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 BOTH WELL : 
 
 An Historical Drama. 
 
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 eT" ^5 
 
 For Private Circulation. 
 
James Hepburn, 
 
 Fourth Earl of Bothwell. 
 
 Third Husband of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scotland. 
 
BOTH WELL : 
 
 (JAMES HEPBURN, FOURTH EARL OF BOTHWELL, THIRD HUSBAND 
 OF MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS.) 
 
 flN P^ISTOI^IGALi Dl^AMA. 
 
 Dragsholm. 
 
 "Not myself but the word that in life I have spoktn ; 
 Not myself, but the deed that in life I have done ; 
 Shall pass on to ages, all about me forgotten, 
 Save the truth I have spoken, the deed I have done." 
 
 H. BONAR. 
 
 • 
 
 BY 
 
 JOHN WATTS DE PEYSTER. 
 
 • 
 
 CHARLES H. LUDWIG, PRINTER, 10 & 12 READE STREET. 
 
 1884. 
 

 PLEASURES OF THOUGHT. 
 
 ' If thou hast thrown a glorious thought 
 
 Upon Life's common ways, 
 Should other men the gain have caught, 
 Fret not to lose the praise. 
 
 1 Great Thinker, often thou shalt find, 
 While Folly plunders Fame, 
 To thy rich store the crowd is blind, 
 Nor knows thy very name. 
 
 ' What matters that, if thou uncoil 
 The soul that God has given, 
 Not in the world's mean eye to toil, 
 But in the sight of Heaven ? 
 
 ' If thou art true, yet in thee lurks 
 For Fame a human sigh- 
 To Nature go, and see how works, 
 That handmaid of the sky. 
 
 ' Her own deep bounty she forgets 
 
 Is full of germs and seeds ; 
 Nor glorifies herself, nor sets 
 
 Her flowers above her weeds. 
 
 'She hides the modest leaves between, 
 
 She loves untrodden roads ; 
 Her richest treasures are not seen 
 By any eye but God's. 
 
 1 Accept the lesson ! Look not for 
 Reward ; from out thee chase 
 All selfish ends, and ask no more 
 Than to fulfil thy place ! " 
 
 " Drifted Snow Flakes. 
 
 Copybight, 1884, et J. Watts db Peysteb. 
 
 Bequest 
 
 Albert AAsit demons 
 
 Aug. ,£<K 1938 
 
 ^Not a-railable for exchange) 
 
BGSr?&3eLiLi : 
 
 AN HISTORICAL DRAMA 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 " It is difficult to estimate facts delivered under circumstances which deprive the 
 testimony of all moral value ; when falsehood is not an accident, but a property of the 
 speaker's character, and is not the error of a moment or the crime of an individual; but 
 anorganic system.'' "Nimrod" II., 494; Higgin's "Anaealypsis," II., 42. 
 
 Quite a library of works had been already collected and consulted 
 and compared with others almost as numerous in public libraries, 
 before the writer gave to the world the first of his Trilogy, entitled 
 "Mary Queen of Scots: A Study." After that was published, he 
 found that the subject had enlisted the pens of able men all over 
 Europe, whose works were unknown in this country and some of them 
 even in England and Scotland, except to a very small number whose 
 studies led in this particular direction. Orders were immediately 
 sent out to different book-centres and a number of rare as well as 
 recent treatises rewarded the search. 
 
 The second of the Trilogy, " James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell : A 
 Vindication," was a work of much less labor than the first. Shortly 
 after this appeared, still farther research revealed new authorities ; and 
 after an examination, analysis and comparison, even more elaborate 
 than the two previous ones, appeared the Third of the Trilogy : 
 "An Inquiry into the Career and Character of Mary Stuart ( il Orux 
 Criticorum"), ("The puzzle of critics"), and a Justification of Both- 
 well. {"Audire est opera Pretium") ("What is herein disclosed is 
 worthy of attention.") Scarcely had this been published when a num- 
 ber of catalogues, containing the names of still further authorities, 
 which had escaped previous inquests, were transmitted from various 
 
4 BOTH WELL. 
 
 friends, collectors, librarians and students ; and, as the result of all 
 this, the writer's private library on Mary Stuart, which at first re- 
 quired only one large case, would now fill several. 
 
 At Edinburgh, Scotland, 1883, was published a very interesting- 
 work, by the Reverend Joseph Stevenson, S. J. (Jesuit), entitled 
 " The History of Mary Stuart, from the Murder of Rizzio until her 
 Plight into England. By Claude Nau, her secretary. Now first printed 
 from the original manuscripts, with illustrative papers from the secret 
 archives of the Vatican and other collections in Rome.'' 
 
 Doubtless, besides this manuscript of Nau, others of equal import- 
 ance, perhaps, lie hidden among the uncollated documents of some of 
 the public libraries in Rome, Spain, Paris, England and Scotland, or 
 among the family archives of prominent Scottish families, whose an- 
 cestors were connected with events transpiring during the reign of 
 Mary Stuart. Such documents may also exist in the collections left 
 by the descendants of the envoys or agents sent over by the French 
 Government to the Court of Mary. Careful search might even dis- 
 cover something contemporary among the papers left behind by the dif- 
 ferent representatives of England, in Scotland, between the dates of 
 the birth of Mary and the accession of James, her son, to the crowns 
 of Scotland and England. There should be documents of the highest 
 importance relating to Bothwell in the appropriate public depositories 
 at Copenhagen or some of the Royal Residences — although so many 
 of the latter have been destroyed by fire that it would be very easy to 
 account for the absence of such authorities. Nor should the possibility 
 of solving problems of the greatest interest, now involved in mystery, 
 in regard to the last years of Bothwell, be abandoned until the last 
 scrap of parchment or paper preserved by the families of the nobility 
 of Scania, has been scrutinized with extreme care. Something might 
 even be found at Stockholm or Upsala, whither so many old collections 
 gradually found their way ; or at Skokloster, that castle-mine" or 
 bonanza of the secrets and curiosities of the past, since the fingers of 
 the Wraugels seem to have been like those of Jack Sheppard, perfect 
 "lime twigs," to which everything remarkable that came in contact 
 with them was almost sure to adhere. 
 
 The names of the works obtained, as well as of those examined (if 
 
BOTHWELL. ' 5 
 
 the latter are not too numerous), will be appended to complete the " List 
 of Authorities," published at pages 209, 210, 211, of Number Three of 
 the Trilogy previously referred to. 
 
 The fact is, that the investigation of the careers and characters of 
 Mary Stuart and of Bothwell, which at first was an amusement or an 
 occupation, has become almost a passion ; because the deeper that the 
 writer has plunged into historical research, the more convincing has 
 become the proof that in these, as in very many other cases, political, 
 personal and religious prejudices and partialities, falsehood, not truth, 
 have painted the portraits of the unfortunate Queen, and the still more 
 unfortunate Bothwell, her third husband — the latter the most unhappy 
 in life as well as in death, — seeing that Mary has found a multitude of 
 defenders ; whereas those who champion her cause vie with her worst 
 enemies in striving to blacken the character of Bothwell ; seeming to 
 be convinced within themselves that one among the surest methods 
 to rehabilitate her character is to demonstrate that she was the victim 
 of a villain, Bothwell ; whereas he, in fact, was victim of her, as well as 
 of her bastard brother, the Earl of Murray, finally Regent of Scotland — 
 than whom a falser man and in many respects a greater political villain 
 never lived ; except in so far that, in a period of barbarism and sensu- 
 ality, he found sufficient employment in accomplishing the ruin of 
 Mary, Bothwell, Darnley, in fact whoever stood in his way ; to let the 
 the three German Ws, "Wein, Weibern und Wurfel" — Wine or was- 
 sail, women and gambling; especially women, as paramours, of whom 
 to his sorrow his father, James V., was so fond, severely alone. 
 
 Among the many curious books on this subject obtained from Ger- 
 many, is one entitled "Maria, Kdnigin von Schottland, von Friedrich 
 Gentz. Braunschweig, 1799." 
 
 It is a diminutive quarto and presents, together with a certainly 
 unique portrait, two other engravings, one of the Murder of Riz- 
 zio, and the other of Mary taking leave of her servants before execu- 
 tion ; — but the most curious feature of it is, that few of the pages are 
 of equal size — some are quarto shape, some duodecimo, and some even 
 more irregular in shape. 
 
 Another even more curious work, entitled "La Covr Sainte Dv. R, 
 Pere Nicolas Gavssin de la compagnie de Iesvs. Mise en vn Bel 
 
6 BOTHWELL. 
 
 Ordre. Avec vne notable augmentation des Vies des personnes illus- 
 tres dela Cour, taut du vieil que du nouveau Testament. Et augmen- 
 ted en cette derniere Edition de la vie de 1'Autheur et de diuerses 
 Histoires. [Two volumes in one. Folio, large.] A Paris, chez lean. 
 Dv. Bray, rue Sainte Iaques, aux Espies meurs et au Chapelier(?) 
 M.DC.LIII. avec privilege, et approbation." 
 
 The likeness of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, attached to this book 
 very much resembles a number in the possession of the writer (who 
 has collected perhaps a hundred different engravings, &c), and pre- 
 sents an additional proof that Mary's fascination lay more in her 
 "marvelous agreableness," her grace, accomplishments, language, man- 
 ner and expression, than in the mere physical beauties of form, face 
 and features, by which the vast majorities of the male sex are com- 
 pletely carried away. 
 
 Without putting much faith in the statements of a member of the 
 Society of Jesus — a Jesuit; nevertheless, on the principle, that the 
 devil may quote Scripture appositely — Father Caussin is not far 
 out of the way in his estimate of the Earl of Murray. He says (II. 
 308), "that he was a dangerous and dissolute man." If by "disso- 
 lute " he means a man whose ambition knew no restraint of morals, 
 he is perfectly correct, and especially when he adds that Murray was 
 a mere instrument in the hands of Queen Elizabeth, and scattered the 
 seeds that germinated and produced a harvest of tragedies. After 
 having filled his lungs with breath of a furious and turbulent ambition, 
 which was breathed into them by Knox, the patriarch of the Scottish 
 Reformers, Murray never ceased to assume the quality of Regent and 
 aspire to the authority of King without sparing any detestable wicked- 
 ness by which he could arrive at the goal of his desires. To avert 
 Mary's marriage with a foreign prince, which might have buttressed 
 her own with a sufficient power to assert her authority, he managed 
 to throw her into the arms of Darnley, hoping thereby to insure the 
 real administration to himself. Finding that, in consequence of Mary's 
 passion for her boy -husband, he, Murray, was likely to fail of his ob- 
 ject, he determined to get rid of the latter. Murray possessed at the 
 Court of Scotland an agent in the Earl of Morton, who was nothing 
 more than his Alter Ego. To him he confided the commission of throw- 
 
BOTHWELL. 7 
 
 ing the apple of discord into the marriage-bed of the King and Queen. 
 This Morton accomplished with incredible artifice, so that this master- 
 mechanic of iniquity was able to kindle two furnaces with the same 
 breath, unceasingly tiring the heart of the Queen with proofs of her 
 husband's miserable conduct, and at the same time lighting in the 
 bosom of the latter ambitious aspirations which were the more hateful 
 in that they were the offspring of an ingratitude which was based at 
 once on a detestable character and cowardice. 
 
 In all this the Jesuit ignores the latent influence of Mary's long-seated 
 prediliction for the Earl of Bothwell, which like the etherial circulation 
 of the impalpable force-imparting fluid through the tubes of the nerves, 
 is just as necessary to the vitality of man as the perceptible ebb and flow 
 of the visible red blood, which is life itself. Murray's influence through 
 various agencies, of whom Morton was the chief, brought about the 
 murder of Rizzio— a blow which was aimed as much at Mary and the 
 child in her womb, afterwards James VI., as at the miserable musician, 
 minister of state and papal emissary, who was stabbed and almost slain 
 at the very feet of the Queen. 
 
 The miserable prince whom jealousy had impelled to the murder of 
 the favorite, was now the next obstacle which stood in Murray's path. 
 Mary's love for Bothwell and his life-long love for her, were to be con- 
 verted into elements of destruction for both. Murray and his co-con- 
 spirators felt that if Bothwell and the Queen could be implicated in the 
 murder of Darnley, and then be mutually guilty of adultery and assas- 
 sination, and finally united in marriage, public opinion could be so ex- 
 cited against them that Bothwell would be driven from the kingdom and 
 ruined irremediably, Mary thrust from her throne, blasted in char- 
 acter, and the whole authority and its advantages remain at the dis- 
 posal of Murray and his co-partners in iniquity. The story of what 
 followed reads as if the successive results were simply a rehearsal of 
 the details of the plan. 
 
 The good Jesuit tells the story, in some respects, sufficiently well 
 that it will be interesting simply to translate some of the passages 
 of his almost obsolete French. " Some time after the death of the 
 king [Darnley], Bothwell, who was one of the powerful noblemen in 
 Scotland, dared to seek the Queen in marriage, since the Earl of Mur- 
 
8 BO TRW ELL. 
 
 ray had promised that, as a recompense of his crime." [Putting Darn- 
 ley out of the way.] * * * 
 
 In order to reconcile Mary to the match with a man who " was sus- 
 pected of so detestable a deed — even if he was innocent, besides being 
 already married ; the bastard, Murray, and the other conspirators who 
 had undertaken this affair with such obstinate resolution, managed to 
 have the criminal acquitted by judges who belonged to their faction ; 
 and furthermore arranged matters, so as to satisfy the Queen as to the 
 removal of the other obstacle, a living wife." * * * Father 
 Caussin then proceeds to describe how this Philistine [Bothwell] adored 
 this lovely arch of alliance, the willing captive of his bow and spear 
 at Almond Bridge. 
 
 " It was on this occasion that the Earl of Murray, who had with- 
 drawn a little, so as to avoid any suspicion of being concerned in the 
 murder of Darnley, returned to court and encouraged the suit of the 
 King's murderer, rewarding him with the conquest of the most beauti- 
 ful Queen in the world, in full payment of what he had done. Murray 
 did not cease to press Mary to accept Bothwell as her husband, urging 
 upon her the public avowal of the Earl's innocence, the splendor of 
 his house, his courageous exploits and the proofs of his fidelity, all of 
 which rendered him worthy of her love. He added that being alone, 
 and without support, she was utterly incapable of settling the difficulties 
 which had been excited against her, to meet the plots which could be 
 formed against her authority, and to sustain the weighty charge of the 
 kingdom ; moreover, that she would accept as her husband, and for 
 the companion of her fortune and her designs, one [Bothwell] who had 
 the power, the will and the courage to oppose her, if she did not do 
 so ; and that she would never have peace with him, except by the con- 
 summation of such a wise arrangement. By these counsels this miser- 
 able man promised himself, either to reign through his confidant 
 [Bothwell] or to degrade the Queen, by her own act, and thus deprive 
 her of her authority ; all which he did. The marriage was accom- 
 plished, and the pressing solicitations of the Earl of Bothwell finally 
 won the heart of Mary, who espoused him in the. face of the Church 
 with all the requisite ceremonies. Some writers have recorded that 
 this gentle soul was greatly persecuted by these proposals of marriage 
 
BOTHWELL. 9 
 
 on account of her beauty and that the facility of her natural dispo- 
 sition, which had not sufficient powers of resistance against the press- 
 ing importunity and the continual battle, which love arrayed against 
 her, brought upon her a fearful deluge of misfortunes." 
 
 Finally, to close these citations, the same author states that Marj\ 
 even in bidding Bothwell to leave her at Carberry Hill, acknowledged 
 that his courage and his worth were sufficient to guarantee her against 
 his storm which was ready to burst upon her head. Alas ! she did 
 not possess the moral courage to act up to the convictions of her reason. 
 These citations have not been made with any other view than to de- 
 monstrate that the Jesuit author, in his biography, justifies the writer 
 in his bad opinion of Murray, as well as in his high estimate of Both- 
 well, as one of the most powerful of the Scottish nobility, renowned for 
 the greatest exploits, of an admitted capacity sufficient to rule the king- 
 dom, desperately in love with Mary and culpable only, or rather weak, 
 in suffering himself to be made the instrument of Murray and the lat- 
 ter's co-conspirators simply to aid him to win the woman that he 
 loved and to enable them to accomplish their designs. Had he been as 
 base and crafty as Murray, he might by a similar course of fraud, in- 
 justice and embezzlement have built up a party ; but being, in spite of 
 all his faults, a fearless honest man, he fell, because being alone and 
 without a political party he could not maintain himself against an or- 
 ganized party — like that which has ruled and robbed this city of New 
 York for so many years, backed by a fanaticized multitude, greedy 
 for spoil and offices. 
 
 In the following historical drama there is not an incident or remark 
 for which one or more authorities cannot be produced, except at the 
 close of the Second Act, when Bothwell is represented as coming on to 
 the rescue of the Queen. It is a slight anachronism. He did attempt 
 to rescue her at the moment, and he did so afterward, and enabled 
 her to re-establish her authority ; but it was not until a few days had 
 elapsed. Again, the language placed in the mouths of the speakers is 
 not, word for word, the same that they wrote or spoke ; but the ideas 
 are identically the same, and very often the utterances are textually 
 correct, with the exception that the broad Scotch or rude English of 
 the sixteenth century and the French is presented in the words and 
 
10 
 
 BOTHWELL. 
 
 forms of the present day. In all other respects, this is an attempt to 
 arrange the momentous occurrences of the most important phases of the 
 reign of Queen Mary in a succession of Acts, Scenes and Tableaux, so 
 that they may be placed upon the stage with ample opportunity for 
 a display of acting and setting such as are rarely afforded by a drama 
 that realizes the exact truths of history and biography, without distort- 
 ing or exaggerating either of them ; literally presenting, to use the 
 words of a quaint poet — 
 
 " The loves and troubles of Queen Mary, 
 Revealed for him that reads, 
 And whether she was over chary 
 In all her acts and deeds." 
 
CHARA CTERS. 
 
 Darnley, King-Consort, Second Husband of Mary, Queen of Scotland. 
 James Hepbukn, Fourth Earl of Bothwell, afterwards third Hus- 
 band of the Queen, died in the Danish State-prison, Dragsholm. 
 
 James Hepburn, Fourth Earl of Bothwell ; Duke of Orkney, &c, &e. ; Third Husband 
 
 of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scotland ; 
 
 as he appeared in Tournament and on the Battlefield. 
 
 The Earl of Murray, illegitimate Half-Brother of the Queen, after- 
 ward "Regent of Scotland, murdered. 
 
 James Douglas, Fourth Earl of Morton, subsequently Regent of 
 Scotland. Beheaded under James VI., son of Mary and Darnley. 
 
 George, Earl of Huntley, brother-in-law of Bothwell. 
 
 Lord Robert Stuart, Commendator of Holyrood Abbey, illegiti- 
 mate brother of the Queen. 
 
now enemies of 
 the Queen, 
 afterwards her 
 
 12 BOTHWELL. 
 
 Lord Ruthven, died of consequences of fever— the relapse on his 
 leaving his sick bed to assist in the murder of Rizzio. . James VI., 
 Son of Mary and Darnley, rooted out the family. 
 
 Lord Lindesay, one of the most truculent of the Scottish aristocracy. 
 
 Alexander, Fifth Lord Home, died in the dungeon to which Morton 
 consigned him. 
 
 Sir Archibald Douglas, " that priest-bred manager of plots," cousin 
 and agent of Morton. 
 
 Sir James Balfour '"the most corrupt man of a most evil age," be- 
 trayed by his wife, Morton's mistress, thrown into a dungeon in 
 Morton's castle of Dalkeith. 
 
 Sir William Maitland of Lethington, the Chame- 
 leon, one of the ablest and most unprincipled states- 
 men of his century. Poisoned himself to escape the 
 disgrace of an infamous public execution. 
 
 Sir William Kirkaldy of Grange, an admirable , 
 
 ,,. , . , , -i , * last supporters 
 
 soldier and experienced military leader, but a weak in arms in Scot- 
 man, a most untrustworthy subject, and a spy, and | land. 
 paid agent of the English ministry. Hanged like I 
 a dog by Morton. I 
 
 Sir Andrew Kerr, of Faudonside, whose brutality at the murder of 
 Rizzio, Mary would never pardon. 
 
 Sir George Douglas, Postulate of Aberborthwick, natural son of the 
 Earl of Angus. 
 
 Sir James Melvil, Page, then Courtier, Adviser and Friend of Queen 
 Mary. 
 
 Patrick Bellenden, a Conspirator. 
 
 The Prebendary, Robert Balfour. 
 
 David Rizzio, originally an Italian Musician, Confidential Foreign 
 Secretary or Minister of the Queen. 
 
 Beton, Laird of Creich. one of the Queen's Masters of her House- 
 hold. 
 
 Arthur Erskine, the Queen's Equerry. 
 
 Anthony Standen, a gallant young English refugee, the Queen's Page. 
 
 Nicholas Hubert, known as "French Paris." 
 
 Hay, Laird of Talla. 
 
 John Hepburn, of Bolton. 
 
 The "Black" Ormiston. 
 
 Captain Blackadder. 
 
 William Taylor, Darnley's Page or Body -servant. 
 
 Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots. 
 
 Jane, Countess of Argyle, illegitimate sister of the Queen. 
 
 Retainers of Both- 
 well, executed un- 
 der the Regent 
 Murray. 
 
BOTHWELL. 
 
 13 
 
 Mary Beatoun, faithful life-long favorite and attendant of the Queen, 
 one of the "Four Maries;" niece of Cardinal Beatoun, assassin- 
 ated by Kirkaldy of Grange and others. 
 
 Lady Reres, Chamber Lady to the Queen and Confidant of Bothwell. 
 
 Attendants on the Queen and Nobles, People attached to the Queen's 
 Household, Royal Hackbutters (Musketeers), Constables for the 
 Service of the Artillery (Artillerists), Troopers, Pikemen, &c, &c. 
 
 Bothwell — with Hagbutteers (Musketeers), Archers and Border Pikemen. 
 
 In an historical drama which inevitably requires the concurrence of so 
 many characters, the number of actors brought upon the stage 
 must conform to the probable strength of a company at the dis- 
 posal of a single manager. Therefore, it may be necessary to 
 reduce the number of parts, and consolidate the action and lan- 
 guage of several persons into one representative oh the stage. 
 Thus, while the incidents of the drama are strictly true, all the 
 characters who played their parts on the real stage of life need 
 not appear upon the mimic boards of the theatre. 
 
James Hepburn, 
 Fourth Earl of Bothwell. 
 
AN HISTORICAL DRAMA. 
 
 ACT I. 
 
 SCENE I. — A bosket or bower of evergreens, clipped yew, in the garden 
 of Uolyrood Palace. Mauy Beatoun and Lady Reres come 
 forward as the curtain rises. 
 
 Holyrood Palace. 
 
 Mary Beatoun (evidently continuing a confidential conversation). 
 You do amaze me, Lady Reres. Yet, 
 Standing so high in confidence of both — 
 Our lovely Queen and Scotland's proudest Earl— 
 You must know much escapes less favor'd mortals. 
 Does the Queen love the Earl, and as you say, 
 With fonder, firmer force than she loved Darnley ? 
 Does she love Bothwell so ? 
 
16 BOTHWELL. 
 
 Lady Reres. Indeed she does : 
 
 And she nath found in him a nobler mate 
 Than any yet on whom she's fix'd her choice : 
 The rest were boys. In him she's found a man ; 
 A rcugh one it is true, but still a man : 
 A diamond not all polish'd, but a man : 
 Hepburn's a jewel meet for Mary Stuart, 
 They greet at him, but such as he can scorn 
 The calculating, hypocritic guile 
 Of foxy Morton ; Knox's fav'rite Murray, 
 Who leaves to baser instruments the deed, 
 And looks at evil through, between, his fingers ; 
 Ready to pluck the fruit when 'tis matur'd 
 Upon the muck heap fully fed its growth ; 
 And if for Mm cares not how 't grew or grows. 
 James Hepburn, with his mail'd and stalwart hand 
 Plucks the ripe ear at once with fearless front ; 
 He is no coward. 'Mid false, sordid " Bonds " 
 That rule this Scotland, he alone is true. 
 Poor he has been, despite his lofty birth. 
 So poor he's lack'd a single golden piece 
 To pay his score : yet never took a bribe 
 To wrong his country for a foreign quean : — • 
 He never sold bis honor to Queen Bess, 
 As other nobles flout at faithfulness 
 So that their jerkins gleam at Tudor cost. 
 His creed he's clung to spite of ev'ry wile, 
 Nor ever made, like Murray, creed the cloak 
 To hide intent, and set the kiln on fire 
 That burn'd our land, ay, to the very bone, 
 So that it prov'd alembic whence t' extract 
 Gain, influence, power, for selfish ends. 
 Hepburn's no hypocrite ! He loves Mary 
 For Mary Stuart's sake, and will not yield 
 A single inch to foreign lure or price, 
 Content to risk the loss of all he seeks 
 Rather than sacrifice the faith is his. 
 Sin ! he may sin against his own brave soul, 
 But never 'gainst what he deems great and true 
 To foster his ambition. The people 
 Know well that in his soul there burns the fire 
 For Scotland's Independence flaming high. 
 The nobles love him not. He scorns their lies, 
 
BOTHWELL. 17 
 
 Their moral weakness and their selfish strength. 
 
 However brave in brawl and shedding blood. 
 
 Among the nobles, Hepburn's not a friend ; 
 
 But 'mid the people, duly weigh'd 's the man : 
 
 There's not a lord is held in such content 
 
 And honest admiration. This makes Mary, 
 
 Despising such a coward thing as Darnley, 
 
 Seek to break loose from brilliant toy she once, 
 
 With love begotten through the eye, not reason. 
 
 So madly wed, and long to link her fate 
 
 With one who, once beside her on the throne, 
 
 Fit mate would be for queen to mate withal : 
 
 And brave as she, throw banner to the winds, 
 
 And say to England, Come what storm come may, 
 
 I and my husband will confront it boldly ! 
 Mary B. Each word you utter 's like revealing dawn, 
 
 Breaking through clouds after a starless night. 
 Lady R. Many a village maid, in face and form — 
 
 The child of Nature 's far more beautiful 
 
 Than Mary, Queen, so peerless in men's eyes ; — 
 
 But she's a queen, therefore a deity, 
 
 And, to defects, all, blinded by her rank. 
 
 Behold in her, Anadyomene : 
 
 She's not so lovely as report declares — 
 
 Although most lovable as all admit — 
 
 She is too tall, too vig'rous in her port : 
 
 A full man's heart is beating in her bosom ; 
 
 And more than once she pray'd to be a man 
 
 With helm on head and girt with sword and dagg. 
 
 Astride a gallant steed like Border Chief : 
 
 Yet in her eye there's such demoniac light 
 
 Can kindle passion in a breast of ice, 
 
 And lure, as serpent fascinates a bird : — 
 
 We've seen her do it. Blazing into flame 
 
 Her heat could melt a lump of iron ore : 
 
 'Tis not her beauty won her Hepburn's love 
 
 But something kin to tropic heat at pole. 
 
 Magnificently clad, her lusty form 
 
 Captures the men as springtime 'livens flies : 
 
 And though she plays, as cat plays with a mouse, 
 
 With lovers bowing 'fore her sov'reign grace. 
 
 By never yielding has Earl Bothwell won : 
 
 As spell more potent overcomes the less : 
 
18 BOTHWELL. 
 
 And binds the weaker with more potent sway : 
 His magic's been an over-mast'ring will. 
 Her father's grandeur and her Guise finesse 
 Make her omnipotent in swaying men. 
 When young she rul'd them with her gentle lures : 
 A full grown woman with her subtle wiles ; 
 And thus, pre-eminent in female guile, 
 She leads the wolves as Orpheus moved the trees : — 
 Carried away by Damley's courtly airs, 
 She soon discerned the caitiff 'neath the style, 
 And then returning to a stilled love, 
 She found herself compell'd, as 't wer.e by Fate, 
 To the embrace of stalwart Bothwell's arms, 
 As hunted deer rush wildly in the net. 
 Mary B. You astonish me ! I'll keep this secret, 
 And, silent, watch th' unfolding of events : 
 The Queen has grown to brook no contradiction. 
 And visits with disfavor all who cross her — 
 Moreover, I remember Chastellar, 
 And handsome John of Gordon. I will not 
 Have gallant Hepburn's blood upon my conscience. 
 Mary is Queen. 'Tis she is highest judge. 
 
 Come let us in ! {Church bell rings.) I hear the Compline bell, 
 And as the Mass grows less in favor, we 
 Of the true faith must be the more attent 
 Upon our duties, and so please the Queen. 
 
 ( They go out conversing. ) 
 
 SCENE II. — A Mere-supper in an apartment of the lodgings of the 
 Earl of Morton, in Edinburgh. The Earl op Morton, Lords 
 Riithven, Home and Lindesay, Maiti.and of Lethington, Sirs 
 George and Archirald Douglas, Sir James Balfour, and 
 Kirkaldy of Grange seated around a large table in consultation . 
 
 Morton. Well met, good friends : I think our course seems clear. 
 In our chill climate, fruits take long to ripen, but still they do ripen, even 
 if the sun shines out rarely. The suu has hitherto been clouded for 
 our projects, but it appears to me, that at last, it has burst forth bright 
 rmd warm. The Scottish masses are waking from the glamour that our 
 lovely sovereign cast upon them. Her marriage with the Popish 
 
BOTSWELL. 19 
 
 Darnley sits ill on their Reformed stomachs, especially as it has 
 been brought about by that hypocritic papal emissary, David Rizzio. 
 To use the words of godly Master Knox, his stench is most unsavory 
 in the nostrils of a nation, that lias shown such hatred to the most 
 dangerous enemy of our purified doctrine. Our own plan of action now 
 must lie clear before us. In spite of the Queen's sudden passion for 
 the bonnie long- laddie, she has raised so high, even beside her in the 
 highest seat, she now stoops to the base-born Italian lowness — 
 
 LlNDESAT (interrupting). She covers him with wealth and digni- 
 ties, and for the truckling low-born foreigner, robs us, the titled of 
 the land. Every time I have to doff my bonnet to him— and we all 
 must do it — it is hard to keep my dagger from her bosom. He 
 usurps — 
 
 Sir George Douglas. Do you remember, gentlemen, associates 
 and friends, how when the nuptial ring was placed on the Queen's 
 linger, the outlandish minion could not restrain his exultation, but in 
 the very chapel shouted out, in monkish Latin, " Glory to God ! 
 It is done and cannot now be broken.'' How my blood boiled ! 
 
 Ruthven. The Macedonian did not wait to untie the Gordian 
 knot, but cut it with his sword, and the world still applauds the. 
 Greek's sagacity. There are swords as keen as his in Scotland, and 
 daggers too, and men who know how to use both. 
 
 Douglas. This case needs no gallant Coup deJarnac, but rather the 
 sly stick that Joab gave to Amasa, with "Art thou in health, my 
 brother V" {Laughs.) It should be done to the Italian a la Italiano ! 
 
 Lethington. We have the trail, we need but follow it. Darnley's 
 a dolt, and, what is more, the greater dolt, in that he's drunk with 
 pride at his uplifting. And yet he is so common in his wantonness, 
 and finds that women yield so quickly to his Royal suit, he deems all 
 women of the same complexion. Could we arouse his jealousy ? Re- 
 member Robert Bruce ; and the Red Comyn, stabbed at the very altar. 
 
 Kirkaldy. Lethington, have you no thought of God, nor fear 
 of Hell, to counsel thus ! 
 
 Leth. Heaven ! Hell ! — Bogles to frighten children. My Laird of 
 Grange, although you are a man of blood, a soldier, "a stout man, who 
 always offers, by single combats and at the point of the sword, to main- 
 tain whatever you say ; " and I a penman rather, I have as Ml lie a fear 
 of what men dread the most as any belted earl or swordsman ever 
 buckled on a breast-piece. Heaven and Hell are stories framed by 
 priests and preachers to frighten children, not to scare grown men. 
 Your conscience and your pride of orthodoxy will be your ruin. 
 Pride must have a fall ! I can read you without glasses. Your squeam- 
 ishness will at some future time get you with all vour conscience into 
 
20 BOTHWELL. 
 
 a terrible scrape. You are not so cold, my Laird of Grange, that 
 the warmth of Mary's glances has not already stricken home, clean 
 through your polished cuirass. 
 
 Kirk, {starting up, and laying ?ds hand on his sword). My Lord 
 of Maitland ! 
 
 Mort. Quarrelling, my lords, before the hunt's a foot ! Give me 
 money, women and authority, and I will not quarrel with the means 
 by which I get them ! 
 
 Leth. {perfectly cool and without moving). My Laird of Grange, 
 your very heat betrays you. You are very like the good people of Lao- 
 dicea, neither cold nor hot enough — Look to it! Lukewarm drinks set 
 ill upon the stomach, and lukewarm people ever come to grief. 
 
 Mort. Peace ! peace ! my lords, we are forgetting Scotland and 
 the holy cause we represent. 
 
 Leth. {aside). Hypocrites one and all ; but I must pull each set of 
 wires, so that my various puppets dance at the proper time to the 
 piping I deem the fittest for the occasion and my purposes. 
 
 Mort. What are you muttering, Maitland ? 
 
 Leth. Simply, Kirkaldy should be grateful, not irate. I but warn 
 him ! Has he forgotten Chastellar and Gordon ? They loved Mary, 
 and what came of it ? The hangman's noose ; the axe ! My Laird of 
 Grange, if Mary Stuart ever makes you love her, beware lest Cupid's 
 knot turn into a halter to choke even you, the pink of chivalry. 
 
 Kirk, {rises indignantly). Maitland ! do you dare to insinuate that I, 
 Kirkaldy, am another maker (minstrel) or traitor. (Morton interposes.) 
 
 Mort. Lords, this is no time for discord. Our country — well, not to 
 feign, our interest — needs us, and we need ourselves in fittest mood for 
 counsel and for action. (Morton crosses to Kirkaldy, and pacifies him. 
 Lindsay addresses Lethington, in dumb-show, deprecating further irri- 
 tation.) Lethington speak ! You are the coldest heart and subtlest head 
 among us ; what is your plan ? My Laird of Grange, be patient ! 
 
 Kirk. Patient ! Ay, patient ! My Laird of Maitland, you are — 
 so says the general voice — a Roman philosopher, a stoic. Look to it 
 yourself, lest you so entangle yourself in your own ,net you cannot 
 extricate yourself with all your cunning ways. Although you may not 
 fall upon your sword like the stoic-soldier, Cato, you may yet take 
 a drink like Demosthenes, the Athenians' greatest orator, to save you 
 from a worse than halter. 
 
 Leth. Well spoken, Laird of Grange. Now you have said your say 
 and had your quip, and have show r n your knowledge of the Human- 
 ities ; now hearken to my plan. Mary, our gracious Queen, is but a 
 woman after all, and brought up in a court where she learned more than 
 prayers. She came to us heralded by stories of anything but fair 
 
BOTHWELL. 21 
 
 Lucretia's self control, and these have followed her. The holiest of our 
 hrethren still believe that Chastellar's head was cut oft' to keep his 
 tongue from telling tales of how she lured him on and played with him 
 and worse. This present favorite, Rizzio, is so high in her good graces 
 that he is with her at all hours, day and night. Make Darnley once 
 believe the Italian's had Ma rights and he will join us to make way with 
 Davie. This will rouse the Queen — her Guisan blood. She is already 
 disgusted, wearied with this boy-husband ; his humors and his mis- 
 tresses. Davie sent whither (points upwards and then downwards ), who 
 knows whither — Darnley must be disposed of. Mary then must have 
 a lover bold, handsome, high in rank ; one who, to possess the woman 
 and to wed the queen, will stop at nothing and will venture every- 
 thing. We must so manage it, that, the new man will rid us of this 
 Darnley ; but, in the doing of the deed, so outrage public opinion that 
 when Mary, carried away by passion, gives her hand to him, all Scot- 
 land will rise up like one man to drive him out and punish both. 
 
 Mort. A second Ahithophel ! 
 
 Doug. , It is to be hoped that no Hushai will be found to traverse so 
 goodly a plot. 
 
 Kirk. This seems like seething a kid in its mother's milk. And 
 what of Murray ? What will he say ? Will he take part in this? 
 
 Leth. Yea and nay, not openly ; but he will look at it approvingly 
 betwix't his fingers. 
 
 (All laugh again, and good humor is restored ; all rise, consult to- 
 gether, and then, after exchanging opinions, resume their seats.) 
 
 Kirk. But, my lords, this is all well enough for talk ; but where will 
 we find the man who will play our game, and yet be so chivalric in his 
 disposition, so void of guile, so manly, and, even more and better for 
 our projects, so filled with love of Mary, he will not see into the secrets 
 of our Bond ? 
 
 Sergeant (without below, at the entrance door of the dwelling). 
 Guard, turn out ; stand to your arms ! Ain High and Mighty Lord, the 
 Earl of Bothwell ! (All rise and look at each other, as if seeking to 
 divine each others thoughts.) 
 
 Leth. (smiling aside). My leaven works ! 
 
 Usher (without, at the door of the apartment, and preparing to throw 
 it open). Ain High and Mighty Lord, the Earl of Bothwell ! 
 
 (All turn toward the door.) 
 
 Leth. (in a low tone, significantly). Where is our man, my Lords ? 
 (In a low voice.) There is the very man ! (Pointing to the unclosing 
 door.) Here, now ! ( The valves of the door are thrown wide open.) 
 Welcome ! You come in time, my Lord of Bothwell ! 
 
 {All rise and greet Bothwell, with effusion, who becomes the central 
 figure of the Tableau as the Curtain falls.) 
 
BOTHWELL. 
 
 Holvrood Palace. 
 
 ACT II. 
 
 SCENE I. — Darnley's apartment in Holyrood Palace, beneath the 
 famous room known to history as the Queen's Bedchamber. This 
 scene should be so arranged that, -when it opens (or rises), it will al- 
 low full space for a reproduction o/Mahy's Bedchamber and Cab- 
 inet or "Closet," in the rear of it, so that the latter (Scene II) will 
 be shown when Scene I. draws aside or opens, is drawn up or sinks. 
 
 Daknley (pacing neroously to and fro, stops every now and then as 
 if expecting some one. His hands play icith his dagger which, at intervals , 
 he spasmodically, half-unsheathes and thrusts back again violently into 
 its scabbard). King and not king, husband and yet not head! She 
 plays with me ! Am I not her husband ? Twice married, doubly in 
 possession : handfasted, tried, accepted, married, crowned : and yet, 
 what power have I ? Murray is driven forth it is true, but he is 
 ever present in his friends ; cold, cruel Morton ; sly, calculating 
 Lethington, and all the rest, who have the people's ears ; ay, and 
 though John Knox possess the people's hearts. I am but a puppet, 
 a toy, a cicisbeo, not as good ! Then there's that wild fearless moss- 
 trooper, stickat-nothing Bothwell. I know not where he stands, 
 I cannot comprehend it. Sometimes I think the Queen loves him, 
 has loved him always, ever since he and I sought her in France, 
 at Joinville, lif'teen years ago. But let that pass. We will look to 
 him hereafter. Rizzio 's the present man ; the knave, the sneak- 
 ing cunning dog 1 trusted. The Virgin curse him ! I '11 have his 
 blood before the midnight strikes ; his heart's blood ! He '11 never 
 thrust himself after to-night, between the Queen and me. Do I love 
 
BOTHWELZ. 23 
 
 her ? I hate her now ! Did I ever love her, or was it Scotland's 
 crown and throne I coveted ? Ha ! Here is rny chief reliance. 
 
 ( The clank of armor is heard without, and Ruthven enters. He 
 wears a long loose gown, but under that, is clad in full panoply as if 
 ataait to take the field, except as to his helmet, which he carries in his 
 hn nil. A nightcap instead muffles his livid brow, lie is deadly pale and 
 walks with difficulty.) 
 
 Darn. My Laird of Ruthven, you startle me; you look like a very 
 bogle. 
 
 Ruthven*. And nearly am one. Have I not arisen from a sore bed of 
 sickness, to help in an act of justice due to my King and kingdom ? 
 
 Darn. Justice ! Yes, it is justice to put away the thing that stands 
 between the King, nobility and husband, and owns both Queen and 
 wife, the kingdom — all, all, all ! Ever since that night I found the min- 
 ion in the Queen's bed-chamber, and the door barred between my wife 
 and me, my blood has been boiling with fever's heat and force. This 
 night ends all. Be you all ready ? I will have open the door and keep 
 the Queen in talk till you come in. Remember, be alert, for only one 
 man at a time is able to mount the narrow stairs. This night, shall 
 it not end all, my lord ? 
 
 Ruth. Assuredly, if your own courage is as hot and lasting as you 
 say your fever-fit has been. But come, our friends await us, and the 
 hour has struck on every bell that notes the time in Auld Reekie. 
 
 Exeunt. 
 
 SCENE If. — The scene opens and discovers the famous cabinet with- 
 in the bedchamber of Queen Mary in Holyrood Palace, so well 
 known through pictures, descriptions* and photographs. The po- 
 sition of the characters should be arranged in exact accordance 
 with the historical pictures. Queen Mary and Jane, Countess 
 op Argyle, are at supper. Rizzio is likewise seated near the table ; 
 his lute resting agetinst his chair, as if he had been singing. The 
 Queen sits in « double chair, of which one seat has been left unoccu- 
 pied for Darnley. Beton, Erskjne and Standen in attendance. 
 
 Mary. Minstrel, resume your song ; although it is not as joyous as 
 becomes the. theme. 
 
 * " The apartments tot Holyrood House) occupied 1 1822) by the Duke of Hamilton, 
 fill the old portion of the Palace. On the second floor are those [once] occupied by 
 Queen Mary, whose bed still remains. The furniture of this bed is of crimson damask, 
 bordered with green silk tassels and fringes, and tradition assigns the decorations to 
 
24 BOTHWELL. 
 
 Rizzio {takes up his lute and sings to the accompaniment of this in- 
 strument). 
 
 You ask me what is love ? Oh, sweet ! 
 'Tis clothes, 'tis fire, 'tis drink, 'tis meat ; 
 'Tis anguish, rapture, life — 'tis wings ; 
 Of earthly happiness the springs ! 
 A crowd confus'd of hopes and fears, 
 Of smiles and ecstacy and tears ; 
 Of heaven on earth it gives the taste ; 
 And without love this orb 's a waste, 
 Chaotic sphere like chilly moon ; 
 A jangling rhythm without tune : 
 Then grant me love or take me hence, 
 For without love this life 's offence. 
 
 the fair hands of the unfortunate queen ; but the whole is now in a very decayed state. 
 There are likewise some old chairs, covered with crimson velvet ; in this room a small 
 opening is to be seen, which leads to a trap-stair [" a piece of wainscot, about a yard 
 square, hangs upon hinges, opens on this trap-stair."— Brewers 1 "Various Palaces."'] 
 communicating with the apartment below. By this passage Daruley and his accom- 
 plices conveyed themselves into the closet in which Mary was supping with her secre- 
 tary, who was dragged out of the Closet through the Bedchamber into the Chamber-of- 
 Presence, and there expired under repeated (56) blows."— " Views in Edinburgh" 1822. 
 " Queen Mary's Bedroom.— A chamber twenty -two feet one inch, by eighteen feet 
 six inches ; the ceiling divided into panelled compartments of diamond and hexagon- 
 al form, adorned with the emblems and initials of Scottish sovereigns ; and the walls 
 are hung with tapestry, illustrative of the mythological tale of the Fall of Phaston. 
 * * * Here stands, with fragments of the blankets, the bed of Queen 
 
 Mary, the decayed hangings of which are of crimson damask, with green silk fringes 
 and tassels, and the chairs and table, &c, are of the same period. The Queen's work- 
 box is on the table at the bottom of the bed. The needlework represents Jacob's dream, 
 and is said to have been worked by her own fair bands. The Baby-basket of James 
 VI. is on the stand beyond the bed; it was presented to Queen Mary by Queen Eliz 
 abeth on the birth of the Prince. The door opposite on the right, half hidden by the 
 tapestry, leads to the secret staircase by which Darnley and his infamous associate* 
 ascended to the royal apartments to assassinate Rizzio. The one on the left leads to the 
 little apartment so famous in Scottish Story as the scene of the assault upon the un- 
 fortunate Italian, in the presence of the Qneen. Every one whose imagination is at 
 all vivid, will here easily realize the particulars of that terrible event;— the Queen 
 forcibly restrained by Darnley— the overthrown table and scattered viands — the fierce 
 and scowling conspirators pressing into the little room— and the dagger left sticking in 
 the body of Rizzio, who crouches behind Mary for protection. From this closet the 
 assassins dragged their victim through the other royal apartments, stabbing him as 
 they went, until he fell dead at their feet at the top of the staircase, by the door of the 
 audience chamber. To this room the brutal Ruthven, reeking from the slaughter, re- 
 turned and demanded a cup of wine; and here probably it was that the conspirators 
 threatened to cut the Queen " into collops " if she dared address the populace from the 
 window." 
 
BOTEWELL. 85 
 
 REFRAIN. 
 
 Then grant me love or take me hence. 
 For without love this life's offence ! 
 
 {He gazes a moment on Mary, as if awaiting a responsive look, and 
 receiving none, puts down his lute with a sigh and lapses into a revery.) 
 
 Mart. Ah, Messire David, you are in a sad mood to-night. ( To/cm 
 the lute, tunes it, and sings to a rattling accompaniment) : 
 
 Love,* whence comes it and whither goes ? 
 Love, how iucreaseth, chills to close ; 
 Love, what is it ? No one knows. 
 
 Love, who can explain it, its raptures and woes ; 
 Love, true love, e'er stronger, e'er lovlier grows. 
 With the grace of the lily, and perfume of rose, 
 'Till hearts it has blended take long last repose. 
 
 Love, true love, 'tis body and soul, 
 
 And spirit combined in one exquisite whole, 
 
 And playing together, when perfect, one role. 
 
 There, that is music I like. But, hark ! What do I hear ? 
 Bothwjki.iL {without and below). 
 
 SERENADE. 
 
 Queen, soul, love, mine ! 
 My first thoughts at waking, my last thoughts on sleeping. 
 When slumber is creeping, resistance o'er leaping. 
 
 Are thine and all thine. 
 
 Like moon in calm beauty, my vows all salute thee ; 
 Thy beams on my slumbers, in rapture transmute me — 
 Ideas divine ! 
 
 Like sun in his splendor, I waking adore thee ; 
 
 Thy glories recalling, I prostrate implore thee 
 
 Be mine, ever mine ! 
 
 All radiant with graces, thy inner lights lend thee, 
 In beauty perennial may blessings attend thee ! 
 Be happiness thine ! 
 
 * " L' Amour est, je ne scais quoi ; 
 Qui vieut de je ne scais ou ; 
 Qui flnit je ne scais comment ; 
 V Amour vraie finit toujours en pins," 
 
26 BOTHWELL. 
 
 Thy slave and thy lover, in constancy ever, 
 Let nothing the ties which unite us e're sever ! 
 May the ivy yet twine 
 
 Their fetters for both of us, loving and waiting ; 
 Hope daily for both with new happiness freighting, 
 Till at last thou 'rt mine ! 
 
 For that I live dreaming, so eagerly dreaming — 
 The future, though distant, yet ever sure seeming. 
 For thee still I pine ! 
 
 Darnley (enters from the private stair leading from his apartment, be- 
 low, into the Queen's (his wife's) bedroom. Mary turns toward him with 
 affectionate greeting. He sits beside her in the double chair. They kiss 
 each other and embrace ; he steals his arm about her waist and clasps, 
 her to him, as if they were on the best of terms.) 
 
 Mary. My lord, have you supped ? Shall I command another course 
 for you V I thought you must have finished your supper by this time. 
 
 Darnley (evasively). I need no supper. Do not let me interrupt your 
 meal. (As he speaks the tapestry concealing the Secret Passage into the 
 Queen's Bedroom is raised and Ruthven shows himself). 
 
 Mary (startled by the clasJi of his armor and ghastly appearance of 
 Rtjthven, lohispers to Darnley). What does this mean ? Why 
 comes this bold bad man; my mother's foe, my own ? I thought he 
 was dying. I meant to visit him, for although he is a murderer and a 
 villain, he is the husband of my aunt. What means his naked sword ? 
 Is he distraught ? Has he escaped his watchers and comes to me for 
 safety, deeming himself pursued by the avenging ghost of his mur- 
 dered victim, Charteris ? 
 
 Rtjthven (who has seated himself while she has been whispering to 
 Darnley). I come here for your good. 
 
 Mary. Good ? Do you look or act like one who comes for good '? 
 
 Ruth, (pointing at Rizzio). Yes, madam, for your good ; to rid you 
 of that minion. There is no harm intended to your grace, nor to any 
 one, but to yonder poltroon, David. 
 
 Mary. What has he done ? 
 
 Ruth. Ask the King, your husband. 
 
 Mary (to Darnley, who has risen and, is leaning on the back of her 
 chair). What means this ? 
 
 Dahn. (faltering). I know nothing of the matter. 
 
 Mary (pointing to Ruthven). Then away with him. 
 
 (The Laiud op Creich, Erskine, Standen and attendants advance 
 upon Ruthven to put him out ; but he keeps them off with Ids sword.) - 
 
BOTHWELL. 27 
 
 Ruth, {defending himself). Lay no hands on me! I will not be 
 handled. 
 
 (As he is speaking the cabinet is invaded by Conspirators, who ad- 
 vance upon Rizzio with menacing miens and threatening gestures. The 
 Queen interposes herself in defence of Rizzio, who draws his dagger 
 which, manifestly, he has not the courage to use, and, falling on Jiis knees, 
 grasps the hem of her robe and Jiides his face in its folds.) 
 
 Mary. What is the meaning of this ? Do you seek my life ? 
 
 Ruth, (making a pass with his sword at Rizzio). No, madam ; but 
 we will have out yonder villain, Davie. ( Mary seizes Ruthven by 
 the wrist.) 
 
 Rizzio. Guistizia ! Guistizia ! 
 
 Mary. If my secretary, Signor Rizzio, has done anything amiss, the 
 Lords of Parliament shall try him ; but the usual forms of justice shall 
 be observed. 
 
 Andrew Kerr of Faudonside. Here are the means of justice. 
 (Produces a rope with his left hand and with his right presents a dagg 
 or pistol, which he presses against the bosom of the Queen, who confronts 
 him intrepidly ,) 
 
 Riz. ( speaking with great terror). I am a dead man. 
 
 Mary. Fear not, Signor Rizzio ! The King will never suffer you to 
 be slain in my presence ; neither can he forget your faithful services. 
 (Darnley is abashed and about withdrawing.) 
 
 Ruth. Sir, take the Queen, your wife and sovereign, to you. Pin 
 her arms ! Remove her ! 
 
 ( Clamor without. A Douglas ! a Douglas ! Conspirators rush upon 
 Rizzio ; the table and chairs are overset, the Countess op Argyle 
 seizes a candelabra as it is thrown down and saves the robes of the 
 Queen from being enveloped in flames. For a moment all is dark : then 
 followers of Morton rush in with torches. A dreadful struggle en- 
 sues, all the conspirators striving to slab Rizzio, who grovels at the 
 Queen's feet, she still endeavoring to shield him. Ruthven seizes the 
 Queen and throws her into the arms of Darnley.) 
 
 Ruth. ( to the Queen). Do not be frightened ; there is no harm in- 
 tended you. All that is done is your husband's deed. 
 
 (Mary struggles to free herself while in the arms of Darnley.) 
 
 Rizzio, grovelling at her feet and clinging to her dress, is crying, 
 stammering and repeating, Misericordia ! Guistizia ! Mercy ! Madam, 
 save my life ! Guistizia ! 
 
 Mary (to Darnley). Out upon you, dastard ! You did come to be- 
 tray me with a Judas kiss. You will live to remember this— your 
 Judas kiss. (To the Conspirators.) Traitors and villains! Begone! 
 or you shall suffer the law's severest penalties. I will protect this hap- 
 
28 BOTHWELL. 
 
 less creature, this innocent victim, this faithful servant, even although 
 to him I owe this bitter moment, because that he won from my unwill- 
 ingness a consent to wed the caitiff wretch now dares restrain his 
 sovereign. 
 
 Euth. This has lasted too long. Have out that gallant ! (indicating 
 Rizzio). 
 
 Darn. Let him go, madam ! They will not harm him ! 
 
 Riz. {shrieking). Save my life, madam ! Save my life, for God's 
 dear sake. 
 
 George Douglas (snatching Darnley's dagger from its sheath, and 
 stabbing Rizzio over the Queen's shoulder, leaving the dagger sticking 
 in the wound). This is the blow of the King ! 
 
 Ker. (pressing his pistol against the Queen). I will shoot you dead 
 if you any longer struggle to save your minion. 
 
 Mary. Fire ! If you do not respect the royal infant in my bosom. 
 
 Darnley (pushes away Kerr's dagg or pistol, which misses fire, as 
 Patrick Bellenden makes a stab at the Queen with his rapier. The 
 blow is parried with a torch by Anthony Standen. her page. Darn- 
 ley forces the Queen down into a chair and holds her there while Riz- 
 zio is torn away by the conspirators, and amid terrible uproar and 
 oaths, clash of weapons and attempts to slay him). 
 
 Riz. (as he is hurried out). Guistizia ! guistizia ! 
 
 (Renewed and terrible uproar and cries without, then groans and 
 cries of exultation, followed by a thumping sound as of a body thrmcn 
 down stairs. The Conspirators gradually struggle back into the room, 
 laughing and jesting with each other, wiping the blood from their 
 weapons, and readjusting their garments.) 
 
 Ruthven (throwing himself, insolently, into a chair). Give me a 
 drink. Bring me a cup of wine ; I am sore felled by my sickness. 
 
 Mary. Where is Messire David ? Whither have they dragged 
 him ? Has he been put in ward, aud where ? 
 
 Beatoun (sadly). Madam, it is useless to speak of David, as the man 
 is dead. 
 
 Mary (to Beatoun, sorrowfully). Dead ? Ah, poor David, my good 
 and faithful servant ! May the Lord have mercy on your soul ! ( To 
 Darnley, savagely.) That was a Judas kiss. 
 
 (A pause, grouping and tableau. Mary suddenly springs up and 
 rushes to the window and throws it open, and shrieks for assistance. 
 Through it is heard the clamor of an aroused populace and the clash of 
 arms, and through the casement streams in the glare of torches carried 
 by those without. Behind the scenes noise of fighting.) 
 
 Mary. Help ; help, my lieges ! (Daunley drags her away from the 
 windoio.) 
 
BOTHWELL. 
 
 29 
 
 Ruth. Madam, if you make such an outcry, sooner than these 
 people should rive you from us, I would cut you into collops, and 
 throw them down to the rabble. 
 
 Mary. Where can I look for aid V 
 
 {Noise of fighting without, and cries: Viva Bothwell ! St. Bride 
 for Bothwell ! Spears and axes ! Bothwell ! Bothwell ! 
 
 Mary {falling into a chair). Always faithful to his motto, "Kiip 
 trest ! " My own brave Bothwell ! I will trust him. 
 
 {Through the main entrance to the chamber burst in the Earls of 
 Bothwell and Huntley with a body of serving and kitchen-men 
 armed with spits, cleavers, knives and whatever weapons they could 
 seize or came to hand. Their sudden inburst drives back the Con- 
 spirators and frees the Queen. Bothwell rushes to the Queen, 
 who throws herself into Ids arms.) 
 
 Mary {to Darnley). Ah ! traitor and son of a traitor ! Is this the 
 recompense you give me, who have loaded you with benefits, and 
 raised you to dignities so great and undeserved ? Is this the reward 
 you reserved for him who did so much for your good and honor ? 
 ( Wiping her streaming eyes.) Ah ! no more tears, but revenge ! No 
 more joy for me until your heart shall be as desolate as mine this 
 night. I will now study revenge ! {Half swooning.) 
 
 Ruth, {sinking, overcome with faintness, into a chair). A thousand 
 devils ! What have we here ? Furies and hell ! Curses on Maitland's 
 policy and plan ! We have slain the jackall here and let the lion go. 
 Besotted fools, our work is all to do over again ! 
 
 ( Behind the scenes.) Long live the Earl of Bothwell ! 
 
 {The Conspirators prepare to renew the struggle, Bothwell con- 
 fronting them triumphantly with the Queen in his arms. Darnley 
 abashed contemplates the group, not knowing what to do. As the fight- 
 ing is about to be renewed, the Curtain falls.) 
 
30 
 
 BOTHWELL. 
 
 Edinburgh Castle 
 
 ACT Til. 
 
 SCENE I. — Same as Act J., Scene I. Mary and Bothwell come for- 
 ward from the arbor in amorous discourse 
 
 Mary. Darling, the history of ray loves is but a serial story of mis- 
 haps. Love, the sum total of a woman's life, has realized for me the 
 verses of the Latin poet, that "love's a spring of delights, and afterward 
 a season of despair." Dearest, you well know that I am versed in the 
 Humanities, and most conversant with those poets, troubadours and 
 versifiers of the affairs of the heart. Love, they say, is a mingling of 
 honey and of acid, a "bitter-sweet." Mine has been indeed a bitter-sweet 
 in which the former, bitterness, was the most potent. Yet no one will 
 forego the sweetness of the entrance thereunto, even if the judgment 
 doth assure the bitterness of the exit. It is indeed a most tempting bait 
 that entices the poor fish to gorge its own destruction. My own Both- 
 well, young in years and in experience, I did love the boy Francis ; 
 but I had not then known you. 1 did lament him, but I had not as yet 
 felt the first effects of the intense influence that your manliness, fidelity 
 and mind exerted on my soul of souls. This varnished toy, this Darn- 
 ley, and you came to me in my first months of sorrow. To whom did 
 my heart cleave ? To you ! To whom did it incline at Joinville and 
 at Jedburgh ? To you, to you, to you ! 
 
 Bothwell. And yet you allowed that traitor bastard, Murray, to 
 drive me into exile. 
 
 Mary. Alas, my love, I am unpardonable, but ( bewitchingly in tone 
 and manner) I was powerless. That man, that betrayer, my father's 
 son, was all powerful; and, weak as women always are when they 
 should be strongest, I yielded. I am without excuse. State policy — 
 
BOTHWELL. 31 
 
 my curse upon the sad necessity — compelled the sovereign where the 
 woman should have been all queen. 
 
 Both. I forgive that because I went, and the event proved all that I 
 could Avish. You were compelled to recall me. But you married 
 Darnley. 
 
 Mary. The peace and stability of Scotland compelled me. The 
 Queen of England drove me to the act. I was the tool of her accursed 
 policy, the property of her ambition. You were in exile ; woe is mr 
 that I consented to do so ! I was without a friend to aid me. France, 
 Spain, England, Rome, were providing me with husbands; Murray 
 was depriving me of everything but the name of Queen. How, but by 
 marriage, could I put a stop to the persecution on the one side, or have 
 crushed the insolence of the other. Oh, my dear love, well you know 
 that it was not then in my power to make choice of you, unless I would 
 have been content, not only to have my crown torn from me, but also to 
 resign both our lives to glut the implacable malice of our foes. I never 
 loved this Darnley, and his ingratitude has made me hate him. Oh, my 
 Bothwell, you must condone my wedding elsewhere than as my heart 
 desired. I believe that in your heart, your wise and manly heart, you 
 must now be perfectly convinced that there was an invincible neces- 
 sity for this hated, hateful marriage, although the fury which filled 
 your soul to behold me in another's arms would not permit you to ac- 
 knowledge it. And yet, my own, my own dear Bothwell, my own dear 
 life, I was, I am, I ever shall be yours and only yours. 
 
 Both. My own Mary, if this was and is so, where was that trust, 
 you ever do protest, in me, when you, in spite of Darnley, made me 
 your Lieutenant-General and, afterward, Warden of all Three Marches, 
 an office never before held by one person ; — ay, placed your Hepburn, 
 omnipotent upon the Borders, as a barrier against England; and nath- 
 less, was afraid to call him to your aid against so many nearer but less 
 dangerous enemies, you fear and feared. 
 
 Maky {caressingly). Not with you thus, here, by my side. 
 
 Both. Love of my youth, my manhood, and my prime ; my truest 
 life, my own Mary; you confess all this, and yet you gave yourself to 
 him ; this upstart, senseless, graceless, long-legged boy — more like a 
 woman than a man ; merely a lusty, beardless lady-faced Adonis ; such 
 as your astute uncle, the Cardinal of Lorraine wisely styled him, "a 
 high-born quarrelsome coxcomb ;" totally unmeet to be my own Mary's 
 consort. 
 
 Maky. Think not, my Hepburn, it was love that furnished me with 
 arguments to justify my choice of this ingrate caitiff, for I protest by 
 that dread power, by which I have so often sworn, that Bothwell was 
 
32 BOTHWELL. 
 
 the dearest thing on earth ; that he is so, and ever will be so while I 
 have life. 
 
 Both. ( with a touch of sarcasm). You bore with him full long, and 
 it me seems that Hepburn and his loyalty were clean forgotten. 
 
 Mary. I married Darnley through policy's compulsion, not from 
 choice. Surely the fire of true love never enkindled my affection for 
 him. No time is pleasing to me that is not spent in giving you new 
 demonstrations of my affection for you. Well may I err in the rules of 
 government and state, when all my thoughts are taken up with love 
 for you. If I had to choose whether to relinquish crown and state, or 
 thee, my Bothwell, I would leave my dignity and kingdom to follow thee 
 throughout the world, a simple damsel. I never deceived you and 
 remit myself altogether to your will. Send me at any time advisement 
 of what I shall do, and whatsoever may come of it, I will obey you. 
 
 Both. And say you so ? The time is come to prove it. "Were you 
 once free to love, not as now and in the past, in secret, but before the. 
 world, to wed, to crown, where would you be ? 
 
 (As he utters these words and gesticulates, he spreads abroad his arms, 
 questioning, and Maky throws herself into them.) 
 
 Mary. Where would I be ! Where my heart has been for many, 
 so many years, my Bothwell ! Here ! here ! here ! 
 
 Both. Then you do trust me now ? 
 
 Mary. Implicitly, my hero ; my knight, my man ! Do you think 
 3 r our Mary can ever forget the accomplished knight and fearless horse- 
 man who, at the Tournament near the Rood of Green side, galloped in 
 full panoply down the steep side of the Calton and leaped his steed into 
 the ring, to the terror and admiration, not only of his Queen, but of her 
 whole Court ? You seemed that day the god of war, in grace, incarnate ! 
 
 Both. Then let us in. {Pointing to the arbor in the background.) 
 The sun is near his setting. Night, which brings counsel as a rule; 
 this night will bring release and usurp the privilege of day. All is 
 prepared as planned with your consent, assistance, wishes and com- 
 mands. There let us rest awhile in fond commune and with your kisses 
 seal firm the bond hereafter makes us one — forever one. 
 
 (He uncloses his embrace after kissing her passsionately, and then, 
 with his arms thrown about her neck and hers twined around his waist, 
 they disappear in the arbor, whispering fondly as they go.) 
 
 Both, (within the bosket, sings) : 
 
 Mary, my Queen ! 
 When banished from thy presence dear. 
 The world seems desolate and leer, 
 
 And steeped in gloom : 
 
BO TRW ELL. 33 
 
 My actions spectral movements seem, 
 I do not live, but idly dream ; 
 
 The world 's a tomb, 
 Till, at thy coming, light and life, 
 With beauty, grace, and glory rife, 
 
 My thoughts illume. 
 
 What, then, to me is Scotland's ban '? 
 My soul dilates, once more a man, 
 
 The world I dare ; 
 For thee I live, for thee would die — 
 Yea, for one glance of thy fond eye, 
 
 And nothing care ; 
 Beside thee smiling, all is light ; 
 Absent from thee, the world is night, 
 
 Mary, my Queen ! 
 
 (Scene changes, or opens.') 
 
 SCENE II. — Interior of the notorious building in Edinburgh, known 
 as the Kirk-o- Field* Time, night of dth-lOth February, 1567. 
 
 As the space between the stage and the arch over it is very lofty, 
 and the actual rooms represented had very low ceilings, there must 
 be a double flooring, showing Darnley's sleeping apartment over 
 Queen Mary's room, in the latter of which the powder (with which the 
 building was blown up) was stored, under Darnley's bedchamber. 
 
 Upper Stage (v. s.) signifies Darnley's bedchamber. Lower 
 Stage (l. s.) Queen Mary's room. 
 
 In the apartment (u. s.) Darnley is discovered reading, in com- 
 pany with his body-servant or page, Taylor. 
 
 Queen Mary, Bothwell, the Conspirators, cum suis, first show 
 themselves on the stage below and afterward mount a staircase to the 
 Left Side facing the audience. The commencement of this stair- 
 case might be shown laterally, so that the course of their ascent would 
 be recognized by the audience and nevertheless leave the whole of 
 the upper portion of the upper stage clear for the action of the piece. 
 
 l. s. Enter Mary with her train, and the Conspirators, Nobles with 
 Attendants, lighting them with flambeaux or torches, and Bothwell 
 following. He is richly but soberly attired. 
 
 * Kirk-o-Field. — The house of Kirk-o-Field, as Buchanan, the literary organ of the 
 conspirators, declared, "was the most unwholesome, horrible and dangerous place to 
 which an invalid could be brought." * * * It was not. " The contrary has 
 
34 BOTHWELL. 
 
 Both-well (approaching Mary to the front, leaving the rest in the 
 background). The passion kindled in my bosom sixteen years, since 
 when first we met at Joinville, in the sunny land of France, when my 
 " White queen " was widow, the widow of a boy, who, with all his 
 fondness, could never fill the soul of one fit for a Caesar's mate. For 
 sixteen years this passion has fed upon my heart, nourished by hope and 
 faith. My love was like the morning sun, obscured by mists and clouds ; 
 it was felt, not seen. But when at my lone headquarters at the Her- 
 mitage, you deigned to visit your poor wounded knight, it seemed as 
 if the mists and clouds all fled. Then followed your sojourn at Glas- 
 gow. Your letters by French Paris assured me I had won the game 
 on which I had staked my life. And now the sun has attained meridian 
 height. Will it shine out and in splendor ? This night the blow 
 Will be struck which shall decide whether that sun shall stand still in 
 full noontide blaze, as it stood still at Joshua's command on Gibeon, 
 or sink in storm and ruin. Thou hast said and writ, that thou art all my 
 own. When the crack comes which sends hence this unruly boy, wilt 
 thou stand to it. The only obstacle is thus removed and if thy pur- 
 pose holds, then, then thou art mine, before the world, as thou hast 
 
 since been demonstrated by the Medical Faculty of Edinburgh uniting in choosing it for 
 the site of the Royal Infirmary ; in fact, the ground is at present occupied by the College. 
 The Thief's Row * * * was neither more nor less than the Sanctuary of 
 
 our Lady's Kirk-o-Pield, which remained, like that attached to the Abbey of Holy- 
 rood, long after the dissolution of its monastic foundation. Whatever might be said of 
 the badness of such a neighborhood, applied no less to the Edinburgh Palace of the Re- 
 gent Hamilton, where his brother, the Primate of Scotland, was then residing within 
 sight and hearing of everything going on in the lodgings chosen for Darnley. The 
 Mansion itself was a substantially built edifice only two stories high, with a basement 
 or cellar which served for the kitchen and offices. 
 
 A spiral staircase in a turret, defended by what was then called, and is still called in 
 Scotland, a turnpike, on the same plan as a wicket turnstile, communicated with the 
 private entrance through a low postern-door in the Town-Wall, and gave access to both 
 chambers through their respective lobbies. Behind these were the small apartments 
 called garclerobes. in which the attendants slept ; and considering the fact that no less 
 than five perished with Darnley, and that one absented himself that night, and another 
 was taken out alive, they must have been strangely crowded. 
 
 Scotch dormitories were, however, arranged for persons of inferior rank very much 
 in the manner of berths iu a steam-packet, in recesses in the walls, masked with sliding 
 panels, of which many examples may still be seen in ancient castles, as well as the 
 Highlands hotels and cottages." .Steickland's "Mary Stuart," I. 386. 
 
 See " Murray's Handbook for Scotland," 58 (2) : " Kirk of Field lay almost due east 
 by south of Edinburgh Castle, about half a mile ; and a little more than that west by 
 south of Holyrood Palace. Drummond street, leading out of South Bridge opposite the 
 College, occupies in part the site of The Kirk-o-Field, in which stood the house occupied 
 by Darnley, which was blown up, with him in it> as was generally but erroneously sup- 
 posed, Oth— 10th February, 1567." 
 
BOTHWEIL. 35 
 
 long been mine in secret, unci as I have been wholly thine since the 
 first hour we met. 
 
 Mary (looking round upon her suite and finding that they are ab- 
 sorbed in conversation, and not observing her). All that I wrote from 
 Glasgow and spoke, even this very evening in the palace garden, I felt 
 and feel. There 's not a thought I placed on paper and sent thee by 
 French Paris, but that I felt and feel. Take thou the hand that held the 
 pen and try my pulse ! Does it beat calmly ? 
 
 Both, (after talcing her hand and holding it a minute). Like clock- 
 work. Like the tides obedient to the laws that never change ; strong, 
 full and regular. 
 
 Mary. So holds my purpose. Is everything prepared ? 
 
 Both. Even beyond our hopes. These Lairds with whom I hold 
 this Bond are neither true to thee nor me ; but faithful to themselves ; 
 yea, they are fiercely true to their own common interests, as is the 
 love that fills our souls for each other. Darnley this night must die ! 
 Even though the whole powder-plot should fail, he dies as surely as if an 
 earthquake were to heave and split the soil, and swallow up these walls 
 and all within them. There is not an enemy he ever made but circles 
 it in arms ; and the few servitors that feed and fill the mine are 
 nothing to the numbers who compass Kirk-o-Field without. Fear 
 nothing ! If all the powder I have brought from Dunbar should but 
 suffice to lift the roof, there is enough of it stored beneath the very 
 walls' foundations to send them soaring. 
 
 Mary. How ? You amaze me ! 
 
 Both. This Bond, distrusting Bothwell's courage, has made their 
 vengeance "sicker," and plotting with me have plotted against thee and 
 me and Darnley, that their vengeance fail not. Not only he and 
 his, but the very stones of Kirk-o-Field will kiss the stars to-night if 
 there 's virtue in saltpetre. 
 
 Mary. My own, my own true knight ; my Bothwell ! But, hark ! 
 Our conversation has lasted long enough. We understand each other. 
 I leave early, soon, thou knowest, to grace Sebastian's wedding at the 
 palace. A. few short sweetened words to lull this man's distrust and 
 I will forth. Then see thou to it ! Be wary ! Let no suspicion light 
 on thee — nor me ; but— fail not ! 
 
 Queen Mary, and her suite, likewise, and Bothwell leave (l. s.), as- 
 cend the stairs, and enter Darnley's chamber (v. s.). The Attendants 
 icith torches exeunt, icithdrawing to one side. 
 
 The action (u. s.)for the most part, is in dumb show : the Nobles pay- 
 ing their court to Darnley ; Mary, apparently, conversing affection- 
 ately with him. 
 
 l. s. As soon as Mary and the others are thus occupied u. s., enter 
 
36 BOTHWELL. 
 
 from the rear, through the postern, Bothwell's followers, Hubert Ok- 
 miston and Hay of Talla, bearing sacks of powder. Hubert or 
 French Paris lighting them with a candle. 
 
 u. s. Bothwell suddenly leaves u. s. and descends by the stairs to L. s. 
 
 Both, (to his followers). My heavens, what a din ye make ! They 
 may hear above all ye do. And how you look, Hubert ! nil be-smirched 
 with powder ! Heard ye not what the Queen said when she saw 
 you ? " Mercy, Paris, how begrimed you are." Wash your face and 
 hands and look innocent, if you have pluck enough. (In a low tone 
 communing with himself.) Most curious coincidence ! Like the pale 
 horse of the fourth seal in Revelations : the White Steed of Death 
 transported hither from Dunbar, the fatal sacks will send Lord Darnley 
 up — or down — which way he goes it matters not, so that he goes. 
 
 ( The attendants signify obedience to Bothwell's warning and hav- 
 ing concealed the powder with tapestry and the hangings of the bed, 
 go out (l. s.) through the postern. Bothwell re-ascends to Darnley's 
 apartment u. s. 
 
 u. s. Darnley (Evidently pleading with the Queen). My queen ! 
 my wife ! desert me not ! Let us once more be one, as erst we were ; 
 one table, one bed, one life. Grant this, oh ! sovereign lady, or your 
 poor Henry doth not desire ever to leave this room a healthy man 
 again. Oh ! be once more my loving bride of Weymiss and of Stirling, 
 and I will go wherever you do list. Let us be as in our better days, 
 before I sinned, together at bed and board, and live like wife and hus- 
 band ! 
 
 (French Paris shows himself, unseen by Darnley, at entrance door 
 (u. s.), signalling that all is ready. Mary makes a sign, that she under- 
 stands.) 
 
 Mary (kissing Darnley, and placing a ring on Ms finger ; with a 
 smile). Sweet, you are an invalid ! You are nervous ! You are fearful ! 
 There is no recipe against fear. It is time you were abed (distant bells 
 toll eleven). Eleven is striking. It is later than I thought. I must not 
 break my promise to Bastian and his bride. My lords and gentlemen, 
 see that the torches are lighted. I will return on foot. 
 
 (Bothwell and the Queen's suite quit the apartment u. s., descend 
 the stairs and leave the house l. s. Through the open door by which 
 they go out flashes in the glare of the flambeaux or torches, as they 
 are lighted.) 
 
 u. s. Mary (throwing her arms around Darnley's neck). Good 
 night, sweet ! We will see more of each other hereafter. (Kisses him, 
 then, aside.) Kiss for kiss. You kissed me as the signal for poor Da- 
 vie's murder ; I kiss you as the signal of my revenge and my emanci- 
 pation. Kiss for kiss ! 
 
BOTHWBLL. 37 
 
 Darn, {with Ids arms around her toaist, strives to detain her ; she un- 
 clasps his hands and gently places him in his chair, and throwing kisses 
 at him as sJie goes, draws near the door at the head of the stairs, u. s., 
 stops, and then icith a changed demeanor, and with emphasis, addresses 
 Darnley. 
 
 Mary {significantly). This time last year, and about this hour — 
 poor David Rizzio was murdered. {With the last words she passes 
 through the door u. s., and descends to l. s. Taylor lighting her 
 down the stairs. She goes out through the main entrance, left side, Tay- 
 lor closes and locks the door, l. s,, after her ; then goes into the Queen's 
 bedroom, and tries the postern (l. s. rear. ) Assured that it is locked, he 
 passes out of the door opening upon the entry, locks it (l. s.), ascends the 
 stairs to u. s. and rejoins Darnley, u. s., who Jias started up from 7ds 
 chair as the Queen spoke her last words and continued, while Taylor 
 is absent, gazing at the door as if absorbed in reflection upon what the 
 Queen had said.) 
 
 Darn, {to Taylor, as he enters). Heard you what her Majesty said 
 on leaving. 
 
 Taylor. I did my Lord. The words were ominous. It is just 
 eleven months to-night since Signor Rizzio was slain. 
 
 Darn. Those words were like a black bull's severed head, portend- 
 ing sudden, violent death or murder, here in Scotland. They seemed to 
 drip blood on my ears, as they fell from her lips, even as she kissed 
 me. My soul is sad within me ! Oh ! I remember ! I remember ! Mine 
 was a Judas kiss, that night. Such was her declaration after the plot 
 revealed itself in blood, and Rizzio was dead. {Wringing his hands. 
 A Judas kiss — then — that it was. Oh ! I repent me ! Was her kiss 
 to-night another Judas kiss ? "Woe is me ! Why do I recall this, at 
 this moment ? {Prays silently.) 
 
 Tay. Take courage, my good lord ; the Queen may not have in- 
 tended anything. Her words may have been an accidental freak of 
 memory. 
 
 Darn, {not attending to Taylor's attempt at comfort). What did she 
 mean '? What could she have meant ? And, yet, she was so kind. 
 {Looking at the ring Mary had given him.) And gave me this, and 
 promised to return and give me more of her good company hence- 
 forth — and yet those words. They sounded like a menace. It likes 
 me not. {Seating himself.) Draw the table hither, and trim the lamp ! 
 Bring the Breviary, and read the Fifty-fifth Psalm. I cannot sleep. 
 Those words have banished sleep. 
 
 Tay. {obeys, brings a book, Darnley settles himself into an attitude 
 of listening and Taylor proceeds to read in a low voice, inaudible to 
 the audience. Dumb show.) 
 
38 BOTHWELL. 
 
 l. s. While this action is going on u. s., the postern (l.s.) is unlocked, 
 and French Paris enters with a smaller bag of powder, unties it, and 
 lays a train from the bed to near the door, and finally adjusts to it a 
 piece of lunt, (slow-match). Simultaneously Bothwell appears at 
 the door, with a slouched hat drawn over his face and draped in atrooper's 
 cloak, watching the proceedings. Behind him, looking over his shoulder, 
 stand Hepburn, Ormiston and Hay op Talla. French Paris lights 
 the sloio-match, goes out of postern hurriedly, closes and locks the door. 
 The slow-match flickers, sputters, but does not burn. 
 
 u. s. Darnley (starting up suddenly). Heard you no noise below ? 
 
 Tay. (after listening). None, my dear Lord. 
 
 Darn. I am so nervous, so unmanned, so weak from sickness and 
 faint-heartedness. I must go forth into the garden to breathe one 
 breath of the fresh air. 
 
 Tay. You will catch your death of cold, my Lord ! 
 
 Darn, (forcing Taylor aside, who tries in vain to detain 7ii?n). I'd 
 rather die a thousand deaths of cold without, than freeze to death with 
 terror here within. (He thrusts Taylor aside violently, catches up a 
 furred cloak, and followed by Taylor rushes through the door (u. s. 
 left), springs down the stairs, opens the main entrance door, left side, 
 and flies out. 
 
 As they disappear (l. s., rear). 
 
 Both, (without). I have watched the match through the key-hole 
 It does not burn. Unlock the door ! Let me go in and see to it. 
 
 (Sound of struggling without.) 
 
 French Paris (without). Oh, go not in, my Lord ! Oh, go not in ! 
 Tempt not your fate, my Lord ! You will perish ! Have patience, my 
 dear Lord ; for the Queen's sake, have patience ! If not for your own 
 sake, for the Queen's sake forbear ! 
 
 All is now quiet without and within — a pause of a few minutes — 
 suddenly the slow-match flares up; kindles the train; the fire runs across 
 the room ; the powder explodes ; the house blows up and falls in ruins, 
 and through the shattered rear (representing the outer wall of the house) 
 are seen the corpses of Darnley and Taylor, strangled, lying dead on 
 a sort of terrace, so as to be distinctly visible from the front. View of 
 Edinburgh and Arthur's Seat in the distance. Immediate clangor of 
 bells and cries of the alarmed neighborhood. Amid the uproar the voice 
 of Sir Archibald Douglas, at the extreme rear, is distinctly heard. 
 
 Balfour. Eternal good night to my Lord Darnley ! The deed is 
 done, and well done ! 
 
 As the smoke drifts away, the din witJiout increases ; other bells ring- 
 ing alarm, join in amid the deafening clangor. Curtain falls. 
 
BO Til WELL. 
 
 39 
 
 Bothwell Castle. 
 
 ACT IV. 
 
 SCENE I. — An Apartment of the Suite occupied by the Earl op Mur- 
 ray, in Edinburgh. Bate, 8th April, 1567. 
 
 The curtain rises upon Murray, in earnest discourse with Mor- 
 ton and Lethtngton, discussing the affairs of Scotland. 
 
 Murray. It grieves me sorely to find myself all powerless to avert 
 such evils from my country ; to see my sister falling completely in the 
 snares of such a' man as Hepburn, the profligate, the simple sworder 
 and however brave — no man can deny his valiantness — so utterly de- 
 void of principles we follow as our guides. 
 
 Morton. Murray, between us, who understand each other thorough- 
 ly, what need is there of empty words. It is with us as with the old 
 Roman augurs ; they could scarcely look each other in the face with- 
 out laughing. Such utterances as yours, my lord, are giff-gaff. Your 
 goal is supreme power. You thirst, you hunger, languish for the 
 crown, or at least the sovereign authority denied by birth, by accident. 
 You talk too much and are too squeamish. You do not object to eat 
 the cosset when the butcher has dressed it for your table ; but shrink 
 yourself from killing it or even standing by to see the butcher slay and 
 flay it. You talk too much. When we had kept your skirts all clean 
 and clear of Rizzio's taking off, so that the poor thing, your sister, 
 
40 BOTHWELL. 
 
 verily believed you innocent of blame, and claimed your sympathy, 
 and gave you her confidence, you needs must talk and over-act the 
 part. Again, when Darnley was blown up and opportunely, and your 
 noble countess was taken sick and summoned you to her side, you 
 needs must talk anew, and the whole country rung with words you 
 dropped in going to her. What was repeated showed you were all 
 privy to the plot. Away to France. We made short work with Rizzio 
 and with but little space got rid of Darnley. Set off for France ! Leave 
 all to Lethington and me ! This man, this Bothwell, has not risen so 
 high, but that we can fly a hawk will bring him down. He is too 
 honest. He thinks he can rule without a party. No man ever could 
 do that ; rule by sheer force of will, of loyalty. He dreams that de- 
 votion to his country, to Scotland, " Land o' the Leal," and his still 
 stronger passion for the Queen, are all that is needed. 
 
 Mur. Bad as they say we are, I must admit {laughing slyly) that 
 among our blackguards Bothwell is that vara avis, a white crow, a mi- 
 racle of virtue. 
 
 Mor. Make no delay, blindfold the Queen ! Never was woman so 
 ductile in the hands of anyone can play on her affections ; so easily 
 cajoled. Consign your only child, your daughter, to her wardship, 
 and remit to her best offices your countess ! This will be a blind. 
 This very trust will allay all her suspicions. 
 
 Mur. But, meanwhile, you take no count of Bothwell. Maitland, 
 my Lord of Morton, seems too sanguine. 
 
 Lethington. Bothwell's sun is soaring to its noon. Never a sun 
 arose that did not have a setting, some sooner and some later. The 
 days are short in Scotland, except in summer, and summer's not yet 
 come. As yet 'tis early spring, with weather most uncertain. The 
 coming summer must be all ours with its long days and longer twilights. 
 Before the summer solstice, Bothwell's day will have been swallowed 
 up by night. The game is ours. We hold the winning cards. 
 (Significantly) I hold the ace of trumps ? 
 
 Mxjr. (eagerly). The ace of trumps ? How ? Who ? 
 
 Leth. Kirkaldy, Laird of Grange. 
 
 Mur. Kirkaldy ? 
 
 Leth. Ay ; you seem astonished. You do not note the setting of 
 the wind as does an eye, like mine, that is ever fixed upon the vane of 
 popular opinion and circumstances. Kirkaldy is a mere soldier ; a good 
 one, it is true, but nothing more. His head is not well balanced, and his 
 heart impressionable. Already he casts sheep's-eyes upon your sis- 
 ter, and she returns his gaze with sympathetic glances. Poor woman, 
 I would pity her did she not stand between us and our fortunes ; but 
 pity is too precions a commodity to throw away. I admit that she 
 
BOTHWELL. 
 
 41 
 
 loves Bothwell with all the passionate ardor of her double nature. She 
 comes by it honestly. She has it from her father, the late king, who 
 gave so many noble sprouts to Scotland ; and from a mother, the 
 woman of Lorraine, the Guise. And, more, report assigns to her 
 prime favorite, the gay gallant, gracious Cardinal Beatoun, the author- 
 ship of Mary Stuart. Mary herself, although so dead in love with 
 B )thwell, that she denied long since no proofs of it ; long, long before 
 we recognized the fact ; yes, loved him back into the days when she 
 wore weeds for Francis — nathless, she had an eye meanwhile for others ; 
 Damville, Chastelard, John Gordon ; nay she went so far as to hanclfast 
 and then wed Darnley ; loving this Bothwell all the time. She is a born 
 coquette ; not bad, but easily twisted around a subtle finger. Leave all 
 to us, to me ! Kirkaldy is my ace of trumps ! As Morton saj's, "Away 
 to London, to Elizabeth, to France : be patient : bide the time !" 
 
 James Stuart, Earl of Moray. 
 
 Mtjr. {who has listened attentively and reflectively, and marked the 
 drift of all these arguments). My mails are all prepared. Keep me 
 advised ! My amplest influence and most puissant backing you have 
 —may use them to the uttermost ; but save appearances. Keep me 
 clear from blame, and, if I grasp the sceptre, rest assured we will 
 divide. Farewell. {Exit.) 
 
42 BOTHWELL. 
 
 Leth. (as Murray goes out). God speed ! (To Morton, who has 
 latterly remained somewhat in the background ; silent, but intent on every 
 word that passes). Divide ! Yes, that we will, or your proud day, 
 my Earl of Murray, will be as short as Darnley's was, as Bothwell's 
 shall be. (Extending his hand to Morton, who grasps and shakes it 
 assentingly .) Now, for Kirkaldy ! to plume the popinjay, and set him 
 up, so that his vivid colors shall attract our bird's attention.* Then, 
 with dulcet piping on our part, all safely hid, we'll tole her into the 
 trap we have set. After that, when Mary's taken, away with the 
 popinjay ; into the dust heap with him ! I must follow Murray, to get 
 him off for London and to France ; our work brooks no delay. (Exit.) 
 
 * Here the question suggests itself, Why did Mary permit herself to be deluded by 
 Kirkaldy ? Was she, like many women of her class, suddenly overcome by a wild 
 spasm of passion for him— one of those outbreaks which Bothwell so greatly feared 
 after his marriage with her, and against which he guarded her and his honor with the 
 ultra suspicious jealousy of a Spaniard ; or did she believe, as the celebrated English, 
 historian Lord Mahon, expresses it, " No one, perhaps, except the immovable Knox, was 
 able to bear up against them [her charms?] Her transcendant beauty [?] was joined to 
 the most bewitching manners, and few even of her bitterest enemies could help doing 
 homage to the mastery which she thus exerted over the hearts of men." 
 
 " But her mental gifts were still more remarkable. Acuteness, grasp, readiness, 
 and fertility of resource were all characteristic of her intellect. The subtlest statesman 
 could not circumvent her. The most practised reasoners failed to get the better of her 
 in discussion. Menace could not daunt, danger rather inspirited her. We have said 
 that Knox' was invulnerable to the graces of her person and the witchery of her man- 
 ners ; but it is plain, even from his own reports of interviews which took place between 
 them, that he was no match for her in argument. The greatest of English queens was 
 her contemporary, and in some respects her rival, but even Elizabeth's genius looks pale 
 when confronted with the brilliancy of Mary's. She seemed indeed born to rule the 
 world, and had her self-control been at all proportionate to her courage, her talent, and 
 her beauty, she would in all probability have accomplished results in her day that 
 must have had an enduring influence upon the destinies of Europe. But the strength 
 or her passions buined all. lEIP" Combined with her penetrating intellect, and her 
 noble physique, there was an emotional nature as ardent as it was unscrupulous. _(§£j 
 
 " It is when we take all these elements into consideration, and view her conduct in 
 the light of them, that alone we have any chance of dispelling the almost enigmatic ob- 
 scurity which has appeared so long to surround her history." 
 
 " At the bar of impartial justice, Mary Stuart stands convicted of having been 'Act 
 and Part ' in the murder of her husband, Darnley. 
 
 "As to the other point of her having acted under the influence of a guilty attach- 
 ment to Bothwell, there is still less room for hesitation. Let any one only read over 
 that Apology for her marriage, which she transmitted to the Guises of France, and it 
 must be obvious how painfully she flounders between truth and falsehood. Every- 
 thing, indeed, points to the same conclusion. That most unseemly visit of hers to 
 Bothwell, at his Castle of Hermitage ; that mockery of justice by which he was acquitted 
 of having any share in the murder of Darnley; that absurd story of the Queen's rav- 
 ishment, which it is impossible for any candid reader to peruse without seeing that, like 
 Horace's girl, the Queen was but male pertinax in the matter ; those passionate ex- 
 pressions which she uttered of her determination to cling to Bothwell, even after it 
 was clear that to do so would prove her ruin, all lead to the same conclusion — that 
 
BOTH WELL. 
 
 43 
 
 Mor. (looking after him with a subdued cunning laugh). Am I alone 
 of iron ; as Murray often saith, impenetrable ? Am I the only Lord in 
 Scotland that is proof against this Mary Stuart ? And yet, it seems to 
 he so. Little does Maitland dream that I see through him as through 
 all the rest. Away, Earl Murray ! Justly, Maitland looks beyond, and 
 thinks that as he rolls each stone up, slowly or swiftly, but ever surely, 
 to the edge of the beetling crag, that he can topple over each in turn and, 
 then, at last, Mary remains queen, with Maitland, her Prime Minister. He 
 
 James Douglas, Fourth Earl of Morton. 
 
 counts without his host. Morton will hold over. Morton, who knows 
 no love nor lure but interest. When Kirkaldy has served Murray's turn 
 
 she was laboring under an almost insane passion for the worthless profligate." (Why 
 use such terms of the "great Earl " ? Was he worse than his peers ? No ! Was he as 
 had ? No ! Was he far better ? Yes. He was honest, loyal and intrepid. 
 
 It is quite needless to call in, for the decision of this question, the famous Casket 
 Letters. These may or may not be genuine. We have no doubt ourselves as to the ver- 
 dict which should be returned regarding them. But our purpose is already accom- 
 plished without their aid. The guilt of Mary, is to our mind clear as any proposition in 
 Euclid, and the bona fides of Buchanan is vindicated. That there may not be errors, 
 extravagances and exaggerations in his "Detection we do not maintain. These are in- 
 
44 BOTHWELL. 
 
 and Lethington his own, as he supposes, in truth mine, he too must go 
 and Morton reign as Regent nominally ; in fact, with England's back- 
 ing, as dictator, King in all but name, supreme. {Scene changes.) 
 
 {A lapse of eleven days* is supposed to occur beticeen this Scene and 
 Scene II.) 
 
 SCENE II. — The interior of the famous "Annesley Tavern 1 '' in Edin- 
 burgh, after the termination of the historic "■Ainslie Supper." Time, 
 after midnight, 19th-20th April, 1567. Visible evidences, to the rear of 
 the stage, that a grand banquet is just concluded. The wax candles 
 in the candelabra have guttered away or burnt down. A long dis- 
 ordered table is strewn with the relics of a feast ; goblets and flagons 
 upset upon the table, around which appear many chairs and stools, 
 some still upon their legs and others overturned. Several of the guests ; 
 overcome with wine, are being helped or carried out by attendants, 
 others are being cloaked. Cries are heard without summoning the 
 Jiorses and suites of noted guests. Bothwell, Huntley, Morton, 
 Lethington and others stand apart, talking over what has occurred. 
 Bothwell and Huntley disengage themselves from the groups 
 and come forward ; the rest go out by the rear door. 
 
 Bothwell. You must admit, my brother, that never was a ticklish 
 piece of business better managed. With all my hopes and strong 
 abiding faith, I scarcely could have counted on such an unanimity. 
 Why all signed willingly, except that sneaking Eglinton, who stole away 
 so quietly, he disappeared like a very wraith. Here I hold the Bond 
 (showing a roll of parchment) signed by at least five bishops, the 
 bastard, Murray, nine earls and seven lords of little less account, 
 among the high nobility, papists and protestants alike, counselling 
 and urging the Queen to marry me. It sets forth that she cannot 
 find throughout the world a nobler or more fitting mate, endowed 
 
 cident to all men who write as near as he did to the date at which the events recorded 
 actually took place. But his substantial accuracy is established, and however much our 
 romantic or sentimental feelings may be wounded, ive must, in deference to historical 
 fact, admit that the beautiful Queen Mart was, in reality, one or the most aban- 
 doned AND UNSCRUPULOUS OF HEB SEX." 
 
 * In order to indicate the intervals, the longer or more important lapses of time be- 
 tween the Scenes in Acts IV. and V., it might be advisable to drop an inter-act curtain, 
 as Irving does, at the end of Act II. of his adaptation of " The Merchant of Venice," 
 after the elopement of Jessica and Lorenzo, and lift it again to exhibit the return of 
 Shylock to his desolate home. 
 
BOTHWELL. 45 
 
 with all the qualities most proper for the station. By it they pledge 
 their lives, their fortunes, and their honors to sustain and maintain 
 the marriage and its consequence, fas et nefas: nay, what is more 
 and stronger, therein they invoke upon their souls the stigma of 
 being accounted unworthy and faithless traitors, neither worthy of 
 reputation nor credit at any time thereafter, if they violate their 
 pledges as signed by them (pointing to the signatures on the Bond or 
 roll he Jwlds). Never in Scotland was there signed a stronger Bond, 
 or one of which the intention was more clearly manifest. Is it not so ? 
 
 Huntley. Assuredly, you have the adhesion of the major part of 
 the most powerful peers and strongest hands and intellects in Scotland. 
 
 Both, (unrolling the parchment and pointing to the leading signa- 
 ture). And, see, my old enemy, James Stuart, leads the roll. It is true 
 he was not present, but that is in keeping with his cautious character. 
 I hardl3 r thought he would sign, but his second self, his Machiavel, that 
 arch devil, Morton, or the Chameleon, Lethington, cajoled or coaxed 
 him into it. However, I ought not to be so much surprised after all, 
 recalling that after Darnley was sent so opportunely to his appro- 
 priate place — even before I was acquitted of all art and part in the 
 grim work : and Avhile the miserable rabble of the capital and so many 
 of the better classes of the burghers were wildest in their underhand as 
 well as open accusations against the Queen and myself— he had the 
 courage to give me a grand banquet in his lodgings, to testify his full 
 belief in his royal sister's innocence and in my own, of any participa- 
 tion in the death of that unfledged booby and bustard with fine legs. 
 
 Hunt. Ay, and thereby to the world gave best, assurance that he, 
 at all events, was certain that you, my dear Bothwell, was entirely free 
 from guilt. 
 
 Both, (with a quiet laugh). Considering that in intention and in 
 everything, save that his hands were neither black with powder nor 
 red with blood, the ' bastard ' was as guilty as any one of us. I had a 
 right at least to thus much countenance and backing. He is a sneak- 
 ing dog, who aye makes his fangs meet in the leg behind when the 
 wolf is close beset in front ; but never flies at the throat, unless the 
 rest of the pack have crippled the quarry. Huntley, you must confess, 
 and you have reason to do so, that he is a dangerous — if but a sneaking 
 tyke. 
 
 Hunt. Much as you have occasion to hate Murray for the past, 
 how much more I ; my race 's ruin, my father's death, my brother's 
 judicial murder ; all, all were due to him. To you I owe my rehabilit- 
 ation ; my life can scarcely pay the debt. (Extending his hand, which 
 Bothwell grasp>s with fervor.) In life and death I am yours ; command 
 me. 
 
46 BOTEWELL. 
 
 Both. Brother, I am right glad that of your own accord and with- 
 out any solicitation you speak so strongly. Can I count on you ? 
 
 Hunt, {raising his right hand, as if affirming what he says). I repeat, 
 command me ! Simply express your wishes, and what you wish is as 
 good as done. 
 
 Both, {again exhibiting the roll of parchment that he holds). You 
 see this Bond ! It recommends me as the most proper husband for the 
 Queen ; although I am a married man and my wife is your sister. I 
 must be divorced. The Queen desires, Scotland needs the sacrifice. 
 It is a hard condition, but let your sister Jane consent and I will endow 
 her richly for the future. The Barony of Haddington and all its ample 
 revenues shall be assigned to her and hers forever. As for you, the 
 House of Gordon shall be most richly recompensed and lift its noble 
 head as rich in land and appanage as in its palmiest days. 
 
 Hunt, {after a thoughtful pause, then sadly but firmly.) These are 
 hard lines, James Hepburn ; but I consent. Your marriage with the 
 Queen has now become an absolute necessity for her, for you, for 
 Scotland ; ay, for me, and necessity knows no law. Again, I repeat 
 {giving his hand to Bothwell), for life, for death, command me ! 
 Now, what more ? 
 
 Both. Delay is our worst enemy. Nowadays things move fast and 
 every hour lost is pregnant with peril and augmenting difficulties. 
 The next step is to publicly gain possession of the Queen's person. 
 This must be done through the semblance of a ravishment. She has 
 consented ; she is all ready to hoodwink the good people. I must 
 carry her off to my grim Castle of Dunbar. After she has been there, 
 alone with me, you understand me, Huntley, for some half a score of 
 days or so, and in my power absolute, with her consent, connivance 
 and full will, she must wed me {significantly) to save what little 
 reputation she has left. In fact the thing stands so there is no time to 
 lose, even to save what little credit has been left her by Murray, Mor- 
 ton, Maitland and their crew. 
 
 Hunt, {starting). "What do you mean ? 
 
 Both. The answer must be spoken in your ear, so that no second 
 ear can catch it. {He whispers a few words to Huntley, who by 
 gestures expresses the greatest astonishment.) 
 
 Hunt, {with bated breath, stammering.) What ! What ? By you ? 
 
 Both, {lays his fingers on his lips). You now understand that any 
 delay is impossible. 
 
 Hunt, {shaking his head). No, no ; indeed no ! 
 
 Both. Now off with you, you most astonished man. Make all 
 your preparations and your moves in strict accordance with the plans 
 that I here give you. {Takes he o folded papers from the bosom of his 
 
BOTHWELL. 47 
 
 doublet, and hands them to Huntley.) The smallest is for you. Deliver 
 the second, largest, to the Queen. After she reads it, let me 
 have due answer as fast as horse and man can bring it. Keep me ad- 
 vised from time to time. I have ever lived up to the fullest meaning 
 of the motto of my house, " Kiip trest !" Be faithful ! I will be 
 ready ! See that you get a good ready likewise ! Now, good-night. 
 After all this, are you with me ? 
 
 Hunt. Again I repeat, command me ! I am yours for life, for 
 death. ( As he speaks these words, he half draws Jiis sword from its scab- 
 bard and thrusts it in with an audible snap, as if to accentuate his 
 words.) For life, for death ! Good-night, 
 
 Both. Good-night, my brother ! God be with you ! Good-night ! 
 
 Huntley goes out by the main door in the rear ; Bothwell stands 
 lost in thought for a moment, then brings his Jiands together with a loud 
 clap, as if perfectly satisfied, and leaves the room by a side door. 
 
 The scene {III.) closes in front of the banquet table and disorder in the 
 rear, so as to allow ample time to clear the stage, behind, during the suc- 
 ceeding Scene III. 
 
 Between Scenes II. and III. about four days are supposed to elapse. 
 The other intervals between the following scenes can be intimated by the 
 dropping of an interlude curtain. 
 
 SCENE III. — At the Fountain- or Almond-Bridge (Foulbriggis) between 
 one and two miles outside the old walls of Edinburgh, and about 
 three-quarters of a mile distant from the Castle on the Old Linlith- 
 gow road, which entered the capital by the West Port. Time, 
 High-noon, 24th April, 1567. 
 
 Bothwell {enters from the right hand, followed by Captain 
 Blackaddek, both are in full armor. To those without). Halt ! Captain 
 Blackadder send out patrols and make such dispositions, that no party 
 from the West, many or few, upon the causeway, proper, on a by-road 
 or across the fields, can reach the West Port without being intercepted. 
 If a company should present itself in arms and make a show of fight, 
 attack them instantly, but shoot no shot nor arrow. Do the work 
 without noise and with cold steel. See to it ; I trust to your experience 
 and discretion. {Exit Blackadder l. h. Drawing off his gauntlet 
 and extricating a letter, which he reads.) This is from my ladye-loye. 
 She tells me that until she lay at Linlithgow last night she had an 
 escort of three hundred horsemen, but, there, got rid of them. My 
 
48 BOTHWELL. 
 
 sweetheart is no fool and twists men round her fingers as deftly as 
 she threads her needle. — Moreover, she bids me bring with me, a 
 force full strong enough to crush out any opposition. I have antici- 
 pated both her fears and wishes, and a regiment more trustworthy in 
 every respect, never followed a leader for a desperate adventure. {Noise 
 of a galloping a horse without, l. h.) 
 
 Patrol {without, l. h.) Halt ! Dismount ! Whence ? Whither ? 
 
 French Paris {without). A friend, frcm Linlithgow ; dispatches 
 for my Lord, the Earl of Bothwell. 
 
 Patrol {without). Pass, friend ; but leave your horse. 
 
 Enter French Paris, l. h. 
 
 Both, {eagerly). Well ! Have you a letter ; any token ? 
 
 French P. Nothing ; none is needed, mighty Lord. Every- 
 thing is as you ordered. The Queen is even here, and has with her 
 not to exceed a dozen riders. 
 
 Both. Any men of note ? 
 
 French P. The Earl of Huntley, Sir William Maitland of Lething- 
 ton, and Sir James Melvil. The rest are grooms and jackmen. 
 
 {Benewed trampling of horses, without, l. h.) 
 
 Patrol {without, l. h.) Halt ! 
 
 Captain Blackadder {without, l. h.) Welcome, illustrious Prin- 
 cess ! 
 
 Mary {without). What means this armed array ? Where is the 
 Earl of Bothwell ? 
 
 Blackadder {without). A bow-shot distant by the bridge. 
 
 Mary {without). I will dismount ; I am weary of the saddle ; Hunt- 
 ley, Maitland and Melville follow me. Let the valetaille bide here. 
 
 Mary enters (l. h.), accompanied by the Earl of Huntley, Leth- 
 ington, Melville, and Captain Blackadder in the rear. These no 
 sooner appear on the stage than a body of dismounted jackmen {spear- 
 men) enter from both sides and form, so as to close every exit from the 
 stage to any one. 
 
 As Mary adoances Bothwell rushes to meet her, and kneeling kisses 
 her hand. Before either can speak Melville steps suddenly forward 
 to separate them. 
 
 Melville. What means this violence ?* Earl of Bothwell, does 
 this mean ravisbment ? This is foul treason ! 
 
 Both, {toith a sudden burst of fury). False meddling fool, I'll stop 
 your interference for all time, and send you to find out if that which 
 your coadjutor Maitland doth deny exists ; to Hell ! 
 
 * Melville's sudden burst of loyalty is a very slight anachronism. It occurred 
 elsewhere, but it did take place, and Mary barely saved her life. 
 
BOTHWELL. 40 
 
 (Bothwell jerks out his dagger and strides furiously towards 
 Melville. The latter partially shelters himself behind Huntley, 
 while Mary throws herself between them.) 
 
 Mary. Spare him, my Lord ! For my sake, spare him. He is not 
 worth your anger. He is no soldier, he is a mere courtier. He meant 
 no harm ; he merely asked what I now ask. Why do you meet me 
 thus in arms and force ? 
 
 Both, {aside to. Mary). Need we dissemble longer ? (Mary makes 
 an affirmative sign.) Captain Blackadder, look to these gentlemen. 
 My Lords, Earls Huntley and Maitland ; yes, Sir James, even you, 
 you are in no danger for yourselves, but a mighty peril threatens 
 her majesty in Edinburgh. This, I am here to prevent. She must 
 away with me to Dunbar. Within its walls she is safe from every 
 menace. With your permission, mighty Princess, we will set forth at 
 once. {Aside to Mary.) Can you stand the journey. You know 
 the road and distance well. (Mary makes another affirmative sign, only 
 visible to Bothwell.) Captain Blackadder, get the men to horse; but 
 sound no trumpet. We needs must arouse no question in the city. 
 Send on ahead half a dozen of our best mounted troopers in order 
 to have everything prepared and fitting for the reception of our sov- 
 ereign lord, the Queen. Despatch ! {Exit Blackadder, l. h. An 
 alarm bell rings out in Edinburgh.) Hark ! there is no time to lose ! 
 French Paris, conduct these gentlemen to their horses. 
 
 {Exit Huntley, Melville, Lethington and French Paris, l. h.) 
 
 Both, {blows a whistle. Enter, r. h., Hay of Talla). Laird of 
 Talla, leave a strong rear-guard to cover and conceal our movements 
 and keep back all pursuit. If possible, do not take life. {A cannon 
 shot, without, from the Castle of Edinburgh^) Curses upon the fool; 
 what means the Governor, Sir James Balfour. Can I trust that man ? 
 What means that shooting from the Castle. My Laird of Talla, we 
 must not be pressed. You know your business. {Another alarm bell 
 rings.) Ha ! the Tocsin of St. Giles ! {Significantly .) If necessary, 
 kill ! The Queen needs easy riding. We must not be pressed. 
 
 Laird of Talla. Make yourself easy ; I know what you mean. 1 
 have made all my dispositions. {Makes a military salute and exit, r. h.) 
 
 Enter, l. h., Captain Blackadder. 
 
 Black. The advanced guard has marched. The Laird of Talla has 
 some four hundred good sturdy men to hold the rear. The main body 
 is composed of the pick of the whole force : they are in the saddle. 
 
 Both, {to the Queen). If you are ready, let us go. 
 
 Mary {smiling, aside). Ready, aye ready. {S7ie extends her hand to 
 Bothwell. He takes it, kisses it and leads her forth, l. h.) 
 
50 
 
 BOTHWELL. 
 
 Black, {following). I told that dry old quiz, Sir James Melville, that 
 the Queen was ravished with her own consent. I rather think he'll 
 find it so, and to his sorrow, when, once, he gets to Dunbar. {Exit, l. h.) 
 
 Between Scenes III. and IV., an interval of an afternoon and evening 
 is supposed to elapse. 
 
 SCENE IV. — An apartment in the Castle of Dunbar {destroyed within 
 three years by the Earl of Murray, after he had become Regent). 
 Time, the night, of 2At7i April, 1567 ; the same day Bothwei/l met 
 Queen Mary at Fountain or Almond-Bridge, near Edinburgh, and 
 had escorted her to the Fortress of Dunbar, of which he teas Castellan. 
 
 -. Ruins of Dunbar Castle. 
 
 Bothwell {now in half armor, booted to the thigh, leads in Mary, still 
 equipped for riding. He enters, speaking with severity, as if to others 
 behind the scenes). Look to yourselves, rny Lords ! We brook no 
 interference. Blackadder, restore their swords and relieve them from 
 guard and let them go. Although they are my foes and unfriends 
 to the Queen, they need not fear if they comport themselves in peace 
 and offer neither counsel nor resistance to my purposes. {To Mary.) 
 This ends the farce and need of it. "Why was it necessary that I thy 
 lover should be put to this, and seem to seize at Fountain-Bridge, by 
 force, what has been mine for years, my other self, my very self, my 
 Mary ? 
 
 Mary. Tis better so. This seeming justifies that upon which I 
 have been long resolved. Although I have so often lain within thine 
 
BOTHWELL. 51 
 
 arms— thy wife in all but the mere name — I yearned to be thy wife by 
 right, all that I had been years, in soul, ay, a twelvemonth in very deed. 
 
 Both. It scarcely needed this ; but still thy wish was law to thy true 
 knight. When at that Annesley Supper eight earls — besides that subtle 
 traitor, thy bastard brother, Murray, who had signed before— five 
 bishops and eleven barons subscribed the Bond, pledging themselves, 
 their sacred honor and their powers, to defend me against every 
 calumny and charge of wrong doing, and avowing I was hi test mate 
 for Scotland's queen, what need then of a seeming ravishment. When 
 the wife, you made me wed, Jane Gordon, and her brother, earl and 
 head of her house had, for a price — the Barony of Haddington and 
 its dependencies — bargained, consented to a divorce ; and Jane and I 
 agreed that we should be put apart by every court has cognizance 
 of such affairs in Scotland ; it seems, to use the language of your creed, 
 a work of supererogation to act the part of a foul ravishing. But still, 
 my love, you willed it, and it is done. 
 
 Mary. Oh, Bothwell, little does your fearless heart understand my 
 painful situation. Many, oh how many, flout your love for giving up 
 her heart to thee, although acquitted by thy peers of all complicity in 
 the murder of the wretched Darnley. 
 
 Both, (interrupting her). Murder ! What term is this to me ? Did 
 I not act in strict accordance with your wishes, else had I done the 
 deed openly, in the sight of day, yea, fearlessly, as I slew Elliott of the 
 Park or would slay any one that came between thy heart and hand, 
 thyself and me. 
 
 Mary (laying her hand caressingly on Jiis arm). Bothwell, my 
 James, between us this is comedy ; but to the world a tragedy. Could 
 I, by blood a Guise, be ignorant of the growing popular force and 
 influence (scornfully)— out upon the hour that the people came to have 
 a voice in the affairs of sovereigns ! They must be conciliated with a 
 show of deference to their opinions. We need but show a little defer- 
 ence — would I could better play the part — to blind them, lead them, 
 rule them, as we will. This is but statescraft, policy, and conquers as 
 surely as the slash of sword and crash of cannon. Now I am in thy 
 power, in thy castle, helpless ; a lone woman, in the grasp of one ac- 
 cused of conquering our sex by magic arts and philtres — nay, be not 
 angry — fiercely as my soldier storms a breach.* Where do I now stand ? 
 
 * While so very many pens — anxious to enlist in the romantic role of knight-errants 
 — have devoted themselves in the endeavor to clear the character of Mary, invest her 
 with more than mortal faculties, and even ascribe to her poetic genius, great powers 
 at versification — which she did not possess— and assign to her the attributes of a real 
 martyr — which she was not — since a true martyr must be, not only a victim, but an in- 
 nocent one: every such romantic pen and pencil have rang-ed themselves with the 
 
52 BOTHWELL. 
 
 What foreign prince would seek the hand of Mary after the daring 
 gallant, James Hepburn, had held her helpless over night in his strong- 
 hold alone, without a chamber lady. (Sadly.) No sovereign prince ; nay, 
 
 ranks of those devoted to the misrepresentation of her only true lover, her only con- 
 stant and loyal champion, Bothwell. Michelet demonstrates how little truth can be 
 placed in Brantome's testimony against him; and invalidates that, the only contem- 
 porary evidence, as to the want of manly beauty and grace in her life-long lover and 
 third husband. Mary's statue in Westminster Abbey is as much a proof against her 
 touching transcendant physical beauty as the only existing picture— the basis of 
 all others— known as the Hardwick portrait. 
 
 She was not beautiful in the real sense of the word, bnt through other faculties as 
 fascinating as a Circe, and Bothwell was, according to disinterested pen-portraits, an 
 eminently attractive man. No authentic likeness of him exists, and— as is now almost 
 universally admitted — he was a man renowned for qualities the most alluring to the 
 opposite sex, and possessed of a loyalty beyond or equal to any proof and of a con- 
 summate courage, such as that with which even mythical heroes are seldom endowed. 
 The fact is, he would rather kill than coax. 
 
 Even Gilbert Stuart— Mary's great partisan— drew a better picture of Bothwell, and 
 gave him a higher character than the majority of historical writers prior to this gen- 
 eration ; and Hoeack, the Queen's Advocate, represents him as endowed with the 
 noblest qualities a man can possess. 
 
 Stuart writes thus (160-2, 230-1, 237) : " The breach between the Queen and her 
 husband was already too great; and he [Murray] studied to make it irreparable. The 
 Earl of Bothwell has acquired an ascendency in her councils; and he [Murray] courted 
 him with assiduities and flattery. Mary herself was eager to bind them together in a 
 lasting amity, and fancied to add to her happiness by the firmness of their union." * * 
 
 James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell, was born to an opulent fortune, and to an 
 hereditary command over numerous retainers. His fidelity to the crown had discovered 
 itself during the struggles of the Reformation. His zeal, services, and sufferings in 
 that boisterous period, were distant recommendations of him. In the Kebellion ex- 
 cited by the Earl of Murray, his exertions were later and more interesting. But what 
 chiefly endeared him to Mary, was the support he had afforded her against the mur- 
 derers of David Rizzio. It was by his means, in a great measure, that she was enabled 
 to recover her importance, and to chase them out of her kingdom. Her gratitude to 
 him was excessive ; and he improved the favorable impressions he had made, with un- 
 ceasing courtesy and attention. By her favor he rose to exercise all the power of govern- 
 ment. * * A boundless love of power, a fearless corruption, and a riotous 
 prodigality were his characteristics. * t * He could scheme the most criminal 
 enterprises, and was desperate enough to put them in execution. * * A 
 polished exterior rendered his vices more dangerous. He was in the prime vigor op 
 life ; and his person and behavior were attracting. A passion for pleasure in- 
 volved him in intrigues and gallantry. A taste for trifles, elegance of address, and 
 softness of manner, so alluring to women of every condition, heightened the complais- 
 ance with which they naturally survey the imperfections of the voluptuous. ("His 
 merits, his address, his assiduity and his persuasions overcame her." 230.) * * 
 To establish himself in greatness, he was ready to perpetrate whatever is most 
 flagitious, and could think without emotion of treachery, poison, and the dagger. The 
 Earl of Murray, whom he wished to employ as a ladder to advance him to grandeur, 
 penetrating into his character, availed himself of it ; and he was utterly overthrown by 
 a man, whose ambition was not less extravagant, but whose abilities, dissimulation, 
 and refinement, were far more transcendent and profound." 
 
BOTHWELL. 53 
 
 not a scion of a royal line would seek me for a mate, now that I have 
 been thy spoil. (Qaily.) Nay, darling, if thy sweetheart marry must, 
 she'd have to courtesy humbly for the hand of one of Scotland's rude 
 and haughty lords — all whom I hate and loathe save thee, my love, 
 my long-loved, trusted and faithful Hepburn. Yes, if I took a subject 
 to my bed it could not be without the general feeling that what you 
 rapt by force, by force you had enjoyed. Now, clo you see into my 
 little plot ? The world knows not how long I have been thine in truth ; 
 thine every way. The game is now played out. We can afford to 
 
 "This fatal promise [to marry Bothwell], while it invigorated all his passions, gave 
 a relief to the painful agitations of the Queen. The recentness of her terrors disposed 
 her the more readily to give admittance to softer sensations ; and he had too much 
 gallantry not to press this advantage, and to display all the ardors of a lover. He even 
 affected to have fears of the disappointment of his love. All her feelings were ex- 
 quisite ; and he knew how to awaken them. The elegance of their entertainment, of 
 which he had previously been careful, their solitude and the near prospect of their in- 
 dissoluble union, invited them to indulge in the delirium of pleasure. During twelve 
 days she was under the dominion of a young and agreeable, a daring, and an unprin- 
 cipled profligate ; skillful in seduction aud accustomed to impose on female frailty ; 
 who could read in her look the emotions of her heart, and the secret workings of forbid- 
 den desires ; allure her mind to give itself up to the power of the imagination and the 
 senses ; take a pastime even in her pangs of remorse, and make them act as a zest 
 to enjoyment ; mark the conflicts and the progress of expiring virtue ; and exult in 
 the triumphs of sensibility over shame." 
 
 " After that Bothwell had anticipated with the Queen the tenderest rights of a hus- 
 band, it was proper to think of the ceremonial of their marriage." 
 
 •' It was only by slow degrees, and by habits of caution, vigilance, and address, 
 that he could hope to be formidable. With the assistance of the Queen, it was his first 
 care to uphold the splendor of the court ; and, immediately after the marriage, the 
 Board of Privy Council reflected a heavy lustre to him by its distinction. There assisted 
 in it, the Earls of Huntley and Crawford, the Lords Fleming, Herries and Boyd, with 
 the Archbishop of St. Andrews, and the Bishops of Galloway and Ross." 
 
 Crawford tell us Bothwell was "One of the handsomest men of his time ;" ''a 
 man generally esteemed and applauded ; the darling of the common people for his 
 courage and liberality, and the envy of the court." Agnes Strickland admits, "As long 
 as he [Bothwell] remained faithful to his duty, she [Mary] was safe." Proofs that 
 Bothwell was the cynosure among his peers could be piled like Pelion upon Ossa." At 
 quotation from Hosack must however close this note. "Bothwell was the only one 
 of the great nobles of Scotland, who from first to last had remained faithful to her 
 mother [Mary of Guise] and herself. * * Whatever may have been his follies 
 or his crimes, no man could say James Hepburn was either a hypocrite or a traitor. 
 Though staunch to the religion he professed he never made it the cloak of his ambition ; 
 though driven into exile and reduced to extreme poverty by the malice of his enemies 
 he never, so far as we know, accepted of a foreign bribe. [Of what single other noble 
 could this be said.] In an age when political fidelity was the rarest of virtues, we 
 need not be surprised that his sovereign at this time trusted and rewarded him * * 
 although the common people admired his liberality and courage (' his character- 
 istic daring'). Bothwell among his brother nobles had no friends. Why? They 
 envied his gifts and more his influence with the Queen. Need any man ask a higher 
 eulogy than his enemies have been compelled to accord." 
 
54 BOTHWELL. 
 
 throw the cards away and grasp the stakes we have so subtly won. 
 Who can gainsay our marriage now ? The high nobility have urged 
 me to wed thee as worthy my espousals. I agree. And now, like a 
 knight errant, you have borne me off, as Pluto bore to Hades Pros- 
 erpine. All that remains is but to wed, to wed before the world as we 
 were wed when first I listened to thy passion's speech and gave myself 
 in all, but name of wife, to thee. Carry me back to Edinburgh and 
 there let holy church unite us by one rite, even though it be in secret. 
 Then marry me in public by those forms to which you yield obedience 
 — forms through which neither my love nor fond caresses, nay, my high 
 commands could never make you break. Think you I do not honor 
 you for that ! The man that lives up to such motto of his house, 
 " Kiip Trest," and cannot be induced to swerve from that at the appeal 
 of ambition, statescraft, nay, far more, of passion ; by the lure of the 
 possession of the woman that he loves, that woman too a queen, a 
 loving, lovely queen ; that is the man for me. Forgive that I have 
 brought you to this pass ; and triumph with me that my Lorraine blood 
 lias loosed the knot and brought the end about ; that Mary Stuart 
 stands before the world so low in public estimation, and so high in her 
 grand estimate of Bothwell, her own sore-tried lover, that she must 
 wed him or sink so deep that she can never rise again. Do you 
 imagine a woman can forget that which she bears within her bosom 
 or the one beloved to whom it owes allegiance. Disannul the bonds 
 that shackle thee before the world, never to me, and Mary will wed 
 thee and glory in the doing it as woman never yet before did, or will 
 do such deed. The tempest's passed, we have now reached our port, 
 let us repair the past, and in each others arms forget what is fore- 
 gone, and valiantly defy or trust the future. Take me — my king, my 
 lover, husband, all in one — into thine arms, where I should have ever 
 been, had I been ever bold towards thee as thou hast ever shown 
 thyself valiant for me and mine. (She throics herself into the arms of 
 Bothwell, and then, after fondly caressing her, he leads her out.) 
 
 An inter sal of about two iceeks is supposed to elapse between Scenes 
 
 IV. and V.) 
 
BOTHWELL. 55 
 
 SCENE V. — Another Apartment in the Castle of Dunbar. Time, about 
 the 1st May, 15(J7. Mary enters, followed by Bothwell reading a 
 despatch. 
 
 Bothwell (striking, violently, the paper which he holds). Dearest, I 
 learn by this despatch, sent me by one in Edinburgh in whom I place 
 implicit trust, that those same Lords, who, at the Annesley Supper, 
 signed the bond urging you to wed with me and pledging "their lives, 
 their fortunes and their honors" both to sustain and maintain us twain, 
 are plotting now, again, against us both. AVho could believe that men 
 of such high standing could be guilty of such low practices — sucb in- 
 famy. The ink was scarcely dry upon the "Ainslie Supper Bond " 
 when the principal lords who signed it entered, secretly, into another 
 Bond to oppose the execution of the plan of what they had themselves 
 suggested. They did not even wait for the consummation of the mar- 
 riage, they had so hotly urged upon their Queen, before they bonded 
 together to render the union void and negatory. They declare, false 
 traitors as they are, that I desire and design to gain possession of the 
 royal infant Prince in order to make way with him, even as I mur- 
 dered his father,— a crime of which they themselves acquitted me and 
 held me scathless, pledging all that men hold dear to uphold my inno- 
 cence and support my dignity. By St. Bride of Bothwell, as Hereditary 
 Lord High Admiral of Scotland, I have fought hard to clear its seas of 
 the vilest scum of the ocean, the pirates that infested them, but what 
 were they to these, the very scum, although high nobles, of the Earth. 
 They make me revolt against my own humanity that I share the form 
 and soul of such foul miscreants like them. Bothwell ! Bothwell ! 
 you never stained your escutcheon with a lie, nor took a bribe, 
 nor swerved from loyalty, nor played the hypocrite, nor used religion 
 to cloak hypocrisy ; how ? how could you imagine that there could 
 be such utter absence of all sense of honor from the souls of prelates 
 and of peers? Out upon it ! Fight, the last dread argument and re- 
 source of kings ; they want it, eh ? Well, they shall have it to the bit- 
 ter end. 
 
 Mahy. Unworthy and faithless traitors, as they styled themselves if 
 they could or should prove false to these pledges. Infamous wretches ; 
 liars all, all the same ilk. They are all the tribe of Judas — beginning 
 with that miserable Darnley. Is there any truth left on earth — at least 
 in Scotland ? 
 
 Both. It seems not. They charge that I have violated you here 
 on the 25th of April, — by violence possessed myself of all long since was 
 mine through infinite love and tenderness. 
 
 Mary. Why on that day, that very day, I came personally forward 
 
56 BOTHWELL. 
 
 and issued a special authority to accomplish your divorce and set you 
 free to wed me ; yes, on that day, the suit of the Countess Jane was 
 commenced before the Reformed Civil Court. When will these vilest 
 accusations cease. 
 
 Both. I fear not till I grasp the truncheon of command, as sovereign 
 and as consort, and set my iron heel upon the serpent's head and 
 crush it. When that time comes, no more such ill-timed interference, 
 sweetheart, as Avhen you saved foul Lethington and fool Melville from 
 my dagger's point. My love, your mercy is but weakness. For them, 
 for men like Morton and your bastard brother, Murray, there is no 
 safe recipes except that which Murray had for Huntley, Chastelard, 
 John Gordon, and poor Davie — death ! 
 
 Mary. I see it now ; we will yet have the heads of one and all, 
 from the Bastard down through the whole list of falsehood ! Will we 
 not, my Bothwell ? I will not be merciful again, my own, unless you 
 counsel it. 
 
 Both. And when I so advise, you need not fear to pardon. We 
 must set forth for Edinburgh, there to be married and, to avoid all 
 future questions, by both rites— in private by the forms that you 
 respect ; in public by the rites held sacred by me and by the majority 
 of your subjects. You see the reason for all this : do you consent ? 
 
 Mary. I do, my dearest James ; your wishes are my own ; your 
 will my law ; your thoughts my counsellors and guides ; your will my 
 judgment. Yes, our marriage must be hurried forward. The life I 
 bear within me must not see the light to throw discredit on its authors ; 
 that allows no pause. So give your orders. Whatsoe'er they be I ac- 
 quiesce in everything. I know that everything you do, is not only the 
 wisest for you and me ; my rights, our rights, and Scotland's weal. 
 
 Both. If the Fates smile upon us. Fortuna sequatur : if Fortune 
 be propitious, love, we will crush out the whole brood of vipers. 
 (Blows a whistle. Enter French Paris.) Bid my adjutant, Captain 
 Blackadder, summon to the field all who acknowledge fealty to the 
 Hepburn and feel for Mary Stuart the full devotion that they owe 
 their Queen. (To Mary.) Within ten days the Courts will set me 
 free, and then our marriage must follow most incontinent. 
 
 French Paris. Have you any further orders for your adjutant ? 
 
 Both. Stay, follow me ! It may be better to set down all things 
 orderly in writing. The Queen and I will sign each document ; she as 
 the source of every power and grace, and I as her Lieutenant-General. 
 
 (Exeunt Mary and Bothwell, French Paris following.) 
 
 Between Scenes V. and VI., an interval of several days is supposed to 
 
 elapse. 
 
BOTUWELL. 
 
 57 
 
 Edinburgh Castle 
 
 SCENE VI. — An open space in Edinburgh, in front of the Entrance 
 and at the Foot of the ascent to the Castle. Time, 3d May, 1567. 
 Gfroups of citizens and their wives crowd the front of the stage, en- 
 gaged in animated conversation. 
 
 A Voice {without). Clear the way, they are close at hand. 
 
 Many Voices (without). God save the Queen ! 
 
 (Sound of approaching military music; drums and trumpets playing 
 a march, rapidly approaching.) 
 
 Bothwell (without). Cease playing ! (Music stops.) My gallant 
 men, throw down your lances. No faitour in Edinburgh shall have 
 excuse to say that Bothwell brought back their sovereign liege, Queen 
 Mary, with any show of force or aught of constraint upon her gracious 
 will or person ! 
 
 Enter Mary, led by Bothwell, the latter richly but soberly attired 
 in a dress trimmed with wild-cat fur. He is bareheaded, and carries 
 Ms plumed bonnet in his hand. They are accompanied by the Earl op 
 Huntley and suite, Captain Blackadder, Hackbutteers, Troopers 
 dismounted, Attendants, &c. The Queen and Bothwell are preceded 
 by trumpeters and drummers, and succeeded by soldiers and attendants. 
 The military form in the rear of the stage and throw out guards toward 
 the front, to keep back the crowd. 
 
 Mary. Be covered, my dear lord ; it ill befits the man who is to wed 
 the Queen to stand uncovered in her presence. (She playfully 
 snatches his bonnet from his hand and places it on his head.) 
 
 (The populace stand silent.) 
 
 Captain Blackadder (to the crowd). Why do you not cheer ? 
 
58 
 
 BOTHWELL. 
 
 Have you no welcome for your Queen, and for the noble gentleman 
 who is to wed her. 
 
 Voices (in the crowd). We have no cheers for the murderer and 
 murderess of Lord Darnley, our sweet King Henry, Lord Darnley. 
 
 Blackadder (rushing into the crowd and striking several with the 
 flat of his sword). Out caitiffs, out ! Cheer, or I will prick you 
 with my sword's point until you cry out something. 
 
 (A faint, quavering, unwilling cheer is given.) 
 
 Woman's Voice (in the crowd). God bless your Majesty, if you had 
 no art nor part in the slaying of the King, your husband. 
 
 Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, King of Scots (murdered). 
 From an old print. 
 
 Mary. This is a sorry welcome for a sovereign to her capital. 
 What a contrast to the welcome I received on my return from France, 
 six years ago. And, yet, I was less happy then without you than now 
 with you, my Bothwell ! 
 
BOTE WELL. 59 
 
 Both. Thanks, my own sweet, for that kind word and thought. 
 The weather welcomes us, if not these caitiff burghers, on whom the 
 sun should frown. Auspicious be the omen that its brightness floods 
 down on us advancing to our marriage. "Happy," says the proverb, 
 " is the bride that the sun shines on" and oh, how lovely is this month 
 of May ! 
 
 Voice (from the crowd). "Mense rnalas Maio nubere vulgus ait." 
 Woe ! woe to those who marry in the month of May ! 
 
 Mary. How ominous this cry ! 
 
 Both. Nay, love ; why pay a moment's heed to this rebellious crew. 
 I will soon scourge them into submissive silence. (Signs to Captain 
 Blackadder, who goes out and returns with a body of Pikemen, who 
 drive out the croicd, striking them over the head with the staves, and 
 pricking them with the points of their lances.) 
 
 Both, (to the trumpeters). Summon the Castle ! 
 
 (Floxirish of trumpets. Enter from the rear Sir James Balfour, 
 Deputy- Governor of Edinburgh Castle, with 7iis Following, through the 
 ranks of the soldiers in the background, which open to afford him passage. 
 He pays obeisance to the Queen and Bothwell in dumb show.) 
 
 Both, (to Mary). Give me your hand, my love ! ( To Sir James 
 Balfour.) Show us the way, my own good Sir Deputy Provost. (To 
 Captain Blackadder.) Marshal the troops, and forward. 
 
 (Captain Blackadder motions the music to move off after Sir James 
 Balfour, icho passes through the Entrance Gate of the Castle, and 
 then the troops, in the rear, face inwards and prepare to follow.) 
 
 Both. Hold fast my hand, sweetheart. If we have none others with 
 us but my brave Border Lairds and their bold followers, we have, in any 
 event, each other. In, to the Castle ! There we are masters of this 
 rebel town. A few short hours and the rites of both our churches shall 
 make us one in law — as we have long been one in heart — forever and 
 forever ! 
 
 (As they turn to go, the trumpets and drums begin to sound a triumphal 
 march; the Hackbutteers on the sides of the stage present arms, and 
 then shoulder their muskets, the Troopers and Pikemen range them- 
 selves, and as the whole prepare to move, the crowd force themselves in 
 again upon the stage wherever there is any space, and, amid martial 
 music on the stage and a salvo of artillery from the Castle, without, the 
 Curtain falls.) 
 
60 
 
 BOTHWELL. 
 
 Borthwick Castle. 
 
 ACT V. 
 
 SCENE I.— The beautiful and high-arched Great, or Banquetting, Hall 
 of Borthwick Castle on the Gore.* Time, 1th of June, 1567; 
 twenty-three days after the Marriage o/Mary and Bothwell. 
 
 Enter Bothwell and Ormiston. Both are in complete armor 
 and carry their helmets in their hands. Bothwell strides to and 
 fro, as if greatly exasperated. 
 
 Bothwell. Damn this surprise ! It is chargeable alone to the gene- 
 ralship of Kirkaldy of Grange. The others had neither hearts to dare 
 nor brains to plan it. (Beflectingly .) When the Queen and I left Edin- 
 burgh, the sky seemed clear ; horizon free of clouds, and, now, it is 
 
 * "Borthwick Castle. One and a half miles north of Crichton, equidistant 
 between Tyne Head and Fushie Bridge Station, is the ruined Castle of Borthwick, a mas- 
 sive gloomy double tower, 90 feet high, 74 feet by 68 feet broad, and encompassed by a 
 strongly fortified court, remarkable for the excellence of its masonry and the thickness 
 of its walls. Built in the 15th century, in form it is nothing more than the old border 
 keep, though on a larger scale than usual. The object of the Lord of Borthwick seems 
 to have been to have all the space and accommodation of these Cluster of edifices 
 within the four (4) walls of his simple square block, and thus this building is believed 
 to be the largest specimen of that class of architecture in Scotland." 
 
 "The Great Hall is remarkable for some very fine carving, particularly over the 
 
BOTHWELL. 61 
 
 all clouded over with every sign of change ; impending tempest. Such 
 is life — at all events, life in Scotland. {To Ormiston.) Are you sure 
 that we can trust our scouts, and the Castle is beset by not more than 
 twelve hundred Border horsemen ? 
 
 Ormiston. Perfectly sure, my Lord. They counted them when 
 they first met under the Lords of Home and Morton. They had some 
 seven hundred. Kirkaldy, Lindesay, assuredly, brought up not over 
 five hundred more. This is some four or five days since. It is 
 more likely that many of the moss-troopers have slunk off home, than 
 that they have gained in numbers. Our scouts add, that many were 
 unwilling to mount against your Earlship and the Queen ; but were 
 enforced by threat of ban, outlawing, fire and halter. 
 
 Both. Have they any cannons ? 
 
 Orm. None. 
 
 Both. Many hackbutts ? (Muskets.) 
 
 Orm. The volleys that we hear show their supply of hand-cannon 
 is most scant. Our scouts say few, and ill served at that. Home's 
 troopers are poorly armed ; some few in steel and most in jacks. Mor- 
 ton's men are little better. Kirkaldy has a more trusty company. 
 
 Both. You are a staunch fellow, Ormiston, and fear neither man nor 
 devil. These walls are strong and could laugh at cannon. If I leave a 
 score of our best men, can you hold out a day or two against assault ? 
 
 fire-place, and a canopied niche in the side wall. Hither fled Queen Mary and Both- 
 well, 7th June, 1567, about a month after their marriage, on the alarm of the Con- 
 federate Lords gathering their forces against them. But they were scarce safe within 
 the walls, when Lords Morton and Hume, with a hostile array, appeared before them. 
 Under these circumstances Both well first got clear away, and afterwards Mary (in the 
 disguise of a page) to Dunbar. One of the rooms is still traditionally called the Queen's 
 Room. In November, 1650, Cromwell, annoyed by a horde of moss-trooping marauders, 
 who had taken post in Borthwick, sent a missive to Lord Borthwick, that if he did not 
 "Walk away, and deliver his house," he would "bend his cannon against him," a 
 threat which proved effectual, and prevented a bombardment. The parish church, 
 which was rebuilt in 1865, is dedicated to St. Kentigern, and has an apsidal chancel. 
 The manee of Borthwick was the birthplace of Robertson the historian. 
 
 " Murray's Hand-book for Scotland." 
 " The castle of Bothwell's friend, Lord Borthwick, a baronial pile of magnificent 
 aspect and vast strength, [is] situated in a lonely but fertile glen eleven miles south 
 of the capital [Edinburgh]. On a rocky eminence, moated around by the waters of 
 the Gore, the Donjon Tower of Borthwick, from its base to its projecting battlements, 
 rises to the height of more than a hundred feet, with walls sixteen feet thick. A lofty 
 barbican, flanked by a square and round embattled towers, slit by innumerable loop, 
 holes for arrows and musketry, together with a portcullis, double gates and draw-bridges, 
 rendered it impregnable to the knights and horsemen of the Confederates, who were 
 unprovided with artillery requisite for battering this stronghold, which is one of the 
 finest examples of military architecture in Scotland ; and so grand and imposing is its 
 aspect, that every visitor, on coming in sight of its gigantic facade, is impressed with 
 silence and awe. " Grant's Kirkaldy of Orange." 
 
62 BOTHWELL. 
 
 Orm. As long as victuals last, a scum like Home's would never 
 dare assault. 
 
 Both. How many troopers have I in full armor, with strong long- 
 winded horses ? 
 
 Orm. Forty or fifty. 
 
 Both. Can I trust you to protect the Queen ? 
 
 Orm. You can trust me to the death. Do I not fight with a halter 
 round my neck V Did Morton, Home, or Lindesay catch me, I should 
 have Jeddart justice — short shrift, however long the trial afterwards. 
 (Emphatically.) My Lord of Bothwell, you know me. 
 
 Both. I do, old friend. I am resolved to sally forth, cut my way 
 through, and raise the country. Within two days I will relieve you. 
 
 (A volley of musketry fired without; one or two panes of glass are 
 broken in the windows by the shots. Cries without, Traitor ! murderer ! 
 butcher ! Come out and maintain the challenge you offered to those 
 who charge you with the murder of the King ! White livered hound, 
 leave your leman ! Come out and fight, if you dare !) 
 
 Bothwell (without paying the slighest attention to the musketry, but 
 roused by these words). Ormiston, you hear this. I'll stand it no longer. 
 Had it not been for the Queen, I would have cut my way out at the 
 first. The man who spoke must be right near the castle. The clear- 
 ness of the words prove that. Go pick out some good shot and shoot 
 him dead ! Get my men ready ; bring out my horse ! Be ready to 
 throw open the gates, and drop the drawbridge ! Go ! you know your 
 duty, go ! (To Ormiston, about to leave.) Stay ! Dress a good tall 
 youth in woman's garments. We'll have him in our midst, and the 
 besetting force will think I am carrying off the Queen. If I get 
 through, they'll think the Queen's escaped ; and either rip their horses 
 in pursuit or scatter and draw off when they believe the prize at 
 which they aimed has 'scaped their clutches. Either way I shall suc- 
 ceed. Ormiston away ; be quick ! be quick ! 
 
 (As Ormiston leaves the Hall, the Queen enters from the opposite side. 
 She is dressed as a page, booted and spurred, and carries a riding whip 
 in her hand.) 
 
 Both. What means this dress, sweet one ? 
 
 Mary. To ride forth with you. Have I not often said I wished I 
 was a man to sleep in field, under the open sky, and be a trooper like 
 my hero ? 
 
 Both, (embracing her). Love, it would never do. Your pages jerkin 
 would scarcely bide a shot, and poorest lance would run you through 
 and through. (Holding her at arms length and gazing at her with ad- 
 miration.) My own brave Mary, be patient ! Trust Ormiston, and by 
 
BOTH WELL. 63 
 
 St. Bride of Bothwell within two days I will be back and blow off 
 Home's and Morton's riff-raff like chaff. 
 
 (Several musket-shots discharged overhead, and then a saker [small 
 piece of artillery, 5}^ pdr. gun], followed by sliouts of triumph within 
 the Castle, and cries of dismay and horror without. Bothwell rushes 
 towards the window to observe thence what has occurred. Mary restrains 
 7dm.) 
 
 Mary. My soul, my very life ; be not so venturesome ! At least 
 put on your helmet. A stray shot might take the life which is my life. 
 
 Orm. {runs in hastily, laughing). My Lord, the men about us are 
 the veriest cowards. The boasting blackguard, we heard just now a- 
 railing, was hid in some tall gorse within long bow-shot, and in a hol- 
 low just beyond a dozen more lay hiding. We shot the fellow and, as 
 the rest ran off, the saker killed another. (LaugJis immoderately.) This 
 startled the whole hive, and far and near you never saw such mounting 
 and such flighting. They spurred and galloped as if they thought 
 Mons-Meg was here from Edinburgh and going to open on them, and 
 blow them over the Cheviots. Now, if ever, is the time to mount and 
 sally. 
 
 Both. Let the men mount ! {Exit Ormiston. — Bothwell presses 
 Mary to his breast and kisses her passionately, then clasps on his hel- 
 met and rushes toward the door. As he reaches it he pauses.) At mid- 
 night I shall be at the Black Castle, at Cakermuir. 'Tis only two miles 
 distant. Fare thee well ! {Exit.) 
 
 Mary. My own brave Bothwell ! (Looks after him with an eager 
 passionate gaze.) At the Black Castle ! Cakermuir ! I know the 
 place. 
 
 (Loud sound of the trampling of horses below. Then the clang of 
 heavy gates thrown open violently, followed by the rattling of chains, 
 and heavy fall of the drawbridge. Renewed trampling of horses, at 
 first below, and then without. Shouts of "A Bothwell ! A Bothwell ! 
 St. Bride for Bothwell !" The trampling of the horses and shouts 
 recede. Distant musketry shots.) 
 
 Mary (rushes to the window and looks out). My hero ! not a man 
 stands before him. They run like sheep chased by a wolf. Oh, that 
 I were a man ! Oh, that I were such a man ! My own brave husband ! 
 
 (Scene closes before her.) 
 
 Between Scenes I. and II. nine or ten hours are supposed to elapse. 
 
64 BOTHWELL. 
 
 SCENE II. — The open Moor near the Black Castle, at Cakermuir. 
 Time, towards daylight, 8th June, 1567. Bothwell, still in armor, 
 is discovered whispering with Hay of Talla. Several troopers lie 
 sleeping about with their lances piled. Another trooper, leaning 
 on his lance, stands a sentinel at one side in the back-ground. 
 
 Bothwell. How we scattered Home's and Morton's rabble. The 
 coward scum ! Thanks, brave Hay, for the stout troop you brought 
 me. It is a darksome night. Can you make out a single light in Borth- 
 wick Castle ? 
 
 Hay of Talla. No, not one. {Enter Hepburn, hastily.) 
 
 Hepburn. My Lord, I've seen a ghost, or else a spy, a minute or 
 two since. Whether one or t'other it is all the same to Hepburn. 
 
 Both. A ghost ! A spy ! How ? Where ? 
 
 Hep. All of a sudden, looking towards Borthwick, a meteor flashed 
 across the sky and by its glare, against a gorsey slope, I caught a 
 glimpse of a horseman riding slowly, as if he had missed his way. 
 
 Both. How far away ? 
 
 Hep. Perhaps a musket shot, not more. 
 
 Both. Off ! Take half a dozen men and bring him in ! 
 
 (A horse neighs without, close at hand. A sentinel challenges with, 
 out, followed by a Hurrah ! And Mary enters, clad as in the preceding 
 scene of this Act, followed by a group of astonished spearsmen.) 
 
 Both. Gracious God ! My wife ! ( Throwing himself on his knee as 
 Mary advances, catching her extended hand and covering it with kisses ; 
 then rising and clasping her in his arms.) Blessed be St. Bride ! 
 Whence came you ? How love, how ? 
 
 Mary. After you galloped forth, my husband, the rebels seemed all 
 in confusion. At first, from the battlements, we could see them riding 
 off by scores and troops and hundreds, some in your track, some fol- 
 lowing other courses ; until, at sunset, not a man could be discerned ; 
 and Bothwell and Ormiston sending forth some scouts, found all were 
 gone. I wanted him to let me go forth, but he would not. He said 
 that you had trusted him to guard me safe in Borthwick, until you re- 
 lieved us. With you went forth my life. I could not stay cooped up 
 there like a bird in a narrow cage, while you, my husband, was in the 
 field. So I sat me down and wrote to Sir James Balfour of Pittendriech, 
 your Deputy and Governor of Edinburgh Castle, ordering him to hold 
 out stoutly for me ; and to fire on the rebel Lords, if they attempted 
 to quarter in the town. Vilest scum ! no sooner were we married as 
 they willed, than they began again to plot and plan and Bond against 
 us. At the same time I wrote to the French Ambassador Du Croc, to 
 see these Lords, and learn their real purposes. These orders I sent 
 
BOTHWELL. 
 
 65 
 
 off by the young Laird of Reres. By this time it was night. "When 
 all was quiet I stole down from my chamber, gliding like a ghost into 
 the banquetting hall, and by a cord let myself down from the window 
 to the moat. 
 
 Borthwick Castle. 
 
 Both. My God ! Tis some thirty feet : bravest of women ! (His 
 armor rattling with his agitation.) Whence was derived such courage, 
 then ? 
 
 Maky. It seemed like nothing. Was I not flying to my Lord, my 
 husband ? Did I not know where to find him ? Here ! 
 
 Both. But where did you obtain a horse ? 
 
 Mart. ' Love laughs at locksmiths,' says the proverb, darling, and 
 gold builds a bridge across the widest stream. Two of my women 
 helped to lower me from the window. As expected, the postern stood 
 unlocked by that same golden key. Then I scrambled through the 
 moat, and up the grassy counterscarp, on, into the open ground. Thus, 
 my Bothwell, I found myself beyond the ditch and there, close by it, 
 a close-cropped nag, bridled and saddled, held by a faithful groom of 
 low degree. We'll raise him up, my Bothwell, and fill his pouch with 
 Mary Reals (or Cruickston Dollars). I knew the country well, and while 
 the light lasted, marked well the direction of the Black Castle you had 
 mentioned as you parted. Crichton Muir was no strange place to me. 
 
66 
 
 BOTHWELL. 
 
 Have I not galloped over it, hawking, with you beside me, husband, 
 when I but little dreamed we ever should be man and wife. 
 
 Both. But the night has been very dark. 
 
 Mary. Husband, you forget the glowworms ; the Muir is famous for 
 them at this season. The gorse was all aflame with those stars of the 
 green earth ! 
 
 Both. Bravest of women, and you encountered no one ? 
 
 Mary. Not a shadow crossed my path, and if aught did {laughing 
 merrily), did I not have my sword, and have I not ridden like a trooper 
 with pistols in my holsters, and am I not Bothwell's love and wife, and 
 {drawing herself up proudly) am I not Mary Stuart, Queen of Scotland ? 
 
 Both. God's blessing upon thee, best and bravest woman ! {Clasps 
 her in his arms.) And now to horse, we must breakfast in Dunbar. 
 {To Hepburn.) There is no longer need of secrecy. Have I not here 
 my dearest and my Queen ? The country is alive with friends. Lords 
 Seton, Yestor and Borthwick, together with the Lairds of Walkton, 
 Bass, Black Ormiston of that Ilk, and he of Lothian, Wedderburn, 
 Blackadder and Laughton, are all in saddle, gathering to my standard. 
 The Border Bonnet Lairds, with every man that they can raise are 
 spurring to Dunbar. Morton and Home with their whole rebel force 
 following, have ridden fast as nags can carry them to Edinburgh. 
 Sound trumpet ! Sound to horse ! Blow merrily ! To horse ! To 
 horse ! To horse ! On to Dunbar ! 
 
 Ruins of Dunbar Castle. 
 
 {Trumpet sounds "Boots and Saddles" The call is repeated from 
 point to point without. Finally the different trumpeters unite in a 
 triumphant Fanfare, amid which the scene closes in front of them.) 
 
 Six days are supposed to elapse between Scenes II. and III. 
 
BOTHWELL. 
 
 67 
 
 SCENE III. — Lethington's chambers in Edinburgh. Lethington 
 enters reading a despatch; Morton meeting, interrupts him. 
 Morton. Maitland, you do not believe in God ! You must perforce 
 believe in the devil ; for never was a plot concocted with human 
 cunning and wickedness, such as ours, that could have succeeded 
 without the help of Auld Hornie himself. Do you remember our first 
 
 (From an old engraving.) 
 
 conference in my chambers, shortly after Mary Stuart's marriage ? 
 To complete the split between the Queen and Darnley, we had to bring 
 the silly long laddie to believe in Rizzio's intimacy with his wife. The 
 Italian was disposed of. He troubled us no more. 
 
68 BOTEWELL. 
 
 Lethington. True ! That was sagaciously accomplished and con- 
 verted the Queen's disgust for her faithless, brutal, cowardly consort, 
 into that positive hatred that sprung the mine at Kirk-o' -Field. 
 
 Mor. (with a subdued laugh). How the dolt walked into the toils ! 
 No silly rabbit was ever toled by a turnip into a trap more easily 
 {Laughs.) Darnley traveled to his death as complacently as a cosset 
 lamb is led in to the shambles. 
 
 Leth. Who could have believed that " Gloriosus" Bothwell could 
 be brought to serve our purposes so perfectly. And, yet, it is not so 
 wonderful. Loyal, himself, he cannot see into the depths of our dis- 
 loyalty to everything but our own interests. We understand each 
 other. He comprehends nothing beyond his love for Mary and his 
 hopes for Scotland. He seeks to rule the realm, not for his own ad- 
 vantage, but for the welfare of the people, the glory of the Queen, and 
 his own credit — without a party too, by his own bravery ; the honest 
 fool ! Countries are not ruled so — men cannot rule except through par- 
 ties, partisans and passion. His affection for the Queen was of such 
 sterling stuff, that it even stood the test of her injustice, and her sud- 
 den, unrestrained longing for a far lesser man. Think you, he would 
 have stood the arrogance of Murray had he not loved the Queen in 
 spite of every wrong ? 
 
 Mor. Justly are you styled the Chameleon. You change with 
 every phase of circumstance. Were you not caught by Mary ? 
 
 Leth. {drawing himself up). That is my own concern, Earl Mor- 
 ton. Let alone my personal affairs ! Let us resume our business. 
 Darnley dead, Bothwell acquitted and married to the Queen, our pear 
 is ripe, and ready to drop into our hands. This requires but a breath 
 of popular opinion. How I scorn the popular thought and voice ! Popu- 
 lar opinion, forsooth ; the first so easily misled, the second roused to 
 fury by such little cause or without right. " The ' generous people' (sar- 
 castically), so much more capable of what may be called the poetry of 
 sentiment than of true feeling." Through it we are masters of the capi- 
 tal. The vast majority believe that Bothwell seeks possession of the 
 Royal infant, Mary's child by Darnley, or perhaps by Davie — who 
 knows that — to rid himself of him as he and we rid both of the child's 
 father. Now, away with him ! Away with Mary ! Murray becomes 
 Regent. He, again, is but a tool ; and all Scotland from the Clyde unto 
 the Shetlands is ours, ours, all ours ! 
 
 Mor. And, yet, it seems that we must fight for it, and that God 
 which you deny has shown himself throughout all time, The Lord of 
 Hosts and God of Battles. 
 
 Leth. Tush, Morton ! With all your worldly sense and knowledge 
 of mankind, you cannot get rid of the old religious leaven, the seed 
 
BOTHWELL. 69 
 
 sown at your mother's knee and fostered by John Knox. Did not 
 John Knox advise the death of Rizzio, connive at murder, thunder 
 from the pulpit against the Papist Darnley and the Pope's agent Riz- 
 zio? Priest and minister, they are alike, and selfish interest is the hand 
 that guides. The Queen is fickle. With legal right and sole possession 
 will come satiety. I know her thoroughly. Her passion sated for the 
 nonce, she must be made to separate from Bothwell and trust in us. 
 Mor. This seems past hope ! We thought we had her when she 
 and he were caught in Borthwick Castle ; and yet he cut his way out 
 like a brave fellow as he is, and she, apparelled as a trooper, booted and 
 spurred, straddling her saddle like a man, stole forth and joined her 
 lover-husband, fled to him as when he lay wounded at the Hermitage, 
 as the old song runs — 
 
 " Some mair about the Queene is saed, 
 And how ye Earle got wounded : 
 How she, towards him, to see him fledde — 
 The which she very soon did." 
 
 
 Hermitage Castle. 
 
 Leth. Love thrives on opposition in a wayward, imperious woman. 
 Kirkaldy, with all his boasted chivalry, is playing around the bait of 
 this Scotch siren. We must so pitch the hook that it catches in his 
 
70 BOTHWELL. 
 
 gills. The Queen believes that he is honest ; that if she taut accepts 
 him as a pilot for the time, and furls her sails, she can taid defiance 
 to the squall, and with serener weather take Bothwell to her arms 
 again, as captain, and sail on with him in peace. {Trumpet without.) 
 She was grievously mistaken in Darnley, but she errs more fatally in 
 her judgment of Kirkaldy. We must keep in with him, for now he 
 looms up as our decoy to win her confidence from Bothwell, as the 
 farmer's use a tulchan-calf to induce a cow which has lost her young 
 to let down her milk. With all his gilt of chivalry, Kirkaldy has his 
 price, and can play knight or knave, patriot or informer, good friend 
 or spy, as the wind sets and his purpose jumps. John Knox knew his 
 real nature. Kirkaldy, if not a murderer in fact, is a murderer at 
 heart, as cold-blooded as any of the worst of our party. But — 
 hark ! (A trumpet sounds without.) 
 
 Mor. That does not sound like peace. ( Opening the window and 
 leaning out). Ho, sir ! What are the news ? 
 
 Voice (without). The army of the Queen is marching upon Edin- 
 burgh. Our scouts have brought the news that their light-horse have 
 been already discovered from the platform of the Castle. 
 
 Mor. (to the speaker, without). Thanks, friend ! (Shutting the window 
 and turning to Lethington.) This looks very much like a fight, and 
 the chances are not in our favor, certainly not the right. (Sarcastically.) 
 Remember the Round-about-Raid ! 
 
 Leth.* One of the wise captains of antiquity, on taeing told that the 
 enemy were advancing and were determined to fight, replied, " That 
 will tae just as we may choose." The man was a great general. We 
 must show wise leaders still are living. There will be no fight, Earl 
 Morton ; you play at whist ! Who understands the game and holds 
 the leading trumps and strongest cards must win, unless he throws his 
 luck away. Kirkaldy is the winning trump this time, and I can play him. 
 We must take the saddle. Be calm and trust in me ! I tell you, Kirk- 
 aldy is our winning card, and he is in my hand. (Exit.) 
 
 Morton (lingers in deep thought. Gannon shot without). Ha! What 
 does that mean ? Can it be Balfour, from the castle, firing on the city ! 
 Off, Morton, off ! Matters brook no delay : 
 Bothwell or I must conquer Scotland's sway ! 
 
 Scene closes as near as possible to the front, so as to afford space and 
 
 opportunity to arrange Scene IV. behind it. 
 Forty-eight hours are supposed to elapse between Scenes III. and IV. 
 
 * No likeness of this Maitland (the younger) of Lethington could be obtained for 
 this play which was sharp enough to be reproduced by photo-engraving for printing. 
 No portrait of Kirkaldy of Grange is known to exist. 
 
BOTUWELL. 
 
 71 
 
 Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots. 
 
 From the famous portrait in the gallery of the Hermitage Palace, St. Petersburgh, Russia. 
 
 Originally in Paris, France, prior to the great French Revolution. 
 
72 
 
 BOTH WELL. 
 
 Demi-Lancer, Trooper in puffed and ribbed armor and Yeoman of the Guard. 
 Middle of the XVI. Century. 
 
 SCENE lY.— Carberry Hill* Time, Afternoon of 15th June, 1567. 
 A knoll, whence the prospect extends to the westward and northward, 
 looking over the nearer lines of the Queen's forces, and toward 
 those, beyond, of the Confederate Lords. In the immediate rear 
 
 * The Confederates [Rebels] marched eastward against [Dunbar], from which 
 Mary had issued her proclamation for mustering an army in defence of her person. It 
 was not obeyed save by Bothwell's immediate allies, by whose exertions the Queen 
 soon beheld four thousand brave men of Lothian and the Merse arrayed under her 
 standard. Bothwell had a guard, or chosen band, of two hundred [hackbutteers or] 
 harquebussiers and the royal stores at Dunbar furnished his troops with falcons, or light 
 [6 pdr.] field-pieces. While her forces were rapidly increasing, the Queen marched to 
 Gladsmuir, and occupied the lofty tower of Seatoun ; her soldiers were meantime can- 
 toned in the adjacent villages of Preston, Tranent and Cockenzie. After halting for a 
 night at Musselburg, the Confederates, as they marched out of that ancient and pictur- 
 esque little town, with trumpets sounding and kettle-drums beating, amid the clamor 
 of the inhabitants and the tolling of bells, learned that the forces of Mary, led by the 
 Duke of Orkney, were in position on the Hill of Cakbbkkt, an eminence above the 
 town, commanding an extensive prospect of the sea and surrounding country. On the 
 summit of that hill, now known as the Queen's Seat, Mary held with Sir William 
 Kirkaldy that conference which was to have so much influence on her future destiny. 
 It is now covered with the richest copsewood : then it was bleak and bare, or studded 
 
BO Til WELL. 73 
 
 stand three pieces of artillery {falcons or 6 pdrs.), pointed at the 
 latter, with a few " Constables" in charge: of whom one, assigned 
 to each gun, at intervals waves his linstock to keep the slow-match 
 alight and ready for immediate use. Near these are groups of 
 
 only by the tufts of dark evergreen whin [furze, gorse] or the golden bells of the yellow 
 broom ; and a rough block of stone on its summit formed a seat for the unfortunate 
 Mary. 
 
 It was the morning of Sunday tbe 15tb of June [1567] ; the weather was intensely 
 hot, and the troops of both factions suffered considerable annoyance from the clouds 
 of dust, the closeness of the atmosphere, and the burning rays of the unclouded sun, 
 which darted on their shining armor. Bothwell— or the Duke of Orkney— commanded 
 the whole of Mary's little force, having under him the Lords Seatoun, Yester and 
 Borthwick, with four Barons of the Merge— viz., Wedderburn, Langton, Cumledge 
 and Hirsel ; and those of the Bass, Waughton, Ormiston in Lothian, and Ormiston 
 of that Ilk, in Teviotdale, all men of courage and high descent. 
 
 The Confederates were formed in two columns : Alexander, Lord Home and the 
 Earl of Morton led the first, and Athol the second, with Glencairn, Ruthven, Semphill 
 and Sanquhar. Kirkaldy, with his two hundred spears, had galloped eastward, to get 
 in between Bothwell and the Castle of Dunbar, hoping to cut off bis retreat, and by 
 a sudden charge break the array of his cannoneers. 
 
 The main body of the Confederates were drawn up with their left flank to the sea, 
 almost on the same ground which, twenty years before, had witnessed the unfortunate 
 Battle of Pinkie. On both sides the numbers were now nearly equal, but they differed 
 greatly in discipline. 
 
 The army of Mary consisted of a hastily-mustered and inexperienced multitude, 
 while that of the Confederates was principally composed of gentlemen [perjured villians 
 of high birth, renowned for courage, and brave as they were determined]. 
 
 The ground where those adverse bands drew up for battle is now covered with 
 groves of the most luxuriant wood and studded with modern villas. In those davs it ex- 
 hibited but two solitary shepherds' huts and Pinkie Burn winding between banks of 
 willows, sedges and reeds ; the old taper spire of St. Michael's Kirk, an edifice of 
 unknown antiquity, built of stone squared by Roman hands, rose on the Mount of the 
 Prsetorium above the wooded banks of the Esk ; which, after making a beautiful 
 sweep around it, and passing under the steep old Roman bridge of three arches, which, 
 a thousand years before, had connected the Castrum with the Municipium, flows into 
 the Forth between Fisherrow and Musselburgh. The latter was then, as now, a strag- 
 gling and irregular burgh, with gable-ended streets, by the ruined chapel of Lorretto, 
 and the tall old manor-house of Pinkie, with its picturesque turrets overtopping its 
 dark and shadowy groves. It was then the residence of Kirkaldy's foeman, Durie of 
 that Ilk, Abbot of Dunfermline, who, prior to the Reformation, had been Lord Su- 
 perior of Musselburgh. Such was the prospect from the hill — 
 
 " Where Mary agonized stood, 
 
 And saw contending hosts below 
 Press forward to the deadly feud. 
 With hilt to hilt, and hand to hand, 
 The children of our mother land 
 
 For battle met ! The banners flaunted 
 Amid Carberry's beechen grove ; 
 And kinsmen braving kinsmen strove 
 
 Undaunting and undaunted." — 
 
74 BOTHWELL. 
 
 royal, regular Hackbutteers, belonging to the Queen's body-guard, 
 at ease, and parties of Border noblemen and their retainers, Jack. 
 men, evidently as if just dismounted, and leaning on their long 
 spears. In the front centre are Mary Stuart and Bothwell ; 
 and, to the right, but withdrawn a space, Kirkaldy of Grange. 
 Behind the Queen is Captain Blackadder, one of Bothwell's 
 subordinates, watching what is occurring in the enemy's ranks and 
 his remarks serve as an explanation or Chorus. 
 
 Blackadder (to Bothwell). Hasten, my Lord, your colloquy: the foe 
 
 Are striving to outflank us. Look, their horse 
 
 To close the road to Dunbar, headlong spur. 
 
 If fight 's the word, now is the time to fight, 
 
 Lest we both lose advantage of the sun 
 
 Full in their faces ; our position too ; 
 
 And worst, if beaten, our retreat 's cut off. 
 (Finding Bothwell does not pay immediate attention, raising his 
 voice.) 
 
 Mighty earl, great Captain ! Here we stand not 
 
 To hear the nightingale's sweet am'rous notes, 
 
 But hearken to the trumpet's points of war — 
 
 Then bid them sound ! Shoot falcons and set on ! 
 
 An ancient trench, which had been formed by the English in 1547, lay before the 
 line of Mary's forces ; and on the summit of this Bothwell, gallantly arrayed in 
 brilliant armor, " showed himself, mounted on a brave steed." He was well known to be 
 an accomplished knight and fearless horseman. * * If anything could have retrieved 
 her affairs at this desperate crisis, it must have been a headlong advance under cover of 
 a cannonade ; and Bothwell should have instantly led on the soldiers of Mary to 
 victory or death ; instead of which, while anxiously awaiting the arrival of Lord Her- 
 ries and others with reinforcements, he suffered an ineffectual negotiation to take 
 place by means of the French ambassador. * * * 
 
 "We came not to this field," sternly added Alexander, Earl of Glencairn, "to 
 ask pardon for what we have done, but to yield it unto those who have offended !" 
 Da Crocq, finding it vain to expect an accommodation with such intractable spirits 
 bade adieu to the queen, and with his train departed for Edinburgh. 
 
 Alive to the perils of her situation, the unhappy Queen saw fully the manifold 
 dangers which environed her. * * On her palfry she rode through the ranks 
 of her little host, but found the soldiers dispirited, fatigued and viewing her coldly. 
 Many, who were overcome by the heat of the weather, stole from their places to 
 quench their thirst in Pinkie Burn, but forgot to rejoin their colors; others de- 
 serted openly in bands, and none appeared to remain staunch to her but Bothwell's 
 band of Harquebussiers, and the immediate vassals of the House of Hepburn. It was 
 at this crisis that Kirkaldy's squadron, after encompassing the hill, halted ; when 
 Bothwell, perceiving his flank turned, and matters becoming desperate, sent down a 
 herald-at-arms with a gauntlet of defiance, offering by a single combat to prove his 
 innocence of King Henry's murder. Grant's "Kirkaldy of Grange." 
 
BOTHWELL. 
 
 75 
 
 Mart (continuing a conversation which had been going on before the 
 
 scene opened). I am resolved to trust Kirkalcly — 
 Bothwell. Ah ! 
 
 What glamour blinds thee, love ? Thou know'st him not : 
 
 The hireling spy and England's trait'rous tool. 
 
 He but deceives thee, with his specious tale ; 
 
 His boasted chivalry 'tis mere lacker. 
 
 Beneath the semblance of the golden truth 
 
 Is falsehood's foul and cheap-jack metal. Think 
 
 Ere you commit your fortune to such crew. 
 
 Archers. Pikemen, Border-troopers and Arquebussiers or Hackbutteers (Musketeers). 
 Middle of the XVI. Century. 
 
 (Bothwell breaks off suddenly, rushes to a Hackbutteer, and, by signs 
 and words inaudible to the spectators, directs him to shoot Kirkaldy t 
 who, shading his eyes against the declining sun, is looking in a different 
 direction towards Ms own friends. Mary, moved by Bothwell's charges, 
 seems lost for a moment in deep thought ; then suddenly perceives Both- 
 well's intention and throws herself between the musketeer and his aim.) 
 
 Mary. What would'st thou do ? 
 
 Both. 
 
 Slay the deceiving villain 
 
 Who has infatuated vou. 
 
76 BOTHWELL. 
 
 Blackadder (plucking at Bothweli/s gauntlet and striving to attract 
 the EarVs attention and addressing Mm, half -aside). She's fey ! 
 
 That is the the truest word you ever spoke : 
 
 My Lord ! I've heard of bogles, and such like de'ils 
 
 Which borrow women's forms to ruin men — 
 
 I've followed you, thro' thick and thin, my Lord ! 
 
 With dog's unquestioning fidelity ; 
 
 Wages but little save the fame and game — 
 
 Which I discern that we have played and lost. 
 
 This Queen, for whom you've ventur'd life and soul, 
 
 Honors and lands, all thou hast heir'd and won, 
 
 This Mary Stuart is just such a de'il 
 
 As I have heard describ'd by Master Knox. 
 
 She's taken with a sudden frenzy for this Grange, 
 
 And like a thunderstorm, that's fierce but short, 
 
 Will damage do as big as autumn storm. 
 
 She's kindled him with lightning of her eyes, 
 
 And his responsive, flaming, flash to hers 
 
 With what belongs to you and no one else. 
 
 Think but of yourself, my Lord ! Let's away 
 
 Whilst chance there is, this most mischanceful day. 
 Mary {discerning that Bothwell is making up his mind to attack 
 Kirkaldy.) 
 
 He's under safeguard of my queenly word, 
 
 And, though he were the very knave thou say'st, 
 
 He must not die by an assassin shot. 
 Both, (with difficulty restraining himself, and making a gesture to the 
 musketeer to " recover arms," returns to the Queen's side). 
 
 My love, my food, my sweetheart and my life, 
 
 Thy noble nature and thy native sense 
 
 Are both the victims of this knave's device. 
 
 Is it not better, here upon this field, 
 
 To strike one blovf for honor and thy crown 
 
 Than thus abase thyself to traitors — yield 
 
 Thy freedom, and perchance thy life, to those 
 
 Who never yet have kept a single Bond 
 
 Beyond the signing, had their purposes 
 
 But borne their fruit perfidious. Hast thou not 
 
 Prov'd me, as woman never yet prov'd man 
 
 Or had the chance to do 't ? Have I not shown, 
 
 By ev'ry thought, word, act, since manhood's dawn, 
 
 That Truth and Bothwell were synonymous ? 
 
 " Kiip Trest !" my motto — emblem of mine life. 
 
BOTHWELL. 77 
 
 Was I not faithful to thy mother ; then 
 
 With equal truth did I not turn to thee : 
 
 Until thy love, enkindled at my own, 
 
 Or my big love, inflam'd by thy bright eyes, 
 
 Converted me from loyalty to love ? 
 
 Have I e'er fail'd thee ? Have I not been truth, 
 
 Love, faith, devotion : all thy sex can ask ? 
 
 And yet thou dost not trust me ; but prefer'st 
 
 The specious promise of a hireling tongue ? 
 Mart. I am resolved to trust the Bonded Lords ; 
 
 Not, that I have lost faith in thee, my own, 
 
 But 'cause 't would seem as if by Fate impelPd, 
 
 This is the wisest course and fits the time. 
 
 Look but around ! Fighting is madness now . 
 
 Our army's gone to water save some few 
 
 Brave Border Jackmen and the Hackbutteers : 
 
 Besides some sixty Lairds and henchmen true, 
 
 The Constables, and our own following — 
 
 Our body guard, some cannoneers and spears — 
 
 The whole array's disbanded. There's nothing left ! 
 
 My own dear life, so that I can save you 
 
 All's sav'd, I hold's worth saving, here, on earth. 
 
 Do you believe that with the life you've given, 
 
 Pulsating in my bosom, I could say 
 
 Leave me an hour, did I not firmly think 
 
 That a short space would bring you back again : 
 
 Did I not so believe, I swear, mj r J ames ! 
 
 I would far rather perish here, at once, 
 
 In very desperation, than say, Go ! 
 
 A brief, sad parting and a better meeting 
 
 May bring again a long and halcyon term. 
 Both. No, no ! No, no ! I tell thee, No ! 'T would seem 
 
 As if, on board a stout, still lusty, frigate, 
 
 Because 't is slightly shatter'd by a squall, 
 
 Thou would'st abandon ship and practic'd captain, 
 
 To trust a pirate's skiff to save from storm 
 
 That lowers, but has not burst. Oh ! Mary, 
 
 Dost thou love me ? 
 Mary. My acts are the best answer. 
 
 I have gone through too much for thee to doubt it. 
 
 Oh, what have I not done to prove my love ? 
 
 Oh, what have I not suffer'd to be thine ? ( Wringing her hands.) 
 Both. Then, by the tie united us when twain, 
 
78 BOTHWELL. 
 
 And by the two church rites that made us one, 
 I do conjure thee, let me fight this day : 
 Not like a felon bid me steal away. 
 Never before has Bothwell quit the field, 
 But all victorious or upon his shield. 
 
 (Bothwell takes Mary's hand in his, and they stand thus, grasping 
 each others hands, for some minutes ; then clasp each other in a sad but 
 fierce embrace. He glues his lips to hers, then suddenly releases her 
 and, gazing, seems to discern that neither kisses nor caresses have 
 changed her resolution. His eyes question her.) 
 
 Mary {suddenly). I am resolv'd to keep my word to Grange. 
 
 Both. Oh, love ! my life ! 
 
 Mary (with a sad smile.) Alas ! we here must part ; 
 
 Part for a time, assur'd of future meeting. 
 Both. Wilt thou be true to me and keep thy promise, 
 
 So often sealed with kisses, e'en beside 
 
 The dead man's corse ; to ne'er even in thought, 
 
 Nor word, nor bond, nor deed, annul nor weaken it ; 
 
 Be my own Mary, till the whelming sea 
 
 Or the cold earth put seal to either life ? 
 Mary. I promise. Go ! Before it is too late, 
 
 Take horse for Dunbar, ere the foemen's horse 
 
 Out in and make escape impossible. 
 Both. Oh, woman ! Woman, what art thou but guile ? r 
 
 'Tis as I feared ; the woman is bewitch'd. 
 
 No sooner were we married than I saw 
 
 That she resisted — as a restive horse 
 
 Rebels against the curb — against the tie 
 
 That made her wife and leash'd her to a mate. 
 
 Alas ! alas ! a sudden, frenzied spasm 
 
 Sets her on fire with passion for this knight ; 
 
 An overmast'ring passion. Was I wrong 
 
 To be so jealous, and to guard myself 
 
 Against a change ; dishonor to my bed ? 
 
 Let the world talk, my duty I have done 
 
 And all is lost that I, so hardly, won. 
 
 Still midst thy weakness Bothwell will be strong, 
 
 My brilliant constancy shall luminate 
 
 The blackness of thy mind's eclipse ; 
 
 Yes, light our future if the Fates permit. 
 
 I lov'd thee queen and woman, as a man 
 
 And knight should love. Fate must the Problem solve ; 
 
BOTH WELL. 79 
 
 This I do feel whatever ill befalls us 
 All who conspir'd to our separation 
 Will perish in their prime, ay, even when 
 Their fingers grasp the prize for which they sold 
 Their lives, their souls, their honors. Now, farewell ! 
 My heart is thine forever. With Bothwell, 
 Arrn'd at thy side, thou wer't a queen supreme. 
 Betrayer and betrayed ; be false to me 
 And set thy fame and fortune both alike. 
 Calvin was right, who said, "who damn'd will be, 
 Will be !" Fair woman, whom, accosted, straight 
 I won ; I saw you, and you conquer'd me : 
 As a slave led me, as Cleopatra 
 Led Antony: and now when all our future 
 Hangs on decision, you, the boldest, blench 
 And yield. Strike but one blow for victory ! 
 For God's sake, Love's sake, let me strike one blow. 
 (Pauses for a reply, then, with desperation.) 
 Will you not fight, or let us fight ? 
 Mary. Too late ! * 
 
 * Almost every writer who has written upon this epoch, as well as readers of the 
 narratives of these events, have concluded that, because there was neither manceuvering 
 nor fighting at Carberry Hill, Bothwell displayed no ability as a commander nor man- 
 hood as an individual. The French ambassador's testimony is sufficient to prove his 
 aptness as a general, and Mary forbade any action which could demonstrate that he was 
 not a thorough soldier. 
 
 The absolute contrary of the general calumny is the truth. All that a captain and 
 warrior could do he did, and endeavored to do. Mary was the sole cause of his and her 
 disasters. She insisted on hurrying to meet her enemies, when the simple delay of a few 
 days would have ruined them; and then, when audacious-promptness was the requisite 
 of the moment and would have condoned the previous error of mistaken impulse, she 
 wavered, and let the chance go by. Mary has been almost invariably credited with 
 good sense. She did not possess.it; smartness she did. Whenever she undertook 
 grand or efficient measures she fell below the occasion and manifested no sense. 
 At Langside— as frequently referred to— her defeat was due as much to her own de- 
 cision and indecision as to the selfish intentions and evil counsels of others. 
 
 As everywhere else, when called upon to display combined courage and discretion, 
 she betrayed herself. As it was in her operations against Huntley, in 1562, so it was on 
 Sunday, 15th June, 1567; so it was in her resolution to take refuge in England. When 
 she permitted Bothwell to have his own way, as she did during the " Run-about-raid " 
 and after Rizzio's murder, all went admirably, and she was triumphant whenever 
 Bothwell's counsels were implicitly followed. The "Great Earl's" Russo-German 
 champion, Petrick, justly observes, "The facts are manifoldly [and manifestly] dis- 
 torted; they envelop Bothwell, like the opaque mists evoked by a magician, and in 
 them this important personage again sinks into deep obscurity." 
 
 At Carberry Hill, she alone betrayed herself, her husband, and the friends of both. 
 At Langside, she again both betrayed herself and was betrayed. Stevenson and Nau 
 express this : "During the Queen's stay at Hamilton many difficulties arose among 
 the lords and the other leading men of her court. In the opinion of many it was 
 
80 
 
 BOTHWELL. 
 
 (Bothwell. seizes her in his arms and kisses her wildly ; but, seeing 
 that even in this supreme moment she makes a motion for Kirkaldy to 
 approach, he suddenly releases her and strides to the left of the stage ; 
 then turns, and perceives that Kirkaldy has drawn nearer to the 
 Queen. Some one in the rear has given a signal to the enemy, and 
 without, to the right, arise shouts, fanfares of trumpets and triumphant 
 flams of drums.) 
 
 Both, {with concentrated bitterness). Varium et mutabile semper 
 
 Fmmina! Thus sang the Mantuan Bard. 
 
 With truth outlives the bush that furnished bays. 
 
 And for this fickle creature I have lost 
 
 Country and honor — all a man holds dear. 
 
 Oh ! cruel Fortune. I have lov'd, have lost ! 
 
 All ! all is lost ! I am a wretch indeed. 
 ( Wrings his gauntletted hands, then lets them fall disconsolately. Sud- 
 denly rousing himself, and speaking to those without.) 
 
 Ho ! To horse ! To horse ! 
 
 Arms and Armor. Middle of the XVI. Century. 
 
 inexpedient that she should remain in the hands of the Hamiltons. Not only was the 
 personal safety of her majesty compromised hereby, but further, many persons who 
 
BOTHWELL. 81 
 
 Matiy (giving her hand to Kirkaldy). Come, Sir, let us go ! 
 
 ( These two last exclamations are simultaneous as the curtain falls. 
 Rude, loud, triumphant music accompanies its descent, which gradually 
 changes into softer and mournful notes, as the curtain againrises upon 
 a double scene.) 
 
 FOTHERINGAY. DRAGSHOLM. 
 
 Mary, with her head on the block, Bothwell lying dead upon the 
 the executioner standing floor of his prison in 
 
 over her with up- Adelsborg Castle,* 
 
 lifted axe. Denmark. 
 
 Curtain falls again to sad music, which gradually changes into a 
 
 Symphony, as it rises on th« reunion of Mary and 
 
 Bothwell in another sphere. 
 
 were at enmity with that house refused to join her." [Burton (IV. 372.) adds, " The 
 Hamiltons have been blamed in recommending it [the march which involved a battle] 
 with a treacherous purpose. "\ " Hereupon it was decided that she should retire to Dum- 
 barton, where every one could have free access to her." Langside interposed 1 
 
 * "We may add," Lord Mahon goes on to say, " we have doubts whether Bothwell's 
 confinement in Denmark was so strict and rigorous as most histories allege. ' Such a 
 statement appears scarcely compatible with the following expressions of a letter from 
 Queen Elizabeth to the King of Denmark, in 1570." — (Translation from the Latin.) 
 " Concering Bothwell, we have certainly written at previous dates to your Serene High- 
 ness, as the undoubted murderer of his King. [ Here, Elizabeth, in her thirst for Both- 
 well's blood, accords the title of King to Darnley, which she consistently denied to him 
 while alive.] * * * wherefore, to sum up, we trust (which, nevertheless, we 
 have besought of your Serene Highness again and again), that the associate in a deed of 
 turpitude, may be confined in a dungeon and in chains in one of your state-prisons, or 
 certainly, as we would prefer and rather beg that he should be taken from his dungeon 
 to uudergo trial for his crime in that place (before such tribunal), whither such admitted 
 wickedness should be transferred, for neither, assuredly, is it honorable for the King 
 [Frederick] that the murderer of a King [Darnley] should be permitted to move about 
 freely, without restraint (or genteely), and live without any punishment." 
 
82 BOTHWELL. 
 
 KlRKALDY OF GRANGE. 
 
 "That a career so honorable [as that of Kirkaldy of Grange] should 
 have closed in shame and disgrace is one of those anomalies in human 
 history of which it is rarely possible to offer any adequate explanation. 
 When the hope of the defeated [Queen's] party had become desperate ; 
 when Elizabeth had shown publicly her determination that the Catholics 
 should never triumph in Scotland ; when everything which he most de- 
 sired had been obtained, and what he most hated was lying prostrate and 
 disarmed, suddenly, — with what motive who can tell, — he changed sides, 
 became the champion of the Queen, whom he had assisted to dethrone ; 
 the enemy of the Kirk, of which he still continued a professed member : 
 and after having filled Scotland for four years with a horrible war in a 
 desperate cause ; after involving himself in miserable intrigues with the 
 French and the Spaniards to destroy Elizabeth, and make Mary Stuart 
 Queen of England — that very Mary Stuart ichose fiercest accuser he him- 
 self had been, and whom he never, even after he had become her champion, 
 professed to acquit of the crimes with which he had charged her — he 
 closed this shameful palinodia [recantation] of a once honorable life 
 where alone, as now we see it, it was possible for such a course to end — 
 on the gallows. No one will call in question the justice of his end who 
 is acquainted with the detail of the war for which he was responsible ; 
 but of the motives which could have induced him to follow a course so 
 unlike himself, so inherently disgraceful, and so desperate in its chances 
 of success, no historian that we know of has offered so much as an at- 
 tempt at explanation." — Eraser's Magazine, Vol. 47, p. 535. 
 
 Bothwell's Advantages. 
 Teulet, in his Preface, xxi., says that, besides the Casket Letters, 
 a multitude of contemporaneous documents prove the violent, bound- 
 less passion of Mary for Bothwell, who possessed all the physical advan- 
 tages proper to seduce a young woman, and was only a few years older 
 than the Queen ; since, when they were married, in 1567 (15th May), 
 he was about thirty, and Mary (born 5th December, 1542) was twenty- 
 five years and five months old. 
 
 ERRATA 
 
 Page 27, 28. " Guistizia," should read : Giustizia. 
 26, second line. For " e're, read : e'er. 
 
 45, third line. Should read : per fas et nefas. 
 
 46, fortieth line. For " indeed no !" read : indeed, none ! 
 
 55, sixteenth line. For "negatory," read: nugatory. 
 
 56, twenty-eighth line. Before "wisest," insert : best but the. 
 64, thirty-first line. For " Bothwell," read : Borthwick. 
 64, thirty-sixth line. For " Pittendriech," read : Pittendreich. 
 
flPPENDIX-nOTBS, 
 
 Note I. to Act III., Scene III. — The Casket Lettebs, Sonnets, &c. 
 
 " Harp agon.— Et cette Cassette comment est elle faite f" 
 
 " Maitre Jacques. — Elle est petite, si on le veut prendre par la ; 
 
 maisje fappelle grande pour ce qu 1 elle contient." Moliere. 
 
 Although the famous Casket Letters, Sonnets, &c, from Mary 
 to Bothwell are not mentioned in this Drama, because they were only 
 discovered after the date of its action, ending with their separation at 
 Carberry Hill, they must receive some notice, since the spirit and sen- 
 timents evident and expressed in them, are embodied in the conversa- 
 tions between Mary and Bothwell in the play. That these letters, &c, 
 are genuine, the writer, after an examination of all accessible authori- 
 ties, is as positive as a careful mortal examination and judgment can be. 
 
 " Some bold attempts have lately been made to prove these [the 
 Casket] Letters and Sonnets to be forgeries ; but, unfortunately for 
 Mary's reputation, the principal arguments, in support of their authen- 
 ticity, yet remain unanswered. 1. They were examined and compared 
 with her acknowledged handwriting, in many letters to Elizabeth, not 
 only by the English Commissioners, and by the Scottish Council and 
 Parliament, but by the English Privy Council, assisted by several noble- 
 men well affected to the cause of the Queen of Scots, who all admitted 
 them to be authentic. (Anderson, Vol. IV.) This circumstance is of 
 great weight in the dispute ; for, although it is not very difficult to 
 counterfeit a subscription, fl^*" it is almost impossible to counterfeit 
 any number of pages so perfectly as to elude detection. .JgJ 2. Mary and 
 her commissioners, by declining to refute the charge of the Regent, 
 though requested to attempt a refutation in any manner or form, and 
 told by Elizabeth that silence would be considered as the fullest confes- 
 sion of guilt, seemed to admit the justice of the accusation. (Id ibid.) 3. 
 The Duke of Norfolk, who had been favored with every opportunity of 
 
84 BOTHWELL. 
 
 examining the letters in question, and who gave the strongest marks 
 of his attachment to the Queen of Scots, yet believed them to be 
 authentic. (" State Trials," Vol. I.) 4. In the conferences between the 
 Duke, Maitland of Lethington, and Bishop Lesley, all zealous partisans 
 of Mary, the authenticity of the letters, and her participation in the 
 murder of her husband, are always taken for granted. (Id ibid.) 5. 
 But, independent of all other evidence, the letters themselves contain 
 many internal proofs of their authenticity ; many minute and unneces- 
 sary particulars, which could have occurred to no person employed to 
 forge them, and which, as the English commissioners ingenuously ob- 
 served, "were unknown to any other than to herself and Bothwell." 
 6. Their very indelicacy is a proof of their authenticity ; for although 
 Mary, in an amorous moment, might slide into a gross expression, 
 PIT in writing to a man to whom she had sacrificed her honor,,^! the 
 f ramer of no forgery could hope to gain it credibility by imputing such 
 expressions to so polite and accomplished a princess as the Queen of 
 Scots. (Vol. I., p. 462, note 2. "History of Modern Europe." By 
 William Russell, LL. D. Harper & Brothers, No. 82 Cliff Street, New 
 York. 1833.) 
 
 Note II. Did Maky have a child by Bothwell ? 
 Absolute proofs and circumstantial evidence accumulate to prove 
 that Mary Stuart had a child by Bothwell. Lord Mahon, a very careful 
 and trustworthy historian, in his Review of the "Lettres, Instructions 
 et Memoir es de Marie Stuart," &c, &c, by Prince Alexander Labanoff, 
 Article V., Quarterly Review, Vol. LXXVIL, No. 153, London, 1846, page 
 139, &c, comes to the same conclusion as the Russian champion of the 
 Queen, that she did have a daughter by Bothwell. Labanoff says, Vol. 
 II., page 63, that this child was born in Lochleven Castle, in February,* 
 1568, exactly, or about, nine months after her third marriage, 15th 
 May, 1567.* 
 
 * 1567. 18th July. [Page 32.]—" The Lords of the Secret Council suggest to Mary 
 the disavowal of her marriage with Bothwell. She refuses— being unable to consent to 
 bastardize the infant of which she was then pregnant. See the letter from Throck- 
 morton to Elizabeth, of 19th July, 1567. This letter, preserved in the British Museum 
 (Cotton Mss., Caligula C. I., fol. 18), has been printed by Eobertson. Appendix, No. 
 XXII." * * * 
 
 1568. [Page 34.]—" In February Mary is delivered of a daughter, at Lochleven ; the 
 
BOTHWELL. 85 
 
 Claude Nau, in his " History of Mary Stuart," edited by the Jesuit 
 Joseph Stevenson, Edinburgh, 1883, pages 59-60, mentions her " lying 
 on her bed, in a state of very great weakness, partly by reason of her 
 great trouble (partly in consequence of a great flux, the result of a 
 miscarriage of twins, her issue by Bothwell), so that she could move 
 only with great difficulty." 
 
 This was the time that the miscreant Lindesay, the truculent Ruthven 
 and Sir Robert Melville carried to Lochleven the Act of Abdication for 
 Mary to sign. If Nau speaks the truth, and what reason had he for not 
 doing so, the date must have been about 24th July, 1567. (Labanoff, II., 
 59.) Stevenson, in his lengthy Preface, pages clxxvii.-viii., a work 
 in itself, is more explicit. These are his words, " Among the other 
 revelations made to us by this [Nau's] narrative is one which takes 
 us by surprise, the fact, namely, that shortly after her [Mary's] arrival 
 in Lochleven, the Queen gave birth to twins, which, however, were 
 still-born. Yet that such should have been the case might have been 
 expected, for she herself declared that she was about to become a 
 mother. Considering the rare intercourse which at this time took place 
 between the ordinary household of the castle and the Queen's attend- 
 ants, it is by no means incredible that the birth of these children was 
 never known to the Laird of Lochleven and his family. It is never 
 referred to in the correspondence of the period." 
 
 A note at the foot of the page, clxxvii., reads, "It must have occurred 
 not long before 24th July " [1567] ; that is in little more than two months 
 
 child is carried to France, where she eventually became a Nun in the Convent of our 
 Lady at Soissons. The pregnancy of the Queen of Scotland has been denied by Gilbert 
 Stuart, who wrote in 1782. But Dr. Lingard having reproduced this fact as certain in 
 his ' History of England,' I have thought it right to adopt his account, supporting my- 
 self, moreover, by the testimony of Le Laboureur, an historian worthy of great credit, 
 who, in his additions to the 'Memoirs of Castelnau' (Vol. I., p. 610, of the edition of 
 1731), speaks of the daughter of Mary Stuart. It must be remembered that the author 
 whom I cite held an office of trust at the French court (he was the king's councillor 
 and almoner), and that he had means of knowing several particulars long kept secret. 
 Besides, when he published his work, it was easy for him to consult the registers of the 
 Convent of our Lady at Soissons, and to assure himself if Mary's daughter had really 
 been a nun there." — " Letters of Mary Stuart, Queen of Scotland, selected from the 
 Recutt des Lettres de Marie Stuart; together with the Chronological Summary of 
 Events during the Reign of the Queen of Scotland." By Prince Alexander Labanoff. 
 Translated, with Notes and Introduction, by William Turnbull, Esq., Advocate, F. S. A. 
 Scot. London : Charles Dolman, 61 New Bond Street. 1845. 
 
86 BOTHWELL. 
 
 after Mary and Bothwell were married, and justifies the argument of 
 Prof. Schiern, that the marriage between Mary and Bothwell was pre- 
 cipitated in order to cover with the mantle of legitimacy} a child very 
 likely the result of the double adultery of its parents. 
 
 Throckmorton, the English ambassador in Scotland, in a letter to 
 Queen Elizabeth, under the date of 18th (19th) July, 1567, says, p. 142 : 
 " She [Mary] hath sent me word that she will rather dye, grounding her- 
 self upon thys reason that takynge herself to be seven weeks gon with 
 chylde, by renouncynge Bothwell, she should acknowledge herselfe to 
 be with chylde of a bastard, and to have forfayted her honoure, which 
 she will not do to dye for it." 
 
 Even an experienced and observant woman does not know that she 
 is with child, so as to speak decidedly, until several, certainly two 
 months have elapsed. Consequently this child dates back to before 
 the double marriage rites, 15th May, 1567, to justify any idea that 
 the twins (referred to by Nau and Stevenson) were boy and girl, 
 because some writers refer to a girl, and some to a boy. If there was any 
 child, only one, the sex, female, is undoubted, but the tradition of a son 
 born to Mary, in Lochleven Castle, of which the paternity was assigned 
 to George Douglas, is mentioned by Burton (IV., 364-5 ; VII., 32, 43, 49, 
 129, 135). As to the daughter, see de Peyster's " Mary Stuart, a Study," 
 pp. 99-100. " Bothwell and Mary Stuart," 112-114, 196-198. Kapin, 
 Lingard, Froude, Mignet, and others, contain references to a daughter, 
 and Miss Yonge wrote a novel, "Unknown to History," founded on the 
 birth and career of an unfortunate female child. The distinction between 
 the sexes is not recognizable until after, at least, three or four months of 
 life in the embryo, consequently the reasons urged by Prof. Schiern, why 
 Mary was desirous of precipitating her marriage with Bothwell, is fully 
 explained. Lord Mahon, Burton, and all of the writers who argue out 
 these stories, do so like lawyers carrying conviction. The discrepan- 
 cies in the statement of the birth of that child, or those children, seem 
 to be founded, not on the facts of the case, but the feelings of the chron- 
 iclers. Agnes Strickland, wishing to blacken the character of 
 Bothwell, and to clear Mary from all stain, makes her "painful and 
 dangerous" illness at Lochleven " exactly nine months from the 
 period " Bothwell is said to have ravished her in Dunbar Castle. 
 
BOTHWELL. 87 
 
 Prince Labanoff makes the birth occur in February, 1568, nine months 
 after Mary's public marriage. Nau, Laboureur, Castelnau, Throckmor- 
 ton : the first, her secretary ; the second, a priest of her communion ; the 
 third, a friend and invariably admitted to have been an honeBt man ; 
 and the fourth, a man who had nothing to gain by falsehood ; all agree 
 as to the pregnancy or the birth of a child or twins. Nau and Ste- 
 venson make the date six months earlier than Miss Strickland, and 
 seven than Labanoff. The only doubtful point is the survival of 
 a child. It was no uncommon thing to place royal children who 
 were annoyances in conventical establishments, in contradistinction 
 to the course of other monarchs, such as James V. of Scotland, 
 Henry IV. and Louis XIV. of France, Charles II. of England, and 
 others, who amply provided for their bastards, and ennobled them. 
 That Mary's child, if a girl, had a different fate, is not surprising. It 
 was at once a menace to the parties in power, and a victim to the 
 hatred universally exhibited towards its father, Bothwell, and its 
 mother, Mary. In all ages, to make way with such a birth, is neither 
 extraordinary nor even unusual. To have done justice to such an un- 
 happy fruit of an anlawful union would have been a rare exception to 
 a detestable rule, almost invariable in its application. 
 
 To quote at large from Lord Mahon's critical Keview of Mary's 
 Letters, &c, it states that " Prince Labanoff admits, " (Vol. II., p. 63,) 
 " without hesitation, the statement that Queen Mary, when sent to the 
 Castle of Lochleven, in June, 1567, was with child by Bothwell, and that 
 in February, 1568, she gave birth to a daughter, who was immediately re- 
 moved to France, and became a Nun at the convent of Notre Dame, at 
 Soissons." Considering the marriage of Mary to Bothwell, 15th May, 
 1567, it is obvious that her character is in no way affected by this tale, 
 whether true or false. On this point, therefore, Prince Labanoff's pre- 
 possessions in her favor have no force, and the judgment of so well- 
 informed and laborious an inquirer deserves, as we think, the greatest 
 weight. His assent to this tale has led us to inquire the grounds on 
 which it rests ; and we shall now state what appear the testimonies in its 
 favor, as well as the negative presumptions which may be raised against 
 it. The statement rests mainly on the direct assertion of Le Laboureur, 
 in his "Additions to the Memoires de Castelnau," and will be found at 
 
88 BOTHWELL. 
 
 Vol. I., p. 673, edition of 1659. Jean Le Laboureur (1562-75) is a writer 
 of great research and accuracy. He is described by M. "Weiss, in the Bio- 
 graphic Universelle [compare Biographie Generate, XXX., de Firmin 
 Didot and M. L. d' Safer], as " I 'un des ecrivains qui ont lepluscontribue 
 a eclaircir VMstoire de France." And as Prince Labanoff reminds us, he 
 held a post of high confidence at the Court of France (Conseiller et Aum- 
 onier du Boi), and might become acquainted with many, until then very 
 secret, transactions. But, if we believe, as appears most probably the 
 case, that Le Laboureur derived the story from the manuscript notes 
 and papers left behind by Castelnau, the evidence in its favor will appear 
 stronger still. Michel de Castelnau, Seigneur de Mauvissiere (by which 
 latter name he was commonly known during his life), had accompanied 
 Mary, as French Ambassador to Scotland. In 1575 he was ap- 
 pointed French Ambassador in England ; and, as appears from Prince 
 Labanoff' s collection, became one of Mary's most frequent and most 
 trusted correspondents. Castelnau says in his Memoirs, " File est en- 
 core prisonnilre sans pouvoir trouver moyen Wen sortir qu 'a I Hnstant 
 il ne sunienne quelques nouvelles difficulties, les quelles ont pour la 
 plupart passees par mes mains.'''' (Vol. XXXIII. , p. 357, in the collection 
 of Petitot.) It appears also that, in the course of his diplomatic and 
 political services, he had occasion to make many journeys through the 
 north of France, and he might not improbably, in one of them, have 
 seen himself at Soissons, the unhappy offspring of a most ill-omened 
 and most guilty marriage. There is, however, a remarkable confirma- 
 tion of Le Laboureur's story, wholly unknown to La Laboureur when 
 he wrote, and not published until a century afterwards. It is con- 
 tained in a secret dispatch from Throckmorton, the English Am- 
 bassador in Scotland, to his Queen, and will be found in the Appendix 
 to Robertson's History, under date of July 18th, 1567. It appears the 
 Ambassador had transmitted, by a secret channel, a proposal to Mary 
 at Lochleven, that she should renounce Bothwell for her husband. But 
 he adds, in his report to Elizabeth, " She hath sent me word that she 
 will rather dye, grounding herself upon thys reason, that takyne her- 
 self to be seven weeks [embryo, consequently, about two months old] 
 gon with chylde, by renouncynge Bothwell she should acknowledge 
 herself to be with chylde of a bastard, and to have forfayted her hon- 
 
BO TRW ELL. 89 
 
 oure, which she will not do to dye for it." Physicians admit there 
 is uncertainty in the symptoms of pregnancy previous to the fifth 
 month, and, even later, the wisest and most observing are frequently 
 deceived. Consequently, to speak so positively, Mary must have had 
 more trustworthy evidence, and even this seems to establish Schiern's 
 views as well as those of Nau and Stevenson. 
 
 Nor can it, on examination of the circumstances, be maintained 
 that this answer was only a device of Mary to evade compliance. She 
 must have foreseen that, as really happened, the renouncing of Both- 
 well would be again and again pressed upon her, and that if her first 
 reason against it should, after some short interval, appear to be invalid 
 she would then be unable to take a stand on any other ground. The 
 concurrence of two such testimonies as Le Laboureur's in France and 
 Throckmorton's in Scotland — each entitled to high confidence and each 
 without the slightest knowledge of the other — would probably on most 
 questions be considered as decisive. 
 
 " In this case, however, we have to set against them a strong prima 
 facie presumption on the other side — the utter silence as to this child 
 at Soissons in all the correspondence of the period — the utter silence, 
 first of Mary herself ; secondly, of all her friends ; and thirdly, of all 
 her opponents. We propose to consider, under each of these heads, 
 whether any sufficient ground for such silence can be assigned. 
 
 1. Mary herself had few opportunities of writing from her prison of 
 Lochleven. Even the industry of Prince Labanoff is compelled to leave 
 an utter blank between Sept. 3d, 1567, when Mary wrote to Sir Robert 
 Melville, desiring him to ' send stuffs for clothes for herself and my 
 maidens, for they are naked ;' and March 31st, 1568, when we find two 
 notes, one to Catharine de Medici and the other to the Archbishop of 
 Glasgow, entreating speedy succor, and adding, "je n'ose ecrire d'a- 
 vantage." There are two other short notes from Lochleven, on the day 
 preceding her escape, one to Catherine de Medici, and one to Elizabeth. 
 In none of these could we expect to find any allusion to her pregnancy 
 or to the birth of her child. 
 
 There is no letter at all from Mary during the hurried fortnight 
 which elapsed between her escape from Lochleven and her arrival in 
 England, except a few lines of doubtful authenticity dated from 
 
90 BOTHWELL. 
 
 Dundrennan, and addressed to Queen Elizabeth, which we think 
 Prince Labanoff has too hastily admitted. (The authority he cites 
 for it is only "Marie Stuart, Nouvelle Historique" Paris, 1674. More- 
 over, the note from Dundrennan is not alluded to in the certainly 
 authentic, letter which Mary addressed to Elizabeth from Workington 
 only two days afterward.) This note, however, in no degree bears 
 upon the present question. Within a very few weeks of her captivity 
 in England, Mary became convinced of the horror with which her 
 union with Bothwell was universally regarded. She consented, at the 
 Conferences of York, that steps should be taken for the dissolution of 
 her marriage and for the contracting of another with the Duke of 
 Norfolk. From that time forward, therefore, we need not wonder that 
 her letters should contain no allusion to the pledge of an alliance, 
 which that pledge might, if known, render more difficult to dissolve, 
 and which she knew was most hateful to all her well-wishers whether 
 in France, in England, or in Scotland. 
 
 2. The same horror of this alliance and of its results may be thought 
 an adequate motive for silence in such few of Mary's relatives or 
 friends in France as must be supposed cognizant of the birth and ex- 
 istence of her daughter. 
 
 3. Of Mary's enemies, the first in power at this period was her il- 
 legitimate brother, the Earl of Murray, the Regent of Scotland. During 
 a long time he professed a tender regard for his sister's reputation, 
 and several times warned her against urging him to the public ac- 
 cusation which he made at last, on December 8th, 1568. It is, there- 
 fore, perfectly consistent with his professions and with his position 
 that he should, in February, 1568, have taken steps for the concealment 
 of Mary's childbirth, and the sending of the infant to her relatives in 
 France. After December, 1568, there could no longer, indeed, be the 
 slightest pretence to personal kindness and regard. But surely the 
 chances of the royal succession would then supply him another and 
 much stronger motive for concealment. In case the life of James VI. 
 — a boy not yet three years old — should fail, Mary's daughter, if the 
 marriage with Bothwell were legitimate, would become the next heir 
 to the crown. A most perplexing question as to the strict validity of 
 that marriage, and as to the rights of the true heir, would then arise. 
 
BO TRW ELL. 91 
 
 It seems probable, therefore, in such a contingency, Murray and his 
 associates in the secret had resolved to deny absolutely the fact of the 
 birth or the existence of the infant. 
 
 The same motive for the greatest possible secrecy would have weight 
 all through the life of the Nun at Sois^ons ; but would cease at her 
 death. And thus the same consideration would serve to explain both 
 the silence observed during so many years, and the disclosure at last 
 in Le Laboureur's annotation — always supposing the secret to have 
 been confined, both in Scotland and in France, to extremely few and 
 trusty persons. 
 
 We offer these conjectures as, in our mind, greatly diminishing, 
 though not, we admit, entirely removing the force of the objections 
 against the story. And on the whole, looking to the positive testimonies 
 in its favor, we certainly incline, with Prince Labanoff, to a belief in its 
 
 TRUTH. " 
 
 Note III. Mary and Kirkaldy of Grange. 
 
 The most careful analytical study of the character of Mary leads the 
 unprejudiced critic, up or down, to the consistent judgment of the calm 
 historian, Lord Mahon, "the strength of her passions ruined all ;" hers 
 " was an emotional nature, as ardent as it was unscrupulous." "Judi- 
 cious calmness will not allow him [Burton, a fair and unprejudiced 
 writer] to violate historic facts in order to impart a fictitious inno- 
 cence to a sadly perverted and vitiated character." " When she was not 
 under the influence of the violent attachments to which she afterwards 
 yielded [1563-5]. Burton observes, in another place (IV., 95), " and while 
 she views her marriage as a political arrangement, she scorned any- 
 thing but a thoroughly great alliance." Yet she had been in love with 
 Damville, and to him, in her favor, succeeded Chastelard, Sir John 
 Gordon, and then the miserable Darnley. Every just critic will reject 
 the imputation in regard to Rizzio, although it is very doubtful if he 
 was the repulsive creature generally represented, but rather an insin- 
 uating, not unattractive man. "The beautiful Mary was, in reality, 
 one of the most abandoned and unscrupulous of her sex." These are 
 terrible extracts ; each word seems to be wet with blood and stained 
 with passion. Mary's conduct at Carberry Hill is utterly inexplicable, 
 
92 BOTHWELL. 
 
 unless we accept as correct the definition of the arch-poet : "It [Love] 
 is to be all made of fantasy" ["passion, wishes" or desires], said the 
 arch-expression-dissector, " Love [such as that of Mary Stuart] is not 
 altogether a delirium, yet it has many points in common therewith ;" 
 and, remarks another celebrated critic, unless the idea of Burton is 
 conceded as the true solution, " The latent resolution [of Kirkaldy to 
 betray his party] was planted in his heart by the siren [Mary Stuart] 
 when she chose to surrender to him [at Carberry Hill and abandon 
 Bothwell to his fate]. She may have been carried away by a sudden 
 flood of feeling, as she certainly was instantly captured by the exterior 
 graces and accomplishments of Darnley. Finally, not to weary the 
 reader with arguments, however powerful and pertinent, the question 
 presents itself: Would Lindesay, "the bloodiest and most furious that 
 could be found in the whole troop" (Stevenson, clxxix.), if he did not 
 believe that he had guaged her nature, have dared to make her the 
 proposition, in Lochleven Castle, that "he would free her if she would 
 love him ?" (Nau, 59.) 
 
 Lindesay afterward became one of her partisans. She was a verit- 
 able Circe. Again, would Ruthven have dared to commit a like offense 
 without some excuse ? " Ruthven, who had been commissioned to re- 
 side within the [Lochleven] Castle [with Lindesay] as her keepers," 
 " was removed in consequence of having been guilty of an act of scan- 
 dalous indecency. Early one morning he came into the bedroom of his 
 captive and made indecent proposals to her ; offering to procure her 
 liberty at the payment of her sin." (Stevenson, clxxviii.) 
 
 Ruthven, like Lindesay, afterward joined her party (Nau, 59). These 
 relations tally with the curious story told by Michelet of Margaret of Va- 
 lois, another royal lady of peculiar temperament and passionate nature. 
 
 Margaret of Valois had innumerable lovers, and especially her 
 brothers, the King, Henry III., and the Duke of Alencon, a candidate 
 for the hand of Elizabeth of England. Henry III., who survived her, 
 was not less jealous of her ; was more husband than her real husband, 
 the spiritual and patient King of Navarre, afterwards Henry IV. Mar- 
 garet's lover, for the time being, was the famous duelist, Bussy of Am- 
 boise, of whom the king's favorite du Guast was at once accuser, or 
 informer and persecutor. On the 30th of October, 1575, Margaret de- 
 
BOTHWELL. 93 
 
 termined upon a decided step, and demonstrated that she was the true 
 sister of the King, Charles IX., the hero of St. Bartholomew's day. She 
 looked up an assassin. In the Convent of the Augustins, a certain 
 Baron of Viteaux was in hiding, who had killed, among others, one of 
 the immediate circle of Henry III. Had it not been for du Guast, this 
 king who had a short memory could have been easily worked upon to 
 pardon Viteaux. Consequently Viteaux detested du Guast. Mar- 
 garet did not hesitate to seek out this man of blood, either in the 
 cloister, or more probably the vast and dark church in which he kept 
 himself concealed. This was in the night before All Souls Day, and 
 the occasion was favorable. All the church bells of the capital were 
 clanging in chorus, and the Parisians having passed the whole day in 
 frequenting churches and visiting tombs, had sought their homes 
 early. Margaret availed herself of these circumstances, so opportune 
 to her occasion. Trembling and shuddering, she asked Viteaux to do 
 for her sake that which he himself desired to do for his own. Viteaux 
 nevertheless, fought shy, and did not wish to do the deed gratis : if 
 tradition is reliable. She promised ; he required immediate settlement. 
 It was night, and all the numerous dead, in this church full of sepulchres, 
 awaiting their annual festival, were not more peaceable and uncon- 
 cerned than the sleeping living. The intrepid little woman paid cash 
 down. Her man kept his bargain : du Guast was killed the next day. 
 (Michelet, X., V., 82.) 
 
 Ruthven expected the same sort of pay, but Mary did not see it in 
 the same light as Margaret. Perhaps she did not trust her Scotchman 
 and did not believe he would or could carry out the contract. 
 
 Note IV. Maitland of Lethington. 
 
 "Thenceforward, therefore, we see a double current where before 
 there had been but a single stream. Murray became the head of the re- 
 ligious party ; Maitland of Lethington of the political ; and the distinc- 
 tion of the ends which they proposed to themselves soon widened the 
 separation between them. 
 
 " Maitland, who cared as much for religion as politicians are usually 
 apt to care, discovered in the disputed title of Elizabeth to her crown, 
 and in the right to it which had been advanced for his own Queen, an 
 
94 BOTHWELL. 
 
 opportunity of re-establishing Scotland on its old equality with its old 
 rival, and perhaps for a splendid repayment of old scores and grudges. 
 Intrigue was his proper element. Life was a game in which he was 
 mainly interested as an exercise of political ability, and the ' situation ' 
 had irresistible attractions for him. No sooner was Mary returned 
 than she found in him the most efficient minister of her ambition. He 
 threw himself into all her schemes, and gave them shape and con- 
 sistency ; and in a few years he had sown the seeds of disaffection over 
 the whole northern counties of England. He parried Elizabeth's de- 
 mand for a ratification of the Treaty of Edinburgh (in which it had been 
 stipulated that Mary should formally renounce her claim) by a counter- 
 demand that she should be acknowledged as her successor ; and 
 Elizabeth's refusal, which the circumstances of the case rendered inevit- 
 able, he was able to display as a national affront in the eyes of the 
 proud and foolish nobility. Everything prospered with him. A dex- 
 terous flattery had dissolved the Protestant League ; Murray was almost 
 the only nobleman who openly adhered to it ; and in the atmosphere of 
 suspicion which Maitland had contrived to create, a coldness had arisen 
 even towards Murray among.the ministers of the Kirk. The Darnley 
 marriage was probably Maitland's devising ; for Mary's title was doub- 
 ly fortified by it, and at once upon its taking place a large section o f 
 the English transferred their allegiance to her. The northern counties 
 were ready to rise in the summer of 1565, and the attempt would not 
 long have been delayed if Darnley's own wretched character had not 
 ruined everything. No one could trust him, and yet it was impossible 
 to act without him ; and at the end of a year, it was found indispensably 
 necessary, unless their entire policy was to fall in pieces, that in some 
 way or other he should be got rid of. Maitland was the first person 
 who suggested the Murder to the Queen ; and if she could have left it to 
 him as he desired, the thing would have been done skillfully and quietly, 
 and Darnley would have disappeared out of life with as little disturb- 
 ance as a thousand other poor princes had caused in disappearing who 
 have been in the way of politicians. Maitland had been responsible for 
 his introduction upon the stage, and like a good subject he was ready 
 to do his best to remedy the evil which he had caused. Disappointment 
 is a feeble word for the feeling with, which he must have regarded the sub- 
 
BOTHWELL. 95 
 
 stitution of Bothwellfor himself, and the sacrifice of an empire for a mis- 
 erable love intrigue. Everything was ruined irretrievably; and, although, 
 even after Carberry Hill, Maitland undertook if she would promise to sur- 
 render Bothwell, to restore her Grown, yet her refusal convinced him that 
 her cause was for the time hopeless, and he consented with the rest of the 
 nobles to her deposition and imprisonment in Lochleven. She had com- 
 mitted herself in every way ; even on paper ; in letters of her own hand- 
 writing ; and though such men as Maitland find little difficulty in forgiv- 
 ing crimes, blunders, gross patent blunders, are without excuse. Ac- 
 cordingly, as long as she remained in Scotland, he now kept himself com- 
 paratively in the background, doing little or nothing, but formally acting 
 with his old friends, and supporting Murray. In the autumn of 1568, 
 however, a new complication brought around fresh opportunities, and 
 the old hopes grew green again. Murray's regency was secretly detest- 
 able to him — a very solecism in government, unendurable by a philos- 
 ophical statesman. As long as it lasted the moral law was the law of 
 the land. Sins were punished as crimes, and political difficulties were 
 resolved by a stupid and unstatesmanlike appeal to the ' Word of God.' 
 Such a state of things was an affront to his very creed, and an outrage 
 on his understanding. Self preservation is the first law of life ; and if 
 theories such as these obtained currency what would be the use of the 
 Maitlands ? His national pride was further irritated at the position in 
 which Mary had been placed by Elizabeth, who had compelled her to 
 plead at an English tribunal ; his jealousy was alarmed by the evident 
 anxiety of the English Government to get the young King into their 
 hands ; and Mary herself was now in a country where the evidence of 
 her guilt was less notorious, and where it was possible to deny it. Both- 
 well was safe out of the way in a Danish prison, and she immediately on 
 her arrival in England had been welcomed by a powerful party, who 
 were secretly ready to recognise her as the representative of the Catholic 
 cause. All these things combined to revive the old schemes; and Murray, 
 when summoned to York to meet the English commissioners, had already 
 seen so much cause to distrust Maitland that he was afraid to leave him 
 behind and had joined him with himself in the commission. 
 
 "Perhaps he had already been in secret correspondence with Mary ; 
 at any rate, he was no sooner in York, than he placed himself in corre- 
 
96 
 
 BOTHWELL. 
 
 spondence with her, and privately directed her in the course which 
 she was to pursue in defending herself. But the worst mischief which 
 Maitland could have done in Scotland was small in comparison with 
 that which his visit to England gave him the opportunity of effecting. 
 Whatever admiration is due to audacity and skill must be given him 
 without stint for the scheme which he now conceived. The Duke of 
 Norfolk, who had been sent to York as the President of the English 
 commission, was the first English subject, the premier nobleman in the 
 peerage. Professing himself to be a Protestant, his allegiance to the 
 Reformation was as hollow as that of the mass of the nobility. If Mary 
 Stuart could be married to Mm, and if he would support her title to the 
 crown, her success, Maitland considered, would be certain. * * * 
 " It was a really magnificent scheme. Although it failed, there is 
 something grand even in failure on such a scale ; and Maitland must 
 have the credit as well as the responsibility of the entire conception." 
 
 Fraser's Magazine, Vol. 42, p. 537-8. 
 
Mary Stuart. Queen of Scots. 
 
 From the famous portrait in the gallery of the Hermitage Palace, St. Petersburgh, Russia. 
 
 Originally in Paris, France, prior to the great French Revolution. 
 
Bothwell's Book Mark. 
 
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