Class Book Digitized by tlie Internet Archive in 2011 witii funding from The Library of Congress http://www.archive.org/details/arctictidesOOusco DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY O. H. TITTMANN, Superintendent ARCTIC TIDES By ROLLIN A. HARRIS COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1911 s- DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR U . S COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY O. H. TITTMANN. Superintendent ARCTIC TIDES By ROLLIN A. HARRIS COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1911 Ur ^'^ Pi 3 ^ P E E F A 0:E^ In preparing this paper one of the principal aims has been to bring together in one form or another practically all available results pertaining to tides in Arctic waters. Although the quality of the results varies widely, the advantages of having all important tidal evidence in one publication are self-evident. In connection with the work, numerous harmonic analyses have been made, and considerable labor has been expended unifying nonharmonic results taken from various sources. Harmonic analyses thus recently made are for the following stations: Cape Bryant, Cape Sheridan, Polaris Bay, Fort Conger, Point Aldrich, Van Rensselaer Harbor, Port Foulke, Port Kennedy, Northumberland Sound, Winter Harbor, Flaxman Island, Treurenberg, and Port Virgo. The remarkably accurate tidal observations along the northern coast of Grant Land and Greenland made by the recent expedition of Robert E. Peary, U. S. N., are published in considerable detail. The tidal observations at Flaxman Island and vicinity made by the expedition under Messrs. Mikkelsen and Leffingwell to the northern coast of Alaska, although not so extensive as those of the Peary expedition, are nevertheless of great value and are likewise published in considerable detail. Undoubtedly many explorers have neglected their opportunities for observing and recording Arctic tides because the amount of rise and fall is generally inconsid- erable, and because the possible bearing of this phenomenon upon polar problems was not fuUy realized. At the present time observations are especially desired in the following regions or localities: The outer coasts of Prince Patrick Island and Banks Land, the coasts of Mackenzie Province, the northwestern coast of Alaska, Wrangell Island, and the Arctic coasts of Siberia. The Russian Government has recently made tidal observations in Taimur Bay and on one of the New Siberian Islands; but, unfortunately for this discussion, the results are not as yet at hand. R. A. H. Washington, October, 1910. CONTENTS, CHAPTER I.— RECENT OBSERVATIONS TAKEN ON THE NORTHERN COASTS OF GRANT LAND, GREENLAND, AND ALASKA. Page. Tidal work undertaken by Robert E. Peary, U. S. N 7 Time used 7 Bench marks and tide staves — Record secured 8 Hourly heights of the tide: Cape Sheridan 10 Point Aldrich, Cape Columbia 19 Cape Bryant , 20 Cape Morris Jesup 21 Fort Conger 22 High and low waters: Cape Sheridan 22 Point Aldrich, Cape Columbia 28 Cape Bryant 29 Cape Morris Jesup ^ , 29 Fort Conger 30 Tidal work undertaken by Mikkelsen and Leffingwell 30 Hourly heights of the tide at Flaxman Island, Alaska 31 High and low waters at Flaxman Island, Alaska 33 Meteorology, northern coasts of Grant Land and Greenland 34 CHAPTER II.— HARMONIC CONSTANTS FOR ARCTIC SEAS. Harmonic constants for stations north of the sixtieth parallel 39 Table of harmonic constants, tidal hours, etc 40 CHAPTER III.— NONHARMONIC TIDAL QUANTITIES, AND THE SET OF THE CURRENTS. Remarks on nonharmonic methods of reducing observations 44 Correcting observed ranges and intervals 48 Collection of intervals, ranges, etc 50 Results from short series of tide observations 68 Erroneous tidal data near meridian 141° W 80 Direction of tidal streams and of apparent wave progression 80, 82, 83 Quotations relative to the direction of the flood tide at Point Barrow 80 Nontidal or drift cun-ents in the Arctic Regions 84 CHAPTER IV.— DISCUSSION AND SIGNIFICATION OF RESULTS. Cotidal charts 86 Imperfect equilibrium tides. 86 Amphidromic regions 88 Necessity for a tract of land, an archipelago, or an area of shallow water in the Arctic Ocean 90 Shape and size of hypothetical land 91 Semidaily tides in Arctic waters 92 Diurnal tides in Arctic waters 96 Concerning Nansen's hypothesis that deep water extends continuously from Spitzbergen to Alaska. 101 ILLUSTRATIONS. Fig. 1. Arctic currents and land according to A. Petermann, 1865 84 Fig. 2. Reproduction of Nansen's bathymetrical chart 98 Fig. 3. Cotidal lines for the Arctic Regions 104 5 ARCTIC TIDES. CHAPTER I. RECENT OBSERVATIONS TAKEN ON THE NORTHERN COASTS OF GRANT LAND, GREENLAND, AND ALASKA. Previous to his departure for explorations in the north polar regions in 1908, Civil Engineer R. E. Peary, U. S. Navy, was ordered by the Secretary of the Navy to report for duty in the Coast and Geodetic Survey, and by direction of the President the Superintendent instructed him to make tidal observations at various points on the Grant Land and Greenland shores of the polar sea (see H. Rept. No. 791, 61st Cong., 2dsess.). The observations given below (pp 10-30) were made by the Peary Polar Expedition of 1908-9 in pursuance of these instructions. The object was to secure observations along the northern coasts of Grant Land and Greenland at a sufficient number of places for determining the tides in that region, it being the belief that such observations might throw light upon the possible existence of a "considerable land mass in the unknown area of the Arctic Ocean." Systematic tidal and meteorological observations were carried on day and night at Cape Sheridan, Point Aldrich (near Cape Columbia), Cape Bryant, Cape Morris Jesup, and Fort Conger. The amount of record secured is given below in remarks relating to the several stations at wliich observations were carried on. TIME USED. Tln-oughout this expedition the kind of time used was Intercolonial, or sixtieth meridian. The watches of the tide observers were compared with chronometer, Bliss, No. 2998. This clu-onometer was compared with Greenwich mean time before and after the expedition, with the following results : Julys, 1908, fast, G. M. T min. 25.8 sec. Predicted daily rate, losing 0.2 sec. October 7, 1909, fast, G. M. T 17 min. 12.9 sec. Average daily rate, 461 days, gaining 2.2 sec. The observers at Cape Sheridan made frequent comparisons between watch and chronometer. The watch used in making the Cape Columbia and Cape Morris Jesup observa- tions read "very close" (or within a minute) to chronometer time upon the return of the observing parties to the ship. The watch used at Fort Conger lost, according to chronometer, 1 minute 35 seconds between June 7 and June 30. 7 « AKCTIC TIDES. As a check upon the reliability of the time corrections, may be mentioned the value of M2° for Fort Conger, derived from MacMillan's observations taken in com- parison with the value obtained from the long series of observations obtained by the Greely expedition. (See table of harmonic constants, pp. 40-43.) A comparison between lunitidal intervals at Fort Conger for the same two series affords another check. (See table of lunitidal intervals, pp. 50-67.) A comparison between the values of Mo° for Cape Sheridan as derived from the Peary expeditions of 1905-6 and 1908-9 (pp. 40-43) affords still another check, but as no time notes were given in connection with the earlier observations there is a small uncertainty in the time relations. Because of the frequency of the readings, it was a simple matter to take the time corrections into account. The tabulations published below therefore show the heights for the exact hours, true time. BENCH MARKS AND TIDE STAVES — RECORD SECURED. Cape SJieridan. — The bench mark at Cape Sheridan is the top of a driven iron pipe. The pipe is surrounded by a biscuit tin planted in a mound of gravel. The zero of the tide staff was 11 feet 5 inches below the top of the pipe. The staff was located 275 feet true north from the bench mark. It was held in a vertical position by means of stones placed around it. An igloo was built over the staff. A well hole tlu-ough the ice and surrounding the staff enabled the observer to read with great accuracy the elevation of the water's surface. Heat was supplied by means of an oil stove. A similar arrangement obtained at Point Aldrich and Cape Bryant. Observations were commenced on November 12, 1908, and continued to June 30, 1909. The record consists of hourly staff readings and intermediate readings taken every ten minutes during most of the time. The total loss of hourly readings amounts to 31 hours. Hourly readings of the barometer and thermometer are also given. Point Aldrich, Cape Columhia. — The bench mai'k at Point Aldrich, Cape Colum- bia, is the top of a three-fourths inch pipe driven into the crushed rock at the foot of Independence Bluff. The staff was 77 feet 9 inches south 8° west (magnetic) from the bench mark. Repeated sights taken throughout the month showed the staff to have remained stable with reference to the bench mark, its zero being 8.37 feet below the bench mark. A cairn containing records was built over the bench mark. The tide staff was firmly fastened to two large boxes filled with rocks and rest- ing upon the bottom. The depth of water was 9 feet and the thickness of the ice 3 feet 4 inches. The bottom was hard and sandy. Old pack ice, evidently resting upon the bottom, lay a short distance seaward. It was noted by the observer that "a sudden rise and fall seemed always to follow a phenomenal cracking of the ice foot." Observations were commenced on November 16 and continued to December 14, 1908. The record consists of hourly staff readings throughout this period, gen- erally supplemented by more frequent readings. Hourly readings of the barometer and thermometer are also given. Cape Bryant.— The bench mark at Cape Bryant is the top of a driven pipe. The pipe is surrounded by a biscuit tin planted in a mound of dirt. The zero of the RECENT TIDAL OBSERVATIONS. 9 tide staff was 11 feet below the top of the pipe. The tide staff' bore due north fTom the bench mark, distance 52 feet. Observations were commenced on January 15 and continued to February 13, 1909. The record consists of hourly staff readings throughout this period and inter- mediate readings taken every ten minutes during most of the time. Hourly read- ings of the barometer and thermometer are also given. Ca'pe Morris Jesup. — Observations at Cape Morris Jesup were commenced on May 13 and continued to May 23, 1909. The record consists of hourly staff readings, generally supplemented by more frequent readings. The total loss of hourly read- ings amounts to 5 hours. Hourly readings of the barometer and thermometer are also given. Fort Conger. — The bench mark at Fort Conger is the top of an iron pipe driven into the ground. The pipe is surrounded by a brick pier and is situated between the remains of the old house at Fort Conger and the shore hne. The zero of the tide staff was 25 feet 9j inches below the top of the pipe. The staff was fastened to an iron rod driven into the mud. Observations were commenced on June 10 and continued to June 25, 1909. The record consists of hourly staff readings throughout this period and intermediate readings taken every ten minutes during most of the time. Hourly readings of the barometer and thermometer are also given. The staff zero was in every case kept at a fixed height throughout the observa- tion period. At Cape Columbia, Cape Morris Jesup, and Fort Conger the staves were not once knocked down. The principal results of harmonic analyses of these observations are given in the next chapter. The more complete results for Cape Sheridan are, however, given below. All constants from recent analyses have been cleared of the disturbing effects due to other components by means of rules and tables given on pages 545- 557, 573, 587, and 588, Coast and Geodetic Survey Keport for 1897, and pages 504 and 506-519, Eeport for 1907 (Manual of Tides, Parts II and V). The values of the intervals and ranges obtained from tabulating the high and low waters will be found in the table of intervals, ranges, tidal hours, etc. (Chap. Ill, pp. 50, 51). Results ofJiarmonic analysis ofJiourly ordinates for Ckipe Sheridan {191\ days, begin- ning OTi. Novemler IS, 1908). H. K. H. K. 1;;; 1;;;; o^.. Feet. 0. 1550 0. 1039 0. 0255 0. 8086 0. 0124 0. 0076 0. 1417 0. 0882 298.1 348.0 329.6 303.5 358.2 180.0 274.9 278.3 Pi 1:::::. S. T..... P-2 Feet. 0. 0528 0. 0130 0. 3780 0. 0044 0. 0354 0..0165 0. 0326 295.8 265.1 351.6 133.4 43.3 235.0 283.6 The observed times and heights of the high and low waters are given in tabular form following the table of hourly heights. 10 ARCTIC TIDES, Hourly heights of the tide at Cape Sheridan, Point Aldrich, Cape Bryant;, Oape Morris Jesup, and Fort Conger. [Sixtieth meridian time. Brackets Indicate interpolated values.] CAPE SHERIDAN, GRANT LAND. 5 6 7 9 10 11 Noon. 13 14 15 16 17 November, 1908. 1.05 1.25 1.68 2.12 2.56 2.87 3.00 2.91 2.63 2.20 1.81 1.53 1.43 1.60 1.90 2.30 2.68 Feet. 3.01 3.12 3.00 2.60 2.12 1.61 1.22 1.01 1.04 1.24 1.65 2.36 2.57 2.54 2.35 2.02 1.83 1.71 1.91 2.18 2.53 14. 15. 16. Feet. Feet. Feet. 2.83 2.79 2.20 3.10 3.04 2.35 3.25 3.14 2.45 3.02 3.14 2.50 2.68 3.06 2.43 2.30 1.96 2.73 2.45 2.34 2.^5 1.74 2.18 1.91 1.60 2.00 1.75 1.70 1.88 1.55 1.88 1.94 1.38 2.26 2.11 1.38 2.50 2.34 1.41 2.79 2.52 1.55 2.90 2.64 1.69 2.94 2.72 1.82 2.86 2.68 1.91 2.65 2.57 1.95 2.40 2.51 1.92 2.22 2.36 1.84 2.12 2.20, 1.75 2.16 2.04 1.64 2.31 2.00 1.54 2.57 2.02 1.46 November, 1908— Continued. 1.11 [0.99] Feet. 3.49 3.45 1.98 1.46 1.08 1.04 1.32 1.82 2.37 2.20 1.72 1.38 1.24 1.43 2.36 2.84 3.31 1.70 1.99 3.29 2.70 2.17 1.73 1.51 1.55 1.81 2.27 2.85 3.12 3.27 2.90 2.55 2.26 2.11 2.17 2.47 Feet. 3.57 3.81 3.79 3.69 3.26 2.84 2.39 2.02 3.50 3.50 2.98 2.07 2.38 2.31 2.36 2.55 2.85 Feet. 3.11 3.38 3.47 3.47 3.29 2.94 2.56 2.20 1.96 1.78 2.04 2.38 2.66 2.90 3.14 3.15 2.96 2.76 2.53 2.31 2.17 2.18 Feet. 1.44 [1.54] 1.67 1.49 1.30 1.20 1.16 1.20 1.33 1.46 1.64 1.86 2.00 2.00 1.92' 1.74 1.50 1.36 Feet. 2.49 2.73 2.96 3.02 2.78 2.52 2.19 1.94 2.98 3.07 2.98 2.85 2.61 2.37 2.18 2.10 Feet. 1.22 1.17 1.17 0.71 0.81 1.03 1.24 1.50 1.71 1.73 1.45 1.22 Feet. 2.13 2.24 2.43 2.64 2.79 2.89 2.89 2.76 2.25 1.94 2.33 2.63 Feet. 0.95 0.76 0.72 0.78 0.99 1.19 1.36 1.54 1.60 1.61 1.46 1.18 0.89 0.70 0.58 0.70 0.80 1.06 2.00 1.97 1.78 1.53 1.97 2.19 2.47 2.78 2.52 2.25 1.96 1.72 1.97 2.29 2.64 2.95 3.17 3.20 3.03 2.71 2.27 Feet. 1.21 0.96 0.76 0.70 0.89 1.18 1.46 1.74 2.06 1.94 1.70 1.32 0.96 0.75 0.71 0.85 1.16 1.56 1.93 2.21 2.35 Feet. 1.54 1.09 0.74 0.51 1.07 1.52 1.84 2.03 2.07 1.81 1.41 1.00 0.65 0.47 0.53 0.79 1.15 . 1.59 2.20 2.20 1.94 Feet. 1.14 0.31 0.22 0.35 0.74 1.05 1.60 1.97 2.19 2.09 1.77 1.31 0.87 0.54 0.44 0.61 1.01 1.54 December, 1908. 1.73 1.70 1.85 2.11 2.41 2.75 3.03 3.14 3.06 2.79 2.42 3.05 3.35 3.59 3.55 3.25 2.87 Feet. 2.37 2.05 2.02 2.30 2.69 3.15 3.41 3.62 3.54 3.22 3.00 3.57 4.04 4.15 3.97 3.51 2.16 2.16 2.71 [3.11] 2.31 2.02 1.97 2.26 2.76 3.34 3.80 4.09 4.11 3.86 Feet. 2.00 1.50 [0. 98] 0.44 0.13 0.14 0.47 0.96. 1.45 1.85 2.21 2.24 2.06 1.00 0.62 0.37 0.42 0.76 1.22 1.81 2.26 2.51 Feet. 3.41 2.79 2.21 1.76 2.06 2.57 3.03 2.53 2.15 2.60 3.11 3.73 4.11 Feet. 2.18 1.75 1.17 0.64 0.20 0.02 0.64 1.18 1.70 2.12 2.33 2.25 0-49 0.37 0.59 1.03 1.59 2.13 2.49 2.62 2.33 ].94 1.90 2.14 2.56 3.15 3.68 4.02 4.U 2.04 [1.52] 0.31 -0.08 -0.09 0.23 0.71 1.23 1.74 2.10 2.18 1.94 1.40 0.94 0.54 1.06 1.67 2.13 =. I 3.50 2.91 2.29 1.75 1.45 1.56 1.94 2.47 2.97 3.41 3.77 2.70 2.28 2.08 2.15 2.62 3.05 3.60 4.07 RECENT TIDAL. OBSERVATIONS. 11 Hourly heigJds of the tide at Cape Sheridan, Point Aldrich, Gape Bryant, Cape Morris Jesup, and Fort Conger — Continued. [Sixtieth meridian time. Braoliets indicate interpolated values.] CAPE SHERIDAN, GRANT LAND-Continued. December, 1908— Continued. 10 11 Noon. 13 14 15 16 17 Feet. 4.34 4.06 3.56 2.99 2.40 1.96 1.81 2.08 2.44 2.88 3.31 3.71 3.95 3.90 3.57 3.08 2.58 2.17 2.31 2.67 3.13 Feet. 4.08 2.50 2.04 1.67 1.68 1.92 2.37 2.76 3.17 3.46 3.57 3.49 3.16 2.72 2.27 2.09 2.33 2.51 Feet. 3.73 3.85 3.69 3.32 2.74 2.23 1.84 2.16 2.57 2.99 3.55 3.36 2.5*9 2.42 2.26 2.39 2.63 3.03 3.39 3.53 3.13 2.41 2.73 3.38 3.16 2.87 2.65 2.40 2.37 2.44 2.69 Feet. 3.28 3.53 3.25 2.84 2.45 2.17 2.39 2.61 3.02 3.21 3.25 3.11 2.44 2.37 2.45 Feet. 2.76 3.03 3.21 3.17 3.03 2.72 2.46 2.16 1 '■'' 1.81 1.82 I 1.98 2.21 2.43 2.63 2.91 2.81 2.64 2.42 2.25 2.11 2.07 Feet. 2.27 2.44 2.64 2.78 2.19 2.01 1.92 1.94 2.03 2.20 2.41 2.62 2.83 2.88 2.85 2.72 2.56 2.40 Feet. 1.78 1.70 2.28 1.80 2.44 1.95 2.54 2.12 2.58 2.28 2.53 2.43 2.45 2.51 2.29 2.45 2.09 2.30 1.84 2.08 1.76 1.90 1.76 1.81 1.94 2.13 2.38 2.59 2.69 2.69 2.39 2.19 1.96 1.79 1.83 1.94 2.80 2.95 2.93 2.78 Feet. 1.96 1.79 1.98 2.20 2.40 2.60 2.72 2.68 2.52 2.21 1.98 1.83 1.83 1.92 2.17 2.43 2.79 Feet. 2.25 1.91 1.74 1.74 1.79 1.98 2.29 2.61 2.85 2.97 2.84 3.32 3.06 2.16 1.80 1.58 1.83 2.22 2.58 2.93 3.19 3.21 2.06- 2.29 2.68 3.11 3.48 3.70 3.71 3.54 Feet. 3.12 2.61 2.14 1.77 1.61 1.68 1.91 2.27 2.77 3.24 Feet. 3.29 2.81 2.16 1.70 1.29 1.18 2.82 3.05 3.31 3.18 2.79 2.29 1.86 1.58 1.55 1.80 2.29 2.81 i Hour. December, 1908— Continued. Noon. 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 3.06 2.51 1.84 1.34 1.00 1.07 1.40 1.89 2.46 2.92 2.64 2.16 1.78 1.53 1.71 2.04 2.65 3.18 3.72 Feet. 3.96 3.93 3.28 2.77 2.15 1.74 1.59 1.71 2.25 2.76 3.80 3.94 2.18 2.07 2.20 3.11 3.66 4.05 Feet. 4.12 4.05 3.66 3.18 2.49 1.82 1.45 1.41 3.71 3.51 3.09 2.49 2.05 1.80 1.75 2.01 2.50 Feet. 3.80 2.82 2.19 I 1.85 j 2.33 I 2.94 3.52 I 3.95 ! 4.07 4.22 4.00 3.50 2.99 2.35 2.00 1.85 1.91 2.24 2.65 Feet. 3.21 3.55 3.79 3.75 3.67 3.19 2.69 2.17 Feet. 2.79 3.15 3.07 2.99 2.64 1.93 2.35 1.90 2.10 2.06 2.03 2.37 2.10 2.75 2.41 3.13 2.78 3.49 3.07 3.69 3.37 3.68 3.45 3.36 3.49 2.60 39 2. 33 37 I 2. 17 62 ; 2.14 06 i 2.31 44 I 2.77 2.72 2.51 2.37 Feet. 2.20 2.48 2.80 3.06 3.20 3.18 3.00 2.48 2.17 1.97 1.86 2.00 2.20 2.50 2.78 2.52 2.15 1.96 Feet. 1.91 1.99 2.30 2.50 2.79 2.98 2.34 2.16 2.06 2.11 2.30 2.60 3.24 3.19 2.84 2.50 Feet. 2.19 2.04 2.11 2.33 2.59 2.89 3.04 3.17 3.20 3.08 2.85 3.78 3.75 3.49 2.89 Feet. 2.50 2.18 2.12 2.15 2.30 2.56 2.80 3.10 3.28 3.39 3.24 2.22 2.38 2.72 3.10 3.48 3.70 3.78 Feet. 2.73 2.30 1.99 1.83 1.91 2.10 2.40 2.70 3.04 3.27 3.00 2.60 2.25 2.09 2.10 2.37 2.79 Feet. 3.14 2.70 1.77 1.82 2.08 2.50 2.81 3.51 3.49 3.21 2.82 2.41 2.12 1.92 2.01 3.70 3.85 3.72 2.79 2.28 1.80 1.45 1.37 2.78 3.10 3.21 3.03 2.73 2.25 2.00 12 AKCTIC TIDES. Hourly heights of the tide at Cape Sheridan, Point Aldrich, Cape Bryant, Jesup, and Fort Conger — Continued. Morris [Sixtietli meridian time. Brackets indicate interpolated values.] CAPE SHERIDAN, GRANT LAND— Continued. January, 1909— Continued. Feet. 3.19 1.72 1.22 0.90 0.89 1.20 1.70 2.16 2.59 2.90 2.93 2.69 2.29 1.90 1.49 Feet. 3.31 3.08 2.72 2.21 1.75 1.30 1.14 1.40 2.34 2.79 3.21 3.50 3.43 2.92 2.42 2.03 1.93 2.12 2.60 3.05 3.53 Feet. 4.03 2.98 2.36 1.81 1.45 1.40 1.69 2.10 2.67 3.11 3.33 3.39 3.15 2.73 1.55 1.81 2.26 Feet. 3.29 3.32 3.17 2.69 1.01 1.12 1.61 2.11 2.61 2.90 3.19 3.17 2.92 2.41 2.06 1.70 1.65 1.77 2.15 2.55 2.93 Feet. 3.29 3.52 3.45 3.22 2.69 2.23 1.79 1.49 1.46 1.68 2.04 2.54 2.86 3.13 3.11 2.99 2.70 2.33 1.90 1.64 2.11 2.48 1.39 1.20 1.40 2.09 2.43 2.79 3.04 2.84 2.50 2.08 1.81 1.08 1.77 2.16 1.84 2.21 2.52 2.82 3.09 3.24 3.15 2.94 2.07 1.99 2.20 Feet. 2.45 2.71 2.75 2.39 2.04 1.79 1.70 1.87 2.09 2.34 2.64 2.84 2.89 2.81 2.54 Feet. 2.01 2.19 2.46 2.70 2.71 2.68 2.46 2.21 1.96 1.80 1.75 1.82 1.99 2.20 2.46 2.83 2.90 2.79 2.64 Feet. 1.86 2.41 2.53 2.60 2.51 2.42 2.17 2.05 1.94 1.95 2.04 2.17 2.30 2.54 2.75 2.93 3.06 3.05 2.94 2.72 Feet. 2.05 2.00 2.14 2.58 2.75 2.91 2.92 2.81 2.71 2.58 2.31 2.21 2.17 2.30 2.49 .2.69 2.92 3.10 3.19 3.13 Feet. 2.09 1.84 1.80 1.85 2.05 2.21 2.45 2.60 2.54 2.40 2.27 2.09 Feet. 2.12 1.83 1.59 1.49 1.59 1.79 2.10 2.40 2.59 2.30 2.01 1.77 1.65 1.81 2.14 2.60 2.90 3.25 Feet. 2.52 2.02 1.62 1.40 1.42 1.61 [1.98] [2.34] [2.68] 2.99 3.13 3.04 2.80 2.41 2.07 1.90 1.94 2.17 2.52 3.00 3.41 3.71 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Noon. 13 14 15 16 17 January, 1909— Continued. 1.85 1.53 1.75 2.16 3.34 3.39 3.16 2.81 2.36 1.90 1.63 1.61 1.90 2.38 2.94 3.39 3.64 3.61 2.74 2.23 1.63 1.14 0.90 1.04 1.46 1.95 2.48 2.93 3.18 3.20 2.86 1.84 1.40 1.29 Feet. 3.53 3.26 2.69 2.00 1.33 0.91 0.80 1.05 1.47 2.03 2.57 3.01 3.28 3.14 2.71 2.08 1.50 1.12 Feet. 3.33 3.28 2.84 2.17 1.42 0.79 0.40 0.39 0.86 1.40 2.04 2.64 3.02 3.16 2.99 2.49 1.10 1.10 1.45 2.07 2.66 Feet. 3.52 3.70 3.54 3.03 2.39 1.75 [1.32J 1.04 1.19 1.66 2.19 2.80 3.35 3.68 3.72 3.42 2.86 2.26 1.65 2.02 2.57 3.25 Feet. 3.67 1.96 1.53 2.01 2.38 2.86 Feet. 3.34 3.70 3.93 2.07 2.52 2.44 2.12 1.94 2.16 2.44 3.21 3.52 3.70 3.57 3.25 1.74 1.71 3.33 3.20 2.80 2.32 2.08 2.31 1.86 1.49 2.57 2.27 1.53 1.78 2.03 2.27 2.40 2.35 2.14 1.93 1.75 1.53 1.46 1.52 2.20 2.51 2.64 2.76 2.66 2.49 2.17 1.91 1.67 2.04 2.24 2.45 2.29 2.16 3.22 3.15 2.86 2.64 Feet. 2.32 2.07 2.00 2.00 2.22 2.40 2.68 2.85 2.95 2.99 2.92 2.75 2.51 2.25 2.48 2.81 Feet. 2.66 2.31 2.09 2.03 2.16 2.31 2.51 2.80 3.11 3.34 3.29 3.27 3.01 2.46 2.30 2.34 2.55 2.90 3.80 3.80 3.59 Feet. 3.16 2.71 2.29 1.93 2.14 2.46 2.85 3.18 3.37 3.14 2.80 2.38 2.08 3.72 3.53 RECENT TIDAL OBSERVATIONS. 13 Hourly heights of the tide at Gape Sheridan, Point Aldrich, Gape Bryant, Gape Morris Jesup, and Fort Gonger — Continued. [Sixtieth meridian time. Brackets indicate interpolated vi CAPE SHERIDAN, GRANT LAND— Continued. February, 1909— Continued. 11 Noon. Feet. 3.25 2.81 2.27 1.81 2.00 2.44 2.84 3.19 3.26 3.16 2.C9 2.36 1.95 1.63 1.59 1.80 2.16 3.12 3.39 3.42 Feet. 3.23 2.84 2.24 1.75 1.29 1.04 1.95 2.45 2.88 3.13 3.18 2.96 2.59 2.06 1.65 1.50 1.60 1.96 2.45 Feet. 3.71 2.91 2.29 1.74 1.47 1.40 1.60 2.09 2.52 3.02 2.41 1.92 1.51 1.47 1.66 2.15 2.66 3.21 1.55 1.55 3.81 3.58 3.07 2.61 2.15 1.92 1.99 2.29 2.78 4.08 4.03 3.77 3.29 2.69 2.07 1.70 1.61 1.94 2.36 2.62 2.00 1.71 1.62 1.86 2.26 2.70 Feet. 3.47 3.55 2.91 2.34 1.78 1.29 1.10 1.23 1.55 2.05 2.53 2.97 1.64 2.07 3.20 3.19 2.94 2.47 1.95 1.40 1.14 1.12 1.45 1.97 2.52 2.96 3.28 3.36 3.17 2.81 2.37 2.04 1.74 1.68 1.79 2.16 2.64 2.97 2.50 2.71 3.06 3.28 3.20 2.95 2.46 2.13 1.69 1.50 Feet. 2.42 2.76 2.96 2.92 2.76 2.37 1.97 2.98 3.19 3.29 3.17 2.89 2.56 2.21 1.95 2.02 2.30 Feet. 2.56 3.17 3.09 [2.88] 2.62 2.30 2.10 2.00 2.08 2.26 2.51 2.75 3.01 3.14 3.05 2.97 2.72 Feet. 1.91 2.12 2.34 2.50 2.59 2.52 2.32 2.07 1.86 2.24 2.53 2.71 2.29 2.15 1.94 1.83 Feet. 1.90 2.00 2.12 2.30 2.41 2.54 2.59 2.63 2.40 2.29 2.27 2.27 2.30 2.36 2.44 2.79 3.01 3.17 3.21 3.18 3.08 2.91 2.67 2.41 Feet. 2.28 2.26 2.33 2.46 2.69 2.90 3.07 3.19 3.19 3.12 3.01 2.95 2.81 2.72 2.78 3.00 3.26 3.54 3.71 3.77 3.81 3.65 3.47 3.14 Feet. 2.79 2.59 2.48 2.49 2.62 2.78 2.99 3.21 3.43 3.52 3.43 3.22 3.04 2.84 2.66 2.65 2.72 3.04 3.34 3.71 3.40 February, 1909— Continued. 2.55 2.17 1.95 1.91 2.14 2.58 2.30 2.05 2.10 2.35 2.69 3.11 3.47 3.77 3.83 2.96 3.39 3.67 3.74 3.47 3.10 2.59 2.25 2.07 2.19 2.54 3.99 4 29 Feet. 4.04 3.54 2.91 2.32 1.90 1.80 2.03 2.44 2.99 3.49 3.99 4.19 4.07 3.65 2.57 2.19 2.03 2.19 2.61 3.15 3.73 4.14 4.40 Feet. 4.29 3.33 2.49 1.48 1.45 2.66 2.03 1.71 1.72 2.08 2.64 3.83 4.28 Feet. 444 420 3.69 2.91 2.21 1.61 1.39 3.31 3.95 3.80 3.14 2.47 2.61 3.23 3.82 Feet. 415 419 3.89 419 3.65 2.94 2.23 1.74 1.52 2.19 2.79 3.38 411 3.70 1.25 1.63 2.20 2.87 3.35 3.76 3.86 3.54 2.87 2.21 1.54 1.14 0.93 1.15 1.67 Feet. 2.75 3.14 3.27 3.12 2.69 2.10 0.87 0.99 1.40 1.95 2.53 2.99 3.29 3.24 2.92 2.36 1.75 Feet. 2.12 2.58 2.91 2.99 2.74 2.34 1.87 1.10 1.29 1.75 2.28 2.75 3.07 1.35 1.41 2.67 2.41 2.12 1.87 1.71 1.71 1.88 2.54 2.85 3.03 3.07 2.96 1.75 1.57 Feet. 1.71 1.92 2.14 2.29 2.39 2.36 2.28 2.10 1.89 1.73 1.64 1.62 2.43 2.60 2.67 2.57 2.17 2.00 1.79 1.57 1.62 1.74 1.90 2.02 2.17 2.18 2.03 1.90 1.60 1.39 1.36 1.44 1.55 1.73 1.94 2.13 2.29 2.30 2.24 2.06 2.07 1.69 2.26 1.83 2.40 2.04 2.46 2.27 2.48 2.48 2.42 2.62 2.31 2.57 2.13 2.45 1.84 2.22 Feet. 1.93 1.45 1.36 1.40 1.55 1.85 2.17 2.43 2.61 2.65 2.58 2.41 2.12 1.90 1.79 1.87 2.14 2.44 2.74 3.04 3.19 3.18 2.97 14 AKCTIC TIDES. Hourly TieigJits of the tide at Cape Sheridan, Point Aldrich, Jesup, and Fort Ganger — Continued Bryant, Gape Morris [Sixtieth meridian time. Brackets Indicate interpolated values.] CAPE SHERIDAN, GRANT LAND— Continued. 10 11 Noon. 13 March, 1909 — Continued. Feet. 2.56 2.24 1.88 1.62 1.68 1.65 2.91 3.05 3.04 2.39 2.03 1.75 1.64 1.80 2.08 2.42 2.81 3.06 1.78 1.34 1.15 1.15 1.84 1.41 1.20 1.44 1.82 2.25 2.65 2.94 2.90 Feet. 2.74 2.30 0.90 0.77 0.90 1.95 1.45 0.91 0.70 1.26 1.76 2.29 2.70 2.89 2.82 2.34 1.81 1.29 0.97 1.04 1.30 1.81 2.36 Feet. 3.15 1.33 0.92 0.87 3.19 3.00 2.58 2.00 1.44 1.03 0.85 1.01 1.45 1.97 2.53 Feet. 3.14 1.45 0.91 0.67 0.78 1.18 1.70 2.26 2.75 3.07 0.75 1.11 1.64 2.20 2.74 Feet. 2.95 3.05 [1.71] 1.17 0.90 0.79 3.01 3.17 2.93 2.46 1.89 1.35 0.95 0.81 1.00 1.38 1.90 2.45 Feet. 2.86 3.03 2.84 2.47 1.87 1.27 0.87 0.76 0.90 2.90 2.52 2.00 1.46 1.01 0.80 0.78 1.11 1.54 2.08 2.54 2.78 2.07 1.56 1.13 0.89 0.92 l.,16 1.61 2.14 2.62 2.90 2.94 2.72 2.31 1.79 1.32 1.00 0.85 1.00 1.34 1.77 Feet. 2.16 2.49 2.63 2.49 2.18 1.73 1.31 1.01 0.88 1.01 1.32 1.77 I 2.19 I 2.52 [ 2.61 Feet. 1.68 2.01 2.25 2.09 1.92 1.81 1.49 1.48 1.10 1.17 0.82 0.82 0.78 0.70 1.00 0.74 1.34 0.93 15. 16. Feet. Feet. 1.19 1.28 1.44 1.42 1.66 1.55 1.78 1.74 1.78 1.84 1.69 1.87 1.43 1.81 1.19 1.70 1.08 1.58 1.04 1.45 1.09 1.37 1.27 1.31 1.60 1.45 1.92 1.65 2.10 1.93 2.27 2.09 2.22 2.20 2.15 2.21 2.00 2.22 1.78 2.16 1.51 1.99 1.26 1.77 1.18 1.57 1.17 1.41 Feet. 1.38 1.47 1.58 76] 1. 1, 1 1. 1.96 2.13 2.31 2.43 2.63 2.61 2.37 2.14 March, 1909 — Continued. Feet. 1.57 1.39 1.28 1.72 2.03 2.28 2.44 2.46 2.36 2.21 2.02 1.87 1.74 1.78 1.89 2.12 2.34 2.58 2.72 ,2.74 2.55 2.24 Feet. \ Feet. 1.83 I 2.26 1.45 ! 1.76 1.15 ' 1.27 1.06 1.27 1.61 2.53 2.53 2.33 2.05 1.06 1.35 1.21 1.24 1.48 1.92 2.27 2.64 2.90 2.90 2.67 1.85 2.35 2.60 2.11 2.58 3.05 3.30 3.24 2.91 2.34 1.70 [1. 17] 0.78 0.78 1.08 3.12 3.25 Feet. 3.10 2.07 2.65 3.10 3.26 2.91 2.16 1.45 0.76 0.40 0.42 0.80 1.40 2.16 2.80 3.23 Feet. 3.37 3.33 2.90 2.26 1.53 0.54 0.63 1.09 1.77 2.44 3.15 3.71 3.45 2.78 1.97 [1.25] 0.38 j 0.79 0.55 I 0.69 1.06 ; 1.02 1.70 j 1.58 2. 43 I 2. 21 3.04 1 2.85 Feet. 3.31 0.98 0.47 0.39 1.30 1.99 2.73 3.29 3.49 3.33 2.83 1.98 1.25 0.55 Feet. 3.27 3.30 2.15 [0.91] 0.74 3.39 3.64 3.52 0.99 0.77 1.13 1.70 2.27 2.75 3.10 3.14 2.39 1.76 1.32 0.97 1.27 1.77 2.74 2.18 1.54 2.05 Feet. 2.48 2.94 3.14 3.16 2.83 2.42 1.93 1.55 1.76 2.19 3.28 3.02 2.59 2.11 1.65 1.39 1.35 1.53 Feet. 2.26 2.67 [2.92] 3.00 2.90 2.69 2.42 2.17 2.00 1.96 2.10 2.42 2.82 3.20 3.47 3.56 3.45 3.24 2.95 2.58 2.29 2.05 Feet. 2.28 2.44 2.60 2.71 2.70 2.69 2.54 2.34 2.13 1.98 2.56 2.52 2.38 2.18 Feet. 1.37 1.47 1.55 1.65 1.75 1.84 1.90 1.87 1.78 1.53 1.45 2.01 1.95 1.85 1.67 1.48 Feet. 1.10 1.05 1.12 1.19 [1.29] 1.79 1.87 1.44 1.32 1.31 1.38 1.53 1.73 1.93 2.09 2.18 2.12 1.96 1.73 RECENT TIDAL OBSERVATIONS. 15 Hourly heights of the tide at Oape Sheridan, Point Aldrich, Cape Bryant, Gape Morris Jesup, and Fort Conger — Continued. [Sixtieth meridian time. Brackets indicate interpolated values.) CAPE SHERIDAN, GRANT LAND— Continued. 10 n Noon. 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 1.25 1.10 1.10 1.22 1.43 1.73 2.00 2.22 2.30 2.26 2.11 1.37 1.48 1.68 2.00 2.27 2.49 2.59 2.52 Feet. 2.01 1.20 1.23 1.46 1.76 2.14 2.46 2.70 2.75 2.29 1.94 1.63 1.47 1.90 2.29 2.98 2.99 2.82 Feet. 2.51 2.11 1.35 1.29 1.47 1.76 2.23 2.65 3.00 3.20 3.14 1.50 1.64 1.93 2.37 2.77 3.17 3.30 3.31 Feet. 2.96 2.48 1.88 1.54 1.29 1.29 1.58 2.04 2.53 Feet. 3.51 3.14 2.59 2.04 1.62 1.53 1.77 2.14 2.72 2.97 I 3.17 3.27 [ 3.60 3.78 1.78 2.19 1.45 1.58 1.98 2.44 2.92 3.47 Feet. 3.60 3.23 2.71 2.09 2.23 1.64 2.80 2.19 1.67 2.02 2.67 3.49 3.61 1.71 2.30 2.82 Feet. 3.58 3.53 3.12 2.58 1.53 1.95 2.45 3.05 3.51 3.73 3.70 3.33 2.79 2.18 1.61 1.31 1.33 1.63 2.11 2.66 3.12 Feet. 3.50 1.93 1.72 2.01 1.59 1.43 1.59 2.00 2.53 Feet. 3.46 3.22 2.74 2.25 1.91 1.79 1.93 2.31 3.74 3.35 2.61 2.22 3.04 3.30 3.37 3.24 2.36 1.40 1.70 Feet. 2.62 2.77 2.90 1.74 1.97 2.30 2.71 3.03 3.14 3.10 2.84 2.52 2.17 1.50 1.59 Feet. 2.12 2.37 2.54 2.67 April, 1909— Continued. 10 11 Noon. 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Feet. 1.82 2.04 2.45 2.57 2.25 2.12 2.10 2.90 j 2.94 2.87 ! 2.73 I 2.58 2.43 2.24 ; 2.11 Feet. 2.U 2.16 [2.27] 2.44 2.67 2.91 3.08 3.10 3.05 2.96 2.85 2.76 2.70 2.65 2.70 2.91 3.07 3.27 3.43 3.53 3.45 3.26 3.03 2.67 Feet. Feet. 2.29 1.92 1.61 2.76 3.09 3.27 2.73 2.46 2.18 2.23 2.41 2.74 2.95 3.19 3.31 3.22 2.98 Feet. 2.25 1.75 1.33 1.78 2.11 2.50 Feet. 2.64 2.05 2.60 3.11 3,36 1.93 2.27 3.00 3.18 3.05 2.74 2.99 2.53 2.01 1.67 2.18 3.27 3.08 2.25 2.84 2.52 1.85 2.27 2.88 2.14 1.37 0.78 0.56 Feet. 3.32 2.89 2.27 1.56 0.96 2.61 3.18 2.56 1.81 1.14 1.14 0.94 1.73 1.46 2.41 2.09 3.01 2.73 3.34 3.24 2.79 2.13 1.47 0.97 0.83 0.64 1.09 2.24 2.75 Feet. 3.10 3.19 2.92 2.41 1.79 1.24 1.82 2.44 3.02 3.42 3.53 3.22 2.73 0.87 0.70 0.90 1.31 Feet. 2.76 2.97 1.54 1.10 0.93 1.09 1.45 1.96 2.45 2.86 3,17 3.10 2.77 2.20 1.23 0.89 0.78 1.03 1.43 2.65 2.77 1:40 1.31 3.19 3.10 2.77 2.30 1.83 1.47 1.30 1.57 1.92 Feet. 2.51 2.72 2.81 2.67 2.40 2.11 1.87 1.75 1.75 1.88 2.21 2.56 2.82 3.03 2.93 2.66 2.36 2.05 1.80 1.65 1.68 1.83 16 ABCTIG TIDES. Hourly heights of the tide at Sheridan, Point Aldrich, ,d Fort Conger — Continued. Bryant, Cape Morris [Sixtieth meridian time. Brackets indicate interpolated values.] CAPE SHERIDAN, GRANT LAND— Continued. April, 1909— Continued. May, 1909. 2.05 2.^8 2.47 2.61 2.67 ,2.57 2.44 2.29 2.16 2.02 1.98 2.09 2.34 2.54 2.72 2.81 1.89 1.78 1.72 2.17 ?.04 2.10 2.26 2.53 2.44 2.09 1.88 1.70 Feet. 1.65 1.71 1.79 1.88 2.02 2.21 2.39 2.50 2.50 2.37 2.17 Feet. 1.55 1.43 1.38 1.41 1.61 1.85 2.09 2.31 2.43 2.36 2.15 1.90 1.66 1.44 1.35 1.35 1.54 1.74 2.30 2.07 1.78 Feet. 1.53 1.27 1.08 1.09 1.24 1.53 1.86 2.18 2.43 2.50 2.40 2.13 1.78 1.47 1.22 1.15 1.25 2.54 2.51 2.32 1.49 1.86 2.67 2.91 2.90 2.66 2.32 1.93 1.58 1.18 1.35 1.71 2.13 2.51 2.72 2.79 2.64 2.29 1.88 1.37 1.03 0.97 1.12 1.47 1.94 2.35 2.67 2.77 2.64 2.30 1.83 0.88 0.73 0.80 1.17 1.63 2.11 2.54 2.77 2.73 Feet. 2.44 2.01 1.50 1.09 0.89 1.01 1.39 2.39 2.83 3.12 3.16 2.91 2.47 1.90 1.84 2.34 2.83 2.27 1.72 1.40 1.30 1.59 2.00 2.57 3.04 ,2.94 2.39 1.80 2.22 2.78 3.53 3.51 3.18 2.67 2.15 2.45 3.37 2.55 1.90 1.26 0.87 0.75 1.05 1.48 2.03 2.48 2.78 Feet. 2.96 2.75 2.27 1.67 1.17 2.94 3.10 0.72 0.55 0.64 1.05 1.57 2.10 1.42 1.06 0.92 1.10 1.49 1.94 2.49 2.93 3.17 3.14 2.81 2.32 0.70; 0.97 1.41 1.95 Feet. 2.72 2.85 2.71 2.32 1.89 1.46 1.22 1.19 1.44 1.86 2.35 2.84 3.14 2.70 2.17 May, 1909— Continued. 15. 16. 2.46 2.71 2.74 2.54 2.11 1.72 2.86 3.06 2.41 1.91 2.50 2.65 2.55 2.32 2.00 1.69 1.47 1.40 1.53 2.49 2.11 1.70 1.85 2.16 2.44 2.72 2.67 2.50 2.26 1.97 1.70 1.53 1.45 1.54 2.15 2.37 2.50 2.50 2.39 2.21 2.04 2.04 2.25 2.37 2.45 1.92 1.65 1.42 1.30 1.82 2.06 2.30 2.40 2.36 2.20 1.98 1.76 1.60 1.51 2.06 2.23 Feet. 1.20 1.10 1.18 1.43 1.74 2.24 2.45 2.53 Feet. 1.44 1.16 1.09 1.53 1.97 2.97 2.72 2.34 1.92 1.50 2.61 2.91 2.96 2.80 2.47 Feet. 2.04 1.59 2.30 2.77 3.17 2.76 2.31 1.77 1.28 1.01 Feet. 2.12 1.58 1.05 0.72 0.74 Feet. 2.57 2.01 1.45 0.94 0.72 0.85 2.47 2.98 3.29 1.75 1.07 0.64 0.57 1.85 2.45 2.91 2.57 1.97 2.14 2.70 2.87 2.18 1.45 0.86 0.54 0.59 0.89 1.40 2.00 2.55 Feet. 3.06 1.82 0.91 2.44 2.96 3.47 3.28 1.79 2.33 2.81 2.76 2.23 1.71 1.26 1.07 0.78 0.70 RECENT TIDAL OBSERVATIONS. 17 Hourly heights of the tide at Gape Sheridan, Point Aldrich, Gape Bryant, Gape Morris Jesup, and Fort Conger — Continued. [Sixtieth meridian time. Brackets indicate interpolated values.) CAPE SHERIDAN, GRANT LAND-Continued. May, 1909— Continued. Feet. 2.70 2.85 2.77 2.46 2.01 l.CO 2.34 2.84 1.91 1.44 1.17 1.25 1.55 2.00 2.47 3.10 3.20 3.06 2.78 2.40 3.27 3.60 3.54 3.20 2.78 2.30 1.96 1.84 1.99 2.26 .. Feet. 2.93 3.21 3.39 3.41 3.25 2.97 2.07 2.46 2.33 3.35 3.06 2.64 2.26 2.04 1.90 2.00 2.18 Feet. 2.45 2.70 2.90 3.02 3.01 2.86 2.72 2.44 2.16 1.96 Feet. 2.24 2.42 2.62 2.78 2.92 3.00 2.90 2.77 2.60 2.49 3.04 3.18 2.90 2.70 2.51 2.35 Feet. 2.30 3.01 3.14 3.24 3.22 3.13 2.94 2.75 2.63 2.00 2.74 2.91 2.86 2.65 2.43 2.43 2.59 2.77 2.99 3.15 3.22 3.05 2.81 2.56 2.41 2.28 Feet. 2.27 2.75 3.02 3.24 3.34 3.25 3.02 2.74 2.45 2.19 31. 1- Feet. Feet. 2.43 2.71 2.17 2.39 2.01 2.08 2.06 1.98 2.29 2.13 2.66 2.42 2.99 2.83 3.27 3.23 3.44 3.52 3.43 3. 66 2.17 1.91 1.94 2.19 2.57 3.00 2.40 2.09 2.55 2.28 2.80 2.54 2.99 2.83 3.09 3.09 3.06 3.18 2.94 3.12 2.73 2.96 2.49 2.72 3.29 3.01 2.64 2.65 2.97 3.21 Feet. 3.14 2.71 2.30 1.96 1.82 1.91 2.22 3.18 3.54 3.73 3.35 2.93 2.44 2.03 2.35 2.75. 2.45 2.97 1.75 1.37 2.07 1.61 2.48 . 2.01 2.91 2.50 3.31 2.97 3.50 3.34 3.46 3.48 1.52 1.57 June, 1909— Continued. Feet. 2.59 2.06 2.06 10 11 Noon. 13 14 15 16 17 3.22 2.64 2.10 1.63 1.50 1.73 2.17 2.66 3.17 3.56 Feet. 3.76 2.37 2.07 2.24 2.64 3.14 3.65 4.16 4.06 3.70 3.25 2.60 2.10 1.80 1.81 2.12 2.61 3.08 3.50 Feet. 3.81 3.66 3.25 2.75 2.35 2.09 2.15 2.46 3.30 3.71 3.95 4.04 3.83 3.40 2.85 1.87 1.79 2.09 2.53 2.57 2.26 2.15 2.26 2.54 3.00 3.54 3.77 .3.94 3.91 3.64 3.22 2.73 2.23 1.76 1.93 2.23 2.60 Feet. 2.99 3.28 3.44 3.36 3.10 2.46 2.19 2.08 2.18 2.45 2.87 3.21 3.48 2.93 2.49 2.09 1.81 1.79 1.95 2.25 Feet. 2.44 3.40 [ 3.41 3.35 3.16 2.79 2.46 2.25 2.19 2.31 2.55 2.85 .3.15 3.40 3.57 3.51 3.30 2.96 2.60 2.31 3.51 3.43 2.98 2.77 2.55 2.39 2.46 2.63 2.90 3.12 3.29 3.35 3.18 2.92 2.63 2.34 Feet. 2.15 2.39 2.63 2.83 .3.10 3.29 3.14 2.84 2.58 2.29 2.10 2.09 2.16 2.42 2.72 3.04 2.48 2.23 2.01 18 AB.CTIC TIDES. Hourly heights of the tide at Gape Sheridan, Point Aldrich, Cape Bryant, Gape Morris Jesup, and Fort Ganger — Continued. [Sixtieth meridian time. Brackets indicate interpolated values.] CAPE SHERIDAN, GRANT LAND— Continued. Noon. 13 2.94 2.42 1.9G 1.70 2.04 3.01 3.64 3.25 2.65 2.05 1.56 1.33 1.45 1.79 2.27 2.74 3.21 Feet. 3.47 1.65 1.79 2.19 2.72 3.26 3.66 3.88 3.86 3.13 2.53 1.56 1.43 1.63 2.04 2.49 2.97 3.24 2.77 2.31 1.98 1.91 2.11 2.54 3.54 3.90 4.04 3.97 3.15 2.57 2.10 1.79 1.79 2.07 3.26 2.84 2.49 2.26 2.23 2.49 3.70 3.95 4.01 3.84 3.47 2.96 2.43 2.00 1.79 1.93 2.24 2.67 Feet. 3.37 3.57 3.57 3.36 2.14 2.20 2.49 2.83 3.22 3.77 3.75 3.50 3.10 1.84 1.72 1.94 2.30 June, 1909— Continued. Feet. 2.95 3.20 3.35 3.34 3.12 2.80 2.46 2.21 2.15 2.26 2.55 2.89 3.22 3.47 2.95 2.53 2.19 1.99 2.03 2.25 2.54 2.63 2.45 2.41 2.56 2.84 3.10 3.36 3.56 3.60 3.45 3.20 2.46 2.20 2.14 2.20 2.43 2.91 3.16 3.31 3.36 2.61 2.41 2.37 2.43 2.85 3.09 3.23 3.25 3.11 2.57 2.02 2.12 2.74 2.93 2.57 2.36 2.21 2.18 2.27 2.43 2.62 2.78 2.91 2.95 2.81 2.65 2.42 2.18 2.07 2.06 Feet. 2.16 3.11 3.01 2.84 2.61 2.38 2.19 2.12 2.17 2.28 2.45 2.66 2.81 2.86 2.80 2.65 2.42 2.75 2.51 2.23 2.14 2.33 2.54 2.71 2.79 2.79 2.55 2.33 3.19 3.37 3.48 3.34 3.11 2.81 2.51 2.29 2.19 2.25 2.40 2.37 2.29 2.33 2.56 2.87 3.21 3.49 3.61 3.56 3.31 2.99 BECENT TIDAL OBSERVATIONS. 19 Hourly TieigJits of fJie tide at Cape Sheridan, Point Aldrich, Cape Bryant, Cape Morris Jesup, and Fort Conger — Continued. [Sixtieth meridian time. Brackets indicate interpolated values.] POINT ALDEICH, CAPE COLUMBIA. GRANT LAND. November, 1908. Feet. [3.74] [3.84] [3. 90] [3.87] [3.80] [3.71] [3.62] [3.52] [3.40] [3.25] 3.31 3.40 3.45 3.49 [3.47] 3.41 3.33 3.30 3.27 3.27 3.29 3.33 3.64 3.72 3.66 3.54 3.44 3.29 3.17 3.03 3.11 3.15 3.20 3.25 3.29 3.31 3.40 3.22 3.12 3.01 3.06 Feet. 3.09 3.14 3.20 3.25 3.28 3.21 3.12 3.04 2.88 2.77 2.68 2.58 3.00 3.05 3.06 3.06 3.05 2.92 2.87 Feet. 2.81 2.83 2.95 3.01 3.12 3.18 2.91 2.85 2.72 2.60 2.55 2.60 2.86 2.86 2.91 3.21 3.06 2.96 2l92 Feet. 3.00 2.89 2.87 2.93 3.06 3.33 3.38 3.30 3.25 3.04 2.85 2.69 2.64 2.76 2.94 3.18 3.54 3.50 3.55 3.47 3.35 3.06 3.27 3.14 2.75 2.91 3.20 3.77 3.69 3.51 2.64 2.81 3.31 3.16 2.96 '2.78 2.58 2.51 2.54 2.73 2.97 3.24 3.57 3.72 3.04 3.22 3.25 3.22 3.07 2.87 2.66 2.55 2.51 3.20 3.45 3.74 2.43 2.47 2.63 2.85 2.99 3.14 3.08 3.01 2.41 2.31 2.34 2.50 2.77 3.10 Feet. Feet. 3. 32 3. 58 .61 .49 [2.35] 2.51 [2.59] 2.67 2.77 2.89 2.95 I 3.11 2.90 3.24 2.95 i 3.30 3k 65 2.43 2.25 2.27 2.41 2.95 3.29 Feet. 4.11 4.13 4.04 3.35 3.15 3.06 3.01 3.12 3.12 3.43 3.37 3.03 3.09 3.22 3.41 3.55 December, 1908. 3.76 3.80 3.70 Feet. 3.40 3.49 3.62 3.60 3.54 3.46 2.95 2.83 3.16 3.28 3.34 3.40 3.32 3.15 2.96 3.40 3.41 3.03 2.95 2.97 3.21 3.43 3.65 3.74 3.75 3.70 3.54 3.73 3.72 3.69 3.62 3.40 3.21 3.10 3.06 3.22 3.45 4.32 4.27 4.15 3.34 3.29 3.81 4.12 4.32 4.09 3.79 3.29 3.11 3.12 3.17 3. .35 3.57 3.72 3.19 3.15 3.24 3.43 4.13 4.45 3.54 3.74 Feet. 3.91 3.58 3.29 3.10 3.00 3.06 3.24 3.50 3.70 3.84 3.84 3.78 3.16 3.24 3.41 3.73 4.32 4.43 4.37 4.19 3.31 3.31 4.35 4.46 4.41 F'^et. 4.28 3.22 3.10 .3.11 3.21 3.41 3.76 3.69 3.55 3.13 3.09 3.23 3.47 Feet. 4.42 4.22 4.12 3.08 3.10 3.13 3.27 3.46 3.60 3.71 3.71 3.70 3.57 3.44 3.29 3.24 3.35 3.49 3.71 4.04 Feet. 4.22 4.21 3.91 3.67 3.40 3.49 3.30 3.28 3.25 3.24 3.29 3.19 3.48 3.33 3.56 3.53 3.73 [3.65] 3.76 [3.73] 3.72 [3.78] 3.67 [3.72] 3.66 [3.66] 3.37 [3.56] 3.35 [3.47] 3.36 [3.40] 3.39 [3.43] 3.56 [3.55] 3.81 [3.75] 3.95 [3.90] 4.19 [4.15] 20 ARCTIC TIDES. Hourly heights of the tide at Cape SJieridan, Point Aldrich, Cape Bryant, Cape Morrit Jesup, and Fort Conger — Continued. [Sixtieth meridian time. Brackets indicate interpolated values.] CAPE BKYANT. NORTH GREENLAND. 10 11 Noon. 1.3 14 1,=; lu 17 18 4.97 5.04 5.07 5.03 5.10 5.15 5.78 5.80 5.71 5.58 5.43 Feet. 5.17 4.98 4.95 5.13 5.2G 5.38 5.48 5.55 5.57 5.59 5.5C 5. .53 5.53 5.59 5.08 5.71 5.81 5.81 5.72 Feet. .5.22 4.95 4.70 4.63 4.72 4.90 5.05 5.23 5.39 5,47 5.43 5.43 5.48 5.54 5.67 5.79 •5,83 5.72 5.56 Feet. 5.42 5.12 4.56 4.37 4.31 4.42 4.59 4.75' 5.09 5.38 5.56 .5.51 5.38 5.29 5.31 5.38 5.50 5.67 5.77 5.74 5.65 Feet. 5.40 5.31 4.95 4.64 4.38 4.45 4.73 5.12 5.47 5.72 5.80 5.76 5.64 5.57 5. .53 5.53 5.60 5.76 5.97 6.08 6.07 Feet. 5.94 5.53 5.17 4.78 4.53 4.39 4.43 4.67 Feet. 5.87 5.74 5.56 5.12 5.37 4.91 5.70 5.38 5.96 5.74 6.10 5.97 6.05 6.00 5.85 5.77 5.03 5.55 5.41 5.40 5.30 5.21 5.31 5.18 5.42 5.25 5.61 5.39 5.82 5.56 5.90 .5.74 Feet. 5.81 5.84 5. 68 .5.45 4.91 4.53 4.13 3.96 3.97 4.97 5.44 5.77 5.87 5.78 5.54 5.27- 5.04 4.87 4.79 Feet. 5.40 5.50 ,5.43 5.21 4.92 4.44 3.97 3.66 3.80 4.11 4.52 5.7 5 5.67 5.03 5.20 Feet. 5.42 5.63 5,77 5,54 5,25 4.82 4.48 4.35 4.36 4.52 4.91 5.33 6.20 5.91 5.74 5.45 5.39 5.93 6.13 0.24 6.14 0.32 6,59 6,62 6.46 6.22 5.95 5.76 5.57 5. .51 5.58 27. 28. Feet. Feet. 5.66 5.49 .5.78 5.53 5.90 5.66 6.13 5,83 6,17 5,89 j 6.06 5.89 5.95 5.79 5.61 5.69 1 j 5.34 5.43 I 5.17 5.24 [ 5.16 5.16 5.27 5.17 1 5.49 5.27 i 5.76 5.43 6.14 5.63 6.46 5.86 6.64 6.04 0.60 6.10 6.41 5.99 6.16 5.74 6.02 5.51 5.76 5.34 5.58 5.10 5.46 4.88 Feet. 4.77 4.75 4.97 5.01 4.95 5.14 5.35 5.49 5.48 5.42 5.24 4. .52 4.56 4.61 5.02 5.11 5,09 5.07 5. 03 .5.09 5.24 5.41 .5.47 5.51 5.54 5.52 5.35 5.18 5.05 5.16 5.24 5.35 5.45 5.50 5.54 5.51 5. 56 5.62 5.71 5.83 Feet. 5.57 5.34 5.10 4.99 4.97 5.23 5.49 5.72 5.88 6.00 .5.94 Feet. .5.71 5,55 5.35 .5. 18 ■ 5.08 4.98 .5.06 5,25 5.54 5,84 6,10 0,34 6.24 6.09 Feet. 6.01 5.91 5.64 5.34 5.11 4,97 4, 90 4,98 5.21 5.53 5.86 6.12 6.29 6,28 6.19 5.65 5.31 4.97 4.70 4.89 5.52 5.77 6.10 6.20 6.14 5.96 5.70 5.85 5.91 5.71 5.63 5.88 5.96 5.69 .5.40 5, 98 6.03 5.77 .5.39 6.08 6.14 5.84 5.50 6.10 6.23 5.98 5.64 6.07 6.29 6.08 5.79 5.90 6.16 6.08 5.55 5.21 4.84 4.49 4.45 4.73 5.10 .5.48 .5.81 6.01 5.64 5.57 5.41 Feet. 7. Feet. 6.12 5.90 6.09 5,98 5.86 5,90 5.56 5,73 5.28 5.40 4.93 5.10 4,64 4.80 4,55 4.62 5.14 5.64 5.85 6.16 6.20 6.05 5.75 5.47 5.27 5.13 5.19 5.31 5, .50 5,09 4,93 5.- 21 5,62 0,04 6,37 6.54 6.46 6.33 6.05 .5.78 .5.65 5.51 6,32 6.36 6.22 5.90 5.54 5.24 4,96 4,87 5,12 5,46 6.22 6.45 6.45 6.24 5.95 5.64 5.46 5.32 5.29 5.40 5.55 Feet. 5.72 5.95 I 5.87 5.61 5.26 5.01 4.72 4.56 4.53 4'. 67 4.94 5.33 5.69 5.97 6.06 5.87 ' 5.67 Feet. \ Feet. 5.40 j 5.50 5. 57 5. 67 5.70 5.72 5.66 4.67 01 4.82 I 5.02 5.09 5; 12 5.42 I 5.32 5.71 j 5,57 5.97 j 5.81 6.09 5.98 5.75 5.66 5. 62 1 6. 42 Feet. 5.27 • 5.36 5. 48 5.62 5,71 [5.73] [5.63] [5.47]' [5.32] [5.19] [5.12] [6.13] [5.28] [5.62] [5.75] 1 [5.98] [6.14] [6.15] I [6.02] [5.78] I [5.48] j [5.22] [5.04] [4.96] RECENT TIDAL OBSERVATIONS. 21 Hoitiiy heights of the tide at Gape Sheridan, Point Aldrich, Cape Bryant, Cape Morris Jesup, and Fort Conger — Continued. [Sixtieth meridian time. Brackets indicate interpolated values.] CAPE MORRIS JESUP, PEARY LAND. May, 1909. 10 11 Noon. 13 14 3.78 [3.79] 3.84 3.94 4.03 4.15 4.26 4.31 4.36 4.33 4.27 4.15 3.70 3.64 3. 58 3.60 3. fiO 3.62 3i62 ' 3.62 3.62 3.64 3.6.7 , [3.72] j [3.79] i 3.87 3.94 4.01 1 3.50 3.55 3. 64 3.65 3.66 3.66 3.63 3.65 [3. 68] 3.73 3.76 3.81 3.87 3.90 3.92 3.88 3.84 3.77 3.58 3.53 Feet. 3.51 3.53 3.57 3.64 3.74 3.90 3.85 3.86 3.94 3.99 4.03 4.07 4.10 4.12 4.10 4.07 3.98 3.91 3.97 4.19 4.26 4.32 4.30 3.90 4.00 Feet. 3.74 3.72 3.73 3.80 3.92 4.01 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.04 3.91 3.79 3.68 3.58 3.55 3.54 3.64 3.70 3.74 3.75 3.72 3.68 3.58 3.56 4.14 4.24 4.28 4.24 4.17 4.08 3.90 3.77 3.64 3.59 3.61 3.64 3.75 3.81 Feet. 3.76 3.70 3.70 3.70 3.76 3.88 4.04 4.20 4.33 4.49 4.49 4.42 4.29 4.13 3.95 3.79 3.67 3.74 3.87 Feet. 3.77 3.70 4.50 4.64 4.61 4.53 4.41 4.24 4.04 3.89 3.78 3.77 3.78 Feet. 3.96 3.87 3. S3 4.13 4.32 4.50 4. .59 4.63 4.58 4.48 4.34 4.17 [3.99] 3.71 3.76 3.78 22 ABCTIO TIDES. Hourly heigJits of the tide at Gape Sheridan, Point Aldrich, Gape Bryant, Jesup, and Fort Gonget — Continued. Morris [Sixtieth meridian time. Brackets indicate interpolated values.) FORT CONGER, GRANT LAND. 10 11 Noon. 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 2.81 3.58 5.44 5.41 4.97 4.24 3.41 2.63 2.12 2.00 2.19 2.63 3.26 3.91 4.45 4.74 4.65 4.19 3.57 2.96 2.42 Feet. 2.17 2.25 4.01 4.72 3.44 2.59 1.91 1.60 1.72 2.24 2.94 3.69 3.95 4.78 5.31 5.45 2.60 1.86 1.54 1.60 2.08 2.80 3.61 4.42 14. 15. 16. ]7. 5.22 5.44 5.10 2.36 1.59 1.13 1.28 1.91 2.89 3.93 4.96 5.73 5.92 5.51 Feet. 4.67 2.23 3.05 4.16 5.08 5.65 5.74 5.29 3.27 2.16 1.41 1.09 1.26 1.96 3.08 4.35 Feet. 5.51 4.49. 4.02 4.97 5.54 5.53 4.97 3.93 2.66 1.59 0.67 1.04 3.19 4.52 5.29 4.10 1.95 2.95 4.11 5.13 5.48 4.79 2.34 1.19 1.25 2.31 3.66 5.07 Feet. 6.53 6.25 3.31 4.46 5.32 5.71 5.49 2.07 1.17 4.70 5.47 5.65 5.22 4.23 2.95 1.71 0.87 1.15 2.05 3.29 4.70 Feet. 5.90 6.54 6.47 3.19 2.05 1.42 1.53 2.17 .3.13 4.28 5.25 5.79 5.72 5.05 4.02 2.80 1.74 1.13 1.13 1.76 2.74 3.95 21. 22. 23. 24 Feet. 2.72 3.22 4.99 4.77 4.31 3.66 2.95 3.56 4.11 4.33 [4.22] [3.90] [3.45] [3.05] [2.70] [2.50] High and low waters at Gape Sheridan, Point Aldrich, Gape Bryant, Gape Morris Jesup, and Fort Gonger. [Sixtieth meridian time. Brackets indicate interpolated values.] CAPE SHERDIAN. Date. Forenoon tides. Afternoon tides. Time of— Height of— Time of- Height of- H. W. L. W. H.W. L.W. H.W. L.W. H.W. L.W. 1908. ft. m. h. m. Feet. Feet. ft. m. h. m. Feet. Feet. Nov. 1.2 13 05 18 46 3.0 1.4 13 55 7 25 3.1 1.0 13 50 19 14 : 2.6 1.6 14 1 58 8 06 3.3 1.6 14 50 20 18 3.0 2.1 15 3 05 9 15 3.2 1.9 15 20 22 00 2.7 2.0 16 2 54 10 48 i 2. 5 1.4 17 12 23 25 2.0 1.5 17 5 00 \ 1.9 18 40 12 00 2.0 1.2 18 6 37 1 13 i 1. 6 1.2 19 40 13 15 ! 1. 8 0.7 19 8 14 2 28 1. 6 0.6 20 25 14 05 2. 0.6 1 20 8 56 2 44 2. 1 0.7 21 11 14 46 2. 4 0.7 BECENT TIDAL, OBSERVATIONS. 23 High and low waters at Cape Sheridan, Point Aldricli, Cape Bryant, Cape Morris Jcsup, and Fort Conger — C'ontinued. (Sixtieth meridian time. Braclcets indicate interpolated values.) CAPE SHERIDAN— Continued. Date. Forenoon tides. Afternoon tides. Time of— Height of- Time of- Height of— H.W. L.W. H.W. L.W. H.W. L.W. H.W. L.W. 1908. h.m. h.m. Feet. Feet. h.m. h. m. Feet. Feel. Nov. ~ 21 9 36 3 19 2.1 0.5 21 29 15 21 2.3 0.5 22 10 11 4 01 2.2 0.2 21 56 15 51 2.5 0.4 23 10 36 1 4 30 2.3 0.1 22 26 16 11 2.6 0.3 24 11 11 5 01 2.4 0.0 22 53 17 01 2.6 0.4 25 11 46 ! 5 31 2.2 -0.1 23 32 17 26 2.4 0.1 26 5 56 0.7 12 26 18 01 3.1 1.2 27 23 6 33 3." 5 LO 13 07 18 23 3.3 1.6 28 47 ! 7 21 3.8 1.5 13 41 19 08 3.5 2.1 29 1 31 8 11 3.9 L9 14 27 20 10 3.5 2.3 30 2 21 ! 9 16 3.5 L8 15 36 21 31 3.2 2.2 Dec. 1 3 29 10 32 3.1 L8 16 57 23 17 3.1 2.1 2 5 17 ! 11 47 2.9 L7 18 21 3.1 3 6 39 29 2.8 1.9 19 37 i2'57 3.2 i.'6 4 • 7 57 1 1 36 3.1 L7 20 14 14 08 3.6 1.7 5 9 07 2 17 3.7 L8 21 03 14 42 4.2 2.0 6 9 47 3 33 3.9 L9 21 37 15 39 4.1 1.9 7 10 25 i 4 10 3.9 L6 22 13 16 00 4.3 2.0 8 11 13 1 4 37 3.9 1.7 22 50 16 43 4.1 1.9 9 11 41 5 07 3.9 L5 23 27 17 17 4.4 2.1 10 i 551 L8 12 27 18 00 4.0 2.2 11 00 6 33 4.1 1.6 12 57 18 23 3.6 2.0 12 57 7 02 3.8 1.7 13 32 19 02 3.6 2.2 13 1 21 7 31 3.9 1.9 14 02 19 58 3.5 2.4 14 1 58 i 8 24 3.6 2.0 15 00 21 01 3.3 2.4 15 2 27 ; 9 25 3.2 L8 15 58 21 47 2.9 2.1 16 4 01 ' 10 27 2.9 L9 17 10 23 55 2.9 2.0 17 5 01 11 37 2.6 L7 18 18 2 7 18 7 02 1 1 02 2.5 1.7 19 18 i2'56 3!o i.'s 19 8 21 ; 1 48 2.8 1.7 20 30 13 48 3.2 1.8 20 8 52 2 41 3.0 1.7 20 52 14 45 3.5 1.9 21 9 40 3 30 3.2 1.6 21 35 15 28 3.8 2.0 22 10 10 4 12 3.5 1.6 21 55 16 07 3.7 1.8 23 10 59 4 54 3.3 1.2 22 44 16 29 3.7 1.5 24 11 45 5 27 3.3 1.0 23 44 17 05 4.2 1.6 25 tl2 09 5 59 4.0 1.6 23 55 18 03 4.2 2.1 26 6 35 1.4 12 54 18 29 3.7 1.7 27 'o'm 7 14 3.' 9 L5 13.49 19 39 4.1 2.4 28 1 43 8 13 4.2 1.8 14 24 20 26 3.8 2.1 29 2 25 8 41 3.8 1.9 15 18 21 49 3.7 2.3 30 3 20 9 59 3.6 2.0 16 19 22 55 3.5 2.1 31 4 19 10 49 3.2 L9 17 29 23 44 3.2 1.9 tAfternoon tide. 24 ARCTIC TIDES. High and low VMtern at Cape Sheridan, Point Aldrich, Cape Bryant, Cape Morris Jesup and Fort Conger — Continued. [Sixtielh meridian time. Brackets indicate interpolated values.] CAPE SHERIDAN— Continued. Date. Forenoon tides. Afternoon tides. Time of— Height of- Time of— Height of- H.W. ' L. W. H.W. L. W. H.W. L. W. H. W. L. W. 1909. 1 ft. m. '■ ft. ro. Feet. Feet. ft. TO. ft. TO. Feet. Feet. Jan. 1 5 49 3.1 18 55 12 13 3.5 2.0 7 24 'i'i2 3.2 2.6 20 04 13 24 1 3.8 2.1 1 '^ 8 47 2 06 3.4 2.1 20 40 14 35 1 3.8 2.2 ' 4 9 50 3 24 3.4 1.9 21 23 15 23 4.0 2.1 5- 10 20 4 13 3.5 1.8 22 00 16 15 3.8 1.9 6 10 45 4 58 3.2 1.4 22 30 16 54 3.4 1.5 7 11 36 5 26 3.0 0.8 23 13 17 25 3.4 1.2 8 tl2 43 5 52 3.6 1.1 23 59 17 45 4.0 1.9 9 6 36 1.3 12 39 18 41 3.4 1.5 ! i '° 'o"36 6 58 3.' 4 1.0 13 31 18 51 3.2 1.6 ! 11 1 25 7 38 3.5 1.4 13 40 19 36 3.1 1.6 12 1 40 7 56 3.2 1.2 14 41 20 12 3.1 1.7 13 2 32 8 27 3.2 1.6 15 02 21 15 3.2 2.0 14 3 10 9 22 3.0 1.6 16 02 22 16 3.0 1.8 15 4 02 10 02 2.8 1.8 16 47 23 26 1.8 16 4 52 10 32 2.6 1.9 18 32 3.1 17 6 35 47 2.9 2.0 19 07 12 45 3.2 2.2 18 7 47 1 57 2.6 1.8 20 22 13 42 3.2 1.9 19 9 33 3 03 2. 7 ' 1. 5 21 05 14 53 3.4 1.7 20 10 06 3 30 3.2 1 1.4 21 43 15 20 3.8 1.9 21 10 35 4 38 3.4 1.5 22.28 16 33 3.7 1.5 22 11 31 5 18 3. 2 0. 9 23 23 16 58 3.6 1.3 23 5 49 0. 8 12 05 17 57 3.3 1.0 24 08 6 30 3. 4 1 0. 3 12 54 1 18 16 3.2 1.1 25 59 7 00 3. 7 1 1.1 13 35 1 19 19 3.8 1.5 26 1 53 7 49 4.0 ' 1.4 14 15 1 19 59 4.0 1.8 27 2 19 8 29 .3.9 1.7 14 57 20 58 4.0 2.0 28 3 03 9 23 3.7 1.6 15 40 J 22 13 3.4 1.5 ' 29 3 43 10 11 2.7 ].l ; 16 43 23 07 2.7 1.3 30 4 58 11 18 2.4 1.4 18 00 2.8 ... 31 7 03 23 2.5 1.5 19 20 i2'34 3.3 1.9 Feb. 1 8 17 2 18 3.1 2.0 20 24 14 14 3.6 2.2 2 9 49 2 54 3.4 2.0 21 24 15 24 3. 8 1 2. 3 3 10 24 4 02 3.4 1.9 21 59 15 59 3.7 1.9 4 10 59 4 44 3.3 1.5 22 39 16 45 3.4 1.6 5 11 34 5 19 3.2 1.0 23 34 17 05 3.8 1.5 6 11 54 5 44 3.5 1.4 17 45 1.4 7 08 6 06 3.7 1.4 i2'34 18 24 3. 9 1.9 8 19 6 44 4.1 1.6 12 59 18 44 3! 9 1.6 9 49 7 04 3.6 1.1 13 24 19 10 3.3 1.3 10 1 19 7 36 3.2 1.1 13 40 19 52 3.4 1.6 11 1 54 8 04 3.5 1.5 14 14 20 34 3.3 1.5 12 2 24 8 19 3.0 1.4 14 49 20 55 3.3 1.9 13 2 59 8 59 3.2 2.0 15 17 22 12 3.2 1.7 14 4 11 9 41 2.6 1.6 16 22 23 11 2.8 1.8 15 5 47 10 22 2.6 2.2 18 02 3.2 tAfternoon tide. RECENT TIDAL OBSERVATIONS. 25 High and low waters at Cape Sheridan, Point Aldrich, Cafe Bryant, Cape Morns Jesup, and Fort Conger — Continued. (Sixtietli meridian time. Brackets indicate interpolated values.] CAPE SHERIDAN— Continued. Date. Forenoon tides. Afternoon tides. Time of— Height of— Time of— Height of— H.W. ! L.W. H.W. L.W. H.W. L.W. H.W. L.W. 1909. ft. TO. 1 A. TO. Feet. Feel. ft. TO. ft. TO. Feet. Feet. Feb. 16 7 42 , 42 3.2 19 22 13 09 3.8 17 8 57 ; 2 27 3.5 2.5 20 41 14 49 3.9 2.6 18 9 43 ' 3 33 3.4 1.9 21 52 15 22 3.8 2.0 19 10 32 4 12 3.8 1.6 22 32 16 07 4.3 2.1 ! 20 11 02 4 45 4.2 1.8 23 12 16 52 4.4 2.0 21 11 51 5 32 4.2 1.4 23 53 17 25 4.4 1.7 22 6 13 1.4 12 29 18 29 4.4 1.6 23 'O 39 6 44 4.2 1.3 13 00 19 11 4.4 1.5 24 1 21 7 33 4.2 1.2 13 39 19 50 3.9 1.0 25 1 52 8 02 3.3 0.8 14 23 20 37 3.3 0.9 26 2 38 8 49 3.0 1.1 14 57 21 02 3.2 1.4 27 3 29 9 29 2.9 1.7 15 47 22 37 3.1 1.5 28 4 20 10 25 2.4 1.6 16 58 2.7 Mar. 1 6 25 00 2.2 1.6 18 46 12 31 2.5 1.7 2 8 46 1 46 2.3 1.4 20 11 14 13 2.6 1.7 3 9 51 3 16 2.6 1.4 21 26 15 06 3.2 1.8 4 10 21 3 51 3.1 1.5 22 06 15 53 3.2 1.6 5 10 51 4 26 2.8 1.1 22 31 16 27 3.0 - 1.2 6 11 11 4 54 2.7 0.8 23 10 16 54 2.9 0.7 7 11 41 5 18 3.0 0.7 23 33 17 21 3.2 1.0 8 5 42 0.8 12 00 18 00 3.2 0.8 9 05 6 06 3.'i 0.7 12 30 18 25 3.1 0.7 10 45 6 45 3.1 0.8 12 55 19 00 3.2 0.8 11 1 05 6 55 3.0 0.8 13 10 19 25 3.0 0.8 12 1 25 7 30 2.8 0.8 13 35 20 00 3.0 0.8 13 2 05 8 00 2.6 0.9 14 05 20 40 2.6 0.8 14 2 40 8 20 2.2 0.8 14 35 21 15 2.3 0.7 15 3 35 8 50 j 1. 8 1.0 15 27 22 26 2.3 1.1 16 4 40 10 50 1. 9 1.3 17 20 .. . . 2.2 17 6 50 25 2. 1 1.4 19 20 12 25 2.5 i.'7 18 8 35 2 10 2. 5 1.3 20 34 14 25 2.8 1.7 19 9 25 3 20 j 2.6 1.0 21 35 15 20 2.9 1.2 20 10 10 3 50 1 3.0 0.8 22 20 16 00 3.3 1.1 21 10 50 4 35 ! 3. 2 0.7 23 00 16 45 3.3 0.8 22 11 30 5 15 i 3.3 0.4 23 40 17 25 3.3 0.4 23 5 40 ; 0.4 12 05 18 05 3.5 0.4 24 "6 25 6 19 3.4 0.5 12 50 18 40 3.7 0.7 25 1 00 6 54 1 3.5 0.7 13 15 19 17 3.7 0.7 26 1 41 7 .35 3.2 0.9 13 50 20 07 3.4 0.9 27 2 25 8 10 1 3.2 1.4 14 20 20 42 3.3 1.3 1 28 3 05 8 40 1 3.0 1.9 14 55 21 50 3.6 2.0 29 3 50 10 00 1 2. 7 1.9 16 10 23 00 2.6 1.3 30 6 05 1135 : 1.9 1.4 18 05 2.0 31 8 17 1 00 j 1. 9 1.0 19 58 i3 40 2.2 i'.s , 26 ABCTIC TIDES. Higli and low waters at Ca-pe Sheridan, Point Aldrich, Cape Bryant, Cape Morris Jesup, and Fort Conger — Continued. [Sixtieth meridian time. Brackets indicate interpolated values.] CAPE SHERIDAN— Continued. Date. Forenoon tides. Afternoon tides. Time of— Height of— Time of— Height of— H.W. L.W. H.W. L.W. H.W. L.W. H.W. L. W. 1909. ft. m. A. m. Feet. Feet. ft. m. ft. m. Feet. Fed. Apr. 1 9 10 2 30 2.3 1.1 21 00 15 05 2.6 1.4 2 9 45 3 20 2.7 1.2 21 30 15 35 3.0 1.4 3 10 13 3 40 3.2 1.3 22 15 16 08 3.3 1.5 4 10 52 4 35 3.4 1.3 22 56 16 34 3.7 1.4 5 11 10 4 50 3.8 1.5 23 15 17 02 3.7 1.4 6 11 34 5 09 3.8 1.4 23 39 17 29 3.6 1.3 1 7 11 59 5 59 3.6 1.3 17 59 1.1 1 8 19 6 09 3.6 1.4 12 19 18 29 3.'8 1.3 ! 9 44 6 43 3.6 1.6 12 54 19 04 3.9 1.4 10 1 12 6 54 3.6 1.8 13 07 19 39 3.8 1.5 11 1 39 7 30 3.2 1.6 13 49 20 14 3.4 1.3 12 2 12 8 04 3.0 1.7 14 19 20 59 3.1 1.5 13 3 14 8 49 2.7 1.9 14 59 22 18 3.0 1.6 14 4 39 10 14 2.6 2.1 16 39 23 49 3.0 2.1 15 6 59 3.1 18 59 13 15 3.5 2.6 16 8 00 149 3.3 2.1 20 09 14 14 3.3 2.2 17 8 59 2 45 3.2 1.6 21 14 15 00 3.2 1.5 18 9 39 3 34 3.2 1.1 21 59 15 49 3.3 1.1 19 10 24 3 59 3.4 0.8 22 49 16 24 3.3 0.8 20 11 04 4 39 3.6 0.7 23 18 17 13 3.4 0.5 21 11 44 5 14 3.7 0.6 .. .. 17 49 0.6 22 02 5 55 3.4 0.8 12 19 18 24 3.' 7 0.6 23 44 6 35 . 3.2 0.8 12 49 18 54 3.5 0.7 • 24 1 25 6 59 3.0 0.9 13 24 19 54 3.2 0.8 25 1 59 7 49 2.8 1.3 14 14 20 24 3.2 1.2 26 2 49 8 34 2.8 1.7 14 39 21 19 3.0 1.6 27 3 54 9 39 2.7 2.0 15 34 22 53 2.8 1.7 28 5 29 11 19 2.5 2.0 17 14 23 54 2.6 1.6 29 7 29 2.5 19 37 13 24 2.4 1.8 30 8 09 "2 04 2.4 i.'4 20 14 14 24 2.3 1.3 May 1 8 54 2 29 2.5 1.1 21 19 14 57 2.6 1.2 2 9 28 3 08 2.9 1.1 21 48 15 48 2.8 1.2 3 9 58 3 48 2.8 1.0 22 23 16 03 2.8 0.7 4 10 43 4 08 3.2 0.9 22 53 16 33 3.5 1.1 5 10 53 4 48 3.5 1.3 23 23 17 01 3.6 1.2 6 11 06 5 23 3.6 1.6 23 58 17 48 2.9 0.7 7 5 38 0.8 12 03 18 09 3.1 0.5 8 '6 23 5 59 2.' 8 0.9 12 23 18 43 3.2 0.7 9 53 6 38 2.8 1.2 12 53 19 18 3.2 0.9 10 1 38 7 12 2.8 1.3 13 26 19 58 3.1 1.0 11 2 08 7 55 2.7 1.4 14 04 20 48 2.8 1.1 12 3 18 8 38 2.3 1.5 15 00 21 57 2.7 1.4 13 4 37 10 23 2.5 1.7 16 25 23 31 2.5 1.3 14 6 04 11 55 2.4 1.5 18 18 2.3 15 7 31 1 10 2.6 1.1 19 58 is ig 2.6 i.'3 EECENT TIDAL OBSERVATIONS. 27 Higli and low waters at Cape Sheridan, Point AldricJi, Cape Bryant, Cape Morris Jesup, and Fort Conger — Continued. [Sixtieth meridian time. Brackets indicate interpolated values,] CAPE SHERIDAN— Continued. Forenoon tides. Afternoon tides. Date. Time of— Height of— Time of- Height of- H. W. L. W. H.W. L.W. H.W. L.W. H.W. L.W. 1909. ft. m. ft. w. Feet. Feet. ft. m. h. in. i Feet. Feet. May IG 8 25 1 56 i 3. 1.1 20 47 14 24 3.0 1.3 17 8 51 2 43 3.3 1.2 21 38 15 32 2. 9 1.0 18 9 43 3 23 3.2 0.7 22 24 16 05 I 3. 0.6 19 10 38 4 13 3.4 0.7 23 13 16 40 3.1 0.6 20 11 10 4 53 3.4 0.8 23 43 17 23 3.1 0.5 21 11 49 5 35 3.5 • 0.8 18 04 0.7 22 31 6 05 ; 3. 2 1.1 12 2i 18 48 3." 4 0.7 23 1 08 6 53 1 2. 8 1.2 13 03 19 23 3.4 • 1.1 24 1 59 7 18 I 3.2 1.9 14 00 20 00 3.7 1.8 25 2 38 8 13 3.4 2.3 14 18 21 16 3.6 1.9 26 3 28 9 34 3.0 2.1 15 08 21 39 3.2 1.9 27 4 55 10 28 3.0 2.4 16 38 23 17 3.2 2.2 28 6 28 3.2 17 53 12 05 3.3 2.6 29 7 06 '6 36 3.3 2." 3 19 14 13 25 3.1 2.3 30 8 08 1 28 3.4 2.1 20 10 14 21 3.2 2.0 31 8 32 2 17 3.5 2.0 21 02 15 02 3.3 1.9 ! June 1 9 17 2 57 3.7 2.0 21 43 15 31 3.4 1.7 2 9 43 3 27 3.8 1.9 22 17 15 59 3.5 1.6 3 10 19 4 16 3.8 1.8 22 52 16 37 3.5 1.3 4 10 52 4 37 3.9 1.7 23 22 17 13 3.7 1.5 5 11 31 5 13 4.0 1.9 17 52 1.5 6 07 5 48 3.8 2.0 12 09 18 31 4.2 1.8 7 42 6 15 3.9 2.1 12 47 19 11 4.0 1.7 8 1 29 6 53 3.7 2.2 13 22 19 46 4.0 1.8 9 2 11 8 05 3.5 2.1 14 12 20 38 3.6 1.8 10 3 17 8 46 3.4 2.2 15 11 21 37 3.6 2.0 11 4 07 10 12 3.5 2.4 16 02 22 39 3.4 2.0 12 5 27 11 57 3.3 2.1 17 43 3.1 13 6 32 02 3.4 1.9 19 03 12 59 3.1 2.' 6 14 7 42 1 12 3.6 1.8 20 37 14 12 ; 3. 6 1 1. 9 ■ 15 8 27 2 13 4.0 2.1 [21 25] 15 01 [3. 5] j 1. 9 16 [9 15] [3 00] [3.9] [1.9] 22 06 [15 45] 3. 4 [1. 6] 17 10 03 3 45 3.7 22 57 16 22 I 3. 5 i 1. 3 18 10 43 4 27 3.9 L7 23 30 17 04 ! 3. 5 1.3 19 11 26 5 11 3.9 1.6 17 47 1.4 20 17 5 52 3.6 1.9 12 05 18 34 4 1.7 21 42 6 37 3.8 2.2 12 55 19 12 4.0 1.8 22 1 27 7 20 3.6 2.1 13 17 19 52 3.8 1 1.7 1 23 2 19 7 53 3.4 2.1 14 17 20 16 3.6 2.0 24 2 52 8 37 3.5 2.4 14 47 21 02 3.6 2.1 25 3 32 9 56 3.4 2.4 15 37 21 53 3.3 2.0 26 4 31 10 42 3.1 2. 2 16 45 22 36 2. 9 2. 1 27 5 46 3.1 18 01 12 11 2. 9 2. 1 28 6 36 '6 06 3.0 2." 6 19 28 13 11 2. 8 1 1. 9 29 7 59 1 04 3.5 2.1 20 26 14 11 3. 3 1 2. 2 30 8 11 2 09 3.6 2.3 21 31 14 51 3. 2 I 1. 9 28 ARCTIC TIDES. Ulqli and low waters at Cape Sheridan, Point Aldrich, Cape Bryant, Cape Morris Jesup and Fort Conger — Continued. [Sixtieth meridian time. Brackets indicate interpolated values.] POINT ALDRICH. Date. Forenoon tides. Afternoon tides. Time of— Height of— Time of— Height of— H. W. L. W. H.W. L. W. H.W. L. W. H. W. L. w. 1908. ft. TO. ft. TO. Feci. Feet. ft. m. ft. TO. Feet. Fat. Nov. 16 14 10 19 30 3.50 3.26 17 3 00 io'so 3." 72 3.03 17 20 22 15 3.36 3. 04 IS 3 50 11 25 3.28 2.57 18 25 23 45 3.07 2.80 19 5 05 12 00 3.17 2.56 19 20 3.25 20 6 15 20 3.42 2.85 19 10 12 50 3.65 2.76 21 6 55 1 50 3.38 2.86 20 00 13 20 3.57 2.61 22 8 00 2 10 3.32 2.60 20 00 13 40 3.78 2. 62 23 8 25 3 15 3.31 2.58 20 45 14 20 3.74 2.51 24 8 55 3 35 3.27 2.51 21 05 14 45 3.88 2.51 25 9 20 4 10 3.15 2.42 21 55 15 20 3.67 2.30 26 10 00 4 45 2.98 2. 21 22 25 15 25 3.80 .2.23 27 11 05 5 25 3.31 2.47 23 05 16 20 4.12 2.70 28 11 30 6 05 3.51 2.85 16 50 2.94 29 10 6 55 4.28 3.07 i2 35 17 55 3.76- 3.20 30 25 8 05 4.15 3.01 13 40 18 55 3.42 3.03 Dec. 1 1 50 8 50 3.80 2.87 15 10 20 10 3.38 3.05 2 2 40 10 15 3.63 2.75 16 45 22 20 3.37 2.98 3 4 05 11 20 3.47 2.61 18 00 23 40 3.42 2.91 4 5 20 3.52 18 40 12 05 3.76 2.75 5 6 50 '6 35 3.75 3.' 06 19 15 12 40 4.31 3.06 6 7 40 1 45 , 4.01 3.28 20 10 13 30 4.38 3.17 7 8 30 2 40 3.86 3.09 20 30 13 50 4.64 3. 14 ■ 8 9 10 3 40 3.94 3.20 21 00 14 50 4.43 3.08 9 9 45 4 15 3.87 2.99 21 55 15 15 4.70 3. ]4 10 10 05 4 55 4.05 3. 30 22 30 15 50 4.51 3. 27 -11 11 00 5 40 3.76 3. 06 23 05 16 50 4.32 3.08 12 11 55 6 00 3.74 3.06 23 55 17 00 4.41 3.25 13 6 35 3.19 12 20 17 45 3.79 3.33 14 '6 20 7 30 4." 23 3.20 .... -• ■- EECE^'T TIDAL OBSEEVATIONS. Hig% and low wofers at Gape Sheridan, Point Aldrich, Gape Bryant, and Fort Ganger — Continued. 29 Morris Jesup, [Sixtieth meridian time. Brackets indicate interpolated values.] CAPE BRYANT. CAPE MORRIS JESUP. Date. ■ Forenoon tides. Afternoon tide?. Time of— Height of— Time of— Height of-"- H. W. L. W. H.W. L. W. H.W. L.W. H.W. L. W. 1909. ft. m. ft. m. Feet. Feet. ft. ro. ft. m. Feel. Feet. Jan. 16 (*) 1 37 (*) 4.78 19 52 (*) 5.80 (*) 17 11 52 2 42 5.58 4.82 19 50 14 22 5.82 5.50 18 11 52 3 42 5.52 4.58 20 52 15 42 5.83 5.42 19 tl2 15 4 52 5.65 4.30 21 22 16 25 5.78 5.29 20 tl2 22 5 22 5. 90 4. 26 22 22 17 32 6.10 5.51 21 tl3 12 6 12 6.10 4.37 23 02 18 32 5.91 5.28 22 .. 6 22 4.00 13 42 18 52 6.00 5.18 23 42 7 32 5." 88 3.92 13 47 20 08 5.88 4.78 24 1 12 7 32 5.51 3.62 14 42 20 10 5.80 4.85 25 2 32 8 30 5.81 4.32 15 12 21 12 6.43 5.38 26 3 02 8 57 6.24 4.85 15 42 21 50 6.64 5.50 27 3 40 • 9 42 6.18 5.14 16 18 23 18 6.66 5.45 28 4 22 10 32 5.93 5.14 16 52 .. .. 6.11 29 4 42 42 5.01 4.74 17 22 tlO 52 5.52 4.66 30 (*) 1 12 (*) \ 4. 51 19 02 (*) 5.54 (*) 31 (*) 2 32 (*) 4.58 19 32 I*) 5. 92 (*,) Feb. 1 11 57 4 42 6.00 4.93 20 52 15 30 6.14 5.77 tl2 12 5 12 6.37 4.97 22 12 17 08 6.30 5.91 3 tl2 32 6 02 6.33 4.90 22 32 17 42 6.08 5.68 4 tl3 02 5 57 6.20 4.58 23 22 18 27 5.87 5.37 5 6 37 4.26 13 56 18 42 6.08 5.37 6 22 7 12 6.15 4.54 13 42 19 20 6.22 5.12 7 ■ 1 02 7 06 5.98 4 68 14 12 20 07 6.55 5.50 8 1 40 8 12 6.37 4 87 14 32 20 30 6.48 5.29 9 1 51 8 31 5.95 4.51 14 51 21 21 6.06 4.92 10 2 47 8 41 5.75 4. 62 15 11 21 31 6.10 5. 19 11 3 21 9 26 5.90 4.99 15 41 22.31 6.00 4. 85 ' 12 4 06 9 57 5.53 4.92 16 11 22 51 6.08 5.21 1 1909. May 13 14 03 4.36 14 4 43 6 39 3.63 3.56 15 34 t6 26 4.04 3.61 15 7 28 12 3.67 3.48 16 29 t9 19 3.92 3.64 16 7 47 19 3.94 3.50 18 49 Jll 27 4.13 3.84 17 7 53 1 14 4.33 3.86 19 19 14 48 4.08 3.92 18 8 24 ] 48 4.15 3.68 20 49 15 19 3.76 3.51 19 8 59 1 49 4.30 3.56 21 58 16 23 3.87 3.58 1 20 9 29 2 34 4.52 3.68 21 08 17 29 3.86 3. 59 21 10 34 • 2 24 4.64 3.68 23 54 18 04 3.97 3. 75 ' 22 11 10 3 38 4.66 3.81 "" 18 48 3.79 3.66 *■ Tide becomes diurnal. t Afternoon tide. % Forenoon tide. 30 ARCTIC TIDES. High and low waters at Cape Sheridan, Point Aldrich, Gape Bryant, Cape Morris Jesup, and Fort Conger — Continued. [Sixtieth meridian time. Brackets indicate interpolated values.] FORT CONGEE. Date. Forenoon tides. Afternoon tides. Time of— Height of— Time of- Height of- H.W. L.W. H.W. L.W. H. W. L.W. H.W. L.W. 1909. ft. m. ft. m. Feet. Feet. ft. m. ft. m. Feet. Feet. June 10 22 55 2.05 11 ■5 35 11 55 5.' 47 2.' 66 18 15 4.' 80 12 6 35 10 5.30 2.14 19 40 13 16 4.89 i."66 13 7 55 1 40 5.46 2.11 20 55 14 20 5.24 1.48 14 9 00 2 55 5.44 1.75 21 50 15 20 5.94 1.12 15 9 45 3 45 5.78 1.75 22 35 16 15 6.16 1.07 16 iO 35 4 35 5.62 1.42 23 25 16 55 6.28 0.65 17 11 20 5 20 5.62 1.03 17 35 0.52 18 10 6 00 6.55 1.08 12 i5 18 05 5.' 75 0.56 19 55 6 45 6.53 0.98 12 55 19 00 5.66 0.66 20 1 35 7 15 6.62 1.40 13 25 19 25 5.83 1.05 21 2 00 8 05 6.47 1.59 14 05 20 05 5.63 1.25 22 2 35 8 55 6.09 1.56 14 45 20 40 5.15 1.38 23 3 25 9 30 5.61 1.70 15 35 21 20 4.93 1.87 24 4 00 10 15 5.49 2.03 16 10 22 05 4.70 2.30 25 4 55 11 20 4.99 1.95 TIDE WORK UNDERTAKEN BY MIKKELSEN AND LEFFINGWELL. The intention of Messrs. Mikkelsen and Leffingwell when they set out upon their expedition, in 1906, was to proceed to Banks Land and there estabhsh a base from which to explore Beaufort Sea. They succeeded in reaching Flaxman Island, which thus became the headquarters of the expedition. In the fall and early winter sys- tematic tidal observations were carried on at this island. A few tides were observed near the mouths of the Shaviovei and Aichilei rivers and will be foxmd in the table headed "Short series of tide observations and results" (pp. 76, 77). The former sta- tion is near Pole Point, a short distance west of Flaxman Island ; the latter is near Icy Point, or a Httle west of the international boundary. The time notes in the records show that the observers used practically true one hundred and fiftieth meridian time. The tide staves were situated upon the south, or inner, side of Flaxman Island. The record consists of hourly staff readings from October 21 to December 18, 1906, supplemented by quarter-hourly readings near the times of liigh and low waters, and of somewhat incomplete observations extending from December 18 to December 31. Brief statements concerning the tidal work of this expedition are given on pages 111, 136, and 437 of Mikkelsen's book entitled ".Conquering the Arctic Ice." Regular observations upon the direction and force of the wind were made along with the tidal work, but these have not as yet been discussed. EECENT TIDAL OBSERVATIONS. Hourly heights of the tide at Flaxman Island, AlasTca. [One hundred and fiftieth meridian time. Brackets indicate interpolated values.] 31 16 66 54 17 60 54 18 56 50 19 51 45 20 50 42 21 50 40 22 55 42 23 56 46 November, 1906. 42 i 54 45 43 46 40 51 46 56 53 56 November, 1906— Continued. 65 62 55 65 65 55 63 66 56 60 66 55 60 60 54 55 57 52 54 57 48 54 54 45 55 51 43 32 ABCTIC TIDES. Hourly heights of the tide at Flaxman Island, AlasJca— Continued. [One hundred and fiiftieth meridian time. Brackets indicate interpolated values.] November, 1906 — Continued. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. December, 1906. 9 10 11 Noon. 13 14 IB 17 18 19 December, 1906— Continued. 63 64 64 63 7. 8. «■ Cm. Cm. Cm. 66 65 52 70 67 54 72 68 54 74 70 55 73 71 56 72 70 56 : 71 65 56 ; 69 64 54 1 67 63 52 66 61 49 1 65 58 48 1 66 56 44 68 56 41 68 58 41 71 60 43 74 60 44 74 61 45 74 62 46 72 62 48 70 60 49 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. Cm. Cm. Cm. Cm. Cm. Cm. Cm. 45 60 68 65 70 73 84 45 58 04 62 68 69 85 44 56 60 58 63 67 84 42 54 56 50 57 65 81 45 54 52 45 51 64 74 47 57 53 44 47 62 68 48 60 54 44 46 61 64 49 62 55 46 47 62 60 50 64 58 50 52 63 60 50 66 60 53 56 64 61 50 64 58 55 59 67 64 48 60 58 58 61 72 67 45 59 55 55 02 73 70 44 57 52 51 60 72 71 43 54 46 47 55 68 67 42 52 45 44 S3 65 63 44 55 44 42 50 62 61 50 57 44 41 47 58 54 54 59 48 44 47 55 49 59 64 54 48 , 52 56 48 64 69 59 54 58 60 48 60 72 63 60 64 66 51 64 72 67 67 71 72 57 62 71 68 70 74 79 63 KECENT TIDAL OBSERVATIONS. 33 nigh and low waters at Flaxman Island, Alasla. [One hundred and fiftieth meridian time.] Date. Forenoon tides. Afternoon tides. Time of— Height of- Time of— Height of— H. W. L.W. H. W. L.W. H. W. L. W. H.W. L.W. 1906. h. VI. /(. m. Cms. Cms. h. m. h. m. Cms. Cms. Oct. 21 2 15 9 30 94 63 14 15 20 45 73 49 2 30 9 00 68 46 15 15 21 15 56 -40 23 3 30 9 30 63 50 16 00 22 00 60 51 24 5 00 10 50 70 61 17 15 22 30 70 63 25 G 20 11 50 76 68 18 30 23 45 70 69 2G 7 40 77 19 15 13 45 76 67 27 9 00 "2 00 76 64 20 45 15 00 80 64 28 9 00 3 00 73 63 21 15 15 15 72 59 29 9 45 4 30 69 56 21 30 16 00 68 53 30 11 30 5 30 55 46 23 30 16 45 58 38 31 11 45 7 00 51 34 23 00 17 30 56 31 Nov. 1 ' 7 00 37 12 45 18 00 58 43 9 "6 30 7 00 74 53 13 30 18 00 76 62 3 15 8 00 85 70 14 00 19 00 86 70 4 1 00 S 00 87 58 13 00 19 30 68 47 5 2 00 8 15 68 47 14 00 19 15 58 46 6 2 00 8 15 64 53 14 30 20 30 65 52 7 4 35 11 04 67 51 16 00 21 30 60 47 8 3 45 10 00 56 43 16 00 23 15 46 34 9 4 45 10 30 44 34 18 45 39 10 6 30 1 15 40 28 18 00 tii 45 35 30 11 9 00 3 00 28 20 20 30 15 00 23 13 12 9 30 3 20 15 -01 22 00 14 45 27 05 13 10 45 4 00 32 16 22 45 15 45 48 22 14 11 15 5 15 48 32 22 45 16 45 57 34 15 11 00 5 45 46 31 23 45 17 00 57 27 16 12 00 6 45 49 32 .. .. 17 45 j 32 17 45 7 15 65 37 12 30 18 30 56 36 18 1 00 1 7 15 67 40 13 00 18 45 55 39 19 2 00 1 8 30 71 45 13 30 20 00 56 35 20 2 30 8 30 59 38 14 45 20 15 51 39 21 3 15 ' 9 45 61 45 16 00 22 00 58 49 22 4 00 [9 45] 70 [57] 15 00 22 30 76 58 23 5 00 1 13 00 64 46 18 00 23 00 53 42 24 5 00 46 20 00 13 00 52 37 25 8 45 "2 30 55 44 21 00 14 30 59 45 26 9 45 3 30 56 47 22 30 15 00 62 45 27 10 45 5 00 56 46 22 45 16 15 66 44 28 10 00 5 00 54 44 22 45 16 30 55 36 29 11 30 5 00 53 38 17 15 40 30 j 30 6 00 70 56 tii 45- 18 00 73 56 t Afternoon tide. 62730—11 3 j. Forenoon tide. 34 AEOTIC TIDES. High and low waters at Flaxman Island, Alaslca — Continued. [Oi 16 hundred and fiftietli meridian time.] Date. Forenoon tides. Afternoon tides. Time of- HeigMof— Time of— Height of— H.W. L.W. H.W. L.W. H.W. L.W. H.W. L.W. 1906. h. m. h. m. Cms. Cms. h. m. h. m. Cms. Cms. Dec. 1 1 45 7 30 82 64 13 00 18 15 80 68 2 30 8 15 85 58 13 00 18 30 66 48 3 1 45 8 00 69 40 13 00 19 30 49 35 4 ] 45 8 30 58 39 14 15 19 30 57 44 5 2 15 10 GO 67 52 14 00 20 15 60 48 6 2 15 9 30 66 55 15 15 20 30 64 59 7 3 00 9 45 74 65 15 30 22 00 75 63 8 4 00 11 45 71 56 17 30 23 45 62 52 9 5 45 57 18 30 12 30 49 41 10 6 45 "i 15 50 39 20 00 12 15 58 43 11 9 15 3 00 50 42 21 00 15 00 66 42 12 9 15 3 30 66 54 21 00 15 00 72 52 13 9 15 3 45 60 52 22 45 16 30 68 44 14 11 00 5 45 58 44 23 30 16 45 70 41 15 11 45 5 45 62 45 23 30 17 30 75 47 16 11 45 5 30 73 61 18 00 55 17 30 7 30 86 60 i3 66 19 30 7i 48 METEOROLOGY, NORTHERN COASTS OF GRANT LAND AND GREENLAND. Regular hourly observations of the thermometer and barometer were carried on day and night by the tide observers at Cape Sheridan, Point Aldrich, Cape Bryant, Cape Morris Jesup, and Fort Conger. Owing to the existence of chronometer and watch corrections, the mean values given in the table below do not pertain to the hours exactly. The approximate amounts, whereby the apparent or given hours are in retard of the true hours for the various months, are indicated beneath the line of the mean values. This item is probably one of little consequence. In addition to the mean hourly values a brief resume concerning the tempera- ture and air pressure is added, which is practically the same as that given in an appendix to Peary's book entitled "The North Pole." RECENT TIDAL OBSERVATIONS. 35 Temperature of the air and atmospheric pressure at Cape Sheridan, Point Aldrich, Cape Bryant, Cape Morris Jesup, and Fort Conger, during specified periods, 190S and 1909. TEMPERATURE OF THE AIR. CAPE SHERIDAN. POINT ALDRICH. CAPE BRYANT. CAPE MORRIS JE.SUP. PORT CONGER. Hour. NOY. 14-30, 1908. Dec, 1908. Jan., 1909. Feb., 1909. Mar., 1909. Apr., 1909. May, 1909. June, 1909. Nov. 17- Deo. 13, 1908. Jan. 16- Feb. 12, 1909. May 17-22, 1909. June 11-25, 1909. o „ „ „ „ ^ „ -23.4 -29.2 -31.1 -31.6 -21.4 -20.6 +14.9 +28.7 -31.4 -36.1 +25.7 +32.2 1 -23.5 -29.1 -31.6 -31.2 -21.2 -19.4 +14.3 +28.8 -31.6 -30.5 + 26.0 +31.7 2 -23.9 -29.2 -31.5 -31.7 -21.2 -20.5 +15.4 +29.0 -30.7 -37. 5 +26.7 +31.9 3 -23.5 -29.0 -31.6 -31.7 -21.2 -18.8 +15.7 +29.1 -30.5 -36. 5 +27.0 +33.3 4 -23.1 -29.3 -31.5 -31.3 -20.8 -18.1 +17.7 +29.3 -31.9 -37.1 +28.5 +33.3 5 -23.3 -29.0 -31.5 -31.9" -21.0 -17.3 +17.5 +.30.0 -31.5 -37.2 +27.7 +34.9 C -23.5 -29.0 -30.7 -32.6 -20.8 -16.2 +18.5 +31.0 -31.1 -37.5 +27.3 +34.5 7 -23.9 -29.4 -30.5 -31.5 -20.4 -14.3 +19.6 +31.3 -31.2 -37.5 +27.0 +34.6 8 -23.9 -29.6 -30.6 -31.4 -21.0 -12.0 +19.4 +32.6 -30.7 -37.4 +27.0 +34.6 9 -24.2 -30.2 -30.6 -31.8 -20.1 -11.1 +20.6 +.34.0 -31.3 -.37. 9 +20.7 +34.7 10 -24.9 -29.7 -30.3 -31.5 -19.4 -10.8 +19.7 +33.7 -31.6 -38.0 +28.3 +34.7 11 -24.0 -29.5 -30.1 -31.3 -19.9 -11.4 + 19.2 +33.9 -31.9 -37.8 +27.7 +34.8 Noon. -23.4 -29.1 -29.9 -31.9 -19.7 -13.0 +20.1 + 33.8 -.32. 1 -37.5 +28.2 +36.6 13 -24.0 -28.9 -29.2 -33.0 -19.4 -13.6 +20.0 +33.7 -32.0 -37.0 +27.8 +35.5 14 -24.1 -28.5 -29.7 -33.0 -19. 5 -13.7 +19.6 +34.1 -32.3 -35.9 +28.5 +36.1 15 -24.0 -29.0 -30.2 -33.0 -19.3 -13.0 +20.5 +33.5 -32.9 -35.2 +30.2 +35.3 16 -24.0 -29.2 -30.2 -32.4 -20.3 -12.5 +19.9 +32.8 -32.8 -35.4 +32.3 +36.5 17 -24.1 -29.4 -30.7 -32.3 -21.5 -12.8 +19.3 +32.1 -31.8 -35.2 +31.3 +37.6 18 -24.6 -29.2 -30.1 -31.1 -21.8 —14.8 +19.9 +32.2 -32.1 -35.4 +30.7 +36.2 19 -24.1 -29.1 -30.6 -30.6 -22.6 -15.8 +17.3 +31.7 -32.9 -35.8 +30.2 +34.7 i 20 -24.4 -29.3 -31.0 .-30.7 -22.7 -16.9 +15.6 +31.0 -33.6 -36.0 +29.3 +33.8 21 -24.5 -29.1 -30.8 -31.8 -22.0 -18.7 +16.9 +30.2 -34.3 • -36.3 +26.2 +33.0 22 -24.5 -29.1 -30.6 -30.9 -21.9 -19.4 + 14.3 +30.1 -32. S -36.6 +24.7 +33.4 i 23 , Means. Time cor. -24.4 —29.0 -30.2 -31.4 -21.9 -20.1 + 16.0 +29.6 -32.1 -36.8 +25.2 +32.6 -23.96 -29.22 -30. 61 -31.71 -20.87 -15. 63 +18.00 +31.51 -31.96 -36.68 +27.92 +34.44 — 4in. -2m. -6m. -7m. —10m. -11m. -12m. -13m. -6m. -8m. -12m. —12m. 36 ARCTIC TIDES. Temperature of the air and atmospTierlc pressure at Cape Sheridan, Point Aldricli, Gape Bryant, Cape Morris Jesup, and Fort Conger, during specified periods, 1908 and 1909 — ■ Continued. ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE. [Uncorrected barometric readings.] CAPE SHERIDAN. CAPE MOEEIS jEstrr. Nov. 13-30, 1908. Jan. 16- Feb. 4, 1909. 29. 896 29. 907 29. 900 29. 897 29.897 29.901 29.8 29.909 29.910 29.908 29.911 29.909 29. 912 9.919 29. 741 ).749 ).752 29. 751 754 754 29. 757 29. 759 29.758 29. 758 29. 752 .738 29. 738 29. 738 29. 739 29. 742 29.744 29.739 29.737 29. 739 739 29. 738 29. 755 29.747 1.747 1.749 1.761 29. 756 760 29. 753 ).754 29. 756 29. 749 29.748 29.747 29.744 29.742 29. 752 29. 762 29.760 29.761 29.758 29. 754 129. 744 129. 744 29. 700 29. 760 29.750 45 29. 749 29. 757 29. 767 29. 763 29. 769 29. 765 29. 770 29.766 29. 767 29. 779 29. 783 29. 792 30. 272 30. 274 30. 275 30. 276 30. 280 30. 284 285 30. 284 30. 285 30. 291 30.287 30.279 30. 006 29. 998 30. 000 30. 004 29. 996 29. 998 .996 29. 986 29. 980 29. 978 29. 977 29. 976 29.975 29. 981 30. 104 J30. 098 |30. 098 J30. 097 [30. 099 j30. 101 130.107 30. 112 30. 119 30. 126 30. 124 30. 122 30. 116 130. 116 30. no 53 1 30. 101 29.994 '30.095 29.998 30.092 37 130.086 30.010 ;30.082 29. 782 29. 785 29. 786 29. 792 29. 797 29. 799 29. 804 29. 808 29.814 29. 813 29.815 29.813 29.810 29. 810 29. 818 29. 821 29. 820 29. 816 29. 812 29. 807 29. 804 29.801 29.791 29. 788 29.997 29. 999 30. 001 30. 005 30. 004 29.999 30.000 30.000 29. 998 29. 993 29. 998 29. 997 29. 991 29. 990 29. 992 29. 990 29. 972 29. 974 29. 972 29. 970 29. 972 29. 979 29.974 29.970 29. 967 29. 964 29. 972 29. 976 29. 972 29. 975 29. 980 29.983 29.980 29.982 29.988 29. 988 29. 982 30. 472 30. 467 30. 471 30. 467 30. 471 30. 476 30. 475 30. 484 30. 477 30. 469 30. 494 30.469 30.463 30. 454 30. 453 30. 452 30. 447 30. 429 30.020 30.019 30.016 30. 019 30. 016 30.021 30.029 30. 029 30.027 30.011 30. 014 30.013. 29.745 ,29.752 29.976 30.469 -11m. -12m. -13m. RECENT TIDAL OBSERVATIONS. 37 Temperature of the air and atmospheric pressure at Gape Sheridan, Point Aldrich, Cape Bryant, Cape Morris Jesup, and Fort Conger, during specified periods, 1908 and 1909 — • Continued. RESUME OF TEMPERATURES. Station and date. Maxi- mum, Minimum. Mean. Station and date. Maxi- mum. Minimum. Mean. CAPE SHERIDAN. November 14-30, 1908.. December, 1908 January, 1909 February, 1909 March, 1909 April, 1909 May 1909 r- lO o c- CO CO t£ ° 1 1 1 1 + + - -39 -53 -49 -49 -52 -37 15 -23. 96 -29. 22 -30. 61 -31.71 -20. 87 -15.63 -i-i8_on CAPE MORRIS JESUP. May 17 to May 22, 1909. FORT CONGER. June 11 to June 25, 1909. June 11 to June 25, 1882* +35 +54 +44.4 +39.6 + 16 +28 +26.7 +26.4 +27. 92 +34. 44 +34. 883 June, 1909 +52 +15 ' +31.51 June 11 to June 25, 1883* +33 393 cemberlS, 1908 ' - 7 January 16 to Febru- ary 12, 1909 -21 May 17 to May 22, 1909.. +37 June 11 to June 25, 1909 . , +50 -39 -48 +12 +25 -46 -55 -25. 75 -35.48 +22. 97 +34. 17 -31.96 -36. 68 Observations made in 1875-76 and 1881- 1883 (Greely's Re- port, Vol. II, p. 230): December -28 10 January -38 24 -40. 13 March -28. 10 -13.55 November 17 to De- May +14. 08 +32 65 cember 13 1908 -14 -12 June CAPE BRYANT. January 16 to Febru- ary 12, 1909 * Greely's Report, Vol. II, pp. 196, 197, 220, 221. Hourly readings used. From these values we see that from November 17 to December 13, 1908, the average temperature at Point Aldrich was 6.21 degrees lower than the temperature at Cape Sheridan for the same period; that from January 16 to February 12, 1909, the average temperature at Cape Bryant was 1.20 degrees lower than that at Cape Sheridan; that from May 17 to May 22, 1909, the average temperature at Cape Morris Jesup was 4.95 degrees higher than that at Cape Sheridan; and that from June 11 to June 25, 1909, the average temperature at Fort Conger was practically the same as that at Cape Sheridan during this period. 38 AEOTIC TIDES. RESUME OF BAROMETER READINGS. Station and CAPE SHERIDAN. November 13-30, 1908. . December, 1908 January, 1909 February, 1909 March, 1909 April, 1909 May, 1909 June, 1909 November 17 to De- cember 13, 1908 January 16 to February 4, 1909 May 14 to May 22, 1909. June 11 to June 25, 1909, POINT ALDRICH. November 17 to De- cember 13, 1908 CAPE BRYANT. January 16 to February 4, 1909 30.42 30.27 30.42 30.59 30.89 30.58 30.60 30.21 30.42 30.40 30.52 30.10 28.96 29.28 29.18 29.03 29.69 29.20 29.39 29.37 29.26 29.18 30.04 29.47 29.35 29. i station and date. 29. 899 29. 745 29. 752 29. 772 30. 282 29. 991 30. 105 29. 804 29. 866 29. 691 30. 304 29. 834 29. 998 CAPE MORRIS JESUT. May 14 to May 22, 1909. FORT CONGER. June 11 to June 25, 1909 . June 11 to June 25, 1882* June 11 to June 25, Observations made in 1881-1883 (Greely's Report, Vol. II, p. 166): December January February March April May June 30.70 30.19 30. 129 30. 218 29.74 29. 416 29. 590 30. 013 29. 817 29. 949 29. 922 29. 796 29. 672 29. 893 30. 099 30. 066 29. 878 ' Greely's Report, Vol. II, pp. 122, 123, 146, 147. Hourly are reduced to sea level. The above tabulation shows that during the month the average fluctuation of the barometer at Cape Sheridan amounts to 1.2 inches, being greatest in February and least in June. An inspection of the monthly means shows that the barometer at Cape Sheridan is lowest for the months of December and January, or about January 1, and highest about April 1, the range of the fluctuation being about 0.5 inch. These results agree well with those obtained by Greely at Fort Conger and illustrated by a diagram on page 166, Vol. II, of his Report. From the tabulation made according to hours of the day, there is seen to be a diurnal fluctuation at Cape Sheridan amounting to a little more than one one- hundredth of an inch. The minima of this fluctuation are fairly well defined from November to April and occur at about 2 o'clock both a. m. and p. m. CHAPTER II. HARMONIC CONSTANTS FOR ARCTIC SEAS. The following table contains the principal harmonic constants for all stations north of the sixtieth parallel where such constants are at present available to the writer. The stations are arranged in the order of their longitude. The signifi- cance of these constants will be considered in Chapter IV. For want of space in the body of the table, the harmonics of M, and the diurnal component P^ are, when known, given in the footnotes. A few other components can in some cases be obtained from, the pubHshed values to wliicli reference is made in the notes. In this table are also given quantities which show the character of the tide at the various stations, the mean range of tide as computed from the harmonic con- stants, and the high-water tidal hours. Of these quantities, S2/M2 denotes the ratio of the principal solar to the principal lunar tide; N2/M2 measures the parallactic or parallax inecpality in the ampMtude of the tide; 82° — M2° and Mj" — ^2° denote ages of the phase and parallax inequahties expressed in degrees; K^ +0; is very nearly equal to the average tropic amplitude of the diurnal wave; and K^" — Oi° denotes the age of the diurnal wave expressed in degrees. The tidal hours are the component hours increased by the longitude of the station if the latter is west and dimitiished if it is east, the longitude being expressed in hours. At the end of the table is a supplementary set of values for several stations. The values given earher in the table are to be preferred to these for various reasons which may be gathered from the footnotes. 39 40 ARCTIC TIDES. Tahle of hannonic constants, tidal hours, etc. Geographic positi- De- grees. North. Jan Mayen Island 71 00 Nennortalik Godthaab 64 12 Cape Bryant Cape Sheridan 82 27 PolarisBay 81 36 Fort Conger, Discovery Harbor 81 44 Port Burwell, Ungava Bay 60 25 KinguaFiord 66 36 Point Aldrich, Cape Columbia 83 05 Inlet 62 33 Van Rensselaer Harbor 78 37 Stupart Bay 61 35 Port Foulke. Port BoncherviUe, Nottingham Island .... 62 12 Port Laperri6re, Digges Island 62 34 Port Leopold, Barrow Strait 73 50 Beechey Island ' 74 Port Kennedy, BeUot Strait ' 72 01 Northumberland Soimd, Penny Strait ; 76 52 Winter Harbor i 74 47 Kokinhenic Island | 60 18 Pete Dahl Slough \ 60 23 Orca, Prince William Sound ' 60 35 Fla.xman Island I 70 11 Orca, Cape Whitshed 60 28 Camp April 60 32 Valdez Arm | 61 07 Rocky Point ' 60 57 West. \ 8 28 I 45 16 51 44 ' 55 30 61 21 61 41 , 64 44 64 46 67 20 69 35 70 35 70 53 71 32 73 00 78 01 90 20 91 54 94 15 97 00 111 00 145 03 145 24 145 41 145 50 145 55 146 00 146 27 146 42 4 05 4 07 4 19 4 19 4 3S 0. 38 4 42 11.00 4 44 I 3. 37 4 46 4 52 5 10 5 12 6 01 6 08 6 17 7 24 ,12 9 42 9 43 9 43 1 0. 22 9 44 i 4. 42 9 44 j 4.54 9 46 : 4.51 9 47 j 4.46 161.0 193.0 335.0 263.0 158.7 229.9 234.0 227.0 321.8 260.0 257.0 ; 338.0 ■ 347.0 356. 2 I 359.9 ! 33.5 ' 11.9 12.7 357.7 354.3 8.4 356.0 353.7 358.8 10.94 5.37 6.43 0.14 10.12 II. 73 11.17 8.77 5.30 11.12 7.57 10.73 8.67 8.57 11.27 11.57 11.87 12.00 1.12 2.33 2. 67 I 0.16 1.49 3.05 1.52 1.77 1.24 0.64 0.67 5 321 i 316 ' 29 I 0. 42 I 34 ; 0.43 0.60 0.23 0.71 0. 40 0. 28 0.42 , 1.05 11.92 j 1.61 11.81 j 0.09 0.28 I 1.56 11.87 i 1.53 11.79 [ 1.52 11.96 I 1.50 32 0.27 ; 0.17 0.52 0.85 0.47 j 1.05 0.14 j 0.90 j 0.90 I 1.18 0.31 0.22 52 1. Hourly gauge readings published in Die Internationale Polarforschung, 1JS2-83, Vol. I, III Theil, pp. 4-9. Series of hourly values analyzed: Apr. 28 to Aug. 10. 1883: 104,} days. M4=0.004 ft., M4°=358°; Mc=0.017 ft., M6°=270°. Analysis made in Coast and Geodetic Survey Office. 2. Harmonic constants published in Danske Konebaadsexpedition til Gr0nlands (Z)stk.vst, 1883-85. Observations Mel^orlogiques et Nautiques, Flux et reflux de la mer k quelques points de la Cote Est du Gronland, p. 42: also in Proc. Rov. Soc, Vol. 45 (1S88- 89), p. 569. 3. Harmonic constants published in Observations Internationales Polaire^, lb82-}'3 Expedition Danoibe, Tome II, 1, II, p 3; also in Proo. Roy. Soc, Vol. 45 (1888-89), p. 569. Series ol ^alue!^ analyzed: July lb to Aug. 31, 1883: 6 weeks. 4. Hourly and other staff readings made by Ross G Mai\ in cil the l"iis-'i I'eai v Expedition. Series of hourly values analyzed: Jan. 16 to Feb. 13, 1909, 29 da^s M4=0 niS ft", M!°=320° M ii niis ii M ^_>74°. AnalvMs made in Coast and Geodetic Survey Office. 5 TT,.iiil\ and (.n.fi vt til uMiliii!,'- iiiidp l.\ D B M i. null iii iii^l li(k liaiiKs ()l(hePeai\ E\i)Cdifion, lQOS-9 Seiies of Ik, nib In , I , '" In T ^' imi I'U'dus j\l,= ii lil_' II M^"- r.s" AI,-0(OSfi M„"=18n°, Pi=n 053 )tli( S Expedition to Lad JL=noi8 ft., iU°=.il 70 Bi-hourly heights khii Ha\ , A'ol II, p. = 077 ft , r,"=2.33°. ed Length of series , II - nits of the 1 S Vniii l\i(diii.Mi \ nl I i.]!.!-,') Sei IPs of hoi \aliM 111 ill 1 I _ _ iiid March t. to Ma\ ,l,ls7_' S7,la\s M ,= n 1117 fl . i\L°= il°, M6=(l it., Mb = lis uirtl^sp., jiiadr lu I ui-i and '.CT.aeiii .siii\e\ Ollae 7. Haniiumo LOnhtant* published m Eepoit on the Pioieedings of the I 697. Series of hourly staff readmgs analvzed: Aug. 20, 18S1, to Aug. 25, iss:; 8. Harmonic coiistants published in Proc. Roy. Soc ,Vol 45 (1888-8Q), p. analyzed, 2 weeks, 1885. 9. Harmonic constants pubUshed in Die Internationale Polarforschung, 1SS2-83, Proc Roy. Soc, Vol 45 Hourly values from bi-hourly and other readings were analyzed: Juh 22 to Sept 8, lss3, 41 davs lO' Hourly and other staff readings made by D. B. Macmillan, of tl e Pejr\ Expedition Series of hourly values analvzed: Nov. 16 to Dec. 12, 1908; 29 davs. M4=0 009 ft., Mi°=285°; M(i=0 004 1t ,M„°=]s4° Anah si^ made in Coast and Geodetic Survey Office. 11. Harmonic constants published in Proc Roy. Soc.A'ol. 45 (l>Ss-<'S9). i\ 570. Bi-liourly and other heiglits observed. Length of series analyzed, 1 month, 1886. 12. Hourly gauge readings published in Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge (1860), Tidal Observations in the .\rctic Seas, pp. G-36" Two series of hourly values analyzed: Oct. 19 to Dec. 15, 1853, and May 7 to July 3, 1854; each 58 days in length. Mi= 0.058 ft., M.t°=18.5°: M6=0.039 ft., M(i°=142°. Analyses made in Coast and Geodetic Survey Office. 13. Harmonic constants published in Proc Roy. Soc, Vol. 45 (1888-89), p. 570. Bi-hourly and other heights observed. Length of series analyzed, 2 weeks, 1886. HABMONIC CONSTANTS FOR ARCTIC SEAS. Table of harmonic constants, tidal hours, etc. 41 0.09 ; 0.15 j 0.09 j 0.19 ; 0.11 0.21 0.25 0.04 .s: 0.44 164 0.49 162 0.58 178 0.15 213 0.10 130 0.34 178 0.84 121 0.98 115 0.09 45 1.06 118 0.98 110 0.97 111 1.05 124 0.43 0.35 0.55 0.47 0.34 0.42 0.37 0.33 0.34 0.59 0.25 0.30 0.36 0.43 0.35 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.19 0.19 0.17 0.19 0.19 0.15 0.20 0.14 0.23 0.14 0.18 0.20 0.19 1.80 0.58 0.44 0.44 0.56 0.65 ! 0.40 0.49 0.66 0.39 1.14 0.29 0.49 0.54 0.49 0.48 0.45 Ft. 0.30 0.98 0.99 0.46 0.25 0.55 0.37 0.67 0.36 0.28 0.73 3.27 0.78 1.46 0.47 3.84 3.49 1.09 9.78 12.31 12.50 3.85 1.77 5.30 5.70 6.16 6.47 10.07 10.12 9.64 9.53 10.01 9.60 9.56 7.00 10.62 11.92 22.77 23.95 20.51 19.12 11.92 6.62 1.36 11.90 17.60 11.64 17.33 11.24 9.47 20.43 22.33 [ 22.62 24.74 18.83 18.39 10.25 18.40 18.00 17.97 17.58 3.85 7.95 8.85 21.15 22.63 18.04 17.59 14.79 7.61 23.36 3.97 14.73 5.17 14.53 16.93 18.15 20.67 16.07 21.54 17.77 17.39 12.72 17.60 17.06 17.17 14. Hourly or hlgh-and-low water readings published in Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, 196, Physical Observa- , and June 7 to July 5, 1861, tions in the Arctic Seas, pp. 118-129. Two series of hourly values analyzed: Nov. 22 to Dec. each 29 days in length. Analyses made in Coast and Geodetic Survey Office. 15. Harmonic constants published in Proc. Roy. Soc, Vol. 45 (1888-89), p. 570. Bi-hourly and other heights observed. Length of series analyzed, 1 month, 1886. 16. Ibid., Vol. 45 (1888-89), p. 570. Bi-hourly and other heights observed. Length of series analvzed, 2 weeks, 1880. 17. Ibid., Vol. 39 (1885), pp. 174, 175; 194, 195. Nov. 1, 1848. to July 31, 1849. M4=0.016 ft., M4°=202°; Pi=0.21fi ft., Pi°=218°. 18. Ibid., Vol. 39, pp. 174, 175; 194, 195, Nov. 2, 1858, to Feb. 28, 1859. M4=0.024 ft.; M4°=268°; Pi=0.215ft.; Pi''=222°. 19. Hqurly gauge readings published in Phil. Trans., Vol. 165 (1875), pp. 340-345. Series of hourly values analyzed: July 1 to 29, 1859; 29 davs. M4=0.094 ft.; M.,''=214''; M6"'=0.n(i0 ft.: JL°=lti4°. Analysis made in Coast and Geodetic Survey Office. 20. High and low waters published in I lie Phil. Trans. Koyal 8oc., Vol. 165 (187.5), pp. 318-320. Series used: May 27 to June 24. 1853; 29 days. Analysis made in Coast and (ieodetic Survey OIHcp according to a method described on pp. 569-572, Report of Superintendent for 1897 (Manual. Pt. II), and pp. 494, 49.i, Report for 1907 (Manual, Pt. V). 21. Ranges of tide published in Capt. Parry's Journal of a Voyage for the Discovery of the North-West Pa,ssage, etc. (London, 1821). Series used: May 5 to June 2. isifi; Ji) days. Analysis made in Coast and Geodetic Survey Office according to a method de-scribed on pp. 569-572, Report of .Superintendent for 1S97 (Manual, Pt. II), and pp. 494, 495, Report lor 1907 (Manual, Pt. V). 22. Staff readings by Coast and Geodetic Survey. Series of hourly values analyzed: June 10 to July 8, 1898; 29 days. Mt= 0.319 ft.; M4°=13°; M6=0.052 ft.; },W=3i6°. Analysis made in Coast and Geodetic Survey Office. 23. Stafl readings bv Coast and Geodetic Survey. Series of hourly values analyzed: Aug. 21) to Sept. 24, 1898; 29 days, M,=0.18S ft., M4''=296°; M6=0.084 ft., M6°=355°. Analysis made in Coast and Geodetic Survey Office. 24. Stafl readings bv Coast and Geodetic Survey. Series of hourly values analyzed: May 24 to June 21, 1898; 29 days. Mi= 0.0167 ft., Mi°=138°; M6=0.087 ft., M6'>=30°. Analysis made in Coast and Geodetic Survey Office. 25. Hourly and other staff readings bv .Vnglo- -American Expedition, under -Ejnar M'ikkelsen and Ernest de K. Leffingwell. Series of hourly values analyzed: Oct. 21 to Dec. 12, 1900; 58 davs. Mi=0.007 ft., Mi°=274''; M,)=0.004 ft., M6°=141°. Analysis made in Coast and Geodetic Survey Office. 26. Stall readings bv Coast and Geodetic Survey. Series of hourly values analvzed: July 1 to July 29, 1.S99; 29 davs. M4= 0.363 ft., M4°=231°: M6=0.143 ft., Mi;°=ll°. .Analysis made in Coast arid Geodetic Survey Offi'ce. 27. Staff readings by Coast and Geodetic Survey. Series of hourlv values analvzed: May 22 to Jime 19, 1900; 29 days. 'H^= 0.061 ft.. M,°=13S°; M6=0.023 ft., M6°=129°. .Analysis made in Coast 'and Geodetic'Survey O'ffice. 28. Stafl readings by Coast and Geodetic Survey. Series of hourly values analyzed: .\ug. 9 to Sept. 6, 1901; 29 days. M)= 0.090 ft., M4°=141''; M6=0.029 ft., M6°=190°. Analysis made in Coast and Geodetic Survey Office. 29. Hourly staff readings by Coast and Geodetic Survey. Series of hourly values analyzed: June 22 to July 20, 1902; 29 days. Analysis made in Coast and Geodetic Survey Office. 42 AECTIC TIDES, Table of harmonic constants, tidal hours, etc. — Continued. Geographic position. • M2°. M2. De- grees. Lunar hours. S2. 82°. Ft. „ h. Ft. „ 0.17 336.2 11.21 0.07 16 0.55 235.4 7.85 0.12 338 0.47 213.4 7.11 0.03 346 0.08 4.1 0.14 0.03 60 0.51 178.0 5.93 0.21 229 0.43 278.8 9.30 0.14 333 3.77 192.0 6.40 1.15 237 3.29 163.5 5.45 0.92 208 0.43 217.0 7.23 0.15 244 0.08 13.0 0.43 0.05 2 0.23 74.0 2.47 0.14 145 0.23 38.0 1.27 0.11 118 0.92 98.5 3.28 0.35 150 1.15 74.5 2.48 0.43 121 1.74 57.0 1.90 0.50 106 2.98 3.5 0.12 1.08 44 2.84 356.5 11.88 0.98 35 1.36 38.2 1.27 0.26 70 1.44 297.5 9.92 0.52 334 0.77 301.2 10.04 0.37 347 1.96 334.5 11.15 0.84 16 0.47 168.4 5.61 0.17 230 1.07 43.0 1.43 0.20 99 0.92 64.6 2.15 0.33 117 1.36 15.0 0.50 0.47 es Point Barrow (Ooglaamie). St. Michael Point Clarence Pitlekaj Teplitz Bay Cape Flora Port Ekaterininskoi. Vardo Eatan Bjom Draghallan.. Treurenberg. Mossel Bay . . Fineide Kabelvaag . . . Bodoe Port Virgo... Bergen Cape Sheridan. Fort Conger... North. 71 18 63 29 65 14 67 03 North. 81 47 79 57 79 53 67 17 68 13 67 17 79 43 60 24 North. 82 27 81 44 North. TepUtz Bay. . Treurenberg "* Treurenberg* Port Virgo*. West. 156 40 162 02 166 24 173 30 East. 57 56 49 59 33 27 31 06 22 58 20 55 17 58 17 28 16 52 16 04 15 30 14 30 14 23 10 44 5 18 West. 61 21 64 45 East. 57 59 16 52 16 52 h. m. 10 27 10 48 11 06 11 34 3 52 3 20 2 14 2 04 1. Half-hourly readings published in Report of the International Polar Expedition to Point Barrow, Alaska, pp. Series of hourly values analyzed: Feb. 26 to June 10, 1883; 104§ days. M4=0.003 ft., M4°=319°; M6=0.003 ft., M6°=106°. Analysis made in Coast and Geodetic Survey Office. 2. Automatic record by Coast and Geodetic Survey. Three series of hourly values analyzed: May 15 to July 10, 1891; 58 days. July 16 to Aug. 13, 1898; 29 days; and July 1 to Aug. 27, 1899; 58 days. M4=0.042 ft., M4°=150°; M6=0.018 ft., Mg°=266°. Analyses made in Coast and Geodetic Survey Office. 3. .Automatic gauge records by Coast and Geodetic Survey. Series of hourly values analyzed: Aug. 26 to Sept. 23, 1900; 29 days. M4=0.097 ft., M4°=.301°; M6=0.028 ft., M6°=212°. Analysis made in Coast and Geodetic Survey Office. 4. Hourly gauge readings published in Vega-expeditionens vetenskapliga arbeten, Bd. 5. Series of hourly values analyzed: Deo. 7, 1878 (European date) to June 7, 1879; 162i days. M4=0.0049 ft., M4°=144°; M6=0.0088 ft., Mo°=3°. Analysis made in Coast and Goedetio Survey Office. 5. Harmonic constants published in The Ziegler Polar Expedition, Scientific Results, p. 575. Series of hourly values ana- lyzed: April 1 to May 28, 1904; 58 days. M4= 0.005 ft., M4°=357''; M6= 0.004, M6°=2(i4°. 6. Ibid., p. 574. Series of hourly values analyzed: May 21 to Sept. 2,1904; 104J days. Mi=0.00B ft.,M4°=189°; M6=0.008 ft., M6°=162°. 7. Harmonic constants published in annual tide tables for the year 1910, issued bv the Russian Hydrographio Office, St. Petersburg. Pi=0.16 ft., Pi°=280°. 8. Harmonic constants pubhshed in Resultater af Vandstands-Observationer paa den Norske Kyst, Hefte VI (1904). Series used: 369 days beginning June 1, 1881, and 369 days beginning April 1, 1891. M4=0.039 ft., M4°=202°; Pi=0.115 ft., Pi°=282°. 9. Harmonic constants published in Untersuchungen zur Kenntnis der Wasserbewegungen und der Wasserumsetzung in den Finland XJmgebenden Meeren, by RoU Witting (Helsingfors, 1908), p. 205. Hourly observations. Period analzyed, 1 year. 1903. M4=0.023 ft., M4°=128°; Pi=0.14 ft., Pi°=122''. 10. Ibid., p. 206. Observations taken at 7 a. m., 2 p. m., and 9 p. m. Period analyzed, 2 years, 1904 and 1905. Pi=0.15ft., Pi°=346°. 11. Ibid., p. 200. Observations taken at 7 a. m., 2 p. m., and 9 p. m. Period analyzed, 2 years, 1904 and 1905. Pi=019 ft., Pi°=231°. 12. Ibid., p. 206. Observations taken at 7 a. m., 2 p. m., and 9 p. m. Period analyzed, 2 years, 1904 and 1905. Pi=0.10 ft., Pi°=158°. 13. Hourly gauge readings published in Missions ScientlCques pour la mesure d'un are de m^ridien au Spitzberg. H su^doise Tome I, Section V, pp. 34 to 37. Series of hourly values analyzed: Mar. 30 to June 12, 1900; 104J days. M4=0.( M4°=127°; M6=0.038 ft., M6°=61°. Analysis made in Coast and Geodetic Survey Office. ).032 ft.. HAKMONIC CONSTANTS FOR ARCTIC SEAS. Table of liarmonic constants, tidal hours, etc. — Continued. 43 M2& har- monics. 0.97 0.56 0.48 1.10 0.42 0.33 Ft. 0.11 2.11 0.37 0.25 0.18 0.20 0.20 0.56 0.14 0.36 ' 0.75 0. 33 0. 36 0.39 0.11 - 46 -160 -174 148 158 176 -157 9.65 6.65 6.21 11.71 2.06 5.97 4.17 3.38 5.70 11.04 1.27 12.10 2.16 1.41 12.87 11.15 10.91 12.55 9.57 1.74 12.31 1.03 11.78 5.06 11.74 2.2 12.82 11.04 10.75 12.56 20.86 13.48 15.88 13.68 19.73 1.61 14. Harmonic constants publislied in Bibang till Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlinger, Vol. 15, Part I, No. II (1889-90), also in Mission Scientifique, p. 22. Series analyzed: 38 days beginning Oct. 20, 1872, and 66 davs beginning Feb. 18, 1873. Ki° and Oi° should be altered by 180°. Cf. a remark upon p. SCO, Proc. Roy. Soc, Vol. 45 (1889). The observations as pub- lished begin at midnight, and the C's refer to this hour, as is explicitly stated. But the Vo+u must have been taken for noon in order to give the k's as there pubhshed, where k=^+ Vo+u. Hence epochs of diumals must be altered by 180°. 15. Harmonic constants pubhshed in Bihang till Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlinger, Vol. 15 (1889-90). Series used: 369 days beginning June 1, 1896, and 350 days beginning Dec. 1, 1897. M4=0.039 ft., M4°=61°; M6=0.039ft., M6°=179°; Pi=0.074lt., Pi°=236°. 16. Ibid. Series used: 369 days beginning Dec. 1, 1884, and 369 days beginning Feb. 7, 1889. M4=0.141 ft., M4°=323°; Pi= 0.090 ft., Pi°=202°. 17. Ibid. Series used: 369 days beginning June 1, 1896, and 369 days beginning Jan. 1, 1900. Mi=0.162 ft., M4°=292°; Pi= 0.095 ft.. Pi °= 194°. 18. Hourly gauge readings published in Missions Scientifiques pour la mesure d'un arc de meridien au Spitzberg; Mission sud- doise Tome I, Section V, pp. 56, 57. Series of hourly values analyzed: Jime 9 to July 7, 1897; 29 days. M4=0.006 ft., M4°=168°; M6=0.016 ft., M6°=107°. Analysis made in Coast and Geodetic Survey Office. 19. Harmonic constants published in Resultater of Vandstands-Observationer paa den Norska Kyst, Hefte VI (1904). Series used: 369 days beginning Dec. 27, 1884, and 369 days beginning Dec. 1, 1893. Pi=0.036 ft., Pi°=152°. 20. Hourly and other staff readings made by Ross G. Marvin, of the Peary Expedition, 1905-6. Series of hourly values analyzed: Nov. 4 to Dec. 2, 1905; 29 days. Mi=0.019 ft., M,°=325°; M6=0.012 ft., M6°=208°. Analysis made in Coast and Geo- detic Survey Office. 21. Hourly and other staff readings made by D. B. Maemillan, of the Peary Expedition, 1908-9. Series of hourly values ana- lyzed: June 11 to 25, 1909; 15 days. M4=0.012 ft., M4°=320°. Analysis made in Coast and (Jeodetic Survev Office. 22. Harmonic constants published in Osservazioni Scientifiche eseguite durante la Spedizione Polare di S. A. R. Luigi Amedeo di Savoia Duoa degli Abruzzi (Milan, 1903, pp. 167, 177), also in Scientific Results of the Ziegler Polar Expedition, 1903-1905, p. 575. Sept. 19 to Oct. 17, 1899; March 16 to April 3, 1900; and June 3 to 27, 1900. 23. Harmonic constants published in Missions Scientifiques pour la mesure d'un arc de meridien au Spitzberg; Mission su^doise Tome I, Section V., p. 25. Aug. 23 to Sept. 13, 1899. 24. Ibid., p. 22. March 29 to July 12, 1900. 25. Ibid., p. 54. June 8 to July 12, 1897. * These epochs or angles for Treurenberg, as well as those for Port Virgo, are evidently erroneous. CHAPTER III. NONHARMONIC TIDAL QUANTITIES, AND THE SET OF THE CURRENTS. REMARKS ON NONHARMONIC METHODS OF REDXJCING OBSERVATIONS. In computing the limitidal intervals, the times of liigh and low water are sup- posed to be referred to the local times of the transit of the moon across the meridian of the place. But in making the observations, time other than local is frequently- used, especially the time pertaining to some standard or particular meridian whose west longitude in hours may here be denoted by S. The transits used in the tabulations may belong to any meridian. Let the west longitude of this meridian expressed in hours be denoted by E, the initial of the word "ephemeris." In rare instances, the times of the transits across the given meridian, E, are expressed in time belonging to some other meridian whose west longitude, in hours, may be denoted by T. L denotes the west longitude of the station expressed in hours. When concerned with east longitudes, write the minus sign before the values of S, E, T, and L. The correction to change observation time into local time is S — L, and the cor- rection to the lunitidal intervals, due to the motion of the moon in her orbit while passing from the meridian E'to the meridian L, is 0.035 {E—L). The entire interval correction (unless the transits are expressed in other than E'-meridian time), is ^-i + 0.035 {E-L). (1) If the transits across the E'-meridian are given in T-meridian time, they are reduced to ^'-meridian time by adding T- E; the above interval correction will be increased by E— T. For the general case the entire interval correction thus becomes S-L + QMb {E-L) + E-T. (2) In order to obtain directly an independent determination of the lunitidal interval, observations should be continued at least a fortnight or semilunation. By using multiples of this period, the accuracy of the determination will, of course, be increased. When only a few high and low waters have been observed, a correction must be applied to the intervals to allow for this circumstance. This is easily done if the station in question is located near a station whose tides are well known and for which observa- tions or predictions can be procured covering the period of the given observations. When such is not the case, the principal correction to the interval can be obtained by means of tables given on pages 375 and 376, Coast and Geodetic Survey Report for 1897, or from the same tables given in the Introduction to the annual Tide Tables published by the Survey; but before using these we must make some estimate of the age of the tide and of the values of the mean, spring, and neap ranges. NONHARMONIC TIDAL QUANTITIES AND CURRENTS. 45 The age of tidal ineqiialit}^ is the time by which its appearance follows the occur- rence of the corresponding inequality in the tide-pi'oducing forces. Li harmonic notation, the respective ages of the phase, "parallactic, " and diurnal inequaHties are S3°-M3° M3°-N3° K,°-0,° Sj — m2 ' mj — Uj ' kj — Oi ' . ' or — 0.984 {8,°-M,°), 1.837 (M2°-N2°), 0.911 (K,°-0,°), (4) mean solar hours. If high water heights are tabulated with reference to the transit of the moon across a given meridian, they evidently belong on an average to a time a constant number of hours, HWI (uncorrected), after the moon's transit. If ranges — that is, both liigh and low waters — are tabulated, they belong to a time J (HWI + LWI) after the moon's transit. Similar remarks apjily when lunitidal intervals are tabulated for the purpose of ascertaining the age "from the times," i. e., from the positions of the lunitidal intervals when they take their mean values. The age as determined by tabulating with reference to the transits of the moon must, if expressed in degrees, be corrected by the known change in the astronomical argument which takes place during the actual time wliich elapses between the lunar transit and the high waters or ranges used. Consequently, in order to have an age properly determined, its value must relate to the tide and not to the associated transit. If local times and local transits are used throughout and if both high and low water heights are used, the expression, in solar hours, for age of the phase inequaUty, or, as it is commonly called, the age of the tide, is ^^^-'-wToTn^a'^X'^i (HWI+LWI, (5) = 30 [hour of transit x (hwI + LWI) = ^^ ("^ ^^T) S2 — mjlfor max. range] ^ Sj — mj S2 — m2 S2 — nij 1.0159 ^ ^ ^ To correct the age when the transits used are across the meridian E and expressed in r meridian time add T— £* hours to the observed "hour of transit for maximum range," or hours to the imcorrected age. The high and low water intervals may be corrected by means of formula (2) . When the series is short, say less than about six months in length, the age should be increased by a number of hours equal to (equation of time in minutes), f (8) 2 (s2-m2) *I. e., Ferrel's o-i corrected for lunitidal intervals when necessary, t The "equation" added to apparent times gives mean time. 46 ARCTIC TIDES. S2 — m2 being twice the hourly rate of separation between moon and sun. Or the numerators of (6) should be increased by an angle equal to -0.5 (equation of time in minutes) (9) since the "speed" of the inequality is S2 — m2 = 1.0159 degrees per hour. If the "hour of transit" refer to apparent time, the need for this correction will disappear. In computing HWI and LWI, however, either mean or apparent time should be used for both transits and tides. On account of the moon's variation, the (solar) daily retardation of the moon at the time of syzygy is 49.9 minutes and at the time of quadrature 47.6; that is, the daily separation of moon and mean sun is not quite uniform, and so in place of 48.8 in formula (5) these values should be substituted if syzygies alone or quadratures alone are used. Generally, both syzygies and quadratures are used, thus making the consideration of the moon's variation unnecessary. If solstitial and equinoctial tides be separately considered, it should be borne in mind that the daily retardation of the moon upon the mean sun is increased by one-twelfth part of its mean value for . ^- V and decreased by one- [equmoctial neaps J •' twelfth part for , , •,• 1 . That is, the age in the former case will be ^ [solstitial neaps J one-twelfth part less than its mean value, while in the latter case it will be one-twelfth part greater than its mean value. Here tz = 1 — cosw, where co is the obliquity of the ecliptic* All the foregoing statements imply the assumption that the maximum or mini- mum tidal effect on range follows the maximum or minimum value of the slowly varying tidal forces by a lag, or interval of tim^, constant for a given station. This assumption can be strictly true only where the semidiurnal portion of the lunar and solar tide waves, if it were possible to so decompose the tide wave into two parts, are, at all times, respectively similar to the waves or curves which represent the corre- sponding semidiurnal tidal forces. The amount by which the M2-wave is accelerated by the Sa-wave is the angle (in Ms-degrees) whose tangent is f A A sin [arg S2 - S^ - (arg M2 -MD] 1 + ^ i^ cos [arg S2 - S^ - (arg M2 - M^l Mo m^ Here S2 = 30°, m2 = 28°.9841042; S3-m2 = 1.01590; S2/m2 = 1.03505; and s|/mi = 1.07133. S2-M; = age of tide in hours x (82-1112). * Cf . Coast and Geodetic Survey Report, 1897, p. 500 (Manual, Pt. II), Airy: Tides and Waves, Art. 541. t Coast and Geodetic Survey Report, 1894, p. 131, eq. (7); p. 169, eq. (157); Table I; pp. 190-193 (Manual, Pt. III). NONHARMONIC TIDAL QUANTITIES AND CURRENTS, 47 At the times of full and change the astronomical arguments of Sj and Ma are equal, and the amount, in solar mmutes of time, whereby the interval then exceeds the mean mterval or the spring interval, is, S 1.035^' sin [S^-M:] 2 X 1.035 tani ^^ ; (H) 1 + 1.0713^ cos K-M;] and so, where the age is not too great, g ^ sin [1.0159 (age m hours) = S^ - Ms] 122.765 ^ g (12) 1 + 1.0713 ^ cos [1.0159 (age in hours) =S2-Ma The number 122.765 = 2 —/^^Y The ratio ^ is nearly equal to ^^7 P - y^^^J M, bg + iNp where Sg and Np denote sprmg and neap ranges. Its theoretical value, judged from the tidal forces, is 0.46531. The actual value from observation is generally some- what less. See table given on pages 40 to 43. To take account of the effect of the moon's variation, M, in formulas (11) and (12) should be replaced by Mo_ + pL2- This amounts to multiplying (11) or (12) by a factor approximately equal to 0.983. The "speed" of the lunar forces at syzygy is (0.9992) m.; a value sufficiently near to that of mj for the present purpose. Computation for the required quantity, viz., the excess of the full-and-change interval over the mean interval, can be avoided by making use of Table 24, page 254, Coast and Geodetic Survey Report for 1894 (Manual, Pt. III). The ratio of the solar tide to the lunar tide as determined "from heights" is Sg-Np Sg + Np Using Air3-'s notation,* and supposing the period of the lunar tide to differ but slightly from that of the solar, the amount by which the lunar tide is retarded by the solar is 2 (9 — 2 /^. where tan (2 0-2 X)^ _ S^ ain (2 ^rT^j- ^^^ M" + S" cos (2m-s-2 nr) ^ Here d denotes the hour-angle of the moon to the west of the meridian at the time of high water; ?. denotes the luni tidal interval expressed in lunar degrees; m — s is "the excess of the sun's hour angle above the moon's at the instant of computation for tide." S'VM" here denotes the amplitude ratio of the solar to the lunar tide as inferred from the observed angle 2 6 — 2 X. The numerical value of the right-hand member becomes a maximum when cos (2 m-s-2 cr) equals -^jTrT/- Substituting this value for cosine and ^1 - -—^ for sine in (13), it becomes tan(2»-2A)=^,jp|;=,; (14) and so sin(2^-2;0=j|^;. (15) * Tides and Waves, Ai-ts. 44, 457, 535, and 541. 48 ABCTIC TIDES. The range of fluctuation in interval is 2 (2 ^ — 2 >^) degrees of a semidaily wave, or 2 ^ — 2 >^ of a daily. The range, x, expressed in minutes of time, = 4 (2 (9 — 2 A) or S" ■ X ■ ■ ■ ■ ir-f77=sin-. This is the ratio as determined ''from times." (See footnote to table, M 4 pp. 51, 53.) Laplace used A-^-^A'— ^^ to denote the ratio of the solar to the lunar tide, the tides being so reduced as to refer to mean parallax and zero declination.* S. Houghton denotes this ratio by S/M.f Whewell uses h/h' to denote the ratio of the solar to the lunar tide. Both sun and moon are supposed to take their various distances and declinations, J or the tides are supposed to be so reduced by suitable tables (empirical or theoretical) as to correspond to mean distances and declinations of these bodies. However, since the declinations of sun and moon do not, in the long run, differ much from each other, this distinction in the ratio can generally be ignored. Whether this ratio is derived from the times or the heights of the tides will have to be gathered from the context of the memoirs in which it has been given. Before the mathematical developments underlying the harmonic analysis were carried out, the diurnal wave was but imperfectly understood, and so little will be given here in reference ta older nonharmonic determinations. It may, however, be said that Wliewell pointed out a way for determining it when high and low waters are given § and L. F. Pom-tales, of the United States Coast Survey, devised a graphical process for its determination from a tide curve or marigram.|| CORRECTING OBSERVED RANGES AND INTERVALS. The intervals are first of all corrected for the kind of time used and the meridian of the transits by means of formula (1) or (2). The mean ranges of tide and the mean lunitidal intervals for short series of observations were reduced or corrected in the following manner. Let (Sj)/ denote the Sj at a near-by station where a harmonic analysis has already been carried out, and let (Sg)/, denote the unknown S^ at the place where only a few observations * Laplace: Mecanique celeste, Bk. 13, p. 171. Coast and Geodetic Survey Report, 1897, p. 435 (Manual, Pt. I). t Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. of London, Vol. 156 (1866), p. 641. t Ibid., Vol. 124 (1834), p. 35; Vol. 126 (1836), pp. 2, 3. § Phil. Trans., 1837, pp. 227, 228; Report Coast and Geodetic Survey, 1897, p. 441 (Manual, Pt. I). II Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, Tidal Observations in Arctic Seas (1860), p. 78; Smith- sonian Contributions to Knowledge, Vol. 15, Physical Observations (1865), p. 159; Report Coast and Geodetic Survey, 1897, p. 453 (Manual, Pt. I). NONHARMONIC TIDAL, QUANTITIES AND CUBEENTS. 49 are available. A similar distinction may be made for the mean ranges of tide (Mn),/ and (Mn),; also for other quantities. Then True (Mn).. = ^^^^^^"^ (Mn)..-2 fc y (S,).. ^^^^ where (S,),, = ^^' (S^),. (17) True HWI = observed HWI - -Q[\- (18) Here Ic denotes the average value of the coefficient, during the observation period, of S2 given in column 3, Table 24, page 254, Coast and Geodetic Survey Report for 1894 (Manual, Pt. Ill); j denotes the average value of the coefficient of Sj/Mj during the observation period given in column 2 of the same table. The symbols p and q are defined in connection with tables given on pages 375, 376, Coast and Geodetic Survey Report for 1897 (Manual, Pt. I), also in introduction to the annual Tide Tables. The results wiU indicate whether or not a second approximation is required. The results from either long or short series of observations have been corrected for the longitude of the moon's node by means of Tables 6 and 14, pages 209-213, 247, Coast and Geodetic Survey Report for 1894 (Manual, Pt. III). COLLECTION OF INTERVALS, RANGES, ETC. In preparing the accompanying table of intervals, ranges, tidal hours, etc., the aim has been to bring together, chiefly from various published sources, such intervals and ranges as are available, and to deduce from them the mean ranges of the semidaily tide and the mean tidal hours. These are the quantities required in the construction of cotidal maps. The values from the Admiralty Tide Tables are, for convenience, given in a section of the table by themselves. Where the dates of the observations are known, the published ranges are given in the first line, and the ranges, corrected for the longitude of the moon's node, in the second line. This correction is small and is made by means of Table 14, page 247, Coast and Geodetic Survey Report for 1894 (Manual, Pt. III). Such corrected ranges are bracketed in this table, as are also the mean ranges of tide inferred from spring ranges and the mean lunitidal intervals inferred from the fuU-and -change intervals. Ranges not obtained from published results are supposed to have been properly corrected although accompanied by dates of observation. In short, the brackets in this table signify that the values inclosed have been derived from pub- lished quantities through inference or correction. Rules for inferring the mean lunitidal interval from the fuU-and-change inter- val are given on pages 46 and 47. Remarks pertaining to other nonliarmonic quan- tities and to the kinds of time used are given on pages 44 to 46. When a mean range has been inferred from a spring range, it has been done by means of the factor mean range -^spring range at a principal station not too remote and which factor has been computed or estimated from the harmonic constants. This table and the one next following it comprises the territory north of the sixtieth parallel. 62730—11 i 50 AECTIC TIDES. Table of intervals, ranges, tidal hours, etc. Longitude. Lunitidal interval. Mean Mean HWI. LWI. full and change. Range of phase fluctu- ation. Mean Spring Neap (Mn.). I (Sg.). (Np.) Jan Mayen . . Frederiksdal. Tasinsarsik kltdlek (a Angmagsa- lik). Isortup nua Put.ulik(aPlkiutdlek). Nuemiagartek Kiatak (a Umivik) Karra akungnak Inugsuit Kehertatsiak Nunatsuk Euraah (a Ipek) Cape Morris Jesup Cape Bryant Cape Sheridan Fort Conger Point Aldrich, Cape Columbi: Black Horn Cliffs Five miles southwest of Repulse I Harbor. Cape Sumner 23 Cape Beechey. 65 37 65 05 65 00 64 49 64 19 61 48 61 41 60 10 60 04 59 55 83 40 82 21 82 27 82 27 82 12 82 03 81 55 81 52 37 16 cir. 40 00 2 40 40 Cir. 40 45 j 2 43 cir. 41 00 I 2 44 cir. 42 10 ' 2 49 cir. 42 12 2 49 cir. 43 04 ! 2 52 cir. 43 05 I 2 52 cir. 43 10 I 2 53 33 35 2 14 55 30 3 42 61 21 4 05 61 21 4 05 64 45 4 19 69 35 j 4 38 57 30 J 3 50 59 30 3 58 60 45 4 03 63 00 i 4 12 h. m. 11 21 §4 06 §3 55 §4 18 §3 50 §3 56 §4 06 §4 34 §4 21 §442 §4 50 10 49 03 10 30 10 31 11 35 12 06 j 6 10 12 15 ; 5 42 h. m. 11 37 Mn. 78 Ft. Ft. 2.95 3.74 [2.88] [3.67] [7.10] [9.53] 7.10 1.3 [1.27] [2.63] 3.4 3.7 [3.61] Ft. 2.17 [2.10] 4.64 [4.49] 1. Die Internationale Polarforschung, 1882-1883. Die Osterreichische Polarstation Jan Mayen. Beobachtungs-Ergebnisse Vol. I, Vienna, 1886. Discussed by A. B6brik. 2. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 156, 1 (1866). Observations by Missionary M. A. Asboe. 3. From observations published in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 156, 1 (1866). 4-13. Danske Konebaads expedition til Gr0nlands 0stkyst, 1883-85. Observations met^orologiques et nautiques. Flux et reflux de la mer a. Nennortalik et k quelques points de la cote est du Gronland, p. 45. 14-19. Observations taken by members of the Peary polar expeditions. 20-23. International Polar Expedition. Report on United States Expedition to Lady Franklin Bay, Grinnell Land, Vol. II, by A. W. Greely, Washington, 1888, pp. 695-698, NONHARMONIC TIDAL QUANTITIES AND CURRENTS. Talile of intervals, ranges, tidal hours, etc. 51 From From heights. Age. i Tidal 1 hour I full and i rom change. Tidal hour mean. Station used for comparison. Date, length of series, etc. 1 0, 308 0.360 11.53 8.78 8.91 §6.44 §6.45 §6.21 §6.78 §7.23 §7.07 §7.41 §7.55 12.68 3.75 2.23 2.24 3.51 12.35 Fort Conger. .-..do ...-do Apr. 27 to Aug. Aug. 22, 1863, to Aug. 21, 1864; only springs and neaps treated. Aug. 22, 1863, to Aug. 21, 1864; 279 highs and 279 lows. 79 ohservations 1 observation. 2c 5c I observation... II observations. 3 observations.. i observations. May 13-22 1909; 19 highs and 18 lows. Jan. 16 to Feb. 13, 1909; 51 highs and 5 lows. Nov. 4 to Dec. 2, 1905; 56 highs and 5 lows. Nov. 13, 1908, to Jime 21, 1909; 426 highs 426 lows. June 11-25, 1909; 28 highs and 28 lows... Nov. 16 to Dec. 14, 1908; 54 highs and 54 lows. 1883; 2 highs and 1 low 1883; 5 highs and 4 lows. .=.a.(;). t== I practically equivalent ratio. -Np -Sg+Np' t The value 2h. SSJm., given on pp. 640, 641, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 156, 1 (1866), refers to half-tide level and not to high water. . • . applying to this±3h. 06m. or one-fourth of a tidal period, we obtain as intervals 6h. 00m. and 12h. 12m. The necessity for doing this was overlooked in the discussion of the Fort Conger tides referred to below. (Report on United States expedition to Lady Franklin Bay, Vol. II, p. 698 and chart facing p. 700.) The same is doubtless true concerning the chart opposite p. 86 of Bessels's discussion: also concerning Berghaus's cotidal chart for the world. This wrong interpretation has accordingly introduced an error of 3 hours into these cotidal charts in the vicinity of Cape Farewell. § There was doubtless some defect in the process whereby the lunitidal intervals were ob tained, as the results appear to be erroneous. Rough values of the establishments around southern Greenland are shown upon the chart accompanying Macdougall's trans- lation of the narrative of Gapt. W. A. Graah's expedition to the east coast of Greenland. 52 ARCTIC TIDES. Table of intervals, ranges, tidal hours, etc. — Continued. Distant Cape. Cape Baird . . . Cape Cracroft. North. 81 42 81 32 81 22 Between Carl Ritter Bay and 80 42 Cape Lawrence. Eleven miles northeast of Cape 80 30 Lawrence. • Seven mUes northeast of Cape 80 24 Lawrence. One mUe west southwest of Cape : 80 18 Lawrence. Two mUes south of Cape Norton ' 79 54 Shaw. Cape John Barrow ! 79 48 Three miles northeast of Cape i 79 42 Louis Napoleon. Camp Clay, 4 miles northwest of ] 78 48 Cape Sabine. Eskimo Point '■ 78 36 Cape Sheridan , 82 27 Polaris Bay j 81 36 FortConger ...j 81 44 BeUot Harbor ' 81 45 Ananito Harbor, Cumberland Gulf. Van Rensselaer Harbor Longitude. 37 West. ^ 64 00 G4 30 : 4 j 04 30 ! 4 4 44 71 06 I 4 44 71 36 i 4 46 74 12 I 4 57 75 00 j 5 00 61 22 ; 4 05 61 41 i 4 07 64 44 4 19 65 00 I 4 20 66 56 4 28 70 53 4 44 Port Foulke j 78 18! 73 00 Ooglet I 68 24 I 8136 South end of Igloolik [ 69 20 | 8137 Igloolik ' 69 21 j 8137 Winter Island ! 66 11 83 10 Lunitidal interval. 11 33 11 23 11 27 11 06 11 00 11 00 11 12 11 18 11 54 11 42 10 54 11 00 [9 41]; 12 14 11 33 [11 06]l 5 18 I 11 34 ofphls'e' Range of tide. flUCtU- i : ation. ! ,, 11 43 1 17 i ' 11 14 17 j 4 55 [10 44]; 1115 11 52 I 11 24 I [6 59]!. 7 30 6 57 44 ........ [1140]! 12 11 4.3 [4.19] 3.8 [3.71] 4.8 [4.68] [2.05] 3.86 [3.88] [4 [4.80] 112 i 14. 70 [15.07] 7. [8.03] 7.7 [7.78] 4.64 [12.1] 2.6 [2.65] 5.40 [5.42] 6.01 [5.93] 6.2 [21.20] 10, [10.9] 9.9 [10.0] 1 [1.35] 1.99 [2: 01] 2.37 [2.29] 7. [8.94] 4.9 [5.0] 5.0 [5.1] 1-12. International Polar Expedition. Report on United States Expedition to Lady Franklin Bay, Grinnell Land, Vol. II, by A. W. Greely, \n ashington, 1888, pp. 695-698. 13. Transactions of the Roval Irish Academy Vol. XXX (1895). Observations made on board H. M. S. Alert. Also, from Narrative of a Voyage to the Polar Sea during 1875-76 in H. M. S. Alert and Discovery, Capt. Sir G. S. Nares. 14. Scientific Results of the United States Arctic E.xpedition, steamer Polaris, C. F. Hall commanding, Vol. I, Physical Observa- tions by E. Bessels, Washington, 1876. 15. International Polar Expedition. Report on United States Expedition to Lady Franklin Bay, Grinnell Land, Vol. II, by A. W. Greely; Washington, 1888. 16. Narrative of a Voyage to the Polar Sea during 1875-76 in H. M. S. Alert and Discovery, Capt. Sir G". S. Nares. NONHAEMONIC TIDAL QUANTITIES AND CUBKENTS. TaMe of intervals, ranges, tidal hours, etc. — Continued. 53 Age. From heights. 1^ ' ^ From ^ ie,t --• Station used for comparison. Date, length of series, etc. !■ 0.491 * 0.474 0.458 to. 461 to. 434 * 0.469 ♦0.471 * 0.364 to. 467 47.9 to. 376 32.5 tO.329 : 34.1 40.9 46.4 i 3.51 50.9 : 44.3 \ 4.19 i 35.9 I Fort Conger . ....do 3.36 3.26 0.18 12.15 do Cape Sheridan Polaris Bay 1883; 9 highs and 7 lows. 1883; 5 highs and 4 lows. 1883; 4 highs and 4 lows. 883. GeneraUy only 1 or 2 tides ob- served. . Not simultaneous with Fort Conger observations. Fort Conger. Kingua Fiord PortFoulke ....do -■.... Nottingham Island .do. 1875, 1876, 41 days; only springs and neaps treated. Nov. 6, 1871, to June 6, 1872; nearly con- tinuous. Aug. 20, 1881, to July 1, 1883; 1,315 highs and 1,315 lows. 1875-76; 6 months; only springs and neaps treated. Jan. 13 to Apr. 26, 1878; 88 highs and 94 lows. 1853-1855; 480 highs and 485 lows Nov. 17 to Dec. 23, 1860, and June 6 1 July 12, 1861. Nov. 18, 1822, to Apr. 19, 1823; and 294 lows. Nottingham Island' 1822 -KD- t=i! Sg-Np Sg+Np" 17. Professional Paper No. XI, TJ. S. Signal Service. Meteorological and Physical Observations on the East Coast of British America. O. T. Sherman, Washington, 1883. 18. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. Phvsical Observations in the Arctic Seas. By E. K. Kane. Washington, 1859-60. See also Ibid., Vol. XV, by I. I. Hayes, Washington, 1867. 19. Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, Vol. XV. Physical Observations in the Arctic Seas. By I. I. Haves. Wash- ington, 1867. 20, 21, 23. Parry's Second Voyage. Journal , 1821-1823. From charts at back of volume, and p. 247. 22. From observations published in Supplement to Appendix of Captain Parry's First Voyage. London, 18V4. 54 AKCTIC TIDES. Table of intervals, ranges, tidal hours, etc. — Continued. Winter Island Cape Welsford York Bay, Soutliampton Island. . Near head of Repulse Bay Douglas Harbor, Wagner Strait. . Port Bowen FuUerton Harbor Port Leopold Refuge Cove, WeUlngton Channel, ....do Port Kennedy, Bellot Strait ....do ....do Assistance Harbor Table Island Penny Strait ....do Byam Martin Island Cambridge Bay, Dease Strait, Vic- toria Land. Southeast coast of Melville Island. Winter Harbor, Melville Island... North. 66 11 66 31 65 40 73 14 63 59 73 50 75 31 75 31 72 01 72 01 72 01 74 37 77 14 76 52 76 52 75 10 69 06 74 58 74 47 Longitude. 84 40 85 16 86 30 89 10 88 55 89 06 90 20 92 10 92 10 94 12 94 12 94 12 94 15 95 08 97 00 97 00 103 34 105 25 107 04 110 48 h.m. 5 33 5 39 5 41 5 46 5 57 S 56 5 56 6 01 6 17 6 17 6 21 6 28 Lunitidal interval. k.m. 12 02 [11 44] [11 49] [10 44] [5 29] 11 37 [2 19] 11 06 11 58 11 58 [12 16] 11 23 12 10 [11 29] [11 06] [122] 1 06 6 01 6 00 6 06 6 19 6 35 6 24 12 15 12 20 11 15 6 00 12 OOJ 11 30 Range of phase fluctu Mean (Mn.). [12.8] [13.8] 14J [14.86] 3.36 [12.3] 4.40 [4.31] [4.5] [5.8] [3.15] 3.58 3.07 [1.41] [1.8] [3.9] 6.94 [5.85] Neap (Np.) 2. [2.82] 1 From observations published in Supplement to Appendix of Captain Parry's Furst Voyage. London, 1874. 2^. Parry's Second Voyage. Journal, 1821-1823, pp. 40, 42, and 54. , ^ ,., . . ,^ ,.,,1, ,-, ^ <,k^ 5. Henry Ellis, Gent.: A Voyage to Hudson's Bay by the Dobbs Galleyjind Cahforma m the years mfr-47, p 253. 6. From observations published in Journal of Captain Parry's Third Voyage for the Discovery of the North-Ue^t Passage, ^^'^7^ Capt. J. E. Bernier: Report on Dominion Government Expedition to the Arctic Seas and Hudson Strait. ^ °7 ™?P- 8. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 153 (1863). Observations on board H. M. S. f^,ff^il\' Sir J. C. Ross The interval 4h. 54m. given on p. 260 is 6 lunar hours In error. See also Philosophical Transactions, V^-'j"™ *-^»'"'-'' ^' 9. 'philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 165 (1875). Observations on board H. M. g ^^^j-jj"''^' ^^10. From observations published in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 165 (iSycN 11. Captain McClintock: Franklin and his discoveries. Map at the back of volume. •'■ , 12. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 165 (1875). Observations on boarj yacht Fox Admira McClintock. ' NONHAEMONIC TIDAL QUANTITIES AND CURRENTS. Table of intervals, ranges, tidal hours, etc. — Continued. 55 Age. From From times. heights. Tidal hour full and change. Tidal hour mean. Station used for comparison. Date, length of 5 5.49 5.60 4.63 11.74 6.51 6.14 5.17 4.99 5.10 4.13 11.24 Nottingham Island ....do ....do Oct. 11, 1821 to May 15, 1822; 411 highs and 410 lows. Aug. 16, 1821 , July, 1747. Apr. 17 to June 17, 1825; 119 highs and 120 lows. Nottingham Island Port Leopold ....do Oct. 25, 1848, to Aug. 6, 1849; only springs and ne; Sept. 17 to Oct. 11, 1853 Bellot Strait. ....do Sept. 17 to Oct. 11, 1853; 49 high 48 lows. * About 1858 Beechey Island . Port Leopold.... July 5-27, 1859 July 5-27, 1859; 45 highs and 45 lows. Oct. 1, 1850, to Apr. 12, 1851; 360 higl and 361 lows. Aug. 28-31, 1852 Nottingham Island Bellot Strait May 27 to July 7, 1853; springs and neaps only treated. May 27 to July 7, 1853; 81 highs and 81 lows. Aug. 28, 1819 May 4 to July ; lows. 13. From observations published in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, Vol. 165 (1875). 14. From observations published to Peter Sutherland's Journal of a Voyage in 'Baffins Bay and Barrow Straits, 1850-51. H. M. S. Lady Franklin and Sophia. 15. Accounts and Papers. Arctic Expeditions, 1854-55, Vol. 35, pp. 118, 119. 16. PhilosophicalTransactionsRoyalSocietyof London, Vol. 165(1875). Observations on board H. M. S. Assistance,Ca.pt. Sir E. Belcher. 17. From observations published in Philosophical Transactions Royal Society, London, Vol. 165 (1875). 18. Parry's First Voyage, pp. 62, 63. 19. Capt. Richard Collinson: Journal of H. M. S. Enterprise, 1850-55, p. 291. 20. Parry's First Voyage, p. 69. 21. From observations pubUshed in Captain Parry's First Voyage for Discovery of the North-West Passage from 1819 to 1823. * Under date of August 21, 1858, it is remarked by McClintock (Franklin and his Discoveries) that the night tides in Bellot Strait are "much higher" than the day tides. This rule is true for the summer season, as the harmonic constants show. Cf. Coast and Geodetic Survey Reports, 1894, p. 177; 1897, p. 406 (Manual, Pts. Ill and I). 56 AKCTIC TIDES. Table of intervals , ranges, tidal Jiours, etc. — Continued. Longitude Arc. Lunitldal interval. I ^ Range „iof phase fluctu- Range of tide. Time. HWI. Mean LWI. ! HW 1 ation. IfuUand! , lull OllU change. Mean (Mn.). Spring (Sg.). Neap (Np.). Prince ofWales Strait.. Bay of Mercy, Banks Land Flaxman Island Kayak Island, Controller Bay Wingham Island, Controller Bay. Kokinhenic Island Eyak River Camp Denson Port Etches Jacks Bay Snug Corner Cove Rocky Point Smith Island Harming Bay Drier Bay Bay of Isles, Harvester Island Boat Extreme Elson Bay Point Barrow North. 72 50 74 06 70 11 59 59 60 05 61 02 60 44 60 31 59 57 60 22 71 03 71 21 71 24 Northwest coast of Alaska 70 24 Black Point Reindeer Cove... Chamisso Island. 63 33 64 32 West. 117 45 117 54 145 50 144 20 144 20 145 03 145 39 146 24 146 30 146 35 146 36 146 42 147 18 147 38 147 40 147 42 154 26 156 16 156 20 160 44 161 05 161 22 161 46 h.m. 7 51 7 52 9 49 9 51 9 51 9 51 10 18 10 25 10 25 10 43 10 44 10 45 10 47 12 09 12 19 12 20 20 18 12 24 12 16 12 10 12 18 12 19 [0 38] [11 381 [11 38] 8 51 10 01 [4 31] Noon. 12 00 Ft. [2.3] [1-6] 0.51 [0.59] [0.9] *2.4 *2.4 [3.9?] 1-2. Capt. R. MeClure: The Discovery of the North- West Passage, by H. M. S. Investigator. Edited by Commander Sherard Osborn, pp. 197, 241. 3. Observations taken by Mikkelsen and Leffingwell expedition. 4-16, 21, 22. Observations by Coast and Geodetic Survey. NONHAEMONIC TIDAI. QUANTITIES AND CUBRENTS. Table of intervals, ranges, tidal hours, etc. — Continued. 57 ^-^0^^^^. Tidal hour fuU and change. Tidal Statinn imorl fnr From times. From From heights. ; times. From heights. ^^l , comparison. h. h. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 . 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 50 9.46 9.52 9.54 9.99 10.01 Oct. 21 to Dec. 17, 1906; 112 highs and 112 lows. Jime 1 to Sept. 24, 1909; 224 highs and 224 lows. Aug. 13 to Sept. 10, 1903; 56 highs and 56 lows. June 10 to .fuly 8, 1898; 56 highs and 56 lows. Oct. 1-15, 1898; is highs and 28 lows.... July 23 to Oct. 2, 1900; 66 highs and 66 lows. July 4 to Sept. 28, 1902; 167 highs and 167 lows. May 16 to June 26, 1902; 80 highs and 80 lows. June 1 to July 28, 1903; 112 highs and 112 lows. June 21 to July 21, 1902; 58 highs and 59 lows. June 15 to Aug. 3, 1905; 42 highs and 41 lows. Aug. 23 to Oct. 9, 1905; 93 highs and 92 lows. July 1 to Sept. 30, 1907; 57 highs and 50 lows. Aug. 4 t» Sept. 17, 1908; 52 highs and 72 lows. Kodiak do 9.62 9.50 9.65 ■ 9.68 Kodiak 9.69 9.70 Kodiak ».... • 11.03 - 9.66 9.96 7.28 8.43 a. 16 Point Barrow .. .do 10.31 .do July 16 to 23, 1900; 13 highs and 141ows.. Aug. 13 to 18, 1900; 10 highs and 10 lows. 3.4i Kodiak 17. Thomas Simpson: Narrative of the discoveries on the North coast of America, London, 1843, p. 167. 18. Accounts and Papers, Navy, Vol. 42, 1854, p. 162. 19. Simpson: 1. c, p. 161. 20. 23. From British Admiralty Chart 593. * Approximate range for equatorial tides; tropic tides diurnal. 58 ABCTIC TIDES. Table of intervals , ranges, tidal Jiours, etc. — Continued. Longitude. Lunitidal interval. Range of tide. » Northwest coast of Alaska Topkok Kwiklok, Yukon River Delta. Avogon Kripniyuk Sledge Island Clarence Point Nunivak Island South coast of St. Lawrence Island Petropaulovsk Golchlkha, Yenisei River.. Port Dickson Cape Yam Sale near Kham. 64 30 64 29 65 17 60 04 North. 63 DO 71 42 73 32 66 55 SHETLAND ISLES. Sumburgh Head Scalloway Head Hlllswick Head Lerwick Bay of Heogan . Balta, Unst NORWAY. Rundo Valderhaug Lepso-rev Romsdals Islands. 60 24 62 25 62 30 62 35 62 40 163 05 163 55 164 51 164 51 165 19 165 26 166 12 166 48 167 15 170 07 A.m. 10 52 12 37 10 59 10 59 11 01 11 02 11 05 11 07 11 09 11 20 ft.m. [7 17] 7 57 1 38 2 37 [6 01] [5 39] [3 14] [11 55] [130] [0 30] [10 41] [ 9 26] [9 11] [ 9 26] [10 46] [ 9 26] [10 06] [10 15] [ 9 55] [10 40] [10 25] 3 30 Ch-.OOO 9 45 11 05 9 45 10 25 10 34 10 15 11 00 10 45 *1.0 0.8 [0.8] 3.0 [1.3] [5.15] [1.1] [1.2] [4.S] [5.0] [4.5] [5.0] [3.1] [4.3] 2-7, 9. Observations made by Coast and Geodetic Survey. 11. Capt. F. W. Beeohy, R. N.: Narrative of Voyage to the Pacific and Bering Strait, Pt. II, London, NONHAKMONIO TIDAL QUANTITIES AND CURRENTS. Table of intervals , ranges, tidal hours, etc. — Continued. 59 Age. From From , From heights. times. From heights. Tidal hour full and change. Station used for comparison. Date, length of series, etc. Point Barrow. 0.61 1.61 Kodiak. Sitka... Kodiak. 9.50 9.26 9.52 10.80 9.47 10.21 9.97 4.55 6.95 8.07 7.70 9.19 8.95 9.21 10.49 9.41 9.53 9.16 ....do Teplitz Bay., do do B. A. Chart ; From equatorial tides. July 17 to 18, 1900; 2 highs and 2 lows. Aug. 7 to Sept. 10, 1898; 60 highs and 64 lows. July 14 to Aug. 12, 1899; 56 highs and 56 lows. Aug. 29 to Sept. 7, 1898; 17 highs and 17 lows. From equatorial tides. Aug. 12-26, ■1900; 4highsand41ows. Aug. 9-22, 1900; 24 highs and 24 lows . . . B. A. Chart 593 Aug. 27 to Sept. 12, 1902; 26 highs and 20 lows. B. A. Chart 593 B. A. Chart 1040 B. A. Chart 2963 Gen. Hyd. Bureau, St. Petersburg; obs. in 1894. Gen. Hyd. Bureau, St. Petersburg; obs. in 1896. From Admiralty Tide Tables for 1909; values corrected by means of tables for 1910. ....do * Approximate range for tides; tropic tides diurnal. 60 ARCTIC TIDES. TaMe of intervals, ranges, tidal hours, etc. — Continued. NORWAY— continued. Christianasund Ramso Fiord Trondhjem Bay Villa, Svee Fiord Trsen Islands Vsero, Lofoten Islands. Kabelvaag Tromso , North. 63 07 Vardo. Vadso. F^ffilEOE ISLANDS. Fuglo Fiord Klaksvig Nolso Fiord Vestmanhavn . . . Myggenaes Fiord Eide Fiord Trangjisvaag f ICELAND. Vestniannaeyjar 61 59 62 09 62 06 62 18 61 50 61 33 North. 63 26 Reykjavik 64 08 Hvammsvig 64 20 Grundar Fiord 64 56 Stykkishohn 65 05 PatrixFiord 65 35 Sudereyre 65 37 Bildal, Amar Fiord I 65 42 Dyra Fiord I 65 54 Flateyre, Onundar Fiord ! 66 03 Skutils Fiord :\ 66 07 Skagestrand j 65 51 Akurejrre Eyla Fiord ' 65 40 Thorshaven • 66 11 Vapna Fiord ! 65 50 Seidis Fiord, Aldan 65 20 Eske Fiord j 65 05 Diupavag Beru Fiord [ 64 40 MyraBay : 64 03 Home Fiord 64 13 LAPLAND. Voriema River Pechenga Gulf, entrance. North. 69 47 Longitude. East. 7 45 10 22 041 10 32 42 12 02 48 12 40 51 14 30 58 18 58 1 16 16 18 1 05 23 41 1 35 31 06 2 04 29 45 159 7 30 7 05 West. 20 15 21 60 21 40 23 15 23 25 24 00 23 48 18 00 15 18 14 35 13 40 14 00 14 13 16 05 15 18 30 50 31 24 27 27 Lunitidal interval. [10 24] [10 38] [10 52] [11 00] [11 25] [12 36] [12 09] [ 53] [0 24]j [ 53]| [ 5 24]: [ 6 13]' [10 56] [8 49] [3 41] [6 50] [8 41] [10 41] [6 01] [5 43] [ i 26] [ 4 34]j. [5 16]|. [5 21]l. [ 5 12]]. [5 44]|. [ 5 59]j. [ 6 06]1. [ 6 21] . [ 6 40]. [ 8 18] . [ 9 19] . [10 09] . [11 29] . [ 06] . [ 58]|. [2 23]!. [4 13]. [5 10];. [6 13] [5 58] Range of phase fluctu- ation. 10 58 11 12 11 20 11 45 31 04 1 14 45 1 10 5 a 6 30 11 00 6 02 5 40 5 45 5 36 6 08 6 02 6 30 6 45 7 04 8 42 9 43 10 33 11 53 30 2 47 4 37 5 34 Mean (Mn.). Ft. [5.4] [5.0] [6.6] [6.2] [5.4] [7.4] [5.4] [6.2] [6.5] [7.3] [5.2] [5.6] [5.0] [3.5] [5.0] [5.0] [7.4] [7.4] [5.6] [3.3] [8.4] [10.6] [11.0] [9.9] [9.1] [7.6] [7.6] [7.6] [ 8.41 [8.4] [6.81 [3.4] [4.2] [3.6] [3.8] [ 4.0] [ 6.8]j [5.7]! [3.1 [8.1] [4.8] NONHARMONIO TIDAIj QUANTITIES AND CURRENTS. Table of intervals , ranges, tidal hours, etc. — Continued. 61 . solar tide. ^**i° lunar tide. From From times. heights. Age. From heights. Tidal hour full and change. 10.08 10.14 10.25 10.55 11.65 11.10 11.92 11.64 11.55 3.42 11.29 9.26 11.10 6.57 6.28 9.75 9.82 9.93? 10.23 10.77 11.58 11.30 11.27 3.15 10.79 5.97 5.86 6.54 6.73 6.59 7.14 7.03 7.35 7.46 7.70 7.97 12. 06 1.01 1.87 3.25 5.14 6.01 Station used for comparison. Kabelvaag- ....do Vardo. do. Jan Mayen & Nen- nortalik. do do do do do Vardo., ....do. Date, length of series, etc. From Admiralty Tide Tables for : values corrected by means of tt for 1910. 62 AKCTIC TIDES. Table of intervals, ranges, tidal liours, etc. — Continued. LAPLAND — continued VaidaBay Tzuip Navolok Bay Ozerko Bay (N. Zemli) . . Port Ekaterininskoi Roslyako va B ay Kola road Kaldin Strait , Teriberskaya Bay , Gavrilova Oleni Russki road Sem (Seven) River , Vostochnl Bay Svyatoi Nos WHITE SEA. Tuma Bay Trek Island Sosnovetz , Tetrina , Kuzomen Sosnovaya , Kandalaksha Kovda Bay Keret River, Gulf of Kalgalaksha Kem River Suma Onega River, entrance Cape Orlov Lyetni, Gulf of Onega Solovetz road Zhlzhglnsk Island Gribanikha Point Nikolskoi Channel Arkhangel D vina bar Moudjoigski Island Nikolskaya Spit Keretz Point, Gulf of Arkhangel. Intzi Point Cape Voronov Morzhovetz Island Kuloi River Mezen town Cape Konushin Liitke ledge Cape Kanin Kolquev-I-Vaskina Indigskaya Bay , North. 69 57 67 48 67 06 66 17 65 45 I 64 56 64 23 63 56 I 67 12 ' 65 01 65 12 64 48 64 35 64 32 64 54 64 55 65 02 65 20 65 58 66 31 65 52 67 10 Longitude. East. 31 55 33 10 32 07 33 28 33 12 35 08 35 44 36 24 37 21 38 31 39 48 34 39 35 27 38 00 41 22 35 42 36 51 38 29 39 47 40 33 40 13 40 17 40 07 39 45 40 43 42 21 42 30 43 47 44 17 43 48 42 52 43 30 Time. Lunitidal interval. h.m. h.m. ft. [ 5 33] . 13 2 12 2 17 2 21 2 43 2 46 2 43 2 33 13] 59] 56] 43] 57] 53] 03] 08] 13] 03] 05] 13] 37] 31] 27] 00] 13] 23] 51] 08] 51] 33] 06] 13] 55] 01] 38] 58] 33] 08] 11] 33] 33] 43] 13] 38] 03] 03] 58] 51] 37] 28] 16] 57] 38] ....... HW full and change. 9 54 10 48 11 44 3 17 6 30 9 12 5 18 5 55 5 15 4 50 5 25 5 50 5 50 6 00 4 30 11 55 n 20 11 20 1 15 2 08 11 54 11 45 10 33 2 14 4 55 Range of phas( fluctu- ation. Range of f Mean (Mn.). (Sg.). Ft. [7.3] [8.9] [8.1] [8.9] [7.3] [6.1] [8.9] [10.5]; [9.7], [9.7]! [9.7]! [9.7]i [11.3]j i [12.1]1 [16.1]j [14.5]| [ 5. 6]| [4.8] [4.8] [5.0] [4.8] [ 4.8] [5.6] [3.2] [4.4] [7.7] [3.2] [3.2?]! [3.2] [2.4], [2.4]| [ 2.0]! [2.8]: [2.8] [ 1-6]1 [4.4] [12.9] [13.7] [13.7] [16.1] [14.5]! [12.1]| [12.1]l [5.6]! [7.3]! [ 5.2]! NONHARMONIC TIDAL QUANTITIES AND CURRENTS. Table of intervals, ranges, tidal hours, etc. — Continued. 63 Age. From From times. heights. Tidal hour full and change. Ij^f Station used for _ „_ comparison. Date, length of series, etc. 6.85 7.67 1.10 0.79 2.37 3.33 2.62 2.10 2.58 I 4.51 I 2.95 2.95 3.13 1.70 8.80 8.12 8.13 I 10.29 i 11.11 .58 7.29 , 10.92 4.47 4.27 4.52 4.37 4.46 4.51 4.54 6.57 7.39 8.35 11.90 0.59 0.52 4.01 2.61 3.64 2.31 4.24 1.42 8.52 7.86 7.84 10. 02 10.84 From Admiralty Tide Tables for 1909; values corrected by means of tables for 1910. do do do do do . . . . do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do do .do do do. 64 ARCTIC TIDES. Table of intervals, ranges, tidal liours, etc. — Continued. ■WHITE SEA— continued. Bolvanskaya Bay Varandei Island Golchika, Yenisei River . NOVAYA ZEMLYA. North. 68 20 Longitude. Novaya Zemlya, W. C. Mali Karmakul Menshikova Cape Matochkin Shar 72 23 70 43 73 18 SPITZBERGEN, ETC. Bell Sound, Recherche Bay ; 77 38 Advent anchorage 78 16 Danes Island , South Gat 79 42 HUDSON STEAIT. North. Port Burwell 60 22 Koksoak River entrance, XJngava Bay Aske Inlet Nottingham Island, Port de Bou- cherville. Digges Island HXJDSON BAY. Marble Island Fury and Hecla Strait, DAVIS STRAIT. 61 35 62 30 63 12 62 37 North. 62 42 69 21 Frobisher Bay, northwest ami 63 45 Kingua Fiord, Cumberland Sound, i 66 36 ARCTIC REGIONS, GREENLAND, WEST COAST. Nennortalik Julianshaab 60 43 Arsuk 61 10 Frederiokshaab Godthaab 64 10 Holsteinborg 66 56 Whalefish Island Godthavn '. Upernivik 72 ■ North Star Bay 76 : Wolstenholm Sound 67 16 83 45 52 43 57 43 53 57 14 58 15 45 11 05 West. 64 46 78 10 ■Weit. 91.10 49 68 40 67 19 I 49 43 51 35 53 42 53 10 53 20 56 03 68 50 Lunitidal interval. HWI. LWI. h.m. [ 6 40] . [ 4 28] [ 5 43] [4 03] [9 05] [0 59] [0 38] [0 17] [8 54] [8 21] [7 40] [8 01] [8 22] [3 39] [6 29] [5 34] [4 40] [5 59] [5 56] [6 42] [6 12] [7 57] [8 42] [10 42] [10 42] [10 42] HW full and change. 4 28 9 30? 9 25 8 52 4 10 7 00 6 00 5 06 6 25 Range of phase fluctu- Mean Spring Neap (Mn.). (Sg.). rise. [2.4] [3.2] [1.2] [2.3?] 3? ■[2.3] 3 [1-7] 2-i [2.7] 3i [5.9] 7 [5. 0] 6 [4.6] 5§ [14.6] 19 [29.6] 38 J [18.5] 24 [23.1] 30 [10. 0] 13 [7.7] [5.8] [5.8] [6.2] [5.6] [5.6] [9.2] [6.2] [34. 6?] 45? . [15. 4] 20 [6.2] 81 [5.2] 7 [9. 0] 12 NONHARMONIC TIDAL QUANTITIES AND CUBKENTS. Table of intervals, ranges, tidal hours, etc. — Continuec 65 ^ . solar tide. , Tidal hour full and change. Tidal hour mean. Station used for comparison. Date, length of series, etc. No. From ' From times. heights. From times. From heights. h. h. 3.05 0.77 0.21 2.77 0.50 11.94 From Admiralty Tide Tables for 1909; values corrected by means of tables for 1910. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 29 30 31 . do . do do 0.47 5.58 0.06 11.68 11.65 1.42 1.10 0.C7 0.94 2.35 10. U 12,21 0.06 5.18 11.95 11.56 11.54 0.92 0.60 0.17 0.44 1.85 1.30 9.61 11.71 do do do. Port Virgo do do Nottingham Island do do do do .....do ' do do do do do do do 10.28 8.81 8.00 9.43 9.47 10.21 11.52 12.24 2.36 3.34 3 36 9.93 8.40 9.01 9.05 9.92 9.57 11.23 2.07 2.92 2.94 Nennortalik do do do do do do do do . ...do... -do Port Foulke do do 66 AECTIO TIDES. Talle of intervals, ranges, tidal hours, etc. — Continued. Longitude. Lunitidal intervals. Mean (Mn.). Neap SMITH SOUND AND NORTHWARD. Port Foulke Rensselaer Harbor Thank God Harbor Discovery Harbor Cape Sheridan BARROAV STRAIT. Port Leopold Beechey Island Griffiths Island MELVILLE ISLAND. Dealy Island, Bridport Inlet Winter Harbor BANKS ISLAND. 11 Bay of Mercy 12 Prince of Wales Strait BERING SEA AND STRAIT. St. Paul Island, Pribiloff Islands. . St. Matthew Island Nikolski, Bering Island Anadyr Bay St. Lawrence.. Good-news Bay St. Michael Bay Golovnin Bay Port Clarence ARCTIC SEA. Chamisso Island 23 Point Barrow 24 Herschel Island North. 78 18 74 56 74 47 74 07 73 00 60 20 North. 55 12 64 43 North. 65 38 59 02 63 29 66 15 71 18 69 35 West. 72 40 78 38 70 40 81 37 61 40 81 45 64 45 82 25 61 30 73 48 90 20 74 43 91 34 74 30 95 30 118 15 116 00 170 18 172 25 East. 165 59 178 20 West. 171 00 . 161 45 163 00 166 24 161 45 156 40 139 00 4 43 4 07 4 19 11 04 11 53 11 20 10 47 10 48 10 52 11 06 10 47 10 27 9 16 ft. m. [10 48] [11 26] [12 10] [11 07] [10 07] [12 12] [0 07] [12 17] [125] [107] [0 26] [4 01] [4 18] [3 49] [3 44] [7 59] [5 59] [7 39] [10 55] [6 00] [4 31] [11 16] [5 32] 11 35 10 37 10 30 15 6 15 7 55 11 11 4 47 11 38 6 03 Ft. [7.4] [2.5] [7.0?] [2.7] [10.5] [1.2] [2.1] [1.6] [3.9] [0.4] [1.7] Ft. NONHARMONIO TIDAL QUANTITIES AND CURRENTS. TaMe of intervals, ranges, tidalliours, etc. — Continued. 67 s olar ti de. ' iunai tide. From From times, heights. Age. full and change. 4.56 6.19 9.41 3.15 9.34 2.61 Station used for comparison. ....do Fort Conger. Port Leopold... Beechey Island, .-.-do do Point Barrow. Flaxman Islan Date, length of series, etc. From Admiralty Tide Tables for 1909; values corrected by means of table."; for 1910. ARCTIC TIDES. Sliort series of tide observations, and results."^ Latitude and longitude. Moon's transits Greenwieli meridian Gr. civil time. Capp Philip Broke. Pendulum Island. Jackson Island . Cape Broer Ruys. Reykjavik, Iceland. 9 1 About 25 miles off coast. 10 I Near Scott Inlet 11 ! River Clyde 74 56 N. 17 39 W. July 24,1870 73 54 20 00 73 27 25 03 N. Aug. 1,1870 W. i Aug. 2,1870 N. Aug. 3,1870 W. I Aug. 4,1870 N. ! Aug. 13,1870 64 12 21 50 cir.6240 N oir.4142W. 71 18 N. 70 55 W. 70 22 N. 68 26 W. Apr. 12,1870 July 13,1836 July 21,1836 h. m. 8 39 (21 04) (22 48) [ 75 26 N. I July 27, 1870 ! 11 15 j 17 59 W. i do j (23 42) ' July 28, 1870 j 12 10 July 29,1870 i (0 37) (15 52) 74 37 N. , Aug. 28, 1869 ; 4 13 18 29 W. ' do j (16 36) Aug. 29,1869 (3 14) 15 39 (4 04) 16 29 17 20 (5 46) 20 33 (9 00) (23 24) 11 50 17 11 (5 34) 17 57 Apr. 12,1870 9 00 Sept. 3,1820 i 9 01 Sept. 7,1820 I 11 16 : 23 26 I 2 38 . 8 46 14 56 ^ 20 58 3 05 4 55 10 30 10 25 4 40 16 00 o '^'r,,? ''^'^ ^'""^ published by E. Bessels in United States Arctic Expedition Steamer Polaris, Vol. I, Physical Observations' p. 80. 1 hese were made dunn-; the second German expedition under Captain Koldewey 8. Paul Gaimard: Voyage en Islande et au Greenland, 1835 et 1836, La Recherche. Ph '9. Koldewey: The Germ.m Arctic Expedition 011809-70, p. 143. Observations made by . 10, 11. Parry's First Voyage, pp. 274, 2!s8. ; Recherche. Physique, by Victor Lottin, 2c Partie, NONPIARMONIC TIDAL QUANTITIES AND CURRENTS. 69 Short series of tide observations, and results. 12 34 12 10 12 11 12 48 12 50 10 46 10 43 10 29 10 39.3 10 17 5 31 5 00 5 07.3 7 00 4 33 4 22 11 29 10 26 Intervals corrected j for transits, kind of time used and time of month. 11 25 5 14 12 06 5 54 11 31 5 19 11 01 4 46 10 46 4 41 5 14 11 07 6 25 34 Range. 2.06 2.54 2.85 2.49 15.7 17.3 Ranges corrected for phase, time of month, time of j'ear, and longitude of moon's node. 3. 94 12. Local i Jan Maye 11.77 1 11.05 : do. t4.93 5.12 Jan Mayen and God- thaab. Godthaab 10 do I 11 * Short series of tide observations are given and reduced, in this table. The leading object of the table is the same as that of the preceding, viz. , the determination of the mean ranges of the tide and the mean tidal hours, quantities required in the construction of cotidal maps. Means of correcting for transits and kind of time used are given on page 44, while the corrections for time of month on the interval and range are explained on pages 48, 49. Local mean time was commonly used prior to about 1885. t Tidal hour inferred from LWI. 70 ARCTIC TIDES. Short series of tide ohservations, and results — Continued. Fury and Hecla Strait, Cape North-: Fox Channel, west side. Yorli Bay, west side. Repulse Bay, near head of. Liddon Island, east end of. . Montreal Island Southeast of Byam Martin Island. Southeast coast of Melville Island. Table Island 10 Dealy Island. East of Dease Strait.. . Mouth of Elliee River. Cape Alexander, east e: . of Dease Strait. Latitude and longitude. 43 N. 40 W. 67 12 N. 81 25 W. 65 28 N. 85 16 W. 66 31 N. 86 SOW. 69 46 N. S3 03 W. 67 50 N. 96 15 W. 75 10 N. 103 34 W. 74 58 N. 107 04 W. 77 14 N. 95 08W. 74 57 N. 109 00 W. • 68 07 N.- 103 37 W. 68 02 N. 104 15 W. 68 53 N. 106 24 W. Aug. 31,1822 Sept. 1,1822 Sept. 2,1822 Sept. 3,1822 July 10,1822 July 11,1822 Aug. 22,1821 Sept. 3,1822 Aug. 2, 1833 Aug. 28,1819 Sept. 2,1819 Aug. 28,1852 Aug. 29,1852 Aug. 30,1852 June 21,1853 July 6, 1853 July 20,1853 Aug. 1-5,1 July 31,1 July 26,1 transits Greenwich meridian Gr. civil time. (11 10) 23 33 19 (12 42) 4 20 (16 43) (17 30) 2 53 (5 20) 17 47 (10 26) (12 01) 24 (12 46) (12 17) (12 08) (12 04) 6 20 IS 15 19 30 8 00 cir. 7 10 19 00 13 48 13 59 13 38 1-5. Parry's Secon :i Voyage. 6. A selection of Psoars on Arctic Geography and Ethnology (f/ondon, 187.5), p. 149. Back's Second Voyage. 7-8. Parry's First '.''oyage. 12 40 12 50 13 30 23 30 8 43 17 15 6 I NONHAEMONIO TIDAL QUANTITIES AND CUERENTS. 71 Short series of tide ohservations, and results — Continued. 7 05 7 07 6 48 6 54 7 06 11 40 12 07 5 30 10 34 12 10 ' 1 31 1 51 1 34 corrected for transits, kind of time used and time of month. 12 10 6 00 11 55 5 20 10 24 05 7 45 - 58 49 Height of- Uto2 2i(?) Risecir. 2 ... corrected for phase, time of month, tin\e of year, and longitude of moon's node. Station used for com- parison. Local Port Leopold . -do I do. .do Beechey Island. .do do Maxman Island . Winter Harbor . 9. Accounts and papers, Arctic E.xpeditions, 1854-55, Vol. 35, pp. 118-120. 10. Geo. F. McDougall: Tha Eventful Voyage of H M. DLsooyery Ship Res ylute to tha Arctic Regions, etc., p. 496 (London, 1S57) 11-13. Simpson: Narrative of the Discoveries on the North Coast of America. * Tidal hour from LWI. 72 AECTIC TIDES. Short series of tide observations, and results — Continued. Latitude anrl longitude. 1 Dease Strait.. 2 East of Demarcation Point. Moon's I transits Greenwich meridian , j 68 56 N. Aug. 23, 106 40 W 69 35 N. I Aug. 11, 1837 141 00 W. j ! Aug. 12,1837 lit (irillin 00 .">7'.'N. July 10,1837 142 :i(lW. iden Bay 70 05N. 'July 17,1837 145 30 W. ! July IS, 1837 5 CapcHalkett ! 70 48N. July I 151 56 W. 6 Cape George Simpson j 70 59N. July ' 154 21 W. 7 j Seven miles from Cape Erusensten | 68 32 N. Aug. ! 113 53 W. 8 Chantry Island ' 68 45 N. j Aug. 114 23 W. Between Cape Hope and Cape Bexley. 68 57 N. : Aug. 115 48 W. 10 Stapylton Bay - 68 52 N. ' Aug. 110 03 W. 11 Point AVise , 69 03 N. ■ Aug. 119 00 W. 12 3 miles from Bucha 13 Cape Lyon 69 24 N. I July 120 03 W. 69 46 N. July 122 51 W. 6, 1826 5,1826 3,1826 30, 1826 27, 1826 20, 1826 14 West of Horton River 69 50 N. i July 125 55 W. July 21,1826 (7 14) , 16 00 19 43 (8 14) ' 4 00 (10 .34) 12 00 (11 40) '[ 13 00 13 (12 45) 13 1 17 (13 46) 14 (18 43) 7 07 14 08 13 18 12 29 11 39 9 58 (13 00) 1 25 21 GO 20 30 21 00 17 30 16 15 5 00 15 Point Fitton. 16 Near Cape Bathurst. 70 11 N. July 20, 1820 34 4 00 j 126 14 W. ' 23 40 i 70 33 N. j July 19,1826 (12 07) 1 30 127 21 W. j - I 22 42 1-6. Simpson: Narrative of the Discoveries on the North Coast of Amerioa. 7-JO. Franklin's Second E.xpedition to the Polar Sea, London, 1828. NOISrHAEMONIC TIDAL QUANTITIES AND CUKRENTS. SJiort series of tide observations, and results — C/Oiitinued. 73 Intervals 1 corrected ' for transits, kind of ; time used I and time of montli. )f_ Ranges ('orrerte