hite Sulphur Springs GREENBRIER COUNTY, WEST VIRGIN Wk J. J. MOOEMAN, M. IX, Physician Jo the Springs. Class p2 Lftl \No. 2 Eaida'SowHoust/ SJoJmJlutgley kJ.BJLatrdbv SG.&JBbwlmid,' GJ.MCJKwv 1 JBorvapartes 3G>lJ>ride 9Mrs.Harvis W Mil® HlttllifclH sir ^s» * WITH THE ANALYSIS OF ITS WATERS, THE Diseases to wtacb tfeey are Applicable, AND SOME ACCOUNT OF SOCIETY AND ITS AMUSEMENTS AT THE SPRINGS, BY J. J. MOORMAN, M.D., Physician to the White Sulphur Springs ; Professor of Medical Jurisprudence and Hygiene in the Washington University , Baltimore ; Member of the Medico Chirurgical Society of Maryland ; of the Baltimore Medical Association, $c. BALTIMORE: KELLY, PIET AND COMPANY, 174 Baltimore Street. I1TDEZ, Preliminary Remarks ,.,. „„„*. 3 Locality of the Springs ,...,...., 4 Routes by which they are Reached 5 Extent and Character of Accommodations,.,., 6 Analysis of the Waters 1 Medicinal Character and Curative Powers 9 Popular Errors in the Use of Mineral Waters ..11 Diseases to which the White Sdlphur is Applicable 14 Chalybeate Spring at the White Sulphur 23 Bathing Establishment at the White Sulphur 23 Society and its Amusements 24 njy ill© Sulphur Spr GREENBEIER COUNTY, VEST VIRGINIA. «^»- PAMPHLET for general circulation, adapted for a Hand- book, to guide the distant stranger as to the location and extent of accommodations of the White Sulphur Springs, — to point out the different routes by which they may be reached, — and, at the same time, indicating in a concise manner the various diseases for which their waters have been advantageously used, has long been a desideratum with the Spring-going public. In attempting to supply this want by the issue of this pamphlet, I shall not insert general certificates in proof of the value and medici- nal adaptations of the waters to the various diseases for which they have been so long successfully used. The publication of such cer- tificates, while they might be serviceable in some cases, would, nevertheless, be liable to mislead from the want of proper and scien- tific discrimination as to the precise nature of the cases given. Mineral waters, to establish and perpetuate a valuable reputation, must be carefully kept within the clear boundary of their power over disease, and within their true adaptation as curative agents. To be efficiently employed, whatever be the name of the disease for which they are used, the state of the system at the time, and a proper admin- istration, so as to secure desired effects, are important points that cannot be safely ignored. There are biasing partialities and prejudices in the whole certifi- cate system that are sure to intrude, in despite of every effort to keep them out ; and hence it is, that conclusions in such cases are apt to be too sweepingly made to be realized by those who rely upon them, I have had abundant reason to know that great injustice is often 4 WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. done to suffering humanity, however unintentionally, — and ultimately too to mineral waters, by having them placed, through vague and extravagant certificates, upon the common platform with patent medi- cines. In this way, hopes are often created in the minds of invalids that are destined to sad disappointment ; while the failure of the waters to accomplish all that had been injudiciously promised for them, causes their reputation unduly to suffer in public estimation. Mineral waters possess great and valuable powers, and are in many cases superior to the medicines of the apothecary's shop ; and when used under proper and judicious discrimination, are well quali- fied to assume a place in the great medical mind of the world, and, like well defined articles of the Materia Medico, , stand prominently forth as most valuable resources of the healing art. These views are sanctioned by a sufficient amount of truth and importance, to influence me against the common practice of publishing certificates of cases of diseases, unless such cases had been carefully diagnosed by a party competent to such duty, and so clearly described as to give them a fair claim to an intelligent public reliance. Upon this branch of the subject, therefore, I propose to rely upon the gen- eral results of public opinion formed from the use of the water for more than ninety years, and from my own professional experience in their administration for upwards of thirty years in cases, the 2> re cisc pathology and nature of which were carefully investigated in connec- tion with the use of the ivaters in each case. bmMty ©IP ftlh© S^bsp* The Various Routes by which they may be reached. The White Sulphur Springs are situated on Howard's Creek, in Greenbrier County, West Virginia, and upon the western slope of the great Apalachian chain of mountains which separate the waters that flow into Chesapeake Bay from those that run into the Gulf of Mexico. The situation of the Spring is elevated and beautifully picturesque, surrounded by mountains on every side. Kates Mountain is in full view, and about two miles to the south ; to the west, and distant about one mile, arc the Greenbrier Mountains, while the towering Alleghany, in its magnificent proportions, is found five miles to the north and east. LOCALITY AND ROUTES. 5 The Spring is in the midst of the celebrated " Spring Begion," having the "Hot," " Warm" and Healing Springs from thirty to thirty-five miles to the north; the " Sweet" and the Sweet Chaly- beate, sixteen miles to ihe east; the " Salt" and the Red Sulphur, the one twenty-four, the other forty-one miles to the south. Its latitude is about 37 J° north, and its longitude 3J° west from Washington. Its elevation above tide-water is 2,000 feet. The tem- perature of its waters is 62° Fah., from which they do not vary during the heat of summer or the cold of winter. The Spring yields about thirty gallons a minute ; and it is a re- markable fact that this quantity is not perceptably varied during the longest spells of wet or dry weather. The quantity and temperature of the Spring being uniform under all circumstances, give a confi- dence which experience has verified, of its uniform strength and efficiency. The Spring is surrounded by mountain scenery of great beauty, and blessed with a most delightful summer and fall climate. Inde- pendently of the benefit to be derived from the waters, a better situa- tion for the residence of invalids and delicate persons, during the summer and fall months, can scarcely be imagined. They have here the advantage of a most salubrious and invigorating air, and the most agreeable temperature — cool at morning and evening, and at no time oppressively w T arm. The thermometer ranges here, during the summer, between 55° and 65°, and rarely attains a greater height than 80° at any time of the day, while the atmosphere is so elastic and invigorating as to enable invalids to take exercise in the open air without inconvenience or fatigue. The White Sulphur Springs is the present Terminus of the Chesa- peake and Ohio Hailroad in its progress west ; the road being now running to that point. The completion of this road to the Springs renders them, directly or indirectly, approachable by rail from every quarter of the country. For convenience, however, of those who are not acquainted with the localities and course of the Railroads in Virginia, I state — that the traveler by rail to the White Sulphur, from any quarter of the country, must necessarily make the town of Staunton, in Augmta 6 WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. County, Va. t a point in his travel. From this place the distance to the "White Sulphur is about 100 miles. Staunton is 120 miles northwest from Richmond, and immediately on the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad. . JJSF'Travelers from any portion of the East, North, or West, make Baltimore, and Washington, points in the travel to the Springs. At Washington, they take the Orange and Alexandria road to Gor- donsvil'c : there they intersect the Chesapeake and, Ohio road run- ning to the White Sulphur, by way of Staunton. itST'Those who wish to reach the Springs from the South, or Southwest, have a continuous chain of railroad to the springs, either by the way of Richmond, Va. , or by the way of Knoxville, Tenn. If the Knoxville route is taken, the Spring visitant comes on the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad to Lynchburg ; there changing cars takes the Orange and Alexandria Railroad to Charlottesville, a dis- tance of 70 miles, where he reaches the Chesapeake and Ohio road about 40 miles east of Staunton. jCSTTcrsons visiting the Springs on the Knoxville route, will find a daily line of Stage- Coaches at the "Montgomery White" that run to the White Sulphur Springs, (65 miles distant,) passing by the celebrated Salt Pond, and the Salt Sulphur Springs, and spending the night at the latter place. JSTTlie time from Washington to the White Sulphur will be about 15 hours. In the spring of 1857 this property was purchased by a company of gentlemen, residing principally in Virginia, who, in virtue of an act of the Legislature, associated themselves in a Joint Stock Com- pany, under the name of the " White Sulphur Spring Company." In conformity with the public demand for a large extension of ac- commodations, the Company immediately entered upon a liberal and extensive system of improvement, designed alike to increase the capacity of the property for the accommodation of visitors and at the same time to beautify and adorn the grounds. To these ends they have erected the largest building in the Southern country — its dimensions being 400 feet in length by a corresponding width, and covering more than an acre of ground. This building is appropri- ACCOMMODATIONS, AND ANALYSIS OF THE WATERS. 7 ated for Receiving rooms, Dining room, Ball room, Parlors, Lodg- ing rooms, etc. The Parlor is one of the most elegant and spacious saloons in America, being half as large again as the celebrated East Room in "Washington. The Dining room is one of the largest in the world, being upwards of 300 feet long by a corresponding width, and conveniently seating 1,200 persons. The Company has also built a large number of handsome Cottages for families. In several respects, the grounds have been greatly improved; par- ticularly by the construction of broad Serpentine walks in various directions through the lawns, and by widening and extending the romantic and popular "Stroll" known as the "Lover's Walk." With these improvements, together with a new and capacious Bath- ing Establishment, and the removal of many of the old buildings to new locations, by which the Lawns are enlarged and adorned, the property, alike in capacity, in convenience, and in the elegance of its arrangements, exhibits a new and greatly improved appearance. &n®9f sat ©i? tlhft W®3©?s. The White Sulphur was analyzed in the winter of 1842 by Pro- fessor Hayes, of Boston, from a few bottles of the water sent to his laboratory the preceding fall. From his report, 50,000 grains (about seven pints) of this water contains in solution 3-633 water grain measure of gaseous matter, or about 1.14 of its volume, consist- ing of Nitrogen gas. 1-013 Oxygen gas *108 Carbonic acid =. 2244. Hydro-sulph. acid*.... "068 One gallon, or two hundred and thirty-seven cubic inches of the water, contains 19 739-1000 cubic inches of gas, having the propor- tion of Nit-ogen gas 4*680 Ox.ygen gas -498 Carbonic acid 1T2P0 Bydro-sulph. acid *27l *I1 must be borne in mind that this water was examined by Frof. Hayes several months after its removal from the spring, and consequently after it had parted with a large portion of its free hydro-sulph* acid gas* 8 WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. Fifty thousand grains of this water contain 115-735-1000 grains of saline matter, consisting of Sulphate of lime 67*168 Sulphate of magnesia 30 364 Chloride of magnesium *859 Carbonate of lime 6*060 Organic matter, (dried at 212°,) 3*740 Carbonic acid 4*584 Silicates, (silica 134, potash *18, soda *66, magnesia, and a trace of oxide of iron,) 2*960 Professor Hayes remarks that the organic matter of the water, in its physical and chemical character, differs essentially from the organic matter of some thermal waters — in contact with earthy sulphrates at a moderate temperature, it produces hydro-sulphuric acid, " and to this source that acid contained in the water may he traced." He adds: ■' The medicinal properties of the water is probably due to the action of this organic substance. The hydro-sulphuric acid resulting from its natural action, is one of the most active substances within the reach of physicians, and there are chemical reasons for supposing that after the water has reached the stomach, similar changes accom, paniedby the products of ' hydro- suljoh. acid, takes place." * Professor Wm. B. Rodgers also analyzed this water, with the following results : Solid matter procured from 100 cubic inches, dried at 212° Fah., consisting 65*54 grains. Sulphate of lime 31*680 grains. Sulphate of magnesia 8*241 u Sulphate of soda 4*050 ** Carbonate of lime 1*530 " Carbonate of magnesia 0506 *' Chloride of magnesium 0*071 " Chloride of calcium 0*010 '* Chloride of sodium 0.226 ■■ Proto-sulphate of iron 0*069 ** Sulphate of Alumina? 0*012 " Earthy phosphates, a trace. Azotized organic matter blended with a large pro- portion of sulphur, about 0*005 ** Iodine, combined with sodium or magnesium. Volume of each of the gases in a free state, estimated in 100 cubic inches :f Sulphuretted hydrogen 0*66 Nitrogen 1*88 Oxygen 01 9 Carbonate acid 3*67 * See Chapter III., on the " Relative virtues of the saline and ga-cous contents of the White Sulphur Water,''' in the " Mineral. Waters of the United States and Canada." f 100 cubic inches amount to about three and a half pints. Medicinal character of the water. 9 EikdlodftDQ ©ihfflf®(Bll@ip ® which th© Whit© Sulphur Watec* For want of space, I can only give a mere synopsis of the diseases for the cure of which the White Sulphur waters have been long and successfully employed, referring my readers who desire more par- ticular information upon this subject, as well as for the proper method of using the waters in the various diseases, to my recent volume on tlie " Mineral Waters of the United States and Canada." &YSPeP3IA, This very common and annoying disease, the especial scourge of the sedentary and the thoughtful, whether existing under the form of irritation of the mucous surface of the stomach, vitiation of the gastric juice — or under the somewhat anomalous characteristic of Gastralgia, is treated with much success by a proper course of the "White Sulphur water. The apprehensive and dejected spirit that finds no comfort in the present, and forebodes evil only in the future ; the hesitating will that matures no purpose, and desponds even in success; the emacia- tion of frame and haggardness of visage ; the ever present indurance, and all the imaginary and real ills that torture the hapless dyspeptic, are often made to yield to alterative and invigorating influences that a few weeks judicious use of the waters established. Administered alone, in every form of this disease, (for under the name Dyspepsia we have Beveral forms of stomach disease essentially differing from each other, and requiring different modes of treatment,) its curative powers may not always be so marked ; but in several varieties of the disease, and those indeed which we most often wit* CURATIVE POWER. 15 ness, it deserves the very highest praise that can be conferred upon any remedy. In cases of this disease in which the Liver is im- plicated, occasioning slow or unhealthy biliary secretions, a state of things that often exists, the water may be used with especial advan- tage. To effect permanent or lasting cures in Dyspepsia the waters should always be pressed to their complete alterative effects upon the system. The largest class of invalids that resort to our mineral fountains for relief are those afflicted with abdominal irritations, and especially with Irritations of the Mucous Coat of the Stomach and Bowels. These irritations arc occasionally so masked by a super-added nervous mobility as to conceal their true character from the sufferer, and sometimes from his medical advisor. The disease is far more common in late than in former years. The number of cases at the White Sulphur has been, I am sure, more than triplicated within the last few years. It may be induced by any of the numerous causes whose tendency is to derange the digestive, assimilative, and nervous functions; and is- often connected with some indigestion, irregular, or costic bowels, with restlessness and unhappy forebodings of im- pending evils. I have much confidence in the waters in such cases when prudently and cautiously used until they produce their altera- tive effects. Chronic disease of the liver, in some form or other, is a very com- mon disease of our country, especially in the warm latitudes and miasmatic districts. Yery many affected with this complaint, have annually visited the White Sulphur for the last fifty or sixty years. In no class of cases have the effects of the waters been more fully and satisfactorily tested than in chronic derangements of the liver. I cannot better serve the end I have in view of imparting informa- tion of the remedial powers*of these waters in this class of disease, than by quoting a few paragraphs from my volume on the "Mineral Springs of the United States and Canada." 16 WHITE SULPHUK SPRINGS. 46 The modus operandi of sulphur water upon the liver is dissimilar to that of mercury, and yet the effects of the two agents are strik- ingly analogous. The potent and controlling influence of the water over the secretory function of the liver must be regarded as a spe- cific quality of the agent, and as constituting an important therapeutic feature in the value of the article for diseases of this organ. Its in- fluence upon the liver is gradually, hut surely to unload it when en- gorged, and to stimulate it to a healthy performance of its functions when torpid. " The control which this water may be made to exercise over the liver in correcting and restoring its energies, is often as astonishing as it is gratifying — establishing a copious flow of healthy bile, and a consequent activity of the bowels, imparting a vigor to the whole digestive and assimilative functions, and consequently, energy and strength to the body, and life and elasticity to the spirits. 'Tor many years I have kept a ' Case book* at the White Sul- phur, and have carefully noted the influences of the water upon such cases as have been submitted to my management. Among the num- ber, are several hundred cases of chronic affections of the liver, embracing diseases of simple excitement, chronic inflammation, en- gorgement, and obstructions of the biliary ducts, etc. These cases were treated either with the White Sulphur alone, or aided by some appropriate adjunctive remedy; and, in looking at the results, I must be permitted to express a doubt, whether a larger relative amount of amendments and cures, have ever been effected by the usual remedies of the medical shop. This I know is high eulogy of the water in such diseases. It is considerately made, and is not higher than its merits justify." When Schirrliosity of the liver is suspected, the water, if used at all, should be used under the guards of a well-informed medical judgment; for in actual Schirrhosity, if it be pressed beyond its primary effects upon the stomach and bowels, it is very decidedly injurious. AAUMBIIGB. This is a form of liver disease in whieh obstructions prevent the free egress of the bile from the gall bladder along its natural chan- nels, and hence occasions its absorbtion into tho general circulation. CURATIVE POWEE. 17 In cases of jaundice, in which the obstructing cause is inspissated bile, or very small calculi, or when occasioned by inflammation or spasm of the gall-ducts themselves, the White Sulphur water, as might be expected from its influence over the liver, is used with the happiest results. Indeed, the individuals affected with incipient or confirmed jaun- dice, and when the liver is free from Schirrhus, cannot place too much confidence in the use of the White Sulphur water and Baths, with the occasional use of mild adjunctive means to aid in its speedy action upon the liver and skin. Thus judiciously employed, and for a suflicient length of time, it invariably proves successful, either in curing the case, or in bringing the system into the condition under which a cure speedily results. Illilti MMMEJU In Chronic Diarrhaza, especially where the mucous coat of the bowels is principally implicated, and, still more, when the case is complicated with derangement of the stomach and liver, the water is often employed with very gratifying effects. While the water, properly taken, is a most invaluable remedy in Chronic Mucous Diarrhoea, in no other disease is prudence and cau- tion more eminently demanded in its administration, and especially for the few first days of using it. When prudently and cautiously prescribed in such cases, it is not only a perfectly safe remedy but also eminently curative in its effects. Many of the most satisfactory results that I have ever accomplished by the prescription of the White Sulphur water, have been in cases of Chronic Mucous Diar- rhoea. Serous Diarrhoea of chronic character, requires still greater cau- tion in the early use of the water than the mucous form to which I have been referring ; and while the waters, when carefully intro- duced, constitute a valuable remedy in such cases, they will, if too largely taken, aggravate the worst symptoms of the disease.* wlfitiiiii. Habitual costiveness is a state of the system in which the water has been extensively employed. When the case depends upon *See the details of several interesting cases in the "Mineral Waters of the United States and Canada." 18 WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. depraved or deficient biliary secretions, much reliance may be placed upon the efficiency of this remedy if it be carried to the extent of fully alterating the system. FUSS* The use of mild laxatives in haemorrhoids has long been a favorite practice for their relief. The beneficial effects of the water in this disease, is probably to some extent due to its laxative power, but still more, I apprehend, to its alterative effect upan the liver through which the hemorrhoidal vessels are favorably impressed. Bls^sei Qf the UMttapy ©pgacis. The White Sulphur waters are used with very good effects in Gravel ; indeed, they almost invariably palliate such cases, and fre- quently, in their early stages, entirely cure them. Incipient calculus affections are relieved by the water pretty much in proportions as it corrects the digestive and assimilating functions, improves the blood, and brings th-3 general economy into a natural typo, preparing the kidneys to resist foreign encroachments upon their functions, and to elaborate from healthy blood, proper and healthy secretions.* Chronic inflammation of the kidneys, as well as similar affections of the bladder, anduretha, are often successfully treated by a judi- cious use of the waters. Diabetes is a form of disease in which the waters have occasionally been used with excellent effect. Spermatorrhoea, often painfully implicating the nervous system, and producing extreme debility not only of the sexual organs but also of the general system, is often greatly benefitted at these springs. This disease is generally found complicated with a condition of the skin and glandular organs, and not unfrequently of the mucous sur- faces, that eminently require the aid of alterative remedies. In all such complications the waters are found very valuable as a primary means, preceding and preparing the system for the use of more decided tonic remedies. ♦See " Mineral Waters of the United States and Canada." CURATIVE POWER. 19 In female diseases, in their various chronic forms of amenorrhea, or suppressed menstruation, dysmenorrhea, or painful menstruation, chlorosis and leucorrhoza, the waters of the White Sulphur have been much employed. When the cases have been judiciously discriminated and were free from the combinations and states of the system that contra-indicate the use of the waters, they have been employed with beneficial results. ©teo«® Muttons ®ff tte Srritoe It is only since the introduction of the custom of using the water in its ungascous form, (near thirty years ago,) that it has been taken successfully, or even tolerated by the system in chronic inflammation of the brain. I need, therefore, scarcely apprise my readers that it is only in its strictly ungaseous form that it should be used in such cases, and then in a careful and guarded manner. Thus prescribed I have, in several instances, found it beneficial. &SIi¥QiSj BtSI^SIS. Neuralgia, in some form or other, has become a very common disease in every part of our country ; and the number that visit the White Sulphur suffering with this protean and painful malady is very considerable. Sometimes, this disease exists as a primary or independent affection, but far more frequently, as a consequence of visceral or organic de- rangements. Where such is found to be the case, the White Sul- phur waters arc used with the very best results. As an alterative, to prepare the neuralgic for receiving the more tonic waters to advan- tage, it deserves the largest confidence by those afflicted with this an- noying malady. The number of paralytics that resort to the White Sulphur is large, and their success in the use of the waters various. Cases re- sulting from dyspeptic depravities are oftener benefitted than those that have resulted from other causes. In almost every case, how- ever, some benefit to the general health takes place, and sometimes na abatement of the paralysis itself. 20 WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. In tubercular consumption, whether the tubercles be incipient or fully developed, the White Sulphur water should not be used. Its effects in such cases would be prejudicial. But there are other forms of breast complaints in which the waters have been found valuable, particularly in that form described as SfKP^TECITte ©@N18W)HIPT[@III1. *This form of breast complaint is the result of morbid sympa- thies extended from some other parts of the body, and more com- monly from a diseased stomach or liver. The great _par vagum nerve, common to both the stomach and lungs, affords a ready medium of sympathy between these two organs. In protracted cases of dys- pepsia, the stomach often throws out morbid influences to the wind- pipe and surfaces of the lungs, occasioning cough, expectoration, pain in the breast, and many other usual symptoms of genuine consump- tion. So completely, indeed, does this translated affection wear the livery of the genuine disease, that it is often mistaken for it. This form of disease come often under my notice at the Springs, and I frequently witness the happiest results from the employment of the water in such cases ; and the more so, because its beneficial effects resolve a painful doubt that often exists in the mind of the patient as to the true character of the disease. iR@N)©Hil)?l!8. This affection is often met with at the Springs, sometimes as a primary affection of the bronchia, and often as a result of other affections, and especially, of derangements of the digestive and assimilative organs. In such translated cases, we frequently find the bronchitis relieved in the same degree that the orginally diseased organs are benefitted. The various chronic diseases of the skin are treated with much success by a full course of the White Sulphur waters, in connection with a liberal course of warm or hot sulphur baths. *see "Mineral Waters of the United States and Canada." CURATIVE POWER. 21 There is a chronic form of erysipelas, occuring at irregular inter- vals, and most commonly attacking the face or the extremities, that I have treated with very good success by the White Sulphur water. The rheumatic and the gouty, are habitues of the White Sulphur. The well established reputation of the waters in such cases, attracts no small number of persons laboring under one or the other of these affections. The primitive reputation of the water, and that which at an early day directed public attention to its potency, was deprived from its successful employment in rheumatism. The reputation thus early acquired, has not been lost,' but, on the contrary, established and confirmed by its successful use for three quarters of a century. In most rheumatic cases, the employment of warm or hot sulphur baths constitutes a very valuable adjunct in their treatment. With the sulphur water as a drink, and the use of the hot tub douche and sweating baths of the same water, this place offers the strongest inducements for the resort of persons afflicted with chronic rheumatism that can any where be found. In proportion as the waters impress the digestive and assimilative organs they benefit gout. As palliative in this disease, they are always employed with benefit. Is very advantageously treated by a full course of the water and baths. Used with sufficient persistency, they may well be regarded as the most reliable remedy to which persons thus afflicted can have recourse, and to such I earnestly recommend a trial of them, the more especially, because the ordinary remedies in such cases are admittedly very unreliable. Sulphur waters have long been held in reputation in the treatment of scrofula. Some of the English physicians have thought such waters superior to any other remedy in scrofula. Dr. Salisbury, of Avon, New York, speaks favorably of his experience of their use in 22 WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. such diseases. In the early stages of scrofula the White Sulphur has often been used -with decided advantages, but in the confirmed stages of this disease I do not consider them at all equal in curativo powers to some other mineral waters in this region, fflter-ewirtiaD Q)fe@a§@ and) §§a