1 Gass S ^fi iknk Q 3 k4- OFKrci A I . 1 )01VA1'I0N. The FARMERS' CENTENNIAL HISTORY "OHIO ' 1803 . 1903 , THE ISSUED BY DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULl ^URE Ohio state Board of Agriculture 1903. OFFICERS. THADDEUS E. CROMLEY, President. BENJ. P. BALDWIN, Vice-President. THOMAS L. CALVERT, Treasurer. WELLS W. MILLER, Secretary. JAMES W. FLEMING, Assistant Secretary. Columbus. Columbus. MEMBERS. TERM EXPIBES. JONAS S. STUCKEY, Van Wert, Van Wert County January, 1904 BENJAMIN P. BALDWIN (Newton Falls, Trumbull Co.), Mahon- ing County January, 1904 THADDEUS E. CROMLEY, Ashville, Pickaway County January, 1905 THOMAS L. CALVERT, Selma, Clark County January, 1905 WILLIAM MILLER, Gypsum, Ottawa County January, 1906 JEREMIAH L. CARPENTER, Carpenter, Meigs County January, 1906 CHARLES H. GANSON, Urbana, Champaign County January, 1907 ALFBRD PUTNAM SANDLES, Ottawa, Putnam County January, 1907 ROLDON O. HINSDALE, Wadsworth, Medina County January, 1908 SAMUEL TAYLOR, Grove City, Franklin County .'. .January, 1908 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. THADDEUS E. CROMLEY. President. JONAS S. STUCKEY. SAMUEL TAYLOR. THOMAS L. CALVERT. AliFERD PUTNAM SANDLES. FARMERS' INSTITUTE COMMITTEE. THADDEUS E. CROMLEY, Chairman. WILLIAM MILLER. ROLDON O. HINSDALE. AUDITING COMMITTEE. BENJAMIN P. BALDWIN, Chairman. JEREMIAH L. CARPENTER. CHARLES H. GANSON. THE FARMERS' CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO IS 03-1 003 ISSUED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Springfield, Ohio: The Springfield Publishing Company, State Printers. 1904. Columbus, December 31, 1903. Hon. W. VV. Miller, , / t^ia^eiiiry, O'Jiio State Board of Agriculture, Columbus, O.: Dear Sir : — I respectfully transmit herewith manuscript of "Th^ Farmers' Centennial History of Ohio." As you will note, this bulletin con- tains a brief summary of the growth of the agricultural, horticultural and live stock industries of the State during the century, with the latest sta- tistics in reference thereto. A short history of Ohio, arranged chrono- logically, has been included, with other matters of general interest. Every effort has been made to give correct dates, and, when practicable, original documents have been consulted. I desire to express my thanks to Prof. William R. Lazenby, Prof. Herbert Osborn and Rev. William Leon Dawson for valuable assistance when preparing the lists of native trees and grasses, animals and fishes and Ohio birds. Trusting the work will meet your approval, I am, Yours respectfully, Jean Dick Ciieetham, Librarian. 20 JAN 19CC D. 01 D, STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE OHIO STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE FROM THE ORGANIZATION OF THE BOARD TO DATE. (NOTE. — The act creating the State Board of Agriculture, passed in 184G, provided for fifty-three members and named them. The act was amended in 1847, reducing the number of members to ten. Five members were elected each year for a term of two years until 1898, when the act was so amended as to pro- vide for the election of two members each year for a term of five years.) Names. Year of Service. Residence. John B. Bayless Henry C. Brish Frederick Bonner Joseph Burns John Chanev G. W. Cowden ! Absalom Dun John Eckels Elias Florence John Fuller Geo. W. Gibbons William Gill H. N. Gillett L. C. Goble Da'id Gregory Anson Howard John Johnson Aaron Johnson Greenbury Keen Billius Kirtland Newton I arsh Liba Lindley Jas. Loudon John McElderry Wm. McFadden Beatty McFarland John Martin Isaac Moore Oilman C. Mudgett Samuel Myers Isaac Neiswanger Simon Perkins Henry Protzman W. R. Putman, Jr Felix Renick Jas. L. Reynolds Benj. Ruggles Sam'I Spangler David Stevens Abraham Studdebaker Dowty Utter John I. Vanmeter Richard Warner Jesse Wilson J. M. Millikin J. T. Pugsley 184G Jefferson County. 1846 Seneca County. 1846 Greene County. 1846 Coshocton County. 1846 Fairfield County. 1846 Trumbull County. 1846 Butler County. 1846 Hancock County. 1846 Pickaway County. 1846 Erie County. 1846 Muskingum County. 1846 Pickaway County. 1846 1 Lawrence County. 1846 Putnam County. 1846 Delaware County. 1846 Champaign County. 1846 Miami County. 1846 Perry County. 1846 Portage County. 1846 Mahoning County. 1846 Preble County. 1846 Athens County. 1846 Brown County. 1846 Tuscarawas County. 1846 Harrison County. 1846 Jefferson County. 1846 Columbiana County. 1846 Lake County. 1846 Paulding Countj . 1846 Crawford County. 1846 Belmont County. 1846 Summit County. 1846 Montgomery County 1846 Washington County 1846 Ross County. 1846 Stark County. 1846 Belmont County. 1846 Fairfield County. 1846 Richland County. 1846 Darke County. 1846 Clermont County. 1846 Pike County. 1846 Medina County. 1846 Shelby County. 1846 Hamilton. 1846 Convenience. LIST OF MEMBERS. Members of the State Board of Agriculture. — Continued. Names. Years of Service, Inclusive. PostofRce. Allen Trimble M. L. Sullivant Sam'l Medary Darius Lapham Arthur Watts J. P. Kirtland A. E. Strickle M. B. Bateham John Codding C. Springer J. M. Edwards J. G. Gest F. R. Elliott J. T. Pugsley S. Halloway , William Case Philo Adams R. W. Musgrave R. W. Steele William H. Ladd D. Mcintosh J. T. Worthington Joseph Sullivant .... John K. Greene James L. Cox B. Stedman Alexander Waddle . . . Abel Krum Liucien Buttles G. W. Baker John M. Milliken Luther Smith Thomas S. Webb Norton S. Townshend, L. Q. Rawson , James M. Trimble.... John Reber D. E. Gardner William Dewitt C. W. Potwin T. C. Jones Henry B. Perkins David Taylor Jacob Egbert Nelson J. Turney D. McMillan W. R. Putnam William F. Greer James Fullington . . . . William B. McClung. . James W. Ross R. R. Donnelly James Buckingham . . J. Park Alexander..., Norton S. Tow^nshend. William Lang D. C. Richmond R. P. Cannon 1846 184(5 184G 1846 1846 1846 1846 1847 1847 1848 1848 1848 1849 1850 1850 1852 1852 1852 1853- 1853 1853 1853 1854 1854- 1854- 1854. 1855- 1855- 1856- 1850- 1857- 1857- 1857- 1858- 1858- 1858- 1858- 1859- 1859- 1859- 1860- I860- 1861- 1862- 1862- 1863- 1863- 1864- 1864- 1864- 1865- 1865- 1865- 1867- 1868- 1868- 1869- 1870- 51 -53 53 50 52 -48 -49 ■51 •49 -52 ■52 -54 -51 ■51 51 •53 •53 57 56 •56 54 56 55 57 55 •57 60 58 59 57 62 58 58 63 59 61 61 64 64 62 67 63 66 63 69 70 64 67 69 71 70 68 72 70 69 71 74 75 Hillsboro. Columbus. Columbus. Cincinnati. Chillicothe. Cleveland. Wilmington. Columbus. Granger. Meadow Farm. Canfield. Spring Valley. Cleveland. Convenience. St. Clairsville. Cleveland. Huron. Sulphur Springs Dayton. Richmond. Shalersville. Chillicothe. Columbus. Cincinnati Zanesville. Cleveland. South Charleston Cherry Valley. Columbus. Marietta. Hamilton. West Liberty. Massillon. Avon. Fremont. Hillsboro. Lancaster. Toledo. Cleveland. Zanesville. Delaware. Warren. Columbus. • Lebanon. Circleville. Xenia. Marietta. Painesville. Irwin Station. Troy. Perrysburg. Wooster. Zanesville. Akron. Avon. Tiffin. Sandusky. Aurora. STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. Members of the State Board of Agriculture. — Continued. Names. Years of Service, Inclusive. James B. Jamison.. L. G. Delano L. B. Sprague Simpson Harmount John A. Warder. . . . , W. S. Hickox B. W. Carlisle Justus C. Stephens . , John M. Pugh L. B. Wing Russell C. Thompson Leo Weltz D. L. Pope Charles Smith E. T. Stickney A. B. Stone Peter Murphy W. N. Cowden R. Baker Arvine C. Wales R. H. Hayman O. P. Chaney C. D. Bailey J. C. Levering William S. Foster. . . L. B. Harris J. H. Brigham L. N. Bonham H. Talcott N. A. Sims T. P. Shields John Pow S. H. Hurst J. J. Sullivan Joseph H. Terrell .... J. G. Russell H. G. Tryon J. M. Black A. H. Kling H. S. Grimes A. J. Clark W. W. Miller J. W. Pollock N. Ohmer L. G. Ely E. L. Hinnian J. C. Bower George Lewis Chester Bordwell . . . . F. A. Derthick J. T. Robinson G. Liggett J. H. Pringle E. C. Ellis Chester Bordwell . . . . L. G. Ely H. S. Grimes Albert Hale Postoffice. 1870-77 1 Cadiz. 1870-75 Chillicothe. 1871-70 Springfield. 1871-76 1 New Philadelphia. 1871-76 Cleves. 1872-73 Mansfield. 1872-79 1 Hooker's Station. 1873-74 1 Kenton. 1874-79 1 Columbus. 187.5-80 Newark 1875-76 Sylvania. 1876-83 Wilmington 1876-81 Welshfield 1877-80 Marion. 1877-78 Republic. 1877-78 Gallipolis. 1877-80 Hughes' Station. 1878-83 Quaker Citv. 1879-82 Elyria. 1879-82 Massillon. 1880-81 Portsmouth. 1880-82 Canal Winchester. 1881-88 Gallipolis. 1881-86 Levering. 1881-88 Urbana. 1882-87 Upper Sandusky. 1882-89 Delta. 1883-86 Oxford. 1883-87 Jefferson. 1883-85 Columbus. 1884-87 Watkins. 1884-89 Salem. 1884-89 Chillicothe. 1887-88 Millersburg. 1887-88 New Vienna. 1887-90 Mt. Gilead. 1888-91 Willoughby. 1888-90 Hanover. 1889-96 Marion. 1889-90 Portsmouth. 1889-98 1 Cambridge. 1889-94 Castalia. 1890-93 Cedarville. 1890-95 1 Dayton. 1890-91 1 West Unity. 1890-93 1 Columbus. 1891-98 1 Athens. 1891-94 i Van Wert. 1892-93 1 Batavia. 1892-95 1 Mantua. 1894-97 ! Rockaway. 1894-1901 1 Watkins. 1894-95 1 Cardington. 1895-98 1 Crestvue. 1895-1901 I Batavia. 1896-1900 1 Fayette. 1896-1900 Portsmouth. 1896-99 Mogadore. LIST OF MEMBERS. Members of the State Board of Agriculture. — Concluded. Names. i Years of Service, Inclusive. PostofRce. J. S. Stuckey S. H. Ellis 1897 1898-99 1899-1902 1899 1899 1900 1900 1901 1901 1902 1902 1903 Van Wert. Waynesville. D. J. Green B P Baldwin Renrock. Tiger. Samuel Taylor Grove City. T. E. Cromley T. L. Calvert Wm. Miller Ashville. Selma. Gypsum. J. L. Carpenter Carpenter. C. H. Ganson A. P. Sandles R. 0. Hinsdale Urbana. Ottawa. Wadsworth. LIST OF OFFICERS. 7 LIST OF OFFICERS OF THE OHIO STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE, FROM ITS ORGANIZATION TO DATE; ALSO TABLES SHOWING PLACE OF HOLDING AND RECEIPTS OF EACH STATE FAIR. Yr. President. Treasurer. Secretary. Place of Fair. 1 IRec'pts. 1846 Allen Trimble Same Same M. L. Sullivan t Same M. L. SuUivant.... Same Same 1 Samuel Medary... 1 Same 1 1 Samuel Medarv... 1 1847 M. B. Bateham.... 1848 Same 1849 1 Same 1850 Same Cincinnati $8 036 18 1851 Same Same W. W. Mather.... Columbus 8,204 09 1852 Arthur Watts Same Same Cleveland 13.360 00 1853 Samuel Medary 1 M. L. SuUivant.... Geo. Sprague Dayton 13.996 37 1854 R. W. Musgrave 1 Joiseph SuUivant.. Same Newark 8.824 58 1855 J. T. Worthington.. I Same Same Columbus . . . . 9.745 54 1856 William H. Ladd... 1 Lucien Buttles — Same Cleveland .... 16.684 20 1857 Alexander Waddle. I Same J. H. Klippart Cincinnati 17,530 75 1858 John M. Milikin.... 1 Same Same Sandusky .. .. 9 997 70 1859 N. S. Townshend.. Same — Same Zaiiesville 8 958 82 1860 Alexander Waddle. I Chas. W. Potwin.. Same Dayton 11.998 50 1861 Darwin E. Gardner. Same Same 8,036 18 1862 Thomas C. Jones... David Tavlor Same Cleveland 11.260 64 1863 N. S. Townshend.. Same Same 11,142 00 1864 Nelson J. Turnev.. Same Same Columbus .... 12,620 54 1865 Same Same Same 10.658 65 1866 Wm. B. McClung.. Same Same Davton 14.035 80 1867 Daniel McMillan Jas. Buckingham. Same 18.692 98 1868 James Fullington.. . Same Same Toledo 15.606 25 1869 Same Same Same 1 19,606 50 1870 James W. Ross J. Park Alexander Same 1 Springfield ... 18.252 85 1871 William Lang Jas. Buckingham. Same 1 •• 16.460 25 1872 James Buckingham Simp'n Harmount Same 1 Mansfield 19.149 45 1873 Lincoln G. Delano.. Same Same ! 22. .517 .50 1874 Same Same Same 1 Columbus .... 27.674 79 1875 R. P. Cannon Same Same | " 20.539 30 1876 S. Karmount J. M. Pugh Same 1 • ' 11 909 61 1877 J. B. Jamison Same Same 1 " 21.1.51 21 11,979 50 1878 J. M. Pugh L. B. Wing Same 1 '■ 1879 B. W. Carlisle Same J. W. Fleming ....| " 30.703 35 1880 L. B. Wing D. L. Pone W. T. Chamberlain! " 23 682 "0 1881 D. L. Pone Leo. Weltz Same | 1 29.706 16 1882 R. Baker W. N. Cowden.... Same | ....I 34,082 .52 1883 W. N. Cowden L. B. Harris Same | 38 .513 78 1884 W. S. Foster Same 1 Same | ....1 33,.306 48 1885 C. D. Bailev J. C. Levering Same ( 29.796 51 1886 L. N. Bonham L. B. Harris Same | 30 533 17 1887 J. H. Brigham Same L. N. Bonham 1 30,902 10 1888 1 John I'ow J. G. Ru.s-.'sell Same 1 Centen'l year. 1 Same 1 Same | Same 1 1889 ! Columbus ....1 ....I 19.637 41 27,574 55 1890 J. G. Russell 1 A. H. Kling 1 1891 J. M. Black 1 Same 1 Same 1 33.878 64 A. H. Kling 1 W. W. Miller ! Same 1 " 1 30 357 19 1893 1 J. W. Pollock 1 Same 1 Same 1 ....1 19.350 93 1894 1 W. W. Miller 1 F. A. Derthick....! Same 1 ....1 27 260 25 1895 A. J. Clark 1 Same ....| AV. W. Miller ' ....I 33.966 13 1896 J. C. Bower 1 A. J Clark Same 1 22,. 5.31 20 30.369 48 1897 1 J. T. Robinson J. C. Bower 1 Same 1 ....1 1898 1 C. Bordwell Same 1 Same [ " 1 31.023 36 33 749 17 1899 L. G. Elv H. S. Grimes 1 ... 1 1900 H. S. Grimes L. G. Ely 1 Same 1 ....I 31,521 35 1901 J. S. Stuckev G. Liggett 1 51 576 50 40,519 72 1902 1 Samuel Taylor I T. L. Calvert Same 1 1903 T E. Cromlev 1 1 Same 1 1 Same ' 1 ■■■■'l 49.292 75 HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE IN OHIO, 1803-1903. The first settlers of Ohio were of necessity agricukurists. Repre- sentatives of all classes — professional men, business men, craftsmen, farm- ers — took up the line of march toward the land of promise, which lay beyond the mountains, and they entered in, took possession of the land, and tilled the soil. Many of these pioneers had spent their fortunes in maintaining- the War for Independence, and had, as Burnett says, "retired to the wilderness to conceal their poverty." Upon the admission of Ohio to the Union the population was about 45,000, and 7,069,629 acres of land had been purchased from the General Government ; but we have no means now of ascertaining how much of this was cultivated or how much of it was occupied by actual residents. By 1810 the population had increased to 230,760, and 9,933,099 acres of land had been purchased from the Government, but over a third of this amoimt was held by non-residents. A dense forest covered the whole State. Game was abundant ; deer, bears, wild turkeys, etc., supplied the early settlers with meat. The first houses were built of logs and covered with long, si)lit oak shingles, held in place by logs or poles in place of nails. Logs split into flat pieces and hewn smooth were used for floors and doors. School houses and churches were also built of logs. The work of cutting down the forest trees and clearing away the underbrush was generally done in the winter, and all timber not needed for fence rails and fuel was rolled into heaps and burned. Oxen were generally used for iarm work : they were less expensive than horses and more easily kept, with the additional advantage of being available for beef when unfit for work. As soon as the farms were cleared, they were planted in wheat, corn, oats, buckwheat, flax and potatoes. Wheat was sown broadcast among the stumps and with a "drag," scratched under the surface. Red chafif bearded wheat was introduced by the early settlers, and was one of the first varieties cultivated in the State. It was verv prolific. Corn was planted early in May. The planter carried his seed corn in a bag, which was suspended about his waist. A sharp hoe was used to raise the leafy soil, under which the corn was thrown and the ground pressed down with the hoe or foot. Sometimes a hole \vas made with an ax and the corn (lro])pe(l in. \MK'n the corn came up. a hoe was used for clearing out the weeds and stirring the soil about the plants. White flint corn was grown in the northern ]):u"t of the State, as it found a readv 10 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. market at a good price with the Hudson Bay Company ; but yellow dent corn was preferred in other portions of Ohio. "The culture of maize," savs an early writer, ^ "is nearly the only one which the early inhabitants follow, and. although it is far from being brought to perfection, and the land is still so full of roots, it is nevertheless so fertile that the stems rise ten or twelve feet, and the annual produce is from twenty-five to thirtv quintals per acre. * * * Nine-tenths of the interior farmers use only maize bread. They make it into loaves of eight or ten pounds' weight, which they bake in cottage ovens, or into small cakes, baked on a plank before the fire. The bread is generally eaten hot, and is not much relished by those who are unaccustomed to it." Flax was an important crop in Ohio at one time. "It was sown, cleaned, pulled, rotted, broken, swingled, hatcheled, spun and woven in the home, made into linen for the household and into summer garments for men and boys." The fiber was also manufactured into paper. In 1869 - Ohio produced nearly 80,000.000 pounds of flax fiber, and had ninety flax mills in operation. In 1870 the tarilt on gunny cloth, grown in the East Indies, was removed, and, as a result, every flax mill in Ohio was stopped, and the amount of flax fiber reduced in 1886 to less than 2,000,000 pounds. Cotton fiber has now almost entirely taken the place of flax in the manufacture of clothing and many other purposes. A val- uable oil was produced from the flax seed, for which there was a great demand for many years, but cotton seed oil and some products of petro- leum have, to a great extent, taken the place of flax seed oil. The implements used by the early agriculturists of Ohio were few and primitive. The crotch of a tree, with a tooth in front and four on each side, was the harrow made and used in that day, and the wooden mould board plow was in use for many years. Mr. James Flint, an Eng- lishman, who traveled through Ohio in 1818, makes some interesting observations on the condition of agriculture at that time ^' : "The plow is short, chimsy, and not calculated to make either deep or neat furrows. Farming establishmental are small. Most cultivators do everything for themselves, even to the fabrication of their agricultural implements.**** I saw some people threshing buckwheat; they had dug a hollow in a field, about twenty feet in diameter and six feet eight inches in depth. In this the grain was thrashed by the flail and the straw thrown aside to rot in the field. The wheat is cleared of the chaff by two persons fanning at it with a sheet, while a third lets it fall before the wind.****Light articles are carried on horseback, heavy ones by a coarse sledge, a cart or a wagon. The small im- plements are the ax, the pick-ax and the cradle — scythe — by far the most com- mendable of backwood apparatus." Between 1810 and 1820 conditions were very unsatisfactory to the farmer. Wheat declined to twenty-five cents per bushel ; corn ranged from ten to fifteen cents ; oats ten cents, while potatoes ranged from ten to 1 Micheaux Travels, p. 133. 2 Dr. N. S. Towns'hend. 3 Flint's Letters from America. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 11 twelve cents per bushel. And even at these prices but few cash sales were made by the farmer, but his products had to be exchanged for articles which he needed but could not produce. "Salt was eighteen dollars per barrel at lake ports, while flour was worth three dollars per barrel l-'armers throughout .Stark. Wayne. Portage and other famous wheat producing counties in that vicinity would leave the 'log cabin" on Monday morning with six barrels of flour for Cleveland, and return on Saturday night, having bartered the six barrels of flour, the labor of a man and several horses during an entire week, for a single barrel of salt."^ A cow- could be bought at from six to eight dollars, a horse from twenty-five to forty dollars, and pork and beef from one dollar and fifty cents to one dollar and seventy-five cents i)er hundredweight. Almost all clothing was of home manufacture, journeys were made on horseback by "bridle paths" and sometimes through the imbroken forest, for there were as yet no roads. The crying necessity of the countr_\- was for transportation facilities. (iovernor Ethan Allen T'rown recognized the importance of internal improvements and the opening up of a "cheaper way to market for the surplus produce of a large portion of our fertile country." The following quotation is made from his annual message to the General Assembly, January 8. 1819 :- "You will bear in mind that our productions, which form our only great resource, are generally of that bulky and ponderous description as to need every easement in consequence that we can afford. Experience is a faithful monitor; and the millions expended for transportation during the late war may teach a useful lesson; another may be learned from the present differ- ence between the price of salt on the lake shore and on the Ohio. I have already evinced an anxiety on this subject, excited by a strong sense of its vital impor- tance. Roads and canals are veins and arteries to the body politic, that diffuse supplies, health, vigor and animation to the whole system. "- The people living on the border of Lake Erie, the Ohio River and the navigable waterways of the State had a very great advantage over the settlers in the central portion; the former could, at certain periods of the year, send their produce to market by boat; but the only demand the latter had for surplus products came from the immigrants. In 1820 the fir.st action w^as taken in reference to the construction of the Ohio canals. Considerable opposition developed, however, and the act authorizing the work did not pass until 1825." By 1837 higher prices were paid for agricultural products than ever before in the history of the State. Wheat sold at one dollar and twenty-five cents per bushel ; clover seed fifteen dollars per bushel ; potatoes one dollar and twenty-five cents per bushel, etc. "Eor thirty years these waterways were the great controlling factors of increasing commerce, manufactures and poptdation. 1 Dr. S. P. Hildreth. 2 Senate Journal, 1819. 3 See Ohio Canals. 12 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. The newly found markets for farm products added fifty per centum to their prices, thus enlarging- the field of agriculture and bringing- wealth to the State by its extension."^ In 1832 there were 560,742 bushels of wheat exported by canal from the State, and by 1847 it reached 9,200,388 bushels. An average of about 5,000,000 bushe-ls of wheat and flour werei exported annually by canal from 1840 to 1850. With the impetus given to agricultiu'e by the opening of the canals, improved machinery was being introduced, and the Ohio farmer was ready to take advantage of it. The corn cultivator appeared in 1824, McCormick's reaper in 1831 and Hussey's mower in 1833. In 1850 the value of machinery and implements in use on farms in this State was $12,750,585. Corn planters, grain drills, broadcast wheat sowers, corn shellers for horse and hand power, corn and cob crushers, and one and two horse cultivators w^ere on exhibition at the State Fair held in Cleveland in 1852. In 1859 i^ ^^''^^ said that Ohio employed more labor saving ma- chinery than any other State in the Union. The number of improved machines has increased rapidly, changing the character of field work and making it possible to largely increase the production of cereals. As early as 1833 there was much interest manifested in the culture of silk worms, and silk manufacturing companies were organized at Franklinton, Franklin county; Franklin Mills, Portage county; Dayton, Montgomery county, and St. Clairsville, Belmont county, and from 1835 tO' 1845 rnany yards of silk goods were manufactured in Ohio.^ From the Patent Office Report for 1854 wc learn that fifty thousand bushels of cocoons w^ere raised annually in the valley of the Ohio. About 1834 Mr. Joseph Sullivant, of Columbus, Ohio, made some experiments in the culture of the sugar lieet. He procured some French sugar beet seed through the Patent Office, and planted a half acre of ground. The yield was so great that the following year he had several acres planted with seed imported directly from France. The yield was very abundant, and a number of expensive experiments were made for the purpose of extracting the saccharine matter, but he did not succeed in procuring crystallized sugar. The lack of practical experience and of facilities for extracting the sugar and crystallizing it are responsible for the abandonment of the enterprise, but Mr. Sullivant succeeded in demonstrating the value of the sugar beet as food for man and for all domestic animals, its wonderful productivity and the adaptability of Ohio soils for its cultivation. Mr. Sullivant also made valuable experiments in hemp growing, and demonstrated the fact that good crops of hemp could be grown in 1 Ryan's History of Ohio, p. 96. 2 See Ohio Manufacturers. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 13 Ohio, the difficulty not being in soil, climate nv cultivation, but in the manual labor required in pre|)aring- the hemp for market. Almost all varieties of farm crops have been tried in this State. Some liave succeeded and some have failed, but it will be seen from the following statistics that, notwithstanding the center of production is gradually moving westward, the staple crops of Ohio one hundred years ago are the staple crops of the State todav : PRODUCTION OF WHEAT IN BUSHELS FROM 1850 TO 1900. (V. S. Census Report of 1900. j Year. 1 1 Bushels. Rank. ! 1 1850.. 14,487,351 2 I860.. 1 15,119,047 1 4 1870.. 27,882,159 ■ o 1880.. 1 46,014,869 1 3 1890.. 1 35,559,208 1 5 1900.. 1 50,376,800 i 3 PRODUCTION OF WHEAT BY COUNTIES FOR 1899. (V. S. Census Report for 1900; County. Acres. Adams ' 28,6?.7 Allen I 41,090 Ashland I 41.586 Ashtabula '[ 18,253 Athens I 18,077 Au£?laize | 48,5.31 Belmont | 28,903 Brown i 32,073 Butler I 69,959 Carroll | 19.518 Champaign | 57,048 Clark I 51,439 Clermont | 27,211 Clinton [ 52,364 Columbiana i 26,860 Coshocton I 37,672 Crawford i 35,922 Cuyahoga 1 13,784 Darke | 81,001 Defiance | 21,370 Delaware j 31,448 Erie j 23,554 Fairfield | 57,674 Fayette i 60,859 Franklin j 59,239 Fulton I 15,952 Gallia | 27,771 Geauga | 10,648 Greene I 60,111 Bushels. 252,200 686,460 729,600 306,110 201,260 865,490 345,890 271,330 1,135,230 259,620 960,350 949,900 239,670 787,640 420.390 441,750 792,020 257,160 1,511,510 235,910 551,200 436,030 804,940 1,106,880 996,290 109,900 244,810 199,170 1,015,980 Value. 14 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. PRODUCTION OF WHEAT BY COUNTIES FOR 1899 Concluded. County. Acres. Bushels. Value. Guernsey Hamilton Hancock , Hardin Harrison Henry Highland Hocking Holmes Huron Jackson Jefferson Knox Lake Lawrence Licking Logan Lorain Lucas Madison Mahoning Marion Medina Meigs Mercer Miami Monroe Montgomery . . . . Morgan Morrow Muskingum Noble Ottawa Paulding Perry Pickaway Pike Portage Preble Putnam Richland Ross Sandusky Scioto Seneca Shelby Stark Summit Trumbull Tuscarawas Union Van Wert Vinton . Warren Washington . . . . Wayne Williams Wood Wyandot Totals 22. 28 60 45 15 22 51, 19 34 38 18 17 43 7, 16 50 47 27, 7 55 19 36 29 28, 50, 62 24, 53, 19 25 84 18 20 8, 23 77, 27 24, 56 59 47 62 49 26, 69 3 54 31 17 36 38 39, 14 40 37 59 26 36 37 298 071 062 918 676 639 205 361 994 234 390 568 514 832 336 282 409 665 596 538 730 642 074 003 798 256 924 944 937 ,197 309 128 637 938 540 255 421 859 ,000 034 384 994 ,959 916 ,192 ,920 ,682 650 256 ,558 ,580 855 275 747 225 485 .975 393 365 243,970 482,000 1,112,120 838,010 194,860 239,700 541,840 186,740 549,540 779.520 157.470 206,080 658,200 120,230 131,920 710.890 880,520 517,920 63,580 1,070,960 347,580 749,770 579,090 328,830 977,420 1,102,890 271,570 962,360 266,400 517,590 407,110 185,990 246,890 97,380 307,460 1.193,950 266.160 444,000 1,066,260 1,002,810 891,230 786,540 793,810 309,700 1,309,230 891,190 902,040 589,540 318,670 498,080 674,680 656,250 133,100 496,980 481,960 950,570 265,800 572,080 733,080 3,209,074 I 50,376,800 I $32,855,834 Ohio ranks second in value of wheat and third in number of bushels. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 15 PRODUCTION OF CORN IN BUSHELS FROM 1850 to 1900. (U. S. Census Report of 1900.) Year. 1 Bushels. 1 Rank. | 1850... 1860... 1870... 1880... 1890... 1900... . ..| 59,078,695 73.543,190 . ..| 67,501,144 ..1 111,877,124 ..| 113,892,318 . ..| 152,055,390 1 1 2 t 1 ' i PRODUCTION OF CORN BY COUNTIES FOR 1899. (U. S. Census Report of 1900.) County. Adams j Allen I Ashland | Ashtabula j Athens | Auglaize j Belmont | Brown | Butler I Carroll | Champaign j Clark I Clermont | Clinton | Columbiana j Coshocton j Crawford | Cuyahoga ] Darke | Defiance | Delaware | Erie [ Fairfield j Fayette I Franklin | Fulton I Gallia | Geauga | Greene | Guernsey j Hamilton | Hancock j Hardin '.\ Harrison | Henry | Highland j Hocking | Holmes | Huron | iJackson I Acres. 1 Bushels. I 1 47,268 1,220,820 45,478 1,857,760 28,121 1,081,120 21.297 626,560 22.713 698,380 51,357 2,076,0.50 29,956 1,103,770 58,929 1.739.450 59,628 2,449,790 16,380 473,720 66,144 2,767,560 1 58,780 2,528,830 51,324 1,474,350 69,201 3,219,390 1 23,208 814,170 1 33,655 1,094,470 40,686 1,678,560 15,103 504,450 88,557 3,789,930 40,542 1,985,210 1 52,450 2,084.900 1 21,168 790,930 1 61,388 2,500,190 1 76,136 3.385,220 1 83,712 3.382.300 44,904 1.928.190 31,057 774.810 1 11,977 411.440 1 67,059 3.188,380 1 25,389 833,400 1 30,953 1.113,340 1 63,060 2,813,210 57,355 2,380,610 15,707 543,780 t 77,990 3,879.160 66,919 2.462,790 21,444 635,100 27,429 984,870 33,146 1,219,100 20,286 435,170 Value. 16 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. PRODUCTION OF CORN BY COUNTIES FOR 1899— Concluded. County. Jefferson Knox Lake Lawrence Licking Logan Lorain Lucas Madison Mahoning Marion Medina Meigs Mercer Miami Monroe Montgomery . . Morgan Morrow Muskingum . . . Noble Ottawa Paulding Perry Pickaway Pike Portage Preble Putnam Richland Ross Sandusky .... Scioto Seneca Shelby Stark Summit Trumbull Tuscarawas . . . Union Van Wert . . . Vinton Warren Washington . . Wayne Williams Wood Wyandot Totals Acres. 16,085 40,660 9,409 30,240 60,866 60,992 24,198 33,532 92,975 18,561 54,189 23,160 22,234 56,409 59,709 23,849 55,651 19,925 32,744 37,509 21,467 29,346- 75,756 22,623 91,079 35,304 17,452 58,815 75.846 35,389 80,804 50,271 .32,0.58 56,798 53,778 35,411 20,651 18,138 27,391 61,460 63,224 18,087 53,066 29,194 43,449 35,132 107,686 45,556 3,826,013 Bushels. 574,800 1,471,790 375,600 673,930 2,326,070 2.433.010 870,690 1,346,210 3,738,570 714,860 2,394,740 770,110 595,990 2,283,930 2,721,940 776,500 2,290.160 787,490 1,370,160 1,307,010 797,790 1,275,500' 3,779,830 765.530 3.843.560 1,053,680 546.000 2,544,710 3,557,350 1,388,340 3,192,960 2,314,470 1,034.840 2,388.920 2,047.690 1,454.180 696,000 576.470 822,990 2,386,760 3,057,910 487,120 2,372,140 926,640 1,745,170 1,515,180 4.752,280 1,976,590 152,055,390 Value. $48,037,895 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. PRODUCTION OF OATS IN BUSHELS FROM 1850 to 1900. (U. S. Census for 1900.) 17 Year. | Bushels. Rank. 1850 13,472,742 15,409,234 25,347,549 28,664,505 40,136,732 42,050,910 3 3 4 6 6 I860 1870 1880 1890 1900 ACREAGE, PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF CORN, WHEAT, OATS. BARLEY AND BUCKWHEAT, ARRANGED IN ORDER OF VALUE. AND GIVING RANK IN PRODUCTION AND VALUE, FOR CROP OF 1899. (U. S. Census Report of 1900.) Grain. Acres. 1 1 Rank. | Bushels. Rank. Value. Corn 3 826.013 7 3 6 13 16 10 152,055.390 50,376,800 42,050.910 1,053,240 257,120 164,305 7 2 8 12 16 10 $48,0.37,895 32,855,834 10,236,251 402 977 Wheat 3.209,074 Oats 1,115,149 Barley 34,058 Rye 17 583 128 072 Buckwheat 13,071 87,242 ACREAGE AND PRODUCTION OF SPECIFIED CLASSES OF HAY AND FORAGE IN 1899, AND TOTAL VALUE OF SAME. Kind. Acres. Tons. Value. Wild, Salt and Prairie grasses 3,.548 13.048 617,516 2,276,898 60.813 40,639 32,658 3 563 Millet and Hungarian grasses Clover 19,552 1 773 857 Other cultivated grasses 2,627,989 77.749 123 068 Grains cut green for hav Sown for forage Cornstalks 563,149 1 1 Total 3,047,919 4,192,871 1 $29,047,919 Ohio ranks fourth in value of hay and forage crop. 2— C. H. of O, 18 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF CLOVER SEED AND OTHER GRASS SEEDS FOR 1899. Name. Bushels. Value. Clover seed Other grass seed Total 336,318 52,403 388,721 11,358,494 60,195 $1,418,689 Value of Farm Productions for 1899 $257,065,826 Value of Live Stock on Farms June 1, 1900 125,954,616 PRODUCTION OF POTATOES FROM 1850 TO 1900. (U. S. Census Report of 1900.) Years. Acres. Bushels. Value. 1350 185,393 167,590 5,057,769 8,695,101 11,192,814 12,719,215 15,804,931 13,709,238 I860 1870 1880 1890 1900a $5,750,068 a Crop of 1899. Ohio ranks fifth in value of crop, sixth in acreage, and seventh in production. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 19 ACREAGE AND PRODUCTION OF SWEET CORN, TOMATOES, CUCUM- BERS AND OTHER VEGETABLES FOR 1899. (U. S. Census Report of 1900.) Name. Acres. Bushels. Number. Bunches. Sweet Corn 16,659 1,400,772 Tomatoes 10,800 1,853,674 Cucumbers Beets 1,432 178 313,035 61,621 Carrots 80 30,802 Parsnips 47 14,062 Radishes 175 5,157,410 Turnips 64 15,577 Green Beans . . 306 36,750 Green Peas 748 61,517 Pumpkins 75 142,800 Squashes 84 202,890 Watermelons . . 1,959 2,507,240 Muskmelons ... 2,256 2,660,510 Cabbages Lettuce 6,970 190 93,943 19,501,140 Spinach 22 6,698 Asparagus 118 226,130 Celery 954 1,575,800 Ohio ranks third in value of her vegetable productions, which amounted to $12,354,407. ACREAGE, PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF SWEET POTATOES AND ONIONS FOR 1899. (U. S. Census of 1900.) Name. Acres. | Bushels. Value. Sweet Potatoes | 3,796 249,767 Onions | 5,067 1,671,442 $158,103 826,212 1 Total 1 $984,315 1 1 ACREAGE, PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF TOBACCO IN 1899 AND OTHER STATISTICS. (U. S. Census of 1900) Name. 1 Acres. Pounds. Value. Tobacco 1 71,422 65,957,100 537,160 2,910 $4,864,191 Broom Corn 1 802 Hops 1 3 Willows 1 14 1,144 20 CENTENNIAL HISTORY' OF OHIO. OHIO STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. Of all the agencies which have been at work for the last half of the century in promoting the interests of agriculture, the most valuable has been the Ohio State Board of Agriculture, the establishment of which was due to the efforts of some of the most prominent, intelligent, public spirited men in the State, who worked together harmoniously to accom- plish this end, irrespective of politics or profession. The first law that could be classed under "agricultural legislation" was passed by the General Assembly February 25, 1833, and was entitled "An act to authorize and encourage the establishment of agricultural societies in the several counties of the State." The law was amended in 1839, t>^it it soon proved inadec^uate to the wants of the agriculturists of the State, and on February 2, 1845, "-^ ^^i^l ^or the encouragement of agriculture" was introduced in the Senate by Mr. Wetmore, represent- ing Portage and Summit counties. Final action was not secured on the bill until March 10, near the close of the session (the Legislature ad- journed March 13), when it was indefinitely postponed by a vote of twelve to thirteen.^ This was a very serious disappointment to the friends of the measure, and as a result a State agricultural convention was called, to meet in the Senate chamber, Columbus, June 25-26 of that year. The convention was well attended by representative agriculturists from all parts of the State, and some stirring resolutions were passed, among them the following :- "Resolved, That the next General Assembly be requested to enact a law providing for the election by delegates from the different county or district societies, of a permanent State Board of Agriculture, to consist of seven mem- bers, residing in different parts of the State, who shall have the general super- vision of all plans for the promotion of agriculture throughout the State, give instructions for the management of county or district agricultural societies, and obtain reports from the same, procure the analysis of soils, lectures, etc., and generally perform such acts as may tend to promote improvements in agriculture, horticulture and domestic industry, also make an annual report to the legislature, embracing an account of their own proceedings, together with an abstract of the reports from the county societies. "Resolved, That a State Board of Agriculture consisting of nine members be elected by this Convention, who shall discharge the duties of said Board, as contemplated in the preceding resolution for one year, or until their successors be appointed. "Resolved, That a committee of ten be appointed by the chair to nominate to the Convention suitable persons to constitute said Board." A coiumittee was thereupon appointed and the following gentlemen were named and dulv elected as a "State Board of Agriculture" : M. L. 1 Senate Journal 1845, pp. 406, 850, 851. 2 Ohio Cultivator, 1845 pp. 98-100. DETARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 21 Sullivant, Sanuiel Medarv, Franklin; Allen Trimble, Highland; Green- bury Keen, Portage ; Samuel Spangler, Fairfield ; Darius Lapham, Ham- ilton ; Dr. J. r. Kirtland, Cuyahog-a ; J. H. Hallock, Jefferson ; Joseph \ ance, Champaig;n. The convention adjourned, to meet again at the call of the "State Board of Agriculture." On the 22d of October, 1845, in response to a call issued "by the advice of Messrs. Ridgeway, Aledary and Sullivant," there was a meet- ing of the "Ohio State Board of Agriculture," at which it was decided to prepare memorials, petitions, etc., for the presentation to the next General Assembly. The "Board" adjourned until December loth, on which date the committees on agriculture of the two branches of the Leg- islature were present, "and a full and free interchange of opinions was had in regard to the several plans for the promotion of agriculture con- templated in the resolutions and memorial of the State convention and the petitions daily coming in from different parts of the State, asking for legislative action in behalf of agriculture."^ On December 15, 1845, Mr. Wetmore again presented to the Senate "A bill for the encourage- ment of agriculture," which, with some changes, was passed February 27th, 1846, and the act of 1839 to authorize and encourage the estab- lishment of agricultural societies in the State was repealed thereby, except as to the payment of liabilities incurred. This law created the State Board of Agriculture, consisting of fifty- three members. Section 6 of the act provided that "there shall be held in the city of Columbus on the first Wednesday after the first Monday in December an annual meeting of the Ohio State Board of Agriculture, together with the president of each county agricultural society, etc." The Ohio State Board of Agriculture, created by the above named act, held its first meeting in the city of Columbus on the first Wednesday in April, 1846. in compliance with the provisions of the law. Out of the fifty-three members but nine were present, while ten were required to make a quorum. We do not find the fact recorded, but, according to tradition, a messenger was sent after Mr. Chancy, the member whose home was nearest Columbus, and by hard riding during a part of a very stormy night Mr. Chancy reached this city before midnight, and a legal organization of the Board was effected. Ex-Governor Allen Trimble was elected president, Samuel Medary secretary and M. L. Sullivant treasurer. The first annual meeting of the Board was held in Columbus Wednes- day, December 9, 1846. The roll was called by the secretary, and the following members of the Board answered to their names : Allen Trimble, Samuel Medary, Darius Lapham, A. E. Strickle, Samuel Meyers, H. N. Gillett, Isaac Moore and Arthur Watts. Credentials were presented by the following gentlemen as presi- dents or delegates of countv societies : Alexander Waddle, of Clark and 1 Ohio Cultivator, 1845, p. 100. 22 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. Madison ; A. Ruff, Greene ; T. B. Fisher, Delaware ; N. Spindler, Knox ; W. I. Thomas, Miami; Samuel Meyers, Columbiana; J. F. Beaver, Trum- bull; Jonathan Smith, Licking; A. H. Lewis, Portage; J. J. Coombs, Gallia ; William Hogue, Belmont. As these delegates were ex-officio members of the Board at this meeting, there was a quorum present, and the regular business was taken up. A resolution was passed, requesting the General Assembly to reduce the number of members of the Board. On February 8, 1847, the law was amended, and the number of members reduced to ten. The following gentlemen were appointed : Allen Trimble, M. L. Sullivant, Samuel Med- ary, Darius Lapham, A. E. Strickle, Arthur Watts, M. B. Bateham, John Codding, Jared P. Kirtland and Isaac Moore. Section 3 of the amended law provided "that the sum of two hundred dollars be and the same is hereby appropriated from the treasury for the use of the board." The annual meetings of the Board were held in December until 1862, when the time was changed to January, in compliance with the amended law of February 20, 1861.. The law for the "encouragement of agriculture" w^as again amended January 13, 1898. This amendment provides for the election of two (instead of five, as under the old law) members of the Board each year, and makes the term of service five years (instead of two). In 1880 the system of monthly crop reporting by townships was inaugurated by the Board. In 1 88 1 a law was passed, making the Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture the inspector of commercial fertilizers in Ohio. May 7, 1902, an act was passed by the General Assembly, constituting the State Board of Agriculture the State Board of Live Stock Commis- sioners of Ohio, and a few days later an act was passed placing nursery and orchard inspection under the control of the Board. OHIO STATE FAIR. At the annual meeting of the Ohio State Board of Agriculture De- cember 6, 1848, it was decided to hold a State Fair in September, 1849, at Cincinnati, but owing to an outbreak of cholera in that city during the summer it was decided to postpone it for a year. Arrangements were made to hold it September 11, 12 and 13, 1850; but another epidemic of cholera caused a postponement until October 5, 6 and 7, of that year, when the first Ohio State Fair was held at Camp Washington, near Cin- cinnati. It was a great success ; the attendance was large and the receipts amounted to $8,036.18. The fair was without a permanent home for some years. It was held in Columbus in 1851 ; Cleveland, 1852; Dayton, 1853; Newark, 1854; Columbus, 1855; Cleveland, 1856; Cincinnati, 1857; DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ^6 Sandusky, 1858; Zanesville, 1859; Dayton, i860, 1861 ; Cleveland, 1862, 1863; Columbus, 1864, 1865; Dayton, 1866, 1867; Toledo, 1868, 1869; Springfield, 1870, 1871 ; Mansfield, 1872, 1873. I" 1874 the State Fair was located in Columbus, occupying the grounds of the Franklin County Agricultural Society (now Franklin Park) until 1886, when it was permanently located on the Ohio State Fair Grounds, comprising one hundred and fifteen acres, situated just north of the city. These grounds have been improved and beautified and fine buildings erected for the ac- commodation of exhibitors in every department. The four live stock buildings have the best arrangements for the care and exhibition of animals and are the largest and most commodious in the United States. The Board has held fairs annually since 1850, except in 1888, when the "Ohio Centennial Commission" was authorized to, and did, hold its exposition on the State Fair Grounds. COUNTY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES. That the pioneer farmers of Ohio realized the importance of com- bination and association in their work is evidenced by the existence of agricultural societies very early in the history of the State. According to Hon. Elisha Whittlesey, the Trumbull County Agricultural Society was organized in 181 8. In an address delivered before the Mahoning County Agricultural Society in i860, he makes the following statement:^ "My belief is that the first agricultural society in this State * * * was organized in Youngstown. A notice, given at the request of several gentlemen interested in agricultural science, was published in the Chron- icle, at Warren, on the 26th of November, 181 8, requesting a meeting of the farmers of Youngstown and adjacent towns at James Hillman's, in Youngstown, on the 2d of December following, for the formation of an agricultural society. 'Farmers from a distance are requested to attend, as views are entertained that this society will embrace the agricultural interests of the whole county.' That notice, I have no doubt, was drawn by ]udge George Tod, who was enthusiastically devoted to agriculture, horticulture and gardening. * * * On the day appointed the meet- ing was held. George Tod, William Rayen and Calvin Pease were ap- pointed a committee to prepare and report articles of association. The report was made in due time, and the first article was as follows: The name of this society shall be The Agricultural Society of Trumbull County, and the objects of the society are the promotion and improve- ment of agriculture, rural economy and domestic manufactures.' At the second meeting George Tod was elected president. The society continued in existence four years, and stimulated the farmers, or many of them. 1 Ohio Agricultural Report, 1860, pp. 426, 427. 24 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. to adopt improvements in cultivation ; and the females vied with each other in fabricating various articles of domestic wear." This was many years before the erection of Mahoning county, which occurred in 1846. The Agricultural and Mechanical Society of Washington (Ohio) and Wood (Virginia) counties was organized April 28, 1819. The association held a fair at Marietta October 18, 1826. A procession was formed in front of the court house, and, escorted by a band of music, marched to the front of the Congregational church, where President Barker delivered an address. A dinner was served and the awards were announced after the members of the society had regaled themselves. "For many years the court house was used for floral hall, and the streets adjacent, or some convenient vacant lots, were used for the display of stock." The Cincinnati Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, Manu- factures and Domestic Economy was organized July 24, 1819, with General William Henry Harrison as President. On July 27th the follow- ing editorial appeared in Liberty Hall and Cincinnati Gazette: "The Association for the Promotion of Agriculture and Domestic Manufactures, which was the object of the meeting at the court house on the 24th instant, merits the patronage and active co-operation of the whole community, and more particularly of those who are engaged in agri- cultural pursuits. Town and country, if not equally, are both essentially interested in the success of this society, and we think those patriotic citi- zens who have set it on foot are entitled to the thanks of the whole country." The society held a meeting June 2'j, 1820, and agreed upon premiums to be offered at their fair, to be held at E. Hutchinson's, on the last Tues- day of September, 1820, as follows: First. Second. I Third. For linen, not less than 25 yards in piece | $15.00 Woolen cloth, not less than 12 yards, and three quarters of a yard wide j 15.00 Bull calves, not more than 1 year old j 15.00 Heifer calves not more than 1 year old I 10.00 Milch cows, form of animal, quantity and quality of milk to be considered I 15.00 Merino rams: Best full blood | 8.00 Best half iblood | 5.00 Common rams, long wool breed I 5.00 Hogs, best breed, size and proneness to fatten early to be considered | 15.00 Work oxen j 15.00 Stud colts, not more than 3 years old I 25.00 Brood mares I 15.00 $5.00 5.00 5.00 3.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 25 From the above it would appear that HaniiUoii county held the first fair, and this premium list, the first issued in the State, is worthy of preservation. It is valuable for comparison. The Ashtabula County Agricultural Society was organized January i6, 1823, and the first cattle show and fair was held in Austinburg the following October, at which premiums amounting to forty dollars were offered. The Portage County Agricultural Society was organized May 9, 1825, at Ravenna, and the first fair was held October i8th of the same year. The Athens County Agricultural Society was organized in 1828, and the following is the preamble to the constitution of the society ■} "We, whose names are annexed, convinced of the benefits resulting to communities from the operations of well regulated agricultural societies, in the means and facilities afforded by them for the attainment and diffusion of useful, practical information, and the spirit of emulation and improvement in the culture of the soil and the domestic manufacture of its products, do form ourselves into an Association for the above mentioned purposes, to be called the Athens County Agricultural Society." The first fair was held at Athens in October of the same year. A number of counties organized societies under the law of 1833, but it was not until the passage of the law of 1846, which created the Ohio State Board of Agriculture and placed county societies under its care and management, that a general interest was manifested ; the old societies promptly reorganized under the new law and in a few years every county in the State had its agricultural society. 1 History of Athens County, p. 183. 26 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. FARMERS' INSTITUTES. Farmers' institutes have aided greatly in the education of the farmers of Ohio. The institute idea was suggested by that Hfe-long friend of agriculturists, Dr. Norton S. Townshend. Under date of February 15, 1845, l''G made the following suggestions:^ "Had we a State Agricultural Society, with a good board of managers, or should the Legislature constitute a State Board of Agriculture, then either of these might select a sufficient number of competent individuals to lecture on all the sciences having relations with agriculture. To one lecturer might be assigned Geology and Mineralogy, with their relations to draining, well-digging, etc., etc.; to another Chemistry, with its innumerable applications; to another Botany and Vegetable Physiology as applied to gardening, orcharding, and field culture; to another lecturer. Zoology, Comparative Anatomy and Physiol- ogy, showing their bearing upon the management of domestic animals; to an- other the principles of Pathology and Therapeutics and their relation to the tieatment of the diseases of animals, and all the operations of a surgical nature which the farmer is required to perform; then to another Natural Philosophy and the application of its principles in the perfecting of farming implements, etc., etc. "And why will not all who are qualified commence lecturing in their own neighborhoods, and invite their neighbors to hear? Immense good might be done; at any rate, an interest could be excited if nothing more." Mr. M. B. Bateham, editor of the Ohio Cultivator (later a member of the State Board of Agriculture), in the issue of October 15, 1846, says: "In regard to lectures, we hope that the State Board will take some action upon the subject, and that several competent persons may be engaged to lec- ture in different parts of the State, where desired, during the coming winter. We know of no way by which more good could be accomplished at the present time." The State Board of Agriculture at its second meeting, held October 28, 1846, adopted the following resolution : ^ "Resolved, Tliat the Board respectfully and earnestly ask gentlemen pos- sessing the requisite knowledge of science and agriculture, in different parts of the State, to assist in the great work of promoting agricultural improvement by delivering lectures to farmers, as they may be desired or have opportunity, especially during the season of fall and winter, and in places where clubs or societies may be formed for such purposes." No definite action was taken for a long time, but during all these years Dr. Townshend was teaching the doctrine of higher education for the farmer with unflagging zeal in addresses to county agricultural societies, farmers' clubs, etc. We cannot refrain from quoting here a paragraph 1 Ohio Cultivator, 1845, p. 31. 2 Ohio Agricultural Report, 1846, pp. 17, 18. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 27 from an address delivered by him at the annual meeting of the State Board of Agriculture held in 1874:^ "What we want is to abandon tlie old idea that farming has no higher aim than getting a living, and instead of it to adopt the better one that the chief end of farming is the culture and improvement of the farmer and his family; and while it does this, it should, as a secondary result, give support and pay ex- penses. Farming needs a new departure, or to take a new start, and with a higher aim and purpose, so that it may secure to the farmer the same improve- ment in intellectual and social position that men expect to secure through the professions of law or medicine. These professions educate men by their daily work, and so will farming when taken hold of in earnest and in the right way." In 1880 Dr. W. I. Chamberlain was elected secretary of the State Board of Agriculture, and in an address to the Board, made September 14, 1880, he asked for definite authority "to co-operate with county or other local agricultural societies and granges in calling and organizing farmers' institutes or agricultural conventions during the present fall and winter. My own work would be to attend and address such meet- ings, take part in the discussions and secure in advance competent lec- turers and speakers, so as to create interest, insure the success of the meet- ings, diffuse agricultural information and help secure better results in agriculture all through our State. This plan of holding farmers' insti- tutes has been pursued in Michigan for a number of years with the most beneficial results." A resolution was at once adopted appropriating one thousand dollars ($1,000) out of the earnings of the State Fair for the purpose of inaugu- rating farmers' institutes in Ohio, and during the winter of 1 880-8 r the good work began. Twenty-seven institutes were held during the winter with three speakers. President Edward Orton and Dr. N. S. Townshend, of the Ohio State University, and Secretary W. I. Chamberlain. The interest manifested in these institutes by the farmers of the State was very encouraging to the friends of agriculture, and on March 22, 1881, the General Assembly increased the appropriation for the encouragement of agriculture one thousand dollars ($i,ooo) to enable the Board to carry on the work. On April 26, 1890, the General Assembly passed "An Act to provide for the organization and support of farmers' institute societies." This law provided from the general fund of each county a per capita allowance of five mills, but not to exceed two hundred dollars in any county; two- fifths of this amount to go to the State Board of Agriculture for the payment of per diem and expenses of speakers appointed by the Board, and three-fifths to go to the local societies for their expense's. This substantial recognition of the work gave fresh impetus to it. During the season of 1895-96, one hundred and fifty-seven regular farm- ers' institutes were held under the auspices of the Board, and eighty- 1 Ohio Agricultural Report, 1874, p. 115. 28 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. seven counties took part in the work. But the Board had now reached that point where it was impossible, with the means at its command, to increase the number of institutes, although the demand was constantly growing. Again the General Assembly came to its aid, and on the 27th of April, 1896, amended the "Act providing for the organization and support of farmers' institute societies," making the per capita allowance six mills, instead of five mills, and dividing it equally between the State Board of Agriculture and the local societies, limiting the amount available in any county to two hundred and fifty dollars. In 1902-03 there were two hundred and forty, two-day, farmers' insti- tutes held, with an average attendance of seventy-three thousand nine hundred and twenty-one and a total expense of sixteen thousand, five hundred and ten dollars and seventy-five cents. In addition to the regular farmers' institutes held under the auspices of the State Board of Agriculture, a large number of independent insti- tutes have been held each year, some of which have reported to this depart- ment, but many have failed to do so, hence we are unable to give even an approximate estimate of the number of independent meetings held. The State Farmers' Institute held its first session in Columbus, Tuesday, January 11, 1887 (the annual meeting of the State Board of Agriculture was held on the 12th) and it has held annual two-day sessions in Columbus since that time during the week of the annual meeting of the Board. No county institutes are held during the continuance of the State Institute ; this gives all interested an opportunity of attending it. A good program is always provided and the farmers, horticulturists and stock breeders of the State are present in large numbers. It would be imposible to estimate the good that has resulted from the work of the Ohio State Board of Agriculture, either directly as a department of agriculture, or indirectly through farmers' institutes, state and county fairs, county agricultural societies, etc., in raising the standard of agriculture, in improving live stock of all classes, farm products, fruits, methods of cultivation, increasing production, etc., etc. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION, 29 Ex-Governor Allen Trimble, President of the State Board of Agri- culture for several years, was an earnest advocate of agricultural educa- tion, and in his report to the Board for 1848 he says :^ "I cannot close this report without again calling the attention of the Gen- eral Assembly and our farming population to the importance and necessity, if we should succeed in our undertaking, ol elevating agriculture among us to its true dignity and importance, by providing some efficient means of preparing our young^ men, at least, for adopting a more improved and perfect system of agriculture." In 1854 the first step was taken in this direction when the Ohio Agricultural College was established at Oberlin, and arrangements were made to deliver winter courses of lectures, anually, to young farmers on the branches of science most intimately coimected with agriculture. There were four departments in charge of the following gentlemen r "Dr. James Dascomb, chemistry in its application to soils, manures, animal and vegetable life, domestic arts, etc. "Dr. N. S. Townshend, comparative anatomy and physiology, with special reference to the feeding and breeding of stock ; history and description of domestic animals ; veterinary medicine and surgery, ento- mology, etc. "Dr. John S. Newberry, geology and mineralogy, botany, etc. "Professor James H. Fairchild, natural philosophy; agricultural mechanics ; farm implements ; meteorology ; elements of engineering and land surveying; rural architecture; landscape gardening and farm book- keeping." Only a few young men took advantage of these lectures at Oberlin, so during the winters of 1855 and 1856 they were held in Cleveland, but evidently with no better success, as they were then discontinued. In 1833 ~\Ir. Freeman G. Gary opened what was known as Pleasant Hill Academy. After operating this academy for a number of years, Mr. Gary decided to change the name of the institution to "Farmers' College" and adopt a course of study for the education of the young farmers of the State. To defray the expenses of this undertaking, "a fund was raised by the sale of shares, a suitable farm was purchased, commodious build- ings erected and a large attendance of pupils secured.'' In Septem- 1 Ohio Agricultural Report, 1848, p. 15. 2 Ohio Cultivator, 18.54, p. 286. 3 Howe's Historical Collections, vol. 1, p. 108. 30 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. ber, 1856, the agricultural department of the Farmers' College, at College Hill, Ohio, went into operation under three appropriate professorships. The Ohio Agriculaural and Mechanical College opened its doors for the reception of students in 1873, with ten departments, agriculture head- ing the list. In 1878 the General Assembly passed an act changing the name from the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College to the Ohio State University, and the department of agriculture has become the College of Agriculture and Domestic Science, offering to the student six courses of study : A four years' course in Agriculture. A four years' course in Horticulture and Forestry. A two years' course in Agriculture and Horticulture. A winter term's course in Dairying. A four years' course in Domestic Science. A two years' course in Domestic Science. The student in this college is not only given a scientific course of study, but also a thoroughly practical training. He is taught to analyze the soil and study its physical properties ; the best manner of tillage and the most improved methods of drainage and irrigation ; the management of live stock, etc., etc. An act was passed by the General Assembly of Ohio, April 17, 1882, authorizing the establishment of an agricultural experiment station. A few days later Governor Charles Foster appointed the three members of the Board of Control, who were called together on April 25th, when they effected an organization by the election of proper officers, and Professor W. R.. Lazenby was appointed director. The trustees of the Ohio State University, having offered the free use of necessary land, of laboratories, apparatus, implements, etc., the station was located on the University grounds. The first annual report, which was made in 1882, gave an account of the work accomplished during the year and stated that the station was "prepared to test varieties ; to analyze and test fertilizers and manures, soils, water, milk, cattle foods, etc. ; to examine seeds that are suspected of being unsound or adulterated ; to identify and name weeds and other plants ; to investigate and describe, when known, the habits of injurious and beneficial insects, and other work of a similar character that properly comes within its province." In 1892 the station was removed to Wooster, where it is now pleas- antly located and is well equipped for its work. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 31 THE OHIO STATE GRANGE. The Ohio State Grange was organized in 1872 and it has demon- strated to the farmers of Ohio the advantages of organization and co-opera- tion. Women are admitted to full membership, and fathers, mothers and children are often members of the same society. The National Grange, which was organized some years previous to this branch, declares its purpose to be : "To develop a better and higher manhood and womanhood among ourselves, to enhance the comforts and attractions of our homes and strengthen our attachments to our pursuits, to foster mutual under- standing and co-operation, to maintain inviolate our laws, and to emulate each other in labor to hasten the good time coming, etc." The outlook for the farmer of Ohio today is very encouraging. The university, the experiment station, the institute, the literature furnished by the State and the United States, the agricultural papers, the circulating library, the agricultural and scientific publications (many of which are within reach of the most modest income) furnish abundant mental stimulus for him ; while the State and county fairs illustrate the progress that is being made, and make a supplemental training. The grange, the club and the society are all no doubt beneficial in many ways, but one of their most valuable offices is the cultivation of the social side of the farmer; and Mother Nature, if she is but given an opportunity, will train the aesthetic side. Fertile farms, improved machinery and fine stock ; cozy, comfort- able homes, with all modern conveniences ; interurban railways and telephones ; free rural delivery ; centralized schools, district high schools, free circulating libraries, all combine to make the position of the Ohio agriculturist of 1903 an enviable one. 82 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. HISTORY OF HORTICULTURE IN OHIO. Many of the early immigrants to the Northwest Territory brought with them, from their old homes, young fruit trees — apples, peaches, pears, cherries — or grafts from some choice varieties. One of the oldest orchards west of the Alleghany Mountains was planted on the Dana farm, at Marietta, in 1790. The first nurseries were established in 1790, one on Wheeling Island, by Ebenezer Zane, and the other opposite the mouth of Yellow Creek, by Jacob Nessley, w^ho was the first person in the w^est to propagate new varieties of apples. He cultivated grafted fruit trees for sale. The "Gate" apple originated on his farm. "Zane's Greening," "Western Spy," "Ohio Redstreak," and "Bently Sweet" originated in Belmont county, and the "Gulp," "Wells" and "Golden Pippin" in Jefferson county, "Johnson's Sweet" in Harrison county and the "Goff" in Lo- gan county. In 1796, Israel Putnam, Jr., returned to New England, and while there secured grafts of the choicest apples there, most of them having been taken from the celebrated old orchard on the estate of General Israel Putnam, at Pom fret, Conn. Upon their arrival at Marietta they were put into the hands of his brother, Mr. Aaron W. Putnam, for him to distribute and graft a nursery of seedling stock for himself and his brother. The following is a list of the grafts brought to Ohio by Mr. Putnam •} Putnam Russet. Striped Sweeting. Seek-no-farther. Honey Greening. Early Chandler. Kent Pippin. Late Chandler. Cooper Apple. Gilliflower (red). Striped Gilliflower. Pound Royal. Black Gilliflower. Natural (Seedling). Prolific Beauty. Rhode Island Greening. Queening. Yellow Greening. English "Pearman. Golden Pippin. Green Pippin. Long Island Pippin. Spitzenberg. Tallman's Sweeting. Another pioneer nurseryman was John Chapman, familiarly known as "Johnny Appleseed." As early as 1806 we hear of hinr "on the Ohio River with two canoe loads of appleseeds, gathered from the cider presses of w^estern Pennsylvania, and wdth these he planted nurseries along the 1 This list was given to Mr. Bateham, editor of the "Ohio Cultivator," by W. R. Putnam, a son of Mr. W. A. Putnam, and was published in the "Cultivator" in 1846. 2 Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society's Publications, vol. IX, p. 291. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 33 Muskingum River and its tributaries." He planted his first nursery on George's Run. in JetTerson county. Most of the early orchards in the Western Reserve were from seed- ling trees, but later, as opportunity offered, the trees bearing indifferent fruit were grafted. Mr. Dille, of Euclid, at an early date grafted his orchard with choice varieties of fruit, and from these many others ob- tained grafts. Judge Fuller came at an early date from New York, and brought manv varieties of fruit with him. which were widely distributed through the northern part of the State. George Hoadly was another prominent horticulturist of that day ; he made a specialty of the pear, and was probably the first to cultivate it to any great extent. In 1824 Profess(ir J. P. Kirtland and his brother established a nursery at Poland, which was then located in d'ruml)ull county. They brought from New England over one hundred of the best varieties of apples, cher- ries, peaches, pears, etc. ; and a year or two later the\- brought over one hundred varieties from New Jersey and others were secured from New York. Dr. Kirtland, by his system of hybridization, produced over thirty varieties of cherries. Mr. Andrew H. Ernst, of Gincinnati. another active horticulturist, introduced about six hundretl varieties of. apples and about seven hundred varieties of pears, the object being to test by experience the varieties best adapted to the soil and climate of Ohio. About 1818 Mr. Nicholas Longworth, of Gincinnati, planted his first vinevards, using the Schuylkill or Gape grape. This experiment was not a success, and in 1823 he succeeded in securing a native vine — the Gatawba — in the possession of Major Adlum, of (ieorgetown, D. G., which was very promising as a wine graj^e. We may therefore call Mr. Long- Avorth the founder of the Gatawba grape and wine industry in Ohio. He was an enthusiast in the work. He had at one time over one hundred varieties of grapes growing in his vineyards for experimental purposes alone. Mr. Longworth was also very successful in the cultivation of the strawberry, and he was the first to make known to the world the value of planting the pistillate and the staminate plants. Among the im])roved varieties of the strawberry produced by him are the Extra Red, .Sujx'rior and Prolific. The first movement t(iward the organization of a State association, was a call for a convention of nurserymen and fruit growers, to be held in Columbus, in 1847, and the ( )hio State Pomological Society was organ- ized. In i8()7 the (^hio State Pomological Society united wiih the (irape (irowers' Association, and the more comprehensive title was adoj)ted. by which it is now known, the Ohio State Horticultural Society. The horticultural interests of the State have had a steadv growth. In addition to the State association, there have been manv count)- and s-c. H. of o. 34 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. city societies organized, all laboring with the same object in view — improvement in every line of their work. Horticulture has been given a place in the curriculum of our institutions of learning. It now has a department assigned it in all the agricultural journals and in many family newspapers. Recognizing the importance of the fruit industry, and realizing the necessity of aiding the horticulturists of the State in checking the ravages of insect pests and dangerous communicable diseases, the General Assem- bly passed an act on April 14, 1900, creating a division of nursery and orchard inspection, placing it under the control of the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, at Wooster. But in 1902 the division was, by legis- lative enactment, transferred to the Ohio State Board of Agriculture. Mr. A. F. Burgess was appointed chief inspector and entered upon the duties of the office May 15, 1902. The following information relative to the work accomplished by the chief inspector and his assistants has been secured from his report of the work from May 15 to December 31, 1902: Number of nurseries Inspected from July 10 to Dec. 31 239 Number of certificates issued to nurserymen 231 Number of trees and shrubs destroyed oa premises by owners 5,000 Nursery stock condemned and destroyed by owners: Trees 14,633 Shrubs , 303 Trees, shrubs, plants and vines fumigated 537,429 According to the United States Census Report for 1900, Ohio ranks fourth in the value of her fruit products. The valuation for 1899 was $8,911,220, California, New York and Pennsylvania only exceeding this amount. The following tables, made up from the Census Report for 1900, may be of interest in this connection : NUMBER OF ORCHARD TREES, QUANTITIES OF FRUITS AND TOTAL VALUE OF ORCHARD PRODUCTS IN OHIO FOR 1899. Fruit. Trees. Bushels. I Barrels. I Pounds. | Value. Apples I 12,952,625 Apricots Cherries Peaches & nectarines Pears Plums and prunes LTnclassified Cider Vinegar Dried and evaporated fruits 5,348 697,270 6,363,127 921,412 892,441 61,579 All orchard products. 20,617,480 449 192,954 240,686 244,565 81,435 21,704 400,578 71,901 1,191,170 5,141,118 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 35 NUMBER OF GRAPEVINES, WITH PRODUCT AND VALUE FOR 1899. Number of vines 13,772,800 Pounds of grapes 79,173,873 Gallons of wine 350^615 Total value of grapes and wine $992,745 VALUE, ACREAGE AND PRODUCTION OF SPECIFIED KINDS OF SMALL FRUITS IN 1899. Fruit. Acres. Quarts. Rank. Total Value. Rank. Blackberries and dewberries 3,397 765 539 6,795 9,373 252 4,905,430 1,153,920 767,760 8,745,950 17,916,080 246,890 5 4 5 3 3 1 1 $1,767,357 Currants Gooseberries Raspberries and Logan berries Strawberries Unclassified Total value of small fruits 2 NURSERY FARMS, NUMBER, VALUE AND PRODUCT IN 1899. Number of nursery farms 147 Value of farm property $1,163,545 Amount of sales of nursery products 538,012 FLOWER AND PLANT FARMS, NUMBER, VALUE AND PRODUCT IN 1899. Number of flower and plant farms 505 Value of farm property $2,970,336 Amount of sales of flowers and plants 1,399,957 BOARD OF LIVE STOCK COMMISSIOXERS OF OHIO. On June 4, 1902, Dr. Paul Fischer was appointed State veterinarian by the Board of Live Stock Commissioners of Ohio, and from his report for this year we get the following information : There was an outbreak of Texas fever near Piqua. Forty-two head of cattle were exposed on six farms, where the southern cattle had been pastured ; seventeen died ; a number of others were attacked, but recovered. One case of glanders was brought to the notice of the Board, and the animal was voluntarily destroyed by the owner. A few herds of cattle in Ohio have been tested with tuberculin at the request of owners, and the results of these tests indicate that tubercu- losis exists, particularly in the dairy districts and in the vicinity of the large cities. An outbreak of infectious keratitis occurred in Ohio from a herd of imported Canadian cattle, but it was controlled by quarantine. Three flocks of sheep reported as afifected with scab. A small number of cases of actinomycosis. One carload of cattle exposed to anthrax was shipped from Ken- tucky. The car was held in quarantine and no damage restilted. Two supposed outbreaks of blackleg were reported. 36 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. L1\E STUCK— HORSES. It is a very difficult matter to trace clearly the horse stock of Oliio to its source. At a very early day good horses were introduced into different portions of the State, but previous to the introduction of rail- ways most of the stock bred in Ohio, which gave any indication ot superiorit}", was sent at once to the eastern market. The Marietta settlers l)rouiiht the first horses inlo ( Jhio, l)ut about 1807 the introduction pro|)er began in the central and eastern portion of the State. These horses were all of large size, heavy and slow in their movements ; they were chiefly from Pennsylvania and of the breed known as the Conestoga — probably of Flemish origin. We are indebtetl to two religious sects — the Dtmkards and the Mennonites — whose mem- bers are agriculturists, for the best strains of these heavy draft horses. The h'rench l)egan to settle in Stark county as early as 1828, and they brottght with them some excellent crosses of the Xorman horse. Prior to 1830, horses claiming to be of "Selim," "Florizel," "Eclipse," "Post P>oy," and "Tiiiioleon" stock were to be found in that county. These, crossed with the Xorman and the Conestoga, produced an excellent class of horses for farm ptirposes. The Virginians brought with them the lighter and better ])reeds. "Of the blooded stock first brought to the Scioto A^alley region," savs Col. S. D. Harris, in his contribution to Frank Forester's "History of the Horse in America," "were several mares introduced from the South P)ranch of the Potomac. \'a.. b\- John L Wan Meter, and later, the stal- lion 'Spread Eagle,' from the same region." A few fine saddle horses of the "Diomel" stock came from the same quarter. The horse known as "Printer," introduced into Fairfield county, was "a longish bodied, low and very muscular animal," a breed which old Mr. \'an Meter said he "knew when a boy in Mrginia and which are nearly identical with the present Morgan stock." It is said that many of these animals were excellent cjuarter nags, good in short races. In Steubenville and vicinity the stallion ".SalisbtU'y." a large French draft horse, was bred to the good Flemish and Conestoga mares of the Pennsylvania wagoners who did the most of the "carrying business" in that day. Two other famous stallions of this region were "Slnlock," of medi- um size and a good roadster, and "Pirate," smaller in size and of good running stock. DKI'ARTMKNT UF A(.;KlCLLTlKi:. ^7 Tlien came tlic classes of horses scattered all over eastern Ohio and western \ irginia. the "Tuckahoe," the "Hiatogo," and the ■"Tiniolcon." well-knit, livelx', serviceal)lc horses. in northern ( )hi(\ which received its eniii^ration from the Xorth- eastern States, the horse stock showed more ill hreedini;- than in any other i)art of the Stale. '■'rhe\' seemed Iv) he, in too many instances, the most scrnb hreedin;.;- from rnn-ont l'ji,i;lish a.nd Idemish mares, showin;;- a ^real nnnd)er of narrow-chested. leL;\t;y, pale dnn and sorrel animals, withont constitntion or action. Many of the iirst settlers hrou_2:ht tolera1)l\- .^ood teams with them, hnt for want of snitahle stal- lions the race was not kept U[\"^ Abont 1840, the stallion "JSellfounder," foaled in 1832 in Xew ^^)rk, and owned l)v T. T. Kissam, was sent to Cleveland hy Lewis h". Allen ; from there he was taken to sonthwestern ( )hio, where he stood for al)ont two years; thence he was taken to central ( )hio. .\ lar^e nnmher of verv fine colts were secured from him which were of oreat value in pen, of Michigan. The first direct importation of Hereford cattle into Ohio was about 1852 or 1853, bv ^Messrs. Thomas Aston and |ohn Humi)hreys. of Elyria. who imported two Hereford bidls and two heifers of very fine stock. In 1853 -^'''- ^•'- ''• Kinnew of ( )berlin, jjurchased a fine four year old Hereford bull, that was secured from the liest stock in England. In 1848 Mr. E. A. Unown. of North lUoomfield, Trumbull count). l)urchased a jiremium bull and cow of the .\\rshirc breed at the lUitfalo fair, and in 1849 Messrs. \V. H. Ladd and J. R. ('uuningiiam, of Rich- mond. JelTerson countv, l)ought an Ayrshire bud, cow and heifer from E. P. Prentiss, of Albau\, X. \. A. D. Pullock, of Cincinnati, im]iorted in i8()5 the first pure bred Jer- sevs brought into the State ; and the same year j. V. Stettinius, also of Cin- cinnati, imported direct several cows from the Island of Jersew ( iuernsev cattle were brought into the State about the same time as the fersevs. Xumbers of fine herds of both Jerse\' and ( iuernsey cattle have been established since then, and thev are now found in e\ ery county in the State. In 1880 or 1881 Mr. I). X. Hine, of Erie count}-, made the first im])()r- tation of the Aberdeen-Angus breed. Mr. Hine went to Scotland and personalK- selected his stock. In t88j a herd was established in Fayette countv bv Renton (iarringer. and soon afterwards herds were estab- lished by Messrs. C. R. Dye, of Miami county, C. W. Perrw of Champaign county, and P>radfute & Son, of Greene county. J. McLain Smith, of Dayton, and Caj^tain \'. T. Hills, of Delaware, have imported large numbers of choice animals of the Red Poll breed from England. Mr. \\'illiam Crane, of Miami countw has succeeded in ])ro(lucing a hornless breed of Shorthorn cattle, and Mr. J. R. ( )rr, of Creenc county, has founded a herd of polled Jerseys. Mr. ( ). V. Jones, of \\'ooster, ])urchased in oSf/) "Zuyder Zee," a Holstein bull, bred b\- W'inthro]) Chenery. This breed has rapid!}' ad- vanced in favor, and a good authorit\' estimates that ])robal)l}' one-fifth of the s. Cress, water, in drills 2 to o lbs. Egg-plant 1 oz. of seed for 1,000 plants. Kate or sprouts • ■ • ■ ■\},^ ^ ^^l^' Lettuce 1 oz. of seed for 1,000 pl^ants. Muskmelon in hills '/ /^ f 11^'' Watermelon in hills 1/ 1 i?^ Mustard, broadcast '- "'^^^^ Onion, in drills ^ to b bs. Onion seed for sets, in drills ;v;'o'; , 1 ' Onion sets in drills b to 12 bushels. Parsnip, in drills ; • V o^? v.^^" Peas 1 to 2 bushels. Potato, cut tubers ' ] }^^??l^' Pumpkin, in hills o , iA \yl' Radish, in drills ° to iu ids. o„o 8 to 10 lbs. ^SZh'''v^\v^v^y.'.'...... lo ^o 12 ibs. Squash, bush, hilis \\^ I Ihc' Squash, running hills '^ 1/ ik Tomato, to transplant i'T'o iko' Turnip, in drills 1 to 2 bs. Turnip, broadcast •„' '/ '" < , ,, 1 Grass! mixed lawn 2 to 4 bushels. A BRIEF HISTORY OF OHIO CHRONOLOGICALLY ARRANGED 56 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. OHIO. (U. S. Census Report for 1900.) Ohio has a gross area of 41,060 square miles; land, 40,760 and water 300 square miles. POPULATION OF OHIO FROM 1800 TO 1900 BY DECADES, WITH RANK. Population. Rank. 1800 45,365 18 1810 230,760 13 1820 581,434 5 1830 937,903 4 1840 1,519,467 3 1850 1,980,329 3 1860 2,339,511 3 1870 2,665,260 3 1880 3,198,062 3 1890 3,672,316 4 1900 4,157,545 4 POPULATION OF OHIO BY COUNTIES FOR 1900. (U. S. Census Report for 1900.) Adams 26,328 Allen 47,976 Ashland 21,184 Ashtabula 51,448 Athens 38,730 Auglaize 31,192 Belmont 60,875 Brown 28,237 Butler 56,870 Carroll 16,811 Champaign 26,642 Clark 58,939 Clermont 31,610 Clinton 24,202 Columbiana 68,590 Coshocton 29,337 Crawford 33,195 Cuyahoga 439,120 Darke 42,53:^ Defiance 26,387 Delaware 26.401 Erie 37,650 Fairfield 84,259 Fayette 21,725 Franklin 164,460 Fulton 22,801 Gallia 27,918 Geauga 14,744 Greene 31,613 Guernsey 34,425 Hamilton 409,479 Hancock 41,993 Hardin 31,187 Harrison 20,486 Henry 27,282 Highland 30,982 Hocking 24,398 Holmes 19,511 Huron 32,330 Jackson 34,248 Jefferson 44,357 Knox 27,768 Lake 21,580 Lawrence 39,534 Licking 47,070 Logan 30,420 Lorain 54,857 Lucas 153,559 Madison 20,590 Mahoning 70,134 Marion 28,678 Medina 21,958 Meigs 28,620 Mercer 28,021 Miami 43,105 Monroe 27,031 Montgomery 130,146 Morgan 17.905 Morrow 17,879 Muskingum 53,185 Noble 19,466 Ottawa 22,213 Paulding 27,528 Perry 31,841 Pickaway 27,016 Pike 18,172 Portage 29,246 Preble 23,713 Putnam 32,525 Richland 44,289 Ross 40,940 Sandusky 34,311 Scioto 40,981 Seneca 41,163 Shelby 24,625 Stark 94,747 Summit 71,715 Trumbull 46,591 Tuscarawas 53,751 Union 22,342 Van Wert 30,394 Vinton 15.330 Warren 25,584 Washington 48,245 Wayne 37,870 Williams 24,953 Wood 51,555 Wyandot 21,125 Rural population for 1900 1,743,285 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 57 A BRIEF HISTORY OF OHIO, 1803-1903, ARRANGED CHRONOLOGICALLY. On the 30th of April, 1802, Congress passed an act to enable "the inhabitants of the eastern division of the territory northwest of the river Ohio to form a constitution and establish a State government." In ac- cordance with the provisions of this "enabling act," the Constitutional Convention met at Chillicothe November i, 1802, and the thirty-five members were apportioned to the nine counties as follows : Adams, three ; Belmont, two ; Clermont, two ; Fairfield, two ; Hamilton, ten ; Jeffer- son, five; Ross, five; Trumbull, two, and Washington, four. The mem- bers of this convention performed their work in twenty-five days, framing a constitution, under which the people of the State lived for fifty years. The new State was named "Ohio." 1803. As provided by the constitution, an election was held on the second Tuesday of January, 1803, at which a Governor, Senators and Rep- resentatives were chosen. The Democrat-Republicans presented the name of Edward Tiffin for Governor, and as there was no other candidate — General St. Clair refusing to allow his name to be used— we may say that he was unanimously elected, the federalists generally declining to vote. The first Legislature met at Chillicothe, March i, 1803. Michael Baldwin was elected Speaker of the House and Nathaniel Massie Speaker of the Senate. Edward Tiffin took the oath of office and entered upon his duties as Chief Executive of the new State, which John Randolph de- scribed as "a. mere geographical diagram beyond the Ohio river of vast deserts of woods inhabited by the aborigines." The General Assembly appointed William Creighton, Jr., Secretary of State, William McFarland Auditor of State and Thomas Gibson Treasurer of State; Judges of the Supreme Court, Return J. Meigs, Jr., Samuel Huntington and William Spriggs ; United States Senators, Thomas W'orthington and John Smith. State courts were established and the judges, under the provisions of the constitution, were appointed for seven years. Laws were passed for leasing school lands and regulating the public salt works ; election laws were enacted and salaries were fixed ; the territorial tax laws were, with slight modifications, continued in force. Eiglit new counties were organ- ized : Butler, Columbiana, Franklin, Gallia, Greene, Montgomery, Scioto 58 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. and Warren. The northern boundary of FrankHn county was Lake Erie, and FrankHnton (now a part of Columbus) was made the county seat. A notable event of this year was the purchase of Louisiana from the French. The people west of the Alleghany Mountains had been ha- rassed because of the closing by the Spanish of the Mississippi River, which was the only outlet for their produce, but by this purchase they secured unrestricted traffic on this great "highway to the sea." 1804. During the second session of the Legislature (1803-1804), the "black laws,"^ which disgraced our statute books until 1848-1849, were enacted, laws were passed to improve the revenue system of the State, to organize the militia, to punish crimes, to improve the administration of justice by regulating the common law and chancery practice of the courts. Of this period Caleb Atwater, in his "History of the State of Ohio," says : "The president, judge and the lawyers traveled their circuits, holding courts. When arrived at the shire town, the lawyers and judges were all generally thrown together, into one room, in a log tavern, and slept under the roof, some of them very near it. The food was generally cooked out of doors. ****We have seen a constable with a grand jury, sitting under a tree, and the constable keep- ing off th^ crowd, so as to prevent their hearing the testimony of witnesses before the jury.****Judges and lawyers rode from court to court, through the forest, and carried their provisions or starved on the route. ***When the streams were swelled with rain, they swam every stream in their way." 1805. By a treaty made with the Indians at Fort Industry in 1805, and ratified by the United States Senate January 25, 1806, the General Gov- ernment acquired, for the benefit of the grantees of Connecticut, all that portion of the Western Reserve lying west of the Cuyahoga river. On February 12, 1805, the third General Assembly enacted a law en- titled "xA-n act defining the duties of justices of the peace and constables, in criminal and civil cases," which proved to be a source of very serious trouble between the judicial and legislative departments of the State government for a number of years. At the October election Edward Tiffin was re-elected Governor. Dayton, Lancaster and Steubenville were incorporated. 1806. During this year Burr and Blennerhassett were busy pre- paring an expedition for the avowed purpose of colonizing the Bastrop lands in Louisiana. Boats were built, volunteers recruited and supplies 'A negro could not testify in court in any case in which a white man ":7as a party. He was not permitted to testify in his own behalf if he was sued by a white man. A black or mulatto person was prohibited from settling in Ohio unless a certificate of freedom could be shown and security furnished by two freeholders for good behavior and maintenance in case he became a public charge, and un- less this certificate w?.s recorded and produced, it was a penal offense to give him employment. Under the constitution he had no vote. The property of the negro was taxed, but his children were denied the priv- ileges of the public schools. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 59 engaged for it. The scheme was regarded by President Jefferson, how- ever, with very great suspicion, and upon representations made by Gov- ernment agents, the President issued on November 27, 1806, a procla- mation,^ calling upon all good citizens to aid in suppressing treasonable plots, w^hich were being hatched by certain parties. On December 6 the Ohio Legislature passed a law to prevent acts "hostile to the peace and tranquillity of the United States within the jurisdiction of Ohio." Gov- ernor Tiffin at once issued a proclamation, calling out the sheriffs and militia along the Ohio River. Neither Burr nor Blennerhassett was cap- tured at this time. They were arrested later, however, taken to Rich- mond, Va., and tried for treason, but both were acquitted. 1807. Edward Tiffin declined the nomination for a third term as Governor of the State and resigned as chief executive March 3, 1807, to take the position of United States Senator, to which he had been elected. Thomas Kirker, Speaker of the Senate, became acting Governor. Return Jonathan Meigs, Jr., and Nathaniel Massie were the candi- dates for gubernatorial honors at the following October election. Meigs was elected, but, after much delay, was declared ineligible, on the ground of being a non-resident. Massie refused to serve, so Mr. Kirker occu- pied the position until the following year. St. Clairsville was incorporated. 1808. At the October election in 1808 Judge Samuel Huntington was elected Governor and in December took his seat. The law passed in 1805, defining the duties of justices of the peace, having been declared unconstitutional by two judges of the Supreme Court and the presiding judge of the Third Circuit Court, the Gen- eral Assembly resented what it considered an unwarrantable interference with its rights, and resolutions of impeachment against Judges Hunt- ington, Tod and Pease w^ere promptly offered. Nothing, however, was done at that session. Before the General Assembly met again. Judge Huntington had resigned his position on the bench and was chief execu- tive of the State. His name was therefore dropped from the list, but charges of impeachment were made against Judges Tod and Pease. Springfield was incorporated. 1809. Judges Tod and Pease were tried before the "High Court of Impeachment," - but their arguments were so convincing that, in def- erence to public opinion, both were acquitted, but their temerity in ques- tioning the constitutionality of any portion of the work of the Legisla- ture was neither forgotten nor forgiven by the lawmakers. 1810. On the 16th of January the well named "sweeping resolution" was passed by the General Assembly, which swept out of office the judges of the Supreme Court, the Common Pleas Court, the Secretary of 1 Annals of Congress. Ninth Congress, Second Session, p. 686. 2 Senate Journal 1809. 60 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. State, the Auditor and Treasurer of State and all justices of the peace in the State. This action of the Legislature resulted in endless con- fusion, and it was some years before order was restored. At the October election Return Jonathan Meigs, Jr., was again elected chief executive, and having overcome his disability of non-resi- dence, he in due time took his seat as Governor. The Indians, who had remained comparatively quiet since the Green- ville treaty, began to be troublesome again. Tecumseh and his brother, the "Prophet" (Elskwatawa) had been endeavoring from 1807 to form a confederacy of all the nations and tribes on the continent "for the purpose of putting a stop to the encroachments of the white people." Hamilton and Lebanon were incorporated. 181 1. The General Assembly met at Zanesville during the sessions of 1810-1811 and 1811-1812. Commissioners were appointed during the winter of 181 1 to select a permanent location for the state capital. They reported at the next session in favor of Dublin, a village about fourteen miles north of Columbus. The Legislature did not act favor- ably on their report, but on February 14, 181 2, an act was passed accept- ing a site on the east side of the Scioto river— then a dense forest — opposite the town of Franklinton. Having no name, the Legislature called it Columbus. General Harrison, Governor of the Indiana Territory, having de- cided to anticipate the movements of the Indians, marched to the home of the "Prophet" on the Wabash, during Tecumseh's absence in the South, and totally routed the Indians at the battle of Tippecanoe. During October of this year the Orleans, the first steamboat ever launched in western waters, left Pittsbiirg for New Orleans. It reached its destination December 24, but did not attempt the return trip. The great earthquake, which was felt from the Alleghany Moun- tains to the Mississippi River, occurred December 11, and it created great consternation and terror throughout the whole country. 1812. On June 18, the United States made a formal declaration of war against Great Britain. On June 18 Columbus was surveyed and lots and streets laid off. Return Jonathan Meigs, who had proved an efficient and patriotic Governor, was re-elected for another term. 1813. Peace was declared between the United States and England. 1814. A treaty of peace between American and British commis- sioners, assembled at Ghent, was concluded December 24th, 1814, and ratified early the folowing year. On the 22d of March Return Jonathan Meigs resigned as Governor to accept the position of Postmaster-General under President Madisoii, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. (31 and Othniel Looker, Speaker of the Senate, became acting' Governor for the unexpired term, eight months. Thomas Worthington was elected Governor. The old brick State House, located at the corner of High and State streets, Columbus, was erected this year. An oil well was found near Caldwell, but as the parties were hunting salt water and not oil, the well was filled up. 1815. The beginning of this year found Ohio on the verge of a ]xinic. Paper currency had been issued by all the banks in the State — and their name was legion — without limit. In New York notes of the best Ohio banks were at a discount. of from eight to fifteen i)er cent., and others from twenty to twenty-five per cent. Eastern merchants refused this currency, and as the specie had been carried over the mountains on the backs of pack horses, the outlook was very discouraging. August 1st an act passed by the Legislature the previous winter, abolishing the whipping post, pillory and stocks, went into efitect, and the act passed January 27th, providing for punishment by confinement in the penitentiar}-, took effect the same month, August. The first camp meeting in Ohio was held in Clermont county during this year, and the meetings were conducted by Lorenzo Dow. 1 8 16. The General Assembly met at Columbus, the new seat of government, December 2, for the first time ; the capital had now been incorporated as a borough. Governor Worthington founded the State Library. 1817. The LTnited States Bank established two branches in Ohio, one at Cincinnati and one at Chillicothe. The United States Government purchased the right of the Indians in the Northwestern Ohio reservation, about 3,694,540 acres, but each tribe retained a small reservation. The Secretary of War considered this the most important treaty that had as yet been made with the Indians, and stated that there could be no "real or well founded objection to the amount of compensation given for it, except that it is not an adequate one."^ Later these homes were exchanged by one tribe after another, for larger tracts beyond the Mississippi river, until all had gone. President Monroe passed through Ohio on his return to Wash- ington from Detroit, and was entertained at Lancaster, Delaware, Colum- bus, Circleville, Zanesville and other places. "At the boundary of Ross county he was met by a deputation of the corporation of Chillicothe and a large number of gentlemen on horseback, who escorted him to the Gov- ernor's mansion, on Prospect Hill, where he spent the night." The steamer Washington, Captain Shreve, made the trip from Pitts- l)urg to New Orleans and return this year. 1818. Ethan Allen Brown was elected Governor. 1 "A Century of Dishonor," Helen Hunt Jackson, p. 47. 62 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. September ist, "Walk-in-the-Water," the first steam vessel on Lake Erie, stopped at Cleveland on her way from Buffalo to Detroit. 1819. The branches of the United States Bank which had been established in Ohio in 1817, had in the course of business issued notes to a considerable extent. This interfered with the business of the State banks, as the people preferred a convertible paper to a depreciated and often worthless currency, and an active opposition was aroused to the branch banks. On February 8th a law was passed by the Legislature, taxing each branch fifty thousand dollars annually. The tax was forcibly collected, and the United States Bank brought an action for trespass against the Auditor of State in the United States Circuit Court. A de- cision was rendered in favor of the bank, and the State Treasurer was ordered to return the money ; failing to do this, the marshal of the dis- trict arrested him, and under a writ of sequestration secured ninety- eight thousand dollars, which was taken into court and delivered to the officers of the bank. An appeal to the Supreme Court was arranged for by the defendants for the two thousand dollars, the interest and costs. The decree of the Circuit Court was confirmed as to the sums of ninety- eight thousand dollars and the two thousand dollars, but was reversed as to interest and costs. The matter was not entirely closed until 1825. Cincinnati was incorporated as a city. 1820. Ethan Allen Brown was re-elected Governor over General William Henry Harrison and Jeremiah Morrow. During the entire period of General Brown's service as Governor of Ohio he was an earnest ad- vocate and an untiring worker for a canal from Lake Erie to the Ohio River. He finally secured the appointment of commissioners to prepare surveys of canal routes. William Tecumseh Sherman was born at Lancaster, February 8. 1 82 1. On February 12, by an act of the General Assembly, Wil- liams, Henry, Wood and Sandusky counties were erected, the northern boundary in each case to extend to the "State line." This line was rather indefinite, and the Michigan authorities were resisting the enforcement of Ohio laws on what they claimed to be Michigan territory. 1822. Caleb Atwater secured the passage of a law authorizing the Governor to appoint a commission to report a system of education for the common schools to the next General Assembly. January 13 Ethan Allen Brown was elected United States Senator, and Allen Trimble, Speaker of the Senate, became acting Governor. Mr. Trimble was the first Federalist to occupy the position of chief executive of the State of Ohio. Jeremiah Morrow was elected Governor at the October election, and the Democrat-Republicans were again at the head of aft'airs. April 27 Ulysses S. Grant was born at Point Pleasant, Cleuiiont county. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 03 R. B. Hayes was born at Delaware, Delaware county, October 4. 1824. The questions of canals and common schools were success- fully agitated during the canvass for members of the twenty-third Gen- eral Assembly, and the result was the election of a Legislature which took prompt and effective action on both questions. Governor Morrow was re-elected. 1825. The law authorizing the construction of the Ohio canals and the establishment of a Board of Canal Commissioners was enacted February 4 and on the 4th of July following the work was formally commenced.^ On the 5th of February "An act to provide for the support and bet- ter regulation of common schools,"" was passed. The State Board of Equalization was created. Lafayette visited Ohio. Governor Morrow and his staff received him in Cincinnati, in the presence of fifty thousand people. The Gov- ernor escorted him across the State to Virginia, where he was also re- ceived with great honor. On May i8th a tornado occurred, which did an immense amount of damage in Delaware, Licking, Knox and Coshocton counties. Those who witnessed the storm say that the "roar of the wind, the darkened sky, the trembling earth, the crash of falling timbers, the air filled with trees, cattle, fragments of houses, etc., presented an awful spectacle." Although it passed over a wilderness, three lives were lost. 1826. Ohio gave a majority for Andrew Jackson, the candidate for President of the United States on the ticket of the Democratic party, but Allen Trimble, a Federalist, was re-elected as Governor of the State. 1827. In January an act was passed to "establish an asylum for the education of deaf and dumb persons." The Ohio canal was completed from Cleveland to Akron and the first tolls were collected. 1828. Allen Trimble re-elected. The Miami canal completed to Dayton and during this year the first coal was shipped by canal to Cleveland. 1829. The school for deaf and dumb persons was opened in a room rented for the purpose, with three pupils in attendance. 1830. General Duncan Mc Arthur was elected Governor. 1831. Joseph Smith, the founder of the Mormon Church, and about thirty of his followers from western New ^^ork went to Kirtland, Lake county, Ohio, in February, and located there. Smith claiming that by revelation this had been designated as the "Promised Land," and they assumed the name of "Latter Day Saints." In 1832 Brigham Young joined the Saints, and Smith, recognizing his ability, promptly ordained him to preach. The number of adherents rapidly increased and the 1 See "Ohio Canals." 2 Son "Ohio Education." 64 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. "Prophet of the Lord," as Smith styled himself, urged upon his people the necessity of having a church, and soon succeeded in raising forty thousand dollars for this purpose. The temple was completed in 1836 and dedicated in the presence of an immense throng. Smith established "The 'Kirtland Safety Society Bank" — notwithstanding the Legislature had refused to grant a charter — and issued bills largely in excess of the specie at his command. He assured his dupes that the bank belonged to the "Lord" and could not fail. But financial difficulties soon followed, and Smith and Rigdon (president and cashier of the bank) were arrested for oper- ating a bank without authority of law, were tried and convicted. The case was appealed, and while pending in the higher court, the "Prophet" received another "revelation," commanding him to take Rigdon and fly to the far west, where another "New Jerusalem" awaited them. The command was promptly obeyed, and fast horses soon conveyed them beyond the reach of Ohio laws and Ohio courts. 1832. Robert Lucas presided over the Democratic convention that nominated Andrew Jackson as President of the United States for a second term. He was elected Governor of Ohio, defeating General Duncan McArthur by one vote. The "great flood" occurred in February of this year. Alany villages along the Ohio were depopulated and business was suspended in every town but Gallipolis, from Steubenville to Cincinnati. 1833. February 25 the General Assembly enacted a law "to author- ize and encourage the establishment of agricultural societies in the several counties of the State." This was the first official recognition that had been given to the agricultural interests of the State. 1834. Robert Lucas was re-elected Governor. March 3 the Legis- lature passed an act incorporating Columbus as a city. 1835. The boundary line between Ohio and Michigan was a dis- puted question for many years, which finally culminated in an open rupture between the State and the Territory in 1835. The militia was called out on both sides, and for some time affairs assumed a very serious aspect. But, finally, in 1837, Michigan, upon her admission to the Union, resigned all right and title to the disputed territory, and accepted from the United States Government, in lieu thereof, the Upper Peninsula, lying between Lakes Superior, Huron and Michigan, and which contains immense for- ests and very valuable copper and iron mines. 1836. Joseph Vance, who had been a member of Congress from 1 82 1 to 1836, was elected Governor. 1837. The General Assembly passed an act creating the office of Superintendent of Common Schools of the State of Ohio and Mr. Samuel Lewis was elected to the office. The school for the blind, which had been authorized by the Legisla- ture the previous year, was opened in a rented room on West Town street, Columbus, in July, 1837, with five scholars in attendance. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 05 In March the Legislature passed an act authorizing a loan of credit by the State of Ohio to railroad companies; also to turnpike, canal and slack-water navigation companies, which was soon popularly known as the "plunder law." This law provided for a loan of credit to a corpora- tion to the amount of half the money expended in actual construction or ^n the purchase of lands for the use of the corporation, but it was construed to apply to the purchase of lands for the purpose of speculation and even fraud. ^ William Dean Howells, born at Martinsville, Belmont Co., O., March ist. 1838. Wilson Shannon was elected Governor on the Democratic ticket. Mr. Shannon was the first native of Ohio who filled this position. He was born in Belmont County, February 24, 1803. January 26th an act was passed by the General Assembly providing for the erection of a new State House on the public square in Columbus. 1839. Work on the new Capitol began in the spring of this year and the corner stone was laid July 4th with appropriate ceremonies "in the presence of a vast assemblage of people, the officers of State, the judges of the United States Circuit and District Courts, with the officers and members of the bar, in attendance, and the splendid military companies from Lancaster. "2 1840. Thomas Cor win, the Whig candidate for Governor, was elected by a majority of 16,000. Some opposition had developed in regard to the location of the State Capital at Columbus, and the act providing for the erection of the capitol was repealed. General William Henry Harrison, a resident of Ohio, was nominated on the Whig ticket for President of the United States, and after a stir- ring campaign was elected. This election brought Ohio prominently before the country and gave her an important place in national affairs. 1841. The census for 1840 gave Ohio the rank of third State in the Union in population, yet Cincinnati, her largest city, had at that time a population of but 46,000, and no other city in the State had reached 7,000. A great temperance movement was inaugurated in Ohio during this year, which John Sherman called the most beneficial reform of his time. 1842. The General Assembly passed an act to regulate banking, requiring that all capital should be paid in in specie before operations were begun, and limiting liabilities and circulation. Wilson Shannon was re-elected Governor, defeating Thomas Corwin by a majority of nearly 2,000. Charles Dickens visited Cincinnati. 1843. William McKinley was born at Niles, Ohio, January 29. The efforts to remove the seat of government from Columbus proved 1 Executive Documents, 1842, No. 44, p. 20. 2 Executive Documents, 1869, pt. 1, p. 600. 5-c. H. of O. 66 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. unavailing and the work of construction on the new capitol was author- ized by the Legislature to be resumed. 1844. Governor Shannon, having been tendered the position of Minister to Mexico, accepted it and resigned the Governorship of Ohio April 15th. Thomas W. Bartley, Speaker of the Senate, became acting- Governor. Mordecai Bartley, the father of Thomas W. Bartley, was elected Governor. 1845. An act was passed by the General Assembly authorizing the incorporation of the Bank of the State of Ohio. David Tod opened 'the first coal mine in the Mahoning Valley, at Briar Hill, and began shipping coal to Cleveland. James A. Garfield, then a boy of fifteen, was employed by Mr. Tod on one of his canal boats. Texas was annexed to the Union. 1846. William Bebb was elected Governor. War was declared with Mexico on the 13th of May. This trouble resulted from the annexation of Texas. An act was passed by the General Assembly establishing the Ohio State Board of Agriculture and making provision for its support.^ 1847. The position of Attorney-General of Ohio was created. The first press telegram was received in Cincinnati. The Cleveland, Warren & Pittsburg Railway was begun this year. 1848. Seabury Ford was elected Governor on the Whig ticket. After much unavoidable delay, work on the new capitol was begun early in the spring and pushed vigorously forward during the year. Both convict and free labor were employed. The General Assembly for 1848-49 met on the first Monday in December. A serious political complication occurred and an organization of the House of Representatives was not effected until the 2d of January, when John G. Breslin was elected Speaker. But the question of Governor Ford's election was not settled until January 21, when he received official notifica- tion of his election, took the oath of office and entered upon his duties as Chief Executive. 1849. Through the efforts of Dr. N. S. Townshend and Mr. John F. Morse, Free Soilers from the Western Reserve, who were instructed by their constituents to do whatever "the cause of freedom should require," the "black laws" were repealed, and Salmon P. Chase was elected United States Senator. 1850. Reuben Wood was elected Governor, defeating the Whig can- didate, Samuel F. Vinton. An act was passed by the Legislature in February, 1850, calling for a second constitutional convention. The convention was composed of one hundred and eight members and met at Columbus the following May. 1 See Ohio State Board of Agriculture. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 67 The last election under the old constitution was held in October of this year. 1 85 1. The constitutional convention, having been in session one hundred and thirty-five days, adjourned March 10, 1851. On the third Tuesday of June the constitution was submitted to the people and was ratified by a majority of 16,288. The new constitution provided for biennial sessions, instead of annual, and the date of meeting was changed from the first Monday in December to the first Monday in January. Several sections were added to the article devoted to the executive department of the State, but the prerogatives of the chief executive were not very greatly enlarged. A Lieutenant-Governor, who was made the presiding officer of the Senate, and an Attorney-General were provided for. The Secretary of State, Treasurer and Auditor of State had been, under the old constitution, appointed by a joint ballot of the Senate and House, but the positions were made elective under the new constitution. In accordance with the provisions of sections 2, 3 and 4 of the "Sched- ule," the first election under the new constitution was held the second Tuesday of October, 1851. Mr. Wood had only served one year as Gov- ernor, but was re-elected under the new constitution. The Wabash and Erie Canal, connecting the Ohio River with Lake Erie, four hundred and sixty-seven miles, was completed. 1852. The first session of the General Assembly after the adoption of the new constitution was held the first Monday in January, 1852, and the Governor entered upon his second term the Monday following. (Con- stitution of 1851, Art. 3, Sec. 2.) The old brick State House was burned February ist. The first suc- cessful fire engine made in the United States was completed at Cincinnati. 1853. Mr. Wood resigned the Governorship on July 13th, to accept the position of Consul to Valparaiso. William Medill, who was President of the Constitutional Convention and was elected Lieutenant-Governor, became acting-Governor upon Mr. Wood's resignation. The following October he was elected Governor. 1854. On January 20th a tornado nearly destroyed the town of Brandon. On July 13th, a large delegate convention, representing the anti- slavery elements of the "Whig, Democratic, Free Soil and Liberal Parties," met at Neil's new hall, Columbus, for the purpose of fusing into one organization all who were opposed to the extension of slavery. A State central committee was appointed, with power to call another convention and take necessary measures to perfect a permanent organization. ^ 1 Early History of the Republican Party, Archaeological and Historical Society Publications, Vol. 2, p. 327. 68 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. 1855. The first Republican State convention was held at the Town Street Methodist Church, in Columbus, July 13-14, 1855. Joshua R. Giddings called the convention to order and John Sherman was made President. Salmon P. Chase was nominated for Governor. Notwith- standing the existence of a strong pro-slavery and know-nothing sentiment in the State, Chase was elected by a majority of 15,651.^ 1856. Governor Chase, on January 14th, entered upon his duties as chief executive of the State. The defalcation of John G. Breslin, Treasurer of State, was discov- ered during this year and prompt measures were taken by Governor Chase to punish the offender. On June 2d the national Democratic convention met at Cincinnati and James Buchanan was nominated for President of the United States. 1857. By the first of January the new Capitol was ready for occu- pancy. On the evening of January 6th, a "superb banquet was given at the Capitol by the citizens of Columbus to the members of the Legisla- ture, heads of Departments, Judiciary, citizens and strangers — a mighty throng." The General Assembly took up its regular work the next day. Governor Chase was re-elected. 1858. Very early in Mr. Chase's second term he secured the passage of an act by the General Assembly to reorganize the militia of the State and a review of all the military companies in the State was held in Colum- bus during the summer. The wheat crop of Ohio was seriously damaged by frost on June 5th. 1859. Governor Chase received notification from Governor Wise of Virginia, after John Brown's invasion of Harper's Ferry, that Virginia would pursue abolition organizations into neighboring States to punish them. To this Mr. Chase replied that Ohio would fulfill her obligations to the constitution and laws of the United States and would punish unlaw- ful acts, but under no circumstances would he permit bodies of armed men from other States to invade Ohio territory. William Dennison was nominated for Governor on the Republican ticket and was elected. i860. Both branches of the Legislature were Republican. There were three members of this body who subsequently came prominently before the public, James A. Garfield, Jacob D. Cox and James Monroe, known as the "Radical Triumvirate of the Ohio Senate." On September loth, the forty-seventh anniversary of the battle of Lake Erie, a statue of Commodore Perry was unveiled at Cleveland. 1 86 1. February 13th President-elect Lincoln visited Columbus. The General Assembly was in session when the news was received of the fall of Fort Sumter, April 14th. President Lincoln called for troops 1 Ohio State Journal, July 14, 1854. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 69 on April 15th and on the 19th Ohio soldiers were on their way to Wash- ington.^ April 20. "The Soldiers' Aid Society of Northern Ohio," the first organization in the country for the relief of soldiers, was organized at Cleveland, and during the four years of the war disbursed, for the benefit of soldiers and soldiers' families, over one million dollars. Governor Dennison found himself in a "whirlpool of events," but the emergency proved the man. David Tod was elected Governor in October by a majority of 55,000. 1862. Mr. Tod had many difficult problems to solve during his administration. In the summer of 1862 the Rebel Generals Kirby, Smith and John Morgan made a feint of attacking Cincinnati, which caused con- siderable excitement. 1863. On April 13th the General Assembly passed an act to enable quaHfied voters of Ohio, in the military service of this State and the United States, to exercise the right of suffrage. In July General Morgan with his cavalry made a raid through southern Ohio. Seven hundred prisoners, with Colonel Basil Duke and other offi- cers, were captured, and later Morgan and the rest of his command were taken prisoners. Morgan and about seventy of his men were confined in the Ohio penitentiary, Columbus, October ist. On the night of Novem- ber 27th, Morgan and six of his of^cers escaped from the penitentiary. This raid cost the State of Ohio $897,000. John Brough, an old line Democrat, but a staunch supporter of the Government, was selected as the standard-bearer of the Republican party, while Clement L. Vallandingham was the candidate of the Democratic party. The campaign was an exciting one and the result was awaited with the most intense anxiety by all loyal citizens, whether in the field or within the borders of the State. The night following the election, crowds of men marched through the streets of the cities all night, and instead of the old familiar "left," "left," "left," of the drill, the men were keeping step to the hoarse shouts of "Brough," "Brough," "Brough," from the thousands who, too anxious to sleep or even rest, were awaiting returns. Brough's majority was one hundred thousand. Thus was disloyalty rebuked by the people of Ohio. 1864. On January nth John Brough took his seat as Governor. One of his first acts was to invite the governors of Indiana, Illinois, Iowa and Wisconsin to meet him in Washington for a conference, and on April 2ist these gentlemen notified Air. Lincoln that they could furnish him with eighty-five thousand men for one hundred days without making a draft or paying a dollar of bounty. On January 30th a law was enacted ])rohibiting vohmteer and 1 See "Ohio's War Record." 70 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. substitute brokerage ; a little later a bureau was created for the auditing and collecting of soldiers' claims and for the relief of Ohio soldiers. Another act was passed to punish men for avoiding the draft by collecting a commutation fee of four dollars per annum from every citizen of the State subject to military duty and not in the military service of the State or United States. Governor Brough did much to secure a more efficient organization of the militia of the State. The XIII Amendment to the Constitution of the United States was ratified by Ohio on February loth. Joshua R. Giddings died May 27, 1864. He was a member of Con- gress for twenty-one years and during that time was twice assaulted by armed men and was once attacked by a mob because of his opposition to slavery. Was Consul-General to British North America. 1865. Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court House, April 9th, vir- tually closed the war. On April 14, 1865, President Lincoln, while attending a performance at Ford's Theatre, Washington, was shot by John Wilkes Booth. He died the morning of the 15th. Governor Brough died August 29th, and Lieutenant-Governor Charles Anderson succeeded him. The ability of this trio of war Governors, William Dennison, David Tod and John Brough, is receiving a recognition by this generation which was not accorded in those days which tried men's souls. They were good men and true — honest, loyal, efficient— no better could have been found within the borders of the State. But unfortunately for their peace of mind they were held responsible for all unpopular measures, and there was of necessity much drastic legislation during the four years of the war. They endured unjust criticism, ridicule, contumely — yet they had served not only their State but their country faithfully when faithful service was most needed. Jacob D. Cox, a member of the "Radical Triumvirate of the Ohio Sen- ate" in 1859, was elected Governor. Thomas Corwin died December 18. 1866. General Cox was inaugurated in January and entered upon his duties as Governor. On April 2d an act was passed to enroll the mili- tia and to organize volunteer militia. A temporary home for soldiers was authorized and assessors were instructed to make returns of "necessitous soldiers' families" and estimate the amount required for their relief. The work of mustering out all Ohio soldiers in the United States service and the discharge of the National Guard occupied much of the time of this admini- stration. 1867. On January nth, the General Assembly by joint resolution, rati- fied the XIV Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. A resolution to submit to the people of the State at the next October election an amendment to the State constitution was passed by the General DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 71 Assembly on March 2jth. The amendment was lost by a majority of 38,353 votes. The question at issue was not only the enfranchisement of the colored man, but the disfranchisement of many disloyal whites as well, and the latter clause no doubt defeated the amendment. An act was passed by the Legislature appropriating five thousand dollars for the purchase and improvement of grounds in the Antietam cemetery and for the removal of the bodies of soldiers who were buried in that vicinity to the cemetery and interment therein, and for plainly marking their graves. Rutherford B. Hayes was elected Governor. 1868. January T5th the General Assembly (Democratic) rescinded the resolution of assent, passed by the previous Legislature, declaring that the ratification of the XIV Amendment of the Constitution of the United States on behalf of the State of Ohio, was withdrawn and refused, and mak- ing the modest request that any and all papers on file in tlie Executive De- partment at Washington certifying the ratification of the XIV amend- ment, be returned to the General Assembly of Ohio. It is needless to say that the request was not granted. Eighteen Senators made a vigorous protest against the resolution. On November 13th, Honorable David Tod died. The Central Limatic Asyhmi, located at Columbus, was on Novem- ber i8th destroyed by fire and six lives were lost. Bessemer steel was first made at Cleveland during this year. 1869. On May 4th, the General Assembly by joint resolution refused to ratify the XV Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. On May 6th an act was passed by the Legislature providing for the ceding of ground purchased by Ohio in the Antietam and Gettysburg cemeteries to the United States. The third national encampment of the Grand Army of the Repub- lic was held at Cincinnati, General John A. Logan, Commander. Governor R. B. Hayes was re-elected. Edwin M. Stanton was born at Steubenville. December 19, 1814, and died December 24, 1869. He was Attorney-General under Buchanan ; was a Democrat imtil the Civil War, but in 1862 he became Secretary of War under Lincoln. In 1869 he was confirmed as Associate-Justice of the United States Supreme Court, but before he could assume the duties he died. 1870. The Republicans secured a majority in both houses at the October election, and on the 27th of January the (General Assembly ratified the XV Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. 1 87 1. Edward E. Noyes was elected Governor. Under the provisions of Article XVI. Section 3, of the State Consti- tution, a vote was required to be taken this year on the question, "Shall 72 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. there be a convention to revise, alter or amend the constitution?" The question was submitted to the people and the vote was in favor of revision. The first national convention of the Prohibition party was held at Columbus, February 22d, and James Black, of Pennsylvania, was nomi- nated for President of the United States. 1872. Governor Noyes was inaugurated. The General Assembly passed an act providing- that the election of delegates to the constitu- tional convention should be held in October, which was done. The national convention of Liberal Republicans was held at Cincin- nati May 4th, and Horace Greeley was nominated for President of the United States. On the 29th of November Mr. Greeley died. The Ohio State Grange was organized. 1873. The third constitutional convention met in Columbus on the 13th of May. It was in session one hundred and eighty-five days and drafted a new constitution to be submitted to the people. William Allen defeated Governor Noyes for re-election on the "green- back" issue. The General Assembly passed a law providing for the relief of the families of soldiers and marines. Salmon P. Chase died May 7, 1873. From 1849 to 1855 ^^^ was United States Senator from Ohio; Governor of Ohio from 1856 to i860; Secretary of the United States Treasury from 1861 to 1864; and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1864 to 1873. The "Women's Crusade" against the liquor traffic began in Hillsboro, December 23d. 1874. Governor Allen inaugurated. The Legislature authorized the appointment of a Board of Centennial Managers for the Philadelphia Exposition. At a special election held August i8th, the new constitution was sub- mitted to the people, but was defeated. In drilling a well at Findlay natural gas was discovered and it was soon found that a valuable oil and gas belt was located in northwestern Ohio. On November 17th the first National Women's Christian Temper- ance convention met in Cleveland, and on the 19th the Women's Christian Temperance Union was organized. 1875. A joint resolution was passed by the General Assembly on the 30th of March "relative to an amendment of Article IV of the State Consti- tution, 'Judiciary,' " and on the 12th of October the amendment was adopted by a vote of the people. Rutherford B. Hayes was elected Governor. Mr. Hayes had the dis- tinction of being the only man elected to the office of Governor of Ohio for three terms. The Ohio State Grange held its first meeting this year. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 73 Charles Brush of Cleveland invented a successful dynamo and arc light lamp. 1876. Governor Hayes inaugurated. General George A. Custer, born in Harrison county, Ohio, was killed in Montana during a fight with hostile Indians. The Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College, located at Columbus, was opened this year. Thomas A. Edison, who was born at Milan, Erie County, Ohio, estab- lished his laboratory at Menlo Park, New Jersey, and began work on his incandescent lam.p, phonograph, etc. On December 29th, a passenger train on the Lake Shore Railroad went through a bridge at Ashtabula and nearly one hundred lives were lost. 1877. Rutherford B. Hayes, having been elected President of the United States, presented his resignation as Governor of Ohio to the General Assembly on February 28th, to take effect March 2d, at which time Lieutenant-Governor Thomas L. Young became acting-Governor. At the election in October Richard M. Bishop, Democrat, was elected Governor. There were strikes in Stark and Wayne counties among the coal miners which finally extended to the railroad employees in Ohio, Penn- sylvania, West Virginia and Illinois. Serious conflicts occurred between the strikers and the militia in the various States. 1878. Governor Bishop inaugurated. On May ist the General Assembly passed an act changing the name of the Ohio Agricultural and IMechanical College to the Ohio State Uni- versity. Yellow fever again made its appearance in the Ohio Valley. Benjamin F. Wade was in the United States Senate from 185 1 to 1869. He was appointed on the San Domingo Commission in 1871, by President Grant. Died in 1878. 1879. Charles Foster and Thomas Ewing were the Republican and Democratic candidates for Governor. The campaign was an active one, the money question being prominent, but Mr. Foster was elected. 1880. On June 8th the fourteenth national encampment of the Grand Army of the Republic was held at Dayton. June 17th the national Prohibition convention met at Cleveland and nominated Neal Dow for President. James A. Garfield was elected to the United States Senate. Before he could assume the duties of this position he was nominated as President of the United States by the Republican party and was elected. lune 22-24 the national Democratic convention met at Cleveland and nominated Winfield Scott Hancock as its candidate for President. 1 88 1. On Julv 2d, President Garfield was shot and fatally wounded by Charles J. Guiteau. He died September 19th and was buried at Lake View Cemeterv, Cleveland. 74 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. Governor Charles Foster was re-elected. 1882. Governor Foster held advanced views in regard to taxing the liquor traffic in Ohio and his ideas have since been fully endorsed by his party. The Pond act was passed by the General Assembly. 1883. George Hoadly, Democrat, was elected Governor. A disas- trous flood occured in the Ohio River during February. The Scott law, taxing the liquor traffic, was passed. March 28 to April 3,^a riot occured in Cincinnati. The militia was called out ; forty-two rioters were killed and one hundred and twenty wounded ; the court house was burned and most of the county records destroyed. A constitutional amendment was adopted which made some changes in the judiciary of the State. Under it twenty-one judges of the circuit court were to be elected in 1884, three judges in each of the seven circuits, to act as an intermediate court between the common pleas and supreme courts. An amendment relative to the regulation of the liquor traffic was also submitted to the electors, but was defeated. 1884. A sudden rise occurred in the Ohio River and one hundred thousand people were rendered homeless, hundreds of lives were lost and millions of dollars' worth of property destroyed. The first gas well in Hancock county was found at Findlay. Noah H. Swayne died June 8th. Mr. Swayne was United States District Attorney for Ohio, from 1831 to 1841, and was a Justice of the United States Supreme Court from 1862 to 1881, when he resigned. 1885. Governor Hoadly was a candidate for re-election, but was defeated by Joseph B. Foraker. By joint resolution, passed April 9th, an amendment to the coni:titu- tion was proposed, changing the date of the election of senators and repre- sentatives, governor, lieutenant-governor, secretary of state, auditor of state, treasurer of state and attorney-general, from the second Tuesday of October to the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November, to be submitted to the qualified electors at the October election. This was done and the amendment adopted. Gen'eral Ulysses S. Grant died July 23d. On March 13th the Ohio State Archnsological and Historical Society was incorporated. September 8th Washington Court House was visited by a tornado which did an immense amount of damage. 1886. The Legislature passed the Dow law regulating the liquor traffic. The State election was held this year in November for the first time. 1887. Governor Foraker re-elected. February 22 a convention of wage-workers held a meeting in Cin- cinnati and formed a new political organization combining various labor and agricultural organizations, calling it the "Union Labor Party." DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 75 1888. April 7th the centennial celebration of the founding of Mari- etta was held. July 4th the centennial exposition for the Ohio Valley opened in Cincinnati. September loth the Ohio centennial was opened at Columbus, and on the same date the twenty-second national encampment of the Grand Army of the Republic opened its sessions in Columbus. The Legislature appointed a commission to investigate the property rights of the State in lands adjoining the canals. General Philip Henry Sheridan, born at Somerset, Ohio, March 6, 1 83 1, died August 5th. Morrison R. Waite died March 23d. From 1871 to 1872 he repre- sented the United States as counsel in the Alabama claims before the arbi- tration tribunal at Geneva ; he became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States and served until his death. 1889. Governor Foraker was nominated by his party for a third term, but was defeated by James E. Campbell, Democrat. George H. Pendleton, Minister to Germany, and S. S. Cox died during this year. 1890. An extraordinary session of the Legislature was called by Governor Campbell. Lieutenant-Governor Lampson elected on Republican ticket. The Senate contended that he was elected by Illegal votes, and the Democrats being in the majority "counted him out." The Australian ballot was recommended by the Governor. Labor Day, the first Monday in September, was made a legal holiday. The Garfield monument was dedicated May 30th at Lake View Cemetery, Cleveland. Steubenville held a celebration in honor of Baron Steuben. General Robert C. Schenck died March 23d. 1891. William McKinley, Jr., was elected Governor. By joint resolution of the General Assembly, an amendment to Article XII, Section 2, of the Constitution in regard to taxation was to be sub- mitted to the people. The question of submitting a proposition for holding a convention to jevise the constitution of the State was submitted to the electors, but was defeated. March i6th the Cleveland Municipal Code Bill was passed by the Legislature. April 30th, the Legislature passed the act familiarly known as the "Australian ballot law," providing for a mode of conducting elec- tions, "to insure the secrecy of the ballot and prevent fraud and in- timidation at the polls." 76 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. March 26th an act was passed by the General Assembly to provide for a display of the products of Ohio at the Columbian Exposition, to be held in Chicago in 1893, and an appropriation was made therefor. General William Tecumseh Sherman died February 14th. Alphonso Taft died May 21st. Was Judge of Superior Court of Cin- cinnati from 1865 to 1871 ; was Secretary of War in 1876; United States Attorney-General from 1876 to 1877; was envoy extraordinary and min- ister plenipotentiary to Austria in 1882, and Russia in 1884. 1892. The Supreme Court decided that the Cleveland Charter Law, although general in form, was applicable only to Cleveland and was uncon- stitutional. 1893. Governor William McKinley was re-elected. Rutherford B. Hayes, nineteenth President of the United States, died at his home in Fremont, Ohio, January 17, 1893. Ex-Governor Richard M. Bishop died. The Lewiston reservoir broke through its embankments and the loss entailed by the flood was very heavy. On November 6th Wilmington was visited by a tornado which involved a property loss of $100,000. Ohio made exhibits at the World's Fair in Chicago in every depart- ment and section. Ten thousand square feet of floor space was occupied by her exhibits. Propositions to amend Sections i to 11 inclusive, of Article XI, of the State Constitution, in regard to legislative apportionment, and Section 2 of Article XII, relative to taxation, were submitted to the electors. 1894. In Governor McKinley 's message to the General Assembly, he called attention to the prolonged industrial depression from which the people were suffering, and urged the propriety of complying with the pro- visions of the constitution by holding biennial sessions of the Legislature, stating that a "short session and but little legislation would be appreciated at a time like this." The recommendation was adopted and adjourned sessions have not been held since that time. The General Assembly passed an act granting to women the right of suffrage in school elections. The Democratic State convention adopted a free silver plank in its platform and passed a resolution favoring the popular election of United States Senators. A centennial celebration was held at Defiance. 1895. Asa S. Bushnell was elected Governor by a large majority. Allen G. Thurman died December 12th. Mr. Thurman was elected Judge of the Supreme Court in 1851 ; was elected to Congress in 1844 and to the United States Senate in 1869, where he served until 1881, when he was appointed by President Garfield as a representative to the International Congress at Paris. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ' i 1896. April 27th an act was passed by the General Assembly provid- ing for an addition to the State Hoiise. On April i6th the Legislature by joint resolution provided for the holding of a constitutional convention to be submitted to the electors at the November election in 1897, but owing to the method of voting pre- scribed, the Supreme Court declared the act invalid and the vote was not taken. The settlement of Cleveland by the Connecticut pioneers was celebrated this year. Governor William McKinley was nominated as President of the United States at the national convention on the first ballot. Thomas Ewing, lawyer, Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of the Interior and member of Congress, died January 21, 1896. Columbus Delano died at Mt. Vernon October 23d. 1897. This was a phenomenal year for the growth of political par- ties, there being eight in the field with full state tickets, namely. Republi- can, Democratic, National Democratic (gold). Prohibition, Ohio State Liberty (original prohibitionists), People's Party, State Negro Protective Party and the Socialist Labor Party. Governor Bushnell was re-elected. March 28th the coal fields in Jackson county were sold to a London syndicate for $4,000,000. June i6th a National Anti-Mob and Lynch Law Association was incorporated at Columbus. On March 4th, William McKinley, of Ohio, was inaugurated as Presi- dent of the United States. Honorable John Sherman resigned his seat in the United States Senate to become United States Secretary of State. Marcus A. Hanna, of Cleveland, was appointed by Governor Bushnell to fill the vacant seat in the Senate until the meeting of the General Assembly in 1898. 1898. The General Assembly met January 3d and early in the session the election was held for United States Senator. After a spirited contest Honorable M. A. Planna was elected for both the unexpired and full terms. April 25th the Legislature passed an act authorizing the Governor to appoint a commission to revise the municipal code of the State. February 14th the Maine was destroyed in Havana harbor and April 19th the United States declared war against Spain. During this year death claimed General Rosecrans, General Buell, Benjamin Butterworth and Calvin S. Brice. 1899. A very serious street car strike occurred in Cleveland. It began on the morning of June loth and was not abandoned until cold weather. 78 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. The congress of the National Municipal League was held in Colum- bus, November 17th. Judge William Lawrence died at Bellefontaine, May 8th. George 'K. Nash was elected Governor on the Republican ticket. 1900. The addition to the State House was completed and is occu- pied by the judicial department of the State Government and the various offices assigned thereto. The General Assembly passed an act April i6th to provide for the centralization of township schools and to provide a high school for the same. John Sherman died October 22d. He served in Congress from 1855 to 1861 and as United States Senator from 1861 to 1877; he then became Secretary of the Treasury and served to 1881, when he again entered the Senate and served until 1897, when he resigned to accept a position in President McKinley's Cabinet as Secretary of State. 1901. President William McKinley was shot at Buffalo, September 5th and died September 14th. Governor Nash re-elected. Judge William H. Taft was made Governor of the Philippine Islands. Benjamin Harrison, twenty-third President of the United States, died in Indianapolis, Ind., March 13, 1901. Elisha Gray, inventor, was born at Barnesville, Ohio, August 2, 1835, and died January 22, 1901. Dr. Newell, the founder of the Government life saving service and who aided in the establishment of the United States Agricultural Bureau (later made the Department of Agriculture), was born at Franklin, Ohio, September 5, 1817, and died August 8, 1901. 1902. The General Assembly by joint resolutions adopted the fol- lowing amendments to the State Constitution, the same to be submitted to the electors at the election in November, 1903 : Section 3, Article XIII, entitled "Single Liability Amendment" ; Sec- tion 2, Article XII, known as the "Taxation amendment"; Section 16, Article XI, entitled "Governor's veto" ; Section 2, Article XI, "Legislative representation," all to be submitted to the people as above noted. An extraordinary session of the Legislature, called by Governor George K. Nash with special reference to the consideration of the Mu- nicipal Code, convened August 25th, and the code was adopted after some delay. It also adopted an amendment to Section 6, Article XIII, entitled "Municipal Classification," to be submitted to the electors at the November election, 1903. It adjourned October 22. The Supreme Court of Ohio decided that the Cleveland "charter lav/," although ostensibly general in form, was only applicable to Cleveland, that it was special legislation and therefore "repugnant to Section i, Article DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 79 XIII, of the Constitution of the State." A similar decision was rendered in regard to the "Toledo ripper." The General Assembly passed the Willis law, requiring corporations to file annual reports with the Secretary of State and pay annual fees. A law was also passed requiring all insurance companies doing busi- ness in Ohio to pay an excise tax. Ex-Governor George Hoadly died August 26. 1903. Four of the five amendments adopted by the General Assembly were accepted by the electors of the State, the "taxation" amendment being lost. By the amendment to Section 16, Article XI, the Governor of Ohio is given the veto power. Myron T. Herrick was elected Governor of Ohio by a very large majority. 80 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. TAXATION. Until 1825 land only was taxed for state purposes ; revenue for the counties was derived from a poll tax, a. tax on all "mansion- houses valued at two hundred dollars or upwards," water mills, horses, mules and cattle, and in addition to this a portion of the tax received upon realty was given them by legislative appropriation, the amount varying from one-fifth to one-half per cent, from year to year. Land was divided into three classes, "first quality," "second quality," and "third quality," upon which there were three rates of taxation per one hundred acres. In 1803 the rates were as follows: 1st Quality $0.60 per 100 acres. 2nd Quality 0.40 per 100 acres. 3rd Quality 0.20 per 100 acres. The tax laws were revised in 1825, and on the tax duplicate of 1826 we find "personalty" for the first time, with a value of $11,- 035.825. The following table will show the gradual increase in value, both of realty and personalty, by decades, to 1902. SUMMARY OF TAX DUPLICATE BY DECADES. First Table, 1803 to 1820, Inclusive. Tears. 1803 .. 1810 .. 1820 .. •6 to <0 Rate of Taxation a :^ c o < Per 100 Acres. o 1-1 o O >. >, >> -a am 0) a •a a 3 >> >> >- ■oS o^ z « "cS 4J u gi- 'Cii 5 o G" 3 3 o o +j a a fe m Eh H r-t -a CO 101,709 2,326,226 3,641,694 7,069,629 $0 60 $0 40 ;,0 20 129,741 4,177,950 5,625,408 9,933,099 125 1 CO 65 255,082 7,304,633 5,759,323 13,319,043 1 50 1 00 50 $22,331 06 85,964 39 205,346 95 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Second Table, 1830 to 1902, Inclusive. HI Tears. 1S30 1S40 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1902 $50,086,250 85,287,291 341,389,838 639,894,311 807.846,636 1,102.049,931 1,232,305,312 1,274,203.721 1,396,180,471 $14,589,335 27,038,895 98,487,502 248,408,290 4.59,684.861 456.166.134 543.833,165 559,849. ,507 .594,704,917 ■3^ >53 $64, 112, 439, 888, 1,167, 1,558, 1.778, 1.834, 1,990, 675,578 326.156 876,340 302,601 731,697 215,965 138,477 053,228 885,388 I $232, 564. 1,413, 3,503. 4,666, 4.513, 4,798, 5,316, *2,687, 472 00 435 00 830 OO 713 00 242 00 240 00 635 64 623 01 252 95 $598,595 00 1,755,539 00 4,227,TO8 00 10,817,676 00 23,463,631 00 29,092,048 00 37,636,940 58 45,008,126 85 47,658,208 89 * No levy was made for general revenue purposes on the duplicate of 1902, this fund being provided for bv taxes levied on corporations, in accordance with the provisions of the Willis and Cole "acts, passed by the General Assembly of 1902. (O. L. vol. 95, pp. 124 and 136.) 6— C. H. Of O. 82 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. GOVERNORS OF OHIO. 1803 to 1903. Name. Politics. County. Elected. Served Edward Tiffin ^Edward Tiffin ^Thomas Kirker Samuel Huntington Return Jonathan Meigs, Jr. ^Return Jonathan Meigs, Jr. Othniel Looker Thomas Worthington Thomas Worthington Ethan Allen Brown *Ethan Allen Brown Allen Trimble Jeremiah Morrow Jeremiah Morrow Allen Trimble Allen Trimble Duncan McArthur Robert Lucas Robert Lucas Joseph Vance Wilson Shannon Thomas Corwin "Wilson Shannon Thomas W. Hartley Mordecal Bartley William Bebb *Seabury Ford 'Reuben Wood ^Reuben Wood William Medill William Medill Salmon P. Chase Salmon P. Chase William Dennison, Jr David Tod »John Brough Charles Anderson Jacob Dolson Cox Rutherford B. Hayes Rutherford B. Hayes Edward F. Noyes William Allen lORutherford B. Hayes Thomas L. Young Richard M. Bishop Charles Foster Charles Foster George Hoadly Joseph B. Foraker Joseph B. Foraker James E. Campbell William McKinley William McKinley Asa S. Bushnell Asa S. Bushnell George K. Nash George K. Nash Democrat-Republican Democrat-Republican Democrat-Republican Democrat-Republican Democrat-Republican Democrat-Republican Democrat-Republican Democrat-Republican Democrat-Republican Democrat -Republican Democrat -Republican Federalist Democrat -Republican Democrat -Republican Federalist Federalist Federalist Democrat-Republican Democrat-Republican WTiIg Democrat WTiig Democrat Democrat WTiig Whig Whig Democrat Democrat Democrat Democrat Republican Republican Republican Republican Republican Republican Republican Republican Republican Republican Democrat Republican Republican Democrat Republican Republican Democrat Republican Republican Democrat Republican Republican Republican Republican Republican Republican Ross 1803 1803-1805 Ross 1805 1805-1807 Adams Acting. 1807-1808 Trumbull 1808 1808-1810 Washington .. 1810 1810-1."?12 Washington . . 1812 1S12-1814 Hamilton Acting. 1814 Ross 1814 1814-1816 Ross 1816 1816-1818 Hamilton 1818 1818-1820 Hamilton 1820 1820-1822 Highland Acting. 1822 Warren 1822 1822-1824 Warren 1824 1824-1826 Highland 1826 1826-1828 Highland 1828 1828-1830 Ross 1830 1830-1832 Pike 1832 1832-1834 Pike 1834 1834-1836 Champaign — 1836 1836-1838 Belmont 1838 1838-1840 Warren 1840 1840-1842 Belmont 1842 1842-1844 Richland Acting. 1844 Richland 1844 1844-1846 Butler 1846 1848 1846-1848 Geauga 1S49>1R50 Cuyahoga 18.50 1850-1852 Cuyahoga 1851 1852-1853 Fairfield Acting. 1853-1854 Fairfield 1853 1854-1856 Hamilton 1855 1856-1858 Hamilton 1857 1858-1860 Franklin 1859 1860-1862 Mahoning 1861 1862-1864 Cuyahoga 1863 1864-1865 Montgomery .. Acting. Ii5b5-1866 Hamilton 1865 1866-1868 Hamilton 1867 1868-1870 Hamilton 1869 1870-1872 Hamilton 1871 1872-1874 Ross 1873 1874-1876 Sandusky 1875 1876-1877 Hamilton Acting. 1877-1878 Hamilton 1877 . 1878-1880 1879 1881 1883 lSSO-1882 1882-1884 Hamilton 1884-1886 Hamilton 1885 1886-1888 Hamilton 1887 1888-1890 1889 1891 1893 1895 1897 1899 1890-1892 Stark 1892-1894 Stark 1894-1896 Clark 1896-1898 Clark 1898-1900 Franklin 1900-1902 Franklin 1901 1902-1904 1 Resigned March 3, 1807. , ^ , ^ 2 At the October election in 1807, Return Jonathan Meigs, Jr., was elected Governor. Nathaniel Massie, the opposition candidate contested his election on the ground of non- residence. General Meigs was declared inelligible, Mr. Massie refused to serve, and Thomas Kirker, then Acting Governor, filled the position until the fall of 1808, when another election was held and Samuel Huntington was elected Governor. 8 Resigned March 22, 1814. * Resigned January 13, 1822. B Resigned April 15, 1844. _ , ^„,„ , ^ ^^ « The General Assembly convened on the first Monday in December, 1848, but the House did not complete Its organization until January 2, 1849, and on January 22d. Mr. Ford was officially notified of his election and entered upon the duties of his office. ' The last eleclion under the old Constitution was held in October, 1850; in accordance with the provisions of the new Constitution the first election under it was held "on tho second Tuesday of October, 1851," (Constitution 1851, Schedule, Sections 2, 3, 4.) 8 Resigned July 15, 1853. •Died, August 29, 1865. " Resigned March 2, 1877. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 83 In accordacne with the provisions of the Constitution of 1802 (Schedule, Section 6), an election for governor, members of the gen- eral assembly, etc., v^as held on the second Tuesday of January, 1803, and Edward Tiffin was elected governor. The general assem- bly convened at Chillicothe on the first 'puesday of March, 1803, but it was to hold its regular sessions thereafter "on the first Mon- day in December, in every year." (Article i, Section 25, Constitu- tion 1802.) The following day, March 3d, Governor Tiffin took the oath of office, which he was to hold "until the first Monday of December, 1805." (Article 2, Section 3, Constitution 1802.) The Constitution of 185 1 provided for biennial sessions of the legislature ; it also provided that all regular sessions should com- mence on the first Monday in January, (Article 2, Section 25, Con- stitution 1851), and the term of office of the governor begin on the second Monday of January, (Article 3, Section 2, Constitution of 1851). 84 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. OHIO. STATE OFFICES— CONSTITUTIONAL. Secretary of State Constitution of 1802 Auditor of State Constitution of 1802 Treasurer of State . .' Constitution of 1802 Adjutant General Constitution of 1802 Attorney General Constitution of 1851 Board of Public Works Constitution of 1851 STATE BOARDS, COMMISSIONS, OFFICES, ETC.— STATUTORY. Arranged Chronologically. Board of Canal Commissioners | 1825-1836-1851 Board of Public Works | State Board of Equalization 1825 State Commissioner of Common Schools , 1836 Attorney General 1846-1851 Ohio State Board of Agriculture 1846 Superintendent of Public Printing 1860 Board of State Charities 1867 (This Board was abolished in 1872, but was again organized in 1876.) Commissioner of Railroads and Telegraphs 1867 State Geologist 1869 Superintendent of Insurance v 1872 Inspector of Mines 1874 Bureau of Labor Statistics 1877 Inspector of Workshops and Factories 1884 Ohio Board of Pharmacy 1884 Board of Live Stock Commissioners 1885 Ohio Dairy and Food Commissioner 1886 State Board of Health 1886 Ohio Fish and Game Commission 1886 Ohio State Board of Pardons 1888 Canal Commissioners 1888 Bureau of Building and Loan Associations 1891 State Board of Dental Examiners 1892 State Inspector of Oils 1892 State Board of Arbitration 1893 State Board of Veterinary Examiners 1894 State Board of Medical Registration and Examination 1896 State Examiner of Steam Engines 1900 State Agent for Wa^ Claims 1900 State Fire Marshal 1900 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 85 XI ^ t- i> 03 m ci O > on 2 o o c ■" a> ^ £ t< o cS cij o d d d q o d o d q d u ■^ ^ u u ':i %-i '^ i~t u '>^ u '^ t~< '^ i~> :^ ''■^ ^ d ^ i^ ^ OOOOOtHiOOOOOOOOOOOOOCO CO 00 CO H i-H 00 tH O T-H .-t -rt< .S3S' C£» to C-5 C>2'?. BgSCa33333oJ3t^doS3!«.ax!3Si^5=^=^3 3c;t-oCO«cXJX!J2^C-^CCdoXlc-;l5X2UsC-°-^^ '^d^3l>n?SwiD2 ?„3 ?3s5-cS.^e S fe^ ^r^-S ^^ ^^ 0-25 cS !52^ 5^^ g I S^o 3 t. D C si >> DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 87 *-• S _: -J • '•^ « 2 i^ _S H bcW2 o o o o tn a) 0) , 3 3 3 3 — t, fc< i^ r 3JDJ2^ o Hs « OJ O t, o o o o CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. COUNTIES OF OHIO IN THE ORDER OF THEIR ERECTION. Washington, July 27, 1788. Hamilton, January 2, 1790. Adams, July 10, 1797. Jefferson, July 29, 1797. Ross, August 20, 1798. Trumbull, July 10, 1800. Clermont, December 6, 1800. Fairfield, December 9, 1800. Belmont, September 1, 1801. Butler, March 24. 1803. Greene, March 24, 1803. Montgomery, March 24, 1803. Scioto, March 24, 1803. Warren, March 24, 1803. Columbiana, March 25, 1803. Gallia, March 25, 1803. Franklin, March 30, 1803. Muskingum, January 7, 1804. Highland, February 18, 1805. Athens, February 20, 1805. Champaign, February 20, 1805. Geauga, December 31, 1805. Miami, January 16, 1807. Ashtabula, February 10, 1807. Portage, February 10, 1807. Knox, January 30, 1808. Licking, January 30, 1808. Delaware, February 10, 1808. Stark, February 13, 1808. Tuscarawas, February 13, 1808. Wayne, February 13, 1808. Preble, February 15, 1808. Darke, January 3, 1809. Huron, February 7, 1809. Pickaway, January 12, 1810. Cuyahoga, January 16, 1810. Coshocton, January 31, 1810. Guernsey, January 31, 1810. Madison, February 16, 1810. Clinton, February 19, 1810, Fayette, February 19, 1810. Medina, February 12, 1812. Harrison, January 2, 1813. Richland, January 7, 1813. Monroe, January 29, 1813. Pike, January 3, 1815. Lawrence, December 21, 1815. Jackson, January 12, 1816. Clark, December 26, 1817. Perry, December 26, 1817. Brown, December 27, 1817. Morgan, December 29, 1817. Logan, December 30, 1817. Hocking, January 3, 1818. Shelby, January 7, 1819. Meigs, January 21, 1819. Union, January 10, 1820. Allen, February 12, 1820. Crawford, February 12, 1820. Hancock, February 12, 1820. Hardin, February 12, 1820. Henry, February 12, 1820. Marion, February 12, 1820. Mercer, February 12, 1820. Paulding, February 12, 1820. Putnam, February 12, 1820. Sandusky, February 12, 1820. Seneca, February 12, 1820. Van Wert, February 12, 1820. Williams, February 12, 1820. Wood, February 12, 1820. Lorain, December 26, 1822. Holmes, J-xuuary 20, 1824. Carroll, December 25, 1832. Lucas, June 20, 1835. Erie, March 15, 1838. Summit, March 3, 1840. Lake, March 6, 1840. Ottawa, March 6, 1840. Wyandot, February 3, 1845. Defiance, March 4, 1845. Mahoning. February 16, 1846. Ashland, February 24, 1846. Auglaize, February 14, 1848. Morrow, February 24, 1848. Fulton, February 20, 1850. Vinton, March 23, 1850. Noble, March 23, 1851. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 89 TRANSPORTATION. ROADS. The first roadmakers of the Central West were the buffaloes. Mr. Charles Butler Hulbert^ calls them the "pioneer engineers of the great West," and says, "The routes of the plunging buffalo, weighing one thou- sand pounds and capable of covering two hundred miles a day, were well suited to the needs of the Indian. One who has any conception of the West as it was a century and a half ago, who can see the river valleys filled with the immemorial plunder of the river floods, can realize that there was but one practicable passageway across the land for either beast or man, and that on the summits of the hills. Here on the hilltops, mounting on the longest ascending ridges, lay the tawny paths of the buffalo and the Indian. They were not only highways ; they were the highest ways." Our first roads followed these highways, which were the "great war trails of Indian history," and Indian traces "covered the land as with a network." When the tide of immigration turned westward, over a hundred years ago, pack horses were used to transport the o itfit, carry travelers, pro- visions, etc. They were driven in lines of fro;", three or four to a dozen or more, each horse being tied to the tail of the c e preceding it, one driver managing the entire line. Thus the Indian trails >ecame "packers' paths," and proved of inestimable value to the pioneers. When new routes were selected, woodsmen blazed the trees to mark the way. " As. the number of immigrants increased, Pennsylvania wagons, im- mense covered wagons, drawn by four, six or eight horses, according to the roads, were used for transportation, anc^ to accommodate these wagons the timber had to be cut down and a road made ; where the ground was marshy, logs were placed together, forming a "corduroy road." The United States Government encouraged the building of roads in the new State by providing for a donation of three per cent, from the receipts of land sales in Ohio for that specific purpose. The second General Assembly, which met in December, 1803, made provision for the appropriation of a three per cent, fund for the construc- tion and improvement of roads. But, according to Mr. Caleb Atwater, it was some time before much improvement was made. He states that ten years after the organization of the State "the roads were few, and it was 1 Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society Publications, vol. VIII, p. 266. 90 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. no easy matter for a stranger to follow them. For ourselves, we preferred following the pocket compass or the sun to most of the roads in the Virginia Military tract." The first roads were made by plowing two parallel furrows, scraping up the loose dirt and placing it between them to form the roadbed. As the population increased, the necessity for good roads became greater, and turnpikes, plank and macadam roads were built. The first turnpike in the State extended from Warren, Trumbull county, to Lake Erie. This was soon followed by one from Columbus to Sandusky, another from Cincinnati to Zanesville, etc. Zane's Trace was the first great thoroughfare, and for many years it was the only one. This road was authorized by an act of Congress passed May 17, 1796, and Ebenezer Zane was employed by the Government to make a wagon road from Wheeeling, Va., through Ohio, to Maysville, Ky. It was used so constantly that it was sometimes cut into ruts so deep "that a horse could have been buried in any one of them." Mr. Zane's compensation for the work was three sections of land, but he was required to drive a wagon over the whole route before the work was accepted by the Government. The road passed through Zanesville, Lan- caster and Chillicothe. The first step toward the construction of the National Road, the first great highway through the State, was taken in 1806, when President Jefferson appointed a committee to report on the project, which was sug- gested by Albert Gallatin, Secretary of the Treasury. They made a favorable report in December of the same year. Cumberland, Maryland, was to be the eastern terminus of the road, and in 181 1 the first contract was let for ten miles west of that point. The road was opened to the Ohio River in 1818. The work was commenced^in Ohio in 1825, and was com- pleted to the Indiana line in 1834.^ This old National Road played a prominent part in the settlement of the central portion of the State espe- cially, and has been wxll named "The Historic Highway of Ohio." Much time and money have been devoted to roads in later years, but there is still very great room for improvement in Ohio roads. BOATS. Flatboats, keels and barges were the boats first used in the navigation of the western rivers. In those early days, when the shores of the streams were infested by hostile savages, the safety of boatmen and passengers depended largely on their courage and marksmanship. Under the most favorable conditions, these boats were slow and hard to manage, danger- 1 Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society Publications, vol. IX, p. 405. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 91 ous foes lurked along the banks of the river, and the means of communi- cation were uncertain, as it was difficult to tell friend from foe, the Indians using many stratagems to deceive the unwary. Shipbuilding began at Marietta in 1800,^ and farmers on the banks of the Muskingum, which was navigable for one hundred and fifty miles, soon turned their attention to the cultivation of hemp, raising in a few vears enough to furnish cordage to western vcsssels and to ship large quantities as freight to the Atlantic cities. In 1804^ Captain Jonathan Devol, the earliest of Ohio shipwrights, built a schooner, and in the spring of the following year she was loaded for a voyage on the Mississippi. Among articles noted in her cargo, are 200 barrels of Hour, 50 barrels kiln dried corn meal, 4,000 pounds of cheese, 6,000 pounds bacon and 100 sets of rum punchion shooks. In 1805 there were on the upper Ohio about one hundred and fifty keel boats, of thirty tons each, which made the voyage from I'ittsburg to Louisville in about two months, or three trips in a year. The following comnuuiication to the Baltimore Weekly Register is valuable by way of comparison : "Cincinnati, May 29, 1811 "Arrived at tliis place on Sunday morning, the 2Gtli inst., barge Cincinnati, Beatle Commander, from New Orleans, with a cargo of sugar, hides, logwood, crates, etc. She sailed from New Orleans the 3d of March, arrived at the Falls the 9th of May, sixty-eight days; remained at Falls nine days and sailed from thence on the 17th inst. This is the first rigged vessel that ever arrived at Cincinnati from below. She is but 100 feet keel, 16 feet beam, rigged sloop fashion and burthen 64 tons. She was worked over the falls by eighteen men in half a day." The New Orleans was the first steamboat to go down the Ohio River. It was a vessel of four hundred tons, and was built at Pittsburg under the direction of Robert Fulton, at a cost of more than fifty thousand dollars. In October of 181 1, the boat started for New Orleans and made a success- ful trip, but in 1814 it ran against a snag at Baton Rouge and was de- stroyed. The Enterprise, built in 1814, was the first steamboat to make thf return trip, reaching Steubenville in June, 1815. The first steamship Imilt in Cleveland was completed in 1824. CANALS. While the first suggestion of a connection of Lake Erie and the Ohio River was made bv Washington before the Union of the States, the first 1 S. P. Hildreth. 92 CENTENNIAL HISTORY-OF OHIO. action toward the construction of the canals was taken by Hon. Ethan Allen Brown, who from 1816 labored faithfully to this end. Opposition to public improvements and public schools was, however, very strong, and up to 1823-24 nothing definite had been accomplished. But the friends of internal improvements and education made the questions of canals and good schools an issue in the canvass for the twenty-third General Assembly, and the result of the election proved the effectiveness of the work. On February 4, 1825, an act was passed by the General Assembly providing for the construction of navigable canals in Ohio. Canal Com- missioners were appointed to take charge of the construction of the public works, and a Canal Fund Commission was appointed to borrow money and to have control of expenditures. This commission, under authority of law, issued bonds, but failing to dispose of a sufficient amount to eastern capitalists, Mr. S. F. Maccracken was sent to London, England, to negotiate a loan. He succeeded in borrowing several millions of dollars to construct the canals, pledging for security the credit of an undeveloped state. The State appealed to the General Government for aid in this impor- tant work, and in response one million one hundred thousand three hun- dred and fifty-one acres were given ; this land was sold for two million two hundred thousand dollars and the money used in the construction of the canals. By 1827 that portion of the Ohio Canal between Akron and Cleveland was completed, and the receipts for that year were fifteen hundred dollars. The Miami and Erie division was completed between Cincinnati and Dayton in 1828, and the receipts amounted to eight thousand forty-two dollars and seventy cents. There were about seven hundred miles of main lines and feeders and six reservoirs constructed, at a cost of fifteen million nine hundred and sixty-seven thousand six hundred and fifty dollars. The influence of these waterways on the growth of the State and the success of the people can hardly be estimated. Towns and cities sprang up like mushrooms in the vicinity of the canals ; and farmers who had heretofore no market were enabled to sell their produce at a good profit. A new impetus was given to immigration and manufactures of all kinds increased with the population. The change wrought in the condition of the people living within reach of the canals was marvelous ; they had lain down at night, poverty stricken toilers, in the silence of the forest ; they came forth in the morning with the hum of machinery in mill and factory and the noise of the hurrying feet of busy workers in their ears, and found prosperity and comfort awaiting them. For thirty-five years receipts from the canals exceeded expendi- tures $7,073,111 for that period, but since that time expenditures have exceeded receipts and some portions of the system have been abandoned. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 93 RAILROADS. The first railroad built in Ohio was the Mad River and Lake Erie. The road was chartered in 1832, when there were but two hundred and twenty- nine miles of railroad in operation in the United States. It opened for traffic from Sandusky to Bellevue (sixteen miles) in 1837 and to Dayton in 1844. From the following quotation^ one can get an excellent idea of the difference between railroad construction in 1832 and 1900: "In order to appreciate tlie progress that has been made in the railroad business in Ohio one must contrast a trade made of wooden rails covered with strap iron, with modern 'T' rails made of steel, weighing 100 pounds to the yard; wooden bridges set on wooden piling, driven into the earth, with steel bridges set on best of stone masonry; double-deck coaches, built like an old-fash- ioned stage coach, with modern vestibule and Pullman palace cars; a small ten- ton engine, built like a modern thresher engine, with a two hundred and eighty- ton engine with a tank capacity of seven thousand gallons of water and ten tons of coal, with a hauling capacity of two thousand tons up a grade of forty- two feet to the mile at a much higher rate of speed than the first engines were able to make on a level; a wooden freight car, ten-ton capacity, with a car made entirely of steel, with a capacity of fifty tons. And, finally, an engine and a couple of cars, coupled together with link and pin, braking done entirely by hand, lumbering along at a speed of about ten miles per hour, wi-th a service each way once in twenty-four hours, with a train of thirteen cars, each a palace within itself, with every convenience, coupled together with automatic couplers, which admit of the smallest amount of slack, and handled entirely by air brakes, running at a speed of a mile a minute, and so smoothly that the great speed is hardly perceptible to the passengers, with service in either direction, in the most densely populated districts, every half hour." The following statistics from the annual report of the Railroad and Telegraph Commissioner for the year ending June 30, 1902, will give some idea of the growth of railroads since 1837: Mileage 9,059.80 Cost of roads and equipment $590,753,033.04 Paid out in salaries $ 42,334,484.89 Number of employees 75 J20 Capital stock $310,705!l97.26 Total earnings from all sources $101,100,341.37 Total number of passengers carried 28,499,313 Number of tons of freight carried 132,115,976 1 Ohio Arcbaeolog'.cal and Historical Society Publications, Vol. IX, p. 192. 94 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. OHIO'S WAR RECORD. I«I2. The United States made formal declaration of war against Great Britain June i8, 1812, and in response to President Madison's call for troops Governor Meigs recruited three regiments of volunteers. Tecum- seh and his Indian allies joined the British forces. The war began with defeat and disaster to our army. But in 181 3 General William Henry Harrison, then commander-in-chief of the western wing of the army, took active measures to retrieve our losses. The raising of the siege of Fort Meigs and the retreat of the allied forces of the English and Indians under Proctor and Tecumseh, was soon followed by Croghan's gallant defense of Fort Stephenson and Perry's victory on Lake Erie, which ter- minated the war, so far as Ohio was concerned. The victories of General Harrison at the battle of the Thames (Canada) and General Jackson at New Orleans were soon followed by a declaration of peace, and a treaty of peace was signed by American and British commissioners December 24, 1814. The total number of volunteers furnished by Ohio for this war was 24,703 and she contributed $312,450 to the expense of the war. This tax was raised by internal revenue duties on the manufacture and sale of distilled spirits, bank stamps, etc. 1846. War was declared with Mexico May 13, 1846. Four regiments of volunteers and three independent companies were sent out by Ohio. The total number of men furnished by Oirio was 5,536. This was the largest number contributed by any northern State. 1861. On April 15, 1861, President Lincoln issued a proclamation calling for 75,000 troops. Ohio responded at once; within twenty-four hours DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 95 twenty companies had offered their services, and within thirty-six hours were on their way to Cbhimbus. They were there organized into the First and Second regiments of Ohio Vokmteers and on the 19th they were on their way to Washington. On the i6th of April the Ohio Senate passed an act appropriating one million dollars ($1,000,000) for war purposes and three days later the House passed it unanimously. Ohio's quota for troops was 306,322, while the records show the number of enlistments to have been 313,180. Her soldiers took part in every important battle fought during the four years of the war and we may well be proud of the record made by them for patriotism and bravery. Eleven thousand two hundred and thirty-seven were killed or mortally wounded in battle. Thirteen thousand three hundred and fifty-three died from disease before the expiration of their terms of service. 1898. On February 14, 1898, the Maine was destroyed in the harbor of Havana and the United States declared war against Spain on the 19th of April following. For this war Ohio furnished 14,255 men. PENSIONS. There were on the rolls of the Columbus pension office at the close of the fiscal year for 1903 one hundred and two thousand three hundred and eighteen names, and pensions amounting to fifteen million twenty-six thou- sand five hundred and sixty-five dollars and sixty-two cents were paid out. But, as many of these pensioners are now living outside of this State, the amount paid to parties living at the present time in Ohio was seven mil- lion nine hundred and fifty-eight thousand seven hundred and ninety dollars and fifty-three cents. SOLDIERS' CLAIMS. The Ohio Department of Soldiers' Claims was created by an act of the General Assembly, passed April 12, 1900, and Colonel W. L. Curry was appointed commissioner. Up to May 20, 1903, two thousand claims had been filed against the Government through this department and over twelve hundred adjudi- cated; thousands of letters are received each year in regard to claims, war data, etc., all of which are given prompt and careful attention. 96 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. EDUCATION IN OHIO. Before any provision was made for the government of settlers in the Northwest Territory, the Continental Congress passed an ordinance reserving from sale "lot number sixteen of every township for the main- tenance of public schools within the said township." Each township was to be six miles square and was to contain thirty-six sections. The ordinance of 1787 and the constitutions of Ohio (Article 8, Sec- tions 3, 25 and 27, Constitution of 1802, and Article i, Section 7, Constitu- tion of 1851) recognize the importance of education. It required some years to adjust matters, but finally eleven hundred square miles, a thirty- sixth part of all the land in Ohio, was devoted to the support of public schools. In addition to the grants of land made for public schools, three town- ships were reserved for the establishment of schools of a higher grade. One of the agreements made by the Ohio Company in its contract with Congress for the purchase of a million and a half acres of land in the southeastern part of the territory was that two townships should be set apart for the endowment of a university, and the General Assembly of Ohio passed an act in 1804 to establish the Ohio University at Athens, and it was opened for instruction in 1809. In 1803 Congress gave to the State one township west of the Great Miami River; in 1809 an act was passed by the Legislature to establish Miami University. In 1810 it was located at Oxford, but it was not opened until November, 1824. The Dayton Academy was incorporated in 1807. Legislative action in regard to education from 1802 to 1821 was con- fined chiefly to incorporating seminaries and academies and leasing school lands ; no tax had as yet been authorized, so the people, by voluntary contributions, supported the schools. The division of townships into school districts was provided for, under certain conditions, by the school law of 1821. The first association of teachers for mutual improvement was organized in 1822 at Cincin- nati. On February 5, 1825, the General Assembly passed an act authorizing a county tax for the support of common schools, and also provided for the appointment of a Board of Examiners by the Court of Common Pleas. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 552 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 115 TELEPHONES AND TELEPHONE LINES IN OHIO.^ The first telephones used in Ohio were made by the Ohio Tube Com- pany, under the direction of Prof. T. C. Mendenhall, who, during his residence in Columbus, always aimed to bring before the public in a pop- ular way every scientific discovery. Six of these instruments were manu- factured and put in use on a private line, connecting the residences of Prof. Mendenhall and Mr. George H. Twiss, the Central High School and the Ohio State University. This was immediately after the announce- ment of the invention in one of the leading scientific papers of the country, which also gave a description of the construction of the apparatus. After the organization of the Bell Telephone Company instruments of their own construction were brought to the city (the use of all others was pro- hibited) and Mr. Sackett was given the agency for the rental of the telephones. His work was limited to the construction of a line con- necting the office of the Ohio Furniture Company with its factory. The first telephone put in use looking to central office service was by Mr. George H. Twiss, from an office on the corner of High and Long streets. Mr. Twnss had a line constructed from his office to the County Fair Grounds (now Franklin Park) for the purpose of placing the telephones on exhibition at the Ohio State Fair of 1878. Tents were constructed, the instruments placed in position and an admission fee of ten cents was charged. The success of this enterprise was greatly aided by the courtesy of the Western Union Telegraph Company, which furnished two transmitters, the first used in Ohio. The exhibition attracted many people, credulous and incredulous, who had never seen or heard the telephone in operation. Newspaper reporters were sent to each end of the line to note and report results. Music, conversations in Greek, Latin, French, German and English were transmitted over the line. During the exhibition Colonel Orlando Smith, then superintendent of the Midland Railway Company, visited the tent and communicated with the operator at the office in the city. He quickly saw the commercial value of this instru- ment, which most people simply regarded as a curiosity. He said to Mr. Twiss, "Could you extend this line to my office and my residence in such a way as would enable me to communicate with my family from my office as I am now communicating with your operator in town?" Mr. 1 We are indebted to Mr. Geo. H. Twiss for the information contained in this article. — Editor. 116 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. Twiss replied, "Certainly I can; that is the very object I had in view in constructing this line, to demonstrate the value of the telephone for such purposes." He ordered the instrument placed as soon as possible and the work was promptly done. This was in the fall of 1878. Shortly afterwards a second line was constructed, connecting the American House, Neil House, American Express Company, Ward's ticket brokerage office and the railway station with the central office. Today telephone lines cover the State like a network. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 117 OHIO POSTOFFICES. In 1803 there were one thousand two hundred and fifty-eight post- offices in the seventeen States of the Union. The number estabhshed in Ohio, the infant State, must have been very small and many of the pioneers had to travel long distances in order to secure communication with the outside world. The following from an excellent authority^ illustrates this point : "For seven 01 eight years after the first settlement of Franklinton, there was no post-office nearer than Chillicothe, and when other opportunities did not offer, the people of the village would occasionally raise by contribution the means, and employ a man to go to the post-office (45 miles) to carry letters to be mailed for their distant friends, and to bring back such letters or papers as might be in the office for any of the Franklintonians.****In the summer of 1805 the first mail contract was taken by Adam Hosac— he being Contractor and Postmaster. A weekly mail left Franklinton each Friday, made Chillicothe next day and returned home on Sunday." But post routes were soon established in various portions of the State and remote points brought nearer to civilization. In a few years the mail coach took the place of the post boy ; then came the transportation of the mails by railroad and the establishment of a system of mail cars. At the close of the fiscal year, June 30, 1903, there were two thousand nine hundred and twenty postoffices in Ohio. The first rural free delivery service was established in Ohio October 15, 1896, from Somerville and Collinsville. Seventy cities have free delivery and there are one thousand five hundred and eighty-one rural routes in operation, while there are thirty- three rural routes authorized, but not yet in operation. During the year the sales of postage stamps, stamped envelopes and postal cards amounted to one million seven hundred and ninety-five thou- sand one hundred and ninety-four dollars and seventy-eight cents ; while the gross revenue of Ohio postoffices amounted to one million nine hundred and thirteen thousand seven hundred dollars and thirty-three cents. 1 Martin's History of Franklin County, p. 14. 118 CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF OHIO. LIST OF OHIO CITIES CONTAINING A POPULATION OF MORE THAN 10,000. Cleveland 381,768 Cincinnati 325,902 Toledo 131,822 Columbus 125,560 Dayton 85,333 Youngstown 44,885 Akron 42,728 Springfield 38,253 Canton 30,667 Hamilton 23,914 Zanesville 23,538 Lima 21,723 Sandusky 19,664 Newark 18,157 Portsmouth 17,870 Mansfield 17,640 Findlay 17,613 East Liverpool 16,485 Lorain 16,028 Steubenville 14,349 Marietta 13,348 Chillicothe 12,976 Ashtabula 12,949 Piqua 12,172 Massillon 11,944 Ironton 11,868 Marion 11,862 Tiffin 10,989 NUMBER OF PATENTS ISSUED FROM i8oo TO 1900. The total number of patents issued to citizens of Ohio from 1800 to 1900 was 48,102, and the following table will show the ratio of increase: 1800 to 1829 145 1830 to 1839 281 1840 to 1849 433 1850 to 1859 1,596 1860 to 1869 5,942 1870 to 1879 9,973 1880 to 1889 14,484 1890 to 1899 15,248 In 1900 Ohio ranked 5th in the number of patents secured from the Gov- ernment. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 119 LIST OF OHIO BIRDS. Holboell's Grebe. Horaed Grebe. Pied-billed Grebe. Loon. Black-throated Loon. Red-throated Loon. Brunnich's Murre. Pomarine Jaegor. Parasitic Jaeger. Iceland Gull. Great Black-backed Gull. Herring Gull. Ring-billed Gull. Bonaparte's Gull. Sabine's Gull. Caspian Tern. P^orster's Tern. Common Tern. Roseate Tern. Least Tern. Black Tern. Double-crested Cormorant. Florida Cormorant American White Pelican. American Merganser. Red-breasted Merganser. Hooded Merganser. Mallard. Black Duck. Red-legged Black Duck. Baldpate. Green-winged Teal. Blue-winged Teal. Shoveller. Pintail. Wood Duck, Redhead. Canvas-back. American Scaup Duck. Lesser Scaup Duck. Ring-necked Duck. American Golden-eye. Barrow's Golden-eye. Buffle-head. Old-squaw. American Eider. King Eider. American Scoter. White-winged Scoter. Ruddy Duck Lesser Snow Goose. Greater Snow Goose. Blue Goose. American White-fronted Goose. Canada Goose. Whistling Swan. Trumpeter Swan. Wooa Ibis. American Bittern. Great Blue Heron. Least Bittern. American Egret. Snowy Heron. Little Blue Heron. Green Heron. Black-crowned Night Heron. Whooping Crane. Sandhill Crane. King Rail. Virginia Rail. Sora. Yellow Rail. Black Rail. Purple Gallinule. Florida Gallinule. American Coot. Northern Phalarope. Wilson's Phalarope. American Avocet. Black-necked Stilt. American Woodcock. Wilson's Snipe. Dowitcher. Stilt Sandpiper. Knot. Pect