t .2. Class _£ 1%^ BookU. 41 ^. Copyright N" copnuGiiT DEPosm U.S. HISTORY CONDENSED BY A. S. LEE, Principal Miller School Huntington, West Va. PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR Copyright, 1919, by A. S. Lee 1919 t'' \v U. S. HISTORY The Facts Condensed History is the record of human progress. Civilization is the sum total of permanent gains made by man through his personal and co-operative efforts. LESSON PLAN FOR THE STUDY OF AN EYENT. 1. Conditions prior to the event. 2. Disadvantages of these conditions. 3. The problem — to better these conditions. 4. The attempts to improve conditions. (The im- provement is the event.) 5. Success of the improved conditions. 6. Defects found in the improvement. 7. Results of the event, listed. SUBJECT MATTER FOR "HISTORY IN THE GRADES." First Grade. Folk stories, myths, and fairy tales. Second Grade. Stories of Indians, such as Pratt's Legends of Red Children and Burton's The Story of the Indians of New England. Tliird Grade. Stories of the Northmen and of Indian Chieftains. Fourth Grade. Oral and written reproductions of his- tory stories read or told by the teacher. Facts in local history. Pratt's American History for American Children. Fifth Grade. ...Great discoverers, inventors, and heroes. "Ten Great Events in History" by Johonnot. Sixth Grade. Beginner's American History, Mont- gomery. The life and achievements of great men. Seventh Grade. American beginnings in Europe. Ex- plorers and Colonizers of America. American history to the Revolution. Eighth (iradc. Adopted text from the Revolution to the present. Supplementary books — "A History of the United States for Grammar Schools" by Thwaites and Ken- dall, Houghton Miffin Co., and Ashley's American History, Macmillan Co. The aim of the history work in the lower grades is to cultivate a taste for history and to create an interest in men and their achievements. In these grades history is approached through the story and through biography; the story is the first available route. Patriotic poems and songs, national holidays, and birthdays of our great men provide a basis for much val- uable history work in all the grades if properly treated and presented by the teacher. Period of Discovery and Exploration (1492-1607) The occupation of Constantinople by the Turks (1453) cutting off communication with the far east, and the dis- covery of the rotundity of the earth, led to the discovery of America in 1492, by Christopher Columbus. Sir John 3Iandeville first suggested the idea of the rotundity of the earth, Colambns resolved to prove it, and BLaf^ellan did prove it. .. : ©CI.A5 1551)9 Spain, England, France, and Holland toojc an active part in exploring and colonizing America. Spain claimed the whole of South America and the southern part of North America and based that claim on the discovery of America by Columbus. England claimed all of North America, basing her claim on the expedition of John Cabot, who explored the coast of North America from Nova Scotia to Cape Hatteras. France claimed the valleys of the St. Lawrence and Mississippi, basing her claim on the expeditions of Cartier and LaSalle, respectively. Holland claimed the middle portion of North America , about the Hudson river, basing her claim on the expedition of Sir Henry Hudson. Each of these nations expended its energies in coloniz- ing the parts claimed. Christopher Columbns, a native of Genoa, Italy, was a great traveler, a practical sailor and a man of practical ideas. He believed the world to be round and that the Indies could be reached by sailing west. After many un- successful attempts to get aid to prove his theory, Ferdi- nand, and Isabella, rulers of Spain, fitted out three small vessels — the Mna, Pinta and Santa Maria, — for him. With these, he sailed to the west and reached the island of San Salvador of the Bahama group, Oct. 12, 1492. He discovered Cuba on this voyage. A little later, he made a second voyage discovering the remainder of the Greater Antilles. On the third voyage he discovered (1498) the mainland of South America. In Haiti Columbus was arrested and sent home in chains. After several years he made a fonrtbi voyage visiting the lands he had explored. This voyage was full of misfortunes, and Columbus, broken in health. and spirits, returned to Spain, where he died in 1506. SPANISH EXPLORERS— ^'olnmlms discovered Amer- ica. DeSoto discovered the Mississippi. Balboa discovered the Pacific ocean. Ponce De Leon explored Florida. Cor- tez explored and conquered Mexico. Magellan circumnavi- gated the globe. ENGLISH EXPLORERS — Cabot discovered North America. Drake explored the Pacific coast of North Amer- ica. John Smith explored the Atlantic Coast of North America. Frobisher explored the northeastern coast of North America. FRENCH EXPLORERS— Cartler explored the valley of the St. Lawrence. Marquette explored the upper valley of the Mississippi. LaSalle explored the Ohio and lower Mississippi regions. Champlain explored the valley of the St. Lawrence. To the work of Champlain the success of the French in Canada must be attributed. PCTCH EXPLORERS Henry Hudson explored the Hudson river and Hudson bay. Adrian Block explored the Connecticut valley. Cornelius May explored Delaware and Delaware bay. These various expeditions and claims led to much strife among the colonies and among the mother countries. The whole matter was finally settled by the simple plan: "That they should take who had the power. And they should keep who can." Colonial Period (1607-1776.) At the time of the discovery and settlement of America, all Europe was under autocratic rule. This means that the people had no voice in their government and that they were forced to accept and support the religious and politi- cal dictates of their autocratic rulers. These rulers at their own discretion made and repealed laws, declared war, made treaties, established churches, and collected taxes, to enhance their power or their personal happiness and comfort. Racking and devastating wars kept rolling over Europe like a mighty ocean. Life, liberty, and prop- erty received no protection from the government. Gener- ations of oppressed people had repeatedly failed in their attempts to better their social condition. Ruthless perse- cutions and cruel punishments were speedily administered to any person or community that promulgated civic or religious views differing from those of the ruling classes. Militaryism and autocracy prevailed everywhere. The newly discovered continent, America, rich in natural resources and ideal in climate, provided unlimited opportunities for the oppressed people of Europe to build up new communities and to found a new government based on the brotherhood of man. The thinking classes of Europe saw and grasped these opportunities. Liberty and opportunity is what they sought and found in America. When we think of this European background of our history, it is easy to understand that there have grown up in America, democratic ideals that have been tested and found good, and that are now strongly in evidence wherever civilization is found. America made democracy safe for the world and has played a deciding part in mak- ing the world safe for democracy. It was the desire to escape persecutions and intoler- ance that induced Europeans to seek homes in America. The colonies of Plymouth, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Rhode Island and Georgia, were founded as an asylum for the oppressed. First Settlements Spanish, at St. Augustine, in 1565. French, at Port Royal, in 1604. Enpllsb, at Jamestown, in 1607. Dntch, at New Amsterdam, in 1614, Stat* Virginia New York New Jeriey Mass. New nam. Connecticut Maryland Rhode Island Delaware North Car. South Car. Penn. Oeorgis Date 1607 1614 1017 1620 1623 1624 1634 1636 1638 16G3 1680 1681 1733 When Jamestown N. Amsterdam Bergen Plymouth Dover Windsor St. Marys Providence Christiana Albermarlc Charleston I-hiladelnhia Savannah By Whom EnR. Cavaliers Dutch Emk, Quakers EnK. Puritans English English Eng. Catholics English Swedes nugiienota Huguenots Eng. Quakers Eng. I'rlsoners Laadlna Maa John Smith Stuyvesant Lord Kerkeley .Miles Standlsh Gorges John Wlnfhrop Lord Baltimore Roger Williams Penn Duke of Albemarle Lord Clarendon Penn Oglethorpe Cavaliers and Pilgrims. The cavaliers were royalists, and supported the Church of England. The Pilgrims op- posed both the King and the Church of England. The Cavaliers were indolent, yet broad minded and aristocratic, while the Pilgrims were narrow minded, but industrious and democratic. The Cavaliers came to Virginia to seek wealth and to escape the society of the Puritans; the Pil- gfims came to Massachusetts that they might worship God as their conscience dictated. Coming of the Puritans. The 10 years following the settlement of Boston (1630) was the most important period in the settlement of New England. Within this period more than 20,000 Puritans came from England and settled in Massachusetts. This great Puritan migration was caus- ed by the oppression and tyranny of Charles I in matters of religion. Many of these Puritans were educated persons of wealth and influence and were among the most progres- sive citizens of England. They brought with them the world's best ideas as to government and social efficiency. Their descendants became leaders in the Revolutionary period. Coming of the Cayaliers. The tyranny and oppression of Charles I brought on a civil war in England between the King's friends (the Cavaliers), and his enemies (most- ly Puritans) which resulted in the defeat of the King's party and the execution of the King 1649. Oliver Crom- well, the great Puritan leader, now became the ruler. The Cavaliers, fearing the hostility of Cromwell and disgusted with the Puritan government, came to Virginia. They were mostly men of culture, wealth, and refinement and many of them came from some of the best families in England. These Cavaliers made Virginia a better place to live in and their descendants became the greatest states- men and soldiers of our revolutionary period. Men of the Colonial Period (1607-1776.) Willinni I'enii, the greatest of the Quakers was many times thrown into prison for his religious beliet. He oo- tained Pennsylvania from Charles II in payment of an old debt. In founding the new colony (1681), Penn prom- ised self-government and religious freedom to all Chris- tians who came under his control. To get a better outlet to the sea, he acquired from the Duke of York the lower counties on the Delaware, which afterwards became the State of Delaware. Captain John Smith, an Englishman, enlisted in the Austrian army against the Turks. He was taken prisoner and sold as a slave. Killing his master, he escaped to England and joined the emigrants to Virginia. He ex- plored and named New England, and at many times was of great service to the settlement at Jamestown. William Bradford was one of the early governors of Plymouth. He was so popular that he was re-elected an- nually for 30 years. Jolin Ivndioott and John Wlnthrop were noted gover- nors of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Both were of the most prominent and influential citizens of the colony. Kofrer >VilIiams came to Boston about 1631. He be- lieved in religious liberty. The Puritans of Boston did not; in this they differed from the Pilgrims. Roger Williams was banished from the settlement by the Puritans on ac- count of his liberal vieAvs. In the dead of winter he went to the home of Massasoit in Rhode Island. He founded the settlement of Providence and later united all the colonies of what is now Rhode Island into one colony, free from intolerance. Iterkeley was appointed governor of Virginia by both Charles I and Charles II of England. He opposed free schools, the publication of newspapers, and for a time, abolished representative government in the Colony. Nathaniel Bacon, a wealthy Virginia planter, was a noted leader against the Indians. He hated tyranny and consequently became the rival and enemy of Governor Ber- keley. Under his leadership, representative government was restored, the "Bacon Laws" enacted, and the tyrant Berkeley driven from Jamestown. Bacon's Rebellion and King Phillip's War occurred 100 years befoi'e the Revolu- tion. Goveruoi* Dunmore, the last colonial governor of Vir- ginia carried the Dunmore War against the Indians to a successful termination. He was succeeded in oflfice by Patrick Henry, the first governor of the State after the Declaration of Independence. Benjamin Frankliu, the printer boy of Boston, the self- taught sage of Philadelphia, the philosopher, the statesman, the philanthropist, was the most conspicuous figure of col- onial times and one of the greatest national benefactors of revolutionary times. He discovered the identity of electricity and lightning, invented the lightning rod, wrote many books of literary merit, was minister of the United States at London and Paris, and secured the aid of Prance in 1778, and M^as the balance wheel of the constitutional convention. As a diplomat he had no superior. He died in 1790. Men of Revolutionary Period ( 1 776-1 789) John Hancock was a native of Massachusetts. He was a graduate of Harvard and became a wealthy merchant. He was president of the Colonial Congress, 1774, and of the Continental Congress, 1775-77. Was governor of Massa- chusetts several times. His popularity and eloquence is as well known as his bold signature to the Declaration of Independence. Samuel Adams, the "Father of the Revolution," was one of the earliest advocates of American independence. He was a conspicuous member of the Continental Con- rrress, and was considered the fountain of the more im- portant measures of that body. He was a scholar and an orator. 10 Robert Morris, the "Financier of the Revolution," was born in England, but espoused the American cause. His patriotic use of his private fortune often saved the country from bankruptcy. He had entire control of the tinances of the United States from 1781 to 1784. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention, later a United States Senator, and died in 1806 in a debtor's prison. Alexander Hnniilton (1757-1804) was born in the West Indies. He entered the American army in 1776, became a member of Washington's staff, and later his private secre- tary. He favored and ably defended the federal Constitu- tion. He was the first Secretary of the Treasury, proposed and planned the first National bank, and placed the credit of the United States on a firm basis. Georjye Ro'rers Clark, the "American Hannibal," was sent by Patrick Henry, Governor of Virginia, in 1778, to wrest the North West Territory from the British. He was entirely successful and captured Governor Hamilton, of Canada, at Vincennes. This expedition gave the North West Territory, embracing the present states of Ohio. Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin, to the United States. This territory was the origin of public lands in the United States. Nathan Hnle, a young graduate of Yale College, was sent as a spy by General Washington into the British camps on Long Island. He obtained the desired informa- tion unsuspected, and was just embarking for the Ameri- can army when he was detected, tried, and executed as a spy. His last words were, "I only regret that I have but one life to give to my country." Patrick Henry, of Virginia, was one of the greatest orators and statesmen of Revolutionary times. He oppos- ed the Federal Constitution, but used all his energies to give it a fair trial and to make the new government a success. His speech before the Virginia Convention com- pares favorably with Webster's or Clay's best efforts. He died in 1799. (Jeorire Wasliintrlon (173r?-17!tf)), the popular hero of American independence was born in Virginia. He was not a thorough scholar but became skilled in practical mathe- 11 matics. He served as surveyor for Lord Fairfax, took ac- tive part in ttie French and Indian War, and had the faith, patience, judgment, military skill, and firmness necessary to carry the Revolution to a successful termination. As president of the Constitutional Convention, he exercised rare tact and judgment in bringing all factions to an agreement on the essentials of a fundamental law. As president, he exhibited the same qualities of leader- ship and executive abilities that characterized his military career. "When we take in consideration the state of the country in 1789, the advance in prosperity and the uniform success attending his efforts in improving the financial, social, and political conditions of the people, seem phen- omenal. Washington declined a third term, issued his famous farewell address, and retired to his home at Mount Vernon. Men of the National Period (1789-1913.) Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826), an American scholar, statesman, author of the Declaration of Independence and the Ordinance of '87, Secretary of State, and the third president of the U. S„ was born in Virginia. His entire life was one of public service. He has served our country in almost every capacity and was eminently successful in all. His part in the writing and adopting of the Dec- laration of Independence, and the purchase of Louisiana (1803) gives evidence of his advanced ideas of states- manship. As president, he served the people as many have done, and honored and respected them as few have done. His most notable service was the impressing of democratic ideals upon American government and society. Andrew Jackson (1767-1845), an American general, statesman, and the seventh president of the United States, was born in North Carolina but during his public career, was a citizen of Tennessee. He was a lawyer, representa- tive in Congress, U. S. Senator, General in the war of 1812, and his election to the presidency in 1828 marks an epoch 12 in U. S. History, as he was t±ie first real representative of the "common people." Jackson vetoed the U. S. Bank charter, introduced the "spoils system," applied economy and justice in the ad- ministration of government, championed sound finance, and paid all the national debt. Like Henry Clay, his school advantages were limited, yet he had the ability to do things, and with vigor and discretion. Jackson is one of the most forceful personali- ties in American history. Henry I'lay (1777-1852), was a native of Virginia, but moved to Lexington, Ky. 1797 where he resided till his death. He was elected U. S. Senator in 1806, served in the lower House of Congress from 1811 to 1821 during which time he was speaker, was Secretary of State under John Quincy Adams, served as U. S; Senator from 1831 to 1842 and again from 1848 until his death. He was an unsuc- cessful candidate for the presidency in 1824, 1832, and 1848. Though he received very little education in schools of any kind, he was one of America's greatest orators and statesmen. Henry Clay's greatest works are his three great com- promise measures: "The Missouri Compromise." "The Tar- iff Compromise of 1833" and "The Omnibus Bill" (1850.) His untiring efforts in securing the passage of these bills allaying sectional strife, gives him the title of the "Great Pacificator." John Marshall (17551835) a native of Virginia, was one of our greatest lawyers and jurists. Just at the close of John Adams' administration, he was appointed chief justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, which position he held for more than 30 years. His decisions are standard authority on all questions involving constitution- al law, and his influence in developing a strong national government is not surpassed by any other man. Sam Honston (1793-1863) was a scout soldier, and political leader. He was Commander in Chief of the Texan force in her struggle for independence. He led the war to a successful termination at San Jacinto, where the Tcxans gained their independence. He was the chief agent in 13 bringing about the annexation of Texas by the United States. George Peabody was an English Banker of American birth. At a great risk in 1837 he sustained American credit by purchasing American securities. He gave his home town, Danvers, Mass., $20,000 for the promotion of Knowledge; he founded the Peabody Institute at Baltimore at a cost of $1,400,000; he gave Yale and Harvard each $150,000, and for promoting education in the south, he gave $3,500,000 in 1869. He died in 1869, and was buried at Danvers. John C. Calhoun was one of the ablest and most pa- triotic statesman of the south. He served as United States Senator from South Carolina, Secretary of War, Secretary of State, and Vice President under Jackson. He will be remembered as an orator, a statesman, and an uncorrupt- ible patriot, above reproach. Peter Cooper, of New York, was an inventor, a manu- facturer, and a philanthropist. He built the first Ameri- can locomotive, 1840; he built and provided for -the main- tenance of the Cooper Union, New York. He died in 1883. Daniel Boone was born in Pennsylvania, 1734, and died in Missouri in 1820. He lived in North Carolina and later moved to the wilds of Kentucky. He induced a large body of immigrants to locate in Kentucky and helped defend them against the Indians. He was captured by the In- dians several times, and had many hair-breadth escapes. His farm in Kentucky was taken from him by the govern- ment of the United States, and he moved to the Great Kanawha valley, below Charleson, where he lived several years. Later he moved to Missouri to get "elbow room." He was the best type of frontiersmen. Other noted fron- tiersmen were Lewis Wetzel, Andrew Poe, Kenton, Girty, Zane and McCollough. Daniel Webster, the greatest American orator, was five years younger than Henry Clay, but both died the same year, 1852. His Bunker Hill oration, debate with Fayne, "7th of March speech" in favor of the Omnibus 14 Bill, stand alone in American oratory as masterpieces in diction, logic, and eloquence, while his speech before the Supreme Court in the Dartmouth college case in behalf of the college, and against the State of New Hampshire, easily places him in the front rank as an expounder of constitu- tional law. Mr. Webster was in public life from 1813 to his death. Though born in New Hampshire, he lived in Massa- chusetts and represented that State in both houses of Congress. He served as Secretary of State several terms. Stephen A. Doa^^las (1813-1861) was for many terms representative and United States Senator from Illinois. He was a leader and one of the most ready and fluent debaters in Congress. He bitterly opposed secession in 1860. In the election that year, although there were two democratic candidates for the presidency, Mr. Douglass received with- in 500,000 votes as many as Lincoln. Cyrus West Field (1819-1892) organized an Atlantic telegraph company. Attempts were made to lay a cable to Europe in 1857 and 1858. Peter Cooper joined the company and in 1866 the first successful Atlantic cable was laid from Trinity Bay, Newfoundland, to Valencia Bay, Ireland, by the "Great Eastern." His life was devoted to this line of work. John Brown, an American abolitionist, was born 1800, died 1859. He planned the .John Brown Raid, intended to free the slaves by arming them in opposition to the gov- ernment. His raid at Harper's Ferry ended disastrously to him, though it may have hastened the Civil War. He was tried, condemned, and executed at Charles Town for treason and murder. He was a native of Connecticut, but lived in Kansas. Alirahani Lincoln (1809-1865) the sixteenth president of the United States, was born in Kentucky. At the age of seven, he moved with his family to Indiana, and later, 1829, to New Salem, 111., where he studied law and surveying. He spent btit one year in school and this was four miles away. His life is an exemplification of what a young man can do by industry, honesty, perseverance, and effort. At the age of 23, he was elected to the legislature of 111., In 15 which body he served four terms. He practiced law at Springfield from 1836 to 1846, when he was elected to rep- resent his district in Congress. In 1858 occurred the mem- orable contest between Lincoln and Douglass for a seat in the U. S. Senate. Douglass won, but Lincoln's wis- dom, sound judgment, and convincing argument in that campaign, made him so popular that, in 1860, he was nominated and elected president of the U. S. His study of Weem's Life of Washington, and his visit to the slave market at New Orleans, each exerted great influence on his life and political views. Thomas A. Edison was born at Milan, O., 1847. His mother taught him to read. A station agent whose child he had rescued from a passing train, taught him tele- graphy. He soon became a skillful operator and was employed by the Western Union Telegraph Co,, when he began the series of inventions that made him famous. He built laboratories at Menlo Park, N. J., and at Orange, N. J. He has taken out about 500 patents. The Mcroplione, Phonograph, Incandescent lamp, and Kinetoscope are among his most noted inventions. His inventions now give employment to more than a million people. Others other well known statesmen were, O. P. Morton, of Indiana; J. A. Brough, of Ohio; Wade Hampden, of South Carolina; Albert Gallatin, Secretary of Treasury under Jefferson; W. L. Marcy, of New York, author of the "Spoils System;" Robert Y. Hayne, of South Carolina; Charles Sumner, of Massachusetts; Lewis Cass, of Michigan; B. Grantz Brown and T. H. Benton of Missouri. Clay, Calhonn, Webster, Sefward, Blaine, Olney, and John Hay, were noted secretaries of state. Hamilton, Gallatin, Walker, Chase, Sherman and Mc- Adoo were noted secretaries of the treasury. 16 Women of History Clara Barton, originator and first president of the American Red Cross Society, was born 1826. She aided la the Civil war, Franco-Prussion war, and the war with Spain. No person has done more to mitigate suffering. Frances E. Willard, born 1839, was an educator, a pub- lic speaker .and one of the founders of the Prohibition party. Her life was identified with the W. C. T. U., being its president from 1879 to her death. Mollie Stark, Elizabeth Zane, Mrs. Dustin, Harriet Beechcr Stowe, Ella Flapg Young and Belva Lockwood were prominent characters. Noted Indians rowhatiin, of Virginia; Kinp Plillip of Massachusetts; Looran, the Minco chief; Massasolt, of New England; Osce- ola, Tontiac, Tecumseli, and Sitting Bull, were noted chieftains. Slavery Slavery >\as introduced (1619) into the colonies by the captain of a Dutch trading vessel, who brought to James- town his first colony of negroes. Slavery existed in all the colonies, but not extensive- ly north of the Mason and Dixon Line, where they were chiefly household servants. In the South the farmers raised all their crops by slave labor. The invention of the cotton gin made slave labor very profitable, not only to the producers of cotton, but to the manufacturers of cotton cloth. In the begin- ning, people generally believed slavery to be right, but 17 gradually good men in all the states proclaimed slavery to be a national evil, resulting in evil to both whites and blacks. The North did not need slaves; the South could not get along without them. These differences of opinions and interests led to much bitter feeling and to many civil commotions, usually compromised by national legislation. The first trouble in regard to slavery occurred at the framing of the national constitution. One faction wanted the slave trade abolished at once, the other faction wanted nothing said about it. This difference was compromised by section IX, article I, of the constitution, forbiddingr Congress to abolish the slave trade before 1808. The ex- treme South wanted the slaves counted in apportioning representatives; the middle and northern states objected. This difference was compromised by section II, article III,, counting three-fifths of the slaves in apportioning repre- sentatives and direct taxes. By act of Congress, 1807, to take effect 1808, the slave trade was abolished. The acquisition of the Louisiana Purchase agitated the slave qnestion again. No slave states existed above the Ohio river; no free states south of it. In 1818 Missouri applied for admission to the Union. This opened up the qufcsiion as to the existence of slavery iii all the territory west of the Mississippi. It was settled by the Missouri Compromise, which provided that Missouri should be ad- mitted as a slave state and that slavery should be forever prohibited in all other territory of the United States north and west of Missouri. The acquisition of the Mexican territory opened up the slave question again. It was settled (1850) by the Omni- bus Bill introduced by Henry Clay so ably supported by Daniel Webster in his famous "7th of March speech." It provided (1) that California should be admitted as a free state; (2) that the slave trade be abolished in the 18 District of Columbia; (3) that New Mexico and Utah should be organized into territories without mention of slavery; (4) That Texas should be paid $10,000,000 for her claim on New Mexico; (5) that a stringent fugitive slave law should be enacted. These bills were passed separately. "The Missouri Compromise of 1S20," "The Compromise Tariff Bill of 1833." and the "Omnibus Bill of 1850." are often spoken of as the three comproniise measures of Henry Clay. The KansaS'Nebraska Bill (1854) introduced by Doug- less, provided for the organization of the territories of Kansas and Nebraska with or without slavery, as the people of those territories might determine. This terri- tory being north of the southern boundary of Missouri, the bill repealed the Missouri Compromise. The plan outlined in the Kansas-Nebraska Bill is called "Sqnatter-Sovereign- ty." A little later, the Dred Scott Decision declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional. The Kansas-Nebraska Bill led to a civil war in Kansas. Both Kansas and Nebraska were admitted as free states. The I'nderfrround Railr«)ad was a concerted action of the abolitionists in secreting the negroes and helping them on their way to Canada. John Brown's raid to Harper's Ferry occurred in 1859. As a war measure, the Emancipation Proclamation was Issued by President Lincoln, freeing the slaves in states or parts of states in rebellion against the United States on January 1, 1863. The 13th amendment (1865) freed the negro; the 14th amendment (1868) made him a citizen; the 15th amend- ment (1870) gave him the right to vote. 19 The United States Bank. The first United States Bank was planned by Hamil- ton and chartered in 1791 for 20 years, with a capital of $10,000,000, of which the government subscribed one- fifth. The bank was not re-chartered on the grounds that it was not constitutional and was managed by for- eigners. Another United States bank was re-chartered in 1816, for 20 years with a capital of $35,000,000. The government subscribed $7,000,000. In 1831 the bank applied for a new charter. The bill passed both houses, but was vetoed by President Jackson and lost. The United States Bank was superseded by the Inde- pendent Treasury System planned by President Van Buren. The Tariff. Tariff is a schedule of the rates of duties fixed by law. The first tariff bill was introduced by James Mad- ison of Virginia, and passed in 1789. The object was to raise revenue and to encourage and protect home manu- facturers. In 1790 the rate of duties was raised from 8 1-2 to 11 per cent. In 1792 it was again raised to 13 per cent. The rates were increased in 1804, in 1810 duties were doubled, in 1816 the rates were again increased. In 1824 a tariff with a 37 per cent rate was passed. In 1828 it was Increased to 40 per cent. The latter rate led to the "Nulli- fication Acts" of South Carolina and to the tariff compro- 20 mise measure of Henry Clay in 1833. The rates were gradually reduced until the civil war. Since then they have been materially increased. The McKinley Bill of 1890 made the average rate 47 per cent, the Wilson Bill of 1894 made the rate 41 per cent, the Dingley Bill of 1897 fixed the rate at 49 per cent on an average. The Payne- Aldrich Bill of 1909 revised the tariff again. On some things the rates were increased and on others, decreased. The Underwood Tariff Law of 1913, reduced tariff rates somewhat and placed lumber, wool, sugar, and certain food supplies on the free list. Political Parties. The people first divided into political parties on the matter of adopting the Federal Constitution in 1787. Those who favored the constitution, led by Madison, Hamilton, Marshall, Washington, and Jefferson were called Federal- ists; while those opposed to it, led by Patrick Henry, George Mason, Richard Henry Lee, and William Grayson, were called Anti-Federalists. In 1791 Madison and Jefferson left the Federalist party. They were Federalists when to be a Federalist meant the adoption of the constitution. They became Re» poblicans, when to be a Federalist meant the endorsement of Hamilton's financial policy. It was in Jefferson's administration that the name Republican was changed to iJeraocrat. Jefferson is recognized as the founder of the Democratic party. The Federalists elected but two presidents — Washing- ton and Adams. The downfall of the Federalist party is 21 attributed to different things, chief of which are the Alien and Sedition laws, monarchial tendencies, divisions within the party, and the Hartford Convention. From 1824 to 1840 there were two parties — the Dem- ocratic and Wliig. Monroe, Jackson, Gallatin, Gerry, Ben- ton, Calhoun, Hayne, and Marcy were Democrats; while Clay, Webster, Harrison, Taylor, and Scott were Whigs. Prior to 1834 the Whig party was called the National Republican party. The American party nominated but one candidate, Mil- lard Fillmore, in 1856. John C. Fremont was the first can- didate of the Kepnblican party (1856.) In 1848 the Free- Soil party nominated J. P. Hale. He received no electoral vote. Since 1856 the two leading parties have been the Democratic and Republican. Excepting Buchanan, Cleve- land and Wilson, all the presidents since 1856 have been Republicans. Within this time there have been various other parties: Prohibition, Greenback, Socialist, Populist and Progressive. Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, Jackson, Van Buren, Pierce, Buchanan, Cleveland and Wilson were Democrats; Lincoln, Johnson, Grant, Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, Benja- min Harrison, McKinley, Roosevelt and Taft, were Re- publicans. George Washington and John Adams were Federalists. Harrison, Tyler, Taylor, and Fillmore were Whigs. J. Q. Adams was independent in politics. Three presidents were not elected by the Electoral College: Jefferson, J. Q. Adams, and Hays. The firsi two were elected by the House of Representatives; Hayes was elected by the Electoral Commission. 22 Wars The inter-colonial wars were Kliiir ■William's War, Queen Anne's War, Kinjr (ieorjre's AVar, and the French and Indian War. The causes of the French and Indian war were (a) Conflicting claims to the Ohio valley; (b) National jeal- ousy. General Braddock was sent against the French at Fort Du Quesne but was defeated. The battle of Quebec was the decisive engagement. The English under Wolfe defeated the French under Montcalm. The "Treaty of Paris" 1763 closed the war. By this treaty, French ceded Canada and all her territory east of the Mississippi to England. Spain ceded Florida to England in exchange for Cuba and the Phillipines which had been taken by Eng- land during this war. An Eventful Period (1763-1776.) The problems growing out of the French and Indian War developed the American spirit and marked quite clear- ly the differences between the democratic ideals of Amer- ica and the extreme monarchial views of George III and his followers. America did not object to paying a just share of the expenses of the war but did object to sur- rendering democratic ideals as to the method of raising the funds. Right here it is well to go back to the be- ginnings of our history and to remember that America was settled by persons who considered their social and civic rights as sacred as their honor and their lives. It 23 is no wonder that they openly resisted the application of autocratic principles of government, and that they believed taxation without representation was tyranny. Egypt developed civilization for the world; Greece gave 11 science and art; the Semitic peoples of Araoi** and Palestine gave it its religions; Rome gave it its laws; the Teutons of north western Europe gave to the world its courtesy and respect for women; it appears that the mission of America is to give to the world a democratic government based on the brotherhood of man. This idea of democracy can be traced quite clearly from the first settlement at Jamestown (1607) to the conclusion of the World War 1914-1918. The French and Indian war decided that the language, laws, customs, and institutions of the English people should be perpetuated in North America. It resulted in a closer union of the colonies and trained many soldiers and commanders, who became prominent in the Revolu- tion. The expense of this war was great and the new English King George III proposed to make the colonies pay most of it. In 1765 Parliament passed the "Stamp Act" which compelled the colonists to buy revenue stamps and place them on every legal document, note, contract and publication. These stamps varied in price from 1 cent to 50 dollars. The colonists refused to buy the stamps on the grounds (1) that it was unjust and (2) that it was taxing the colonists without their consent which was in violation of the constitutional laws of England. Burke and Pitt, able and eloquent members of Parliament, championed the cause of the colonies and the odious law was repealed. But other laws as obnoxious as the Stamp Act, were passed — Declaratory Act, Boston Port Bill, Mu- tiny Act, Quebec Act, Transportation Act, etc. These acta met determined opposition in America and resulted in the 24 calling of The First Continental Congress which met in rnrpenter's Hall, Philadelphia. September 5, 1774. This congress decided to stand with Massachusetts in her re- sistance to British oppression. It issued an address to the king, and another to the English people. The Second Con- tinental Congress met at Indcpeiidenoo Hall, Philadelphia, May 10, 1775. This Congress exercised all the functions of government from 1775 to 1789. (1) It provided men and means to carry on the Revolution; (2) it adopted the Declaration of Independence and the Articles of Confeder- ation. (3) It completed the union among the states. The Revolution The causes of the Revolution were: (a) Taxation with- out representation, (b) Personal character of George III. (c) Inclination of the colonists to be free, (d) Influence of France, (e) Appointment of British Bishops to preside over American churches, (f) The passage of several acts detrimental to American liberty, examples: Boston Port Bill; Quebec Acts, Declaratory Act, Transportation Bill, and the Quartering Act. Washington took command of the army at Cambridge, Mass., drove the British out of Boston, was defeated at Long Island, gained the battles of Trenton and Princeton, and went into winter quarters at Morristown, N. J., 1777, was defeated at Brandywine and Germantown, went into winter quarters at Valley Forge, 1777-78, fought the inde- cisive battle of Monmouth, and, with the aid of the French, captured Cornwallis and his army at Yorktown (1781.) 25 Leading Battles. Battles Amer. Com. British Com. Victorious Long Island Washington llowe British Trenton Washington Babl Americans Princeton Washington Mawhood Americans Brandywine Washington Howe British Germantown Washington Howe British Saratoga Gates Burgoyne Americans Monmouth Washington Clinton Indecisive Camden Gates Comwallls British King's Mt. Campbell Ferguson Americans Guilford C. H. Greene Cornwallis British Torktown Washington Comwallls Americana A Critical Period. The time between the close of the Revolution and the adoption of the Constitution is known as the critical period of American history. Reasons: (1) There was jealousy and discontent among the states. (2) The government had no money, nor had it credit at home or abroad. (3) It could not preserve order nor pay its debts. (4) The country had been desolated by the war. (5) The Articles of Confederation was inadequate as a means of government. The attempt to improve conditions by revising the Articles of Confederation led to the adoption of the Na- tional Constitution in 1787. The new government so pro- vided, was put in operation by Congress 1789. It gave us confidence, order, and hope at home, and respect abroad. Other events of tliis period: — (1) The Annapolis Conven- tion. (2) Shay's Rebellion in Mass. (3) The adoption of the Ordinance of 1787. 26 War of 1812. The causes of the nar of 1S12 were (a) the impress- ment of American seamen and (b) the seizure of American ships and cargoes, by the British. Leading Battles. Battia* Amer. Com. Britlih Com. VIctortoui Constitution and Gucrrlere null Dacres Amorlrans Lake Krie I'erry liarc'lay Americana Thames Harrison I'roctor Americans J.uiid>-"s Lane Scott Drummond Americans HIadensbure Winder noss Itritlsb K«'W Orleans .lackson I'nikenham Americans ('hcsai)eakL' and Shannoi l.aHTfiice Itroke Hritisli I-ake C'haniplaln McUonough I'revost Americans M exican War. Tlie canse of the Mexican ^Var was a dispute as to boundary between Texas and Mexico. General Taylor gained the battles of Palto Alto, Res- aca I)e La Palnia, Monterey, and Ruena Tisla. General Scott gained the battles of Tera Cruz, Cerro Gordo, ("ontreras, ("hapultepec, and Mexico City. The Mexicans never gained a battle. The Civil War. The canses of the ("i>il war were (a) Different con- structions placed upon the constitution of the U. S. by the people of the North and the South, (b) Slavery, (c) Se- cession of States, (d) Publication of sectional Looks, (e) Infiuence of demagogues. 27 The four objects constantly kept in view by the Union generals were (a) The capture of Richmond, (b) The re- covery of the coast, (c) The opening of the Mississippi, (d) The division of the Confederacy by an expedition to the coast. Battles of the Army on the Potomac. Battles Date Union Com. Confed. Com. Victorious Bull Bun 1861 McDowell Beauregard Confederate Seven Days 1862 McClelland Lee Indecisive Bull Run 1S62 Pope Lee Confederate Antietam 1S62 McClelland Lee Union Fredericksburg 1862 Burnside Lee Confederate Chancellorsville 1863 Hooker Lee Confederate Gettysburg 1863 Meade Lee Union Battles in the West Battles Date Union Com. Confed. Com. Victorious Fort Donelson 1862 Grant Buekner Union Shiloh 1862 Grant Johnson Union Murfreesboro 1862 Bosecrans Bragg Union Vicksburg 1S63 Grant Pemberton Union Chickamauga 1863 Bosecrans Bragg Confederate , Chattanooga 1S63 Grant Bragg Union Atlanta 1864 Sherman Hood Union Nashville 1864 Thomas Hood Union Other Battles Battles Date Union Com. Confed. Com. 1 Victorious Cold Harbor Heirimac and Monitor Spottsylvania 1864 1862 1864 Grant Worden Grant Lee Buckhanan Lee Confederate Union Indecisive 28 The naval battle between the Merrimac and Monitor, the battles of Antietam, Gettysburg, Atlanta and Vicksburg are, perhaps, the most decisive battles of the war. The defeat of the Merrimac by the Monitor, prevented (a) the destruction of the rest of the Federal fleet, (b) the breaking up of the blockade, and (c) the capture of New York and other coast cities of the north. The battle of Antietam checked Lee's first northern in- vasion. The battle of Gettysborg checked Lee's second northern invasion. The battle of Atlanta made possible the division of the Confederacy and Sherman's march to the Sea. The battle of Vicksbnrg opened up the Mississippi to Federal boats. The Civil ^Var extinguished secession and made pos- sible the freeing of the slaves. Spanish American War Causes' — The many rebellions of the Cuban people against the government of Spain injuring our commerce with Cuba, resulting in great damage to American invest- ments there, and necessitating the keeping of our navy in preparation for active service, were the remote canses. The destruction of our battleship "The Maine" in the Har- bor of Havana Feb. 15. 1898, was the immediate cause. The battle of Manila Bay, May 1, 1898, was the first engagement of the war. The squadron under George 29 Dewey without material loss destroyed a Spanish fleet and silenced the shore batteries. Later, (August 13) the fleet acting in conjunction with a land force under General Merritt captured the city of Manila. On July 1 and 2, the army under the command of General Shafter, took and held the outer defenses of San- tiago, (El Caney and San Juan Hill.) On July 17, the city was surrendered, together with the eastern end of Cuba, and over 22,000 Spanish soldiers. On July 3, Cervera's fleet sailed out of the Harbor of Santiago. The American fleet under Commodore Schley, Captain Evans and Admiral Sampson, soon sunk or strand- ed all the Spanish vessels with a loss of but one man. Besides the great number killed and wounded, nearly 1,800 Spanish sailors were taken prisoners. As a result of the war, Spain lost all her West Indian possessions, the Philippines and other islands. The U. S. gained the Philippines, Porto Rico, Guam, and Wake Is- land. WAR WITH GERMANY April 6, 1917 to NoTcmber 11, 1918 Causes. The ruthless destruction of American ships and the taking of American lives as a part of the naval program carried out by the German government, were the imemdiate causes of the war. Once in the war, we began to throw into the conflict every element of strength we possessed in order that the 30 ■world might have what we already possess — freedom, de- mocracy and equality. Our war aim and our peace pro- gram have been the same: "The reitrn of law, based upon tbe consent of the froverned and sustained by the organ- ized opinion of mankind.** Problems Raised by the War. 1. The raising, training and equipping of a large army. 2. The transporting of this array to the battle front, 3,000 miles away. 3. The transportation of food and supplies to this army as well as to the allies. 4. The conservation of food and fuel. 5. Confining industrial activities to necessities and war material. 6. Caring for the sick and wounded. 7. The prevention of profiteering. 8. The management of alien enemies among us. 9. The creation of an aviation department adequate to the needs of our army abroad. 10. The financing of the war. To raise money, the government sold Liberty Bonds, Victory Bonds, War Saving Stamps, laid an excess profit tax, greatly increased the income tax, and laid numerous 31 other taxes on privileges, manufactured articles, and lux- uries. The war cost us in money about $24,000,000,000; In men, 60,000 killed and died of disease, and about 210,000 wounded. National Army Cantonments, Lewis, Ore.; Funston, Kan.; Travis, Tex.; Pike, Ark.; Dodge, Iowa; Grant, 111. Custer, Mich.; Taylor, Ky.; Gordon, Ga. ; Jackson, S. C. Lee, Va. ; Sherman, O. ; Mead, Md. ; Dix, N. J. ; Upton, N. Y. Devens, Mass. Aviation Fields, Rockwell, Cal.; Post, Ok.; Chanute, 111.; Love, Tex.; Kelly, Tex.; Scott, 111.; Wilbur Wright, Dayton, 0.; Hazelhurst, N. Y.; Self ridge, Mich.; Longley, Fla. ; Longley, Va.; National Guards Mobilization Camps, Kearney, Cal.; Cody, N. M.; Doniphan, Okl.; Bowie, Tex.; McArthur, Tex.; Logan, Tex.; Beauregard, La.; Shelby, Miss.; Sher- idan, Ala.; McClellan, Ala.; Wheeler and Hancock, Ga. ; Wadsworth, S. C; Sevier, S. C; Green, N. C; Declarations of war. Austria vs. Serbia, July 28, 1914; Germany, vs. Russia, Aug. 1; France vs. Germany, Aug. 3; Germany vs. France, Aug. 3; Great Britain vs. Germany, Aug. 4 ; Italy vs. Germany, Aug. 28, 1916 ; United States vs. Germany, April 16, 1917; United States vs. Austria, Dec. 7, 1917. Central Powers. Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Turkey. Tlie Allies (Entente) Great Britain, France, Italy, Bel- gium, Serbia, Russia, Japan, Rumania, Greece, and many other small countries. 32 Generals. United States, Pershing; Great Britain, Haipr; France, Foch; Italy, Diaz; Germany, Hindenbnrt; and Ludendorf ; Foch was Commander in chief of the allied armies. Allied Premiers. Great Britain, Lloyd-George; France Clemenceau; Italy, Orlando. Our Secretary of State, Lan- sing. These were all members of the peace congress. Presidents and Kinprs. United States, Wilson; France, Poincaire; Great Britain, George V.; Italy, Emmanuel III; Belgium, Albert; Austria, Charles I. William II was em- peror of Germany. The battles in which our army took the initiative and won decisive victories were Chateau Thierry, St Jlihiel, lielleau Woods, and Argonne Forrest. These battles were fought on the eastern half of the western front. This front extended in a southeasterly direction across the northeastern part of France. New implements used. Airplane, submarine, tank, and poison gas. Places made famous by the war. Liege, Antwerp, Os- tend, Louvain, and Ypres, of Belgium. Verdun, St. Mihiel, Reims, Amiens, Soissons, Chateau Thierry, and Cailis, of France. Essen, Germany, where the Krupp guns are man- ufactured. Brest-Litovbk, Warsaw, and Riga, of Russia. Venice, Italy. Monastir, and Belgrade, of Serbia. "The Dardanelles," Turkey. The Treaty of Peace was made at Versailles, a suburb of Paris and is properly called "The Treaty of Paris." Our members of the peace treaty were, President Wilson, Lansing, White, Bliss, and House. The treaty provides 33 for peace among all the belligerent nations; Reparation, and restitution, by Germany and her associates for the wrongs done, and a guaranty by them that such wrongs will not be attempted again. The treaty further provides for a "League of Nations" to preserve the peace of the world and to maintain freedom and justice for all nations, great and small. It will take years to put all the terms of the treaty in practical operation. Results of the war. It broadened the sympathy of mankind. It showed that no nation can force its opin- ions and policies upon the world. It completely destroyed the autocracy and militaryism that was a threatening menace to the peace and happiness of the world. It in- sures freedom to every nation both great and small to determine its own policy and its own way of develop- ment, unhindered, unthreatened, and unafraid. It demon- "*fated that there is no super-man nor no super-nation. It has marked the dawn of democi'acy and the twilight of autocracy. Some lessons the war has tauj?ht us. It has taught us the value of thrift and unselfishness. It has shown us that all our strength and resourcefulness depend upon labor. It has established a social equality that is in har- mony with democracy. It has taught us the values of or- ganization and cooperation and the enjoyment of sacrifice. It has nationalized our people. It have proved to us that health and happiness depend largely on regular exercise combined with correct hygienic habits. It has given us a new and broader outlook on life. The part our country took In the war. We sent 2,000,000 well equipped and well trained soldiers to Prance and had 2,000,000 more ready to go. Our troops were on 34 the ground at the critical times in July 1918 when Paris was seriously threatened. At Chauteau Thierry our sol- diers started the Germans on the retreat which did not cease till the Armistice was signed, November 11, 1!118. We provided our associates in the war with $7,000,000,- 000 in money and with food, clothing and supplies that they could not have acquired elsewhere and at a time when the success of the Allies depended wholly on the food and other necessities which we furnished. Our navy rendered substantial aid in patrolling the North Sea, in making the blockage against Germany ef- fective, and in destroying enemy submarines. Since the signing of he Armistice, our soldiers have taken a leading part in enforcing the terms of the armis- tice. ■\Ve made victory sure and complete. Period of Reconstruction (1863-1877.) Immediately after the Civil War three great problems confronted the Federal government: (1) The status of the Blacks; (2) The status of the Confederate ^\^lites; (3) The status of the Confederate states. I. The thirteenth amendment, ratified in 1865, freed the negro. The fourteenth amendment, ratified in 1868, made the negro a citizen. The fifteenth amendment, ratified in 1870, gave the negro the right to vote. II. In 1868, President Johnson declared a general am- nesty to all persons who had taken part in the rebellion. 35 but Congress vested with authority granted it by the XIV Amendment, prevented the southern leaders from holding any office, state or national for several years. III. As to the status of the new states, the President and Congress differed widely, the former maintaining that they were never out of the Union, while the latter claimed they were and that they should be dealt with as territories. The view taken by Congress was adopted and Congress divided the South into military districts each presided over by a military governor until the people of the several states should establish a government accepting the Constitution of the U. S., and especially amendments XIII and XIV, Under this plan, Tennessee came back into the Union, 1865. In 1868, Alabama, Florida, Arkansas, Louisiana, North Carolina, and South Carolina, came back into the Union, Mississippi, Georgia, Texas and Virginia remained out until 1870. In 1877, President Hayes, withdrew all Federal sol- diers from the South. This restored normal conditions and was the end of reconstruction in the South. Territorial Expansion of the U. S. In 1783 the western boundary of the U. S. was the Mississippi River, and the southern boundary was Florida. Since then territory has been added as follows: (1) Louis- iana, by purchase from Prance in 1803. (2) Florida, by- purchase of Spain in 1819. (3) Oregon by exploration and settlement, 1832 to 1846. (4) Texas by annexation, in 1845. (5) Mexican Cession, 1848. (6) Gadsen Fnrcliase, 36 of Mexico, in 1853. (7) Alaska, of Russia, by purchase in 1867. (8) Hanvail by annexation, in 1898. (9) rhllippines, Oaani, Wake Island, and Porto Illco by treaty with Spain, in 1898. (10) Tutuila, by treaty with Germany and Great Britain, 1890. Yirffin Islands in West Indies purchased of Denmark for $25,000,000 in 1917. Treat les Treaty of Ryswlok in 1697, closed King William's War and provided for a mutual restoration of territory. Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 closed Queen Anne's War giving England Arcadia and privilege of selling slaves in the Spanish Colonies. Treaty of Alx-La-CIiapelle closed King George's War 1748. The Treaty of Paris, in 1763 closed the French and Indian War. By this treaty France ceded Canada ana all her territory east of the Mississippi to England. Spain traded Florida to England for Cuba. The Treaty of Versailles in 1783 closed the Revolution. By this treaty England recognized the independence of the U. S. Treaty of Ghent in 1814 closed the war of 1812. Its leading provision was peace. Treaty of Gnadaloape Hidalgo (1848) closed the Mexi- can War. The Mexican cession of 522,568 square miles or territory to the U. S. for $15,000,000. 37 Treaty of Paris (1899) closed the Spanish-American War. Treaty of Paris 1919, closed the war with Germany. Inventions In 1793 Eli Whitney invented the Cotton Gin. It made slave labor more popular, increased the demand for slaves, led to the building of the great cotton mills of New Eng- land, and made cotton "King of the South." In 1807 Kobert Fulton invented the first practical steamboat "The Clermont." This greatly increased trans- portation facilities, made a vast change in modes of travel, and greatly aided in the rapid settlement of the West. In 1819 "The Savannah" the first ocean steamship crossed the Atlantic. In 1834 Cyrns McCormick invented the harvesting ma- chine. This invention made possible the harvesting of our large crops of wheat in the West. In 1844, Morse invented the Magnetic Telegraph. This invention is one of the greatest auxiliaries of com- merce. It overcomes distance, puts the most widely sep- arated parts of the world in close touch, and broadens the sympathies of mankind. In 1846, Dr. Morton, of Boston, discovered Anaesthe- sia which is the production of artificial sleep by breathing the vapors of ether. By its use the most delicate surgical operations can be performed without pain. The value of this discovery is inestimable. 38 In 1846, Elias Howe invented the sewing machine. It is one of the greatest labor saving machines. In 1876, A. G. Bell invented the telephone. Its influ- ences are about the same as the telegraph but more practi- cal and in more general use. Thomas A. Edison invented the phonograph, and in 1879 instituted the electric light. In 1908, the AVright brothers invented the Aeroplane, Goodyear discovered the plan for making vulcanized India rubber. Hoe invented the modern printing press. Franklin invented the lightning rod and discovered the identity of electricity and lightning. LUPOIMANT FACTS AND ETENTS Madison, Polk, Lincoln, McKinley and Wilson are called the war presidents, because a war was in progress during the administration of each. Tyler, Fillmore, Johnson, Arthur, and Rooseyelt, are the vice presidents that became presidents by the death of the president, Harrison, Taylor, Lincoln, Garfield, Mc- Kinley, respectively, having died in office. Debates. The Webster-Hayne Debate 1830, grew out of a reso- lution offered by Mr. Foote, of Connecticut, in regard to the sale of public lands. The debate covered every phase of the question of States' Rights, and nullification. Mr. Webster's speech on this occasion closing with the words 39 "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and insepar- able," is the most eloquent plea ever delivered by «a American, for tlie preservation of the Federal Union. The Lincoln-Douglass Debate, occurred during the campaign for U. S. Senator in Illinois between its two distinguished citizens, Abraham Lincoln and Stepnen A. Douglass. The subjects discussed were the Kansas-Ne- braska Bill and the Dred Scott Decision. They spoke from the same platform in each Congressional District, and although Douglass won by a few votes, the tactics of Lincoln caused Douglass to make statements concerning the Dred Scott case that made him unpopular in the South and lost him the presidency. Ten Important Dates and Events 1497, In this year, John Cabot discovered North Amer- ica and took possession of the country for Henry VII, King of England. This event gave England the ground for colonizing America and led to the establishment of English language, culture, customs, and laws in Nortti America. 1607. This year marks the first permanent English settlement in America at Jamestown, Va. This settlement gave the English a foot-hold and around it grew the pros- perous and influential colony of Virginia. 1776. Adoption of the Declaration of Independence. By this act the colonies separated from the mother coun- try. After this date, the American soldiers in the Revolu- tionary war were fighting not only for their rights as 40 Englishmen, but for independence and self governmeui. The Declaration of Independence created a new govern- ment with which foreign nations could treat. 1787. The adoption of the Constitution of the United States. This marks the beginning of our national great- ness, completed the union among the states, and establish- ed our present form of Federal government. It made one nation out of thirteen. 1791 witnessed the establishment of Hamilton's Finan- cial Policy. (See Dictionary of History.) This work of Hamilton's placed the credit and currency of the Unitea States on a solid foundation, quieted much strife among the states, and developed the national spirit. 1S03. In this year Louisiana was purchased from France for $15,000,000. It reached from the Mississippi to the Rocky mountains and almost doubled the area of our country. As events turned out in Europe, our purchase of this territory prevented England from getting it; it pre- vented disputes with other nations about this territor> ; it gave our country the very best part of North America, and the Mississippi river to boot. 1807. Robert Fulton invented the steamboat this year. This event greatly increased transportation facilities, maae a vast change in modes of travel, and aided in the rapid settlement of the West. 1830. In this year, the steam railroad was introducea in the United States. The railroad provides rapid, cheap, and safe transportation facilities. It puts all parts of our country in close touch with each other, and is one of the greatest civilizers of modern times. 41 1844. The invention of the telegraph by Morse in this year provided the long-felt need for immediate communica- tion over all distances. It eliminates time and distance in communications and affords safety for rapid transit. 1861. This date marks the beginning of our great Civil War. This war settled some things of great importance to our national progress: (1) That national authority is greater than state authority. (2) That a state can not withdraw from the union. (3) That slavery should not exist in our country. (4) That the government at Wash- ington is supreme. Events by Periods I. Discovery and Exploration ( 1 492- 1 607 ) 1492. Columbus discovered America. 1497. John Cabot discovered North America. 1540. Coronado explored the valley of the Colorado. II. Colonial Period (1607-1763) 1607. Settlement of Jamestown. 1619. Representative government established in Vir- ginia. 1643. Union of New England colonies. 1752. Franklin discovered the identity of electricity and lightning. 1754. Albany Convention. 42 III. Revolutionary Period ( 1 763- 1 789) 1765. Stamp Act passed by Parliament. 1775. Second Continental Congress met at Philadel- phia. 1776. Adoption of the Declaration of Independence. 1777. Battle of Saratoga. 1787. Adoption of the National Constitution. 1789. The new government becomes operative. IV. Period of National Growth (1789-1830.) 1791. Adoption of Hamilton's financial Policy. 1803. Louisiana Purchase. 1807. Invention of Steamboat by Fulton. 1823. The Monroe Doctrine. 1825. Completion of Erie Canal. 1830. First Steam Railroad in U. S. V. Period of Invention, Agitation and War (1830-1865) 1834. Harvesting Machine invented by McCormick. 1844. Invention of the telegraph by Morse. 1846. Sewing Machine invented by Howe. 1848. Mexican cession to the United States. 1850. Omnibus Bill. 1854. Kansas-Nebraska Bill. 1857. Dred Scott Dcci.sion. 1858. First Atlantic Cable laid by Field. 1859. John Brown's Raid. 1862. Emancipation Proclamation. 1863. Battle of Gettysburg. 1865. Thirteenth Amendment. 43 VI. Period of Consolidation and Expan- sion (1865-1919.) 1867. Purchase of Alaska. 1893. World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago. 1898. War with Spain. 1909. Discovery of North Pole by Peary. 1915. Panama Canal completed. 1917. War with Germany. Events by Administrations Washington (1789-1797.) 1. Hamilton's financial policy adopted. 2. Cotton gin Invented by Whitney. 3. Whiskey rebellion in Pennsyl- vania. 4. Indian wars in Ohio. 5. Jay's treaty. 6. Treaty with Spain. Adams (1797-1809.) 1. Alien and Sedition laws. 2. War with France. 3. X, Y. Z. papers. 4. Kentucky and Virginia resolution. Jefferson (1801-1809.) 1. Purchase of Louisiana. 2. Lewis and Clark ex- pedition. 3. Death of Hamilton. 4. Steamboat invented by Fulton. 5. War with Tripoli. 6. Embargo and Non- Intercouse acts passed. 7. Slave trade abolished in 1808. Madison (1809-1817.) 1. Battle of Tippecanoe. 2. War with Great Britain, 3. Hartford convention. 4. National bank re-chartered. 44 Monroe (1817-1825) 1. Protective tariff established. 2. Purchase of Flor- ida from Spain. 3. Monroe doctrine announced. 4. Mis- souri compromise agreed upon. 5. Lafayette visited the United States. J. Q. Adams (1825-1829) 1. High protective tariff law passed. 2. Internal im- provements. 3. Erie canal completed. 4. Temperance societies organized. 5. Death of Adams and Jefferson. Jackson (1829-1837) 1. "Spoils System" inaugurated. 2. Nullification Acts of S. C. 3. Compromise tariff bill of 1833. 4 Web- ster-Hayne Debate. 5. U. S. Bank Bill Vetoed. 6. Spe- cie Circular issued. 7. McCormick Reaper invented. 8. Railroad built. 9. Progress in literature. Van Boron (1837-1841.) 1. Financial Panic of 1837. 2. Sub-Treasury Sys- tem established. 3. Rise of the Mormons. Harrison and Tyler (1841-1845.) 1. Webster-Ashburton Treaty. 2. Dorr's Rebellion. 3. Anti-Rent Difficulties in New York. 4. Making of ether by Dr. Morton. 5. Texas annexed. 6. Telegraph invented by Morse. James K. Polk (18451849) 1. War with Mexico. 2. Territory acquired from Mexico. 3. Discovery of gold in California. 4. Sewing Machine invented by Howe. Taylor-Fillmore (1849-1853.) 1. Omnibus Bill. 2. Death of Taylor, Webster. Clay and Calhoun. 3. Department of the Interior added. 4. Publication of Uncle Tom's Cabin. 45 Pierce (1853-1857.) 1. Gadsem Purchase. 2. Kajisas-Nebraska Bill. 3. Republican Party organized. 4. Commercial relations es- tablished with Japan. 5. World's Fair at New York. Buchanan (1857-1861) 1. Dred Scott Decision. 2. John Brown's Raid. 3. Financial Panic. 4. Lincoln-Douglass Debate. 5. Seces- sion of States. 6. Steamer "Star of the West" fired upon. Lincoln (1861-1865) 1. Secession of States. 2. Civil War. 3. Emanci- pation proclamation. 4. National Banks established. Johnson (1865-1869) 1. Thirteenth Amendment made. 2. Fourteenth Amendment made. 3. States re-admitted. 4. Tenure of OflQce Act. 5. Impeachment of the President. 6. Atlan- tic Telegraph laid by Mr. Field. 7. Purchase of Alaska. Grant (1869-1877) 1. Fifteenth Amendment made. 2. Alabama Claims settled. 3. North West Boundary established. 4. Finan- cial Panic. 5. Silver demonetized, 1873. 6. Credit Mo- bilier Fraud. 7. "Salary Grab Bill" passed and repealed. 8. Centennial Anniversary. Hayes (1877-1881.) 1. Withdrawal of soldiers from the South. 2. Specie payments resumed. 3. Bland Silver Bill passed over president's veto. 4. Mississippi Jetties constructed by Captain Eads. 5. Railroad Strikes. Garfield-Arthnr (1881-1885.) 1. Assassination of Garfield. 2. Civil Service Re- forms. 3. Anti-Polygamy Bill passed. 4. Washington's Monument completed. 6. Standard Time adopted. 7. Postage rates reduced. 46 Cleveland (1885-1889.) 1. Interstate Commerce Act. 2. Chinese Exclusion. 3. Trouble with Chicago Anarchists. 4. Charleston earth- quake. 5. Presidential Succession Bill. Harrison (1889-1893.) 1. Oklahoma opened to settlement. 2. Johnstown Flood. 3. Pan-American Congress. 4. Trouble with Italy. 5. Bering Sea Difficulty. 6. McKinley Tariff Bill passed. 7. Sherman Silver Bill passed. rieveland (1S93-1897.) 1. Business Depression of 1893. 2. Sherman Act re- pealed. 3. Wilson Tariff Bill passed. 4. Modern War- ships built. 5. World's Columbian Exposition. McKinley (1897-1901.) 1. Gold found in Alaska. 2. Destruction of the bat- tleship, The Maine. 3. War with Spain. 4. Dingley Tariff Bill passed. 5. Territory secured from Spain. 6. Hawaii annexed. 7. Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo. 8. Samoan Treaty. Eooseyelt (19011909) 1. Panama Canal begun. 2. Anthracite Coal Strike. 3. Alaskan Boundary settled. 4. Department of Com- merce and Labor added as a cabinet office. 5. St. Louis Exposition. 6. Irregularities in Life Insurance Companies found. 7. Earthquake at San Francisco. 8. Cuba occu- pied by U. S. troops. 9. Trouble with Japan concerning schools in San Francisco. 10. Election of Taft. 11. Aerial Navigation. Taft (1909-1913) 1. Discovery of North Pole by Peary. 2. Payne- Aldrich Tariff Bill. 3. Admission of New Mexico and Arizona. 4. Movements for the promotion of interna- tional peace. 5. Income Tax Amendment. 47 Wilson (1913-1921.) 1. Underwood Tariff Bill passed. 2. Establishment of National Reserve Banks. 3. XVI Amendment permit- ting the taxing of incomes. 4. XVII Amendment chang- ing method of electing United States Senators, ratified. 5. Parcels Post system established. 6. Trouble with Mexico. 7. Purchase of Virgin Islands. 8. "War with Germany. 9. XVIIIth, the prohibition amendment adopt- ed. Wilson's Cabinet, Robert Lansing, Secretary of State; Carter Glass, Sec- retary of the Treasury; N. D. Baker, Secretary of War; Josephus Daniels, Secretary of Navy; F. K. Lane, Secre- tary of Interior; A. Mitchell Palmer, Attorney General; A. S. Burleson, Postmaster General; W. B. Wilson, Secretary of Labor; D. F. Houston, Secretary of Agriculture; W. C. Redfield, Commerce and Labor, .xercises 1. From the following outline, write a biography of Washington: (a) Ancestors, (b) Boyhood days, (c) En- vironments, (d) Education, (e) Habits, (f) Occupation, (g) Public service, (h) Traits of character, (i) Summary of life's work. 2. Give a sketch of the North American Indian by discussing the following topics in order: — (1) Origin, (2) Color and race, (3) Number, (4) Mode of living, (5) Their most ingenious work, (6) Government, (7) Religion, (8) Social conditions, (9) A factor in our history. 48 3. Using the following suggestive topics, write a de- scription of life and citnditions of colonial timos: — (1) The mother country, (2) Religion and social rank, (3) Hospi- tality, (4) Modern conveniences lacking, (5) Government, Kinds, (6) Life among the farmers, (7) Travel, letters, and laws, (8) Education. 4. Write a general description of Events from 1850 to 1861. This was a period of agitation. The chief events were: (1) Omnibus Bill (1850); (2) Gadsen Purchase, (1853); (3) Kansas-Nebraska Bill (1854); (4) Dred Scott Decision (1857) ; (5) First Atlantic Cable laid (1858) ; (6) John Brown's Raid, and Discovery of petroleum and natural gas in Pennsylvania (1859). 49 DICTIONARY OF HISTORY Alabama Claims were made by the United States against Great Britain for damages done American com- merce by the Alabama and other Confederate warships fitted out in English ports. The differences were settled by arbitration, at Geneva, Switzerland, in 1872. The ar- bitrators, C. F. Adams, of the United States; Judge Cock- burn, of England; Count Schlopis, of Italy, Staempfli, of Switzerland, and Itajuba, of Brazil, awarded the United States $15,500,000, which sum was promptly paid by Great Britain. Albany Conyentlon met at Albany 1754. Its purpose was to take steps for protection against French encroach- ments. Franklin proposed a plan of union for the colonies but it was rejected by both the king and the colonies. Alien Laws passed in John Adams' administration, em- powered the president to send out of the country any for- eigner suspected of wielding bad influences against the peace and prosperity of the U. S. American System — The protective tariff. Anarchist — A person opposed to all government. Andre — A British agent who negotiated a treasonable contract with Benedict Arnold and who was captured and executed. Anti-rent diflOicnltles occurred in New York in 1844. The cause was the tenure by which lands of the old Pa- troon estates were held and rented. The Anti-renters won. 50 Armistice. A brief suspension of hostilities by agree- ment. It is commonly granted to consider terms of peace. .Vtlaiitic Cable — After several unsuccessful attempts, this cable was laid (1866) by Cyrus W. Field from Heart's Content, Newfoundland to Valentia Bay Ireland. Articles of Confederation adopted in 1777. did not go into effect until 1781 and was superseded by the constitu- tion in 1789. As it provided for no executive nor judicial department, it was a failure. Under it, Congress could de- clare anything, but could no nothing. Bering Sea Dispute with Great Britain In regard to catching seals in the Bering Sea was settled by Arbitra- tion in 1893. Books inflnencine: our history — "Uncle Tom's Cabin," Sinclairs "The Jungle." "The Oregon Trail," "Bigelow Papers," "Common Sense," "The Federalist." Blue Laws — A libelous production of Rev. Peters against the laws of Conn. There were no Blue Laws. Bolshevik! — A word meaning "the majority." The term is applied to the socialistic element of Russia who, under the leadership of Lenine and Trotzky, assumed con- trol of the government, and concluded a treaty of peace with the Germans at Brest-Litovsk in 1918. Bonlionime Rlcliard — Flag.ship of John Paul Jones. Boston Tea Party — A public indignation meeting in Boston against the "tax on tea." It resulted in the de- struction of $100,000 worth of tea in Boston Harbor. Burpress — .Name of members of legislative body of Virginia in colonial times. 51 Cabinet — Washington's. Secretary of State, Jefferson; Secretary of Treasury, Hamilton; Secretary of War, Knox; Attorney General, Randolph. Carpenter's Hall is in Philadelphia. Carpet-Baggers were men from the Northern states who went to the Southern states after the war in order to get offices. This was made possible by a Federal law dis- qualifying Southern white men from holding office. Cavaliers — Supporters of the King of England. Chinese Exclusion Law (1882) forbid the admission of Chinese laborers. Civil Eights Bill (1865) guaranteed the civil rights of citizenship to the negroes. Clayton-Bulwer Treaty made by the U. S., and G. B., provided that any canal across the Central American isthmus, should be neutral. Clermont — The first steamboat. Conway Cabal — A conspiracy headed by Thos. Conway to deprive Washington of the command of the army and substitute Gen. Gates. At one time, a majority of Congress sympathized with the movement. Civil Service Reform — A reform in our civil service which embodies the principle that "no dismissal shall be made except for cause, and no appointment or promotion made except for merit." Colleges — Harvard at Cambridge, (1636) ; Yale, at New Haven (1700) ; William and Mary, Virginia (1692) ; Prince- ton, New Jersey (1746) ; Columbia, New York, (1754) ; Brown (1764) ; Dartmouth, New Hampshire (1764.) 52 Committees of Correspondence. Committees appointed in the colonies just before the Revolutionary war to keep neighboring towns and other colonies posted as to what was being done in regard to opposition to British oppres- sion. Contraband of war — Anything that may be used by the enemy in waging war. Credit Mobeiier — A company organized to construct the Union Pacific R. R. Members of Congress were ac- cused of graft in connection with this company, (1872). Custom House — A place where U. S. duties are col- lected. 1)a(KIn\-Klan was a political organization in the Southern states after the Civil war. Its purpose was to terrify the negroes and to intimidate the Carpet-Baggers. Lewis and (lark Expedition — An expedition headed by Lewis and Clark to explore Louisiana. Liberator — An anti-Slavery paper published in Boston by W. L. Garrettson. London ("ompany — An association of business men and others of London to found a colony in America. Maytlower Compact was a plan of government for the Plymouth colony, drawn up and signed by the Pilgrims in the cabin of the Mayflower. Military Academy is located at West Point, New York. Meclilenberp: Declaration (Resolution) was passed by the County Committee of Mecklenberg county. North Caro- lina, May 31, 1775. It declared that the Colonial Congress- es and the Continental Congress were the supreme au- thorities in America. Missouri Conipronilse provided for the admission of Missouri as a slave state, and that slavery should not exist north or west of Missouri. Monroe Doctrine (1823) in substance announced (1) that the American colonies are not subject to future colon- ization by any European power, (2) that any attempt of the "Holy Allies" to extend their system to America would be considered as an unfriendly act, (3) that the United 59 States will not meddle in the affairs of Europe. England early took the side of the United States and recognized the independence of the South American states. It was enforced by President Johnson in Mexico, in 1867, and by Grover Cleveland in the controversy between England and Venezuela. Mormons — A religious sect founded in New York (1827) by Joseph Smith, who claimed to have received the "Book of Mormon" from an angel. They located in Ohio, moved to Missouri, then back to Nauvoo, 111., and later across the desert to Great Salt Lake, and founded Salt Lake City, which is the center of Mormonism to-day. Mound Builders — A prehistoric race, which dwelt In America. Mugwumps — A branch of the republican party, that opposed Blaine in 1884. Mutiny Act provided that the colonies should provide food and shelter for the British soldiers stationed among them. National Constitution was the outcome (1) of the Annapolis convention, which tried to regulate commerce among the states, and (2) of the ineffectiveness of the Ar- ticles of Confederation. The constitutional convention met at Philadelphia, with George Washington as Presi- dent, and Madison, Hamilton, Jefferson, Franklin, Patter- son, Rufus King, John Dickinson, C. C. Pinckney, John Rutledge and G. Morris as distinguished members. Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland. Navigation Laws passed during the reign of Cromwell, forbade the colonists to send goods out of the colony ex- 60 cept in English vessels, bound for England, or to purchase foreign goods not brought over in English vessels. The laws were passed by Parliament. Non-Interconse Act — (See Embargo Act.) New England Confederacy — A union of the colonies of Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Hav- en, in 1643, for protection against the Indians and the encroachments of the Dutch. Rhode Island and Maine were refused admission on account of religious differences. North West Territory — The territory now embraced by Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin. NullificJition Act of S. C. — Laws passed by South Caro- lina, nullifying the high tariff laws of 1828. The act was unconstitutional. Omnibus Bill — A law passed 1850 providing that Cali- fornia should be admitted as a free state; that the slave trade be abolished in the District of Columbia; and that runaway slaves should be returned to their owners. Ordinance of 1787 was drafted by Thomas Jefferson, and adopted by Congress as a plan for the government of the North West Territory. Oregon Territory embraced the present states of Ore- gon, Washington and Idaho. Panama Canal — In 1902 Congress purchased the French franchise for a canal for $40,000,000 and later bought the strip 10 miles wide along the route of the canal, from the new Republic of Panama for $10,000,000. A lock canal was completed in 1915 at a cost of about $450,000,000. Tan American Conprress met at Washington, D. C„ 1889. All the American States were represented. The 61 object was to secure better commercial relations between American republics. Pilgrims — A part of the Puritans that left England, went to Holland, and later, came to America. Protective Tariff — A tariff levied on imported goods to protect American products. Pnritans — A religious denomination of England. Quebec Act — An act of Parliament annexing much of the territory west of the Alleghenies, to Quebec, Canada. Qnartering Act — (See "Intolerable Acts.") Quaker Gnns — Wooden cannon on the defenses about Richmond to deceive the Federal Army. Kegicides — The judges that condemned Charles I. Red Cross Society — An international society organized Oct. 26, 1863, at Geneva, Switzerland. Its object is to miti- gate the cruelties and suffering of war. The Red Cross now ministers to the sufferers in time of peace as well as in time of war. Their work with the wounded and disabled soldiers on the Western Front in the late war with Ger- many and Austria can not be overestimated. Throughout the great "Flu" epidemic of 1918, the Red Cross Society rendered inestimable service. Their organized effort gets results. Eeichstag — The legislative branch of the late German government. Since Germany has become a republic, the reichstag has passed out of existence. Rotation in Office— The plan introduced by Jackson, of filling government positions with political friends. It was based on the principle that "to the victors belong thP spoils." 62 San Jacinto — Battle at which the Texans gained their independence. Also the name of the steamer that took Mason and Slidell off the Trent. See "Trent Affair." Sedition Laws made it a crime for any one to utter or publish anything false or malicious against the govern- ment, the President, or Congress. Senatorial Trio — Webster, Clay and Calhoun. Separatists — English Puritans that left the Established Church of England and worshipped in private places. Shay's Rebellion (1786-87) was an uprising in Massa- chusetts among the farmers who were made poor by the war, and who in force surrounded court houses and put an end to legal actions for debt. The rebellion was led by Daniel Shays. It took United States troops to suppress the outbreak. Shay's Rebellion marks an epoch in United States history, and was an object lesson of the need of union among the states. Specie Circular was issued by President Jackson, and demanded that all revenues from sale of public lands should be paid in coin. The financial panic of 1837, is, in part, attributed to this circular. Steps Toward Inion and >'ationaIism (a) New England Confederacy, 1643; (b) Albany Convention, 1754; (c) Con- tinental Congress, 1775-76; (d) Annapolis Convention to regulate commerce on the waters between Virginia and Maryland, 1786; (e) Constitutional Convention, 1787. Spoils System — (See Rotation in oflBce.) Snb-Treasnry Bill was written by Van Buren and pass- ed by Congress. It provided that the government manage its own finances. It is the system now in use and super- seded the United States Bank plan. Sqnatter Sovereignty — The right of the people of a territory to decide in regard to slavery. Star of the >Vest — U. S. Steamer carrying supplies to 63 Fort Sumpter. It was fired upon by citizens of the south, 1861. StarTing Time. The winter of 1609-1610, in Virginia, after John Smith returned to England. It was brought about by idleness, disorder, hostility of the Indians, and by the failure of those in authority to take John Smith's advice. By the Spring of 1610, only 60 of the 500 settlers were alive. This sixty started to England and met Lord Delaware with fresh supplies and returned to Jamestown. Statuary Hall is in Washington, D. C. In this hall each state is allowed statues of two of its most distinguish- ed citizens, usually one republican and one democrat. "West Virginia is represented by F. H. Pierpont and J. E. Kenna. Statue of Liberty — A statue of the Goddess of Liberty presented to the U. S. by France. It is on Bedloe Island, New York Harbor. The statue itself is 150 feet high and the top of the torch held in the right hand, is 300 feet above the water. Stalwarts — Republicans who supported Grant for a third term. Stnben, Baron — A Prussian engineer and disciplinar- ian. He was of great service in drilling and organizing the American army. Tenure of Office Bill made the consent of the Senate necessary to the removal of a civil officer by the president. The Hague Tribunal — An international court at The Hague, Netherlands to adjust all matters of differences and disputes among nations excepting those affecting n -.- tional integrity. Its ultimate object is to settle all dis- putes by arbitration instead of war, Tories — Friends of the king. Townshend Acts laid new taxes on tea, glass, paper, etc., and established a Board of Trade to manage the af- fairs of Boston. 64 Treut Affair — England and France had recognized the Confederate States. Mason and Slidell were aboard the English Steamer "Trent" on their way, as ambassadors, to England and France. Capt. Wilkes of the U. S. S. San Jacinto, stopped the Trent, took off Mason and Slidell and brought them to Washington. England protested and Lincoln, disavowing the act, sent them to their respective posts. Underground Railroad — A concerted action of the Abol- itionists in secreting runaway negroes and helping thera on their way to Canada. Virtcinia and Kentucky Kesolutlons (Resolutions of 1798) were passed by the Legislatures of these states in opposition to the Alien and Sedition Laws. They were suggested by Madison and Jefferson, respectively. They asserted the unconstitutionality of these laws, and advised disobedience by the states. The resolutions differed only as to the remedy, the latter adhering more closely to state rights. Whiskey Itebellion — In 1794 Congress passed a law taxing whiskey. As the farmers of Western Pennsylvania had no means of transporting grain, they had been making whiskey of it. The whiskey could be easily transported and sold at a profit, but not under the new law. The far- mers rebelled. The rebellion was suppressed by a large force of United States soldiers sent to Pittsburg. The in- cident is important, as the people learned for the first time that there was a strong national government to en- force the laws. Writs of Assistance — Writs authorizing British officers to search private houses for smuggled goods. X. Y. Z. Papers — Papers containing the demands made by French agents on Congress but with the letters X. Y. and Z instead of the names of the three French agents. These papers were sent by president Adams to Congress. THE CONDENSED SERIES OF TEXT-BOOKS are simply the common branches threshed out with the grain separated from the chaff. Just the books you have been looking for. New Editions Issued Every Few Months. EVERY ONE A SUCCESS. 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