iw iijwi iwMiiww.wiiiauiiuv.j.vim' THS :NT£RN. I TiONAL LANGUA G£ I HAN 13-800 K OF VOLAPUK Qass__ Mr^- ^ PRESENTED BT . %__ CLASS. BOOK VOli. f THE INTER NA TIONAL LA NG UAGE Hand-Book OF V O L A P tj K By Charles E^Sprague Member of the Acaaemy of VoLapuk — President of the Institute of Accounts Fourth Edition. Revised AND Corrected. NEW YORK: THE OFFICE COMPANY. LONDON: Tl^UBNER & CO. CHICAGO; S R. WINCHKLL & CO. 18 88 St l882o Copyright, 1887, by Charles E. Sprague By Transfer 0. C. Public Library ^^^ 14 1S37 L TRUNK BROS., PRINTERS, NSW YORK. 52192 THIS book dman^ no previous knowledge ^f* sM language, except English. WKB^^^®'i§tic^t^^ wiiiild^^jif course, be a great assistance to theiS^; ^^^^, y (^t2^ ^-irumig Si^«fy explanations, in select- ing terms and in foreseeing difficulties, I have had in view the wants of persons who take up the study of Volapiik next after that of their mother tongue. These are the persons most to be benefited by an international language, and this is its natural place in a course of study. 1 have, there- fore, rigidly excluded all reference to any language except the two in ques- tion — English, already known, and Volapiik, to be acquired. A fair knowledge of English grammar is presupposed ; therefore I have not wasted space in explaining the ordinary technical terms. There are excellent works on the subject in French, German and other languages, but translations of such works are very unsatisfactory to an American learner. He finds things taken for granted which are quite unknown, and things explained which to him are self-evident. I have tried to place myself in the attitude of such a learner, and to give him just the help he needs, and just at the point where he needs it. I have jested and modified my methods by experimental teaching. I have not followed the ancient custom of treating each part of speech by itself, but have taken up each modification in succession, a plan which seems to me preferable, at least in a language without irregularities. In the Exercises, few words are introduced, but many combinations are made of them, so as to give the greatest amount of drill in the inflec- tions. As English has almost no inflection, this feature is the strangest and most difficult, and requires the most practice. The Vocabulary will place at command over one thousand of the most frequently occurring words, besides a vast number of their derivativs which will be readily understood. I have made no changes in the system itself, but have tried to repre- sent faithfully what it actually is, following the authority of the Second General Assembly held in Mimich. Upon the recommendation of the American Philological Association and of the London Philological Society, I have dropped the final e, mis* leading and unhistorical, from such words as '*infinitiv," '^feminin,'* etc. Charles E. Sprague. z^// Broadway y New York, CONTENTS. PAGE Introduction v How TO Use this Book viii Sounds and Letters i Parts of Speech 4 Numbers 5 Cases 6 Persons lo Genders 14 Formation of Adjectivs 15 Formation of Adverbs 20 Degrees of Comparison 21 Tenses 21 Passiv Voice 23 Infinitiv 23 Participle 25 ImPER ATIV 26 Conditional, Conjunctiv and Potential 27 Interrogativ Form 28 Frequentativ or Aorist 29 Reflexiv 30 Prepositions and the Kimifal 31 Synopsis of Inflection 33 Use of Prepositions 34 Derived Prepositions 35 Formation of Interjections 35 Use of Conjunctions and Adverbs 35 Order of Words 37 Idiomatic Expressions 39 Derivation of Words 41 Compounds 42 Prefixes 42 Suffixes 44 Example of Derivation 47 VoTAMS fa Lasam Valemik Telid 48 Abraham e Baledan 49 Model of Translation and Grammatical Analysis 49- 60 Spodam 61-63 LiLADAM 64- 66 VOCABULARY 67-113 Key to the Exercises 1 14-119 INTRODUCTION. VOLAPtiK is designed to serve as a means of communication between persons whose native languages are not the same. Such a medium has long been regarded as desirable. The hope has often been expressed that one of the great national languages may, by common consent, be selected as a *' universal language"; but there is not the shghtest probability tha.t this great advantage will be voluntarily given to one nation, or that any one of the great powers can ever impose its lan- guage on others. Volapiik is one of numerous attempts at solving the problem of a common language. Without entering into a discussion of their merits, it is sufficient to say that no other attempt has ever passed beyond the experi- mental stage or been actually used, to any considerable extent, for the com- munication of thought. Volapiik has now become so widely diffused that it can no longer be treated as a mere project, and some acquaintance with its history and the general principles of its construction will be desired by educated persons. This *' world -language " was invented and first published in 1879 by JoHANN Martin Schleyer, a German, and a priest of the Roman Catholic Church, who had become a very accomplished linguist. The system is entirely his production, and has not been modified in any essential point. His aim was, first, to produce a language capable of expressing thought \ with the greatest clearness and accuracy ; second, to make its acquisition as easy as possible to the greatest number ot human beings. He resolved to seek these ends by observing the processes of the many languages with which he was acquainted ; following them as models wherever they are clear, accurate and simple, but avoiding their faults, obscurities and difficulties. The m.aterial and the form, or the dictionary and the grammar, call upon different mental faculties. One's stock of words is retained by exer- cise of the memory. Therefore the radicals or root-words were generally so chosen by him from existing languages, that the greatest number of persons might have the fewest unfamiliar words to memorize. Since English is spoken as a mother-tongue by more millions than any other language he took from it more root-words, with or without modification, than from any other, or about 40 per cent, of the whole. The selection is limited by such considerations as brevity, distinctness and ease of utter- ance — difficult and unusual sounds and combinations being excluded. Thus, in selecting a word for the idea inan^ the English word is found very suitable, especially as it is substantially the same in all other Teutonic tongues; and it has been adopted, but sounded as in German. The word house, or haus, for the idea of a dwelling, is found objectionable for several reasons: the his to be avoided because unpronounceable by some nations, vi INTRODUCTION. and the s is already appropriated for the plural termination. The Teutonic roots being barred out, recourse is had to the Latin, and c/om is selected. We are also familiar with this in English, as in domestic. In Aand again we have the same trouble with // and also with the two consonants coming together, the plural hands being unpronounceable by certain peoples. The Latin root man- will not help us here, because man is already appropriated. Therefore, the transposed form nam is adopted, slightly assisting the memory. As to grammar, the first requisite is regularity, and the second is sim- plicity. There was before the inventor a choice between the inflectional and the analytical modes; whether to express the relations between words by modifications in form, or by separate words as connectivs. He inclined to the former, and his language is rather inflectional than analytical. It has four cases: the nominativ, being the unmodified form, and the genitiv, dativ and accusativ, designated by vowel endings. In selecting these endings the inventor has greatly aided the memory by employing the first three vowels, «, , the voice is activ." " Nouns have number, gender and case. Pronouns have number, gender, case and person. Verbs have number, gender, person, tense, mood and voice. Adjectivs and adverbs have degree. Adjectivs may also have the inflections of nouns, but this is seldom required. ♦Anyone may convince himself of possibility of dispensing with articles by reading aloud any extract. Omission of articles will be found not to obscure sense. la telegrams, articles are seldom used. NUMBERS. 6 NUMBERS. The simple form is the singular number. The plural number always ends in s. Man, a man ; plural, mans, men. (Man may also be translated, the man, or simply, man. The articles an, a and the are always omitted.) Vom, the woman; voms, the women. Ob, I ; obs, we. Om, he ; oms, they. Ol, thou or you ; ols, ye or you. In English, you is sometimes singular and sometimes plural. In addressing one person, ol should be used ; while ols is used for two or more. The numerals are always placed after the thing numbered. Man bal, one man. Mans tel, two men. Voms kil, three women. The first nine numerals end in 1, preceded by the vowels in regular order. 123456 789 bal tel kil fol lul mal vel jol ziil The tens are formed by adding s. 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 bals tels kils fols luls mals vels jols ziils Numbers composed of tens and units unite the two parts by , e S and, balsebal, 1 1 ; balsetel, twelve ; telsebal, 2 1 ; lulsevel, 57; ziilseziil, 99. Tum, hundred ; mil, thousand ; balion, million ; these are preceded by one of the digits. Baltum, 100; teltum, 200 ; kilmil, 3000 ; folmil foltum, 4400 ; lulmil lultum lulselul, 5555. EXERCISE 1. Vocabulary. Buk, book. Dom, house. Man, man. Pul, boy. Del, day. E, and. Mug, mouse. Vig, week. Doab, dollar. Gan, goose. (pronounce ?;z^^^) Yel, year. Dog, dog. Jip, sheep. Mul, month. 1. Put all the above nouns into the plural, giving the Eng- lish meaning of each. 2. Express in Volaplik : books, days, men, houses, mice, months, geese, boys, weeks, dollars. 6 NUMBERS. 3. Would you use ol or ols in the following sentences?: ''Are you an American }" ''Will you take seats ?" 4. Read these numbers in Volapuk: 2, 5, 33, 42, 3, 4r, 6, 25. 50. 75, 100, 7, 77, 777, 7777^ 8, 18, 6, 99, 15, 13, 64, 51, 84, 77. 333, 1887, 12. 5. Express in Volapuk, aloud : 5 men (remember the order is 'men five'); 3 boys; 12 years; $20; 10 years; 3 months; 6 mice ; $50; 16 houses; 3000 books ; 100 sheep; 55 boys; 32 years and 10 months; 7 days; one week; 30 days, one month ; 365 days ; 12 months , 52 weeks, one year ; $2769. 6. Read aloud, thinking of the meanmg, Mans bals ; gan bal ; obs ; muls kil ; doms fol ; yels baltum ; jips tel; mugsziil; doabs balsetel ; buks teltum ; muls balsetel ; yel bal ; dels kiltum malselul ; yel bal ; ols ; obs tel. 7. Give the English of each of the above phrases. It is not sufficient to go through these exercises once ; they should be repeated again and again, until they can be spoken with the greatest rapidity. Each Volapuk exercise is to be first read aloud, thinking of the meaning, but not of the English words. Then it should be translated into English, the translation written down and com- pared with the key. After a time the key should be translated back again and compared with the original. CASES. The case endings are the first three voweis, -A. -E. -I. in the plural -AS. -ES. -IS. For example, i. Kim? who.? 2. Kima ? whose? of whom.? 3. Kime ? to whom ? 4. Kimi ? whom .? The names of the cases are : „ kimfal, kimafal, kimefal, kimifal," taken from the cases of kim, with the word „ fal," meaning "case." I. The kimfal, who-case or nominativ, is the simple form without any added vowel. It answers the question, " Who.?" It is usually translated by the English nominativ. CASES. 2. The kimafal, or whose-case, ending in a, is the answer to the question, ''Whose?" or "Of whom?" It is usually translated by the possessiv ( 's) or by "of." Fat mana ; the mans father^ Or the father of the man. The kimafal is sometimes called the genitiv. 3. The kimefal, or to-whom-case, ends in e and answers the question "To whom.?*" It is usually translated by to with the objectiv; but frequently we omit the to ; thus wx say *'I gave an apple to the boy," or " I gave the boy an apple," *'Boy" would be in the kimefal as expressing the indirect object of the action. The kimefal is sometimes called the dativ case. 4. The kimifal, or whom-case, ends in i, answers to question "Whom.?*" and denotes the direct object. In sentence just given "apple" would be in the kimifal. corresponds nearly to the English objectiv. called the accusativ. the the It It is sometimes 3. To whom .? SUMMARY OF THE CASES. As to endings : I. — 2. -a 3. -e 4. -i. As to names : I. Kimfal. 2. Kimafal. 3. Kimefal. 4. Kimifal. Or, after the classical style : I. Nominativ. 2. Genitiv. 3. Dativ. 4. Accusativ. Answering the questions I. Who? 2. Whose? Of whom ? 4. Whom? Denoting usually I. The Subject. Object. 4. Translated by I. The Nominativ. 4. The Objectiv. The kimfal, preceded by the interjection „ o " and followed by an exclamation point, is used in addressing a person : „ o sol!" "Sir.'' This is sometimes considered as a separate case, called the kimofal or vocativ. It seems, however, better to consider it a nominativ independent, as in English. „ O " is sometimes omitted in this case. 2. The Possessor. The Direct Object. 3. The Indirect 2. The Possessiv or of. 3. to. 8 CASES. Prepositions regularly govern the kimfal. Thus, we express <:,'' near me " by „ nilii ob," not „ nilii obi ** nor „ nilu obe ;** ''out of the house," „ se dom," not „ se doma" nor „se domi." Occasionally, the kimifal will be found after a preposition instead of i at the end of the preposition itself, as will be explained hereafter. A word used elliptlcally, like ''good-morning,'' "thanks,'' "my compliments," is usually in the kimifal, a verb being understood as, [I wish you] good-morning, [I return] thanks, [I present] my compliments. Directions for translating into Volaplik : 1. A word in the nominativ is put in the kimfal. If the nominativ is independent put o before the kimfal. 2. The possessiv is rendered by the kimafal. 3. A word preceded by "of" is generally put in the kimafal. 4. A word (other than a verb in the infinidv) preceded by "to" is generally put in the kimefal, but not if "to" signifies motion. "I say to you," „sagob oles"; "I go to you," „golob al olis/' or „ols." 5. A word preceded by any other preposition is usually in the kimfal. 6. A word m the objectiv governed by a verb is put in the kimifal. The adjectiv has ordinarily no case-ending ; but occasion- ally it takes the case-endings of the noun which it qualifies. ^ This is only done when the adjectiv, being out of its regular place, might be supposed to qualify some other w^ord. Thus, diinan, meaning servant ; blod, brother, and fiedik, faithful. Diinane fiedik bloda ; or, fiedike diinane bloda; or, diinane bloda fiedike ; to the faithful servant of the brother. Diinane bloda fiedik; or, diinane fiedika bloda ; to the servant of the faithful brother. But it is better to leave the adjectiv in its usual place, which , is a/Zer the noun. CASES. 9 EXERCISER 2. i)ECLixixG. — To decline a noun is to give all its cases in regular order. Thus fat is declined : fat fata fate fati fats fatas fates fatis Decline all the nouns in the vocabulary of Exercise i. (Remember to accent the last syllable.) Express the following in Volaplik : Of the fathers, to the boys, of a man, to the dog, the geese. Vocabulary. Givom, gives. Logom, sees. Blinom, brings. Labom, has. Why these words end In om will be understood hereafter) Nam, hand. Fut, foot. ^ Fat, father. Diip, hour. Men, money. Log, eye. Read in Volapilk and translate into English : Man labom dogi. Man labom dogis tel. Pul labom dogis tel e jipi bal. Dog logom gani. Pul logom dogi. Man givom dogi pule. Pul givom gani mane. Man givom doabis kil pule. Dog labom futis fol. Gan labom futis tel. Man labom futis tel e namis tel. Dog mafia labom futis fol. Fat mana givom doabis fol pule. O fat ! man givom doab bal pule. Kim blinom dogis mane ? Pul blinom dogis mane. Kim labom moni ? Fat labom moni. Answer in Volaplik the following questions : Kim labom dogi ? Kim logom gani ? Kim givom dogi pule ? Kimi man givom pule ? Kime man givom dogi ? The last three questions may be answered by the same words differently emphasized. Caution. — In translating into Volapuk do not overlook the distinction between the subject and the object of the sentence. Put the subject in the kimfal and the object in the kimifal. In the above exercises there is one error in this respect, purposely left uncorrected. Did you notice it.'^ 10 PERSONS. Express the following sentences in Volaplik. In each sentence there is at least one word which ought to be put in the kimifal. Who has the dog ? The boy has two dogs [dogs 2]. The man has three dogs. The dog has four feet. The boy has two feet. Who has two hands ? The man gives money. The man gives money to the boy (or, the man gives the boy some money; some would not be translated). The boy's father [father of boy] gives a dollar to the man. The year has twelve months. The month has thirty days. The week has seven days. The day has 24 hours. Who brings the goose ? Who sees the dog ? Who sees the two sheep ? To whom does the man give money ? (Literally, to whom man gives money ? *^Does" is untranslatable.) To whom does the boy bring money ? The boy brings five dollars to the father. PERSONS. The pronoun of the first person is ob, I ; plural, obs, we. When the verb is in the first person the pronoun is united with it as a person ending, forming one word. Binob, I am ; piikob, I speak ; komobs, we come ; golobs, we go. The pronoun of the second person is ol, thou or you (singular); ols, you, plural. See remarks on the distinction between ol and ols, page 5. These syllables ol and ols are likewise suffixed to the verb, forming one word. Binoi, thou art or you are ; piikol, thou speakest or you speak ; komols flens, you, friends, are coming ; golols, ye are going. We may also translate "I am" by ob binob, and ''thou art '' by ol binol •; but this repetition of the personal syllable is unusual, and only employed for emphasis or when it is desired to place the subject at a distance from the verb. In the THIRD person there are four pronouns : om for mascuhns and neuters, he, it ; of for feminins, she ; OS, neuter impersonal or abstract; on, collectiv, one (as ''one says"), people, ''they.'' In the plural, oms and ofs, they. TEKSONS. 11 These pronouns are also suffixed to the verb, binom, he is, it is (''it'' being some definit thing previously mentioned). Piikof, she speaks ; golofs, they (the women) go ; nifos, it snows ; sagon, they say, people say, one says, it is said. Even when the subject of the verb is a noun expressed, yet the om or of must be added : of for a feminin subject, om for any other. Vom binof jonik, the woman is beautiful. Man binom famik, the man is famous. Dom binom gletik (not dom binos gletik), the house is large. Doms binoms gletik, the houses are large. Jisons binofs yunik, the daughters are young. We can now conjugate any verb through the persons of the present tense. — 1. binob, I am. i. binobs, we are. 2. binol, thou art, you are. 2. binols, you are. 3. binom, is, he is, it is. 3. binoms, are, they are. binof, is, she is. binofs, are, they are. binos, it is. binon, one is, people are. The mnemonic word OBOLOMOFOSON contains all the personal pronouns. If it be written from memory twenty times the verb endings will not be easily forgotten. EXERCISE 3. Vocabulary. Buk, book. Komob, I come. Golob, I go. Lilob, I hear. Binob, I am. Piikob, I speak. Binob. Givob. Blinob. Piikob. Golob. Komob. Labob buki. Givobs moni. Labobs bukis tel. Givob moni mane. Blinobs bukis pule. Blinobs bukis pula. I speak. I go. I have the goose. We have the books. I have five books. We give money to the man. I give five dollars to the boy. We bring a dog to the man. I bring the books. I bring the boys' books. I bring books to the boys. We give books to the boys. 12 PERSONS. EXERCISE 4. Labol buki. Piikol. Golol. Labels fati. Blinol buki obe. Blinob bukis ole. Givols moni pules. Komols e golobs. Piikobs e lilols. (In the English exercises we shall print you in small capitals where it refers to more than one.) You have the book. You have books. You speak and we hear. You see the man. We come and you go. You come and I go. You have books. You give books to the boys. You speak to me. I give money to you. You give money to me. He comes. She goes. He gives money to the man. She has the book. He brings a dog to the boy. She speaks. He sees tlie man and the boy. He gives me money. EXERCISE 6. YOCABULARY. Selob, I sell. Lemob, I buy. Tedel, merchant. Vin, wine. Vat, water. Bod, bread. Mit, meat. Yeb, grass. Vom, woman. Mot, mother. Tid, instruction. Tidob, I teach. Fidob, I eat. Dlinob, I drink. Liladob, I read. Tormer]y liladob.^ Tidom. Kim tidom ? Man tidom. Selom bukis. Kim selom bukis ? Ob selob bukis. Givom moni. Kim givom moni ? Fat givom moni. Man tidom puli. Tedel selom bukis. Man dlinom vati. Vom dlinof vini. Kat fidom mugi. Pul fidom bodi. Kis ? what ? Kisi givom pule ? Givom moni e bodi pule. (Re- member that, when the subject is not expressed, givom means he gives, or does he give.^) Kisi blinof mane? Blinof vati. Kisi vom fidof? Fidof bodi e dlinof vati. Kisi man fidom ? Fidom bodi e dlinom vini. Jip fidom yebi. PERSONS. 13 Supply the proper endings in the following sentences : Man dlin — vin — . Vom dlin — vat — . Fat pul — giv — mon — vom — . Mot blin — bod — pul — . He comes. Who comes .^ The man comes. He eats bread. I eat bread. He gives a dollar. Who gives a dollar ? The father gives a dollar. The man has a dog. The boy buys a book. The father drinks wine. The mother drinks water. The dog sees the cat. The boy eats bread. What does he eat ? He eats bread. Who eats bread ? What does she give to the boy ? She gives the boy money. What does the woman eat ? She eats bread and meat. The dog sees three sheep. I eat meat, you eat bread ; he drinks water, she drinks wine. We have books, you have eyes, they have ears. exercise: 6, Penob, I write. Pened, a letter (correspondence). Tonab, a letter (of the alphabet). Tidoms. Kims tidoms ? Mans tidoms. Seloms bukis. Tedels seloms bukis pules. Laboms moni. Kims laboms moni? Tedels laboms moni. Mans fidoms bodi e miti. Voms dlinofs vini e vati. Man penom penedi. Tedels penoms penedis. Puis pen- . cms tonabis. Voms penofs penedis manes. The dogs see the sheep. The sheep see the dog. The sheep sees the dog. The men write letters. The boys see the letters (a, b, c,). The women drink (not -oms) water. The men drink wine. The sheep eats grass. EXERCISE r. Nim, animal. Dlin, a drink. Fid, food. Dil, part. Julel, scholar. Nif, snow. Tot, thunder. Sag, say. Das, that. (Caution. — After the verb to be, use the kimfal, not the kimifal.) 14 GENDERS. Man binom tedel. Vig binom dels vel (not binos). Del binom dil viga. Diip binom dil dela. Mul binom dil yela. Vat e vin binoms dlins. Nifos. Totos. Logon nimis. Dlinon vati. Fidon bodi. Liladon bukis. The boy is a scholar. Dogs and sheep are animals. The day is a part of the year. Bread is food. Wine is a drink. Water is a drink. I am a merchant. You are a scholar. You are scholars. It thunders. One eats meat. It snows. One says (they say) that you are a scholar. Supply the proper endings : — Dog fid- bod-. Dogs e jips bin- nim-. Sagon das tot-. Logon das nif-. GENDERS. As explained under the third person (p. lo,) nouns denot- ing females are represented by the pronoun or person ending of; all others (whether masculin or neuter) by om. It may be said that Yolapiik has two genders of nouns: the feminin (of) and the non-feminin (om). Ji- (English she) is prefixed to make nouns feminin when the sex is to be specially pointed out: matel, husband; jimatel, wife. A few words, easily recognized, are always feminin, as mot (=jifat), kun (=jixol). Om- is occasionally prefixed to the name of an animal to point out the male when the sex is specially pointed out. Jeval, horse, in general ; omjeval, stallion ; jijeval, mare. Os means ?'/, impersonally or abstractly, without referring to any noun. Binos velatik das edunob osi, it is true that I have done it. Such phrases as ''the true, the beautiful, the sublime, the ridiculous,*' meaning ''that which is true, that which is beautiful," etc., are expressed thus : velatikos, jonikos, sub- imikos, smilikos. This is usually termed a neuter adjectiv, but would seem rather to be an abstract noun. Neuter pro- nouns are formed in the same way : atos, this (this thing) ; kelos, what. GENDERS. kxe:rcise 8. Flen, friend. Tidel, teacher. Jeval, horse. Lautel, author. Lanel, angel. Viudel, widower. Nelijel, Englishman. Sanel, physician, Blod, brother. Vomiil, Miss. Matel, husband. Maria, Mary. Express in Volapllk : Lady-friend. Doctor's wife. Widow. Authoress. Miss Marv is' an angel. Doctress. Mare. Sister. Englishwoman. Wile. FORMATION OF ADJECTIVS. The ''cardinal" numeral adjectivs have been given under numbers. The ordinal numerals, first, second, third, etc., end in id. First, balid; second, telid ; tenth, balsid ; eleventh, balse-_ balid; 377th, kiltumvelsevelid, written 377id. There is also an interrogation form, kimid ? '' how-many-eth ?" for which we have in English no equivalent. „ Del kimid mula binom ?" ''What day of the month is \\V' These, and all other adjectivs, regularly follow the noun. EXERCISE 9. Balul, January. Telul, February. In the same manner form the names of the months to Sep- tember (Ziilul) inclusive. Balsul, October. Babul, November. Batul, December. Baliidel, Sunday. Teliidel, Monday, etc. Exercises for translation : Balul binom mul balid. Velul binom mul velid.- Kiliidel binom del kilid viga, Batul binom mul bals- etelid yela. Diip kilid. Diip kimid binom ? Binom diip balsid. Saturday is the seventh day of the week. November is the eleventh month. It is four o'clock. (It is the fourth hour.) 16 ADJECTR'S. POSSESSIV PRONOUNS. The possessivs, nij^^ mine, //ly, thine, etc., may be rendered in I wo ways : 1. By the kimafal of the pronoun : fat oba, my father ; fat obas, our father. 2. By the termination -ik, forming a possessiv adjectiv ; buk obik, my book ; buks omsik, their books ; buk at binom olik, this book is yours. The kimafal is used when otherwise there would be too much repetition of the termination ik. EXERCISE lO. Nelijapiik, English language. Flentapiik, French language. Nelijel, Englishman. Flentel, Frenchman. Sikod, therefore. Tidel obik tidom pulis lul. Kim binom tidel ola ? Tidel obsik labom julelis telsefol. Piik obas binom nelijapiik. Fat obik labom sonis kil e jisonis tel ; sikod labob blodis tel e jiblodis tel. Binobs cils lul. Fat obsik lofom cilis omik. Mot obsik lofof cilis ofa. Fat e mot obsik lofoms cilis omsik. My teacher reads a book. Your father has four dogs. Who is YOUR teacher.? Our teacher is a Frenchman. Our father and mother love their children. Who is our father } Our father is the husband of our mother. Your father and my mother are friends. My teacher's language [language of teacher mine] is French [French language]. Your teacher reads my books. DEMONSTRATIVS. The demonstrativ pronouns, which are used as adjectivs, and also by themselvs, are the following : at, et, it, ot, ut ; som. Emphatic forms, at, eit, iet, 6t, iit ; som. ADJECTIVS. 17 At, this ; man at, this man ; buks at, these books ; del at, this very da}\ Et, that ; pul et, that boy ; jipuls eit, those very girls. It, -self ; man it, the man himself; vom it, the woman herself; ob it, I myself; obs iet, we, our own selves. Ot, same ; tidel ot, the same teacher ; tid 6t, just the same instruction. Ut, that, before a relativ ; man ut, kel vilom binon libik, that man (or the man) who wishes to be free. Som, such ; dog som, such a dog ; kats som, just such cats. The emphatic forms are rarely used and may be dispenst with altoorether. kxhrcise: 11. Laned, country :not the city . Lan, country a division of land;. Dom, house. Lodop, dwelling. Sevob, I know, am acquainted Ab, but. with (not, I know a fact). No, not, no. Zif, town. Men, human being, person. Lodob, I live, dwell. In, in (followed by the kimtal). Dom at binom lodop obsik. Man et labom cilis kil ; sevob cilis ab no mani it. Zif at labom domis tum e menis veltum. Mans, voms e oils binoms mens. Sevol tideli e tedeli; ob sevob manis ot. Man ut, kel lodom in dom et, binom lautel, e penom bukis. This country is mme. I live in that house. The men who live in that to\vn know us. We live in the same town. These animals are horses. THE RELATIV. The relativ pronoun is kel, who, which, what. It has the force of a conjunction and a pronoun. It is used indepen- dently or as an adjectiv. 18 ADJECTIVS. THE INTERROGATIV. The interrogativ pronoun is kim ? kif? kis ? when used independently, and kiom ? kiof? kios ? when used as an adjectiv. THE ADJECTIV IN -IK. All other adjectivs are formed from nouns by adding the ending -ik. Gud, goodness ; gudik, good. Lof, love ; lofik, dear ; loflik, lovely. Yel, year ; yelik, pertaining to the year ; yelsik, yearly. Any word with the end-syllable -ik is surely an adjectiv. EXERCISE 12. Sevob, I know. Lad, lady, Madam. Din, thing. Lautob, I compose [a book]. Sevob mani, kel penom bukis at. Man, keli sevob, penom bukis at. Kim penom bukis ? Lautel. Kis binom lautel ? Lautel binom man ut, kel lautom bukis. Kif binof lad et, kel labof dogi ? Lad et binof jisanel B ; matel ofa binom sanel obsik. I see the man who gives money to the boys. Who knows the author of this book ? The doctor's wife knows the man who is the author of the book. What is a merchant? A merchant is a man who buys and sells things. Who is that woman ? That woman is a teacher, who teaches boys and girls. . EXERCISE 13. Gudik, good. Gud, goodness. Lonedik, long. Manik, male, masculin. Badik, bad. Bad, badness. Blefik, short. Jilik, female. feminin. Gletik, great, large. Smalik, small, Modik, many, much. little. Saunik, well, Nemodik, a few healthy. Valik, all. Lofik, dear, Delidik, dear, [beloved]. [costly]. Ed, used before a vowel, means and, Spelob, I hope. Das, that. Lad, heart. Ladlik, hearty, cordial. Subsat, noun. Neudik, neuter. Neit, night. Te, only. Nedelidik, cheap. ADJECTIVS. 11) Man at binom gudik. Mans gudik laboms flenis modik. — O sol lofik! penob ole penedi blefik e spelob das binol saunik. Binob flen volapiika e sagon das volapiik labom flenis modik in Ian olsik. — Men ut, kel labom ladi badik, labom neflenis modik. — Subsats in nelijapiik binoms manik, jilik e neudik ; in volapiik ed in flentapiik binoms manik e jilik. — In batul labobs delis blefik e neitis lonedik. My dear friend : [use kiviafal to avoid repetition of ik] Your letter is short and cordial. I have a few friends who write to me long letters. Caution. — Adjectiv a/?^r noun. But with two adjectivs, you may put one before and one after, to avoid ik in suc- cession. Give to the first the same termination as the noun. Ex. : ''Of many men/' „manas modik ;** ''of many good men/' „m6dikas manas gudik." All good men have good hearts, and love good things. God is the father of all men [human beings]. All men who love God are good. God is the author of all good things. I am your cordial friend, who hopes that you are well. The letters which you write to us are short. Who is the lady to whom you write long letters } That lady is the wife of Doctor B ; she, herself, is not [no binof ] a physician. EXERCISE 14. Hereafter, many of the words used in the exercises will have to be looked for in the vocabulary at the end of the book. Si, yes. No, no or not ; when it means 7iot, it is placed next before the verb which is denied. Lesi, yes indeed. Leno, not at all, by no means. God no lofom menis badik. Mens badik no lofoms Godi. — Subsats in volapiik no binoms neudik ; laboms genis te tel, no kil. Dins nelifik binoms gena manik. — Tedels, kels sevoms volapiiki, spodoms ko vol lolik. Kims sevoms volapiiki ? Valiks mens estudik in vol lolik. 20 FORMATION OF ADVERBS. I do not see my three books. Which book [book ivhich] is good ? This book is not bad. I have not many good books. How many genders are there in Volapuk.? ['' Genders how many are in Volapuk.^" Omit ''there" in ''there is," "there are."] There are two genders [two genders are] in Volapiik and in French ; there are three genders in EngHsh and in German. One (not bal, i) studies Volapiik in ali countries of the whole world. FORMATION OF ADVERBS. Numeral adverbs, expressing repetition, are formicd by add- ing na. Kilna, three times ; kilidna, the third time. Adverbs are formed from adjectivs, and sometimes from other parts of speech by adding o, corresponding to the English Vifik, quick ; vifiko, quickly. Neit, night ; neito, at night ; neitiko, nocturnally. When the adverb ending in iko immediately follows the verb, o is sometimes omitted ; gonom vifik (vifiko), he runs fast (swiftly). It is much clearer, however, to retain the o. EXERCISK 15. Fidobs kilna in del, telsebalna in vig. Buk at tidom volapiiki obe balidna. Man et, kel binom deutel, piikom nelijapiiki badiko, ab sevom volapiiki gudiko. Dels golems vifik, e no labobs timi modik. The dog eats fast. You write well [goodly]. We speak Volapiik badly. I write three letters twice in a week. \\'e buy books cheaply ["cheaply " after "buy "]. We buy cheap books. The merchant buys cheap and sells dear. DEGREES. 21 DEGREES. To form the comparativ and superlativ degrees, the suf- fixes um, iin, are used. Gudik, good ; gudikum, better ; gudikiin, best. Gudiko, well ; gudikumo, better, in a better manner ; gudikiino, in the best manner. These endings um, iin, may be added even to nouns ; fleniin obik, my best friend. Binom solatum ka ob, he is more of a soldier than I. Umo, lino, are also used as separate words meaning in greater degree, in the greatest degree. Binom umo solat ka bolitel, he is more of a soldier than of a politician. kxkrcise: 16. Ka, than. as, as. Suno, soon. Binob baledikum ka om. Buk at binom gudikum ka et. Dom obsik no binom so gletik as olsik ; binom smalikum. Penol gudikumo ka ob. Binob flen ola divodikiin. Spelob das binol in saun gudik, o flen divikiin 1 Volapiik binom piik nefikulikiin in vol lolik. I am more healthy than you. I have larger hands than you. The dog has larger feet than the cat. What book is the best in the whole w^orld } I have not so many books as you, but I read more [books]. What is the easiest language in the whole world ? 1 do not know a language which is easier than Volapiik. TEXSES. Each of the tenses has one of the vowels as its peculiar sign : [a,] a, e, i, o, u, for the present, or patiip a for the past, or patiip a .'imperfect) for the perfect, or petiip e for the past-perfect, or pitiip i (pluperfect for the future, or potiip o for the future perfect, or putiip u 22 TENSES. These vowels when prefixed to the verb are called tense- signs or augments. The present-sign, a, is omitted in the activ voice. Binob, I am ; abinol, you were ; ebinom, he has been ; ibinof, she had been ; obinos, it will be ; ubinon, one will have been. In English, most of the tenses are expressed by using the auxiliary verbs, have, shall and will ; while in Volapuk there are no such auxiliaries, the verb-form consisting of a single w^ord. The word '' do" is used in English as an auxiliary denoting emphasis, as, ''I do believe." In Volapuk this cannot be translated otherwise than " I believe/' The same tense-vowels, a, a, e, i, 0, u, are used with some w ords other than verbs, when time is to be distinguished. adelo, to-day. adelo. yesterday. odelo, to-morrow. udelo, d ay-after- to-morrow\ amulo, this month. omulo, , uye] lo, etc. kxkrcise: 17. Put the following words into all the tenses, giving the meaning of each : Komob. Golol. Getom. Nagof. Lomibos. Sagon. Labobs. Binds. Sumoms. O flen divikiin ! egetob penedi ola blefik e pidob das ebinol maladik. Spelob das uvedol suno saunikum e das ovisitol obis omulo. Dear friend : the long letter, which you wrote to me, has pleased me (kimefal) very much. I hope that I shall soon have got better, and that I shall see you again next year. THE PASSIV VOICE. 23 THE PASSIV VOICE. All the tenses of the passiv voice commence with the letter Therefore the passiv tense-augments are, palofob, I am loved. palogol, you were seen. peflapom, he has been struck, piropof, she had been interrupted, posagos, it will be said, future perpect pu- pununon, one will have been informed. In English, a present passiv is often really perfect in signi- fication ; as, ''the house is finished," „ dom pefinom.** On the other hand we use what is, apparently, an activ form in a passiv sense, as, ''the house is building,'' meaning "the house is being built," „dom pabumom." In all such cases we must consider the sense and not the sound. present imperfect perfect pluperfect pa- pa- pe- pi- future po- EXKRCISE 18. Fa, by. Nelijapiik papiikom in Nelij, Pebaltats, Kanadan, Talop e lans votik. Volapiik potidom in juls valik. Volapiik padatuvom fa sol Schleyer. Fluks poseloms delido ayelo ; paseloms nedelido ayelo. Dom gletik pabumom in siit telsekilid. Many children are educated in the schools of America ; many have been educated and many will be educated. Books are sold by the merchant, whose store is in 42nd street. These books are not mine ; they are sold. [Is this patiip ?] What language is spoken in America ? THE IXFIXITIV. The verbs given so far have been in the form which simply asserts, called the indicativ mood. The infinitiv mood, or verb-noun, has the ending -on. It is usually, though not always, preceded in English by /o. In Volapiik it may be in various tenses : patiip, petiip, potiip, or putiip. 21 THE IXFIMTIV. Logon, to see. Elogon, to have seen. Ologon, to be about to see (as we cannot say io shall). Ulogon, to be about to have seen. Lovepolon binos fikulik, to translate is difficuk. Lovepolam at binom velatik, this translation is exact. Notice that the neuter-impersonal verb, binos, is used with the infinitiv as subject. Vilob liladon buki at, 1 wish to read this book. Opofiidos alime eliladon buki at, It will benefit every one to have read this book. Kanob liladon, I can read. The verbs 7nay, can, 7?iust (called by some grammarians, signs of the potential mood), let, dare, etc., have no lo after them in English, yet the verb following them is in the infinitiv. Mutob piikon, I must speak (I am obliged lo speak). Dalob sagon, I may say (am permitted lo say). Letom puli golon, he lets the boy go ; he allows the boy to go. Konsalob olis komon, I advise you to come. Olemob buki al studon volapiiki, I shall buy a book, to study Volapiik. Here ''to'' means *'in order to.'' In this case the infinitiv must be preceded by al. To test („ al blufon *') whether al should be used or not, see if you can change the English phrase into an equivalent one containing ''for, "or if it answers the question ' ' for what .-^ '' I shall buy a book (for what }) to study Volapiik. Osegolob adelo al spaton, I shall go out to walk (for walking) to-day. Eblibob in zif al lemon klotis, I have remained in the city in order to buy clothes. No mutobs lifon al fidon, sod fidon al lifon, we must not live to eat, but eat to live. The English verb-noun in -ing must be translated by the infinitiv. Fidon zesiidos al lifon, eating is necessary for living. THE PARTICirLE. 25 The infinitiv, being a kind of verb-noun, may be declined, tho' this seldom occurs. Lof studona, the love of studying. It is permitted to insert the personal pronouns before the ending -on in order to indicate the subject. Binobon u nebinobon ! [for me] to be or not to be ! The infinitiv in the passiv voice is formed in the same way, and is subject to the same rules. Pamilagon, to be admired. Pevunon, to have been wounded. Pomaton, to be about to be married, to be going to be married. EXERCISE 19. Lofob fidon fluki. No vilob liladon bukis modik, sod gudikis. Eseilon binos ofen gudikum ka epiikon. Men nonik kanom nolon valikosi. Kim okanom numon stelis sila u tofis mela ? Binob in Jul al studon, no al pledon. Olemob bukis al lenadon volapiiki. Sotol studon volapiiki al kanon piikon ko nets valik. I like to read good books. I wish to see the stars. To read is better than to play. We ought to buy a house if we can buy it cheap. This man can read six languages and speak three ; he likes to study and he has time to study. It is better to have loved and lost than not to have loved. THE PARTICIF1.E. The participle is a verb-adjectiv. Its ending is -61, corres- ponding to -ing, -ed. It may be in the activ or passiv voice, and in any tense, tho' the patiip, petup and potiip are the most common. Logol, seeing. Elogol, having seen. / Ologol, about to see, being about to see. Palogol, seen, being seen. Pelogol, seen, having been seen. Pologol, about to be seen. 26 THE IMPERATIV. It is often necessary to examin English passiv participles very carefully, to determine what tense they really signify. The house seen in the distance, dom palogol in fag. The house built on a rock, dom pebumol su klif. If we turn the sentence into the activ form it will be clearer. The house which we see in the distance. The house which some one has built (not is building) on a rock. There is another form of the participle, slightly differing from the future, and having the augment o instead of o. Its meaning is that which must or ought to do something, or that which must or ought to be done. _^> Obinol, that which ought to be. Pofinol, to be finished. Poks pomenodol, errors to be corrected. Poks pomenodol, errors which will be corrected. exercise: 20. O sol pelestimol ! Eliladol vobuki ola nitedik, e no kanol kapalon dilis anik, penob ole penedi at al sakon va vilol seplanon obe setis sukol. Honored Sir : Having received your letter and not having had time to write to you this week, I hope that you will excuse the unavoidable (not-to-be-avoided) delay. THE IMPERATIV. The ending of the simple imperativ is 6d, following the person-ending. Gololod ! Go ! (to one person. ) Gololsod ! Go ! (to more than one person.) Pafogivolsod ! Be ye forgiven ! Lit binomod ! Let there be light ! (Be light !) Senitonod ! Pay attention ! (indefinitely. There are two modifications of the imperativ, the courteous or softened form in -6s and the harsh form in -6z ; called by some grammarians the optativ and the jussiv. The former i^)^ expresses a request and the latter a positiv command. THE CONDITIONAL AND CONJUNCTIV. 27 KXERCISK 31. Give four dollars to this poor boy. Please excuse the liberty which I take. Please visit us in our new house. Please answer this letter soon. Kill that snake I Remain in the house. Please mail me three copies of your new book. Accept my cordial salutations. Let each boy take his book and read. Givolod bodi mane pofik. Komolsos al visiton obis in dom obas nulik. Sekusadolos obe no egepiikon penede olik sunumo. Gololoz se dom ! Potolos obe samadis fol vodasbuka nelijik. Pul alik sumomod peni okik e penomod. Blibolos in gad. THE CONDITIOXAL AND COXjUXCTIV. The conditional mood expresses something not as actually occurring, but as what would be, under a certain supposition. The conjunctiv is the mood which expresses this supposition, preceded by if, if. These two moods are formed by adding to the patiip or pitiip the endings -6v and -la. The latter is written with a hyphen and the accent remains on the preceding syllable. If abinob-la liegik, abinobov givik, if I were rich I would be generous. Ibinomov givik, if ibinom-la liegik, he would have been generous if he had been rich. THE POTENTIAL A form seldom used, but mentioned by Schleyer, has the ending -ox, and the meaning might possibly. Pelomox, he might possibly pay. 28 THE POTENTIAL. EXERCISE 22. Alofobov mani at, if abinom-la gudikum. If agolobs- la vadelo al spaton, abinosov saunlik. If agolols-la adelo al spaton, blinolsos buki nulik, keli abonedob, de bukatedam. Binosov galod gletik obe, geton penedi lonedik de ol. If no abinos-la so vamik, alofobov visiton flenis obsik in zif. If I should see the teacher to-day I would give him the book which he wishes to see. This book would be useful to you if you should wish to study the French language. If you had seen this man in the garden he would have spoken to you. If you should travel in Europe you would hear many languages. THE IXTERROGATIV FORM. In English we change an assertion into a question by changing the order of the words, I have. Have I ? He will go. Will he go ? You have seen. Have you seen ? But we seldom put a verb, unless an auxiliary, before the sub- ject. V\^e use, instead, the emphatic form with do. You go. Do you go ? instead of Go you ? He speaks. Does he speak ? In \'olapuk the sign of the question is the syllabic li, generally placed either before or after the verb and united to it by a hyphen. The accent of the verb is unchanged. Li should not be placed after the verb when this would bring two Ts or three consonants together, as li-binoms ? not binoms- li? Man binom gudik, Man binom-li gudik ? Labob, Labob-li ? Ogoloms, Li-ogoloms ? Egolols, Li-egolols ? THE INTERROCwVTIV FORIM. -29 If the sentence contains an interrogativ word, such as, who ? which ? what? how? when ? where? li is unnecessary. Kim binom man at ? Who is this man ? Man kiom binom at ? What man is this ? Kipladi man at golom ? Where (whither) is this man going ? EXERCISE 23. Kikod ? why ? Kiplad or kiop ? where ? Kipladi ? where {to what place) ? Kiiip or kitim ? when ? Liko ? how ? These are interrogativs which do not require -li. Stadon, to be [in a certain state or condition], to do, as in '' how do you do ?" Liko stadol, o sol ! ? Stadob gudiko, danob ole {or danis). Li-ebinol lonedo in zif ? No lonedo, ekomob bletimo de Madrid. Binom-li Madrid zif jonik ? Binom lejonik; ilofobov blibon us lonedumo. Kiop lorn olik binom ? Lom obik binom in Boston, ab labob flenis modik in zif at. Li-estudol flentapiiki ? Estudob flentapiiki ab no kanob piikon omi gudiko. Li-kapalol valikosi keli liladof? Si, o sol ! ti valikosi. Have you seen my father to-day ? No, sir ; is he not in the house ? Have you read the newspapers to-day ? I have not had time to read. How is your father to-day? Thanks ; he is (stadom) much better. His many friends will have much pleasure when they [shall] know it. • THE FREQUENTATIV FORM OR AORIST. When a verb refers to the habitual performance of an action, this may be indicated by addmg the letter i (pronounced as a separate syllable) to the tense augment. Thus, &1-, ai-, ei-. 11-. 01-, U1-. pai-, pai-, pel-. pii-, poi-. pui-, 30 THE FREQUENTAIIX lORM OU AORIST. In English we have no special form for habitual action ; but, on the other hand, we use the verb to be with the parti- ciple in -ing to express action continuing temporarily. Fidob bodi, I am eating bread. Aifidob bodi, I eat bread (am in the habit of eating bread). Apenob penedi, I wrote a letter, or I was writing a letter. Aipenob penedis modik, I used to write many letters. The form ''to be ing" is adopted in Volaplik. Binob penol, I am writing. Ai- is also used as a prefix denoting universality with other words. Aikel, whoever ; aikitim, whenever ; aikiop, wherever. KXERCISE 24:. Lio- ? how- ? to what degree } as lio-gletik ? how large } lio-modik? how many .^ Aispatob vadelo in gad obik. Li-aigebol spatini ? No; spatins paigeboms te fa mans baledik; li-tikol das binob baledik? No nolob; binob yunik, ab aispatob ko spatin. Li-aifidol miti vadelo? No aifidob omi maliidelo. Ven abinobs in Flent, aidlinobs vini, ab nu ven binobs in Melop aidlinobs vati. Du yels lio-modik abinols in Flent ? Du yels kil. Do you drink wine.? I drink wine, but now I am drinking water. In France they drink [one drinks] wine and not water. In Belgium they speak the French and the Dutch languages. What language do they speak in Australia } They speak-English [one word]; wherever many Englishmen are, one speaks English. THE REFLEXIV. m is the same as the Vatiikob, I wash. Vatiikobok, I wash myself. The reflexiv form is the same as the activ voice with the addition of -ok. THE REFLEXIV. Bi An equivalent expression, sometimes used, is Vatiikob obi. Vatiikol, vou wash. Vatiikolok, ] , ,- or, Vatukol oli, [ >'^^^ ''^'^ >'^^^^^^^- Vatiikomok, or vatiikom oki, he washes himself. (Vatiikom omi would mean /le washes /im, two diiferent persons. ) In the plural the s usually follows the ok, but may be made to precede it, if that form is thought more euphonious. Vatiikoboks, or vatiikobsok, we wash ourselvs. Vatiikom oks, they wash themselvs. If the object is exprest by a separate pronoun in the plural it is translated ''each other.'' Lofomoks, they love themselvs; Lofoms okis, they love each other ; Lofobsok, we love ourselvs ; Lofobs obis, we love each other. EXERCISE 25. Dalon, to permit, Muton, must. Dalon, to have permission (may). Miiton, compel. Logobok in lok at. Pladolokos in stul et. Aikel lofomok gudikumo ka nileli okik, no binom krit velatik; ab krits velatik lofoms okis. Aivatiikobok vagodelo. I have struck myself with this walking stick. I permit myself to address this letter to you. You will kill yourself. Please seat yourself and make yourself contented. (Formerly dalon -dalon, mutbn - mutbn, had converse meanings.) PREPOSITIONS AND THE KIMIFAL ' In English we make a distinction between m and m/o. Into expresses motion from the outside to the interior ; while in relates wholly to the interior. This distinction is exprest in Volapiik either by putting llie noun into the kimifal or by adding -i to the preposition. Binob in gad, I am in the garden. Golob in gadi, or ] y .. .u a golob ini gad I ^ ^"^ ^^^^"^ ^"^^ "^^ ^^'^^^- 32 PREPOSITIONS AND THK KIMIFAI.. In Volapiik there are other prepositions subject to the same distinction ; when they denote place, ivhere, they govern the kimfal ; when they denote direction, whither, tliey govern the kimifal or take the ending i. Buk seistom su tab, the book Hes on the table. Seitom buki su tabi, he lays the book on [on to] the table. This distinction is not always necessary nor always observed, and the list, given in Schleyer's grammar, of preposidons which may govern the kimifal is incorrect, because based on the German preposidons. The ending i is sometimes added to adverbs of place, giving them the meaning of motion towards. Binob domo, I am at home. Kipladi golol ? Where are you going [to].^ Golob domoi, I am going home [ward]. Similarly the ending a is used to denote nxo^AOXi from in a few words. ., Is, isa, isi. Here, hence, hither. Us, usa, usi. There, thence, thither. Kiop, kiopa, kiopi. Where, whence, whither. It would seem quite as natural and correct to say de is, de US, de kiop ; al (or ali) is, al us, al kiop. To express duration of time the preposition du is used. But sometimes the preposition is omitted (as in English) and then the noun may remain in the kimfal or be put into the kimifal. Thus there are three forms of expression ; we prefer to retain the du. xS-u°K •" 5°"" ^"/f-f ^'^' [ I remained in Rome tS-^°K '" 2°"" ^^r i!-i I [during] three years. Ablibob in Rom yelis kil, ) •- ^^ SYNOPSIS OF THE VOLAPUK INFLECTION. 3^ SYNOPSIS OF THE VOLAPUK INFLECTION. The changes tained in the folk s of form which wojiJs may take are all con- lowmg table); v> *" i /^y . 1. Plural Ending 2. Case Endings 3. Gender Prefixes Gender Ending 4. Adjectiv Endings -ik -id 5. Adverb Endings -o -na nom. who ? -OS neu. -um comp. -un ■^up. Degrees. -umo -uno 6. Person Endings -ob 1 7. Tense Augments Activ — Passiv -ol 2 -om -of -OS -on indeC e- 1- u- pa- pa- pe- pi- po- pu- pres. imp. per. plup. fut. fut. per. does did has had will will have Freq. Activ Passiv ai- ai- ei- 11- 01- ui- pai- pai- pel- pii- poi- pui- po- Gerundiv Augments O- act. pas. 8. Mood Endings -61 -on -6d-6s-6z (-ox) -6v -la -li -ok part. inf. imp. pot. cond. conj. interrog. refl. 9. Preposition Ending ii 10. Interjection Ending o S4 THE USE C)E PREPOSITIONS. THE USE OF PREPOSITIONS. In English we often use one of the common prepositions in several different meanings, which may not coincide with the meanings of any one Volaplik preposition. In Volapiik it is intended that each preposition should have only two meanings, the literal and the figurativ. The follow^ing list is intended for reference in case of doubt : It must be remembered also that there are many words in English which are used sometimes as prepositions, sometimes as adverbs : to run down the hill ; to tear dow n the house. By, the doer, fa ; by, beside, nebii ; by, past, bei ; by, by means of, dub ; by, each, a ; a del, day by day ; a tel, two by tw^o. At, close to, len ; at, in a town, in ; at, o'clock, not trans- lated. Among Betw^een ^ I In English we use between in speaking of \ bevii \ two objects, and among of more than two ; * ( in Volapiik there is no distinction. Before, speaking of place, bifii ; speaking of time, biifii. After, in time, pos ; after, behind, po. Ago; where we use this adverb of time, for example *^two years ago," the Volapiik expression is, ''before two years."' Similarly, for ' ' two years hence, '' after two years. Of, belonging to, translated by the kimafal ; of, concerning (I speak of\ki\% subject), do; of, composed of, containing, originating from, coming from (a glass of water, Schleyer of Constance), de. To, the indirect object of a verb, generally meaning in relation to, translated by the kimefal ; to, denoting progress to a place, al. From, departure from, de ; from, on account of, dem or demii. For, in favor of, in exchange for, plo ; for, instead of, pla ; for, during (for years), du ; for, on account of dem or demii. Towards, direction of movement, al ; tow^ards, disposition towards, kol ; towards, nearly (towards three o'clock), za. DERIVED PkEPOSlTtOXS - INTERJECTION'S. M5 With, in company with, ko ; with, as an instrument, me. But, except, pla, sesumii ; but, only, te. Till, until ; jii al, jii in, jii su, jii len, etc. Without, deprived of, nen ; without, outside of, plo, mofii. About, surrounding, zi ; about, concerning, do ; about, approximately, za. DERIVED PREPOSITIONS. Prepositions derived from nouns end in ii. They are gen- erally translated by three English words: a preposition, a noun, another preposition. Stimii, in honor of. Stim, honor. Kodii, by reason of Kod, cause. Sukii, in consequence of. Suk, following. Yufii, by aid of. Yuf, aid. Danii, thanks to. Dan, thank. Tefii, regarding, concerning. Tef, reference. Some prepositions are used both with and without the end- ing ii, as dem or demii. INTERJECTIONS. The ending for interjections is 6. Therefore verbs in the imperativ simply drop d, and omit personal ending. Spido ! Make haste ! Stopo ! Halt ! Bafo! Bravo! THE USE OF CONJUNCTIONS AND ADVERBS. Since many English words are used both as conjunctions and as adverbs, we group together the principal difficulties of both these parts of speech. But, as a preposition, has been explained. But, as a conjunction, is ab or sod. Sod is only used after a negativ ; it is not this, but (on the contrary) that. Even in this case ab may be used. '*Not only but also ," is expressed by „ noe soi." 86 THE USE OK CO.XJUNCTTONS AXD ADVERBS. And, e ; before vowels ed is used, though not by all writ- ers. For ' ' both and " „ a a " is used. As, like in the same manner as, as ; as, in the capacity of, as. The verb is generally omitted in the latter case. As, since, for the reason that, bi. Be/ore, as a preposition, has been explained. Be/ore, as a conjunction, is biifo ; look before you leap ; be/ore as an adverb of time, biifumo ; you said that before. That, as a pronoun, et, etos. That, as a conjunction, has two meanings expressed by dat and das. Dat means, in order that, for the purpose that. Das merely introduces a subordinate sentence as a member of a principal one, as, I said that he would come. The subordinate sentence "he would come '' introduced by that, is the object ; that shows it to be subordinate. Though, conjunction, or although, do. Though, adverb, nevertheless, deno. Also, i, or id before vow- els. Nor, ni. "Neither nor ," „ ni ni ." I/, provided, if. I/, whether, va. Even if, ifi. Until, till, conjunction, jiis ; as a preposition, jii al, jii in, etc. After, conjunction, na ; preposition, pos; adverb, poso. Or, u, or ud before vowels. "Either or , " „uf ud -- — .'' When, conjunction, ven, kii, keliip; when .^^ kiiip ? kitim ? when, whereupon, e tano. Where, conjunction, ko, kelop ; where } kiop ? kiplad ? Vet, referring to time, nog ; yet, nevertheless, yed. There, when unemphatic, is frequendy untranslatable, as in the phrases, there is, there are. There is, there are, have quite a different meaning, there being taken in the sense of yonder. ORDER OF WORDS. 37 EXERCISE) 26. PENED. 1887 balul i6id. O sol lestimlik ! Egetob penedi olik de batul kilsebalid ayela e galobok levemo das binol in saun gudik e das volapiik mekom mostepi so gletik lomii ols. Tefii buks, kelis vilol das olemob, ogolob odelo ini glezif, ed osiikob omis. Stadobs valiks gudiko e glidobs oli e famuli olik. Dear Sir : I request that you will mail me your pa})er during one year, addressing it as is wTitten below. I send [mail] you one dollar in payment, and remain Your friend. In volapiik pladon ladyeki pos subsat, e kimifali pos velib. In English one places the adjectiv before the noun. In German the accusativ is placed sometimes before the verb. ORDER OF WORDS. The exercises have given an idea of the usual order in which the words in a sentence are placed. \iExcept that the adjectiv follows, instead of preceding the word which it quali- fies, this order is about the same as in English. The general principle is that the word which limits or describes follows that which is limited or described, or, to use Prof Kerckhoffs' expression, the determinant fbllows the determined. The predicate or verb follows the subject or kimfal. The object or kimifal follows the verb, and the kimefal, being a more remote object, is placed still later. The kimafal or possessiv foUow^s the thing possessed. In English the possessor comes first if it is expressed by the possessiv case, but if expressed by ^it comes after. . 38 ORDER OF WORDS. The adverb follows the verb which it modifies, but if it modifies an adjectiv then the adverb precedes the adjectiv. This is an apparent exception to the general rule of position ; the adverb may, however, be considered as forming a com- pound word with the adjectiv ; the rule being, in compound words, the opposit to the rule of position, viz., that the determinant precedes the determined. The negativ adverb no precedes the word which it denies, on the same principle. Although the regular order of words in a sentence is that just explained, yet it is not rigorously fixed. For the sake of emphasis or special eflfect w^ords may be transposed, provided the sense be not obscured. The terminations often enable such transposition to take place without confusion. Thus, "the man loves the woman,'' may be expressed in several ways : 1. Man lofom vomi. 2. Vomi lofom man. 3. Lofom man vomi. 4. Vomi man lofom. 5. Man vomi lofom. We give these forms because they may occasionally be met with in reading ; w^e recommend, liowever, that the regular form, No. i, be habitually used. Form No. 5, where the kimifal precedes the verb, is one which German writers of Volapiik are fond of using in subor- dinate sentences, following the order of their own language. For example, they will say „ If man vomi lofom," although without the „ if *^ they would follow the natural order „ man lofom vomi.'* This is a German idiom and has nothing to recommend it in Volapiik. If we examin the English sentence ''the man loves the woman'' we see that no transposition can take place without destroying the sense, because we can only distinguish the subject from the object by position. If we had a different ending for the objectiv, like the kimifal, then we might trans- pose. ORDER OF WORDS. 39 i3:xercise: 27. In this reading exercise the left-hand column contains a translation from the German, in which the words are, to a great extent, arranged in the German order, — too much so, 1 thmk. The verb is placed at the end of the sentence or clause without any apparent reason for this position, except that in the German origmal it is at the end. In the right-hand column the same words are re-arranged with correction of some other German- isms. INVERTED ORDER. NATURAL ORDER. Glut ledik tegom sili kel jiinu yulibik ebinom. Yono flamom filakoliim, tegopi mena kosumol, kel omi ed omikis esavom. Noli binoms valiids atoz?* Si, atoz binoms „ valiids fata ko kels nonik fed tenalik bines al fedon." Ga ekusi! Lei it, kel domi et avilom noson, disislifom al tali, nen damon. Nam jekik, vali duzukol, menaladi fulol ko tlep e jek, golom biido menas du voli, tiki p o 1 6 1 da oti ko vif nesuemik. Glut ledik tegom sili kel ebinom jiinu yulibik. Filakoliim flamom yono, kosumol tegopi mena kel esavom omi ed omikis. No-li ats binoms valiids ? Si, ats binoms „ valiids fata ko kels nonik fed tenalik binom pofedol." Ga, ekusi ! L e 1 i t , kel avilom noson domi et, disislifom al tali nen damon. Nam jekik, duzukol vali, fulol mena- ladi ko tlep e jek, golom biidii mens da vol, polol tiki da om ko vif nesuemik. IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS. In English there are certain peculiarities of expression, which we dc not notice until our attention is called to them by the study of other languages. It is therefore dangerous to translate literally into Volapiik unless we first reflect upon the English phrase and are sure that it means literally and exactly what it says. It is safest, in regard to Volapiik, as well as other languages, to frame sentences on the model of those which have been composed by authors of known correctness. * In the earlier editions of the grammar oz was given as a permissible plural of os. 40 IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS. Corres])on dents of different nationalities may be of mutnal assistance in pointing out phrases which are difficult to under- stand, and requesting a repetition of the idea in different words. This alteration will itself be a valuable exercise. The various Volaptik periodicals give from time to time notices of societies in various cities and towns of Europe. By writing to the president of one of these societies a correspondent may be secured, probably interested in the same pursuits as the appli- cant. A few cautions as to idiomatic expressions are given below : 1. The distinction between the verbs " have, be, do," etc., when used as principal verbs and as auxiliaries, must be carefully watched. 2. In such phrases as "there is, there are, 'V//6'r6f, as already stated, is untranslatable, ^'et it has a value ; it shows that the verb to be has its meaning to exist, and that it is not a mere copula. For example : There is a Volapiik society in Constance ; The Volapiik Society in Constance is famous. Is in the latter sentence is a copula, attributing the quality famous to the Society ; in the former sentence the affirmation is that such a society exists. It is allowed by usage in Volapiik to mark this distinction by placing the verb before the subject, as, 1. Binom Volapiikaklub in Konstanz, or Volapiikaklub sibinom in Konstanz. 2. Volapiikaklub in Konstanz binom famik. 3. Besides the articles a, mi, the. we use the words some and any as a kind o{ partitiv articles, and these are also omitted in Volapiik, as they add nothing to the sense. Have you any money ? J Lj.iabol moni ? or, have you money : ) I have some money, ) L^bob moni. or 1 have money. \ In the negativ we use 710 or not any. T 1 i No labob moni, 1 have no monev, ^ or, I have no't [any] money. | ^abob moni nonik. DERIVATION OF WORDS. 41 DERIVATIOX OF WORDS. The simplest ideas are represented by radicals of one syllable. There are also radicals of two syllables, expressing somewhat more complex ideas. The radicals have been taken principally from the following languages : English, Latin, German and French. More mate- rial has been taken from the English than from any other language. The English words are, however, much modified in adapting them to Volaplik. 1. The spelling is changed, the pronunciation being pre- served or nearly so. Jip, sheep. Lof, love. Kipon, to keep. Giv, give. Komon, to come. Sin, sin. Gudik, good. 2. Consonants are dropt or changed when there would be any difficulty of pronunciation. Vol, w^orld. Piikon, to speak. Tat, state. Ted, trade. Tav, travel. Tif, (thief) stealing. 3. The letter r is specially avoided ; 1 being frequently substituted. Glen, grain. Glet, great. Bil, beer. Telegaf, telegraph. Blod, brother. Flen, friend. 4. As radicals seldom begin or end in a vowel the conso- nants n or 1 are added, or the letters are transposed. Pel, pay. Lep, ape. Love-, over-. Nidian, Indian. Nelijik, English. Nulik, new. From the radicals other words are formed by compounding, by prefixing and by suffixing. 42 COMPOUND WORDS. COMPOUND WORDS. In forming compound words the rule of word placing is exactly reversed, and the determinant precedes the determined. A compound noun is formed by inserting the vowel a between the determining word and the principal word. Vol-a-piik, world-language. Potamon, postage (post-money). Piikatidel, language teacher. Flentapiik, language of France, French language. Yagadog, hunting dog, hound. Nulayel, new-year. The first part of the compound may be considered as the kimafal, and' usually the meaning of the compound may be expressed by placing it after the principal word either in the kimafal or in the adjectiv form ; piik vola, mon potik, tidel piikas, piik flentik, dog yagik, yel nulik. But the meaning of the compound word is more specialized. Piik vola may mean a language of the world, any language of the world, while volapiik means a language understood through the whole world. In a few compounds instead of a the syllables as, i and o, are used as connectivs, tho' there seems to be no settled rule. Vodasbuk, dictionary. Polivegam, wandering astray. Sometimes three nouns are compounded together, but care must be taken not to produce too long words. Volapiikatidel, universal-language-teacher. PREFIXES. Words formed by prefixing syllables are in reality a kind of compounds in which the first part is intimately blended with the second. For example, in glezif, a capital, composed of prefix gle- -j- noun zif, great town ; zif is the principal word and gle- the determinant. PREFIXES. 43 Gle- is a contraction of the adjectiv gletik or of its radical glet, greatness. Many other prefixes are similarly formed from nouns and adjectivs. Sma-, from smalik, small ; smabed, nest (little bed). Bla-, from blagik, black : Blafot, the Black Forest. Vie-, from vietik, white : viebod, white bread. Ba-, from bal, one : bafom, uniformity. M6-, from modik, many, much ; mopiikik, polyglot ; moflanik, many-sided. Si-, from sil, heaven ; prefix of constellations or zodiacal signs : Sijip, Aries ; Sijutel, Sagittarius ; Sifits, Pisces. Nolii-, Sulii-, Lefii-, Vesii-, from Noliid, Suliid, Lefiid, Vesiid, North, South, East, West; Noliimelop, North America ; Vesiinidan, West Indies. Ba-, from bapik, low, and va-, from valik, all, with a change of vowel. Other prefixes are simple prepositions, and most of them can be so used. Bevii, between, inter- ; beviinetik, international. Bif, before (in place), contracted to bi-, pre- ; bisiedon, to preside. De, from: de-, ab-, off-, away: defal, falling off; defiledon, to burn off : deyulon, to abjure. Ko-, ke- ; with ; com-, con-, syn- : kokom, coming to- gether ; kelied, compassion ; kevobel, colaborer ; kezenodon, to concentrate. Len-, towards, ad- ; lenpiik, address ; lensumon, to assume, take to one's-self Love-, over, super-: lovedugon, to lead over; lovelogon, to overlook : lovepenad, superscription, something wTitten over ; lovepolam, translation. 4i PREFIXES. There are also prefix-syllables which never occnr separately and are not contractions of other words. The following are the most important of these inseparable prefixes : Ne-, negativ, or contrary ; un-, in-, dis-, non-, -less ; neflen, enemy (unfriend); nelab, want (opposit of lab, possession); det, right [hand]; nedet, left ; nedanik, / ungrateful ;^ nebin, non-existence. Le- ; intensiv ; very, highly, chief, arch- ; legudik, very good; legletik, very great; lebijop, archbishop; ^ lezif, large city (glezif is a capital). Gle- indicates the highest or most important of its kind. Lu-, small, insignificant, bad or contemptible. This prefix is frequently used where in English we use different words. Beg, a request, lubegel, a beggar, mendicant; ^ lufat, a step-father ; lak, a lake, lulak, a pond ; sanel, a physician, lusanel, a quack ; solel, a ruler, lusolel, a tyrant ; vomik, feminin, luvomik, effeminate. fSee suffix -il for a list of augmentativs and diminutivs.) Ge-, back, re- ; gepiik, reply ; gekipon, to keep back. Be- is said to strengthen the meaning of the radical ; it frequently means to cause or confer the thing expressed by the radical. Da- denotes the compledon of an action or the attainment of an object. SUFFIXES. Some suffixCo are formed by cutting off the beginnings of nouns. From mul, month, -ul as a termination for the names of months. There are two sets of names for the months: one derived from the numerals, the other from the Roman names, — January, balul or yanul. July, velul or yuluL February, telul or febul. August, jolul or gustul. March, kilul or mazul. September, ziilul or setul. April, folul or apul. October, balsul or otul. May, lulul or mayul. November, babul or novul. June, malul or yunul. December, batul or dekuL SUFFIXES. 45 From Ian, country, -an as a termination for names of countries or states. Cinan, China. Bayan, Bavaria. Lusan, Russia. From diip, hour, -iip as a termination for a portion of time. Tidiip, a lesson (teaching time). Kiiip ? when ? at what time ? Patiip, the present tense. Yeliip, the course of a year. From top, place, (i) -op, for the divisions of the earth. Yulop, Europe. Silop, Asia. Fikop, Africa. Melop, America. Talop, Australia. (2) -op, for a place. Kiop ? where ? Maladop, a hospital. The following endings have no meaning, except in composition: -el, -er ; one who does, a person. Mekel, a maker, from mekon, to make. Datuvel, discoverer, from datuv, discovering. Tidel, teacher. This ending occurs very frequendy. It denotes also an in- habitant of a country. Melopel, an American. Nelijel, Englishman. Deutel, a German. Flentel, Frenchman. -al and -an also refer to persons. Al implies dignity or superiority. -ef is a collection of persons ; -em, of things. -en is an establishment for a trade (-ery). -af, names of animals ; -it, of birds ; -in, of substances. -ip, diseases ; -om, apparatus ; -av, sciences. -al, -am, -of, abstract nouns ; al, character ; -am, acdon ; -of, quality, or state. -il, diminutiv ; -et, -kin, -ling ; domil, a litde house ; ganil, gosling. 46 SUFFIXES. The following illustration shows the various gradations of diminutiv and augmentativ words in Volaplik : luzifil, wretched little town, smazifil, little hamlet, zifil, little town, luzif, wretched town, smazif, village, zif, town, lulezif, big ugly city, lezif, city, glezif, important city or capital. luglezif, miserable great city, leglezif, metropolis. The endings -ik, -el, -am, are the most common, and almost every radical may assume them. In our vocabulary wQ frequently give the radical only or one of these derivativs, leaving the others to be inferred. From any radical denoting a quality may be formed, by adding ik, an adjectiv attributing that quality, as gud, good- ness, gudik, good ; jap, sharpness, japik, sharp. Thus dropping ness is equivalent to adding ik, or vice versa. In this case w^e usually give the adjectiv only, leaving the student to drop the ik and add the ness; or we give the noun only, leaving him to drop the ness and add the ik. Every root has, or may have, an adjectiv form in ik, but there is not always a corresponding English adjectiv. Many adjectivs are entirely lacking in English. We have no such word, for example, as ''to-daily,'' and we use the possessiv, ''to-day's newspaper;" but in Volaplik, ,, gased adelik." We have "golden" derived from "gold," but have no adjectiv derived from "iron." But in Volaplik „ goliidik, lelik, silefik," are regularly formed from „ goliid, lei, silef," and in translating from English we must be careful to distinguish ; in phrases like "silver watch," treating "silver" as an adjectiv ; „glok silefik." Whole phrases are also rendered by an adjectiv in ik or an. adverb in iko ; the adjectiv being used if the phrase qualifies a noun, the adverb, if it qualifies a verb. Many words are used both as nouns and as verbs in Volapuk and in English. Thus we speak of a name and to EXAMPLE OF DERIVATION. 47 name, nem and nemon ; a reward and to reward, mesed and mesedon. In this case we add the syllable -on as an indica- tion that the same words are used as nouns and as verbs. But if -on or -ik be enclosed in parenthesis we mean that a slight but obvious change is made in passing from one English part of speech to another. Any verb may form a noun in am, which expresses the 2,Q.iion of the verb, like our words in -Hon ; for example, plepalon, to prepare, plepalam, preparation. Almost any verb may form a noun in el, which expresses the do^r of the action, as plepalel, a preparer ; studon, to study, studel, a student. EXAMPLE OF DERIVATION. ^From Kerckhoff's Complete Course.) Piik, language, speech ; piikik, linguistic, pertaining to lan- guage ; piikatidel, language teacher ; piikapok, defect of speech ; piikon, to speak ; piikonabid, piikonamod, manner of speech ; motapiik, mother tongue ; volapiik, universal language. Piikat, oration ; piikatil, little speech ; [piikatel, orator ;] telapiikat, dialogue. Piikav, philology ; piikavik, philological. Piiked, saying ; piikedik, sententious ; piikedavod, proverb; piikedavodik, proverbial ; valapiiked, motto. Piikel, orator, speaker ; piikelik, oratorical ; mopiikel, poly- glot, speaker of many languages. Piikof, eloquence ; piikofik, eloquent ; piikofav, rhetoric ; piikofavik, rhetorical. Piikot, talk ; piikotik, talkativ ; okopiikot, soliloquy. Bepiik, discussion ; bepiikon, to discuss. Bipiik, preface. Gepiik, answer ; gepiikon, to answer. Lepiik, assertion, affirmation ; lepiikon, to assert, to affirm. 48 EXAMPLE OF DERIVATION. Lenpiik, address ; lenpiikon, to address. Libapiik, acquittal ; libapiikon, to acquit (''speak free "). Lupiik, chatter ; lupiikon, to chatter ; lupiikem, gossip ; lupiikot, gossip Uhat which is said); lupuklam, stammer- ing ; lupiiklon, to stammer. Mipiik, mis-speaking, sHp of the tongue ; mipiikon, to mis- speak. Nepiik, silence ; nepiikik, silent ; nepiikon, to keep still. Sepiik, pronunciation ; sepiikik, pronounceable ; sepiikad, pronouncement (rendering of decision); sepiikam, act of pronouncing ; sepiikon, to pronounce. Tapiik, contradiction ; tapiikik, contradictory ; tapiikon, to contradict. EXERCISE 28. VOTAMS FA LASAM VALEMIK TELID. In jolul yela 1887 lasam valemik volapiikelas azitom in Miinchen, zif Deuta. Lasam at amekom votanriis anik in noms volapiika, e zesiidos sevon votamis at, dat kanon liladon bukis pepiibol biif tim lasama. Buk obsik pepenom segun noms nulik pestabols fa lasam. Ab in penads vonik onoeton : 1. Das abinoms foms tel tonaba h, ^ e h, miiedik e diifik ; nu labobs fomi te bal, h. 2. Das abinom fom pliitik, „ ens/' pla „ ol," kel fom (ons) no sibinom nu. 3. Das nems lonik papenoms segun ton, fonetigo ; nu paipenoms segun lotogaf lanas keles lonoms. 4. Das vokads a, 6, ii alaboms fomis patik, nen piinils. 5. Das ji- as bisilab alabom fetanamali (-). 6. Das ,ji-' amalom sotimo jimateli dunela e no jiduneli it; e das ,of,* pla ,ji,* amalom jiduneli. a.s., ji-tidel, vono, jimatel tidela; of-tidel, vom kel tidof, jitidel. ABRAHAM E BALEDAN. 49 Parable ; translated by Schleyer. ABRAHAM E BALEDAN. Abraham asiedom vono len yan teneda oma, yaladol (segun kosom omik) foginelis al lotadon omis. Adalogom baledani blegol oki su staf e komol al omi. Baled e tobs ifenoms omi. Abraham alasumom omi fleno ; abegom omi siadonok, avatiikom futis oma, ed ablinom flukis e vati flifik. Ab logol das baledan afidom ed adlinom nes sagon pleki, asakom omekikod no aleplekom Godi siila. Baledan agepiikom das aleplekom te Fili e das no asevom godi votik. Abraham azunom sovemo demii gesag at das ajokom baledani mofii tened. Ven at igolom, God avokom Abrahami ed asakom ome kiop foginel abinom. Agesagom : „ejokobomi mofii tened, bi no leplekom oli." God asagom tano ome : „ esufob omi du yels tum do anestimom obi ; ed ol no-li akanol sufbn omi du neit bal ven no atupom oli ? " Na Abraham ililom vodis at, agevokom baledani, alinkipom omi lotado ed agivom ome tidamis sapik. Dunolod id also e pomesedol fa God Abrahama. MODEL OF TRANSLATION, AND GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS. I give an analysis of the above parable, taking it sentence by sentence, and showing how a person, ignorant of the words, would go to work and ascertain the meaning by the aid of the vocabulary. Persons familiar with other languages, and hence accus- tomed to translation, may obtain a general idea of the structure of Volapiik by following this analysis even before they have at all studied the grammar. Beginning with the first sentence, we look for the verb. When we come to asiedom, we know it to be a verb because it has a tense-vowel a as a prefix (of the series a, a, e, i, o, u), and a person-ending om (of the series -ob, -ol, -om, -of, -os, -on). As om means /^^, we know^ that the verb is in the third 50 MODEL OF TRANSLATION. person singular ; as a means '' imperfect tense" we know that '*he'' did something. What he did is to be found out by removing the prefix and the ending which leaves the root sied. Looking in the vocabulary we find that sied, as a noun, means a seat, and the verb siedon, to sit. Therefore asiedom must express, of someone, "he sat." — Vv^hosat? As „ Abraham" precedes the verb and is in the kimfal, it answers the question, „ Kim asiedom ? " '' Who sat V Asiedom alone would have meant "he sat," but we omit the '' he" in English when the subject is expressed; therefore, Abraham asiedom = Abraham sat. When the kimfal and the verb are known, the rest of the sentence must fall into place to modify these. Vono is, judging by the ending o, an adverb, and as it follows asiedom it probably is used to modify that verb. Looking in the vocabulary we find it means, "once, formerly." " Once," that is, not as distinguished from " twice," but " once upon a time." We now have, in the English order, Abraham asiedom vono = Abraham once sat. As len does not show by its form what part of speech it is we must look it up, and we find it to be a preposition meaning "at." The word following it, yan, we find to be a noun ; as it is in the kimfal (not ending in a vowel) and follows the preposition, it is evident that len yan meant either " at a door" or "at the door :" which of these it will be cannot yet be determined. Immediately after yan is a word teneda. From its ending in a we know that it is in the kimafal, and answers the question "whose?" "whose door.?" As tened means tent, „yan teneda" must mean '' tent's door," or rather " door of tent," for we seldom use 's in English except in speaking of living things, Len yan teneda =at door of tent. In English we should conventionally expand this into one of the following forms : at the door of the tent ; at the door of a tent ; at a door of the tent ; at a door of a tent. MODEL OF TRANSLATION. 51 But these articles do not add anything whatever to the meaning. If an artist were to paint four pictures of Abraham, (i) sitting at the door of the tent, (2) sitting at the door oi a tent, (3) sitting at a door oi the tent, (4) sitting at a door of ^ tent, all four views would be alike, and each would be precisely the same as if he had received the briefer description, ''at door of tent," or ''at tent door." „ Oma " is another kimafal, and as it immediately follows teneda it must answer the question "whose tent ?" Its root, cm, we recognise as meaning he ; therefore oma means "his " and refers to teneda. So that we now have the full meaning of the first clause: "Abraham once sat at the door of his tent." The next word valadol must be a participle as it ends in -61, which is like our "-ing. " Valad we find m the vocabu- lary to mean awaiting ; valadon, to wait for, to await, to attend. Therefore valadol must mean either " waiting for, " "awaiting," or "attending." Now he who awaits or attends must await something or some one ; that is, valadon is the kind of verb which is called transitiv ; it may have an object. This object must be in the kimifal ; that is, must end in i or is. Looking further along we find such a word, foginelis. The s tells us it is plural. The i that it is in the objectiv or kimifal. This leaves us foginel. The ending el refers to a person, and often corre- sponds to er in English. We find fogin to mean "a foreign country," for which there is no one word in English. Foginel means a foreigner, stranger, one from a distant country. The words „ valadol foginelis" mean "awaiting strangers. " The three words segun kosom omik, as they come just after valadol, must modify or explain its meaning. Segun is found to be a preposition meaning "according to," and kosom, a noun in the kimfal, "custom ;" „ segun kosom" must be "according to custom." The ending -ik tells us that omik is an adjectiv ; as adjectivs always follow the words they qualify, it must describe kosom. We know that „ om " is "he," and that ,,-ik" is "pertaining to;" o2 MODEL OF TRANSLATION. ^, omik " is "his." This is another form, equivalent to oma ; when the possessor is one of the pronouns ob, ol, cm, of, OS, on, it may be put in either the adjectiv form or the kimafal ; may end either in ik or in a. Segun kosom omik = according to his custom. Valadol, segun kosom omik, j _ (awaiting strangers, ac- foginelis j | cording to his custom. We cannot in EngHsh place the phrase ''according to his custom '' where it naturally belongs. The reason for this is that we have no separate form for the objectiv, and therefore leel a necessity for placing it as close as possible to the verb so that it may be felt as the object. ''Awaiting, according to his custom, strangers," would sound awkward. Al lotadon omis. The ending -on indicates the infinitiv, and we have seen that al before the infinitiv gives it the mean- ing "in order to ;" altho' "in order" need not be expressed. If we look up lotad we find that it means hospitality ; but we have in English no verb " to hospitate/' We are obliged to use some such phrase as "to give hospitality to," " to receive hospitably." Omis is the same word „ om" which we have already met several times. This time it is in the kimifal, plural, like foginelis, which, in fact, it replaces. Al lotadon omis = to offer them hospitality. This completes the first sentence. We begin the second by searching as before for a verb, which we may expect to find marked by its tense-vowel at the beginning and its person-ending. We have not far to seek, as adalogom has the marks. We see at once that (as in asiedom) the framework is /le did something. Dalogon is to perceive, hence adalogom is /le perceived. The subject not being expressed the he must stand in its stead. Dalog-6n is not a simple word. Da is a prefix, and log is the real root. Log, as a noun, means eye ; log-6n, the verb, is to see. Da, as a prefix, denotes the completion of an action or the attainment of the object sought. MODEL OF TRANSLATION. 53 adalogom, being a transitiv verb, should have an object, in the kimifal, of course. We readily find this object in the next word baledani. This we find to mean '' old-man ;" but even if baledan were omitted from the vocabulary we could discover its meaning from the root baled, age, and the ending an (an echo of man), which is applied to persons. adalogom baledani = he perceived an old man. Blegol is recognised as a participle qualifying baledani, which it follows. Blegon is found to mean to bend. Oki is the reflexiv pronoun ok, -self in the kimifal. Therefore blegol oki is bending himself It might be expressed in one word, blegolok. Su staf is readily found to mean on a staff. Tak- ing the phrase together we may translate it 'Meaning on a staff/' E, and. Komol is another participle, from komon, to come. Al omi, to him ; omi is in the kimifal because al denotes motion toward him. This is not indispensable, for al om would express the same idea. Al, of itself, conveys the idea of direction ; so that there is not the same useful distinc- tion as between m and m/o. In the next sentence, seeking first the verb, we recognise it in ifenoms by the personal ending oms, they, and the tense- prefix i. I we find in the series a, a, e. i, o, u (present, imperfect, perfect, //w/^/y^cV, future, future perfect); its English equivalent is ''had;" oms is third person, plural, they; therefore we have only to look for the meaning of fen to know what "they had " done. Fen being to weary, ifenoms must be they had wearied. We now^ look back for the subject Avhich must be plural. Tobs has the plural-sign and is in the kimfal. Tobs ifenoms = troubles had wearied. But we cannot positivly decide upon this until we examin the words which precede tobs, for according to the rules of position the subject must be at the beginning of the sentence. Much depends upon the particle e, for if this is a preposition, tobs, tho' in the kimfal, cannot be the subject. E proves, however, to be the conjunction and, and baled, the noun, age. Baled e tobs, age and troubles, form a compound subject to ifenoms. The object omi is at once recognised by its ending. Baled e tobs ifenoms omi. I = i^S^ and troubles had j ( \veaned him. 54 MODEL OF TRANSLATION. The endins: oms is masculine, but is used here where in English we should expect the neuter. //, as well as he, is represented by om. The next sentence presents nothing of difficulty ; subject, verb (in the third person, singular, imperfect), object, adverb. Fleno, in a friendly manner, requires four words in English because we do not say friendli-ly. Fleniko would have about the same meaning ; the adverb may be formed from the adjec- tiv or directly from the noun. Abraham alasumom omi \ __\ Abraham received him in fleno. j I a friendly manner. abegom omi is familiar. Siadonok : ok is the reflexiv ending, meaning myself, yourself, himself, etc., as thecase miay be ; -on is the infinitiv-ending already mentioned ; siadon is to seat. Siedon, to sit, is intransitiv ; siadon, to seat, is transi- tiv. Siadonok is here translated to seat y^/;;/self, on account of omi. abegom omi siadonok = requested him to seat him.self And the next clause presents nothing new : avatiikom futis oma = washed his feet. Ed is the same as e, used before a vowel. If e were used here there would be no misunderstanding ; and some writers refuse to change e into ed on the ground that there should be no variation of form where there is no difference in sense. Flifik is an adjectiv since it ends in ik ; it qualifies vati, for it immediately follows that word. In English we say "fresh water,'' in Volapllk the order is " water fresh." Ed ablinom flukis ) j and brought fruits e vati flifik j (and fresh water. The first verbal form which we find in the next sentence is logol, which we already know to mean "seeing.'' Das we find to be the conjunction that, therefore the following words, „ baledan," etc. , must be a subordinate sentence, which we may take up first and translate as if it were standing alone. MODEL OF TRANSLATION. 55 Baledan afidom ed adlinom nes sagon pleki. Proceeding in the usual manner to look for the verb, we find afidom ; but we also find the verb adlinom and the conjunction e or ed connecting them. E (or ed) like and in English, connects two similar words or phrases as two subjects (baled e tobs for example), two predicates, as in this instance, two objects (for example flukis e vati flifik), two adverbs, two subordinate sentences. Looking for the roots, fid and dlin, we find that afidom ed adlinom means, by itself, he ate and drank. The subject baledan is a word with which we are familiar. On its former occurrence we translated it *'an old man,'' but now, as he has been previously mentioned, we use the article '* the " — ''the old man ate and drank." The following clause „nes sagon pleki,*' we may presume to modify the verbs as it follows them. We confirm this by finding that nes is a preposition, meaning "without." Nen also means without, but nes is used before infinitivs. Nen, however, would be perfectly understood, and may be used without confusion. After a preposition we use in English the form in -ing ; nes sagon = without saying. The ending -i shows that pleki is the object of the verb sagon. Nes sagon pleki = without saying a prayer. Ab logol das baledan afidom \ L But seeing that the old ed adlinom nes sagon r = ■< man ate and drank with- pleki — ) ( out saying a prayer — This participial clause is placed at the beginning of the sentence because it qualifies the subject, which is the -om in asakom, he asked. Ome is another form of om, the kimefal or indirect object. In English the person of whom anything is asked is put in the objectiv, but in Volapllk the thing asked is considered as the direct object; ''he asked [to] him.'" This is indicated in the vocabulary by [bosi eke]; sakon [bosi eke], to ask any one anything ; that is, the thing asked is in the kimifal, and the person asked in the kimefal. The words following this constitute the question which was asked, in the exact words Abraham would use, except that Abraham would have changed one letter. 56 MODEL OF TRANSLATION. Kikod no aleplekol Godi siila ? asakom ome, kikod no aleplekom Godi siila, Kikod is found to be an interrogativ adverb, ''why?" derived from kod, cause ; — "what cause?'' In the same way are formed, kiplad? ''what place?" for where P and kitim ? "what time?'' for whenp This being the connecting word, we next take up the sentence in the usual order, beginning with the verb aleplekom, which is the same form as asiedom and several other verbs given. Leplekon is to worship, being derived from plekon, to pray, with the uitensiv prefix le. No is the negativ particle not ; it is so closely connected with the verb which it modifies, or rather reverses, that it is placed be/ore like a prefix rather than after as a modifier. No aleplekom, he did not worship. What is the object in this sentence ? Godi, because it ends in i. No aleplekom Godi = he did not worship God. What is siila ? A noun in the kimafal or "whose" case, answering the question whose? of whom? or of what? God of what? God of heaven. Here we insert in English a "the" before " God," though it would seem more reasonable to say ''God of the heaven " than " the God of heaven." asakom ome, kikod no ) ( He asked him v,hy he did not aleplekom Godi siila. f I worship the God of heaven. In the next sentence it is at once seen that Baledan is the subject and agepiikom the verb ; that the old man did some- thing denoted by gepiik, which is found to mean reply. The old man replied — what ? There are two subordinate sentences, each beginning with das, that ; these two sentences are con- nected by e, and. We may analyse them separately. I. aleplekom te Fili. What is the verb ? aleplekom, he worshiped. What is its subject ? He, expressed by om in the termination. What is its object ? Fili, because it ends in i. aleplekom Fili = he worshiped Fire. Te, like all words of two letters, is a particle of some kind. It is found to be the adverb 07ih' It precedes the word to which it refers. aleplekom te Fili = he worshiped only Fire (Fire alone). MODEL OF TRANSLATION. 57 2. No asevom godi votik. What is the verb ? asevom, he did — something ; he knew ; no asevom, he did not know. Votik must be an adjectiv from its ending ; other, another. XT •• ^ ^^' ^4,:^ ) ( he did not know another god : No asevom godi votik y = i ^ ^ ^u a ^ j ( or, he knew no other god. The two repHes of the old man can now be translated. We have now had all the cases exemplified in the forms of om. Om, he; oma, his (of him); ome, to him; omi, him; and we can complete the plural : Oms, they; omas, their (of them); omes, to them; omis, them. The next sentence will now be easily understood upon ascertaining the meanings of the separate words. The phrase „Ven at igolom,'* although it comes first, really modifies avokom. The reason for placing it out of the usual order is to place it in the order oi tinWy as will be seen. Ven is a conjunction, ''when." What is the verb } Igolom, and it is in the pluperfect tense, third person, singular, mascu- lin ; '' he had , '* is the English formula. Golon, to go ; therefore igolom = he had gone. What is the subject.^ At means this, and refers to baledan, understood. In English it is not customary to use this without its noun (when masculin), hence we say ' ' the latter. " Ven at igolom = when the latter had gone or was gone. Observe that ''was gone'* is not a passiv, altho' it looks Hke one. The auxilliary *'am'* does not always denote the passiv voice, and the meaning must be followed, not the sound. „ God avokom Abrahami" will be understood upon finding the meaning of vokon, to call ; ed asakom ome, this is all familiar. Kiop is the connecting word, an interrogativ adverb, where } agesagom, he answered ; this is a synonym of agepiikom. Both are formed by prefixing the syllable ge-, which means 58 MODEL OF TRANSLATION. back, re- ; to re-say, to re-speak. The exact words of Abra- ham's reply are given, in quotation marks. What is the verb ? ejokob ; it is in the perfect tense and first person, singular; '' I have" done something. " I have thrust." What is the sub- ject ? Ob, I ; in the termination of the verb. What is the object? Omi, him ; ending in i. Mofii is a preposition; any word ending in ii is a preposition. Mofii tened, outside- of the-tent. Bi, because, is a conjunction introducing the subordinate sentence „ no leplekom oli," which should now be analysed. What is its verb ? Leplekom, present tense, third person, singular, masculin ; tells what he does or with no what he does not. No leplekom, he does not worship. What is the object.? Oli (ob-ol-om-of-os-on), thee. agesagom: „ejokobomi^ (Heanswered: ''Ihavethrust mofii tened, bi no > = -< him outside the tent because leplekom oli." ) (he does not worship thee." God asagom tano ome, God said then to him ; or, God then said to him. Esufob omi du yels tum. What is the verb ? Esufob, perfect tense, first person, singular ; tells what / have done. — I have endured. What is the object } Omi, him. Du, is a preposition, during. Yels is the plural of yel, a year. The numeral tum is placed after its noun. -r^^ r'. . J i« i. _ ) (I have endured him for a Esufob omi du yels tum } = | ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^ Do is a conjunction, connecting the clause anestimom obi with the main sentence, as above. Do anestimom obi = Though he contemned me. In the clause beginning with „ ed ol " the particle -li, as well as the interrogation point, shows that a question is asked. First translate the clause as if an assertion, disregarding -li, then change it to a question. What is the verb } akanol, imperfect, second person, singular. Thou couldst. What is the subject.'^ Ol, expressed separately as well as in the termination, making it more emphatic. MODEL OF TRANSLATION. 59 Ed ol no-li akanol sufon omi, and couldst not thou endure him, du neit bal, during one night, ven no atupom oli ? when he did not trouble thee ? In the next sentence, Na is the conjunction, and the clause introduced by it is placed at the first of the sentence for the same reason as the clause, Ven at igolom. — Vodis at, these words ; at is here an adjectiv pronoun. — There are, in this sentence not two, but three, clauses connected by ed ; they begin with the verbs agevokom, alinkipom and agivom. The last of these clauses „ agivom ome tidamis sapik " has two objects : tidamis, the direct object or kimifal, and ome, the indirect object or kimefal. The order would be more strictly logical and regular if ome were placed last. This, however, creates no difficulty in understanding. Dunolod id also. What is the verb ? Dunolod. It is imperativ because it ends in 6d ; it is second person, singular, shown by ol; the absence of prefix shows it to be present tense. The root dun means to do ; therefore its translation is, do thou ! or simply, do ! The other words are merely adverbs. Dunolod id also ! = do thou also thus ! Pomesedol fa God Abrahama. The verb is pomesedol. P shows it to be passiv ; o shows it to be future ; po = shall be ed ; ol, shows it to be second person, singular, thou shalt be ed. Mesed, is reward ; pomesedol, thou shalt be rewarded. These sentences have introduced all the cases, both num- bers, all the persons, all the tenses, except the future-perfect, both voices, and the reflexiv, interrogativ, imperativ, infinitiv, and participial forms. Almost all the rules of inflexion and construction have been exemplified. 60 MODEL OF TRANSLATION. The following, then, is an outline of the usual course to be followed in translating a sentence : 1. What is the VERB, or predicate? It is recognised by its having a perso7i-endi?ig, which will be one of the syllables ob, ol, om, of, OS, on. If there be more than one verb found disregard all subordinate clauses, connected by conjunctions, and seek the principal verb. 2. What is the tense ^ What is the person, the number, the gender.^ These are determined by the syllables at the beginning and end, and from them may be formed a skeleton or framework, which is completed by finding and inserting the meaning of the radical. 3. What is the SUBJECT.^ Perhaps it is implied in the person-ending and not otherwise expressed. If it be expressed it must be in the kimfal. Then read these two words together as the foundation of the sentence : subject, verb. 4. Is there an OBJECT.^ If so it must be in the kimifal ; and you now have : kimfal, verb, kimifal. 5. Is there a more remote or INDIRECT OBJECT .= If so it is in the kimefal, and completes the four principal parts : Kimfal VERB kimifal kimefal , Each of these four principal words may be followed by determinants, words or phrases limiting or modifying its mean- ing, and these are last taken up and translated. S PO DAM. New York, 1887, batul i8id. Sole Schleyer in Konstanz: O sol lofik ! Vipol vedon bonedel Volapiikableda Zenodik, sedob ole in pened at tlati plo maks tel e fenigs mals, suami boneda yelsik, e begob das opotol bledi al ladet pepenol disc. Dlinan olik divodikun, John Smithy 365 Fifth Avenue, 2. Chicago, 1887, malul 2oid. Soles Midler und Schulize in Berlin : O sols pelestimol ! Pened at polovegivom oles fa flen obsik e bonedel sol Adolphus Snodgrass kel ovisitom Yulop kodli saun e keli kanobs komedon as man pekulivik e digik lotada keli klodobs das olofols ome. Danol biseo plo flenof, blibobs, Diinans olsik divodikiin, Br (mm ^ Jones, 62 SPODAM. 3. Paris, telul I5id, 1887. Soles Sotoff e K^., spulals, in Kostroma: Sols : Penunob fa S. Alexandroff, spodel olsik in zifat, das nedols konodeli sevol, pla jafs patik tedadoma olsik, magavi e volapliki. Labedob sevis pevipol e sikodo dalob obe lofon oles diinis obik plo cal vagik. Ss. Gaudin e Langlois in zif obsik la kels binob pecalol, sis yels modumik, okanoms givon oles niinis valik kelis odesidols tefii ob. Lemano fosefob olis das osteifob melidon konfidi keli ugivols obe. Valadol gepiiki gonik olsik, blibob. D. O. Guerin, [Blufapened xama al geton dipedi as Spodal Volapiikik de Volaplikaklub Flentik, 1887.] Paris, lulul 22id, 1887. Sole Nicole sen in Jassi: Potob ole atoso canapenedis tel sukol : Fr. 5000, malul balid su Stihi e K^. — 2500, velul balselulid su Vladescu. Suam : Fr. 7500, su zif olik. Noelolos geti omas e kadolos omis klodatu kal obik. Falo pel panevilom, begob oli ploteton te canapenedi su Vladescu. Nunob oli otupo das ecanapenedob adelo su ol : Fr. 6000 blidii Diamandi mul bal sis dat. Noetolos canapenedi obik e lasumolos omi gudiko. Dunan olik divodikiin, Fould, SPODAM. 63 Boston, 1887, babul i5id. Labobs stimi nunon oles das eleblimobs in zif at fablUdi sobas, labol fiami, James Robinson and Company. Begobs olis noeton disopenadis kopanalas e bestimon obis lesuno ko boneds olik, kelas pometobs befulami kuladik. James Robinson y Peter Wilkins, 6. [Blufapened xamas flentik, 1886.] Odessa, kilul 6id, 1886. Soles Lacour e Burdel, vinatedals, Bordeaux: Sedolsos obe dub medam Solas Char Her e K^.^ sedans in zif olsik, segun stips kosomik tedadoma olsik, sotis difik de vins e ligs kels sukoms : Saint Julten, yel 1878, . . flads 300. Graves, vietik, yel 1855. . otos 150. Vve. Cliquot, . . . flads lafik 200. Chartreuse^ likof balid, . Hats 50. Abinobov vemo kotenik if akanob-la geton bonedi obik biifu fin mula at. Besakolsos Soli Melnikoffm Marseilles, flen e kolanan obik, do klodat keli tedadom obik melidom ; sol at egivom obe voladalisedi olsik e ekomedom levemo vinis olsik. Spelol das sek jafa at balid okodom suno bonedamis nulik, blibob diinan olsik divodikun, Gruzenizeff, L I LA DAM BISIEDAL GARFIELD. Dun balid sola Garfield, bisiedal de Tats pebalol pos finam calama oma as bisiedal Piibliga legletik et, abinom kidon moti e jimateli omik len stunam e betikalam de cifals gletik e pop nenumlik lana et, kels abinoms plisenik potli zal et. Kikod edunom atosi ? Ibo mote oma edebom sibini, nuliidi e dadukami, kels eblinoms ome diniti mayedikiin fatalana omik ; ed in jimatel oma ituvom jikopaneli fiedik, divodik, fagik e stimik in lefulon debis jimatelik e domik ! O net labik 1 01 labedol regalis aistlimol ed aistimol tugi e fetanis famiilik ! Joseph Holden (nelijel). 3. KON Lad nelijik, polol dogi smalik in lams ofik, lUodof al valadasal stejena de Lyon. Pecalel sembal leloda stopom ofi e sagom : ,, Lad, no kanol bekipon dogi olik ko ol. *' ,, Desidob bekipon omi ko ob. '' ,, Atos binos nemogik. Dogs binoms papolol delidii tavelse paninkikol in lelodavab patik. '' ,, No oninkikol obiki !'' ,, Oninkikob oliki i : sesum nonik sibinom. *' LILADAM. 65 ,, Osiadob omi in tavasak obik. '' ,, Atos binos nemogik. '' ,, Esiadob egelo omi in sak obik in Nelij. ** ,, In Flent, mutol konfidon dogi olik pecaleles leloda e pelon poli. '' ,, No opelob. Lilvob dogi ole. " ,, Beniino, Lad. ** Lad miirof setis anik zunik e givof dogi pecalele. At sumom nimi ab gegivom omi foviko, zenodii smils bosetik tavelas. Dog pafulom ko stol ! Guigues (flentel). 3. NAPOLEONA POKAGLOK. Napoleon abinom son lavogela Bonaparte baonik ab no liegik. Nag ilefulom studis omik su jul militik in Paris, pacalom as liotan kanemik. In tim ot alemom oke, de fenigs pespalol, pokagloki silefik, cinlifadi badik e nedelidik, kel askanom omi levemo in vigs balid. Ven mon adefom liotane pofik, kelos ofen azitos, apanom gloki oma. In balmil joltum fol pasevokom as limep flentik. Id as lelimep, kel rigetom divis valik yulopik, aipolom pokagloki baledatik. In pug de Marengo, Napoleon asakom diike de Montebello, kel astadom la om, diip kimid abinos. ,, Poka- glok oba takom denu, *' fovom Napoleon smiilol, ed ajonom su eiti : ,, Luglok vetik et eikopanom obi su lifavegoba ; sikod oiledivob omi. *' • Vo paikonsefom in famiil Napoleonas as meb kostik len fatasked legletik. Akopanom Napoleoni balid al Elba ed al St. Helena, e ven adeilom in balmil joltum telsebal ageliltom gloki sone oma balsebal-yelik kel ablibom in Schonbrunn nilil Wien, ledom omika fatela Franz I de Lostakin. 66 LILADAM. Pos kela deil agekomom al famuli ; e ven Napoleon kilid pavikodom la Sedan, apolom pokagloki baledatik ; kopanom omi al Chislehurst ; kilna sukom Napoleone votik al lani foginik. Jilimep Eugenie, jiviudel limepa flentik latik akonse- fom pokagloki plo son ofa Louis, as pul penemol ,, Lulu.** Napoleon folid adeilom nog yunik, fagik de fatan omik la foetabs Fikopa suliidik. Id om apolom gloki ; ab jonels ajonoms suno dupi latik oma. Fun omik patuvom peseklotol. Bo polom eiti nu Zulu sembal as deki su blot blonik oma. Ko Napoleon latik pokaglok papoliidom. Vomiil de Keiser ( jinedanel). 4. JOHANN MARTIN SCHLEYER. Pamotom in Oberlauda, in Badan, e labom nu lifayelis lulsemal. Estudom piikis plu ka luls. Apilbom balidna in yel 1879 volapiiki omik, kel nu pasevom e pagebom su vol lolik. Modikna iblufon datikon piiki vale- mik u beviinetik, e bllifs et pamekoms fa mens sapik ed estudik ; ab bliifam nonik pilasumom in gebi plagik. Datikel dola at legletik emelidom lasevami e danofi menada valik, ab lifom nu in Konstanz de baledamon smalik pagetol as padel gliiga romik katolik. No-li binos blig e galod volapiikeles yufon omi ? VOCABULARY. Volapuk words are printed in heavy type. Words which have the same spelling and the same meaning, both in Volapuk and in English, are printed in ITALIC CAPITALS. Words ot the same meaning which happen to be next each other in the alphabetical arrangement are bracketed | Many derivativs, formed by adding syllables, are placed under the radical, and abbreviated by dropping the radical. Sec remarks on page 46. When an English word is defined by several Volapuk words the distinction between these must be found by looking them up in succession. a agreeable a, by ; a tel, by twos ; adherent, ziipel. a del, per day. adieu, adyo. ab, but (conjunction). adjectiv, ladyek. to be able, kanon. admonition, monedam. about, do, za. to advance, fodon. abundance, bundan. advantage, bizug. academy, kadem. advice, konsal. to accept, lasumon. adyo ! adieu ! to accompany, kopanon. according to, segun. affair, din. to accuse, kusadon. Africa, Fikop. acid, ziid. African, fikopik, fikopel. act, dun [am]. after, na, po, pos. to act, dunon. again, denu. adelo, to-day. against, ta. address, ladet,-on, age, baled. lenpiikj-on. agreeable, plidik. agreement 68 ataflano agreement, balam. ai, constantly, habitually. aim, zeiL air, lut. al, to. alik, every. alim, every one. alive, lifik. all, valik. almanac, kaled. almost, ti. along, ve. alphabet, lafab. already, ya. also, so, thus. also, i. alteration, vot (-on), votam. although, do. America, Melop, (-ik, -el), among, bevii. amount, suam. and, e. angel, lanel. angle, gul. angry, zunik. animal, nim. anik, some, to announce, nunon. to annul, noson. another, votik. ans, some [people], answer, gesag, gepiik. to answer, gesagon, gepiikon. ape, lep. apod, apple. to appear, jinon. appetite, potit. apple, apod. appropriate, potik. ( April, folul, ( apul. arbitrar}', viilik. arch, bob. archbishop, lebijop. arithmetic, kalav. - arm, lam. army, milit. around, zi. article, laltiig. artillery, kanem. as, as, in the capacity of. as, as, as. to ascend, xanon. ascent, xan. to be ashamed, jemon. Asia, Silop. to ask, sakon. ' ass, cuk. assembly, lasam. assistance, yiif. to assure, fosefbn. to be astonished, stunon, at, this, this one. at, len. ataflano, on this side. attach 69 beg to attach, yiimon. bals, ten. to attend, seniton. balsid, tenth. attention, senit. balul, January. August, joluL baliidel, Sunday. Australia, Talop. bam, bench. Austria, Lostakin. ban, bath. author, lautel. bank, lebob. authority, riget. baon, nobility (of birth). Autumn, flukatim. -el, nobleman, avarice, monal. baron. avaricious, monalik. bap, lowness. to avoid, viton. barrel, tub. to await, valadon. bath, ban. ayelo, this year. battle, pug. adelo, yesterday. bak, back. al, towards. balat, pasture. as, as, similarly to. baled, age, old age. ba, perhaps, bachelor, nepematel. back, bak. -an, old man. -ik, old. -at, antiquity. -atik, antiquated. J bad, jbadik. bafb ! bravo ! bafom, uniformity. to be, bin on. beard, balib. beat, happiness. -ik, happy. bag, sak. beautiful, jonik. j to bake, I bakon. beauty, j6n. to become, vedon. bal, one, i. -ad, union, -am, agreement. -ik, simple. BED, bee, bien. beer, bil. -on, to unite. before, bifii, bufii, biifii. balib, beard. beforehand, biseo. balid, first. befulon, to fill (an order). balna, once. to beg, lubegon. DC" bleinik. beg, request, begin, beginning. -on, to begin, to begin, beginon. beginning, begin. behind, po. behold ! eko ! bei, by, passing. belt, bite, -on. bekip, keeping. -on, to keep. bekon, to beseech. bel, mountain. Belgium, Beljan. belief, klod. to believe, klodon. Beljan, Belgium, bell, glok. to belong, lonon [eke]. ben, grace; beno, well. bench, bam. to bend, blegon. benovip, congratulation. to beseech, bekon. beside, nebii. besides, pla. betikalam, enthusiasm. between, bevii. bevii, between, among. beviinetik, international. Bib, Bible. bid, kind, sort. biedik, bitter. bien, bee. bifii, before (in place). bigik, thick. bijop, bishop. bijut, jewel. bil, beer. bill of exchange, canapened. bim, tree. binon, to be. bird, bod. biseo, beforehand. bishop, bijop. bisiedal, president (of Republic). bisiedel, president (of a Society). bisilab, prefix (fore- syllable). bit, process. bite^ beit. bitterness, bied. bizug, advantage = -am, preference, -on, to prefer. black, blagik. j blam, -on, ( blame. I bla- (prefix), black-. I blagik, black. ble- prefix;, short-. bled, leaf (of tree or paper). blefik, short, brief. blegon, to bend. bleinik, blind. blekon. 71 bun blekon, to break. boned, order, subscription. bletimo, a short time ago. -on, to order, sub- scribe. blibon, to remain. book, buk. blig, duty. -ik, obligatory. boot, but. blim, equipment. bos, something. bot, boat. blind, bleinik. both, bofik. blinon, to bring. bottle, fiad. blod, brother. bov, dish. -at, fraternity. -ik, fraternal. box, bog. blonik, brown. boy, pul. blood, blud. bod, bird. blof, proof. blot, breast. bolad, burden. boset, noise. botel, waiter. blud, blood. bravo ! bafo ! blue, yulibik. bread, bod. bluf, test. to break, blekon. bliif, trial. breast, blot. bliinon, to deliver, supply. bridge, pon. bo, doubtless. brief, blefik. bead, wood. brilliance, nid (-ik). boat, bot. brilliancy, klat. bob, bow, arch. to bring, blinon. bod, bread. j brokel, 1 broker. bodily, kopik. body, kop. brother, blod. bofik, both. brown, blonik. bog, box. bufii, before (in precedence) bolit, politics. to build, bumon. -el, politician. buk, book. bom, bone. bumon, to build. bond, fetan. bun, leap. bone, bom. -on, to leap. bundan 72 chemistry bundan, abundance. to carry, polon. burden, bolad. case, fal. bureau, biir. cash, kad. to burn, filedon. castle, kased. business, jaf. cat, katc but, ab, sod. to catch, fanon. but, boot. Catholic, katolik. butter, mileg. cause, kod. button, gnob. cad, distinction, eminence. biid, command, order, -on. cal, employment, situation. biifii, before (in time). -am, appointment, inau- biik, impression. guration into off.ce. -on, to print. can, exchange (of money). -el, printer. -apened, bill of biir, bureau, office. exchange. by, a, bei, fa, dub. cedon, to consider, deem. by means of, dub. cek, check (draft). cal, office (function). cellar, kav. -el, an official, func- cem, room. tionary. cen, change, variation, 6n# -ik, official fadjectiv . cent, sentab. calculation, kalam. central, zenodik. calendar, kaled. centre, zenod. to call, vokon. century, yeltum. to call back, gevokon. chair, stul. can, merchandise. champagne, jamanavin. I can, kanob. change, cen. Canada, Kanadan. to change, cenon. candor, kaniid. chance, fad. capable, fagik. character, kalad* capital, katad. cheap, nedelidik. captain, katan. cheese, fbmad. card, kad. check, cek. care, kal, kud. chemist, kiemavel. carriage, vab. chemistry, kiemav. cherished n consideration cherished, divik. chess, cog. chestnut, katan. chief, cif. child, oil. China, Cinan. chivalry, montial. Christian, krit, kritik. church, gliig. cif, chief, director. cigar, zigad. cil, child. cin, machine. Cinan, China. ciniifad, mechanism. cipher, ziif. circuit, ziim. cit, deception, -on. civilization, kuliv. class, klad. clerk, konodel. climate, kliim. clock, glok. to close, joton. cloth, klof. clothes, klots. club, klub. coarse, globik. coat, gun. coffee, kaf. cog, joke. coin, kon. cold, kalod. to collect, konleton. collection, konlet. colony, kolun. color, kol. column, koliim. combat, komip. to come, komon. command, biid. commerce, ted. common, tugedik. company, kopanom. compassion, kelied. to compose, lauton. to compel, miiton. complaint, plon. complete, lefulnik. compliment, plim, on. complimentary, plimik. to concentrate, kezenodon. concerning, do. condition, stip. conduct, kodot. to confess, koefon. confession, koef. confidence, konfid. confusion, kofud. conflagration, filed. congratulation, benovip. Congress, kongef. connection, fetan. conscience, konsien. consequence, klud, sek. to consider, cedon. consideration, konsid. consolation 7 4 danger consolation, tlod. cod, justice. consul, konsal. -el, judge. to consume, kosumon. -on, to judge. contented, kotenik. cog, chess. contentment, koten. cotif, responsibility. contents, nin. cradle, kled. continuation, fov. to create, jafon. to continue, fovon. creation, jaf, jafam. to convalesce, saunon. credit, klodat. conversation, musam. crime, klim. to convince, suadon. critic, kriitel. criticism, kriit. cook, kukel. to cook, kukon. crown, klon. cuk, ass. copper, koped. culture, kuliv. copy, samad, depenad. cun, fast, abstinence from cordial, ladlik. food. corner, gul. cup, kop. corpse, fun. a curiosity, makab. to correct, menodon. custom, kosom. correction, menod, to cut, koton. menodam. ciin, chin. to correspond, spodon. da, through (literally). correspondence, snod, spodam. dabal, singleness. daduk, education (-on), dagik, dark, obscure. costly, delidik. to count, numon. dalogon, to perceive. counting-room, konod. dalon, to dare. cotton, kotin. DAM. country, laned, Ian. damage, dam. courage, lanim. damat, drama. cousin, kosel. dan, thanks. cover, teg, -on. -on [eke], to thank. cow, kun. dance, daniid. coward, temipel. danger, *p61ig. danlid 75 <^^sire daniid, dance. dek, decoration. to dare, dalon. dekal, deduction. dark, dagik. deklinon, to decline das, that conjunction . (grammatically). dat, that, in order that. dekul = batul. date, dat, -on. del, day. datuv, invention. delay, fezog. day, del. delagon, to depend. dal, permission. delicate, zadik. -on, to permit. delidik, dear, costly. dam, damage. to deliver, bliinon. dat, date, on. demag, portrait. de, from. demal, emblem. deaf, sud. ( deman, -on. dear, delidik, lofik. \ demand. death, deil. dem[u], on account of, deb, debt. by reason of -on, to owe. den, sword. -ik, due. deno, nevertheless, still. debt, deb. denu, again. deceit, cit. depad, dispatch. to deceive, citon. departure, degol. December, batul depenad, copy, transcript. (balsetelul). depenon, to copy, to to decHne, deklinon. transcribe. decoration, dek. to depend, delagon. dedil, portion, department. depth, dib. deep, dibik. derivation, licin. def, lack, deficiency. desan, design (intention). defect, dof. to deserve, melidon. deficiency, def. desid, desire, -on. definit, fiimik. design, desan, desin. degol, departure. desin, design (premedita- deil, death. tion. -on, to die. desire, desid. despair 76 dokel despair, dev. destination, diseinam. det, right (hand). detail, retail. detiil. Deut, Germany. -ik, German. dev, despair, devoted, divodik. devotion, divod. dib, depth. -ik, deep, dictionary, vodasbuk. to die, deilon. dif, difference. -ik, different, difference, dif. difficult, fikulik. difficulty, fikul. diffusion, pakam. dig, worthiness, -ik. dignity, dinit. dik, dictation. dikod, quarrel. dil, part. dilek, administration. -el, director. din, thing, affair. -amaf, proportion. dinit, dignity, diped, diploma. to direct one's self, liiodon. director, cif, dilekel. dis, beneath. discount, rabat, dekal. disease, malad. disein, intention, purpose. dish, bov. dishonor, nestim, -on. disislifon, to slide down. disopen, signature. -on, to subscribe, dispatch, depad. distin, distinction (between things). -on, to distinguish. * distinction, cad, distin. disturbance, tup (-on), div, treasure. -ik, cherished, esteemed, divod, devotion. -ik, devoted. dlan, shove, press, -on. died, fear, -on. dlefbn, to hit. dlemon, to tremble. dlen, tear. -on, to weep, dlim, dream, -on. dlin, drink, -on. do, though. to do, dunon. doab, dollar, $. dob, duplicity. -ik, false, doctor, dokel. doer, dunel. DOG. dokel, doctor. dol 11 educated dol, pain. dollar, doab. dom, house. donation, legiv. door, yan. dot, doubt, -on. dot, pdnil. doubt, dot, -on. down, dis. do, ol, about, concerning. dobik, wrong, incorrect. dodel ^^ luliidel. dof, fault, defect. dok, duck. dol, idea. draft, tlat. drama, damat. to draw, zugon. dream, dlim, -on. drink, dlin, -on. ( drol, I drollery. drop, tof. du, during, while. dub, through, by means of dugon, to guide, direct. duin, efficiency. -on, to effect, perform duke, diik. dukiel, guide-book. dukon, to guide, lead. dul, duration. -ik, durable. -on, to last, dumb, muedik. dun, act. -on, to do, acL -el, doer. dut, industry, application. -ik, industrious, duplicity, dob. durable, dulik. duration, dul. during, du. dustod, industry. -ik, industrial, duty, blig. „ duzukon," to flash through. diifik, hard. diik, duke. diilin, steel diinan, servant. diinon, to serve. diip, hour. diiv, appraisal, to dwell, lodon. e, and, (ed.) ear, lil. earth, tal. ease, nefikul. east, lefiid. easy, nefikulik. to eat, fidon. eb, ebo, just, exactly. edelo, day before yesterday, edition, segivam. editor, redakel. to educate, dadukon* educated, estudik. education 7 8 fag education, daduk[am]. estudik, educated. effeminate, luvomik. et, that (demonstrativ). egelo, always. eternity, tenal. ^gg. nog. Europe, Yulop. eight, jol. European, yulopik, either, uf. yulopel. ek, somebody, someone. evelo, ever. eko ! behold 1 even, sago. ekusi ! see there ! evening, vendeL to elect, valon, sevalon. ever, evelo. electricity, lektin. every, alik. elephant, nelfan. every one, alim. emblem, demal. examination, xam (-on). emperor, limep. example, sam. to employ, calon. except, sesumii. employee, pecalel. exception, sesum. empty, vagik. exchange, can, tok, -on. end, nn. to excuse, sekusadon. endeavor, steif, -on. exercise, plag. to endure, sufbn. England, Nelij (-el, -ik). to exist, sibinon. to engrave, gavon. existence, sibin. to enjoy, juiton. expenditure, segiv. enough, satik. to explain, seplanon. enthusiasm, betikalam. explanation, seplan. envelope, kov. eye, log. equal, leigik. fa, by (agent). equality, leig. (fab, 1 fable. equipment, blim. equity, git. fabliid, manufactory. to erect, leblimon. fact, jen. to establish, stabon. fad, thread. esteem, stiim. fag, remoteness. esteemed, divik. -ik, far, distant. fairy 7 9 fifth fairy, feof. feb, trade, profession. faithful, fiedik. February, telul. fal, fall, case. febul = telul. -on, to fall. (fed, ( federation, league. -o, in case. fall, fal. to feel, senon. to fall, falon. fefik, serious. false, dobik. fein, fineness, -ik. fam, ' fame. feit, fight, -on. fek, affection. ( family, fel, field. ( famiil. fancy, fan. fanon, to catch. fellow-worker, kevobel. feminin, jilik. far, fagik. fenig, one-hundredth of a mark, pfennig. to fast, cunon. fenon, to weary, fatigue. to fasten, yiimon. feof, fairy. fat, father. fertile, fetik. fat, pin, pinik, pien, festival, zal. pienik. festun, wreath. fate, fat. fatel, grandfather. fet, fertility. fetan, bond, connexion. father, fat. -amal, hyphen. to fatigue, fenon. fever, fif. few, nemodik. fault, dof, pok. favor, gon, -on. fezog, delay. fad, chance, accident. fiam, firm-name. fagik, capable. fib, weakness, -ik. falo, further, any more. fid, food. falon, to overturn, cause to -on, to eat. fall. fiedik, faithful. fan, fancy. field, fel, feil. fat, fate. fien, interest (on money). fe, indeed. fif, fever. fear, died, -on. fifth, lulid ; I luldil. fikul 80 fol fikul, difficulty, -ik. to flee, fugon. fil, fire. flekon, to turn. filed, fire, conflagration, flen, friend, -ik, -ly. burning (of an house). '' -iig, friendship. fight, feit, -on. Flent, France. -el, Frenchman. Fikop, Africa, -ik. -ik, French. filedon, to burn. -apiik, French [lan- to fill (an order), befulon. guage]. fimik, firm. flesh, mid. fin, end. flidel = maliidel. -ik, final. flifik, fresh. final, finik. flight, flit. j finan ( finance. flit, flight. -on, to fly. finap, toe. -ad, wing. to find, tuvon. flock, jep. fine, feinik. flol, flower. fineness, fein. -atim, spring [time]. ( fined. (flon, 1 florin. 1 finger. fire, fil, filed. floton, to freeze transitiv}. firm, fimik, fiam. flour, meil. first, balid. flower, flol. (fish, tfit. five, lul. fluk, fruit. -atim, autumn. flul, floor. flum, river. flad, bottle. flun, influence, -on. j flam, -on, I flame. to fly, fliton. flan, side, page. foetabs, savages. flapon, to strike. foetik, wild. to flash through, fogin, foreign country „ duzukon.'* -el, foreigner. ( flattery, fok, fork. "(flat. fol, four. foldil ga foldil, fourth, ^. quarter. to follow, sukon. fom, form, -on. fon, spring (of water). fonetig, phonetics. food, fid, zib. fool, fop. foot, fut. fop, fool. for, plo, pla, demii, du. force, nam. foreign, foginik. foreigner, foginel. forest, fot. to forget, fogeton. to forgive, fogivon. forgiveness, fogiv. fork, fok. form, fom, on. fortunate, labik. fot, forest, woods. four, fol. fourth, i^, foldil. fov, continuation. -on, to continue. -ik, immediate. -iko, immediately, '' right away." fod, furthering, advancing, -on. foget, oblivion. -on, to forget. fbgiv, forgiveness (-on), fbmad, cheese. fon, stove. fosefon, to assure. j fran, ( franc. France, Flent. fraternity, blodat. to freeze, floton. French, flentik. the French language, flentapiik. Frenchman, flentel. frequent, ofenik. fresh, flifik. friend, flen. friendly, flenik. friendship, fleniig. fright, tlep. to frighten, tlepon. FROG. from, de. frugal, spalik. fruit, fluk. fugon, flee, i full, I fulik. fun, corpse. -on, to kill. furniture, mobs. further, falo. fut, foot. future (adjectiv , fudik. j future noun), ( fiiden. fiidik, future, coming. fiimik, definit. ga, indeed. gad gad, garden. -el, gardener. galon, to watch, gan, goose, garden, gad. gardener, gadel. garment, klot. gas, gasin. gased, newspaper, gasin, gas. gav, engraving (the art). gal, joy. -od, pleasure. -on ok, to rejoice. geb, use, -on. gedik, gray. geil, hight. -ik, high. gel, organ (musical). geliit, inheritance. gen, gender. genal, general (officer). gender, gen. general, valemik, genal. generous, givik. j genial, a man of I genius. gentle, molik. gepiik, reply, -on. German, deutik, deutel. Germany, Deut. gesag, answer, -on. gesture, vineg* get, reception. -on, to receive. 82 glow getapenad, receipt, voucher. gevokon, to call back. git, right, equity, gift, giv. giv, gift. -ik, generous. -on [bosi eke], to give, to give, givon [bosi eke]. glad, ice. glamat, grammar, glass, glat, glatik. glatik, gratuitous. glat, glass. -ik, (""made of] glass. gle- prefix^ great. gleinon, to grind. gleip, grasp, -on, glen, grain. glet, greatness. -ik, great. glezif, capital city. glid, greeting. -on, to greet, to salute. glif, grief, to glitter, nidon. globe, glop. globik, coarse. glof, vegetable substance, -on, to grow. glok, clock, or watch, time- piece. glol, glory, gloom, glum. glory, glol. glow, glut. glok 83 half glok, bell. grandfather, fatel. glop, globe. grasp, gleip, -on. glum, gloom. grass, yeb. glun, ground. gratuitous, glatik. glup, group. gray, gedik. glut, glow, -on. great, gletik. gliig, church. greatness, glet. gliinik, green. green, gliinik. gnob, button. to greet, glidon. to go, golon. greeting, glid. to go out, segolon. grief, glif. GOD. to grind, gleinon. gold, goliid. ground, glun. golden, goliidik. group, glup. golon, to go. to grow, giofon. goliid, gold. guarantee, spon. gud, goodness. gonon, to run. -ik, good. good, gudik. to guess, raton. good fortune, lab. guest, lot. goodness, gud. gug, throat. goose, gan. guide, dukel. GOSPEL. to guide, dugon, dukon. gov, government. s^uitar, ziit. -on, to govern. > to govern, govon. gun, coat. government, gov. go, even. gun, giin. gustul=j61ul. godel, morning. gon, favor, -on. gut, taste. giimnad, gymnasium, col- lee^e. grace, ben, venud. gun, gun. grade, slep. gymnasium (college), gradual, pianik. giimnad. grain, glen. hair, hel. grammar, glamat. half, laf, teldil. hand 84 to hunt hand, nam. handkerchief, nudod. to hang, lagon, lagon. hap, harp. happiness, beat, lab. happy, beatik. hard, diifik. harp, hap. haste, spid. to hasten, spidon. hat, hat. hate, het. to hate, heton. haughty, pleidik. to have, labon. hat, hat. he, om. health, saun. healthful, saunlik. healthy, saunik. head, kap. heap, kum. to hear, lilon. heart, lad. heat, hit. heaven, sil, siil. hel, hair. help, yuf, -on. here, is. hero, jamep. herself, of it. to hesitate, zogon. het, hate, -on. to hide, savon. high, geilik. hight, geil. himself, om it, hit, heat. -ik, hot. to hit, dlefon. hitherto, jiinu. hog, hole, hog, svin. to hold, kipon. hole, hog. Holland, Nedan. home, lom. hon, horn, honor, lestim. honor, stim, -on. hook, nug. hope, spel, -on. horn, hon. horse, jeval. hospitality, lotad. host, lotel, hot, hitik. hotel, loted. hour, diip. house, dom. how ? liko ? lio- ? huit, oyster. huk, handle, human, menik. humanity, menad. hundred, tum. hunger, potiit. to hunt, yagon. husband 8^ jilik husband, matel. hyphen, fetanamal. i, also (id). I, ob. ibo, for (because). ice, glad. idea, dol. IF. ill, maladik. illness, malad. image, mag. immediate, fovik. immediately, foviko. immortality, nedeilof. impression, biik. IK is, here. inclination, klien. inclination, slop. to incline, slopon. inconceivable, nesuemik. indeed, vo. Indian, nidian. influence, flun. industrial, dustodik. industrious, dutik. industry, dut, dusted. to inform, niinon. to inherit, geliiton. iniquity, negit. instead, pla. institution, stit. instruction, tid, -am. instrument, stum. intellect, kapal. interest, nited, fien. international, beviinetik. interruption, rop (-6nj. invention, datuv. iron, lei. island, nisul. it, -self, it, om, OS. Italian, talel, talik. Italy, Tal. jad, shadow. jaf, creation. -on, to create. jal, shell. jalep, severity. jamanavin, champagne. jamep, hero. January, balul. jap, sharpness. -ik, sharp. jaf, business. jedon, to throw. jek, terror. jel, shelter, protection, -on. jem, shame. -on, to be ashamed. jemad, scheme, plan. jep, flock. jen, fact. jeval. horse. Jew, yudel. jewel, bijut. Jewish, yudik. jilik, feminin. Jim 86 ked jim, scissors, shears. jin, appearance. -on, to appear, jip, sheep. jireg, queen. jitidel [female] teacher. jok, thrust. -on, to thrust, joke, cog. jol, shore. jonon, to show, point. jon^ls, hands of a watch, journey, tav. joy, gal, yof. jol, eight. jonik, beautiful. joton, to close, conclude, judge, code). to judge, codon. jueg, sugar. juit, enjoyment. juk, shoe. Jul, school. -el, scholar. July, velul. June, malul. just, eb. justice, cod. juton, to shoot. jii, till. jiif, cipher, cryptogram. jiinu, till now, hitherto. ka, than. kad, card, kadem, academy. -al, academician. kaf, coffee. kal, account. -av, arithmetic. -on, to calcujate. kalad, character. kaled, calendar. kalod, cold. kan, art. Kanadan, Canada. kanit, song. -on, to sing. kanob, I can, I am able, kanon, to be able. kap, head. -al, intellect. -alon, to understand. kased, castle. kat, cat. katad. capital (investment), katan, captain, katolik, catholic. kauto ! look out ! be care- ful. kav, cellar. kazet, accent. kad, cash, -on. kal, care. kan em, artillery. kaniid, candor. katan, chestnut. ked, row, rank. keep 87 ko to keep, bekipon. kel, who, which. kelied, compassion. keolon, to address a person by the pronoun ol (in- stead of the ceremonial form ons formerly used). ket, chain. kevobel, fellow-worker. key, kik. kezenodon, to concen- trate. kid, kiss, -on. kiemav, chemistry. -el, chemist. kif ? who ? feminin . kik, key. -on, to shut. kiss, kid. kikod ? why ? kil, three. kildil, third, ys. to kill, funon. kim ? who ? -id ? what, in numeri- cal order ? -ik ? what kind of? kimfal, kimafal, kimefal, kimifal, names of the cases. kin, boldness. kinan, kingdom or empire, realm, kind, bid. king, reg. kiom ? which ? which one ? kiop ? where ? kiplad ? where ? -i ? whither ? kipon, to hold. kis ? what ? kitchen, kuk. kiiip ? when ? klad, class. klat, brilliancy, distinction, -ik. klan, secret. kled, cradle. klig, w^ar. klil, clear. klim, crime, klin, cleanness, klon, crown. klop, crop, klot, garment. klod, belief. -on, to believe. -at, credit. klof, cloth. klub, society, club. klud, consequence, conclu- sion. kluf, nail, kliim, climate, knife, neif. knight, montiel. knot, snob. to know, nolon. to know, sevon. knowledge, nol. ko, with. kod 88 lad kod, cause. koten, contentment, -ik. kod em, condemnation. kotin, cotton. kodot, conduct. ko, where. koef, confession, -on. kod, sculpture. kof, ridicule. koduton, to hire. kofud, confusion. kodiiton, to let for hire. kclun, colony. kol, color. koliim, column. komon, to come. komed, recommendation. kon, coin. -on, to recommend. kop, cup. komip, combat. kosom, custom. komit, order, commission. kosel, cousin. komplig, complication. kosumon, to consume. kon, story, tale. koton, to cut. konfid, confidence. kov, envelope. konlet, collection, -on. krit, [a] christian. konod, counting-room. -el, clerk. kriit, criticism. -el, critic. konsal, consul. kud, care (of the sick), -on, -ik. konsal, advice. konsefon, to preserve. kuk, kitchen. konsid, consideradon. -el, cook. konsien, conscience. -on, to cook. konzed, concert. kulad, precision. kop, body. kuliv, civilization, culture. -ik, bodily. kum, heap. kopan, act of accompany- kun. cow. ing. kusad, accusation. -al, companion, kii, when. member. ' -el, partner. kU- prefix., cubic. -6m, company (mer- kiib, cube. cantile). labedon, to possess. koped, copper. labon, to have. kosiad, combination. lad, heart. koston, to cost. -lik, cordial. ladet 89 leRid ladet, address (of letter), ! -on. ladyek, adjectiv. lack, def. ladv, lad. \ai half. lafab, alphabet. lafik, half. lagOn, to hang Intransitiv . lain, wool. ( lak, \ lake. lakif, share of stock, bond. laltiig, article (in period- ical). lam, arm. lamb, Ham. Ian, soul, land, Ian. laned, country (not town). -ik, rural. land, angel, language, piik. lanim, courage. lapin, robbery. -on, to rob. lasam, Assembly, Conven- tion, Congress, last, latik. to last, dulon. lasum, reception. -on, to receive (a per- son). latik, late, tardy, laugh, smil. late, latik. laundry, viotop. laut, authorship. -el, author. -on, to compose. lavogel, advocate, attorney, law, Ion. lawyer, lavogel. to lay, seiton. lazy, nedutiik. la, near. lab, happiness, good for- tune, -ik, fortunate. lad, lady. lagon, to hang [anything], Ian, land (not water), coun- try (one's own). lasev, approval, latik, last. leaf, bled. leak, voad. leap, bun, -on. to learn, lenadon. leather, skit, to leave, liivon. lebijop, archbishop. leblimon, to establish, erect. lebob, bank. ledik, red. ledom, castle, left, nedet. leful, perfection. -ik, perfect. -nik, complete. lefiid, east. leg 90 liladon leg, authenticity. levemo, very much indeed. legiv, present, gift. lezif, city. legudik, very good. li ? indicates a question. leig, equality. liab, linen. -ik, equal. Ham, lamb. leil, mile. lian, line (of poetry), verse. leit, lightness (not heavy), -ik. lektin, electricity. liat, litre. lib, liberty, freedom. -ik, free. lei, iron. -od, railroad. liberty, lib. ; licin, deiivation. lelit, lightning. to lie, seiston. lem, [a] purchase. -on, to buy. lieb, vine. -acem, store, shop. lied, pain. leman, remainder. lieg, riches, wealth. lemuf, shake. -ik, rich, wealthy. lielon, to listen. len, at. lenad, learning. -on, to learn. lien, line (from one point to another). length, loned. leno, not at all, no indeed. lieutenant, liotan. liev, hare. lif, life. -ik, alive. lenpiik, address (speech). leod, order, arrangement. -on, to live. -ik, orderly. life, lif. lep, ape. to lift, tovon. leplekon, to worship. lig, liquor. lesevam, recognition. light (noun), lit. lesi, yes certainly. light (not heavy), leitik. leson, prince. lightning, lelit. lesson, tidiip. liko ? how ? lestim, honor. likof, quality. leton, to let. lil, ear. letter, tonab, pened. -on, to hear. leiil, oil. liladon, to read. limep (lim, ( limb, member. limep, emperor. lin, ring. line, lien. lined, interior. lineg, tongue. linen, liab. linkip = lotel. lio- ? how ? liotan, lieutenant. LIP. liquor, lig. lisal, reason, j Used, I list. to listen, lielon. lit, light (illumination). ( literat, ( literature. litre. Hat. to live, lifbn. livik, loose. living, lifik. lo, in front of. load, lod. lob, praise, -on. lobed, obedience (-on). locality, top. lod, load. loeg, observation (-on). lof, offer, -on. log, eye. -on, to see. logic, tikav^ 91 lomib lok, mirror. lol, rose. lorn, home (native country). Ion, law. loned, length. -ik, long. long, lonedik. look out ! kauto ! loose, livik. lop, opera. lord, solal. loss, poliid. lot, guest. -ad, hospitality. -el, host, entertainer. -adon, to receive hospit- ably. -ed, hotel. lotogaf, orthography. love-, over-, love, lof, -on. lovegivon, to hand over, to present, lovely, loflik. lovepolon, to translate. j lovik, ( low, inaudible, low, bapik. lodon, to live, dwell. lof, love. -on, to love. -ik, dear. -lik, lovely, log, leg. lolik, whole. lomib, rain. lonik 92 masculin lonik, own proper. lonon [eke], to belong. lonef, property, peculiarity. lonug, idiom. lop, top. Lostakin, Austria. lubegel, beggar. lufat, step-father. lugiv, loan. luib, wheel. lul, five. lulak, swamp. luldil, fifth, 1 lusanel, quack-doctor. Lusan, Russia. -el, Russian. lusolel, tyrant. lut, air. luumo, less. luiino, least. luvelat, probability. luvomik, effeminate. liidik, rough. liiedik, raw. liien, degree. liiod, direction (towards). liivon, to quit, leave, aban- don. liixam, luxury. ma, in conformity with. mab, marble. machine, cin. mad, ripeness. Madam, vom. maeg, illustration. maf, measure. • -od, moderation. mag, image, representa- tion. J magif, I magnificence, to mail, poton. majesty, mayed. mak, mark (German money). makab, curiosity, wonder- ful thing. -ik, remarkable. to make, mekon. malad, sickness, illness. -ik, sick, ill. male, manik. malit, market. malon, to signify. man, man (not woman). -ik, male, masculin. -lik, manly, man, man, men. manif, openness. -on, to open. -of, publicity, manly, manlik. manufactory, fabliid. many, modik. marble, mab. March, kilul. mark (money), mak. market, malit. marriage, mat. to marry, maton. masculin, manik. mase) j masel, ( master. mat, marriage. -el, husband. -on, to marry. -adit, divorce. ( material, I materik. matter, stof. May, lulul. mayed, majesty. mayul = luluL mak, stamp, mark. makab, celebrity, -ik. mal, six. maliidel, Friday. mazul = kilul. me, with, by means of. means, med. measure, maf. meat, mit. meb, recollection. med, means. j medicin, I medin. j medit, < meditation. meil, flour. mekon, to make. mel, sea. melak, traffic. melid, merit. -on, to deserve. j melod, ( melody. Melop, America. 93 mm mem, memory. -on, to remember, memory, mem, meb. men, man (human being). -ad, humanity. -ik, human. menod, correction, -on. merchandise, can. merchant, tedel. mercy, misal. merit, melid, -on. mesed, reward, -on. met, metre (39 inches). METAL. metre, met. mid, flesh, mid-day, zendel. middle, zenod. mied, boundary, miegik, meek. miel, honey. mig, mixture, migration, tev. mil, thousand, milag, wonder. mileg, butter. milig, milk. milit, army. -al, military spirit. -ik, military, military, militik. milk, milig. mill, mill, min, mineral. -av, mineralogy. mind 94 miiton mind, tikal. mostep, progress, -on. mineral, min. mot, mother. minut, minute. -apiik, mother-tongue. mother, mot. miot, dirt. mountain, bel. mirror, lok. mouse, mug. mouth, mud. misalad, mercy. movement, muf. miser, monalan. mistake, pok. mob, piece of furniture. Mister, Sol. mod, quantity, multitude. -ik, many, much. mit, meat. -umik, several. to mix, migon. mogik, possible. mob, proposal molod, murder. -on, to propose. mon, wall. mobin, absence. mud, mouth. (mod, ( mode. muedik, mute, dumb. muf, movement. mofii, outside of. -on, to move. mol, gentleness. mug, mouse. molad, fashion. mul, month. mon, money. multitude, mod. -al, avarice. -alan, miser. mun, moon. f monarchy, \ monak. mundel = teliidel. murmur, miir. monedon, to warn, musam, conversation. admonish. ( music, 1 musig. money, mon. moniton, to ride on horse- mute, muedik. back. muton, to be compelled. month, mul. mutob, I must. montial, chivalry. muedik, soft. montiel, knight, chevalier. mill, mill. moon, mun. miir, murmur, -on. morning, godel. miiton, to compel. myself 95 nevertheless myself, ob it. na, after (conjunction, not preposi- tion). nab, narrowness. nad, needle, pin, naf, ship. nag, same as na (before a vowel), nail, kluf. nam, hand, name, nem, -on. narrow, nabik. nat, nature. -ik, natural, nation, net. national, netik. natural, natik. nature, nat. nagon, to sew. nam, force, energy, near, nilik, nilii. nearness, nil. nebin, non-existence. nebii, beside, necessity, zesiid. neck, nokeb. ned, need, -on. nedanik, ungrateful. Nedan, Holland. nedeilof, immortality. nedelidik, cheap. nedet, left [hand]. nedut, laziness, need, ned, -on. needle, nab. nef, nephew. nefikul, ease, facility. -ik, easy. neflen, enemy. negit, wrong. -ik, wrongful, iniquit- ous, to neglect, zogon. neif, knife. neit, night, neither, ni. nek, nobody. nelab, privation. nelfan, elephant. Nelij, England. -el, Englishman. -ik, English. -apiik, English lan- guage. nem, name, -on. nemodik, few, not much, nen, without. nepematel, bachelor, sin- gle man. nephew, nef. nepiik, silence, nerve, nev. neS, without (before infinitiv). nestimon, to contemn. nesuemik, inconceivable. net, nation. -ik, national. j neudik, ( neuter. nev, nerve, nevertheless, deno. nevilon 96 nud nevilon, to refuse, new, nulik. news, nun. newspaper, gased. ni, neither, nor. nid, brilliance. -ik, brilliant. -on, to glitter. Nidian, Indian. nif, snow, -on. -atim, winter. nig, ink. night, neit. nil, nearness, -ik. niludam, opinion, mean- ing. nilii, near .preposition). nim, animal. nin, contents. nine, ziil. nisul, island. nited, interest. -ik, interesting. niver, university. no, not, no. no, no, nonik. nob, nobility. -ik, noble. -aston, precious stone, nobility, nob. noble, nobik, baonik. nobody, nek. noel, witness. -on, to testify. noeton, to note. nog, yet, as yet. nogan, organ, noise, boset. nol, science, knowledge. -on, to know. -ik, scientific. noliid, north. nom, rule, none, nonik. non-existence, nesibin, nebin. nonik, none, no adjectW). noon, zendel. nor, ni. north, noliid. nos, nothing. -on, to annul. nose, nud. not, no. fnot, I notice. to notify, noton. nothing, nos. noun, subsat. nourishment, nuliid. novelty, nul. November, babul (balsebalul). novul = babul. nog, egg, nok, uncle. nokeb, neck. nud, nose. -od, handkerchief. nul 97 own nul, novelty. i -ik, new. nuliid, nourishment (-on). num, number (how many). -on, to count, number, num, -on, niim, -on. nun, news. -od, report. -on, to announce. num, number (No.) niin, information. O ! oh ! (sign of address), oath, yul. ob, I. to obey, lobedon. obHgatory, bligik. obUvion, foget. observation, loeg. occasion, pot. October, balsuL odelo, to-morrow, of, do, de. of, she. offer, lof, -on. ofen, often. -ik^ A'equent. ok, one's self ol, you (thou), office, cal. official (noun; calel ; :adjectiv callk. often, ofen. oil, leiil. old, baledik. old age, baled. old man, baledan. om, he, it. on, one, people, on, su. on account of, dem[u]. once, balna, vono. one, bal, on. oned, under (in rank), only, te, lebalik. open, manifik. opera, lop. opinion, niludam. opportunity, pot. or, u, ud. order, boned, biid, leod. to order, bonedon, biidon. organ, gel, nogan. origin, rig. original, rigik. orthography, lotogaf. OS, it (not referring to any noun). ot, same, other, votik. otul =balsul. otiipo, at the same time, ought, s6t[6n]. ourselves, obs it. out of, se. outside of, plo, mofii. to owe, debon. own, lonik. oyster oyster, huit. pab, butterfly. paf, peacock. pag, village. page, flan. pain, lied, dol. painting, pan. pair, pal. pakam, diffusion (of knowledge). pal, pair. palet, party (faction). panon, to pawn. paper, pop. part, dil. particular, patik. partisan, ziipel. party (sect), palet. patience, sufad. pap, pope. ^patik, special, particular. patiip, patiip, petiip, pitiip, potiip, putiip, names of tenses. ( paud, ( pause. to pawn, panon. to pay, pelon. padel, curate, pastor. pak, package. pan, painting. pat, patent. peace, piid. peacock, paf. 98 place peb, pulse. Pebaltats, the United States. pecalel, employee. ped, press. pejin, pigeon, dove. pelon, to pay. PEN, -on, to write. -ed, letter, epistle. -ad, writing, written- matter. people, pop, on. to perceive, dalogon. perfect, lefulnik. perfection, leful. perhaps, ba. permission, dal. to permit, dalon. person, posod. to persuade, suadon. pesevik, well-known, phonetics, fonetig. physician, saneL pianik, gradual. pidon, to regret. pien, -ik, fat. pigeon, pejin. pin, fat, -ik, pin, nad. ipip> I pipe. pla, instead place, plad, te^.. plad 99 pos plad, place (in which to put plow, plaud. something). ployeg, project. plag, practice. plo, outside of. plak, experience, -on. plopon, to succeed (but the plan, thing ''succeeds'' to the plant. person, bos plopos plat, plane. eke). plaud, plow. plu, more. play, pled, -on. plum, lead. pla, besides. pliit, politeness. plag, exercise. -ik, polite. plan, explanation. po, after, behind. to please, plidon [eke]. pocket, pok. pleasure, galod. poed, poetry. pled, play. -at, poem. -on, to play. -el, poet. pleid, haughtiness. poem, poedat. pleit, vanity. poet, poedel. plek, prayer. poison, venod. -on, to pray. poetry, poed. plepalon, to prepare. point, piin. plidon [eke], to please. pok, pocket. plidik, agreeable. pokaglok, watch. plim, compliment. polen, police. -ik, complimentary. politeness, pliit (-ik). -on, to compliment. politics, bolit. plin, prince. politician, bolitel. plisen, presence. polon, to carry, wear. plisip, principle. pon, bridge. plivad, privacy. poor, pofik. plo, for. pop, people. plofed, professor. pope, pap. plon, complaint. portion, dedil. plotet, protest. portrait, demag. plovin, province. pos, after (in time). possess lOO protest to possess, labedon. possible, mogik. postal, potik. post office, pot. pot, post (-office). -on, to post, mail, potato, potet. pound (20 shillings), steab. pound (weight), paun. power, valiid. pof, poverty. -ik, poor. pofiidik, useful. p6k, fault, mistake. polig, danger. polivegam, a going astray. poliid, loss. -on, to lose. pomet, promise. pon, punishment. ponit, repentance. pop, paper. posod, person. pot, occasion, opportunity. -ik, appropriate. -ii, on the occasion of. potet, potato, potit, appetite. potiit, hunger. pozet, lawsuit, practice, plag. praise, lob, -on. to pray, plekon. prayer, plek. pram, prize. to preach, predon. precise, kuladik. precision, kulad. pred, sermon. -on, to preach, to prefer, bizugon. preference, bizugam. prefix, bisilab. to prepare, plepalon. present (gift), legiv. president, bisiedal, bisiedel. press, ped. pretense, simul. to prevent, viaton. pride, pleid. prince, leson, regason. principle, plisip. to print, biikon. printer, biikel. private, plivadik. privation, nelab. prize, pram. probable, luvelatik. process, bit. professor, plofed. progress, mostep, -on. project ployeg. promise, pomet, -on. proof, blof. proposal, mob. to propose, mobon. to protect, jelon. protest, plotet, -on. protestan loi rent j protestan, 1 protestant. raw, liiedik. rat, riddle. province, plovin. -on, to guess. prudent, visedik. to read, liladon. to publish, piibon. reason, lisal. publiig, public. receipt, getapenad. pubon, to appear, as a to receive, geton. new publication. reception, get, lasum. pug, battle. reciprocal, rezipik. pul, boy. recognition, lesevam. pun, fist. recollection, meb. to punish, ponon. to recommend, komedon. purchase, lem, on. recommendation, komed. piiblig, republic. red, ledik. piibon, to publish. redakon, to edit. piid, peace. to refuse, nevilon. piik, language. reg, king. -on, to speak. -al, ruler. (For derwatzvs, see page 47 • j -on, to reign. piin, point. to regret, pidon. -il, dot. to rejoice, galonok. quack, lusanel. rel, religion. quality, likof. relating to, tefu. quantity, mod. relation, tef. quarrel, dikod, feit. relativ, tefamik. queen, jireg. religion, rel. question, sak. remainder, leman. quick, vifik. remarkable, makabik. quickness, vif. to remember, memon. rabat, discount. remoteness, fag. radical, vulik. to remain, blibon. rage, zun. to rent from any one, railroad, lelod. koduton. rain, lomib, -on. to rent to any one, rarity, seled. fokoduton (koduton). repent 102 saunon to repent, poniton. Rom, Rome. reply, gepiik, gesag. rose, lol. to reply, gepiikon, rouble, ruab. gesagon. rough, liidik. report, nunod. ruab, rouble. republic, piiblig. rule, nom. request, beg. to rule, solon. to rescue, savon. ruler, solel. reticence, seil. to run, gonon. reticent, seilik. rural, lanedik. ( revid, 1 revision. Russia, Lusan. Russian, lusanel, lusanik. revolution, volut. sab. sand reward, mesed. V^ W% ikX^ • K/^^ XA. \^ m rezipik, reciprocal. to sacrifice, vitimon. safe, sefik. rich, liegik. riches, lieg. to ride, moniton. sagit, arrow. sag6n[bosieke], to say, tell sak. bas". riddle, rat. \^ ^^^^j ft.^^'V^^* sal. salt ridicule, kof. V^W^A* kJCVXL* sale, sel. rig, origin. -ik, original. salt, sal. riget, authority, control. to salute, glidon. right, det, git. sam, example. ring, lin. -ad, copy, specimen. ripe, madik same, ot. river, flum. to sanction, zepon. ' sand, sab. road, veg. sanel, physician, sap, wisdom. -ik, wise. to rob, lapinon. robbery, lapin. Rome, Rom. satin, silk. room, cem. saun, health. root, vul. -ik, healthy, well. rop, interruption. -lik, healthful. -on, to interrupt. -on, to convalesce. savage i ( D^ serve savage, foetab, foetik. segun, according to. savings, spal. sell, reticence. savings-bank, spalastit. -ik, reticent. savon, to rescue. -on, to keep silent. .. seiston, to lie. to say, sagon. . seiton, to lay. sago, even. sak, question. -on, to ask. sek, consequence, result. sekion, section. sal, hall. sekusadon, to excuse. savon, to hide. sel, sale. -on. to sell. satik, sufficient, enough. seled, rarity. scandal, skan. to sell, selon. scheme, jemad. sem, some. scholar, julel. sembal, a certain. school, Jul. sen, feeling. science, nol. to send, sedon. scientific, nolik. sened, exterior. scissors, jim. senit, attention. sculpture, kod. -on, to attend, give se, out of. attention to. sea, mel. sense, siam. search (for), siik, -on. sentab, cent. seat, sied. sentence, set. to seat, siadon. Sep, sepulchre, tomb. secret, klan, klanik. sepet, expression. section, sekion. to separate, teilon. sedon, to send, to forward, seplan, explanation. to ship. -on, to explain. to see, logon. September, ziilul. see there ! ekusi ! sepulchre, sep. sefik, safe. serious, fefik. segiv, expenditure. sermon, pred. segivam, edition. servant, diinan. segolon, to go out to serve, diinon. sesum 104 similar sesum, exception. -ii, excepting. set, sentence. setopam, exposition. setul = ziilul. seval, election, seven, vel. severe, jalepik. sevon, to know, be acquainted with. to sew, nagon. shadow, jad. shake, lemuf, -on. shame, jem. share of stock, lakif. sharpness, jap, -ik. she, of. sheep, jip. shell, jal. shelter, jel, tegop. shepherd, jepel. ship, naf. shoe, juk. to shoot, juton. shore, jol. short, blefik. shove, dlan, -on. to show, jonon. to shut, kikon. si, yes. siadon, to seat. siam, sense. sibin, existence. -on, to exist. sick, maladik. sickness, malad. sid, seed. side, flan. sied, seat. -on, to sit. sif, citizen. to sign, disopenon. sikod, therefore. sil, sky, heaven. silab, syllable, silef, silver. silence, nepiik. silk, satin. Silop, Asia. silver, silef. simple, balik. simul, pretense. Sm -on. since, sis. to sing, kaniton. single, dabalik. sir, sol. sis, since. sit, system. to sit, siedon, six, mal. skan, scandal. skam, vagranc}'. f skil, I skill. ^ SAVN. skit, leather. sky, sil. similar, siimik. slaf ( slaf, I slave. sleep, slip, -on. ( slen, ( slenderness. slep, grade. slet, slate. to slide down, disislifon. slip, sleep, -on. slop, inclination. -on, to incline. -el, partisan, adherent. slud, resolution, decision. sma- prefix , small. smal, smallness. -ik, small. small, smalik. smallness, smal. i smel, -on, I smell. smil, laugh, -on. smile, smiil, -on. j smok, -on, I smoke. j smoothness, I smuf (-ik, -on j. smiil, smile. snek, snake, serpent. snob, knot. snow, nif, -on. so, also, so. so, so, thus. soal, solitude. -ik, solitary, alone, j soap, (sob. 105 sol society, klub, sog. sod, but. soft, miiedik. sog, society. -ik, social. sol, sun. j solat, (soldier. soldel =: baliidel. solemn, zelik. solitary, soalik. solitude, soal. solutik, loose. som, such. -ik, such (kind of). some, ans, anik. somebody, ek. some one, ek. something, bos. sometimes, sotimo. SON. song, kanit, soon, suno. j sort, (sot. sotimo, sometimes, soul, Ian. sound, ton. south, suliid. sovemo, so much, to such a degree. sol, Sir, Mr. -al, lord, -on, to rule. -el, ruler. soton 106 strength soton, sotob, I ought. steab, pound sterling, £. j space, 1 spad. to steal, tifon. steam, stem. spat, walk. stebon, to stay. -in, walking-stick. sted, straightness, -ik. -on, to walk. steel, diilin. spal.. frugality. -astit, savings-bank. steif, endeavor, -on. -ik, frugal. stejen, station, depot. to speak, piikon. stel, star. special, patik. stem, steam. specimen, samad. -abot, steamboat. Jr ' spel, hope, -on. -acin, steam-engine. -anaf, steamship. spid, haste (-on). sten, stain. spinner, spulel. steniid, strength. spirit, tikal. -ik, strong. spod, correspondence. step, -on, advance. -on, to correspond. stepfather, lufat. spon, guarantee. j stiff, 1 stifik. still, takik, stilik. spring, fon, flolatim. spulel, spinner. stabon, to establish. stim, honor, -on. stad, state, situation. stip, condition, stipulation. -on, to be in a certain stit, establishment. state or condition. stol, straw. ( staf, 1 staff. stom, w^eather. j ston, ( stone. stain, sten. stamp, postage, mak. story, kon. j to stand, stove, fon. ( stanon. stool, stulil. star, stel. stof, matter. state, stad, tat. straight, stedik. station (railroad) stejen. straightness, sted. staud, restaurant. street, siit. to stay, stebon. strength, steniid. strike 107 to strike, flapon. strong, steniidik. ( stud, -on, I study, to study. Stul, chair. -il, stool stum, instrument, stun, astonishment, j stup, stupidity, -ik, -el. ( stupidity. stiil, style. stiim, esteem. su, on. suadon, to persuade, con- vince, suam, sum, total. suam, amount, price, subject, yeg. subsat, noun. to subscribe for, bonedon. : subscription, boned. ! to succeed, plopon (he succeeds, plopos ome) such, som, somik. sud, deafness. suf, tolerance. -ad, patience. -on, to endure, tolerate, sugar, jueg. sukon, to follow. suliid, south, sum, suam, suam. sumon, to take, sun, sol. Sunday, baliideL suno, soon. te siik, search, -on. siil, heaven (spiritual). siim, similarity, siit, street. svin, hog. swamp, lulac. to swear, yulon. swift, vifik. sword, den. ta, against, in opposition to. (tab, I table. tabled, branch (depart- ment). taen, tannery. -on, to tan. tailor, teladel. to take, sumon. take care ! kauto ! to take place, ziton. takon, to be quiet, to stop. tal, earth, j talen, I talent. tan, tie, band. tannery, taen. Talop, Australia. taste, gut. tat, state (government). Tal, Italy. -ik, Italian ^adjectiv). -el, Italian (noun). tano, then. tav, journey. -el, traveler. te, only. teach i( d8 tid to teach, tidon. test, bluf. teacher, tidel. to testify, noelon. tear {tecr), dlen. than, ka. teat, theatre. to thank, danon [eke]. ted, commerce. thanks, dan. -el, merchant. that, das, dat, et, ut. -on, to trade. theatre, teat. tef, relation. themselves, oms it, ofs it. -ii, relating to. -amik, relativ. then, tano. teg, cover, -on. there, us, or untranslatable. -op, shelter. therefore, sikod. teilon, to separate. thick, bigik. tel, two, 2. thief, tifel. telad, tailor-work. thing, din. -el, tailor. to think, tikon. -op, tailor shop. third, Yi, kildil. teldik, many a. this, this one, at. ( telegaf, -on. this year, ayelo. \ telegraph. though, do. ( telefon. thought, tik. "1 telephone. thousand, mil. to tell, sagon. thread, fad. temip, cowardice. three, kil. tempest, tep. throat, gug. ten, bals. throne, tlon. tenon, to stretch, extend. through, da, dub. -al, eternity. thrust, jok. -alo, for ever. thus, also. j tened, ( tent. thunder, tot, -on. ti, almost. tenth, balsid. tiad, tide. teniid, temptation. tid, mstruction. -el, teacher. tep, tempest. -on, to teach. terror, jek. -iip, lesson, lesson-time. tevon, to wander, migrate. -am, instruction. tif 109 tlid tif, theft. total, suam. -on, to steal. tour, tiid. tik, thought. tourist, tiidel. -on, to think. tovon, to lift. -av, lo2:ic. -al, mind, spirit. towards, al. till, jiis, jvi. town, zif. till now, jiinu. tob, trouble. (tim, ( time. tok, exchange, barter, -on. tolaton, to treat. timid, tlepik. toton, to thunder. TIN. trade, feb. TIF, extremity. to trade, tedon. tlat, draft, for drawing transcript, depenad. money. to translate, lovepolon. tlap, trap. translation, lovepolam. tlat, treachery. treasure, div. tlep, fright. to treat, tolaton. -on, to frighten. tree, bim. -ik, timid. trial, bliif. tlid, step, on. tlod, consolation. troop, tlup. trouble, tob. tlon, throne. true, velatik. tlup, troop. truth, velat. to, al. tu, too, excessivly. to-day, adelo. tub, barrel. tof, drop. tudelo = adelo. torn, torment. tug, virtue. tomb, Sep. tuged, community. ton, sound. -ik, common. -ab, letter (of alphabet). turn, hundred. tongue, lineg. tup, disturbance, -on. too, tu. tusdel = kiliidel. tooth, tut. tut, tooth. top, place, locality. tuvon, to find. top, lop. tiid, tour. two no vidik two, tel. tyrant, lusoleL u, ud, or. uf ud, either or. umo, more. uncle, nok. to understand, kapalon. ungrateful, nedanik. union, balad. to unite, balon. United States, Pebaltats, Tats Pebalol. unity, yum. universe, val. university, niver. us, there, use, geb, -on. useful, pofiidik. Ut, that .before relativ-;. ill- 'prefix), original, primitiv. va, whether. vab, wagon, carriage. vaf, weapon. vagik, empty, vacant. vaorrant, skam. vain, vanik. val, universe. valadon, to wait for, to await. valemik, universal. valik, all. valikodik, general, valuable, voladik. value, volad. valiid, power (-ik). vam, warmth (-ik). vanik, vain, deceptiv. vat, water. vatiikon, to wash, vadik, wrong. vagodelo, every morning. ve, along. vedon, to become. veg, road. -ii, via. veit, width (-ik). vekom, welcome. vel, seven, 7. velat, truth (-ik). velat, exactness (-ik). velib, verb. veliidel, Saturday. ven, when. vendel, evening. venod, poison, venom. venud, grace. veniid, risk, venture, -on. verb, velib. verse, lian. vesdel= foliidel. vesiid, west. vet, weight. veiit, importance (ik). ( to vex, ( vexadon. via, vegii. viaton, to prevent, victim, vitim. victory, vikod. vidik, broad. VI e- III vie- (prefix;, white-. vien, wind. vietik, white. vif, quickness, swiftness. -ik, quick, swift. vig, week. vikod, victory. vil, will. vin, wine. vindit, vengeance. vineg, sign, gesture. j viod, ( violation. viotop, laundry. vip, wish, -on. virtue, tug. visedik, prudent. VISIT, -on. vitim, victim. -on, to sacrifice. viton, to avoid. viud, widowhood. -el, widower, viv, act of weaving. -on, to weave. vo, indeed, in fact. voad, leak. vob, work, -on. vobuk, work (book). vokon, to call. vol, world. -apiik, world-language. -apiikatidel, teacher of the world-language. volut, revolution. vom, woman, wife, Mrs. -ill, Miss. weave vot, alteration. -on, to alter. -am, (an) alteration. -ik, other, another. vod, word. -asbuk, dictionary. vog, voice. -od, vote. vokads, the letters a, 6, ii. volad, value (-ik). -alised, price list. vono, once, formerly. vul, root. -ik, radical. vum, worm. vun, wound, -on. vut, rage. viilik, arbitrary. wagon, vab. to wait for, valadon [eki]. waiter, botel. walk, spat, -on. walking-stick, spatin. wall, mon. war, klig. warm, vamik. warmth, vam. to warn, monedon. to wash, vatiikon. watch, glok, pokaglok. to watch, galon. water, vat. weakness, fib. wealth, lieg (-ik). to wear, polon. to weave, vivon. web 1 1 2 yeg web, vivot. without, nen. week, vig-. witness, noel. weight, vet. woman, vom. welcome, vekom. wonder, milag. west, vesiid. wood, boad. weather, stom. woods, fot. what ? kis ? wool, lain. what kind of? kimik ? word, vod. wheel, luib. work, vob, -on, vobuk. when, kii, keliip, ven. world, vol. when ? kiiip ? worm, vum. where, kelop, ko. to worship, leplekon. where ? kiop ? kiplad ? worthy, digik. whether, va. wound, vun, -on. which ? kiom ? to write, penon. while, du. wrong, negitik, vadik. white, vietik. xam, examination. who, kel. xan, ascent (-on). who ? kim ? kif ? xol, ox. whole, 161, lolik. xiid, oxid. why ? kikod ? ya, already. wide, vidik. yad, yard (court). widow, jiviudel. yagon, to hunt. widower, viudel. yam, lament, -on. wife, vom. yan, door. wild, foetik. yanul=balul. will, vil, -on. yard, yad. wind, vien. yan, yarn. wine, vin. wing, flitad. winter, nifatim. ye, yed, yet, nevertheless, year, yel. wisdom, sap. yearly, yelsik. wise, sapik. yeb, grass. wish, vip. yed = ye. ^dth, ko, me. yeg, subject. yel I [3 ziit yel, year. yiif, assistance. -sik, yearly. yiil, bet. -lip, space of a year. za, about, towards, nearly. j yelibik, ( yellow. 77 •) J Z3.d, delicacy. zadel=veludel. yeltum, century. zal, festival. yes, si. ze, almost, nearly. yesdelo == adelo. zeal, zil. yet, nog. zeil, aim. j to yield, ( yilon. zel, solemnity. zelad, certainty. yof, joy. zen, ashes. -on, to make joyful zendel, noon, mid-day. j yok, (yoke. zenod, centre, middle. -ik, central. j yonder, I yono. zepon, to sanction. zesiid, necessity. you, ol, ols. -on, to be necessary. young, yunik. zi, around. yourself, ol it. zib, food, article of diet. yourselves, ols it. zibasal, dining-room. youth, yun, yunel. zif, town. yud, Judaism. -el, Jew. -ik, Jewish. zigad, cigar. zil, zeal. -ik, zealous. yuf, help, -on. ziton, to take place. yul, oath. zog, hesitation. -on, to swear. zog, neglect, -on. yulibik, blue. zot, ticket. Yulop, Europe. zugon, to draw. -el, -ik, European. zunon, to be angry. yulul = velul. ziid, acid. ziil, nine. ziilul, September. yum, unity, concord, yun, youth. -ik, young. ziim, circuit. -el, young person, ziip, adherence (to a party youth. or sect) . -lik, youthful. -el, partisan, adherent. yunul = malul. ziit, guitar, cither. KEY TO THE EXERCISES. EXERCISE I . 1. Buks. Dels. Doabs. Dogs. Don\s. Gans. Jips. Mans. Mugs. Muls. Puis. Vigs. Yels. 2. Buks, dels, mans, doms, mugs, muls, gans, puis, vigs, doabs. 3. 01 in the first sentence ; ols in the second. 4. Tel, lul, kilsekil, folsetel, kil, folsebal, mal, telselul, luls, velselul, baltum, vel, velsevel, veltum velsevel, velmil veltum velsevel, j5l, balsej5l, mal, zulseziil, balselul, balsekil, malsefol, lulsebal, i(3lsefo], velsevel, kiltum kilsekil, balmil joltum jolsevel, balsetel. 5. Mans lul; puis kil; yels balsetel; doabs tels; yelsbals; muls kil; mugs mal; doabs luls; doms balsemal; buks kilmil; jips baltum; puis lulselul; yels kilsetel e muls bals; dels vel; vig bal; dels kils, mul bal; dels kiltum uic^lselul, muls balsetel, vigs lulsetel, yel bal; doabs telmil veltum malsezlil. 6. 7. 10 men; one goose; we; three months; four houses; 100 years; two sheep; nine mice; twelve dollars; 200 books; twelve months; one year; 365 days; one year; you; we two. EXERCISE II. Fatas, pules, mana, doge, gans. The man has a dog. The man has two dogs. The boy has two dogs and one sheep. The dog sees the goose. The boy sees the dog. The man gives the dog to the boy, or the man gives the boy the dog. The boy gives the goose to the man. The man gives the boy three dollars. The dog has four feet. The goose has two feet. The man has two feet and two hands. The man's dog has four feet. The man's father gives four dollars to the boy. (The next sentence is incorrect; doab should be doabi; it will then read :) Father ! the man gives one dollar to the boy. Who brings the dogs to the man? The boy brings the dogs to the man. Who has money ? The father has money. Answers : Pul labom dogi. Man givom dogi pule. Dog logom gani. Man givom dogi pule. Man givom dogi pule. Kim labom dogi ? Pul labom dogis tel. Man labom dogis kil. Dog labom futis fol. Pul labom futis tel. Kim labom namis tel ? Man givom moni. Man givom moni pule. Fat pula givom doabi mane. YeMabom mulis l)alsetel. Mul labom delis kils. Vig labom delis vel. Del labom dtlpis telsefol. Kim blinom gani ? Kim logom dogi? Kim logom jipis tel? Kime man givom moni? Kime pul blinom moni? Pul blinom doabis lul fate. KEY TO THE EXERCISES. 115 EXERCISE III. I am. I give. I bring. I speak. I go. I come. I have a book. We give money. We have two books. I give money to the man. We bring books to the boy. We bring the boy's books. Pukob. Golob. Labobgani. Labobs bukis. Labob bukis lul. Givobs moni mane. Givob doabis hil pule. BHnobs dogi mane. Blinob bukis. BHnob bukis pulas. Blinob bukis pules. Givobs bukis pules. EXERCISE IV. You have the book. You speak. You go. You have a father. You bring me a book. I bring you books. You give money to the boys. You come and we go. We speak and you hear. Labol buki. Labols bukis. Pukols e lilobs. Logol mani. KOmobs e golols. KOmol e golob. Labol bukis. Givol bukis pules. Piikol obe. Givob moni ole. Givol moni obe. KOmom. Golof. Givom moni mane. Labof buki. Blinom dogi pule. Piikof. Logom mani e puli. Givom moni obe. EXERCISE V. He teaches. Who teaches? The man teaches. He sells books. Who sells books ? / sell books. He gives money. Who gives money ? The father gives money. . The man teaches the boy. The merchant sells books. The man drinks water. The woman drinks wine. The cat eats the mouse. The boy eats bread. What does he give the boy? He gives the boy money and bread. What does she bring to the man ? She brings water. What does the woman eat ? She eats bread and drinks water. What does the man eat r He eats bread and drinks wine. The sheep eats grass. Man dlinom vini. Vom dlinof vati. Fat pula givom monivome. Mot blinof bodi pule. KOmom. Kim k5mom? Man komom. Fidom bodi. Fidob bodi. Givom doabi. Kim givom doabi ? Fat givom doabi. Man labom dogi. Pul lemom buki. Fat dlinom vini. Mot dlinof vati. Dog logom kati. Pul fidom bodi. Kisi fidom ? Fidom bodi. Kim fidom bodi ? Kisi givof pule? Givof moni pule. Kisi vom fidof? Fidof bodi e miti. Dog logom jipis kil. Fidob miti, fidol bodi ; dlinom vati, dlinof vini. Labobs bukis, labols logis, laboms lilis. EXERCISE VI . They teach. Who teach? The men teach. They sell books. The merchants sell books to the boys. They have money. Who have money ? The merchants have money. The men eat bread and meat. The women drink wine and water. The man writes a letter. The merchants write letters. The boys write letters. The women write letters to the men. Dogs logoms jipis. Jips logoms dogi. Jip logom dogi. Mans penoms penedis. Puis logoms tonabis. Voms dlinofs vati. Mans dlinoms vini. Jip fidom yebi. 116 KEY TO THE EXERCISES. EXERCISE VII. The man is a merchant. The week {or a week) is seven days. The day is a part of the week. The hour is a part of the day. The month is a part of the year. Water and wine are drinks. It snows. It thunders. One sees animals. One drinks water. One eats bread (Bread is eaten). One reads books (Books are read). Pul binom julel (not ]\\\q\\). Dogs e jips binoms nims. Del binom dil yela. Bod bmom fid. Vin Innom dlin. Vat binom dlin. Binob tedel. Binol julel. Binols julels. Totos. Fidon miti. Nifos. Sagon, das binol julel. Dog fidom bodi. Dogs e jips binoms nims. Sagon das tOtos. Logon, das nifos. EXERCISE VIII. Jiflen. Vom sanela. Jiviudel. Jilautel. Vomlll Maria binof jilanel. Jisanel. Jijeval. Jiblod. Jinelijel. Jimatel. EXERCISE IX. January is the first month. July is the seventh month. Tuesday is the third day of the week. December is the twelfth month of the year. Three o'clock. What o'clock (what time) is it ? It is ten o'clock. Veludel binom del velid viga. Babul binom mul balsebalid. Binom dup folid. EXERCISE X. My teacher teaches five boys. Who is your teacher ? Our teacher has twenty-four scholars. Our language is English. My father has three sons and two daughters; so I have two brothers and two sisters. We are five children (or there are five children of us). Our father loves his child- ren. Our mother loves her children. Our father and mother love their children. Tidel obik liladom buki. Fat olik labom dogis fol. Kim binom tide! olsik ? Tidel obsik binom flentel. Fat e mot obsik lOfoms cilis omsik. Kim binom fat obsik ? Fat obsik binom matel mota obsik. Fat olik e mot obik binoms flens. Plik tidela obik binom flentapiik. Tidel olik liladom bukis obik. EXERCISE XI. This house is our home. That man has three children ; I know the children, but not the man himself. This town has a hundred houses and seven hundred persons. Men, women and children are human beings. You know the teacher and the merchant; I know the same men. The man who lives in that house is an author and writes books. Lan at binom obik. L^dob in dom et. Mans ut, kels l^doms in zif et, sevoms obis. LOdobs in zif ot. Nims at binoms jevals. EXERCISE XII. I know the man who writes these books. The man, whom I know, writes these books. W^ho writes books ? The author. What is an author ? An author is the man who writes books. Who is that lady who has the dog? That lady is Doctress B. ; her husband is our physician. Logob mani ut, kel givom moni pules. Kim sevom lauteli buka at .'* Jimatel sanela sevof mani ut kel binom lautel buka. Kis binom tedel ? Tedel binom man kel lemom e selom dinis. Kit binof vom et ? Vom et binof jitidel kel tidof pulis e jipulis. KEY TO THE EXERCISES. 117 EXERCISE XIII . This man is good. Good men have many friends. — Dear Sir : I write you a short letter, and hope that you are well. I am a friend of Volapiik, and it is said that Volapiik has many friends in your country. — That person, who has a bad heart, has many enemies. Nouns in English are masculin, feminin and neuter; in Volapiik and in French they are masculin and feminin. In December we have short days and long nights. flen oba l5fik ! Pened ola binom blefik e ladlik. Labob flenis nemOdik kels penoms penedis lonedik obe. Valiks mens gudik laboms ladis gudik e lofoms dinis gudik. God binom fat menas valik. Mens ut valik, kel l5foms Godi, binoms gudik. God binom lautel valikas din as gudik. Binob flen ola ladlik, kel spelob das binol saunik. Peneds, kelis penols obes, binoms blefik. Kif binof lad, kele penol penedis lonedik ? Lad et binof vom sanela B; it no binof jisanel. EXERCISE XIV. God does not love bad men (persons). Bad men do not love God. Nouns in Volapiik are not neuter; they have only two genders, not three. Lifeless things are of the masculin gender. Merchants, who are acquainted with Volapiik, correspond with the whole world. Who are acquainted with Volapiik ? All educated persons in the whole world. No logob bukis kil obik. Buk kiom binom gudik ? Buk at no binom badik. No labob mOdikis bukis gudik. Gens lio-mOdik binoms in vola- piik? Gens tel binoms in volapiik ed in flentapiik; gens kil binoms in nelijapiik e deutapuk. Studon volapiiki in lans valik vola lolik. EXERCISE XV. We eat three times in the day, twenty-one times in the week. This book teaches me Volapiik for the first time. That man, who is a German, speaks English badly, but is well acquainted with Volapiik. The days go quickly and we have not much time. Dog fidom vifiko. Penol gudiko. Piikobs volapiiki badiko. Penob penedis kil, telna in vig. Lemobs nedelidiko bukis. Lemobs bukis nedelidik. Tedel lemom nedelidiko e selom delidiko. EXERCISE XVI. 1 am older than he. This book is better than that one. Our house is not so large as yours; it is smaller. You write better than I. I am your most devoted friend. I hope you are in good health, most cherished friend. Volapiik is the easiest language in the whole world. Binob saunikum ka ol. Labob namis gletikum ka ol. Dog labom futis gletikum ka kat. Buk kiom binom gudikun in vol loiik ? No labob bukis so mOdik as ol, ab liladob mOdikumis. Kiom binom piik nefikulikun in vol lOlik ? No sevob piiki kel binom nefikulikum ka volapiik. EXERCISE XVII. Most valued friend : I have received your short letter and regret that you have been ill. I hope that you will soon have got better and that you will visit us next month. O flen lofik ! Pened lonedik keli apenol obe, eplidom obe levemo, Spelob das uvedob suno saunikum, e das ologob oli denu oyelo. 118 KEY TO THE EXERCISES. EXERCISE XVIII English is spoken in England, the United States, Canada, Australia and other countries. Volapuk will be taught in all schools. Volapuk was invented by Mr. Schleyer. Fruits are sold dear this year; they were sold cheap last year. A large house is building (being built) in Twenty-third street. Cils mOdik padadukoms in juls Melopa; mOdiks pedadukoms, e mc^diks podadukoms. Buks paseloms fa tedel, kela lemacem binom in sut Folse- telid. Buks at no binoms obik; peseloms. Puk kiom papiikom in Melop ? EXERCISE XIX. I like to eat fruit. I do not wish to read many books, but good ones. To have been silent is often better than to have spoken. No man can know everything. Who shall be able to count the stars of the heaven or the drops of the sea ? I am in school to study, not to play. I will buy books to learn Volapuk. You ought to study Volapuk in order to be able to speak with all nations. Lofob liladOn bukis gudik. Vilob logOn stelis. Liladon binos gudikum ka pledOn. Sotobs lemon domi, if kanobs lemOn omi nedelidiko. Man at kanom liladon piikis mal, e piikon piikis kil; lofom studon e labom timi al studOn. Binos gudikum elofOn ed epOliiddn ka no elOfOn. EXERCISE XX. Honored Sir : Having read your interesting work, and not being able to understand some parts, I write [to] you this letter to ask whether you will explain the following sentences. s5l pelestimOl ! Eget5l penedi olik e no elabol timi al pcnOn ole avigo, spelob das osekusadol fezogi nepOvitOl. EXERCISE XXI, (jivol5d doabisfol pule at pofik. SekusadolOs libi keli sumob. Vislt- olsOs obis in dom obas nulik. Geptikolos suno penede at. FunolOz sneki eti BlibolOd in dom. Potolos obe samadis kil buka nulik ola. LasumolOs glidis oba ladlik. Pul alik sumomod buki omik e liladomOd. Give the poor man some bread. Please come to visit us in our new house. Please excuse me for not having answered your letter sooner. Go out of the house ! Please mail me four copies of the English dictionary. Let every boy take his pen and write. Please remain in the gardt^n. EXERCISE XXII. 1 would like this man if he were better. If we went walking every day it would be healthful. If you should go walking to-day, please bring the new book, 'which I ordered, from the bookstore. It would be a great pleasure to me to receive a long letter from you. If it were not so warm I should like to visit our friends in town. If alogob-la tideli adelo, agivobOv ome buki keh vilom logon. Buk at abinom5v pofiidik ole if avilol-la studon flentapuki. If ilogol-lamaniat in gad, ipukomOv ole. If atavol-la in Yulop, alilolOv piikis mOdik. KEY TO THE EXERCISES. 119 EXERCISEXXIII. IIow do you do, sir? I am well, thank you. Have you been \o\v^ in town? Notions^;! came from Madrid a short time ago. Is Madrid a beautiful city ? It is very beautiful; I should have liked to stay there longer. Where is your home? My home is in Boston, but I have many friends in this town. Have you studied French? I have studied French, but I cannot speak it well. Do you understand all which you read ? Yes, sir; nearly all. Li-elogol fati obik adelo ? No, o sol I no-li binom in dom ? Li-eliladol gasedis adelo ? No elabob timi al liladon. Liko fat olik stadom adelo ? Dani; stadom mOdo gudikumo. Flens oma mOdik olaboms galodi mOdik ven onoloms osi. EXERCISE XXIV. I walk every day in my garden. Do you use a cane? No; canes are only used by old men; do you think that lam old ? I don't know; I am young, but I walk with a cane. Do you eat meat every day ? I do not eat it on Fridays. When we were in France we used to drink wine; but now, when we are in America, we drink water. How many years were you ni France ? Three years. Li-aidlinol vini ? Aidlinob vini, ab nu dlinob vati. In Flent aidlinon vini e no vati. In Beljan piikon flentapuki e nedanapiiki. Puki kiom pukon in Talop ? Nelijaptikon; aikiOp nelijels modik binoms, nelijapUkon. EXERCISE XXV. I see myself in this nurror. Please seat (place) yourself in that chair. W^hoever loves himself better than his neighbor is not a true Christian, but true Christians love each other. I wash myself every morning. Eflapobok me spatin at. Dalobok ladetOn penedi at ole. Ofunolok. Siadolokos e mekolokOs kotenik. EXERCISE XXVI, LETTER. January i6, 1887. Respected Sir : I have received your letter of December 31st, of last year, and rejoice very much that you are u\ good health and that Volapuk is making such (so) great progress with you. Concerning the books, which you wish me to buy, I shall go into the city to-morrow and look for them. We are all well and greet you and your family. O sOl lofik I Begob das opotol gasedi olik obe du yel bal, ladetol omi as pepenos diso. Potob ole doabi bal in pelam e blibob, Flen olik. In Volapuk one places the adjectiv after the noun and the objectiv after the verb. In nelijapuk, aipladon ladyeki bifli subsat. In deutapuk kimifal paipladom (or aipladon kimifali) sotimo bif velib. FIN. • Thk • Okkice • A Practical yonrnal for BUSINESS MANAGERS, ACCOUNTANTS, AND OFFICE MEN. THIS periodical, the only one of its kind, is now in its fourth volume, and enjoys a remarkable success in its special field, which it announces as comprehending "everything that facilitates business or contributes to its record." Appreciating the immense facilitation which will be attained by the introduction into the countn:ig-room of a language expressly adapted to intercourse with foreign nations, and believing that a knowledge of it will be considered a necessary part of the accomplished office-man's equipment, the management of The Office has established a department devoted to Volapiik, and entitled "VOLASPODEL." This department is conducted by the Author of the Hand-book. 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