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Bardeen X FIRST STATE EXAMINATION, 9; the fourth, 11 : find the second term and explain the operation. 5. What is ^ per cent, of 4.7 ? G. An article was bought for $4:^ and sold for $4 ; what was the loss per cent. ? 7. A note at 30 days, for $400, without interest, is discounted by a bank at the rate of 7 per cent, per annum. How much does the bank pay for it ? 8. I sold $1000 U. S. 5-20s afe llSf per cent., pay- ing brokerage ^ per cent. How much did the broker pay me ? 9. Extract the square root of .9. GEOGRAPHY— One Hour. 1-5. Bound each zone and give the width of each m degrees. 6. What circle separates the Eastern from the Western Hemisphere ? 7. How long is a day at the North Pole ? 8. When does it begin and when end ? 9. Which is farther 10° north or 10" west from Albany ? 10. Why? 11-15. Mention five lakes Avholly within the State of New York. 16-17. Mention two tributaries of the Mississippi above its confluence with the Missouri. 18. What is the capital of the Dominion of Canada? 19. Mention the provinces included in it. 20. Which is the smallest state in the Union ? 21. What bay on the east of Lake Huron ? 22. What bay on the west of Lake Huron ? 23. Where is the Welland Canal? 24. What cape at the southern extremity of Cali- fornia ? ALBANY, DECEMBER IG, 1875. HI 25. On what two rivers is Philadelphia ? 26-27. AVhat lake between Lake Huron and Lake Erie ? What river connects it with Lake Erie ? 28-32. Mention five seas, bays or gulfs on the southern coast of Europe. 33. What is the largest river of North America which flows into the Pacific Ocean ? 34. What is the capital of Denmark ? 35. Where does the Danube empty ? 36. What is the capital of Japan ? 37. Which is the largest of the Sandwich Islands ? 38. What. country of South America extends far- thest south ? 39. Mention a river in Africa south of the Equator ? 40-42. State some of the conditions which deter- mine the climate of a locality. 43-45. Give three proofs of the rotundity of the earth. 46. What is a watershed? 47. What is the cause of land and sea breezes ? 48. What is dew ? 49. Name a rainless region, and state the cause. 50. What is the entire population of the globe ? ENGLISH GRAMMAR— One Hour. 1. Write the plural of (a) fanci/, (b) chimney, (c) dye, (d) alumna, (e) Mr., (/) genus, (g) son-in-law, (h) spoonful. 2. Give an example of (a) a derivative word and (6) a compound word. 3. Give, in tabular form, the parts of speech you would recognize, placing after each (a) the classes and (6) the modifications (if any) which you would name as belonging to it Thus : It first state EXA^nNATIOX, PAKTS OF SPEECH. CLASS-ES. MODIFICATIONS. 4. Write the following nouns in the possessive^ case, governed by hoohs : (a) lady, (b) ladies, (c) au- thoress, (d) women, (e) Prince of Wales. 5. Compare the following adjectives : (a) near, (b) fore, (c) old, (d) happy, (e) gay. 6. When would you use the forms later, latest, and when latter, last? When would you use further, and when farther ? 7. Write the present infinitive, the imperfect past (or preterite) and the perfect participle of these verbs : (a) sow, (b) drink, (c) lie, (I lie down), {d) lie, (to falsify), (e) lay, (transitive), (/) singe, (g) frolic, (h) dye, (i) cast. 8. Write a correct English sentence in which the verb does not " agree with its subject in person and number." 9. Name the measure, and mark the feet of one line in the following : " So spake the seraph Abdiel, faithful found Among the faithless, faithful only he ; ****** Nor numbers nor example with him wrought To swerve from truth or change his constant mind, Though single." 10. Parse faithful, line 2, and singUy line 5. Prin- cipal parts of wrought. 11. (a) Much (6) that Herodotus tells us of this expedition is (c) more incredible than (cZ) that (e) longer and far different description of it (/) which Xenophon gives, {g) Which of the historians shall we believe ? Or must we decide, in view of late dis- coveries, Qi) that it is impossible to have faith any {%) longer in (J) what either of them has writtet» about it? ALBAIiT, DECEMBER 16, 1875. Write each of the words to which a letter is pre- fixed. What part of speech is each, as here used, and to what class named in your table above would you refer it? [Syntax and Analysis will receive more especial at- tention in the oral examination.] SELECTIONS FOR ANALYSIS AND PARSING. (1) Fame is the spur that the clear spirit doth raise (2) (That last infirmity of noble mind) (3) To scorn dehghts, and live laborious days ; (4) But the fair guerdon when we hope to find, (5) And think to burst out into sudden blaze, (6) Comes the bUnd Fury with the abhorred shears, (7) And slits the thin-spun life. "But not the praise," (8) Phoebus replied, and touch'd my trembling ears ; (9) " Fame is no plant that grows on mortal soil, <10) Nor in the gUttering foil (11) Set oft' to the world, nor in broad rumor lies, (12) But lives and spreads aloft by those pure eyes, <13) And perfect witness of all-judging Jove : (14) As he pronounces lastly on each deed, (15) Of so much fame in Heaven expect thy meed.'' — I/ycidas. UNITED STATES HISTORY— One Hour. 1. G-ive some facts and dates connected with the life and the discoveries of Christopher Columbus. 2. Sketch briefly the war which gave Canada to England. 3. What were the causes of the Revolutionary Tl FIRST STATE EXAMINATION, DEC 16, 1875. war ? Grive a brief outline of this war, naming at least four of the important battles, with dates. 4. State the chief points of difference between the federation of the colonies and the present govern- ment of the United States. 5. In what wars has our government been engaged since the Revolution ? Causes, results and dates. 6. Name at least five presidents of the United States, mentioning some event associated with the administration of each of the five. 7. What do you understand by the " Monroe Doc- trine?" 8. When did the war of the Rebellion begin, and when did it end ? Name the leading statesmen and generals engaged on either side. Mention at least six of the most important battles, with dates. 9. What important events are suggested to you by the following dates: 1492? 1497? 1763? 1789? April 9, 1865 ? AprU 14, 1865 ? ALGEBRA— One Hour. 1. Define and illustrate by examples, the termSy Coefficient, Exponent, Polynomial. 2. Show that the product of two minus quantities is plus. 3. Divide Vla^h^x by 4a'5'ic and explain the opera- tion. 4. In the equation 4aj + 4 = a — 3a;, transpose the terms + 4 and — 3x, and show that the operation, does not destroy the equality of the members. 6. Solve the equations, ^a^ + 2y = &. juX "^ ay — c, 6. Define the terms. Radical Quantity and Similar Radicals. 7. Prove that the square root of the product of SECOND EXAMINATION, MARCH 23, 1876. vij two quantities is equal to the product of their square roots. a Solve — ic' = 12 — 4a;. Verify the first root Second Examination for State Certificates, Syracuse, March 23, 1876, EXAMINERS: Hon. Andrew D. White, LL.D., President of the Cornell University. jAiiES H. HoosE, A.M. Ph.D., Principal of the Cort- land State Normal School. Samuel Thurbkr, A.M., Principal of the Syracuse High School. One Candidate Entered ; Successful : H. F. Burt, A.M., Palmyra. ARITHMETIC— One Hour. 1. Change $25 from a concrete to an abstract num- ber, and state your reasons for v^hat you do. 2. What part of an acre is a lot 75 ft. wide by 150 ft. long ? 3. Two places differ in time 4 h. 9 m. 7 sec. What do they differ in longitude ? 4. Write the table of square measure. 5. Sold 517 bbls. of flour for $8.10 a bbl., at a profit of 8 per cent What was the whole cost ? 6. A note for $1,800, payable in 60 days, was dis- SECOND STATE EXAMINATION, SCHOOL ECONOMY. 1. What is a School ? 2. What is its exact place in our Civil Organiza- tion ? That is, where does it belong as it regards the Family, the Society, and the Civil Body Politic ? 3. What is the relative position of the Instructor as compared to that of the Patron, to that of the Citizen, and to that of the Civil Officer in the employ- ment of the State ? 4. As a Managing Officer in the School, what are the great Classes of Powers that the Instructor rep- resents, — looking towards the School ? 5. What are proper Fundamental Considerations upon which to base Regulations for School Manage- ment? 6. What Classes of Regulations are to be consid- ered as essential in School Management ? 7. To what Rights are pupils in School entitled ? 8. How many Pupils should be assigned to each Teacher, in G-rading Schools ? Or, upon what basis of Attendance should the number of Teachers be es- tablished ? 9. What are the Special Purposes to Pupils of a Recitation ? 10. What is the just Agency of the Teacher, at the Recitation ? 11. What measures are you prepared to suggest, that shall best guard and conserve the Physical Well- being and Comfort of the pupils while in School ? 12. What are the Sociable Duties of the Educator in the community in which he finds himself located ? 13. What purposes have you maturing, and what preliminary work have you already accomplished, by which you hope to solve the following Problem, viz. : How can an Educator become able and effijctive as a School Manager and Teacher, and at the same time keep himself easily, sympathetically and vigorously SYBACUSE, MARCH 23, 1876. prograisive in his own intellectual growth and Cul- ture, and also honor his Cause and himself in dis- charging his duties as a member of the Social and Civil Life to which he belongs ? SCHOOL LAW. Legal Qualifications : 1. Is a teacher holding a State Certificate obUged to undergo the regular examination by the board of education in cities where the board has the legal right to license its own teachers ? 2. Can a County Commissioner annul a State Cer- tificate ? If so, for what reasons and by what method of procedure ? AVhat redress has the holder of the Certificate, if it has been annulled unjustly ? Teachers' Contracts: 3. What conditions are necessary to the validity of a Teacher's Contract in a district with three trust- ees, as to (a) Legal qualification. (b) Relationship to any of the trustees. (c) Circumstances under which the contract is made. 4. What is a legal school month in this State ? 5. Which are the legal holidays in this State ? 6. Can debts or notes due third parties — either of the three trustees, for instance, — be ofiset against the teacher's wages ? The Teacher's Authority : 7. State in general terms how the law regards the infliction of corporal punishment. 8. State the school law of this State regarding re- ligious exercises in public schools. 9. Can a teacher expel a pupil from school ? 10. What legal remedy has the teacher against an XU SECOND STATE EXAMINATION, expelled or suspended pupil who refuses to leave a building? 11. What legal remedy has the teacher against a parent who interferes in school hours with his man- agement of the school ? BOOK-KEEPING. 1. What is the object of Book-keeping ? 2. Define — and describe, by writing a sample page (a) Day-book. (b) Ledger. (c) Cash-book. (d) Alphabet, or Index. 3. Define, and illustrate by some simple commer- cial transaction what is meant by : (a) Single Entry Book-keeping. (b) Double Entry Book-keeping. GEOGRAPHY— One Hour. 1. What is Physical Geography ? 2. What is Political Geography ? 3. What is Astronomical Geography ? 4. Is the statement exactly true that the earth is a sphere ; if not, why not ? 5. Describe the position of the tropics upon the ^lobe. 6. Through what countries in Europe does that parallel of latitude run which passes through the city of New York ? 7. Name, in their order, the seas through which one would pass in taking the shortest practicable route from London to Bombay. 8. Name, in their order, the States and Territories through which one would pass in going by railway irom Albany to San Francisco. SYBACUSi:. : 'ARCH 23, ISTG. xlli- 9. In what direction do the main mountain ranges of Europe and Asia run ? 10. In what direction do the mountain ranges of America run ? 11. The Rivers Rhine and Rhone, which is the French and which is the German river : which runs north and which runs south ? 12. In what direction from Paris is Havre ? 13. In what direction from Rome is Venice? 14. Grlasgow and Edinburgh — which is on the east and which is on the west side of Scotland ? 15. Give, within a hundred miles, the length of Italy. IG. How does Lake Superior compare in area with England ? 17. Name a navigable river of large size, wholly in one of our Southern States, which runs north, 18. On what two rivers is Charleston situated ? ALGEBRA— One Hour. 1. Discuss the subjects of Algebraic Signs and" Quantities — under Definitions and Notation. 2. Fractions: Give definitions of Terms, and of the Real and Apparent Signs; from examples wrought, deduce the general principles of Opera- tion ; discuss the different cases of Reduction. 3. Simple Equations containing two or more un- known quantities : discuss, and illustrate by exam- ples, the subject of Elimination by Substitution, by Comparison, by Addition and Subtraction. 4. Multiply Vi by V^. b X 5. Quadratic Equations containing one unknown, quantity: define Pure and Affected Quadratics: dis- •cuss the method of Completing the Square. ilv SECOND STATE EXAMINATION, 6. Arithmetical Progression: develop and in- terpret the formulas for the Last Term, and for the Sum of the Series. 7. Demonstrate: "If your quantities be in pro- portion, the like powers or roots of the same quanti- ties will be in proportion." G-EOMETRY— One Hour. 1. What is a parellelogram ? 2. When are quantities in proportion by composi- tion? 3. Why must all radii of the same circle be equal ? 4. State four conditions under which triangles are similar. 5. Demonstrate the theorem: — "In an isosceles triangle the angles opposite the equal sides are -equal." 6. Demonstrate the theorem : — " If a line be drawn parallel to the base of a triangle, it will divide the other two sides proportionally." 7. Demonstrate the theorem : — " An angle at the circumference is measured by half the arc which sub- tends it." 8. Find the area of a trapezoid whose parallel sides are 6 feet and 10 feet, and whose altitude is 5 feet : and state the principle involved. 9. Find the area of a circle whose diameter is 10 leet ; and state the principle involved. LATIN— One Hour. 1. What Latin grammar have you studied ? What ^ammar do you pref or to use in teaching, and why ? 2. What authors have you read ? 3. Name three Latin poets axid the works of each. SYRACUSE, MARCH 23, 1876. XT 4. What are the chief characteristics of Caesar's style ? 5. Translate Gallic war, book 1, paragraph 6. 6. What syntactical peculiarity do you remark in the first sentence of this paragraph ? 7. Account for the mode oi possent. 8. Account for the mode of ducerentur. 9. Account for the mode of viderentur. 10. What would be the meaning of the sentence containing viderentur if this verb were in the indica- tive mode ? 11. Compare difflcilis. 12. Compare extremum. 13. Give the derivation of iter. 14. Give the derivation of altus. 15. Give the derivation of ^aco. 16. Decline locus. 17. Account for the case oifinibus. 18. Account for the case of Allohrogibiis. 19. Account for the case of rebus. 20. Explain the Roman method of designating days of the month. XTl THIRD STATE EXAMINATION, Third Examination for State Certificates, Held simultaneously J March 23, 24, 1877, at Albany, Utica, Rochester, Buffalo, Potsdam, Elmira, and New York City. Forty-five Candidates Entered — Twenty-one Suc- cessful : At Albany^ (6 entered.) Otis H. Babbitt, Otego. John Johnston, Troy. Byron Mansfield, New Baltimore. Thomas O'Brien, North Albany. Emma Wygant, Albany. At Utica^ (7 entered.) C. W. Bardeen, Syracuse. GrEORGE GRIFFITH, Clinton. Margaret R. Leech, Fayetteville. Byron E. Sheer, Clayville. At Rochester, (12 entered.) Chauncey Brainard, Pittsford. G-RAHAM B. Bristol, Churchvilie. Wm. W. Gillis, W. Bloomfield. Francis D. Hodgson, Penn Yan. Phebe Pratt, Webster. Paraclete Sheldon, Rochester. At Buffalo, (1 entered.) Unsuccessful At Potsdam, (1 applied.) Ineligible : not examined. At Elmira, (10 entered.) Silas G. Burdick, Andover. Jas. T. McCullom, New Lisbon. At New York City, (9 entered.) Patrick J. Graham, Brooklyn. Henry J. Heidniss, New York. J. Albert Reinhart, Westchester. ALB Ayr, UTICA, ETC., MARCH 23, 24, 1877. ivtl ARITHMETIC— One Hour and a Half. 1. Find the least common multiple of 9, 30, 36, 48, 72, and explain the operation. 2. Divide | by i, and explain the operation. 3. Grive the standard units of linear measure in the United States and in France, and explain the mode of determining each. 4. Explain the difference between Troy weight, avoirdupois weight and apothecaries weight; and show how avoirdupois ounces may be converted into ounces Troy, and apothecaries. 5. A commission merchant in London buys goods for roe at 2f per cent, commission. How much money must I send him that his commission may be $50? 6. State the rule which prevails in this State for computing interest on notes and other obligationB when partial payments have been made. 7. Extract the cube root of 45876321. 8. Demonstrate a rule for finding the sum of b geometrical series. ALGEBRA— One Houb. 1. Multiply 3a'b*(f by — 5a*6V and explain the operation. 2. Determine the value of 8**. 3. Find the least common multiple of mac — luei fn'— n' and m^ir'. 4. Find the value of x in the equation, X 3 + 2x _ 2 ~ ^ " ""• 6. Reduce 4^128a'6'a; to its simplest form, and state the principle employed. 6. "Complete the square" (without clearing of ivlil THIRD STATE EXAMINATION, fractions) in the equation — + 3a; = — 5, and ex- plain the operation. 7. Find the values of x and y in the equations, X — y = S and x^ — 2/' = H^. 8. Derive the formula for finding the last term of a Greometrical Progression. GEOMETRY— One Hour. 1. Define a plane, a plane figure, a circle. 2. Describe under their appropriate names, the difierent forms of a quadrilateral. 3. Find the square of a side of a triangle opposite an acute angle, in terms of the squares of the other two sides and a rectangle on one of them. 4. Explain the several steps taken in finding the approximate area of a circle. 5. Explain the mode of reasoning called the re- ductio ad absurdum, as used in geometry. 6. What is meant by the method of exhaustions f C^SAR— One Hour. [To be answered instead of the Questions in GeomC' try, if prefer ed by the Candidate.'] [Nunfiber and letter your answers to correspond to the questions. In handing in your paper state to the committee how much Latiii you have read.] I. Translate into idiomatic English, which shall still indicate, as far as possible, the Latin construc- tion: Cum tridui viam processisset, nunciatum est ei, Ariovistum cum suis omnibus copiis ad occupandum Vesontionem, quod est oppidum maximum Sequan- orum, contendere, triduique viam a suis finibus pro- fecisse Id ne accideret, magno opere sibi praecaven- ALBANY, UTICA, ETC., MARCH 33, 24, 1877. Xlx dum Caesar existimabat : namque omnium rerum, quae ad bellum usui erant, summa erat in eo oppido facultas : idque natura loci sic muniebatur, ut mag- nam ad ducendum bellum daret facultatem, propterea quod flumen Dubis, ut circino circumductum, paene totura oppidum cingit. 1. G-ive the nominative singular, the declension, and the person, gender, number, case, and rule (or principle) for the government of each of the follow- ing nouns: (a) viam, (b) Ariovistum, (c) copiis, (d) Vesontionem, (e) itsui, (/) natura, and (g) loci. 2. Write the principal parts of (a) processisset, (b) nunciatum est, (c) contendere, (d) profecisse, (e) mu- niebatur, ig) cingit. 3. What is the subject of nunciatum est ? Explain fully. 4. Rule for (or principle governing) the mood of {a), processisset, (b) contendere, (c) accideret, (d) daret, (e) cingit. 5. How many uses of cum (quum) can you name ? Construction with each ? 6. How many constructions for clauses expressing purpose can you specify ? 7. Difference in meaning between quod (to assign a cause or reason) with the indicative and with the subjunctive. 8. Parse tridui, line 1. Sibi, line 3. 9. Rule (or principle) for the sequence (or depend- ence) of tenses in Latin ? Give one or more illustra- tions from the passage above. 10. Compare the two adjectives found in the su- perlative, in this passage. Rules for the comparison of adjectives in -er and -lis. 11. Composition or derivation of (a) accideret, (h) facultas, (c) tridui, (d) propterea, (e) profecisse. Ac- count for change of stem-vowel in the present of the last compound. XX THIRD STATE EXAMINATION, 12. Select from the passage a noun formed from' an adjective by the addition of a " nominal-ending." What is the force, in the noun you have selected, of this ending used in forming nouns ? Give other end- ings vi^hich have the same force. II. Translate into Latin the following sentences : 1. Brutus is coming. (Venio.) 2. Csesar says that Brutus is coming. 3. Caesar said that Brutus was coming. 4. Caesar says that he (Caesar) will come. 5. I am afraid (vereor) that Caesar will come. III. Where is Vesontio ? Its modern name ? Du- bis — describe its course. Its modern name ? What are the Gallic Commentaries ? Sketch briefly, with a few dates, the career of Caesar. GEOGRAPHY— One Hour. Define (1) Latitude, (2) Longitude, (3) LJquator^ (4) Parallels of Latitude, (5) Meridians, (6) Tropics, (7) Polar Circles. 8. For what useful purpose are the Equator, Par- allels and Meridians employed ? 9. What determines the position of the Tropics- and Polar Circles ? 10. What is the highest Latitude, and what is the greatest Longitude a place can have, and (11) why? 12-16. Across which grand divisions and oceans- does the Equator pass ? 17-2'5. Name the grand divisions, oceans and seas that are traversed by the Meridian of Greenwich and. its opposite Meridian, considered together as a great circle. 26. Where does the Meridian of Greenwich inter- sect the Equator ? (Indicate the locality by descrip- tion or name, without reference to degrees of Lati- tude or Longitude.) ALBANY, UTTCA, ETC, MARCH 33, Zi, 1877. xxl 27. Which Meridian forms the eastern boundary -of the Western Hemisphere ? 28. What is the Longitude of its western bound- ary ? 29. State the two principal causes that co-operate to produce the changes of the seasons ? 30. Give the Latitude of the Polar Circles. 3L Which Zone contains the largest proportional amount of land surface ? 32. Which the largest proportional amount of water surface ? 33. In which does the most rain fall during the year? 34. In which is found the highest civilization ? 35. Which one of the five races of men is the most enlightened and powerful ? 36. Bound the State of New York. 37. What is the general direction (as to points of compass) of its watershed ? 3"8. Name the oceanic gulfs and bays to which its streams are tributary. (2 gulfs, and 3 bays.) 39. Which has the higher latitude, the City of New York, or the City of Paris ? 40. Mention one or more of the coast conditions favorable to maritime commerce ? 41 Mention one or more of the natural conditions, and one or more of the artificial advantages favorable to inland commerce. 42 In what direction is the eastern continent longest ? and (43) the western continent ? 44. In which grand division are found the ex- tremes of surface elevation and depression ? 45. Name the largest inland sea that has no outlet. In what direction from Calcutta is (46) Jeddo? (47) Melbourne ? (48) Cape Town ? (49) St. Pet/vs- uurg? ml THIRD STATE EXAMINATIOX, 50. How many degrees of longitude intervene be* tween the meridians of Greenwich and Washington f GRAMMAR — One Hour and a Half. 1. Define (a) orthography ; (&) etymology. 2. Distinguish between derivative and compound words, and illustrate. 3. State the rules which govern the spelling of (a) acquitting, (b) changeable, (c) judgment. 4. Write words in which «; and y shall be (a) vowels, (6) consonants. 5. Write sentences containing better used as (a) an adjective, (&) an adverb. G. Compare the adjective of which last is the su- perlative. 7. Write sentences in which each of the three forms above shall be correctly used. 8. To what classes of words (parts of speech) can but be referred ? 9. Write the plural of analysis, cargo, canto, talis- man, alkali, seraph, sheaf, handful, Mr. Smith, valley^ music. 10. What are (a) the classes, (b) the modifications of pronouns ? 11. Decline (a) it, (b) the relative pronoun which refers indifierently to persons, animals and things. 12. Compare happy, far, forth, title, fuUj blue. 13. (a) Define an auxiliary verb, (6) give a list of verbs commonly used as auxiliaries. 14. Give the principal parts of each of the above verbs ; and state the mood, tense or form of conju- gation which each serves to determine. 15. Give the principal parts of lie, say, daUy, jockey ^ climb, singe, traffic, dye. 16. Write the verb go in the third person singular of (a) the present emphatic, (&) the simple future, (c> the future expressing determination. ALB ANT, UTTCA, ETC., MARCH 23, 24, 18T7. iJClU 17. What moods may take the interrogative form ? 18. Why is the following sentence incorrect? "To better understand the laws of one's country should be the constant aim of all." 19. Analyze the above sentence according to any recognized method. 20. Parse (a) one's (b) all (c) aim (giving the syn- tax of each word.) 21. (a) Correct : " Four year's lease of power have fallen to his lot." (6) State the reason, (c) Parse four. 22. (a) Correct : " Whom do you fancy could wish to be more happy than her." (&) Parse each word corrected. 23. What verbs are followed by the infinitive vrithout the preposition to? 24. (a) Correct , " May we not fail to do better in the future than we have in the past." (b) Q-ive reason. 25. Mention the phrases in the above sentence and the words which they severally modify. RHETORIC. 1. Discriminate between Grammar and Rhetoria 2. How should an Oration difier from an Essay ? 3. What do you understand by Rhetorical Defini- tion ; and in what respects are definitions frequently defective ? 4. What degree of validity attaches to Probable as compared with Demonstrative reasoning ? 6. How may the feelings of an audience be moved by a speaker? 6. What degree of importance attaches to Natur- alness of Style ; and how is Naturalness consistent »^ith the use of Literary Models ' XXlT THIRD STATE EXAMINATION, 7. State in the order of relative importance the properties essential to all good style. 8. What is essential with reference to clearness in respect to : (1) The Speaker's conception ? (2) The words employed? (3) The grammatical construc- tion? (4) The arrangement? (5) AmpUfication? (6) Illustration ? 9. Give an original illustration of : (1) Simile. (2) Metaphor. (3) Metonymy. (4) Synecdoche. (5) Personification. LITERATURE. 1. Give a definition of Literature. 2. Describe the difi*erent departments into which Modern Literature may be divided, and name some of the leading English and American authors in each department. 3. Explain wherein Poetry dififers from Prose. 4. Give some account of Milton's Paradise Lost; explaining its subject ; its metre ; and the character of the work. 5. (a) Name the principal EngHsh authors of the fifteenth century, and state in what department of literature each excelled, (b) Give lists of the chief works of the following authors, respectively : Chau- cer, Milton, Dryden, DeFoe, Addison, Dr. Johnson, Fielding, (c) Name the authors and state the nature of the following works, respectively : The Task, The Dunciad, Tale of a Tub, Adonais, McFingal, She Stoops to Conquer, Utopia, Mosses from an Old Manse, Essays of Eha, Tristram Shandy, (d) What plays of Shakespeare are drawn from English his- tory, and over what period do they extend. ALBANY, UTICA, ETC., MARCH 23, 34, 1877. XXT AMERICAN HISTORY— One Hour. [The ariswers to questions 3 and 7 will he taken a* tests of proficiency of English Composition.^ 1. Name, in order of succession, the Presidents of the United States, and the duration of service of those who held office more or less than one term. 2. Give, with dates, the names, and causes of the chief wars in which the United States have taken part, both prior to and since the adoption of the Constitution. 3. Give a brief sketch of the causes that led to the Southern Rebellion. Mention the states in the order of their secession. 4. Name the leading battles fought during the late war, the generals who commanded on either side, and the victorious party. 5. When and by whom was the Emancipation Proclamation signed? 6. Give the main features of the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments to the Constitution. 7. Mention the leading spirits in the American Revolution, and any characteristic or events connect- ed with each. 8. Give, approximately, the population of the United States. GENERAL HISTORY. 1. Define History. 2. Give some account of the cities that were visit- ed by Paul, the Apostle. 3. Into what classes was the population of Athena divided, in the time of Pericles ? 4. Describe the government of the Modern Greeks. 6. AVhat results were secured by the battles of Marathon ; of Phillippi ; of Hastings ; of Waterloo 7 XXVI THIRD STATE EXAMINATION, 6. Classify the nations of Europe, according to the rehgion prevailing in each. 7. Give a brief account of the Crimean War and " the Eastern Questions." CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 1. What are the qualifications of the President of the United States as defined by the Constitution ? 2. How may amendments to the Constitution of the United States be made ? 3. State the composition and functions of the United States Judiciary Department. 4. Of what bodies does the Legislature of the State of New York consist ? 5. What are the Qualifications of a member in each branch? 6. What is a tax ? How are taxes levied ? What is a capitation or poll tax ? 7. What is meant by franchise ? State the causes of disfranchisement. 8. What is the difierence between a grand and a petit jury ? 9. What are usury laws f The object of their en- actment ? 10. What is meant by the right of eminent domain f METHODS. 1. What do you understand by the term Methodg as applied to teaching ? 2. On what principle does the maintenance of or- der during class-room instruction chiefly depend ? 3. What methods would you adopt in introducing a subject — grammar for instance — to a class of begin- ners? State any principles that underUe these methods. ALBANY, UTICA, ETC., MARCH 23, 24, 1877. xxvl> 4. State some of the methods to be employed in making class-room instruction familiar. 5. Mention a few of the axioms that are to be found in the writings or teachings of leading educa- tional reformers. 6. What is the proper place of the text-book in the class-room, and by what methods is its use to be supplemented by the teacher ? 7. What is the value of repetition in teaching, and by what rule or rules is its employment to be limited ? SCHOOL ECONOMY. 1. Should a School be managed with the primary object of following a strict course of study and mak- ing a strong institution, or giving individual pupils th'e best chance for themselves ? 2. How would you arrange the pupils of an un- graded school into classes ? 3. What subjects would you advise an ordinary boy or girl of fourteen years of age, in a winter school, to study ? 4. What faculties of the mind would you design to exercise in the study of Geography ? What other result than such exercise would you expect ? 5. What time, as compared to that allotted to Arithmetic, would you give to the highest class in Reading ? 6. What School work would you give with special reference to forming and fixing the habit of writing correct English ? 7. Would you consider it worth while to give any attention to incorrect habits of speech ? If so, what would you do? 8. What objects would you design to secure by recitations ? *xnu THIRD STA.TE EXAMINATION, 9. What would guide you in assigning lessons to a class ? 10. What would you do if your class should have as many different text-books in Arithmetic as there are pupils ? 11. Do you approve of School Exhibitions ? If so, what g^ood results would you expect from them ? If not, what objections to them do you make ? 12. What are the Teacher's duties, if any, at recess ^nd at dismissal ? 13. What has the Teacher to do with the " man- ners" of his pupils? 14. How would you deal with lying, or any other form of deception ? 15. What would you do with a pupil who occa- sionally neglects his lessons ? With one who habitu- ally does so ? 16. What habits, useful in future life, would you wish all school exercises to assist in forming ? 17. What would determine you whether or not to open or close school with any form of religious service ? 18. Would you have a code of rules and regula- tions in any school ? Why ? 19. Of what do you suppose authority, or '* gov- ernment," in school to consist? 20. If you are Principal of a school, what are your duties as such to your Assistants ? If you are an Assistant, what are your duties as such to your Principal ? SCHOOL LAW. 1. State the different systems of school supervision which have been successively adopted, and describe +Vint, nnxr ni onpratinn that now in operation. ALBANY, UTICA, ETC., MARCH 23, Zi, Itll. xxl^ 2. In what year was the present Free School Act passed, and when did it go into operation ? 3. What pupils are entitled to free tuition? 4. State the legal requirements to entitle a district to participate in the regular annual apportionment of school moneys. 5. When and where must the annual school meet- ing in each district be held ? 6. May trustees disregard the vote of a district meeting limiting the choice of teachers, their salary and term of service ? 7. Is a school district liable for the wages of an unlicensed teacher; may the public moneys.be paid, and can a district tax be enforced for such a purpose ? 8. How shall the trustees pay the wages of a Hcensed teacher, which are due, without the vote of a district meeting ? 9. In whom is the authority vested to regulate the attendance of pupils, the course of study, the selec- tion of text-books, and the general management of the school ? 10. Who are authorized to Ucense teachers, and what is the extent of their powers, respectively ? 11. What legal evidence of qualification must a- teacher of public schools possess ? 12. W^hat is the legal provision for the attendance of teachers upon the teachers' institute of their county, during term time ? XIX FOURTH STATE EXAMINATIO^T, Fourth Examination for State Certificates, Held simultaneously, Dec. 20, 21, 1877, at The Eight State Normal Schools and at the New York City Normal College. Eleven Successful Candidates : At Albany. Frank S. Hotaling, Albany, Albany Co. Hugh Kelso, Stuyvesant, Columbia Co. At Cortland. Charles Melville Bean, McGrrawville, Cortland Co. George V. Chapin, Chapinville, Ontario Co. Henry Homer Hutton, Waverly, Tioga Co. At Fredonia. Agnes S. Brown, Versailles, Cattaraugus Ca At New York City. Neely Anderson, Brooklyn, Kings Co James S. Eaton, Chester, Orange Co. J. H. Haaren, New York City. William S, Pelletreau, Southampton, Suffolk Oa Mary W. Plumer, New York City. ARITHMETIC— Two Hours. 1. Multiply 876 by 429 and explain the operation. 2. Derive rule for multiplication of common frac- tions. 3. Reduce |, |, .13, 1.7 to equivalent fractiona having the common denominator 33. 4. How does adding the same number to both terms of a proper fraction affect its value ? 5. Divide .04 bv .0002 and explain the operation. STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS, DEC. 20, 21, 1877. xxxl 6. Reduce the circulating decimal .0486 to a com- mon fraction. 7. New York is in latitude 40" 42' N., longitude 74" W. : the city of Mexico is in latitude 19" 25' N., longitude 103° 45' W. : when it is 11 a. m. at New York, what is it at Mexico ? 8. Prove, "In any proportion the product of the extremes is equal to the product of the means." 9. f per cent, of ^ is what per cent, of 100 ? 10. What are " days of grace," and on what are they allowed in the State of New York ? 11. 5 per cent, bonds are bought at 90 per cent, what is the rate. of income on the investment? 12. What is the value in gold of the currency dollar, when gold is at 105 per cent. ? 13. When gold is at 103 per cent, and exchange at 485, what is the cost, in currency, at New York, of a Bill of Exchange on London for £50 ? 14. Derive rule for extracting the cubic root of integers. 15. What is the "Metric System," and what are its peculiar merits ? 16. Name its principal units and tell their uses. ALGEBRA— Two Hours. 1. Q-ive the laws for coefficients, exponents, and signs in multiplication, and give your method of ex- plaining law of signs, with illustrations. 2. Grive principles used in j&nding greatest common divisor, when the quantities are not easily factored, and find the greatest common divisor of 6a;' +a;' — 44ir + 21 and 6a;'— 26x' + 46x— 42. 3. Explain the force of zero used as an exponent, and determine value of a". X2211 FOURTH STA TE EXAMINA TION, 4. Find the value of x in the equation a + a? c — X a and give reason for each transformation. 5. Give two methods of ehmination in equations of two or more unknown quantities, illustrate each with example, and explain steps. 6. Divide {ax'^)^hj {xy)^, and explain the opera- tion. 7. "Complete the square" (without clearing of 4a;' 8a: 20 fractions) in the equation, -7q + j^=-^ and explain operation. 8. Find the values of x and y in the proportions, x'.y::x-\-y:4:2 x\ y:: x — y: 6 9. Find the values of x and y in the equations, \ x+ Vxy=.a / ( 2/+ '^^=^ ) 10. Derive the formula for finding the last term of a Q-eometrical Progression. PLANE GEOMETRY— One Hour and a IIalp. 1. To what class of subjects does Geometry be- long? State the object contemplated by the class, and show how Geometry differs from the other branches as to object-matter. 2. Construct an equilateral triangle whose altitude shall be equal to the line : . 3. B H is drawn bisecting the exterior angle C B G of the triangle ABC. B D is drawn bisecting the angle ABC and meeting A C at D. D K is drawn parallel to A B, cutting B C at E and meeting B H at K ; show that D E is equal to E K. STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS, DEC. 30, 21, 1877. xxxIU 4. Which term: equal, equivalent, or similar, im- plies the most respecting two figures ? What prop- erty impHed by this term ; not implied (a) by the first of the other two ? Q>) by the second ? 5. Mention four hypotheses regarding two linea, from which they can be proved parallel. 6. Two triangles have their homologous sides pro- portional: show that they are similar. 7. Indicate the steps which you would ordinarily take in the solution of a geometrical problem. 8. Within a given circle inscribe a regular decagon. C^SAR DE BELLO aALLICO— One Hour AND A Half. How much Latin have you read ? I. Translate into English : Quibus rebus cognitis quum ad has suspiciones cer- tissimre res accederent, quod per fines Sequanorum Helvetios transduxisset, quod obsides inter eos dan- dos curasset, quod ea omnia non modo injussu suo et civitatis, sed etiam inscientibus ipsis fecissit, quod a magistratu JSduorum accusaretur: satis esse causae arbitrabatur, quare in eum aut ipse animadverteret, aut civitatem animadvertere juberet His omnibus rebus unum repugnabat, quod Divitiaci fratris sum- mum in populum Romanum studium, summam in se voluntatem, egregiam fidem, justitiam, temperantam cognoverat : nam, ne ejus supplicio Divitiaci animum ofienderet, verebatur Itaque priusquam quidquam conaretur, Divitiacum ad se vocari jubet et, quotidi- anis interpretibus remotis, per Caium Valerium Pro- cillum, principem Galliae provinciae, familiarem suum, cui summam omnium rerum fidem habebat, cum eo coUoquitur : simul commonefacit, quae ipso praesente in concilio Gallorum de Dumnorige sint dicta, et os- tendit, quae separatim quisque de eo apud se dixerit: xxxly FO UE TH ST A TE EXAMINA TION, petit atque hortatur, ut sine ejus offensione animi veJ ipse de eo, causa cognita, statuat, vel civitatem stat- uere jubeat. 1. Analyze the first sentence by any system you know. 2. Decline (a) the first five nouns, (&) the first three pronouns, (c) the first two adjectives. 3. G-ive the principal parts of the first five verba, and explain their formation. 4. Give a complete synopsis of any verb in the extract. 5. Analyze the first ten verbs into stem, tense- sign, etc. 6. Give the laws for euphonic changes in Latin as far as you can, and illustrate each law by an appro- priate example. 7. What is the expression quibus rebus cognitis called ? How many forms are there for such con- structions in Latin? In what ways may such ex- pressions be best rendered into English ? 8. Give the office of each subordinate clause after the first sentence. Give the use of quum and the modes and tenses used in each instance. 9. Name the clauses in the extract that express purpose. 10. What conjunctions are used to introduce ciauses expressing purpose ? 11. Give and illustrate the various ways in which purpose is expressed in Latin. 12. What other uses has ut besides that of ex- pressing purpose? Illustrate these uses by Latin sentences. 13. Give an explanation or rule for all the sub- junctive forms in the selection. 14. Give definite rules for rendering the Latin subjunctive into idiomatic English. 15. Name the classes of verbs that require (a) an STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS, DEC. 20, 21, 1877. XXX? ut clause as an object, (6) an infinitive with a subject accusative as an object. II. IG. Render into Latin : (1) Cicero, the orator, was a great man. #(2) Cicero ordered Catiline to go into exile (ire in txilium). (3) They praised him on account of his bravery. (4) After the general was kiUed, I came to the city. G-EOaRAPHY— One Hour, 1. What do you understand by Mathematical Geography ? 2. What by Physical Geography ? 3. What by Political Geography ? 4. What by Descriptive Geography ? 5. What by Local Geography ? G. How many States in the United States ? Name them. Group them into divisions, as ordinarily given. 7. Name all of the Territories in the United States. 8. Name the " great lakes " which are between the United States and the Canadas. 9. Which is the largest City in the United States? State its population, describe its location, and tell for what it is noted. 10. Name tlie River Systems of North America^ and state the portions of country drained by each. 11. Name the Mountain Systems of Asia. 12. Name the countries of Europe which are now (Dec, 1877,) engaged in war, and also those which are especially interested in the results of the war, giving reasons for the answers submitted. (a) How much time should each pupil spend upon the subject of Geography in a common school course ? (fc) What pieces of apparatus, as maps, etc., da xxxvl FO UB TU ST A TE EXAMJNA TION^ you consider essential for the school-room when teaching Geography ? (c) State the general divisions which you are ac- customed to make of Geography, when presenting the subject. id) State the general plan which you follow when teaching advanced classes in Geography. (e) How do you begin the subject of Geography with primary classes ? Mention the successive steps in the subject-matter, and in the mode of presenting it Outline the first year's course for the pupils. GRAMMAR AND ANALYSIS— Two Hours. 1. Define verb and participle, and state the differ- ence. 2. Define voice. 3. Do intransitive verbs have voice ? 4. How is the passive voice formed ? 5. What do you say of the verb to he with respect to voice ? 6. Write a sentence whose predicate is composed of a copula and attribute. 7. Write a sentence whose verb is a copulative verb. 8. Write a sentence whose verb is attributive. 9. Is the verb to he ever an attributive verb ? If 60, write a sentence containing it. 10. Is the verb in the sentence the lesson has heen learned, transitive? Explain. 11. Give all the forms you know of the first per- son singular, indicative mode, present perfect tense, of the verb strike. 12. Write a sentence containing a verb in the im- perative mode, passive voice. 13. Write all the tenses of the infinitive mode, in both voices, of the verb lead. STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS, DEC. 20, 21, 1877. xxxvll 14. In what mode is the phrase, if I should be there? 15. In what mode is the sentence, perhaps^ I shall gof IG. What tense should you call the verb in the sentence, I am going to-morrow ? What tense is it, really ? 17. What does the sentence, if I had a dollar ^ 1 would give it to you, mean as to (1) having a dollar and as to (2) giving it to you ? 18. The same with the sentence, if /have a dollar, I will give it to you. 19. Distinguish between regular and irregular verbs. 20. Is the verb, to hear, regular or irregular ? 21. Which are the auxihary verbs? 22. Have they any tenses of their own? if so what? 23. Are they ever used as principal verbs ? if so, write sentences to show this use. 24. In parsing or analyzing, how do you dispose of ought and to go, in the sentence I ought to gof 25. How is the manner of action or being ex- pressed ? (1) " To these gifts of nature Napoleon added the advantage of having been born to a private and humble fortune. (2) In his later days he had the weakness of wishing to add to his crown and badges the prescription of aristocracy; but he knew his debt to his austere education, and made no secret of his contempt for born kings." 26. Describe each sentence as a whole, giving propositions with connectives. 27. Mention, in order, the verbs in the extract, giving the voice, mode and tense of each. 28. Mention the participial nouns and their coa- •truction. xxxviil FO UR TH STA TE EXAMINA TIOJ^, 29. Give the direct objects of the verbs and parti- ciples. 30. Give the indirect objects. 31. In (1) parse ihese and private. 32. In (2) parse the first his and horn. 33. What does in his later days modify ? 34. What weakness is the weakness ? 35. Give construction of to add. " I fear thee, ancient mariner : I fear thy skinny hand ; And thou art long and lank and brown As is the ribbed sea-sand." 36. Analyze the above. 37. Between what two objects is a comparisoii made in the third and fourth lines, and in respect to what? 38. There is an elhpsis in the last Una ; supply it in full 39. Parse mariner. 40. Parse as. " I long for household voices gone ; For vanished smiles I long ; But God hath led my dear ones on, And He can do no wrong." 41. Analyze the above without separating complex ■abordinate elements. 42. Parse /or in the second line. 43. Parse hath led. 44. Expand gone into a subordinate clause. 45. Analyze the following, not separating complex tubordinate elements : " For I have learned To look on Nature, not as in the hour Of thoughtless youth, but hearing oftentimes The stiU sad music of humanity ; Nor harsh nor grating, though of ample power^ To chasten and subdue." STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS, DEC. 20, 21, 1877. xxxil ENGLISH COMPOSITION— One Hour. 1. Give the general rules for the use of capital letters, with appropriate illustrations. 2. Give the general rules for the punctuation of sentences, with appropriate illustrations. 3. Copy the following extract, punctuate it prop- erly, and correct any mistakes in either punctuation or capitals : ** Early one morning they came to the Estate of a wealthy farmer they found him standing before the stable ; and heard as they dreAV near that he was scolding one of his men because he had left the ropes, with which they tied their horses in the rain all night, instead of putting them away in a dry place Ah We shall get very httle here said one to the other that man is very close we will at least try said another And they approached." 4. Combine the following groups of statements into one simple or complex sentence. Give more than one form for each. State which form you pre- U and why you prefer it. (a) Sugar is a sweet crystaUized substance. It is obtained from the juice of the sugar cane. The sugar cane is a reed-hke plant growing in most hot climates. It is supposed to be originally a native of the East. (J) In the Olympic games, the only reward was a wreath of wild olive. The Olympic games were regarded as the most honorable contests. They were so regarded because they were sacred to Jupiter. They were so regarded, also, because they were instituted by the early Greek heroes. 5. Change the following expressions from thr oommon to the rhetorical style : FOURTH STATE EXAMINATION, (o) Diana of the Ephesians is great. (6) Thy dying eyes were closed by foreign hands. (c) They climb the distant mountain slowly and sadly, and read their doom in the setting sun. (cf) I shall attempt neither to pallitate nor to deny the crime of being a young man. 6. Write, in proper form, a letter making applica- tion for a position as a teacher in a union school, and give proper references. 7. Write a composition of not more than three hundred words upon " Curiosity," and give, also, the analytical outline upon which your composition is written. READING— One Hour. 1. Name the different methods by which a child entirely unacquainted with reading may be taught it. Which of these methods do you prefer, and why? 2. Name such physical rules as you think should be observed while reading. State the physical con- sequences of violating them. 3. Give a tabular view of the classes and sub- classes of the elementery sounds of the EngHsh language. Define the great classes. 4. Define phonic spelling. State its advantages. Mark according to Webster or Worcester the follow- ing words for pronunciation : — Christmas, tuneful, com, coohng. 6. Give the different ways of emphasizing words. Name the various inflections. Give examples of each with appropriate marks. 6. What directions would you give classes with regard to marks of punctuation in reading ? 7. Give, in the order you would put them, ten questions which you would ask pupils who were to STA TE NOHMAL SCHOOLS, DEC. 20, 21, 1877. xl read Warren's Address, p. 128, Randall's Reading and Elocution. 8. Carefully look over the selection entitled, " Re- marks on Reading," found on p. 374, Randall's Read- ing and Elocution, and answer the following ques- tions based on the selection : Meaning of the words, pendant, philosopher, accea- Mory ? What is the end to which all studies may point? Meaning of subservient ? What evil efiects may arise from too long applica- tion of the mind to one subject ? Why ? State the effects of dividing the attention between many subjects. Why? What general advice on reading may be given to ♦very one? UNITED STATES HISTORY— One Hour. 1. What country did Columbus expect to find by sailing west from Europe ? 2. Why were the inhabitants called Indians? 3. Why was the country called America ? 4. Did Columbus land upon or see the main land of North America ? 5. Mention one discoverer from each of these na- tions : English, Spanisli, French, Portuguese, and his principal discovery. 6. By what right did European nations claim dif- ferent parts of the country ? 7. What were the principal colonizing nations, ano what part of the country (Hd each settle ? 8. What made the Indians hostile to the settlerp / 9. What was the point of contest in the Frenuh and Indians wars ? 10. How many were there, and by what mines we thej called ? XIU FO UR TH ST A TE EXAMINA TION, 11. By what treaty was the last settled? 12. What division of territory was made ? 13. Why did the Indians fight in this war ? On which side ? 14. How was the country governed before the revolution ? 15. How was it governed during the revolution ? 16. How was it governed immediately after the revolution ? 17. How is it now governed? 18. What was the population of the colonies at the time of the revolution ? 19. What were the original States ? 20. What battles were fought before the Declara- tion of Independence was made ? 21. What four battles do you regard as most im- portant, and why ? 22. Who were the British commanders-in-chief during the war ? 23. What important battles did the Americana lose? 24. By what treaty was the war ended ? 25. The most important points in that treaty ? 26. What were the boundaries granted to the United States ? 27. Mention the first ten Presidents in order, with length of service, and State in which each lived. 28. Menton the first three new States. 29. What was the " era of good feeling," and who was President at the time ? 30. What purchases of territory have been made? 31. Who were the parties in the civil war ? 32. What was the point in contest ? 33. What States seceded ? 34. How was the war ended ? 35 How were the p^aves emancipated f STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS, DEC. SO, 21, 1877. xlll» WRITING— Half an Hour. 1. What system have you adopted ? 2. Give the Elements of the small letters; the capitals. Name them, 3. How do you classify them ? 4. How do you secure a proper way of holding the pen ? 5. How do you secure accuracy in writing the elementary forms, and uniform progress ? 6. On what principle do you classify the small letters ? And write the letters of each class. 7. On what principle do you classify the capitals ? Also write the letters of each class. 8. How do you conduct a recitation in writing ? 9. How do you secure legibiUty? How does it rank in importance ? 10. How do you secure rapidity ? How does it rank with legibility ? METHODS— One Hour and a Half. 1. Name the faculties of the mind. Which of these is the most active in childhood ? 2. In view of this, what should characterize the teaching of young children ? 3. In teaching, what help should the teacher give his pupils? Why? 4. State fully the character of the questions tha should be used in teaching. 5. In teaching, which should precede, ideas or their expression ? Why ? G. Apply this in teaching ideas of fractions to young children. 7. Apply the same in teaching the spelling of the following words : "smi7in^," ^^cylindrical." 8. Define object. Define objective teaching. xilT FO UR TH ST A TE EXAMIXA TION, 9. Through what medium do we gain knowledge of external objects ? Tlirough what medium do we communicate our knowledge thus gained? What application would you make of this in teaching ? 10. How should the variety of subjects taught in a primary school compare with the variety taught in a more advanced school ? Why ? 11. What are the hest aids to memory ? 12. What use should be made of text books in teaching natural sciences ? 13. State your reasons for having pupils preparing to teach, study methods of teaching ? 14. What do you understand by philosophy of edu- cation ? 15. Describe the method by which a mental image, idea or conception of an object never seen is formed in the mind, and discuss the relation of this princi- ple to the teaching of geography and history in par- ticular, and to teaching in general. 16. Discuss briefly the connection between the power to use language, and a knowledge of the science of language. 17. What conditions of age and power to think do you consider necessary that a pupil may pursue the study of the science of language efficiently t 18. Which should precede, rules, definitions and classifications, or a knowledge of processes and con- crete particulars ? Why ? SCHOOL ECONOMY— One Hour and a Half. 1. State, in their order, the steps you would take in organizing, (a) A district school with no assistant teachers. (h) A village school in which you would have three assistant teachers. STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS, DEC. 20, 21, 18T7. xlv 2. State what you consider to be the difference between a graded and an ungraded school. 3. Name all the parties that must be regarded in the government of a public school, and state the re- lation of each party to the others. 4. What use would you make of oral or written examinations, and how would you conduct each ? 5. Give in outhne your plan of government, stating m particular : (a) The general principles by which you are guided, ih) Your method of managing whispering. (c) Your method of detecting and correcting any kind of offense. 6. Give your views on self reporting, stating your reason for adopting or rejecting this plan, in part or in whole, in governing your school Fifth Examination for State Certificates, Albany, July 16, 17, 1878 EXAMINERS: Prin. James L. Bothwell, School No. 14, Albany. Prof. M. L. Deyo, Albany Academy. Prof. Joseph St. John, Albany State Normal School. Seventeen Candidates Entered — Eleven Suc- cessful : Charles Birdsall, Lloyd, Ulster Co. Mary C. Chesbro, Vermilion, Oswego Co. Sylvester Gardner, Fayetteville, Onondaga Ca Burr Lewis, Lockport, Niagara Co. Levi N. Mogg, Marcellus, Onondasra Co. xlvl FIFTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION, Hambly p. Orchard, Oyster Bay, Queens Co. W. W. St. John, Rose, Wayne Co. Annie M. Spence, Saratoga Springs, Mary Trumbull, Sandy Hill, Washington Co. W. E. Whitbeck, West Troy, Albany Co. Homer A. Wilcox, Mount Vernon, Westchester Ca ARITHMETIC— One Hour. 1. Define, (a) Prime Number, (h) Compound Number, (c) Ratio, (d) Bank Discount. 2. What factors must the Greatest Common Divi- sor of two or more numbers contain ? 3. A can do a piece of work in 3 days ; B in 4 •days ; C in 7 days. In what time will they do it all working together ? 4. The sum of two numbers is 21\] their differ- ence is 7^, what are the numbers ? 5. Explain why you invert the divisor in Division of fractions. 6. Reduce to a simple decimal .05^^^. 7. Washington is 77" 2' West, New Orleans is 89* 2' West ; when it is 9 a. m. at New Orleans, what is the time at Washington ? 8. If 40 men can perform a piece of work in 12 days, how many men will perform another piece of work three times as large in one-fifth of the time ? {Solve by proportion.) 9. A grocer purchased a lot of teas, on which he lost 16 per cent, by selling them for $4200. What an, country, he, and co^ae. STATE NOHMAL SCHOOLS, DEC. 19, 20, 1878. Ixiil 5. Make sentences containing the relative pronouns as, that, ivho, winch, and tvhat. 6. What are the particuhirs in which a pronoun, must agree with its antecedent ? 7. Pai"se what in the following sentence : " Be ivhat you would seefu.'" 8. Give the seven personal terminations of English verbs. 9. What is the difference between modal adverbs and adverbs of manner ? 10. Name three auxiliary verbs that are sometimes used as principal verbs. 11. Illustrate three uses of the verb do. 12. Name three kinds of verbs that require double objects, and state the kinds of objects required by each of the three. 13. Write three sentences, each involving a different kind of double object. 14. Write a sentence using three different tenses and three different cases. 15. Write a sentence having two verbs in different moods and in different voices. ' ' You must note that, though the first part of the Valley of the Shadow of Death was dangerous, yet this second part which he was yet to go, was, if pos- sible, far more dangerous : for from the place where he now stood to the end of the Valley, the way was all along set so full of snares, traps and gins, here, and so full of pit-falls, pits, deep holes, and shelvings down, there ; that had it been dark, as it was when he came the first part of the way, had he had a thou- sand souls, they nad in reason been cast away." — Bunyan. 16. Is the above sentence compound or complex ? 17. Is the word that in both instances used for the same purpose in the sentence ? If not, what is the difference ? 18. Write a list of the subordinate clauses found in this sentence ; and name the kind and the syntax of each of them. Ixiv SIXTH 8TA TE EXAMINA TION. 19. Write a list of all the verbs used in the sen- tence, naming the class, the voice, and the principal parts. 30. Give the mood of the verb liad in every instance of its use in this sentence. 21. Parse the words dangerous, full, shelvings, down, all, part and possible. 22. Write a list of the connectives found in the sentence, and state the class of each connective, 23. What does in reason modify ? '* Vainly the fowler's eye Might mark thy distant flight to do thee wrong, As, darkly painted on the crimson sky, Thy figure floats along. " — Bryant. 24. Analyze the above. 25. Write a list of the phrases in the above. 26. Parse as and painted. " velvet Bee ! you're a dusty fellow. You've powdered your legs with gold. 0, brave marsh Maiy-buds, rich and yellow, Give me your money to hold." — Jean Ingelow. 27. Parse Bee, 0, rich, yellow and to hold, in the above. 28. Analyze both sentences, stating the class of each of them. 29. Mention the direct and the indirect object of give, in the last line. 30. Name the figure in you're and you've. ENGLISH COMPOSITION. 1. Give five rules for using capital letters correctly. 2. Rewrite the following selection, restoring capi- tals and punctuation marks : when the cloth was removed a goodly group of decanters were set before the mayor who sent them forth on their outward voyage full freighted with port sherry madeira and claret of which excellent liquors STA TE NORMAL SCHOOLS, DEC. 19, 20, 1878. Ixv methought the latter found least acceptance among the guests wlien every man had filled his glass his worship stood up and proposed a toast it was of course our gracious sovereign or words to that effect and immediately a band of musicians whose preliminary lootings and thmmmings I had already heard behind me struck up god save the queen and the whole com- pany arose with one impulse to assist in singing that ancient anthem. hawthome. 3. State the difference between a sentence, a para- graph, and a discourse. 4. Recast the following, making of the short sen- tences longer ones by combinations, either as com- pound or complex sentences. You observe a great intellectual movement. It is in Europe. The Jews greatly participate in it. The first Jesuits were Jews. There is a mysterious Rus- sian diplomacy. It alarms the Western nations. It is organized chiefly by the Jews. It is carried on by the Jews. There is a mighty revolution coming. It is preparing in Germany. It will be, in fact, a second Reformation. It will be a greater Reforma- tion. It is, as yet, little known in England. It is developing entirely under the auspices of the Jews. They monopolize the professorial chairs of Germany. 5. Write a composition of fifty words, involving adverbial clauses of time, of place, of manner, of purpose, and of comparison. 6. Write a composition of thirty words, involving a prepositional phrase, a participial phrase, an infinitive phrase, and an absolute phrase. 7. Transpose into prose order the following lines: *'In Zanadu did Hubla Kahn A stately pleasure dome decree : Where Alph, the sacred river, ran Through caverns measureless to man Down to a sunless sea." — Coleridge, Ixvi SIXTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 8. Write a short letter of friendship, with the proper superscription and subscription. 9. Name four things to be observed in the choice of words in composition. 10. Give a general rule for the proper use of the colon and the semicolon. RHETORIC. 1. For what end do we study rhetoric ? 2. What is good English ? 3. AVhat is a simple sentence ? 4. What is a compound sentence ? 5. What is a complex sentence ? 6. Give an example of each. 7. What should determine the form of a sentence ? 8. On what are clearness and strength of expression conditioned ? 9. State advantages resulting from the use of figu- rative language. 10. Give an example of metaphor. 11. Give an example of simile. 13. Give an example of antithesis. 13. When should antithesis be used? 14. What is style ? 15. What is the best style ? AMERICAN HISTORY. 1. What was the main incentive to maritime dis- covery during the Fifteenth Century ? 2. During which voyage, and in what year did Co- lumbus discover the Continent ? 3. What was the basis of the English claim to America ? 4. Who was in command of the expedition for the conquest of Mexico ? With what result ? 5. What permanent settlements on the Continent at the close of the Sixteenth Century ? STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS, DEC. 19, 20, 1878. Ixvii 6. Name five permanent settlements during the first twenty years of the Seventeenth Century. By what nation were they established ? 7. Who were the Puritans ? What impelled them to seek a home in America ? 8. When, and where, was the first college founded in America ? 9. What causes led to the French and Indian war ? 10. Name five important crises or epochs in the settlement and history of America before the Revolu- tion. 11. Name the principal causes of the Revolution. 12. What important events had taken place in America before the Declaration of Independence lead- ing to the Revolution ? 13. Give an account of the most noted victory gained by the Colonists in 1777. 14. For what is Valley Forge memorable ? 15. What were the main points of contest in the second war with England ? 16. What were the most decisive victories in this war ? 17. What was the Missouri Compromise ? 18. Name the most important events in Jackson's administration. 19. What causes led to the Mexican war ? Name the important battles of this war. ^ 20. Who gave system and permanency to the na- tion's financial administration ? What is the question known as the tariff question ? What was the ques- tion concerning a national bank ? GENERAL HISTORY— ORAL. 1. Name the Ancient Monarchies, in the order of their rise. What authors have written extensively upon them ? What can you state of the history of each of those Monarchies ? 2. State what you can about the history of the Ixviii SIXTH ST A TE EXAMINA TWN. Feudal Times — what period of history is covered hj them — the rise, progress, and decline of Feudalism — the apparent causes thereof — in what countries it prevailed. 3. What is meant by the so-called Eastern Question, of the present times ? State what you can of its his- tory — what nations are immediately concerned in it — what phases of it have been lately before the world, and what nations engaged in it — and the present state of it. CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 1. Define the several forms of government knowa in history. 2. In what respects is our own form of government preferable to any other ? 3. Define both State and national government, and indicate the relation existing between them. 4. Name the branches of government in New York State. What are the powers of each ? 5. Name every step in the process of law-making in the State. 6. Explain the organization of our State courts. 7. Define the powers of the United States Congress. 8. How is the President of the United States elect- ed ? What are his powers and duties ? 9. In v/hat cases has the Supreme Court of the United States jurisdiction ? 10. What are the personal rights of a citizen of the United States ? READING. 1. What is the word method of teaching reading ? 3. What is the phonic method of teaching reading ? What are its advantages and objections ? 3. Define semi-vowel. Mark, according to Webster or Worcester, the vowels in the following words : river, turncoat, time, piece, footstool, altar. STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS, DEC. 19, 20, 1878. Ixir 4. Name three or four cases in which the rising in- flection is demanded. Illustrate by examples. 5. Define pure, aspirated, and orotund qualities of voice. C. What immediate physical preparations should be made in order to give orotund quality? To give pure quality? To project tone ? To give great force to tone ? 7. Name the steps one should take in preparing to read any selection impressively. 8. State quality, force, rate, pitch, and inflections required in reading the following. What should be the mental condition in order to read it ? How would you attain this condition? " Flower in the crannied wall, I pluck you out of the crannies ; Hold you here, root and all, in my hand, Little flower — but if T could understand What you are, root and all, and all in all, I should know what God and man is." LITERATURE. 1. How is Literature divided as to its form ? Give some divisions as to subject. 2. What are the principal divisions of poetry, and the general characteristics of each ? 3. What is the leading idea of an essay? of an edi- torial ? of an oration ? of a poem ? 4. Mention the most celebrated epic poems and their authors. 5. Mention the most celebrated dramatic authors, and tell when they flourished. 6. Mention some English authors who flourished before the time of Elizabeth, and tell what thej wrote. 7. Who wrote the Faerie Queen? Essay on Man? The Seasons ? The Task? Gulliver's Travels ? Robin- Ixx SIXTH ST A TE EXAMINA TIOJST. son Crusoe ? Marmion? The Deserted Village ? The Brook ? 8. What did Bunyan write ? Dryden? Hume? Gib- bon? Johnson? Sheridan? Macaulay? Lord Jeffreys ? 9. Who wrote Thanatopsis ? Evangeline ? Snow- Bound ? Bitter-Sweet ? The Conquest of Mexico ? Knickerbocker's History of New York ? The Spy? Gold-Foil ? 10. Mention five distinguished American orators, and as many English. Which of their orations have you read ? Give a brief synopsis of any one of them. 11. What are the main divisions of dramas, and what their differences ? 12. How does an historical drama differ from his- tory? 13. Give titles of Shakespeare's plays, and an out- line of some play. 14. Give a brief synopsis of Paradise Lost. 15. What else did Milton write ? Who have writ- ten criticisms of Milton ? 16. Mention five English, and as many American essayists. Which of their essays have you read ? 17. What are the staples of fiction ? 18. Mention three noted English and as many American writers of fiction, not now living, and as many of each now living. 19. What did Scott write ? Which of his works have you read ? Give an outline of any one of them. 20. What are the principal forms of periodical literature ? 21. What is a Review ? Magazine ? What are the principal ones of each kind now published ? What ones do you read ? 22. What is the value of periodical literature a& compared with books ? 23. What have you read in History ? Biography ? Science ? Criticism ? Poetry ? 24. Quote something from Milton ; from Webster ; from Shakespeare ; from Tennyson ; from any other three first-rate authors. STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS, DEC. 19, 20, 1878. Ixxl 25. How would you cultivate a taste for good read- ing in your pupils ? GENERAL QUESTIONS IN PHYSIOLOGY. 1. Give some of the distinctions between organized and unorganized matter, 2. Trace the food in the process of digestion through the different organs, and describe the changes it undergoes in each. 3. Describe the human stomach ; also the stomach of an herbivorous animal. 4. Mention the number, and the classes, and de- scribe the structure of the teeth. 5. Describe the course of the circulation. 6. How do arteries differ from veins? 7. How is the temperature of the body maintained? 8. How is venous blood changed to arterial blood? NATURAL PHILOSOPHY. 1. Illustrate the relation between the force of gravi- tation and the quantity of matter exerting it. State the law. 2. Illustrate the relation between the force of gravi- tation and the distance between the bodies exerting it. State the law. 3. Define specific gravity. Illustrate what is meant by it. 4. Distinguish between the X^vms pitch and intensity of sound. 5. How is light thought to be produced? 6. Show the difference between reflecting and re- fracting telescopes. 7. ShoM-^ what is meant by Magneto-Electricity. 8. How is the electric light produced? 9. What is meant by intensity of electricity, and upon what does it depend ? bxii SIXTH ST A TE EXAMmA TION. GENERAL QUESTIONS IN GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY. 1. Define Geology, Mineralogy. 2. Name the Geological Ages. 3. State briefly the Nebular Hypothesis. 4. Show how Igneous, Sedementaiy and Metamor- phic rocks are formed. 5. Show what is meant by dip, strike and outcrop of rocks. 6. Name the systems of Crystallization. 7. What do we mean by saying that the hardness of Quartz is 7. 8. What is Gypsum, Marble, Clay, and Sandstone? 9. How would you teach a class the elements of Geology and Mineralogy ? METHODS. 1. Explain the terms impression and sensation as used in Psychology. 2. Classify the sensations, and show their relation to the intellect. 3. Name the qualities of external objects obtained through eye, ear, touch, and muscular sense. What is this mode of the mind's action called ? 4. Define Imagination. Of what use is this power in gaining knowledge ? Illustrate. What studies do you consider most /aluable in cultivating the imagi- nation ? 5. Illustrate, f uLy, the processes of induction and deduction, by reference to some law of nature. 6. Show the application of the processes of induc- tion and deduction lio the teaching of some one mathe- matical study, one of the natural sciences, and one language study. 7. Describe your method of teaching pupils how to speak and write tha English language correctly and fluently. In what grades of schools would you ad- STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS, DEC. 19, 20, 1878. Ixxiii vise the. teaching of technical grammar? Give rea- sons. 8. Compare the classics, natural sciences, and ma- thematics, as regards their relative value to the masses of the people in the knowledge and mental discipline they impart. 9. Give your idea of the proper use of the terms ob- jective and subjective, as applied to human thought and action. 10. Show the relation of human needs, rights, and duties! What guidance can you obtain from this re- lation in the government of a school? SCHOOL ECONOMY. I. How would you classify an ungraded school? 3. In such a school how many classes in Reading? 3. In any public school what subjects might be taught as a general exercise? 4. What should be the opening exercises of a public school, if any? The closing exercises? 5. How many subjects of study should each pupil have? 6. How many hours a day should pupils be required to study ? 7. Should any school have public rhetorical exer- cises? If so, what kind of school, and what objects should be aimed at in such exercises? 8. Why and how often should pupils be examined, and how would you conduct an examination? 9. In making record of examinations, would you recognize anything but results as shown in the ex- amination ? 10. When should the study of grammar be begun? II. What study of language should come before this, if any? 12. When should penmanship be begun? 13. In what circumstances would you encourage the study of Algebra or Philosophy in a mixed school? Ixxiv SIXTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 14. Give your views of recesses, their necessity, fre- quency, length, and how far the teacher should con- trol them. 15. Are calisthenic exercises desirable in a graded school? Are they in a country school? For what purpose? 16. For what purposes would you desire order in a school? What would be your model of discipline? 17. IIow would you endeavor to create an interest in a subject which seems uninteresting to a clags? 18. What objects would you endeavor to secure by recitations? 19. Would you keep records of recitations? Of conduct? What use would you make of them ? 20. How would you deal with tardiness in a country school? How in a village school? 21. Would you make a code of rules for a school? Give reasons for your answer. 22. How would you endeavor to secure the good-will of pupils? 23. In what respects is the example of a teacher necessary? 24. What mode of punishment would you use, if any, and for what sort of offenses? SCHOOL LAW. 1. Name the orders of supervising officers con- nected with the school system of the State, and indi- cate (a.) The method of appointing or electing each. (&.) The general duties of each. 2. Name the classes of schools under the direction of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction. 3. State wherein a Union School differs from (a.) An academy. (&.) A district school, (c.) A high school. PL A TTSB UR Gil, ETC. , JUL Y 22, 23, 1879. Ixxv 4. Name the powers of trustees regarding (a.) The employment of teachers. (J.) The general management of the school under their charge. 5. Name each source in the school system of the State from which a license to teach may emanate, and indicate (a.) The conditions on which each kind of license- is granted. (b.) The length of time each kind of license remains; in force. ic.) The causes for which a license maybe annulled. 6. State the difference between the powers vested in the trustee or trustees of a district school and those vested in the Board of Education of a union school. 7. State the course that must be pursued (a.) To form a new district. (&.) To consolidate two or more districts, (c.) To dissolve a district. Seventh Examination for State Certificates, Held simultaneously, July 22, 23, 1879, at Plattsburgh, Albany, Brooklyn, Binghamton,. Elmira, Buffalo, Syracuse and Watertown. Thirty Successful Candidates. At Plattsburgh. S. H. McIntyre, Peru. Mary E. Marshall, Plattsburgh. B. Walter Severance, Willsborough. M. Kate Sperry, Plattsburgh. At Albany. J. H. A. Fitch, New York City. Peter E. Tarpey, Fort Montgomery. Ixxvi SEVENTH ST A TE EXAMINA TIOIH. At Brooklyn. Watson S. Allen, Matteawan. Alonzo a. Ashman, East New York. James F. Carrier, Brookhn. Olivia Connor, Scotchtown. Florence E. French, Sag Harbor. Mary S. Mills, Port Byron. Charles A. O'Reilly, Brooklyn. Edward B. Shaw, Greenport. George F. Stackpole, Riverhead. Peter L. Wall, Brooklyn. Isaac E. Young, Westchester. At Binghamton. Henry L. Fowler, Binghamton. Fanny Webster, Binghamton. At Elmira. Henry Hurd Roberts, Rock Stream. Helen M. Searles, Addison. At Buffalo. William E. Prentice, Batavia. Henry 0. Sibley, Royalton. At Syracuse. A. Edgar Allen, Manlius. Charles E. Allen, Marion. Lyman B. Blakeman, Brookfleld. Mary A. Cawfield, Geneva. John D. Wilson, Manlius. At Watertown. John A. Burns, Redwood. Charles D. Larkins, Adams. ARITHMETIC. 1. What must a pupil know that he may read large numbers readily ? 2. When are concrete numbers denominate ? 3. Find the G. C. D. of 52 and 91 by continued division, and show that the last divisor is the G. C. D. 4. Divide § by -i\, and explain the operation. PL A TTSB URGH, ETC., JUL Y 22, 23, 1879. Ixxvii 5. Divide .0039 by 1300. 6. What will it cost to slate a roof 44 ft. by 63 ft., at $3.80 per square of 100 ft. ? (Give full analysis.) 7. Find the difference between the true discount and the bank discount of $525 for 60 days at six per cent. 8. If 82 men build a wall 36 feet long, 8 feet high, and 4 feet thick, in 4 days, in how many days will 48 men build a wall 864 feet long, 6 feet high, and 3 feet thick ? (Solve by proportion.) 9. In the metric system : {a.) What is the unit of linear measure ? (b.) What is its length in inches ? ALGEBRA. 1. In what respects does Algebra differ from Arith- metic ? 2. Define the terms binomial, coefficient, equation. 3. State the law in relation to the signs plus and minus in multiplication and division. 4. Divide 15 a^ b^— 12 a-^ b-^, by — 3 a^ b-^ 5. Demonstrate that, -|-=a~* 6. Resolve a^ — b% into prime factors. Q^i \yi 7. Reduce to the lowest terms, by cancella- tion, a^— ab 8. Multiply 5 4/ 5 by 3 v 8. 9. Find the value of x, in the equation, 7x=138-5x2. 10. Find the values of x, and y, in the equations, x+y=5. 11. Expand (a*+2b)^ by the binomial theorem. GEOMETRY. 1. If a straight line cut two parallel lines, how do- the alternate angles compare ? Ixsviii SEVEN TH ST A TE EXAMINA TIOK. State the proposition and prove it. 2. To how many right angles is the sum of all the interior angles of a polygon equal ? State and prove the proposition. 3. A man wished to know the distance between two trees upon opposite sides of an impassable gulf. He measured ten rods from tree No. 1, and on a line at right angles to that connecting the two trees, and set a stake ; he then measured twenty-five rods directly back from tree No. 1, and on a line which is the pro- longation of that connecting the two trees, and set a second stake ; next he measured twenty rods on a line lying in the same direction and parallel to the line first measured, and set a third stake, when he found that the tree upon the other side of the gulf and the first and third stakes were in the same straight line ; what was the required distance ? 4. Bisect one of the angles of a triangle, and extend the bisecting line until it cuts the opposite side ; how do the segments of the side cut and the adjacent sides compare ? State the theorem and demonstrate it. 5. What is the product of the radius of a circle multiplied by its circumference ? 6. Are the reasonings of Geometry inductive or deductive ? Why ? C^SAR. 1. Pugnatum est diu atque acriter, cum Sontiates, superioribus victoriis f reti, in sua virtute totius Aqui- taniae salutem positam putarent ; nostri antem quid sine imperatore et sine reliquibus legionibus adiiles- centulo duce efflcere possent, perspici cuperent ; tan- dem confecti vulneribus hostes terga vertere. 1. Give a free translation of the above. Decline iotius in the singular number. Decline nostri in full. 3. Give the case, the rule (or principle of govern- PLA TTSB URGH, ETC. , JUL T 22, 23, 1879. Ixxix ment) and the nominative singular of the following nouns : victoriis, salutem, duce, vulneribus. 3. To what use is the possessive sua always re- stricted ? 4. Give the principal parts of positam, efficere, cuperent, and vertere. Which are the principal parts of a Latin verb, and why ? 5. State the mode of each of the above verbs, also the rule (or principle of use) for the mode in each case. 6. Give the root (or stem) of virtute, and state why it does not occur in the nominative singular ? Ex- plain, in like manner, the nominative singular of duce. 7. Ad haec Ariovistus respondit : ' Jus esse belli, ut qui vicissent, iis quos vicissent, quem ad modum vellent, impetrarent ; item populum Romanum victis non ad alterius praescriptum, sed ad suum arbitriura, imperare consuesse.' Translate in full. Give the root of consuesse. 8. State the case of iis and rule. 9. Cassar, certior factus, etc. Decline certior in full. 10. Express in Latin: "When these things were known, Caesar, in an address, composed the spirits of the Gauls, and promised that this matter would be his own future care." GEOGRAPHY. 1. Name the motions of the earth and the relative position of the earth's axis, and the lines, divisions and phenomena, which result from these relations. 2. What are isothermal lines, and how and why do they deviate from parallels of latitude ? 3. What are the natural divisions of the territory of the United States, and what are the boundaries and characteristics of each ? 4. Give the location of three leading cities of the United States, state why they are so situated and Irxx SEVENTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. ■what industries and other characteristics result from their situation ? 5. Give the logical order in the description of a country. 6. A trading vessel sails from New York to Havana. What is its route, and what, probably, is the general nature of the cargo taken out and the one brought back ? 7. Grive an outline of your method of teaching Primary Geography. PENMANSHIP. 1. Describe, in detail, the correct position of hold- ing the pen. 3. Analyze the following letters : g, i, h. 3. Analyze the capital letters : F, M, D. 4. Write each of the letters of the alphabet, small and capital, in accordance with the principles of pen- manship. 5. Write and name the principles employed in the structure of letters. 6. Name the positions of the body, and the move- ments of the hand and arm in writing. 7. Name the space lines and describe the slant used in penmanship. DRAWING. 1. Should drawing be taught in our common schools ? Give reasons for your answer. 2. Can you teach it ? 3. Name some specific results to be gained by draw- ing natural objects. 4. What is meant by picture-drawing ? object- drawing ? industrial-drawing ? designing ? perspec- tive ? 5. Give an outline of a course of drawing for pri- mary schools. PLATTSBVBGH, ETC., JULY ^2, 23, 1879. Ixxxl GRAMMAR AND ANALYSIS. 1. Is Orthography a department of technical Gram- mar? Why? 2. Give the passive form to the following : ' ' Pas- sions and prejudices lead men astray." 3. What kind of verbs mav take the passive voice ? Why ? ■ 4. How is the passive voice formed ? 5. What is the general rule for the use of the com- parative and the superlative degrees ? Illustrate. 6. Give analysis of the following sentence, compare the italicized words, and parse the words in capitals : "If a certain number of men can with flails thresh ONE hundred bushels of wheat in a day, more men can THRESH more wheat." 7. {a) Give analysis of the following, and (b) parse the word grammar : " The boy was taught grammar." 8. What is the difference in {a) etymology and (b) pronunciation of the two italicized words in the fol- lowing sentence : " There were five men there." (c) Give analysis of sentence. COMPOSITION. 1. Write a composition on "The Art of Compos- ing," of not less than one hundred words. 3. Give an outline plan of construction, or a skele- ton of the composition. 3. Give rules for the first ten capitals used, num- bering them as in the following example : (1) A (2) Historical (3) Fact. (4) George (5) Wash- ington crossed the (6) Delaware. 4. Give rules (a) for the first three commas, and (&) for the first two periods used in your composition. 5. What general principle should be observed in assigning subjects to pupils ? 6. What is the relative importance of facility in composition and thorough knowledge of parsing ? Ixxxii SEVENTH S TA TE EXAJIIXA TIOX. RHETORIC. 1. What rhetorical purpose is effected by the use of the first word in the statement, " There were five men there," and how is it effected ? 2. Mention some essential elements of good style. 3. Mention some objects to be attained by a linow- ledge of Rhetoric. READING. 1. How would you begin to teach a child to read ? Name in order the different steps to be pursued ? 2. How would you proceed to correct bad habits in reading, as hesitancy, indistinctness and mechanical reading ? 3. What steps are necessary in reading, to the proper rendition of a passage ? 4. What words should be, and what words should not be, emphasized in reading ? 5. Mark, according to Webster or Worcester, the following words, using the proper diacritical marks and the mark of accent, viz. : area, air, acclimate, equable, enervate, dessert, root, rural, allopathy, legislature. 6. Define Phonic spelling, and state its advantages. 7. Carefully examine the following selection, ' ' The Wreck of the Arctic," and give, in the order you would put them, ten questions which you would ask pupils who were to read this extract. ' ' It was autumn. Hundreds had wended their way from pilgrimages ; from Rome and its treasures of dead art, and its glory of living nature ; from the sides of the Switzer's mountains, from the capitals of various nations ; all of them saying in their hearts, ' We will wait for the September gales to have done with their equinoctial fury, and then we will embark ; "we will slide across the appeased ocean, and in the gor- geous month of October we will greet our longed-for native land, and our heart-loved homes.' PL A TT8B UR GH, ETC., JUL Y 22, 23, 1879. Ixxxiil "And so the throng streamed along from Berlin, from Paris, from the Orient, converging upon Lon- don, still hastening toward the welcome ship, and narrowing every day the circle of engagements and preparations. They crowded aboard. Never had the Arctic borne such a host of passengers, nor passengers so nearly related to so many of us. ' ' The hour was come. The signal ball fell at Green- wich. It was noon also at Liverpool. The anchors were weighed ; the great hull swayed to the current; the national colore streamed abroad, as if themselves instinct with life and national sympathy. The beU strikes ; the wheels revolve ; the signal-gun beats its echoes in upon every structure along the shore, and the Arctic glides joyfully forth from the Mersey, and turns her prow to the winding channel, and begins her homeward run. The pilot stood at the wheel, and men saw him. Death sat upon the prow, and no eye beheld him." GENERAL LITERATURE. 1. What do we mean by the classic productions of a language ? 2. Name six English classic authors, together with. the masterpiece of each. 3. Name tlie leading characters in Hamlet. 4. By whom and about what time was the Specta- tor written ? 5. Name the leading works of Milton. Name three other authors of his time. Name also three persons who ruled nations during Milton's life. 6. Name, together with their authors, three stand- ard histories, three epic poems, three lyric poems and three works of fiction. 7. Name the authors of the following works : **Rasselas," "Fairy Queen," "Ivanhoe," "Hia- watha," "Fable of the Critics," " Vanity Fair," "Maud MuUer," "Locksley Hall," " Star-Spangled Ixxxiv SEVENTH STA TE EXAMINA TION. Banner," " Barnaby Rudge, " "Excursion," "Jane Eyre," " Autocrat of the Breakfast Table," " Thana- topsis." 8. Name five recent American books or poems. 9. Name three distinguished writers of the 16th century. 10. Name the masterpieces of De Foe, Bunyan, Cervantes, Dante, Byron, Cowper, Thomson, Rogers, Campbell. UNITED STATES HISTORY. 1. Why were not permanent colonial settlements made prior to 1607 ? 2. Name three different kinds of government that existed during the colonial period ? 3. What, in your opinion, were the causes that led to the American Revolution ? 4. Who was the author of the Declaration of In- dependence, and what official position did the signers of it occupy at the time ? 5. Bound the territory of the United States as it existed at the adoption of the Constitution ? 6. Name the different acquisitions of territory by the United States, by purchase or otherwise, since 1789? 7. State the leading features of the Missouri Com- promise ? 8. What was settled by the Webster Ashburton treaty ? 9. What was settled by the late Civil War ? GENERAL HISTORY. 1. In what order did the ancient empires succeed each other ? 2. What territory did the Roman empire embrace at the beginning of the Christian era ? FLA TTSBUJiGH, ETC., JUL T 22, 23, 1879. 1: 3. Give an account of the invasion of Britain. 4. Mention several important events in the history of Christianity. 5. What was the main object of Solon's legislation? 6. Sketch briefly some of the events of the French Revolution, and show how it affected the history of the Avorld. 7. Give a sketch of the life of Napoleon Bonaparte, and give your estimate of his life and character. 8. What were the results of the Franco-Prussian War? 9. Name the " Great Powei-s" of Europe. 10. What are some of the results of the late war between Russia and Turkey ? 11. Who is now President of the French Republic, and whom did he succeed ? 13. When does Modern History commence ? 13. Who was the real founder of the Russian Em- pire, and what was his character ? CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 1. In whom is the government of this country Tested, and by whom administered ? 2. State the different ways in which officers come into power. 3. Who is the executive officer in the school dis- trict, town, county, State and nation? 4. What are tlie qualifications for voting at any general election or town meeting ? 5. What additional qualifications are required, to entitle one to vote at school district meetings ? 6. Name the offices in which the age of candidates must be twenty-five years or more, as established by the State and national Constitutions. 7. State the name and number of departments in the State and nation, and the necessity for each. \xxxvl SEVENTH ST A TE EXAMIXA TIO: Don Quixote. 8. Assign each of the foregoing works to its ai> propriate department of literature, and mention the period in which its author lived. 9. In American literature mention {a) five dis- tinguished poets and their principal works, (5) three distinguished novelists and their chief works, (c) three distinguished historians and their works, {dy the character of The Federalist and the names of its authors, {e) two distinguished writers on Jurispru- dence and Municipal Law, and (/) three distin- guished writers on scientific subjects. 10. Can you mention an American Epic and its author? UNITED STATES HISTORY. 1. Mention, with names and dates, the facts on which European nations laid claim to North Ameri- can territory, prior to the Revolution. 2. Describe approximately the location of these claims. 8. Mention the leading motives which actuated the pioneers in the colonization of (a) Massachusetts, (b) Connecticut, (c) Rhode Island, {d) Maryland, {e) Georgia, and (/) Pennsylvania. 4. What was the remote, and what the immediate, cause of the French and Indian war? 5. Mention the events of that war which form part of the history of this State. cxiii TEN TH S TA TE EX A MINA TION. 6. Mention four decisive battles of the Revolution, and state your reasons for considering them decisive. 7. Mention all our important acquisitions of ter- ritory since the Revolution, and state how they were gained (with dates). 8. Of the second war with Great Britain, give brief descriptions of {a) the most important battle engaging both land and naval forces, (p) the most decisive naval battle on the lakes, (c) two important naval engagements on the ocean, and {d) the last important battle of the war. Give also (e) the chief cause of the war. 9. Of the late Rebellion, mention {a) three most important military events during the first half of July, 1863, and give the chief results of each, (b) Give dates of [1] attack on Fort Sumter, [2] Eman- cipation Proclamation, [3] Lee's Surrender, and [4] the Assassination of Lincoln, (c) State the chief difference between the Reconstruction Policy of President Johnson and that of Congress. . 10. Mention (with briefly stated reasons for so considering them) five events of the last fifteen years, that, in your opinion, have materially affected this Nation politically, socially, or industrially. GENERAL HISTORY. 1. Name the three great periods of history. State the time embraced in each, and the events marking their separation, 2. Name, in order, the controlling nations of tho first period. IfEW TOBK, ETC., JUNE 28, 18^. cxllll 3. State some effects of each of the followmg con- quests : The Greek, The Roman, The Mohammed- an, The Nornaan 4. Name the most illustrious persons of the Renais- sance period. Tell to what country each belonged, and in what respect each distinguished himself. 5. Give an account of Charles V. 6. State what you know of modern colonization. 7. Give an account of Napoleon I. 8. Name the leading explorers of the nineteenth century. 9. Give a synopsis of the history of Turkey for the last thirty years. 10. State the place of general history in a cour«» of education, and indicate a method of teaching it. CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 1. Name the members of the President's Cabinet, and give their antecedents. 2. Mention the different bureaus of the Interior Department, and give their respective functions. 3. Mention three marked differences between the Constitution and the Articles of Confederation, and give reasons for the change. 4. Give reasons for the long term of Senators and the short term of Representatives. 5. How is the U. S. Senate made a peipetual body, and why is it so constituted? 6. Can a member of Congress be a member of the U. S. Supreme Court? What general principle of cxliv TENTH STATE EXAMINA TION. government underlies the constitutional provision "with regard to this ? 7. Make a table showing the corresponding departments of the United States and New York State governments. 8. What marked difference between the mode of constituting the judiciary of the United States and that of New York? 9. What county officer is not, eligible for succes- sive terms? 10. What county officer is required to have pro- fessional qualifications for eligibility? BOTANY. 1. Give three classifications of plants, and state the basis of each classification. 2. Describe the following leaves: the maple, the ash, the elm, the willow. 3. State the varieties of inflorescence, giving ex- amples of each. 4. Name all the parts of a flower. 5. State the functions of the leaf, the corolla, the stigma, the anther. 6. Name the leading plants of the different zones of the eaith. 7. Mention the parts of plants that are used as food. 8. Name the parts of a fruit. 9. Name the leading plants idigenous to New York State. 10. When and how should Botany be first taugiit? NEW YORK, ETC., JUNE 28, 18b2. cxlv ZOOLOGY. 1. Give the etymology of the word ZoOlogy, and define it, 2. What is the application of the term fauna? 3. To what kinds of auimals do you apply re- spectively the terms {a) vertebrata, ip) radiata, (c) articulata, and {d) mollusca? 4. Give the etymology of the foregoing terms. 5. Assign the following to appropriate classes: {a) a cow, {h) a red squirrel, (c) a panther, [d) an oyster, {e) an elephant, (/) a tiy, {g) a swan, and (A) a whale. 6. Is the common expression, "coral insect," sci- entifically correct? Why? 7. Arrange, in proper order, ihe terms variety, di- vision, order, species, and genus. 8. Define the foregoing terms, and illustrate their use. 9. What is the place of Zoology in a course of study ? 10. Describs your method of teaching Zoology. PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 1. Describe the process of respiration and its clfects. 2. Name the bones in the arm and hand. 3. Trace food in its several stages, from mastica- tion to assimilation. 4. Explain the action of the heart. 5. Name the principal divisions of the rteivous system. cxlvi TENTH STATE EXAMINATION. 6. Specify the injuries that may result from un- suitable seats and desks. 7. Give physiological reasons for keeping a school room clean and well ventilated. 8. State precautions to be observed in regard to admitting light into the school- room. Give reasons. 9. Give reasons for not engaging in mental work immediately after eating a hearty meal. 10. Specify the injuries that result from drafts and damp clothing. PHYSICS. 1. What is matter? 2. What is a general property of matter? 8. Name and define four general properties of matter. 4. A ball is hurled from the ground vertically with such velocity that it ascends 176 feet the first second. To what height will it ascend, and in how many seconds return? 5. A 200 pound weight is attached to a six-foot lever six inches from one end (fulcrum), and to the other end is attached a movable pulley. A rope fastened to the ceiling goes through this movable pulley and over a fixed pulley fastened to the ceil- ing. What weight must be attached to the free end of the rope to balance the weight on the lever (fric- tion and weight of rope, pulleys, and lever not con- sidered)? 6. llluptrate by a figure and explain how a vessel may sail eastward with a north wind. NEW YORK, ETC., JUNE 28, 1S82. cxlvil 7. Give the theory of the color of objects (to ex- plain why some are blue, others red, etc.). 8. What influence have variations of density and temperature upon velocity of sound in air? 9. Describe and explain some good means of ven- tilating a school-room. 10. Explain the phenomena of lightning and thun- der. CHEMISTRY. 1. Mention in full the differences between aflBnity and attraction of cohesion, 2. What is an element? 3. Do the specific properties of elements afford a means of ascertaining the specific properties of com- pounds? Illustrate. 4. Do the equivalents of elements afford a means of ascertaining the equivalents of compounds? Il- lustrate. 5. What influence have heat and solution upon chemical action? Why? 6. Of what is the air composed? 7. Is air a mixture or a compound? Explain. 8. What relation to digestion has common salt in food? 9. Explain the action of yeast in bread making, and of sour milk in biscuit making. 10. How do you teach Elementary Chemistry? GEOLOGY. 1. Mention the great geological eras in order. CxlTiii TENTH STATE EXAMINATION. 2. Give the salient characteristics of each era. 3. Give a general classification of rocks. 4. Account for the name applied to each class. ' 5. Define the terms shale and schist. 6. What is the chief difference between shale, slate, and grit? 7. Give a brief statement of the Neptunist and the Plutouist theories. 8. Mention the leading geological features of your own county. 9. In what geological formation would you look for trilobites? 10. Would you expect to find coal in Central New York? Why? ASTRONOMY. 1. Name in order the planets of the Solar System. 2. Describe the orbit of the earth. State the law of planetary revolution, and state all the effects of this law in the case of the earth. 3. State the causes and effects of the precession of the equinoxes. 4. Name all the eclipses, and state all the condi- tions under which they occur. 5. Explain the nodes of the moon. 6. Give a complete account of the * 'harvest moon." 7. Name all the constellations of the Zodiac. Ac- count for the terms constellation, zodiac, solstice. 8. Name ten constellations [of the northern hea- vens, and the brightest star in each. NEW YORK, ETC., JUNE 28, 1882. cxllx 9. Name the principal nebulee, and tell what you know of their nature. 10. Give an account of the sun. METHODS AND SCHOOL ECONOMY. 1. Give the distinguishing characteristics of pri- mary and advanced teaching. 2. Define the term study. 3. Describe a method of conducting an advanced recitaiion. 4. State the purposes of an advanced recitation. 5. State the purposes of a primary recitation, 6. Distinguish between primary and advanced employments. 7. Give a complete list of the appliances needed in teaching. 8. State some of the uses and abuses of school sports. 9. Slate all the principles on which you would make a daily programme. 10. Give an account of the movements necessary to orderly school work. SCHOOL LAW. i. Mention the different classes and grades of cer- tificates and licenses to teach. 2. By whom are they respectively granted? 3. For w^hat causes and by whom may they be annulled? ti elevi;nth sta te examina tion. 4. How is a pupil appointed to a normal school? 5. What priyileges does this appointment confer? 6. What are the terms of office of (a) the state Superintendent, (6) Scho©l Commissioners, and (c) School Trustees? 7. By whom are they respectively elected to office? 8. Who are qualified to Tote at school meetings? 9. Give an account of the different items that con- stitute the public money for the support of schools. 10. What are the duties of Loan Commissioners? Eleyentli Examinatiofl for State Certificates, Held Simultaneously, July 11, 1883, at New York, Albany, Binghamton, Rochestbb, AND WaTERTOWN. ARITHMETIC. 1. How does the process of adding integers differ from that of adding compound numbers? Whai causes this difference? 2. Give the reasons for the two methods of pro- cedure, when a subtrahend figure expresses more units thau a minuend figure of the same order of units. 3. Prove that the quotient of a fraction divided by a fraction, equals the product of the dividend multiplied by the reciprocal of the divisor. 4. Give and solve a problem illustrating each kind of commission. NSW YORK, ETC., JULY U.l^SQ. dj Solve and explain the following problems: 6. I bought 80 pounds of beef for 9.65, paying ^ cent per pound more for 50 pounds of it than for the remainder. How much did I pay for the 50 pounds ? How much for the 30 pounds ? 6. Which is the better investment, 6 per cent stocks at 20 per cent discount, or 10 per cent stocks at 80 per cent premium ? How much the better ? 7. April 10, 1881, a note was given for $1, 680, at 6 per cent interest. Payments were made Jan. 19, 1882, of $375, and Nov. 3, 1883, of $60. How much was due Jan. 5, 1883 ? 8. I bought a pair of horses at $450, and sold them at 20 per cent alvance, receiving in payment a note due in 1 year 3 months 15 days, at 6 per cent interest. Eight months afterward I sold the note for $550. What rate of interest did I receive on the note ? If the note was paid at maturity, what rate of interest did the buyer receive on his investment ? 9. An oblong field containing 36.1 acres is four times as long as it is wide. What is the distance between its diagonal corners ? 10. If in 20.16 days of llj hours each, 12 brick- layers lay a wall 126 feet long, 28 feet high, and 1^ feet thick, in how many days of 12 hours each will 9 bricklayers lay a wall 96 feet long, 21 feet high, and \l feet thick ? (Solve by proportion.) BOOKKEEPING. 1. What is the difference between single and double entry ? Clll ELEVENTH ST A TE EX A MINA TION. 3. "Why is double entry preferable to single entry? 3. In double entry what is the fundamental rule regarding debits and credits of journal entries ? 4. In a cash account for what is cash debtor ? For what is cash creditor ? 5. Write a single-entry cash account for to-day, with 7 debits and 3 credits. Balance this ^c, and explain the process. 6. Explain the manner of making a balance sheet. 7. Name seven essential elements of a promissory note. 8. Write a promissory note negotiable with en- dorsement. 9. Write a bankable note. Describe the course to be pursued to have this note discounted, or to put it through the bank. 10. Sell a gold watch for $175, and receive $50 cash and a promissory note at 3 months for the bal- ance. Draw your receipt in full, stating in it the details of this transaction. ALGEBRA. 1. Define {a) coeflScient, (J) exponent, (c) a radical quantity, (d!) an equation, {e) an affected quadratic equation. 2. Subtract a negative quantity from a positive quantity, and give reasons for the process. 3. Show that the product of two negative quanti- ties is a positive quantity. 4 Solve the equation : 9x + ^-13 + 5j£^ll^.^_|_4jx. NEW YORK, ETC., JULY 11, 1883. ciiU 5. State the methods of elimmation, and give defiaite directions for each method. 6. Find the literal value of x in the equation, — x4-m= ('m8 + x/y/n8 + x)j 7. Expand by, the binomial formula, (a* — 3x)*. 8. Factor the quantity Slx^ — 36 x + 15. Write the work in full. 9. Derive the formula for the sum of an arithmeti- cal series, when the extremes and the number of terms are given. 10. A certain number is expressed by three figures; 5 times the value expressed by the left hand figure is 2 less than 3 times the value expressed by the right hand figure; the sum of the values ex- pressed by the three figures is 4 times the value ex- pressed by the left-hand figure; and the product of the values expressed by the left hand and right- hand figures is four more than the sum of the values expressed by three figures. What is the number ? GEOMETRY. 1. What name is given to extension of one dimen- sion? Two dimensions ? Three dimensions ? 3. Define {a) a scalene triangle, {b) a secant, (c) a regular polygon, {d) a pentagonal prism, {e) the frus- tum of a cone. By geometrical demonstration, — 3. Show the difference between an angle of an equilateral triangle and an exterior angle of an oc- tagon. my ELEVENTH S TA TE EX A MINA Tl ON. 4, Show the ratio of the area of a square con structed on the semi-diagonal of the first. 5. Show the difference between the square of the diameter of a circle and the square of a chord of 60". > Show the measure of an angle formed by the intersection of two chords. 7. Draw two parallel straight lines, and one straight line instersecting these two lines. State eight propositions deducible from this figure. 8. Let a represent the longer of two lines of unequal length, and b the shorter. Prove geometri- cally that (a-f b) X (a — b) = a«—b« 9. Deduce the rule for finding the volume of a pyramid. 10. How much of geometry should be taught to pupils below a high school grade ? In what manner should this instruction be given? C^SAR. (1) Postridie ejus (3) diei, quod omnino (3) bid- uum supererat, quum (4) excKjitui frumentum metiri (5) oporteret, et quod a Bibracte, oppido Aeduorum longe maximo et copiosissimo. non (6) amplius (7) miMibus (8) passuum XVIII aberat, (9) rei frumenlariae (10) prospiciendum existimavit ; iter ab Helvetiis avertit ac (11) Bibracte ire con- endit. Ea res per fugitivos L. ^milii, decurionis equitum Gallorum, hostibus nunciatur. Helvetii, seu quod (12) timore perterritos (13) Romanes dis cedere extstiinarent^ (14) eo magis, quod (15) pridie, NEW YOR K, ETC., JULY 11, 1883. cly (16) superioribus locis occupatis, prcelium non com- misissent, sive quod (18) re frumentaria (19) inter- cludi (20) posse confiderent, commutato consilio atque (21) itinere converso, nostros a novissimo agmine iusequi ac lacessere cceperuat. * * * * Eo concilio dimisso, iidem principes civitatum qui ante fuerant, ad Csesarem reverterunt petierunt- que, uti sibi secreto de sua (22) onmiumque saldte cum 60 agere liceret. Ea re impetrata, sese omnes flentes Csesari ad pedes projecerunt: Non minus se id (23) contendere et laborare, ne ea, qu£e (24) dixis- sent, (25) eiiunciarentur, quam uti ea, qnffi velient (26) impetrarent; ,propterea quod, si enunciatum esset, summum in (27) cruciatum se vonturos vid- erent. ^- B.— The numbers in parentheses designate the words which they precede. 1. Translate, 2. Give the derivation of (1), (3), and (15). 8. Dispose of (4), (5), (6), (7), and (8). 4. Write the Latin word for XVIII, and parse (9> and (10). 6. Give the syntax of (11), (12), and (13). 6. Parse and discuss (14). 7. Parse (16), (17), and (18). 8. Give the parts of (19), and parse (20) and (21). 9. Parse que in (22), and account for the modes and tenses of (23), (24), and (25). 10. Account for the mode and tense of (26) and parse (27). civl ELEVENTH STATE EXAMINATION, GEOGPv:iPHY. 1. Discuss the trepics and polar circles. 2. Give the evidences of the sphericity of the earth. 3. Discuss latitude and longitude, and the uses thereof. 4. Give general physical description of New York, with illustrative map. 5. Give staple productions of the United States, and the regions of each. 6. Describe the general relief and drainage of the Western Continent. 7. Account for the climate of South America west of the Andes. 8. Describe the races of men, and give their gen- eral distribution. 9. Give position and direction of six principal mountain ranges of the Eastern Continent. 10. A trading vessel from New York exchanges cargoes at each of the following places: Rio Janeiro, Liverpool, Havana, Hamburg, Boston, Hong Kong, New York. What are the routes, and what the probable cargoes ? DRAWING. 1. State in detail the object of drawing as a school exercise. 2. What kind of drawing is best calculated to in- terest primary classes ? How should it be intro- duced ? NEW YORK, ETC., JULY 11, 1883. clvH 8. What advantage has constructive drawing over imitative drawing ? 4. What forms should the pupil be early taught to construct, classify, and describe ? Give six illustrations. 5. Of what use is geometric drawing in object drawing ? Give illustrations. 6. What kinds of drawing preserve exact dimeu* aions ? What kind represents appearances ? 7. Give two general laws of perspective. 8. What is industrial drawing, and what prepara- tion for it is necessary ? 9. Of what use is drawing, in the study of the natural sciences ? Give illustrations. 10. Draw in outline a cylinder, a cone, and a cube. GRAMiMAR. 1. Define (a) Grammar, (b) Etymology, and (c> Syntax. • 2. Discuss the relation of Etymology to Syntax. 3. Define and discuss case. 4. Specify the relations in which the objective case is used. 5. ' ' General Cass opinion of Hulls surrender wa» freely expressed for conscience sake. " — ConUmpoi'- ary Wnter. Write the foregoing sentence, correctly, indicating the possessives. "A good (a) man and an angel, (b) these between clviii ELEVENTH STATE EXAMINATION. How thin the (c) barrier 1 (d) What divides thei» fate? Perhaps a (e) moment, or perhaps a year; Or if an age, it is a moment (f) still, A (s;) moment, or (h) eternity's forgot. Life is much flattered. Death is much traduced; Compare the rivals, and the (i) kinder crown."— Young. N. B.— The letters in parentheses designate the words which follow them. 6. Give the Syntax of (a), (b), and (c). 7. Parse (d), (e), and (f). 8. Give the Syntax of (g) and (h). 9. Analyze the last line of the foregoing select* ion, and parse (i). 10. (a) Discuss the relation of technical grammar to the use of language, and (b) name the propei conditions of the study of technical grammar. COMPOSITION AND RHETORIC. 1. What is Composition ? • 2. What is Rhetoric ? 3. What are the qualities of style f 4. Discuss perspicuity, 5. Mention some characteristics of obscure style. 6. Mention some qualities that render style ani- mated and interesting. 7. (a) Give the definition and state the rhetorical vahie of personification and apostrophe, and (b) dis- cues the relation of these figures. NEW YORK. ETC., JULY 11, 1883. cllx 8. Give (a) the proper place of Composition in a school course, and (b) an outline of your method ol teaching it. 9. Give (a) the proper place of Rhetoric in a school course, and (b) an outline of your method of teaching it. 10. Discuss^ the relation of Composition and Rhet- oric. READING. 1. Give reasons for discarding the old method of teaching reading by first teaching the alphabet. 2. Discuss the question of the propriety of dicta- tion exercises in spelling. 3. What are the causes of the usual school-room tone, or monotonous reading? How may it be avoided? How cured, when the habit is once formed? 4. What kind of reading matter should be given to primary classes? How may it be obtained? 5. What advantages arise from having reading and writing associated from the first? 6. While the pupil is trying to express his thoughts in writing, what incidental instruction may be gained? 7. What attention should be given to a primary lesson in reading, before recitation? What after? 8. What means may be employed to excite an interest in reading? 9. Discuss Elocution in its relations to a school course. Clx ELEVENTH STATE EXAMIATION. 10. What are the objects to be attained in learning to read? What their relative importance? GENERAL LITERATURE. 1. What nations, previous to the Christian era, had a literature? 2. What was the leading ancient literature, and what were its principal departments? 3. Name three works of Greek Literature, and give characteristics of each. 4. Name three writers of the Italian Renaissance in literature, and the departments to which their works respectively belong. 5. What great writer and work marked the revival of letters in Spain? 6. Name a great English satirist and novel writer, and three of his works. 7. Name two' living English poets, two scientific writers, two novelists, two historians, and some of the works of each. 8. Name three living American poets, and give the characteristics of the works of each. 9. Name five noted American historians, and the principal works of each. 10. What are the characteristics of the literature of tO'day as distinguished from that of the last cen- tury? UNITED STATES HISTORY. 1. Give some account of the discovery and settle- ment of New York. NEW YORK, ETC., JULY 11, 1883. clxl 2. Enumerate the important events of the Revo- lution that took place in the State, 3. Give some account of the important events of the war of 1812 that took place in the State. 4. Enumerate some of the principal events that took place in and around Boston from 1770 to 1776, inclusive. 5. Give some account of Ticonde.-oga. 6. Mention some of the compromises of the Con- stitution. 7. What motives and conditions have caused and given direction to the settlement of our territory? 8. Name six distinguished American statesmen, and give the leading idea which each represented. 9. Give some account of Abraham Lincoln. 10. Give a history of our national currency. GENERAL HISTORY. 1. Enumerate the succession of nations that dom- inated the most civilized portions of the world, down to the Christian era. 2. What ancient people contributed most to the intellectual and aesthetic development of the world? Give illustrations. 3. Give some account of the Trojan war, and of the literary productions to which it gave rise. 4. What were some of the characteristics of the Roman people, and what did they contribute to the civilization of the world? 5. Mention some of the causes which contributed to the downfall of Athens, Sparta, Rome. clxU ELEVENTH STATE EXAMINATION 6. Describe some notable events in French history which have had a tendency to shape the destiny of the French people. 7. Give some account of German history for the last twenty years. 8. Give some account of the events which led to the consolidation of the provinces of Italy. 0. Give some account of the recent war in Egypt 10. Give some account of the internal condition of Russia. CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 1. What conditions of society necessitate govern- ment ? 2. What should government serve ? Of what are the governmental officers servants ? 3. In the smallest municipalities of civilized society, what functions of government and what oflBces are necessary ? 4. In a township of the State of New York what functions of government are performed, and what are the corresponding officers ? 5. What are the various governmental units in the United States ? Why is the country so divided ? 6. Give the name of the executive offices in the various governmental units — from town or town- ship to nation. 7. What are the two general functions of the judiciary department ? 8. Give an account of the means employed for the NEW YORK, ETC., JULY 11, 1883. clxlll performance of the function of justice in the State of New York. 9. Give some account of the Department of Public Instruction in its relation to the government of the State. 10. What evils are incident to our form of govern- ment in regard to offices and official conduct ? What proverbial saying contains the condition of Ihe safety of the people ? BOTANY. 1. What are the essential parts of a plant, and ^hat are the functions of each ? 2. Comparing an oak, a lilac, and aspire of grass, what differences do we observe in the stalk; and to what divisions do these differences give rise ? 3. Comparing the leaf of an oak, a maple, and a plantain, what differences do we observe ? 3. Comparing the cross-section of a corn-stalk with that of a maple, what peculiarities do we no- tice? What do they indicate ? To what classifica- tion do they lead ? 5. Comparing the pine and the elm, what is the most striking difference; and what names are given to the classes which this difference indicates ? 6. Mention five common evergreen conifers, and one that is deciduous. 7. Give examples of cryptogams, and describe the peculiarities of the class. 8. Describe some of the different means by which plants climb. Clxiv ELEVENTH STATE EXAMINATION. 9. Mention some of the ways by which the flowers of plants are fertilized. 10. Give examples of changes in plants that have been caused by cultivation. ZOOLOGY. 1, Mention some of the object-lessons which may be given upon the human body. 2. Compare the human body with that of a cat; point out resemblances and differences. 3 Make comparisons between the cat, dog, horse, and cow, and point out adaptations to uses. 4. Compare the foregoing with a hen, duck and goose, showing resemblances, differences, , and adaptations 5. Give some account of the different classes of birds; the characteristics of each, and the adapta- tion of structure to habit. 6. Show in what way a fish resembles the animalsk already described. 7. What general name is given to the division of animals which includes reptiles, in addition to all the above? "What are the characteristics of the division ? 8. Give some account of ants. 9. Give some account of the mosquito and ita transformations. 10. As a matter of education, what good will result from the study of Zoology ? NEW YORK, ETC., JULY 11, 1883. cixv -^i— ^— — PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 1. What are the physical conditions necessary to success in study ? 2. What particular injuries result from improper attitudes in the school-room ? 3. What injuries result from protracted mental application ? 4. What symptons indicate the presence of impure air? 5. Describe some simple mode of ventilation. 6. Describe in detail the mechanical and funct- ional actions of the lungs. 7. Give an account of the symphathetic nerves. 8. Describe the different methods of articulation in the human skeleton. Give examples. 9. Name the tissues of the human body. 10. Give illustration of improper methods of punishment, from a hygienic standpoint. PHYSICS. 1. What is meant by the "indestructibility of matter ?" Give illustrations. 3. What is meant by the " persistence of force ?" •QtiYt illustrations. 3. When and why does a clear body of water appear shallower than it really is ? 4. Explain the action of lenses; of mirrors. 5. Explain the "echo." . 6. Explain the action of a syphon. Givei Uus- 4 ration of natural syphons. Clxvi ELEVENTH STATE EXAMINATION. 7. What is "explosion," and upon what does the destructive force depend ? 8. Give six concrete examples of compound mo- tion. 9. Show the mechanical relation of the screw to the inclined plane. 10. Explain the principle of action of the suction^ force, and lifting pumps. CHEMISTRY. 1. If muriatic and acid be poured upon marble, (a) what will be the phenomena, and (b) what the- resulting products ? 2. Which of these products are found in the air, and in what proportions in a healthful atmospere ? 3. (a) Define allotropism, and (b) mention the alio- tropic forms of Cand 0. 4. Discuss the compounds of C and 0. . 5. Give theory of the formation of coal. 6. If a spark be applied to a mixture of 18 grains of 0, and just sufficient ^to unite chemically with all the 0, (a) what will be the phenomena ? (b) What compound will be formed ? (c) How much of it? 7. (a) Define isomerism, and (b) give some ex- amples of it. 8. (a) Define compound radicals, (b) give some ex- imple of them, and (c) state the department of Dhemistry in which they abound. 9. Discuss starch. 10. Discuss fermentation. NEW YORK, ETC., JULY II, 1883. clxvil GEOLOGY. 1. Define (a) Geology, (b) Lithology, and (c) Pal- eontology. 2. Mention the great geological epochs, designat- ing them with reference to the absence or presence of life and its development into higher forms. 3. Classify rocks according to the modes of their formation, and subdivide these classes. 4. Assign to their proper classes (a) limestone, (b) granite, (c) quartz, (d) Medina sandstone, (e) rock salt, and (f) coal. 5. Give the general name of the rocks which formed the first dry land. 6. Give (a) the general divisions of the tertiary strata in order, and (b) the etymology of the names. 7. Of what part (dept) of the earth's crust have geologists a fairly reliable knowledge ? 8. Give three or more arguments in support of the theory of internal heat. 9. Assuming the earth's surface temperature at sea level to be + 40 deg. F.. and not reckoning dif- ference of atmosperic pressure and force of gravity, at what appoximate minimum depth would you judge the reservoir of a boiling spring to be ? 10. Discuss the practical aspects of Geology. ASTRONOMY. 1. Name and define, all the kinds of bodies which compose the Solar System. 2. Name and define, as far as is known, all the Clxviii ELEVENTH STATE EXAMINATION. kinds of bodies which compose the visible heavens outside of the Solar System. 3. Give particular description of Venus, Jupiter, and Saturn, as seen from the earth. 4 Give some account of the discovery of the planet Neptune. 5. In the Solar System, what is found between Mars and Jupiter? What is the theory which ac- counts for the same? 6. Explain and illustrate by diagram what is meant, in planetary motion, by " passing over equal spaces in equal times." 7. What is the general law of gravitation? in applying this law to the relation of the earth to other bodies, what is taken as the unit of measure? 8. What is a constellation? How do the signs of the Zodiac differ from other contellations? 9. Give some account of the nebular hypothesis of the universe. 10. Enumerate some of the economic uses of as- tronomic knowledge. METHODS. 1. What are the distinguishing characteristics of proper subjects of study for children? 3. What powers of mind are most active in child- hood? How are they best trained? 3. What are the uses of object-lessons in primary teaching? 4. In every lesson, what besides the thought, should receive special attention? NEW YORK, ETC., JULY 11, 1884. clxix 5. How is expression, both oral and written, most easily and certain taught? 6. Subjects of an abstract character and those which appeal mainly to reason, belong to what part of the school course? Give illustrations. 7. Give three generally accepted laws in regard to primary teaching, with illustrations of each. 8. What is rote- teaching, and what is its educa- tional value? 9. Give tests for determining the value of methods used. 10. State some of the differences in aims and results between methods now generally advocated by advanced teachers, and the methods which they are superceding. SCHOOL LAW. 1. What are the general duties of the Superin- tendent of Public Instruction? 2. From what sources is the fund derived which supports public schools? 3. Give some account of the organization, instruc- tion, and method of support of teachers' institutes, and of the rights and duties of teachers in regard to them. 4. Name all the varieties of certificates issued to teachers, and state the source and value of each. 5. How may a State certificate be annulled, and for what reasons? 6. For what reasons may a trustee cancel the con- tract with a teacher? clxx TWELFTH STATE EXAMINATION, 7. What are the powers and duties of the Regents of the University? 8. What certificates are issued by the Regents, and what is the value of each? 9. Over what departments of the public schools do the Regents have control? 10. What rights has the State in Cornell Univer- sity, and what is the source of these rights? Twelftli EiamiBatioii for State Certificates. Held simultaneously July 1, 1884, cit New York, Albany, Binghamton, Rochester AND WatERTOWN. ARITHMETIC. N. B. In solving problems give complete work, or indicate all operations by symbols, and all steps oy equations. 1. Multiply 1^ by I and explain the process. 2. Prove, without using common fractions, that . 06 X. 025 =.0015/ 3. When and why is it necessary to use reductions of compound numbers ? 4. Find the greatest common divisor of 168, 280^ 182, and 252; and the least common multiple of 31^ 35, 7, 100, 15, 28, and 125. NEW YORK, ETC , JULY 1, 1884. clxxi 5. Find the date of maturity and the proceeds of the following note: $756x«^ Albany, July 5, 1884. Sixty days after date I promise to pay to the order of Henry K. Brown, at the Albany Ex- cange Bank, seven hundred fifty six and ^"^, for value received. Edward M. Warren. 6. The difference between Central Standard Time and "Washington Observatory Time is 51 min. 59^ see. What is the longitude W. from Greenwich of the Washington Observatory ? 7. A rectangular bin holds 1,000 bushels of wheat,, by measure; and its width and length are, res- pectively, 2 and 4 times its depth. What are the inside dimensions of the bin ? 8. If 15 men excavate a railroad cutting 75 rd. long and averaging 30 ft. wide and 17 ft. 6 in. deep, of 4 degrees of hardness, in 54 days of 10 hours each; in how many days of 11 h. 15 min. each will 24 men excavate a cutting 100 rd. 'long and averag- ing 27. 5 ft. wide and 12. 75 ft. deep, of 7 degrees of hardness? 9. If you deposit $2 per week in a savings bank that pays 4 per cent, per annum on quarterly balance, how much will have you on deposit at the end of three years? 10. At what price must I buy Government 3 per cent, bonds to realize 7 per oent. on my investments «Ixxli TWELFTH STATE EXkMISATION. BOOK-KEEPING. 1. For what is a person debtor to you? For what is he creditor? 2. In single-entry book keeping, what business transactions are recorded in a day book? 3. State the uses of the ledger. 4. Explain the process of posting. 5. In a cash account, what items are debtor items? What are creditor items? 9. With what must the balance of Cash Account always agree? 7. For what is the party owning a set of books to fee debited, in his personal account? For what credited? 8. Make out a grocer's itemized bill against a customer, for goods bought to day. 6. What memorandum is made at the foot of a bill of goods sold, {a) When the bill is paid in cash? (6) When a note is given in payment? (c) When the oill is not paid? 10. Write a negotiable note for $150, at 4 months, payable to the order of an indorser. ALGEBRA. 1. Define {a) Mathematics; {p) Algebra; (c) sym- bols of quantity; (tZ) symbols of operation; {e) a resi- dual quantity. 2. Explain the difference (a) between a co-efficient and an exponent; (p) between a factor and a term. NEW TORE, ETC., JULY 1, 1884. clxxiil 3. What is elimination? Name three method* by which an unknown quantity may be eliminated. 4 Define and give an example (a) of a pure quad- ratic equation; (p) of an affected quadratic equation. 5. Name and give the reason for each of the three steps in the reduction of simple equations. 6. How may the first member of any incomplete quadratic equation be made a perfect square? Reduce the following reductions, writing the work in full : 2a;— 6 7. 7a;-i-12 9«=69— 3|« 8. (i)2a!+3y=19 {2) 2yH-3z=37 {3) 3;r+2y+z=5y 9. Expand {m-\-x&Y by the binomial theorem, 10. 3^2^14a'=245 GEOMETRY. 1. Define {a) area, (J) volume, (c) an angle, ( 8. Write ten separate sentences, each containing^ A^gir YORK, ETC., JUNE 30, 1885. cxcvil «ome prominent fact which you hare learned from jour study of Caesar's Commentaries. 4. Translate into Latin the following sentences: Little rilis flow into great oceans. The Roman sol- -diers fought fiercely and conquered the enemy. 5. Translate the following passage into idiomatic English: Erant hae diflScultates belli gerendi, quas supra ostendimus, sed multa Caesarem tamen ad id bellum incitabant: injuriae retentorum equitum Romanorum, rebellio facta post deditionem, defectio datis obsidi- bus, tot civitatura conjuratio, imprimis ne, hac parte ncglecta, reliquae nationes sibi idem licere arbitrarentir. Itaque cum intellegeret omnes fere Gallos novis rebus studere, et ad bellum raobiliter celeriterque excitari, omnes autem homines natura libertati studere et conditionem servilutis odisse, priusquam plures civitates ccnspirarent, partiendum «ibi ac latius distribuendum exercitum putavit. 6. What portions of the first sentence are in ap- position to multa f What verb expresses the conces- sion in the second sentence ? 7. Parse gerendi, obsidibus, rebus, fitudere (after libertati), and latius. 8. Give the principal parts of Brant, ostendimm, •odisse, partiendum; decline omnes. 9. Make a list of the connectives in the passage; ^nd after each, put the name of the part of speech to which it belongs. 10. Write ten English words derived from the cxcvlii THIRTEENTH STATE EXAMINATION. game uuinbtjr of stems represented in this passage; and after each derived word, place the correspond- ing Latin word. UNITED STATES HISTORY. 1. Compare the first settlers of Massachusetts witll those of Virginia. 2. Give some account of Roger Williams. 3. Give a brief account of the early settlement of New York. 4. Wliat nations besides the English laid claim to territory within the limits of the thirteen original States ? How were these claims adjusted ? 5. What were some of the conditions and experi- ences that specially fitted the English colonists for independence ? 6. Name the thirteen original States. 7. Give an account of the territorial growth of the United States since independence. 8. With what powers have the United States been at war since the revolution? 9. Compare the industrial condition of the North- ern States with that of the South at the beginning of the civil war. 10. Give in detail an account of that conflict of the civil war which revolutionized naval warfare. COMPOSITION. 1. What is the most important prerequisite for good speaking or writing ? NEW YORK, ETC., JUNE 30, 1885. cxcix 2. Mention five essentials of good written compo- sition. 3. Wliat proportion of the entire work of an ordinary school should be devoted to the direct cult- ure of expression ? 4. To what extent should the oral and written expression of knowledge form a part of the school work in geography ? 5. In acquiring the ability to compose well, how ranch importance should be attached to practice as opposed to a theoretical knowledge of the facts and laws of language ? 6. Write a complete letter to some person, outline the form of an envelope and indicate the position of the stamp, and write the superscription in its proper position. 7. Outline a plan for securing from a class of average children, eight years old and without expe- rience in such work, a composition about their own school-house. 8. Outline a plan of composition work for pupils of academic grade. 9. Write a note inviting a friend to tea, and a suitable reply. 10. Write, concerning this examination, an item suitable for insertion in a daily newspaper. GEOLOGY. 1. What is the usually received hypothesis in re- gard to the origin of basaltic rocks ? CC THIRTEENTH STATE EXAMINATION. 2. What are the principal characteristics of purely IgJieous rocks ? 3 In what two important particulars do meta oiotphic rocks diflfei from more recent sedimentary rocks ? 4. What are the mineral elements that enter mto the composition of granite V 5. What are the relative geologic positions of old red sandstone and the carboniferous rocks ? 6 What is the most certain indication of the rela- tive age of sedimentary rocks ? 7. What are the limits of the drift formation ? 8 What present phenomena give a plausible ex- planation of the drift period ? 9 What important geologic discoveries have re- cently been made in Western New York ? 10 Why IS the soil of the Adirondack region less fertile than that of Central New York t PHYSIOLOGY 1. In the process of digestion, what change does starch undergo, and how is the change affected ? 2. In what way is lean meat digested ? 3. Describe the process of the digestion of the fats. 4. What foods need the most chewing, and why ? 5. Describe the process by which the blood is pur- ified. 6. Name the forces that impel the blood currents. A'ETr YOHK, ETC., JUNE :A), 18S5. CCl T Describe respiratioc, and state what threes are involved in the process. S State the severai uses of taste and smell. 9 Describe the principal functions of the skin. 10 State the effects of narcotics upon the nervous system. GRAMMAR. 1 Write the plurals of pailful, son-in-law, sheep, 6, brother. Give reasons lor their peculiarities of formation. 2. Compare the following adjectives: viise, late, beautiful, worse, straight. Account for the differ- ences in these forms of comparison. 3. Specify the distinctive meaning of the verb in •each of the following expressions. Is he wise? Be must be wise. He might have been wise. If he were ^tise. If he is wise. 4. Describe each of the above verbs by means of the usual grammatical terms. 5. Use the simple relative pronouns, each in a complete sentence. 6 Write ten separate sentences, each containing * different preposition. 7. Analyze fully, by diagram or otherwise, the folio. .Jng sentence. "Hitherto shall thou come, but no further; and here shall thy ^)roud waves be «tayed " 8. Parse a verb, an adverb, an adjective, and & pronoun, selected from the above sentence. ccii THIRTEENTH STATE EXAMINATION. 9. What benefits ought pupils to derive (1) from parsing, and (2) from analysis ? 10. What is the special province of the study of technical grammar in a course of study ? What is the special province of what are known as language lessons ? RHETORIC. 1. Discuss the relations and the distinctions which you recognize between elementary composition work and the study of rhetoric. 2. What phases of punctuation belong to rhetoric^ arid what to elementary composition ? 3. State the uses of the semicolon. 4. Define iiiveniion alad style, and state to which of the two you would devote the greater attention in the study of rhetoric. 5. Give the synonyms of Idll, and indicate the shade of meaning expres.ied by each. 6. State the principles to be followed in the form- ation and the acceptance of new words. 7 Discuss the use of slang and of puns. 8. State the resemblances and the differences be- tween prose and poetry. 9. Quote or compose examples in two of the fol- lowing meters: Iambic pentameter, dactylic hexa- meter, anapestic trimeter, trochaic dimeter. 10. Write or quote a passage containing a figurft of speech, and name the figure. NEW YORK, ETC., JUNE 30, 1886. ccIU SCHOOL LAW. 1. When wages are due a teacher, and the district is without funds, what is the legal course for trus- tees to pursue ? 2. What rights have temporary residents in dis- tricts to attendance at school ? 3. If any person willfully disturb a public school, what is the legal remedy ? 4. What authority has a teacher ov«r pupils while they arc going to and from school ? 5. What is the effect of an error in the register of attendance of pupils ? 6. Without the consent of the trustees, what cir- cumstances will justify the teacher in closing school for more than one day ? 7. Who has the sole right to fix the amount of teachers' wages ? 8. By what right does a teacher inflict corporal punishment ? 9. What constitutes a legally qualified teacher ? 10 What is the legal status of a contract between a teacher and a trustee who is his cousin ? GEOMETRY. 1. State two propositions based on the fact that the sum of the three interior angles of any plane tri- angle equals two right angles. 2. Demonstrate the process of finding the number of degrees in one of the interior angles of any regu- lar puijgOQ, CCiv THIRTEENTH STATE EXAMINATION. 3. Prove that a chord of 60° equals radius. 4. Show, geometrically, the area of a square de scribed on the difference of two given lines. 5. Prove that the areas of triangles having equal altitudes are to each other as their bases 6. How may a mathematical line be generated ? How a mathematical plane V How a mathematical circle ? 7. Prove that an angle in a semi-circle is a right angle. 8. Deduce the rule for finding the area of a circle. 9. Prove'what is the measure of an angle formed by a tangent and a chord. 10. Demonstrate the following If ail the sides of a regular polygon be produced m the same direc- tion, the sum of ail the exterior angles thus rormed will equal 360'. READING 1. For what purposes; and at what stage of the pupil's progress, would you give formal instructiou in phonics ? 2. Name two distinct kinds of reading according to the purpose, or object, of each. 3. What should be the chief aims in the teaching of oral reading, and by what means would you expect to accomplish those aims ? 4. Illustrate the application of the word-method in teaching beginners to read. ALU- YORK trC -/L" A' £■ 30. 1S85. ccv 5 To what extern; and id' what manner, would you use supplementary reading ? 6. What benefits would you expect to secure from supplementary reading that would not result from the use of the ordinary readjng books ? 7. At what stage m the pupil's progress would you omit reading as a special exercise ? Give leasons for your answer 8i It you should continue the readmg as a separate exercise in the nigh-school grades, what special ends- would you try lo attain ? 9. By what means would you attempt to form m pupils a hat)it of reading standard works of litera lure ? 10. Give briefly your ideas of a library suitable for an ungraded rural school, and state how you •would use It in school work. GENERAL HISTORY. 1. Describe in brief the principal incidents of the Greek defence against Persian domination 2 State the causes that led lo the decline of Greek power. 3. What natioBS were inTolved in the Punic wars, aud what was the final outcome of the conflict ? 4. What positive evils and what incidental good resulted from the crusades ? 5. How and when was the Moslem power checked in its career of conquest in Europe ? CCvi THIBTIlEJS'IH STATE EXANINATIOiW 6. Wh'at invention and what scientific discp very- preceded and rendered possible the geographical discoveries of Columbus and his contemporaries ? 7. Give a brief account of Charles I. of England. 8. In the English revolution of 1689, what changes took place in the sovereignty of the nation ? 9. In the French government, what changes have taken place since the fall of Bonaparte in 1815 ? 10. What made Garibaldi famous ? ASTRONOMY. 1. Under what conditions will an eclipse of the sun be annular ' 2. On what part of the earth iS the north star never visible V Why ' 3. By what terms is the location of a heavenly body indicated i Explain their meaning 4 Explain the meaning of the terms conjunction, opposition, transit, asteroid, satellite. 5. Give the 'names of the planets in the solar sys- tem, and the number of satellites belonging to each. 6. What is the zodiac ? Where is it located f How is it divided ? Why is it so divided ? 7. Where is the imternational prime meridian f When was it adopted, and why " 8. State two differences between a planet and a fixed star 9. Explain the difference between a solar day and a sidereal day 10. Why will not the year 1900 be a leap-year? NEW YORK, ETC., JUNE 80, 1885. ccvii ECOLOGY. 1. Compare the duck and the chicken, and show the adaptation of structure to habits. 2. CoMpare the limbs of an eagle with those of a whale, in regard to number, structure, and use. 3. Compare the dentition of the ox with that of the tiger, and state differences. 4. Compare the feet of a dog with those of a bear, and state differences leading to an important classifi- cation. 5. Compare the limbs of man with those of the monkey, and state resemblances and differences. 6. State some of the prominent characteristics of rodents, and name five species belonging to the order. 7. Describe the bat. To what general class of animals does it belong ? 8. What peculiar structure of the parrot fits it for tree- climbing ? 9. Compare the graminiyorous and insectivorous birds, and state differences in structure. 10. Give an account of the life of an insect. Name the various forms which it assumes. DRAWING. 1. What science lies at the foundation of all ex- pressions of form ? 2. Compare imitative drawing with inventive drawing, in methods and uses. CCViii THIROCEENTH STATE EXAMINATION. 3. Describe the method and the use of mechanical drawing. 4. Compare geometric drawing with perspective drawing, in aims and methods. 5. What place should be given to industrial draw- ing in a general course of drawing for public schools? 6. State some of the educational results of object drawing. 7. Mention the most important elements that enter into designing. 8. State two laws of perspective. 9. In the process of designing, describe and illus- trate the manner of treating natural objects. 10. Describe your method of teaching drawing in Vk primary school. BOTANY. 1. Compare the family Aeer with the family Pinus In regard to general form, form and perma- nence of leaf, and seeds and seed vessels. 2. Describe some of the varieties of the Querent^ and their use in the economic arts. 3. Compare the horse chestnut and the apple in regard to leaf, flower, and fruit. 4. In what way do the following plants climb : grapes, hops, beans, peas, ivy ? 5. Describe five endogens among our cultivated plants. 6. Describe five shrubs of exogenous growth. NEW YORK, ETC., JUNE 30, 1885. cclx 7. Give the names and characteristics of five trees cr plants exotic in this region. 8. State the most marked differences betv^een the two conifers, the la/rch, or tamarack, and the spruce. 9 Describe two flowerless plants, and give the name ol the general botanical division to which they belong iO Give an account of the eucalyptus tree. CHEMISTRY. 1 Give a test for a soluble chloride, as indicative of sewage impurities in water. 2 State effects of carbonic acid gas (1) upon ani- mal life, (2) upon vegetable life. 3 Distinguish between an acid and an alkali. 4 Explain action of chlorine in bleaching, and disinfecting. 5. State difference between an element, a com- pound, and a mixture. 6 What is dynamite? What is the one essential element in most explosives ? 7. Name two compounds formed in burning a common friction match. 8. What gases unite to produce the heat in the calcium light ? What causes the intense light ? 9 How can the existence of carbon and hydrogen in tallow be shown ? 10. Explain the formation of stalactite. OCX THIRTEENTH STATE EXAMINATION. GENERAL LITERATURE. 1. State the leading differences between the liter- ature of ancient Greece and that of ancient Rome. 2. Classify the following authors as Greeks or Romans, and as writers of poetry or prose : Herod- itus, Livy, Thucydides, Horace, Sophocles, Sappho, Plato, Xenophon, Ovid, Euripides. S. What was Tasso's greatest work ? 4. Name five prominent writers of the medieval renaissance in literature. 5. Give a brief outline of the career and the writ- ings of Victor Hugo. 6. Name in order the authors of the following works : WUfiehn Meister, Sartor Mesartus, The Mer- chant of Venice, The Scarlet Letter, The Lady of tJhe Lake, Adam Bede, The Newcomes, Bitter-Sweet, A Child's History of England, Snow-Bound. 7. Give a brief description of the Canterbury Tales. 8. Name the three leading literary magazines pub- lished in this country. 9. Give the names of five distinguished English writers of recent times who have also been promi- nent in politics. 10. Give the names of five prominent American writers who have distinguished themselves in diplo- matic service. METHODS AND SCHOOL ECONOMY. 1. State fire important objects of class work. 3. Discuss the relative values of mental develop* xntut and mental acquisition. NEW YORK, ETC., JUNE 30, 1885. ccxi 3. Under what circumstances may pupils profita- bly study at home ? 4. What parts of class work should pupils do ? What parts should teachers do ? Give reasons. 6. What powers of mind are most active in child- hood ? What in the later years of school life ? 6. What kinds of study are best suited to primary pupils, and why ? What kinds to advanced pupils, and why ? 7. What is synthetic or inductive teaching ? What is analytic or deductive teaching ? 8. At what stage should pupils begin to give the logical reasons for arithmetical processes ? Why ? 9. What parts of any subject of knowledge should be memorized ? Why ? 10. Give your views on self-reporting by pupils. 11. In attempting to ventilate school-rooms by the doors and windows, what precautions are necessary ? 12. Enumerate some of the injurious effects upon eye-sight resulting from improperly lighted school- Jooms, and suggest proper remedies. 13. What kinds of physical exercises should be practised in schools, and for what purposes ? 14. Mention proper physical conditions essential to best results of study, and give reasons. 15 Mention two important results to be secured from writteu work in schools, and detail good plans for securing these results. CCitl THIRTEENTH STATE EXAMINATION. CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 1. What is meant by the term common law ? 2. What is a corporation? 3. Who are eligible to the oflSce of Governor of the State of New YoTk ? 4. What is the length of the oflScial term of each of the following officers ? United States officers. — President, Senator, Rep- resentative in Congress. New York Slate officers. — Governor, Senator, Assemblyman, Justice of the Supreme Court, Coun- ty Judge, School Commissioner, Justice of the Peace. 5. Mention five State officers, and briefly enum- erate the duties of each. 6. How is a New York State officer impeached ? 7. State five qualifications for voters at general elections in this State ? 8. The President's Cabinet consists of what officers ? 9. The war-making power in the United States is vested where ? 10. How are United States Senators chosen in this State ? BOOK-KEEPING. 1. State clearly the meaning of the following termst amount, an entry, debtor, creditor, posting. 2. Name the books commonly used in single-entry^ book keeping, and state the use made of each. NEW YORK, ETC., JUNE 30, 1885. ccxiU 3. In what respect is book keeping by double-entry superior to that by single-entry? 4. For what purpose is a cash account kept? 5. What must Cash Balance always equal? On "Which side of Cash Account is it entered? 6. If a debit entry is made as a credit entry in the day-book, or mce versa, how is the mistake corrected? If in the ledger, how is the mistake corrected? 7. When may an erasure be made on books of account? 8. When and by whom should a bill of purchase be receipted ? 9. Narrative: Sold to James Richards 25 yards of super-ingrain carpeting at 85 cents a yard; 6 square yards of floor oil-cloth at 6^ cents a yard ; 98 pounds of roller-process flour at $7,50 a barrel*; 5 bushels of potatoes at 44 cents a bushel; 3i gal- lons of astral oil at 15 cents a gallon. Make out the bill. 10. Draw a negotiable note, requiring endorse- ment, at sixty days, for the amount in question 9, and properly receipt the bill. PHYSICS. 1. What fact underlies the production of motion l)y electricity ? 2. State two causes that affect the boiling point of water. 3. Sprinkling the floor of a warm room with ccxiv FO UR TEENTH S TA TE EXAMIXA TIO N. water produces what effect upon the temperature of the room ? Why ? 4. What kind of glasses are required for near- sighted persons ? Why ? 5. A power of how many pounds will balance a weight of 1,200 pounds, using three movable pulleys? 6. A frozen apple placed in cold water is soon en- cased in ice. Explain. 7. Give the law of intensity of lights at different distances, 8. Explain the formation of frost. 9. What is the theory of the cause of difference in color ? 10. How far will a body fall in ten seconds, mak- ing no allowance for the resistance of the air ? Fonrteentli Eiamlnation for State Certlflcates^ Held Simultaneously, June S9, 1886, at Albany, New York, Rochester, Watertown„ AND BiNGHAMTON. ARITHMETIC. In solving problems give complete work, or indi- cate all operations by symbols, and all steps by equations. 1 . State two principles upon which the process of multiplication is based. :^£;W YOEK, ETC., JUNE 29, 1886. ccxv 2. State two of the principles upon which the process of division is based. 3. Prove that multiplying the numerator of the fraction y\ by f multiplies the fraction /y by f . 4. Divide f by f , analyze the process, and deduce the rule. 5. Divide two hundred sixty thousand four hun- dred forty-two ten-millionths by eighty four hun- dred-millionths. 6. Find the length of the longest straight rod — pointed at both ends — that can be put into a rect- angular box whose inside dimensions are 4.8 ft., 1.6 ft., and 1.2 ft. 7. Find the cost, in San Francisco, of a draft on New York for $1,500 payable at 60 days after sight, allowing 8 days for transmission, interest at 6^, ex- change on New York being 2^% premium. 8. Make out a tax-table for the use of assessors in levying a tax of $16,875 on property appraised at $1,500,000. 9. What is the difference, in this State, between the legal interest and the exact interest on $3,750 from August 16 to December 25 following? 10. If 3 men working 8 hours per day do as much work as 5 boys working 10 hours per day, in how many days will 12 men working 12 hours per day do as much work as 18 boys will do in 25 days working 9^ hours per day? ccxvi FO UR TEENTE ST A TE EXAMmA TION. BOOK-KEEPING. 1. Name the books used in single-entry book- keeping, and state the use of each. 2. Define (1) account; (2) an entry; (3) an item; (4) posting ; (5) a balance. 3. On your books of account, what transactions are entered (1) as debits? (2) As credits? 4. In a Cash Account, for what is Cash debtor? For what creditor? 5. What must cash on hand always equal? Memorandum : — David Williams buys of you, to- day, 3 barrels of diamond A sugar weighing 275 pounds, 293 pounds, and 264 pounds net, at 5^^ cents per pound ; 1 chest of Japan tea weighing 56 pounds, at41| cents per pound; and 5 sacks of O, G. Java coffee weighing 112 pounds each, at 22f cents per pound. He pays you $50 cash, and gives you a bankable note at 4 months for the balance. 6. Make out the customary Statement of the above transaction, in proper form. 7. Draw the note for the balance, payable to your order at the First National Bank in this city. 8. Explain the difference between settling and closing an account. 9. State the difference between a negotiable note and a bankable note. 10. Explain the process of posting. ALGEBRA. 1. In what respects are arithmetic and algebra similar? In what respects are they different? NEW YORK, ETC., JUNE m, 1886. ccxvtt 2. Define (1) a literal quantity; (2) a numerical quantity 3. Change the proportion 3a-|-— : 5c— (a— a;):: 7 : 5 12 to an equation. 4. Prove that — = or'-. 5. Show (1) that the square root of a positive quan- tity is ambiguous; and (2) that the square root of a negative quantity is impossible. 6. Distinguish between the factors and the terms of an algebraic quantity. 7. Expand {^2m^—\x)^ by the binomial theorem. 8. Find thi^ values of the unknown quantities in the equations. (i) 6^ + 4y = 38. (2) Qxy + 9rrs = Ilia; (3) x-^J^l=^ 3^3 3 9. Divide | into two such parts that the greater shall be a mean proportional between the other part and unity. 10. Divide the number 50 into two such parts that 4 times the square of the less, plus 11, shall equal the greater. GEOMETRY. Use diagrams when they will aid in demonstra- tions or answers. 1. Define (1) Geometry; (2) Plane Geometry; (3) a rectilinear figure ; (4) a regular polygon ; (5) a chord. ccxviii FO UR TEENTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 2. State two of the four propositions that may be based on the intersection of two chords at any point between the centre and the circumference of a circle. 3. Deduce a rule for finding the area of a circle. 4. Prove that a line that divides a triangle paral- lel to either side, divides the other two sides pro- portionally. 5. Given, the two adjacent sides and the included angle of an oblique angled parallelogram, to con- struct the parallelogram. 6. Given, the diameter of a circle, to construct the circumscribing hexagon. 7. Draw a diagram, and show that the space in- cluded between the arcs of four equal circles tan- gent to one another, is equal to the difference be- tween the area of one of the circles, and the area of a square whose side is the length of the diameter of one of the circles. 8. Prove that any angle inscribed in a semicircle is a right angle. 9. Prove that the areas of triangles of equal alti- tude are proportional to their bases. 10. Prove (1) that the area of an equilateral tri- angle inscribed in a circle is less than the area of any other inscribed regular polygon ; and (2) that the greater the number of sides of the inscribed reg- ular polygon, the nearer does the area of the poly- gon approach the area of the circle. NEW YOBK, ETC., JU2TE 29, 1886. ccxix LATIN. 1. Translate: Si quid accidat Romanis, summam in spem per Helvetios regni obtinendi venire, im- perio populi Romani non modo de regno, sed etiani de ea, quam habeat, gratia desperare. Reperiebat etiam in quaerendo Caesar, quod proelium equestre adversum paucis ante diebus esset factum, initium ejus fugae factum a Dumnorige atque ejus equitibus; nam equitatui,quem auxilio Ca3sari Aedui miserant, Dumnorix praeerat. 3. Give syntax of regni, obtinendi, and equiiatur, 3. Translate: Caesari omnia uno tempore erant agenda: vexillum proponendum quod erat insigne, quum ad arma concurri oftorteret; signum tuba dandum; ab opere revocandi milites; qui paulo longius aggeris petendi causa processerant, arcea- sendi. 4. Give syntax of (1) Gmari, (2) tempore, and (3) proponendum; (4) decline idem; (5) conjugate ^I'ero in the active voice, subjunctive mood, imperfect tense. 5. Translate : Itaque quum intelligeret omnes fere Gallos novis rebus studere et ad bellum mobiliter celeriterque excitari, omnes autem homines natura libertati studere et conditionem servitutis odisse, priusquam plures civitates conspirarent, partiendum sibi ac latins distribuendum exercitum putavit. 6. Give principal parts of the following verbs: coactos, pulsos, accidisse, pollicitus and sumserat. Translate into Latin the following sentences : ccxx FO TIB TEENTH S TA TE EXAMINA TION. 7. The arrival of Caesar being known, Ariovistus sends ambassadors to Csesar. 8. Thus the battle was renewed, and all the enemy turned their backs. 9. Csesar withdraws his forces to the nearest hill, and forms a line of battle. 10. Write two Latin sentences, — one illustrating the use of the historical infinitive; and one, the in- direct discourse involving a subject in the accusative. READING, 1. For what objects should pupils be instructed (1) in silent reading? (2) In oral reading? 2. Give the rule for oral reading (1) of a direct question; give exception ; (2) of an indirect question ; give exception; (3) of an emphatic succession of particulars; (4) of antithetic clauses or sentences; (5) of affirmation opposed to negation. 3. State two plans for preventing pupils from memorizing reading lessons. 4. To what style of composition is monotone es- pecially suited? 6. Define (1) pitch; (2) strength; (3) rate; (4) quality. 6. State what pitch, strength, rate, and quality of voice are appropriate in orally reading (1) unimpas- sioned narration an,d description ; (2) dialogue ; (3) tender emotion and delicate affection; (4) contempt, clislike, and hatred ; (5) language of authority. NEW YORK, ETC., JUNE 29, 1886. ccxxf 7. State two objections to the Word Method of teaching children to read. 8. To what extent would you require pupils to read at sight ? Give reasons. 9. What bad habits are often formed by pupils in looking over while others read orally? 10. What benefits should result from the use of supplementary reading matter? ENGLISH GRAMMAR. That preparations were making at Portsmouth for an expedition in which the land forces were to bear a part, could not be kept a secret. 1. In the above sentence state (1) the principal clause or clauses, (2) the subordinate clause or clauses (propositions), (3) subjects, (4) predicates of all clauses, and (5) modifiers of the subjects and predicates. 2. In the above, give the syntax of (1) were mak- ing, (2) in, (3) to hear, (4) could he kept, and (5) secret. 3. In the following sentence give the syntax of (1) putting, and (2) defenses: Vanbau was charged with putting the defenses in order. 4. What advantages over word-parsing are de- rived from teaching the analysis of sentences? 5. Write (1) a sentence having a clause (proposi- tion) used as the object of a verb, and (2) one hav- ing a clause used as an attribute, i. e. , a part of the predicate, of the principal clause. 6. Write a sentence containing two subordinate ccxxii FO XIR TEENTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. or dependent clauses, — one performing the office of an adjective, and the other the office of an adverb. 7. What ultimate authority decides the correct- ness of language ? 8. Of what practical use are rules of syntax ? 9. Give the syntax of the nouns in the following sentences, stating the reasons : I know that he is the officer. I believe Smith to be the man. 10. Write a sentence containing a noun in appo- sition and a verb in the subjunctive mood. COMPOSITION. 1. Which should be taught first, the science of language or the art? Why? 2. Write a business letter. 3. Write an application for a position as teacher. 4. Write a plan of essay on the subject, — Strikes, — Their Causes and the Remedy. 5. Upon what subjects will pupils write best ? 6. Why has composition-writing been so generally- disliked by pupils ? 7. Sufficient practice in language work will give pupils practical knowledge of what parts of English grammar? 8. Compare the value of impromptu written work in composition, with work previously prepared. 9. State five methods of supplying children with material for language lessons. NEW YORK, ETC., JUNE 29, 1886. ccxxlli 10. Write a brief account, either of President Cleveland's wedding or of the loss of the Oregon. RHETORIC. 1. Punctuate the following sentences: (1) The one prudence in life is concentration the one evil dissipation (2) There are five moods the indicative the sub- junctive the potential the imperative and the infin- itive 2. Define versification, stanza, foot, dactyl, iambus, 3. Scan the following and name the verse : His gifts divine Through all appear, And round the year His glories shine. 4. What are some of the more essential character, istics that distinguish poetry from prose? 5. Define (1) Purity, (2) Unity, as these terms are applied to style. 6. Define SynecJidoche and Metonomy. 7. Name the rhetorical figures used in the follow, ing: Love is a sudden blaze which soon decays ; Friendship is like the sun's eternal rays. 8. Point out the difference in meaning in the fol- lowing pairs of words: Observance, observation ; construe, construct ; sympathy, compassion. cexxiv FO UB TEENTH S TA TE EXAMINA TION. 9. Name the fault exemplified in the following sentence and correct it: It is impossible for us to behold the divine works with coldness or indiffer- ence, or to survey so many beauties without a secret satisfaction a^d complacency. 10. When is the use of a foreign word or a newly coined one justifiable? GENERAL LITERATURE. 1. Mention the names of two of the great histori- ans of each of the following nations: Greece, Rome^ France, England, United States. 2. Speak of the philosophy of Lord Bacon, and of its influence. 3. Speak of the philosophical works of Charles Darwin, and of their influence. 4. In what language were the writings of King Alfred ? Of Chaucer? 5. What can you say of the works of Milton, (whether prose or poetical), to show that they were the natural product of the times in which he lived? 6. Name five plays of Shakespere and five of Irving's works, and state which of them you have read. 7. Give some account (1) of the most famous alle- gory of Bunyan- (2) of the Spectator. 8. Give some account of each of the following poetical works: Longfellows's Evangeline^ (2) The Book of Job, (3) Whitiier's Sjunc-Bound. 9. Mention two important works of each of the XEW YORK, ETC., JUXE m, 1886. ccxxv following writers; Pope, Goldsmith, O. W. Holmes, Tennyson, Brj'ant. 10. Name the authors of the following: Aurora Leigh, The House of the Seven Gahles, Don Quixoie> The Confessions of an Opium Eater, Pendennis, The Cotter's ISatiirday Night, The Biglow Papers, Jane Eyre, Adam Bede, Rasselas. DRA.WING. 1. Distinguish (1) between industrial drawing and artistic picture making ; (2) between free-hand draw* ing and instrumental drawing. 3. To what is geometric drawing especially adapted ? Why? 3. What mental powers are developed or strength- ened (1) by imitative drawing or copying ? (2) By reproductive drawing ? (3) By inventive drawing ? (4) By mechanical drawing ? 4. The 0-Gee line in architecture has what name in art? Why? The two fundamental laws of design are: I. There must be a symmetrical arrangement of parts on the opposite sides of the axis of a design. II. There must be a symmetrical arrangement of parts about the center of a design. 5. Draw a figure illustrating the first of these laws. 6. Draw a figure illustrating the second of these laws. ccxxvi FOUB TEENTH S TA TE EXAMINA TIOX. 7. Draw an isometric cube in a circle of 1-incli radius. 8. What is the meaning of the technical expres- sion "A properly balanced drawing or design? " 9. In model or object drawing, what is "Drawing from the round?" 10. What prominence should be given, in public schools, to industrial drawing? GEOGRAPHY. 1. Locate the Caroline Islands, St. Petersburg, St. Helena, Pekin, and Abj'ssinia. 3. Draw an outline map of the State of New York, locating (1) the principal rivers, (2) moun- tains, and (3) twenty of its cities. 3. Name the ten counties of this State that border on the great lakes and the St. Lawrence. 4. State two important effects of the gulf stream. 5. Name five lakes that discharge their waters through Oswego river. 6. Describe the trade winds and state their causes. 7. Why are the polar circles located where they are? 8. Name five countries, not including the British Islands, subject to the British government. 9. What is the most direct water way from Lon- don to Calcutta? 10. Why does the sun shine into the north win- dows moraing and evening in midsummer? XEW YORK, ETC., JUNE 29, 1886. ccxxvii AMERICAN HISTORY. 1. What invention and what commercial needs led to the discovery of America? 2. Give a brief sketch and some of the results of the introduction of African slavery into the Ameri- can colonies. 3. Mention the names of five discovers prominent in early American history, with a brief statement of their discoveries. 4. State the principal differences between the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution of the United States. a. What led to the War of 1812? 6. What two national questions were permanently settled by the War of the Rebellion? 7. Explain what is meant by the * 'Geneva Award, " and the ' 'Alabama Claims " 8. Give a brief account of the acquisition of Alaska. In what important respects is this territory valuable to the United States? 9. State the causes of the Mexican War. What territory was acquired as a result of that war? 10. Name ten battles on American soil since the Declaration of Independence. Between what coun- tries were they fought? GENERAL HISTORY. 1. State one important fact in the life of each of the following persons: Aristides, Miltiades, Leonidas, Themistocles, and Socrates. CCXXViii FO UB TEENTH S TA TE EXAMINA TION. 2. Name five ^eminent Romans, and state some historical event with which each was connected, 3. Briefly describe the feudal system. 4 State some of the important changes wrought by the Norman conquest. 5. By whom was ifa^na Gharta granted? State one of its provisions that has become an important part of our common law. 6. Write a brief account of the chief points in the life of Joan of Arc. 7. What three sovereigns of England were the Children of Henry VIH? 8. Give some account of the battle of Waterloo, and state its effects upon the history of Europe. 9. Give some of the results of the Franco-Prus- sian war. 10. What causes have led to the " Home Rule " discussions in the British Parliament? PHYSICS. 1. Explain how differences in pitch and in loudness or intensity of sounds are produced. 2. Describe the main parts of the Bell telephone, and explain its action. 3. Explain the cause (1) of lightning, and (2) of thunder. 4. State the effect of elevation on the barometric column, and give reason. 5. Wby will a vessel of cold water placed in a NEW YORK, ETC., JUNE 29, 1886. ccxxix cellar sometimes prevent the fruit and vegetables there from freezing? 6. How could you illustrate, experimentally, in your school-room, the formation of dew? 7. How could you illustrate experimentally, the principle on which a pendulum clock is regulated? 8. Explain, using a diagram, how rays of light, parallel to the axis of a convex lens, are brought to a focus. 9. A power of five pounds applied to a machine, by moving through a space of eighty feet, is capa- ble of moving how many pounds through a space of twelve feet? (No allowance is to be made for fric- tion.) 10. Suppose the machine referred to in the last question, be a lever of the second class, show the relative positions and distances of power, weight, and fulcrum. CHEMISTRY. 1. Are the elements that compose the greater portion of the atmosphere mixed or combined? State facts to prove the truth of your assertion. • 2. What produces the light that comes from a luminous flame? 3, What is meant by kindling temperature? Why will shavings kindle more readily than larger masses of wood? 4. Explain the effect produced by carbonic acid on lime water. ccxxx FO UR TEENTE ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 5. How do pig-iron, wrought iron, and steel dif- fer chemically ? 6. Formulate the reaction that takes place when hydrogen is prepared from zinc and hydrochloric acid. 7. What is the meaning of the term atomic weight? What is the meaning of the term quantivalence, or power of an atom? Illustrate your answers, by ref- ence to your formulas in answer to question 6. 8. If, in the experiment referred to in question 6, 100 grammes of the acid is used, how much zinc will be consumed? 9. Why does a lamp smoke if the wick is too high ? 10. Name two compounds that are formed when a candle burns; name the elements that form these compounds; and state the source from which each is derived? GEOLOGY. 1. Give some plausible theory for the formation of the Appalachian mountains. 2. Describe four silicates. 3. Describe four varieties of quartz. 4. What is shale ? What is argillaceous sandstone f 5. What is gneiss ? What is syenite ? 6. Describe the character and name the common- est components of the soils usually designated sandy, clayey, and loamy, respectively. 7. What is the geographical position of the oldest rock formation of North America? What rea- NJEW YORK, ETC., JUNE 29, 1886. ccxxxi sons can you assign for supposing this to be the oldest? 8. Name the geologic period or periods represented in the county (name the county) in which you live; and the fossils, characteristic of the period, which you could identify. 9. What do you suppose to be the origin of petro- leum? Of natural gas? 10. How do you account for the salt deposits in this State? BOTANY. 1. Name three characteristics of the endogens that distinguish them from the exogens. 2. What is an herb? What is a shrub? 3. Name the characteristics of annuals, biennials, and perennials; and say to which of these classes belong respectively the turnip, the grasses, the bur- dock. 4. What are adventitious buds? What special purpose do they serve? 5. What is the ordinary function of leaves? Name some of the modfied forms and functions of leaves? 6. In what ways may you distinguish a compound pistil from a simple one? 7. Assuming that a plant is composed of only these three parts: — root, stem, and leaf, — of what part or parts is the apple blossom composed? The onion? The potato? The bean pod? The thorn? ccxxxii FO JJR TEENTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 8. What is the difference between a cyme and a raceme ? 9. What forces produce the flow of sap in plants? 10. What part of the flower develops to produce the greater portion of the apple ? What part of the flower develops to produce the greater portion of the strawberry? ZOOLOGY. 1. Point out the difference between the masticat- ing organs of the ruminant and the rodent^ and the habits of the animals indicated thereby. 2. Point out the difference between the beetle and the butterjly, in respect to their manner of taking food. 3. Point out the difference in circulatory organs, as they appear in the cat and the tortoise. 4. Point out the difference in circulatory organs, as they appear in thej^s/i, and the insect. 5. Describe different modes of respiration, as il- lustrated by the whale, the lobster, and the insect. 6. What characteristics of a bird's skeleton show adaptation of structure to mode of life. 7. Describe the different modes of development seen in the life of the amphibian or batrachian and the insect. 8. Name the subkingdoms to which the following animals belong, respectively : the mole, the toad, the worm, the starfish, the oyster. 9. To what order of the class mammals do the fol- NEW YORK, ETC., JUNE 29, 1886. ccxxxiil lowing animals belong respectively: the opossum, the ape, the hat, the porpoise, the dog ? 10. Give the names and locations of the different fins commonly found on a fish. PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 1. State the functions of the excretory organs of the skin, and what instruction you would give in reference to keeping them in healthy action. 3. Describe the action of a muscular fibre. 3. What habits would you recommend for main- taining a healthy condition of the digestive organs? 4. Describe the course of the blood in the pulmo- nary circulation, and the change it undergoes in the lungs. 5. What means would you recommend for secur- ing a vigorous flow of the blood through the lungs, and for its perfect aeration while there? 6. Give the anatomy of the heart. 7. Describe the course of a ray of light in the eye, naming the parts of the eye through which it suc- cessively passes. 8. Name the two kinds of nerve tissue, describe their general appearance, and their respective func- tions. 9. As applied to the blood, what is meant by the terms corpuscle, plasma, serum, clot? 10. Trace a portion of food from the time it en- ters the mouth until its nutriment enters the blood. ccxxxiv FO UR TEENTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. ASTRONOMY. 1. Give the names of the planets that can be in inferior conjunction. 2. Give the theory concerning the origin of the asteroids. 3. Describe (1) the rings of Saturn; (3) the belts of Jupiter. 4. Give directions for finding the north star. 5. Define (1) Planetary Astronomy; (2) Stellar Astronomy; (3) Descriptive Astronomy; (4) Mathe- matical Astronomy. 6. "Why has the distance to a fixed star never been accurately determined? 7. To what did the twelve Signs of the Zodiac originally correspond ? 8. Why is the same side of the moon always towards the earth? 9. What is right ascension? What is declination? For what is each used? 10. When and where did to-day begin? When and where will it end? CIVIL. GOVERNMENT. 1. What is the limitation in the Constitution of the United States in regard to bills for raising rev- enue? 2. Name the county officers representing the three departments of government. 3. In whom is the treaty-making power vested? NJSW YORK, ETC., JUNE 29, 1886. ccxxxv 4. Define (1) misdemeanor, and {^) felony. 5. Explain the difference between indictment and conviction, 6. What are the legal steps by which a territory may become a State? 7. How are judges of the United States Supreme Court chosen? What is the length of their term of office? 8. How may the Constitution of the United States be amended? 9. Describe the process of electing a President of the United States. 10. What constitutes a citizen of the United States? METHODS AND SCHOOL ECONOMY. 1. What is meant by development as a method of teaching; and what advantages are to be derived from its employment? 2. Distinguish between inductive and deductive methods of teaching. Illustrate each. 3. What mental powers of the child are chiefly concerned in primary school work? 4. Give a plan for teaching Physiology and Hygi- ene with special reference to the effects of alcoholic stimulants and narcotics. 5. Describe two good methods of teaching chil- dren to express their thoughts in writing. 6. Give two common causes of injury to the eyes of pupils. 7. Explain a good plan for ventilating school- houses. ccxxxvi FO UR TEENTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 8. State three reasons why single school desks are preferable to double desks. 9. Write an outline of an oral lesson on water and its uses. 10. Do you favor general recesses or not? Give reasons. SCHOOL LAW. 1. Who has the legal authority to prescribe a course of study for public schools? 2. When a district neglects to make needed re- pairs upon a school-house, what is the legal remedy? 3. What provision does the law make to secure the attendance of teachers at Institutes? 4. By what authorities may teachers be legally qualified ? 5. Mention all the days in the year in which a teacher may legally close school without consent of the trustees and without loss of pay. 6. What are the legal rights of a teacher in re- spect to corporal punishment? 7. If a teacher holding a Commissioner's license proves to be entirely incompetent, what remedy has the district? 8. What records must a teacher make in the school register? 9. Who has the legal right to suspend a pupil from school? 10. By whose order may a district school-house be condemned? irSW YORK, ETC., A UOUST 33, 188r. coxxxTii Flfteentli Eiaminalion for State Certificates, Held Simultaneously, August 23, 1887, at New York, Brooklyn, Newburgh, Albany, Plattsburgh, Watertown, Utica, Syra- cuse, Rochester, Buffalo, Sala- manca, AND Elmira. ARITHMETIC. 1. Given the dividend, quotient, and remainder, how may the divisor be found? If 10 apples be divided equally among 5 boys, which of the terms in the division are concrete, and which are abstract? 2. What term is the base («) in commission? (b) in insurance? (c) in profit and loss? {d) in interest? ie) in discount? 3. Deduce a rule for multiplying one decimal by another. 4. Give an analysis of the process of dividing f by f , with reasons for each step. 5. How many bushels of wheat will fill a hogs- head that holds 140 gallons of water? 6. Given the amount and the rate, to find the base. Solve the foregoing, and give a practical business example to which it applies. 7. A savings bank pays 4 per cent on deposits that remain six months, interest payable semi-annually. At the end of two years what amount is due a per- son who has deposited $200 at the beginning of each interest period? ccxxxviii FIFTEENTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 8. Mark goods so that 15 per cent may be abated from the marked price and still a profit of 25 per cent be made. 9. A note at 6 months for $350 was dated March 1, 1887. May 1 a payment of $75 was made; and July 1 the note was discounted by a bank. {a) When does the note mature? • (5) What were the proceeds of the note when it was discounted? 10. With advanced pupils, in what order should a new topic, e. g., percentage, be studied? Give reasons for your answer. Describe the best method of teaching the tables in compound numbers, and give reasons why you consider this method the best. BOOK-KEEPING. 1. State the necesssity for book-keeping. 3. What is shown by the debtor side of account? What by the creditor side? 3. How can you ascertain the net capital at any time? 4. What do you understand by double-entry book-keeping? 5. What two advantages has it over single entry? 6. What book is known in law as the "Book of Original Entry?" 7. Write a negotiable note and show how it may be made payable to a third party. 8. Define inventory and explain how one is taken. iV^TF TOBK, ETC., A UGU8T 23, 1887. ccxxxix 9. James Mann bought of John Doe : 1 bbl. of flour at $6.25; 25 lbs. A sugar at 6i cents; 2 lbs. of coffee at 26 cents; 4 lemons at 2 cents; 22^ lbs. of butter at 23 cents, and 2^ lbs. of cheese at 15 cents. He paid $9 on account. Rule the form of day- book and ledger pages, make the original entry, and post it properly in ledger. 10. Give two reasons for or against teaching this subject in the common schools. ALGEBRA. 1. Define (a) a polynomial; (5) a coefficient; (c) an exponent; {d) a literal equation; {e) elimination. 3. What effect has a minus sign before a fraction ? Give an illustration. 3. Prove that a'" — h"" is always divisible by a — b, 4. In finding the value of the unknown quantity in the equation l£ — 6|= — ^ 12 ' 4 state (1) the successive steps; (2) the reason for each step ; and (3) the reason for the process in each step. 5. Factor the quantities ^3 _|_ ^2 5 — ^^3 53 . aQ(J ^4 J4^ 6. Find the values of x and y in the equations (l)22^fy = ll 7. Find the values of x and y in the equations. ax -\-hy ■= m ax -\- cy = n ccxl FIFTEENTH 8TA TE EXAMINA TION. 8. Expand (a — \IY, 9. Introduce three geometric means between 3 and 15y\. 10. Find tlie unknown quantity in the equation 8rc2 -J- 5^=343f . GEOMETRY. 1. Prove that when the sides of a regular polygon are produced out consecutively in the same direc- tion, the sum of all the angles thus formed equals four right angles. 2. Prove that the number expressing the area of any plane triangle equals one half the product of the numbers expressing the base and altitude. 3. Draw two parallel lines and a line cutting these two obliquely. From the figure thus formed state four propositions in plane geometry. 4. Draw and define {a) a circumference; (6) a chord ; (c) a tangent ; {d) a secant ; (e) a sector. 5. Prove {a) that any angle inscribed in a semi- circumference is a right angle ; (6) that any angle in an arc greater than a semi-circumference is less than a right angle. 6. Draw an oblique-angled parallelogram whose adjacent sides are in the ratio of 2 to 3 — an acute angle of the parallelogram being an angle of 60°. Show all work on the paper. 7. When will the perimeter of a regular polygon and the periphery of an equivalent circle c5incide? 8. Prove that two lines perpendicular to the sur- face of a body of water at rest are not parallel. NEW YOEK\ ETC., AUGUSTUS, 1867. ccxli 9. Make and explain the following constructions: (1.) Given two angle of a triangles to construct the third angle. (2.) To find the centre of any given circum- ference. (3.) To divide a given straight line into parts proportional to any number of given lines. 10. Prove that if a triangle be divided by a line parallel to its base, the sides of the triangle are divided proportionally. LATIN. 1. Translate: Persuadent Rauracis et Tulingis et Latobrigis, finitimis, uti codem usi consilio, oppidis suis vicisque exustis, una cum iis proficiscantur: Boiosque, qui trans Rhenum incoluerant et in agrum Noricum transierant Noreiamque oppugnarant, receptos ad se socios sibi adsciscunt. 1. Give principal parts of the verbs: Persuadent, usi, exustis, proficiscantur, and incoluerant, 2. Give syntax of the following words: Jiauracis, finitimis, consilio, vicis, agrum. 4. State the general law of sequence of tenses. 5. Translate: Ubi vero moveri et appropinquare moenibus viderunt, nova atque inusitata specie com- moti legatos ad Caesarem de pace miserunt, qui ad hunc modum locuti: Non existimare Romanos sine ope divina bellum gerere, qui tantae altitudinis machinationes tanta celeritate promovere possent; se suaque omnia eorum potestati permittere, dixerunt. ecxlii FIFTEENTH STATE EXAMINATION. 6. Translate: Ibi se rursus iisdem opportunita- tibus loci defendebant. Haec eo facilius magnam partem aestatis faciebant, quod nostrse naves tem- pestatibus detinebantur ; summaque erat vasto atque aperto mari, magnis aestibus, raris ac prope nullis portibus, difflcultas navigandi. Parse namgandi, in the last line. 7. Write (1) the comparison, and (2) the declension in the singular, of the adjective from which /aa7m« is taken. 8. Give the stem of each of the following nouns and explain the formation of the nominative from the stem: Pace^ celeritati, machinaiiones, partem; also select one word from each passage quoted above, and give an English derivative from it. 9. Write in Latin : While these things are being done among the Veneti, Quintus Titurius Labinus with those forces which he had received from Caesar, came into the territories of the Unelli. 10. Translate into Latin: This speech having been delivered, by Divitiacus, all who were present, with many tears, began to ask aid of Csesar GRAMMAR. "There are few writers for whom the reader feels such personal kindness as for Oliver Goldsmith, for few have so eminently possessed the magnetic gift of identifying themselves with their writings." — Irving. NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUSTS, 1887. ccxliii 1. Mention all the clauses in the above sentence, stating whether they are principal or subordinate. 2. In the same sentence, by what is the meaning of the several subjects modified? 3. Give syntax of writers, kindness, as, f&r in the first line, hndfor in the second line. 4. Parse witJi, whom, and identifying. "Their place was supplied by men who had long suffered oppression, and who, finding themselves ^uddenly transformed from slaves into masters, were impatient to pay back, with accumulated usury, the heavy debt of injuries and insults."— Jfacawtoy! 5. Give syntax of finding, transformed, into, im- patient, and to pay. 6. Write a sentence containing an adjective clause, and an adverbial clause. Write a sentence having a clause used as an object of a verb. 7. Write sentences illustrating the following uses of the infinitive: a. As the subjective of a verb. b. As an noun in apposition. c. As the object of another verb. d. As an adjective. e. As an adverb. 8. Illustrate by sentences the correct use of the words: lie, lay, sit, set and done, all used as verbs, Jiaving different meanings. 9. Illustrate by sentences five different uses of participles, and state the syntax of each. 10. Write the possessive singular and plural of ccxliv FIFTEENTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. each of the following: woman^boy,fox, lady, and father-in-law. COMPOSITION AND RHETORIC. 1. State briefly the relation which thought and language sustain to each other. 2. Name two characteristics of good written com- position. 3. Write a properly punctuated composition, con- taining not less than one hundred nor more than two hundred words, about coal. 4. "Write a brief, well arranged business letter ad- dressed to John Doe. 5. State two advantages to be derived from the introduction of illustrations in compositions and in public addresses. 6. What is the difference between figures of syntax and figures of rhetoric? Give an illustration of each. 7. Name and define two of each of the above. 8. Distinguish between literal and figurative ex- pression and give an example of each. 9. Show the province of rhetoric as distinguished from that of grammar. 10. Show where in the "course of study, " rhetoric belongs and give reasons for your statements. GENERAL LITERATURE. 1, Who wrote the Canterbury Tales? Of what are they made up? NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST S2, 1887. ccxlv 2. Name two writers of the sixteenth century, and name one work of each. 3. Name the author of the Fairie Queene. Of Don Quixote. 4. Name the author of the Pilgrim's Progress; state where it was written; name two prominent characters in it; and tell what each represents. 5. Mention three English and two American his- torians and name one work of each, 6. To what class of writers does each of the fol- lowing belong; Addison, Milton, Goldsmith, Thack- eray, Emerson? 7. Name five of Scott's novels. 8. What authors wrote the following; The Tale of Two Cities, Vanity Fair, Jane Eyre, Society and Solitude, and the Professor at the Breakfast Table? 9. Name three great American poets, and mention one work of each. 10. Mention one work of each of the following authors: Irving, Cooper, Hawthorne, Holland, and Bayard Taylor. DRAWING. 1. Give five good reasons why industrial drawing should be taught. 2. Define {a) free-hand drawing; {h) industrial drawing; (c) perspective drawing; and {d) mechanical drawing. 3. In perspective drawing, what is the vanishing point or point of sight ? ccxlvi FIFTEEFTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 4. Make two drawings illustrating the first law of design, viz: "The basis of all industrial drawing is geometric form." 5. Draw a sectional view of a cup standing in a saucer (a) from the flat; {b) from the round. 6. Draw a cube (a) in a circle of one inch radius; ip) in perspective, with front one inch square. 7. Distinguish between imitative drawing and inventive drawing. 8. Make an outline drawing that shall include at least two balanced or symmetrical curves. 9. Show the value of drawing (a) as a means of intellectual devtlopment; (6) as a means of culture. 10. Make an original design for some object in industrial art, GEOGRAPHY. 1. Mention three separate divisions of geography and indicate the province of each. 3. At what time in the year are the days and nights equal in length, and at what time are they most unequal? Give the reasons for the equality and for the inequality, 3. Make a map of North America showing its out- lines and mountain ranges. Indicate upon your map: (a) The main rivers of the Mississippi river system. (5) The corn, wheat, sugar, cotton and rice belts of the United States. 4. Which is higher above sea level. Lake Ontario or Lake Erie; Lake George or Lake Champlain? NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST i^, 1887. ccxlvii Seneca Lake or Cayuga Lake? Give a reason for each answer. 5. Mention five cities in the State of New York, the original location of which was largely influenced by physical causes, and mention the physical cause in each case. 6. What is the standard time ? From what mer- idians is it reckoned? 7. Give the name of a large city (not the capital) in each of the five countries of Europe, and tell for what each city is noted. 8. Describe the gulf stream and show how and why the climate of Europe is affected by it. 9. In going by steamer from London to Constan- tinople, through what bodies of water would you pass? 10. Explain how geography should be taught (1) to beginners; (2) to advanced pupils. Give the order of topics in the latter case and the reason for the order given. HISTORY. 1. Describe the event with which each of the fol- lowing names is most closely associated: DeSoto, La Salle, Sir Walter Raleigh, Roger Williams, and Henry Hudson. 2. Explain the meaning of " Taxation without Representation," as used in Revolutionary times. 3. Describe the battles of Oriskany and Saratoga; name the forces engaged, the leading generals in command, and state direct and indirect results. ccxlviii FIFTEENTH S TA TE EX A MINA TION. 4. Name the most remarkable event of Madison's Admiuislration, and state the causes which led to it. 5. Name the Presidents who have died during their representative terms of office, and the Vice- Presidents who became President in each instance. 6. By whom was "Magna Charta" granted? StGte something of its contents to show its great significance in English History. 7. Give two causes which led to the French Revolution, and name three persons prominent in it. 8. When did Victoria assume the throne of Great Britain? When was she crowned Queen? 9. Wh'at cause lead to the consolidation of the present German Empire? 10. Mention two great inventions of the nineteenth century and name the inventors. PHYSICS. 1. Describe an experiment bj'" which you could show the elasticity of ivory, and state how the ex- periment proves elasticity. 2. Describe some simple experiment by which you could show, in the school-room, how dew is formed. 3. Two closed tanks on the same level and below the level of the water communicate with the reservoir, one by one pipe and the other by two; the pipes are all of the same size. What is the relative pressure of the water in the two tanks? Explain your answer, 4. With a lever of the second class, the power is six and a half feet from the fulcrum, and the re- NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUSTS, 1887. ccxlix sistance five feet from the power. What is the ratio of the-power to the resistance when in equilibrium? 5. When a Fanrenheit thermometer indicates a temperature of 68', what would be the reading of a centii^rade thermometer? 6. Explain the cause of the globular form of a dew-drop, and the force which holds it to the blade of grass. 7. How are the prismatic colors produced by a drop of dew in the sunlight? 8. If the barometric colum stand at 30' inches, and the pressure of the atmosphere be 14.7 pounds to the square inch,w^hat does a cubic foot of mercury- weigh? 9. A solid mass weighs 24 pounds in air, 20 pounds in water, and 16 pounds in another liquid. What is the specific gravity of that other liquid? 10. Why does an object look smaller as it recedes from us ? CHEMISTRY. 1. Explain, by the use of some familiar illustra- tion, the difference between a chemical and a physi- cal change. 2. If you invert a bottle over a burning candle and hold it there until the flame is extinguished, what two gases, produced by the combustioo, will be found in the bottle? 3. Explain how it is that the flame of a candle is a gas flame. 4. If you dip a rod in hydrochloric acid and then col FIFTEENTH STA TEEXAMINA TION. hold it over the mouth of a bottle of ammonia water, what evidence of chemical action will you see? 5. State the law of multiple proportions, and illus- trate it by an example. 6. What is meant by the term combining weight of an element? Illustrate by an example. 7. Explain the reaction which takes place and the effervescence which follows when a strong acid is poured upon limestone? 8. Describe and explain the action of sulphuric acid upon wood. 9. Describe a simple method of preparing nitrogen gas. 10. Give a description of the metal potassium; also describe its action when thrown into water, and state the cause of this action. BOTANY. 1. Explain the term piuTiate as applied to com- pound leaves. 2. How would you distinguish a stem from a root? 3. Describe a process by which plant cells multiply. 4. Why does the bark of a tree separate easily from the wood when the sap flows abundantly? 5. Describe an umbel, and state how it differs from a raceme. 6. Is the corolla of a sunflower monopetalous or polypetalous? NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 23, 1&37. cell 7. How do exogens differ from endogens in respect (a) to the cotyledons; (6) to the venation of their leaves? 8. In what part of the plant, Indian corn, do you find the pistils? 9. Describe the process of grafting. 10. What part of the flower becomes the pulp of the cherry ? ZOOLOGY. 1. Why are the whale and codfish classed in the same sub-kingdom of animals? 2. To which class of vertebrates do the porpoises belong? Why? 3. What are the essential differences that distin- guish reptiles from batrachians (amphibians)? 4. How does the heart of a bird differ from that of a snake? 5. Describe the blood-vessel in an insect that answers to the heart in higher animals, stating location, shape and mode of action, 6. How is the larva of an insect supplied with food? 7. Describe the manner in which a butterfly takes its food. 8. How is the larva of an insect distinguished from a worm? 9. Name five fur-bearing animals, the family to which each belongs, and where it may be found- native. cclii FIFTEENTH ST A TE EXAMINA TI02f, 10. How do sponges and corals supply themselves with food? PHYSIOLOG-Y AND HYGIENE. 1. How many bones are there in a human hand? 2. Give the location and use of the sebaceous fol- licles or oil glands. What simple directions can be given for the proper care of the teeth? Why is it dangerous for a person who is perspiring to sit in a current of air ? 3. Give the name and location of that class of blood-vessels in which the blood is changed in color from light to dark red. Explain the difference be- tween veins and arteries. 4. How is the air forced into the lungs in respira- tion? What impurities are contained in expired air? Mention two devices for ventilating a school room that has no special facilities for ventilation. 5. Which of the digestive fluids is most efficient in digesting fat? What are the two chief functions of food? Why is eating rapidly injurious? 6. When alcohol has been taken into the stomach, what is the immediate and what is the more remote effect on the action of the heart? 7. Trace the course by which the effect of an im- pression on the finger is conveyed to the brain. 8. Describe the cornea of the eye. 9. What effect is produced upon the blood by rebreathing air? How is that effect produced? 10. Name five kinds of injurious results to the health of pupils, and the direct cause of each kind NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUSTUS, 1887. ccliii from the neglect of hygienic laws in the school room. ASTRONOMY. 1. "What determines the boundaries of the mathe- matical zones of a planet? 2. Explain how the sun's rays can strike the north side of a building in this latitude. 3. What is the diameter — expressed in degrees of a great circle— of the circumpolar heavens as located from the parallel of 30° north latitude? 4. What astronomical terms correspond to the geographical terms latitude and longitude ? 5. If the earth's distance from the sun be repre- sented by 10, what number expresses the relative distance from the sun (a) of Jupiter? (6) of Mars? (Kepler's laws). 6. Why does the north pole of the heavens change its location ? 7. Which sign of the zodiac (in member or order) is the constellation Leo? 8. When the sun is in Cancer in what sign is the earth? 9. On what two things does the time of the annual revolution of a planet depend? 10. Define {a) Occulation; {h) Nodes; (c) Constella- tion; id) Apogee; and {e) Perihelion. GEOLOGY. 1. What are the chief chemical constituents of marble? Of slate? tJcUv FIFTEENTH ST A TE EXA3fINA TION. 2. Which of the ingredients of granite forms clay when worn down ? 3. Whatis metamorphicrock? Give an example. 4. How are stalactites formed? 5. Explain the origin of the chalk formations. 6. Explain the origin of the flint that is often imbedded in chalk. 7. Describe a callon and tell how it has been formed. 8. Explain the processes by which rock forma- tions are produced by glacial action. 9. Name five ages of the earth's existence as recognized in historical geology. 10. What is the most abundant rock in your own county? What is its origin? (Name your county.) CIVIL GOVERNMENT AND SCHOOL LAW. 1. Explain the purposes of the writ of habeas corpus. 2. What are the duties of grand juries? What are the duties of petit juries? 3. Who are eligible to the presidency of the United States? In case of vacancy in the office of President and Vice-President of the United States, what is the law of succession? 4. State the number of justices of United States Supreme Court, term of office, how chosen, effect of decisions, and the name of the present chief justice. 5. How and when are Assemblymen and State NEW YORK; ETC., AUGUST 23, 1887. cclv Senators elected? Who are eligible to election? What is the length of the term of office of each, and how much is the salary? How many members of the Assembly? How many of the Senate? 6. What is the length of the official term of the Governor of this State? What is a veto? Why is this power given to the Governor? How can a vetoed bill become a law? What power has the Governor in reference to appropriation bills? 7. How may the Constitution of the State be amended? 8. What legal authority have the voters of the school district in hiring teachers? What can the trustees do if the number of children attending school is too great to be accommodated in the dis- trict school house? 9. For what cause can a school commissioner annul any license? 10. What is the "School Age" in this State? METHODS AND SCHOOL ECONOMY. 1. What mental powers are chiefly used in tli8 acquisition of knowledge? 2. Distinguish between synthetic and analytic methods of teaching. State the proper province of €ach in school work. 3. Give outlines of a good method for securing written work in school. 4. Distinguish between object teaching and ob- jective teaching, and state the relative value and im- portance of each in school work. cclvi SIXTEENTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 5. Give a good plan for the proper training of the memory. 6. Distinguish between the period of facts and the period of reasoning in the child's school life. 7. What arrangement should be made, in a school programme, to secure the proper amount of study of each subject daily, by each pupil ? 8. State two considerations that should always be elements in determining the degree of punishment for an offence. Give reasons, 9. Describe the proper method of seating a school room with reference to convenience and health, and give reasons. 10. In reading, to what is a drawling tone usually due, and how may it be corrected? Should the teacher read for an advanced class for their imita- tion ? Give a reason for your answer. How may the tendency to read too rapidly be corrected ? When, how, and why may you encourage the study of literature in reading classes ? Sixteentli Examination for Stale Certificates, Held Simultaneously, Aug. SO-24, 1888, at Albany, Clyde, Ogdensburgh, Seneca Falls, Batavla, Elmlra, Plattsburgh, Syracuse, Binghamton, Glens Falls, Rochester, Utica, Brooklyn, Mayville, Salamanca, Watertown, Buffalo, Newburgh, Saratoga Spa., Whitehall, Canandaigua. New York. ARITHMETIC. 1. Define (a) fractional unit ; (&) eancellation; (c) root; {d) true discount; {e) proportion. A'^EW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 20, 1888. cclvii 2. Resolve 42 into five different sets of factors. 3. Hake and solve a problem illustrating how the cost of an article is found, from the list price, when two successive commercial, or trade, discounts are gwsren. 4. Reduce to equivalent common fractions («) .0072i; (5) .8606. 5. Find the area of a triangular piece of land whose base is 13 ch, 851., and whose hypotenuse is 21 ch. 51. 6. Find the avoirdupois weight of 1,000,000 silver dollars, the weight of a dollar being 412^ gr. 7. A and B reside in the same town, and are as- sessed respectively $11,450 and $19,600. If A's tax is $31.80, what should be B's tax? 8. Tape needles that cost |c. each are sold for 2c. What is the per cent, of profit on their cost? 9. The solid contents of a cylinder 10 feet long are 17 cubic feet, IjieO^Vs cubic inches. Required, the diameter. 10. $275.40. Albany. N. Y., Nov. 1. 1886. Three months after date I promise to pay to Gilbert Mason, or order, two hundred seventy-five and -^ dollars, value received. Henry Howell. A payment of $20 having been made and en- dorsed on the above note May 16, 1888, how much remains due to-day? ALGEBRA. 1. Define the following terms: reciprocal, like cclviii SIXTEENTH S TA TE EX A MINA TIOX. quantities, identical equations, quadratic equation, surd. 2. Reduce a; 4- & — -^—^ to an improper X fraction. 3. What are the prime factors of a^ -]-ab^, and a^ -b^l 4. A number is expressed by three digits. The sum of the digits is 9 ; the number is equal to forty- two times the sum of the first and second digits; and the third digit is twice the sum of the other two. Find the number. How many conditions are there to the preceding problem? Which one is implied in the others? Form the equations for solving the problem, using two or three unknown quantities. 5. Form the equation for solving No. 4, using one unknown quantity, and giving full reasons for the statement. Complete the solution by either method and verify the result. 6. Expand (a™ + c"* )^ by the binomial theorem. 7. Find two numbers whose difference added to the difference of their squares is 150, and whose sum added to the sum of their squares is 330. 8. Find the value of x in the equation Vx -|- 15 + V^aj = 15. 9. Given, a : b::c : d and e :f::g : li. Prove, that the products of the corresponding terms of these proportions form a proportion. 10. Given, the first term, the last term, and the number of terms in an arithmetical progression; NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 20, 1888. cclix write the algebraic formula for finding the sum of the terms. Given, the last term, the ratio, and the number of terms in a geometrical progression ; write the alge- braic formula for finding the first term. GEOMETRY. 1. Define {a) quantity; (b) magnitude; (c) geome- try; (c?) a geometrical proposition; {e) plane geometry. 2. Distinguish between a physical figure (as sur- face or solid), and a mathematical figure (as area or volume). 3. Prove that if two triaugles have the three sides of one equal to the tliree sides of the other, each to each, the triangles are equal. 4. If the area of a triangle, whose shortest side is 6 feet, is 48 sq. feet, what is the area of a similar, whose shortest side is 9 feet? 5. Distinguish between similar figures, equiva- lent figures, and equal figures. 6. Deduce the rule, " The area of any plane tri- angle equals one half the product of the base and altitude." 7. State the proposition, and draw the proper fig- ure for demonstrating the method of finding the number of degrees in an angle in the circumference of a circle formed by two chords. State, in order, the steps for demonstrating the proposition. 8. State the proposition from which is deduced the rules (1) To find the hypotenuse of aright angled triangle ; and (2) To find either the base or the per- pendicular of a right-angled triangle. cclx SIXTEENTH STA TE EXAMINA TJON. 9. Draw a regular hexagon whose perimeter is 4^ inches, and prove, by demonstration, that the work is correct. 10. Draw the proper figure and prove that, when each of four equal circles touches two of the others externally, the area included between the four arcs equals the area of a square whose side is the diame- ter of one of the equal circles, minus the area of one of the equal circles. BOOK-KEEPING. 1, 2. Name the two principal books used in book- keeping; name threee auxiliary books. State the uses of each. 3. Define debtor, invoice, and consignment. 4. Rule a form of day-book, and make proper en- tries of the following transactions : 1887, Jan. 1. I sold J. L. Hunt on account, 5 bbl. flour at $6.35; 25 lb. sugar at 7c.; 5 bbl. pota- toes at $2.75. Sold C. E. Cady 2 lb. tea at $.65; 100 bu. pota- toes at $.75; 5 bbl. pork at $14.25. C. E. Cady paid on account $60. 5. 6. A merchant began business with a capital of $3,500. After the close of a certain period he has property and is indebted as follows: Property — Cash, $1,575; J. L. Hunt's note, $3,750; merchan- dise, $4,000. Due from persons — A. C. Lobeck, $150; Luke Hill, $175; J. R. Bowman, $107.15; W. J. Mann, $315. Debts — Note in favor of Thomas Hunter, $1,500; Note in favor of Henry Davis, $3,- iVEW YOU A', ETC., AUGUST 20, 18S8. cclxi 000. Due on personal account, to R. R. Wood, $750; Hugh Evans, $375; W. E. Crocker, $1,375. Make a statement showing the capital at the close, and the net gain or loss. 7, 8, Rule forms of journal and ledger in double entry, and make the proper entries of the following account in each. Jan. 12, I sold James Tanner 125 bu. wheat at $1.00 $125,00 13, 100 bbl. flour at $6.25 625.00 14, 625 bu. oats at 40c •. 250.00 15, 325 bu. corn at 50c. 162.50 Jan. 20, he paid me cash $500, and gave a bankable note for balance at 60 days. 9. Write a check, and receipt in full. 10. What is the purpose of the trial- balance? ^ GRAMMAR. * 'Whatever can be known of earth we know," Sneered Europe's wise men, in their snail-shells curled ; "No!" said one man in Genoa, and that No Out of the dark created this New World. Lowell. 1. Write a list of the several clauses in the above extract, indicating whether they are principal or subordinate. Note.— In giving clauses, it is sufficient to men- tion only simple subjects and simple predicates; i. «., all modifying words may be omitted. 2. What are the objects of the verbs know and sneered ? cclxii SIX TEENTH 8TA TE EXAMINA TION. 3. Change the last clause to the passive voice, and parse the verb in the clause thus formed. 4. Give the syntax (case and why) of whatever^ men, curled, the second no, dark. 5. Give synopsis (first person, singular) of the conjugation of the verb know in the passive voice. 6. Write a single sentence containing an adjective clause, an adverbial clause, and an objective clause. 7. Write five sentences, each illustrating a differ- ent use of the infinitive. 8. Write a sentence having a predicate noun (at- tribute) modified by a relative clause. Write a sen- tence in which occurrs a noun used independently before a participle. 9. Illustrate by a sentence the use of a personal pronoun after a comparative. Write a sentence whose subject is a clause. 10. Write a sentence containing a noun of the first person, in apposition with a noun or pronoun^ and give the syntax of the nouns and pronouns in the sentence. COMPOSITION AND RHETORIC. 1-5. Write a composition of not more than two- hundred words about the steam engine,— using the following outline: a. By whom invented. b. General uses indicated. c. Prominent parts described. d. Uses of described parts. e. Materials used in construction. NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUSTS, 1888. cclxiii Or about Arnold's treason, — using the following outline: a. Date and place. b. Cause. c. Andre's connection with it. d. His capture by patriots. e. Arnold's flight. 6. Define taste, and show how it may be cul- tivated. 7. Name three essentials of a good style in writing. 8. State the difference between an elegant style and a florid style. 9. Define allegory, and name one great example in prose and one in poetry. 10. Name the figures of speech in the following extracts : — a. He bridled his temper. h. Milton! England hath need of thee. c. No doubt wisdom shall die with you. d. There were twenty sail. 6. We find it in Shakespeare. GENERAL LITERATURE. 1. Define (a) didactic prose; (6) narrative poetry. 2. Name one standard work in each of the above classes of writings. 3. Mention three prominent characters in the "Merchant of Venice." 4. Name one work of each of the following au- thors: Goldsmith, Cowper, DeQuincey, Coleridge, Mrs Browning. Briefly describe two of the works. cclxiv SIXTEENTH ST A TE EX A Mm A TION. 5. Name five of Dickens's stories, and the abuses at which two of them were aimed. 6. Mention three prominent American poets ; give titles of two poems with brief description of one poem of each author, 7. In what department of literature was each of the foil )wing writers noted? Daniel Webster, Em- erson, Motley, George Eliot, Horace Mann. 8. Name a prominent historian of England; of France ; of Rome ; of Greece ; of the United States. 9. Name two works of Thomas Carlyle. Char- acterize his style. 10. Name five famous American orators of the first half of the present century. GEOGRAPHY, 1. What two counties of this State are wholly or chiefly in a. The Hudson River basin? h. The Susquehanna River basin? c. The Genesee River basin.? d. The Oswego River basin? e. Lake Champlain basin? 2. Name the Atlantic States, in order, from north to south, and name the capital of each, 3. Name and locate five large cities of the Do- minion of Canada. 4. Name four large rivers that rise in the Alps, and the body of water into which each flows. 5. Name two prominent rivers of Asia flowing north, two flowing east, and one flowing south. NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 20, 1888. cclxv 6. Name and locate the place of growth of two each of the following: (a) Cereal plants; (b) Oil- yielding plants; (c) Sugar-yielding plants; (d) Fiber- yielding plants; (e) Narcotic plants. 7. (Show why, in the torrid zone, the western slopes of the Andes are largely sterile, while the eastern slopes are covered with verdure, 8. Account for the difference between the climate of Maine and that of Oregon. 9. Explain the origin of icebergs, and show why they are found floating in the track of steamers crossing the Atlantic ocean. 10. Through what one common point of the earth do the planes of all the great circles pass? HISTORY. 1. Between what leaders was the battle of Actium fought? 2. What two States were the chief opponents in the Peloponnesian war? What was the issue of the war? About how many years ago did it occur? 3. What leader at the battle of Tours stopped the progress of the Saracens in Europe? 4. What was the Spanish Armada? For what was it organized? What were the results of its defeat? 5. What main cause led to the execution of Charles I. of England? 6. Name the seven presidents who were re-elected. 7. What was the nulification act of South Caro- lina? How did the United States Goverment treat it? cclxvi SIXTEENTH S TA TE EXAMINA TION. 8. Give an account of the discovery of the Mis- sissippi river. 9. What event principally caused the change of sentiment in the United State in regard to duelling? 10. What effect had the Erie canal upon the set- tlement of the Northwest? Why? DRAWING. 1. What constitutes the difference between artis- tic picture-making and industrial drawing? 2. Of what two kinds do the outlines of any in- dustrial design consist? 3. What technical name is applied to drawing by scale with the use of instruments? 4. Give proper dictation for drawing a straight- line six-pointed star in a circle two inches in diameter. 5. What is the basis of all industrial design? 6. Name five geometric forms— or type forms — used largely in industrial drawing. 7. Name ten occupations in which a practical knowledge of inventive drawing is valuable. 8. Draw a Roman cross in a three-inch square. 9. Make an original design for a section of a border 6 inches long and 1 inch wide. 10. Draw an original design for a circular window, on a scale of 1 inch to the foot. PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 1. State the similarities, and the differences, in the structure of the shoulder joint and the hip joint. XEW YOIilu ETC., AUGUST 20, 1888. cclxvii 2. Describe the intervertebral cartilages, and ex- plain their use. 3. Describe the tendons, and their adaptation to their use. i. How does breathing remove impurities from the blood? 5. Explain the change from arterial to venous blood. 6. If the flow of bk)od through an artery be per- manently obstructed, how may the circulation still continue? 7. Describe the lymph ; the lymphatic circulatioi^. 8. Why do not the auricles require so strong walls as do the ventricles. 9. Describe the mucous membrane; the connect- ive tissue. 10. What effect is produced in different degrees by the use of tea, coffee, alcohol, tobacco? ZOOLOGY. 1. What common characteristic has led to the classification of the fly and the lobster in the same sub-kingdom? 2. If the queen bee were removed from a hive before depositing all her eggs, how would her place be supplied? 3. A tadpole can live under water, but when he becomes a frog he is obliged to come to the surface. What change of structure has caused this change in mode of living? cclxviii SIXTEENTH ST A TE EX A MINA TION. 4. Is it good policy for farmers to kill moles? Why? 5. Explain the meaning of the phrase ''Survival of the jiitesi" as used in Zoology. 6. What name is given to the family of birds that corresponds in structure and habits to the carnwora among Mammals? Describe two characteristic fea- tures of that family of birds. 7. Name five different animals belonging to the family of Rodents. 8. Describe the gizzard of a bird both as to struc- ture and functions. 9. Describe the method, peculiar to the Rumi- nants, of taking and masticating food. 10. Describe the locomotion of a snail. PHYSICS. 1. What is a molecule? 2. How do you explain the solution of salt in water, in accordance with the molecular theory? 3. How does elevati/?n affect the boiling point of -a liquid? Why? 4. What determines the height to which a suc- tion pump will raise water? 5. Viewed mechanically, what is the difference between a high and a low tone? 6. Describe the method of producing an electro- magnet. 7. Why does a mixture of salt and ice become KJolder than either ingredient? N' EW YORK. ETC., AUGUST 20, 1888. cclxix 8. Which of the seven bands of the spectrum is refracted most? Which least? 9. Exphiin the connection between the falling of the barometric column and the approach of rain. 10. Why does the hot air rising from a furnace seem to be dryer than the same air before it is heated? GEOLOGY. 1. Give three characteristics by which quartz may" be known. 8. How may most carbonate rocks be readily de- tected? Give three examples of such rocks. 3. What is the dip of a stratum? What is its cause? 4. Explain the difference between stratification and lamination. 5. What is Dynamical Geology? 6. What is the distinction between argillaceous and aluminous rock? 7. To what age (or system) does the Medina sand- stone belong? The Potsdam sandstone? the Gen- esee shale? 8. Mention two processes of nature by which granite may have been exposed on he tops of mountains. 9. Which has the wider geographical distribution, — the primitive species of animals, or the later spe- cies? Why? 10. What evidence have we that at some period- the sea has covered all the land? cclxx SIXTEENTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. CHEMISTRY. 1. What is the law of definite proportions? Give an illustration. 2. Name a charcteristic property of each of the following elements when free and at ordinary tem- perature: Bromide, iodine, chlorine, aptimony, potassium. 3. Explain the cleansing power of soap. 4. Express by symbol the composition of am- monic hydrate (aqua ammonise). 5. Write the symbols of the following elements: Copper, iron, sodium, gold, silver, sulphur, lead, magnesium, manganese, mercury. 6. Describe the method of preparing quick-lime from limestone, and the chemical change produced. 7. What property gives great value to platinum? To tin? 8. Explain the evolution of heat and the produc- tion of light during the combustion of illuminating gas. 9. Describe the Davy safety lamp, and the phil- osophy of its action. 10. What is meant by the igniting point of a sub- stance? Take the case of a friction match for an illustration. BOTANY. 1. What is the principal office of leaves? 2. How could you determine, by examining a ten- dril, whether it were a modified stem or a modified leaf? NEW YOTih\ ETC., AUGUST 20, 18S8. cclxxi 3. Name an example of a biennial, and a peren- nial herb? 4. How are strawberry vines propagated? 5. Name a plant that has parallel-veined leaves; netted-veined leaves; pinnate compound leaves; pal- mate compound leaves. 6. Name the essential parts of a flower, and state why these parts are called essential parts. 7. By what change or process of development are double flowers produced? 8. What is fruit? Illustrate by naming the fruit of a potato plant. 9. What service do insects render in the fertiliza- tion of flowers? 10. By what two ways does unassimilated plant food reach the leaves? ASTRONOMY. 1. What is the difference between apogee and perihelion? 2. At what point in her orbit does the moon enter her third quarter? At what point does she leave it? 3. What constitutes the day of any planet? What the year? 4. Explain, and give the time of occurrence, of (1) the equinoxes of the earth; (2) the solstices. ' 5. What planets can never be in inferior con- junction? Why? What ones can never be in op- position? Why? 6. What two conditions are essential to an eclipse of the sun? cclxxii SIXTEENTH S TA TE EX A MINA TION. 7. What determines the location of the tropics of a planet? the polar circles'? the zones? 8. Why can there never be a transit of a superior planet? 9. Give Kepler's law concerning the radius vector of a planet; draw a diagram illustrating the law. 10. Give the proof that the moon makes one revo- lution on its axis in the same time that she makes one revolution round the earth. LATIN. 1. Translate: Tandem vulneribus defessi, et pe- dem referre et, quod mons suberat circiter mille pas- suum, eo se recipere coepernnt. Capto monto et succedentibus nostris, Boii et Tulingi, qui hominum millibus circiter XV agmen hostium claudebant et novissimis praesidio erant, ex itinere nostros latere aperto aggressi circumvenere. 3. Give principal parts, mode, and tense of each of the following: defessi, referre, coeperunt, claude- bant, aggressi. 3. Give syntax of nostras and Tiovissimis. Explain how novissimis has its meaning in this passage. 4. Translate : His traditis omnibusque armis ex oppido collatis, ab eo loco in fines Ambianorum per- venit, qui se suaque omnia sine mora dediderunt. 5. Give syntax of Ms, oppido, fines, se. Translate : Atque in alteram partem item cohor- tandi caussa profectus, pugnantibus occurrit. What is coliortandi? Explain its use. 7. Express in Latin : Then at length Liscus, in- duced by the speech of Csesar, disclosed what he had before kept to himself. NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 20, 1888. cclxxlli 8. Write a Latin sentence illustrating the use of a relative clause expressing purpose. 9. Write a Latin sentence illustrating the use of the gerundive. Explain its grammatical construction. 10. Translate: In quos eo gravius Caesar vindi- candum statuit, quo diligentius in reliquum tempusa barbaris jus legatorum conservaretur. Explain the use of Tindieandum. METHODS AND SCHOOL ECONOMY. 1. Give, in a logical order, the three principal steps in conducting a class exercise, and the object to be secured by each step. 2. What three conditions should determine the length of time for the recitation or class- work of a class? 3. Why should primary teaching be chiefly ob- jective? 4. What common school studies especially train the logical reasoning powers? 5. Give a plan for the use of objective lessons in language teaching. 6. Give five reasons why a knowledge of psycho- logy is essential to intelligent philosophical instruc* tion. 7. In a school-room warmed by a stove, what is the best place for the stove — to warm the room and protect the pupils from drafts of cold air? Give reasons. 8. How much home study may properly be re- quired of primary pupils? Of advanced pupils f Give reasons. cclxxlv SIXTEENTH 8TA TE EXAMINA TION. 9. Give reasons for uniformity of text-books; for variety of text-books. State your preference for one or the other. 10. Would you require additional study or other school work as a penalty? Give reasons. CIVIL GOVERNMENT AND SCHOOL LAW. 1. State the composition of each of the three de- partments of the government of the United States. 2. What is a constitution f 3. What is a court of original jurisdiction? An appellate court? 4. Mention five powers conferred upon Congress by the Constitution of the United States. j 5. What jurisdiction has a government over waters of the ocean adjacent to its territory? 6. Define (a) deed; (&) mortgage. 7. What is the basis of representation in the United States Senate. 8. Mention five purposes for which a trustee may expend money without being authorised so to do by a vote of his district. 9. Upon whom is the power to condemn a school - house conferred, by enactment of the legislature of 1887? 10. How may a vacancy in the office of trustee be filled? In the office of collector? In the office of member of the board of education of a union free school district? j' KEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 25. 1889. cclxxr Seveiiteentli Eiamination for State Certificates, Held Simultaneously, Aug. 26-SO, 1889, at Albany, Clyde, New York. Saratoga Spa.. Batavia, Elraira, Ogdensburgh, Seneca Falls, Binghamton, Glens Falls, Oneonta, Syracuse, Brooklyn, Gouverneur, , Plattsburgh, Utica, Buffalo, Mayvllle, Rochester, Watertown, Canandaigua . Newburgh, Salamanca, Whitehall, ARITHMETIC. 1. Write the symbols used in Arithmetic, (a) of number; (b) of operation or computation; (c) of re- lation; (d) of aggregation. 2. Reduce (a) to lowest terms, f|^; (6) to the least common denominator, f, ||, y'^; (c) to a deci- naal. /t; (<0 to a fraction, .047^. 8. A bushel measure is 18^^ inches in diameter and 8 inches deep. Find the dimensions of a similar measure that will contain one peck. 4. At 6 o'clock A. M. the thermometer indicated 20° above zero; at 12 o'clock M., 5° above zero; at 6 o'clock, P. M. , 7° below zero. Find the average temperature from the three observations, and ex- plain the process. 5. A ranchman bought a flock of sheep for $31,- 620; 15 per cent of them died, and he sold the re- mainder at 23 per cent above cost. Required his gain or loss. 6. Make and solve a problem illustrating the ap- plication of brokerage in both buying and selling stocks. «clxxvi SEVENTEENTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 7. If the time is 9 months, 24 days, and the rate per annum is 5 per cent, what per cent of the prin- cipal is the interest ? 8. Find the proceeds of an interest-bearing note dated Albany, N. Y., April 5, 1889, payable in 6 months, and discounted at the bank to-day. 9. Find the interest on a $1,000 U. B. 3 per cent bond, from May 11, 1889, until to day, (Exact in- terest.) 10. What is the area of an isosceles triangle whose base is 16 feet, and whose equal sides are each 17 feet? BOOKKEEPING. 1. In an account kept with a bank, with what ii the bank debited ? With what credited f 2. Paper payable on demand should be entered in what account when received or given ? 3. Mention five classes of items that should be in. eluded in an expense account. 4. What is the distinguishing feature of single entry book-keeping as to the nature or kind of ac- counts kept ? 6-6. Write a draft for one hundred dollars, pay- able sixty days after sight, drawn by George Mills on Henry V. Crane of Albany, N. Y. , in favor of Jones & Wells, and accepted August 15, 1889, to be paid at the Traders' bank. 7. When does an account exhibit a liability ? A loss? 8. State what it meant by the italicized word or •zpreasion used in each of the following: NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST ^, Vm. cclxx?il He will h/ynor the draft. I sent him a Utter of credit. The note will be paid at maturity. The oMets are greater than the liabilities. He expects a remittance next Monday. 9-10. Rule the necessary forms, and enter the following memorandum by both single and double entry, through the several books required : March 30, 1880, Sylvester, Bond & Co., of Brook- lyn, N. Y., sold Edward J. Swift, on account, 228 barrels of flour at |6.18 per barrel. ALGEBRA. Define {a) power; (6) common factor; (c) ratio; (d) pure quadratic equation ; {e) imaginary quantity. 2. State five axioms employed in algebra. 3. Factor Za-\-Q 4/a-f-3; x^—x—\\(i. 4. Prove (a) that a quantity with a negative ex- ponent is equal to the reciprocal of the same quan- tity with an equal positive exponent; (&) that a quantity with the exponent zero is equal to one. 5. Under what conditions is the sum or the differ* ence of the same powers of two quantities exactly divisible by tho sum of the quantities ? By their difference ? 6. Givca ^^4±^ = iit??. to find the value i/ic + 4 \/x-{^ of z. 7. Expand (4a;*— i*)* by the binominal theorem. oclxxvili SEVENTEENTH STATE EXAMINA TION. 8. Extract the square root of 10a»— 6a*y-j-o* — 0. Make and solve a problem in geometrical pro* gression, in which a, n, and r are given to find I. 10. The length of a rectangular lot exceeds its breadth by 20 yards; if each dimension be increased by 20 yards, the area of the lot will be doubled. Find the dimensions of the lot. PLANE GEOMETRY. 1. Prove that the area of a circle may be found by multiplying its circumference by one-half its radius. 2-3. Define (a) rhomboid ; (b) homologous sides; (c) mean proportional; (d) sextant; («) hypothesis. 4. Demonstrate the truth of the proposition: equal chords of a circle are equally distant from its center. 5. Prove that the diagonals of a rhombus bisect each other at right aDgles. 6. Prove that, of the four terms of a proportion, the sum of the first and second is to their difference, as the sum of the third and fourth is to their differ- ence. 7. By construction, find a straight line that is a mean proportional to two given straight lines. 8. Give in succession the steps in finding the centre of a circle. 9. The diagonal of & square is 3 inches. Con- struct the square. NJEW TOSK, ETC., AUGUST 26, 1886. cclxxix 10. The diameter of a circle is 74 feet. Find the length of a chord whose perpendicular distance from the centre of the circle is 35 feet. AMERICAN HISTORY. 1. Distinguish between "royal." "charter," and ** proprietary " governments in the colonies. Give an example of each kind. 2. State two causes which led to the French and Indian war. 3. Give an account of the capture of Stony Point by Gen. Wayne. 4. What causes led to the adoption of the Consti- tution of the United States ? 5. Give a brief sketch of the first inauguration of President Washington, together with some of the in- cidents connected with the centennial anniversary of that inauguration. 6. Sketch briefly the acquisition of Florida by the "Dnited States. 7. What was done by Napoleon III. upon this continent, during our civil war ? How did this government carry out the principles of the Monroe Doctrine ? 8. Mention two things for which each of the fol- lowing were prominent: Franklin, Hamilton, Sew- ard, Chase, Seymour. 9. Name the battle which is recognized as the turning point in the Revolutionary War; the Civil War. Give reasons for such recognition. cclxxx SEVENTEENTH STA TE EXAMINA TION. 10. What American was most prominently asso- ciated with each of the following enterprises and inventions: the first steamboat on the Hudson; the Erie canal; the electric telegraph; the reaper; the sewing machine; vulcanized rubber; repeating fire arms; the Atlantic cable; the Brooklyn Bridge; deepening the channel at the mouth of the Missis* sippi ? GENERAL HISTORY. 1. What gave rise to the first of the Persian in- vasions of Greece ? Who was then the king of Persia ? 2. Name the Grecian leader in each of the follow- ing great battles: Marathon; Thermopylae; Salamis; Plataea. 3. In what field of literature was each of the fol- lowing noted: Homer; Herodotus; Aristotle? 4. Name the First Triumvirate. 5. What is meant by the Hegira; the Koran; Islam ? 6. For what is each of the following especially noted: Von Humboldt; Faraday; Leverrier; Da- guerre ; Agassiz ? 7. What three great armies took part in the Bat- tle of Waterloo ? What effect had that battle upon the fortunes of Napoleon Bonaparte ? 8. State facts about Louis Napoleon; Bismarck; Gladstone ; John Bright. 9. For what are the following names respective- ly famous: Lord Bacon; Harvey; Newton; Milton; Jenner ? NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 26, 19SQ. cclxxxl 10. State some facts as to the Norman Conquest of England. GRAMMAR. 1 But Bacon performed what he promised. In 2 truth, Fletcher would not have dared to make 3 Arbaces promise, in his wildest fits of excitement, 4 the tithe of what the Baconian philosophy has 5 performed. 6 The true philosophical temperment may, we 7 think, be described in four words, much hope, 8 little faith; a disposition to believe that anything, 9 however extraordinary, may be done; an indis- 10 position to believe that anything extraordinary 11 has been done. * * * With great minuteness 12 of observation, he had an aptitude of compre- 13 hension such as has never yet been vouchsafed 14 to any other human being. The small, fine mind 15 of Labruyere had not more delicate tact than the 16 large intellect of Bacon. The Essays contained 17 abundant proofs that no nice feature of charac- 18 ter, or peculiarity in the ordering of a house, a 19 garden, or a court-masque, could escape the 20 notice of one whose mind was capable of taking 21 in the whole world of knowledge. * * * 22 No man would go to Bacon's works to learn 23 any particular science or art, any more than he 24 would go to a twelve-inch globe in order to find 25 bis way from Kensington turnpike to Clapham 26 Common. * * * 27 But that a man like Bacon should have taken 28 them for more, that he should have thought the celxxxil SEVENTEENTH S TA TE EXAMINA TION. 29 discovery of Buch resemblances as these an im- 30 portant part of philosophy, has always appeared- 31 to us one of the most singular facts in the history 32 of letters. 33 The truth is that his mind was wonderfully 84 quick in perceiving analogies of all sorts. — LoKD Macaulay. 1-2. Select ten subordinate clauses as follows : (a) three object clauses; (b) two subject clauses; (c) two adverbial clauses; (d) one relative clause; (e) one ap- positive clause; (/) one attributive clause, i. e., used like a predicate noun. 3. What are the modifiers of words (line 7) ; to learn (line 22)? 4. Select an infinitive used like (a) an adjective; (6) an adverb ; (c) a noun. Select also two principals each of which is the object of a preposition. 5-6. Give the syntax of Arbaces (line 3) ; Uihe (line 4); indisposition (line 9); intelkct (line 16); world (line 21); Bacon (line 27); discovery {line 29); these (line 29); pari (line 30); o?ie (line 31). 7. Parse such and as (line 13); any, more and than (line 23). 8. Select (a) two transitive verbs in the active voice; (6) two transitive verbs in the passive voice; (c) one intransitive verb, 9. Using a subject in the third person, singular number, give a synopsis of the verb move in the potential mode, present tense, in all possible forms. I: 10. Illustrate by sentences five different uses of what ; give the syntax of what in each instance. ymV YOBK, ETC., AUGUST 2Q, 1889. cclxxxiil COMPOSITION AND RHETORIC. 1-2. Give five rules for the use of the comma; write a sentence illustrating each. 3. What rule to prevent ambiguity should be ob- served in locating in a sentence (a) a phrase ? {b) a relative pronoun ? 4. Define and illustrate (a) alliteration; (i) irony. 5. Name the figures of speech employed in each of the following selections : (a) Faithful are the wounds of a friend, but the kisses of an enemy are deceitful. (ft) Place me among the lyric poets, and I will strike the stars with my lofty head, (c) Ye crags and peaks, I'm with you once again. (d) The kettle boils. ifi) The boy, oh ! where is he ? TOPICS. (a) The Centennial of the First Inaugura- tion OF THE United States ; (5) The Battle of Saratoga; (c) The Electric Telegraph. 6-7. Write an outline of not less than five main divisions with such subdivisions as seem appropriate, for a composition upon one of the above topics. 8-10. Write a composition of not more than two hundred words, using the outline as given in an- swer to 6-7. GENERAL LITERATURE. 1. Name one of Shakspeare's plays, and mention four prominent characters in that play. cclxxxiv SEVENTEENTH STATE EXAMINATION. 2. Who was the author, respectively, of each of the following: Kasselas; Don Quixote; the Bride of Lammermoor; Dombey and Son; John Halifax, Gentleman ? 3. Mention a prominent characteristic of the writ- ings of George Eliot, Scott, Burns, Cooper and Irv- ing. 4. Name a prominent character in one work of each of the following authors: Hawthorne, Cooper, Longfellow, Holmes, Bryant. 6. With what celebrated newspapers were the following persons once connected: Horace Greeley; James Gordon Bennett; William Cullen Bryant; Henry J. Raymond; Thurlow Weed? 6. Name the essays of Macaulay which you have read, and mention two characteristics of his style. 7. Sketch briefly the contents of one of those essays. 8. Name four of Whittier'a poems which you have read, and give a brief outline of one of them. 9. Mention three of the prominent characters shown in the fireside scene in Snow Bound, and state for what purpose the poem seems to have been written. 10. State five facts as to Whittier's literary work. LATIN. SELECTIONS PROM C^SAR'S COMMENTARIES. 1 Postquam id animum advertit.copias suas Caesar 2 in proximum collem subducit, equitatumque, qui 3 sustineret hostium impetum, misit. Ipse interim NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST i»,\m. Cclxxxr 4 in colle medio triplicem aciem instruxit legionum 5 quattuor veteranarum; sed in summo jugo duas 6 legiones, quas in Gallia citeriore proxime con- 7 scripserat, et omnia auxilia collocari, ac totum 8 montem hominibus compleri et interea sarcinaa 9 in unum locum conferri, et eum ab his, qui in 10 superiore acie constiterant, muniri jussit. 11 Hostes ubi et de expugnando oppido et de flumine 12 transeundo spem se fefellisse intellexerunt, neque 13 nostros in locum iniquiorem progredi pugnandi 14 causa riderunt, atque ipsos res frumentaria de* 15 ficere coepit, concilio convocato, constituerunt 16 optimum esse, domum suam quemque reverti, et» 17 quorum in fines primum Romani exercitum in- 18 troduxissent,adeosdefendendo8undique conveni- 19 rent, ut potius in suis quam in alienis flnibus de- 20 certarent et domesticis copiis rei frumentariae 21 utereutur, 22 Accedebat ut, quum saevire yentus coepisset et 23 se vento dedissent, et tempestatem ferrent f acil. 24 ius et in vadis consisterent tutius et ab aestu re- 25 lictae nihil saxa et cautes timerent; quarum rerum 26 omnium nostris navibus casus erant extimescendi. 27 Compluribus expugnatis oppidis, Caesar, ubi in- 28 tellexit frustra tantum laborem sumi, neque hos- 28 tium fugam captis oppidis reprimi neque his 29 noceri posse, statuit expectandam classem. 1-3. Translate the above selections. 4. Give the principal parts, mode and tense of compleri (line 8); conferri (line 9) ; f efelliise (line 12;) progredi (line 13); extimescendi (line 26). cclxxxvl SEVENTEENTH ST A TE EXAMINATION. 5. Give the syntax (case and reason for it) of jugo (line 5); oppido (line 11); domum (line 16); copiii (line 20); navibus (line 26). 6. Explain the construction and use of expugnan- do(line 11) pugnandi (line 13); expectandam (line 29). 7. Decline domum (line 16); his (line 9). Com- pare potius (line 19); optimum (line 16). 8. Give reasons for the mode of sustineret (line 8). What is its tense ? Why ? 9. Translate into Latin : (a) At daybreak he sent forward all the cavalry to hinder their rear; (6) If they wished anything, they might return, April 13th. 10. Translate into Latin : It is announced to Caesar that the Helvetii intend to make a journey through the country of the Sequani and Aedui, into the ter- ritory of the Santones. FRENCH. PBBMIBB VOYAGE DE SINBAD LB MABIH. Translate : 1-2. J'avais herite de ma famille des biens con- •iderables; j'en dissipai la meilleure partie dans lei follies de ma jeunesse; mais je revins de mon aveu- glement, je reconnus que les richesses etaient peris- sables, et qu'on en voyait bientSt la fin quand on led menageait aussi mal que je faisais. Je penssi de plus que je consumais malheureusement dans una vie dereglee, le temps, qui est la chose du monde la plus precieuse NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 2Xi, 1889. ocIxxxtM LBS MONTAGNES DS LA SUISSE. Translate: 3-4. Tantdt d'immenses rocbes pendaient en ruiaes au-dessus de ma tSte; tantdt de hautes et bruyantes cascades m'inondaient de leurs epais brouillards; tantdt un torrent eternel ouvrait ^ mes cdtes un ablme dont les yeux n'osaient sender la profondeur. A c6te d'une caverne on trouvait des maisons; on voyait des pampres sees, des vignes dans les terres eboulees d'excellents fruits sur les rocbes, et dea cbamps dans les precipices. Roussbau. Translate : 5-6. Donnez ! pour etre aimes du Dieu que se fit bom me, Pour que le mecbant mSme, en a'inclinant yout- nomme, Pour que votre foyer soit calme et f raternel ; Donnez t afin qu'un jour, ^ votre beure der- ni^re, Centre tons vos pecbes vous ayez la priSre D'un mendiant puissant au ciel. Victor Hugo. 7. Wbat is tbe mode and tense of ayez in above stanza? 8. Name five words used idiomatically witb awnr. 9. Conjugate the present tense of the IndicatiTo mode of venir. 10. Translate into French : (a) Do you intend to go to church to-day t (ft) I see a little girl in tbe garden. (0) Have you neither the book nor the paper f cobaxviii SEVENTEENTH STA TE EXAMINA TION. (d) Where will you be on Monday ? («) How many days are there in a year ? GERMAN. Translate: HANS IM GLOCK. 1-2. Hans hatte seinem Herrn sieben Jahre ge- dient, da sprach er zu ihm: "Herr, meine Zeit ist herum, nun will ich wieder helm zu meiner Mutter; gebt mir meinen Lohn. " Der Herr antwortete : ' 'Du hast mir treu und ehrlich gedient; wie der Dienst war, so soil der Lohn sein," und gab ihm ein StUck Gold, dass so gross als Hansens Kopf war. Hans zog sein Ttichlein aus der Tasche, wickelte den Klumpen hinein, setzte ihn auf die Schulterund machte sich auf den Weg nach Haus. — Grimm. Translate : DER WILDB APFELBAUM. 3-4. In der hohlen Stamm eines wilden Apfel* baumes liess sich ein Schwarm Bienen nieder. Sie fUllten ihn mit den SchS.tzen ihres Honigs, und der Baum ward so stolz darauf , dass er alle anderen B^lume gegen sich verachtete. Da rief ihm ein Hos- enstock zu: Elender Stolz auf geliehene Silssigkeit- en I Ist deine Frucht darum weniger herbe? In diese treibe den Honig herauf, wenn du es rer- magst, und dann erst wird der Mensch dich segnenl — LESBiNa. Tranlate: HOFFNUNG. 5-6. Es reden und trSumen die Menschen viel Yon bessern kunftigen Tagen; Nach einem glticklichen, goldenen Ziel NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 26, 1889. cclxxxix Sieht man sie rennen und jagen. Die "Welt wird alt and wird wieder jung, Doch der Mensch hoff t immer Verbesaerung. Die Hoffnung fahrt ihn in's Leben ein, Sie umflattert den frOhlichen Knaben. Den Jtingling lockt ihr Zauberschein, Sie wird mit dem Greis nicht begraben ; Denn beschliesst er im Grabe der miiden Lauf, Nach am Grabe pflanzt er— die Hoffnung auf. — Schiller. 7. Decline in German, tJie good man, in singular and plural. 8. Give the principal parts of the following verbs: schlagen, beginnen, fliehen, treiben, schneiden.^ 9. Conjugate gelobt werden in the perfect passive tense of the indicative mode. 10 Translate into German: (a) How long have you been in this country ? (b) We have five great hotels in this long street. (c) Franklin, a celebrated American, invented the lightning-rod. (d) Have you read something new in the news- paper ? (e) Who was conquered in the battle at Waterloo? PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 1. Define (a) anatomy; (b) physiology; (c) hygiene. 2. Name ten bones of the body, and give one use of each. 3. Name five glands, .and give one use of each. 4. Of what is blood composed? Distinguish be- ccxc SEVENTEENTH STA TE EXAMINA TION. ' tween arterial and venous blood as to chemical com- position. 5. Name and locate two pairs of nerves, and give the chief office of each. 6. State an effect of the continual and excessive use of alcohol upon each of three different organs. 7. Name and describe three different membranes, and give one use of each. 9. State {a) what the body receives from inhaled air; {h) what exhaled air has received from the body. 10. "When blood flows from a wound in the arm, how may it be known whether an artery or a vein has been cut? If an artery, how may the flow of blood be stopped at once? If the main artery of the arm were severed, how would blood be supplied to the hand in the future? ZOOLOGY. 1. Describe two features in respect to which the carnivora differ from the ruminants. 2. How many normally developed toes has a horse? an ox? a pig? a hen? an ostrich? 3. How do whales differ from fish, as to organs of respiration? 4. Describe the organ by which a venomous ser- pent poisons its victim. 5. How many legs has a fly? a bee? a butterfly? an ant? a spider? I 6. Mention a common characteristic of the opos- \ 49um and the kangaroo. NEW TOIiK, ETC., AUGUST 216, 1889. COXd 7. How does the heart of a crocodile differ from that of a hippopotamus? 8. During which one of the three periods of the life of an insect that undergoes metamorphosis, does it consume the most food? 9. Describe a compound eye. Name an animal provided with compound eyes. 10. Name five characteristics in respect to which the quadrumana differ from the bimana. PHYSICS. 1. A gold ring weighs 25 grains; the sp. gr. of gold is 19 ; how much will the ring weigh when suspended in water? 2. Explain the principle by which a barome- ter indicates the height of a mountain. 3. When a moving body is brought to rest by a stationary object, what becomes of the energy that propelled the moving body? 4. Illustrate the meaning of the term latent heat, employing as your illustration the formation of «team from water. 5. Give illustrations of the three ways in which heat is conveyed 6. Why is little or no dew deposited under the trees of a forest? 7. If the sun is 60° above the horizon, what angle will a line drawn from the eye to the sun's image in the water make with the surface of the water? 8. A stick of timber, 12 ft. long, of equal dimen- fiions throughout and weighing 300 lbs. , rests on two ccxcii SEVEN-TEENTE STATE EXAMINA TION. supports; the first support at one end of the stick: sustains a weight of 120 lbs. How far from the other end is the second support? 9. Describe some common phenomenon which shows that sound requires time to move from one point to another. 10. Give an illustration of osmose of gases. GEOGRAPHY. 1. Trace two navigable water-routes from Buffalo to New York city, not going by the ocean. 2. Name and locate ten prominent colleges or uni- versities in the United States. 3. Locate ( auxilii (line 26). -cccxviii EIGHTEENTH STA TE EXAMINA TION. 7. Give the principal parts of (a) redempta; (b) ^udeat; (c) destrictis; (d) confisae; (e) proficiscatur. 8. Name the prepositions which compounded "with verbs take the dative. 9. Write in Latin : "The war of the Helvetians being finished, ambassadors of almost all Gaul came to Csesar, to congratulate him." 10. Write in Latin : " There was a large plain, ^nd in it a nound of earth suflaciently high.'' FRENCH. Translate: LB MARECHAL DE 8AXB. 1-2. Le marechal de Saxe, voulant un jour don- uer a quelques amis une preuve de sa force, entra chez un f orgeron sous pretexte de f aire ferrer son ^heval. On lui prcsenta un f er qu'il rompit aussitdt entre ses mains. Apres avoir repete cette manoeuvre cinq ou six fois, il feignit de trouver enfin un bon fer qui fut mis au pied du cheval. L'operation faite, il jeta un ecu sur renclume. " t*ardon, monsieur," lui dit le f orgeron, **de bon fer merite de bon ar- ,gent. J'esp^re, qu'ayant de partir, vous me don- nerez une meilleure pi^ce que celle-ci." En pro- non9ant ces mots, il cassa I'ecu en deux. II en fit autant de quatre ou cinq autres qu'on lui donna. Le prince I'observait en silence. " Parbleu," dit-il en- fin en riant, ' ' je vols que je n'ai que de mauvais ecus. Mais voici un louis qui, je I'espere, sera bon." — Le marechal, en se retirant, dut convenir qui'il avait irouve son maltre. — BevacUer. NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 25, 1890. oocxix Translate : Loi. . RELATIVE A L'oBLIGATION DB L'ENSEIGNEMENT PRIMAIRE. 3-4. L'instniction primaire est obligatoire pour les enfants des deux sexes ages de six ans revolus & treize ans revolus; clle peut §tre donnee soit dans les etablissements d'instruction primaire ou secon- daire, soit dans les ecoles publiques ou libres, soit dans les families, par le pSre de famille lui-mgme ou par toute personne qu'il aura choisies, Un rSgle- ment determinera les moyens d'assurer rinstruction primaire aux enfants sourds-muets et aux aveugles. {Nouveau Cod6 de V Instruction Primaire — Ficfiard) Translate: LE RETOUR DANS LA PATRIB. < 5-6. Qu'il va lentement le navire, A qui j'ai confie mon sort! Au rivage ou mon coeur aspire, Qu'il est lent 3, trouver un port! France adoree! Douce contree! Mes yeux cent f ois ont cru te decouvrir, Qu'un vent rapide Soudain nous guide Aux bords sacres oil je reviens mourir. Mais enfin le matelot crie; Terre, terre, l^-bas, voyez! Ah! tous mes maux sont oublies. Salut amapatrie! {Beranger.) 7. Explain the use of qui in tl^e second line of the last extract. What would be the proper form ? cccxx EIGHTEENTH 8 TA TE EXAMINA TION. 8. Give the rules for the past participle of verbs conjugated with 6tre and avoir. 9. Conjugate the present tense of the indicative mode of vouloir; the future tense olfaire; the pres- ent subjunctive of feindre. 10. Translate into French: (a) Do you know how much your son earns a day f (b) How do you like that book? (c) Have the goodne'ss to sit down. (d) It is my sister's turn to read this morning. (e) The clock has struck two. GERMAN. Translate: FRIEDRICH DER GROSSE UND SEIN EDELKNABE. 1-2. Als einst Friedrich der Grosse am Fenster seines Studirzimmers stand, bemerkte er, dass ein Edelknabe hinter seinem Rllcken mehrere Male aua einer Tabaksdose schnupfte, die auf dem Schreib- tische stand. Der Konig that, als sahe er es nicht und liess seinen Diener ruhig gewahren. Nachdem er sich aber vom Fenster zuriickgezogen hatte, fragte er den Edelknaben: "kindest du die Dose nach deinem Geschmacke ? " Der junge Mann, der sein klcines Vergehen entdekt sah, errothete und wagte nicht zu antworten. Der Konig wiederholte seine Frage und der Edelknabe gestand endlich, dass er die Dose sehr schon fande. "Nun, so nimm sie," sagte Friedrich, "sie ist zu klein ftir un,3. beide." — Nach Krauss. Translate: NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUSTS, 1890 cccxxi GESCHICHTE DES DREISSIGJA.HRIGEN KRIEGS. 3-4. Erfochten war der Sieg, aber nur eine weise Benutzung konnte ihn entscheidend machen. Die kaiserliche Armee war aufgerieben, Sachsen sah keinen Feind raehr, und derflilchtige Tilly hatte sich nach Braunschweig gezogen. Ihn bis dahin zu ver- folgen, hatte den Krieg in Niedersachsen erneuert, welches von den Drangsalen des vorhergehenden Kriegs kaum erstanden war. Es wurde also be- schlossen, den Krieg in die feindlichen Lande zu waizen, welche, unverteidigt und offen bis nach "Wien, den Sieger einluden. — Schiller. Translate: GEISTES GRUSS. 5-6. Hoch auf dem alten Thurme steht Des Helden edler Geist, Der, wie das Schiff voriibergeht, Es wohl zu f ahren heisst. " Sieh, dicse Senne war so stark, Dies Herz so fest und wild, Die Knochen voU von Rittermark, Der Becher angefiillt; Mein halbes Leben sttirmt ich fort, Berdehnt, die Half t, in Ruh, Und du, du Menschen-Schifflein dort, Fahr immer, immer zu ! " — Goethe. 7. Add the proper terminations to the unfinished words in the following exercise: cccxxii EIGHTEENTH STATE EXAMINATION, BIN QESPRACH. Gestern war ich bei d— Herr — N. zu Tisch einge- laden. Ausser sein — Familie und mi — waren nur Herr und Frau P. nebst ihr — Tochter — anwesend. Bei Tische sass ich ih — gegentiber. Sie sprachen mir viel von ihr — Neffe — , urn d— sie sehr besorgt waren. Er war nach d — Yereinigt — Staat — gegang- en und seit sechs Monat — batten sie keine Nachricht mehr von ih — erhalten. 8. Give the principal parts of the following verbs: gefallen, finden fechten, schliessen, filllen. 9. Explain use of mode and tense in fande at the close of the first extract. 10. Translate into German: (a) What day of the month is it? (b) My knife i» broken; will you kindly lend me yours? (c) One can find nothing finer than this steel. (d) To whom does these paintings belong? (e) Why do you go out without your hat? METHODS AND SCHOOL ECONOMY. 1. In primary classes which is the more impor- tant to learn, the science or the art of arithmetic? Why? 2. Distinguish between the terms development and drill as employed in teaching. 3. Multiply 764 by 22, and state how you would explain to pupils the value of the partial products. 4. What is the purpose of spelling by sound as contrasted with spelling by letter? NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUSTS, 1890. cccxxiii 5. In what part of a room should be the opening for the removal of impure air? Why? 6. What are the two chief results to be sought in map drawing? Name them in order of importance. Give reasons. 7. Mention two ways of teaching pupils how to study. 8. State two characteristics of a good test ques- tion. 9. From which direction with reference to the pupil (a) should light be admitted; (b) should light not be admitted? Why? 10. Name two subjects of common school study which are important in cultivating (a) the perceptive faculties; (b) the reason. Why? CIVIL GOVERNMENT AND SCHOOL LAW. 1. What is the basis of representation in a Board of Supervisors? 2. What is meant by the enacting clause in a bill before our State Legislature? 3. Mention two respects in which the government of the United States and that of Great Britain agree. 4. The constitution forbids the passage of any " bill of attainder " or " ex post facto " law. Ex- plain the above terms, and state why they are pro- hibited. 5. In what respects did the election of Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams differ from the election of the other presidents? Why? cccxxiv NINETEENTH S TA TE EXAMINA TION. 6. Name the qualifications required for voting at school meetings. 7. Upon what general principle is a supervisor in- eligible to the office of school trustee? 8. Mention five different powers of an annual school meeting. 9. Mention three causes for which a trustee may legally discharge a teacher. 10. Name five powers of a school commissioner. Nineteentli Eiamination for State Certificates. Held August 2j^-28, 1891. ARITHMETIC. 1. The product of any number multiplied by 6 is how many tim«s the product of the same number multiplied by IH Why ? 2. Find the prime factors of 7,056, and from these prime factors determine the square root of that number, 3. Wheat is worth 90 cents per bushel, and a field yields 21 bushels per acre, at a cost of $16.75 per acre for cultivation. If the cost of cultivation be increased 20^, and the yield be thereby increased 30^, what is the net gain per acre ? 4. Annexing the figure 7 to the written number 354 is equivalent to what processes or operations performed, with the number 354 as a base ? NEW YORK, ETC. , AUGUST Zi, 1891. cccxxv 5. My agent in Chicago sells carriages for me, and, after deducting a commission of 20$^ and back charges amounting to $117.92, remits $2,004.88 in full settlement. Required the amount of his com- mission. 6. The proceeds of a 3-months' note discounted at bank at 6^ per annum, the day it was made, were $400. Find the face of the note. 7. Express the value of each of the following by sign, by decimal, and by common fraction in its lowest terms : {a) sixty-two and one-half per cent ; (5) six and two-thirds per cent ; (c) three-fourths per cent ; ((f) thirty-eight and one-eighth per cent. 8. One pound avoirdupois equals 1 lb. 2 oz. 11 pwt. 16 gr. Troy. Find the weight, Troy, equiva- lent to 7 lb. 11 oz. avoirdupois. * C. and D. can do a certain piece of work in 8 days, D. and E. can do the same work in 4 days, and C. and E. in five days. In how many days should the three working together do the same work ? 10. A man sold $14,100 U. P. 7's at 118, and in- vested the proceeds in N. Y. C & H. R. 5's at 94. How was his annual income affected, and how much? ALGEBRA. 1. Prove that rt-" = _, giving all the required steps of the proof. a a — X 2. Simplify -1 1- ^ a-\-x cccxxvi NINETEENTH ST A TE EX A MINA TI ON. 3. A number consists of two places of figures, units and tens ; the number is eqiuil to three times the sum of its digits, and if 45 be added to the num- ber, the order of the digits will be inverted. What is the number ? 4. If X — 22/ be raised to the nth power, (a) how many terms will there be in the power ? (b) what will be the exponent of ^^ in the third term ? (c) what will be the sign of the third term ? (d) what will be the coefficient of the second term ? 5. What is the square root of w^—2x*-\-5x^-\- ix-^-il 6. Multiply a \f~^ by x |/^^ 7. Find three numbers, such that the difference of the first and second shall exceed the difference of second and third by 4 ; the sum of the numbers shall be 20, and the sum of their squares shall be 184. 8. Given 7.'c2 — 15^=18, to find values of x. 9. Given | ^g ; ^:: ^J .^^ [ , to find x and y. 10. Find the prime factors of ax^-\-^ax^—^\ax. GEOMETRY. 1. Define {a) scalene triangle ; (5) polygon ; (c) axiom ; {d) theorem ; {e) corollary. 2. Demonstrate : Any two sides of a triangle are together greater than the third side, and their differ- ence is less than the third side. 3. Demonstrate : Two triangles are equal when they have three sides of the one respectively equal to three sides of the other. NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST ZA, 1891. cccxxvil 4. Demonstrate : In the same or in equal circles, two angles at the center are in the same ratio as their intercepted ares. 5. Through a point without a given circle, con- struct a tangent to the circle. Explain the con- struction. 6. Demonstrate : A line drawn from the middle point of one side of a triangle to the other side, parallel to the base, bisects that side and is equal to half the base. 7. Demonstrate : The area of a trapezoid is equal to the product of a line connecting the middle points of the non-parallel sides and the altitude of the trapezoid. 8. The side of a regular inscribed triangle is 48 V 3. Required the side of the inscribed square. 9. The adjacent sides of a rhomboidal parallelo- gram are 13 ft. and 14 ft.; the area is 120 sq. ft. Find the long diagonal. 10. Two secants cut each other without a circle; the intercepted arcs are 12° and 48°; what is the angle between the secants ? BOOK-KEEPING. 1. Define (a) invoice ; (5) consignment ; (c) journal- izing. 2. In what ledger accounts are gains or losses found ? To what account are they transferred in closing the ledger ? 3. Give the steps in closing a double-entry ledger. cccxxviil NINETEENTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 4. What is the utility or design of a suspense ac- count ? 5. With what items should stock be debited ? With what items credited ? Memoranda. — J. B. Russel & Co. bought of Amos Hall, Sept. 13, 1890, a bill of dry goods amounting to $1,750.75. They paid cash $920, and gave their note for the balance due in 90 days. The note was paid at maturity. 6. Journalize the above transactions — books of Russel & Co. 7. Post the items as journalized. Memoranda. — R. C. Mills bought of Howell Bros., June 1, 1891, a bill of coal amounting to $800, on 60 days* time, 5^ discount for cash. Mr. Mills paid $500 on receipt of bill, and the balance was charged to his account, the proper discount being allowed. 8. Journalize the above transaction — books of Howell Bros. Memoranda. — A., B. & C. enter into co-partner- ship, August 27, 1890, A. investing $8,200, B. $7,500. and C. $6,000. At the end of the year the books of the firm show the following : Per- Bonal accounts, E. F., Dr. $1,962.38, Cr. $2,017.85 ; G. H., Dr. $856.50; I. J., Dr. $3,102.10, Cr. $228.64; M. K, Cr. $1,590. Notestaken, $2,700 ; notes that have been paid to the firm, $1,650. Cash received, $13,024.80 ; cash paid, $11,480.33. Merchandise unsold per inventory, $18,916.45. Notes issued, $22,500 ; notes taken up and re- NEW YORK, ETC.^ AUGUST U, 1891. cccxxix deemed, $17,350. Unexpired lease and fixtures per inventory, $2,312.18. Drawn out by A., $2,- 400 ; by B., $1,800 : by C, $1,200. 9-10. Make a statement that shall exhibit all of the above facts, the amount of gain or loss, and the net capital of each member of the firm. GRAMMAR. 1 In many particulars the typical college of to-day is mani- 2 f estly superior to that of fifty years ago ; but, in the socie- 3 ties of its students for the cultivation of literature and 4 skill in debate, its inferiority is too marked notto awaken 5 solicitude as well as regret, in the minds of all friends of 6 liberal learning. Societies professedly literary, it is true, 7 abound in the college of to-day ; but they are societies 8 in which social elements so predominate over every other 9 that their influence on college life is to enhance its ex- 10 pensiveness, and to split its classes into rival cliques, 11 rather than to quicken their intellects and to rouse them 12 to high endeavor. Nothing yet devised has filled, or can 13 fill, as a means of education, the place of the great debat- 14 ing societies, composed of representatives from every 15 class in college, at once imposing and inspiring from their 16 numbers, which were so marked a feature of the col- 17 lege of forty or fifty years ago. President E. G. Robinson, Brown University. The first seven questions refer to the above selection. 1. Select three subordinate clauses and state what each modifies. 2. Give the modifiers of (a) predominate (line 8); (5) societies (line 14). 3. Select (a) an infinitive modifying an adverb ; (5) an infinitive used as an attribute (predicate noun); (c) a participle in the active voice, used adjectively ; (cZ) a participle in the passive voice, used adjectively. cccxxx NINETEEN THSTA TE EXAMINA TION. 4. Give syntax of {a) regret (line 5) ; (5) means (line 13) ; {c) feature (line 16). 5. Classify as parts of speech {a) to-day (line 7); ■<5) rather (line 11); (c) than (line 11); {d) yet (line 12); {e) ago (line 17). 6. Select three verbs each representing a different mode. Classify the verbs selected as transitive or intransitive, and give the mode and tense of each. 7. Select three conjunctions, and state what each connects. 8. Write (a) a sentence containing a noun in ap- position with a clause ; {h) a clause in apposition with a noun. 9. State three different ways of indicating the gender of nouns. Give an example of each, 10. Name three connectives whose office is to connect subordinate clauses to principal clauses. Illustrate the use of each. COMPOSITION AND KHETORIC. 1. "What is understood by a correct literary taste ? How may it best be cultivated ? 2. Distinguish between wit and humor. 3. Mention four elements of strength in prose comi^osition. Selection : — 1 Thus it was they journeyed homeward ; 2 Thus it was that Hiawatha 3 To the lodge of old Nokomis 4 Brought the moonlight, starlight, firelight, 5 Brought the sunshine of his people, 6 Minnehaha, Laughing Water, NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 2 4, 1891. ccoxxri 7 Handsomest of all the women 8 In the land of the Dacotahs, 9 In the land of handsome women. — Longfellow. 4. Scan the selection, marking it off into feet, and state what kind of verse it is. 5. Justify the use of the capital letters in line 6. 6. Justify the use of the commas in lines 4, 5, 6, and 8. 7. Write original sentences containing {a) a synec- doche ; (b) a climax ; or give quotations from stand- ard authors containing those figures. 8. Paraphrase the expression, "Every man has just as much vanity as he wants understanding." 9. Give two rules for the use of the semicolon, and illustrate each by the punctuation of an original sentence. 10. Give five abbreviations or conventions used in correcting proof, and illustrate or explain the use each. GENERAL LITERATURE. 1 . Name three prominent characters in the ' * Mer- chant of Venice," and mention some distinguishing characteristic of each. 2. Sketch briefly the character of Shylock. 3. Name the three friends so intimately associated with !Mr. Pickwick. 4. Mention two traits of the personal character of Dickens. 5. From what does the " Scarlet Letter " take its title ? How does it show the habits of thought of the people at that time ? cccxxxii NINETEENTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 6. Mention some characteristics of Hawthorne's style. 7. In "The Pioneers," state "where the scene of the story is laid, and mention three of its prominent characters. 8. Mention three characteristics of Cooper's works. 9. State who Evangeline was, give the subject of the poem, and state where the scene was laid. 10. Who was Jessica ? Lorenzo ? Launcelot ? Mr. Wordle ? Arthur Dimmesdale ? Roger Chil- lingworth ? Judge Temple ? Basil ? Gabriel ? Feli- cian ? GEOGRAPHY. 1. What determines the width of the zones ? 2. How does its elevation affect the temperature of a place ? Why ? 3. State the directions of the trade winds. Ac- count for these directions. 4. Large bodies of water keep off frost. Explain this. 5. In connection with what phases of the moon do spring tides occur ? Explain it. 6. Compare the climate of southern France and lower California. State causes. 7. Locate {a) Detroit ; ip) Cincinnati ; {c) Atlanta; (d) Kew Orleans ; {e) Memphis ; (/) Denver ; {g) Bismarck ; (7i) Seattle ; (^) Santa Fe ; {j) St. Paul. 8. Describe the surface and drainage of Europe, 9. {a) What five States occupy the Balkan penin- sula ? (5) What waters surround this peninsula ? NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST24, 1891. cccxxxitt 10. Name and locate the chief commercial city of (a) Scotland ; (b) Belgium ; (c) Germany ; (d) Austro- Hungary ; (e) Spain AMERICAN HISTORY. 1. What was the general result of the French and Indian war ? "What led to that war ? 2. What historic event of the Revolution is sug- gested by each of the following names respectively: Herkimer? Sullivan? Allen? Arnold? Wayne? 3. Give some account of the principal event of Madison's administration ? 4. Mention some facts of interest about Silas Wright, AVilliam H. Seward, Horatio Seymour, Roscoe Conkling, and Samuel J. Tilden. 5. What was the " Dred Scott decision " ? What Chief Justice of the United States rendered that decision ? 6. Name five large acquisitions of territory by the United States during the present century, and state how each was acquired. 7. What led to the adoption of the fifteenth amendment of the Federal Constitution ? 8. Who was John Ericsson ? What first brought him into public notice in this country ? 9. Mention five prominent inventions of this cen- tury, and name the inventors (Americans). 10. For what was each of the following respec- tively noted : Irving ? Cooper ? Bryant ? Lossing ? Roebling ? cccxxxi V NINETEENTH S TA TE EXAMINA TION. GENERAL HISTORY. 1. What caused the decline and fall of the Roman Empire ? 2. What were the " Crusades ? " 3. What did the battle of Waterloo determine ? Give reasons for your answer. 3. What caused the ' ' War of the Spanish Succes- sion " ? To what did it lead in America ? 5. For what was each of the following respective- ly noted : Galileo ? Copernicus ? Raphael ? Cre- vantes ? Edmund Spencer ? 6. In what did the feudal system originate ? To what period of history does it especially belong ? 7. What were the characteristics of that system ? 8. By whom and when was it introduced into England ? 9. Give meaning of the terms, "allodium," "fief," "vassal." 10. How did this system reach into our own State ? DRAWING, 1. Give the use of the following conventions in working drawings : {a) dot and dash line ; (6) dotted line ; (c) dash line, 2. Draw top view and front view of a vertical square prism, standing at an angle of 45° i. e., with two front faces equally visible. 8. On the top face of a cylindrical block one inch high and three inches in diameter, stands a cone NEW YORK, ETC., A UOUST 24, 1891. cccxxrv" four inches high with base two inches in diameter. Draw top view and front view of the combination. 4 Represent the combination described in No. 3, as standing in front and below the eye. 5. Where do horizontal edges extending directljr from the eye appear to meet ? 6. Represent the following group in front and. below the eye : A block one inch high and three inches square, turned at an angle of 45° ; a tumbler standing near the block, and hiding a part of the left face. 7. In what three ways may a unit of design be: used to make a decorative arrangement ? 8. IIow is a natural form conventionalized ? 9. Make an original design of an outside door, with transom window above it. 10. Place a book on the desk at an angle of 45° to your right, with its front parallel to the front of the desk. Give the dimensions of the book, and make a sketch on a scale of 1 to 3. PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. 1. Which of the three main cavities of the body is lined by the arachnoid ? Which by the peri- toneum ? "Which by the pleura ? 2. Which end of the ribs is the lower, the dorsal or the ventral ? How does this position of the ribs become serviceable in the act of breathing ? 3. Do the muscles which are attached to the skeleton generally have their attachments to one bone or more than one ? Why ? Are these muscles voluntary or involuntary ? striped or unstriped ? cccxxxvi NINETEENTH S TA TE EXAMINA TION 4. Give an example of a movement which would be ascribed to reflex action of the spinal cord. Trace the course of the nervous impulse from the stimulus where the action originates to the muscle where motion is produced. 5. Describe the special tract in the circulation of the blood, called the portal circulation. 6. By what two means is the rhythmic flow of the blood in the arteries changed to the regular and even flow in the veins ? 7. Of the gastric and pancreatic juices, which is acid and which is alkaline ? Which of these is a solvent of starch by changing it to sugar ? 8. What are peptones ? Which of the digestive fluids is the principal producer of peptones ? 9. During which part of the process of respira- tion are the muscles of the thorax and diaphragm most active ? Describe the action of these muscles. 10. What two organs of the body, by dilferent methods, throw off the gases and vapors which render ventilation necessary ? ZOOLOGY. 1. Describe the mode of respiration {a) of the lob- ster, {b) of the fly, (c) of the angleworm. 2. The bear is a plantigrade, carnivorous mammal, and, in high latitudes, hibernates. Explain the italicized words. 3. Which is the more dainty in respect to its food, the perfect insect or the larva from which it comes ? Illustrate your answer by a particular example. NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST !M, 1891. cccxxxvil 4. Tell something of the appearance and habits of the potato beetle in two of its metamorphic stages. 5. Distinguish between bilateral and radial sym- metry, as seen in the anglewprm and the starfish. 6. State one peculiarity of the structure of the bones of birds which illustrates adaptation of organ of function. 7. Which of the fins of a fish are homologous to the limbs of higher vertebrates ? 8. Name tliree orders of mammals, of each of which one important characteristic is found in the form of the teeth, stating the peculiarity of tlie teeth of each order named, 9. Name five rodents found in this State. 10. How does the sternum of most birds compare, «s to relative size, with the same bone in mam- mals ? How does this indicate adaptation of struc- ture to mode of life ? GEOLOGY. 1 . {(i) How does rock, as a geological term, differ from the common use of the word ? {h) What is metamorphic rock ? (c) What is igneous rock ? 2. Name two plants and one animal that secrete silica. 3. Name, in order of formation, the age to which €ach of the following belongs : (a) coal measures ; {h) the Niagara shales ; (c) old red sandstone. 4. What are moraines ? How are the evidences of moraines, found in this State, interpreted ? 5. Name the four geological ages to which the outcrop of the State of New York belongs. cccxxxvlii NINETEENTH ST A TE EXA MINA TION. 6. What is drift ? Note some geological changes, at present taking place, which illustrate the process of its formation. 7. From what rocks is clay derived ? "What me- tallic base of these rocks unites the oxygen to form, it? 8. In what does graphite differ from coal ? What is asphalt ? 9. Locate a great bituminous coal area of the United States and a great anthracite coal area of the same country. Account for the difference in the characteristics of the two kinds of coal. 10. To what class of animals did the trilobite be- long ? To what ages ? BOTANY. 1. Which part of the name, Rosa Alba, indicates the genus, and which the species, to which the plant belongs ? Define the terms * ' species " and ' ' genus " as used in botany. 2. Describe the three parts of a simple pistil. 3. What part of the flower develops into fruit ? Define the word " fruit " in its botanical sense. 4. State two conditions essential to the germina- tion of seeds. 5. By which process of propagation, from seed or from stem, can new plants be obtained which will bear fruit like that of the parent plant : {a) from the carrot ? {p) from the strawberry plant ? (c) from the apple tree ? (f?) from the turnip plant ? {e) from the potato plant V NEW YORK, ETC., A UGUST 24, 1891. cccxxxix 6. What is the principal office of roots ? Explaia the advantage of rotation of crops in agriculture. 7. A walnut tree is an exogenous^ 'perennial plant, bearing both staminate and pistillate flowers. Ex- plain the meaning of the italicized words. 8. Of what use to the plant is the starch found ia the kernel of corn ? 9. Describe the cotyledons of the bean plant. 10. "What two organs of plants take food supplies ? Name the minute parts from each of these organs through which the food enters the plant. ASTRONOMY. 1. What other heavenly bodies are most like the sun ? 2. Name three planets besides Earth which have one or more moons. 3. When the sun is on the meridian, on the day of the autumnal equinox, whatisitsaltituduc in Lat. 42° north ? What is its right ascension on the same day ? 4. Why is the sun's apparent daily motion slightly irregular, causing it to be " fast and slow of clock," as the almanacs express it ? 5. What are the asteroids ? Between the orbits of what two planets are their orbits ? 6. Why do the circumpolar stars seem to revolve around the north star ? 7. Make a diagram representing the sun and the five planets nearest the sun, in their order of dis- tance ; i)ut Mercury in inferior conjunction, Venus in superior conjunction, and Mars in opposition. cccxl NINETEENTH S TA TE EXAMINA TION. 8. Could an occultation of Venus by the moon occur during a lunar eclipse ? Why ? 9. How great would the inclination of the earth's axis to the plane of its orbit need be, in order to "bring the sun to the zenith, in Lat. 43°, on the sum- mer solstice ? 10. Disregarding fractions, state the number of times, annually, the moon (a) rotates on her axis, ijj) revolves around the earth, {c) revolves around the sun. PHYSICS. 1. Explain why a rapidly moving bicycle tends to remain in an upright position. 2. {a) What causes water to rise in a common lift- ing pump ? (6) What causes the air to rise in an air pump ? 3. A piece of hard rubber, rubbed briskly on a dry woolen cloth, will attract bits of paper. State what next takes place, and give the cause. 4. The smaller piston of a hydrostatic press is worked by a lever whose power arm is fifteen inches, and whose weight arm is one inch. The area of a cross section of the smaller piston is one inch, and of the larger piston twelve inches. What weight on the larger piston will be balanced by a power of ten pounds on the extreme end of the lever ? 5. Which is heavier, water at 35° or at 39°, F.? State the law of expansion and contraction of water as illustrated by this case. 6. Name two properties of air as shown by the diving-bell. NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUSTS, 1891. cccxH 7. "Why is not the leuuing tower of Pisa over- turned by the force of gravity ? 8. What causes the rotary motion in a Barker's Mill? 9. If a piece of writing paper be wrapped around an iron bar and placed in the tlame of a lamp, the paper will not readily burn ; but if the iron be withdrawn, the paper will burn immediately. Ex- plain. 10. Why do parallel lines retreating from the eye appear to converge ? CHEMISTRY. 1. Describe a method of preparing chlorine. 2. What elements compose («) marsh gas ; (6) starch ; (c) common arsenic ; {d) muriatic acid ; (tf) alcohol ? 3. Classify the following as acids, bases, or salts : {a) lime ; (5) vinegar ; {c) cream of tartar ; {cV) bak- ing soda ; {e) ammonia. 4. Define an element. Give the number of ele- ments. 5. Name one distinctive or characteristic property of each of the following : (a) Pb ; {b) Na ; (c) Hg ; (d) Sb ; {€) N. 6. Give a test for the presence of («) arsenic ; (&) sulphureted hydrogen ; (c) carbon dioxide. 7. What is the composition of {a) limestone ; (6) quick lime ; (c) lime water ? 8. Give the chemical name of {a) sal soda ; Qj) salt- petre ; {c) common salt ; {d) blue vitriol ; {e) brim- stone. cccxlii NINETEENTH S TA TE EX A MINA TION. U. Of wliat substances is gunpowder made ? 10. What gas is liberated in making soda biscuits ? What purpose does this gas serve when so liberated ? LATIN. (1) Bello Helvetiorum confecto, totius fere Galliae legati, (2) principes civitatum, ad Cassarem gratulatum conven- ts) erunt. (4) Quibus rebus Csesarem vehementer commotus matur- es) andum sibi existimavit, ne, si nova manus Sueborura (6) cum veteribus copiis Ariovisti sese conjunxisset, minus (7) facile resist! posset. (8) Temporis tanta fuit exiguitas hostiumque tarn paratus (9) ad dimicandum animus, ut non modo ad insignia accom- (10) modanda, sed etiam ad galeas induendas scutisque tegi- {\V) menta detrudenda tempus defuerit. (12) Illi, etsi propter multitudinem et veterem belli gloriam (13) paucitatemque nostrorum se tuto dimicaturcs existima- (14) bant, tamen tutius esse arbitrabantur. obsessis vlis, com- (15) raeatu intercluso, sine ullo vulnere victoria potiri. 1-3. Translate the above selections. 4. Select («) a gerundive ; (5) a supine ; (c) a gerund. 5. Give syntax (case and VN^hy) of {a) Cmsarem (line 2): (6) siU (line 5); ic) se (line 13); {d) insignia {Mne 9); (e) victoria (line 15). 6. Select an example of a periphrastic conjuga- tion expressing {a) only futurity ; {b) duty or neces- sity. 7. Name three ways of expressing purpose. Il- lustrate by examples. 8. Give principal parts of {a) oriuntur ; (b) de- iracto ; (c) gerereniur ; (d) cognomssent ; {e) contule- Tunt. NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 21 1801. cccxliii 9. Write {a) a Latin sentence containing a noun in the accusative used as the subject of an infinitive ; (b) a Latin sentence containing a subordinate clause introduced by ne. 10. Decline (a) ju^urandum ; {b) filia ; (c) vis. FRENCH. Traslate : VAN DYCK. 1-2. Van Dyck etait eleve de Rubens. Un jour que ce dernier etait sorti pour prendre I'air, Van Dyck €t ses camarades s'approchent de deux tableaux que Rubens venait d'ebaucher. En se poussant mutuellement pour voir de plus pres, Tun d'eux tombe sur les ebauches et les efface. Comment faire pour eviter les reproches du maitre a son retour ? *' II faut," dit I'un d'eux, " que le plus habile d'en- tre nous t^clie de reparcr ce malheur ; je donne ma voix a Van Dyck." Ses camarades applaudissent. Van Dyck se met a I'oeuvre. II imite le mieux qu'il pent la maniere de Rubens, qui revient au bout de trois heures. Rubens porte les yeux sur ce qu'il €roit ses ebauches et dit a ses eleves inquiets. " Ce n'est past la ce que j'ai fait de plus mauvais en ma Yie." Fisher. Translate : la nation franqaise. 3-4. C'est une plaisante nation que le notre ; sa vanite n'est pas faite comme celle des autres peuples; ceux-ci sont vains tout naturellement, ils n'y cher- chent point de subtilite, ils estiment tout ce qui se cccxliv NINETEENTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. fait chez eux cent fois plus que ce qui se fait ailleurs . . . .voila ce qu'on appelle una vanite franche. Mais nous autres Frangais, il faut que nous touchions d, tout et nous avons change tout cela. Nous y cnten- dons bien plus de finesse, et nous sommes autrement delies sur Tamour propre. Estimer ce qui se fait chez nous ! Eh ! ou en serait-on s'il fallait louer ses. compatriotes ? On ne saurait croire le plaisir qu'un. Frangais sent a denigrer nos meilleurs ouvrages, et d, leur preferer les fariboles venues deloin. Ces gens- !§, pensent plus que nous, dit-il ; et dans le fond, il ne le croit pas C'est qu'il faut que I'amour-pro- pre de tout le monde vive. II parle des habiles gens^ de son pays, et, tout habiles qu'ils sont, il les juge;^ cela lui fait passer un petit moment assez liatteur, II les humilie, autre irreverence qui lui tourne ert profoudeur de jugement : qu'ils viennent, qu'ila paraissent, ils ne Tetonneront point, ils ne deferrer- ont pas Monsieur; ce sera puissance contre puis- sance. Enfin, quand il met les etrangers au-dessus de son pays, il n'a plus du paysan au moins : c'est Thomme detoute nation, de tout caractere d'esprit ; et somme totale, il en salt plus que les etrangers eux- m^mes. Marivaux. Translate : l'homme et la riviere. 5-6. Au bord d'un fleuve, un paysan, Assis sur une large pierre, Regardait I'eau couler d'un air impatient. "L'ami, que fais-tu la?" — "Monsieur, pour une affaire NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 24, 1891. cccxlv Au village prochain jesuis contraint d'aller ;. Je ne vols point de pont pour passer la riviere, Et j 'attends que cette eau cesse enfin do couler," Florian. 7. Select a verb from the above extracts which is always conjugated impersonally. Give a synopsis of this verb in the indicative mode. 8. Give the feminines of (a) inquiet, (U) faux, (c) fou, (d) malin, (e) ahsous. 9. Write sentences introducing five adjectives which have a different meaning according as they precede or follow the noun. Show the difference in. meaning by translating the sentences into English. 10. Translate into French : {a) I find no amusement anywhere. (p) I like to be in the country. (c) Make haste to finish your lessons. {d) It is so warm that we keep all the windows open. {e) Fortune, be it good or bad, has no power over the: soul of the wise. GERMAN. der schulmonarch. Translate : 1-2. Als Karl der Zweite den Doktor Busby be- suchte, soil der Doktor. seinen Hut auf dem Haupte, durch seine Schule gegangen sein, wahrend Se. Majestat hoflich den Hut in der Hand, hinter ihm her schritt. Als der Kouig aber an der Thiir Ab- schied nahm, redete ihn der Doktor mit grosser cccxM NINETEEN TH STA TE EXAMINA TION. Demut so an: ,,Sire, ich hoffe ew. Majestat wer- deo meinen mangel an Respect entschuldigen ; denn wenn meine Buben wUssten dass es einen grosseren Mann in Reiche gebe, als micli, so wtlrde ich nie im vStaude sein, sie zu regieren. " Nach Stoeme. Translate : johann friedrich. 3-4. Johann Friedrich war sehr ruhig dabei. Im Anfang seiner gefangenscliaft zeigte er sichbekiim- mert, weil man, ilim sagte, sein altester Sohn sei in der Schlacht umgekommen ; als aber ein Trompeter, der deslialb in die Stadt geschickt ward, mit der Naclirichi Zurlickkam, der Prinz lebe und werde bald von der Wunde, die ihm beigebraclit worden, genesen sein, auch ein Wahrzeichen desselben mit- brachte, erschein Johann Friedrich nicht anders als getrost und herzhaft. Ueber alle Furcht filr sich selber erhob ihn die Gewissheit einer andern leben- digen Gemeinschaft, der er von jeher angehort, und sein vollkommen reines Gewissen. Man erzaiilt, das Todesurteil sei ihm publicirt worden, als er mit Her- zog Ernst von Braunschweig, der mit ihm gefangen worden, Schach spiel te, Er war langst darauf ge- fasst ; nicht einmal in seinem Spiel Hess er sich dadurch storen: , .Better," sagte er, nachdem er das Urtheil wie ein anderes Papier neben sich gelegt, .,,gebt Acht auf euer Spiel ; Ihr seid matt." L. Ranke. Translate : wo ? 5-6. "Wo wird einst des Wandermliden Letzte Ruhestatte sein ? NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUSTS. 1891. cccxlvil Unter Palmen in dem Sildeu Unter Linden an dem Rhein ? Werd' icli wo in einer Wilste Eingescharrt von fremder Hand ? Oder ruh' ich an der Kiiste Eines Meeres in dem Sand ? Immerliin ! Mich wird umgeben Gottesliimmel, dort wie hier, Und als Totenlampen schweben Naclits die Sterne iiber mir. Heine. 7. Give the principal parts of the following verbs, contained in the above extracts : Wussteii, hekum- mert, zuTuckkam, genesen, Hess. 8. Conjugate anreden in the present indicative, sick bekummern in the imperfect subjunctive. 9. Write sentences in German, not found in the above extracts, illustrating two common uses of the subjunctive mode. 10. Write in German, using at least fifty words exclusive of address and signature, an application for the position of teacher of the German language in the public schools of New York city. METHODS AND SCHOOL ECONOMY. 1. What is the Socratic method of teaching ? 2. Mention two advantages gained by teaching the four fundamental processes of arithmetic in the study of a single number. 3. What is involved in good teaching, besides im- parting instruction ? cccxlviii NINETEENTH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 4. Write a brief outline of a primary language Jesson, selecting some object in this room as the subject of the lesson. 5. Explain the process of induction. 6. Show how the educational maxim, "Proceed from the concrete to the abstract," may be put in practice in number work. 7. State three objections to the practice of judging pupils' proficiency in arithmetic from written solu- tions of problems, brought to the class. 8. A parent sends a respectful, written request that his son be excused from language and grammar, in order to give more attention to practical studies. Write a suitable reply from the teacher. 9. Outline a brief plan for "busy work " in a rural school. 10. If a pupil frequently absents himself from school, when not compelled to do so by absolute necessity, what is the teacher's duty with reference to maintaining his position in the class ? Give reasons for your answer. CIVIL GOVERNMENT AND SCHOOL LAW. 1. In the United States Congress, how is the in- fluence of the State preserved in matters relating to taxation ? 2. Wliat is an embargo aCt, and why should Con- gress alone control such acts ? 3. Why does the constitution provide for the election of President by electors rather than by popular vote ? Has the intention of the framers of NEW YOBK, ETC., AUGUST 2i, 1891. cccxlix the constitution been realized in this matter ? Give reason for your answer. 4. Name three provisions of the laws of the United States for raising revenue, 5. What is the President's message ? In your answer, state when, why and to whom it is addressed. 6. What provision of the constitution secures to the freedman the right of citizenship ? 7. Upon what principle of government does a State appropriate money for the support of the schools? Give at least two reasons. 8. If a vacancy occur in the office of School Com missioner, how may the vacancy be filled, and for how long ? 9. Upon what principle of our government cannot a Supervisor be a school district trustee ? 10. What judicial power has a School Commis- sioner ? Twenlietli Eiamination for State Certificates, Held August 22-26, 1892, ARITHMETIC. 1. The sum of two numbers is 147|, and their difference is 83^. What are the numbers ? 2. Find the cost of 30 scantlings 16 feet long, 2 in. by 4 in., and 10 3-inch planks, each 14 feet long and 10 inches wide, at $28 per M, board measure. 3. Change the wording of the problem, "Given the product and the multiplicand to find the multi- cccl TWENTIETH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. plier," to express the corresponding problem in {a) division ; (p) ratio ; (c) percentage ; {d) price, quan- tity and cost. 4. Find the face of a non-interest-bearing, two months' note which, discounted at bank on the day it was made, at 6^ per annum, will yield $831.18. 5. The diagonal of a square is 19. 8 feet. Required the side of the square. 6. Make and solve a problem illustrating the dif- ference between the common method of computing interest and the exact-interest method. 7. If I invest $11,337.50 in N. Y. C. «&H. R.R. stock at 113^, brokerage \%, and receive during a year quarterly dividends of \%, what is the rate of income per annum upon my investment ? 8. If 11 men can dig a trench 46 rods long in 18^ days, in how many days can 45 men dig 128 rods of a similar trench ? (Solve by analysis.) 9. If it cost 30 cents a line for tho first insertion of an advertisement in a newspaper, 10 cents a line for each of the next 9 insertions, 6 cents a line for all subsequent insertions, and I pay a bill of $17.28, how many insertions of an eight-line advertisement should there have been ? 10. If a man owns 38^^ of a business and sells 18^ of his share for $448.50, how much was the estimat- ed value of the business ? ALGEBRA. 1. Add 7 {x-\-Z)-^y*'-{-(ib\ Zy^-^ab^^Q (aj-fS), 5ad»-5y*-f3 (a;+3), and 7y*-(«-f3)-2a5«. NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 'iZ, 1892. cccli Subtract (m — n) y^/^ — (/i + 3 ^^x^y* + y"^ from n y^^^i^- (w + n) .^/^, 2. Multiply a;"^ 4"^ '"■^'* t)ya;'" + '* — y-«-». 3. Simply a— [—]—(— a 4-1) +aj+l — 2a]. 4. Divide aa^ — v* by x—y correct to four terms of" quotient. 5. Resolve the following quantities into their prime factors: w^— 3m— 28 ; ^a^ -\-Sa-\-^ ; x^y^-\- ax^—a^y^ — a^. 6. A pleasure party of m persons hired a boat. If there had been c persons more in the party, each person would have paid d dollars more. How much- did each person pay ? 7. Find the values of x, y and z in the following equations : 2a;-|-3y— z=13, 3a;— y-|-2z=15, and— 5a; +2^— 3s=— 28. ^2 8. There is a number composed of two digits such that the sum of the squares of the digits is 14 more^ than the number. The sum of the digits is 8. What is the number ? 9. Solve: ^+f + Vn^+^"^- 10. Solve: i/^l _ V^= Vl-H^. GEOMETRY. 1. Define (a) supplementary arcs ; (b) incommen- surable quantities ; (c) symmetrical figures with regard to an axis of symmetry ; {d) reduciio ad ab- surdum -ccclii TWENTIETH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 2. Demonstrate : The bisector of an angle of a triangle divides the opposite side into segments pro- portional to the other two sides. 3. Demonstrate : Lines connecting the middle points of the sides of a triangle divide the triangle into four equal triangles. 4. Demonstrate : If two angles of a triangle are equal the sides opposite the equal angles are equal, and the triangle is isosceles. 5. Demonstrate : Two angles whose sides are per- pendicular each to each are either equal or supple- mentary. 6. The exterior angles of a polygon, made by producing each of its sides in succession, are together -equal to how many right angles ? Demonstrate. 7. Demonstrate : The tangents to a circle drawn from aa exterior point are equal, and make equal angles with the line joining the point to the centre. 8. Given the line A B. Erect a perpendicu- lar to the line at the point B. Give construction* 9. Demonstrate : The area of a regular polygon is equal to one-half the product of its apothegm by its perimeter. 10. The radius of a circle whose diameter is thirty- six inches bisects a chord twenty-four inches in lengtih. Required the length of that part of the radius between the chord and the circumference. BOOK-KEEPING. 1. Arrange under their respective headings of Dr. of Cr. the following : (a) our notes issued ; (5) capi- NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 2rZ, 189i?. cccli?! tal invested ; (c) cash received ; {d) others' notes re- ceived ; (e) losses. 2. What book is used to give the history of busi- ness transactions as they occur ? What one to classify the results of the business ? Rule form of each. 3. {a) Distinguish between debit and debtor, {b) What is the use of the Bill Book*? 4. What is the acceptance of a draft ? Write one in proper form. 5. Write a receipt for money advanced on con- tract. 6. What summarized results should be shown in the balance sheet at closing ? 7. Give meaning or use of each of the following symbols or conventions: {a) ojc; (b) ^; (c) 1^; (d) i. o. b.; (e)frt.; (/) L. F.; (g) Com.; (h) pp.; (i) for'd ; (J) I. B. MeTnoranda.—RichsiTd Brewster & Go. received August 5, 1892, from Harold & Lochner, invoice of sheetings amounting to $674.28. To-day, Mr. Brewster sent Harold & Lochner check for amount of said invoice less a discount of 2 per cent ; paid a gas bill of $30. 75, and for rent of store $200 ; sold L. K. Jones bill of goods amounting to $325.80, receiving In payment therefor Mr. Jones' note for $150, payable In thirty days, and the balance in cash. 8-9. Journalize the several transactions. (Books of Richard Brewster.) 10. Give five particulars of the note mentioned in the memoranda, to be enumerated when it is entered in the Bill Book. CCCliV TWENTIETH ST A TE EX A MINA TION. GRAMMAR ""^ THE BUOY-BELL. 1. How like the leper, with his own sad cry 2. Enforcing his own solitude, it tolls ; 3. That lonely bell set in the rushing shoals, 4. To warn us from the place of jeopardy I 5. O friend of man I sore vexed by Ocean's power, 6. The changing tides wash o'er thee day by day ; 7. Thy trembling mouth is filled with bitter spray, 8. Yet still thou ringest on from hour to hour ; 9. High is thy mission, though thy lot is wild — 10. To be in danger's realm a guardian sound ; 11. In seaman's dreams a pleasant part to bear, 12. And earn their blessing as the year goes round ; 13. And strike the key-note of each grateful prayer 14. Breathed in their distant homes by wife or child. — Charles Tennyson Turner. The first six questions refer to the above selection. Notes.— 1. A combination of subject and predicate is called a clause. Clauses are principal or subordinate. 2. Subordinate clauses include (a) subject clauses ; (6) ob- ject clauses ; (c) adjective clauses; (cO adverbial clauses. 3. In naming a clause, include only its unmodified sub- ject and unmodified predicate. 4. A preposition with its object is called a phrase. 5. In naming a phrase, give only the preposition and ita unmodified object. 6. A modifier may be a word, phrase or clause. 7. An object of a transitive verb is classed as a modifier of that verb. 8. Only eight parts of speech are recognized — ^the articles t?ie and a forming a subdivision of adjectives, and participles being one of the forms of verbs. 9. Infinitives are classed as modes of the verb. 10. In parsing a noun or pronoun, observe the following order : class, person, number, gender, case. Give the reason for case. In parsing a relative pronoun, state the agreement with its antecedent. A'UW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 22, 1852. ccclv 11. In giving the syntax of a noun or pronoun, give only the case and the reason for it. ^ 12. Treat verbs as divided into two classes only, viz., tran sitive and intransitive ; a transitive verb may be used in the active or the passive voice. 13, In parsing a verb, observe the following order : princi- pal parts, regular or irregular, transitive or intransitive, voice, mode, tense, person, number, agreement; give the special use of an infinitive or a participle after tense. 1. Classify five clauses, according to notes 1 and 2. 3. Sc4ect all the participles, exclusive of those which are used only as adjectives and immediately precede the nouns which they modify. State what each participle modifies. 3. Select all the infinitives and state what each modifies. 4. Give the syntax of {a) leper (line 1); {b) bell (line 3); {c)frien(H}meb)', (d) day (the first one, line 6); {e)part (line 11). 5. Parse is filled (line 7). 6. To what part of speech does each of the fol- lowing words belong : (a) sore (line 5); {b) yet (line 8): (c) still (line 8); {d) wild (line 9); {e)as (line 12.) 7. Write a sentence containing an infinitive used {a) as an object of a transitive verb ; (^>) in apposi- tion with the pronoun 2^;/ (c) as a modifier of a noun. 8. "Write a sentence containing as so used that it may be considered a relative pronoun. 9. Write a sentence containing a verb having two objects denoting the same person, one of which shall be in the nature of an attribute. 10. Illustrate the use of {a) a noun used indepen- dently with a participle ; {b) a participle modifying a noun and modified hj an adverb. ccclvi TWENTIETH S TA TE EXAMINA TION. COMPOSITION AND RHETORIC. I. Classify according to their predominating char- acteristics, as narrative, descriptive, persuasive, or expository, the following : {a) history ; (p) books of travel ; {c) the essay ; {d) the oration ; {e) scientific works. 3-3. Note and explain the rhetorical figures in the following selection : 1. This is the earth He walked on ; not alone 2. That Asian country keeps the sacred stain ; 3. 'Tis not alone the far Judean plain, 4. Mountain and river 1 Leo, the sun that shone 5. On him shines now on us ; when day is gone, 6. The moon of Galilee comes forth again 7. And lights our path as his ; an endless chain 8. Of years and sorrows makes the round world one. 9. The air we breathe, he breathed.— the very air 10. That took the mold and music of his high II. And godlike speech. Since then shall mortal dare 12. "With base thought, front the ever-sacred sky, 13. Soil with foul deed the ground whereon he laid 14. In holy death his pale immortal head ? —Bichard W. Gilder, 4. Explain why the word lie in line 1 is begun "with a capital and not in lines 9 and 13. 5. Paraphrase the last sentence of the selection, adapting both arrangement and diction to prose composition. 6. Recast the following expressions, changing the metaphors into similes and the similes into meta- phors : (a) Strike while the iron is hot. (6) Man I thou pendulum between a smile and a tear, (c) The hoarse rough verse should like the torrent roar. (cD A breeze came wandering from the sky, light as the whispers of a dream. ^^^y YOF^K.ETC, AUGUST 22, 1892. ccclvii 7. Scan the following stanza, marking it off into feet, and tell what kind of verse it is : Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary. Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore, While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door. "'Tissome visitor," I muttered, "tapping at my chamber door; Only this and nothing more." 8-9. Write a letter to the president of the board of education recommending some friend for a posi- tion as a teacher. 10. Fill the blanks with such of the following words as most fitly express the meaning, viz. : hearty, mode, cordial, method, sincere, manner. The teacher had adopted a good of teaching drawing, but the pupils had previously acquired a bad of hold- ing the pencil, rendering it difficult to determine the in which the teacher should proceed to correct the fault. His liking of sport is , his greeting to guests is — 1, and his assurance of esteem is usually . GENERAL LITERATURE. 1. Name four characters in Hamlet, and mention some characteristics of each respectively. 2. " There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, than are dreamt of in your philosophy." Under what circumstances and by whom was this sentence spoken ? 3. To what class of novels does Ivanhoe belong ? Give reasons for your answer. cccMii TWENTIETH ^TA TE EXAMINA TION'. 4. Using not more than one hundred words, give a characterization of Sir Walter Scott. 5. Name five characters in David Copperfield, and mention some striking characteristics of each. 6. From what rank in society did Dickens usually choose his characters ? Give illustrations to sus» tain your answer. 7. Account for the title of the work, Society and Solitude. 8. In what department of English literature does Emerson rank highest ? Mention two characteris tics of his writings. Q. State something of interest as to the first three characters described in the Tent on the Beach, 10. Give a brief synopsis of the Tent on the Beach. GEOGRAPHY. 1. What is Mercator's Projection ? 2. What is the great circle of illumination ? 3. What is meant by the flora of any region, and what forms the basis for its distribution ? 4. Name the five principal mountain systems of the western continent, and state the direction in which each trends. 5. Name the great river system of the region be- tween the Rocky and the Appalachian mountain systems, and men > 'on two of the larger tributaries of the principal river from the east and three from the west. 6. What is meant by the fauna of any region of country, and upon what does its distribution de- pend? N'BW YOEK, ETC., AUGUSTS, 1892. ccclix 7. Discuss New York with reference to {a) its mountains ; {h) its rivers ; (c) its commercial rank. 8. {a) What lake between Lake Huron and Lake Erie ? ih) What river flows into it ? (c) What river is its outlet ? 9. Name eight large indentations of the coast of the United States in order, beginning at the north- east. 10. Name ten bodies of water through which the steamship Indiana passed in carrying grain from Philadelphia to St. Petersburg for the relief of the starving Russians. AMERICAN HISTORY. 1. What two nations claimed what is now New York ? How were their claims finally adjusted ? 3. What is the origin of the term "Anti-renters," as applied to the history of this State ? 3. Name three battles of the Revolution fought in this State, and name the respective generals com- manding each army. 4. State something of historic interest as to {a) Crown Point ; {h) Plattsburgh ; (c) Sackett's Harbor ; (d) Elmira ; {e) Cherry Valley. 5. Name five former governors of New York, and mention something of historic interest as to each. 6. Give a brief account of the war by means of which Great Britain acquired control of Canada. 7. What is the Monroe Doctrine ? Mention two applications of that doctrine within the past few years. ccclx TWENTIETH ST A TE EXAMINA TION. 8. Name one great measure closely associated with, each of the following names respectively : (a) Ham- ilton ; (b) Jefferson; (c) Clay; (d) Wilmot ; {e} Seward. 9. State the principal difference between the re- construction policy of President Johnson and that of congress. 10. Name five editors (living or dead) of great metropolitan newspapers, and name the paper with, which each was or is connected. GENERAL HISTORY. 1. Sketch briefly the causes which led Columbus to undertake his first voyage to the New World, and indicate the extent of his discoveries on that voyage. 2. Give a brief account of the downfall of Napol- eon III., stating the principal causes. 3. What was the approximate extent of the Sar- acenic Empire ? 4. Mention something of historic interest as to (a) Garibaldi ; (b) Thiers ; (c) Disraeli ; (d) Bismarck ; (e) Victor Emmanuel. 5. Give a brief account of the consolidation of the present German Empire. 6. State approximately the time and length of Queen Elizabeth's reign. 7. Mention some of her personal characteristics. 8. Name five great authors of the Elizabethan. Age, and mention a work of each. 9. Tell the story of the Spanish Armada. 10. State something as to (a) Walter Raleigh ; (5) NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUSTS, 1892 ccclxi The Earl of Essex ; {e) Robert Dudley ; {d) Mary, Queen of Scots ; {e) Roger Ascham. DRAWING. 1. Make a plan and draw the single rose in a pent- agon 2. What shade lines best express (indicate) plane faces ? Illustrate. 3. What are the three styles of ancient historic ornament ? 4. Mention at least three important parts in a de- sign. Illustrate these by a drawing. 5. Represent a cone on the centre of the top face of a square prism placed horizontally from left to right. Make working drawings, any scale, three views. 6. Represent a vertical square prism in front and below the level of the eye. Taking this representa- tion as a basis and using light lines, draw within the representation of a square pyramid. 7. Mention the three sources of all decorative work. 8. Define and illustrate parallel perspective. 9. Illustrate radiation from {a) a point ; (b) a cen- tre ; (c) a line. 10. Make the top, front and sectional view of a hollow tube 12 in. in length, 6 in. in diameter and 1 in in thickness. Figure this drawing, stating to what scale it is made. PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE. Name the bones of the arm and hand which ccclxii TWEN TIETH S TA TE EXAMINA TION. correspond respectively to these bones of the leg and foot : (a) femur , (6) phalanges ; (c) tibia ; {d) tarsal ; (d) fibula. 3. What kind of a lever is used when the body is lifted by raising the heel and throwing the weight of the body upon the toe ? What is the weight ? Where is the fulcrum ? Where is the power applied ? What muscle applies the power ? 3. Name two substances removed from the system by breathing. Show how the presence of each of these substances may be detected in the breath ex- haled. 4. What is reflex action of the spinal cord ? Give an illustration. In what way do voluntary acts be- come reflex ? 5. What is the effect of cutting the posterior root of a spinal nerve ? The anterior root ? 6. Describe the manner in which an odoriferous substance affects the brain through the organ of . special sense . 7. Why have insoluble solids no flavor ? 8. What malformation of the eyeball produces nearsightedness ? Why ? What kind of glasses remedy this ? 9. Whence does the portal vein receive its blood ? Whither does it carry it ? 10. In binding an arm or leg to check the flow of blood from an artery, should the ligature be applied above or below the wound ? Why ? ZOOLOGY. 1. Name a characteristic feature of a cat that leads yEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST ^2, 1892. ccclxiii to its classification {a) as a vertebrate ; (6) as a mam- mal ; {c) as carnivorous ; (hip ? (c) circumstances under which the contract is made ? Tweiity-flrst Eipmiiiatiou for State Certificates. Held August 21-25, 1898. ARITHMETIC. 1. Distinguish («) between a number absolutely prime and one relatively prime ; (/>) between a num- ber only concrete and one that is denominate. Give an illustration of each. 2. Determine by inspection the number of in- tegral places in the quotient of 1.068754 divided by .0003765, and explain your method of procedure. 3. A, B, C, and D, together do a piece of w^ork. A and B together do /- of the whole, B and C i^ of the whole, and A and C \\ of the whole. What part of the whole work does D do ? 4. Reduce the couplet 9f : 32jV to the integral form in lowest terms. 5. A merchant in business for four consecutive years found the results for each year to be as fol- lows : The first year a gain of Vi%, the second a loss of 12^, the third a loss of 8^^, and the fourth a gain of 5^. If all gains remained in the business ccclsxvi TWENTY-FIBS T ST A TE EXAMINA Tl ON. and no capital was withdrawn, was his original capital increased or diminished, and what per cent ? 6. If I remit to my principal $625.38 as the net proceeds of a sale of lumber, after paying freight charges amounting to |ll8.72, and retaining my commission ^%, what is the amount of my com- mission ? 7. The compound interest on a certain sum for three years, compounded annually at 5^, is $277.83. Required the original principal. 8. What rate of interest per annum does a bank receive on the money advanced to discount a note at the rate of 6;» per annum, if the term of discount be 1 mo. 27 da. ? 9. A 2^ quarterly dividend declared by a street railway company paid a stockholder at the rate of l'ljT% annually on his investment. At what rate did he purchase his stock ? 10. The capacity of a rectangular bin 6 ft. 2 in. long and 3 ft. 2 in. wide is G2|| bushels stricken measure. How deep is the bin ? ALGEBRA. 1. Define (a) members of an equation; (b) poly- nomial; (c) elimination ; (rf) simultaneous equations ; (e) affected quadratic. 2. Find the numerical value of the following ex- pression in which a=2 ; b=4: ; c=6. a^—l{5bc-[a^-{Sc-Sbc^)-\-dc-ia^-2bc-c)]} NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 21, 1893. ccclxxvii 3. Find the three prime factors of (a) iiJ--\-Qx^y^-\- aa ^y, (P) -2+12-^' 4. A number is expressed by three figures whose sum is 18. The figure iu the place of uuits is equal to the sum of the other figures iu the number ; and if 594 be added to the number, the result will be ex- pressed by the same figures with the order reversed. "What is the number ? 5. A farm containing 9 acres is four rods longer than it is wide. What is its length and breadth ? 6. Find the sum of (^OiV'pV^andf V^lT {b) Multiply ( V^^ - ) food ? 7. In what respects is the respiration of mammals and birds different ? 8. What are the general characteristics of the echinodernis ? 9. Mention three different orders of mammals common in your locality. Give an example of each. 10. The bison is the only bovine indigenous to America, except the musk ox. (a) Define the words italicised ; (6) to what class, order, and family does the bison belong ? GEOLOGY. 1 . Name three minerals which enter into the com- posiiion of granite. 2. Explain how bars are formed at the mouths of rivers that flow into the ocean, and what determines their location. 3. To what age does the Salina period belong ? Give a theory to account for the deposit of salt in Central New York. 4. Give the principal characteristics of mesozoic ccc xcii TWENTT-FIRST ST A TEEXAMINA TION. time as to {a) animal life ; (6) plant life ; (c) rock formation, 5. Give the different stages in the formation of a coral reef. 6. Why do geologists assert that the Catskills be- long to the Appalachian system and that the Adiron- dacks do not ? 7. Give (a) proofs of former existance of glaciers ; Q)) methods of tracing their course. 8. Define {a) ore ; % vein ; (c) fault ; {d) dip ; {e) crystal. 9. State briefly hovr the action of frost may ma- terially assist in the change of the contour of a country, 10. Arrange the following terms in order of the formation of the rocks which they severally repres sent : Niagara, Trenton, Salina, Potsdam, Hamilton. BOTANY. 1 . What is the rudimentary plantlet contained in the seed called ? Name its parts, 2, Name the parts of the flower, and give the office of each. Define chlorophyle, 3 A typical flower is said to be 'perfect, complete, regular, and symmetrical. Explain the meaning of the italicised words, 4, State two means by which the fertilization of ovules takes place. By what means are the ovules of grasses fertilized ? Of bright and fragrant flowers ? NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 21, 1893. ccc xciii 5. Classify leaves with reference to special con- formation and use. 6. What nourishment do plants obtain from the atmosphere ? From the soil ? 7. Classify with reference to duration of root {a) lettuce ; {b) the horse radish ; {c) barley ; {d) salsify (oyster plant) ; {e) the raspberry. 8. State the natural method or methods of propa- gation of (rt) ferns ; {h) the plum ; (c) the artichoke ; {d) the grape ; {e) quack grass. 9. Describe the process of {a) grafting ; {b) bud- ding. 10. What is the numerical plan of flowers ? What two numbers are most common ? ASTRONOMY. 1. Define the following terms; ecliptic, zodiac, perihelion, apogee, solstice. 2. Give the conditions necessary for an eclipse of the sun. 3. What are librations of the moon ? Explain the cause of longitudinal librations. 4. What conclusions have been reached by astron- omers in regard to the fixed stars as to {a) their size : {h) their composition ; {c) the kind of light they emit; (d) their distance from the earth ; {e) their motion in space. 5. Discuss briefly the planet Venus as to (a1 rela- tive location among the planets ; (b) apparent change of size ; (c) the cause of its change from morning to evening star. ccc xciv TWENTY-FIRST STA TE EXAMINA TION. 6. What are tides ? How often do they occur ? What causes spring tides ? 7. Name the major planets in order of distance from the sun, and give the number of satellites of each. 8. What are sun spots, and how do they prove that the sun rotates on its axis ? What does the spectroscope reveal as to the composition of the sun ? 9. Give a theory to account for the November showers of meteors. 10. Give the method of designating the place of a heavenly body, and explain the terms used. PHYSICS. 1. State the law of refraction of light. 2. Briefly describe an incandescent electric light. 3. {a) Why do clouds tend .to prevent frost ? (6) Why does wind tend to prevent frost ? 4. Some metals can be cast with sharp edges ; others cannot ; why ? Give an example of each. 5. Vapor is seen to rise from a cake of ice left on the sidewalk on a hot day. Explain the phenomenon; 6. As a balloon ascends to a great height, what tends to cause the confined gas {a) to expand ; {b) to contract ? 7. Explain the principle involved in the Davy safety lamp. 8. (a) Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen. (5) A piece of lead, is composed of molecules; (c) Pine NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 2\, 1893. cccxcv gum sticks to the fingers {d) Carpet tacks cling to a lodestone ; {c) Ink rises in a blotting paper. Name the kind of attraction illustrated in each of the fore- going examples. 9. What is the approximate length of a pendulum which, at sea level will vibrate (a) seconds ; {h) quarter-seconds ? 10. What principle of electro-magnetism is ap- plied in the sounding or registering apparatus of the Morse telegraph ? CHEMISTRY. 1. Designate by their symbols (a) four elements which at ordinary temperatures are gases ; {b) two whicli are liquids; {c) four that are solids (not metals). 2. Give the chemical equation (reaction) express- ing the changes which 'take place in the preparation of° nitrous oxide (laughing gas), or in preparing muriatic acid. 3. What is meant by the atomic weights of ele- ments. Illustrate. 4. Give the source and the use of COj, («) in mor- tar used in brick laying ; {h) in bread making ; (c)in soda water. 5. Name the elements that enter into the compo- sition of (a) sugar ; {h) blue vitrol ; (c) common salt ; {d) alcohol ; {e) sal ammoniac. 6. What materials enter into the composition of (a) common window glass; (b) steel, brass, soft solder, German silver ? cccxcvi TWENTY-FIRST STA TE EXAMINATION. 7. Explain the decomposition of COg that takes place in the leaves of plants, as to (a) the chemical agent involved ; ip) the disposition of the elements. 8. Give the chemical symbol of the product of the combustion in air of {a) sulphur ; ip) phos- phorus ; {c) hydrogen ; {d) zinc. 9. Give the name and two prominent character- istics of the metallic base of {a) clay ; {b) galena ; (c) cinnabar. 10. Explain two processes, one physical and the other chemical, by means of which charcoal acts as a disinfectant. LATIN. 1. Translate : (1) Quod si antiquissimum quodque tempus spectari opor- (2) teret, populi Romani justissimum esse in Gallia imperium : (3) si judicium senatus observari oporteret, liberara debere (4) esse Gallium, quam bello victam suis legibus uti voluisset. 2. Translate: (5) Eo quum de improvise celeriusque omni opinione venis- (6) set, Remi, qui proximi Galliae ex Belgis sunt, ad eum le- (7) gatos R^cium et And()Cumborum,primos civitatis,miserunt, (8) qui dicerent, se suaque omnia in fidem atque in postesta- (9) tem populi Romani permittere. 3. Translate: (10) Nam ut ad bella suscipienda Gallorum alacer ac (11) promptus est animus, sic mollis ac minime resisteus ad (12) calaraita;es perferendas mens eorum est. 4. Translate : (13) Cognoverat enim, magnam partem equitatusab iis ali- (14) quot diebus ante praedandi frumentandique causa ad (15) Ambivaritos trans Mosam luissam. XEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 2\, 1893. cccxcvii 5. Select a gerund and give its grammatical con- struction. 6. Select a gerundive and give its grammatical constructi* n. 7. Give the principal parts of {a) debere (line 3) ; {b) victam (line 4) ; (c) resistens (line 11) ; {d) perferert.- das line 12) ; {e) viissam (line 15). 8. Give the syntax of («) bdlo (line 4) ; (b) imperi- um (line 2) ; (c) legibus (line 4) ; {d) opinione (line 5) ; {e) calnmitatcs (line 12). 9. Give the mode and the reason for the same of {a) vetiimet (line 5) ; {b) dicerent (line 8j. 10. Write in Latin : At first, both on account of the multitude of the enemy and on accouit of their remarkable reputation for valor, Caesar decided to refrain from battle. FRENCH. Translate : EXTASE. 1-2. (1) J'etais senl pres des flots. par une nuit d'etoiles, (2) Pas un nuage aux cieux, sur les mers pas de voiles, (3) Mes yeux plonj^eaient pins loin que le raonde reel. (4) Et les bi)ls, et les monts. cttoute la nature, (.3) Semblaient interrojrer dans uus un confus murmure (6) Les flots des mers, les feux du ciel. (7) Etles etoiles d'or, legions infinies, (8) A voix haute, a voix basse, avec mille harmonies, (9) Disaient, en inclinant leurs couronnes de feu: (to) Et les flots bleus, que rien ne gouverne et n'arrete, (11) Disaient en recourbant Tecume de lenr crete : (12) " C'estle Seigneur, le Seigneur Dieu 1 " ( M.ctor Hugo). Translate • cccxcviii T WENTY-FIRST ST A TE EXAMINA TION. LA DUCHESSE DE WITTEMBERG. 3-5. (1) Conrad III, qui avoit ete elu empereur en 1138, as- (2) siegeoit Weinsperg, petite ville des etats du due de (3) ville des etats du due de Wittemberg, en Allemagne. (4) Ce due, qui s'etoit vivement oppose a Telection de (5) Conrad, et qui avoit meme refuse de le reconnoitre, (6) se tenoit avec sa femme renferme dans cette ville. (7) II en soutint le siege avec une bravoure heroique, et (8) ne ceda qu'a la force. L'empereur, irrite, vouloit (9) raettre tout a feu et a sang : cependant il fit grace (10) aux femmes, et leur permit de sortir, et d'emporter (11) avec elles tout ce qu'elles avoient de plus precieux. (12) L'espouse du due profita aussitot de cette permission (13) pour sauver les jours de son mari. Elle le prit sur (14) ses epaules. Toutes les femmes de la ville en firent (15) autant ; et Conrad les vit sortir ainsi chargees, la (16) duchesse a leur tete. line put tenir contre un spec- (17) taclesi interessant, et cedanta I'admiration qu'il lui (18) causoit. il fit grace aux hommes en f aveur des fem- (19) mes.— La ville f ut sauvee. Translate 6. (1) Adieu, charmant pays de France, (2) Que je dois tant cherir ! (3) Berceau de mon heureuse enfance, (4) Adieu, te quitter, c'est mowxxx .—(Beranger). Translate into French : 7. (a) Who is this boy ? (6) He is an unhappy man. (c) John, make a fire in my chamber. (d) At what hour do you rise ? (e) I am very happy to see you. When did you rettim ? 8. Give the principal parts of (a) semblaient (1-2, line 5) ; {h) soutint (3-5, line 7) ; (c) prit (3-5, line 13) ; {d) mourir (6, line 4). 9. (a) Select from the exercises two adjectives and give comparison of each ; (&) account for the e in NEW YORK, ETC., AUGUST 21, 1893. cccxcix plongeaint (1-3, line 3) ; (c) decline the pronoun of the first person. 10. Select from the exercises above and tell what each modifies (a) two prepositional phrases ; {b) two adverbial phrases. GERMAN. 1-4. Translate : Der reichste Furst. Preisend mit viel schonen Reden Ihrer Lander Werth und Zahl Sassen viele deutsche Flirsten Einst zu Worms im Kaisersaal. , ,Herrlich , ' ' sprach der Fiirst von Sachsen, ,,Ist mein Land und seine Macht, Silber hegen seine Berge Wohl in manchem tiefen Schacht." ,,Seht mein Land in tipp'ger Fiille," Spracht der Kurfurst von dem Rhein, ,,Goldne Saaten in den Thalern, Auf den Bergen edlen Wein !" ,,Grosse Stadte reiche Kloster," Ludwig, Herr zu Baiern, sprach, ,,Schaffen, dass mein Land den euern Wohl nicht steht an Schatzen nach. " Eberhard, der mit dem Barte, Wiirtembergs geliebter Herr, cccc TWENTY-FIRST STATE EXAMINATION. Sprach : ,,Mem Land bat kleine Stadte, Tragt nicbt Berge silberscliwer, ,,Docb ein Kleinod bait's verborgen : Dass in Waldern nocb so gross Ich mein Haupt kann klibnlicb legen Jedem Untertban in Scbooss ! ' ' Und es rief der Herr von Sachsen, Dcr von Baicrn, der vom Bbein : ,,Gras im Bart, Ibr seid der reiebste, Euer Land trJlgt Edelstein ! " — {Justinus Kerner.) Translate : Weisheit. 5. Als man Thales fragte, was das scbwierigste und was das leicbtcste Ding in der Welt sei, ant- wortete er : Das scbwierigste ist, sicb selbstkennen zu lernen, und das leicbtcste, an den Handlungen anderer Tadel zu finden. 6, 7. Classify witb reference to gender tbe follow- ing nouns in tbe first selection : Lander, Kaisersaal, Fiirst, Bevfje, PJiein, Wein, Barte, Kleinod, Unter- than, Edelstein. 8. Give tbe principal parts of (a) sassen; (b) ist; (c) seht; (d) tragi; {e) hdlVs. 9. {a) In tbe second selection wliat part of tbe verb is sei ? (b) Explain its use in tbis case. 10. Translate into German {a) I want to speak to you. (b) Have you been to Cbicago tbis summer ? XE\V YUUK, KTC. .16(y6> 7' ai, 1893. cccel (c) Yes, I went by boat and enjoyed the entire trip. METHODS AND SCHOOL ECONOMY. 1. Illustrate that what we perceive depends upon attention. 2. Distinguish between a teacher and an instructor. 3. What general law should govern the selection of studies for pupils ? 4. Distinguish between a method of education and a system of education. 5. (a) Mention three results to be obtained by re- views, and {h) state how often they should be held to secure each of these results. 6. State the two most important objects in view in teaching grammar. 7. {a) State the chief principle on which the Pes- talozzian methods are based. (J>) Briefly describe the method of its application. 8. Give the tliree principal steps in conducting a class exercise. 9. Inductive teaching is sometimes designated as synthetic. On what grounds ? 10. Discuss the advantages of industrial training (a) as to utility ; (/;) as to mental discipline ; {c) as to its influence on the conduct of the school. CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 1. ('() What is a sovereign State ? (p) Is New ecccii TWEXTY-FIIiST ^TATE EXAMIXA TIOX. York a sovereign State ? (c) Explain your answer to {h). 2. By the authority of what clause in the Consti- tution did Congress {a) establish a military academy at West Point ; {b) vote millions of dollars for pen- sions ; (c) order coast surveys ? 3. When sovereign States disagree, in what three ways may their differences be settled ? 4. What, in substance, is the "elastic clause" of the United States Constitution ? 5. What is the highest function of the Supreme Court of the United States ? 6. In what way are the courts of service to the vast numbers who never come before them ? 7. How are the citizens of a State represented in {a) the State government ; (5) the National govern- ment ? 8. What amendment to the consolidated school act of 1864 was made by the last Legislature in reference to the minimum length of the school year ? 9. According to the amendment made by the last Legislature to the consolidated school act of 18G4, (fi) how must district officers be elected ? {h) How must questions in vol ving expenditure of money or levy of tax be decided ? 10. According to the State Constitution the revenue from what fund shall be applied to the support of {a) common schools ; {h) to academies ; {c) the capital of which of these funds is annually increased ? THE SCHOOL BULLETIN PUBLICATIONS. I,owrie(ll.\V.) Hoiv to obtain Greatest Benefit from a Book. Faper,8vo, pp. 12 25 McCully'8 Perforated Erasers, per cloz 1 qo McKay (JolmS.) 100 Experiments in Natural Science. Paper, 16mo, pp. 50 15 *AIap8 for the Wall. Send for Special Circulars. Maps *Reli€f Maps. 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