) 15 
 
 Extent of 16 
 
 Motion of 16 
 
 Pathof 16 
 
 Deposits made by '. 16-17 
 
 Dissolution of 17 
 
 Gloucester 217 
 
 Gravel banks, cut through for 
 
 railroads 12 
 
 Guanahani, Discovered by Co- 
 lumbus 99 
 
 Guilford 222 
 
 Hakluyt, Richard 128, 135 
 
 Hartford 221 
 
 Hawkins 128 
 
 Hayti (see Hispaniola). 
 
 Higginson, Francis 198 
 
 Hispaniola, discovered and named 
 
 by Columbus 99 
 
 Described by Columbus 101 
 
 Mining in 104 
 
 Hudson, Henry, explorations for 
 
 the Dutch 
 
 Hutchinson, Anne 225 
 
 Ice Age, The (see Glacial Age). 
 
 Ice Boy, The 22-27 
 
 Indiana, mounds of 32 
 
 Indians, origin of name 14 
 
 Pueblo (see Pueblo Indians). 
 
INDEX. 
 
 XI 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Indians, discovery of 56 
 
 Other names of 56 
 
 Ancestors of 56 
 
 Influence of Europeans upon. 56-57 
 59,80 
 
 Trading by 57 
 
 Manufactures of 57 
 
 Primitive customs of 57 
 
 Appearance of 58-62 
 
 Dress of 58-62 
 
 Dress of (illustrated) 61 
 
 Kinship of 63 
 
 Villages of 64 
 
 Customs of. .64, 67, 69; 72, 73, 77, 78, 
 81, 82, 83, 84-85, 87-88 
 
 Wigwams of 64-66, 85 
 
 Village of (illustrated) 65 
 
 Abinos of 66 
 
 Children of 69-75 
 
 Games of 71, 80-82 
 
 Characteristics of 71 
 
 Love for children of 71-72 
 
 Education of 73-78, 82-83 
 
 Quintans of 75 
 
 Canoes of 77 
 
 Weapons of 77 
 
 Hunting and fishing by. . .77-78, 86 
 
 Food of 78-80, 81 
 
 As warriors 82-83-84 
 
 Enlisting of 82 
 
 War-dances of 83-84 
 
 On the war-path 84-85 
 
 Head-dress of 85 
 
 Girls and women 85 
 
 Agriculture of 85 
 
 Pottery of 86-87 
 
 Embroidery of 86-87 
 
 Burials of 87-88 
 
 Welcome Columbus and the 
 
 Pioneers 106 
 
 111 treated by colonists.106, 130-134 
 
 Raid Jamestown 148 
 
 Massacre Virginia colonists. . .160 
 
 Welcome the Pilgrims 188 
 
 Taught to plant Indian corn. . 189 
 Relations with Roger Williams 224 
 Relations with Coddington.225-227 
 
 Relations with Dutch 240 
 
 Attack the Dutch 241-240 
 
 Treatment bv Penn. . .256-257,260- 
 261 
 
 Interpretation of Feuds, imperma- 
 
 nency of 14 
 
 Jamestown, settlement of 140 
 
 Government of 141 
 
 Common-store system of 142 
 
 Trouble at 142, 143, 146 
 
 Indian name of 145 
 
 Reinforced 146-147, 184 
 
 Change in government 147 
 
 Condition of 148 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Jamestown, abandonment of com- 
 mon-store system 149, 155 
 
 Ruin of 160 
 
 Jersey City 235, 241 
 
 Josselyn, John 228 
 
 Kentucky, mounds of 32 
 
 Salt Cave in 31 
 
 Kieft, Governor. . . * 244 
 
 Knife, made of slate by Mound- 
 builders 37 
 
 La Navidad, fort built by Colum- 
 bus 99 
 
 Found in ruins 104 
 
 Long Island, English settlers upon 244 
 
 Dutch settlements upon 248 
 
 Description of 248-249 
 
 Lyford, John 190-191 
 
 Maine, described by Josselyn . .228-229 
 
 Settlement of 229 
 
 Union with Massachusetts . . . 229 
 
 Mammoths, name of 19 
 
 Skeletons of, found near gla- 
 ciers 19 
 
 (Illustrated) 19 
 
 Manhattan, origin of name 233 
 
 Settlement of 234-235 
 
 Purchase of 236 
 
 Government of 235 
 
 Marblehead 217 
 
 Maryland, origin of name 163 
 
 Granted to Lord Baltimore. . . 163 
 Religious toleration in... .164-165 
 
 Mason, John 228 
 
 Massachusetts, attractions in.. 210-211 
 
 Commerce of 215-227 
 
 Departure of colonists from . . 
 
 220-221 
 Massachusetts Bay Company, 
 
 chartered 196 
 
 Servants of 197 
 
 Growth of 199-202 
 
 Massachusetts Bay Company, 
 Transfer of government to 
 
 America 200-201 
 
 Dependence of civil rights 
 
 upon Religious views 204 
 
 Refusal to surrender charter. 
 
 218-219 
 
 Massasoit, visit of 188 
 
 Treaty with the Pilgrims 189 
 
 Maverick, Samuel 205 
 
 Meadford (see Medford). 
 
 Medford 202 
 
 Merchant - Adventurers, Pilgrims 
 
 sent by 175 
 
 Laborers sent by 177 
 
 End of business relations with 
 
 Pilgrims 191 
 
 Mesa, description of 49 
 
 Mey, Cornelius Jacobson 235 
 
 Miantinoma 225 
 
Xll 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Midden-men, The, origin of name. 28 
 
 Time of 30 
 
 Possible ancestors of Cave 
 
 Men 31 
 
 Contemporaries 44 
 
 Ancestors of 53-55 
 
 Middens, where found 28 
 
 Contents of 43 
 
 Middie Pitt, story of 40-33 
 
 Milford 222 
 
 Minnit, Peter 235 
 
 Missouri, Mounds of 32 
 
 Moraines, Medial (illustrated) 15 
 
 Formation of 16 
 
 (Illustrated) 18 
 
 Mortar and pestle, found in 
 
 mounds 37 
 
 Public ; in boulders 38 
 
 Mound-builders, time of 32 
 
 Descendants of 40 
 
 Child of, a 40 
 
 Food of 43 
 
 Contemporaries of 44 
 
 Ancestors of 53-55 
 
 Mounds, cut through for railroads 12 
 
 Location of 32 
 
 Hidden by forests 32 
 
 Great Serpent (illustrated) ... 32 
 
 Discovery of 32 
 
 Preservation of 32 
 
 Shapes of 32 
 
 Uses of 34 
 
 Opened in sections 32 
 
 Discovery of 40 
 
 Mound village, a description of.. 34 
 
 (Illustrated) 35 
 
 Diagram of 41 
 
 Fortification of 42 
 
 Mount Wollaston 205 
 
 Nantasket 205 
 
 Naumkeag (see Salem). 
 
 Netherlands, Pilgrims in 173 
 
 New Amsterdam, settlement 236 
 
 Growth of 238-239,247 
 
 Religious liberty in 238 
 
 Indian raids upon 241-242 
 
 Condition in 1647 245 
 
 Conquest of by the English. . . 246 
 
 Named by the English 247 
 
 Description of 249 
 
 Commercial relations with 
 
 New Engiand 250 
 
 Return to Dutch rule 250 
 
 New Hampshire, settlement of .227-228 
 
 New Haven, settlement of 222 
 
 Government of 222 
 
 A commercial colony 223 
 
 New Jersey 251 
 
 New Mexico, Cliff Dwellers in 44 
 
 New Netherlands, attractions of.. 
 
 231,233-234 
 
 PAGE 
 
 New Netherlands, patroonships in 237 
 
 Suffers from Indian raids 242 
 
 Conquest of by English 246 
 
 Named by English 247 
 
 Return to Dutch rule 250 
 
 Newport 227 
 
 Newport, Capt 141, 145, 147 
 
 Newtown (see Cambridge). 
 New York City (see New Amster- 
 dam. 
 
 Nichols, Col 247 
 
 Noddle's Island 205 
 
 Norumbega, ideas of 121 
 
 Norsemen, meaning of the name 
 
 Viking 112 
 
 Home of 112 
 
 Early voyages of 112-113 
 
 North Carolina, earliest settle- 
 ment in 165 
 
 Granted by Charles II 166 
 
 Settlers of 166 
 
 Trouble in 166 
 
 Ohio, ancient earthworks in 32, 35 
 
 Oholasc, an Indian queen 60-62 
 
 Oldham, John 190-191 
 
 Painting, of Indians 62 
 
 Patroon system 237 
 
 Penn, William, secured grant of 
 
 " lower counties " 251 
 
 English surroundings of. . . .253-255 
 
 Land scheme of 256 
 
 Treatment of Indians 256-257, 
 
 260-261 
 
 Arrival in America 258-259 
 
 Troubles of 261-262 
 
 Pennsylvania, granted and 
 
 named 255-256 
 
 Emigration to 256, 259 
 
 Native resources of 259-260 
 
 Character of settlers 260 
 
 Made a royal province 262 
 
 Philadelphia, " Quaker City "..257, 262 
 
 Laying out of 258 
 
 Rapid growth of 250 
 
 Schools of 260 
 
 Pilgrims, early home at Scrooby. 169 
 
 Religious views 170 
 
 Hard times in Holland 171-172 
 
 Ask for help 174 
 
 Origin of name 176 
 
 Leave Holland 176 
 
 Land near Cape Cod 177 
 
 Signed the " Mayflower Com- 
 pact 1 ' 177 
 
 . Landing of 185 
 
 First visit from Indians 188 
 
 Privations of the first winter. 190 
 
 Second company of 190 
 
 End of common-store system. 191 
 Co-partnership, notice of.. 191-192 
 Special mission of 193 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Xlll 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Pioneers (see Christopher Colum- 
 bus). 
 (See Norsemen). 
 (See John Cabot). 
 Attracted to New World. . . 120, 122 
 
 Achievements of 127 
 
 Motives of 135, 136, 137 
 
 At Salem 196 
 
 In Connecticut 220-223 
 
 In Rhode Island 223-227 
 
 Dutch 230-239 
 
 Pizarro 127, 128 
 
 Playthings of glacier child 25 
 
 Of Mould-builders 1 children.. 41 -43 
 
 Of Pueblos 53 
 
 Of Indians 71-73 
 
 Plymouth, site of 184 
 
 Origin of name 184 
 
 Chosen by exploring party 
 
 from Mayflower 484-185 
 
 Laying out of 185-186-187 
 
 Growth of 193 
 
 Incorporated in Massachu- 
 setts colony 193 
 
 Pocahuntas, Story of her visit to 
 
 Jamestown 151-154 
 
 Becomes Ladj^ Rebecca 154 
 
 Polished stone implements, where 
 
 found 22 
 
 Of the Mound-builders, de- 
 scribed 36-37 
 
 Uses described 36-37 
 
 Portsmouth, settlement of 225-227 
 
 Pottery, soapstone, found in 
 
 mounds 38 
 
 Clay, found in mounds 38 
 
 Found by farmers 39 
 
 Decorated by Mound - build- 
 ers 39-40 
 
 Of Mound-builders (illustrat- 
 ed) 42-43 
 
 Of the Pueblos 49 
 
 Baking of Pueblos 52-53 
 
 Comparison of primitive 55 
 
 Of Indians 57, 87 
 
 Powhatan, storehouse of 67-68 
 
 Friendliness 143, 151 
 
 Kindness to Captain John 
 
 Smith 145-146 
 
 Reconciliation of 151-154 
 
 Prehistoric Springtime, effects on 
 
 glaciers 17 
 
 Life during 19 
 
 Prisoner Servants, in Virginia. 158-159 
 
 Providence, founding of 223-224 
 
 Pueblo Indians, ancestors of 50 
 
 Deterioration of 50 
 
 Spanish influence upon 50-51 
 
 Religion of 51-53, 127 
 
 Pueblos, habitation of 47 
 
 Origin of name 47 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Pueblos, dwellings of 47-49 
 
 Time of 47 
 
 Descendants of 47 
 
 Village of (illustrated) . 48 
 
 Government of 49 
 
 Life of 50 
 
 Pottery of 50 
 
 Ancestors of 53-55 
 
 Puritans, religious views of... 170, 
 
 195, 198, 203-204, 217 
 
 Persecution of 195 
 
 Charter of 196 
 
 Congregational church of.. 203-204 
 Dependence of civil rights 
 
 upon religious views of 204 
 
 Early writings of 209-210 
 
 Quakers, persecution of, in New 
 
 England 205 
 
 In New Jersey and Delaware. 251 
 
 Religious views of 253-254-255 
 
 Settlements of 255 
 
 Quintans, of Indians 75-77 
 
 (Illustrated) 76 
 
 Raleigh, Sir Walter, English colo- 
 nies sent by 138 
 
 Redemptioners 157, 238 
 
 Religion of the Mound-builders. . . 42 
 
 Of the Pueblos 51-52, 127 
 
 Discovery for the sake of .122, 132 
 Introduced among Indians — 135 
 Puritan 169-171, 203-204, 217 
 
 Rhode Island, settlement upon . . . 
 
 225, 227 
 Purchased from Indians. ..225-227 
 
 Roanoke Island, settlement at de- 
 stroyed 138-139 
 
 Robinson, John, minister of Pil- 
 grims 170, 174 
 
 Death of 193 
 
 Rocksbury (see Roxbury). 
 
 Roughstone Men (see Glacial Men) 
 
 Roxbury 202 
 
 Salem, pioneers at 196-197 
 
 Church at 197-199 
 
 Troubles at 199-200, 224 
 
 Salt Cave of Kentucky, descrip- 
 tion of 31 
 
 Contents of 31 
 
 Samoset 188 
 
 San Salvador, discovered and 
 
 named by Columbus 99 
 
 Santangel, letter of Columbus to. 99 
 
 Schagen, Peter, letter of 236-23J* 
 
 Scotch-Irish 257 
 
 Sea of Darkness, ideas about 93-95 
 
 (Illustrated) 94 
 
 Separatists, religious views 170 
 
 Persecuted in England 171 
 
 Flight of, to Holland 171 
 
 Condition of, in Amsterdam 
 and Leyden 171-172-173 
 
XIV 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Separatists ask for help 174 
 
 Sent to America by merchant 
 
 adventurers 175 
 
 Serpent Mound Park (Illustrated) 33 
 
 Shawmut 205 
 
 Shell-heaps, where found 28 
 
 (Illustrated) 29 
 
 Description of 28 
 
 Contents of 29-30 
 
 Age of 29-30 
 
 Slavery, introduced into Virginia 156 
 
 Smith, Capt. John, disciplined 141 
 
 Made president 143 
 
 Relations with Indians 144-145 
 
 Character of 143-144 
 
 Visits Powhatan 145-146 
 
 Departure of 148 
 
 In Massachusetts Bay 184 
 
 South Carolina, earliest settle- 
 ment in 165 
 
 Granted by Charles II 166 
 
 Settlement at Charlestown. . . 166 
 
 Settlers of 166 
 
 Trouble in 166 
 
 Spaniards among the Pueblos 50-51 
 
 Conquer Mexico, Peru, and 
 
 Brazil 118 
 
 As colonists under Colum- 
 bus 99-106 
 
 Relations with the Dutch. .231-233 
 Squanto, Relations with Pilgrims. 189 
 
 Stamford 222 
 
 Standish, Myles, friend of Pil- 
 grims 172, 177 
 
 Chosen captain 187 
 
 St. Augustine, settled by Span- 
 iards 128 
 
 Stuyvesant, Peter 245,246 
 
 Swedes 251, 257 
 
 Tattooing of Indians 62-63 
 
 Tennessee, mound villages in 41 
 
 Tihus description of 53 
 
 Tools (see implements). 
 
 Totems, use of 63-64 
 
 (Illustrated) 63 
 
 Turf Hut, A (Illustrated) 23 
 
 Description of 24-25 
 
 Threatened bv ice-sheet 26-27 
 
 Utah, Cliff Dwellers in 44 
 
 Van Twiller, Wouter 244 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Venice, early merchant sailors 
 
 of 93 
 
 Early home of John Cabot. .. 113 
 
 Verrazano, early life of 124 
 
 Commissioned by Francis I . . 125 
 Touches North American 
 
 coast 125 
 
 Description of America 126 
 
 Vespucci, Amerigo, birth of 117 
 
 Interest of, in Columbus 117 
 
 Touches South America 117 
 
 Fame of 118 
 
 New World named for him. 118, 127 
 
 Virginia in 1618 60 
 
 Indian name of 67 
 
 English name of 138 
 
 Settlement by the English .... 138 
 General assembly of, estab- 
 lished 155 
 
 Life in 155-156 
 
 Virginia Company, formed 140 
 
 Orders of 144 
 
 New charter given to 147 
 
 Dealings with Pilgrims 174-175 
 
 Walloons 235 
 
 War-dances of Indians 83 
 
 Watertown 202, 220-221 
 
 Weathersfield 221 
 
 Weymouth 205 
 
 White, John 138 
 
 White, Peregrine ♦ 179 
 
 Wigwams, of Indians 64-66 
 
 Williams, Roger, sent away from 
 
 Massachusetts 204 
 
 Founds Providence 223, 224 
 
 Arrival of in America 223 
 
 Religious views of 223-224 
 
 Windsor 221 
 
 Wingfleld, President, made first 
 
 president of Virginia 141 
 
 In disgrace 146 
 
 Winthrop, John, arrival of 199 
 
 Election of, as governor 201 
 
 Removes to Boston 206 
 
 Letter of, to wife 211-214 
 
 Statue of 212 
 
 Joined by family 214-215 
 
 Wisconsin, Mounds of 32 
 
 Zuni, Pueblo of (illustrated) 48 
 
 Religious ceremonies at 51-52 
 
INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 STORIES FROM AN ATTIC. 
 
 Did any one ever hear of a boy or girl who does 
 not like to spend rainy days in an attic ? There is 
 a large family of brothers and sisters and cousins, 
 in a certain city, who have for their play-room the 
 attic of a big, old-fashioned house that was built 
 before the Revolution. It is full of heavy oaken 
 chests and hair-cloth trunks and mysterious boxes 
 of all sorts of shapes and sizes. 
 
 Sometimes grandmother comes up to tell the 
 children who owned these ancient boxes, and 
 where they have been in travels around the world. 
 If the dear granny does not feel able to mount the 
 stairs, over which the children scamper nimbly, 
 she gives the bunch of keys, on their faded green 
 ribbon, to the oldest girl. 
 
 The oldest girl is proud of grandmother's con- 
 fidence, and tries to make the others have an extra 
 
 good time when she unlocks the trunks and brings 
 
 7 
 
8 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 out the old bonnets and dresses, the fans and slip- 
 pers of years and years ago. Once in a while the 
 oldest boy is allowed to take a screw-driver and 
 open some of the chests which belonged to his 
 grandfather, who was a famous friend of the In- 
 dians, and a good fighter, too, in his day. From his 
 chests come forth Indian bows and arrows, leather 
 stockings and moccasins, queer pipes, knives, belts, 
 and many things of which the boys and girls do 
 not know the names. Another man in the family 
 was captain of a ship that sailed the eastern seas 
 many years before the children were born. 
 
 These young folks used to like nothing better 
 than to be alone among these treasures ; not that 
 they wished to be away from grandmother ; but it 
 was " such fun " to guess what aunt the horse-hair 
 bonnet fitted ; who gave great-grandfather the set 
 of conch-shell buttons that are like a set owned by 
 General Washington. Every one of the boys has 
 his idea of gfreat-gfrandfather's strength from his 
 big, clumsy musket and his holster pistol, which 
 hang from the rafters. 
 
 There was a great mystery for a long time over 
 four long leather buckets, painted red, with great- 
 
INTRODUCTORY. \) 
 
 grandfather's name in white letters. The buckets 
 were half-full of balls, as heavy as lead, and old, 
 broken pewter spoons, some of them hammered 
 out flat and thin. One day the mystery was 
 cleared by Aunt Betsey. The children did not 
 ask her. That would have spoiled half the fun, 
 they thought ; but one of them heard her tell a 
 visitor that the family still had her grandfathers 
 water-buckets. Every man in the village, she said, 
 was obliged to have one or two sets of water-buck- 
 ets, and to use them, too, whenever a neighbor's 
 house or barn took fire. Auntie had often heard 
 her grandfather tell how on an alarm of lire all 
 the men of the village rushed out with their buck- 
 ets and formed two lines between the fire and the 
 nearest well. They kept the full buckets going 
 toward the lire, and the empty ones toward the 
 well just as fast as the neighbors and their hired 
 men could handle them. 
 
 "Our buckets are full of bullets and old metal," 
 auntie continued. " I have heard my mother tell 
 how every old spoon and scrap of pewter was 
 saved and hammered out to be melted up and run 
 into bullet-moulds, She said we must always 
 
10 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 keep that scrap in the buckets, for it is just as it was 
 when the family were at work on it, and the alarm 
 came that Indians were coming and everything 
 was hidden up the chimney. " 
 
 The children talked this over with the buckets 
 in front of them, and decided that the true sto- 
 ries about the things in the attic were more excit- 
 ing than guesses and make-believe stories. So, 
 now, they ask grandmother and Aunt Betsey and 
 every one they know for the true stories. Some- 
 times they are told to look at pictures and read 
 books on our early history and the manners and 
 customs ; sometimes they are told to go to muse- 
 ums. They like to do so, now that they have 
 learned that these things show how the people 
 looked and what they did, and even what they 
 were thinking of when the important events hap- 
 pened that the school histories mention. 
 
 Of course, these children soon wanted to know 
 about the Indians. Then they asked where the 
 Indians came from ; what was this country before 
 there were any attics and old chests, before there 
 were any villages or fire-buckets ; what was it as 
 far back as any one knows? 
 
INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 THE EARLIEST TIMES WE KNOW OF. 
 
 Of late years people have found many true sto- 
 ries of the men and women who lived in our coun- 
 try thousands of years before our great-grand- 
 fathers. The people who have found these stories 
 are called antiquarians, which is a long, dull- 
 sounding name to you, if you do not know the 
 meaning of it, and what interesting things are dis- 
 covered by the hard work of such persons. 
 
 STONES HIDDEN IN THE EARTH. 
 
 How have they learned such wonderful things, 
 do you suppose ? By digging in the earth ; by 
 digging in certain places, where they have learned 
 to look for antiquities — another word that must be 
 known to be appreciated. Many places where 
 such things lay hidden were first found by acci- 
 dent, by workmen digging wells, ploughing fields, 
 
 or laying the foundations of railroads, cutting 
 
 11 
 
12 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 through mounds and gravel banks, and even in 
 old river beds. 
 
 GOOD WORK OF ANTIGIUARIANS. 
 
 The workmen often found curious things, which 
 some antiquarian would hear of, and go hundreds 
 of miles to see. 
 
 "Why," he would say, "these workmen have 
 
 "a 
 
 £:■"• 
 
 £•*' 
 
 ^? 
 
 A— Black top soil. 
 
 B— Yellow drift (Glacial sand) containing chipped implements 
 
 and flakes. 
 C— Yellowish-white sand. 
 
 come upon things that were made before the time of 
 Indians we know about." The men thought they 
 were cutting through natural earth, but the antiquar- 
 ian knew better than that. He looked carefully at 
 the outside of the place, and at others like it near by. 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 13 
 
 Then he brought educated and skilful workmen 
 of his own to open some of them. They worked 
 carefully, so as to see just how the hills or pits 
 were made, and what they contained. 
 
 They said : " These stone implements and bones 
 are the remains of ancient people, who must have 
 lived and died and been forgotten before the time 
 of any people known to our histories of America." 
 
 That is why these discoveries are called prehis- 
 toric. 
 
 After the first findings, they began to search 
 for others. Colleges and historical societies, and 
 even the United States government, gave men and 
 money to the search. 
 
 COLLECTIONS IN MUSEUMS. 
 
 There are several museums where you can see 
 such "finds," all nicely labeled, and oftentimes a 
 custodian to explain to you about them. The 
 largest and finest collections are at the Peabody 
 Museum in Cambridge, Mass., the American 
 Museum of Natural History at Central Park, New 
 York City, at the Smithsonian or National Museum 
 in Washington, I). C, and the American Museum 
 of Natural History at the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania. 
 
 We may not believe all the antiquarians think 
 
14 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 about the earliest people. Perhaps by the time 
 you are grown men and women main' new discov- 
 eries will change their beliefs ; but the present 
 discoveries tell us a great deal which cannot be 
 changed. We know that main', mam' generations 
 of people lived here long before the time of the 
 savages found by Europeans near the beginning 
 of the seventeenth century. The Europeans, who 
 thought this country was part of India, called the 
 savages Indians. They had to have some name 
 for them, so we must have some names for the 
 prehistoric peoples. We call the first people of 
 which we have traces by the name of glacier men. 
 
 THE GLACIAL OR ICE AGE. 
 
 This is the name for a time in the history of North 
 America when the climate was much more moist 
 and cold than it is now. It was so cold that the 
 moisture fell to the earth in the form of snow. The 
 snows fell continually ; and as there were no 
 "warm spells'' or any summers to make them 
 melt and run off, they piled up, like the snowdrifts 
 of many winters, one upon another. Then almost 
 all of our country looked as parts of Alaska and 
 Greenland do to-day. All the valleys and hollows 
 were filled with tightly-packed and hard-frozen 
 snow, which we call glaciers. They extended for 
 
< %■ 
 
16 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 miles and miles in great, broad, white rivers, be- 
 tween the highest mountains. All the smaller hills 
 were covered. All these rivers moved, not dash- 
 ingly or rapidly, as rivers of water do, but slowly, 
 grindingly, carrying everything they could tear 
 from the mountain sides with them. 
 
 If you had been on any of those vast snow- 
 streams, and had driven a row of stakes in a 
 straight line almost anywhere, you would have 
 found, after a time, that your line had grown 
 crooked, or had become an arc, because the mid- 
 dle of the glacier moved faster than its sides. 
 The glaciers moved so slowly that you could not 
 tell that they moved at all, except in some such 
 way as by the stakes. They moved faster in sum- 
 mer, when the hot sun melted them a little, than 
 in winter, and faster in the daytime than at night. 
 
 MORAINES. 
 
 As the glaciers moved, they carried trees, all the 
 loose gravel and stones of the mountainsides, even 
 big boulders, weighing hundreds of tons. These 
 lay in long rows along the centre and at the sides 
 of the glacier. They are called moraines. 
 
 When you roll a big snowball, you know how it 
 takes up dirt, pebbles, and almost everything in its 
 way. Sometimes, after vour ball has melted, you 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 17 
 
 find a little heap of the things it picked up. Per- 
 haps, also, there is a broken line of pebbles along 
 the path where you rolled it. The paths of our 
 glaciers have been traced in much the same way. 
 
 THE GREAT PREHISTORIC SPRINGTIME. 
 
 After a long ice age, when glaciers covered 
 much of our country, a change came in the cli- 
 mate, which we might call the great prehistoric 
 springtime. The air grew warmer, and the moist- 
 ure fell in rain instead of snow. Then the air 
 grew drier. The rain ceased part of the time. 
 The glaciers began to melt, to crack, to break up, 
 to rush through their valleys, and sail off into the 
 ocean in icebergs. Water rushed from under 
 them in torrents, cutting its way through the val- 
 leys and forming deep river channels to the ocean. 
 Wherever the snow melted it dropped its stones, as 
 your snowballs do. Much of our country is still 
 covered with what is called the drift of the glaciers 
 — and very stony firms it makes, too. 
 
 Pieces of rock, worn smooth by their travels, are 
 still strewn over the glacial valley, some of them 
 thousands of miles from their native beds, out of 
 which they were roughly pulled in the cold ice 
 age. Laborers often find them far in the ground, 
 sometimes fifteen feet deep, under layers and lay- 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 19 
 
 ers of dirt and soil that must have gathered during 
 many centuries. 
 
 MAMMOTHS. 
 
 We think that there must have been animals 
 even as early as then, by the skeletons found near 
 
 Mammoth. 
 
 remains of glaciers. Because these skeletons are 
 so much larger than any animals of our times, we 
 call them mammoths. 
 
 THE GLACIAL MEN. 
 
 All this time you have been wondering, probably, 
 if there were any people living among the glaciers 
 or in the great springtime. Apparently there were ; 
 for roughly-shaped stone tools have been found in 
 some of the layers of the soil eovering the deeply- 
 
20 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 Knife (Oregon). 
 
 buried glacial boulders. Whenever you hear the 
 word tool, you think of a man to use it. There 
 must have been men not only to use but 
 to make these things. Rough and odd as 
 they are, some people must have made 
 them ; for it is hardly possible that they 
 were worn into these shapes by the action 
 of water and gravel moving over them. 
 Men who have studied the natural and artificial 
 shapes of stones, point out 
 to us how these are chipped 
 off in one place, hollowed 
 in another, and smoothed 
 in another, all in such fashion as to make them use- 
 ful. Besides, others like them have been found in 
 other parts of this country and in Europe, where 
 there were several proofs that they were made by 
 men of an early age. 
 
 LIFE OF THE GLACIAL PEOPLE. 
 
 The climate of the country about the ice-sheets 
 was not too cold for trees to grow, or even for a 
 rough sort of farming, people think ; for some of 
 the tools found are like axes and hoes. Here are 
 pictures of such stone tools, showing how like tools 
 are used with wooden handles by modern Indians. 
 If they tell a peaceful story of sowing and harvest- 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 
 
 21 
 
 A.dze Blade 
 of Stone. 
 
 ing, they also tell of trouble. Many times they have 
 been found helter-skelter, as if left in haste. It is 
 thought that they were dropped by men 
 who fled before the advancing ice-sheet, 
 when it began to melt fast, or that they 
 were overtaken by it and killed. 
 
 You may see some of these things in 
 the museum collections. They are odd, 
 rough, stone things that would have no 
 meaning to you if you did not know the stories of 
 the people who used them. Some of them seem 
 to have been made to kill animals, some to cut 
 them up for food, others to re- 
 move the skin and to make it into 
 clothes. You see we know very 
 little about the people of the ice 
 ag-e. We believe they were here, 
 
 Adze, with Modern O J 
 
 ^Sl^^vSH- because we have found tools, like 
 those of a prehistoric people in 
 Europe. Perhaps all were of one race, and our 
 glacial men came from Europe on an ice-sheet 
 which may have spread over the far north Atlantic. 
 There is no proof of how they came or what be- 
 came of them. Some antiquarians think that they 
 all perished as the mammoths did. Others think 
 that they went north, as the glaciers began to melt, 
 Jveeping close to the ice-sheet They believe the 
 
22 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 glacial men's descendants still live in the far north, 
 and are what we call the Eskimos. Still others 
 believe that the rongh stone men, as they are 
 sometimes called, grew more refined as time went 
 on, and that it was their descendants who made 
 better implements of polished stone and flint, which 
 we find now by digging in heaps of sand and 
 shells by the water, by hunting in caves, or by 
 delving into large mounds piled up high, in other 
 parts of the country. 
 
 FROSTY STONE, THE ICE BOY : A STORY. 
 
 Percy Brownley sat up in bed, rubbing his eyes 
 and calling to his mother to come to him quickly. 
 While he waited almost breathlessly for her to step 
 across the hall to his bedside, he looked about his 
 room as if in search of something entirely different 
 from what he saw with his frightened, staring 
 eyes. 
 
 His mother's voice seemed to calm him some- 
 what as she hurried to him, saying, " What makes 
 you shiver so, and what makes you look so fright- 
 ened, my boy? " 
 
 "I guess any boy would shiver and be scared, 
 too, if lie were an ice boy, living right near a lot 
 of icebergs that might slide over him in the night. 
 I thought one had, but — but here I am in my own 
 
24 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 room and not in a turf hut, and I can see the sun- 
 light and the maple-trees — outside my window. I 
 don't understand it all." 
 
 " Why, Percy, you have been dreaming — " 
 
 " Dreaming? and it isn't true ? " 
 
 "Why, no! don't shiver so— here — lie down in 
 bed again — pull up the clothes about you, and 
 mother will sit beside you to hear the dream. Now, 
 my little ice boy, tell me who you were in your 
 dream ; the son of an ice man ? " 
 
 11 Why, yes! that is just what I was ; but not 
 our kind of an ice man. My father was one of the 
 ice men who lived in the glacial time that sister 
 Lucy was talking about with the young professor 
 who came from college with brother Ned, last 
 evening. I was listening to them when you called 
 me to go to bed." 
 
 "Then I suppose you went to dreamland to find 
 out more about those people." 
 
 By this time Percy was calm and warm. With 
 one hand resting in his mother's and the other free 
 to make gestures, he told her how he had been 
 living in the ice age of America. 
 
 " My. name was Frosty Stone. I had two broth- 
 ers and a sister, and I had, why I had a different 
 father and mother from you and papa Brownley. 
 We lived in a hut made of turf, with skins hung 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 
 
 25 
 
 on the inside of the walls. It was dark, and the 
 oil we burned smelt badly. We had wood to burn 
 to keep us warm, but not much, for it was so hard 
 to get. We had to take a long journey 
 of several days to a place where some 
 tall, weather-beaten trees grew. These 
 we hacked down with heavy stone 
 axes. The men used large ones and we 
 boys had smaller ones. On our way 
 home with the wood on our sleds, 
 we went through a settlement where 
 they had corn-fields in summer. Once 
 some of their corn, paid for it with his outer fur 
 
 coat. He thought the 
 
 Rude Chipped 
 
 Implement op 
 
 Early Man. 
 
 father got 
 
 ath 
 
 Rude Axe, Hafted Chipped Implement 
 Modern Indian. 
 
 weatner 
 
 it 
 
 had 
 
 •old 
 
 er 
 
 changed 
 and he should not need 
 but as we neared 
 ionic, each day grew 
 aid he wanted it airain. Mother seemed 
 She pounded it with a 
 
 delighted with the corn 
 
 stone and stirred it up with water. I don't believe 
 I should want to eat any of it now, but it tasted 
 good when I was Frosty Stone. 
 
 " Mother had to make father another coat out 
 of the skin of a deer he shot the next day. She 
 cut the skin off from the fat and flesh with a flat, 
 sharp-edged stone, punched holes in it, and sewed 
 
26 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 it with such a queer needle. It was coarse and 
 long, made of a piece of thin bone with a big hole 
 for the eye. Gruess what she had for a thread. 
 Mamma Brownley ! why, the dried muscles of 
 some animals father had killed at different times. 
 
 "We had some of the deer-meat cooked on a 
 stone before the tire that night, and felt glad 
 father had to have the new coat." 
 
 Then Percy's mother said, '• I should think you 
 had a very happy life, and plenty of snow for slid- 
 ing and snow-balling. 7 ' 
 
 11 1 think I have had enough. It seemed pretty 
 good for a while, but I was afraid of the great big 
 animals that lived down in the forest region and 
 sometimes strayed up near where we lived, and 
 oh, mother ! " exclaimed Percy, shivering again, 
 " the iceberg was so near. It moved towards us a 
 little every day in what we called the summer 
 months, when for a while there was no snow about 
 our hut. Father and Mother Stone used to talk 
 about it, and say they must make another hut 
 farther away from the edge of the ice-sheet, But 
 colder weather came again, freezing it up too hard 
 to move more than a wee speck each day — and 
 then they thought it safe to stay. But oh, one 
 night, after a few warmer days, there was a sud- 
 den thaw ! We heard it cracking ! I thought the 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 27 
 
 whole glacier was coming right over our hut to 
 bury us under the snow, and then— 
 
 " Then you awoke " —put in his mother's calm 
 voice. 
 
 " Yes, and found I wasn't Frosty Stone, the ice 
 boy, any longer." 
 
28 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 CHAPTEE II. 
 
 STORIES FROM MOUNDS. 
 
 After the people of the ice age, there were sev- 
 eral races, or, perhaps, several branches of one 
 race, who covered much of our northern continent. 
 One may have followed another, or all may have 
 lived at the same time. At any rate, they lived 
 differently. If one came before another, the first 
 were probably 
 
 THE MIDDEN MEN. 
 
 The people who are named after the heaps of 
 refuse and shells they made in the places where 
 they lived, are called midden men. These middens, 
 or shell-heaps, are found on the northwest coast, 
 and along the Atlantic shore, from Florida to Lab- 
 rador. Some are found also inland along the great 
 lakes and the St. Lawrence River. The old shell- 
 heaps down in Florida are particularly interesting. 
 
 Try to imagine great sand or earth-covered 
 piles of mollusk-shells, sometimes joined together 
 so as to form one long line of embankment. Scat- 
 tered through them are many odd-looking bone 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA 
 
 29 
 
 tools, and many other strange objects made of the 
 bones of such animals as the elk, deer, beaver and 
 
 Florida Shell-heap worn away by the River. 
 
 A— Skull in place. 
 
 Cut loaned by Peabody Museum. 
 
 seal. Remember that only a few of these animals 
 are found now in our country south of Maine and 
 Michigan, and that the heaps are found as far 
 south as Florida. There are 
 some rude cooking-dishes and 
 a few pieces of broken pottery 
 in these refuse heaps, just as 
 you find pieces of crockery 
 in an old ash-heap now. 
 
 The wisest antiquarians do 
 not know how old these heaps are. They believe 
 that they are not as old as the glacial and early 
 stone aj>'e, because no mammoth bones are in them. 
 
 Pottery Vessel from Shell- 
 heap. 
 
30 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 From some things they appear very old. Others 
 belong to a later time. So the midden men seem 
 to have lived for many, many years — perhaps many 
 hundreds of years. They seem to have thrown about 
 everything they had into their heaps. In some 
 of the heaps are articles, or pieces of articles, 
 which must have been made in Europe. It is be- 
 lieved that the midden men were not all gone be- 
 fore the early discoverers began to come from Eu- 
 rope, near the beginning of the sixteenth century. 
 
 THE CAVE MEN. 
 
 Some time during the midden men's period, or 
 after them, lived the cave men. Caves have 
 always been used as dwellings. 
 Even now, in lonely parts of the 
 shores of Scotland, men, women 
 and children live huddled together 
 in dark and dirty caves. 
 
 Imagine what* life in such a 
 place would be ; not attractive, or 
 perhaps endurable, for us, yet we 
 find something very interesting 
 about the old caves inhabited many 
 hundreds of years ago. There are 
 caves in all parts of the country that show many 
 positive traces of the people who have lived there. 
 
 Woven Sandal from a 
 Cave in Kentucky. 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 
 
 31 
 
 One of the greatest is the Salt Cave of Ken- 
 tucky. The rock has been hollowed out partly by 
 nature and partly by the people. Scattered about 
 in the dingy darkness were forms of animals, tools 
 of stone, pottery, and the cinders of several 
 hearths, where they had fire for warmth and cook- 
 ing. There were pieces of 
 cloth, too. The people wore 
 sandals, and used bags of 
 rope or twine which they 
 made of hempen fibre and 
 the inner bark of certain 
 trees. You may see all these 
 things at the Peabody Mu- 
 seum in Cambridge. Thus 
 you see that the cave men 
 had ropes to fasten sticks for 
 wooden handles to their stone and bone hoes, as is 
 done to-day by the savages about the Papuan Gulf. 
 
 These things seem like the work of people who 
 knew more than the midden men. Perhaps some of 
 the midden men's sons and their families began to 
 be cave-dwellers before others lei't off making shell- 
 heaps. 
 
 THE MOUND-BUILDERS. 
 
 Still another people, called mound-builders, 
 lived in the time of the midden men and the eave- 
 
 Woven Bag from eAVE in 
 Kentucky. 
 
32 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 dwellers, or after them. Boys and girls may still 
 see some of their mounds in Ohio, Indiana, Mis- 
 souri, Wisconsin, and other parts of the country. 
 For centuries they lay unknown and hidden by 
 forests. They were discovered as the lands were 
 cleared, and, fortunately, many of them were pre- 
 served. From a distance they look like toy or arti- 
 ficial hills made in 
 H || ll circles, squares, rect- 
 
 angles and crosses. 
 The most interesting 
 ones are shaped like 
 animals. In Kentuc- 
 ky there is an im- 
 mense mound which 
 looks somewhat like 
 the shape of a bear. 
 It measures about 
 one hundred and fixe 
 feet from the tip of 
 the nose to the tail. In Ohio there is a serpent 
 with open jaws and gracefully coiled tail. When 
 they were first found men dug them up carelessly 
 and ignorantly, breaking and upsetting all that 
 was inside. 
 
 Others, who knew their value, cut into them 
 carefully, so as to open them by sections, keeping 
 
 ffil 
 
 MI 
 
 Bird's-eye View of the Great Serpent 
 Mound, Adams County, Ohio. 
 
Serpent Mound Park, Adams County, Ohio. 
 
 A— Ground line. B— Skeleton in place. 
 
 Photo, loaned by Peabody Museum. 
 
34 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 everything in place as nearly as possible, to see 
 the contents and the form in which they were built. 
 By this time hundreds of monnds have been 
 opened. The smallest of them seem to have been 
 mere watch or signal mounds. Others were cer- 
 tainly burial places. 
 
 MOUND VILLAGES. 
 
 The largest of all the monnds seem to have been 
 earthworks for a fortified village. They sometimes 
 formed three sides of an enclosure fronting on a 
 lake or river. Within the limits of these enclosures 
 you may still see scores and scores of pits, where 
 huts and wigwams once stood, the dwellings and 
 workshops, perhaps, of the people who mounted 
 o-uards in war times on the smallest mounds round 
 about, and buried their dead in the others. 
 
 THE BURIAL MOUNDS. 
 
 These contained the skeletons of men, women 
 and children. Sometimes these had been carefully 
 placed on flat boulders : sometimes in graves made 
 of fiat stones. In one mound the skeletons lay in 
 rows ; in another in a circle, with heads toward 
 the middle, like spokes in a wheel. Weapons were 
 often found near the bones of the arm ; ornaments 
 of stone and 'bone lay about the heads, and neck- 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 
 
 35 
 
 laces made of the teeth of large animals. Vessels 
 of clay seem to have been placed over the graves, 
 probably with food. Savages still put food instead 
 
 
 Bird's-eye View of Ancient Earthworks, Ross County, Ohio. 
 
 a — Large mound containing enclosure of timbers, altars, skeletons and 
 
 implements, and ornaments of copper, bone and stone. 
 b b 6— Small mounds. 
 c— Small circular earthwork. 
 
 The larger circular enclosure has an area of about forty acres. 
 The square enclosure has an area of about twenty-seven acres. 
 The smaller circular enclosure is about eight hundred feet in diameter. 
 
 of flowers at the graves of their dead. Ashes near 
 by show signs of the feasts held by the relatives at 
 the grave. 
 
36 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 Stone Axe. 
 
 HOW DID THEY LIVE ? 
 
 To imagine how these different peoples lived, 
 we must look at their tools. They have left a large 
 stone, which you might call an axe, with 
 grooves in it, where a piece of hide or 
 rope may have fastened it to a handle 
 of wood. Other stones, about two and 
 three-fourth inches long, seem like lit- 
 tle axes. They are all well shaped, 
 with good edges. Perhaps the chil- 
 dren worked or played with the small ones. They 
 seem to have left more 
 arrow-points than any- 
 thing else. These are 
 
 ()f mailY Shapes aild of Hafted Stone Axe. Modern Indian. 
 
 man)' kinds of stone, especially of what we call 
 flint. Some are shaped like leaves. 
 Others are triangles. These early 
 people had stone knives, to skin 
 animals, probably, and to split bark 
 from trees. Perhaps the women did 
 this work, as Eskimo women do now. 
 Hard and dirty work it must have 
 been ; but their hands were protect- 
 
 Flint Arrow Head. e d SOmewhat from tllC sharp stOUC 
 
 blade by a back or handle of wood. This had 
 holes in it, through which thongs of hide fastened 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 
 
 37 
 
 Slate Knife (New England). 
 
 it to the blade. This shape was most common in 
 
 the North. In other parts of the country knives 
 
 were shaped like large arrow- 
 points, and fastened into sticks 
 
 for handles. 
 
 After the skinning- of an 
 
 animal they used its flesh for 
 
 food, and its fat for various purposes, and stretched 
 
 and rubbed the hide until it was soft and pliable. 
 When it was properly tanned they 
 bored holes in it with bone awls, and 
 sewed it into rough garments, with 
 the sinews of animals for thread. 
 They may have sewed also with 
 a kind of "Indian hemp," which 
 
 we call dog-bane or milkweed ; for they often 
 
 used this hemp to make fish lines and nets. Of 
 
 bone, also, they made 
 
 different ornaments and 
 
 tools. 
 
 The men probably did 
 
 the fighting, the hunting 
 
 and fishing. Flat and 
 
 notched stones, which 
 
 look like hoes, and many 
 
 mortars and pestles make us think that grain 
 
 was raised for food also ; but there is nothing 
 
 Slate Knife with 
 Modern Handle 
 
 (Alaska). 
 
 Small Moktar and Pestle. 
 
38 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 to show whether the men or the women did the 
 work. 
 
 CIVILIZED PEOPLE. 
 
 They must have been civilized in many respects. 
 They had large mortars made in boulders and 
 placed in the centre of the town. These were prob- 
 ably a sort of town-mill, for the use of all. Many 
 
 Mortar made in a Boulder. 
 Cut loaned by Peabody Museum. 
 
 small ones were found in different places, which 
 seem to have been owned by private families. The 
 smallest ones were used, we think, to grind paint, 
 which was used, perhaps, to ornament the people's 
 faces, certainly to decorate their dishes and vases. 
 These people made dishes of clay and of soapstone 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 39 
 
 for cooking and for many other purposes. They 
 are of various shapes and sizes. 
 
 Farmers all through this great country plough 
 up bits of their pottery every year. Some 
 pieces are large enough to show the shape and 
 decorations of the vessel. These tell that the 
 people's houses may have been scattered all over 
 the country ; but only in the burial mounds and 
 
 Pottery from Ancient Burial Mounds. 
 
 Vessel in form of gourd. 
 
 Bowl in form of fish. 
 
 Jar in form of grotesque head. 
 
 graves are the things found whole. There they 
 have laid, safe from the plough-share for sev- 
 eral hundreds of years. We may be more in- 
 terested in these vessels than in any of the other 
 things, for they tell us more of the people. They 
 tell us how skilful the mound-builders were with 
 their hands, what fancies worked in their brains. 
 Some of the vases are so beautifully designed, 
 so perfectly formed, and so artistically colored, 
 that many archaeologists and ethnologists be- 
 
40 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 lieve that the mound - builders were far more 
 civilized than any of the natives found in North 
 America by Europeans after the discovery by Col- 
 umbus. The natives of the seventeenth century 
 may have been descendants of the skilful mound- 
 builders ; they may have lived in the same places, 
 gradually neglecting their arts and allowing their 
 hands to lose their cunning. 
 
 The natives found by the first explorers from 
 Europe, several generations after them, chased 
 their game through the forests without knowing 
 that the hills they crossed were mounds, and with- 
 out even a tradition of the early people who built 
 them. 
 
 The white settlers from Xew England, who 
 drove the savages westward and cut down the trees, 
 found the mounds not very long ago. So it is 
 only lately that men interested in prehistoric peo- 
 ple have known of them, and begun to trace the 
 stories of those who built them. 
 
 MIDDIE PITT, A LITTLE GIRL MOUND-BUILDER. 
 
 The grave of a mound-builder's little girl was 
 found one day, by a man who dug into one of 
 those small, round pits, where it is supposed that 
 the people's huts stood. It was in the Lebanon 
 settlement in Tennessee. Below the bottom of the 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 
 
 41 
 
 pit the little girl's bones were found on a smoothly- 
 paved grave, with two flat stones at the head and 
 the foot. Beside her were her toys. There were 
 
 Bird's-eye View of Ancient Village Site of the Mound Builders, 
 Lebanon, Tennessee. 
 
 A— Ditch enclosing village. 
 B— Inner embankment. 
 C— Outer embankment. 
 D— Entrance to village. 
 
 E— Great mound. Probable site of council house or important building. 
 F— Burial mound, with stone graves. 
 
 The circular earthworks not designated by letters are probably the 
 sites of dwellings. 
 
 some shell beads, pearls and pretty little polished 
 stones, a small earthen pot, a duck-shaped dish, and a 
 water jar, like a bear, with a smoke-stack on his back. 
 
42 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 Bird-shaped Bowl (Tennessee). 
 
 The little girl was fond of these dishes, probably, 
 and her mother filled them with food and water to 
 be buried with her. The mother may have be- 
 lieved that the little girl 
 needed something to eat 
 and drink, on her long 
 journey to her new 
 home ; or she may have 
 believed that bad spirits 
 would eat the food and 
 leave the little girl in peace. 
 
 She lived in a settlement of people who had 
 round huts, clustered together within a high bank, 
 which protected them from beasts and made it 
 harder for enemies to get into their village. In 
 the centre of this town was 
 a sort of mound where they 
 had an altar and worshiped 
 their heathen gods. Then 
 there was a large mound 
 used for a burying-ground 
 for grown people. They 
 got the dirt for these big 
 mounds from a place near the wall at one end of 
 their village, out of which they dug so much that 
 it was a big hollow or sink. There the little chil- 
 dren could play — I wonder if one of their games 
 
 Earthenware Vessel 
 (Tennessee). 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 
 
 43 
 
 was hide and seek! Whatever they played, they 
 came in hungry at noon. What do you suppose 
 they had to eat? We have learned some of the 
 things from the waste heaps or middens that have 
 been found near the pits where their huts stood, 
 much like those of the midden men. The mound- 
 builders left piles of 
 shells of different kinds 
 of mollusks, and bones 
 of various animals and 
 birds. They had plenty 
 of turkey, for they were 
 wild and plentiful all 
 over the country then. 
 We think that they 
 had mush or porridge, 
 too, made of some kind 
 of grain, probably corn, and cooked over the fire. 
 In the waste heaps are broken dishes that have 
 been smoked and burnt. Perhaps the little girl 
 had her mush every evening out of the duck bowl. 
 At night she lay on some rushes or leaves for a 
 bed and had a deer skin over her. We do not know 
 her name, but I like to call her Middie Pitt. 
 
 Bear-shaped Vase (Tennessee). 
 
44 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 EABLY PEOPLE OF THE SOUTH-WEST. 
 
 While the midden men, the cave men and mound- 
 builders lived in the eastern part of North America, 
 a more skilful people occupied the vast square now 
 covered by the four states of New Mexico, Colorado, 
 Arizona and Utah. 
 
 THE CLIFF DWELLERS 
 
 lived in many places throughout this region, but 
 where, we do not know exactly. The ruins of their 
 homes are still standing near the rivers Rio Grande, 
 Gila, and branches of the Colorado. Now-a-days 
 travelers find some of that country so hot and dry 
 that they can scarcely endure the climate long 
 enough to look at the wonderful scenery, the great 
 masses of bare rock with deep chasms called 
 canons, where torrents of water rush through in 
 the short, rainy season. There is more than scenery 
 to admire. High up in the clefts of these wild, 
 bare rocks, are many half-ruined villages, built by 
 a people who have left us almost no other traces of 
 their history. 
 
46 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 How did they get there ? Why did they live 
 there ? What sort of people were they ? Did they 
 run up and down these sheer cliffs, like a cat on a 
 tree, to visit the rest of the world? Did they have 
 rope ladders, or did they have nothing but the 
 risky hold for hands and feet, which is now afforded 
 by the small notches cut in the face of the bare 
 rocks ? From a distance these oddly-shaped notches 
 look like mere natural breaks in the rock ; but 
 people believe that they were cut by the cliff 
 dwellers. If they could cut these holes and build 
 such houses, why did they not build stairs up the 
 cliffs? Probably because these dwellings were 
 cities of refuge for a people who lived and had 
 their farms on the plains below. They may have 
 been a war-like people among themselves, or they 
 may have had bitter enemies, from whom they fled 
 to their cliff dwellings so swiftly that the enemies 
 did not know what became of them, for the vil- 
 lages are so like the rocks in structure and in color 
 that they cannot be seen at a great distance. 
 
 They were built by a strong and skilful people. 
 Certain parts of the houses seemed to have been 
 watch-towers placed to command a wide view over 
 the surrounding country. There we imagine sen- 
 tinels watched for the approach of their enemies 
 from the north and west. 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 4< 
 
 From their high places of refuge, the people 
 may have seen the enemy enter the valley be- 
 low them, where the fields seem to have been un- 
 der cultivation, and destroy all their homes and 
 farms. Perhaps they always lived in the cliffs and 
 had only their fields below. Certainly they could 
 not have grown anything on the bare rocks. 
 
 THE PUEBLOS. 
 
 Another ancient people who lived in the south- 
 west were the Pueblos. They were found by the 
 Spaniards and called by a Spanish word which 
 means village. The word is used for the people, 
 their houses and their villages. In fact, a pueblo 
 house was often like a village or a portion of a vil- 
 lage. Over a hundred families sometimes lived 
 under the same roof, or, rather, above the same 
 foundation. No one knows how many centuries ago 
 some of these houses were built. Many of them, 
 partly in ruins, are standing now, and are the 
 homes of the descendants of those who built them. 
 
 The Pueblos' houses were built in a sort of semi- 
 circle or in a rectangle about an open court, from 
 which one story rose after another in terraces 
 like an ancient amphitheatre or the tiers of seats 
 about a modern baseball field. The rooms about 
 the court were but one story high. Behind them 
 
EARLIEST DAYS L\ f AMERICA. 49 
 
 rose another, and behind them another, till the 
 back of the house was sometimes six stories high. 
 The lower rooms appear to have had no doors 
 or windows for either light or people to enter from 
 without ; but in the floor of each second story 
 room there was a trap-door or scuttle-hole into the 
 room beneath. The lower rooms were used as 
 cellars for storing grain and other food. Each 
 family probably controlled the cellar below its 
 living room. The roofs were made of logs, with 
 brush and bark laid over them, and a top-coating 
 of mud several inches thick. There were no stairs 
 in any part of the pueblos. Ladders were usually 
 left standing on every roof or terrace, so that 
 people could go from one to another till they 
 reached the apartment they wanted. At sign of 
 the coming of an enemy, though, all ladders were 
 quickly pulled up. 
 
 THE HEAD OF THE HOUSE. 
 
 All the people in one of these great house-towns 
 as they have been called, were sometimes united 
 under the command of one chief or priest. He 
 directed them in building the house, in tilling the 
 fields on the "mesa," as they called the table-land 
 on which the house stood, and in all their work, 
 their religion and their daily life. They may have 
 
50 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 been a people with many arts. Their farms were 
 watered by canals. Their crops were large. They 
 were warlike, and they successfully defended their 
 villages from their more savage neighbors. They 
 made pottery of more beautiful form, coloring and 
 design than the mound-builders. 
 
 PUEBLO INDIANS. 
 
 We call the people who live there now, Pueblo 
 Indians. They are neither as prosperous nor as 
 skilful as their forefathers were. Changes in the 
 climate have reduced the rivers, dried the canals, 
 and parched the country until all the fertile fields 
 have disappeared, and the people have a hard time 
 to make a living. They have suffered other losses, 
 too, from the raids of wild Apaches and other In- 
 dians living to the north and west of them. 
 
 Pottery is still made in the old pueblos, but not 
 with the skill of olden times. The Spaniards, who 
 found the Pueblos, called them a wonderful people 
 and admired their work and their prowess in war ; 
 but the Spaniards taught them new customs which 
 did much to change their lives. Moreover, here 
 and everywhere, when the Spaniard saw anything 
 he wanted, he took it, from the son of a chief to 
 wait upon him, to a curiously moulded dish or a 
 bright-colored blanket. The Pueblos of to-day 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 
 
 51 
 
 are descendants of a race who were taught some- 
 thing of the Roman Catholic religion and some- 
 thing of the Spanish language and of many 
 Spanish customs, all of which they have mingled 
 with their inheritance from earlier times. 
 
 THE DUCKING OF THE CLOWNS. 
 
 One of the most amusing of the Pueblo customs 
 is what they call "ducking the clowns." If you 
 were at the Zuiii pueblo in the month of July, 
 
 ■IP i, tRg 3 v • 
 
 \ i 
 
 Du-me-chim-chee; or, The Ducking of the Clowns. 
 
 you might see this strange ceremony. All the 
 men and women of the pueblos are out of doors, 
 on the terraces, and on the ground. Presently, 
 ten men, who live in the house, come out. They 
 are dressed in coarse, blue cloth, and wear horrible 
 
52 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 masks of mud. First, they form a line, as you see 
 in the picture. Each one bends over and places 
 his hands on the hips of the man before him. In 
 a moment they start to run around the outside or 
 back- walls of the pueblo, singing " Du-me-ehim- 
 chee, Du-me-chim-chee," over and over again, 
 while the crowd shout and laugh. The women 
 on the walls above "duck" them with jars of 
 water, some of it clean, some dirty. One girl 
 after another has her jar full and waiting for them 
 to come by her terrace. It is an old ceremony, 
 called " ducking the clowns/ 7 and everyone, young 
 and old, delights in it, the "clowns " as much as 
 the others. Troops of children usually follow the 
 "clowns," and if they get some of the water, the 
 greater is the fun. 
 
 This frolic is part of a long religious ceremony. 
 The next day a priest leads a party to the Sacred 
 Lake to carry offerings to the rain gods, and to 
 pray for rains upon their dry land in summer. 
 
 THE ANNUAL POTTERY BAKING. 
 
 While the priest and his attendants are praying 
 for rain at the Sacred Lake, the women of the pu- 
 eblo bake or "fire" all the decorated pots and 
 bowls and clay animals that have been made in 
 the past weeks. I have seen a picture of a Pueblo 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 53 
 
 woman and her daughter at this work. Their pot- 
 tery is piled in heaps of dirt, about which the fires 
 are lighted. They hold a blanket to protect the 
 fire from the wind. You see a picture of one of 
 their vases in the corner of the large picture of 
 the Pueblo house. 
 
 TIHUS. 
 
 The little girls in the pueblos have dolls or tihus 
 to play with. They are made to represent gods. 
 Here is the picture of one — curious-looking, isn't 
 it ? These dolls, made and dressed by the mothers, 
 are used in religious ceremonies, and to teach 
 the children of the pueblos many ideas about their 
 gods. After that the children have them to play 
 with. 
 
 THE PARENT RACE. 
 
 Some ethnologists believe that all these early 
 people of America — the Pueblos, the Cliff-dwell- 
 ers, the Mound-builders, and the Midden-men came 
 from one race, which lived in Central America, 
 and were the builders of the wonderful structures 
 which are found there to-day. If you put your 
 pencil on your maps at Central America, and draw 
 a line to the Pueblo States of New Mexico, Ari- 
 zona, Utah and Colorado; then go back and draw 
 
54 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 another line from Central America to the Ohio 
 Valley; and still other lines to the Atlantic and the 
 
 Calako Mana; or, The Corn Maiden. 
 
 Pacific coasts, you will see that one race may have 
 sent out emigrants in all these directions. They 
 may have gone at various times, and for various 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 55 
 
 reasons. They went to different places, and they 
 may have mingled with more barbaric races than 
 their own. War, perhaps, was made on them as 
 intruders. All of these conditions had much to do 
 with changing* their habits and customs, until after 
 a few generations they were like a different peo- 
 ple. Probably they forgot their parent race, as 
 their descendants have forgotten them. Men in- 
 terested in such things might never have thought 
 of the connection if they had not found the remains, 
 which are carefully kept now in our museums. 
 When we compare the vases and tools made by 
 the Pueblos with those made by the Cliff-dwellers 
 and Mound-builders of the United States, and all 
 with the finer things made by the ancient people 
 of Central America, we see that the peoples may 
 have been related to each other in some way, and 
 probably came from the same race ; but if they 
 did, they grew far apart before the time when 
 they made the things we have seen. 
 
56 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 THE INDIANS. 
 
 The first real history we have of our country is 
 in the reports made by voyagers from Europe 
 near the beginning of the sixteenth century. Those 
 voyagers found a race here, whom they called In- 
 dians, because they thought the country was a part 
 of India. The natives were also called salvages, 
 or savages, because they did not have the customs, 
 called civilization, of Europe and the Orient. Be- 
 cause they did not know the Christian religion, 
 they were called heathen. We know that some 
 of the Indians were descendants of the Pueblos. 
 Many people think that others were from the Mid- 
 den-men and Cave-dwellers, the Mound-builders 
 and Cliff-dwellers. Most of the Indians of to-day 
 have forgotten the customs and arts of their fore- 
 fathers, whom the Europeans first saw. 
 
 We know but little of what they were then, how- 
 ever ; for the Europeans brought many things to 
 the Indians that changed their customs, especially 
 their industries, before any record was made of 
 them. Up to that time the natives made every- 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 57 
 
 thing for themselves ; but as soon as they saw the 
 bright-colored clothing, the glass beads, tin cups, 
 and the showy trinkets of the Europeans, they will- 
 ingly gave any quantity of their own things for 
 them. 
 
 NATIVE MANUFACTURES. 
 
 The Europeans carried these products home, to 
 show their kings and countrymen what manner of 
 people they had found in the New World. They 
 took fabrics of yucca fibre, of dog-bane, of bark, 
 and of goat-hair. They took clay vases and jars, 
 shell-work, and articles made of stone, of bone, 
 and of many other things. 
 
 The natives ceased to make most of them as soon 
 as they found that the strangers would bring their 
 bright things over in large quantities and barter 
 them for the skins of animals, which the Indians 
 trapped and shot with the strangers' guns far 
 more easily than with their own bows and arrows. 
 With the new beads and coarse, red flannel they 
 made new things to please the Europeans, as the 
 articles from across the seas pleased themselves. 
 So it was not very long before the life' of the na- 
 tives which they had lived by themselves for hun- 
 dreds of years, perhaps, was entirely changed. Few 
 voyagers learned enough about it to give us the 
 
58 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 true picture of it. The most that we know of our 
 red men is of the red men under European influ- 
 ences. 
 
 HOW THE INDIANS LOOKED. 
 
 The natives who lived here when the first Eu- 
 ropeans came dressed far differently from any you 
 may see now ; but in face and figure there has 
 been little change. Almost all of them had dark 
 skins, straight, black hair, low and receding fore- 
 heads, black eyes, high cheek-bones, flat noses, 
 white teeth under big lips, and no beards. Their 
 figures were tall and straight, often plump, yet 
 almost never fat. Europeans spoke of the children 
 and young men and women as "comely," and of 
 the old men and women as " uglie." Their hair 
 was worn in different ways. In the South one side 
 of the head was shaved clean, and from the 
 other the hair hung in a long braid or tied 
 bunch. Some tribes wore all the hair cut short, 
 except enough to make one long " pig-tail " from 
 the middle of the head. Others left a single strip 
 through the middle of the head, which stuck up 
 like a cock's comb. 
 
 DRESS. 
 
 Feathers have always been used as ornaments, 
 sometimes in garments, sometimes in head-dresses, 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 59 
 
 and sometimes as single feathers, cut and painted 
 to show various degrees of honors won in war. 
 
 The Indians, especially in the warm, Southern 
 countries, wore little clothing, sometimes no more 
 than a kind of short skirt, which did not reach to 
 their knees. About their necks the Indians hung 
 strings of beads, or the polished teeth of animals, 
 strings of birds' claws, squirrels' heads, and many 
 such ornaments. In colder parts of the coun- 
 try deer and bears' skins were worn in winter, with 
 the fur left on the pelt. Large, warm garments 
 were sometimes made of many small skins sewed 
 together. They were from such animals as the 
 otter, beaver and raccoon. For summer wear 
 lighter skins were chosen. Sometimes the fur was 
 scraped off for summer garments. For hunting in 
 thickets, the men had a sort of leather breeches. 
 They had leggings or socks of skins, too, and low 
 shoes, called moccasins. 
 
 The customs in dress were changed by Eu- 
 ropeans before almost any others. This was partly 
 because the white men thought their own way of 
 dressing was the only right and proper way, but 
 more, perhaps, because they wanted the skins to 
 sell to the merchants at home. 
 
 A Dutch trader said that the natives were eager 
 to barter their fine furs for common red flannel, 
 
60 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 which they wrapped loosely about them, and 
 glanced down upon with a grin of satisfaction. 
 From that time to this, the dress of the Indians has 
 been a funny mixture of Indian and European 
 fashions and materials. 
 
 In the pictures of Indians in this book you can 
 see what things you think they made themselves, 
 and what were probably made by Europeans. 
 
 aUEEN OHOLASC. 
 
 William Strachey, an Englishman, writing about 
 Virginia in 1618, described the dress of Queen 
 Oholasc, Powhatan's wife. You may get two things 
 from what he says. One is a picture of the queen 
 and her wardrobe. The other is the fun of try- 
 ing to tell his quaint story in your own lan- 
 guage. Strachey says : "I was once early at her 
 house, yt being sominertime, when she was layed 
 without dores, under the shadowe of a broad 
 leaved tree, upon a pallett of osiers, spred over 
 with four or five fyne grey matts, herself covered 
 with a faire white drest deere skynne or two, and 
 when she rose, she had a mayd who fetcht her a 
 frontall [a forehead ornament] of white currall and 
 pendants of great but imperfect couloured and 
 worse drilled pearles, which she put into her eares, 
 and a chayne with long lyncks of copper which 
 
Trotting Wolf and Squaw. 
 
0-2 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 they call Tapoantaminais, and which came twice or 
 thrice about her necke and they accompt a jolly 
 ornament, and sure thus attired with some variety 
 of feathers and flowers stuck in their haires, they 
 seem as debonaire, quaynt, and well pleased as a 
 daughter of the house of Austria behune [decked] 
 with all her jewels ; likewise her mayd fetcht her 
 a mantill made of blue feathers so artificially and 
 thick sewed togither, that it seemed like a deepe 
 purple satten, and is very smooth and sleeke ; and 
 after she brought her water for her hands, and then 
 a branch or twoo of fresh greene ashen leaves as 
 for a towell to dry them." 
 
 PAINTING AND TATTOOING. 
 
 The Indians did not keep their skin sleek and 
 smooth to show the swarthy hue. They painted 
 themselves in many colors. To make these decor- 
 ations the more lasting, the patterns were some- 
 times pricked deeply into the skin with thorns and 
 the thorn holes filled with paint, much like the 
 tattooing still done in the South Pacific Islands and 
 other places. One of the old voyagers said, 
 " Many forms of paintings they use ; but he is the 
 most gallant who is the most monstrous and ugly 
 to behold." 
 
 The Indians' faces and hands, and often nearly 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 
 
 63 
 
 the whole of their bodies, were tattooed in this way 
 or painted for special occasions. 
 
 KINSHIP AND TOTEMS. 
 
 Indian children had no opportunity to be lonely. 
 They lived near their grandparents, uncles and 
 aunts. They had dozens of cousins to play with. 
 In fact, their "families" were clans. 
 A village was usually made up of a 
 group of families related to each 
 other and bound together to help 
 one another, to live and to die for 
 one another, if necessary. Each 
 such clan had an emblem, called a V^->\ 
 " totem, 7 ' somewhat as the old clans •-</ }-¥ 
 
 in Europe had their colors and their j^^/ 
 coats-of-arms. The totem was a bird, 
 a turtle, a fish, or some other familiar 
 thing-. Images were made of it in 
 wood or stone. Representations of 
 it were carved on shells, worn about totems of: 
 
 . ill land Indians. 
 
 the neck, or worn m belts or blank- 
 ets ; and often a rude picture of it was tattooed on 
 the men's bodies. In one way or another the totem 
 was worn as a badge by members of the clan. It 
 was also used as a signature in declarations of war, 
 in treaties, in boundary agreements and in other 
 
64 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 matters of business with other elans, and with the 
 white men after the eolonists came. 
 
 VILLAGES. 
 
 One of these large elans made a village by it- 
 self, and the village was a group of huts or wig- 
 wams. They did not always live in the same 
 place the year round. In summer, they were usu- 
 ally on the bank of a river, or the shore of a bay 
 where there was good fishing. Toward winter, 
 
 when the hunting season 
 came on, the whole vil- 
 lage removed to the 
 edge of a forest. 
 
 The huts or wigwams 
 made in many 
 Some were of 
 young trees set in the 
 ground in a circle for a 
 small hut, in two long 
 rows for a large one. They were bent over at the top 
 and fastened together, all covered with bark. Some- 
 times the young trees or poles were driven in the 
 ground at such an angle that they slanted toward 
 the top and crossed at the ends. A hole was left for 
 smoke, and the rest of the frame-work was closely 
 covered with bark on the outside, and with skins 
 
 were 
 
 ways. 
 
 Skin-covered Wigwam. 
 
The Town op Pomeiooc. 
 
66 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 on the inside. The long wigwams were usually 
 so placed that the doors in each end looked toward 
 the north and the south. According to the way 
 of the wind, one or the other was nearly always open, 
 to make the proper draft for the fire. We might 
 not call it a proper draft, but the Indians were 
 satisfied if it sent enough smoke through the hole 
 in the top of the hut, to make the fire burn. The 
 wigwam door was like a rude gate, covered by a 
 piece of bark or skin. These doors were fastened 
 with wooden pins when they were fastened at all. 
 
 ABBINOS. 
 
 There was nothing of what we call furniture in 
 the wigwams, not even beds. Everyone sat and 
 slept on skins and on mats woven from rushes by 
 the women. These were thrown upon the ground, 
 but all the men and women had their own mats 
 and skins and their own places for them and for 
 their own belongings, which they kept behind 
 their mats. These spaces were called abbinos. 
 They were on the bare earth, for the wigwams had 
 no other floors. The Indian mother always as- 
 signed the abbinos to each of the family when they 
 settled in a new place, and to the visitor when they 
 had company. Every new baby was taught to 
 toddle to its mother's mat, and no one dared to 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 67 
 
 take another's place or to meddle with the things 
 kept there. 
 
 A visitor among the Indians in New Netherland, 
 said : "It is their custom to sleep only on the bare 
 ground, and to have only a stone or bit of wood 
 under their heads." 
 
 MOVING. 
 
 The people who lived in these simple dwellings 
 found moving an easy matter. When the men 
 decided to go from the seashore to the mountains, 
 the women made a few compact bundles of the 
 skins, the cooking utensils, and the other durable 
 things they used, hoisted them on their backs and 
 followed their men-folks to their new building 
 lots. When they had horses, the horses carried 
 the baggage on trailing poles. 
 
 In the new home fresh poles were cut and the 
 families were soon settled in new huts, which for 
 a short time were rather clean. 
 
 POWHATAN'S STOREHOUSE. 
 
 In Isenacommacah, which was the Indian name 
 for Virginia, the great chief, Powhatan, had a big 
 storehouse, quite different from the wigwams. 
 William Strachey said that it stood in a thicket 
 of wood, that it was the chiefs storehouse for his 
 
68 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 treasures, such as skins, copper, pearls and beads, 
 "which he storeth upp against the time of his 
 death and bury all." There also he kept his store 
 of red paint for ointment, and his bows and ar- 
 rows. " This howse is fifty or sixty yards in length, 
 frequented only by priests. At four corners of 
 the howse stand four images as careful sentinells to 
 defend and protect the howse ; one is like a dragon, 
 another like a bear, the third like a leopard, and 
 the fourth a giant-like man." All were as ugly 
 to look upon as the workmanship of the Indians 
 could make them. 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 
 
 69 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 INDIAN CHILDREN. 
 
 When an Indian baby was born, its father and 
 mother did not show their tenderness for it as 
 yours do. The mother did not wrap the little 
 thing in soft, white flannel, or nestle it in her arms, 
 and keep the whole family quiet 
 while it slept. She wrapped the 
 hardy a-bin-o-jee, as it was called, 
 in a piece of coarse blanket, or some 
 animal's skin, and strapped it upon 
 a board, which she carried on her 
 back, or hung on a tree while she 
 was at work. Yet she seems to 
 have taken much pride in ornament- 
 ing- this rough cradle, which is 
 called tikkinagon. Sometimes she 
 trimmed it with beads, bright shells, 
 or cloth dyed in gay colors ; some of these bright 
 objects were where the baby could see them, or 
 play with them. 
 
 Miss Alice Fletcher, a lady who has been among 
 
 Indian Cradle 
 Board. 
 
70 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 the Indians for a long time, says that the a-bin-o- 
 jee now-a-days is taken out of its tikkinagon every 
 day, to receive its bath, and to frolic with its 
 mother, or small brothers and sisters, before it is 
 strapped up again out of everyone's way. In 
 time it learned to walk. Then the mother often 
 carried it " pig-back'' for a while, holding it by 
 one hand and one foot. You may think that 
 neither of these ways of being carried was com- 
 fortable for the little one ; but they were the best 
 its mother could do, for she worked hard all the 
 time. The brothers and sisters had to work, too. 
 The fathers were off hunting and fishing, or at 
 their wars. So the babies grew up without much 
 attention from any one. 
 
 HAPPY CHILDREN. 
 
 The little Indians were happy children, Mr. 
 Schoolcraft said, when writing about them — and 
 Mr. Schoolcraft was a man who lived among the 
 Indians to learn their ways. It has been said 
 that he knew more about them than any other 
 white man ever knew. He wrote that they had 
 many pleasures, and that the fathers and mothers 
 cheerfully went hungry when food was scarce to 
 give it to the little ones. 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. <1 
 
 Cruel and harsh the Indian was to his enemies, 
 but to his friends and his family he was as kind as 
 he knew how to be. The children had toys, made 
 by their hard-working mothers. Their fathers 
 took great care to teach them the things Indians 
 thought important to know. Their larger broth- 
 
 FOLLOW MY LEADER. 
 
 *-£P^B 
 
 From Indian Songs collected by Miss Alice G. Fletcher. 
 By permission of Peabody Museum. 
 
 ers and sisters taught them games and songs, such 
 as " Follow my Leader," in which the little ones 
 trot along in time to a song. 
 
 A FATHER'S LOVE FOR HIS SON. 
 
 Mr. Schoolcraft tells this story of Bi-ans-wah: 
 In the war between the Chippewas and the 
 Foxes, the Foxes captured the son of a celebrated 
 and aged chief of the Chippewas, named Bi-ans- 
 wah, while the father was absent from his wigwam. 
 
72 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 On reaching home, the old man heard the heart- 
 rending: news, and, knowing what the fate of his 
 son would be, he followed on the trail of the enemy 
 alone. He reached the Fox villages just as they 
 were kindling the fire to roast the son alive. He 
 stepped boldly into the arena and offered to take 
 his son's place : 
 
 " My son," said he, "has seen but a few win- 
 ters ; his feet have never trod the war-path ; but the 
 hairs of my head are white ; I have hung many 
 scalps over the graves of my relatives, which I 
 have taken from the heads of your warriors ; kin- 
 dle the fire about me, and send my son home to 
 my lodge." The offer was accepted, and the old 
 man, without a groan, was burnt at the stake. 
 
 WHEN AN INDIAN CHILD DIED. 
 
 The burial of a child was much simpler than 
 that of the warrior ; but the grief of his father and 
 mother was very deep. The warrior had won his 
 honors on the war-path ; the baby would never 
 grow up to have his chance to win them. The pa- 
 rents often comforted themselves bv adopting a boy, 
 and if no Indian father and mother would give up 
 their son, the sad father and mother would steal 
 one from the white people on the frontier, not 
 thinking of the sorrow they caused, but filled with 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 73 
 
 the one idea that they must have a boy, for all the 
 hopes of the Indian family were centred in their 
 boys. 
 
 THE SMALL BOYS. 
 
 The father never took care of the baby : but if it 
 were a boy, he watched eagerly for the time when 
 it could use its first tiny bow and arrow. As soon 
 as the Indian boy could toddle about, he was 
 taught to handle his little bow, and to shoot birds 
 and squirrels. His first game, however small, was 
 cooked for a dinner, to which were invited all the 
 little man's great relatives — even the chiefs. 
 
 The Indian small boy learned to set traps very 
 early, too. Sometimes, of course, they were not 
 very well set, but the fathers looked after them, 
 and often secretly put animals in, to encourage the 
 little fellows to try again. 
 
 Soon the toy bow and arrows were laid aside for 
 stronger ones ; but there were many things to 
 learn besides merely to shoot. The boy must 
 know what birds he should find in May, and what 
 ones in October. He was taught the birds' eolors, 
 how one differed from another indelicate shades of 
 breast and wing, in beak and foot. He learned 
 their calls, and the meaning of them, and lie 
 watched them until he knew all their habits. 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 75 
 
 About animals, he learned in the same way— 
 where rabbits and hares burrowed ; in what un- 
 derbrush it was easiest to catch them ; and hun- 
 dreds of things that all American boys want to 
 know to this day. 
 
 By the time the leaves had returned twelve sea- 
 sons, which was the way Indians reckoned years, 
 the boy usually knew how to make and to use his 
 large bow and arrow, how to make canoes and 
 quintans, and many other things. He knew how 
 to fish and to hunt for large game. Probably he 
 had begun to go alone on dangerous undertakings, 
 and his father had begun to teach him some of the 
 many things a warrior must know. 
 
 HOW QUINTANS WERE MADE. 
 
 Perhaps the boys enjoyed boat-making better 
 than anything else except hunting. From this pic- 
 ture you can describe their boat-making for your- 
 selves. You can see just how the trees were burned 
 down near the roots, the branches and the tops 
 burned off, leaving logs of the right length for 
 boats. The logs were then burned out on one 
 side and the charred wood scraped out with 
 shells. Then the rude-shaped boats called quin- 
 tans were considered ready for use. Besides 
 this kind of a boat, the Indians have probably 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 77 
 
 always made canoes of light frames covered with 
 bark. 
 
 BOWS AND ARROWS. 
 
 The work of making bows and arrows must have 
 taken considerable time. Think of the hundreds 
 of arrow-shafts each Indian must have whittled and 
 the many arrow-heads he must have chipped out 
 of flint and other stone. Some of these were 
 poisoned by dipping them into a curious mixture, 
 made, so one Englishman said, of fair red apples, 
 which were poisonous, and of venemous bats and 
 vipers. 
 
 HUNTING AND FISHING 
 
 were important. The boys learned both as they 
 grew up, because the life of all depended on them. 
 There were no stores then, of course, and no mar- 
 kets. Each father was his own hunter and fisher- 
 man, butcher and Ashman. The boys began very 
 young to fish. In summer they fished from the 
 shore or from the canoe. In winter, they fished in 
 curious ways ; sometimes through holes in the ice 
 with hook and line ; sometimes with a long spear. 
 This spear was shaped like a fish on the pointed 
 end. The Indian made a hole in the ice, sat down 
 beside it, pulled a blanket over himself, head and 
 
78- INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 all, in order to make the water dark beneath him, 
 so that the fish would come up to the make-believe 
 fish, suspecting nothing. Then the Indians spear 
 would o-o rio-ht through him. These skilful hun- 
 ters and fishermen had many tricks to catch their 
 game easily or in quantity when they needed much 
 of it. Sometimes when they found a herd of deer 
 in woods near the shore, they drove the whole herd 
 upon some narrow point of land running far into 
 the water, and cut off all escape by building a row 
 of fires across the neck to the mainland. So they 
 kept the herd in a preserve until all the deer that 
 were wanted had been shot. 
 
 WHAT DID THE INDIANS EAT ? 
 
 You know that they ate game and fish of all 
 kinds, and both fresh and dried. They knew all 
 the edible fruits, roots, nuts and other products of 
 
 forest and plains. You 
 will find that the first 
 S^PP|g|gK0 r Europeans who visited 
 Kaus Root is pounded and is mixed in them were interested in 
 
 the water and baked on the fire, each ... 
 
 loaf resting on a stick. Nez Perces In- their maize, Or COm aild 
 
 dians, Idaho. 
 
 the cakes they made with 
 it. All the Indians we have any records of have 
 used potatoes in many ways. The wild potatoes 
 now have curious little roots, no larger than good- 
 
80 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 sized peanuts. Out of another root the Indians 
 have long made a sort of flat, oblong cake, called 
 Kaus Bread. The women dry the roots, grind 
 them, mix them with water, and then flatten them 
 into cakes. The dough must be tough, for a cake 
 is baked before the fire, while hanging by two 
 sticks run through it, near the centre. You may 
 see the holes in the picture. Some people say that 
 the red men eat the roots of water-lilies. How do 
 you suppose they taste? 
 
 For drink the natives generally used clear water. 
 They made a great variety of beverages with the 
 berries, leaves and roots they knew. The drinks 
 brought by Europeans pleased them better than 
 their own. Although rum and whiskey crazed the 
 savages and did more than anything else to ruin 
 them, yet they would barter anything they had 
 for the white man's "fire water," as they called it. 
 
 GOOD TIMES. 
 
 The boys and girls who play Indian seem to 
 think the Indians did nothing but scalp their ene- 
 mies and steal white people's children. Perhaps 
 you know that they did many other things, but 
 think it is more fun to play warrior than anything 
 else. Or perhaps you do not know much about 
 the other interesting things they did. They had 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 81 
 
 many sports and games for the children and the 
 grown-up Indians. There was a game of ball on 
 the grass. Another, much like hockey, was played 
 with sticks on the ice. Lacrosse, the favorite sport 
 in Canada, is an Indian game. 
 
 MAPLE SUGAR. 
 
 The making of maple sugar, which is the best 
 fun of the year in some parts of New England, is 
 an old Indian custom. They held their seensi- 
 bankwit, or sugar-making carnival every year, 
 all joining in the fun. The children carried the 
 sap in pails of bark from the trees to the place 
 where it was boiled in o-reat kettles brought 
 over by the Europeans.. Perhaps before the 
 strangers came they had soapstonc vats or kettles. 
 At any rate, no one now knows of a time when the 
 Indians did not make delicious maple sugar, and 
 when they did not have their " sugaring off 77 every 
 spring. 
 
 PLUM-STONES. 
 
 Another game was called plum-stones, because 
 it was played with the stones of wild plums. Some 
 of them were in their natural state when dried. 
 Others were carved and painted with figures of 
 birds and animals. Plain stones and decorated 
 
82 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 stones were put together in a low, round bowl, 
 shaken, much as you shake dice in a box for par- 
 chesi, and thrown on a smooth skin spread upon 
 the ground. The counts in the game were reck- 
 oned by the figured stones that fell on the skin 
 right side up. 
 
 There is a special song which the winner sings. 
 
 WAR AND WARRIORS. 
 
 The joy of an Indian father was to see his son 
 a warrior. For that, he taught the boy to be skil- 
 ful and brave, and from the time he gave the tod- 
 dler his first little bow and arrow, the Indian's 
 rule for his sons was, "never to blame timidity, 
 but to praise bravery." 
 
 To take part in a war-dance was the highest 
 ambition of every Indian boy ; for when he en- 
 tered the circle of warriors, and joined in this 
 dance to the music of gourds and rattles, he was 
 enlisted for war. To the Indian, the only way to 
 honor and distinction was the war-path. 
 
 Our American boys may become great men — 
 governors of the states, or presidents of the United 
 States, and yet know nothing of war. They may 
 be inventors, such as Edison, great business men, 
 professors in colleges, judges in high courts ; they 
 may win great honors in many ways, without know • 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 83 
 
 ing how to use a gun ; but the only honors for an 
 Indian came as rewards for success in war. In 
 that way he could win the admiration and respect 
 of his tribe and others. In that way he could 
 rise to the head of his people, to be their counsel- 
 lor, their sachem, or their chief. 
 
 Before the Indian lad could hope to take his one 
 path to glory, he had many things to learn. He 
 made, as well as used, his bows and arrows. Be- 
 sides his hunting, he practiced at a mark until he 
 could hit a very small object at a very great dis- 
 tance. He learned how warriors took the scalps 
 of their enemies, and how they were cured and 
 fastened to shields and belts. 
 
 THE WAR-DANCES. 
 
 Hours the Indian lad spent with his brothers 
 and cousins practicing the dances which the war- 
 riors danced with great skill. When he was about 
 sixteen years of age, he was considered old enough 
 to go to war, and was allowed to respond to a call 
 for warriors among his clan. That was when some 
 leader or war-captain, with a club in his hand and 
 red paint on his face, gathered the men and youth 
 about him to tell them that he wished to raise a 
 party to attack some enemy, and would lead all 
 who offered to go. This he told partly hi song, 
 
84 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 partly in short-spoken sentences with piercing yells 
 every few minutes, nourishing* his war-club all the 
 time, and singing 
 
 AN INDIAN WAR-SONG. 
 
 Hear my voice, ye warlike birds! 
 I prepare a feast for you to fatten on; 
 I see you cross the enemy's lines ; 
 Like you I shall go. 
 
 I wish the swiftness of your wings; 
 I wish the vengeance of your claws; 
 I muster my friends; 
 I follow your flight. 
 
 Ho, ye young men, that are warriors, 
 Look with wrath on the battle-field. 
 
 As he sang and shouted, the warriors gathered 
 about him to show their willingness to join his 
 expedition. This was the chance for the Indian 
 lad, and when he stepped to the warriors' circle 
 and joined the war-dance, he stepped from boy- 
 hood into manhood. 
 
 ON THE WAR-PATH. 
 
 The dance finished, the lad provided himself with 
 weapons and food, and went off on the war-path. 
 Here his work was cruel, for he not only killed 
 his enemies but also cut off the scalp of each one of 
 them, flourished it by its long hair, over his head. 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 85 
 
 and hung it by his side, where he often looked 
 at it with pleasure. Afterward each scalp was 
 stretched on a frame to dry and carried about in 
 later war-dances and wars. For his success, the 
 Indian was allowed to wear feathers in his head, 
 differing in kind and number according to his 
 triumphs. To wear, an eagle's feather was consid- 
 ered the greatest honor. No one could wear such 
 a badge unless it was publicly awarded. 
 
 GIRLS AND WOMEN. 
 
 While the Indian men were on the war-path, or 
 hunting and fishing, the women did many kinds 
 of work which we expect men to do. The girls 
 began very young to help their mothers. They 
 cooked and sewed and kept their wigwams in 
 order. This was not what we would call house- 
 keeping. They never swept ; they had nothing 
 like our furniture. The floor, upon which the fam- 
 ily sat, slept and ate, was very dirty, and swarmed 
 with insects ; but no one minded that. The women 
 cut and hauled the wood for the fires, which in 
 summer were outside the wigwams, while in win- 
 ter they were inside, for both warmth and cooking. 
 
 Both boys and girls helped their mothers in 
 planting the corn and tobacco, considering it a 
 great frolic, 
 
86 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 AFTER THE GAME WAS SHOT. 
 
 Some of the hardest work the women did was to 
 fetch home the large game.. After the hunter had 
 shot his deer or bear, he sometimes turned his back 
 on it, broke a branch from some tree near by, to 
 make a trail of its leaves, and strode off to his 
 wigwam. On reaching home, he gave a leaf of 
 his trail to his wife or squaw. She and some 
 other women and girls of the family followed the 
 leaf-trail till they found the game, which they 
 carried home. They skinned it, took out the sinews 
 for their sewing and other purposes, cut up the 
 meat and cooked it. The skin they stretched on a 
 rough frame to dry. Then they cured it, and 
 made it up into shirts or breeches, perhaps, and 
 the smaller pieces into moccasins. 
 
 EMBROIDERY AND POTTERY-MAKING. 
 
 The girls began when young to embroider 
 with brightly-polished shells, pebbles, and bits of 
 mica, until real beads were brought them by the 
 traders from Europe. Can you imagine how de- 
 lighted they were with the bright-colored glass 
 beads, and with bright-red flannel? 
 
 The making of dishes for cooking, and of vases 
 or jars for carrying water, was women's work, too. 
 Often these toiling mothers and big sisters made 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 
 
 87 
 
 earthen ducks, with seeds or pebbles inside, for the 
 babies to play with, and sometimes they made queer, 
 animal-shaped dishes for the older children, some- 
 what like the bear-jug and duck-dish found in the 
 grave of the mound-builder's child. Probably the 
 children soon learned to make these dishes by 
 watching their mothers and trying by themselves. 
 If you have clay-modeling at school, you can try 
 to make some of these duck-dishes and bear-jugs 
 for yourselves. 
 
 INDIAN BURIALS. 
 
 When the Indian father saw his son become an 
 honored warrior, he was ready to leave this world 
 and go, as he said, to the " happy hunting ground." 
 He felt that the most important work of his life 
 was accomplished. 
 
 After he died, his 
 body was dressed in 
 new skins of animals 
 or a blanket ; new 
 moccasins were put 
 on his feet ; and the 
 feathers which he 
 
 had won the rio'ht in war to wear were placed on 
 body was wrapped in cloth 
 
 Scaffold Burial. 
 
 Then t 
 
 his head. 
 
 or bark. In some parts of the country the Indians 
 
88 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 were buried in graves, but not deeply, and were 
 protected by branches and stones. Sometimes the 
 body was put into a canoe with another canoe fitted 
 closely over it. At other times the corpse was laid 
 upon a platform, raised high enough from the 
 ground to be out of the reach of do°:s or wild ani- 
 mals. There was need to protect the dead body 
 from animals, but not from other Indians, for they 
 would not disturb the dead of even their enemies. 
 The warrior's arms were laid beside him, and after 
 they began to have horses, his war-steed, too, was 
 killed and left at the grave, so that the warrior 
 might have him in the next life. Food was left 
 near the grave, and sometimes a bundle of sticks, 
 showing how many ponies he had given away. 
 These, with other odd decorations, told the passer- 
 by what honors the Indian warrior had in life. 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 89 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 PIONEERS FROM EUROPE. 
 
 You know how often little children wonder if 
 there are people in the moon. Perhaps you have 
 longed to go to it yourselves to find who lived there. 
 Perhaps there is some lonely road which runs over 
 a hill or is lost in a wood, where you have never 
 been allowed to a*o, but which vou have wished to 
 see and about which you have had all sorts of fan- 
 cies. Perhaps you have imagined all kinds of ani- 
 mals which might tear you in pieces, and men who 
 might treat you cruelly. Still you have dreamed 
 of lovely things which might be there and, in spite 
 of fear, have wished to go in search of them. Can 
 each one of you remember some such ideas and 
 feelings about strange places? 
 
 OLD IDEAS ABOUT THE EARTH. 
 
 The people in Europe in the fifteenth century 
 used to have these same strange fancies about the 
 far-off land to the west across the Atlantic Ocean. 
 There had been a time when people did not imagine 
 that there was any other land besides their own. 
 
90 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 The earth they thought to be a flat surface, some- 
 thing the shape of a large shield. Some believed 
 there was one large ocean surrounding the land 
 they knew. Others thought there was an edge 
 or rim of land outside the surrounding waters, 
 which was joined on all sides by the sky fitting 
 over it like a big dome. Some men said that the 
 earth was of a much more beautiful, perfect shape; 
 it was not a plane, but a sphere. Then they began 
 to think that if it were round a man could travel 
 around it as a fly can walk around an apple. For 
 centuries these ideas were merely talked about, 
 Then for several centuries more they were nearly 
 forgotten. They were written on rolls of parch- 
 ment, which were the books of those days ; but 
 those books were hidden away and known only to 
 a few great scholars. 
 
 TRAVEL TO THE HOLY LAND. 
 
 A custom had grown up among the Christians 
 of Europe of making pilgrimages to Jerusalem. 
 Men and women wanted to visit the sacred spots 
 where Christ had lived and died. They were often 
 hindered and harmed by the Turks and Saracens 
 who lived in and about the Holy Land. These 
 were heathen, whom the Christians of Europe 
 wished to conquer and convert. For this, large 
 
92 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 military expeditions, called crusades, were under- 
 taken, as early as 1100, by the great warriors and 
 humble peasants of all parts of Europe. Thousands 
 went armed to the Holy Land to snatch the sacred 
 places from the heathen Turks and Saracens. 
 
 While there, the Europeans became used to the 
 Oriental luxuries which these people had gotten 
 from the people living still further to the east. 
 
 ORIENTAL LUXURIES. 
 
 These Orientals had beautiful silks, linens, jew- 
 els, ivories, fine spices, delicious dried fruits, and 
 many other luxuries that Europeans delighted in. 
 Indeed, the people of the West liked these things 
 so much that merchants soon began to send for 
 them. They sent out parties of traders in large 
 caravans, with camels and horses. They soon 
 opened regular routes of travel for their trade 
 from India and from China. In the early part of 
 the fifteenth century these trade routes were closed 
 by the Turks, who took possession of the country 
 through which the caravans passed, and refused to 
 allow the Europeans to enter it. 
 
 THE WESTERN PASSAGE. 
 
 Then the most learned and the most enterpris- 
 ing men of Europe tried to think of some other 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 93 
 
 way to get the silks and spices from the Orient to 
 Europe. Every one talked of a new route to the 
 East. Geographers and navigators began to ex- 
 amine the old books and maps, and to think that 
 if the world was round, perhaps they could find 
 India or Cathay by sailing westward out of the 
 Mediterranean Sea, and across the western or At- 
 lantic Ocean. Merchant sailors from Venice, in 
 Italy, had passed out of the Mediterranean, through 
 the narrow straits of Gibraltar, and, after passing 
 beyond the shores of Portugal and France, had 
 found their way to the ports of England. 
 
 Portuguese sailors, inspired by their king, Henry 
 the Navigator, had crept gradually down along 
 the shores of Africa, discovered the coast and 
 the islands, and returned in safety. 
 
 Most people, however, believed the stories that 
 had been handed down for centuries, about horri- 
 ble monsters that lived in the western waters. 
 Mothers and wives were filled with terror when 
 their sons and husbands talked of sailing out upon 
 this unknown ocean, which was called the Sea of 
 Darkness. The men, too, were superstitious. They 
 believed that all sorts of impossible things might 
 happen. Yet enough sailors to man a fleet could 
 generally be found for almost any undertaking. 
 Love of adventure was strong in the hearts of the 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 95 
 
 descendants of the Teuton people, who once lived 
 in the forests of Germany, fighting wild beasts and 
 delighting* in stories of how their wonderful ances- 
 tors killed dragons and all sorts of monsters that 
 guarded hoards of gold in dark and enchanted 
 caves. It was the hope of finding treasure as much 
 as love of adventure that induced the sailors of the 
 fifteenth century to ship on voyages of discovery 
 across the Sea of Darkness. 
 
 1492 1506. 
 
 The greatest men of that age were the leaders 
 of these voyages, the men who could take the re- 
 sponsibility of the ship's course in strange waters, 
 who could command the crew, whose hearts were 
 above fear and despair when even their bravest 
 men lost hope, begged to go back, and finally 
 threatened the lives of their commanders if the 
 fleets were not turned homeward. Such men of 
 ability and courage were found in every nation of 
 Europe during the sixteenth and seventeenth cen- 
 turies ; but he who came first of all was the great 
 admiral, Christopher Columbus. 
 
 The world knows little of his life. We do not 
 know how he looked. You often see pictures and 
 statues of him, but they show merely what his face 
 
96 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 and figure were supposed to be by painters and 
 sculptors of later times. So you may all picture 
 him for yourselves, while you read of what he did. 
 He was born, a poor boy, at Genoa, in Italy, at 
 about 1435. His father, who was probably a wool- 
 comber, gave his boy " the ordinary schooling of 
 his time and a touch of university life." At four- 
 teen he became a sailor. This was an exciting life 
 for the lad, and the quieter work of selling books 
 at Genoa some time later must have made him rest- 
 less for the sea again. Yet this may have given 
 him an opportunity to study old maps and read 
 books written by old geographers. He knew 
 their theories of the size and shape of the earth. He 
 made himself master, also, of the newest theories 
 and arts of navigation in his own times. Perhaps 
 he made maps and charts with his older brother. 
 After that he went to Portugal, and from there he 
 made several short voyages ; but we shall not follow 
 them. 
 
 HIS GREAT AIM. 
 
 We shall follow Columbus only in the one 
 o^reat aim of his life. This was to cross the west- 
 era seas and reach the Orient. He asked many 
 great people to help him do it, and was laughed 
 at in answer ; but, at last, Queen Isabella and 
 King Ferdinand of Spain took an interest in him. 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 97 
 
 They borrowed money to fit out a fleet, and gave 
 him royal authority, as their great admiral, to sail 
 westward and discover new lands for Spain. The 
 joy of Columbus was so great that he promised to 
 spend his share in the profits of his discoveries in 
 another crusade to secure the holy places in Jeru- 
 salem. His little son, Diego, was made a page in 
 the king's household, and then Columbus went to 
 the seaport, Palos where the king had ordered 
 three vessels to be prepared for him. 
 
 The people of Palos did not receive Columbus 
 kindly. They did not like his undertaking to cross 
 the broad Atlantic Ocean. He had a hard time to 
 persuade sailors to go out with him. They were sure 
 that they would be eaten by monsters or sail off 
 the edge of the world. With the help of two 
 friends named Pinzon, the admiral made up his 
 small fleet of three vessels, fitted them out with 
 food and all necessary provisions, and at last found 
 men enough for their crews. They set sail August 3, 
 1492. Columbus was in command of the fleet and 
 of the largest vessel, the Santa Maria. The Pinzon 
 brothers were in charge of the two other vessels, the 
 Nina and the Pinta, which were smaller, and called 
 caravels. All of the captains believed that if they 
 came to land across the Atlantic it would be on some 
 unknown eastern shore of Asia, the land of spices. 
 
98 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 Columbus first went down to the Canary Islands 
 oft the west coast of Africa. They were known to 
 him. He believed that they were about opposite 
 India. So he took his westward course from them. 
 When the fleet left the Canaries it was indeed on 
 an unknown sea. Day and night it sailed, and it 
 passed out of sight of land, a fact which frightened 
 the sailors as much as the big waves did. Everyone 
 knows that the waves of the Atlantic dip and rise 
 until they sometimes seem like mountains in height. 
 The sailors soon began to grumble. As day after 
 day passed with no sign of land, the men lost all 
 hope. They threatened mutiny. Then they utterly 
 refused to do their work unless the admiral would 
 turn back. In all these difficulties Columbus was 
 steadfast in his purpose. He was determined that 
 nothing should turn him from it. He told the men 
 so. He was commander by order of the king and 
 queen, and he would be obeyed. He wished to 
 keep straight on. If he had done so, he would 
 have found the northern continent, probably near 
 the mouth of what we call Delaware Bay. 
 
 THE NEW LAND. 
 
 On the Pinzon brothers' advice, the Admiral 
 altered the course to a southerly direction, and by 
 that means, in the early morning of the 12th of 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 99 
 
 October, a mariner on the Pinta saw a small 
 island of the Bahama group. The natives called it 
 Guanahani, Columbus said ; he named it San Sal- 
 vador, which is Spanish for Holy Savior. From 
 there the discoverers went to the much larger 
 island which Columbus called Juana, and we know 
 as Cuba; then to Hayti, which was named His- 
 paniola or Little Spain. There they anchored. 
 One of the fleet was wrecked on the coast of this 
 island, and Columbus used her timbers to build a 
 fort, which he called La Navidad. 
 
 On his way back to Spain, Columbus wrote a 
 letter to Santangel, a man who had loaned to Fer- 
 dinand and Isabella much of the money they spent 
 in fitting out the fleet. The letter began : 
 
 "Sir — As I know you will be rejoiced at the 
 glorious success that our Lord has given me in my 
 voyage, I write this to tell you how, in thirty-three 
 days, I sailed to the Indies. 
 
 4 ' It has many ports along the sea-coast, and many 
 fine, large, flowing rivers. The land there is ele- 
 vated, with many mountains and peaks. They are 
 most beautiful, of a thousand varied forms, acces- 
 sible, and full of trees of endless varieties, so high 
 that they seem to touch the sky, and I have been 
 told that they never lose their foliage. . . . The 
 nightingale, and other small birds of a thousand 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 101 
 
 kinds, were singing in the month of November, 
 when I was there. . . . There are wonderful pine 
 trees, and very extensive ranges of meadow land. 
 There is honey, and a great variety of fruits. In- 
 land there are numerous mines of metals, and in- 
 numerable people. 
 
 " There are many spices and vast mines of gold 
 . . . in this island. ... I have found no monsters, as 
 some expected; but, on the contrary, they are people 
 of very handsome appearance." " Hispaniola is a 
 
 marvel." 
 
 THE NEWS IN SPAIN. 
 
 The discovery was received in Spain as the most 
 wonderful news that ever was heard. Columbus 
 was then the Great Admiral to every one, and the 
 hero of the world. Ferdinand and Isabella re- 
 ceived him at court, as you see in the picture. 
 They received him with high honors, seated upon 
 their thrones, wearing their crowns, dressed in 
 their royal robes of state, with their courtiers in 
 attendance — all to hear the story of his voyage, 
 and his discoveries, and to see what he had brought 
 back with him. All marveled most at the natives 
 he had coaxed or tricked to come aboard his ship. 
 Such people had never been seen nor heard of be- 
 fore. Since they came from India they were 
 called Indians, though they were unlike the peo- 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 103 
 
 pie of East India, except that both were dark- 
 skinned and heathen. The western Indians were 
 savages, with straight, black hair and uncouth 
 manners ; they wore odd -looking* garments, and 
 were decorated with feathers and paint. 
 
 We can easily imagine how the king and queen 
 and the people of Spain talked about these won- 
 ders and the new land. Think of the women of 
 Palos, who had been opposed to the voyage. How 
 much they had to " take back," as they talked about 
 it at their marketing, and in their homes. Many vis- 
 its were made, for the purpose, no doubt, of discus- 
 sing the wonderful reports. All the sailors who 
 had gone on the Voyage returned heroes, even if 
 they had done their utmost to ruin the expedition, 
 and had threatened to kill the admiral unless he 
 turned back long before the new land was found. 
 
 Not many years before this the art of printing 
 had been discovered. The story of Columbus's voy- 
 age was printed and sent out over Europe, a double 
 wonder, for people were as eager to see a piece of 
 print as they were to learn of the West Indies. 
 
 As the news spread throughout Europe, all the 
 great navigators wanted to join Columbus, or to 
 follow his example in ventures of their own. The 
 sailors of every port had lost all fear of the Sea of 
 Darkness. " Now," he wrote, '" there is not a man, 
 
104 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 down to the very tailors, who does not beg to be 
 allowed to become a discoverer. 7 ' 
 
 THE SECOND VOYAGE. 
 
 It was easy to man and fit out a second expedi- 
 tion, although it was a fleet of seventeen vessels. 
 Ferdinand and Isabella decided to plant a colony 
 in Little Spain, and twelve hundred people sailed 
 with the great admiral in September, 1494. 
 
 When Columbus reached Hispaniola he found 
 his fort, La Navidad, in ruins ; but he set his men to 
 work at once to build a town, which he called Isa- 
 bella. Other men gathered products of the islands, 
 which were sent back, with some natives, in the col- 
 onists' ships. Still others began to hunt for gold. 
 Columbus had made everyone believe as he did, 
 that large quantities of gold would be found with 
 little trouble. Too eager to await the results of 
 their own labor, the colonists set the natives at 
 work digging in what they called their mines. 
 They were hard task-masters, and as the digging 
 went on and no gold was found, they grew harsher 
 and more cruel to the Indians. 
 
 ANGER OF THE NATIVES. 
 
 The Indians, for their part, resented this treat- 
 ment from the strangers. The savages had given 
 
Kuins of La Navidau. 
 
106 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 the white men a kindly welcome. It was their 
 custom to do all in their power for their guests; 
 but to give generously in hospitality was one thing, 
 and to have their guests make slaves of them was 
 quite another. They were not used to such hard 
 work as this. They showed that they did not wish 
 to do it. When the Spaniards drove them to it, 
 they began to dislike their visitors. Soon they 
 began to show their dislike, and to take measures 
 to protect themselves. 
 
 Columbus left the colonists with their mines, while 
 he continued his voyage among: the other islands. 
 Before he had seen all that he intended to see there, 
 his crew grew so discontented that he went back 
 to Hispaniola, only to find worse discontentment 
 there. Many of the colonists had gone back to 
 Spain, angry that they had found no gold, and 
 that the natives did not remain friendly. They 
 blamed Columbus for both these disappointments, 
 and went home to complain of him to the king 
 and queen. Columbus followed them as soon as 
 possible, and found Ferdinand and Isabella still 
 his friends. They promised to send him on a third 
 voyage, but the preparations were delayed time 
 after time, and Columbus saw that interest in his 
 discovery was dying out. " The new-found world 
 was thought to be a very poor India, after all," 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 107 
 
 It is said that a crowd called after the sons of 
 Columbus, "Look at the sons of the Admiral of 
 Mosquitoland, the man who has discovered the 
 lands of deceit and disappointment ! ,? 
 
 THE THIRD VOYAGE. 
 
 Columbus himself was not disheartened. He 
 raised a new fleet. In May, 1498, he sailed again. 
 This voyage took him to the mainland for the first 
 time — the mainland of South America. Still he 
 thought it India. He also visited his islands again. 
 At Hayti, his brother Diego was in command of a 
 fortified colony, but that, too, was a colony of dis- 
 appointed gold-seekers. When Columbus arrived 
 there both he and Diego were seized, put in chains, 
 and sent to Spain as prisoners. In Spain and the 
 colonies, too, by this time, the great admiral had 
 many jealous enemies who made charges against 
 him before the king and queen. But Ferdinand and 
 Isabella and every one at court were sorry to see 
 their great sea-hero in such distress. The king of- 
 fered to grant the admiral almost any request. Co- 
 lumbus most desired to go out to his West Indies 
 again, with full powers as governor, or to lead 
 his promised crusade to Jerusalem. Neither of 
 these requests could the king grant, but he could 
 send the admiral to add to his discoveries. 
 
Columbus on Deck. 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 109 
 
 THE FOURTH VOYAGE. 
 
 With a new fleet, Columbus started on his last 
 expedition in May, 1502. This time he touched 
 at what we call Central America. Honduras was 
 discovered by the help of a rough map of the main 
 shore, made by an old Indian whom Columbus 
 took on board with him. On this voyage the ad- 
 miral was ill, but his men carried his bed to the 
 deck so that he could see the country and could 
 send his men ashore in likely places. How happy 
 he must have been when they told him that Hon- 
 duras was a rich and beautiful country where the 
 natives wore gold on their necks. Along that coast 
 he sailed southward, till only the little strip of 
 country, which you see on your map, separated 
 the discoverers from the great Pacific Ocean whose 
 farthest waves washed his desired India. He 
 followed the coast of this neck, which we call 
 Panama, turned eastward as it joined the southern 
 continent, and then left it to return to the island 
 colonies. 
 
 Columbus was then in deep distress. He was ill, 
 his ships were worm-eaten and out of repair. He 
 and his crews needed many things. He appealed 
 to the colonists to relieve him ; but they were in- 
 different and stingy. He wrote to his king : "I 
 was twenty-eight years old when I came into your 
 
110 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 Highnesses' service, and now I have not a hair 
 upon me that is not grey : my body is infirm, and 
 all that was left to me, as well as to my brothers, 
 lias been taken away and sold, even to the frock 
 which I wore. ... I cannot but believe that this 
 was done without your royal permission." 
 
 LONELY DAYS IN SPAIN. 
 
 At length, in the autumn of 1504, the discoverer 
 of the New World sailed back to Spain for the last 
 time. 
 
 There all was changed. Queen Isabella was dead. 
 Ferdinand was occupied with many cares. The 
 great admiral was too ill to present himself at 
 court, and the court left him alone in his trouble. 
 Columbus watched and waited for some signs of 
 favor until, after about two years, he died. That 
 was in 150(3. We do not know where he was 
 buried. "With him, during his last, sad days, was 
 his son Diego, who had once been a page in the 
 king's palace. No doubt he was proud of his father, 
 even though the old sea-hero was dvin°f broken- 
 hearted. How much prouder he would have been 
 if he had known all Columbus had achieved ! 
 
 Much of the trouble which Columbus had to suf- 
 fer he had brought upon himself by telling such 
 extravagant stories of his discoveries that people 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. Ill 
 
 who risked their lives and spent all their fortunes 
 to go out to the new lands were bitterly disap- 
 pointed. It is said that he was harsh with his sailors 
 and colonists. But in those days nearly all story- 
 tellers Avere extravagant and nearly all command- 
 ers were harsh. Columbus's discovery was the most 
 glorious event of his time. Many mean persons were 
 jealous of him, and they injured his fame. Perhaps 
 they helped to turn the favor of the king against 
 him ; but if you read the history of Spain in those 
 days, you will see that Ferdinand had a great many 
 serious things to think of beside the admiral, for 
 whom he had done so much and whose discoveries 
 had cost the kingdom many fortunes, but had not 
 led to the riches of India or Cathay. 
 
 You sometimes hear people say it is unjust that 
 the New World was not named for Columbus; but 
 it was not thought of as a new country until after 
 
 i & 
 
 7 
 
 Columbus was dead. He, and everyone of his time, 
 believed that he had found merely the coast of 
 India. 
 
112 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 PIONEERS OF THE NORTHERN CONTINENT, 
 1000-1400. 
 
 Norsemen are said to have visited the northern 
 continent of the New World long before Columbus 
 discovered the West Indies. The Norsemen were 
 bold sailors from the northern parts of Europe. 
 They followed the sea as pirates, and were called 
 vikings, not because they were kings, but because 
 they made their headquarters in the deep viks or 
 bays on the northern coast. Their songs, called 
 sagas, tell of their voyages to a beautiful land, 
 where they saw grapes in plenty and self-sown 
 wheat. We do not know that they came to the 
 shores of America, but many people believe that 
 they did. They were venturesome voyagers. 
 They certainly went from Norway to Icelend, from 
 Iceland to Greenland, and from Greenland to Yin- 
 land. No one really knows just where Vinland was, 
 but most people think it was somewhere along the 
 New England coast. Sometimes they sailed into 
 unknown waters to see what new land they could 
 find. Oftener, their frail ships were blown to 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 113 
 
 strange shores by the heavy winds of the north 
 Atlantic. 
 
 They believed that all the places they visited 
 were some new parts of Europe. That was not 
 strange, for their own country, which they called 
 Scandinavia, was a peninsula of Europe far from 
 the mainland and cut into many parts by broad 
 bays and rivers. 
 
 JOHN CABOT, ENGLAND'S PIONEER, 
 1497. 
 
 England claims that the northern continent was 
 discovered by John Cabot, under the flag of King 
 Henry VII. This Cabot, like Columbus, was born in 
 Genoa. For many years he was a citizen of Venice, 
 a beautiful city on the eastern coast of Italy, where 
 many merchant-sailors lived and carried on an im- 
 mense trade in the Mediterranean and Atlantic 
 ports as far as England. From Venice, Cabot went 
 to England, where he lived with his wife and sons 
 in the famous seaport of Bristol. He was a skilled 
 navigator, well taught in the geography of those 
 days. He was one of the few men who believed, as 
 Columbus did, in the roundness of the earth. 
 
 The news of the first voyage of Columbus made 
 Cabot wish to follow up his countryman's discov- 
 ery as soon as possible. Bristol is on the Atlantic 
 side of England, and we can imagine that 'the 
 
114 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 Venetian," as he was called, often stood upon the 
 shore, looking out on the ocean, impatient to be the 
 next to give Europe news of its waves touching 
 India. In March, 1497, before the great admiral's 
 third expedition was ready. Cabot, and probably 
 some of his merchant friends in Bristol, had 
 equipped the ship Maihew for a voyage, under the 
 king's authority. Henry VII. put no money into 
 the enterprise, but he gave his commission, or pat- 
 ent, " unto John Cabot and his three sonnes, Lewis, 
 Sebastian and Sancius, . . . for the discoverie of new 
 and unknown lands." His majesty was to receive, 
 "in wares or money, the fifth part of the capital 
 gain so gotten." 
 
 THE DISCOVERY OF CAPE BRETON. 
 
 The little Matkew had a long voyage ; but, June 
 24, 1497, she came to land. Some think that 
 Cape Breton Island was the first part of the coast 
 Cabot saw, and that he explored the Gulf of St. 
 Lawrence. Others say that he entered Hudson's 
 Bay. Be this as it may, the English claim that he 
 crossed the north Atlantic, saw land, and returned 
 to Bristol after about three months. In August, a 
 Venetian, living in London at that time, wrote to 
 his brother in Venice : | 
 
 ' ' Our countryman, who went, with a ship from 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IX AMERICA. 115 
 
 Bristol, in quest of new islands, is returned. . . . 
 The king- has promised that in the spring he shall 
 have ten ships (armed to his order). . . . The king 
 has also given him money, wherewith to amuse 
 himself till then, and he is now at Bristol, with his 
 wife, who is also Venetian, and with his sons ; his 
 name is Juan Cabot, and he is styled the great ad- 
 miral. Vast honour is paid him ; he dresses in silk, 
 and these English run after him like mad people, so 
 that he can enlist as many of them as he pleases. . . . 
 The discoverer of these places planted on his new- 
 found land a large cross, with one flag* of England 
 and another of St. Mark, by reason of his being a Ve- 
 netian, so that our banner has floated very far afield." 
 
 Cabot, like Columbus, thought he had found the 
 eastern coast of Asia. Of course every one in Eu- 
 rope thought so, too. Another Italian wrote from 
 London to Milan, a city in Italy : 
 
 "Perhaps . . . it may not displease you to learn 
 how his Majesty here has won a part of Asia with- 
 out a stroke of the sword. The said Master John, as 
 being foreign-born and poor, would not be believed 
 if his comrades, who are almost all Englishmen and 
 from Bristol, did not testify that what he says is 
 true. This Master John has the description of the 
 world in a chart and also in a solid gdobe, which he 
 has made . . . ; they affirm that the sea is covered 
 
116 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 with fishes, which are caught not only with the net 
 but with baskets, a stone being tied to them, in or- 
 der that the baskets may sink into water . . . But 
 Master John has set his mind on something greater : 
 for he expects to go farther on toward the east 
 from that place already occupied, constantly hug- 
 ging the shore, until he shall be over against an 
 island by him called Cipango. where he thinks all 
 the spices of the world, and also the precious stones, 
 originate." 
 
 CABOT'S SECOND VOYAGE. 
 
 It is said that Cabot, or his son Sebastian, made 
 another voyage with a fleet furnished by the King 
 in the next year, and that the mainland was then 
 discovered ; that they coasted for many miles along 
 the shores of New England. 
 
 Both Columbus and Cabot would have been 
 sorry to know that they had not found India, but, 
 instead, new continents peopled by savages who 
 were in no way related to the skilful silk-weavers 
 and jewel-workers of India. 
 
 AMERIGO VESPUCCI, 
 1497 or 1499-1512. 
 
 The new country was to be named after Amerigo 
 Vespucci, a man who was deeply interested in the 
 great admiral's voyages, and wanted to cross the 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 117 
 
 ocean himself as soon as possible. Some say that 
 he sailed so soon that he was the first to see the 
 southern continent, in 1497. 
 
 Vespucci was born in Florence, not very far from 
 Genoa. Among- the many stories of his life is one 
 which describes him in Seville, employed by the men 
 who fitted out the ships of Columbus for a third 
 voyage. A letter of his own, written some time 
 later, tells that he was far away from Spain at that 
 time. It says that he was returning home from the 
 West Indies on a voyage for Ferdinand and Isa- 
 bella, in which he had found the coast of the south- 
 ern continent near the mouth of the Orinoco River. 
 If that is true, Amerigo Vespucci and neither Co- 
 lumbus nor Cabot was the first European to find 
 the mainland of the New World. There is no ac- 
 count of this voyage in the public records of Spain. 
 Later, in 1499, however, Vespucci was pilot for 
 Ojeda, a Spaniard who visited Trinidad the same 
 year that Columbus saw that island. 
 
 Some time after that, this Florentine voyager 
 wrote an interesting little book, which was an ac- 
 count of his four journeys to the " New Land." 
 
 THE LAND IS CALLED AMERICA. 
 
 In 1507 a new geography was made at the Uni- 
 versity of St, -Die, a little town in the Vosges 
 
118 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 mountains near the river Rhine. In the back of 
 the new geography were copies of Vespucci's let- 
 ters on his four journeys. The learned doctor who 
 made the geography called attention to the letters 
 and how much they added to the Europeans' 
 knowledge of the world. 
 
 He said : "Now truly, as these regions are more 
 widely explored and another fourth part is dis- 
 covered by Americus Vesputius, as may be learned 
 from the following letters, I see no reason why it 
 should not justly be called ' America.' ' 
 
 All Europe was interested in the additions which 
 had been made to the knowledge of the world. 
 There was much interest, also, in the new style of 
 books printed from type. That wonderful little 
 new geography, from the university town in the 
 mountains between France and Germany, must 
 have had a large circulation for its day. The 
 people who read it liked the learned doctor's sug- 
 gestion of giving the new land a name of its own. 
 So, without the aid of Vespucci, or even his knowl- 
 edge, perhaps, all Europe began to talk of America. 
 
 Amerigo waked one day to find himself famous. 
 The king of Spain made him "pilot-major" of the 
 kingdom. People talked to him and about him 
 and of his wonderful discoveries. 
 
 Florence was delighted that such a great man 
 
Amerigo Vespucci. 
 
120 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 should be a Florentine. This is a picture of a statue 
 raised there in his honor. There were people who 
 did not believe that he had told the truth, and who 
 thought it was wrong to give his name to the new- 
 found parts of India. Perhaps they were jealous, 
 perhaps they honestly thought so. 
 
 Whether Amerigo deserved to have a continent 
 named for him or not. is still undecided. After 
 all, you will agree that you like the name of 
 America and that you can admire Columbus and 
 Cabot just as much, if your native country does 
 not bear their names. 
 
 WHAT ATTRACTED OTHER PIONEERS. 
 
 After the New World was discovered at the 
 close of the fifteenth century, what do you think 
 attracted thousands of adventurers to it during the 
 sixteenth century ? The motives for voyages of 
 discovery in this century were many and varied ; 
 so were the attractions the new country contained. 
 
 The sailors of the Levant, who were the ablest 
 seamen of Europe in that day, seemed suddenly to 
 have outgrown the Mediterranean Sea. Yovao-es 
 to England, and down the west coast of Africa, 
 seemed to be child's play, when men and ships 
 could breast the high waves of the Atlantic, and 
 come back, not only alive, but with wild Indians, 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 121 
 
 • 
 
 strange animals, brilliant birds, and many other 
 
 curiosities. Moreover, every one believed that the 
 
 new land contained untold treasures, and that the 
 
 riches of India and Cathay lay not far from the 
 
 coast. 
 
 A SEPARATE CONTINENT. 
 
 Before this sixteenth century was half over they 
 learned that South America, at least, was a land 
 wholly separate from the Orient. Then they grew 
 only the more confident that India must lie but a 
 short distance beyond. The great object was to 
 find the strait which led across the New World to 
 the Old. In that quest the explorers found much 
 that they were not looking for. Within the first half 
 century after the discovery, the people of Europe 
 thought they knew a great deal about America. 
 Of the southern continent much was known, be- 
 cause the Spaniards went there with small armies, 
 and conquered the native peoples of Mexico, Peru, 
 and Brazil. 
 
 The northern continent had no such great na- 
 tions to conquer. The armies that went there were 
 lost in thickets and swamps. The people of Europe 
 talked of Florida and Norumbega, of Canada, 
 Hochelaga, and the New Found Land, in the most 
 vague way, not knowing much about their position 
 or boundaries, 
 
122 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 HOW GLORY WAS WON IN AMERICA. 
 
 The vast amount of land, and the possibilities of 
 all it might contain, attracted hundreds of explor- 
 ers to risk their lives. To face danger was an 
 honor in those days, especially to go out into un- 
 known danger. It was an honor, also, to plant a 
 king's standard in a strange land, and to claim the 
 right to add a big piece of even unexplored terri- 
 tory to a royal dominion. Kings and queens re- 
 warded such service, as it was called, with titles 
 of nobility, with large tracts of the new dominion, 
 and often with large powers as governor over col- 
 onies there. The proudest man in those days was 
 he who went to his sovereign with the most mar- 
 velous stories about America, and of his own prow- 
 ess in conquering the natives for the glory of his 
 king and his religion. 
 
 A FRENCHMAN'S DESCRIPTION. 
 
 One of the French explorers of this time wrote 
 a long letter about what he saw. He said : 
 
 " We entered and viewed the country, which is 
 the fairest, fruitfulest, and pleasantest of all the 
 world, abounding in honey, wax. venison, wild 
 fowl, forests, woods of all sorts, palm-trees, cy- 
 presses, cedars, bays, the highest and greatest, 
 with also the fairest vines in all the world, with 
 
124 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 grapes according-, which naturally, without art or 
 man's help or trimming, will grow to tops of oaks 
 and other trees that be of wonderful greatness and 
 heierht. . . . Also there are silkworms in marvelous 
 number, a great deal fairer and better than our 
 silkworms. 
 
 "The natives showed us by signs that they had 
 in the land gold and silver and copper, whereof we 
 have brought some home." 
 
 How much of this account was true we shall find 
 out as we go on with our stories. Then it was 
 all believed and constantly repeated. 
 
 The kings took as great an interest in these 
 things as did the people. If Spain was increasing 
 her dominion, England must do the like, and so 
 must France. So the rivalry of kings spurred on 
 the explorers. 
 
 VERRAZANO, 
 
 1524. 
 
 France, as well as Spain and England, sent an 
 Italian navigator to the New World. This was Ver- 
 razano, a Florentine like Amerigo Vespucci. You 
 can remember that the two C's were born in 
 Genoa, and the two Ys in Florence. Verrazano 
 had been a brave seaman under the French flag 
 for man}- years before King Francis I. heard of his 
 daring on the Spanish Main. All of Spain's enemies 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 125 
 
 in those days sent out armed vessels to capture her 
 treasure-ships on their way home from their con- 
 quests in South America. That part of the Atlan- 
 tic sailed by these treasure-ships was called the 
 Spanish Main. 
 
 When Francis I. saw Spain and England laying 
 their claims to America, he said he should like to 
 see France take a share ; and when he heard of the 
 bold and skilful corsair, Verrazano, his majesty 
 sent for him at once. The king gave him the 
 Dauphin, with fifty men, and food and provisions 
 for eight months, and told him to take possession of 
 some part of the New World in the name of France. 
 
 Verrazano left France in 1524. He reached our 
 coast near Cape Fear, in what is now North Caro- 
 lina, First he sailed southward, as near the shore 
 as possible, in search of a good harbor ; but find- 
 ing" nothing to suit him, he returned and went 
 northward. Then he explored what we know as 
 Raleigh Bay, New York Harbor and Newport Har- 
 bor, and many other places, until he reached Cape 
 Breton. From there he sailed back to France. 
 England claimed that the Cabots had explored this 
 coast, or part of it ; but they showed no maps till 
 fifty years after the Cabot voyage. Verrazano 
 was the first to make it known to Europe. On 
 board the Dauphin he wrote a letter to Francis I., 
 
L26 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 in which he described the waters and the lands he 
 had visited, the people, their dress and manners, and 
 many other things besides. He believed that vast 
 treasure was to be found inland. 
 
 The letter has been criticized ever since it was 
 written, three centuries and a half ago. Some 
 people have always doubted the truth of the state- 
 ments ; but they have never been disproved. Ver- 
 razano's letter was an inspiration to young* navi- 
 gators for nearly a century, and it is quoted to 
 this day by the most learned writers on America. 
 Many of the interesting things about the early In- 
 dians which you have read in this book are taken 
 from it. 
 
 With the exception of an attempt at settlement 
 near the mouth of the Mississippi River, and one 
 in South Carolina at Port Royal, France put her 
 energy into colonizing the region to the north 
 about the St. Lawrence River, where the prospects 
 were good for fur trade, and about Nova Scotia, 
 where the fisheries would well repay any efforts. 
 
 In 1534 Jacques Cartier had attempted a settle- 
 ment at Montreal, and another at Quebec in 1541. 
 Although these were not permanent, they proved 
 to be germs of later colonies. Champlain founded 
 a settlement, in 1608, at Quebec, which grew and 
 flourished. About the banks of New Newfound- 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 12' 
 
 land the French fishermen had gathered from the 
 very beginning of the sixteenth century. In the 
 early years of the seventeenth century they built 
 a Port Royal in what the English called Nova 
 Scotia. 
 
 WHAT THE PIONEERS ACCOMPLISHED. 
 
 Before we leave the early voyagers, who ex- 
 plored the shores of both North and South America 
 on both the eastern and western sides, let us stop 
 to see a little of what they accomplished. 
 
 Columbus, the great pioneer and daring sailor, 
 proved that the earth was round, and gave courage 
 to hundreds to follow him. 
 
 Vespucci gained more exact knowledge, and fur- 
 nished a name for the new land. 
 
 Yerrazano secured to the French a claim which 
 gave impulse to the great French pioneers, Jacques 
 Cartier and Champlain. 
 
 Pizarro, Coronado, Balboa and Cortez gave the 
 most thrilling accounts of a richer and more 
 civilized people than any others had found in the 
 New World. 
 
 While Spain was still in hopes of finding more 
 rich cities and treasure, her soldiers and priests 
 had established missions among the Pueblos. You 
 will remember where these people lived and about 
 
128 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 their odd houses. In the very centre of the Pueblo 
 region Saute Fe was settled, and in time the mis- 
 sions stretched in a long* chain to the Gulf of Cali- 
 fornia on the Pacific coast. 
 
 Before the middle of the sixteenth century many 
 hundreds of Spanish soldiers and colonists held 
 South and Central America. Pizarro had won vast 
 amounts of treasure and gold in Peru, and Cortez 
 in Mexico. After that it was for treasure that 
 Spanish kings sent Spanish soldiers to America. 
 Their motto was "To the South for gold." This 
 led them to turn away from the northern country, 
 where the fur trade in time would have brought 
 them wealth, and from the fields where Indian corn 
 might be raised by hard and constant work. 
 
 The old records tell of many Spanish forts 
 and missions, started in what is now the United 
 States: and how several French settlements were 
 destroyed by the Spaniards. The oldest town in 
 our country is of their building. That is St. 
 Augustine, which was settled in 1565. 
 
 Many daring English sailors visited North Amer- 
 ica in the sixteenth century. Hawkins, Drake, Gil- 
 bert and Frobisher roved the seas and explored 
 the coasts, while Richard Hakluyt, at home, gath- 
 ered carefully all accounts of their voyages and dis- 
 coveries, compared their reports and gains with 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 129 
 
 those of Spanish and French discoverers, and be- 
 sought his queen, Elizabeth, at the close of the six- 
 teenth century, to begin to settle the new land with 
 colonies of English people. 
 
L30 INDIANS AND PIONEERS, 
 
 CHAPTER TUT. 
 
 INDIANS AND EUROPEANS. 
 
 Picture to yourselves an Indian, standing on a 
 hill above the beach of any part of our Atlantic 
 shore that von know best. It is early morning'. 
 The Indian is looking intently at a strange vessel, 
 which is many, many times larger than his largest 
 bark canoe or any quintan he lias ever hollowed 
 from the trunk of a bio- tree. It has tall sticks 
 standing on the deck, with pieces of white cloth 
 hanging from them. It seems to move toward him, 
 yet no one is seen using paddles. 
 
 The white cloths drop. Over the bow is lowered 
 a big, black thing, which looks in the distance 
 like a heavy imitation of a sprung bow and arrow. 
 After that is dropped into the water, some boats 
 are seen. They are more like canoes, but larger 
 and broader. In each there are several white- 
 skinned men, their bodies covered with cloth that 
 fits them — a very strange sight, far different from 
 Indians dressed in skins and blankets. These men 
 sit in their boats and use many paddles that stick 
 out on both sides in an unheard-of way; but they 
 
m mi 
 
 Discovery of Hispaniola (from Herrera). 
 
132 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 move swiftly over the water. They run upon the 
 beach and come ashore. 
 
 PLANTING THE KING'S STANDARD. 
 
 Other natives, men and women, have seen the 
 sight, and gather to meet the strangers as they 
 leave their boats. The natives look with delight on 
 these people, whose faces are of so much lighter 
 color than their own, and whose bodies are closely 
 covered with gay-colored stuffs and with armor 
 that shines in the morning sunlight. Many inter- 
 esting things are in their hands, too. The natives 
 think that these beings are gods, who have come 
 to be worshiped. So, in fear and reverence, the 
 red-skins keep together and watch the leader of 
 the visitors, as he takes his stand on some high 
 point of ground above the beach and plants a cross 
 in the name of his king and church, while the men 
 stand by, with their hats off. and the devout soldier 
 priests, in their black and white robes, read a 
 solemn service. 
 
 The natives cannot understand what they see, 
 but they watch it all intently. When the strangers 
 have finished their ceremony, they come toward 
 the natives, holding out to them bright-colored 
 bells, mirrors, and other wonderful things, which 
 the natives finally take in their own hands and ex- 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 133 
 
 amine with delight. When they hand them back 
 to the visitors they are told in sign language to 
 keep them. That fills them with greater delight, 
 and they are soon very friendly, showing the stran- 
 gers how they live and trying to tell them all that 
 they wish to know. 
 
 WHAT THE STRANGERS SEE. 
 
 The leader of the white men is deeply interested 
 in all that he sees. He visits the fields where 
 grows a grain that is new to him. It grows in lit- 
 tle hills, set in rows. The plant is tall, has long, 
 rustling leaves, and the grain grows in kernels on 
 a cob that is covered with husks and has a long-, 
 silky tassel at the top. The natives call it maize. 
 White men have called it Indian corn. The Indians 
 give the leader bread made of this corn, which he 
 finds good. They give him fruit from their trees, 
 too, and potatoes, the root of a plant. Then they 
 invite him to smoke their pipes filled with a plant 
 they raise, which we call tobacco. There are many 
 new and beautiful trees and bushes and wild flowers, 
 but the leader can stop only a short time in each 
 place where he plants his king's standard. He soon 
 gives a signal to his men. They go down to the 
 beach and make ready the boats to return to the 
 vessel. But some are at other business. 
 
134 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 STEALING NATIVES. 
 
 The Indians hear a cry from one of their young 
 girls. They see her struggling between two strong 
 men who carry her down to a boat and push off 
 quickly. In another boat is one of their young 
 men, trying to leap out, but uttering no cry, lest 
 he seem cowardly. 
 
 The natives' wonder and delight is changed to 
 anger and to fear. Some run to their huts for 
 their bows and arrows. Others get out their 
 quintans ; but the strangers have reached their 
 ship and are sailing away with their captives be- 
 fore the indignant natives can attack them. There 
 is nothing to do but angrily to watch the white 
 sails out of sight, and then to hold rude, but sad 
 ceremonies to express their loss and grief. They 
 cherish their rage. They watch for white men's 
 ships, with weapons ready to kill any who may 
 try to land. 
 
 THE NATIVES IN EUROPE. 
 
 The early explorers seldom went back to Europe 
 without a few natives. In all the great cities the 
 Indians were the wonders of their time. If they 
 were chiefs or the children of chiefs they were 
 sometimes treated as royal. 
 
 Thev were shown at court. Their portraits 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 135 
 
 were painted. They were often carefully taught 
 many things to convert them to the Christian relig- 
 ion and to civilization. After a few years, many 
 of them were taken back to teach their people and 
 to help the white men plant colonies ; but many 
 who returned were landed hundreds of miles from 
 their homes. 
 
 The natives who walked the streets, marveling 
 at all they saw in Europe, little knew how much 
 their visits had to do with the planting of white 
 men's colonies in their native land. 
 
 REASONS FOR PLANTING COLONIES. 
 
 Some Europeans who saw the natives and heard 
 that they worshiped the sun, moon and stars, be- 
 gan at once to plan to send missionaries to teach 
 them the Christian religion. The Roman Catho- 
 lics of Spain and France spread their missions far 
 and wide. They altered, if they did not entirely 
 change, the beliefs of all the northern and south- 
 ern Indians. 
 
 In England, many people desired to send Prot- 
 estant missionaries to the middle regions. One of 
 these, you have heard, was Richard Hakluyt, a 
 clergyman, who made a book for Englishmen, to 
 tell them all that was known about the New World 
 in other countries of Europe. Hakluyt urged his 
 
136 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 queen, Elizabeth, to plant " one or two colonies of 
 our nation upon that fyrme," or land, "where 
 they may first learn the language of the people . . . 
 and by little and little acquainte themselves with 
 their manners, and distill into their mynds the 
 swete and lively liquor of the gospel." 
 
 TRADE. 
 
 Merchants who saw the Indians had other de- 
 sires which led them to fit out colonies. They 
 thought of the many things they could sell in the 
 New World. Hakluyt helped them, too. He said : 
 " All savages will take marvelous delight in any 
 garment, be it ever so simple : as a shirt, a blue, 
 yellow, red, or green cotton cassacke, a cap, or such 
 like, and will take incredible pains for such a trifle." 
 It was soon well known how the Indians delighted 
 in beads, bells, and other trinkets. For such cheap 
 trifles they were willing to exchange precious met- 
 als and jewels, if they had them, and large quan- 
 tities of furs and woods, which brought high prices 
 in Europe. 
 
 Many statesmen thought it would be a piece of 
 economy to take the prisoners out of the prisons, 
 where they lived in idleness and cost the govern- 
 ment a great deal of money, and to set them at 
 work in America to build up a great colony, which 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 137 
 
 should supply the London merchants with furs and 
 other valuable things. 
 
 ROYAL RIVALRY. 
 
 There was a still stronger reason urged upon 
 Queen Elizabeth to send out colonies to North 
 America. Whenever a king of Europe made a 
 good claim to any part of the New World, his 
 power became greater in the Old World. The 
 queen was advised to favor some action, lest, " by 
 our slackness, we suffer the French, or others, to 
 prevent us." 
 
 Before the close of the sixteenth century the 
 pioneers from Europe to America had begun to 
 see that a cross in the New World and a royal 
 proclamation in the Old World were not enough to 
 secure a sovereign's claim to the discoveries made 
 in his name. Discoveries must be confirmed by 
 settlements. 
 
 We shall see that all these reasons and plans 
 worked together when, at last, at the opening of 
 the seventeenth century, England made a perma- 
 nent settlement in the New World, 
 
138 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 FIRST SETTLEMENTS IN VIRGINIA. 
 
 In Queen Elizabeth's time several companies of 
 English colonists tried to make settlements on the 
 coast somewhere north of the Spanish settlements 
 in Florida. England claimed all the country north 
 of the Spanish settlement, and called it Virginia, 
 in honor of Elizabeth, their Virgin Queen. 
 
 The first people who came as colonists faced 
 dangers and endured great suffering. They were 
 sent out, with the queen's permission, by Sir Hum- 
 phrey Gilbert, Sir Walter Raleigh, and generous 
 men who joined them, and gave their fortunes, 
 and sometimes their lives, to plant an English com- 
 monwealth in the New World. 
 
 THE FIRST ENGLISH CHILD BORN IN AMERICA. 
 
 One of the early colonies which did not succeed 
 settled on Roanoke Island, in what is now Albe- 
 marle Sound; and there a little girl was born. She 
 was Virginia Dare, the first child of English par- 
 ents born in America. Possibly she grew up with 
 the Indians, but not there at Roanoke. Her grand- 
 father, John White, left her and the colony, with 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 139 
 
 all going well, to get supplies from England ; but 
 the next English captain who went there found 
 that everyone was gone and the houses were in 
 ruins. Sir Walter Raleigh and his friends searched 
 for them for years; but no one ever found trace of 
 them. They may have perished from hunger. 
 They may have tried to go back to England in 
 some frail boat of their own. Spaniards or Indians 
 may have killed or captured them. Wild beasts 
 may have devoured them. We know how all of 
 these misfortunes destroyed other colonies; but no 
 one knows what ruined the first settlement at 
 Roanoke. 
 
 NEW VENTURES. 
 
 By 1607 the queen was dead, Raleigh was in 
 prison, and English people had learned that one or 
 two men could not afford to send out colonies at so 
 heavy a cost. Then a large number of men decided 
 to form a company to undertake this work of colony 
 planting. You remember that the country had 
 rich forests, fertile soil, abundance of animals for 
 food and furs; and that everyone felt sure that there 
 were mines of gold besides. The new companies 
 decided to send out regular trading agents and 
 workmen bound to serve them for a certain num- 
 ber of years, on much the same plan that the great 
 East India Company of England had adopted to set 
 
140 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 up stations or " factories, "through the country and 
 keep agents or colonies in charge of them. The 
 East India Company had grown rich and powerful, 
 and some of the members thought they also would 
 make a great success of the Virginia Company. 
 
 JAMESTOWN. 
 
 One day in April, in the year 1607, the Susan 
 Constant, the Good Speed and the Discovery sailed 
 
 into the Chesapeake Bay. 
 For a few days the men 
 who came in these ships 
 explored the shores about 
 there, then decided to set- 
 tle upon a peninsula, about 
 fifty miles up a river which 
 was called the James, in 
 honor of their king, James 
 of England. 
 
 There was much hard 
 
 'ape Henry 
 
 work to do, much danger 
 to face and suffering to 
 bear, before this settle- 
 ment or plantation, as they called it, was estab- 
 lished, but it was finally secured — the first perma- 
 nent English settlement in America. There were 
 about one hundred men in the three ships. Some 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 141 
 
 of them were "gentlemen, 7 ' who had never done 
 any work. Others came for adventure, to find gold, 
 to see the new country, and to have a good time. 
 Besides, there were about twelve mechanics and a 
 few strong men of good sense, who knew how much 
 work was to be done, and that each man must be 
 industrious, obey orders, and do his part. 
 
 Captain Newport was in command of the largest 
 ship, the Susan Constant. He was in charge of the 
 entire expedition until it reached Virginia. King 
 James I. had given him a sealed box, which con- 
 tained a list of such men of the party as his Majesty 
 had selected to form a council to govern the colony. 
 This box was not to be opened until they made 
 their land-fall. Imagine how curious they must 
 have been to see these names during their long 
 voyage. After the box was opened and the king's 
 instructions were read, all the men named with one 
 exception were sworn into the council. Captain 
 John Smith was deprived of his share in the govern- 
 ment for about a month. Then he, too, was sworn 
 into office. This council elected for their chairman 
 or president a rich merchant of London, whose 
 name, Edward Maria Wingfield, you may think 
 rather odd. The peninsula chosen for Jamestown 
 was low and malarious. The colonists were not 
 the sort of men to work willingly, even for food. 
 
142 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 THE COMMON-STORE SYSTEM. 
 
 There was trouble from the beginning. All the 
 colonists were bound by an agreement with the 
 company in England to live and to work on what 
 was called the common-store system for seven 
 years. All the game and fish that were taken, all 
 the corn that was received from the Indians or 
 raised by the colonists, all the food that they 
 brought with them, or might obtain in any way, 
 was put into a common store-house. 
 
 Out of that the treasurer of the colony, or Cape 
 Marchant, gave equal portions to all the colonists. 
 When there was more than they needed it was to 
 be sold to the merchants, and the proceeds sent 
 to the company in England. In the same way 
 the lumber that the colonists cut, the furs and 
 other things they received from the Indians, and 
 all that they could raise for market, were put into 
 the common store, and sent to the company by Cap- 
 tain Newport, who sailed back and forth regularly. 
 By this plan no man had the results of his own labor. 
 The possibility of a share in a general settlement, 
 seven years hence, seemed a small reward. Many 
 would not try to work. Some of these were willing 
 to hunt for gold and gems, which no one ever 
 found in Virginia. 
 
EARLIEST BAYS IN AMERICA. 143 
 
 HELP FROM THE INDIANS. 
 
 Several of the colonists wrote letters and books 
 about these early days in Jamestown. Wingfield 
 tells how, in June, "an Indian came from the 
 great Powhatan with the word of peace ; that he 
 desired greatly our friendship . . that we should 
 sow and reap in peace. . . A little after this came 
 a deer to the President from the Great Powhatan. 
 He and his messengers were pleased with trifles. 
 The President likewise bought deer of the Indians, 
 beavers and other flesh, which he always caused to 
 be equally divided among the colony." 
 
 From malaria and hunger there was such sick- 
 ness in Jamestown that nearly half of the colony 
 died before September. Another writer said : "We 
 lived for the space of five months in this miserable 
 distress . . as yet we had no houses to cover us, 
 our tents were rotten, and our cabins worse than 
 nought." 
 
 CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH AND POWHATAN. 
 
 The man who wrote this about the tents ane_ 
 cabins was Captain John Smith. He had come 
 with the others, and was one of the king's council. 
 After a time he was made president. Smith was 
 one of the few men of the colony who was always 
 ready to work — to build cabins, or fish, or hunt, 
 
144 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 or to help make the log palisade around the settle- 
 ment. He often took small parties of settlers into 
 the Indians' country, to buy corn, and to carry out 
 the company's orders to explore the rivers and the 
 bay. He gave the natives beads, pieces of copper 
 and hatchets for their corn. He was so strong and 
 
 Captain John Smith. 
 
 brave with them, too, when they threatened to at- 
 tack the white men, that they feared and respected 
 him and became good friends to the colony as long 
 as he stayed in Jamestown. 
 
 On one of Captain Smith's first visits to Pow- 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 145 
 
 hatan's country, the great chiefs brother captured 
 the white man and his party, and threatened to 
 kill them. But, by appearing not to be afraid, 
 and by telling- tales to interest and amuse the In- 
 dian Emperor, Smith turned his captivity into a 
 pleasant visit, from which he went home laden with 
 presents. This is an account of the visit, with the 
 captain's spelling changed to ours. 
 
 MAKING FRIENDS OF ENEMIES. 
 
 "Arriving at Weramocomoco, their Emperor 
 . . . kindly welcomed me with good words and 
 great platters of sundry victuals, assuring me of 
 his friendship and my liberty within four days." 
 Powhatan "admired and was not a little feared" 
 when Smith told him "of the pfreat kino- of Eno;- 
 land, of the territories of Europe which were sub- 
 ject to him, and of the innumerable multitude of 
 his ships, the noise of trumpets and terrible man- 
 ner of fighting, 1 ' which the king's subject would 
 use here in Virginia if necessary. 
 
 Powhatan desired the colony to forsake Pa spa - 
 hegh, as he called the region about Jamestown, 
 and to live with him upon his river. 
 
 " He promised to give me corn, venison, or what 
 I wanted to feed us, hatchets and copper we should 
 make him, and none should disturb us. This re- 
 
146 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 quest I promised to perform, and thus having, with 
 all the kindness he could devise, sought to content 
 me, he sent me home with four men, one that usu- 
 ally carried my gown and knapsack after me, two 
 others loaded with bread, and one to accompany 
 
 me. 7 ' 
 
 PRESIDENT WINGFIELD. 
 
 The poor Jamestown settlers often provoked trou- 
 ble with the natives. They quarreled among them- 
 selves and with President Wingfield, too. Perhaps 
 he was not as wise nor strong nor as kind as he 
 might have, been, yet he said he tried hard to be 
 fair with what belonged to all, and generous with 
 what was his own. But, at length, the council put 
 him out of office, sent him on board one of the 
 boats in the harbor and kept him there as a pris- 
 oner. In writing his complaint in later years, Wing- 
 field said : "It is further said I did much banquet 
 and ryot. I never had but one squirrell roasted, 
 whereof I gave part to My Rateliff, then sick ; yet 
 was that squirrell given to me." 
 
 MORE COLONISTS. 
 
 In the spring of 1608 Captain Newport arrived 
 from England again with a new party of better 
 men, who gave fresh courage to all. He put his men 
 at work to build a new storehouse and a church, 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 147 
 
 " all which workes they finished cheerfully." Then 
 he went up the river with his ship and came back 
 with it well loaded with corn, wheat, beans and 
 peas. Newport also induced the colonists to allow 
 Wingfield to come on shore to sleep until the de- 
 posed president went back to England with him. 
 
 In the autumn of 1608 a third party of colonists 
 came to Jamestown, with some women and chil- 
 dren. As soon as family life began, the colony 
 grew happier and stronger. 
 
 A NEW GOVERNMENT. 
 
 A new charter was given to the company in 
 England in 1609. By it the company was able to 
 make some changes toward better government in 
 the colony. In place of a president, chosen by the 
 local council, there was to be a governor chosen by 
 their council in England. The governor had au- 
 thority from the king and the company, and nearly 
 all Englishmen of that day thought no authority 
 was of any power unless it came from the king. 
 The colony was still to live and work on their com- 
 mon-store system. 
 
 SMITH'S DEPARTURE. 
 
 This same year of 1609 the company sent five 
 hundred new emigrants to Jamestown. Some of 
 
148 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 them arrived before the new governor. Captain 
 John Smith very soon after this went back to Eng- 
 land either, as he said, on account of his wounded 
 arm, or, as others believed, because the company 
 recalled him. He went back, leaving the colony 
 in charge of a gentleman named George Percy, 
 who was a good man, but in poor health. When 
 Smith left, Jamestown had " a church, a fort, a 
 storehouse, sixty dwelling-houses, and a stock of 
 domestic animals.'' Besides, there were fields and 
 several plantations outside of the town. 
 
 As soon as the captain was gone, all the colo- 
 nists, old and new, refused to work. When the In- 
 dians heard that their friend had left, and how 
 badly the colonists behaved without him, they at- 
 tacked the settlers and destroyed their property 
 almost to the very gates of Jamestown. Within a 
 year the colony dwindled to sixty persons. They 
 were just going away when another load of fresh 
 colonists, with plenty of supplies, came with the 
 governor, Lord de la War, whose name we call 
 Delaware. 
 
 The governor set everyone to work, and built 
 the settlement up again ; but he was soon forced 
 to go back to England for his health. Then the 
 colonists resumed their lazy ways, and almost per- 
 ished again, 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 149 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 HOW THE PLANTATION OP VIRGINIA WAS 
 SAVED BY DALE. 
 
 In less than a year after Governor De la War 
 left Jamestown, it was almost in ruins for the 
 second or third time. That was In 1611. The man 
 who saved it was Sir Thomas Dale. He came as 
 High Marshal of Virginia. He remained about 
 five years. After that the fear of failure was passed. 
 Dale was soon followed by three hundred more 
 colonists. One hundred cows and other cattle 
 were soon sent by the company. He was a second 
 Captain Smith. "All the men in the colony either 
 worked or starved while he was governor." He 
 began a new and healthy plantation not far from 
 Jamestown, which was called, for Prince Henry, 
 the City of Henrico. 
 
 Dale also induced the company to begin care- 
 fully to alter the common-store system. A few col- 
 onists were allowed to have three acres each, and 
 to work for themselves upon this land. The change 
 was so successful that it was extended, and finally 
 the old system was abandoned, 
 
150 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 SOME STRICT LAWS. 
 
 Before this change was made, however, Dale had 
 to give orders and enforce them to make each man 
 do his share. In order to increase the number of 
 poultry, Dale made a rule that no person was to 
 kill a domestic fowl, whether it was his own or not. 
 No baker nor cook who was supposed to work for 
 the common store should ask for pay or keep back 
 any of the food. If he did he was to have his ears 
 cut off. These rules and many others were read 
 by the minister in church each Sunday morning. 
 This was a disagreeable duty, because the minister 
 knew how the people disliked the rules, or "Dale's 
 Code," as they were called ; but he knew that if he 
 did not read them he would not receive his full 
 share of the next week's food. 
 
 BETTER DAYS IN JAMESTOWN. 
 
 The people in Jamestown did not need such 
 strict laws after a while, for a better class of men 
 began to come over from England, to grow rich 
 by raising tobacco. Governor Yeardley, who took 
 Sir Thomas Dale's place in 1616, advised the cul- 
 tivation of this plant, for which there was a grow- 
 ing demand in Europe. The temptation was then 
 strong to raise tobacco rather than corn, each man 
 leaving that for his neighbor to do. The more 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 151 
 
 sensible men in the colony remedied this by pass- 
 ing a law that every man must have on hand an 
 amount of corn in proportion to the number of 
 men employed by him. 
 
 Meanwhile the Indians were friendly, especially 
 the great chief, Powhatan. His daughter had to 
 be kidnapped, however, to bring this about. 
 
 THE KIDNAPPING OF POCAHUNTAS. 
 
 "Powhatan's delight and darling, his daughter, 
 Pocahuntas, . . . tooke some pleasure ... to be 
 among her friends at Patoamecke." These are 
 lines from a true story, written by Raphe Hamor 
 in Virginia, in 1614, and printed soon after in 
 England. That year, 1614, Powhatan's delight 
 and darling left her home, to see something of 
 her friends, when her father sent down a party of 
 his men with corn and furs to sell to the settlers. 
 At that time the great chief was holding some of 
 the colonists in captivity. He had also obtained 
 possession of some valuable swords and guns. In 
 vain had Dale asked the stern old Indian " Em- 
 peror " to give them up. It was feared that the 
 men would be killed. 
 
 It chanced that at this time Captain Argall, a 
 daring sort of English trader, was on one of his 
 frequent visits to Virginia, and had sailed up the 
 
152 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 " Potoamecke.' 7 Argall thought it would be much 
 to his credit to discover some means to force Pow- 
 hatan to give up the men and the guns. 
 
 What do you think he did ? He induced an In- 
 dian, named Japazeus, to help him kidnap Poca- 
 huntas, not to hurt her, but to take her down to 
 Jamestown and keep her with the settlers until her 
 father gave up their men and the swords and guns. 
 One day when Japazeus and his wife and Poca- 
 huntas were walking on the shore, the wife proposed 
 to pay a visit to Captain Argall's boat, which lay in 
 the river. An English boat was an interesting thing 
 to visit, she told Pocahuntas, and she finally per- 
 suaded the young girl to go with her. Everything 
 on board was ready to receive them. Pocahuntas 
 was somewhat afraid at first ; but she soon took 
 delight in the boat and all she saw. A supper 
 was served, and then the Princess was made com- 
 fortable for the night in the gunner's room. 
 
 In the morning she rose early, to tell Japazeus 
 that she wished to go back to the shore. Captain 
 Argall had provided for this. He had "secretly 
 well rewarded Japazeus with a small copper kettle n 
 and some other toys, which he valued so highly that 
 ' k doubtless he would have betraide his owne father 
 for them. 77 " Much a doe there was to perswade 
 her to be patient." This " with extraordinary cur- 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 153 
 
 teous usage, by little and little," was done, and 
 "so to Jamestowne she was brought." A mes- 
 senger was sent forthwith to her father to say that 
 his only daughter was in the hands of the English 
 until he fulfilled their conditions for her return. 
 " ' The news was unwelcome and troublesome unto 
 him, partly for the love he bare to his daughter, 
 and partly for the love he bare to our men, his 
 prisoners, of whom ... he made great use ; 
 and those swords and peeces [or guns] of ours, 
 which, though of no use to him, it delighted him 
 to view and looke upon." 
 
 A HAPPY VISIT. 
 
 Many months passed while Pocahuntas lived at 
 the fort, or on board Argall's boat. The English 
 boys and girls were happy to be her playmates. 
 All the people loved her and still treated her as & 
 princess, and she loved them. 
 
 Powhatan made several offers to do part of what 
 Dale and the captain asked; but he refused to do 
 all. Then the captain sailed up the river with 
 Pocahuntas, to see if it would move the stubborn 
 old chief to have his delight and darling so near, 
 yet out of his reach. Two brothers of Pocahuntas 
 came on board the boat one day, ' ' being very de- 
 sirous to see their sister," When they saw how 
 
154 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 well she was treated they were delighted, and 
 rushed away to persuade their father to redeem 
 Pocahuntas, and to make a firm peace forever 
 with us." 
 
 THE LADY REBECCA AND HER MARRIAGE. 
 
 Meanwhile Pocahuntas was told that she was 
 free to go to her father, if she wished to do 
 so. But Master John Rolfe had fallen in love 
 with her by this time, and she chose to go back 
 to Jamestown and be married to him. When 
 Powhatan heard of this he consented to the 
 marriage, and made a treaty, agreeing to all the 
 English asked of him. Pocahuntas went back to 
 Jamestown with an uncle and two brothers. The 
 uncle gave the little Indian bride away in the 
 church at Jamestown on the 5th of April, 1614. 
 " Ever since then," the story goes, " we have had 
 friendly commerce and trade, not only with Pow- 
 hatan, but also with all his subjects round about 
 us." 
 
 Soon after the marriage Marshall Dale went 
 back to England. With him sailed Mr. Rolfe and 
 his Indian princess bride, who was baptized be- 
 fore her marriage under the name of the Lady 
 Rebecca. 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 155 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 PLANTATION LIFE IN VIRGINIA. 
 
 You recall that after the settlers began to work 
 for themselves they did not need such strict laws 
 as "Dale's Code " to keep them at work. Another 
 change in the company enabled them to give up 
 the common-store system, to sell large tracts of 
 land at low prices to what were called " planters." 
 They gave these planters the right to elect dele- 
 gates of their own to a legislature, or House of 
 Burgesses, which met with the governor and his 
 council in what they called a general assembly, 
 and made the laws for the colony. 
 
 Then a better class of Englishmen began to 
 think it worth while to come to Virginia to take 
 up plantations of hundreds of acres. They raised 
 tobacco on these plantations, and soon grew to 
 like the colony so well that they built large, sub- 
 stantial houses, sent for their families, and called 
 Virginia their home. The tobacco-fields of the 
 large planters were laid out along the James River 
 and its small branches, and along the bay. There 
 were no cities in Virginia, although the company 
 
156 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 wished for them so much that a group of planta- 
 tions was often called a city, and efforts were made 
 to lay out a town as a centre for them. 
 
 Each plantation was a small settlement in it- 
 self. It had its own little harbor; ships came from 
 England to its landing, bringing all the articles 
 and provisions that were not made or raised on 
 the plantation, and taking the planters' tobacco 
 crop for return cargo. There was no need for 
 towns with shops. There was little coin — tobacco 
 was the currency of the colony. Its value was 
 fixed by acts of the general assembly. There were 
 one or two schools for poor white and Indian chil- 
 dren. A few planters' children were taught at home 
 until the boys were old enough to be sent to Eng- 
 land for their education. People lived an out-of- 
 door life — fox-hunting, horseback-riding, boating. 
 They did not care much for colonial newspapers ; 
 printing was not allowed in their colony for over 
 a hundred years. A planter's wealth was in his 
 land and his servants, and in the large crops of 
 tobacco which he sent to England to pay for sup- 
 plies and luxuries. 
 
 NEGRO SLAVES. 
 
 In 1619, soon after the large landholders began 
 to come to Virginia, something new was offered 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 157 
 
 for sale at Jamestown. A Dutch ship offered some 
 negroes, who had been stolen from the coast of 
 Africa. The tobacco planters of the West Indies 
 had used negroes as slaves for years, and the Dutch 
 traders brought them to Virginia as soon as they 
 heard of the new tobacco plantations. Others that 
 came soon after found equally ready sale. But 
 nearly thirty years passed before many such car- 
 goes began to come. In these early days the to- 
 bacco was raised by white servants. Before the 
 old common-store system was abolished all colo- 
 nists were bound to one master — the company. 
 After it was abolished, every planter was a mas- 
 ter, who took servants under bonds, much as the 
 company had done. A few of these were the worst 
 sort of criminals from the English prisons, and 
 were bound to the planters for life ; but most of 
 them were under bonds or indenture as 
 
 " FREE-WILLERS OR REDEMPTIONERS." 
 
 They were often good and industrious, even edu- 
 cated men, who had lost their farms, or had had 
 other misfortunes in England, and wished to start 
 anew in Virginia. So they bound themselves for a 
 number of years to work for some large land- 
 owner, who paid their passage, kept them in food 
 and clothes until the end of " their time," as they 
 
158 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 called their bondage. Then they received a 
 certain number of acres, a small outfit of tools, 
 and, perhaps, some money or goods, with which 
 they set up small plantations of their own as 
 "freedmen," or " redemptioners." Many of the 
 honored families of Virginia were founded in this 
 way. 
 
 DUTY-BOYS OR APPRENTICES. 
 
 Boys formed another class of white servants in 
 the early days of the colony. They were bound 
 much as the " free-willers." But they were often 
 taken from England against their choice. Some- 
 times they were drugged and kidnapped by 
 ship -captains, who received certain pay, called 
 a bounty, on every servant they landed in Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 The boys were sometimes of poor families ; 
 sometimes their parents were rich ; but all shared 
 about the same hard life in Virginia, and it usually 
 lasted until the boy became of age. 
 
 PRISONER-SERVANTS. 
 
 The old plan, to send England's prison inmates 
 to America, was carried out on a large scale in the 
 important years following 1619. Some of these, 
 you know, were criminals, bound for life as a 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 159 
 
 mercy, instead of hanging them ; but most of 
 them were not vicious, and many had good char- 
 acters. In those days a good man was often in 
 prison because the king, some prince, or other 
 great man, did not choose to keep up his friend- 
 ship. The news that he had lost favor would 
 spread. Any landlord or tailor, butcher or baker, 
 who happened to have a debt against him, could 
 keep him in prison until he paid it. In the same 
 way, any upright man, who fell ill, or was over- 
 taken by any misfortune, might be thrust into jail 
 for the food he had used or the rent of the farm 
 whose crops had failed. The jails were clamp and 
 dirty, and the prisoners often died before they 
 could find any way to get out and work to pay 
 their debts. It was a bad system, and has now 
 been abolished. Such prisons, bad as they were, 
 cost the kingdom much, and James I. thought it 
 an excellent plan to send many ship-loads of the 
 prisoners to Virginia, where planters were glad to 
 have them. The ship-captains received money for 
 each person they took over, the king or the com- 
 pany received something, too ; the planter had 
 the man's labor for five years, perhaps, and the 
 prisoner worked out his liberty as an honest man, 
 and became owner of a small plantation of his 
 own. 
 
160 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 THE INDIAN MASSACRE. 
 
 The last event of importance between the Indians 
 and the pioneers of Virginia was the massacre of 
 1622. 
 
 After that disaster, the company did everything 
 that could be done to restore the colony to strength 
 at once. They sent help of all kinds and thousands 
 of new colonists. From that time there was less 
 trouble with the Indians. They fell back to the 
 interior, and, although they occasionally broke out 
 in hostilities, they were always quickly quelled 
 after the great massacre. The early Indian life 
 and the pioneer life of the plantation of Virginia 
 disappeared. 
 
 In later years, during a struggle between op- 
 posing political parties in the colony, Jamestown 
 was burned. You see its ruins in this picture, just 
 as you may see them if you go there now, for the 
 town was never rebuilt. It had clone its work as 
 the first permanent settlement in Virginia. 
 
162 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 VIRGINIA'S NEIGHBORS. 
 
 The English were later than their rivals in be- 
 ginning- their colonization, but they had one de* 
 cided advantage over them in the temperate climate 
 of the region they chose. Their settlements suf- 
 fered much from the new climate, but Virginia was 
 favored with a less intense heat in summer than 
 the region of Spanish plantations, and with a far 
 milder winter than the French endured in the 
 North. Upon the Chesapeake Bay the greater 
 part of the year was warm, and the soil was so 
 fertile that a moderate amount of industry in the 
 tobacco-fields and the corn-fields was repaid with 
 large crops. 
 
 MARYLAND, 1633. 
 
 To these warmer regions of the "corn belt/ 7 
 Lord Baltimore turned in 1621, from the colder 
 coast of Nova Scotia, where he had been trying to 
 settle a colony at Avalon. With his band of col- 
 onists, he sailed south to Virginia. There he was 
 unwelcome, for both he and most of his colonists 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 163 
 
 were Roman Catholics, while the Virginia colonists 
 were stanch members of the Church of England. 
 
 After a short visit, Baltimore went back to Eng- 
 land, and a few years later secured from Charles 
 I., his king and friend, a grant of land to the north 
 of Virginia. This was called Maryland, in honor 
 of the king's wife, Henrietta Maria. 
 
 Like William Penn, the Quaker founder of 
 Pennsylvania, Lord Baltimore wanted to make this 
 large tract of land serve both as an asylum for his 
 persecuted fellow-believers, and as a source of in- 
 come to himself as proprietor. So he made it 
 known that in Maryland Roman Catholics could 
 freely believe and worship as they thought right. 
 At the same time, in order to attract other colo- 
 nists, he made wise provisions for toleration. In 
 his letter of instructions to colonists, Lord Balti- 
 more said: " Preserve unity and peace on ship- 
 board amongst all passengers ; and suffer no 
 . offence to be given to any of the Protes- 
 tants ; for this end cause all acts of the Roman 
 Catholic religion to be done as privately as may 
 be." He also instructed the governor "to treat 
 all Protestants with as much mildness and favor 
 as justice would permit/' and this rule was to be 
 observed "at land as well as at sea." 
 
 In 1633 the Ark and the Dove brought over 
 
164 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 the first band of 300 colonists to Maryland. They 
 cruised along the shore, "to make choice of a 
 place 7 ' that was "probable to be healthfull and 
 fruitfull 77 ; a place that might be easily fortified 
 and ' ' convenient for trade both with the English 
 and savages. 77 Such a spot was found, and the 
 first settlement made near the mouth of the Poto- 
 mac River. St. Mary 7 s was the name given to it. 
 Here, by friendliness with the Indians, gentle 
 toleration in religious matters, and the coming in 
 of industrious, thrifty settlers, the colony began 
 happily. 
 
 From 1642 to 1660, while they were having re- 
 ligious troubles in England, and the Puritans held 
 the chief powers, the colonists in Maryland had 
 similar strifes between the Protestants and Cath- 
 olics, and the Mary landers and Virginians. After 
 Charles the Second came to the throne, in 1660, 
 affairs went smoothly again in Maryland. Tolera- 
 tion and good laws made it once more a happy 
 haven for people from England and from the other 
 colonies. In 1688, at the time of the "Glorious 
 Revolution, 77 which put William and Mary on the 
 English throne where James the Second had ruled 
 so badly, there was a little rebellion in Maryland 
 which the proprietor could not seem to settle. 
 
 Three years later, William and Mary took the 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 165 
 
 government out of Lord Baltimore's hands, making 
 Maryland, for a time, a royal province. The land 
 was left still in the hands of the Baltimore family, 
 and from it they derived a large income. Both 
 hopes of the founder had been realized. He had 
 founded a colony where Roman Catholics had tol- 
 eration and freedom of worship, and had devel- 
 oped a source of income for his family from his 
 lands. 
 
 With Virginia the relations of Maryland had 
 never been very friendly, for Virginia claimed this 
 land to the north, and felt that Charles the First 
 had no right to give it to his friend, Baltimore. 
 
 THE CAROLINAS, 1663. 
 
 In 1663 Virginia was troubled again by having 
 the land to the south given to several favorites of 
 King Charles the Second. You remember that 
 the early English colonies sent out by Raleigh 
 had begun their ill-fated settlements on the coast 
 of what is now North Carolina, and the French had 
 made an unsuccessful attempt at Port Royal in 
 South Carolina, before the Virginia colonists came 
 to Jamestown. 
 
 After Virginia was well established, the colo- 
 nists often explored the region of North and South 
 Carolina, considering it a part of their territory. 
 
166 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 Here and there a few small settlements, of which 
 they took little notice, were unknown to the king 
 and entirely overlooked, when King Charles II. 
 gave the whole region to five men in 1665. They 
 at once made attempts to sell the land to settlers, 
 offering inducements to those who would emigrate 
 from England and other countries. 
 
 The government provided officers with high- 
 sounding names and allowed great privileges to 
 owners of large estates. This elaborate scheme of 
 government was never fully carried into effect. 
 Charleston became the chief settlement, and by 
 1682 had three thousand inhabitants under a good 
 local government. Some of the colonists were 
 French Huguenots, some Scotch Presbyterians ; all 
 were willing to work hard to build up the town. 
 The whole colony, however, was troubled by the 
 Spanish in Florida, who often led the Indians 
 against them. The governors sent out by the 
 proprietors were not always good men. They 
 sometimes made serious trouble. 
 
 By 1688 the colony was still weak and turbu- 
 lent ; but the people of Charleston, by industry 
 and trade with the other colonies, built up their 
 city. In the later history of the colonies it took 
 an important place, 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 167 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 HOW THE PILGRIMS CAME TO NEW PLYMOUTH. 
 
 Do you ask why these people are gathered on 
 this shore, some crying, others looking sadly and 
 steadily over the ocean ? Can you see away off on 
 the horizon the sails of a ship ? Find the rude log 
 house up on the hill behind the people. Look at 
 their faces and their clothes, then read their story ; 
 for they are the Pilgrims at Plymouth, watching 
 their ship, the Mayflower, start for England, which 
 was once their home. 
 
 It is the spring of 1621. These people have al- 
 ready begun the first permanent settlement on the 
 mainland of New England. Notice the boy stand- 
 ing beside the old, gray-haired man, and the little 
 girls among the women who are kneeling on the 
 ground. Then, do you see the woman hiding her 
 face on her husband's shoulder to conceal the tears 
 she could not keep back ? Perhaps she was trying 
 to shut out the last glimpse of the disappearing 
 ship which the others seem so eager to watch. 
 Their hearts and thoughts seem to go back to 
 England, their old home. The little children, 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 169 
 
 however, have no remembrance of Old England, 
 for they were not born there, nor here in New 
 England. The only home they knew was in Hol- 
 land until the Mayflower brought them to this new 
 coast a few months ago. 
 
 When the ship was out of sight, the Pilgrims 
 went back to their homes, which were small log- 
 cabins. Then, many of the children, no doubt, 
 asked their fathers and mothers to tell them once 
 more the story of their lives in Old England, and 
 why they had come to this new country to stay, 
 while the Mayflower went back. 
 
 THE OLD HOME AT SCROOBY. 
 
 This is the story that the Pilgrim fathers must 
 have told their children of their life in England: 
 
 It was a long time ago when we lived in the 
 pretty country village of Scrooby, Nottingham- 
 shire. Some of us were grown men and women 
 before the opening of this seventeenth century, 
 and the coming of Jamie, the Scotsman, to the 
 throne so long held by his mother's enemy, Queen 
 Elizabeth. 
 
 The century was only a few years old when we 
 formed our church at Scrooby Manor, where Mr. 
 William Bradford kept a post-house. We formed 
 our church, with Mr. Bradford as ruling elder. 
 
 o 
 
170 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 For our minister we called Mr. John Robinson, a 
 learned and high-minded young man, who had 
 studied at the University of Cambridge. We were 
 like a great many Englishmen of that day, who 
 were not satisfied with the Church of England. 
 We were all called Puritans, because we thought 
 that the beliefs of the church should be purer and 
 the services simpler. You could not understand 
 just what changes we wanted if you were told, so 
 you may simply remember that we wanted to wor- 
 ship in what we believed to be a better way than 
 that of the Established Church. 
 
 SEPARATISTS. 
 
 A large number of the people who wanted these 
 changes remained in the Church, hoping to make 
 the changes gradually. But we were of the party 
 who believed that it was best to form a church 
 of our own. Those who did that were called 
 Separatists. We formed a Separatist church at 
 Scrooby, and many people met with us from other 
 towns near by, in Nottinghamshire and Lincoln- 
 shire. We, and all those who formed Separatist 
 churches, drew down the ill will of James I., the 
 archbishops, the bishops, and all the clergy and 
 people who believed that the Established Church 
 was right, just as it was. No Englishman, woman, 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 171 
 
 or child, they said, should be allowed to hold ideas 
 of their own about the worship of God, much less 
 to form churches of their own. 
 
 PERSECUTION AND REFUGE IN HOLLAND. 
 1607-1620. 
 
 King- James I. was determined, he said, "to 
 make the Puritans conform or to harry them out 
 of the land." When he raised Bancroft to the 
 high office of archbishop of Canterbury, the harry- 
 ing was done so thoroughly that almost all we 
 Separatists in England fled to Holland for our 
 lives. 
 
 The States-General, as the government of Hol- 
 land was called, had lately made laws to protect 
 everyone in their country in his own form of wor- 
 ship. Holland, or the Netherlands, as it was also 
 called, was the only country in the world at that 
 time where people could have what was termed 
 religious liberty. 
 
 A SHORT STAY IN AMSTERDAM. 
 
 Many Separatist churches went from England 
 to Amsterdam before we made up our minds to 
 leave Scrooby; but the time came for us to go, 
 too, in 1608. It was sad to leave our country 
 homes, and the farms where our fathers and grand- 
 fathers had lived before us, and where we had 
 
172 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 hoped our children and grandchildren would live 
 after us. Few Englishmen like foreigners. It 
 was hard to go to a strange country where people 
 spoke the Dutch language, which we did not un- 
 derstand ; but when we thought of our beliefs and 
 our church, we were all willing to face anything 
 in order to worship God as we believed we ought 
 to do. Elder William Brewster had traveled and 
 lived in the Low Countries — another name for 
 Holland. We were all willing to follow him and 
 Mr. Robinson wherever they thought best to go. 
 So we followed the other Separatist churches to Am- 
 sterdam. But Amsterdam is a large city. It seemed 
 too crowded for such country-loving people as we 
 were. Besides, the Separatist churches there were 
 disputing among themselves, and doing a number 
 of things that our high-minded pastor did not wish 
 to see us do. 
 
 LEYDEN. 
 
 So, after a year, we moved to the smaller city 
 of Leyden, where there was a great university, 
 and where we met many good people from all 
 parts of Europe. Captain Myles Standish, an Eng- 
 lish soldier, was one who became our stanch friend, 
 although he never joined our church. In Leyden 
 we all learned some trade, for we were all poor, 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 173 
 
 although most of us had left comfortable homes in 
 England. We tried to keep to our English ways, 
 but all were obliged to learn the Dutch language 
 for our business. Our children heard more of it 
 than of their own. They played with Dutch chil- 
 dren, although we did not always desire to have 
 them. Some of our older boys and girls fell in 
 love with young people of the Netherlands and 
 married them, much against our wishes. Worse 
 than all else, we found that we could earn so little 
 money at our new trades that we must keep our 
 children away from their play, and the fresh air, in 
 order to make them work, to provide the clothing 
 we needed, and food enough to keep us all alive. 
 
 NEWS OF THE NEW WORLD. 
 
 We heard how the Spaniards had opened up 
 South America, and we wondered sometimes if we 
 could make a home for our children there. But 
 the Spaniards' country was a Roman Catholic 
 country. We could not go there. Our objections 
 to the Church of England were, that it was grow- 
 ing too much like the Church of Rome, from 
 which it was separated in the time of Queen Eliza- 
 beth's father, Henry VIII. 
 
 After a time we heard that a colony had planted 
 Jamestown, in Virginia. Again, news came that 
 
174 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 our own countryman, Henry Hudson, had taken 
 possession of a beautiful country in North Amer- 
 ica, near Virginia, for the States- General of Hol- 
 land. All this was talked over by Mr. Robinson, 
 Elder Brewster, Deacon Carver, and other mem- 
 bers of our church. There were about three hun- 
 dred of us then. At last it was decided that the 
 younger and stronger members of our church 
 should go to the New Netherland, or to Virginia. 
 They were to go as pioneers for the rest. Then 
 there was a hard time to get the permission, and 
 the help we needed to begin the first settlement. 
 The States-General refused to protect us and our 
 religion in America. Then, our only hope was 
 to find some help in England among the Puritans 
 in the church. Several of them were powerful 
 members of the Virginia Company. All Eng- 
 lishmen wanted colonies to settle on their claims 
 in America, and many thought that a little com- 
 pany of Separatists could do no harm in that vast 
 wilderness. So, at last, James I. said that if we 
 planted there, no one should molest us on account 
 of our religion. 
 
 THE MERCHANT-PARTNERS. 
 
 A merchant, by the name of Peirce, obtained 
 papers, called patents, from the Virginia Company 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 175 
 
 giving us permission to settle on some of their 
 land. Peirce helped us to form a partnership with 
 some " Merchant- Ad venturers " of London, who 
 lent us money enough for our pioneers' voyage, 
 and to begin a settlement. Most of the merchants 
 had no sympathy with our religion ; but they 
 thought we were so deeply in earnest that we 
 should succeed, and pay a good interest on their 
 loan. About one hundred of us agreed to go on 
 the first voyage. In a solemn ceremony the Ley- 
 den church formed us into a sort of daughter 
 church, with Elder Brewster at our head, until we 
 should be reunited under Mr. Robinson. Our 
 church and colony were one. We formed a colo- 
 nizing company, with Deacon Carver as our gov- 
 ernor or president, and in the name of this com- 
 pany we bound ourselves to the Merchant- Adven- 
 turers for seven years, until our debt to them 
 should be paid. After seven years the property 
 of our settlement will be divided. The Merchant- 
 Adventurers will receive their loan and their share 
 of our profits. Then all our property here, and 
 our share of the profits will be divided amongst 
 the members of the colonizing company. Mean- 
 time, we colonists agreed to have everything in 
 common. We hope to be more successful than 
 the colonists were in Virginia. 
 
176 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 LEAVING LEYDEN. 
 
 It was even sadder to leave Leyden than it had 
 been to leave England; but all were brave. Mr. 
 Bradford said that we were Pilgrims going to the 
 promised land at the eall of God. 
 
 We sailed from the Dutch port of Delft Haven, 
 where many of our friends from Leyden saw us 
 off. Our boat was a small, old vessel, called the 
 Speedwell. The Mayflower, a larger and better 
 craft, we found at Southampton, England, waiting 
 to join us, with a small store of provisions and tools 
 and other things we should need in the New World. 
 A number of our Separatist friends and some stran- 
 gers, sent by the Merchant- Adventurers to work 
 under our directions, were waiting for us in the 
 Mayflower. After another sad parting, we started. 
 In a few days the Speedwell sprung a leak. We 
 put back to the port of Plymouth, moved every- 
 thing possible to the Mayflower, and started again, 
 leaving a number of our dearest friends behind, 
 because there was not room for them in the May- 
 jh iiner. 
 
 THE VOYAGE TO NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 When we started again there were one hundred 
 and two of us, men, women, and children. A voy- 
 age of over sixty days brought us to land, but not 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 177 
 
 in the region for which we had our patent, In 
 bleak, cold, stormy weather, of early winter, the 
 Mayflower came to land far north of Virginia, in 
 the region called New England and owned by a 
 company, who were rivals of the Virginia com- 
 pany, and bitterly opposed to all Puritans, espe- 
 cially Separatists. 
 
 It was too near winter to go farther. We came 
 to land near Cape Cod. Some of us thought that 
 Captain Jones was bribed to come here by the men 
 whom the Merchant- Adventurers sent with us, be- 
 cause they did not like our strict ways and they 
 thought that if we landed where we had no patent 
 they could refuse to obey our directions. They 
 were mostly laborers whose work was much needed. 
 They were to dig and haul wood for us and to pay 
 their passage in that way. 
 
 "THE MAYFLOWER COMPACT." 
 
 Elder Bradford, Governor Carver and Captain 
 Standish knew how to deal with them. As soon 
 as we reached the New World, but before we so 
 much as looked for a place to settle, the wise 
 fathers of our colony drew up what was called a 
 compact, and all the men or "heads of families" 
 were asked to sign it at once if they wished to have 
 any voice in the government of the colony. Each 
 
178 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 signer bound himself to obey the laws and orders 
 made by the whole body of the signers. Those 
 who did not sign must obey the signers or leave 
 the colony. There were forty-one signers, the rest 
 of our company which numbered one hundred and 
 two, you remember, were the Merchants' laborers, 
 
 Elder Brewster's Chair. A Pilgrim Cradle. 
 
 a few of the Pilgrims' men and maid servants and 
 the women, the boys and the girls of the Pilgrim 
 families." 
 
 THE MAYFLOWER BABY. 
 
 The children knew the story of their life in the 
 New World, although, perhaps, they did not know 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 179 
 
 the meaning of much that took place. One event 
 they felt was especially for their delight. Before 
 they landed Mr. and Mrs. White had a boy-baby 
 born to them. They called him Peregrine, which 
 means a wanderer. 
 
 BRADFORD'S JOURNAL. 
 
 Fortunately the good Pilgrim and gifted writer, 
 William Bradford, set down all the interesting and 
 important events of the journey and settlement in 
 a book, which has been in careful hands ever since. 
 Probably the Pilgrim children were not allowed to 
 read Mr. Bradford's manuscript ; but the readers 
 of this book may see what he wrote. It has been 
 copied in many grown folks 7 histories ; but now, 
 if you go to Boston, you may see the valuable 
 old book itself, for we have recently got it back 
 from England, where it had been for many 
 years. 
 
 ON CAPE COD. 
 
 The first landing was on Cape Cod. Some of 
 the company went ashore every day, with the ex- 
 ception of the Sabbath. The women washed the 
 clothes ; the children were told to run and play, 
 and stretch the young limbs that had been cramped 
 on their long voyage. At the same time other 
 
180 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 men got out a small boat, called a shallop, which 
 the Mayflower had brought over, carefully stowed 
 between her decks. The shallop had a sail, as well 
 as oars, and was large enough to seat twenty men. 
 It was needed to cruise the bay beyond the cape, 
 in search of a good harbor and place for the settle- 
 
 i n 
 
 
 
 The " Mayflower 11 and the Shallop. 
 
 ment, and it was made ready for use as soon as 
 possible. Those who were not at work on the shal- 
 lop began to make 
 
 EXCURSIONS ON THE CAPE. 
 
 "Bradford's Journal" says, that on November 
 15th some men tk were set ashore, and when they 
 had ordered themselves in the order of a single 
 hie. and marched about the space of a mile by the 
 sea, they espied five or six people, with a dog, 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 181 
 
 coming towards them, who were savages ; who, 
 when they saw them, ran into the wood, and whis- 
 tled the dog after them. . . . When the Indians 
 saw our men following them, they ran away with 
 might and main ; and our men followed them that 
 night about ten miles, by the trace of their foot- 
 ings. . . . At length night came upon them, and 
 they were constrained to take up their lodging. 
 So they set forth three sentinels ; and of the rest, 
 some kindled a fire, others fetched wood, and there 
 held our rendezvous that night. 
 
 "In the morning, so soon as we could see the 
 trace, we proceeded on our journey. We marched 
 through boughs and bushes, and under hills and 
 valleys, which tore our very armor in pieces, and 
 vet could meet with none of them, nor their houses, 
 nor find any fresh water, which we greatly desired 
 and stood in need of ; for we brought neither beer 
 nor water with us, and our victuals was only bis- 
 cuit and Holland cheese, and a little bottle of 
 aquavitre ; so we were sore athirst. About ten 
 o'clock we came into a deep valley, full of brush, 
 . . . and long grass, through which we found lit- 
 tle paths or tracks ; there we saw a deer and found 
 springs of fresh water, of which we were heartily 
 glad, and set us down and drunk our first New 
 England water. 
 
182 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 A FARMING COUNTRY. 
 
 "From thence we went on, and found much 
 plain ground, about fifty acres fit for the plough, 
 and some signs where the Indians had formerly 
 planted their corn. . . . We found a little path to 
 certain heaps of sand, one whereof was covered 
 with old mats, and had a wooden thing, like a 
 mortar, on top of it, and an earthen pot, laid in a 
 little hole, at the end thereof. We, musing what 
 it might be, digged, and found a bow and, as we 
 thought, arrows ; but they were rotten. We sup- 
 posed there were many other things ; but, because 
 we deemed them graves, we put in the bow again, 
 and made it up as it was before, and left the rest 
 untouched. . . . 
 
 " We went on further and found new stubble, of 
 which they had gotten corn this year, and many 
 walnut trees full of nuts. . . . Passing thus a 
 field or two, we came to another, which had also 
 been new gotten, and there we found where a 
 house had been and four or five old planks laid to- 
 gether. Also we found a great kettle which had 
 been some ship's kettle, and brought out of Europe. 
 There was also a heap of sand, made like the 
 former, but it was newly done ; we might see how 
 they had paddled it with their hands. ... In 
 it we found a little old basket full of fair Indian 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 183 
 
 corn and digged further, and found a fine, great 
 new basket full of very fair corn of this year, some 
 yellow, some red, and others mixed with blue, 
 which was a very goodly sight. The basket was 
 round and narrow at the top. It held about three 
 or four bushels, which was as much as two of us 
 could lift up from the ground, and was very hand- 
 somely and cunningly made. . . . We were 
 in suspense what to do with it and the kettle ; 
 and at length, after much consultation, we con- 
 cluded to take the kettle and as much of the 
 corn as we could carry away with us ; and when 
 our shallop came, if we could find any of the 
 people and come to parley with them, we could 
 give them the kettle again and satisfy them for 
 the corn. 
 
 "So we took all the ears and put a good deal of 
 the loose corn in the kettle for two men to bring 
 away on a staff. Besides, they that could put any 
 into their pockets, filled the same. . . . And 
 thus we came, both weary and welcome, home, 
 and delivered in our corn into the store to be kept 
 for seed. . . . This was our first discovery 
 whilst our shallop was in repairing " 
 
184 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 THE PLYMOUTH PLANTATION. 
 1620. 
 
 This is the name of Mr. Bradford's book and of 
 the Pilgrims' colony, in what is now part of Mass- 
 achusetts, for the first settlement was made, not on 
 
 Cape Cod, but on the main 
 coast of Massachusetts 
 Bay. There Captain John 
 Smith had found a harbor 
 and put it on his map of 
 New England about six 
 years before ; and Prince 
 Charles had named it for 
 Plymouth, England, the 
 same port from which the Pilgrims last sailed, you 
 remember. 
 
 The Pilgrims reached this harbor of New Ply- 
 mouth in December. An exploring party in the 
 shallop was caught by a blinding snowstorm. The 
 cold was so intense that the spray of the salt water 
 froze on the men's clothing until it was like coat- 
 of-mail, they said. 
 
 On a Friday evening, this small band of pioneers 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 185 
 
 reached the island at the entrance to the harbor. 
 They named it after the Mayfloiver's mate, Clarke's 
 Island. There they stayed over Sunday. Mon- 
 day they sailed about the harbor. Then they 
 landed, December 20, 1620 — a date now called in 
 New England Forefather's Day. They found 
 brooks of fresh water, good hills for look-outs, 
 and a large space cleared of the forest. So they 
 decided that it would be better to make the set- 
 tlement there than to spend more time in looking 
 for a better place. 
 
 The next day they went back to the big ship to 
 report. Three days later, the Mayflower weighed 
 anchor, sailed across the southerly end of Massa- 
 chusetts Bay and anchored in Plymouth Harbor. 
 
 BEGINNING WORK. 
 
 Then busy days began for all the men. They 
 built a sort of platform on the high hill overlook- 
 ing the shore. On this they planted their guns 
 to defend the whole town. This town they soon 
 laid out. A long street ran from the foot of the 
 hill to the platform, with house lots on each side. 
 Nearly every morning in the severe winter weather 
 the men went ashore ; some to cut and haul trees, 
 some to shovel snow away from the ground where 
 the first building was begun. This was a large 
 
186 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 log cabin for a common store-house. "Tuesday, 
 the 9th of January, was a reasonably fair day, and 
 we went to labor that day in the building- of our 
 town in two rows of houses, for more safety. We 
 divided by lot the plot of ground whereon to build 
 our town. . . . We agreed that every man 
 
 The Old Fort, used also as their 3Ieeting-house. 
 
 should build his own house, thinking that by this 
 course men would make more haste than working 
 in common. The common house in which, for the 
 first, we made our rendezvous, being near finished, 
 wanted only covering."' It was "about twenty 
 foot square." It was decided that " some of us 
 should make mortar and some gather thatch ; so 
 that in four days half of it was thatched. Frost 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 187 
 
 and foul weather hindered us much. This time of 
 the year seldom could we work half the week." 
 
 All the men seemed ready to work, and Gov- 
 ernor Carver did not have much difficulty in keep- 
 ing them to the promises made in the compact on 
 board the Mayflower. 
 
 CAPTAIN MYLES STANDISH. 
 
 On Saturday, the 17th of January, in the morn- 
 ing, a meeting: of the signers was held to establish 
 military orders. They chose for their captain, 
 their soldier-friend, Myles Standish, a man famous 
 for his small figure and his great courage and 
 military ability. From the beginning, Captain 
 Standish was a leader in all the colony's under- 
 takings. He was their commander and chief coun- 
 sellor in their relations with the Indians and in all 
 their military affairs. 
 
 FRIENDLY INDIANS— SAMOSET. 
 
 The colonists did not see an Indian near enough 
 to Plymouth to speak to him until March. Sev- 
 eral times natives were seen and heard in the dis- 
 tance. Often the settlers were prepared for an at- 
 tack, but none was made. One day in March the 
 newcomers were surprised by an Indian who came 
 into the settlement alone, with words of friendly 
 
188 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 welcome in English. This was Samoset, an Indian 
 who had learned some phrases from English fisher- 
 men on the coast, farther east, where, the Pilgrims 
 learned, there was a large fishing trade along the 
 coast of Maine. 
 
 The colonists returned Samoset's kindly greet- 
 ing, and made him welcome to their settlement as 
 he had made them welcome to the country. He 
 told them many things about the natives and the 
 place they had chosen. He said that there was no 
 one to dispute their claim to it. The tribes who 
 had once owned the region had died of a plague 
 or fever a few years before. 
 
 MASSASOIT OF THE WAMPANOAGS. 
 
 After a few days Samoset made a second visit 
 to the settlement, bringing with him five other 
 natives. These were of the Wampanoag or Po- 
 canoket nation. They brought presents from their 
 chief, Massasoit, who soon came himself. Mr. 
 Winslow and a few other Pilgrims went out to 
 meet him on a hill near the plantation. They made 
 him presents and proved to him that they wished 
 to be good friends. Massasoit at that time was 
 troubled by the Narragansett Indians, who lived 
 to the north and west of Plymouth across the Nar- 
 ragansett Bay ; he thought that the English were 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 189 
 
 a wonderful and very powerful people, and he 
 wanted their friendship as much as the Pilgrims 
 wanted his. So they made a treaty which was 
 kept by both parties to it for many, many years. 
 It was broken long after Massasoit's death by 
 his warlike son, whom the English called King 
 Philip. 
 
 SQUANTO. 
 
 Another of the Pilgrims' valuable Indian friends 
 was Squanto. He spoke more English than Sa- 
 moset. He had been carried off to England years 
 before by one of Captain John Smith's men, and 
 had been brought back by Captain Dermer, not 
 very long before the Pilgrims arrived. He showed 
 the strangers the best ponds for fresh-water fish, 
 the best places on the coast for salt-water fish. He 
 taught them how to dig clams, which for years 
 were often their only food. Squanto also helped in 
 the first plantings. He taught the Englishmen 
 how to plant the maize or Indian corn, as they 
 called it, in rows of little hills. He told them that 
 the ground would not be rich enough to grow the 
 corn unless they buried a fish, called the alewife, 
 in each little hill with the few kernels of seed. 
 Every spring thousands of the alewives came up 
 the creek at Plymouth from the sea. 
 
190 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 March 6, Bradford wrote: "This day some gar- 
 den seeds were sown." 
 
 SICKNESS, HUNGER AND DEATH. 
 
 The Pilgrims had much sickness and hunger, 
 besides all they suffered from the intense cold and 
 long storms. Half of them died before the settle- 
 ment was ready to live in. The others often lacked 
 enough to eat for weeks together. 
 
 Among: those who died before the first summer 
 came, was Governor Carver. His friends buried 
 him sadly, upon the hill above the settlement, and 
 leveled his grave as they did all the others, so that 
 the Indians should not know how small the colony 
 had grown. 
 
 THE SECOND COMPANY OF PILGRIMS, 1621. 
 
 In the Fortune and the Charity a second com- 
 pany of Pilgrims arrived at New Plymouth in 
 1621. Some of them were the friends who had 
 been obliged to stay behind because of the Speed- 
 well's leak. Others came directly from Ley den. 
 Still others were from the Merchant- Adventurers, 
 and were neither friends nor Separatists. One of 
 these was a ship-carpenter, another was a skilful 
 salt-maker, both much needed by the colony. Two 
 others were less welcome, these were John Oldham, 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 191 
 
 a trader, and John Lyford, a minister. Both of 
 these newcomers were so disagreeable to the col- 
 onists, and made so much trouble by sending false 
 accounts to England, that they were finally sent 
 out of the settlement in disgrace. 
 
 THE END OF THE COMMON STORE SYSTEM. 
 
 After a year or two the Pilgrim leaders saw that 
 the common store system did not encourage people 
 enough to keep up their courage in their hard 
 pioneer life. In a town meeting it was decided to 
 allot an acre of land to every freeman, or voting 
 man of the colony, and that he and his family be 
 allowed certain time to work it for his own profit. 
 The people took so much interest and pride in 
 their own plots that the colony began to prosper as 
 it had not done before. Still, all had a very hard 
 time. 
 
 CO-PARTNERSHIP NOTICE, 1627. 
 
 Have you ever seen these words in a newspaper? 
 Do you know that they mean that men who have 
 been known as a firm or company doing business 
 together wish to notify the public that the partner- 
 ship is to come to an end ? Such a time came for 
 the Pilgrims and the Merchant-Adventurers, and 
 we will call it by its proper name. You remember 
 that the partnership was formed in 1620, for a 
 
192 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 term of seven years. So in 1627 the time came 
 for a co-partnership notice. 
 
 You know what a hard time the settlers had had. 
 By 1627 they had not succeeded enough to repay 
 what the merchants had loaned them. Much less 
 were there any profits to divide ; but the partner- 
 ship was not a pleasant one to the colonists, and a 
 few of the leaders agreed to take the debt on their 
 shoulders, if the merchants would release them. It 
 was necessary for Captain Standish and Mr. Wins- 
 low and others of the most businesslike men in the 
 colony, to £'o to England to arrange the matter ; 
 but finally the affair was settled. They formed 
 an enterprising trading company, which made the 
 Pilgrims pioneers in New England trade, as in 
 many other things. They paid their heavy debt 
 to the London merchants by their hard work and 
 enterprise in fishing, and in a trade, especially for 
 furs, among the Indians from the Connecticut 
 River to the Kennebec. After a few years more 
 the colonists paid those who had assumed the Mer- 
 chant-Adventurers' debt, and then the colony of 
 New Plymouth became a small, self-governing state 
 of English freemen, with farms of their own ; and 
 every family was free to use its own judgment about 
 its work. The settlement prospered. Meantime the 
 colony grew. Nearly all the members of the church 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 193 
 
 in Leyden came over, although Mr. Robinson died 
 before the main body started. In 1630 there were 
 three hundred people in the settlement. In 1643 
 three thousand were living comfortably in eight 
 small towns, grouped about the first plantation, 
 which was finally called Plymouth, while the 
 colony was always New Plymouth. 
 
 By that time the pioneer days were over. The 
 larger Puritan colony, which settled about Massa- 
 chusetts Bay, making Boston their capital, proved 
 more attractive than the old colony in many ways. 
 
 The Pilgrims in Plymouth did their great work 
 in the early years. When they came to New Eng- 
 land, "the discoverer, the gold-seeker, the mer- 
 chant, had all attempted the task of colonization, 
 with varying success. Now, for the first time, 
 religious enthusiasts attempted it. 77 You have 
 learned about their success. They had realized 
 from the beginning what one of their leaders said 
 before this band of pioneers left Holland for the 
 New World, that "all great and honorable actions 
 are accompanied with great difficulties, and must 
 be both enterprised (or undertaken) and overcome 
 with answerable courages. 77 
 
 In 1691 King William and Queen Mary of Eng- 
 land annexed the "Old Colony 77 to "the Bay," 
 and placed Massachusetts under the government 
 of a royal province. 
 
194 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 THE COLONY OF MASSACHUSETTS BAY. 
 
 11 By a colony we mean a societie of men, drawn 
 out of one state .. . . and transplanted into another 
 country." So wrote an Englishman, in 1630. 
 
 That year just such 
 a "societie," or body 
 of men, women and 
 children, were drawn, 
 by their own desires 
 and longings, out of 
 England into America. 
 We know them by the 
 name of the place 
 where they settled, the 
 Massachusetts Bay Colony. They made many set- 
 tlements on the shores of this bay and the rivers 
 flowing into it. To know why they came we must 
 go back to the story of 
 
 THE PURITANS IN THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND. 
 
 You remember that they did not want to separ- 
 ate from the national church, as the Pilgrims did, 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 195 
 
 but to change the service to simpler forms. They 
 stayed in the church, with some change, and be- 
 came very strong toward the close of the first quar- 
 ter of the seventeenth century. They became so 
 strong that the churchmen who believed in the 
 old forms decided that their power must be broken 
 once for all. 
 
 James I. died about this time, and his son took 
 the throne, as Charles I. Charles made Archbishop 
 Laud his favorite, and raised into power new men, 
 who promptly turned the church into what the 
 Puritans called its " march backward." Besides 
 that, Laud and his party made it their business to 
 put the Puritans out of favor at court, too, and 
 drove them from all the high public offices. 
 
 The next step was to find some excuse to de- 
 prive them of their titles and estates. 
 
 A REFUGE IN NEW ENGLAND 
 
 The Puritans said among themselves: We cannot 
 do better than to leave the country while we may, 
 and let us found a colony of our own in New Eng- 
 land, where we can have such church services and 
 government as we think Englishmen ought to have. 
 This plan interested many rich and powerful men 
 and women of the great English families. They 
 were quiet about it, for fear Charles I. and Laud 
 
196 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 should hear of it, and put an end to it. But they 
 worked rapidly. They formed a company for 
 trade and fishing, and secured a grant from the 
 Council for New England to certain right to trade 
 and make settlements within a region of about sixty 
 miles inland from the shore of the Massachusetts 
 Bay, from three miles north of the Merrimac to 
 three miles south of the Charles. The king gave the 
 company his royal charter, supposing it was merely 
 a company to improve English trade in America, 
 and to build factories, such as the Dutch had set 
 up on the Hudson, the Connecticut, and the Dela- 
 ware. His majesty had no idea that he was char- 
 tering a Puritan commonwealth in New England. 
 Yet, as soon as his parchments passed the Great 
 Seal of England, the Puritans began to slip away 
 from England to plant a dozen towns on the Bay, 
 and by and by they set up their charter govern- 
 ment over what was almost an independent state, 
 with Boston for their capital. 
 
 THE PIONEERS AT SALEM, 1628. 
 
 The Van, or pioneers of the Bay Company's set- 
 tlers, were sent out under Mr. John Endicott, to 
 " provide against the wants of a Desart Wilder- 
 ness." They went to a place called Naumkeag. 
 Some fishermen, from Dorchester, England, were 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. * 197 
 
 waiting for them under a man named Roger Co- 
 nant, who made peace in more than one quarrel. 
 One of these quarrels was between the Dorchester 
 men and Endicott's party. When it was settled 
 they decided to call the place Salem, which is a 
 Bible word for peace. 
 
 "SERVANTS" OF THE COMPANY. 
 
 Many of Endicott's colony were servants of the 
 Puritans who formed the Bay Company, much as 
 many of the Jamestown settlers had been under 
 bondage to the London Company of Virginia. 
 "Those that were sent over as servants, having itch- 
 ing desires after novelties, found a readier way to 
 make an end of their masters' provisions than they 
 could find means to get more. They that came 
 over their own men [at their own cost], had but 
 little left to feed on, and most began to repent, 
 . . . for they had but little corne," so that " they 
 were forced to lengthen out their owne food with 
 
 THE SALEM CHURCH. 
 
 Another party was sent out to Salem as soon as 
 possible with two ministers. 
 
 The Puritans of the new colony wished to form 
 some such church as they had hoped to make of 
 
198 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 the Church of England. They had no wish to be 
 Separatists like the Plymouth Pilgrims. Indeed, 
 they were very indignant if any one classed them 
 with the Separatists. They simply desired a purer 
 form of the Church of England. 
 
 Perhaps they had a clearer idea of what they did 
 not want than of what they did want. After all, 
 circumstances seemed to shape the forms of worship 
 which they established here. There were no large 
 churches, with stained-glass windows, nor statues 
 in the chancel for any one to find fault with ; no 
 organs or surpliced choirs for them to question. 
 Neither was there a bishop to consecrate their 
 churches and decide upon their ministers. They 
 had not determined how they would form their 
 churches, when they were told of the simple, 
 happy, pure church at New Plymouth. It was 
 Separatist, to be sure, but it was a good church, 
 and the Salem people soon decided that they could 
 not do better than to form another on the same 
 plan. 
 
 " As soon as the ministers landed, Mr. Higgin- 
 son and Mr. Skelton were elected to the office of 
 pastor and teacher, respectively. Each, then, in 
 turn, ordained the other by laying hands on him." 
 Then a church covenant, or system of faith and 
 discipline, was drawn up by Higginson, and ac^ 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 199 
 
 ceptecl by thirty of the settlers." This is the ac- 
 count of the beginning of the little church at 
 Salem, started by the Van, as we call them. 
 
 GROWTH OF THE COLONY, 1630-1640. 
 
 Eighty people died that winter in the settlement, 
 partly on account of the scarcity of food. It was 
 a hard season for the pioneers. One of them says, 
 in the old-fashioned spelling of that time : "Yet 
 some delighting their eye with the rarity of things 
 present and feeding their fancies with new discov- 
 eries at the spring's approach, they made shift to 
 rub out the winter's cold by the fireside having 
 fuell enough growing at their very doores. . . . 
 discoursing between one while and another of the 
 great progress they would make after the summer 
 sun had changed the earth's white furr'd gowne 
 into a greene mantell." 
 
 When this green mantle was in full view more 
 ships came from England, bringing to Massachu- 
 setts Bay the first large body of pioneers, under 
 John Winthrop, the Governor of the colony. They 
 were surprised to find their pioneers at Salem in 
 such a miserable plight, with neither homes for 
 themselves nor for the newcomers. To add to 
 their trouble, the ships loaded with provisions did 
 not arrive until long after they were expected, the 
 
200 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 common store of food was so nearly gone that, in 
 order to keep from starving, they were obliged to 
 set free one hundred and eighty servants "to shift 
 for themselves." 
 
 THE COMPANY'S GOVERNMENT. 
 
 In England, meantime, many people joined the 
 company ; that is, they paid money to be used by 
 the company, and received shares in the com- 
 pany's rights. Some hoped to gain profit from 
 the trade and fisheries, but more desired merely to 
 join the colony. They were called the freemen of 
 the company : now they would be known as stock- 
 holders. The whole body of these freemen were 
 to meet in the " great and general court ;" (what we 
 should call a stock-holders' annual meeting) once a 
 year to elect a governor, deputy -governor and 
 several councillors, who were called a board of 
 assistants (about the same as directors of a com- 
 pany). At the general courts the freemen also 
 made by-laws to govern the company in any way 
 that they saw fit if it did not conflict with the laws 
 of England — just as railroad companies now make 
 by-laws for their roads. Once in three months 
 quarter courts or quarter sessions were held by 
 the freemen. The governors and assistants met 
 once a month. 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 201 
 
 If you think a moment you will see that this 
 company, with its freemen, its courts and its gov- 
 ernor and assistants had all the responsibility for 
 the colony. But a colony is not like a railroad ; 
 for it must have laws and government ; and most 
 of the stockholders or freemen were now in Amer- 
 ica, and could not attend meetings in England. 
 So the Puritan members thought it best quietly to 
 move the company, charter and all, to their colony. 
 All the points of law were looked up — they thought 
 it could be done without losing any rights or priv- 
 ileges. The governor, Matthew Craddock, decid- 
 ed to remain in England as the company's agent, 
 and the other officers in London were kept the 
 same as usual. John Winthrop was elected as the 
 new governor, to go to the colony, and the whole 
 action was carried out before Laud or the king 
 knew a word about it. 
 
 "THE GREAT EMIGRATION." 
 1630. 
 
 Hundreds of families in England secretly spent 
 the winter of 1630 in preparing to go to Massa- 
 chusetts Bay. Dozens of pairs of shoes of various 
 sizes were ordered. Dozens of hats, of swords, of 
 bed and bolster ticks, were bargained for. The 
 orders were distributed among the different makers 
 and tradesmen of the large cities, so that suspi- 
 
202 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 cions should not be aroused. Toward spring pro- 
 visions were gathered — cheese, sugar, salted and 
 smoked meats, and many other things. Then 
 seeds, tools and fishing-tackle. 
 
 In April the Great Emigration began with the 
 sailing of the governor and assistants, and several 
 hundred people, in four good ships, the Arabella, 
 Jewell, Ambrose and Talbot. 
 
 The voyage was a hard one, of nearly four 
 months. Mists and heavy winds delayed and en- 
 dangered the ships, yet all reached the Salem har- 
 bor in safety. You have already heard of the 
 condition of affairs at Salem. Perhaps it was just 
 as well that houses had not been built for all the 
 new settlers there, for the new comers decided that 
 the place did not please them. Some went further 
 south and settled what they called Charlton, or 
 Charlestown, on a hilly point near the mouth of 
 the Charles River, also named for that very King 
 Charles, from whom they had taken such care to slip 
 away. Others made the settlement of Meadford, 
 now Medford, on the My stick River. Others built 
 Watertown, " Rocksbury, 77 Dorchester, and New- 
 town, which was named Cambridge after a few 
 years, when a college was opened there. But very 
 soon the largest town in the colony was Boston, 
 of which we shall read further on. 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 
 
 203 
 
 THE INDEPENDENT CHURCH OF NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 Almost all of these towns were founded 
 by congregations from England, who kept to- 
 gether with their ministers, and who soon set up 
 their churches as the Salem people had done, on 
 the plan of the Pilgrims' church at New Ply- 
 mouth. They were called the Independent, and 
 afterward the Congregational, Churches of New 
 England. The "sin of separation" from the 
 Church of England __ - ^_. ___ ^ 
 
 seemed less terrible 
 after they came across 
 the ocean and found 
 how much they had 
 in common with the 
 Separatists . While 
 they borrowed much 
 of the church disci- 
 pline and form of government from Plymouth, 
 the mass of the people did not accept its mild- 
 ness or toleration. Soon no churches were allowed 
 in Massachusetts except on this Congregational 
 model. 
 
 Religion of a severe sort entered into all the 
 duties and pleasures of the Bay colonists' lives. It 
 controlled their political affairs also ; for here, the 
 churches and towns were controlled by the same 
 
 The First Church. 
 
204 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 men. Those who were not church members were 
 soon left out of a share in the government, for 
 freemen of the company voted that to have a 
 vote in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, or to hold 
 office, a man must belong to the church in his 
 town. Services and doctrines were alike in all the 
 towns, and hence all those who had a part in pub- 
 lic affairs were expected to have the same relig- 
 ious beliefs. You know that the Puritans left 
 England and faced all these hardships to make a 
 place to live where they, and the people who be- 
 lieved as they did, might worship unharmed. 
 
 Perhaps you have heard the story of the king, 
 who, having spent much of his life in making all 
 his people believe alike, retired to a quiet monas- 
 tery. Then, for pastime, he tried to regulate the 
 clocks. He never succeeded in making all of 
 them tick alike. Then he began to wonder if it 
 was any more possible to make all people think 
 and believe alike. 
 
 The Puritans of the Massachusetts settlements 
 did not insist that every one must believe just as 
 they did ; but they said that any one who did not 
 agree with the majority could not vote ; and any 
 one who made his difference of opinion too public, 
 could not live in the colony. This was why Roger 
 Williams was sent away, and later the Quakers 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 
 
 205 
 
 were persecuted for persisting in their peculiar 
 
 religious beliefs. 
 
 EARLIER SETTLERS ON THE BAY. 
 
 The Puritans found several small plantations of 
 farmers and fishermen about Massachusetts Bay. 
 All of them had been made since the plantation at 
 New Plymouth. One was at Weymouth, one at 
 Nantasket, another at Mt. Wollaston. On Noddles 
 Island, now East Boston, they found Mr. Samuel 
 Maverick, "a man of very loving and courteous 
 behaviour, very ready to entertain strangers." 
 
 SHAWMUT, WHERE BOSTON WAS BUILT. 
 
 Another good- man, named John Blackstone, 
 and called " Blaxton," had a farm on the most at- 
 tractive and central 
 of all the places in 
 the bay, a peninsula 
 made up of three 
 hills, and almost sur- 
 rounded by water. 
 
 The Indians called 
 this peninsula Shaw- 
 mut, because it had 
 springs of good water. When some of the colony 
 settled Charlestown, opposite, they called this at- 
 
 . : "% 
 
 Blackstone's House. 
 
206 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 tractive place the Trimountain, or Tramount, for 
 its three hills. 
 
 At first Newtown was chosen for the fortified 
 capital of the colony, but the governor and assist- 
 ants soon saw that their main seaport, their strong- 
 hold, and the seat of their government, should be 
 on the harbors and hills of the Tramount peninsula, 
 in the centre of the semicircle of settlements on 
 the bay. The Company bought the land of Mr. 
 Blaxton, and of the Indians. Governor Winthrop 
 removed his house from Newtown, and at a Gen- 
 eral Court, held September 7, 1630, the town was 
 named Boston. Many of the leaders in the colony 
 were from Boston, in Lincolnshire, England. To 
 make the name doubly dear to them, Mr. Cotton, 
 their favorite minister r in Boston, England, came 
 three years later to live and preach in Boston, New 
 England. 
 
 THE THREE HILLS. 
 
 All the towns were called upon to help build a 
 fort at Boston, where all might have protection in 
 case of an attack from enemies. A stockade was 
 built on what was then called Fort Hill. A 
 beacon, to call people from the neighboring towns 
 in case of danger, gave the name to Beacon Hill. 
 The beacon was a tar-barrel on the end of a tall 
 
208 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 pole ; when the barrel was set on fire, all the men, 
 far and near, knew that they must leave their own 
 affairs to defend their new country. Usually a 
 man on horseback galloped through one village 
 after another to tell the people what was the dan- 
 ger, and what the authorities in Boston demanded 
 of them. The third hill was called Snow Hill. 
 
 Boston is now a large city ; but it still has 
 the names of some of its hills, besides its Tremont 
 Street, Shawmut Avenue, and many other re- 
 minders of the old times. 
 
 THE FIRST WINTER 
 
 of the great immigration to New England was a 
 hard one. Like all new-comers, the colonists suf- 
 ered from the cold and the scarcity of good food. 
 There was much sickness and many deaths. Some 
 were brave and unselfish ; some were lazy and dis- 
 contented. In the spring about one hundred of 
 the selfish ones went back to England ; "and glad 
 were we so to be rid of them," said one of the 
 old writers. 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 209 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 THE COLONISTS' WRITINGS. 
 
 You may read in the people's own words why 
 they came to Massachusetts Bay, how they fared 
 on the long sea voyage, what awaited them, and 
 how they lived and loved in the new country. We 
 have their letters, pamphlets and books, which 
 were written in the colony and sent to friends in 
 England. Sometimes these writings were put 
 away in the desks of the people who received them, 
 and, years after, were found by their children, or, 
 perhaps, by their grandchildren. The pamphlets 
 were usually printed in some small, dingy printer's 
 shop in Massachusetts, or far away in England. 
 Swinging from an iron rod over the door, was a 
 quaint sign which was mentioned in the odd title- 
 pages, such as this one : 
 
 " The Simple Cobler of Aggawam in America." 
 * * * * * 
 
 Printed by J. D. & R. I., for Stephen Bowtell, at 
 the Sign of the Bible, in Pope's Head Alley, in 
 1647. 
 
 The early books are so old and musty now that 
 
210 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 you would not care to look at them, if you did not 
 know that they contain stories about the colonies 
 that were written by the people who helped to 
 plant them. They are written in quaint language 
 and spelling ; for at that time people had not 
 agreed how words should always be spelled. 
 
 ATTRACTIONS IN MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 The colonists who were determined to stay, sent 
 letters to their friends and old neighbors in Eng- 
 land, urging them to come out. They named 
 many inducements. They wrote of the fertility of 
 the soil, the rank growth of the grass that would 
 feed many cattle. "In our plantation," wrote a 
 minister, ' ' we have already a quart of milk for a 
 penny." " Little children here, by setting of corn, 
 may earn much more than their own maintenance." 
 
 The new vegetables and wild flowers delighted 
 the English. About Massachusetts Bay were "plen- 
 tie of single Damaske Roses verie sweet." In the 
 rivers and bay were all kinds of fish, good to eat. 
 The bass, the colonists said, was a new fish, "most 
 sweet and wholesome." There was an "abound- 
 ance of lobsters, that the least boy in the planta- 
 tion may both catch and eat what he will of them." 
 There were means to make salt to keep the fish for 
 winter use, which was most important. "Here 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 211 
 
 are likewise aboundance of Turkies, often killed in 
 the Woods, farre greater than our English Turkies 
 and exceeding fat, sweet, and fleshy, for here they 
 have aboundance of feeding all the yeere long as 
 strawberries ; in Summer all places are full of them 
 and all manner of Berries and fruits." 
 
 11 Our Pine-trees that are the most plentiful of 
 all wood, doth allow us plentie of candles which 
 are verie useful in a House, and they are such 
 candles as the Indians commonly use, having no 
 others. They are nothing else but the wood of 
 the Pine-tree cloven in two little slices something 
 (or somewhat) thin, which are so full of moysture 
 of Turpentine and Pitch that they burn as cleere 
 as a Torch." 
 
 Many of the colony's pioneers came with their 
 older sons. The wives and younger children re- 
 mained in England, until the new homes were 
 ready for them. Governor Winthrop came with 
 his sons, while Mrs. Winthrop and the younger 
 children waited in England. 
 
 GOVERNOR WINTHROP'S LETTER TO HIS WIFE, 
 
 written at Charlestown in July, 1630, says: "I 
 shall expect thee next sommer, . . . and by that 
 tyme I hope to be provided for thy comfortable 
 entertainment. . . . Howsoever our fare be but 
 
Statue of Governor John Winthrop. 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 213 
 
 coarse in respect of what we formerly had (pease 
 puddings and fish beinge o r [our] ordinary diet) 
 yet God makes it sweet and wholesome to us (so) 
 that I may truely say I desire no better. . . . 
 I see no cause to repente of o r coming hither and 
 thou seest (by o r experience) that Grod can bring 
 safe hither even the tenderest women and the 
 youngest children. ... Be sure to be warme 
 clothed and to have store of fresh provisions, 
 eggs putt up in salt . . . butter, ote meale, 
 pease and fruits, and a large stronge chest or two, 
 well locked, to put these provisions in, and be sure 
 they be bestowed in the ship where they may 
 be readyly come by. ... Be sure to have 
 ready at see 2: or 3: skillets of several! syzes, 
 a large fryinge panne, a small stewinge panne, 
 and a case to boyle a pudding in. . . . Thou 
 must be sure to bringe no more companye than so 
 many as shall have full provisions for a yeare and 
 a halfe, for though the earth heere be very fertile 
 yet there must be tyme and meanes to raise it 
 [food] , if we have corne enough we may live plen- 
 tifully. The Lords will in due tyme lett us see 
 the faces of each other again to o r great com- 
 fort. ... I kisse and blesse you all my dear 
 children, Forth, Mary, Deane, Sam, and the others. 
 Let my sonne provide 12 axes of several sorts of 
 
214 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 the Braintree Smith . . . whatsoever they coste, 
 and some augurs, great and small, and many other 
 necessaryes, which I cant now thinke of, as can- 
 dles, sope, etc. Once again farewell, my dear wife 
 " Thy faithful husband, 
 
 u JO: WlNTHROP." 
 
 Many letters were written by other husbands to 
 their wives and carried across the Atlantic by ship 
 captains or by friends going "home" on business 
 or pleasure. After a few years nearly all the 
 pioneer families were reunited. Many had good 
 frame or brick houses, happy and comfortable 
 with the neighbors they had had in Old England, 
 often with the same minister, too. 
 
 MRS. WlNTHROP AND THE CHILDREN 
 
 arrived in November, 1631, in the ship Lyon, which 
 brought "in all sixty persons, who all arrived in 
 good health, and lost none of their company but 
 two children." One of them was little Aim, the 
 governor's year and a half old daughter, who had 
 died on the sea- voyage. Mrs. Winthrop's landing 
 must have been filled with both joy and sorrow: 
 joy to see her husband and have the family united 
 once more, but sorrow for two who were missing; 
 for besides little Ann they had lost a grown up 
 son, Henry, who had come out with his father. He 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 215 
 
 was drowned in the harbor of Salem. The recep- 
 tion of the colonists must have given her pleasure. 
 After firing guns in honor of their landing, 
 1 ' divers of the assistants and most of the people of 
 the near plantations, came to welcome them, and 
 brought and sent for divers days, great store of 
 provisions, as fat hogs, kids, venison, poultry, 
 geese, partridges, etc., so as the like joy and mani- 
 festation of love had never been seen in New Eng- 
 land. It was a great marvel that so much people 
 and such store of provisions could be gathered 
 together at so few hours' warning. " 
 
 The next day was made a day of thanksgiving. 
 Besides his Boston house, where the governor 
 lived most of his life, he had a country home and 
 plantation on the Mystick River, which he called 
 Ten-Hills, and still another, called the Garden, on 
 Governor's Island in the harbor. The children's 
 happiest summers, probably, were passed at the 
 Garden. 
 
 BOSTON'S PROSPERITY. 
 
 The capital of the colony grew fast. There was 
 work for shop-keepers and mechanics. There were 
 fishing and ship-building, and soon the town was 
 the centre of a lively trade. Ipswich, Salem, 
 Charlestown, Newtown, Dorchester and other towns 
 had good harbors, but Boston was the most im- 
 
216 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 portant. Besides the trade between the different 
 settlements of the colony, commerce soon began 
 with the other colonies. Some vessels went to the 
 Maine fisheries, and others to the New Netherlands, 
 to Virginia, and even to the Spaniards of the West 
 Indies. 
 
 On the fourth of July, 1631, The Blessing of the 
 Bay was launched. This boat was owned by Gov- 
 ernor Winthrop and had been built for him on the 
 Mystick River near his plantation, Ten-Hills. It 
 was known as the pioneer of New England com- 
 merce, for it traded in all the colonies of the coast 
 up and down the Connecticut River, through the 
 Long Island Sound and up the Hudson River also. 
 Before many years, trade was carried on with the 
 English and Spanish colonies in the Bermuda Is- 
 lands and the West Indies. 
 
 The Trial, the first ship built at, Boston, carried 
 fish to one of the islands, got wine and sugar there, 
 took this cargo to another island and traded for 
 cotton and tobacco, or for old iron saved by these 
 islanders from vessels wrecked on their coast. This 
 iron was used for New England ships. 
 
 FISHERIES AND TRADE. 
 
 When the English merchants heard how trade 
 had begun to grow over .here, and that they could 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 217 
 
 get large quantities of salt and dried fish in the 
 New England ports, they were more willing to 
 send their vessels over with passengers. They 
 were sure of a good return cargo, which they could 
 sell in the Indies, in Spain or in England. 
 
 The early English expected to make money by 
 the fur trade with the Indians, as the French and 
 Dutch did. In that trade there were many months 
 of idleness for the men it was necessary to keep 
 at the factories or stations. The Englishmen could 
 waste no time. They soon began to give closer 
 attention to the fisheries, and before long the gov- 
 ernor and his assistants agreed that ' ' commerce 
 beginning in furs had now established itself upon 
 the fisheries." Most of the sea-ports of the bay 
 became fishing ports. If you go now to Marine- 
 head, Gloucester and many old towns on the Mass- 
 achusetts coast and to some villages on the Maine 
 shore, you can see many things to suggest the fish- 
 ing industry of New England two centuries and a 
 half ago. 
 
 THE KING'S DISCOVERY. 
 
 Religion was a part of every joy and sorrow, 
 every ordinary and extraordinary event of the 
 Puritans' lives. The colonists were just beginning 
 to enjoy living in freedom when they heard that 
 
218 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 Archbishop Laud had discovered what they had 
 done. From that day on the lives of the Massa- 
 chusetts Bay colonists were filled with fear that 
 the strong arm of the Church of England would 
 stretch across the ocean and harass them, if it did 
 not destroy their church and charter, too. 
 
 Laud told the king, of course, what he heard 
 that the Puritans were doing, under cover of the 
 Massachusetts Bay Company. Charles sent at once 
 to the London office for Governor Craddock. The 
 answer was that there was no Governor Craddock. 
 The governor was in New England. Mr. Crad- 
 dock was merely the London business agent of the 
 company. His majesty "found, too late, that he 
 had eagerly pounced upon a dummy." He then 
 issued a royal command for the return of the char- 
 ter. But he had not issued the charter to be held 
 in any one place, and the leaders of the colony had 
 been careful to look up all the points of law con- 
 cerning the transfer before they made it. So, when 
 his majesty's orders were received, they sent back 
 courteous but evasive answers, and kept their 
 charter in a safe place. 
 
 In those days, if a king wished to forbid further 
 use of privileges he had granted by charter, he 
 called for the document, and slashed it with an 
 official sword. So, usually, people kept their 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 219 
 
 privileges so long as they could keep their charters 
 safe and whole. Every time the order for the Bay 
 Company's charter was repeated, these wise lead- 
 ers found some excuse for delay. At length 
 Charles I. had so many troubles at home to think 
 of that he let the colonists alone. They grew 
 stronger and more independent every year. 
 When Laud's persecutions ceased, few new colo- 
 nists left England. The pioneer days were over 
 for the Massachusetts Bay Colony, but not for the 
 people who left the bay to form new colonies. 
 
220 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 THE SMALLER COLONIES OP NEW ENGLAND. 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 The first colony that left the Massachusetts Bay 
 was founded by a new set of pioneers, who made 
 their way overland to the Connecticut River. These 
 colonists were part of the towns and congregations 
 of Watertown, Dorchester and Newtown (which, 
 you remember, was afterwards called Cambridge). 
 
 These people had been settled in Massachusetts 
 only a few years, but they thought the government 
 too strict and religious restrictions too narrow. In 
 asking permission, however, to remove from Mas- 
 sachusetts, the Connecticut pioneers gave as their 
 chief reason, that they needed more accommodation 
 for their cattle than they could have in their pres- 
 ent settlement at Newtown. They urged also that 
 the valley of the Connecticut River was rich and 
 fruitful ; that the English colonists should settle 
 there before the Dutch, who already had one fort 
 there. 
 
 Mr. Hooker, the minister of Newtown, went with 
 nearly his whole congregation through the woods 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 221 
 
 to make their pioneer settlement. Picture them 
 travelling- through a strange country beyond the 
 frontiers of Massachusetts, part of the way through 
 forests, driving one hundred and sixty cattle for 
 which they were searching new pasturage. These 
 cattle added their share to the undertaking by 
 providing milk for the wanderers. The Newtown 
 congregation settled the town of Hartford. The 
 Dorchester people founded Windsor. The Water- 
 town emigrants made Weathersfield. By the close 
 of 1636 there were eight hundred English on the 
 Connecticut, They soon united as one* colony, 
 under a constitution which they made for them- 
 selves. Their government will always be impor- 
 tant for two things : because it was the first written 
 American constitution and because it was more 
 liberal than any government Englishmen had ever 
 known. Church membership was not made a re- 
 quirement for the political privileges of the town. 
 Only the governor need be a church member in 
 order to hold the office. The colony prospered ; 
 the people began very early to provide their chil- 
 dren a good education. The schools, the religious 
 toleration combined with a firm, well-established 
 government, attracted new settlers, and the River 
 Colony grew until it was soon a powerful rival of 
 the great Bay Colony. 
 
222 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 NEW HAVEN. 
 
 The city of New Haven, which is now within the 
 boundaries of Connecticut, was begun by a sepa- 
 rate colony of Puritans from England. Theoph- 
 ilus Eaton, a merchant of London, and John Dav- 
 enport, a clergyman, were anxious to leave Eng- 
 land to find a place for purer forms of worship. 
 They were not satisfied with Massachusetts or any 
 of the other colonies. They landed in Boston in 
 the autumn of 1637 and stayed there over winter. 
 In spite of inducements of the people there, and 
 the hesitancy of some of their own party to go into 
 a wilder, more unsettled region, the leaders kept to 
 their original plan of a new colony. In the spring 
 they went down to the shores of Long Island Sound, 
 to a place west of the mouth of the Connecticut 
 River, where they settled New Haven. 
 
 There, as in Massachusetts, only church mem- 
 bers could be voters. The rule in the ordering 
 of government was the "Word of God." Mr. 
 Davenport was the minister ; Mr. Eaton was the 
 governor for twenty years. Meanwhile similar 
 settlements, Gruilford, Milford and Stamford had 
 grown into towns with laws like those of New 
 Haven. They were admitted into a sort of confed- 
 eracy or federal government of which New Haven 
 was chief. 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 223 
 
 Combined with the idea of a settlement where 
 pure forms of worship might be established, was 
 the plan of making New Haven a commercial col- 
 ony. Mr. Eaton, with the instincts of a merchant, 
 had this plan in mind when he chose a port on 
 the Sound as the site of New Haven. Large 
 sums were invested in ships and cargoes, but 
 disaster after disaster, one disappointment after 
 another, disheartened the hopes of trade and de- 
 creased the wealth of many of the merchant col- 
 onists. Then trade increased, good luck seemed to 
 attend the vessels, and the settlement grew rich. 
 
 PROVIDENCE. 
 
 One of the greatest of the New England pioneers 
 was Roger Williams, who founded the city of 
 Providence and the colony of Rhode Island about 
 the time that the towns from Massachusetts re- 
 moved to Connecticut. 
 
 Do you remember that Governor Winthrop's 
 wife and little children came over in the Lyon in 
 1631 ? Do you remember that there were several 
 other passengers ? Among them were Roger 
 Williams and his wife. Roger Williams was a 
 young man who had been educated for a clergy- 
 man and had Puritan views. In Boston he was so 
 much respected and admired that the people wanted 
 
224 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 him at once for the church in that town. But his 
 religious beliefs were not just like those of the 
 Puritans of Boston, so that he lost friends. Then 
 he went to Salem to preach ; then to Plymouth. 
 But he soon returned to Salem. By that time 
 Mr. Cotton and several of the Boston leaders 
 were alarmed at Mr. Williams's views and his influ- 
 ence. There were long- debates and a great trial. 
 Mr. Williams was warned to keep his views to 
 himself, but with all his friends about him, it was 
 impossible for him, a minister, not to talk to them. 
 He believed that the men of the colony should not 
 be shut out of the government if they were not 
 church members. He believed also that the King 
 of England had no right to give away the In- 
 dians' land. These were tilings that seemed 
 very important in those days, and Mr. Williams 
 was told that he must keep quiet about them or 
 leave the colony. He barely escaped arrest by 
 going out of Salem secretly in the depths of winter. 
 He went to the region of the Narragansett Bay. 
 The Indians knew him far and wide because he 
 was always a good friend to them and had learned 
 their language. Near the head of Narragansett 
 Bay, Williams built himself a house. His wife 
 and friends joined him, and the colony of Provi- 
 dence was established with a government which 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 225 
 
 had nothing to do with any church. PeopLe of all 
 religions were made welcome. It was the first 
 place in the world where there was absolute relig- 
 ious freedom. 
 
 PORTSMOUTH. 
 
 A few years after Williams was banished from 
 the Massachusetts colony, others were sent out be- 
 cause their views differed from those of Mr. Cotton 
 and the other leaders. Among these were Mrs. 
 Anne Hutchinson and her followers and Mr. Will- 
 iam Coddington who followed Mr. Williams to the 
 Narragansett country, and settled on the north 
 end of the island called Rhode Island. 
 
 Mr. Coddington was an energetic man, who had 
 been quite important in Boston and was known as 
 the man who owned the first brick house there. 
 He seemed fitted for a leader, and the pioneer set- 
 tlements he started were successful. 
 
 The land he bought from the Indian chiefs of 
 the Narragansetts, Cannonicus and Miantinomi, 
 for forty fathoms of white beads, which .were to 
 be equally divided between them. Coddington, in 
 behalf of his fellow-purchasers, promised to give 
 also " ten coates and twenty howes ?? to the Indian 
 inhabitants of the island, to induce them to go 
 away from it quietly. In the receipts of the sach- 
 ems we find that twenty-three coats and thirteen 
 
226 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 hoes were given to them instead of the stipulated 
 number ; perhaps hoes were more valuable than 
 coats to the pioneers beginning to cultivate new 
 land. 
 
 The town of Portsmouth was laid out about a 
 pond of fresh water. A spot was chosen for the 
 "meeting-house," and a piece of land "to lye as 
 a common field," for pasturage for the whole 
 town. Then they allotted six acres to each of the 
 freemen. One freeman was given permission to set 
 up a house of entertainment, and given the right 
 to brew beer, to sell " wines of strong waters " and 
 provisions. Another freeman was allowed to set 
 up a bakery, while a third was urged and en- 
 couraged to build a water-mill. 
 
 Like all other pioneer settlements, one of its 
 earliest problems was how to provide for its de- 
 fence. A training band was begun, made up of 
 all men over sixteen and less than fifty years of 
 age. Every one was summoned to train for a cer- 
 tain number of days in the year, or, as they said, 
 they " were warned thereto." 
 
 Each inhabitant of the island was to be provided 
 always with one musket, one pound of powder, 
 twenty bullets and a sword, ready for service. 
 They never had much trouble with the Indians, 
 who had seemed perfectly satisfied with the price 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 227 
 
 paid for the land and with a few extra gifts, wisely 
 made. This first settlement was called Ports- 
 mouth. 
 
 NEWPORT. 
 
 In 1639 William Coddington and a part of the 
 Portsmouth colonists went to the southwestern end 
 of the island , to settle about a good harbor they 
 had found there. This town, called Newport, was 
 soon fairly started, and a trade begun with other 
 colonies. 
 
 You will hear more of it in the period of the 
 Revolutionary War. 
 
 Other towns grew up on the mainland round 
 about Narragansett Bay. Later they got one com- 
 mon charter, as the colony of Rhode Island and 
 Providence Plantations. All people were allowed 
 freedom of religion there, and they should have 
 been happy, because the government tolerated all 
 their churches ; but it was an odd, unruly colony. 
 Each thought his own church right, and for a long 
 time there were constant bickerings and disputes. 
 But this trouble passed away, and a good govern- 
 ment was established at last. 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 The colony of New Hampshire was the result of 
 " commercial enterprise in England and religious 
 
228 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 dissensions in Massachusetts." The land was 
 granted to John Mason in 1629 ; he sold it to 
 bands of colonists, and got people to come from 
 England to reap the benefits of trade. Others came 
 from Massachusetts, where their religious beliefs 
 made other people uncomfortable and themselves 
 unwelcome. At the same time that many of Mrs. 
 Anne Hutchinson's followers went to Rhode Island, 
 many more went to New Hampshire. Mason spent 
 his last years in making an elaborate scheme of gov- 
 ernment for his colony, which had so few people in 
 it that nearly every person would have had an 
 office if the scheme had been put in operation. 
 In 1679 Charles II. took the colony into his 
 own control, and made it a royal province ; 
 and, with the exception of a short interval, about 
 the year 1688, it remained a royal province till it 
 became an independent state. The towns, settled 
 by people from different places, at different times, 
 and with different aims, had few interests in com- 
 mon. Hence political growth was slow and slight 
 in New Hampshire. 
 
 MAINE. 
 
 In 1638 an English traveler, John Josselyn, made 
 a trip from Boston along the shores of Maine. He 
 said it was "a meer wilderness," with here and 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 229 
 
 there by the sea-side, a few scattered plantations, 
 with as few houses." The man who stepped ashore 
 must carry a gun, if he did not wish to be de- 
 voured by wolves. Gradually these shores were 
 dotted with prosperous settlements of fishermen, 
 while through the interior of the country fur- 
 traders established trading-posts. The people who 
 came to settle there were many times servants of 
 Englishmen, who owned the lands, but did not 
 care to live in Maine. The others were rough and 
 poor. 
 
 In 1652 Maine became a part of Massachusetts. 
 When the commissioners were sent over in 1665 
 they separated the colonies again. This, like other 
 parts of their work, was undone as soon as their 
 backs were turned. Massachusetts took Maine 
 back, and it was a part of the colony and the state 
 of Massachusetts until 1820. 
 
230 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 CHAPTEE XVIII. 
 
 THE DUTCH OP NEW NETHERLAND. 
 1609-1664. 
 
 The Dutch pioneers in America were led by an 
 Englishman, Henry Hudson, who was looking for 
 
 a northwest passage to 
 China. 
 
 In 1609 the Dutch 
 East India Company 
 sent the bold Captain 
 Hudson in the Half- 
 moon to find a northeast 
 passage to India beyond 
 Norway, through the 
 Arctic Ocean. Hudson 
 started on this voyage, 
 but gave it up on ac- 
 He did not go back to Holland, 
 
 ( Where New Amsterdam 
 M-Manhattan -j was founded 
 
 I New York now stands. 
 
 count of the cold, 
 however. 
 
 HUDSON'S SEARCH FOR A WESTERN PASSAGE 
 TO INDIA. 
 
 He took a westward course across the Atlantic 
 toward the countries of Virginia and New Eng- 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 231 
 
 land, of which he had heard from his friend, Cap- 
 tain John Smith. His plan was to seek a northwest 
 passage to India for the Dutch Company. The 
 first land he made was Newfoundland. Then he 
 sailed southwestward to Delaware Bay, and en- 
 tered it. Next, he sailed northward, to a great 
 harbor, from which he entered the river that now 
 bears his name. After going up the river till it 
 grew shallow, he recrossed the Atlantic, to tell his 
 news in Holland. Though he knew that his great 
 river was not the passage to China, he told the 
 Dutch about the Indians he had seen, and he be- 
 lieved that they would supply a large fur- trade. 
 
 The news seemed satisfactory to the Netherland 
 merchants who had sent Hudson. Some people 
 think that they had given him orders to go to 
 America; but to start as if in search of a north- 
 east passage, so that neither Spain, France, nor 
 England would try to stop him. 
 
 WHAT ATTRACTED THE DUTCH TO AMERICA. 
 
 The Dutch had heard of the Spanish, the French 
 and the English trade in the New World. Natur- 
 ally, they wanted some for themselves. The Neth- 
 erlands had but just thrown off the yoke under 
 which Spain had held them for many years. The 
 treasure which the Spaniards had taken in South 
 
232 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 America had enabled them to carry on a long war 
 with the Netherlands. The Spaniards wanted to 
 control the Dutch trade, and to force the Dutch 
 people to remain in the Roman Catholic church. 
 The Hollanders, like some of the English called 
 Puritans, and of the French, called Huguenots, 
 believed that people should be free to worship as 
 they chose. At last the Dutch made a mighty 
 effort ; and by using all their wealth for seamen 
 and ships, and by some of the noblest resistance in 
 history, they won their freedom from Spain. When 
 that was done, their next care was to find some 
 good use for these brave sailors and big ships, and, 
 at the same time, to make new fortunes in place of 
 those spent in the long wars. By 1609 Spain had 
 agreed to a peace ; but there was no telling when 
 it might be broken. So, to make themselves 
 stronger, and to weaken Spain, the Dutch people 
 determined to get a share in the New World. 
 
 With this in mind, you can imagine how pleased 
 the Dutch people were when Hudson brought them 
 his news. Offers were made by the government 
 to men and companies of men who would go out 
 to this region to start trading-posts. The Dutch 
 have always claimed that they discovered the Hud- 
 son, and made the first settlements there; but Yer- 
 razano anchored his French Dauphine in the Bay 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 233 
 
 long before that ; and the Spaniards claim that 
 their explorers knew the region, and had named 
 many places on their maps before Hudson left the 
 Netherlands. 
 
 THE ISLAND OF MANHATTAN. 
 
 Spaniards say that they gave the name of Man- 
 hattan to the island you are to hear about in this 
 story. This long, narrow island at the mouth of 
 the Hudson and the East Rivers was seen from the 
 first to be important. On the early Dutch maps 
 the name was spelt Monados, Manados, or Mana- 
 toes. Still later, Manhattoes was the spelling, then 
 Manhattan. Some say it is an Indian name. 
 There is a Spanish word, monados, which means 
 drunken men. Perhaps some Spanish sailors 
 landed there and made themselves intoxicated in 
 their merrymakings after a long cruise. But the 
 Spaniards gave little attention to the North Atlan- 
 tic shore. Peter Martyr, one of their writers, 
 showed their spirit when he said : " To the South, 
 to the South, for the great and exceeding riches; 
 . . . they that seek gold must not go to the cold 
 and frozen north." 
 
 Manhattan and the Hudson had no gold for the 
 Spanish adventurer; but the entire region of the 
 Great River teemed with riches for the hardwork- 
 
234 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 ing Dutch trader. Hudson saw it. Merchants of 
 Amsterdam promptly sent men to gather it. They 
 sent hardy traders to deal fairly with the Indians, 
 and to build up a great trade with them as fast as 
 possible. The country was full of natives, who 
 would gladly barter large quantities of the skins 
 of the otter, beaver, and other fur-bearing animals 
 for a few beads and tin cups, or pieces of coarse 
 red flannel. These peltries, as they were called, 
 sold for gold in Europe. 
 
 THE FIRST DUTCH FACTORIES. 
 
 Trading-stations, called factories, were set up by 
 the Dutch soon after Hudson returned — some peo- 
 ple say in the next year. At first the Dutch 
 thought that the most important place would be 
 some distance up the Hudson. Our city of Albany 
 was started by one of their trading-houses, built 
 in a rough log-cabin fort. Another factory was 
 set up on the southern end of Manhattan Island. 
 In 1615 a solid block-house of logs was built 
 there. 
 
 THE DUTCH WEST INDIA COMPANY, 1621. 
 
 This was chartered by the States General of Hol- 
 land in 1621, to establish a colony with military 
 government, and all rights to trade over all the 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 235 
 
 region they claimed as the New Netherland. That 
 region was from what they called the South Bay 
 and River (now the Delaware), to what they called 
 the Varche, or Fresh River (now the Connecticut). 
 
 The West India Company sent colonists, and 
 promised to protect people of all Christian religions. 
 Their first large company of settlers were some 
 people called Walloons, who came to New Nether- 
 land from the southern part of Belgium. 
 
 These Walloons and a few Dutch colonists settled 
 
 on Manhattan, and also on the two opposite shores, 
 
 making the beginning of what are now Brooklyn 
 
 ►and Jersey City. Others went up the Hudson to 
 
 Fort Orange, now Albany. 
 
 THE DUTCH COMPANY'S DIRECTORS. 
 
 The governors of the colony were called direc- 
 tors. They were what we would call managers. 
 They were not always good men. No one staid 
 long. The first was Cornelius Jacobsen Mey, who 
 has left his name on what we call Cape May, New 
 Jersey. 
 
 The second director was Peter Minuit. By his 
 time the company had learned the important posi- 
 tion of Manhattan Island, and had decided that it 
 should be the centre of the government and trade 
 of all the New Netherland. So Minuit bought 
 
236 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 the island from the Indians for abont $24, and 
 placed a fort at one end of it. This fort was soon 
 the centre of a settlement called New Amsterdam. 
 Amsterdam was the name of the chief city in the 
 home country which took a great interest in this 
 namesake. A letter written by Peter Schagen, a 
 citizen of Amsterdam, was sent to the Dutch 
 government there, telling them about the growth 
 and condition of their colony in the new world, in 
 1626. This is what he said : 
 
 ' ' High and Mighty Lords : 
 
 "Yesterday arrived here the ship, the Arms of 
 Amsterdam, which sailed from New Netherlands 
 . . .on the 23d of September. They report that 
 our people are in good heart and live in peace 
 there. . . . They have purchased the Island of 
 Manhattes from the Indians, for the value of sixty 
 guilders. . . . They had all their grain sowed 
 by the middle of May, and reaped by the middle 
 of August. They send thence samples of summer 
 grain ; such as wheat, rye, barley, oats, buckwheat, 
 canary seed, beans and flax. 
 
 1 ' The cargo of the aforesaid ship is : 
 7246 beaver skins 
 1784 otter skins 
 675 otter skins 
 48 minck skins 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 237 
 
 3G wild cat skins 
 
 33 mincks 
 
 34 rat skins 
 "Considerable oak timber and hickory. Here- 
 with, High and Mighty Lords, be commended to 
 the mercy of the Almighty. 
 
 "Your High Mightinesses 7 obedient, 
 
 "P. Schagen. 
 "In Amsterdam, Nov. 5, a.d. 1626." 
 
 THE PATROON SYSTEM. 
 
 Such a report as this could not fail to encourage 
 merchants to invest in the new trade. The com- 
 pany made good offers to men who would take or 
 send out over fifty settlers. Many rich men accept- 
 ed the offers of patroonships. They were given large 
 strips of land, especially along the Hudson River. 
 The patroons, as these land-holders were called, 
 received not only the land, but large powers of 
 government over them and all the people who 
 settled upon them, and also rights for extensive 
 trade. To take up his patroonship, the patroon sent 
 out fifty settlers, under bonds as " servants," in 
 much the same way as the great Virginia planters' 
 servants were indented. This, of course, increased 
 the population of the New Netherland. 
 
 To induce still more people to settle in their 
 
238 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 province, the Dutch West India Company offered 
 other inducements in land and privileges to those 
 who would take or send out even five settlers. 
 
 THE GREAT SEAPORT OF THE HUDSON. 
 
 After a few years, the company ordered that all 
 the trade of the province, including- that of all the 
 patroon estates, should go through the port of New 
 Amsterdam. Up to that time Fort Orange had 
 perhaps as much business as there was at Manhat- 
 tan, but this new order started the growth which 
 soon made the great commercial city at the mouth 
 of the Hudson. 
 
 The religious liberty and the trade attracted 
 people to New Amsterdam from many different 
 countries of Europe. The large export business of 
 the company and the patroons created need for 
 other kinds of trade and gave work to many mer- 
 chants, skilled mechanics and laborers. People 
 who did not like the strict life of the religious 
 colonies of New England also flocked to the liberal 
 Dutch colony. Redemptioners from the South, who 
 had worked out their " time," or found other ways 
 to repay the money spent for their passage, came 
 to New Netherland to raise tobacco, as they had 
 learned to do in Virginia. 
 
 These people from many places, brought dif- 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 239 
 
 ferent languages and different customs to the 
 Dutch colony, and especially to the capital. They 
 made from the beginning what we call a cosmo- 
 politan place — that is, a place tilled with people 
 from many countries. In 1643 eighteen languages 
 were spoken in New Amsterdam. It was then a 
 pretty country village, with shops and docks upon 
 the southeasterly end, and mills and ship-yards 
 were near them, to the eastward, while the centre 
 and westerly part of the island for a mile or so 
 above the fort was laid out in tobacco-fields, corn- 
 fields and orchards. 
 
240 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 THE DUTCH AND THE INDIANS. 
 
 From the first the Indians were friendly to the 
 Dutch. The traders began by paying them for 
 their furs in the shells made into wampum, which 
 was the Indians' money, or in cloth, or in the 
 pretty toys the savages liked best. Besides that, 
 the Dutch dealt fairly with them in trade and in 
 buying their land for settlements. The Hudson 
 River Indians, who were powerful tribes, liked the 
 Dutch better than they did the French, who had 
 settled to the north of them. This was largely be- 
 cause the French settlers had taken up the quarrels 
 of some of the St. Lawrence tribes, who were 
 enemies to the nations of the Hudson and of the 
 Great Lakes. 
 
 For many years the Iroquois were the most pow- 
 erful enemies of the French Indians, as the Hurons 
 and others were called. The Iroquois lived near 
 the lakes of Central New York. Since their enemies 
 had white friends, the Iroquois would have white 
 friends, too ; and they turned with good- will toward 
 the Dutch, taking them a large peltry trade, which 
 
earliest days in America. 241 
 
 the French desired and tried hard to «-et. Yet some 
 Indians in New Netherland were not so friendly. 
 
 INDIAN TROUBLES. 
 
 The first troubles the Dutch had were mostly 
 with the tribes of the region near what is now Jer- 
 sey City. Their hostility spread to the Manhattan 
 tribes, and sometimes up the river and among the 
 Long Island natives. Each patroon kept the farm- 
 ers, tobacco raisers and Indian traders of his estate 
 far from any other. Each wanted to extend his own 
 influence as much as he could among the Indians 
 near his plantation. By treating the Indians as 
 friendly and as familiarly as possible, each one tried 
 to get more from them than his neighbor could get. 
 This made the Indians jealous of each other and of 
 the treatment they received from the different Dutch 
 traders. The old saying that " familiarity breeds 
 contempt," seems to be true in this case. The In- 
 dians lost all fear and respect for the Dutch farm- 
 ers. When the farmers 7 cows strayed into the 
 unfenced fields of corn, planted and owned by the 
 Indians on the island, the Indians attacked the set- 
 tlers, killing them and burning their houses. The 
 farmers then realized how foolish they had been to 
 place their houses so far apart that they lost each 
 other's protection. Fort Amsterdam had been 
 
242 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 neglected until it was a poor defense. Many 
 thought that the director was to blame for all the 
 trouble. Eight colonists formed a sort of com- 
 mittee of complaint, and wrote to the home gov- 
 ernment : 
 
 " . . . We, poor inhabitants of New Nether- 
 lands, were, here in the spring, pursued by these 
 wild heathens and barbarous savages witli fire and 
 sword ; daily, in our houses and fields, have they 
 cruelly murdered men and women, and with hatch- 
 ets and tomahawks struck little children dead in 
 their parents' arms or before their doors, or carried 
 them away into bondage ; the houses and grain 
 barracks are burnt, with the produce; cattle of all 
 descriptions are slain and destroyed. Such as re- 
 main must perish this approaching winter, for the 
 want of fodder. 
 
 il Almost every place is abandoned. We, 
 wretched people, must skulk, with wives and little 
 ones that still survive, in poverty together, in and 
 around the fort at the Manahatas, where we are not 
 safe, even for an hour. . . . We are all here, from 
 the smallest to the greatest, . . . wholly power- 
 less. The enemy meets with scarce any resistance. 
 The garrison (of the fort) consists of but about 
 fifty or sixty soldiers, unprovided with ammuni- 
 tion. Fort Amsterdam, utterly defenceless, stands 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 243 
 
 open to the enemy night and day." The eight 
 then said that if prompt assistance did not come 
 from the Dutch government, they would be ob- 
 liged to call in aid from the New England colonies, 
 and that the English probably would demand a 
 share of the New Netherland trade in return for 
 any help. 
 
 The fear of losing the valuable trade of the col- 
 ony aroused the government in Holland. It called 
 the company to account for this condition of things. 
 The company said that the colonists brought much 
 of the trouble upon themselves by living so far 
 apart, by selling guns to the Indians, by allowing 
 " free-traders " — men who did not belong to the 
 company — to sail up the Hudson, and trade off 
 guns and shot for furs. The company said that 
 they were poor, and that they needed the aid of the 
 Dutch government to keep the free-traders out of 
 the province. If the government would aid them, 
 they could promise to make things better for the 
 colonists. They sent out instructions to the settlers 
 to repair the fort, to live closer together, and to 
 treat all the Indians alike. They tried to encour- 
 age the raising of tobacco, and told the settlers 
 they could buy negroes at a fair price. In spite 
 of these promises, the condition of affairs did not 
 much improve. The directors, who were sent out 
 
244 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 from Holland to act as governors, seemed bent on 
 having an easy life, and upon making as much 
 money for themselves as they could. 
 
 ENGLISH NEIGHBORS. 
 
 The colonists of New England, by this time, 
 were gradually spreading out through Connecti- 
 cut, toward the New Netherland, and making set- 
 tlements on Long Island. A story is told of an 
 English ship, which appeared before Fort Amster- 
 dam one day. The captain sent an invitation to 
 Governor Van T wilier and his officers to come on 
 board for a sort of banquet. Van Twiller went, 
 and treated the Englishman in a friendly way. 
 After staying six or seven days before the fort, the 
 Englishman was allowed to go up the river, and 
 carried on a large trade with the Indians before 
 some of the indignant Dutch traders could induce 
 the director to order him out of the river. 
 
 Wouter Yan Twiller proved a poor governor. 
 Kieft, his successor, was better in some ways, but 
 stirred up the Indians into a revolt that did a great 
 deal of harm to the Dutch settlements. Much as 
 the Indians disliked Kieft, the Dutch settlers dis- 
 liked him more. He treated them harshly, and 
 would not allow them to appeal from his decisions 
 to the government at home. 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 245 
 
 DIRECTOR STUYVESANT, 1647-1664. 
 
 The people of New Netherland put great hopes 
 upon the new governor, Peter Stuyvesant. Some 
 one wrote home, soon after the arrival of this new 
 governor : " Mynheer Stuyvesant introduces here 
 a thorough reform." According to Stuyvesant's 
 own account, there was need of it. New Amster- 
 dam was in a terrible condition. 
 
 "The people are without discipline, and ap- 
 proaching the savage state, 77 he wrote. " A. fourth 
 part of the city of New Amsterdam consists of 
 rumshops and houses where nothing can be had 
 but beer and tobacco. 77 Stuyvesant appears to 
 have done his best, but that was not enough to save 
 the settlement from passing out of the hands of the 
 Dutch into those of the English. 
 
 ENGLAND'S CLAIM. 
 
 For many years English people had been look- 
 ing on, while the Dutch settlement between New 
 England and Virginia grew larger and richer. 
 They claimed that the region belonged to England 
 by virtue of Cabot 7 s discovery. They were glad to 
 see that affairs did not go smoothly under the 
 Dutch company, and to hear that the company had 
 not money enough to keep up a strong defense of 
 the colony. So the English waited for the time 
 
246 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 when a well-aimed blow from them might strike 
 down the Dutch power in New Netherlands, and 
 secure the prize for themselves. There were two 
 chief reasons why the English wanted the region 
 about the Hudson: First, because New Amster- 
 dam, the trading settlement at the mouth of 
 the Hudson River, commanded one of the finest 
 harbors in the world. Second, because, in order 
 to carry out certain regulations about their com- 
 merce with the colonies, which ordered all of them 
 to trade only with English merchants, they felt it 
 necessary to close this Dutch market, with its strong 
 temptations. 
 
 In 1664, during a war between the English and 
 the Dutch in Europe, the English saw that their 
 time had come to take possession of ' ' the doorway 
 to North America. 7 ' Charles II. gave the whole 
 region to his brother, James, Duke of York and 
 Albany, and James sent Colonel Nichols across the 
 Atlantic, to knock at the doorway, with four ships 
 and 420 soldiers. New Amsterdam then had about 
 1,500 people, a stone fort and twenty cannon. 
 Director Stuyvesant was ready to fight and to lead 
 a resistance. But there were no men to follow. 
 The colonists were willing to be taken under Eng- 
 lish government. So Stuyvesant surrendered with- 
 out a fight. 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 247 
 
 THE CONOTEST. 1664. 
 
 The duke's lieutenant-governor, Colonel Nichols, 
 took possession of all the territory claimed by the 
 Dutch as the province of New York. That at first 
 included what we call New Jersey. New Amster- 
 dam became the town of New York. The fort was 
 named Fort James. Fort Orange, on the Hudson, 
 was called Albany. Other places received English 
 names in the same way. Nothing was done vio- 
 lently. Much care was shown for the " Dutch- 
 men,' 7 as all but the English in this cosmopolitan 
 colony were called. They were still kept in pub- 
 lic offices, although in name the government and the 
 laws were made English. The every-day language 
 and customs of the people were changed but little 
 at first. Nichols offered religious freedom and 
 every inducement possible to keep the settlers in 
 the province and to tempt more to come. Within 
 a few years many came from the other colonies and 
 from the mother-country. The old towns grew 
 rapidly and new ones were planted in many places. 
 
 You have seen the Dutch fur-trading post on 
 Manhattan Island grow into a large English town. 
 Here is a part of the first description of New York 
 that was ever printed in the English language. It 
 pictures the town and the whole province as they 
 were in 1670, 
 
248 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 "New York is built mostly of brick and stone, 
 and covered with red and black tile, and the land 
 being high, it gives at a distance a pleasing aspect 
 to the spectators." 
 
 LONG ISLAND. 
 
 Next to Manhattan Island, the most import- 
 ant part of New York was Long Island. An old 
 writer said : 
 
 " Long Island, the west end of which lies south- 
 
 New Amsterdam in 1673. 
 
 ward of New York, runs eastward above one hun- 
 dred miles and is in some places eight, in some 
 twelve, in some fourteen miles broad. It is in- 
 habited from one end to the other. On the west 
 end are four or five Dutch towns, the rest being 
 all English, to the number of twelve, besides vil- 
 lages and farm houses. The island is most of it of 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 
 
 249 
 
 a very good soil, and very natural for all sorts of 
 English grain, which they sow and have very good 
 increase of, besides all other fruits and herbs com- 
 mon in England, as also tobacco, hemp, flax, pump- 
 kins and melons. The fruits natural to the island 
 are mulberries, persimmons, grapes great and 
 small, huckleberries, cranberries, plums of several 
 sorts, raspberries and strawberries, of which last 
 is such abundance in June that the fields and 
 woods are dyed red. . . . The island is plenti- 
 
 New Amsterdam in 1673. 
 
 fully stored with all sorts of English cattle, horses, 
 hogs, sheep, goats, . . . which they can both 
 raise and maintain by reason of the large and 
 spacious meadows or marshes wherewith it is fur- 
 nished ; the island likewise producing excellent 
 English grass, which they sometimes mow twice 
 a year." 
 
250 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 Such an island as this was naturally attractive to 
 the English people in the Connecticut colonies as 
 well as to those in New York near its western end. 
 Vessels from New York sailed through Long 
 Island Sound on their way to New England, to 
 trade. Ships from Boston and other Massachusetts 
 ports sailed through the same sound to trade along 
 the banks of the Hudson River. This brought 
 about business and social ties between Boston 
 and New York, even while it was New Am- 
 sterdam. 
 
 RETURN TO DUTCH RULE, 1673-1674. 
 
 The English rule was broken for about a year, 
 when, in the war of England and Holland, it was 
 taken by a Dutch admiral in 1673. You can see 
 by the picture how large the seaport on Manhattan 
 had grown by that time. 
 
 Peace was declared before Holland knew that 
 the province had been retaken, and in the treaty 
 the Dutch government yielded to England all 
 claims in North America. The Dutch had done 
 all the pioneering for New York. Even the im- 
 portant relations with Indians were made success- 
 ful largely by following the best policy of the 
 early Dutchmen. 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 251 
 
 NEW JERSEY AND DELAWARE. 
 
 What we know as New Jersey and Delaware 
 were settled by Dutch people, Swedes and Eng- 
 lish Quakers. To the land in Delaware and the 
 advantages of the Delaware River and Bay, both 
 the Dutch and English made claims. The Dutch 
 met with success until they were overshadowed 
 by the Swedish colonists who came to make a new 
 Sweden in America. Prosperous towns of thrifty, 
 contented Swedes were growing up, when the 
 Dutch, gathering force once more, overthrew their 
 settlements. Then with New Amsterdam and 
 New Netherlands, this region passed into the con- 
 trol of the Duke of York. In 1682 Penn secured 
 a grant of it, and after that it was known as the 
 "lower counties" of Pennsylvania until 1703. 
 Then Delaware became a separate, though small 
 and unimportant, colony. 
 
252 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 THE PROVINCE OF PENN'S WOODS. 
 
 " Philadelphia is at last laid out, to the gen- 
 eral content of those here." These words were 
 in a letter written in 1683 to Quakers in England 
 
 by William Penn. 
 
 You know that 
 Philadelphia is a 
 large city in the 
 southeastern part of 
 Pennsylvania. I 
 wonder if you have 
 ever heard it called 
 the Quaker City. 
 Its settlers were members of the Society of Friends, 
 who were commonly called Quakers. First, you 
 will want to know who they were, and what their 
 name meant. You remember that the Pilgrims 
 who came to Plymouth, and the Puritans who 
 came to Massachusetts Bay, were people who were 
 not satisfied with the Church of England. They 
 wanted simpler forms and more preaching. The 
 Quakers were English people who wanted still 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 253 
 
 more simple life, with peace and good will to- 
 ward everyone. Some of their manners growing 
 out of these ideas, seemed very odd to the rest of 
 the world. In England thev were so disliked that 
 the Quakers were persecuted even more than any 
 of the Puritans had been. They had a very hard 
 time ; but they were often saved from much harder 
 times by a certain young man of whom Charles II. 
 was fond, and whose father was the famous Ad- 
 miral Perm. You all know his name — William 
 Penn. He had many friends at the royal court, 
 but handsome young Penn did not care for the gay 
 life he might lead with these friends nearly so 
 much as he cared to work for the Quakers and 
 their belief. 
 
 THE aiJAKER BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS. 
 
 Quakers believed that a person's ability to preach 
 came not alone through education, but as a direct 
 gift from God ; and they felt that a power which 
 came so freely ought to be given freely. So they 
 had no regular and paid minister ; every man or 
 woman who attended a Quaker meeting might have 
 words to speak. When they gathered all were 
 quiet until some one felt moved to give a special 
 message. Sometimes the silence was broken by 
 earnest, strong appeals ; at other times the silence 
 
254 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 was unbroken, yet they felt all had been worship- 
 ing in the true way. 
 
 In England often their meetings were inter- 
 rupted by the entrance of government officers, who 
 arrested their leaders, and sometimes all the peo- 
 ple there. 
 
 George Fox, the first Quaker in England, and 
 one who had many followers, was jeered at, and 
 beaten by cruel mobs. " Reviled as a fanatic, and 
 denounced as an impostor, yet he traveled from 
 place to place, sometimes driven forth to sleep 
 under haystacks ; sometimes imprisoned as a dis- 
 turber of the peace." Penn was arrested in the 
 same way. 
 
 The Quakers could be recognized everywhere by 
 their simplicity in dress. The men refused to lift 
 their hats to anyone whom they met. They said 
 God had created all men equal, and they would 
 remove their hats only in their meeting-houses, in 
 God's presence. 
 
 To carry out many of their beliefs, Quakers 
 were obliged to break laws, and to seem disre- 
 spectful to men in authority. In holding their 
 meetings they broke the same laws as the Pil- 
 grims. They refused to take any oaths to support 
 the government, or the king, because the Bible 
 says, " swear not at all." 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 255 
 
 They would not take off their hats, even in the 
 presence of the king. They felt there ought to be 
 no paid ministers, and so they refused to pay taxes 
 for the support of the English Church. In these 
 ways they seemed to be disobedient and disre- 
 spectful, and their enemies had a chance to accuse 
 them of other beliefs and evil designs. 
 
 These beliefs would not do any harm, or cause 
 any uneasiness, in a state where all felt and acted 
 alike. For that reason George Fox and William 
 Penn spent much thought and time to establish a 
 new home for the Friends of all the world. Some 
 Quakers had already gone to the different colo- 
 nies in the New World — to New England, where 
 they were treated harshly in Massachusetts, but 
 welcomed in Rhode Island. Others made settle- 
 ments of their own near the Puritans and Church- 
 men in the colony of East Jersey. Still others 
 started a colony of their own in West Jersey, near 
 the Swedes and Dutch of the Delaware. 
 
 WILLIAM PENN. 
 
 Penn was interested in all of these settlements ; 
 but, after a time, he asked his friend, King Charles 
 II., for a grant of land in America, to pay a debt 
 due his father, Admiral Penn. This he wanted for 
 a large colony, to be entirely settled and governed 
 
256 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 by Friends. It was to be a refuge for the perse- 
 cuted Quakers from all parts of Europe. The king 
 gave the grant in 1681. He named the great 
 wooded tract Pennsylvania, or Perm's forest. Wil- 
 liam Perm wished another name, but his majesty 
 insisted, because, he said, of his great admiration 
 for Admiral Penn. 
 
 "After many waitings and watchings/ 1 William 
 wrote to a friend, " this day my country was con- 
 firmed to me under the ^reat seal of England. 
 . . . Thou mayst communicate my grant to 
 friends, and expect shortly my proposals." 
 
 Besides being an earnest Friend, ready and able 
 to preach and write, William Penn was a careful 
 business man. He deserved the title of a "Thrifty 
 Gentleman of Pennsylvania." The land that had 
 thus been given him in place of the money owed 
 his father was to be his means of livelihood as well 
 as a home for the Quakers. The proposals which 
 he mentioned in the letter were about the terms on 
 which land might be bought and occupied. He 
 naturally felt that he must have some money re- 
 turn for his land. He offered 100 acres for £2 
 ($10) and a small yearly rent to be paid to him as 
 proprietor, after the settlers were well established 
 in their new homes. Meanwhile they must pay 
 a fair price to any Indians who were in posses- 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 257 
 
 sion of the particular acres they wanted. From 
 the first Penn treated the Indians fairly and be- 
 came stanch friends with them. This was espe- 
 cially wise for the Quakers, for they did not believe 
 in fighting, and would have been wholly unpro- 
 tected and in danger if the Indians had been their 
 enemies. The settlers who came out from Eng- 
 land to take up land in Pennsylvania carried out 
 Penn's instructions to make fair purchases from the 
 Indians. Here is the account of a sale which 
 gives you an idea of the prices paid. " Christian, 
 the Indian, lord and owner of all the land between 
 St. Jones and Duck Creek ?7 sold and gave up claim 
 "to John Brinkloe, planter, 600 acres woodland 
 together with the marshes and creek." The pay 
 was ten bottles of drink, four double handfuls of 
 powder and four of shot and three match-coats — 
 coats made of coarse goods called match-cloth. 
 
 A great emigration to Pennsylvania began in 
 1G81. Most of the people were Quakers. Besides 
 English people there were Swedes, Finns, Dutch, 
 Scotch-Irish and Germans. These made many new 
 settlements. Some of the newcomers joined settle- 
 ments that had already been begun before the 
 land was given to Penn. The principal settlement 
 was Philadelphia, the "Quaker City," which Penn 
 planned. 
 
258 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Perm did not go out to Pennsylvania in 1681, but 
 sent his instructions over by men called commis- 
 sioners. In these orders Penn told the men to 
 have the rivers and creeks sounded, and the shores 
 explored in order to find a place high, dry and 
 healthy with a good harbor. On this place there 
 was to be built "a great town," Philadelphia. The 
 streets were to be laid out in a regular way from 
 the water's edge back into the country. Many of 
 these streets were to be named for trees common in 
 the country, such as Chestnut, Walnut and Spruce. 
 From the very first a market place was provided 
 for; "let the place for the store-house be on the 
 middle of the key (quay), which will serve for 
 market and store-house too." Anions the instruc- 
 tions was this one about Penn's own house. "Pitch 
 upon the very middle of the plot where the town 
 or line of houses is to be laid . . . facing the har- 
 bor and great river for the situation of my house; 
 yet let it not be one tenth part." One tenth was the 
 amount he was allowed to have in common with 
 others, but he said that a thirtieth part would do. 
 Room was to be left about the houses for gardens 
 and orchards, so as to add beauty to the town. 
 
 When William Penn came in the ship Welcome 
 in 1682, he found the site chosen for Philadelphia 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 259 
 
 on the narrow peninsula, between the Delaware 
 and Schuykill Rivers. Look for it in the geography, 
 and get from a guide-book a map of the city 
 of Philadelphia. That will show you how the 
 streets run down to the river bank. After Penn's 
 arrival preparations went on rapidly. The laws 
 made for all the settlements were so just and favor- 
 able that many more people were attracted to 
 Pennsylvania, and of these many settled in Phila- 
 delphia. " In three years from its founding Phila- 
 delphia had gained more than New York City had 
 done in half a century." In the year of Penn's 
 arrival, and during the two following years, ships 
 with immigrants arrived from London, Bristol, 
 Ireland, Wales, Holland and Germany ; for the 
 "good news spread abroad that William Penn, the 
 Quaker, had opened an asylum to the good and 
 the oppressed of every nation." 
 
 Penn himself sent the praise of his country back 
 to Europe. "The air, 7 ' he said, "is sweet and 
 clear, the heavens serene like the south parts of 
 France, rarely overcast." He described the natural 
 products of the country, especially the trees, valu- 
 able both for wood and fruit. "The fruits that I 
 find in the woods are white and black mulberry, 
 chestnut, walnut, plumbs and strawberries, cran- 
 berries, hurtleberries, and grapes of divers sortes," 
 
260 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 "Here also are peaches, and very good and in 
 great quantities; not an Indian plantation without 
 them, but whether naturally here at first I know 
 not; however, one may have bushels for little." He 
 told them that farming and care enabled them to 
 raise in this new country "wheat, barley, oats, 
 rye, pease, beans, squashes, pumpkins, watermelons 
 and all herbs and roots that our gardens in Eng- 
 land usually bring forth.'' Of the fowl to be found 
 in Pennsylvania, what most impressed Perm were 
 the wild turkeys, which he said were forty and fifty 
 pounds in weight. Of fish, the oysters pleased him 
 especially, for he said some were six inches long. 
 
 Among the colonists who came in response to 
 Penn's inducements were men of many trades and 
 professions, but most of them were farmers, trades- 
 men or mechanics. Some of them were scholars 
 who had studied at college, but most were men of 
 little education. These Were all interested in 
 having their children taught, and the schools in 
 Philadelphia were good even in the earliest years. 
 One of the studies in each school was the laws of 
 the colony. 
 
 DEALINGS WITH THE NATIVES. 
 
 The Indians especially felt themselves so well 
 treated that they gave no cause for alarm. They 
 
EARLIEST DAYS IN AMERICA. 201 
 
 showed, on the other hand, positive and frequent 
 signs of friendliness. The settlers always bought 
 their land fairly, and dealt seriously with them. 
 Penn said, in warning the colonists against offend- 
 ing the Indians, "Be grave ; they love not to be 
 smiled upon." The Iroquois Indians called Penn 
 Onas, and the Dela wares called him Miquon. Both 
 of these names mean quill or pen, so you see they 
 merely translated his name into their own lan- 
 guage. Perhaps the name seemed even more full 
 of meaning to them because he had written letters 
 to them and they had seen him sign treaties with 
 their chiefs. 
 
 PENN'S TROUBLES. 
 
 William Penn's life, however, did not continue 
 peaceful or prosperous. He had shown business 
 skill and thrift as well as generosity in disposing 
 of his land. When the rents became due the people 
 did not act as generously or honestly, for they re- 
 fused to pay them. His presence was needed in 
 England, where even more serious enemies were 
 working against him. His position as proprietor 
 of Pennsylvania became an extremely difficult one. 
 Once more he left his affairs in the colony to a 
 commissioner or agent and went back to England. 
 One letter to this agent reads: " Use thy utmost 
 
262 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 endeavors in the first place to receive all that is 
 due to me. Get in quit-rents, and sell land accord- 
 ing to my instructions ; look carefully after all fines 
 . . . that shall belong to me as proprietor and 
 chief governor. Penn had need of this money, 
 for as he said ' ' Pennsylvania has been a dear 
 Pennsylvania to me all over." 
 
 In 1688 the people of Philadelphia were filled 
 with a groundless fear of an Indian outbreak, 
 and they used the occasion to add to the feeling in 
 England against Penn as proprietor and governor. 
 So in 1692 the government was taken from Penn, 
 and his colony was made a royal province. 
 
 The land still unsold remained in the hands of 
 Penn, and later his family received money from 
 its sale. Yet when Penn himself died, in 1718, he 
 was almost bankrupt. Though his last days were 
 sad, he had left behind him a beautiful, great city 
 which was to be very important, not only in the 
 history of his colony but of all the colonies during 
 the years of the Revolutionary war period. But 
 that was long after the pioneer days were passed. 
 
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 SAMUEL T. DUTTON. 
 
 Accurate History in attractive narrative 
 form for young people, covering the Pre- 
 historic times and early Colonial days. 
 
 Authentic illustrations representing Archeo- 
 logical discoveries — and other objects and 
 scenes of historical interest. 
 
 l2mo t Clotb ** * * $1.00. 
 
 For sale bv all Booksellers \ or sent postpaid on receipt of price. 
 
 THE MORSE COMPANY...PUBLISHERS, 
 
 MAIN OFFICE: 96 FIFTH AVE., NEW YORK. 
 
 CHICAGO: FISHER BUILDING. BOSTON: 36 BROMFIELD ST. 
 
A BOOK FOR LITTLE PEOPLE'S LIBRARIES. 
 
 Around the World. 
 
 BY 
 
 STELLA W. CARROLL. 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 CLARENCE F. CARROLL 
 
 A Sociological treatment of Eskimos, In- 
 dians, Arabs, Dutch, Chinese and Japanese. 
 
 The human phases of life of unique people, 
 their customs and habits, presented for child 
 study. 
 
 Profusely and beautifully illustrated from 
 artistic sketches and photographs from life in 
 foreign lands. 
 
 A charming book for little people. 
 
 l2mo, Clotb, 160 pages, 50 Cents. 
 
 For sale bv all Booksellers, or sent postpaid on receipt of price. 
 
 THE MORSE COMPANY...PUBLISHERS, 
 
 MAIN OFFICE: 96 FIFTH AVE., NEW YORK. 
 
 CHICAGO: FISHER BUILDING. BOSTON: 36 BROMFIELD ST. 
 
A VALUABLE BOOK FOR EVERY LIBRARY. 
 
 Busby 
 
 ...By CYNTHIA M. WESTOVER. 
 
 ▲ A Thrilling Romance Founded on Fad. 
 
 Z With 32 Full-Page Illustrations by J. A. Walker. 
 
 A FINE character 
 **■ study. Pure in 
 sentiment. Not a dull 
 chapter. The scene is 
 laid in the Rocky Moun- 
 tains, and the heroine 
 is a young girl who has 
 since become famous in 
 music and literature in 
 New York. 
 
 12mo, 
 
 CIvOTH, 
 
 $1.00. 
 
 For sale by all Book- 
 sellers, or sent post-paid 
 on receipt of price. 
 
 THE WORSE COPIPBHT, 
 
 96 FIFTH AVENUE, 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 " The story is full of life, vigor, movement, and there is no girl or boy— no 
 parent either, we hope— who will not read it with delight. 1 '— Evangelist, N. Y. 
 
 " Bushy is a clean, lively story with plenty of adventure and not a little 
 humor." — Mail and Express, N. Y. 
 
 " The story is told with a rush and whirl that takes the reader off his feet. 
 Bushy is a fine character."— Detro it Free Press. 
 
 " The book is intensely exciting from start to finish." — Boston Herald. 
 
 " With all her reality, Bushy's cleverness is phenomenal."— Prov. Journal. 
 
 "It is full of romantic elements. Her character is developed by her sur- 
 roundings." — Philadelphia Call. 
 
 " Bushy is a prodigy of feminine courage."— St. Louis Globe-Democrat. 
 
 " Bushy has met with a most cordial reception in every section. Everyone 
 who reads it recommends it with enthusiasm. The book is, indeed, fascinat- 
 ing."— New York Commercial Advertiser. 
 
 " It is an entertaining story, full of life and movement and dash, and reveal- 
 ing the fine, womanly qualities of the author."— Chicago Inter-Ocean. 
 
 "The work is well written and the situations throughout are decidedly 
 strong, and the tale is evenly balanced." — Pittsburg Press. 
 
 " Bushy is rich in character and full of pathos."— Chicago Evening Post. 
 
«».A BOOK! FOR EJVE^RYOIVlJSa., 
 
 MANHATTAN: 
 
 HISTORIC and ARTISTIC. 
 
 BY 
 
 WESTOVER ALDEN. 
 
 An Historical Summary and Guide of 
 Greater New York. 
 
 Beautifully illustrated with half-tone plates 
 of all principal points of interest. 
 
 Chronological Sketches from 1524 to 1897. 
 
 General History — Social Development. 
 
 Condensed Charter. Maps, etc. 
 
 Every non-resident, as well as resident, 
 should have a copy of this useful book. 
 
 275 ipagee, Clotb, 50 Cents. 
 
 For sale by all Booksellers, or sent postpaid on receipt of price. 
 
 THE MORSE COMPANY...PUBLISHERS, 
 
 MAIN OFFICE: 96 FIFTH AVE., NEW YORK. 
 
 CHICAGO: FISHER BUILDING. BOSTON: 36 BROMFIELP ST. 
 
THE BOOK OF LIES BY 
 JOHN LANGDON HEATON 
 
 Author of " THE QUILTING BEE," etc., etc. 
 
 WITH MANY PICTURES 
 FROM PEN DRAWINGS 
 BY FRANK VERBECK oe 
 
 ft book of pure, keen American humor, 
 of real literary merit «*««*««« 
 
 ft little nonsense now and then, " Rumor, the fountain of youth." 
 
 Ts relished by the wisest men." Read, laugh and keep young. 
 
 Clotb, * * * 50 Cents. 
 
 For sale by all Booksellers, or sent prepaid, on receipt of price. 
 
 PRESS NOTICES. 
 
 " A touch of sentiment, plenty of wholesome humor, and more 
 art than is apparent in its smooth construction, go to make up this 
 dainty little narrative." — Philadelphia Call. 
 
 " These are certainly fictions of the frank and open order, told 
 with a breeziness and abandon that are refreshing. They are in- 
 genious and mirthful, and if he who makes us laugh is a public 
 benefactor, Mr. Heaton must be ranked as such." — Detroit Free 
 Press. 
 
 THE MORSE COMPANY...PTJBLISHERS, 
 
 MAIN OFFICE: 96 FIFTH AVE., NEW YORK. 
 
 CHICAGO: FISHER BUILDING, BOSTON: 36 BROMFIELD ST. 
 
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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
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