\V //;*j,o .V .T ^^ .V "c <■ • \» . • • . -^-v <>. •'^r^^' ,0^'' ^^ ^ t^ ^ ', V .9 -.f^. : ,> O > . , . . . >.<^ -^^ •-^ ^^^v ^..c »-n . '^-.: ' 1, ' ,v* c . ' "{• ^-•e: ' o < » * V .V ^ ^ -^^ ' ^^ ^^:^ .^' n ir o«o'^ 0,> C6~l PENNSYLVANIA AT GETTYSBURG CEREMONIES Dedication of the Monuments ERECTKI) KV THK Commonwealth of Pennsylvania TO MARK THE POSITIONS OF THE PENNSYLVANIA COMMANDS ENGAGED IN THE BATTLE There is a heritage of heroic example and uoble obligation, not reckoned iu; the wealth of nations, but essential to a nation's life." VOLUME 189J .4^5 58«^ Entered according to the Act of Congress by the Editor and Compiler Bvt. Lt. Col. John P. Nicholson Secretarj" Board of Coiuinissioners IIAKttI9Ul-K(i, I-KNNA. MKVRttli, STATU I'RINTrk. ADDRESS DELIVKR1<:D AT THE DEDICATION OF I HE CEMET1':RV AT GETTYSBURG ^)VKAri!i:K 1 0, ie designated by the Governor of this Commonwealth, at which dedication the ])resence of all Pennsylvania soldiers Avho participated in tin- Inittle of Gettysburg is greatly desired ; And Whrrcus, The people of this commonwealth have always venerated the patriotic and heroic deeds of her soldiers and now desire not only to commemorate the sacrifices of the fallen heroes of the l?('])Mblic, but also to honor the surviviiio^ veterans and make their rt'iiiaiiiiiiLT ))rovided and furnished, at the expense of the commonwealtli. t ranspoi'tation to all the sur- viving honorably disclnugecl soldiers now residinled at Cxettysburg and participated in the cere- monies in the National Cemetery. The success of the re- union was largely due to the active co-operation of Colonel John H. Taggart, Eleventh Reserves, Captain John Taylor, Second Reserves, the Honorable President of the Pennsylva- nia Reserve Association, Ex-Gfovernor Andrew G. Curtin, and the Secretary of the Association, Sergt. James McCormick. Governor James A. Beaver, in his annual message, January 6th, 1891, to the General Assembly of Pennsylvania, said : The dedication of those memorials upon Pennsylvania Day and Pennsylvania Reserve Day has resulted in a large amount of regi- mental history, covering principally the part taken l)y the several organizations in the battle of Gettysl)urg. This mass of materia! shonhl be systematized, edited and carefully preserved. If pub- lislu'd in a single volume, with lithogra})h cuts of the several monu- ments erected by Pennsylvania to her military organizations which participated in the battle of Gettysburg, it would of itself constitute the most striking monument illustrative of and perpetuating the memory of the part taken by the representatives of our common- wealth upon lier own soil in the greatest struggle of the War of Secession. I recommend a liberal appropriation for this purpose, to be expended under the direction of the Commission heretofore organized for the erection of monuments, the members of whicli, in their study of the subject, have (pialified themselves f(n- the in- telligent and efficient discharge of such a duty. Upon January 26th, 1891, Hon. J. P. S. Gobin, Senator fi-oiu Lebanon, introduced the following in the State Senate : An act to provide for the publishing of the report of the proceed- ings of the dedication of the Pennsylvania monuments upon the battle-field of (Tettysbiirg, ])roviding for the distribution thereof and making an appropriation for the same. Skc'tion 1. lie it enacted hy the Senate and House of Represen- taliiyji of the (Joininonioealth of Pennsylvania in General Assem- bly met^ anxt it Is In rit>y enocted hy the authority if the same, That, tlu-re sliall lie piihlislied undei' tlie direction of the Gettysburg IJattle-lieid ('onimission lu-retofoi'e organized for the erection of monuments, nineteen thousand eopies of its report of the proceed- ings of the dedication (•ei"enioiiies of tlie I'eiinsylvania monuments Pennsylvania at Getty shur(j. ix upon the battle-field of Gettysburg. To hv i)ul)lislie(l in one vol- ume not to exceed one thousand pages, to be bound in half morocco, and to contain lithographs or other cuts of the several monuments, and such regimental history as may be necessary to ])roperly j^er- petuate the memory of the jiart taken by the several Pennsvlvania organizations. Section 2. The distribution of the aforesaid edition shall be as follows : Five hundred copies for the use of the Governor, one hundred and fifty copies for the use of the Lieutenant-Governor, one hundred and fifty copies for the use of the Secretary of the Commonwealth, three hundred copies for the use of the State Li- brarian, fifty copies each for use of Attorney-General, Auditor- General, State Treasurer, Secretary of Internal Affairs, Superinten- dent of Public Instruction, Adjutant-General, Commissioner of In- surance, and Superintendent of Public Printing and Binding ; one thousand copies for the use of the School Department for distribu- tion to school superintendents, normal schools and school libraries in the commonwealth, six hundred copies for use of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the State of Pennsylvania, six hundred and fifty copies for use of the Grand Army ot the Republic for distribution among the Posts of the Department of Pennsylvania, fifty copies for the use of the encampments of the L'nion Veteran Legion of the State of Pennsylvania, two hundred copies for the use of the members of the Battle-field Monumental Commission, five thousand copies for the use of the Senate, and ten thousand copies for use of the House to be delivered to the members of the present Legislature. Governor Robert E. Pattison appreciatively approved the bill for publication. May Ttli, 1891. In this abstract of the Commission's work they express their thanks to Brevet Major-General David McM. Gregg, chief marshal, and his chief -of -staff, Brevet Lieutenant-Col- onel Sylvester Bonnaffon, Jr.. for the important part they took in making " Pennsylvania Day'' memorable. To Brevet Brigadier-General James A. Beaver, as Governor of the Commonwealth, Pennsylvania oAves a debt of grati- tude, for to him it is due in a great measure that the battle- field of Gettysburg is marked with memorials and the ser- vice of her sons recited in this volume. John P. Nicholsox, Brevet Lieut.-Colonel U. S. T'., Secretary. PENNSYLVANIA COMMANDS ENGAGED IN THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG OR PRESENT ON THE FIELD. Eleventh Regiment Infantry. Twenty-third Regiment Infantry. Twenty-sixth Regiment Infantry. Twenty-seventh Regiment Infantry. Twenty-eighth Regiment Infantry. Twenty-ninth Regiment Infantry. Thirtieth Regiment Infantry (First Reserve). Thirty-first Regiment Infantry (Second Reserve). Thirty-fourth Regiment Infantry (Fifth Reserve). Thirty-flfth Regiment Infantry (Sixth Reserve). Thirty-eighth Regiment Infantry (Ninth Reserve). Thirty-ninth Regiment Infantry (Tenth Reserve). Fortieth Regiment Infantry (Eleventii Reserve). Forty-first Regiment Infantry (Twelfth Reserve). Forty-second Regiment Infantry (Thirteen tli Reserve, First Rifles.) Forty-sixth Regiment Infantry. Forty-ninth Regiment Infantry. Fifty-third Regiment Infantry. Fifty-sixth Regiment Infantry. Fifty-seventh Regiment Infantry. Sixty-first Regiment Infantry, Sixty-second Regiment Infantry. Sixty-third Regiment Infantry. Sixty-eighth Regiment Infantry. Sixty-ninth Regiment Infantry. Seventy-first Regiment Infantry. Seventy-second Regiment Infantry. Seventy-third Regiment Infantry. Seventy-fourth Regiment Infantry. Seventy-fifth Regiment Infantry. Eighty-first Regiment Infantry. Eighty-second Regiment Infantry. Eighty-tliird Regiment Infantry. Eighty-fourth Regiment Infantry. Eiglity-eighth Regiment Infantry. Ninetieth Regiment Infantry. Ninety-first Regiment Infantry. Ninety-third Regiment Infantry. Ninetj'-fifth Regiment Infantry. Ninety-sixth Regiment Infantry. Ninety-eighth Regiment Infantry. Xinety-nintli Regiment Infantry. <';ie Hundred and Second Regiment Infantry' ' >;ie Hundred and Fifth Regiment Infantry. ne Hundred and Sixth Regiment Infantry. (1) Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. One Hundred and Seventh Rej^inient Infantry. One llundrt-d anil Ninth Kcfiiinent Infantry. One Hundred and Tenth Heyinient Infantry. One llunclred and Eleventh Keginient Infantry. One Hundred and Fourteenth Keariinent Infantry. One Hundred and Kifteenlh Keginient Infantry. One Hundred and Si.xteenth Regiment Infantry. One Hurulred and Eighteenth Regiment Infantry. One Hundred and Nineteenth Regiment Infantry. One Hundred and Twenty-first Regiment Infantry, One Hundred and Tiiirt^^-nintli Regiment Infantry. One Hundred and Fortieth Regiment Infantry. One Huntired and Forty-first Regiment Infantry. One Hundred and Forty-second Regiment Infantry. One Hundred and Forty-third Regiment Infantry. One Hundred and Forty-fiftii Regiment Infantry. One Hundretl and Forty-seventh Regiment Infantry. One Hundred and Forty-eighth Regiment Infantry. One Hundred and Forty-ninth Regiment Infantry. One Hundred and Fiftieth Regiment Infantry. One Hundred and Fifty-first Regiment Infantry. One Hundred and Fiftj'-tiiird Regiment Infantry. One Hundred and Fifiy-fifth Regiment Infantry. Twenty-Sixth Emergency Regiment Infantry. First Regiment Cavalry. Second Regiment Cavalry. Third Regiment Cavalry. Fourth Regiment Cavalry. Sixth Regiment Cavalry. Eifihth Regiment Cavalry. Si.xteenlli Regiment Cavalry. Seventeenth Regiment Cavalry. Eighteenth Regiment Cavalry. 'I'wenty- First Regiment Cavalry. Battery H, First .\rtillery. Battery F, First .\rtillery. Battery C, First .\rtillery. Battery C, Independent Artillery. liattery E, Independent Artillery. ]5attery F, Independent Artillery. Battery Jl, Third Heavy Artillery. GETTYSBURG PENNSYLVANIA DAY September 11-12 1889. (8) PENNSYLVANIA DAY CiK I I \ SHURG, September 11-12, 1889 WkDxVesday, September iith Dedication of the Monuments of the Pennsylvania Commands engaged in the Battle By the Survivors' Associations Ceremonies in National C e m e r e r \' Thursday, September i2Th, i 30 p. m. PRESIDING Brevet Lieut. Colonel George Meade Staff of Major-General George G. Meade, commanding Army of the Potomac MUSIC The Star-spangled Banner The "Arion Singing Society " Prof. J. C. Frank, Leader PRAYER Reverend John R. Paxton, D. D. Second Lieutenant 140th Penna. Infantry ANTHEM " Praise the Lord " The "Arion Singing Society " TRANSFER OF THE MONUMENTS TO THE GOVERNOR Honorable J. P. S. Gobin Brevet Brigadier-General ; Colonel 47th Penna. Infantry ACCEPTANCE ON BEHALF OF THE COMMONWEALTH Governor James A. Beaver Brevet Brigadier-General ; Colonel 148th Penna. Infantry POEM, "Gettysburg" Isaac R. Pennypacker, Esij. THE FIRST DAY, July 1, 1863 Brevet Captain Joseph G. Rosengarten First Lieutenant 131st Penna. Infantrj' ; Aide-de-Canip Staff of Major-General John P. Reynolds THE SECOND AND THIRD DAWS, July 2-3, 1863 Brevet Brigailier-Genoral Henrj- H. Bingham Major and Judge-Advocate Staff of Major-General Wintleld S. Hancock MUSIC Dedication Quartette TRANSFER TO BATTLE-FIELD MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION Governor James A. Beaver ACCEPTANCE ON BEHALF OF THE ASSOCIATION Edward McPherson, Esq MUSIC Dedication C,>uarlette and I'erficveraiice Band BENEDICTION Reverend David Craft, D. D. Chaplain Ulst Penna. Infantry (4) Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. PRAYER. Rev. John R. Paxton, D. 1). ALMIGHTY God, Great Ordainer of all things, Mighty Sus- tainer of all Thy creatures, we are Thy people, preserved by Thy power, cared for by Thy love and redeemed by Thy gi'ace. Aiid whatsoever we do, whether we eat or di'ink, whether we cultivate the art of peace, or hasten unto battle, whether we celebrate a birth or commemorate the dead, what- soever we do, we sincerely desire to do all in Thy fear and to Thy g"lory, thou Omnipotent God without whose blessing- we can do nothing- ivell and against whom we can do nothing- long-. We bless Thee as the God of Rig-hteousness and Truth, whose presence can be discerned on battle-fields, enforcing- just judg- ment by the sword and bayonet as well as in the houses of mourning inspiring hope, and soothing sorrow, or by the beds of dying men offering pardon and eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord. We bless Thee as the God of Nations as well as of personal destiny. We see Thy hand moving amongst the affairs of the world, overturning dogmas of false worship, inflicting defeat upon wrong and wicked causes, and visiting with retributive punish- ment all unholy enterprises that offend Thy justice and truth. In times past we see Thy hand moving amongst our affairs as a nation. Friends and allies of Thine assisted at our birth as a nation, and by Thy care and favor we have prospered as a people and grown great and powerful in the eyes of all the Avorld, because we have, in the main, loved righteousness and truth and hated in- justice, oppressions and lies. Almighty God, continue to us, we pray Thee, as a nation, through all future generations, Thy favor and Thy care, then with God on our side we shall not fear the wrath of men nor the gates of hell, and the Great Republic, the land we love, shall abide forever. And now, O God, our father's God, our country's Gotl, for the occasion before us, and upon these memorial services, we confi- dently invoke Thy presence and Thy blessing, firmly believing G Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. that this clay, aud the dead around us, deserve Thy appi'obatiou, and are worthy of Thy couseiitiug: presence and Thy loving- smile. Almighty aud most Holy God, the Eternal Father, the Sovereign Ruler in Heaven, and on Earth, Lord of Lords, Great and Su- preme God against whom no star ever rebelled, nor any sea ever mutinied, daring to overleap its prescribed boundaries, to Thee we boldly and confidenth^ appeal; and on this memorial, this historic, this sacred field where our dead comrades sleep we fear not to claim Thy presence and Thy blessing. Hide not, O God, Thy face from us, nor keep back Thy smile and benediction, while we, survivors of this tremendous and ter- rific battle-field, on which treason and rebellion were fatally wounded, and the Union and the right assured of their final triumph, in grateful memory of our comrades who fell here, on the soil of our own state, and from our own homes, dedicate these monuments to their everlasting- remembrance. O be with us in all these solemn and tender services, for in Thy power we beg-in them, and under Thy smile have to conclude them. The battle was fought and won by our comrades who sleej) sweet beneath Thy smile, under the sod, aud by us who survived to mourn their death, and pay them loving tribute to their memory. May these marble and bronze monuments, erected in loving memory of our fallen comrades, stand while the Republic endures, and preach patriotism to unborn generations on this eventful and sacred field. We thank thee, O God, for the faithfulness unto death of the heroic dead whose bones repose in this hallowed ground. May their memory be g-reen in our hearts while life lasts. May the country for which they voluntarily and gladly shed their blood prosper, and sm-vive the vicissitudes of time, and the calamities of fortune, great, united, enduring-. May we be as loyal and patri- otic in peace as we were in war, by the side of our comrades at rest under our feet. May the children cherish and perpetuate the institution, the constitution, the liberty and love, and equality our comrades died to maintain. And now Thy holy, helpful blessing we claim and crave on the day, on our dead, on our country, north and south, on oui* President, our Governor aud the dear old State, which we and our common brothers who sleep in well-earned g-raves on this sacred battle-field, are proud to call our oion, Ave ask in Christ's name. Amen. ANTHEM: "Praise the Lord." The Arion Singing Society. Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. THE TRANSFER OF THE MONUMENTS TO THE GOVERNOR OF THE COMMONWEALTH. By Hon. J. P. S. Gobin. GOVEKNOR BE AVER: The Commission appointed by yourself under the provision of the act of assembly ap- proved June 15, 1887, desire to present to the State of Pennsylvania, through you, as its executive, the result of then* labor. They were directed to "select and decide upon the desig-n and the material for monuments of g-ranite and bronze to mark the position of each Pennsylvania command upon the battle-field of Gettysburg," and the object of the erection of these monu- ments was declared to be "for the purpose of perpetuating the participation in and marking by suitable memorial tablets of granite or bronze the position of each of the commands of Penn- sylvania volunteers engaged " in that battle. From the earliest era of which we have historical data, nations and individuals have delighted to honor heroic deeds, and endur- ingly mark the spot upon which the fate of governments was in- volved in the shock of battle. Even though the result, in many . instances, impeded the onward march of progressive thought and shackled the limbs of advancing freedom, the natural pride with which was beheld the prowess of her soldiery upon that field, demanded of the nation suitable commemoration of the event, and a definite location of the scene. In the memories and traditions of past centuries, the legends of the middle ages, the histories of the ancient rulers, or the struggles of nations for a better civili- zation, the one place made sacred is that upon which their armies fought and conquered. Every nationality has insisted upon tributes of this character, and many have learned impor- tant lessons from them. We remember the story of one of the old conquerors of Greece, who, when he had traveled in his boy- hood over the battle-fields where Miltiades had won victories and set up trophies, upon his return, said, "These trophies of Mil- tiades will never let me sleep.'" Each feature of the chiseled granite was an inspiration to him as a soldier, and, doubtless, had an inspiring effect upon his subsequent cai*eer. The E-omans who placed the busts of their successful leaders 8 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. upon their coin, the Swiss who employed the genius of Thor- waklseu to boldly hew from the granite face of the Alps a lion to perpetuate the courage of their countrymen in a foreign land, the nations embodying their patriotism or skill at arms by tri- umphal arch or memorial column, were all actuated by the same motive. Even beyond these, upon the banks of the Nile, as re mote as the days when the Pharaohs ruled, and amid the sands of old Assyria, can Ave find the remains of magnificent specimens of memorial architecture. • In how many instances, however, were these but the work of hands which had been held aloft with glee as the conqueror passed in triumphal procession through the capital, with his en- slaved prisoners bound to his chariot wheels ; or, at best, were but the tribute to the ambition of kings, or, still more to be re- gretted, the result of the superior prowess of disciplined forces over hastily-gathered levies defending their homes from ruth- less invaders 1 Happily, upon this field every tablet represents loyalty to country and fiag — a sublime devotion to duty never excelled in the world's history. They have been erected in re- sponse to the sentiment of the nation, demanding that which should be a patriotic remembrance for all time. Where the men of their state fought and died with the nation's life in deadly peril — where rebellion against it reached the noon-tide of its progress, and from thence went reeling out to meet its ineAatable sunset at Appomattox — should the granite and bronze arise. They represent a united country cemented by the ordeal of battle — refined, clarified and strengthened in the furnace of war, and the circle of fire in which armies fought and navies sailed. Each block stands for a unity of interest in every part of the land, and a national future one and indivisible. Whatever may have been the opinion of the individual as to the primal cause of the rebellion, they rest in the graves of the fallen, with the memo- rial tablets of the various states keeping watch over the places in which they lie buried forever. Thus the lives of those we repre- sent on this occasion were not lost to their country or their kindred — they are eloquent even in their nameless graves. They crowd al )Out as with all the incentives of honor and patriotism. They survive in our admiration of their deeds, in our respect for their sacrifices, in love for their patriotism and devotion to country. As the representatives of principles which are eternal, HO will their memories remain. Through the efforts of the dead and living l)ut one tiag fioats, or dare fioat, in this, our common <-ountry. To do justice to them, it should be so planted as to Peunsylvamu at Gettysburg. y wave above all error, sectionalism, injustice or division of senti- ment as to the rig-ht(^ousness of the cause for which those we represent yielded up their lives. In this, however, we by no means desire to confine our allusions to this immediate vicinity. It is but part of such a lin«^, or series of lines of battle as the world never beheld. The right resting- at Donelson, it encircles a vast extent of country, until the left is reached here in this quiet valley of the Kej^stone State, in the vast circle that sweeps down the Mississippi to the gulf, diverges to the Rio Grande, and eastward through to the Atlantic, coursing along its coast, and, by the familiar Potomac, leaping the wide rivers and high mountains — lines of natural defense — to where we at present stand. Its entire length is marked by honored graves — veteran sentinels of liberty — whose challenges will be heard forever and aye by all disturbers of the nation's unity, or conspirators against its honor. They will speak with the au- thority of the embattled hosts who fell in that line resisting the advance of error, and with the result that all now sit in peace and comfort. But with reverent respect for all, we are, to-day, desirous of doing honor to the soldier of our own state. These are their monuments. Those graves contain the dead of the state who fell upon this field. Men of Pennsylvania, they were of your tiesh and blood, they went out from yom* homes, they battled for the preservation of your firesides, and the vacant chairs remain within your house- holds. Their comrades claim them in memory and friendship, and it is a claim as far-reaching as the warm-throbbing heart of the old soldier can make it. With tear-dimmed eyes they range over this field as over no other spot in all the land, and would say to the trespasser, "put off thy shoes from off thy feet, for the place whereon thou standest is holy ground." This being Pennsylvania's battle-field, what more fitting than to properly commemorate the deeds of Pennsylvania's soldier sons upon her soil ? Here, as everywhere, at the call of duty, during the entire period of the rebellion were the men of Pennsylvania conspicuous. It has been contended that the battle of Gettysburg is of much greater scope than that which the hills around us en- compass, vast as that is. Some would even include the entire extent of territory lying between the battle grounds and the fords of the Ilai)paliannock in Virginia. Full of interest and impor- tance as the days preceding were, it culminated in tlie struggle which began on the 1st and ended on the 3d of July, 18G3, and to this history will confine it. 10 Pennsylvania at Gettijshurg. Take a view of whatever portion of the field within the rang-e of your vision, and you behold Pennsylvania's memorial tablets. Upon the cavalry skirmish-line with Buford, in the column which Reynolds led to its position, and in the line which formed as his prostrate form was carried to the rear — upon the extreme right and left flank of the First Corps were regiments from the Keystone State, and the first infantry fire poured into the advancing- enemy was from another of them. In that corps death reaped a rich harvest of g-allant Pennsy 1 vanians. When the Eleventh Corps was hastily thrown into action they were in the advanced line, and the losses recorded attest the manner in which they fong-ht. One of her batteries took possession of east Cemetery Hill, and the first day's fighting- sullenly ended amid the shotted salutes with which the enemy were g-reeted from these g-uns. Upon the second day, amid all the fig-hting- on every part of the field, their record was well maintained. In the volume of battle which beg-an on the left of our line and surg-ed along- the Third Corps, involving- it and parts of others, no more heroic deeds were witnessed than those which Pennsylvania soldiers performed. Clinging- to the lines at the peach orchard, surging- back and forth through the wheat field, changing front under terrific fire, amid the rocky sides of the Round Tops, were heard the crack of their rifles and their shouts of defiance. And at this point the sun of battle went down as the Pennsylvania Reserves charged down the slope and over the valley of death, driving before them the last line of the enemy attacking this position. As they planted the Maltese cross of the Fifth Corps,the men of the Sixth displayed their Greek cross in support, and the left was safe. Away on the right was the Twelfth Corps, and its star waved over Gulp's and Wolf's Hill. Here the battle raged fiercely, and there, too, were Pennsylvanians, and not an inch of ground was yielded, until, under orders, they vacated it to aid another part of the line. As if to fittingly close the second day, it remained for her sons to meet the charge of the enemy upon east Cemetery Hill, and over the guns of her batteries men fought with a courage and desperation never exceeded, and using weapons unheard of in such warfare. Here, also, nightfall beheld the enemy defeated and discomfited, and th(( position of n^giments and batteries Avhich had fought upon every pait of the field could have been marked at that time by the dead, who lay as they had fallen, with their faces to the foe. The morning of the third day was ushered in by the deter- mined eflort of th(! Twelfth Corps to re-occupy their vacated lin(is. Aided by detachmtuits of the Sixth they ob.scured the sun Pen7isylvania at Gettysburg. w with their smoke of battle, and after live hours of incessant fig-ht- ing- they Avere back in the euti-euchments, and tJie rig])t of tlie line was secure. You cannot fail to recog-nize the Penusylvanians, who, at this part of the field, represented tlieir state and nation. And now, in the quiet Avhich prevailed until after the mid-day hour, bat- teries, cavalry and infantry gird their loins for the final con- test all knew to be impending. When, from Seminary Ridge, the cannonading of over one hundred guns shook the earth, quickly and effectively was it responded to. When the enemy soug-ht to move troops from their right to strengthen and reinforce their center they found cavalry there to prevent it, and the^^ did pre- vent it. Away ofl' to the right the mounted legions seek to turn that flank and reach the rear of our line. There, also, were our cavalry, and the Hummel Farm became the scene of one of the most determined and sang-uinary conflicts of man and horse; and the several lines of infantry, with which this attack co-operated, as they emerg-ed from the woods and swung across the plain, headed directly for the troops of the same old state over whose head floated the well-known trefoil of the Second Corps. In brigade line they awaited the attack. It came, and with their comrades of the east and west they rent the clouds with theu* shouts of victory as the decimated lines disappeared in the smoke of the conflict, and the battle of Gettysburg was over. At the headquarters of the army — of corps, division and bri- g-ade — were the men born on the soil of our state. In every g-rade, as well as at every point, Pennsylvania soldiers were in the forefront, and when we have completed the work in hand, and the memory of men in the ranks have been rendered immortal to the full extent of our ability, can we not, will we not, all unite in efforts to place "Under the dome of the Union sky The American sokliers' temple of fame in a most prominent place upon this field a just tribute to the valor, ability and devotion to duty of that glorious son of Penn- sylvania whose name is so indelibly associated Avith Gettysburg and with the Army of the Potomac wherever it fought ? Until George Gordon Meade has a fitting monument upon this battle g-round Pennsylvania will not have entirely performed her duty. Pardon this digression. I have not attempted to picture or do- scribe the battle of Gettysburg. I disclaim any such intention. My object has been to present with the monuments which rise at every point of the field brief reasons for their being, and to as- 12 Fennsylvania at Getty nhurg. sure you tliat each one occupies tli<' position it is entitled to througli the valor of the men who followed the flag'. Wherever may be seen the bronze coat-of-arms of the state, there stood and foug-ht at one period or another in the desperate strug-g-le the command represented by the memorial, and the soil has been rendered sacred by the patriotic blood there expended. In honor of the service rendered have these enduring- tablets been erected. It is a fit and just tribute. The armies have long since struck their tents and silently merged with the masses in every part of the nation. The fields upon which they struggled gleam to day with the glory of peace, and death no longer gathers the rich har- vest which springs from their fruitful soil. Many have ended life's battle since then, and the lines are fading away swiftly be- fore the ravages of time and disease. They stand but in antici- pation of a speedy reunion with those file-leaders who have crossed the dark river, and with whom we hope to again fall into ranks in the great hereafter. Let the gratitude of the nation con- tinue to go out toward these men. It should be proportioned to the benefit received, as well as the purity of intention which im- parted the benefits. Predicted as an inevitable conflict, the war came, and was fought to the bitter end. The logic of events clearly proves it to have been an epoch in the nation's life, which, under Divine Providence, was to result in either liberty to all or death to the nation. The result could not have been otherwise. It was a tribute to tlie splendid civilization of the American people, which, by the efforts of a century, had developed the country, educated the masses, created a vast internal commerce, all culminating in placing the nation upon a plane of greatness never before reached by any government. Through the future gleam the possibilities, which, may we not claim, will mantle the earth with such achievements as will make this the undisputed, the eternal hope of liberty. We have learned the true value of nationality. Like our own mountain ranges, we will recognize the different peaks as they rise in various altitudes and claim specific names, the whole forming an indivisible body conspicuous in its greatness as a whole. These monuments represent this great nationality, and will stand forever as testimonials of a state and nation's gratitude to the valor of its citizen soldiers. Let the morning and evening sun, whicli shall greet, gild and ling(!r on their sides, and play upon them from base to capstone, Kymboli/e the showering benedictions of their countrymen, which Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 13 will stream from ag-e to ag-e iu honor of the fame and memory of the dead and living they represent. The duties of your Commission have almost ended. I dan; claim for it a single purpose to perform them fairly, honestly and impartially. One of its members, Major Samuel Harper, passed away ere the work was completed. He was a true soldier, a firm patriot, earnest in his devotion to his work, which, upon this field, must ever be recognized. To the people of this great state W(^ now present the result of our labors in these memorial tablets. Each one tells its own truthful story, and will to future g-enerations. It is a record as com- plete as it is accurate. As they stand here overlooking these scenes, telling of the silent battalions represented, with yonder green mounds, the perpetual reminder of heroic immolation, may we not hope that in all the land, everywhere, loyal devotion to country and flag- shall prevail with a new-born intensity, capable of any sacrifice, and all may realize fully as was said of old, "It is the high reward of those who have risked their lives in a just and necessary war, that their names are sweet in the mouths of men, and every age shall know their actions." ACCEPTANCE ON BEHALF OF THE COMMONWEALTH. Governor James A. Beaver. C^OMKADES AND FELLOW-CITIZENS: No official duty which has devolved upon the present executive of Penn- ^ sylvania is more significant, and at the same time more pleasant, than the one which he now performs on behalf of our goodly Commonwealth. Granite and bronze are not necessary, nor can they, in a large sense, perpetuate the memor}^ of the men dead and the heroism of those living, who stood for the consti- tution and the enforcement of the laws, upon this field. They have a significance and value, however, as showing the apprecia- tion of a grateful Commonwealth for the service of her sons in de- fending her soil and in aiding to perpetuate the unity of the gov- ernment of which she is a constituent part. On every portion of this historic battle-field Pennsylvania acted a prominent part. Her sons, as was meet, were the heroes of the field. Meade com- manded the army, Reynolds fell in the fore-front of battle in the 14 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. first day's fiirlit, aud Hancock directed the details of preparation for the heroic aud stubborn resistance which was made to the de- termined assaults of the enemy, upon the second and third days. Penusylvanians were prominent in the First Corps at the opening- of the battle on the first day; Pennsylvania reg-iments played a prominent part in Sickles' g-allant forward movement; Pennsyl- vauians predominated in the First Division of the Second Corps and constituted the Third Division of the Fifth Corps, which made the impetuous assault throug'h the "wheat field" and the "devil's den" upon Hood's Division, in its determined and well-directed efforts to turn Sickles' left fiank, on the second day, aud Penn- sylvania received the shock of Pickett's heroic, but ill-fated and foolish, charge on the third day. Pennsylvania batteries occupied vital points in our defensive line, and Pennsylvania cavalry was conspicuous under a gfallaut Pennsylvanian in their brilliant opera- tions upon our right flank and rear. In every offensive move- ment made by the Army of tlie Potomac during the Gettysburg campaign; in every defensive position taken by it; in brilliant skirmish, in gallant assault, in heroic fighting or in stubborn re- sistance, Pennsylvania was found everywhere doing her duty aud bearing her full share of the heat and burdens of the day. We do not claim that she did more than her duty or that she per- formed more than her share of the work to be done. Without the assistance and co-operation of her sister states she would have been utterly powerless to repel the invasion of her soil. We make no invidious distinctions in emi^hasizing Pennsylvania's share in the campaign which found its climax within her borders. This is Pennsylvania Day, and we simply emphasize her part in the work here done without in any way detracting from or min- imizing the part taken by others or the credit due to them there- for. The description of the details of Pennsylvania's share in the glory of this field belongs to the historians of the occasion and I shall not trespass upon their theme or sphere in this direction. The Commonwealth does well in recognizing the devotion of her sons. Shejias been none too liberal in her gifts for such a purpose, lu accepting the results of the work of the Commission ap- pointed to supervise the erection of the memorials of the j^atri- otism of Pennsylvania's sons, it may be well to say a Avord as to tlui manner in which the work has been done and of its charac- teristic features. Charged with a delicate, a difficult and respon- sible duty, it is not too much to say that the Pennsylvania Gettys- burg Memorial Commissioners, so far as the results of their work are apparent upon this field, have discharged their duty in a Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 15 niauner alike creditable to them and acceptable to the people of the Commonwealth. Few who have not given thoug-ht to the subject can realize the difHcnilties under which thuy labored, or appreciate the value of the work which they have doDc. This work was characterized, first, by a broad iutellig'ence. The posi- tion occupied by each of the eig-hty-six Pennsylvania org-auizations participating- in the battle of Gettysburg- was to be carefully studied and definitely ascertained in order to determine the loca- tion of their several monuments. The part taken by each organ- ization must be thoroughl}^ understood in order that the truth of history, and nothing- but the truth, should be displayed u[)ou these memorials. Tlie materials to be used; thedesig-n to be adopted; the details of construction and the jDerpetuity of results, were all to be considered and rig-lit conclusions in regard thereto reached. Those who have car-efully and critically followed the work of the Commission will, I am sure, join with me in commending the rare intelligence which has marked its labors in all these respects. The work of the Commission has been characterized, moreover, by unquestioned fidelity. Charged Avith the execution of a law, with the framing and passage of which its members had little to do; with the expenditure of a sum exceeding an eighth of a million of dollars, in such a way as to secure full and satisfactory returns to each regimental organization, and to the Common- wealth which placed her funds in their hands; with the preserva- tion of the truth of history, and, at the same time, with the vin- dication of the honor and reputation of Pennsylvania organiza- tions, where history had failed to do them justice; with deter- mining" the truth as to conflicting claims for position, and antag- " onistic interests on the part of conti-actors and committees repre- senting the various organizations who contracted with them, it will be seen that the work of the Commission required rare dis- cretion and ability. In all these respects, and others which can- not be mentioned for want of time, the Commission has, in all its work, fully met the demands made upon it, and can confidently point to the results which confront us on every hand for the evi- dence of the fidelity with which these demands have been met. The Commonwealth has in every instance had a full return for the money which was aj^propriated for these memorials, and in most of them has received a large percentage of increase from the voluntary contributions of the organizations themselves. Si> it is safe to say that no state, Avhen the work of the Commission shall be finished, will present more substantial, more enduring and more tasteful memorials of the devotion of her sous, than Penn- sylvania. K; PunnsyJvania at Gettysburg. The zeal manifested bj^ each and every member of the Commis- sion is also a characteristic of its work. Voluntarily accepting- a position to wliich no pecuniary compensation of any kind was at- tached, the gentlemen Avho composed the Commission gfave them- selves unreservedly to the work before them. They have spared no effort ; have stopped at no sacrifice of time or convenience ; have assisted in the organization of regimental committees ; have fm*nislied desig'ns for the adoption of such representatives, and have stimulated their efforts to secure better and more enduring' results than could have been obtained through the expenditure of the appropriation made by legislative authority alone. Such energy and zeal are worthy of commendation, and should be here and now recorded and acknowledged. There has been much patient forbearance with, and sometimes a judicious yielding to, the demands of zealous and enthusiastic reg-imental org-anizations. Such demands were the e\adence of a proper interest in the truth of history and in the faithful acknowledgment of the contributions which have been made by those who Avere thus represented and the results which history records. They were found, on careful examination, in many instances, to be correct, and official records have been thereby corrected through the careful and persistent efforts of the Commissioners. Without dwelling upon other characteristics of the work of the Commission, which will suggest themselves to the thoughtful ob- server, it is safe to say, finally, that success has crowned its work in an eminent degree. The organizations for whose benefit pro- vision was made by the legislature have not, in all instances, 'availed themselves of it. Some memorials have not yet been erected. Designs for others have not yet been adopted, and to this extent the work of the Commission is not finished; but so far as the memorials which surround us are the evidence of the work of the Commission, we join to-day, as the survivors of those whose memory is thereby enshrined, in pronouncing their work an unqualified success. As already intimated, the work is not finished. The distinctively Pennsylvania organization in which all Pennsylvania, whether connected with it or not, takes pride, and which played such a distinguished part upon this field — the Pennsylvania Reserve Corps — has not yet erected its me- morial. It is the desire of the various regimental organizations composing that corps to erect a common memorial. In this de- sire I personally cordially sympathize, and will be glad to co-op- erate. The original provisions made for the erection of our iiK'morials did not sin-m to authorize such a use of the funds Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 17 appropriated, and an unfortunate misunderstanding as to the bill passed by the last legislaturrostrate be. Then to Meade was the sword of the north Held hiltward for proof of its worth ; O'er the vastness of masses of men All the glorious banners (jf war, All the battle-flags floated again ; All the bugles blew blithely once more, Sounding the stately advance; Village doorways framed fiices of awe At the trains of artillery pressed On earth's reverberent breast. And the sun sought the zenith, and saw All the splendors of war at a glance. How soon the lirst tierce rain of death In big drojjs dancing on the trees Withers the Ibliage ! At a breath, Hot as the blasts that dried old seas The clover falls like drops of blood From mortal hurts, and stains tlu; .sod ; The wheat is clipped, but the ripe grain Here long nngarnered shall remain. And many who at the drum's long roll Sprang to the charge and swelled the elieei And .set their flags high on the knoll. Ne'er knew how went the light fought \u\< For them a knell tmuiilluous shells Pennsylvania at Gdtyshvrij. 19 Shook tVoin the consecrated bells, As here they formed that silent rank. Whose glorious star at twiliplit sank. And night, which lulls all discords — night. Which stills the folds and vocal wood. And. with the touch of linger light, Quiets the pink-lipped brook's wild mood. Which sends the wind to seek the latch, And seals young eyes while mothers watch — Night stays the battle, but with day Their lives, themselves, foes hurl away. Where the thousands fell, but did not yield, Shall be to-morrow's battle-field. E'er dying died or dead were cold New hosts pre.ssed on the lines to hold. And held them— hold them now in sleep While stars and sentinels go round, And war-worn chargers shrink like sheep Beside their riders on the ground. All through the night — all through the north Speed doubtful tidings back and forth, Through north and south, from dusk till day, A sundered people diver.se pray. So gradual sink the deliberate stars. The sun doth run the laggards down. As .sleep's still meadows bursts the bars, And floods with light the steepled town. Blow ! bugles of the cavalry, blow ! Forward the infantry, row on row ! While every battery leaps with life. And swells with tongueless throats the strife ! Wliere grappled foes, one flushed with joy From triumphs fresh, and come to destroy. And one by blows but tempered tit To keep the torch of freedom lit. The battle-dust from heroes' feet, Brief hiding rally and last retreat. By the free sunlight touched became A golden pillar of lambent flame. Glorifled was this field, its white Faces of victors and of .slain, And these and Round Top's luminous height That glory flashed afar again. Around the world for all to see One nation and one wholly free. And branded deep with flaming sword Its primal compact's l)indiug word. "Neath Freedom's dome that light divine. 20 Pennsylvania at Gettysbiirg. Boruc here iVuin dark defiles of Time, Froiu here upblazed a beacon sign To all the oppressed of every clime ; And dulled e3'es glistened ; hope upsprung Where'er ills old when man was young Against awaking thought were set, Where jjower its tribute wrongly wrung, Or moved on pathways rank even yet With martyr's blood, where'er a tongue Hath words to show, as serf, slave, thrall, How great man's power ! how deep man's fall. Long will be felt, though hurled in vain, The shock that shook the northern gate, Long heard the shots that dashed amain, r>ut flattened on the rock of fate, Wliere Lee still strove, but failed to break The barrier down, or fissure make. And never grasped by force the prize Deferred by years of compromise. Long will men keep the memory bright Of deeds done here ; how tlaslied the blade Of Hancock from South Mountain's shade To the sheer heights of unfading light ! That martial morn o'er yonder ridge Reynolds last rode face towards liie foe, And onward rides through history so ; For Meade, even as for Joshua, suns The unmindful gulf of Time abridge, While still its depths fling back liis guns' Victorious echoes. The same wise power Which starts the currents from ocean's heart, And hurls the tides at their due hour. Or holds them with a force unspent. Made him like master, in each part, O'er all his mighty instrument. Chief leaders of the battle great ! Three sons of one proud mothei' state ! These epoch stones she sets stand fast. As on her field her regiments stood ; Their volleys rang the first and last ; They kept with Webb the target-wood, And there for all turned on its track The wild gulf stream of treason back ; Or on tlie stubborn hill-sides trod Out harvests sown not on the clod ; Hearts shall beat high in days grown tame, At thoughts of tliem and their i)roud fame. And watching Pickett's gallant band Melt like lost snow-flakes in the deep. Pennsylvania at Geffysfmry. 21 Pit.v shall grow tliroiighout tlic land, And near ajtace with joy sliall keep. baffled, beaten, back to the ford, His own at last the broken sword. Kode the invader. On his breast Mis head with sorrow low was pressed ; On his hor.se\s tangled mane Loosely hung the bridle rein. At Gettysburg his valiant host The last hope of their cause had lost : In vain their daring and endeavor. It was buried tliere forever ; Right well he knew the way he Hed Straight to the last surrender led. So ended Lee's anabasis, .\nd all he hoped had come to this ; — As well for master as the driven That not bj^ him was victory given. So Right emboldened and made known Hurled the whole troop of Error down, -Vnd here held fast an heritage ; So on that course may all hold fast 'Till no man takes an hundred wage. And each one has his own at last, 'Till the last caravan of the bound, Driven towards some Bornuese market place, Happily shall feel their l)onds unwound, And steps of woe in joy retrace. In the cities of the north The brazen cannon belched forth For the defeat of Lee : When the smoke from this field Unfolded, Lo ! fixed on the shield Each w^andering star was revealed. And the .steeple bells pealed Inland to the further sea ; In the villages flags waved For Meade's victory, — A thousand, thousand flags waved For the souls to be frvc. For the Union saved. For the Union still to be. 22 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. THE FIRST DAY— JULY i, 1863. Bkkvei- Captain Joseph G. Rosengarten. PENNSYLVANIA DAY marks the completion of the official relations of the State of Pennsylvania with the battle-field of Gettysburg. Everj^ position occupied by Pennsylvania soldiers through the scenes and events of that great battle is now marked by a memorial of the regiment or battery that took part in it. Thanks to the generosity of the State, the wise choice of its Governor, the industry and care of the Commissioners ap- pointed by him, the task is done, and well done. Now, in final conclusion of all this labor, of the years spent in securing the ground, in preserving its natural features, in making a lasting record on the spot of the force that occupied each part of the long line of battle, we are gathered here to renew the memories that made Gettysburg dear to every soldier who fought here. The field of Gettysburg is within sight ; the vantage ground gained by the first day's battle was the position on which the battles of the succeeding days were fought, and the victory finally won. The campaign of Gettysburg covered the whole territory over which her great contending armies moved. From the fords of the Rap- pahannock and the passes of the Blue mountains, through Vir- ginia, across the Potomac, through Maryland, into Pennsylvania, up the Cumberland valley, and as far east almost as the Susque- haima river, the strategic operations of the Ai'my of Northern Virginia, under General Lee, and of the Army of the Potomac, under General Hooker and General Meade, will deserve careful study. The Union cavalry won especial distinction as it masked the movements of the Union army, and forced the Confederate leader to disclose his well-conctdved and well-matured plans. When Meade took command he unfolded his army like a fan, keeping it always between the invading enemy and the great cities thr(;atened by Lee. * Fii'st then let us pay tribute to the memory of General Meade, the commander on whom rested tlie responsibilitj', made the weightier by the unexpected order which put him at the head of the Army of the Potomac, only three days before the great battle .Ncwhalls address before the Sixth Pennsylvania Cavalry. Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 23 which practically was the crisis of the war. His g-eneralship was of the highest order, and his strategic and practical operations the best, yet one other element of his success has been too little regarded. His great moral and personal excellence was uni- versally felt and recognized throughout the army, and when he was put at its head, that great body was at once lifted on a higher plane and became thoroughly inspired with a lofty purpose, and an earnest wdll to do all that should be asked. All joined in a silent thanksgiving that General Meade was their commander, for by that mental revelation which permeates great masses of disciplined men, his fitness as a leader was universally recognized, and Gettysburg yet needs a final memorial of General Meade to mark his great victory. Next in our retrospect let us pay tribute to General Reynolds. The advance, the left wing of the army, was given to General Reynolds, Meade's closest friend. Unlike as were the two in mental and moral qualities, in physical appearance and military bent, each perfectly supplemented the other. When he fell his place was given to General Hancock, again totally unlike either Meade or Reynolds, a soldier of the highest excellence, who on this as in so many other trying positions, did his part in winning the victory. One other name must always be honored in speaking of the First Day at Gettysburg. — John Buford, gallant soldier, typical cavalry leader, fearless fighter, for with him rests the special distinction of first clearly forseeing that Gettysburg was to be the scene of a great battle ; prepared for the Confederate onset, he shortly resisted an overwhelming force, called confi- dently on Rej^nolds, his immediate commander, for the support that promptly came to his help, notified Meade of Reynolds' deatli, advised him of the need of some one to command, and in every way helped to save the field and win the victory, even at the price of the First Day's Battle. Standing here, no words are needed to show the strategic im- portance of Gettysburg, the reasons for the tactical movements, and the limits which the nature of the country imposed on Meade and his army, alike in coming to Gettysburg as they did in hold- ing and defending their line, and in gathering the fruits of the victory. The hills and mountains that hid the advancing enemy as he debouched from the gaps beyond, also sheltered his shat- tered forces as they withdrew to the Potomac, and found safety in retreat across its waters to Virginia. The vigor with which Gen- eral Meade concentrated his army at Gettysburg, the ability with which he won the victory, show that it is not for want of will that 24 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. his pursuit was not swift euoug-li to turu the defeat into a rout. The central facts and the figures of the first day's battle, however are all that can now be briefly told. Assi^-ned (for the second time) on the morning- of June 3U, to the command of the left wing, General Reynolds led his own Corps, the First, followed by the Eleventh, close aft(n- Buford's Cavalry Division, to the front. He sent Buford through Gettysburg to find the enem3^ The old rule had been for the cavalry to keep near the infantry, but Buford went boldly forward, knowing that wherever Reynolds sent him he was sm-e to be supported, and that in falling back, if he must do so, he would meet the infantry on its way out. It was Buford who first called attention to the concentration of roads at Gettys- burg that gave it such strategic importance. It was his energy in pushing forward, his foresight in thrusting his force out, not in- vited, that almost compelled the Confederate army to come to Gettysburg, and thus brought the battle on there. At daylight on the morning of July 1 his advance picket saw the enemy ap- proaching on the Chambersburg road, and at 5.30 the first fire came from our side, as the dismounted cavalrymen took refuge behind the abutments of the bridge over Willoughby run. Fall- ing back to higher ground, the advance of the leading division, Hetli's, of Hill's Corps, was seriously disputed. Devin's Brigade, holding the line from the Chambersburg road to the right. Gamble's that to the left, Buford maintaining a firm front with his few guns and his thin line of cavalry. General Reynolds came promptly to the front, had a brief, but significant, interview with Buford, saw that the time had come to put in his infantry, promptly accepted the responsibility of engaging the enemy, re- turned to meet the leading division, Wadsworth's, led it to the front, relieved Buford's hard-pressed lines, ordered up the rest of his command, hurried up the troops, by brigades, and even by single regiments, put them into his lengthening lines, placed the batteries in position as they arrived, and put Buford in support of his horse batteries in reserve and on the flanks. Thus rapidly d(!veloping his line, the enemy, advancing in largely superior numbers, was held at bay, while the First Corps was put in posi- tion. The Fifty-sixth Pennsylvania, under Colonel Hofmann, opened the infantry fire at 9:30 a. m. The Iron Brigade was i)ut forward by Reynolds himself, and then, returning to meet his ad- vancing division, Reynolds fell by the hands of a sharpshooter on tlie spot now marked by a memorial shaft Almost at the same time two Confederate regiments, the bulk of Archer's Brigade, with (ieneral Arch(!r himself, were captured and marched to the Pennsylvania at GcHysbnrg. 25 rear, and as the dead body of Geueral Reynolds was carried (jii' the fiekl, the captured Confederates manifested their marked ic- spect for the fallen ITnion general. At the outset, Wadsworth's Division, wiHi Halls battery, were all the infantry between Get tysburg- and two strong- Confederate divisions, with large rein- forcements coming- in on the Carlisle road. Robinson's Division arrived in time to support the hard-pressed little force on the right. Doubleday's Division came in on the left. Stone's Brigade going iuto position beyond Seminary Ridge, Riddle's Brigade ou the extreme left. There it maintained its position, and from 11 a. m. until 4 p. m. fought and manoeuvred until it, too, was forced to retire. About 1 p. m. the leading division of the Eleventh Corps took up its place on the right, followed by a second di- vision, with the batteries on their right and left, another division and a battery being placed in reserve on Cemetery Hill. Heth's Division of Hill's Corps was the advance of the Confed- erate force, and it was promptly followed by Pender, while Rodes' and Earlj^'s Divisions of Ewell's Corps came on our ex- treme right, Rodes, about 2 p. m.. Early, about 3 p. m., meeting at the time and place above designated, after long marches from different points, with wonderful accuracy. The First and the Eleventh Corps of our army each numbered little more than some of the Confederate Divisions. General Doubleday points out that the Confederate army had but three corps, while the Union army had seven, so that each of their corps represented about a third, each of ours a seventh of the whole force, and the same propor- tion extended to divisions, brigades, and even regiments. Gen- eral Doubleday, who succeeded Reynolds in command of the First Corps, says it took 8,200 men into action. General Heth says his division numbered some 7,000 muskets. The Compte de Paris says the Union forces numbered about 11,500 against more than 30,000 Confederate troops. Colonel Chapman Biddh^ in liis exhaustive study of the first day's battle, puts the Confederate force at over 30,000 ; the Union force was about 14,000, 8,200 in the First Corps, barely 1,000 in the Eleventh engaged. In spite of such odds and such inequality, the first day's battle was a suc- cession of well-contested struggles at each point. Buford's cav- alry held their position against Heth's Division from 8 to 10 a. m., relieved by the First Corps, that in turn held its own against Heth and Pender until nearly 1 p. m. About that hour the Eleventh Corps on the right fought Rodes" and Early's Divisions, and even after it fell back, the First Corps still stoutly resisted until past 4 o'clock, when, outflanked by the heavy force of the Confederate 2(; Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. army, it was oblig-ecl to retreat to Cemetery Hill. What might have been the issue if Eeynolds had been spared can only be mat- ter of conjecture, yet it must be borne in mind that on more than one hardh^-contested field his presence had converted apparent defeat into victory. Of him it mig-ht well be said, he never can be deathless till he die. It is the dead win battles. Be that as it may, his place was finall}^ taken by Hancock, who arrived on Cemetery Hill between 3 and 4 p. m., and ]3romptly jDut the forces in hand into position — sent Wadsworth's Division and a battery to Culp's Hill, on the right, with fresh troops, and extended the lines to the left at Round Top. The divisions of the Twelfth Corps, under Geary and Williams, took positions on the extreme left and right respectively, and Buford made a strong cavalry demonstration on both flanks. The timely arrival of Stannard's Vermont Brigade added fresh strength to the troops. Leaving Washington on the 25th at noon, after an exhausting march of seven days, rain falling every day, under orders to report to General Reynolds, it reached Gettys- burg late on the afternoon of the 1st of July, and the tired troops were placed in position in column by regiments, connecting with the divisions of the Third Corps just hurried to the front, and in rear of the line of battle of the First and Eleventh Corps on Cem- etery Hill. Thus the Confederate army, in spite of its successes, saw the Union army strong in its new position, and while Gen- eral Lee conditionally ordered an advance, his corps and division generals were content to prepare for it for the next day. By midnight of the 1st the bulk of the Army of the Potomac was in its place, and General Meade himself followed soon after, and at once surveyed the field and prepared to hold it. Buford had sent word that here was the place to fight a battle, Reynolds had confirmed it, Hancock seconded it, Warren, too, found that they were right, and General Meade promptly gave orders for the con- centration of his army there. The first day's battle had se cured the position on which the succeeding days' battles were to be fought and won. It was thus on Pennsylvania soil that the great and decisive battle was fought, with a Pennsylvanian, Meade, at the head of the army, with another Pennsylvanian, Reynolds, leading the advance, and falling at the very fore-front at the outset. It was another Pennsylvanian, Hancock, who took his place and secured the line on which he himself fell desper- ately wounded later on ; it was a Pennsylvania regiment, the Fifty -sixth, that opened the infantry fight on the 1st of July. In the First (^)i-i)s there were twelve Pennsylvania organizations; Fennsylvania at Getfyfihtoy. 27 ill the Eleventh Corps there were five, and eig-hteen more were in the Twelfth and Third Corps, whose timely presence counted for so much in the closing- scenes of that eventful day at Gettysburg. Pennsylvania Day, by its very name, recalls their pnisence and their services. But the forces that took part in the first day's battle included men of New York, Maine, Massachusetts, Indi- ana, Michigan, Wisconsin, Ohio, Connecticut, New Jersey, and the rth's Division, ard when Jiuford was relieved, the First Corps fought Heth's and Pender's *Jolin C. Hopes'. "Tlio Canipaigu under Pope. Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. .33 Divisions. When the Eleventh Corps came to the front it met Rodes' and Early's Divisions, and then the rig-lit of the First Corps also became eng-aged with these strong Divisions. Meredith's Brigade of the First Division of the First Corps captured part of Archer's Brigade, Cutler's Brigade captm-ed part of Davis' Brig- ade, Baxter's Brigade of the Second Division of the First Corps captured part of Iverson's Brigade of Bodes' Division of Ewell's Corps. Meredith's Brigade fought in turn the whole or part of Archer's, Pettigrew's, Brockenbrough's and Daniel's Brigades. Stone's Brigade and the Sixth Wisconsin, Ninety-fifth New York and Fourteenth New York fought Davis' and Daniel's Bri- gades, and the Fifty-sixth Pennsylvania and the Seventy-sixth New Y^'ork also encountered them, while Baxter's and Cutler's Bri- gades were pitted against the brigades of Iversou, O'Neal and Piam- seur. Of the artillery engaged on the first day, the record is one of ]3re-eminent service. Tidball's Horse Battery, under Lieu- tenant Calef, fought almost unaided, and the batteries of the First Corps bore the brunt of a largely superior number and weight of guns ; Cooper's Battery B, First Pennsylvania Light Ai-tillery, Stevens' Fifth Maine, Pveynolds' L, First New York, Stewart's B, Fourth United States, and of the Eleventh Corps, Wiedrich's I, First New York, Dieckmann's Thirteenth New York Light Artillery, Wilkeson's G, Fourth United States, Dilger's I and Heckman's K, First Ohio Light Artillery, greatly helped to secure the weak Union forces from the strong Confederate lines that steadily gathered there confident of success. Paul's Brigade captured part of several brigades of Pender's Division. Stone's Brigade of the Third Division fought in turn Davis' Bri gade of Heth's Division, Daniel's Brigade of Rodes' Division and Scales' Brigade of Pender's Division. Biddle's Brigade of the Third Division on the extreme left, fought Pettigrew's and Mc- Gowan's Brigades of Heth's Division, while Brockenbrougli's and Lane's and Scales' extended the Confederate line and overlapped the Union left, just as Early's Brigades overlapped the Union right. There Barlow's Division fought Gordon's, Hays' and Avery's Brigades, and Ames" fought Doles' and Daniels', and the right of the First Corps, Baxter and Cutler, and the left of the Eleventh, fought Iverson's, Daniel's, Doles', Ramseur's and O'Neal's Brigades. Coster's Brigade of Steinwehr's Division was pitted against Hays' and Hoke's and Ramseur's Brigades. While the First Corps was put in almost to the last man, and the Elev- enth Corps had only a Aveak reserve on Cemetery Hill, the Con- federates had two divisions, Johnson's of Ewell's, and Anderson's 3 34 Pcnnsijlvania at Getiyshurg. of Hills Corps, estimated by General Fitz. Lee at over 10,000 each, and the foiu- divisions that had been engaged, Heth's, Pen- ders, Rodes" and Early's, at the close of the action, at over 4,500 each. The First Corps then was reduced from 9,000 to 3,000, and the part of the Eleventh Corps actually engaged from 6,000 to 3,800. The actual losses of the Union forces on the first day were proportionally far heavier than those of the Union Army on the other days of the three days of fighting, and both Union and Confederate forces on the first day lost more heavily than on almost any other battlefield. The Second Corps lost 4,350 out of 10,500 engaged, over 42 per cent., in the battles of the second and third days; the Third Corps lost 4,210 out of less than 10,000 actually engaged on the second day, 42 per cent. ; the Fifth Corps lost 2,187 out of 11,000, less than 20 per cent.; the Sixth Corps lost only 242, for it was wisely held in reserve ; the Twelfth Corps lost 1,801 out of 8,000; on the Confederate side on the first day, Heth lost 2,850 out of 7,000, 40 per cent. Pender lost 1,690 out of 7,000 : Early lost 1,188, and Rodes 2,853 out of their divisions which went into action each 8,000 ; 35 per cent, for the latter, and about 12 per cent, for the former. Pickett's loss in his famous charge was 65 per cent., 2,888, of of which 232 were killed, 1,157 wounded and 1,499 captured or or missing ; but on the first day the Iron Brigade lost over 60 per cent., and Biddle's Brigade, and Stone's Brigade lost nearly 70 per cent. each. The First Corps with six brigades, and the Eleventh with five, fought eight brigades of Hill's Corps and nine of Ewell's, and yet at the close of the first day, the fresh troops of Lee's Ariny were held off from gathering the fruits of their hard-earned success by the strength of the forces before them and those placed on the right and left. Even Wadsworth's Division, beaten and outnumbered, still held on to Culp's Hill, and prevented Ewell from seizing it. Thus, too, Buford's little cavalry force made sufficient demonstration on the flanks to arrest the Con- federate advance, and even the Union guns at the foot of Semi- nary Ridge, manned by the men of the Iron Brigade, though hard pressed, were safely withdrawn. Thus the Union forces were out- numbered and forced to retreat, but neithcn- dismayed nor driven ofi' hastily. Tlius, too, was gained tlu^ practical fruits of the first day's battle, in the rapid concentration of Meade's Ai-my on tlie position in the rear of Gettysburg, where General Meade turned liis oirensive dc^fensc into a final repulse and defeat of Lee's Arm3^ It was the first day that prepared the Avay for this result, and dearly purchased as it was, the price Avas none too great to pay Pennsylvania at Getty shiir/lv(mi(i at Gcfh/s/mnj. 55 ACCEPTANCE OK THE MONUMENTS ON BEHALF OF THE BATTLE-FIELD MEMORIAL ASSOCIATION. Hon. Edwakd McPhek.son. GOVERNOR BEAVER : The Battlefield Association wiUin^crly accepts the care of the memorials which you have cou- fided to it. These tasteful and enduring- monuments of bronze and granite, are an appropriate expression of the profound emotions with which a grateful people ]-egard the great work done liere by a noble soldiery. They vividly recall to this generation, as they will suggest to future generations, the anxieties and griefs which, in the midst of war's alarms, disquieted the homes of our broad and busy commonwealth. The^^ will as vividly re- call the numberless privations and fatigues of camp and march, the suffering in hospital, the constant strain of expectation, the awful carnage of battle, which those brave hearts endured for us and for the possession of g-enerations who are to come after us. And they will also forever testify the precious fruits of victory — our Union saved, our constitution purified, our institutions im- measurably strengthened, the whole people firmly bound in an indissoluble union of indestructible states. This lofty thought had, before the War of the Rebellion, no place in the accepted theories of our government, but is a gift from that war. Before that event the Union was llippantiy and frequently threatened from within, in both the North and the South; and if the states were boasted as indestructible, it was be- cause they were claimed to be independent and sovereign — and not at all as indestructible because an integral part of a union in- dissoluble in whole and equally indestructible in every part. So far as we are, therefore, this day fused into unity and have a cloudless future, Ave owe it primarily to the constancy and valor of the armies of the Union, who thereby made the nation their debtor to an amount which cannot be computed or paid. How much of the great result due to our many victories may be directly due to this victory, it is not possible accurately to state. But there were then existing circumstances of peculiar 56 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. gravity which made this victory indispensable to the cause of the Union. We know that long- before this battle several European cabinets had considered the policy of unfriendly intervention in our affairs. We know, definitely, that six months before this battle the Emperor of France had taken a step in that policy of hostil- ity to which he was impelled by ambition for his dynasty, now happily sunk from sight. And we knov/, further, that the gov- erning classes in most European states then complacently re- garded the end of the Great Republic as inevitable and awaited only a sufficient pretext to decide the issue and glean the profits. Our dangers from within were hardly less serious. Delays and defeats, debt and the draft, had sorely tried and deeply discour- aged the hopeful and faithful, and had driven the timorous, the time-serving and the treacherous to look for peace through surrender. The invasion of Pennsjdvania was made at this su- preme crisis — the supreme crisis of the war, diplomatically, po- liticaUy and militarily, and was timed so as to be adapted to these various exigencies. In all the war there was no moment so big with the fate of empire as July, 1863. If at that pivotal period, with foreign and domestic enemies of the Union alike crouching for its destruction, the Army of the Potomac had been subdued and beaten, and if on the fourth of July, 1863, the victorious army of Northern Virginia had been in quick pursuit of its flying- foe to the then probable capture of Baltimore and of Washington, there can be no reasonable doubt that the fact would have become the long-sought pretext for foreign intervention with its horrid brood of consequences. But the Ai'my of the Potomac stood in its tracks — shaken but yet firm, weakened but yet defiant, threat- ened but yet victorious. It remained master. The Army of Northern Virginia it was which sped its way to the camps from which it came, and whence it never afterward took a northern step. As it disappeared there also disappeared all opportunity for intervention. And Gettysburg, having escaped the misfor- tune of witnessing the wounding unto death of Liberty and Union, rose to be the venerated spot on which free institutions received their efficacious baptism of fire and blood. In order to comprehend Gettysburg as a great historic name, and as a special place in the world, it is necessary to know ex- actly what each side represented in this death struggle. For this the official data are available — data which cannot be confused or denied, and must not be forgotten. The differences between the two were radical and unmistakable; were written down at the time in justification for action taken, and were put in issue when Peunsylvauui at Getty sJmrg. 57 appeal was made to the God of Battles. The "other side," by its declarations of that date, foug-lit for the theory that our common constitution had created a confederacy of states, and had not formed a union of the people of the states. They foug-ht for the existence in that confederacy of an indefeasil)le right in each state to secede from it on every i)retext deemed good by each state, and against the right of the Union to prevent the with- drawal from it of the people of any state on any pretext. They fought for the right of two governments and two peoples, to di- vide between them the territory of the Union, and against the rig'ht of one government and one people to preserve as its per- petual home, the magnificent empire won and given by the fathers. And they fought that human slavery, instead of remain- ing- a system local to, and controlled by, states, and with only qualified but defined rights in the Union, should be made the universal dominating interest in the confederacy — absolute every- where as to rights, its characteristic institution, the very "corner- stone" of its fabric, the dictator of its policies, and a chief ob- ject in its life. These fundamental differences were brought by common consent, at Gettysburg, to the point of the bayonet and the mouth of the cannon, to be settled, after gig-antic combat, by those grim and imperious judges from whose decision there is no appeal. Every soldier who fought in either army, therefore, fought willingly or unwillingly, consciously or unconsciously, for or against the idf^as involved in these differences. And Gettysburg has thenceforth stood, and will stand while history endures, as a synonym for an indivisible government under the constitution, with freedom and equal rights for all as the pervading purpose of the former, and as the perpetual inspiration of the latter. Feelings of unspeakable thankfulness for this great gift have imiDelled the participating states to mark this field, as no field has been marked from the beginning of the world unto this day. Already there are upon it two hundred and eighty -seven memo- rial stones and structures, which are located with historical accu- racy upon the lines of battle of the Union Army, twelve miles in extent. Every regimental position has been or will be marked. And every tragic spot will be indicated upon this unique locality now known to have been the point expected and preferred by the commander of the invading army for the collision — the conver- gence to it of roads from all directions within a radius of fifty miles, having indicated it as the probable seat of battle with the defensive army of the Union. 58 Pennsylvania ai (Tcffi/shmr/. Thus by a series of luilitaiy events not specifically planned by either side, this battle of the g-iants came to be within the lines of Penn, but few miles from the lines of Calvert — the line be- tween the two having- long- been the separation bet wen the states of the free and the states of the slave. The distinction which then came to Pennsylvania, and which will be to it as a crown throughout the ages, found it neither unprepared nor unworthy. No region in the Union has a prouder political lineage than this in which we are. It was solemnly dedicated, over two hundred years ago, by its wise, unselfish and humane founder, to "kind- ness and goodness and charity," through forms of government in- tended to give freedom in order that the colonists might be happy. As colony and as commonwealth, the record of Penn- sylvania is radiant with acts of mercy and justice and virtue. Early in the strugg"le for independence, patriotic fervor drove it to the front, and troops from this neighborhood were among the first to hurry, in 1775, after Bunker Hill, to the help of the colo- nists of New England whose cause they made their own. When independence was proclaimed, it was on the soil of Pennsylvania that its language was first heard. While the country was in the throes of the revolution, in 1780, seven years before the passage of the great northwestern ordinance, it was Pennsylvania — a name "already dear throughout the world as a symbol of free- dom ■■ — which, fii'st of the thirteen, " led the way towards intro- ducing freedom for all," by passing the act of emancipation, which restored and established within it the rights of human na- ture — giving" as reasons therefore thankfulness for escape from dang-er and a desire to give a substantial proof of gratitude, the duty of proving the sincerity of their professions in favor of freedom and the peculiar pleasure of adding "one more step to universal civilization." When independence was won, and the convention of 1787 pro- duced, within its chief city, the Constitution of the United States, "the most wonderful work ever struck oflf at a given time by the brain and purpose of man," Pennsylvania, in its deep yearn- ing for nationality, was one of the first two states, and the first of the large states, to greet and ratify it; and from that august moment to this it has, without default or stint, given to the safety of that constitution and to the growth of that union the sturdy service of its strong- hands and the measureless wealth of its rich heart. It must, therefore, he regarded as a supreme historic felicity that n\n)]\. a territory so dedicated, ainong a people so molded Pennsylvania at Getfi/s/nituj. 5*) and so trained, and in a state so disting-iiislied, in wbicli over eighty years before, had been struck the first ringing blow for human freedom, was here struck the decisive blow, in the fulness of time and in a Titanic struggle, for the salvation of our consti- tution, the maintenance of our union, and the rescue of the im- perilled rights of human nature ; and that, in this mighty con- test, it was from out tli(!Se peaceful and beautiful hills, for years the silent watchers and the shielding friends of fleeing bondmen, bondwomen andbondchildren, when, suddenly, as in the twinkling of an eye, transformed by the subtle alchemy of battle, into quak- ing, smoking, cloud-capijed, blood-drenched mounts, there issued in clear and resolute voice, amid the lightning flashes of artillery and the thunderous roar of musketry, the thrilling but just sen- tence that, as the expiation for all this suffering and as the i^un- ishment for all this wrong, both our Union and our constitution shall remain inviolate, and our country shall no longer contain a slave. Then, and tlierein, had Gettysburg its consecration. Honored Governor of our illustrious commonwealth! I accept from your hands, by direction of the Battle-field Memorial Asso- ciation, the gifts which are the embodiment of the people's grati- tude; and, fully realizing what they represent and what our duty is and wdll be towards them, promise you to devote ourselves to their care as to a religious duty of highest obligation. (60) Pennsylvania Reserve day GETTYSBURG, September 2d, iSgo. (fii) Pennsylvania Reserve Day, Tuesday, September 2, 1890, 1.30 p. m. Ckrkmonies at thk Rostrum of -j'hk National Cemeikky, Gettysburg, Pa. Hon. Andrew G. Curiin, Presiding, JVar Governor of the Commonwealth, 1 861-1866. Music, Frankford Band, of Philadelphia. Prayer, Chaplain J. Hervev Beale. Choir, *'Dro}'imng from the Ranks." "The Organization of the Reserves," Hon. Andrew G. Curtin. "The Commanders of the Reserves," Colonel John H. Taggart. Music, Frankford Band. "The First Brigade at Gettysburg," Brevet Brigadier-General Roher r A. McCoy. "The Third Brigade at (jettysburg," Lieutenant W. Haves (trh-r. Poem, "Major and Surgeon G. B. Hotchkins. Read by First Lieutenant and Adjutant W. P. LLo^ d. Presentation of Monuments to Battle-field Association, Hon. James A. Beaver, Governor of the Gommomvealth. Acceptanc<^ on behalf of Battle-field Association, Brevet Major Chill. W. Hazzard. Music, Frankford Band. (62) THE FIRST BRIGADE AT GETTYSBrRG. Brkvet Bru;ai)if.k-(;knkkai. Rohkri- A. McCov. ON the 3d of June, 1863, Brigadier-General S. AV. CraAvford, of the regular army, an able and g-allaut Pennsylvauian, who had won distinction at Fort Sumter, in 1861, and later, as an ofhcer on General Rosecrans' staff, and also as a brigade commander in Banks' army, was assigned to the division and proceeded to prepare it for active service in its camps, near Washington, D. C, to which it had been withdrawn at the ur- gent solicitation of Governor Curtin, who always vigilantly looked after the welfare of Pennsylvania troops, in order that its ranks might be repleted after the many hard-fought battles in which it had participated. All then existing vacancies in field and line officers were filled. With some recruits, and the return of many from the hospitals who had been absent, wounded or sick, the division was soon in good condition for the field; and both Reynolds, of the First Corps, and Meade, of the Fifth, applied to the War Department to have it assigned to his individual command. After four mouths of monotonous picket duty experienced on the outposts of the defenses of Washington, it became irksome to the spirit of the corps, accustomed, as it had been, to most active and se- vere service at the front, and when rumors of a threatened inva- sion into Maryland and Pennsylvania followed close upon the battle of Chancellorsville, fought on the 3d of Ma3% 1863, which were made significant by a call for the militia of the state by Governor Curtin, on the 12th of June, for her defense, the old veterans became restive and petitioned the general government to return them to the Army of the Potomac. On the 12th of June, coincident with the state proclamation, though no danger was then apprehended at Washington of any invasion, Lee, flushed and emboldened by his past successes, which he believed augured well for the success of other plans that were far-reach- ing in their effect, left his position south of the Rappahannock, and started on a cautious movement toward the Shenandoah Yal- ( 63 ) 64 Pennsylvania at Gettyshnrg. ley tending towards the north. By the next day Hooker was also on the move, closely watching the unfolding of the enemy's plan. After capturing Winchester, on the night of the 14th, the advance rebel cavalry, under Jenkins, crossed the Potomac and pushed rapidly through to Chambersburg, Pa., followed by Ew- ell's Corps, on the l()th, that raided by division, north upon Chambersbui'g, York and Carlisle, and also westward up the Po- tomac to Cumberland, Md. By these several movements Lee had hoped to draw the Ai'my of the Potomac into Maryland and Pennsylvania, and then with the balance of his army he would move ijy Snicker's and Ashby's gaps, in the Blue Ridge, upon Washington, and strike from the south side. But the plan not having the desired effect upon Hooker, he suddenly pushed for- ward his whole army into Maryland on the 24th and 25th, and rapidly advanced into Pennsylvania with the purpose to plunder and destroy, if he could not succeed in transferring the battle- ground from Virginia. Hooker, who had advanced according to the movements of Lee, then started in pursuit, and on the 25th crossed the Potomac at Berlin and Edwards' Ferry, and proceeded to Frederick, Md., thus keeping between Washington and the enemy, who had crossed at Williamsport and Falling Waters. On the 23d, orders were issued from the War Department for the Pennsylvania Reserves to join the main army at Frederick, though the Second Brigade was detained for defense at Wash- ington. The regiments of the First and Third Brigades were withdrawn from their various out-posts, and by five o'clock that afternoon were on the move. On the 27th, the Potomac was crossed at Edwards' Ferry, and on Sunday, the 28th, the division reached the array at Frederick, and was assigned as the Third Division, Fifth Army Corps, the same position it held through the Peninsular campaign. To their surprise they found General Sykes taking command as successor to General Meade, who, that morning, had received the appointment of commander of the Army of the Potomac, in place of Hooker, suddenly relieved at his own request. The same breath that heralded to the aston- ished troops the retirement of the one, through his own farewell order to the army, announced the appointment of the other, and his acceptance of the command. And whatever may have been the private individual judgment, not a murmur of discontent arose from that well -disciplined and loyal body of men to ques- tion the wisdom that decided the rise and fall of its command- ers. Space will not permit going into the details of this sudden change on the eve of a great battle, nor the cause that inspired Pennsylvania at Gettysbwg. 65 it; suffice it to say that thej^ were neither just nor generous to "fighting- Joe Hooker," nor creditable to General-in-Chief Hal- leck. As a part of the secret and unwritten history of the selection of a successor to Hooker, when it had been determined to relieve him, it is worthy of record that from the long list of able gen- erals in the Army of the Potomac, the only names voted upon by the Cabinet for the position were Reynolds and Meade, both of whom had risen into fame as commanders of the Pennsylvania Reserve Volunteer Corps. No greater compliment could have been paid to the corps than this, and the fact, that in considera- tion of its two great chieftains, a single vote alone decided which should wear the highest honors. From Frederick the division moved at noon on the 29th, as rear guard to the long artillery and ammunition trains, which at times greatly impeded progress, but, after long delays, it moved so rapidly forward that lost time was recovered in very severe marches, reaching Uniontown, Mary- land, on the evening of the 30th, where it encamped for the night. On the afternoon of July 1st, the division was halted at the state line to hear a most patriotic and stirring address from General Crawford. Looking over into their own loved state with all the pride of their patriotic hearts, the enthusiasm of the men became almost unbounded, and as they crossed the line with cheer after cheer there was determination to fight as they had never fought before to drive the invader from the soil of their native state. The march from the state line to Gettysburg, via Hanover and McSherrystown, was almost continuous and very fatiguing, and, as but little time could be allowed for either sleep or rest, sorely tried the physical endurance of the men. But they were in most excellent spirits, and but little straggling took place. Perhaps never was greater effort made to keep up, and as they approached Gettysburg, knowing that the battle had already been forced and that General Reynolds had fallen, it proved a stimulus to more than ordinary power to overcome fatigue, and helped the sick and the weak to force their waning strength. The death of Gen- eral Reynolds was received with demonstrations of sincere sor- row by the old Reserves. He was the only one of the original quartette of her commanders that death had summoned, and from the battle-field. Brave, generous and true, his courage never failed where duty called. It was while conspicuously prominent in posting his troops, July 1st, — a target for the enemy's fire, that the fatal bullet pierced his ncH'k and he fell — dying almost instantly. His remains were taken to Lancaster, the city of his 5 6G Peimsylvania at Getty nhurg. birth, where, on July 4th, midst tolling- bells and muffled drums, and solemn requiems sadlj' chanted — all that was mortal was laid away in quiet rest until that day when carnal strife is lost in everlasting- peace. The division arrived on the field of battle on the morning of Thursday, the 2d of July, and joined the Fifth Corps at a point Avhere the Baltimore pike crosses Rock creek, and was ]30sted in the rear of the right of the line of the army as a support, that position being then threatened by the enemy. About three o'clock the Fifth Corps was moved from its position near the extreme right to the left of the line where Gen- eral Crawford was ordered to mass the division near the east slope of Little Round Top, where guns and ammunition was inspected. The men were impatient to engage in the terrible conflict raging in their front, and into which they knew they would soon be or- dered, but for the time being the topography hid from them the panorama of bloody war taking place in their front. The line of battle for the second day lay along Cemetery Ridg-e from Culp's Hill, on the right, to Round Top, on the left, and the disposition of the troops was as follows : On the extreme right, on Culp's Hill, with its right flank extending to Rock creek and the Baltimore pike, lay the Twelfth Corps, with AVadsworth's di- vision of the First on its left ; connecting on the left flank of this division, and along Cemetery Ridge, lay the Eleventh Corps, with the First, Second, Third and Fifth Corps prolonging the line to Round Top, or rather such appears to have been the plan of the original line. But in taking position that afternoon the Third Corps, General ISickles, advanced to a ridge about three-quarters of a mile to the front, along- and beyond the Emmitsburg- road, into the presence of a large body of the rebel army, with his line on the right stretching along the front of a part of the Second Corps, and the left down through the peach orchard, wheat-field and woods to the Devil's Den, in the ravine in front of Round Top. The position was one of extreme peril, and troops less brave and disciplined than the gallant old Third Corps Avould not have battled as they did against such odds until relief came. General Hancock placed his First Division to cover its right flank, and sent Caldwell's division to strengthen the line on the left. Fortunately the Fifth Corps had just arrived, and Griflin's division, commanded by Barnes, and Ayres' division, regulars, were also thown in on the left, where the most des]ierate struggle ensued for the possession of Round Top. While this contest was raging-, and the Union forces battled and held their ground as a wall of iron, General Sykes ordered General Crawford to the Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 67 slope of the rocky ridge to the right and front of Little Round Top, to cover the troops engaged in the front should it b(^come necessary for them to fall back. This lnoveni(!ut placed the Third Brigade pretty well down the rockj' slope with the Eleventh Regiment in the rear of the brigade, and in front of the First Regiment of the First Brigade. At this juncture, and while the division was being massed left in front, an order was received by General Crawford to send one of his brigades to the assistance of Vincent, then closely engaged with the enemy on the slopes of Big Round Top ; Fisher's Third Brigade was designated for this service, and filed out by regiment to the left. While this movement was being executed our troops in front, borne down by superior numbers and pressed back, though contesting every inch of ground from the peach orchard to the wheat-field and stone wall suddenly broke and fell back in confusion across Plum run, closely pursued by the enemy who sought to cut through the Union forces and seize the batteries on the left with Weed's Hill and Round Top. The moment of time was most critical. On it hung the destiny of the day, and the fate of the battle of Gettysburg — for a two days' loss of position would scarcely insure victory for the third. To stem the tide of disaster, General Crawford personally ordered Colonel Jackson not to move the Eleventh Regiment out with the Third Brigade, but to remain in position where he was, in front of the First Brigade. The First Brigade then moved rapidly forward to the gTOund vacated by the four regiments of Fisher's brigade. Tliis placed the men within the range of the enemy's musketry fire, which was particularly severe on the Eleventh Regiment. Here Lieutenant John O'Hara Woods and a number of enlisted men were killed, and Lieutenant-Colonel Porter and Lieutenant Fulton and many men wounded, with casualties in each of the other regi- ments of the brigade. It was a position requiring the highest qualities of the veteran soldier, but the men who fought at Dranesville, Mechanics- ville, Gaines Mill, New Market Cross Roads, Malvern Hill, Second Bull Run, South Mountain, Antietam, Fredericksburg and Mine Run held it immovable with their comrades falling about them, only eager and impatient to meet the enemy and add new laurels to those already won. During this time Colonel McCandless was forming his brigade into two lines of battle — the first line com- posed of the Sixth, Colonel Wellington Ent, which was to tlu- right and rear of the Eleventh, Colonel S. M. Jackson, and tlie First Regiment, William Cooper Taliey, on the left. The second 68 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. line being- massed on the first — the Second Reg-iment, Lieutenant- Colonel Georg-e A. "Woodward, and the First Eities, (Bucktails,) Colonel Charles Frederick Taylor, on the left. But before this movement could be fully cari'ied out, and our front being- practically uncovered by the broken masses of troops retreating- past us, and the enemy being- at close rang-e, the front line opened fire. The Eleventh was armed with smooth-bore muskets, and, in ad- dition to the usual charge of "buck and ball," the men, realizing- that the eng-ag-ement would be at close quarters, had added addi- tional charg-es of "buckshot." Never before in the history of its service did the Eleventh deliver a volley with such terrible effect, each musket sending, as it were, a handful of death-dealing- balls into the ranks of the exultant enemy advancing so confidently with shouts of victory. But it was only to receive a volley that sent many of them reeling in the agonies of pain and death, while their comrades, broken and dismayed, had no time to re-form be- fore the order was given, Forward, double quick — CHARGE. With the furious battle yell peculiar with the Pennsylvania Reserve Corps, and well remembered by "Stonewall Jackson's ' men, against whom they were so often matched, the brigade swept down the declivity, following their gallant leader, General Craw- ford (who carried the colors of the First Regiment on horseback), over the boulders of granite and swampy ground of Plum run, deploying as they went and hurling back the enemy, drove him across the plain, over the stone wall, through the woods and wheat- field, until the lateness of the hour made it imprudent to push further into the enemy's lines. But it was enough, the tide was turned, a portion of the lost ground regained, many prisoners taken, and the day saved, and by this charge, so daring, effective and decisive, was an inspiration given to the whole line that brighten(;d hope and renewed confidence in the ultimate success that so gloriously crowned the field of Gettysburg. With the exception of a strong skirmish line, the command was withdrawn to the stone wall and fence skirting the woods to the right. As they charged the regiments deployed so that when the stone wall was reached, the Sixth was on the extreme right, with the Eleventh, First, Second and Bucktails to its left. The Bucktails, in the charge, were met by a heavy fire on their front and on their left flank from the Devil's Den. Their brave leader, Colonel Charles Frederick Taylor, brother of the late Bayard Taylor, was instantly killed as his regiment took and crossed the stone wall. Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 69 The reg-iments remained iu position back of the stone Avail until late in the afternoon of the 8(1, when General Crawford, under personal direction from General Meade, who anticipated an- other movement on his left, ordered Colonel McCandless to move his brig-ade, with the Eleventh Reg-iment of Fislier's brigade, forward, and capture the battery uncomfortably near liis line, and ascertain the position and strength of the enemy beyond and skirting the wheat-field. This movement ivas one of the hril- liant dashes of the war, and is modestly and tersely told by Col- onel McCandless in his official report: " On the evening of the 3d instant, I was ordered to advance and clear the woods on my front and left, to do Avhich the command had to cross an open field about eight hundred j^ards wide. The enemy, noticing this move- ment, opened a battery directly in front. I pushed the Sixth Regi- ment through the woods on the right, and drove out the enemy's skirmishers and annoyed the g-uuners, causing the battery to slacken its fire, and as the remaining regiments of the brigade charg'ed in line, and at a run across the open field, they compelled the enemy to retire. Having- cleared the woods in front, and finding a line of the enemy in the woods on my left and at right ang-les therewith, I. charg-ed the enemy directly on the left flank, routing him, capturing nearly two hundred prisoners, among- them a lieutenant-colonel, also a stand of colors. The field M'as strewn with small arms, two or three thousand in nimiber, the majority of which had been piled on brush heaps ready to be burned. The enemy took up a new position on a wooded ridge about a half a mile in advance on our front, and were bus}^ dur- ing the night chopping- timber and fortifying." The second charg-e of the First Brigade was a fitting- close for such heroic deeds, and when the streng-th of position of the rebel right, with its great number of batteries playing- over their heads, the intrepid push into the enemy's lines away from all supports, thus recovering that entire part of the field covered thickly with the dead and wounded, that from their numbers onh^ revealed how fearful and desperate the conflict had been the day before, was truly a deed of humanity as well as of great courage. The enemy believed such dash could only be inspired bj^ the advance of a heavy force, for it was made, as will be remembered, at a double gnick, Antli onlj^ occasional pausing-s to fire on the resist- ing though retreating foe, and the woods alone prevented th<5 enemy from discerning the insig-nificant numb(^r pursuing. As it w^as now dusk and too late to follow up the advantage g-ained, the command rested for the night on the position won. The men 70 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. of the ambulance corps were soon upon the heki with stretchers, and began as rapidlj^ as possible to transport the suifering- vic- tims of the lost ground of the previous day to the care of the field hospitals, Avhere their wounds were dressed and water and nourishment supplied for the first time in more than twenty-four hours. Such are some of the viscissitudes and terrible sufferings that war imposes. The night was passed in the woods in impene- trable darkness, as any fire or lights would have revealed our position, and well is remembered the sensations of that strange wierd experience among the dead. Hardly a step could be taken without fear or danger of treading on some body corporeal, whether living- or lifeless, and the horror of ghostly thoughts that intruded was anything- but composing to exhausted nerves and aching- muscles. While feeling around for a comfortable place to rest, the hand was just as likely, as was the case more than once, to touch a form whose face was ic}'^ cold in death, as that of a comrade in whom the life blood was warmly and strongly pulsating in vigorous life. A¥hen the early dawn per- mitted a look around, the first sight that greeted the eye, close at hand, was the ghastly one of more than one hundred dead Confederates laid out in line for the rude battle-field burial, from which their living comrades had been driven the evening before. The next day, the 4th of July, no advance of any importance was made by either army, beyond reeonnoitering the position of the enemy in the immediate front, and sending the cavalry out on the flanks to watch and report the movements of the rebel force. Each army maintained picket lines which kept up the usual ex- change of shots, generally without results. Otherwise all was quiet. Meanwhile the time was energ-etically employed in bury- ing the dead, caring- for the wounded and distributing ammuni- tion. After being under fire for forty-three hours, the command was called in from the skirmish line and relieved, about ten o'clock, and withdrawn to the stone wall, Avhere it was again re- lieved, at one o'clock, by the Second Division, regulars, and or- dered to the vicinity of Round Top, where it joined the Third Brigade. The Confederates were elated with their past successes and confident of a present victory, upon which they expected im- mediate foreign recognition and aid from the disloyal element in the North, and to transfer the seat of Avar from the exhausted fields of Virginia to tlie fertile valleys of Maryland and Pennsylvania. They fought with unusual bravery and ho[)(>fulness until after Pickett's charge, when the legions under Meade, instead of a dis- Pennsylvanid at Getty, sburg. 71 pirited army were fouud imiuo\ul)le ami equally determined to win success ; so that dcit'eat, after most desperate and sang'uinaiy fig-hting for three days, with an aggregate loss in both armies of 54,000 men, left the Confederate army and people of the South more dejected over their cause and less sanguine of final success than ever before. Thus was the backbone of tin; g-reat rebellion broken, and the historian has found in Getty shimj the decisive battle of the war. England has her Waterloo, France hvv Austerlitz and Germany her Sedan, but the loyal North with equal pride can hand from sire to son for generations yet to come her glorious field of Gettys- burg. The days preceding the 4th of July, 1863, found the dark- est period in the history of the rebellion for the North. Ever}' interest was at stake, and gloomy fears pervaded cabinet councils and hearthstones. But when on that memorable afternoon the lightning telegraph flashed from the Atlantic to the Pacific: "Gettysburg and Vicksburg are ours," despair vanished and hope again sprang into life with a vigor never to be quenched until final victory crowned our arms at Appomattox. Glorious 4th of July, 1776 — glorious 4th of July, 1863 — may their memories thus intertwined in the nation's heart, ever call forth our warmest gratitude. May the enjoyment of our world- renowned heritage of civil and religious liberty ever keep fresh the debt we owe to those who, through great tribulations, estab- lished our Declaration of Independence, and those who eighty- seven years later sealed the blood-bought treasure with a second sacrifice of blood-bought victor3^ PRAYER. Chaplain J. Hervey Heale. GOD of our Fathers, we adore and worship Thee, and to Thee, by whose grace and providence we are what we are, as a nation; here, Father, from this sacred spot, surrounded by the thousands of known and unknown graves and a few of tlu' survivors of this bloody field, we lift our hearts in rendering- thanksgiving and everlasting prayer. We thank Thee for our glorious national heritage, for the mag- nificent land of Avealthy hills and fertile plains, and for the laws and institutions which make it a land of progress and liberty. 72 Pennsijlvania at Gettysburg. We tliauk Thee for our Christian sires, lovers of freedom and of God, men of conscience and integ-rity whose names have jew- eled history, and the memory of whose deeds is an inspiration to heroism and patriotic pride. We thank Thee for Plymouth Eock, for Yorktown, and that in the strength of justice and the mig-ht of mercy our arms were plumed with victory at Appomattox. We thank Thee that through Thy kindness and mercy, the father of our corps and so many of its survivors are here to-day. We implore Thee, Father, to let heaven's richest blessing rest upon all that are present, the families of the survivors and of the fallen, upon our country and all for whom we should pray ; in the name of Christ we ask it all. Amen. THE COMMANDERS OF THE RESERVES. Colonel John H. Taggakt. COMRADES OF THE PENNSYLVANIA RESERVES: We meet to-day to dedicate these monuments to the mem- ory of our fellow-soldiers, our honored commanders. The flight of years but enhances their merits: nor can time dull their record on the roll of fame. These leaders of the troops raised bj" a g-reat commonwealth were the sons of Pennsylvania, born under her conservative institutions, and mustered beneath her guid- ing star of equity. They Avere reared equally upon the princi- ples of constitutional liberty and respect for the rights of prop- erty. The first shot fired at the national flag, on Fort Sumter, fired also the northern heart. To a man, Pennsylvanians were, first of all, Americans. The Keystone State was one among many in that vast sectional strife, but all personal considerations, ma- terial interests, even the claims of kindred of her children, never caused them to waver for an instant in their devotion to their countr3^ AVhile this was the g-eneral sentiment, the men who first signed the record of their principles as leaders of our armies, j^racti- call J' staked their lives and fortunes on the hazard of the die ; and here the supremacy of moral and physical courage was strikingly displayed by Andrew G. Curtin, the War Governor of Pennsyl- vania. On his action the issue of the contest hung. Pennsyl- Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 73 vania was the Keystone of the Uuiou, aud her chief executive personally supported the arch, not oidy of the nation, but of the g-eog-raphical territory binding- together the North and the South. Pennsylvania was more closely allied with the South than witli the North in ante-bellum days. Her commercial interests and family connections were largely with Maryland, Virg-inia and other southern states. Many of her institutions were patriarchal. Her policy was one of peace, and her people were thoroughly aware of the magnitude of the impending conflict. No man was more personally endeared to the whole people of his state than Governor Curtin. His individual acquaintance with them was marvelous. It is alleged that he kissed every baby born in Pennsylvania in 1861 and 1862. Spared to see tAventy- five years of peace, and bless his native state, he is to-day the grandest of all the historic figures among- his living countrymen. A partisan administration had consigned to the southern ar- senals great stores of munitions of war, and in the South, too, the larg-est division of the regnlar army, under General Twiggs, had supinely laid doAvn their arms before the power of the con- federacy of the slave states; yet Andrew G. Curtin recognized, that Pennsylvania was sound to the core, and that her sons would unflinchingly fig-ht for the preservation of the Union. His work in organizing and arming the Pennsylvania Reserve Volunteer Corps was not less phenomenal than the sag-acity with which he selected George A. McCall to instruct and command them. Mc- Call was a thorough soldier, a great organizer, and his strong personality Avas impressed upon the Peserves from the time they entered the United States service until they were mustered out at the expiration of their term of enlistment. He was as mild and gentle as a woman, but firm as a rock in the enforcement of discipline, yet his kindness of heart made him looked up to as a father by his beloved Reserves, and his noble example of heroism in battle, endurance of fatigue and privation on the march and in camp was the admiration of those wlio felt proud of him as their leader. General McCall was a Philadelphian by birth, a graduate of the West Point Military Academj' of 1822, and an old officer of the reg-ular army. He served with distinction in the war ag-ainst the Florida Indians in 1836, afterward in the Mexican war, and in 1850 was appointed by President Taylor, inspector-general of the United States army with the rank of colonel, which position he held with great credit to himself until April, 1853, when he re- signed his commission, retired from the military service, and re- 74 Feniisi/lvania at Geffi/slmrg. maiued on his farm in Chester county until tht; rebellion of the southern people called his countrymen to arms. Immediately thereafter, in April, 1861, Governor Curtin summoned Colonel McCall to Harrisburg- to advise with him on tlie military situa- tion and assist in the organization of the Pennsylvania Reserve Corps. His whole heart and soul were in the work. It was his ambition and his pride to make the corps the equal, if not the superior, of any other body of troops either in the reg-ular or vol- unteer service. How well he succeeded the history of the divi- sion attests. After the first battle of BuU Run, if the Pennsylva- nia Reserves had not been organized, armed and equipped ready for the field, Washington city would have fallen before the vic- torious foe. The capture of Washing-ton would have been most damaging to the Union cause, as its enemies could then have dictated terms to the conquered Federal government from its capital. When the Reserves encamped at Tenallytown, on Georgetown Heights, General McCall, on entering the United States service, was commissioned a brigadier-general in the volunteer service. . Up to that time the Reserves had not been organized into bri- gades, being composed of separate regiments, under the command of General McCall, holding a state commission as major-general. In order to perfect their organization into brigades. General McCall recommended to General Simon Cameron, the then Secretary of War, the assignmeut of Brigadier-General John F. Reynolds to command the First Brigade, Brigadier-General George G. Meade to command the Second Brigade and Brigadier General E. O. C. Ord to command the Third Brigade. General McCall's selection of his brigadier-generals showed the wondeiful perceptive and discriminating faculties of the man. These ofticers were all graduates of the Military Academy at West Point, but none of them had ev(>r commanded large bodies of troops until they were assigned to the Reserve Corps. The men were green volunteers, but with such training as they received from these able and enthusiastic officers they rapidly developed into well-disciplined soldiers. In the woi'ds of General John Gibbon, of the regular army, ex- pressed in his address upon the unveiling of the statue of Gen- eral Meade in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, October 18, 1887, i-especting Generals McCall, Reynolds and Ord: "Meade was especially fortunate in hisasso(;iates ; for George A. McCall, one of the most distinguished officers of his time, was his commander, ;ind tli(> other brigade commanders were destined to l^ennsylvania at Getlya/mry. 75 inscribe their uuuies high on the glory roll of their couutry — John F. Eeynolds and E. O. C. Ord "There were regular officers, who, at the commencement of our civil war, unmindful of the different circumstances under which they were serving, seemed to think there Avas but one way to en- force discipline in our volunteer forces, and that was by follow- ing- the old rut and routine of tlie regular army. Such an idea never found place in the minds of the oflicers I have mentioned ; and the results, as exemplified in the subsequent career of the Pennsylvania lieserves, amply justified the wisdom and sound judgment of those they were fortunate enough to have placed in command over them. "It was frequently noted during the war and afterwards, how much of the renown gained by volunteer organizations could be traced back to the right direction given to their efforts by the sound judgment, g^ood, hard, common sense, firm hand, and just dealings of the commanders who first took them in charg-e." General McCall commanded the Reserves in the brilliant eu- gag-ement at Dranesville, December 20, 1861, arriving on the ground soon after the action hadcommencedunderthe direction of General Ord, commanding- the Third Brigade. This was the first victory of the Union troops after the disastrous battle of Bull Bun, and the massacre at Ball's Bluff". McCall also led them in the famous Seven Days' Battles in front of Bichmond, and in the battle of Mechanicsville, June 26, 1862, in which the Beserves bore the brunt of the fight and achieved a great success. It was one of the brightest pages in his gallant military record. In the battle of New Market Cross Boads, June 30, 1862, lie was cap- tured and taken prisoner to Bichmond, and was exchanged, along with General Beynolds, who was captured at Gaines' Mill, June 27, 1862, and both returned to the camp at Harrison's Landing, on the James river, on the 8th of Aug-ust, 1862. They were most enthusiastically received on their return by the Beserves. The severit}^ of the Peninsular campaign, and the close confine- ment in Libby Prison, had so seriously impaired General McCall's health, that he was compelled to return to his home in Chester county to rest and recuperate. After passing several weeks with his family, imder constant medical treatment, he became con- vinced that he was not able to resume his position in the army, and he resigned his commission and retired to private life. After the battle of New Market Gross Boads, General Truman Sey- mour, who succeeded General Ord in command of the Third Brigade after Ord was promoted to major-general, assumed com- 76 Pcnnsjilvania at Gettf/sburg. maud of the Reserves until the returu of Geueral Rejniolds, who, being- the ranking- officer, took command of the corps, at Har- rison's Landing, on the day of liis returu to that camp. Geueral Reynolds Avas a high-tempered man, the ideal Hotspur, as brave as a lion in battle, and perfectly oblivious of danger when in presence of the enemy. His promotion to the command of the First Corps, and his heroic death on the battle-field of Gettysburg, on the first day, are too Avell known to need repeti- tion here. He died defending the soil of his native state, aud yonder monument, reared to his memory on this historic g-round by his sorrowing comrades, will attest to future generations the courage and valor he displayed on this sanguinary but glorious field. General Meade Avas badly wounded in the battle of New Market Cross Roads, at the head of his brigade, and went to his home in Philadelphia for surgical treatment. Six weeks after this he rejoined his command, and took part in the second disastrous bat- tle of Bull Run, August 30th, 1862, in which action General Rey- nolds commanded the Reserve Corps, where he displayed the greatest bravery and courage. After this the Confederate General, Lee, made his first invasion of Pennsylvania, in 1862. On the march of the Armj^ of the Po- tomac to Antietam, General Reynolds, on the 12th of September, was relieved from the command of the Reserve Corps, and as- signed to command tlu^ Pennsylvania Militia. General Meade succeeded to the command of the Reserves, and fought them most gallantly in the battles at South Mountain, Antietam, and, later on, at Fredericksburg, on December 13, 1862, where, out of 4,500 officers and men going into battle, 1,853 were killed, wounded and missing. After leaving the Reserves to command the militia. General Reynolds did not return to them, but was assig-ned to the com- mand of the First Army Corps. The ability and good g-eneralship displayed by General Meade in commanding first a brig-ade of the Reserves, and afterwards the whole Reserve Corps, caused him to be promoted to the command of the Fifth Army Corps. When General Mead(! left the Reserves to enter upon the higher command, the parting was a sad one on both sides. The officers and men were g-rieved to lose him, but they felt proud of his pro- motion. On his part his feelings were truthfully expressed, in his farewell order, Avhich was read in presence of all the compa- nies of the Reserves on Christmas Day, 1862, as follows: Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 11 ■'In accordance with Special Order, No. 3H0, wliich separates the commanding- general from the division, he takes occasion to express to the officers and men that, notAvithstanding his just pride at being promoted to a hig-her command, he experiences a deep feeling of regret at parting from them, with .whom he has been so long associated, and to whose services he here acknowl- edges his indebtedness for whatever of reputation he may have acquired. "The commandmg general will never cease to remember that he belonged to the Reserve Corps. He will Match with eager- ness for the deeds of fame which he feels sure they will enact under the command of his successors, and though sadly reduced in numbers from the casualties of battle, yet he knows the Reserves will always be ready and prompt to uphold the honor and glory of their state." I have now traced the commanders of the Reserve Corps from its origin down to the second invasion of Pennsylvania by Gen- eral Lee and the battle of Gettysburg. Meade was suddenly called to a liigher plane of duty, to command the veteran Army of the Potomac. He did not solict that honor. On the contrary, it came unexpectedly upon him as a duty, and, like the good and true soldier that he was, he promptly assumed the command on the 28th of June, 1863, at Frederick City, and three days after- ward the most decisive battle of the war began, and in three days more its greatest victory was won. I shall not attempt to describe the battle of Gettysburg. Other speakers who will follow and who took part in it with the Reserves will do that better than I can. In this great battle the Reserves Avere commanded by another gallant Pennsjdvanian, General Samuel Wylie Crawford, a native of Franklin county. At the battle of Antietam, while in command of the First Division of Mansfield's corps. General Crawford was severely wounded in the thigh, from which he has not recovered to tliis day. He was rallying a regiment which had broken when he received his wound, but refused to be taken from the field and remained with his men cheering them on victory. On the 3d of June, 1863, General Crawford was assigned to command the Reserves. He was their leader in the battle of Gettysburg, and here he displayed the highest qualities of a sol- dier — good generalship and heroic courage. General CraAvford also commanded tlie Reserves in the battles of the Wilderness, Spotsylvania Court House and Bethesda Church. On the 1st of June, 186-i, he issued liis fareAvell order 78 Pmiisi/lvania at Gcflyfihunj. to his war-worn Reserves, assuring- them that they had nobly sus- tained liim with unwavering- fidelity in the many trying scenes through whii'li they had passed. He regretted that lie could not return to Pennsylvania with them, and said it would ever be his pride that he was once their commander, and that side by side they fought in campaigns which will stand unexampled in his- tory. Of all the commanders of the Reserve Corps, General Crawford is the only surviving one. Comrades, I desire to pay a merited tribute to Brevet Major- General Horatio G. Sickel, of the Third Reg-iment of Reserves, who commanded the Reserve Corps for a short time in the earlj- \yAi'i of 1863, after the battle of Fredericksburg, and was in com- mand of the Second Brigade of the corps at Alexandria, when the battle of Gettysburg was fought. He was a brave, cool and faithful soldier, who entered the army from civil life in 1861, and enjoj'^ed the confidence of every commander of the corps. He died this year, mourned by all his comrades. General Meade was harshly and most unjustlj^ criticised for his management of the battle of Gettysburg-. He was censured for not pursuing and destroying Lee's army. In a conversation in Philadelphia with General Meade some eight years after the liattle, I asked him whether, with all the kn(JA\'ledg-e he had sub- sequently received of the strength and movements of the Con- federate Army, and of his abilitj^ to attack Lee on his retreat, he felt that he was justified in doing as he did after the battle. He replied in nearly these words: — "I am fully convinced that the course I pursued was right. If I had attempted to attack Lee on his retreat, in liis stronghold along the Potomac, the re- sult might have been disastrous to the Union cause ; aiid all the fruits of our victory have been lost. It was too g-reat a risk to take, and I am satisfied that I did right m not forcing another battle at that time, in the exhausted condition of our ti'oops. You know how hard General Lee tried to crush General McClellans army in the Seven Days'Battles, but he failed to doit undermuch more favorable circumstances than those that existed with the Union troops after the battle of Gettysburg." General Meade has never had justic(! done him for the vast ser- vice he rendered the nation in the victor}^ at Gettysburg. Bum- side failed at Fredericksburg, Hooker made another failure at CliancoUorsville, but Meade was a triumphant success on this hist(n-ic field. He was then at the head of a victorious army, Avhich had achieved the most decisive triumph of the war, and brokf'ii tlie l)ackb()ne of the rebellion; vet Ik; was forced to sub- Pennsylvania af (jcttiinhnrii. 79 mit to the indig-nity of liaviug- General Grant placed over him as his superior in command in the army that Meade had fouo-ht so Avell. The authorities at Washing-ton probably did it tor diplomatic reasons. General Grant was a true soldier, and so was Meade. AVlien Grant was ordered to command the Army of the Potomac, Meade, as his subordinate, obeyed, as a good soldier should, and gave Grant a hearty and nncomi)laining support until the A\'ar of the Rebellion ended. In Philadelphia, where the ashes of McCall and Meade repose, responsive to the vernal sun of each recurring year, the survi- vors of the Peunsjdvania Reserves and their Grand Army com- rades march abreast to deck their graves with flowers— emblems of those brightest blossoms of the soul, love, veneration and gratitude. But Decoration Day for us may soon be celebrated in a fairer clime, where generous fruits on trees immortal grow: and ere we pass that silent river, shining brighter with the Christian's hope, we fain would leave a grateful tribute on the battle-field of Gettysburg to General George G. Mead(;. This is the duty that still remains. Pennsylvania owes it to herself to here commemorate the glorj- of the hero who saved her soil from the armies of the devastat ing- foe. To Meade, who repelled the invading enemy, let the Memorial Hall be dedicated, that it may prove the shrine of pa- triotism for future generations. A monument to Meade should also be erected in the National Cemetery as. a companion piece to that of Reynolds. They were united in life, and in death their glory should not be parted. On Round Top let Memorial Hall arise, a fitting consecration to Meade's great victory on this field. Let it be a treasury of trophies and mementoes of all the Pennsylvania regiments that fought at Gettysburg. The Board of Commissioners on Gettysburg Monuments have done their duty well in erecting the monuments we dedicate to- day. To no abler hands could the duty of erecting a monument to Meade and a Memorial Hall on Little Round Top be entrusted. Comrades! We stand uj^on the battle ground of Truth ti-ium- phant! On the field of Gettysburg thousands shed their blood, and gave their last sigh for freedom : Here shiv(n-y died amid its worshippers, and here, in enduring marble, W(^ ]ilace the record of our comrades' deeds. Words ai'e faint to iiaint the glories of immortality ; but here our hands have raised and our eyes have seen the signs and symbols of lines eternal which shall bear wit- ness through all the ages to come. 80 Pennsylvania at Geffy.shurg. AVheii tlie wild winds of winter hold their revels amid these sacred stones, beneath the snow's soft mantle, or decked with tlowers of opring-, these monuments Avill still remain the tokens of the perennial honor, love and affection in which we hold tlie memory of cur commanders. In the inimitable thought of President Lincoln, when he stood upon this hallowed ground, rather let us say that these monu- ments dedicate us, the fellow soldiers of the brave, to the service of a deathless memory and love of country. For these there needs no tear nor melancholy sigh. Life can give no more than death, after well-earned glory; nor has the tomb its chill for him who sleeps beneath the soldier's flag. thb: third brigade at Gettysburg. Lieutenant William Haves Grier. COMKADES, LADIES AND GENTLEMEN: You have listened to the man who called into being, as soldiers, every man who wore the blue, from Pennsylvania, during the war, and who was known in my boyhood days as the " silver- tongued orator from Snowshoe ; " you have listened to the talented editor who commanded regiments and brigades ; j^ou have listened to the scholar and soldier, who had much to do with the inside workings of the division, and you will hear from. the brilliant soldier, who is the honored Governor of this Commonwealth, and last, but not least, you will hear from Major Chill W. Hazzard, the humorist from the banks of the Monongahela, and in their midst, or as it were, like the meat in a sandwich, stands the liigh private in the rear rank. And now, comrades, what do you think would have been the status of this crowd of speakers, along- the Poto- mac, in 1863? I can tell you, with the exception of the private, all of them would have been sitting in a marquee, sipping Apol- linaris water, and your humble servant, with a gun on his shoulder, Avould have been marching up and down in front of the tent, g-iving them that protection they so much needed. And as long as the soldier kept guard they would have been safe. They may need care to-day and tluit may be the reason wliy a private was injected into the programme, as a little leaven sometimes leavens the whole lump. They won fame in their country's service, but back of it all stands the jirivate soldier. They, no doubt, appreciate Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 81 the fact that without the work of the private soldier they would yet be with us, iu the ranks of the common herd. We do not envy them their good luck, and hope each one may yet be invited to go higher and higher. To sing- the story of a brigade's heroic deeds in battle may seem to be an easy task, but when it is considered that over twenty-seven years have come and g-one since the battle of Gettysburg- was fought and won, you may well ask one another whether it is i^os- sible for memory to enable you to g-ive any of the details of the action or services of any brigade with which you may have been connected. Those of you who were, as I was, an enlisted man in the ranks, can readily appreciate the fact that the duty assigned me is about as hard as was the scaling of Round Top at mid- nigfht. A private soldier knew but little of what occurred outside of his own company or regiment, and when he did get any infor- mation concerning his brigade, division or corps, he received it from the newspapers. He read it to-day and forgot it to-morrow, because it was not impressed upon his mind with the vividness and distinctness that came from actual experience. When the g-enial secretary of the Monument Commission wrote me extending an invitation to "make an address that should re- late to the services of the Third Brigade in battle," I was surprised, and when in his invitation he further said that these "addresses will be embraced in a volume in connection with other dedicatory services to be published by the state, and will therefore be matters of history," I was more than surprised. The secretary knew full well that I was not in sympathy Avith the project of placing- tomb- stones or markers as monuments for the Reserve regiments, and I concluded that his kind invitation was a trap iu which to catch a fellow who would not otherwise Avork well in harness. I hesi- tated about accepting- the trust, and can explain in a very few- sentences Avhy I did not show my usual alacrity whenever any- thing- pertaining to the old Reserves was on the tapis. The grand idea of a " Memorial Hall " on the battle-field origi- nated in the mind of the great and glorious War Governor, An- drew G. Curtin, and he presented the idea so strongl}^ to the different committees of the different regiments, that they followed him almost unanimously. They ol)e3^ed his call in 1861 and never regretted that they had him for their god-father : they fell in with his idea of a "Memorial Hall," and it became part of then- nature. The glorious "old man" met the boys in different sections of the state, always carrying with him the plans and specifications for his cherished "Memorial Hall." Shortly after the assembling- of 6 82 Pennsylvania at Getfysbiuy. the Legislature in 1889, he again met representatives of the regi- ments in the Adjutant General's office, at Hanisburg, and then and there was drafted a bill that, if passed and approved, would give us a "Pennsylvania Memorial Hall" that would be a credit to the state, and overshadow any and everything erected by other states on the battle-field of Gettysburg. In that bill w^e were not selfish, but had a genuine feeling of comradeship for our brother soldiers of Pennsylvania, as it contained a provision that "each and every regiment from oui' glorious old state, engaged in the battle, should have a tablet in the wall to recount its services, and relate its history." When the bill was finished and presented to the Legislature we went home feeling happy. Under the pro- visions of the KaujBfman bill providing for the erection of monu- ments on the battle-field, the Reserves were entitled to a lump sum of $13,500, and the amount asked for in the Memorial Hall bill was but $25,000, and in asking for the additional $1 1,500 we purposed, as I have before stated, taking care of the other regi- ments from our state. The Legislature kindly passed the bill, and again we were in high feather, for now our "Memorial Hall" was regarded as a certainty. Kind friends flocked to our aid. One party offered us the ground, another the granite, another the glass, and a fourth one came in with an offer of all the iron neces- sary for its erection. The building was to have been built of granite, iron and glass, and with the generous tenders of all the articles needed, we saw our way clear to erect with the $25,000 granted us by the Legislature, a soldiers' monument or memo- rial hall worthy of the memory of the dead who surrendered their lives in repelling Rebel invasion of the old Keystone. But on a bright May morning the papers of the state sent a cold chill down the backs of every Reserve soldier. There, in cold type, was spread out the fact that our soldier comrade, Governor Beaver, had vetoed the bill giving us our Memorial Hall " for constitutional reasons." We were displeased, disgruntled, and some of us condemned him in severe terms. We were probably wrong, for he was too good a soldier to do us an injustice, and we must be content in believing that he was doing his duty as he saw it, in vetoing the measure. We regret that he found it nec- essary to dash to the ground our fondest hopes. We have every reason to believe that he was, personally, in sympathy with 4th New York : Col. Daniel G. Bingham. Maj. Ijcman W. Bradle3^ 53d Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. Rich- ards McMichael. 145th Penns^dvania (seven com- pauies) : Col. Hiram L. Brown. Capt. John W. Reynolds. Capt. Moses W. Oliver. •Battery E. 1st New York Litiht Artillery, nttaclu'tl. t After the ilealh of (ieneral Keyni)l.'cs in ronnnandcis occurred during the battle of the 2d, wlicn (;cncral ilancock was put in command of tlu' 'I' hi id Corps, in addition to tbatof hisown. He was wounded on the ad, and Brig. Gen. William Hays was assigned to the command of the corps Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 131 SECOND DIVISION. Brig. Gen. John Gibbon. Brig. Gen. William Harrow. First Brigade. Brig. Gen. William Harrow. Col. Francis E. Heath. 19th Maine : Col. Francis E. Heath. Lieut. Col. Henry W. Cun- ningham. 15th Massachusetts : Col. George H. Ward. Lieut. Col. George C. Joslin. 1st Minnesota:* Col. William Golvill, jr. Capt. Nathan S. ]Messick. Capt. Henry C. Coates. 82d New York (2d Militia): Lieut. Col. James Huston. Capt. John Darx-ow. Second Brigade. Brig. Gen. Alexander .S. Webb. 69th Pennsylvania : Col. Dennis O'Kane. Capt. William Davis. 71st Pennsylvania, Col. Richard Penn Smith. 72d Pennsylvania: Col. De Witt C. Baxter. Lieut. Col. Theodore Hesser. 106th Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. Wm. L. Curry. Third Brigade. Col. Norman J. Hall. 19th Massachusetts, Col. Arthur F. Devereux. 20th Massacihusetts: Col. Paul J. Revere. Lieut. Col. George N. Macy. Capt. Henry L. Abbott. 7th Michigan : Lieut Col. Amos K. Steele, jr. Maj. Sylvanus W. Curtis. 42d New York, Col. Jas. PL Mallon. 59th New York (four companies); Lieut. Col. Max A. Thoman. Capt. William McFadden. Unattached. Massachusetts Sharpshooters, company : Capt. William Plumer. Lieut. Emerson L. BicknelL 1st THIRD DIVISION. Brig. Gen. Alexander Hays. First Brigade. Col. Samuel S. Carroll. 14th Indiana, Col. John Coons. 4th Ohio, Lieut. Col. Leonard W. Carpenter. 8th Ohio, Lieut, (^ol. Franklin Saw- yer. 7th West Virginia, Lieut. Col. Jona- than H. Lockwood. Second Brigade. Col. Thomas A. Smyth. Lieut. Col. Francis E. Pierce, 14th Connecticut, Maj. Theodore G. Ellis. 1st Delaware : Lieut. Col. Edward P. Harris. Capt. Thomas B. Hizar. Lieut. William Smitli. Lieut. John T, Dent. 12th New Jersey, Maj. JohnT. Hill. 10th New York (battalion) Maj. George F. Hopper. 108th New York, Lieut. Col. Francis E. Pierce. ' 2d Company Minnesota Sharpshooters attached. 132 Pennsylvania at Gettyshurg. Tliird BrigaiU'. Col. George L. Wxllakd. Col. Eliakim Sherrill. Lieut. Col. James M. Bull. 39th New York (four companies), Maj. Hugo Hildebrandt. 111th New York : Col. Clinton D. MacDougall. Lieut. Col. Isaac M. Lusk. Capt. Aaron P. Seeley. 125th New York : Lieut. Col. Levin Crandell. ]26th New York : Col. Eliakim Sherrill. Lieut. Col. James M. Bull. AKTIIiLERY BRIGADE. Capt. John G. Hazard. Ist New York Light, Battery B:- Lieut. Albert S. Sheldon. Captain James McKay Rorty. Lieut. Robert E. Rogers. Ist Rhode Island Light, Battery A, Capt William A. Arnold. 1st Rhode Island Light, Battery B : Lieut. T. Fred. Brown.' Lieut. Walter S. Perrin. Ist United States, Battery I : Lieut. George A. Woodruff". Lieut. Tully McCrea. 4th United States, Battery A : Lieut. Alonzo H. Gushing. Sergt. Frederick Fuger. THIRD ARMY CORPS. , Maj. Gen. Daniel E. Sickles. Maj. Gen. David B. Birney. FIRST division. Maj. Gen. David B. Bcrnev. Brig. Gen. J. H. Hobart Ward. First Briqade. Second Brigade. Brig. Gen. Charles K. Graham. Col. Andrew H. Tippin. 57th Pennsylvania (eight com- panies) : Col. Peter Sides. Capt. Alanson II. Nelson. 63d Pennsylvania, Maj. John A. Danks. eStil Pennsylvania: Col. Andrew H. Tippen. Capt. Milton S. Davis [?]. 105th Pennsylvania, Col. Calvin A. Craig. 114th Pennsj'lvania : Lieut. Col. Frederick F. Ca- vada. Capt. Edward R. Bowen. 141st Pennsvlvania, Col. Henry J. Madill. Brig. Gen. J. H. Hobart Ward. Col. Hiram Berdan. 20th Indiana : Col. John Wheeler. Lieut. Col. William C. L. Taylor. 3d Maine, Col. Moses B. Lakeman. 4th Maine : Col. Elijah Walker. Capt. Edwin Libby. 86th New York, Lieut. Col. Benja- min L. Higgins. 124th New York : Col. A. Van Home Ellis. Lieut. Col. Francis M. Cum- mins. 99th Pennsylvania, Major John W. Moore. 1st United States Sharpshooters : Col. Hiram Berdan. Lieut. Col. Casper Trepp. 2d United States Sharpshooters (eight companies), Maj. Ho- mer R. Stoughton. •Triinsferred from Arlllleiy Keserve. July 1; 14th New Vork Battery attached. Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 133 Third Bri(/adc. Col. P. Recus de Trohriand. 17th Maine, Lieut. Col. Charles B. Merrill. 3d Michigan : Col. Byron R. Pierce. Lieut. Col. Edwin 8. Pierce. 5th Michigan, Lieut. Col. John Pulford. 40th New York, Col. Thomas \V. Egan. 110th Pennsylvania (six companies) : Lieut. Col. David M. Jones. Maj. Isaac Rogers. SECOND DIVISION. Brig. Gen. Andrew A. Humphreys. First Brigade. Brig. Gen. Joseph B. Carr. 1st Massachusetts, Lieut. Col. Clark B. Baldwin. 11th Massachusetts, Lieut. Col. Porter D. Tripp. 16th Massachusetts : Lieut. Col. Waldo Merriam. Capt. Matthew Donovan. 12th New Hampshire, Capt. John F. Langley. 11th New Jersey : Col. Robert McAllister. Capt. Luther Martin. Lieut. John Schoonover. Capt. William H. Lloyd. Capt. Samuel T. Sleeper. Lieut. John Schoonover. 26th Pennsylvania, Maj. Robert L. Bod in e. 84th Pennsylvania,* Lieut. Col. Mil- ton 0pp. Second Brigade. Col. William R. Brev^^ster. 70th New York, Col. J. Egbert Farnum. 71st New York, Col. Henry L. Potter. 72d New York : Col. John S. Austin. Lieut. Col. John Leonard. 78d New York, Maj. Michael W. Burns. 74th New York, Lieut. Col. Thomas Holt. 120th New York : Lieut. Col. Cornelius D. West- brook. Major John R. Tappen. Third Brigadf. Col. George C. Burling. 2d New Hampshire, Col. Edward L. Bailey. 5th New Jersey : Col. William J. Sewell. Capt. Thomas C. Godfrey. Capt. Henry H. Woolsey. 6th New Jersey, Lieut. Col. Stephen R. Gilkyson. 7th New Jersey : Col. Louis R. Francine. Maj. Frederick Cooper. 8th New Jersey : Col. John Ramsey. Capt. .John G. Langston. 115th Pennsylvania, Maj. John P. Dunne. * Guarding corps trains, and not engaged In the battle. 134 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. ARTILLERY BRIGADE. Capt. George E. Randolph. Capt. A. JuDsoN Clakk. New Jersey Liglit, 2d Battery : Capt A. Judson Clark. Lieut. Robert Sims. 1st New York Light, Battery D, Capt. George B. Winslow. New York Light, 4th Battery, Capt. James E. Smith. 1st Rhode Island Light, Battery E : Lieut. John K. Buuklyn. Lieutenant Beniauiin Freeborn. 4th United States, Battery K : Lieut. Francis W. Seeley. Lieut. Robert J ames. FIFTH ARMY CORPS. Maj. Gen. George Sykes. general HEADQUARTERS. 12th New York Infantry, Companies D and E, Capt. Henry W. Rider. 17th Pennsylvania Cavalry, Companies D and H, Capt. William Thompson. FIRST DIVISION. Brig. Gen. James Barnes. First Brioade. Col. William S. Tilton. /Second Brigade. Col. Jacob B. Sweitzer. 9th Massachusetts, Col. Patrick R. Guiney. 32d Massachusetts, Col. G. L. Pres- cott. 4th Michigan : Col. Harrison H. Jeffords. Lieut. Col. Geo. W. Lumbard. 62d Pennsvlvania, Lieut. Col. James C. Hull. 18th Massachusetts, Col. Jos. Hayes. 22d Massachusetts, Lieut. Col.Thos. Sherwin, Jr. 1st Michigan : Col. Ira C. Abbott. Lieut. Col. William A. Throop. 118th Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. Jas. Gwyn. Third Brigade. Col. Strong Vincent. Col. James C. Rice. 20th Maine, Col. Joshua L. Chamberlain. 16th Michigan, Lieut. Col. Norval E. Welch. 44th New York : Col. James C. Rice. Lieut. Col. Kreeman Conner. 83d Pennsylvania, Capt. Orpheus S. Woodward. SECOND division. Brig. Gen. Rombyn B. Ayres. Fir/it Brigade. Col. Hannibal Day. 3d United States (six companies): Capt. Henry W. Freedley. Capt. Richard G. Lay. 4th United States (four companies), Captain Julius W. Adams. Jr. 6th United Stsites (live companies), Capt. Levi C. Bootes. 12th United States (eightcompanies), Capt. Thomas S. Dunn. 14th United States (eightcompanies), Maj. Grotius R. Giddings. Second Brigade. Col. Sidney Burbank. 2d United States (six companies): Maj. Arthur T. Lee. Capt. Samuel A. McKee. 7th United States (four companies), Capt. David P. Hancock. lOtli United States (threecompauies), Captain William Clinton. 11th United States (six companies), Maj. DeLancey Floyd-Jones. 17th United States(seven companies), Lieut. Col. J. Durell Greene. Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 135 Third Brir/adr. Brig. Geu. Stephen H. Weed. Col. Kenner Garrakd. 140th New York : Col. Patrick H. O'Rorke. Lieut. Col. Louis Ernst. 146th New York : Col. Kenuor (xarrard. Lieut. Col. David T. .Tenkins. 91st Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. Joseph H. Sinex. 155th Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. John H. Cain. THIRD DIVISION.* Brig. Gen. Samuel. W. Crawford. First Brignde. Col. WiiiiiiAM McCandless. 1st Pennsylvania Reserves (nine companies), Col. William C. Talley. 2d Pennsylvania Reserves, Lieut. Col. George A. Woodward. 6th Pennsylvania Reserves, Lieut. Col. Wellington H. Ent. 13th Pennsylvania Reserves: Col. Charles F. Taylor. Maj. William R. Hartshorne. Third Brigade. Col. Joseph W. Fisher. 5th Pennsylvania Reserves, I^ieut. Col. "George Dare. 9th Pennsylvania Reserves, Lieut. Col. James McK. Snodgrass. 10th Pennsj-lvania Reserves, Col. Adoniram J. Warner. 11th Pennsj-lvania Reserves, Col. Samuel M. Jackson. 12th Pennsylvania Reserves (nine companies), Col. Martin D. Hardin. artillery brigade. Capt. Augustus P. Martin. Massachusetts Light, 3d Battery (C), Lieut. Aaron F. Walcott 1st New Y^ork Light, Battery C, Capt. Almont Barnes. 1st Ohio Light, Battery L, Captain Frank C. Gibbs. 5th United States, Battery D : • Lieut. Charles E. Hazlett. Lieut. Benj. F. Rittenliouse. 5th United States, Battery! : Lieut. Mai bone F. Watson. Lieut. Charles C. MacConnell. SIXTH ARMY CORPS. Maj. Gen. John Sedgwick. GENERAL HEADQUARTERS. 1st New Jersey Cavalry, Company L | ^ ^ William S. Craft. 1st Pennsylvania Cavalry, Companj^ H, S FIRST DIVISION. Brig. Gen. Horatio G. Wright. Provost Guard. 4th New Jersey (three companies), Capt. William. R. Maxwell. First Brigade. i Second Brigade. Brig. Gen. Joseph J. BARTLETT.f 5th Maine, Col. Clark S. Edwards. 121st New York, Col. Emory Upton. 95th Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. Ed- ward Carroll. 96th Pennsylvania, Maj. William H. Lessig. Brig. Gen. A. T. .\. Torbert. Ist New Jersey, Lieut. Col. William Henry, Jr. 2d New Jersey, Lieut. Col. Charles Wiebecke. 3d New Jersej', Lieut. Col. Edward L. Campbell. 15th New Jersej', Col. William H. Penrose. •Joined corps June 2S The Second Brigade left In the Department of Washington, t Also in command of the Third Brigade, Third Division, on July 3. 136 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. Third Brigade. Brig. Gen. David A. Russell. 6th Maine, Col. Hiram Burnham. 49th Pennsylvania (four companies), Lieut. Col. Thomas M. Hulings. 119th Pennsylvania, Col. Peter C. Kllmaker. 5th Wisconsin, Col. Thomas S. Allen. SECOND DIVISION.* Brig. Gen. Albion P. Howe. Second Brigade. Third Brigade. Col. Lewis A. Grant. 2d Vermont, Col. James H. Wal- bridge. 3d Vermont, Col. Thomas O. Seaver. 4th Vermont, Col. Charles B. Stough- ton. 5th Vermont, Lieut. Col. .John R. Lewis. 6th Vermont, Col. Elisha L. Barney. Brig. Gen. Thomas H. Neill. 7th Maine (six companies), Lieut, Col. Selden Connor. 33d New York (detachment), Capt. Henry J. Giflford. 43d New York, Lieut. Col. John Wilson. 49th New York, Col. Daniel D. Bid- well. 77th New York, Lieut. Col. Winsor B. French. 61st Pennsylvania, Lieut. CoL Geo. F. Smith. THIRD DIVISION. First Brigade. Brig. Gen. Alexander Shaler. 65th New York, Col. Joseph E. Hamblin. 67th New York, CoL Nelson Cross. 122d New York, Col. Silas Titus. 23d Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. John F. Glenn. 82d Pennsylvania, Col. Isaac C. Bassett. Maj. Gen. John Newton. Brig. Gen. Frank Wheaton. Second Brigade. Col. Henry L. Eustis. Col. 7th Massachusetts, Lieut. Franklin P. Harlow. 10th Massachusetts, Lieut Col. Jos. B. Parsons. 37th Massachusetts, Col. Oliver Ed- wards. 2d Rhode Island, Col. Horatio Rogers, Jr. Third Brigade. Brig. Gen. Frank Wheaton. Col. David J. Nevin. 62d New York : Col. David J. Nevin. Lieut. Col. Theodore B. Hamilton. 93d Pennsylvania, Maj. John I. Nevin. 98th Pennsylvania, Maj. John B. Kohler. 102d Pennsylvania, f Col. John W. Patterson. 139th Pennsylvania: . Col. Frederick H. Collier. Lieut. Col. William H. Moody. artillery brigade. Col. Charles H. Tompkins. Massachusetts Light, 1st Battery (.\), Capt William H. McCartney. New York Light, 1st Battery, Capt. Andrew Cowan. New York Light, 3d Battery, Capt. William A. Harn. Ist Rhode Island Light, Battery C, Capt. RicJiard Waterman 1st Rhode Island Light, Battery G, Capt. George W. Adams. 2d United States, Battery D, Lieut. Edward B. Williston. 2d United States, Battery G, Lieut John H. Butler. 5th United States, Battery F, Lieut Leonard Martin. •No First BriKude In division. tOuardlDg wugon train at Westminster, and ni)t enKaRed In the battle. Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 137 ELEVENTH ARMY CORPS.* Maj. Gen. Oliver O. Howard. OENEBAL. HEADQUARTERS. 1st Indiana Cavalry, Companies I and K, Capt. Abram Sliarra. 8th New York Infantry (one company), Lieut. Hermann Foerster FIRST DIVISION. Brig. Gen. Francis C. Barlow. Brig. Gen. Adelbbrt Ames. First Brigade. Col. Leopold von Gilsa. 41st New York (nine companies)? Lieut. Col. Detleo von Ein" siedel. 54th New York : Maj. Stephen Kovacs. Lieut. Ernest Both [?]. 68tli New York, Col. Gotthilf Bourry. 153d Pennsylvania, Maj. John FrueauflF. Second Brifiade. Brig. Gen. Adelbert Ames. Col. Andrew L. Harris. 17th Connecticut : Lieut. Col. Douglas Fowler. Maj. Allen G. Bradv. 25th Ohio : Lieut. Col. Jeremiah Wil- liams. Capt. Nathaniel J. Manning. Lieut. William Maloney. Lieut. Israel White. 75th Ohio : Col. Andrew L. Harris, Capt. George B. Fox. 107th Ohio : Col. Seraphim Meyer. Capt. John M. Lutz. second division. Brig. Gen. Adolph von Steinwehr. Col. First Brigade. Charles R. Coster. 134th New York, Lieut. Col. Allan XT T 3,0 k son 154th New York, f/ieut. (^ol. D. B. Allen. 27th Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. Lo- renz Cantador. 73d Pennsylvania, Capt. D. F. Kelley. Second Brigade. Col. Orland Smith. 33d Massachusetts, Col. Adin B. Underwood. 136th New York, Col. James Wood, Jr. 55th Ohio, Col. Charles B. Gam bee. 73d Ohio, Lieut. Col. Richard Long. THIRD division. Maj. Gen. Carl Schurz. First Brigade. Brig. Gen. Alex.Schimmelfenniq. Col. George von Amsberg. 82d Illinois, Lieut. Col. Edward S. Salomon. 45th New York : Col. George von Ainsberg. Lieut. Col. Adolphus Dobke. 157th New York, Col. Philip P. Brown, Jr. 61st Ohio, Col. Stephen J. .Mc- Groarty. 74th Pennsylvania : Col. Adolph von Hartung. Lieut. Col. Alex, von Mitzel. Capt. GustavSchleiter. Capt Henry Krauseneck. Col. Second Brigade. W. Krzyzanowski. 58th New York : Lieut. Col. August Otto. Capt. Emil Koenig. 119th New York : Col. John T. Lockman. Lieut. Col. Edward F. Llojal. 82d Ohio: Col. James S. Robinson. Lieut. Col. David Thomson. 75th Pennsj'lvania : Col. Francis Mahler. Maj. August Ledig. 26th Wisconsin : Lieut. Col. Hans Boebel. Capt. John W. Fuchs. * During the interval between thejleath of General Kevnolfls and the arrival of General Han- cock, on the afternoon of July 1. all the troops on the tlelil of battle were commanded by Gen- eral Howard, General Schurz taking command of the Eleventh Corps and General Schimmel- fennig of the Third Division. 138 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. AHTILLKRY BRIIJADE. Maj. Thomas W. Osborn. 1st New York Light, Battery I, Capt. Michael Wiedrich. New York Light, 13th Battery, Lieut. William Wheeler. 1st Ohio Liglit, Battery I, Capt. Hubert Dilger. 1st Ohio Light, Battery K, Capt. Lewis Heckman. 4th United States, Battery G.- Lieut Bayard Wilkeson. Lieut. Eugene A. Bancroft. TWELFTH ARMY CORPS. Maj. Gen. Henry W. Slocum.* Brig. Gen. Alpheus S. Williams. PROVOST GUARD. 10th Maine (four companies), Capt. John D. Beardsley. FIRST DIVISION. Brig. Gen. Alpheus S. Williams. Brig. Gen. Thomas H. Ruger. Col. 5th 20th 3d 123d 145th 46th (Second Brigade. \ Brig. Gen. Henry H. Lockwood. 1st Maryland, Potomac, Home Brigade, Col. William P. Maulsby. 1st Maryland, Eastern Shore, Col. James Wallace. 150th New York, Col. John H, Ketcham. First Brigade. Archibald L. McDougadl. Connecticut, Col. Warren W. Packer. Connecticut, Lieut. Col. Wil- liam B. Wooster. Maryland, Col. Joseph M. Suds- burg. New York: Lieut. Col. James C. Rogers.' Capt. Adolphus H. Tanner. New York, Col. E. Livingston Price. Pennsjdvania, Col. .James L. Selfridge. Third Brigade. Brig. Gen. Thomas H. Ruger. Col. Silas Colgrove. 27th Indiana: Col. Silas Colgrove. Lieut. Col. John R. Fesler. 2cl Massachusetts : Lieut. Col. Charles R. Mudge. Maj. Charles F. Morse. 13th New Jersey, Col. Ezra A. Carman 107th New York, Col. Nirom M. Crane. 3d Wisconsin, Col. William Hawley. second division. Brig. Gen. John W. Geary. 5th 7th 29th 66th 28th 147th Fir.'il Brigade. Col. Charles Candy'. Oiiio, Col. John H. Patrick. Ohio, Col. William R. Creighton. Ohio: Capt. Wilbur F. Stevens. Capt. Edward Hayes. Oliio, Lieut. CoL Eugene Powell. Pennsylvania, Capt. John Flynn. Pennsylvania (eight compa- nies), Lieut Col. Ai-io Par- dee, jr. Second Brigade. Col. George A. Cob ham, Jr. Brig. Gen. Thomas L. Kank. Col. Geouge a. Cobham, Jr. 29th Pennsylvania, Col. William Rickards, jr. 109th Pennsylvania, Capt. F. L. Gimber. 111th Pennsylvania: Lieut. Col. Thos. M. Walker. Col. George A. Cobham, ir. Lieut. Col. Thos. M. Walker. •Exercl?e(J (■oniniMiid of the ripht wing of the army during a part of the battle. t UniiMsiKned (liirlnt; l)roKress (if battle; uftcrwiird nitached to First Division as Second Bri- gade. The rommand tlipretofore known as the Second (or .lackson'si Brigade had previously been coasoliclutud with tliu First Brigade. Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 139 Third Brigade. Brig. Gen. Geokuk S. Greenk. 60th New York, Col. Abel Godard. 78th New York, Lieut. Col. Herbert Von Hamnier.stein. 102d New York : Col. James C. Lane. Capt. Ijewis R. Stegnian. 137th New York, Col. David Ireland. 149th Now York : Col. Henry A. Barnnin. Lieut. Col. Charles B. Randall. ARTILLERY BRIGADE. Lieut. Edward D. Muhlenberg. 1st New York Light, Battery M, Lieut. Charles E. Winegar. Pennsylvania Light, Battery E, Lieut. Charles A. Atwell. 4th United States, Batterj' F, Lieut. Sylvanus T. Rugg. 5th United States, Battery K, Lieut. David H. Kinzie. CAVALRY CORPS. Maj. Gen. Alfred Pleasonton. FIRST DIVISION. Brig. Gen. John Buford. First Brif/ade. Col. William Gamble. 8th Illinois, ^Maj. John L. Beveridge. 12th Illinois (four cos.), ) Col. Geo. H. 3d Indiana (six COS.), \ Chapman. 8th New York, Lieiit. Col. William L. Markell. Second Brigade. Col. Thomas C. Devin. 6th NeAV York, Maj. W. E.Beardsley. 9th New York, Col. William Sackett. 17th Pennsylvania, Col. J. H. Kel- logg. 3d West Virginia (two companies), Capt. Seymour B. Conger. Reserve Brigade. Brig. Gen. Wesley Mebritt. 6th Pennsylvania, Maj. James H. Haseltine. 1st United States, Capt. Richard S. C. liord. 2d United States, Capt. T. F. Rodenbough. 5th United States, Capt. Julius W. Mason. 6th United States : Maj. Samuel H. Starr. Lieut. Louis H. Carpenter. Lieut. Nicholas Nolan. Capt. Ira W. Claflin. SECOND division. Brig. Gen. David McM. Gregg. Headquarters Guard. 1st Ohio, Company A, Capt. Noah Jones. First Brigade. Col. John B. McIntosh. 1st Maryland (eleven companies), Lieut. Col. Jas. M. Deems. Purnell (Maryland) Legion, Com- pany A, Capt. Robert E. Duvall. 1st Massachusetts,* Lieut. Col. Greely S. Curtis. 1st New Jersey, Maj. M. H. Beau- mont. 1st Pennsylvania, Col. John P.Taylor. 3d Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. E. S. Jones. 3d Pennsvlvania Heavy Artillery, Section Battery H,t Capt. W. D. Rank. Second Brigade.^ Col. Pennock Huey. 2d New York, liieut. Col. Otto Harhaus. 4th New York, Lieut. Col, Augustus Pruyn. 6tli Ohio (ten companies), Maj. William Stedman. 8th Pennsylvania, Capt. William A. Corrie. * Served witb the Sixth Army Corps and on the right flank. t Serving as light artillery lAt Westminster, etc., and not engaged in the battle. 140 Ptnnsylvania at Gettysburg. Third Brigade. Col. J. IrVIN GrREQO. 1st Maine (ten companies), Lieut. Col. Charles H. Smith. 10th New York, Major M. Henry Avery. 4th Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. VVm. E. Doster. 16th Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. John K. Robison. THIRD DIVISION. Brig. Gen. Judson Kilpatrick. Headquarters Guard. 1st Ohio, Company C, Capt. Samuel N. Stanford. J^irst Brif/ade. Second Brigade. Brig. Gen. Elon J. Farnsworth. Col. Nathaxikl p. Richmond. 5th New York, Maj. John Ham- mond. 18th Pennsylvania, Lieut. Col. Wil- liam P. Brinton. 1st Vermont, Lieut. Col. Addison W. Preston. 1st West Virginia (ten companies): Col. Nathaniel P. Richmond. Maj. Charles E. Capehart. Brig. Gen. George A. Custer. 1st Michigan, Col. Charles H. Town. 5th Michigan, Col. Russell A. Algei-. 6th Michigan, Col. George Gray. 7th Michigan (ten companies), Col. William D. Mann. HORSE ARTILLERY. First Brigade. Capt. James M. Robertson. 9th Michigan Battery, Capt. Jabez J. Daniels. 6th New York Battery, Capt. Joseph W. Martin. 2(1 United States, Batteries B and L, Lieut. Edward Heaton. 2d United States, Battery M, Lieut. A. C. M. Pennington, jr. 4th United States, Battery E, Lieut. Samuel S. Elder. Second Brigade. Capt. John C. Tidball. 1st United States, Batteries E and G, Capt. Alanson M. Randol. 1st United States, Battery K, Capt. William M. Graham. 2d United States, Battery A, Lieut. John H. Calef. 3d United States, Batterv C,* Lieut. William D. Fuller. ^ ARTILLERY RESERVE. Brig. Gen. Robert O. Tyler. Capt. James M. Robertson. Headqiuirters Guard. 'Sza Massachusetts Infantry, Company C, Capt. .Tosiah C. Fuller. First Regular Brigade. First Volunteer Brigade. Capt. Dunbar R. Ransom. Ist United States, Battery H: Lieut. Chandler V. Eakin. Lieut. Philip D. Mason. 3d United States, Batteries F and K, Lieut. John G. Turn bull. 4th United States, Battery C, Lieut. Evan Thomas. 5th United States, Battery C, Lieut. Gulian V. Weir. Lieut. Col. Freeman McGilvery. Massachusetts Light, 5th Battery (E),f Capt. Charles A. Phillips. Massac-luisetts Light, 9th Battery: Capt. Jolm Bigelow. Lieut. Richard S. Milton. New York Light, 15th Battery, Capt. Patrick Hart. Penns3'lvania Light, Batteries C and F, Capt. James Thompson. •with lluey'8 Cavalry BrlKude. nnd not engaged In biittle tlOth New York battery attached Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 141 Second Volunteer Brigade. Capt. Elijah D. Taft. 1st Connecticut Heavy, Battery B,* Capt. Albert F. Brooker. 1st Connecticut Heavy, Battery M,* Capt Franklin A. Pratt. Connecticut Light, 2d Battery, Capt. John W. Sterling. New York Light, 5th Battery, Capt. Elijah D. Taft Third Volunteer Brigade. Capt James F. Huntington. New Hampshire Light, 1st Battery, Capt Frederick M. Edgell. 1st Ohio Ijight, Battery H, Lieut George W. Norton. 1st Pennsylvania Light, Batteries F and G, Capt R. Bruce Ricketts. West Virginia Light, Battery C, Capt. Wallace Hill. Fourth Volunteer Brigade. Capt. Robert H. Fitzhuqh. Maine Light, 6th Battery (F), Lieut Edwin B. Dow. Maryland Light Battery A, Capt James H. Rigby. New Jersey Light, 1st Batter3\ Lieut Augustin N. Parsons. 1st New York Light, Battery G, Capt Nelson Ames. 1st New York Light, Battery K,t Capt Robert H. Fitzhugh. Train Guard. 4th New Jersey Infantry (seven companies), Maj. Charles Ewing. •Not engaged. t Eleventh New York Battery attached. 142 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. RETURN OF CASUALTIES IN THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC, COMMANDED BY MAJ. GEN. GEORGE G. MEADE, U. S. ARMY, AT THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG, PENNSYL- VANIA, JULY 1-3, 1863.* Killed. Wounded. Captured or Missing. Command. £ 8 a a 1 £ B a a ■a 3 ■a o a ■ B o a o a ■a 01 Q o S O a a g ■0 n « U < First Brigade. Brig. Gen. Gabriel R. Paul. Col. Samuel h. Leonard. Col. Adrian R. Root. Col. Richard Coulter. Col. PETER Lyi,e. Col. Richard Coulter. Staff 1 5 4 10 2 8 1 54. 73 52 81 12 48 11 3 8 10 1 153 98 167 82 16th Maine 2 7 12 11 1 11 13th Massachusetts 185 94th New York 245 104th New York 194 11th Pennsylvania* 16 107th Pennsylvania 6 92 1()5 Total First Brigade 2 49 36 321 40 593 1.041 Second Brigade. Brig. Gen. Henry Baxter. Staff 1 3 ' '3 ' 4 1 ■ ■ 59 58 75 00 47 39 1 2 2 3 4 10 5 4 3 y 6 3 3 45 15 27 46 62 42 119 82 126 117 83d New York (9th Militia) 97th New York 110 1 93 Total Second Brigade 7 33 31 227 12 338 648 Total Second Division 9 82 68 548 52 931 1,690 third division. Brig. Gen. Thomas A. Rowley. Maj. Gen. Abner Doubleday. Staff 1 1 First Brigade. Col. CHAPMAN BIDDLE. Brig. Gen. Thomas a. Rowley. 1 15 5 11 9 1 80th New York (20th Militia) 3 32 12 10 49 '.(6 101 117 202 1 1 2 4 23 00 68 71 170 179 142d Pennsylvania 3 . 2 211 337 Total First Brigade 8 103 41 516 8 222 898 Second Brigade. Col. ROY Stone. Col. Langhorne Wister. Col. Edmund L. Dana. 1 1 20 o2 33 11 14 10 130 158 142 4 4 91 107 73 2,53 ;i36 264 Total Second Brigade 4 105 35 430 8 271 863 •Transferred on afternoon of July 1 from the Second to the First Brigade. July 1 are reported with the latter fjrigade. Its louses after 144 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. Killed. Wounded. Captured or Missing. Command. 0) e o B a 1 a c a •a 1 c £ c a 1 a be < Third Brigade. Brig. Gen. Geokge J. Staxnaru. Col. Francis V. Randall. Staff 2 4 1 5 2 13th Vermont 10 18 16 99 66 97 10 21 1 1 lOT 119 Itith Vermont Total Third Brigade 1 44 12 262 32 351 Total Third Division 13 252 89 1,208 16 525 2,103 ARTILLERY BRIGADE. Col. Charles S. Wainwright. Maine Light, 2d Battery (B) 18 11 14 8 29 18 Maine Light. 5tb Battery ;K)i 3 1 3 2 2 1 1 2 1 23 l.st New York Light Battery L ' 17 1st Pennsylvania Light. Battery B 12 4th United States, Battery B -^^ 3 11 36 Tot|p,l Artillery Brigade 9 6 80 106 Total First Army Corps 42 624 262 2,969 83 2,0T9 6,059 SECOND ARMY CORPS. Maj. Gen. Winfielu S. Hancock. Brig. Gen. John Gibbon. general headquarters. Staff 3 3 1 3 4 FIRST DIVISION. Brig. Gen. John C. Caldwell First Brigade. Col, EDWARD E. Cross. Col. H. Boyd McKeen. Staff 1 4 6 5 6 ] r>tli New Hampshire 1 26 6 5 18 49 50 44 95 80 Cist New York 62 81st Pennsylvania 8 5 62 148th Pennsylvania 1 125 Total First Brigade 2 55 22 238 13 330 Second Brigade. Col. Patrick Kelly. 28th Massachusetts 8 5 6 2 9 16 11 ' l" ' l' 36 6 4 8 luo 63d New York 23 69th New York 25 88th New York 1 28 llr.th I'ennsylvania 22 Total Second Brigade 1 26 105 2 i 60 198 •Battery E, Ist New York Light Artillery, attached. Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 145 Killed. Wounded. Captured or Missing. CO.MMAXI). d Hi S 1 u o B 3 •a o a I 1 a 2 S 01 < Third Brigade. Brig. Gen. Samuel K. Zook. Lieut. Col. John Fraser. Staff 1 1 1 52d New York 1 4 3 U 3 2 5 8 23 26 24 136 ' l' 3 10 2 9 57 38 57th New York ... B6th New York 2 3 140th Pennsylvania 241 Total Third Brigade 7 42 18 209 4 78 358 Fourth Brigade. Col. John R. Bkookk. 2 2 4 8 9 11 7 11 4 7 7 11 9 19 54 67 56 60 4 12 19 6 10 37 84 ti4th New York - t8 80 •10 Total Fourth Brigade 8 46 38 246 61 389 Total First Division 18 169 82 798 6 202 1.275 SECOND DIVISIO.N-. Brig. Gen. Johx Gibbon. Brig. Gen. WILLIAM HARROW. Staff 3 First Brigade. Brig. Gen. William Harrow. Col. FRANCIS E. Heath. Staff 1 11 8 14 12 1 19th Maine . . 1 3 3 3 28 20 47 42 159 89 169 120 ' l' 4 28 I 14 20^i 15th Massachusetts 1st Minnesota* 82d New York (2d Militia^ 148 224 192 Total First Brigade 10 4 2 2 1 137 46 527 1 47 768 Second Brigade. Brig. Gen. ALEXANDER i?. Webh. 36 19 42 8 8 3 7 9 72 55 139 46 2 3 15 16 2 1 137 98 192 64 Total Second Brigade 9 105 27 311 5 34 491 Third Brigade. Col. Norman J. Hall. 2 2 2 38 19 15 6 75 9 8 3 6 3 29 52 86 41 49 25 253 3 20th Massachusetts 127 42d Niw York 4 74 M 14 Total Third Brigade 6 377 '2d (Company Minnesota Sharpshooters attached 10 146 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. Killed. WOU.VDED. Captured OR Missing. COMMANn. u o 1 O a a a Hi a 1 n u e o a u a •c 1 "5 3' c IE < Vnattacheil . Ist Company Maasaohusetts Sharpshooters 2 6 8 Total Second Division 25 319 105 1,097 6 95 1.647 THIKI) DIVISION. BriK. Gen. Alexander Ha vs. Fir.sf Rrifinfie. Col. Samitel S. Cakkoli.. 6 7 17 5 3 1 10 1 22 16 73 40 31 4th Ohio 2 1 5 1 1 31 8th Ohio 102 Total First Brigade 3 35 15 151 7 211 Second Brigade. Col. Tho.mas a. S.mvth. Lieut. Col. Francis E. Pierce. 10 9 21 2 13 10 10 4 " 'lO 42 44 79 4 76 ' l' 4 12 9 66 1 12th New Jersey 115 10th New York (battalion i 108th New York 3 102 Total Second Brigade 6 55 34 245 1 25 366 Third Brigade. Col. GEORGE L. Willaud. Col. Eliakim Sheurill. Lieut. Col. James M. Bri.i,. 39th New York 1 3 2 5 14 55 24 35 128 3 8 6 9 26 169 98 172 516 llIthNew York 12.'>th New York 14 9 10 33 249 139 12t!th New York 231 Total Third Brigade 11 714 Total Third Division 20 218 75 912 1 65 1,291 artillery brigade. Capt. John G. Hazard. 1st New York Light, Battery B* 1 ' ' l" 9 3 (> 1 5 24 i 15 27 18 23 31 114 26 1st Khode Island Light. Battery A . . . . l.tt Rhode Island Light. Battery B . . . . Ibt United States. Battery 1 1 2 32 28 25 4th irnited States, Battery A 1 38 3 3 5 149 Total Second Army Corps .... 66 731 270 2,924 13 365 4,369 •TranHlerred from Artillery Keservo, July 1, 14th New York Battery attached Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 147 Killed. WOUNDBD. Captured or missing. Command. s o a u a 1 Enlisted men. u Q c c S .2 a 6 1 < THIRD ARMY CORPS. Maj. Gen. Daniel E. Sickles. Maj. Gen. David B. Birney. Stan 2 2 FIKST division. Maj. Gen. David B. Bikney. Brig. Gen. J. H. Hobart Ward. First Brigade. Brig. Gen. CHARLES K.Graham. Col. ANDREW H. TIPPIN. Staff 3 9 3 9 U 1 3' 2 1 10 25 61 37 26 117 101 ■ 85 97 463 3 ' 3 55 4 13 i) 57 21 159 115 34 3 1 152 132 155 149 Total First Brigade 6 45 6 740 Seeond Briyude. Brig. Gen. J. H. Hobart Ward. Col. HIRAM Berdan. 1 9 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 1 30 17 9 10 24 17 5 5 105 57 56 48 54 77 33 19 4 1 ' l' 10 45 70 3 5 11 6 14 156 3(3 Maine 122 4tli Maine 144 86th New York 124th New York 66 90 110 1st United States Sharpshooters 49 43 Total Second Brigade 12 IIT 33 449 6 164 781 Third Brigade. Col. P. Regis de Trobhiand. I 17 17 22 8 7 3 8 4 (i 105 28 78 116 39 3 4 7 133 45 2 1 109 150 5.J 4 22 71 28 366 21 490 Total First Division 249 106 1.278 12 344 2.011 SECOND DIVISION. Brig. Gen. ANDREW A. HUMPHREYS. Staff 2 2 7 .... 1 11 148 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. Killed. Wounded. Captured OR Missing. Command. £ o o c a 2 o o B V S •o 0) a 01 o a 3 1 a 1 zi SI 2: < Fir.sf Brigade. Brig. Gen. Joseph B. Cark. Staff 2 8 7 4 5 9 10 1 1 3 1 3 1 15 22 12 19 14 29 75 89 49 65 115 166 ' i 21 8 13 2 12 7 120 129 81 92 nth New Jersey 158 213 Total First Brigade 10 111 45 559 2 63 790 Seconii Brigade. Col. WiLLiA.M R Brewster. 2 8 11 6 10 70th New York 20 9 47 12 25 85 62 72 92 68 144 4 13 28 8 3 17 117 1 91 72d New York 114 4 162 89 120th New York 7 203 Total Second Brigade 12 120 50 523 73 778 Third Brigade. Col. GEORGE C. BITRLINO. 2d New Hampshire 5th New Jersey 3 2 17 11 1 14 7 3 18 6 3 10 . 119 60 29 76 31 18 36 16 8 13 2 3 193 94 41 1 114 47 24 Total Third Brigade 6 53 43 333^ 1,422 78 513 Total i^ecoDd Division 28 286 140 2 214 2,092 ARTILLERY BRIGADE. Capt. George E. Randolph. Capt. A. JUDSON Clark. New Jersey Light. 2d Battery 1 16 10 10 24 18 3 8 I 1 4 20 iHt New York Light. Battery D IS New York Mglil, 4th Battery 2 3 2 ' i 1 IS Ist Rhode Island Light, Battery K 4th L'nlted States. Battery K 30 25 Total Artillery Brigade 8^ 543 3 78_ 2,778 17 106 'i'olal 'I'lilrd Army Corps 50 251 U 575 4,211 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 149 FIFTH ARMY CORPS. Maj. Gen Geor<;e Sykes. FIKST J)IVISION. Brig. Gen, James Barnes. First Brifiailr. Col. William S. Tilton. 18th Massachusetts, 22d Massachusetts, 1st Michigan. . . . 118th Pennsylvania, . Total First Brigade, Second Briyade. Col. Jacob B. Swettzeb. 9lh Massachusetts. 82d Massachusetts, 4th Michigan, . . 62d Pennsylvania. Total Second Brigade. Third Brigade. Col. Strong Vincent. Col. James C. Rice. Staff 20th Maine 16th Michigan, . . 44th New York, . . 83d Pennsylvania, Total Third Brigade, Total First Division SECOND DIVISION. Brig. Gen. Ro.meyn B. Aybes. First Br i (jade. Col. Hannibal Hay Staff 3d Unlived States, 4th United States, 6th United States, 12th United States. 14th United States, Total First Brigade, Captured OR Missing. 1 62 28 39 67 108 80 165 175 1 125 60 111 1 73 40 44 92 132 150 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. Killed. WorXDED. Captured OR Missing. Command. £ a) o o d B ■a a a B o d © a ■a ■ a i a B 13 41 a 2 a £ in < Seconii liriijdite. Col. Sidney Bukbank. 2fl United States 1 1 1 3 1 5 11 15 16 24 4 3 5 13 51 42 27 85 105 6 2 3 9 7 67 7th United States 10th United Stute.s 59 51 120 ITth United States 150 Total Second Brigade 7 71 32 310 27 447 Tlilrd Brigade. Brig. (ien. Stephen U. Weed. Col. Kenneu Gaubakd. Staff. 1 UUth New York 25 4 3 6 2 2 2 84 22 14 11 18 183 l4Hth New Yorli 28 19 19 Total Third Brigade 2 38 11 131 18 200 Total Second Division 10 154 56 746 63 1,029 THIKD DIVISION. Brig. Gen. Samuel W. Crawford. First Briyade. Col. William McCandless. 8 3 2 5 3 2 1 8 35 46 31 21 31 1 ' 37 2 24 13th Pennsylvania Keseives (Ist Rifles), 2 48 Total First Brigade 2 18 14 118 3 155 TJiirii Brvjade. Col. .Joseph W. Fisheu. 2 5 3 2 3 1 '3 5 llth Pennsylvania Ileserves 1 35 1 41 2 Total Third Brigade 1 3 5 3 46 55 Total Third Division 23 17 164 3 210 artillery buigade. Capt. AUGUSTUS p. Martin. Massachusetts IJght. M Battery (0), . . . <; 2 6 18 <> 1st Ohl'i Light. Battery L 2 1 1 ' 1' 13 uth United states, Battery I 2 22 Total Artillery Hrlga B o •o a E O p 2 a) u Q O .2 a < SIXTH ARMY COUPS. Maj. Gen. John SEDti WICK. FIRST DIVISID.N'. Brig. Gen. Houatio G. Whight. Firat Brigade. Brig. Gen. Alfueu T. A. Ti>rbebt. 2d New Jersey, 6 2 3 2 Total First Brigade 11 11 Second Brigade. Brig. Gen. Joseph J. Barti.ett. 21st New Yorlj 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 Total Second Brigade 1 4 5 Third Brigade. Brig. Gen David a. Russell. 3 2 Total Third Brigade, . 2 2 Total First Division, 1 17 18 SECOND DIVISION. Brig. Gen. Albion P. Howe. Second Brigade. Col. Lewis a. Grant. 1 1 Total Second Brigade 1 1 Third Brigade. Brig. Gen. Thomas H. Neill. 6 2 2 I a 43d New York 1 1 1 5 49th New York 2 1 2 Total Third Brigade 1 1 11 . . . 2 15 Total Second Division 1 1 12 2 16 152 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. Killed. Wounded. Captured ORMlSSING. CO.1l.MAXl). 9 1 a a B ■a i> *^ a 4 2 o B o a o n •o 31 r. c 'A c a) B o Enlisted men. 1 < THIRD DIVISION. Maj. Gen. John Newton. Brig. Gen. Fkank Wheaton. First Brigade. Brig. Gen. Alexander Shaler. tioth Xew Vork 5 9 erth New York 1 2 ]22d New York 10 i 30 12 6 44 14 23d Penn.svlvania 1 82d Pennsylvania g 1 Total First Brigade 14 3 53 3 74 Second Brigade . Col. HENRY L. ETSTIS. 7th Massachusetts 1 1 5 19 1 9 47 7 2 1 25 5 2d Hhode Island Total Second Brigade 3 2 39 25 69 Third Brigade. Brig. Gen. Frank Wheaton. Col. David .1. Nevin. f!2d New York 1 1 1 2 3 10 9 9 16 12 10 11 20 HSth Pennsylvania 1 Total Third Brigade 2 7 44 53 Total Third Division, 1 19 12 136 28 196 ARTII.LKRV BRIGADE. Col. Charles H. Tompkins. New York Light, IstBatterv 4 2 6 Total Artillery Brigade 4 2 6 12 Total Sixth Army Corps 2 25 14 171 30 242 ELEVENTH ARMY CORPS. MaJ. Gen. Oliver O. Howard. GENERAL HEADQUAUTEH8. Staff 1 1 l8t Indiana Cavalry. Companies I and K, . ■3 3 KIRST division. Brig. Gen. Francis C. Baulow. Brig. Gen. Adelbkrt Ames. Staff 1 1 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 153 Killed. Wodnded. Captured OK Missing. COMMA.VD. a g 1 1 c a ■a S a a u E o Enlisted men. 1 £ a £ O d o a ■c 1> a 6 u u <: First Brigade. Col. Leopold von Gilsa. Staff 1 14 7 7 22 8 2 4 7 50 45 59 135 289 4 2 44 65 46 157 75 10' 54th New York. . 68th New York, 1 1 153d Pennsylvania 211 Total First Brigade 4 60 21 6 527 Second Briyade. Brig. Gen. adelbert Ames. Col. ANDREW L. Harris. 2 1 18 8 14 23 4 5 7 8 77 95 67 103 2 3 4 94 72 92 77 n2oth Ohio 184 75th Ohio, lUTth Ohio, ... 211 Total Second Brigade 5 63 24 342 9 335 778 Total First Division 9 113 46 631 15 492 1.306 SECOND DIVISION. Brig Gen. Adolph vox Steinwehr. Staff 1 1 First Brigade. Col. CHARLES R. Coster. 134th New York 1 41 1 4 4 1 3 147 20 26 27 2 9 1 57 169 75 154th New York 200 2 111 34 Total First Brigade 3 53 8 220 12 301 .597 Second Brigade. Col. Orland Smith. 7 17 6 21 ' ' 1 1 3 38 88 30 117 45 1 1 2 11 4 109 55th Ohio 49 73d Ohio 145 Total Second Brigade 51 6 273 2 17 348 ' Total Second Division, 3 104 14 493 14 318 946 THIRD DIVISION. MaJ. Gen. Carl Schurz. First Brigade. Brig. -Gen. A. SchimmelfenNIG. Col. George von a.msberg. 82d Illinois 4 11 23 4 8 1 1 8 6 4 18 34 158 30 36 4 14 6 2 2 85 164 108 10 68 112 45th New York 224 4 2 2 307 54 110 Total First Brigade S 50 20 276 28 425 807 154 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. Killed. WOUNDED. Captured OR Missing. Command. o a a a I o E o 2 4 14 11 d a) a ■a a 0) e o ■ l' 2 ' ' 2 S a 1 c 6 9 < Second Brigade. Col. W. Kkzyzaxowski. 1 1 9 13 10 24 13 66 71 84 118 3 58 77 3 60 20 ll'lth New York 2 140 82d Ohio 4 3 2 181 III 217 Total Second Brigade 12 63 36 352 5 201 669 Total Third Division 20 113 56 628 33 626 1,476 ARTILLERY BRIGADE. Maj. Thomas W. Osborn. 3 2 8 8 13 10 11 13 New York Light, 13th Batterr ■^ 11 1st Ohio Lifiht Batterv 1 13 1st Ohio Liglit. Battery K 2 1 1 i 15 4th United States, Battery G. 1 17 Total Artillery Brigade, 1 (i 3 50 9 69 Total Eleventh Army Corps, . . . 33 336 120 1,802 62 1.448 5 1 3.801 TWELFTH ARMY CORPS. Maj. Gen. Henry W. Slocum. Brig. Gen. Alpheus S. Williams. FIRST DnnsioN. Brig. Gen. alpiieus S. Williams. Brig. Gen. Thomas U. Rugbr. Firs* Brigade. Col. AUCUIBALD L. McDOUGALL. 2 22 6 9 8 9 .5 " ' " 3 1 2 r 1 1 1 28 1 8 1 14 10 1 13 Total First Brigade, 1 11 4 56 1 7 80 Second Brigiidi'. Brig. Gen. Henry H. Lock wood. 1st Maryland. Potomac Home Brigade, . 3 20 6 7 3 77 18 23 1 15 104 45 Total Second Brigade 3 32 3 118 18 174 Third lirigade. Brig. Gen. THOMAS H. UUGER. Col. Silas COLOROVE. 23 21 1 8 8 3 78 101 17 2 7 1 4 110 2d Massachu.ietts llith New Jersey 2 136 21 2 2 ' 1 10 Total Third Brigade 2 47 20 206 5 279 Total First Division 6 90 27 379 1 30 533 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 155 Killed. Wounded. Captured OR Missing. Command. a o o I a 0) a •o c i 1 o 1 ' 3' 1 c a •c I c El: 2 a a £ 6 w < SECOND DIVISION. BriK. Gen. JOHN W. GEAUY. First Brigade. Col. Charles Candy. 1 1 5 15 17 31 14 22 15 18 18 2 38 17 4 '^ 2: 1 20 Total First Brigade i U 5 114 2 139 Second Brigade. Col. George a. Cobham, Jr. Brig. Gen. Thomas L. Kane. Col. GEORGE A. Cobham, Jr. 2 13 3 .5 ' 1" 43 6 16 8 1 66 10 22 Total Second Brigade 2 21 1 65 9 98 Third Brigade. Brig. Gen. George S. Greene. 11 G 2 3(> B 2 1 1 3 3 39 20 16 84 43 52 1 2 8 10 3 30 102d New York i 29 137 149th New York, 55 Total Third Brigade e 61 10 202 1 23 303 Total Second Division 12 96 16 381 1 34 540 ARTILLERY BRIGADE. Lieut. Edward D. Muhlenberg. 3 1 3 1, 5th United States. Battery K 5 5 Total Artillery Brigade 9 9 Total Twelfth Army Corps, . . . 18 186 43 769 2 64 1.083 CALVARY CORPS. Maj. Gen. ALFRED Pleasonton. FIRST division. Brig. Gen. John Bueord. first Brigade. Col. WILLIAM Gamble. 8th Illinois . 1 4 5 2 1 3 1 1 4 20 21 1 6 5 16 .1 7 20 3d Indiana (six companies) 8th New York 1 32 40 Total First Brigade 1 12 t; .'>2 28 99 lot; Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. KILLKD. WorNDED. Captured OR Missing. COMMAXn. u s O c a •o s u o o •o a; 1 o n S c 2 r < Second Brigade. Col. Thomas c. devin. I 2 8 4 4 9 '.ith New York 2 • ■ • 11 4 4 Total Second Brigade 2 • • • 3 23 28 Reserve Brigade. Brig. Gen. Wesley Merkitt. .3 1 3 " ' l' 9 () 4 23 1 " '5 2 5 6 1 203 12 1st Unlteu States, 15 17 5 •ith United States. * 6 h 242 Total Reserve Brigade 13 6 49 6 217 291 Total First Division 1 27 12 104 6 268 418 SECOND DIVISION. Brig. Gen. David McM. Gregg. First Brigade. Col. John B. McIntosh. Ist Maryland 2 7 1 3 2 9 2 6 2 '5 10 21 Total First Brigade, 7 19 9 35 Third lirigade. Col. .1. IKVIX GRE(iG. 1 2 1 2 i 4 lUth New York 1 2 9 4th Pennsylvania 1 4 6 Total Third Brigade « 12 1 2 21 Total Second Division 6 7 31 1 11 56 THIRD urVISION. Brig. -Gen. Jcdson Kilpatrick. Fimt Brigade. Brig. Gen. Ei.ox .1. Farnsworth. Col. Nathaniel P. Richmond. StaB 1 1 .5th New York 1 2 13 ' " 3 3 1 4 22 1 ' 1' 4 8 27 3 (i 14 K5 1st West Virginia 2 12 Total First Brigade. . » 1 18 6 28 1 42 98 ' Jjosses occurred at FalrUeld, Pa. Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 157 KILLED. Wounded. Captured or Missing. Command. 1 s 1 a u I o a a ■a I "3 i a « 1 i 6 S in I < Sfctiiiil Ilriqarle. Brig. Gen. Geokoe A. Cister. 10 1 13 6 1 4 37 29 24 44 20 18 1 39 73 5tU Michigan, 1 56 6th iVlichigan 28 7th Michigan 100 Total Second Brigade 1 31 13 134 78 257 Total Third Division, 4 49 19 162 1 120 355 HORSE ARTILLERY. First. lirigade. Capt. JAMES M. Robertson. 1 4 1 1 ' ' ' l' 1 1 4th United States, Batterv E 1 Total First Brigade 2 1 5 8 Second Brigade. Capt. John C. Tidball. 1st United States, Battery K 2 1 12 3 2d United States, Battery A 12 2 13 15 Total Cavalry Corps 5 86 39 315 8 399 852 AKTILLBRV RESERVE. Brig. Gen. Robert O. Tyler. Capt. James M. Robertson. First Regular Brigade. Capt. Dunbar R. Ransom. 1st United States, Battery H 1 8 1 2 .1 ' 1 2 14 16 12 1 1 lU 3d United States, Batteries P and K, . . . 4th United States, Batterv C 1 24 18 5th United States, Battery C 16 Total First Regular Brigade 1 12 4 49 2 68 First Volunteer Brigade. Lieut. Col. Freeman McGilvery. 4 7 3 2 I 2 2 5 16 21 Massachusetts Light, yth Battery New York Light, 1.5th Batterv. 1 16 11 18 2 28 16 Pennsvlvania Light, Batteries C and F, . . 3 28 Total First Volunteer Brigade 1 16 10 61 1. . 5 93 ' 10th New York Battery attached, whose loss, here included, was 2 men killed and 3 wounded. 158 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. Killed. Wounded. Captured or missing. CUJIMANH. 2 1 o n V o Enlisted men. Enlisted men. i OS Ml £ Second Volunteer Briijade. Capt. Elijah D. Tapt. Conneelicut Liglit, 2d Battery ■A 2 2 New York IvlKht, 5th Battery 1 3 Total Second Volunteer Brigade, . . 1 5 ... 1 2 8 Third Volunteer Brigade. Capt. James F. Huntin(;ton. 3 5 13 2 3 1st Ohio JjiKht, Battery H 2 6 2 " l' 7 1st Pennsylvania Ijight. Batteries F and G, 3 . 23 4 Total Third Volunteer Brigade. . . 10 1 23 3 37 Fourth Volunteer Briijiide. Capt. Robert H. Fitzhugh. Maine Light, 6th Batterv (F) 13 7 7 13 2 9 7 Ist New York Light, Battery K,* 7 Total Fourth Volunteer Brigade, . . 2 34 ■o6 Total Artillery Reserve 2 41 15 172 12 242 RECAPITULATION . Greneral headquarters, First Army Corps, . . . Second Army Corps, Thirfl Army Corps, . . Fifth Army Corps, . . Sixth Army Corps. . . Eleventh Army Corps, Twelfth Array Corps, . Cavalry Corps, . . . . Artillery Reserve, . . Total Army of the Potomac, 2 262 2 2,909 42 024 83 2k 079 06 731 270 2.924 13 305 50 543 251 2,778 14 576 28 337 129 1,482 1 210 2 25 14 171 30 33 330 120 1,802 62 1.448 18 186 43 709 2 04 5 86 39 316 8 .399 2 41 15 172 12 24(1 2.909 1,146 13,384 183 5, 182 4 6,059 4,369 4,211 2,187 242 3, 801 1,082 852 242 23. 049 * 11th New York Battery attached. Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 159 GENERAL SUMMARY OF CASUALTIES IN THE UNION FORCES DURING THE GETTYSBURG CAMPAIGN, JUNE 3-AUGUST I, 1863. Location. Near Fayetteville, Va. , Junes Franklin's Crossing or Deep Run, Va.. June 5-13 Brandy Station (Fleetwood) and Beverly Ford. Va.. June St Stevenshurg, Va.. June!) Berryville. Va.. June 13, Opequon Cieek, Va,, June 13 Bunker Hill, W. Va., June 13 Winchester, Va . June 13-15, Berryville, Va., Juno 14 Marnnsliurg, W Va., June 14, Wllliamsport. Md., June 15, Aldie, Va., June IT, Catoctin Creek and Point of Rocks, Md.. June 17, Middleburg, Va., June 17-18, Mlddleburg, Va. , June 19, UpperviUe, Va., June 21 Near Gainesville, Va., June 21, Thoroughfare Uap and Hay Market, Va. , June 21-25, Near Aldie, Va., June 22, G-reencastle, Pa., June 22, McConnellsburg, Pa., June 25 Near Gettysburg, Pa., June 2H Near Fairfax Court House, Va. , June 27, . . Near Rookville, Md., June2S Wrightsville. I^a., June 28, Muddy Branch, Md., June 29, Westminster. Md., June 29 Hanover, Pa. . June 30, Sporting Hill, nearHarrisburg. Pa., June 30, Carlisle, Pa., July 1, Gettysburg, Pa., July 1-4 Fairfield Gap, Pa., July 4 Monterey Gap. Pa., July 4 Emniltsburg, Md., July 4, Cunningham's Cross Roads, Pa.. July 5. . . Near Greeneastle, Pa. , July 5 Near Fairfield, Pa., July 5 Smithsburg. Md., July 5 Hagerstown, Md., July 6, Williamsport, Md., July (i Downsville, Md.. July 7 Funkstown, Md., July 7, Boonsborough, Md., July 8 Near Williamsport, Md.. JulyS Benevola or Beaver Creek, Md., July9. . . . Funkstown, Md., July 1043 Hagerstown, Md. . July 10-13 Jones' Cross Roads, Md. , July 10 13, .... Ashby's Gap. Va., July 12 Near Williamsport, Md., July 14, Falling Waters. Md.. July 14 Near Harper's Ferry, W. Va. , July 14, . . . Halltown, W. Va., July 15 Shepherdstown, W. Va. , July 15, Shepherdstown, W. Va. , July If) Snicker's Gap. Va., July 17 Hedgesville and Martinsburg, W. Va., July 18-19 Ashby's Gap, Va. , July 20, Berry's Ferry, Va. , July 20 Manassas Gap, Va., July 21-22, Chester Gap, Va. , July 21-22 Wapping Heights. Manassas Gap, Va. , July 23, Near Gaines' Cross Roads, Va. , July 23, . . . Near Snicker's Gap, Va., July 23 Battle Mountain, near Newsby's Cross Roads, Va.. July 24 Brandy Station. Va., August 1 Miscellaneous affairs en raiitc Total 24H 1 2,909 1 1 Wounded. 1,145 12 13, 384 4 Captured OB Missing 3, HUC, 2 140 2(i 225 37 (!« 9 5.182 13 29 117 1 IS 14 20 226 837 29 4 17 97 4,443 3 1!J9 3 305 30 270 99 209 9 1 10 17(! 19 23 49 215 9 12 23,049 21 43 l',8 3 19 10 2tl3 no 2 1 104 4 29 2i> 103 30 145 242 IfiO Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. STRENGTH AND LOSSES OF PENNSYLVANIA TROOPS AT GETTYSBURG. ORGANIZATION". Iiifantry. Eleventh, Twenty-third Twenty-sixth, . . . Twenty-seventh. . . Twenty -eighth, . . . Tweutv-niiith Thirtieth Thirty -tlrpt Thirtv -fourth Thirty-fifth, Thirty -eiehth, Thirty -ninth, Fortieth Forty-flrst Forty-second Forty -sixth Forty -ninth, Fifty -third Fifty -sixth, Fiftv-seventh Slxty-flrst, Sixtv-second Sixty-third Sixty-eighth Slxty-nintli Seventy-first Seventy-second Seventy-third Seventy-fourth Seventy-fifth Eighty first Eighty -seconil Eighty -third Eighty -fourth Eighty -eighth Ninetieth Ninety-first NInetv-third Ninety -fifth Ninety -sixtli Ninety -eighth Nlnety-nltith One Hundred :ind Second. . . . One Hundred and Fifth One Hundred .-ind Sixth One Hundred and Seventh. . . . One Hundred and Ninth, . . . . One Hundred and Tenth One Hundred and F.lovcntli, . . One Hunilred and rr.urteonth, . One Hundred :iiid I'iftopntli, . . One Hundred and Sixteenth, . . One Hundred an8 4,50 397 467 .5ti9 424 74.S Wounded. Captured AND Missing, 132 14 213 111 28 66 46 37 2 24 5 5 41 2 80 130 115 2 175 34 152 137 98 197 34 110 111 62 6 55 110 94 19 to 2 1 11 no 132 64 165 10 53 22 155 24 22 25 2 179 20 241 149 211 25;h 90 20 125 3.S6 2i;4 337 211 19 176 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 161 STRENGTH AND LOSSES OF PENNSYLVANIA TROOPS AT GETTYSBURG— Continued. Present. Dead. Woi-Ni)i';i). Capti-red AND Missing. Regiments. Officers. 4) o 1 o c I Cavalry. First 418 2 1 6 21 1 Third Fourtli 394 304 460 391 411 448 599 114 144 ♦105 139 . . . . 3 5 9 21 I Sixth Eighth Sixteenth, .... 7 2 12 2 .... 4 4 8 4 Eighteenth ArtiUer]!. B, First 2 3 7 1 1 4 8 14 12 F, First / G. First \ 1 1 12 3 23 C, Independent, B, Independent 3 7 3 9 U 1 3 1 14 H, Third, 52 1 1 . . . J . . . . ^ . . . . ' Effective force of Battery V included. COMPARATIVE STATEMENT OF THE UNION LOSSES AT GETTYSBURG BY STATES, ETC. Killed. Wounded. Missing. CKMMANTi. e o Enlisted men. Officers. Knlisted men. Enlisted men. i be < 4 3 41 18 9 91 112 25 182 182 47 62 72 902 692 124 13 9 100 2 18 17 5 33 36 4 79 57 14 27 43 294 293 60 4 13 4 40 34 165 98 29 351 570 103 939 596 159 236 448 3,713 3, 469 709 74 285 43 473 11 1 860 52 2 1 4 4 15 ■ " '8 4 69 45 12 ■ ' " l' 8 3 no 24 92 68 287 4 311 254 1 38 63 1.692 1,339 351 5 59 8 180 1 340 Delaware Illinois 161 139 Indiana 5 4 18 18 3 5 8 76 53 15 1 1 2 5 5 552 1,027 Maryland 140 1.537 Michigan. . Minnesota, 1,111 224 368 634 6.746 5,891 Ohio 1.271 Rhode Island 97 415 67 Wisconsin, 806 Staff, 56 1 D. S. Regulars U. S. Volunteers 12 1 159 10 62 8 6 1 275 20 1,374 92 Total 246 2,90>.t 1,145 13,384 183 5. 182 23.049 11 CEREMONIES AT THE DEDICATION OF THE REGIMENTAL MONUMENTS C163) PHOTO. BY W. M. TIPTON, OETTYSDL'RG. PRINT : THE r. QUTEKUNtlT CO.. PMILA. Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 1G5 DEDICATION OF MONUMENT 11™ REGIMENT INFANTRY September 3, 1890 ADDRESS OF CAPTAIN H. B. PIPER MY Coiniades : — To have taken part on the side of the Union in the hite civil war is of much importance, ami to have participated as a member of that grand okl regiment, the Eleventh Pennsylvania Vol- unteers, may be counted an honorable distinction. The part it played in the most sanguinary national tragedy of the century, was both important and conspicuous. Entering the service at the beginning, and continuing to the end, participating in the first and last battles of the war, its very name became the synonym of patriotism and braverj'. Early in April, 1861, the old Eleventh was organized as a three months' regi- ment under the first call for troops by the President, and .saw some practical campaigning during that period, participating in the battle of Falling AVaters, Va., which was the first infantry fight of the war. It was the first Pennsylvania regiment to reorganize for three years' service. On July 25th, 1861. by official order of the Secretary of War, its services as a regimental organization were formally accepted, and it again entered on a career as one of the most faithful of all faithful military organizations placed in the field by our native State in those dark and bloody days. Passing overall its subsequent campaigns preceding the summer of 1863, the old Eleventh, then a part of Baxter's Brigade, Second Division, First Army Corps, left Falmouth, Va., on the l'2th of June, reached the state line, by way of Warrentown Junction, Herndon and Guilford Stations, Barnesville and Em- mitsbuig, camping at Wolford's farm on the evening of June 30th, reaching the vicinity of Gettysburg at 11 o'clock in the forenoon of the next day, and were saluted by the .sound of cannonading in the direction of Chambersburg. For the first time a northern army seeking a hostile foe stood inside the bound- aries of our grand old Commonwealth, and the harvest-gilded vallej's of the Keystone state were reverberating the deep-throated echoes of a foeman's cannon. The sons of hardy New England, of the Empire state and the west, were thrilled with intense and consuming interest of the hour, as much .so as if the contest about to be waged was on the threshold of their own homes. But the old Eleventh, the heroes of a .score of bloody confiicts, breathed their native air, trod their native vales, stretched their line of living valor along the crests of their native hills and battled for the homes of their childhood. Never did men more eagerly seek the field of carnage. The summer sun poured down its tropic heat. The distant ridges were filled with a brave and desperate foe, and Avhether Virginia or Pennsylvania was to be the seat of war was an open question to be decided by the bloody arbitra- ment of arms. Never had two great armies been so matched. It was a field which, like Marathon and Hastings and Waterloo, ]x)uud up in its issues the destinies of a 166 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. thousand years of national life. Like Marmont's race with the English across the Spanish peninsula, the two opposing hosts had bent every collective energy to the task of reaching an advantageous position for a northern cafm- paign. But across the path of the rebel chieftain, Meade had swung his mag- nificent army. I.ee, careful, sleepless, tirele.ss in his patient vigilance, mus- tering the pride of the Confederate hosts under liis banner, strove to transplant from tlic bleeding bosom of his native state to the hills and valleys of Pennsyl- vania, the eating canker of civil war. Every man conii>rehended with more or le.^is clearness the importance of the hour, and the veterans of our own gallant regiment fought only as brave and determined men can fight in defense of their homes and their country. As they neared the position to which they were subsequently to be assigned, crossing the field and the meadow, they heard for the first time of the death of the gallant Reynolds. Having gone forward in advance of the troops to se- lect position for the impending conflict, he was killed by a rebel bullet before the fight began. No braver, truer man ever fell in the line of duty on the brink of a great battle. Had it been his to lead the brave men, whom he had .so often led, in that bloody fray that followed, those who knew him best knew full well how to the laurels already gathered he would have added imperishable fame. By noon the regiment had taken its position on Seminary Ridge, .south of the railroad cut. Scarcely had it halted in this position when General Baxter re- ceived an order from General Robinson to .send forward two regiments to check the enemy who was advancing on the north side of the railroad cut. The Eleventh Pennsylvania and Ninety-seventh New York, Colonel Coulter in com- mand, were selected for that purpose. Crossing the railroad and moving for- ward and to the right about a quarter of a mile, they met the advancing foe. held him in check, and prevented him from occupying the position he was so eager to obtain. It was at this point that the old Eleventh Pennsylvania and the Ninety-sev- enth New York charged and captured part of a brigade of North Carolinians. But the work so well done on this part of the field, and which was so essential to the final success of the Union arms in this great contest, was not accom- plished without .sacrifice. A list of the casualties will give .some idea of the fierceness of the conflict. About 3 o'clock your speaker was wounded and retired to the hospital in the town of Gettysburg. Soon after this our troops fell back to Cemetery I lill, south of the town, w here they participated, with the main body of tlie army, in the contest of the second and third days. Those of you who were present and took part in the first day's conflict will pardon me w hen 1 mention the per- sonal bravery of that grand old man, Colonel Wheelock, of the Ninety-seventh New York. He was taken prisoner on the afternoon of the firet day, but made his escape a few days later. Surviving the perils of the battle-field, he has since joined the innumerable hosts who have pitched their tents upon the eternal plains on tiie othei' side. While occupying a hotly-contested jMJsiiion on Cemetery Hill, Colonel Coulter was ordered to the command of the First Brigade. Not wishing to be separated from his regiment, he .secured its transfer also, and during the remaining part of the battle, the old Eleventh w^as temporarily a part of the First Brigade. The shifting changes of battle found our regiment near the Emmitsburg road sup[K)rtingthe Union batteries in the evening. About noon the next day, Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 107 July 2d, it was relieved by the division of Generiil Hays and fell back to re- plenish its exhausted cartridge boxes. In the evening tlie brigade was thrown farther to the left and suffered heavily from the enemy's guns. About 10 o'clock at night it was engiiged, in conjunction with a part of the Eleventh Corps, in front of Cemetery Kidge, and was only relieved at day-break on the morniugof the od. In the afternoon the regiment gallantly supported the celebrated battery of Captain Kicketts on Cemetery Hill. Here Colonel Coulter was severely wounded, but remained in command. Though decimated and fa- tigued by the constant vigil of a three days' engagement, the old Eleventh, in support of the Second Corps, participated in the desperate struggle in which the Confederate chieftain was finally overthrown in his last despairing effort to win the ensanguined field. Immediately after the failure of Pickett, in his last tremendous charge, Lee began to withdraw his tbrces and the field of Gettys- burg was won. Years have elapsed since these hills reverberated to the thunder of the enemy's cannon. The soil, once red with patriot l)lood, grows rank with tangled grasses, or is starred with summer flowers. The eternal hills, lifting them- selves toward the heavens, silent as though the spirit of solitude sat enthroned upon their changeless summits, give no sign of the red current of battle that, twenty-seven years ago. rolled around their rocky bases. But the level light of the western sun touches with softened ray the granite slabs and monumental shafts that mark the final resting places of the ashes into which has mouldered the brave hot hearts who fought, who fell, who died that the Union might be preserved. They were willing to wash out the footprints of the rebel foe with their blood, and count it a joy to die. But, ah I Not here alone lie our fallen comrades of the old Eleventh. Along the bloody trail of war, at Bull Run, whose dual disaster twice made the nation tremble, on Antietam's historic field, on Fredericksburg's luckless plains, in the Wilderness, at Petersburg, on Virginia's hills and plains, wherever raged the deadly fight — there may be found the graves of our brave and honored dead. It would be a grateful task to recall the instances of personal heroism and bravery in which the history ot the regiment abounds, but time would fail to speak of it all, and it would seem invidious to speak of some. I may be, I know I shall be. pardoned if I tarry here, in passing, to say, that while the records of this Commonwealth endure, Pennsylvania will do well to honor the name of General Richard Coulter. Wounded again and again, with in- domitable courage and endurance, he led the old Eleventh gallantly in all its fa- mous fights. Cool, brave, even-nerved, well-balanced, self-poised, he possessed the highest instincts of a true soldier, united with the manliest attributes of a true man. Long may he live to meet and mingle with the survivors of that gallant band he so often led to victory and never deserted in defeat. But I cannot if I would, I would not if I could, forget the uncrowned and unsung hero of the knapsack and the musket. History furnishes no parallel to the gallantry of our citizen soldiery, the courage and grit of the American volunteer. The perils and hardships of war were his. His were the lonely vigils of the picket beat, and the dangers by flood and field. Upon his brave heart and conscience lay the political destiny of this great republic. The na- tion placed her life in his hands. And on a hundred bloody battle-fields he proved himself sublimely worthy of the trust. Among this un.selfish host of brave, true men, none were more brave and true than the soldiers of the old 168 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. Eleventh. Their bones lie on every great battle-lield of the ciist, and the re- cords ot" southern prisons show the names of some of our gallant boys, not \)er- mitted to share a soldier's death on the tield of battle, but dying like some ancient martyr in love with his God and his country. To him, to the common soldier, to our dead comrades, whether here beneath his native soil he sleeps, or under the softer skies of the sunny south-land, we turn in grateful, tearful remem- brance. We rear these monuments to their honor and in their memory. But in the unborn ages yet to come, long after we too shall have passed away, a saved and grateful republic will rear in histoiy an everlasting memorial to their devotion and their valor, more changeless than brass and more enduring than marble, and that shall exist as long as these voiceless hills bear testimony to Gettysburg's fateful day ; and among the immortal names preserved as those the nation delights to honor in all the future, a high and honored place shall be forever held by the old "'Eleventh Pennsylvania Volunteers." And now, to the memory of our fallen companions of the old "Eleventh Pennsylvania Volunteers," the heroic dead who lost their lives in the service of their country, and to the regiment in whose ranks they fell, this monument is solemnly dedicated by their surviving comrades. May its silent presence teach more eloquently than language can express, the lessons of patriotism and self-sacrificiug devotion to country. DEDICATION OF MONUMENT 23° REGIMENT INFANTRY September 12, 1889 ADDRESS OF COLONEL JOHN F. GLENN /'"COMRADES : — We assemble here to-day to unveil a statue that sur- I mounts our monument, that we had the honor to dedicate some two y ; years ago, and it is with feelings of gratification that I extend con- gratulations to the Twenty-third Pennsylvania Volunteers and com- rades of Shaler's Brigade, for such a large attendance of their survivors on this hallowed ground -and in their name I mo.st heartily thank our friends who have honored the occasion by their presence. To the State of Pennsylvania we extend our grateful thanks for the gift which I now unveil, that of a Birney Zouave — and in saying this I assure the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania of the gratitude of all the survivors of the Twenty-third Pennsylvania Volunteer In- fantry. ADDRESS OF WILLIAM J. WRAV R. Secretary and Members of the Gettysburg Battle-field Memorial As- sociation : — On August 6, 1886, the Survivors' Association of the Twenty-third Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, and their friends, liad the honor to dedicate and turn over to the keeping of your Asso- on wliich our army was subse(|ueiitly formed for Vjattle. On the night of the 1st of July our corps was at Manchester thirty-six miles away. .\t 9 o'clock in the evening we started for Gettysburg and did not halt Pennsylvania at Getty shurg. 175 for any length of time until we reached Kock creek which crosses the Baltimore pike about a mile from here. There we rested and made coffee. Resuming the march we moved to the base of Little Hound Top, where the Fift»h Corps was stemming the rebel current which had forced back portions of the Third Corps. Two of our brigades were immediately thrown forward to the relief of the Fifth Corps, while the rest were placed in a line of reserve. Before leaving Man- chester, our division commander, General Newton, took leave of us and went immediately to the front to assume command of the First Corps in the place of General Keynolds, who had been killed that morning, and (Jeneral Wheaton, by virtue of his rank assumed command of this division. This march of the Sixth Corps, of thirty-six miles in seventeen hours on a sultry summer night and morning, is probably tlie most memorable one of the war. When we consider the load which a soldier carries on the march, even in light marching order, the absence in the field of all comforts which he en- joyed at home, and the peril to life and limb which constantly surrounds him, we cannot but admire the pluck and courage with which he undertakes the most difficult and perilous tasks and honor him for the sacrifices he makes. About sunrise on the morning of the 3d, our brigade was ordered to Gulp's Hill to aid General Geary of the Twelfth Corps, in retaking the works on the extreme right, occupied by the enemy during th(^ previous night. The serious- ness of Longstreet's attack upon our left induced General Meade to order rein- forcements from General Slocum, commanding on this part of the field, which necessitated the evacuation of a part of the line before established. These works were seized by the wily enemy, and at daylight our troops undertook to dislodge him and drive him back*. Upon reporting to General Geary, our l)rigade was formed in the open field, just in rear of the line of defenses, in a column of battalions deployed. After a personal reconnaissance by General Geary and the brigade commander, the One Hundred and twenty-second New York, Colonel Titus commanding, was directed to relieve the One Hundred and eleventh Pennsylvania, then occu- pying a position in the front line. This position they held for two hours and a half under a very severe fire, losing many in killed and wounded, and Avere then relieved by the Eighty-second I'ennsylvauia, Colonel Bas.sett. At 9.20 a. m., the Twenty-third Pennsylvania, Lieutenant-Colonel Glenn commanding, was placed in position to support the front line. Three hours later, five companies of this regiment, under a galling fire of musketry, were advanced into the breastworks and, after silencing the enemy's fire, sent out a line of skirmishers, which, however, were promptly recalled, the enemy still being in line of battle in close proximity to our works. At 11 a. m. the Sixty- seventh New York, Colonel Cross, marched into the breastworks from which the enemy were then fieeing, and succeeded in capturing about twenty prison- ers. At 11.15 a. m., the Chasseur Regiment (Sixty-fifth New York), Colonel Hamblin, occupied a position in support of the Twenty-third Pennsylvania. About 3 p. m. all of our regiments were relieved by others belonging to the Twelfth Corps. Longstreet's attack \\\>()\x our left, and Ewell's attack upon our right had both failed ; and now a desperate attempt to pierce our center was to be made. As a prelude to the grand assault of Pickett's Division, one hundred and fif- teen pieces of artillery opened their murderous fire upon our lines, and were responded to by about eighty of our own guns. With the order and steadiness 176 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. of troops oil parade, Pickett's lines moved out iti view and cunimenoed to ad- vance across the open field to a point just south of the Cemetery grounds marked by a clump of trees. No sooner was the point of his attack made manifest, than every available Union battery was trained upon his columns. The carnage which ensued was terrible ; but ou they came, alternately waver- ing, staggering, rallying and pressing forward, until the rebel General Armi- stead found himself pierced by a rifle shot within our own lines, followed by a few hundred of the most fortunate and courageous of his men who became 2)risoners of Avar. It was while this was being enacted, that our brigade was called from this positiou on the right, to traverse the field and report to Gen. eral Newton, commanding the First Corps, at the left center, near the point of Pickett's assault. After the repulse of this infantry charge, the rebel batteries kept up a tantalizing but irregular fire ; and one of the last shots fired lost to the Twenty-third Regiment one of its most promising young officers, I^ieuten- ant Garsed". A solid shot literally tore him to pieces. Before darkness had shrouded the field, the roar of artillery and the rattling of musketry had ceased. The great battle of the war had been fonght. The stillness of the night was broken only by the groans of the wounded and dying, and the rumbling of ammunition and commissary wagons. The losses in both armies amounted to about 50,000 men, equal to one-third of all the number engaged. The rebel army was now compelled to abandon all the hopes which its scheme of invasion had inspired ; and bitter as the alternative was, its retreat was im- perative. So, after spending the fourth day in burying the dead and caring for the wounded, it silently and sullenly retired from our front on the morn- ing of the fifth, and the Si.Kth Corps was sent out on the Fairfield road in pur- suit. Lee's rear guard was overtaken in a pass of the South Mountain range, but was not pursued beyond it, General Meade having determined to keep his army on the east side of that range. It crossed the Potomac at Harper's Ferry and Berlin, July 17th and 18th, and moved along the east of Blue Ridge, while Lee retreated up the Shenandoah Valley, west of Blue Ridge, and finally' encamped in the vicinity of Culpeper Court House. The Army of the Potomac went into camp about Warrenton, Virginia. In an address which I had the honor of delivering upon these grounds two years ago, on tin; occasion of the unveiling of the monument of the Twenty- third Pennsylvania Regiment, I took occasion to refer to an injustice which had been unintentionally done us in the report of the battle by the army com- mander. As the remarks I then made in reference to the Twenty-third Regi- ment are applicable to each and all the regiments of our brigade, I (juote them verbatim. After speaking a word of praise in behalf of General Doubleday. of the First Corps, and General Sickles, of the Third Corps, for the services they rendered on the first and second days respectively, I say, "And while claiming this special recognition for them, I have a less pleasing, but to you a more im- portant duty, to p(;rform, and that is, to demand an official recognition of the services, in this battle, of the brigade to which you were attached. The stu- dent who in future years peruses the official reix)rts and records iii the War De- partment, will there find recorded, over the signature of the commander of the Army of the Potomac, that in the battle of Gettysburg Wheaton's Brigade was ordered to the right, to aid in driving l)ack the enemy and m retaking the works. In other words, the troops of Wheaton's Brigade were credited, in the official report of the battle, with the service performed by your brigade. Upon Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 177 learning of this error, I spoke to General Meade about it, at an army reunion, held in Boston nine years after the battle, and he promised to have his rei)ort corrected. I spoke also to General Wheaton of the credit he had received at another's expense, and of the injustice done the regiments of the First Brigade. He promised that he would write to General Meade upon the subject, but I am not informed that either of the promises were fulfilled. As our great lamented President (Lincoln) said, in commenting upon the battle, 'There was glory enough for all. ' No excuse, therefore, can be given for withholding from any of the troops engaged the full measure of credit due them, mucli less should one organization be glorified at the expense of another. In justice to the memory of those brave men whose heroic services you this day commemorate, and in justice to you who have been permitted to survive them, and to perform this act of soldierly love and friendship, I protest against the wrong which has been done. I may be answered that it matters little, so far as the brigade is concerned, since the survivors have erected tablets upon one of the grounds they occupied in this battle. Is it of no consequence to the relatives and friends of tho.se who have died for their country, to their comrades who have survived them, to the officers who commanded them, that the official reports are silent as to the services of the organization with which they fought and died? Nay, more ; that such reports should actually give to another organiza- tion credit for services which cost them so many lives? For years and perhaps ages to come, the archives of the war will be perused and studied by historians and military students in search of material with which to compile history or solve military problems ; and must it be said to them, that the records are un- reliable — that to ascertain the services of any particular organization of the army, a visit must be made to the battle-fields, and the monuments and tablets consulted? Such a confession would be humiliating, but it must be made, so far as its relates to the services of the First Brigade, Third Division, Sixth Corps, in the battle of Gettysburg. And, if I am correctly informed, in refer- ence to other organizations also. A greater value attaches, therefore, to the testimonials you this day dedicate, than you probablj' anticipated, for it cor- rects the record ; more than that, it stands alone as the only record accessible to all, that our brigade fought and suftered in this part of the field in the great- est battle of the war." On the 7th of November following, an advance movement was ordered, and the right wing of the army, composed of the Fifth and Sixth Corps under the command of General Sedgwick, was moved to a point on the river called Rappahannock Station, at which point the enemy occupied a series of earth- works on the north side of the river, consisting of two or three redoubts and a long line of rifle-pits oi trenches. The approach to these works was over an open field, which could be swept by the enemy's guns for a considerable dis- tance in every direction, and as the head of our columns debouched from the woods to deploy in line of battle, they furnished a si)leudid target for the rebel gunners' practice. The scene was grand bej-ond description. When the speaker entered the open field, the Fifth and part of the Sixth Corps were al- ready in line of battle, with flags flying and bayonets glistening in the sunlight of a beautiful autumn day, having the api^earance of troops on dress parade rather than formed for deadly conflict. Like Humphreys' tactical movements of his division on the field of Getty.sburg, our brigade was closed up and, with- out halting, advanced and deployed in the position assigned it, having only the 12 178 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. sound ol' the enemy's guns to keep step with. Without delay our brigade was ordered to drive in the rebel sharpshooters and secure the possession of a knoll in the right and front for the occupation of a battery. This was quickly done, and soon after the battery was established, a column of attack was formed from the Sixth Corps and put in command of General Russell. Colonel Upton led the column with his regiment, and made one of the most brilliant and success-- lul charges ever made upon any field. He not only captured the whole line oi" works, but with it some sixteen hundred prisoners, six battle-flags and many pieces of artiller}' and small arms. His attacking column numbered only fifteen hundred. The services of our brigade as well as those of Upton's troops, were' made the subject of a complimentary order from corps headquarters. The next move of importance was Meade's eflbrt to interpose his army be- tween the two wings of Lee's army, and for that purpose directed the various corps to cross the Rapidan at diffierent points, the Sixth at Jacobs' Mill Ford, which they did on the 27th of November. Our division was ordered to report to General Warren, to aid him in outflanking, if possible, the enemy's right. Sunday, November 29th. found us in what was then considered a favorable position from which to attack, and orders were issued for Warren to do so at 8 o'clock next morning. But when morning came things were changed. Lee had entrenched himself in our front and planted batteries on our left. The flankers were outflanked, and Warren's heart failed him. As he told the speaker afterwards ''he had not the courage to attack." But he had the courage to sacrifice himself rather than his men. He assumed the responsibility of suspending the attack, and General Meade subsequently justified him. Thus ended the brief winter campaign of Mine Run and we returned to our old camps. During December, 1863, while in camp at Brandy Station, the Government called upon the three-years' men, two years of service having expired, to re-en- list for three years from that date or the war. This call was responded to ))y the men of our regiments, with remarkable unanimitj' and promptitude, nearly two-thirds in the aggregate voluntarily off'ering to continue their services until the last rebel laid down his arms. In January, 1864, our brigade was ordered to Sandusky, Ohio, to prevent an anticipated attempt to liberate the rebel officers confined on Johnson's Island, Sandusky Bay, and remained there until the 12th of April, 1864, when brigade head(iuarters and three regiments (the Sixty-fifth, Sixty-seventh and One Hundred and twenty-second New York) proceeded to rejoin the army at Brandy Station. During our absence from the army, the old Third Division was disbanded, and we were assigned to the First Division commanded by General H. G. Wright, constituting the Fourth Brigade of that division. Grant's overland campaign to Richmond began at midnight, the 3d of May. Our brigade, or rather the three regiments of it in camp, crossed the Rapidan on the 4th in charge of an ammunition train which wa.s parked a short distance in rear of the line of Ijattle formed by the Fifth and Sixth Corps in the Wilder- ness, and at midnight on the ."ith, moved forward and reported to our division com- mander. He a.ssigned us to a position on the extreme right in sujiiwrt of General Seymour, Avho commanded the troops at that point. An advance of the liae about 8 o'clock in the morning of the 6th, so shortened it that in order to retain poasession of a prominence on our flank, our regiments had to be placed in the front line, thus presenting to the enemy a single attenuated line where a Pennsylvania at Gettysburg . 179 strong, well-snpportert one should have been. Early in the day we were called upon to send a regiment a little to the left, to the aid of General Neill's Brigade which was being hard pressed. The Sixty-seventh New York was sent in, and returned in about an hour, having lost about one hundred men in that short time. Much anxiety was felt throughout the day for the safety of this flank which was practically in the air, guarded only by a skirmish line thrown around the rear, and subsequent events justified that anxiety. The attention of corps headquarters was repeatedly called to its weakness, but for reasons unknown to the speaker no troops were sent to us, and it was an easy matter, therefore, when a brigade ofEwell's Corps, under General Gordon, about 6 o'clock in the evening, drove in our skirmishers, to also double up our single line of iufantry. A few oflicers and men of each of our three regiments were captured, and many killed and wounded. The able- bodied who escaped capture, reformed a line along the wood road which crossed our line of battle perpendicularly, a few yards to the left. The brigade commander in reconnoitering on the borders of this road, with more zeal than caution rode into the enemy's lines and was captured. This terminated his services with the brigade in which he had served since the or- ganization of the army, and to which he had become dearly attached. The command of the brigade devolved upon Colonel Nelson Cross, of the Sixty- .seventh New York. In the successful assaults at Spotsylvania and Cold Harbor, and the defense of North Anna, which followed the battle of the Wilderness, its reputation was fully sustained. Throughout the trials encountered in the change of base to the south side of the James, and the besieging of Petersburg, its patience and its power of endurance was manifest ; and when a detached column under General Early, early in Juh' again threatened the National Capitol, the confi- dence of the army commander in its prowess, and its devotion to the cause, secured the transfer of the Sixth Corps to the point of danger. The old resi- dents of Washington will never forget with what celerity the rebel general was made to retire from the front of the Capitol and subsequently beat an inglorious retreat up the Shenandoah Valley, before the war-scarred veterans of the Sixth Corps, which, by the celerity of its movements, had become known as Sedg- wick's Cavalry. After this short campaign we find the brigade back again among its veteran comrades of the army, hammering away at the defenses of Petersburg, until on Sunday morning, April 2d, the final charge upon the works is made. The signal success of the Sixth Corps in this charge, not only carrying the line of defense in their front, but sweeping to the left and capturing a long line, thou- sands of prisoners and many guns, and subsequently turning to the right again, driving everything before it, until the enemy were encircled within their last cordon of defenses, was the first of the series of staggering blows which ulti- mately determined the fate of the Confederacy. The parallel race with Lee's army, which soon followed, gave another proof of its marching qualities. But it was at Sailor's creek, a few daj's later, where the fortunes of war gave to the Sixth Corps the final opportunity to make still more brilliant its record by crushing forever and utterly destroying its ancient antagonist. It is not a little remarkable, but the fact is without dispute, that the Sixth Corps was con- fronted, in its four years of battling, oftener by Swell's Corps than by any other in the rebel army. There seemed, therefore, a providential dispensation 180 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. in the circumstances which placed it ia the power of the Sixth Corps, at Sailor's creek, Virginia, on the 6th of April, 1865, to compel General Ewell and all that remained of his corps, to lay down their arras and become prisoners of war. The crowning glory of a brilliant record. During the period of its services, the integrity of our brigade was preserved from beginning to end. While, by reorganizations of the army, and the neces- sities of the service, whole corps and divisions were broken up and disbanded, our brigade organization continued intact. Regiments were added to it and taken from it, indeed, to such an extent that but one of the original regiments retained its identity in the brigade until the disbandment of the corps and tinal muster out. The Twenty-third Pennsylvania was mustered out at the close of the Valley campaign, its re-enlisted men being transferred to the Eighty-second Regiment. The Thirty-first Pennsylvania became the Eighty- second Pennsylvania. The Sixty-seventh New York was mustered out at the end of three years, and the re-enlisted men were transferred to the Sixty-fifth New York. The One Hundred and twenty-second New York was not an original member, but joined in the summer of 1862, and was transferred to Bid well's Brigade of the Second Division, Sixth Corps, in the summer of 1864. The Sixty-first Pennsylvania was taken to make up a Light Brigade, and never returned to us. The Sixty-fifth New York (First United States Chasseurs, as it was called), was, therefore, the only one of all of the original members, which retained its identity through four long years of war, and until the final disbandment of the army and muster out. It is said that this was the last regiment of the Army of the Potomac mustered out. Upon the muster out of the Sixty-seventh New York, Colonel Cross retired from the service, and the command of the brigade devolved upon Colonel Joe E. Hambliu, of the Si.xty-fifth New York, than whom a more gallant and faith- ful officer could not be tound in the service. In this hastily prepared and imperfect record of the services of our brigade, it may be considered not improper to speak of the qualities of some of the colonels of the regiments which composed it. It is a matter of historical re- cord, which may be alluded to here, without disparagement to others. Most of them showed a capacity and talent for military service which sooner or later secured for them deserved promotion. Colonel David B. Birney, of the Twenty- third Pennsylvania, was made brigadier-general and major-general of volun- teers. Colonel Thomas II. Neill, of the same regiment, was made l)rigadier- general and brevet major-general. Colonel John Ely, also of the same regi- ment, was made a brevet brigadier-general and brevet major-general. Colonel Nelson Cross, of the Sixty-seventh New York, was made brevet brigadier- general and brevet major-general. Colonel John Cochrane, of the Sixtj-fifth New York, was made brigadier-general. Colonel Alexander Shaler and Colonel Joe E. Ilamblin, of the same regiment, were made brigadier-generals and brevet major-generals of volunteers. Having through the fortunes of war been separated from tin* brigade during the last year of its service, a period in which promotions would hv most likely* to occur, I have referred to those only of which I have personal knowledge. No brigade in the army was more fortunate in the quality of its officers ; and, very many, too many to refer to here by name, were, for their superior talent and ability, for their gallant conduct, and for long and faithful services, promoted to higher grades, detailed to staff duty, and assigned to other special and honor- able services. Pennsylvania at Getiijshurg. 181 The ease of Lieutenaut-Coloiiel Dwight, of the One Hundred and twenty- second New York, was one of unrewarded merit. He gaUautly commanded the regiment in nearly all its battles, and until it was reduced below the number for which a colonel could be mustered, and was finally killed in front of Petersburg, without having received the promotion which he had repeatedly earned and was justly entitled to. The brigade was equally fortunate in the composition of its stall', Cajytaiu William P. Roome, assistant adjutant-general ; Captain Samuel Truesdell, assistant inspector-general ; Captain George W. P'ord, assistant quartermaster, and Captain Nat. EUmaker, commissary of subsistence, were all officers of the highest qualities, possessing especial fitness lor tlieir respective positions. They served throughout with unsurpassed zeal and faithfulness, and retired honored and respected b}' all with whom they had intercourse. To commemorate the services of this noble body of men upon this field ol battle, and to dedicate memorials to their fallen comrades we have met to-day. In looking back, visions pass before us like a dream. We see the demon ol war with haughty mien uplift his arm to assail our national existence. Rebel- lious hordes are marshalled for unholy conquest. With rajiid strides and swift approaches the swelling ranks besiege our capital. Indignant loyalty with glaring astonishment nerves herself for defense. Liberty is fettered and af- frighted peace seeks safety in flight. To arms ! to arms ! the people cry, The danger to our Capital is nigh. With sentiments akin to filial love, the masses with one accord uprise and bid defiance. The conflict rages. Death, devastation and destruction revel. Gloom and .sorrow prevail. Portentous clouds of darkness envelop us. Evil spirits, with hellish intent, pursue unchallenged their damnable ways. The angels mourn, and all nature in darkness weeps. But see, a silver lining ap- pears. Peering with hopeful aspect, Peace, with olive branch extended, seeks audience. In the distance seething masses of armed men struggle for mastery. With diminished force rebellion aims her blows, and finally sinks to rise no more. Victory perches on Loyalty's crest. Homeward turns the Spartan band, heroes all ! Halos of glory illumine the sky. Loved ones meet in joyous ecstacy. Libert}- and peace have resumed their places. The dream has pa.ssed, but stern reality bids us inquire, where is father, brother and sou? In yonder graves they lie, victims of disloyalty and martyrs for their country. Let us keep their memories green, and each recurring year cover them with immor- telles and sweet-scented flowers. And let us not forget the living heroes. Let us remember that to them we are indebted for the blessings of peace and prosperity which our re-united country now enjoys. Let us remember that the " stars on our banner grew suddenly dim," and that it was the jirivate soldier who restored to them their luster, and palsied the hand which attempted their obliteration. While our children are taught to revere that emblem of unity and strength, let them also be taught the danger of assailing it. Teach them to honor its defenders, and if in after time it should again be threatened, let them emulate the patriotic example .set by their fathers on this hallowed spot. 182 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. DEDICATION OF MONUMENT 26™ REGIMENT INFANTRY ADDRESS OF PRIVATE THOMAS V. COOPER, Co. C C'>OMRADES and survivors of Twenty -sixth Pennsylvania Volunteers : We are gathered here upon an occasion made doubly patriotic by the / law and the pride of our State to perform a most patriotic work — to dedicate a monument to the valor of our dead comrades and the heroism of a regiment which was the first of the three-year organizations, and which, if patriotism can be measured, first saw that the war for the Union meant con- tinued hardship, sacrifice and bravery. Almost its entire membership came from Philadelphia and the adjoining county of Delaware. The record of its intentions stands out as the grandest, in its example to the other long-term commands which quickly followed. The record of its deeds is synonymous with that of the Army of the Potomac, save at Gettysburg, the greatest battle known to modern history, and here it excelled all other Pennsylvania regiments in its losses in killed and wounded, in proportion to the number engaged, and the losses of the Pennsylvania commands excelled those of any other in the Union Army. You all remember how, during the long march through Virginia and Marjiand to the battle-field, at the nightly bivouacs every element of State pride and likewise every feature of National love were summoned to support the universal proposition that there would be no recession upon Northern soil. History records the fact that there was none, and it is within the personal knowledge of all the survivors of the Twenty-sixth that the Third Corps, to the last man, stood its ground, and even refused to fall back, when the fight of the evening of the second day was hottest, to ground suited to the alignment sought by General Meade, and not until the shades of night had fallen and the battle had lulled, and an understanding of the situation had been gathered, did it do so. Gettysburg was the deadliest of the great battles of modern history, and for an organization like our own to .stand out as the one losing most in actual battle, is a distinction which the surviving members cannot forget while mem- ory of the struggle lasts. It is understood that those chosen to deliver the orations peculiar to this day, shall confine themselves to a brief desciiption of the part played by the com- mand immediately before and during the battle — this with a view to enable the Memorial Association to compile detailed historical information. All of our comrades who participated recall the march on June 11th, 1863, to Hartwood Church, over the familiar lines of the Rappahannock ; thence, on the 12th, to Bealeton, with Humphreys' division (Hooker's old and our own), advanced to the river, where we heard Ijy our campfires the stories of skirm- ishes at Newtown, Cedarville and Middletown. On the 14th our march from Bealeton to Manassas is remembered as one of the hottest, many of the division and corps falling from sunstroke, so that when night came the losses, if they had been compiled, would have held com- parison with a battle. At Manassas we had to rest until the partially disabled HOTO. BY W, H. TIPTON, GETTYSBURG. Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 183 recovered, and on the 17th we moved qnietly to Ccnterville, over ground made femiliar by the battles of Bristoo and Bull Ix'uu of the previous year. At Centerville we could hear the clash of arms at Aldie, and the next morning received the news of skirmishes in our front at the Point of Rocks, Thorough- fare Gap and iliddleburg. On the 19th we moved to Gum Springs, where we remained until the 25th, then crossed the Potomac upon pontoons at Edwards' Ferry, and there began the unprecedented forced march over the long tow-path to the mouth of the Monocacy. No man who participated in that march can ever forget the driving rain, the slippery and narrow patliway, with water to the right of us, water to the left of us, water above, water below — without opportunity to halt, or rest, or eat, or drink, until the late hours of night found us at our destination. On the 26th we reached tlie Point of Rocks, the 27th Middletown, while on the 28th we rested near Woodsboro, with news of skir- mishe? near Rockville, Marjdand, and at Wrightsville and Oyster Point, Penn- sylvania — where blood was flowing upon the soil regarded as peculiarly' our own. The 29th saw us at Taneytown, the 30th at Bridgeport, with ever-com- ing news of skirmishes and actions on front and flank. On July 1st we moved from Bridgeport via Emmitsburg to the field of battle, and while our gallant First Brigade was en route, late in the night, with the Twenty-sixth at the head of the column, we marched into the Confederate lines near the Black Horse Tavern, quietly gathered in the only picket jiost in sight, about-faced in majestic silence, and resumed the right road to Gettysburg, in time to assume our place upon the second day of the battle. In fact we arrived at the mid- night closing the first and opening the second day, and, after what proved but a nap, our command was awakened, cooked all the cofiee and ate the few crackers that remained of our rations, then stacked arms, deployed as unarmed skir- mishers, and tore down the fences between the Baltimore pike and the Em- mitsburg road — a novel proceeding, but a fit precursory to the slaughter which followed. About 3 p. m., our Third Corps moved to the front, with our brigade at the celebrated Peach Orchard, and our regiment covering the right flank of the division, separated from Hancock's Second Corps by a gap which proved inviting to the enemy, for here immediate and repeated attempts were made to pierce our lines by bold dashes and charges. All of them were resisted, and but one came near accomplishing its destructive purpose. This was late in the evening, when a large rebel force, covered by smoke of the guns, quickly crossed the Emmitsburg road, and protected by the depression at the right of the little and now demolished stone house which flanked the Peach Orchard, with sudden rush and yell, plunged it-self upon our already depleted ranks. Then the Twenty-sixth and the First Massachusetts, our gallant Yankee com- panions upon many battle-fields, obeyed the order of Colonel Blaisdell and Ma- jor Bodine, and changed direction by the right flank, in the very face of over- powering numbers. In this way the charge was checked, and the enemy were kept closely engaged until a division from the Second Corps came to our relief and saved the line. This struggle was the most deadly of the .day and of the entire battle, and as well of any battle known to the war. Its terrific force is seen in the unprecedented numbers of killed and wounded, and the high cour- age of the Twenty-sixth is shown by the fact that no man ran, and but seven were captured and missing out of two hundred and thirteen lost in a total number of three hundred and sixty-five engaged. In the repeated charges of the second day nearly two out of every three of our regiment engaged, fell 184 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. with a greatly sitperior number of the enemy close about them — and what few remained held their ground. These frightful losses were largely due to the heroic change of direction made by the two regiments named, while under fire and at close quarters — the most difficult movement known to military tactics, and the one above all others calling for quick intelligence and high courage. Patriotic comparisons are not odious, as every soldier realizes in talks of the war with surviving comrades. Each and every man loves to tell his story of daring, and as fondly loves to hear a better one from his comrade. And none of the seventy-eight commands of Pennsylvania, which this day dedicate monuments in honor of their fallen heroes, will deem odious the comparison which history hands down as to the brave deeds and the unexampled sacrifice of the Twenty-sixth Pennsylvania in the battle of Gettysburg. Rothermel's great painting selects the charge of Pickett's Division and the stone angle guarded by the Second Corps under Hancock, as the dramatic point of the struggle, and it was upon the third day, but neither this point nor Little Round Top, nor Gulp's Hill, nor Buford's famous dismounted men, stood a shock like that hurled against Humphreys' Division of the Third Gorps, and especially against our First Brigade, and even more particularly against the Twenty-sixth Pennsylvania, which held the right of the line. Onlj'*the One hundred and twenty-fourth, One hundred and fortieth and Seventy-second Pennsylvania, and the One hundred and eleventh and One hundred and twenty-sixth New York in Hancock's Second Gorps, approached the losses of the Twenty-sixth Pennsylvania, and a truthful history will .show that the valor and sacrifice at and near the Peach Orchard eqiialed any ever known to the world upon any battle-field. The One hundred and twenty-first. One hundred and forty-second, On6 hundred and fifty-first, One hundred and forty-third, One hundred and forty- ninth and One hundred and fiftieth Pennsylvania Regiments were all of the First Army Gurps, and the losses of these regiments, while very great, were not so great in killed and wounded, in proportion to the number engaged, as the Twenty-sixth, and yet tho.se which I have named suffered more than any other portion of the Union Army. They were not the subject of any painting, but if patriotic blood, shed upon this field, were needed to color the canvas, the great supply would come from them, our Pennsylvania commands, and if reasons were asked for this wonderful heroism, they would be found in the determination of our Keystone boys not to take one step backward upon their native soil. When night had fallen upon the second day our corps obeyed the command to fall back and straighten the line. The orators of several anniversaries here, and the military critics have given much discussion to the position of the Third Corps in the battle, being advanced in the shape of a horse-.shoe much beyond the main line. It is not necessary that we should enter into or enlarge upon this discussion. It is sufficient for us to know that one fact rises upon all criticism ; while our losses were great, we gave as great to the enemy, and weakened them for the third and final day. On the second and third days our division lost two thousand one hundred out of four thousand nine hundred, far the greater portion of the losses occur- ing in the scenes here so crudely described. The Twenty-sixth lost few on the third day, and most of these by the explosion of a caisson at a time when the bowels of the earth seemed to be shaken by the noise of the two hundred and forty guns on each side which were then ushering in the final and fatal charge of Pickett's Division. Pennsylvania at Gettysbu7'g. 185 I need not describe what followed the great battle — the burial of the dead, the rest, the pursuit and finally the unharmed traversing some of the old ground in Virginia. The old but ever new story of the greatest event known to the lives of all the surviving members of the Twenty-sixth Pennsylvania, is now retold, in a too general and too feeble way, but some of the points mentioned will awaken in your minds a fresh recollection of the day, of its sacrifice and of its glorious results. Let me recall an incident in closing. On the evening of the second day, with a view to excite the hopes and enthusiasm of our troops, telegrams were read to us announcing Grant's capture of Vicksburg, and the cheers were loud and long. The news was premature, but two days afterward it came in full truth, and it was Vicksburg and Gettysburg which made inevi- ta.ble the triumph of the Union. All, after these battles, was but useless sacri- fice, which came through the lack of discernment or stubbornness of the head of the Confederacy. More than a quarter of a century has passed since the battle we are here to commemorate. None of us can ever see its like again If each and all could find the elixir of youth, and carry his life down the coming centuries, he could not again see the like of Gettysburg in civilized warfare. The inventions since made in deadly explosives — in dynamite, millenite, structite — explosives which are a thousand-fold greater than any which deafened our ears upon this field, where the roar of four hundred and eight}' cannon were heard, and the sharp rattle of one hundred thousand rifles— a battle like that of Gettysburg is no longer possible. Though effective beyond our power to measure at the time, it is well that it is the last of its kind. It served a purpose, now indisputably established, and let us hope that it was, to our people at least, the final proof of the poet's lines, wherein he says : — " Some things are worthless, some so good That nations which buy buy only with blood." DEDICATION OF MONUMENT 27'"" REGIMENT INFANTRY September 12, 1889 THE Twenty-seventh Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, under the com. mand of Lieutenant-Colonel Cantador, arrived at Getty.sburg, July 1, 1863, about noon. The regiment was at once ordered to advance from Cemetery Hill to the north of the town, to support the First Army Corps, General Reynolds having been killed, and his men overpowered by the enemy were falling back. This regiment became engaged by the enemy as soon as the line of battle was formed, but being greatly outnumbered was also com- pelled to fall back to Cemetery Hill. The regiment sustained severe loss in this movement. July 2d, about 9 p. m., the batteries on East Cemetery Hill were attacked by the enemy, and this regiment took a prominent part in repelling this charge. July 3d the regiment held the position on Cemetery Hill until ordered to sup- port .some troops in distress about 3 p. m. This regiment was also e.x posed to the terrible artillery fire that afternoon. It was one of the first battalions to enter Gettysburg, July 4, 1863. 186 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. The regiment was organized in Philadelphia, Pa., May 5, 1861, by Colonel RI. Einstein, and participated in the following general engagements: First battle of Bull linn, Virginia, July 21, 1861. Cross Keys, Virginia, June 8, 1862. Chancellorsville, Virginia, May 2, 1863. Gettysburg, July, 2 and 3. After the battle of Gettysburg the regiment was transferred to the West, where it took part at the battle of Lookout Alouutain and Missionary Ridge, Tennessee, November 25, 1863. After this battle the regiment took part in the march to Knoxville. Tennessee, to relieve General Bumside, then re- turned to Chattanooga, Tennessee, and went into winter quarters at Lookout Valley, Tennessee. When General W. T. Sherman marched his column south, the regiment joined in his command and took part in the battle of Buzzard Roost, Georgia, May 8, 1864, Resaca and Dug Gap, Georgia, May 12, 1864. At Dallas, Georgia, the term of the regiment expired and the regiment received transpor- tation to return home, and Avas mustered out of the service at Philadelphia, Pa., on the 11th day of June, 1864. DEDICATION OF MONUMENT 28™ REGIMENT INFANTRY September nth, 1889 ADDRESS OF BREVET CAPTAIN JOHN O. FOERING COMRADES of the Twenty-eighth Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry : We are assembled here to-day to dedicate this monument, which is to mark the position occupied by the regiment in that historic battle, which took place on the 1st, 2d and 3d of July. 1863, and we trust that the memory of our comrades, who fell on this spot, may be perpetuated so long as this granite shall endure the washings of the storms. So much has been said and written by many able minds in the past quarter of a century of the part taken by the diflerent corps, divisions, brigades, regi- ments and batteries that participated in the great .struggle, that I fear any- thing I may say at this time may appear superfluous, but you all know that we cannot but feel a certain amount of pride in the part taken by our own com- mand in the battle which has justly been acknowledged to have been the turn- ing point of the rebellion, and it is well that an opportunity is here given to place on record the history ot the marches and incidents of our regiment's con- nection with the army in that campaign, which I will endeavor to give you as brieily as possible. The Twenty-eighth Pennsylvania Veteran Volunteer In- fantry was attached to "Candy's" First Brigade, ''Geary's" Second Division, "Slocnni's" Twelfth Corps from the lime of leaving Aquia Creek until its re- turn to the Rapidan. Early in June, 1863, while the Army of the Potomac was in camp in the vicinity of Stafford Court House and Fredericksburg, recuperating from the losses of the Chancellorsville campaign. General Lee, commander of the rebel forces, concluded upon an aggressive movement. He started his army on forced marches to invade Pennsylvania, and endeavored to outflank Hooker, enlist the sympathies of the foreign powers to further assist them, and to increase the Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 187 strength of his army by the accession of a large number of rebel sympathizers in Maryland and southern Pennsylvania. How well he succeeded in this is a matter of history. He was successful in moving past our right flauk, and appeared in front of Winchester, Va., on the 14th of June, with a large force under the command of Generals Early and Longstreet, and they immediately made preparations to attack General Milroy, who was in command of the Union forces. Early and Longstreet being successful in their attack, capturing a large part of Milroy's command and scattering the balance, the valley of the Shenandoah was open for Lee's Army of Invasion. Lee having outwitted General Hooker, and having a good start, our army was compelled to make long and rapid marches to get within reasonable dis- tance of the rebel host. On the 13th day of June, Hooker abandoned his position opposite Fredericks- burg and east to Aquia Creek, and started the Army of the Potomac on its marcli northward. The first intimation of anything unusual occurring from the ordinary routine of everj"-day camp life was the promulgation of orders, on June l'2th, to hold ourselves in readiness to move at a moment's notice. Preparations were made at once, and the command was kept in suspense waiting for orders to march until the evening of June 13th, when, at 8 o'clock, the order to march was given. Leaving camp at Aquia Creek, Stafibrd Court House was reached at midnight. Continuing the march via Telegrapli road, crossing the Aquia and Chopawamsic creeks, the command was halted at Dumfries at 1 p. m., June 14th, and bivouacked. Marched twenty miles. March resumed on the morning of June 15th, at half-past three o'clock, halted at 7 o'clock for breakfast. Reaching Wolf Kun Shoals the command halted for rest and dinner. Eesuming the march, we crossed the Occoquan creek and reached Fairfax Court House at 8 p. m., and bivouacked. Marched twenty-two miles. This march will long be remembered as a very trying one by all who participated in it, owing to the extreme heat, dusty roads, very little shade along the roads and the great scarcity of water, the water with which the men provided themselves soon becoming unfit to drink owing to the intense heat. On June 16th, the command was moved a short distance and went into regu- lar camp. On .June 17th, left Fairfax Court House, and marched to within a short distance of Dranesville and bivouacked. Marched eight miles. On June 18th, at 8 a.m., resumed march, passed through Dranesville, crossed Broad run and Goose creek, and encamped near Leesburg. Marched twelve miles. While on the march in the afternoon, had a heavy thunder storm, drenching the com- mand. On June 19th, at half past ten a. m., the entire Twelfth Corps was ordered out for parade, and formed into three sides of a hollow square, to wit- ness the execution of three men of the First Division for desertion, a terribly .sad sight for a fellow soldier to witness, but a punishment made necessary to insure discipline and prevent the depletion of the army. After the men were shot, the different commands returned to their respective camps and remained there, while General Hooker, with a portion of the army was reconuoitering in the vicinity ol Aldie Middlehurg, etc., on the search for Lee and his army. A small force of the rebels attracted Hooker's attention in that localit}', while Lee with the larger portion of his army was then moving on Chambersburg, 188 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. Pa., and it was not until June 26tli, at o a. m., that we left camp and started again on 'our march northward. It rained hard all daj', making the roads almost impassable, and retarding our progress greatly. Crossed the Potomac river at Edwards' Ferry on pontoons, ])as.sed through Poolesville, encamping at the mouth of the Monocacy. Marched thirteen miles. Regiment posted on picket, where it remained until 6 a. m., June 27th, when, with the entire corps, resumed the march, en route to Harper's Ferry, to reinforce the garri.son stationed there, and, with it, attack the rebel line of communication. (The order for this movement was countermanded by the authorities at Washington, and re- sulted in the displacement of our much-l)eloved commander. General Hooker, and the appointment of (leneral George Gordon Meade to the command of the Army of the Potomac.) The command passed through the Point of Rocks, crossed the canal and marched via the tow-path to Catoctin, recrossed the canal, passed through Petersville and encamped near Knoxville at dark. Marched twenty miles. . June 28th. " The second anniversary of the muster of the Twenty -eighth Pennsylvania Volunteers into the service of the United States." Left camp near Knoxville at 6 a. m., passed through Petersville, Slabtown and Jefferson, halted at the latter place to permit a brigade of cavalry to pa.s«, resumed march and went into camp one mile from Frederick. Marched thirteen miles. At 5 a. m., June 29th, resumed march, and marched through heavy rains and over bad roads, passing through Frederick, Walkersville, Woodsborough, Ladiesville and Bruceville, encamped near the latter place. Marched twenty- four miles. At half past seven a. m., on June 30th the march was resumed, and on quick time, passed through Taneytown. On crossing the State line you all re- member with what glad hearts you pressed your feet on Pennsylvania soil, and the huzzas that were sent up as each command entered the State, and how light the step that gave outward signs of your eagerness to meet Lee's forces and de- feat him on j'our native ground, and one of his own choosing, for had he not left his own State and dared you to follow and give him battle. How little he knew that the Potomac veterans were so close on him at that time. On reach- ing the outskirts of Littlestown, Pa., we were halted in the road to permit Knap's Pennsylvania Battery to pass, they having been ordered up on the double- quick to assist the cavalry, who were engaged with the enemy near Hanover. Our forces were successful there and drove the enemy some distance beyond Hanover. The residents of Littlestown received us very kindly, giving us plenty to eat, and supplied us with good clear cold water to quench our thirst, and will ever be remembered for their kindness. Passed through the town and en- camped one and one-half miles beyond. ISIarched thirteen miles. At 5 a. m. on July 1st, we left camp, marching through Littlestown and via the Baltimore pike to near Two Taverns where we halted, by reason of the pike being blockaded by the artillery and supply-trains of the troops preceding. The sound of battle could be distinctly heard in advance of our position, and with what suspense we anxiously awaited the news from the front. At 2 p. ra. orders were received to move forward, and l)y as rapid marching as the blockaded roads would permit, we reached the scene of action at 1 p. m. and formed in line of battle to the left of the pike a short distance and immediately in the rear of Cemetery Hill in support of the Eleventh Army Corps, who had fallen back to this position earlier in the day. It was a night of fears and doubts, Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 189 little il any information could beobtainel as to the results of the day's battle, the silence of every one, was, if anything, conliriuatory of a reverse, the knowl- edge of severe loss of life and apparent retirement of our forces led us to fear somewhat the coming of the morrow. Marched eleven miles. The regiment remained in this position until 8 a. m., July 2d, when we were moved with the corps to the right of the pike, ordered into line of battle on this "Gulp's Hill," facing Itock creek, thus forming the extreme right of the line of battle. In connection with our taking possession of Gulp's Hill and forming line of battle here, I will here in.sert an extract from an address read before the His- torical Society of Pennsylvania. March 8, 1880, by Brevet Brigadier-General J. Wm. Hofmaun, Golonel Fifty-si.\-th Pennsylvania Volunteers, commanding Second Brigade, First Division, First Army Gorps, whose command joined our left on the summit of Gulp's Hill. " The Seventh Indiana of our brigade, detached in the morning for special duty, as I have stated, and not engaged in conflicts with the enemy, rejoined us as we were re-forming in the cemetery, and being in compact organization, it was sent at once to form a line on Gulp's Hill, Major Glover, its commanding officer, established a line from the pinnacle down to the foot of the eastern slojie and his on way back to the center, encountered and captured a scout of the enemy who had cros.sed the hill before the line was established and was on his way back when captured with the report that the hill was not occupied by our troops. Grover's line of pickets was soon reinforced into a line of battle. It has always seemed to me that without Gulp's Hill in our possession, we could never have held our line on Gemetery Ridge on the second and third days of the battle." This I cite to show the importance of the taking j>ossession of, and the sub- sequent action of the troops who so gloriously defended this part of the field from the terrible onslaughts of the enemy. The Twenty-eighth in about an hour after reaching Gulp's Hill was ordered forward, deployed as skirmishers along Rock creek, immediately in front of this position. We remained there exchanging shots with the enemy, who were in large force on the opposite side of the creek, until about 7 p. m. when General Geary received orders to move his command to the left of the line of battle, in support of the Third Gorps at Round Top. The Twenty-eighth, Avith the First and Second Brigades of " Geary's " Second Division left the position, Gulp's Hill, which we had occcpied all day, leaving the Third, Greene's Brigade, to cover the front occupied by the entire Twelfth Corps. In moving over to the Baltimore pike, we were obliged to cross the " swale " between our works and the pike, and were exposed to an annoying artillery cross-fire from the enemy, sutfering to some extent in loss of men. Early in the night, while we were absent. General Ewell, commanding the rebel force in front of Gulp's Hill, made an attack on the position vacated by us, and history records how the enemy found a portion of our works deserted, and exultant beyond measure. They thought victoiy was theirs, but they counted without their host. Old Pop Greene, with his gallant Third Brigade of "Geary's" Second Division was there and opened fire, making it very warm for them, and checking their advance in short order. The fight was short, sharp and decisive, the loss was severe on both sides, and it can safely be said, that had "Greene ' and his gallant little band Ijeen defeated in this action, the battle of Gettvsburg might not have been the glorious victory it was for our 190 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. arms. The euciiiy although gaining a slight foothold in occupying a portion of the works vacated by us, were not aware that they held the kej' to our artil- lery and ammunition reserve, which was parked only a short distance from them, and should they have captured or destroyed this, our army Avould in all probability have been defeated. By some misconstruction of orders or the in- competency of the guide sent to pilot General Geary to his position at Round Top, the Twenty-eighth and a large portion of the division never reached therci and were kept on the move all night. The men were weary with the inces.sant marching and loss of sleep, and it was not until near daylight of July M that the command came to a halt, when we lound ourselves immediately in rear of the position on Gulp's Hill, occupied on the 2d instant. General Geary having ascertained that the enemy was in possession of a portion of our works, made good disposition of his force, and at early dawn gave orders for the First and Second Brigades of his division to advance. With a hearty cheer, the wearers of the "White Star" rushed gallantly forward to the charge, and in much less time than it takes me to relate the incident, the enemy were driven beyond Rock creek, and the vacated works were again in our po.ssession. The lo.ss of the enemy was heavy, whilst ours was comparatively small. The Second Bri- gade, "Kane's," were then distributed in the works. At about 7 a. m., the Twenty-eighth Pennsylvania was ordered forward and relieved the Twenty- ninth Ohio Infantry. Comrades, you ■will never forget what it meant to relieve a regiment deployed in the temporary works that were so rudely constructed of cord wood, stones, etc., on the lower side of the knoll on which we now stand. The rebel sharpshooters were perched on and behind the immense rocks and boulders that still remain in the immediate front of our position ; how as each command was relieved, the incoming and outgoing troops were subjected to a withering and well-directed fire from their skilled marksmen, ever}' shot from their guns made to do its deadly work ; and liow. when we were safely located in the works, we watched for the pufis of smoke from their rifles ; how quick we were to reply, with what etfect the large number of dead men and empty-handed rifles left behind in their retreat told the sorrowful tale. When once in the works it was much safer to remain, but the constant firing made it necessary for the troops to be relieved to clean their guns and replenish their supply of ammunition. It may not be amiss to mention here that on page 770 of the "preliminary print of the official records of the War of the Rebellion," it is recorded that "General Meade complained to General Slocum that Gen- eral Geary was expending too much ammunition at this point, but upon inves- tigation, he. General Slocum, was .satisfied to the contrary." The enemy made several onslaughts which were pushed with great determi- nation, and it showed how grand a prize this portion of the field would have been to them. Each time their desperate charges came to naught, they were hurled back with terrible loss, only to be ordered forward again and again to meet the same fate. Brave men, they deserved better success for their un- daunted courage. At about half past eleven a. m., the Twenty-eighth Pennsylvania, liaving ex- hausted its ammunition (eighty rounds i)er man), Avas relieved by a New York legiment of "Greene's" Third Brigade, and moved to an orchard in the rear of Gulp's Hill on the pike, to clean tlieir guns and replenish ammunition. We had been in this position but a short time when the enemy's artillery opened tire on our forces stationed on Cemetery Hill. Then and there was inaugurated Pennsylvania at Getigshurg. 19l one of the most terrible artillery duels in the world's history. As the fight progressed our positiou (which was immediately in the rear of Cemetery Hill) became untenable, as the shot and sliell fell thick and last amongst and around us, unnecessarily exposing us to great danger. General Geary being advised of our dangerous position, gave OKlers tor us to move across the pike behind a large stone barn. Remained there until about 3 p. m., more or less exposed to the same artillery fire, when we were ordered to resume our former position in the works on Gulp's Hill, relieving the Seventh Ohio Infantry. Remained in the works, keeping up a constant fire on the sharpshooters perched on and be- hind the rocks in our front, until about 9 p. m., when the enemy made their final assault. They were soon repulsed and the firing almost ceased for the night. Shortly after the assault the Twenty-eighth Pennsylvania was relieved from the works for the purpose of receiving rations. At midnight we returned to the works, relieving the Sixtieth and Seventy-eighth New York Volunteers of "Greene's" Third Brigade. There was very little firing in our front after midnight. The night was dark, and a heavy rain falling, every one of us being drenched to the skin, just such a night as would enable an enemy to get out of the \\a.y without being disturbed, which to our surprise was the case when the morning of July 4th dawned upon us. The enemy having fled, left us in undis- turbed possession of the field and the victory was ours, but how dearly bought. How many good and brave men on both sides gone forever from comradeship and companionship, from fireside never to return. How many loved ones at homes waiting anxiously to hear from the thousands on both sides who will never return. It makes one almost .shudder at the thought of the misery caused by the instigators of that cruel war. When it was ascertained to a certainty that the enemy had fled, we proceeded to the front of our works, and details were immediately set to work burying the dead. Some twelve hundred of the enemy's dead were found in front of the Second Division work.s, of which the division details buried near nine hundred; their loss in wounded also must have been very heavy, as the number of muskets left by them on the field on our front was very large. The ordnance officer of the First Division, Twelfth Corps, reports having collected eight hun- dred and four muskets and the ordnance officer of the Second Division, Twelfth Corps, reports collecting sixteen hundred and eighty muskets in addition to a large number of bayonets, etc. The Twenty-eighth Pennsylvania alone carried to the rear of our works over five hundred muskets. Our men being very much fatigued, having been without sleep for three nights, and soaked with the heavy rain of the night of the third, and having assisted in burying the dead, rested the balance of the day and prepared ourselves to be in reatliness to start in pursuit of the enemj' when ordered. It has always seemed to me, and I think I will be endorsed in my opinion, when the true and just hi.story of this battle shall have been written, that the importance of the victory of the troops of the Twelfth Corps, especially the part taken by " Geary's " Second Division, has never received the recognition and publicity it deserved. Everything that was done here and on some other points of the field as gallantly defended, have been overshadowed by the prominence given the painting representing Pickett's charge. Without Culji's Hill in our possession, Pickett's charge would never have taken jilace, as the position on Cemetery Hill would have been untenable for our troops. At no portion of the field were the troops under a more constant or murderous fire than on Gulp's 192 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. Hill. For seven hours we were under constant fire, and at no point, uor at any time, did the line waver. The gallant Second Division, assisted by Shaler's Brigade and the Maryland Provisional Brigade, hy their dauntless courage did much towards saving the Army of the Potomac from defeat. I do not want to detract anything from the heroism or valor of the troops of the Second Corps, as they were all gallant and true, but so much stress has been laid on their par- ticular action, on the afternoon of the third, that the part taken by other troops equally deserving has not had that credit given which is their due. When our eyes glance upward as we look at this monument, which we dedi- cate this day to the memory of onr departed comrades, we behold the emblem " the star " under which we stood shoulder to shoulder on the march and on the battle-fields of so many States. I cannot refrain from inserting here some ex- tracts taken here from a work recently published by Colonel Wm. F. Fox, on the regimental losses during the war of the rebellion, which in a great measure atones for the shortcomings of some of the previous authors of war history and endeavors to deal justly with the part taken by the different commands in this battle. He writes: "The Twelfth Army Corps," "Winchester, "Port Re- public," "Cedar Mountain," "Manassas," "Antietam," Chaneellorsville, " "Gettysburg," Wauhatchie," "Lookout Mountain." "Missionary Ridge," "Ringgold." "The corps that never lost a color or a gun. When its designation was chansred to the Twentieth it still preserved unbroken the same grand record. The veteran divisions of Williams and Geary wore their star badges through all the bloody battles of the Atlanta campaign and the Carolinas, and still kept their proud claim good, marching northward to the grand review with the same banners that had waved at Antietam and Lookout Mountain ; with the same cannon which had thundered on the l)attle-fields of seven States ; none were missing. "The brunt of the battle of Chaneellorsville fell on the Third and Twelfth Corps, and yet amid all the rout and confusion of that disastrous battle the regiments of the Twelfth Corps moved steadily with unbroken fronts, retiring at the close of the battle without the loss of a color ; wiiile the Corps artillery^, after having been engaged in the close fighting at the Chaneellorsville House, withdrew in good order, taking every gun with them. In this campaign Slo- cum's troops were the first to cross the Rapidan, and the last to recross the Rappahannock. Its losses at Chaneellorsville were two hundred and sixty killed, one thousand four hundred and thirty-six wounded and one thousand one hundred and eighteen missing ; total, two thousand eight hundred and fourteen. The hardest fighting and heaviest losses fell on Ruger's and Candy's Brigades of Williams' and Geary's Divisions." "At Gettysburg, the Twelfth Corps distinguished itself by its gallant de- fense of Gulp's Hill. At one time during the battle, the corps having been ordered to reinforce a distant part of the line, Greene's Brigade of Geary's Division was left behind to hold this important point. While occupying this position, with no other troops in support, Greene w.as attacked by Johnson's Division, but the attack was successfully repul.sed. The details of this particu- lar action form an interesting chapter in the history of the war. Still, some of .Johnson's troops effected, without opposition, a lodgement in the vacated breastworks of the Twelfth Corps, and uixjn the return of tho.se troops a des. jjerate battle ensued to drive the Confederates out. After a long, hard light Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 193 the corps succeeded in reoccupying its works. On no part of the fiekl did the Confederate dead lie thicker than in front of the Twelfth Corps position. " Johnson's Divi.sion, containing twenty-two regiments, official report, lost in this particular action, two hundred and twenty-nine killed, one thousand two hundred and sixty-nine wounded and three hundred and seventy-five missing; total, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-three. To this loss (of John- son's) must be added the losses in Smith's, Daniel's and O'Neal's Brigades, containing fourteen regiments, which were sent to Johnson's support, which was two hundred and twenty-nine killed, one thousand and sixty-nine wounded and two hundred and forty-seven missing. Making a total loss in the rebel forces attacking Culp's Hill of four hundreil and lilty-eight killed, two thou- sand three hundred and thirty-eight wounded and six hundred and twenty-two missing ; total loss, three thou.sand four hundred and eighteen. Pickett's Divi- sion, official report, lost in front of Cemetery Ridge, two hundred and thirty- two killed, one thou.sand one hundred and fifty-seven wounded and one thou- sand four hundred and ninety-nine missing ; total, two thousand eight hundred and eighty-eight. "The Twelfth Corps, containing twenty-eight regiments, lost two hundred and four killed, eight hundred and ten wounded and sixty-seven missing ; total, one thousand and eighty-one." Less than one-third the rebel lo.ss. The Twelfth Corps was small, but was composed of excellent material. Among its regiments were the Second Massachusetts, Seventh Ohio, Fifth Con- necticut, One hundred and seventh New York, Twenty-eighth Pennsylvania. Third Wisconsin and others equally famous as crack regiments, all of them with names familiar as household words in the communities from which they were recruited. On page 426, in the same work, referring to his statements giving the list of commands .showing the greatest losses in battles, Colonel Fox says : "Among the leading regiments in jx)int of lo.ss at Getty.sburg as given here, the Twelfth Corps is scarcely represented, and yet, the services rendered on that field by that command were unsurpassed in gallantry and important results. The re- markable losses sustai red by Johnsorr's Confederate Division and the three brigades attached to his command were inflicted by regiments which have no place in the list of those prominent at Gettysburg, by reason of their casual- ties. Granted that Greene's Brigade delivered that deadly fire from behind breastworks ; but, when Williams' and Geary's Divisions returned from Round Top and found that during their ab.sence their works had been occupied by the enemy, they became the assaulting party ; they drove the enemy out of the works, re-took the position and saved the right. That, in accomplishing this, they could inflict so severe a loss and sustain so slight a one, is as good evidence of their gallantry and efficiency as any sensational aggregate of casualties." Comrades, after such complimentary and just criticism of our actions, should we not feel proud ot having been wearers of the star? I do not think it would be amiss, to insert here, an extract from the address delivered by the Hon. Edward Everett, at the ceremonies attending the consecration of the National Cemetery at Gettysburg on the 19th day of November. 1863. Extract, Second Day. ■'At eight o'clock in the evening, a desperate attempt was made by the enemy to storm the position of the Eleventh Coi-ps on Cemetery Hill, but here, too, after a t€rrible conflict, he was repulsed with immense loss. Ewell, on our 13 194 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. extreme right, wliichhad been weakened by the withdravral ot' the troops sent over to the support ol'our left, had succeeded in gaining a foothold within a por- tion of our lines near Spangler's spring (foot of Gulp's Hill). This was the only advantage obtained by the rebels to compensate them for the disasters of the day, and of this, as we shall see, they were deprived. "Such was the result of the second act of this eventful drama. A day hard fought and at one moment anxious, but, with the exception of the slight reverse just named, crowned with deadly earned but uniform success to our arms, auspi- cious of a glorious termination of the final struggle, on these omens the night fell. In the course of the night General Geary returned to his position on the right from which he had hastened the day before to strengthen the Third Corps. He immediately engaged the enemy, and after a sharp and decisive action drove them out of our lines, recovering the ground which had been lost on the pre- ceding day. '' A spirited contest was kept up all the morning on this part of the line, but General Geary reinforced by Shaler's Brigade of the Sixth Corps, maintained his position and inflicted very severe losses on the rebels. " Such was the cheering commencement of the third day's work, and with it ended all serious attempts of the enemy on our right." Nothing of any importance occurred in our vicinity during the 4th, except the circulation of numerous camp rumors as to the whereabouts of the enemy, etc., the night was spent in the works awaiting marching orders. About 3.30 a. m., July 5th, the line of march in pursuit of the enemy was taken up, but in a different direction from that expected. The Twenty-eighth Pennsylvania on the advance of the Twelfth Corps headed for Littlestown, which we reached before noon, very weary and footsore. "The men having lost so much rest and being confined in the works such a great length of time were hardly prepared for steady marching yet." Marched ten miles. The Twenty-eighth being the advance regiment, it of course was posted on picket, and passed a very quiet night there. On the morning of July 6th, at seven o'clock, orders were received to resume the march, but by reason of General Meade having with a portion of his command encountered the rear guard of the enemy near Gettysburg, the order was countermanded. On July 7th, at 5 a. m., we left Littlestown, passed through Taneytown, Middleburg and Walkersville, encamping a short distance beyond the latter place about 6 p. m. Marched about thirty miles, most of the instance through the fields, the road being occupied by the artillery and sup- 1)ly trains. The morning of July 8th ushered itself in rainy and very disagreeable, putting the roads in bad condition, but orders to resume the march were given, and at? a. m. we were on the move, passed through Frederick, were halted a short time for an issue of rations, after which resumed the march, reaching Jefierson about (i J), m. A great many men were destitute of shoes, and in consequence suflfered very much, as the march this day was mostly made over a turnpike road. Marched fifteen miles. July 9th left Jefferson, passed through Hurkittsville, crossed South Mount- ain at Crampton's Ga]j and encamped near Kohrersville. Marched ten miles. July 10th marcli resumed at .')a. m., passed through P.uona Vista, Keedysville, Smoketown and a portion of the Antietam battle-field, ciicamijing at Bakers- ville. Marched ten I'niles, July nth left Bakersville at :J a. m., nianhcd to Fair Play a distance of Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 195 four miles, formed line of battle in support of the Twenty-ninth Ohio, who were deployed iw skirmishers in our immediate front. (The First Division of the Twelfth Corps had a skirmish with the enemy on our right.) We remained in this position until 10 a. m., July 12th, when we were ordered forward in line of battle, with the intention of engaging the enemy, but the corps com- manders having met in council and deciding not to attack, we were ordered to resume our former position. The Twenty-eighth relieved the Twenty-ninth Ohio at dusk. At daylight on July 13th the regiment was relieved from the skirmish line, moved to the right about one mile wliere it rejoined the brigade. At 8 a. m. were ordered back to the position vacated at dayliglit. Towards dusk we were ordered forward to feel the strength of the enemy and had advanced but a short distance when orders were received to abandon the attack and return to the woods. The Twenty-eighth was relieved from the skirmish line h\ the Seventh Ohio, and remained in reserve in close support. Rained very hard during the night, and the rebels succeeded in crossing the Potomac. At 7 a. m. on July 14th rejoined the brigade and remained under arms in support of the First Division, which had advanced some distance to the front of our line. Later on, with the Seventh Ohio, the Twenty-eighth was ordered to reconnoitre towards Downsville, where we found the enemy's works deserted and returned with several prisoners. On July 15th, 5 a. m. at, resumed the march, passing through Fair Play and Sharpsburg, haltingat half past three p. m. on the summitof Maryland Heights. Raining, roads in bad order. Marched sixteen miles. At 5 a. m., July I6th, moved from Maryland Heights and encamped in Pleasant Valley about one-half mile back from Sandy Hook, and in close proxi- mity to our camping ground of July, 1861. Marched four miles. July 17th and 18th remained in camp. Shoes, clothing, etc., were issued to the diflerent commands. The Second Corps crossed the Potomac and Shenan- doah rivers. At 5 a. m., July 19th, the line of march was again taken up, passed through Sandy Hook and Harper's Ferry. Crossing the two rivers, marched down the Piuey Run Valley to near Hillsboro, Virginia, where we encamped. Marched eleven miles. Resumed the march on July 20th, at 5 a. m., passing through Wood Grove and Purcellville, halting at Snickersville at 6 p. m. Marched eleven miles. The enemy's wagon trains were plainly visible from the crest of the Blue Ridge at Snicker's Gap, en route down the Shenandoah Valley. July 21st remained in camp. July 22d remained in camp. Company inspection, tlic first since leaviu"- Aquia Creek. Left Snickersville at 6 o'clock on the morning of July 23, passed through Upperville and Paris, halting near Ashby's Gap. Pickets were posted on the Blue Ridge, and tents were pitched. At 4 p. m. orders were received to pack and move immediately ; march was resumed. Leaving Paris and takino- the mountain road, we continued the march to within two miles of Markham Station on the Manassas Gap railroad, where we halted at 9 p. m., pretty well exhausted with the day's march. Marched about twenty-four miles. July 24th, at;") a. m., resumed march, passed through Markham halting near Linden. Roads in very bad order, and weather very warm. The advance of 196 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. our column met the rear guard of the enemy at Falling Waters, near Chester Gap, and after a spirited engagement the enemy fled. At 12 m. the command was called into line, and marched back through Markham to Piedmont, where we halted for the night. Marched sixteen miles. Left Piedmont at o a. m. on July iSth, passing through Rectortown and White Plains, halted at W'hite Plains about one hour, when march was resumed. Enciimpcd at Thoroughfare Gap. Marched twenty-two miles. July 2()th, reveille at half past two a. m., marched at 4 a. m., passed Thoroughfiire Gap, Haymarket, Greenwich and Catlett's Station. Halted near Warrenton Junction on the Orange and Alexandria railroad, at 7 p. m. Wood and water was very scarce at this place, and it was very late before the troops were able to prepare their scanty supper. Many of the men dropped to the ground and slept where their commands halted, too weary to undertake to make preparations for supper. Marched twenty-five miles. July 27th moved a short distance, tents were pitched and regular camp duties resumed. Remained at this place resting from the fatigues and labors of the campaign until July 31st, when the reveille was sounded at half past three a. m. and orders to march were given at half past three a. m. Arrived at Kelly's Ford on the Rappahannock river at 7 p. m., a pontoon bridge was laid and a por- tion of the First Brigade of Geary's Second Division crossed to the south side, encountering the enemy's pickets and after some slight skirmi.shiug the enemy were driven ofl'. Very warm day. Marched eighteen miles. August 2d left Kelly's Ford at 4 p. m. and marched to near Ellis' Ford, where the regiment was posted on picket. Marched five miles. August 3d regiment relieved from picket and went into regular camp. Thus ended the marching and duties performed by the Twenty-eighth Penn- sylvania, in the campaign connected with the battle of Gettysburg, and the defeat of the rebel army of Northern Virginia, a fifty days' campaign, during which some four hundred miles were marched, and one of the bloodiest battles in the world's history fought by the bravest men on earth ; and we meet here over twenty-six years after, to commemorate the gallantry of the men who fought, bled and died on those memorable days of July, 1863, that the grandest government on the face of the globe might not perish, and we dedicate to their memory this monument, which we trust will mark this spot for all time. DEDICATION OF MONUMENT 29'^" REGIMENT INFANTRY Sf.i'TEMBER nth, 1889 ORATION OF liREVFT LIEUT.-COLONEL ROBERT P. DECHERT THE history of the world has not presented the story of a conflict greater in its results because of the interests involved than that of the battle of (Jettysburg. The forces engaged between the combatants wore nearly equal ; the Unionists while endeavoring to prevent the further advance of the enemy northward, threw themselves into a defensive position and com- pelled General Leo to attack them in their works. PHOTO. BY W. M. TIPTON, CtTTYiSUfiO. PSINT: THE F. GUTEKUNST CO., PHILA. Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 107 In the event of the success of the enemy in thut battle his passage to the Susquehanna, Baltimore and perhaps Philadeliihia would have been secured. Four years ago we had the honor to dedicate upon this field a monument prepared by the survivors of our regiment, which was intended to mark the place occupied by those in rear of the works first constructed. The generosity of the State of Pennsylvania has now enabled us to place an- other monument upon the line of works constructed on the night of July 1st and the morning of July 3d, and which were suV)sequently reoccupied on July 3d. We are assembled upon this daj' on the illustrious field of Gettysburg, to commemorate the achievements of the regiment of which you and many others were members, when they occupied this field and held it during the battle. Its surroundings as it appears to us now, with the over-hanging foliage and the peaceful appearance of this autumn day, would not suggest that twenty-six years ago there was fought upon this spot one of the most terrific battles of the present century. Arriving upon the field late on the first day of the encounter, your corps was placed in position on the right of the forces that had met the enemy at the Seminary, and had afterwards fallen back on Cemetery Ridge, and on the second day of the contest you were assigned to this position on Culp's Hill, which you rendered strong by your physical exertions and indomitable will. Had you been permitted to remain here, the result on this part of the field would not have been doubtful. The disaster to the left-center on the second day required your corps to practically vacate these works, and after you had moved to a position toward the left, you returned on the evening of the 2nd of July to find them within the control of the enemy. Had they known of your evacua- tion of these works on the second day of the battle they could have occupied them and then easily advanced to the Baltimore pike, which would have seriously endangered communications with the supply trains. After resting on your arms on the night of that day, there was required of you on the following morning the most heroic service. At dawn you commenced the assault, and, aided by an artillery fire which was perhaps the most determined of the war, you were enabled to recover the works you had relinquished, and to hold them until the darkness of night ended the contest and carnage of battle. There was then uncertainty as to the result — it was not known what fruit the morrow would bring forth, and Avith steadfast hope and resolve to resist all assaults of the enemy, the troops again rested upon their arms during that night. It was my privilege to participate in a reconnaissance early on the morning of the 4th of July under the command of General Ruger, which started from the right of Rock creek, passed in front of this position and marched beyond the town of Gettysburg, by which the commanding general was first officially in- formed that the enemy had abandoned the attack upon this historic ground. Gulp's Hill was one of the many of the memorable spots on the field of Gettys- burg. While Rothermel has selected another part of it from which to picture a combat of the two armies, he might easily have selected this place to illus- trate the desperate determination and bravery of the opposing forces. Upon this field your regiment lost heavily, many of your comrades gave up their lives to preserve their country's honor, whilst others have since suffered through honorable wounds received here in those dark and dismal hours. The Twenty-ninth regiment was early organized for the war, and was selected 198 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. by the Goverument as the fourth regiment from Pennsylvania lor the three years' service. Under an experienced commander, who has since gone to his final home laden with honor, it started for the seat of war. Little did you then think that a service of three years, " unless sooner discharged," would extend into one of four years or upwards, and would embrace so large a territory as you were called upon to traverse. The experience in tlie Shenandoah Valley of Virginia was a pleasant prelude to the active life that followed, though to many of you the recollection of Front Royal and Winchester remind you of the commencement of warlike experiences. Some of you well remember the conflict at Cedar Mountain, the fatiguing marches and meager rations which followed it, ending with the triumph at Antietam under General McClellan. Whilst others will better recall the asso- ciations of Martinsburg. Williamsport and Hagerstown, where a portion of the regiment performed duty during the same period ; and many will be reminded of the privations in prison life while iu the hands of the enemy. After Chancelloi-sville and Gettysburg the survivors of this regiment were transferred to the western army under -Grant, where j'ou met and repulsed the enemy at Wauhatchie and Ringgold. It Avas there that the charge of the troops under General Geary was made up the rocky and rugged sides of Lookout Mountain, driving the enemy before them and beyond its summit in confu- sion and dismay, until at last when the clouds and smoke of battle had been lifted away, there stood revealed to our gladdened hearts the nation's flag, floating grandly to the breeze upon the highest pinnacle of the mountain. The clouds which had enveloped the crest, had so competely obscured the summit from the view of the troops in the valley, that they could only trace the ascent by the firing of the musketry, the struggle appearing to be, as has been described, " a battle above the clouds." Thus commenced the memorable march on Atlanta, fruitful of good deeds and results. I cannot refrain from mentioning at this point, that when, in the early winter of 1863-64, the Government invited her soldiers to re-enlist for another term in her service, it was this regiment that achieved the honor of being the first in the entire army to offer its services as a veteran regiment. On the expiration of the furlough of thirty days, which was granted for the purpose of re-enlistment, the regiment returned to the same army, then com- manded by Sherman, and at Buzzard's Roost, Rocky Face Ridge, Tunnel Hill, Dalton and Re.saca, it performed an active part. It is needless to recall the crossing of Pumpkin Vine Creek, or New Hope Church, or Pine Hill, or Peach Tree Creek, or Gulp's [Kolb's] Farm, or Pine Knob, or the turning of the enemy's flank at Kenesaw, or the skilful mauceuvering and fighting in front of Atlanta. During this campaign the Twentieth Corps, under the leadership of Major-General Joe Hooker, well sustained the reputation its troops had gained in the Army of the Potomac. With an implicit faith in their commander, that army marched and toiled under Sherman, until every obstacle was overcome — Fort McAllister was captured and Savannah was occupied. A little later the campaign lluough tlie Carolinas was commenced and concluded with tlie battles of Averysljoro and Bentonville. The end of that campaign was reached at Raleigh. There you received the glad tidings that Richmond had fallen, and that the army of Lee had surrendered to Grant at Ajjpomattox. How much of that great result should be attributed to the bold and arduous campaigns of Sherman must be decided by posterity and history. Pennsylvania at Gettijsbuvij. 199 Shortly afterward you marched over the despoiled soil of Virginia to Wash- ington, where you participated in the grand reviews in May, 18G5, and you re- turned to your homes and again assumed your appropriate ])laces in the pur- suits of peace. There are familiar names closely associated with the history of this regiment : of Murphy who organized it, and who, after a lif«i of unusual usefulness, has been called to his liual abode : of Banks, who, having served in the halls of Congress, is still prominently in public life ; of Williams, who died while a member of Congress, a genial gentleman, who graced every position he filled, and served his country gallantly in two wars ; of the brave and impulsive Kane, -who died in our midst but a few years ago ; of Geary, who, having also served in two wars, occupied the highest civic station in our state ; of Ruger, now a general officer of the army ; of Hamilton, one of your early comman- ders ; of Manstield, who gallantly died at the head of his corps at Antietam ; of Greene, a distinguished soldier and citizen, who, at advanced years, still adorns the community in which he lives ; of Gordon, associated with your campaigns in the Shenandoah Valley ; of Cobham and Ireland, who fell in bat- tle in your midst ; of Barnum, an able and faithful officer ; of Mower, who commanded your corps and afterwards fell a victim to tropical disease ; of Hooker, a fighter, who led you in the Atlanta campaign ; of Slocum, the gal- lant commander of the Army of Georgia, who has since ably represented the country in Congress, and of Sherman, to whom the nation owes as much as to any other marshal for the successful results of the war. In the summer of 186."> General Lee planned an invasion into Pennsylvania with a view of forcing his advance to Harrisburg, and secure the supplies and wealth of the State. Immediately the hearts of our people were fired with resolute determination to resist the invader and drive him from our soil. The purpose of the enemy was bold, the immediate results of such an invasion were apparent. The army was then inspired with greater activity. There was as- signed to its command one of the ablest officers who had served with honor and distinction in many well-fought battles on the Peninsula — a Penusylvanian, thus further impressing the army with courage and confidence. The advanced force was commanded by General Reynolds, a Peunsylvanian, who fell gallantly leading his command on the first day of the battle. The center wing of the army, after the death of Reynolds, was commanded by another heroic son ot Pennsylvania whose memory is cherished by his countrymen, who died while senior major-general of the army — Hancock. The battle of Gettysburg stands out upon the pages of history as a lasting monument to the honor and memory of Major-General George G. Meade. The enemy was flushed with victory ; he had forced our army to retire from the assaults on Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville ; he had removed the seat of war to northern soil, as had been predicted ; his available force was as great as our own ; he well knew his ability to subsist upon the rich agricultural fields of the fertile valleys of Pennsylvania ; the tempting prizes of Harris- burg and Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington seemed to be almost within his grasp, and with desperation he hurled his solid phalanx against the lines at the cemetery, at Round Top, on the left center and on Culp's Hill, to be re- pulsed again and again l)y the unflinching men who heroicallj- held the works. History has recorded no struggle of greater magnitude and more honorable to the combatants than the battle of Gettysburg. The leaders of each of the 200 Pennsylvania at Getiijshurg. opposing forces know that the result would be a decisive point in the proj^fess of the war — a victory there would establish a supremacy that could not be overcome by any future successes of the vaiujuished, and each army was actu- ated by this impulse and fouyht with the determination of brave men. It was however decreed by the God of battles that your works at Gettysburg should not be wrested from you, and at the same time the glorious news was given to tlie country of the surrender of Pemberton at Vicksburg. You and your comrades performed your part in this struggle at Gulp's Hill. — throughout the contest you rendered conspicuous services, which should ever lie remembered by a grateful jjeople. Brave men fell upon this field, and their memories are sincerely revered by their surviving comrades. It is not our duty now to recall the animosities of the conflict. It resulted from causes whicii the present generation could not have influenced. The passions aroused by it have subsided; the combatants have long since "beat their swords into plow-shares, and their spears into pruning hooks." Peace has been restored to every portion of our country. We are cementing the better feelings of our intelligence and civilization, and earnestly repairing all the injuries resulting from civil war. Remembering the honorable lives of the soldiers who fell on this hallowed and historic ground, let me utter the sentiment of the immortal poet, Avho said — "Be just and fear not, Let all the ends thou aim'st at be thy country's. Thy God's and truth's ; then if thou fall'st, O. Cromwell, Thou fall'st a blessed martyr." The special purpose of our gathering on this day, is to mark on the pages of history, for the benefit ot ix)sterity, one of the particular places whicli the Twenty-ninth Itegiment occupied on Gulp's Hill, during the darkest periods of the progress of the battle of Gettysburg. Here, to-day, we come again to dedi- cate a monument in memory of our departed comrades, who sealed their devo- tion to the flag by yielding up their lives on this bloody field. May their memories ever remain avS enduring as the granite shaft now erected to mark the spot of their heroic deeds. ORATION OF COLONEL WILLIAM RICKARDS 1ADIES and gentlemen : — Gomrades, when I received the letter from the chairman of the committee, notifying me that I had been chosen to / make the oration at the dedication of the monument to the Twenty- ninth Regiment I'ennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, 1 confess 1 was some- what .staggered at the thought how I should proceed, and do credit to the occasion, to my comrades, and to myself. At the dedication of the tablet erected by the Survivors' Association of the Twenty-ninth Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, Jnly M, 1885, in the intro- ductory address which it was my province to make, I spoke of the circum- stances which led to the formation of this great American Nation; of the patriotic zeal and wisdom of its founders ; of the causes and sequences which made it necessary for the Twenty-ninth I'ennsylvania Volunteers with thousands of other brave comrades to be on this field twenty-two years before ; of our vic- tory over armed trcii-son and rebellion and of the public opinion which had de- cided to consider this the ty])ical battle of the war for the Union. That this Pennsylvania at Geityshurg. 201 latter view has become a national one is proven by the array of monuments placed to mark the position during the battle of the regiments engaged. States have vied with States and regimental organizations with each other in securing the aid of the artist to make more attractive the ground on which the advance of treason and rebellion was staggered and from which it was driven backward, beaten again and again, until its final overthrow at Appomattox. Under some circumstances the place where men have died is repulsive. But it is not with ns on the held where our comrades fell whilst making their breasts a barricade between our country and its foes. Whilst to individuals and families death is a separation of the tender ties of father, mother, wife, children, or friends ; yet collectively those who fell in our glorious and holy cause are not dead to us. The memory of good deeds should never die, and as we meet year after year to deck the graves of our comrades with the fairest flow'ers of spring it should be with the feeling that we are offering incense to the spirits that muster on the parade ground of heaven. And so when our posterity shall visit this ground which art has made so at. tractive, though drawn here by curiosity of admiration of the beautiful, the thought will turn back to that patriotism which offered life and sacrifice for the preservation of this glorious heritage of freedom, bequeathed us by the sires of the revolution. The elaborate artistic eflbrt to perpetuate the memory of this battle-field, I believe exceeds anything of the kind in the history of the world. But to com- pletely nationalize the field of Gettysburg and constitute it the Mecca of pa- triotic devotion to our Union, there should be erected on one of the many prominent positions a monument surmounted by a statue entitled " Memory." Surrounding the monument I would have representatives of the various arms of service. On the monument should be inscribed Memory protecting the re- cords of the defenders of the Union. Tablets appropriately arranged contain- ing a list of the various battles, with the regiments engaged, with the number from each State, would make a permanent record in which each soldier for the Union would feel himself and his posterity honored. Memory should have a shield on which I would have emblazoned the crowning principle of National Union. — " Loyalty." I have searched ancient and modern history in vain to find a prototype of the statue of memory. As this field is typical of the great struggle for the preservation of onr Union States so this monument would be typical of the national spirit of loyalty that inspired the thousands of brave men who rushed to the field resolved that our Union must and shall be preserved. I would not depreciate the courage of the men we met on this or other fields during the war. They started with many advantages in preparation for action not possessed by us. They were led by men whom the Government had educated in the art of war, many of whom were considered superior in military attainments. This with military spirit in tlicir rank and file gave them a prestige which seemed to place victory within their grasp ; but there was a principle involved in the struggle. It was to decide whether a government of the people, for the people, and by the people shall en- dure on the face of the earth. Despite the previous, preparation the military advantages, the chivalric prestige and courage, the truth of the old adage still remains, " he is doubly armed whose cause is just." And thus armed we were prepared to give our lives if need be to preserve to our posterity this great gift of our patriotic fathers. — " One country and one flag." 202 Pennsylvania at (Tettyshurg. Comrades, more tluin twenty- six years liave passed since the preservation of our Union math' it necessary for us as loyal citizens to meet on the field of Get- tysburg the insurrection forces that were moving for its destruction. It was believed the result on this field would be the turning-point of the war. Vic- tory on the side of the Union would send the rebellion on the downward track and show its sympathizers the folly of any further effort to advance the cause of secession, whilst defeat would give encouragement to the enemies of popu- lar government to still aid the destruction of the Union. This thought carries the mind back to the battle of Gettysburg as a mo- mentous occasion in the history of our country, and the field of Gettysburg a place of intense interest as the spot where rebellion was checked m its advance for conquest and again placed on the defensive. As representatives of the State of Pennsylvania we are here to-day to aid in perpetuating the memory of those hours of trial and danger devoted to the preservation of our National Govern- ment, and I wish that every soldier who served honorably in any Penn.sy)vania regiment could have had the same advantages offered him to visit this ground as those who fought here have. We are to-day. to receive from our great State the testimony of her appreciation of our services in the war for tlie Union and especially for our action in the battle of Gettysburg fought within her borders. But a few years more and the last comrade of the grand army for the Union will have been mustered out to join the immortals. It is the usual custom to erect monuments to the dead only. Here that custom has been deviated from ; and the living as well as the dead are honored and the evidence given that our services shall be preserved in the future. In this, comrades, it is commendable egotism in us to say we are receiving from the present generation no more than a just recognition of services rendered ; and are conferring a lasting benefit on our posterity by leaving them a united country, and the record of a heroism that was patriotic and a patriotism that was heroic. .SKETCH OF THE REGIMENT COMPILED BV THE COMMITTEE, THOS. DE MAISTRE, GEORGE A. BROWN, LOUIS R. FORTESCUE, THEO, 8. S. BAKER AND JOHN H. HUGHES In the month of May, 1861, John K. Murphy and a number of citizens met for the purpose of organizing a regiment lor the war, and after a few prelimi- nary meetings the following organization was effected: Colonel, John K. Murphy. Lieutenant Colonel, Charles Parham. Major, Michael Scott. Adjutant, William Letford, Jr. Regimental Quartermaster, Albert S. Ashmead. Surgeon, W. J. Duffee. Chaplain, IJeiijamin T. Sewell. Sergeant-Major, Robert P. Dechert. Quartermaster-Sergeant. Charles Mintzer. Commissary-Sergeant, Frederick Mintzer. Hospital Steward, Eli B. Garwood. Company A Captain, ; First Lieutenant, Louis R. Fortescue ; Second Lieutenant, G. Higgens, Jr. Company B — Captain, Davis M. Lane ; First Lieu- tenant, George B. Johnson ; Second Lieutenant, Joseph ISIaguigan. Company C — Captain, Jesse R. Millison ; First Lieutenant, W. F. Stine ; Second Lieu- tenant, J. Jacol)s. Company D — Captain, William ,\. Byrnes ; First Lieuten- ant, Edward E. Burr; Second Lieutenant, John H. Byrnes. Company E — Captain, fcjaiiuicl M. Zulick ; First Lieutenant, Thomas T. Seal : Second Lieu- Pennsylvania a1 (retf//shurg. 203 tenant, W. D. Rickford. Company F Captain, Louis C. Kinsler ; First Lieu- tenant, William A. Wood ; Second Lieutenant. Alexander Cook. Company G — Captain. William 1). Richardson ; First Lieutenant, James C. Linton ; Second Lieutenant, David Richardson, Jr. Company II — Captain, Frederick Zarracker ; First Lieutenant, John W. Williams ; Second Lieutenant, William I)ouj;hton. Company I — Captain, Vv'illiam Rickards, Jr. : First Lieutenant, Samuel C. Reeves ; Second Lieutenant, Theodore K. Vogel. Companj' K — Captain, James E. Wenrick ; First Lieutenant, William J. Augustine ; Second Lieutenant, Philip A. Yoorheves. These gentlemen were commi-ssioned on May 14th as ofKcers of the Jackson Regiment, and when, on June lOth, eight hundred names had been inscribed upon the rolls of the ditTerent companies, the Honorable Simon Cameron, Sec- retary of War, notified Major C. F. Ruli", of the United States Army, to mus- ter the men into the military service of the United States. The work of the mustering officer was delayed however, the first company not being mustered in until June 29th, and the last company on July 13th, 1861. The uniform adopted for the enlisted men consisted of cap, jacket and pants all of grey cloth. The similarity at that time of this uniform to that worn by the rebel troops being so marked it was deemed advisable to change the color and the regulation army blue was substituted some few months afterwards. On July 16th tlie regiment went into camp in Jones' Woods at Hestonville where it remained until August 3d, when it left for Sandy Hook, Maryland, opposite Harper's Ferry, and encamped in Pleasant Valley, Maryland, being attached to the Second Brigade of General Banks' Division, Department of the Shenandoah. During the autumn and winter months of 1861-2, the regiment did considerable marching from Pleasant Valley to Darnestown, thence to Ball's Bluff, Muddy Branch and Frederick, the latter place being reached on Decem- ber 25th, where it went into winter quarters at Camp Carmel. Remained until February 25th when it broke camp the next day, the 26th, and crossed the Po- tomac river at Harper's Ferry. Camped on Bolivar Heights, Virginia, over night, on March 12th, then marched to Winchester, where General Jackson's troops had been defeated. The enemy retreated up the Shenandoah Valley, the Union troops advancing to Edenburg, where the regiment lost two men killed. On April 17th advanced to Mount Jackson and made a detour to the right to flank Rude's Hill, on which General Jackson had taken position. Reached there too late on the morning of the 18th to catch Jackson napping. Forded the Shenandoah river, moved on to Harrisonburg, marched back to Strasburg and went into camp and erected fortifications. May 2.3d Companies B and G, which had been sent to Front Royal were attacked by a large force of Jackson's men and nearly all were captured. The Confederates' next move- ment was to cut our communication olf with Harper's Ferry. The regiment began to move at midnight and at 3 a. m., next day, 24th, reached Middle- town and turned to the right on a road leading to Front Royal, and after a march of three miles on this road the men of the company B were met who reported a large force of rebels coming. The regiment about faced and marched back to Middletown, thence to Winchester, where the Union troops (being fol. lowed by the Confederates) took position on the ridge. On the morning of the 25th (Sunday) the enemy advanced to turn our right, the Twenty-ninth Regiment being ordered to meet and check them. The enemy advanced in columns of regimental front, our destructive firing killing 204 Pmnsylvania at Gettysburg. aud wouiulin<;alM)ut tmo hiiiulred. The rcjiiment lost one hundred .and t-nenty- ei<^ht orticers and men taken jtrisoners, Colonel Murphy being among the number, the regiment being the last troops to leave the ridge. The army fell back to the I'otoniac river and crossed over to "NVilliamsport, the regiment un- der command of the major being detailed to do provost duty, three companies CJ, V. and F, with General Pope in his Virginia campaign and the rest of the companies at Hagerstown, Maryland. Between December 10th, 1862, and April 10th. 18()3, the regiment participated in all the campaigns of the Army of the Potomac, having joined the Third Brigade, First Division, Twelfth Corps, and being contined principally to the one camping ground in the vicinitj" of Staf- ford Court House. It was while at this camp, on the latter date, that President Lincoln, accompanied by General Joe Hooker and staflf, reviewed the troops, the Twenty-ninth Regiment being commended by the reviewing officers for its proficiency. On April 27th commenced the memorable Chancellorsville campaign in which this regiment suffered in the loss of officers and men. In the Gettysburg campaign the regiment broke camp at Aquia Creek, Vir- ginia, ,Iune i;>, 1863, crossed the Potomac river at Edwards' Ferry into Mary- land on the 26th of June, and marched within sight of the town of Gettysburg on July 1st, where they turned to the left of Baltimore pike and laid on their arms all night. Early on the morning of the 2d moved forward to Round Top and formed line of battle. There being heavy firing in front, at 11 a. m. moved forward one mile and crossed to right of Baltimore pike to Culp's Hill and formed a line on right of and at right angles with Third Brigade of our corps, the Twelfth, the men throwing up breastworks. At half past six p. m. the Twenty-ninth Regiment with the remainder of the brigade were taken out of their works for the purpose of reinforcing the left on Round Top. "While this movement was taking place a .solid shot from the enemy's battery struck Ser- geant-Major Charles Letford, who after a few hours of intense suffering expired. Between 9 and 10 o'clock p. m. the brigade received orders to return to their brea-stworks, but officers and men alike were surprised to find that the enemy had possession of the works. As we were about to enter the woods nearly opposite our front position the enemy opened fire, killing Lieutenant Harvey of Company K and three men, and wounding ten others. We returned to the pike and re-entered the woods by the lane at Spangler's house following the One hundred and ninth and One hundred and eleventh Penn.sylvania. The brigade halted at the left on the line of works, and on the right of General Greene's Third Brigade, the Twenty-ninth Pennsylvania being at the stone wall. By direction of General Kane, a detail of skirmishers under the command of Captain Geo. E. Johnson, Company B, Twenty-ninth Regiment, Avas ordered to ascertain, if possible, the position of the enemy. The captain was prompt in action and soon disappeared in the darkness in the encray,s lines, where, with five of the men, he was cap- tured. The captain made his escape near Crampton's Gap where he rejoined the regiment and reported that on the night in question the enemy la}- quiet until the detail were within their lines and were then ordered to surrender. The brigade then moved up between the breastworks and the stone wall, one- half of the Twenty-ninth liegiment remaining outside of the wall, the other in the field, halting alx)ut one hundred and fifty paces in front of the position now occupied by tablet No. 1, erected July, 1885. Pennsylvania at (iettyshurg. 205 All was quiet until about 2 a. m. the od, and although it was l)ut half moon the position occupied by the enemy was readily distinguished and their men seen moving about. They then commenced a ra^iid tiring which increased in tbrce until it extended across our front, our brigade returning the tire with such spirit that that of the enemy soon ceased. General Kane then ordered the brigade to move back to the ledge of rocks, where dispositions were made to resist the assault. The line was shortened to two regiments, the third in reserve, two regiments tilling the space from the works to the wall. As the day began to break the enemy opened from behind the rocks and trees and the tight became general. About 9 a. m. the Twenty-ninth, having exhausted their ammunition, were relieved by the One hundred and eleventh Pennsylvania, and were ordered back to the ammunition train to replenish, the men taking this time from eighty to one hundred rounds each. In abyut forty-tive minutes they returned and again relieved the One hundred and eleventh. About half-past ten o'clock, the enemy consisting of Steuart's Brigade of Bradley Johnson's Division of Ewell's Corps, advanced in battalion front to the charge, the Second Maryland Regi- ment in the lead. Their columns moved down on us between the breastworks and the stone wall. Our line to oppose them consisted of the Twenty-ninth Pennsylvania and the One hundred and ninth Pennsylvania, the latter on the right extending to the wall, their front partly protected by the ledge of rocks. The left of the Twenty-ninth Pennsylvania extended to the breastworks. Our men had been tiring at Avill all the morning and when the head of the enemy's column appeared in sight did not require orders to commence tiring. The enemy advanced steadily somewhat covered by the rocks and trees, until they arrived at one hundred paces from our line where the ground was more open. Noticing hy the falling leaves that our men were firing too high the colonel gave the command to shoot at their knees, the etfect of which was noticeable at once. The enemy came on steadily until within sixty paces when, our fire beginning to tell on them, they began to waver. At forty paces their confidence failed them. They had expected to break through our thin line with ease, Imt were demoralized by the undaunted bearing of the men of the Pennsylvania Brigade of the White Star Division. It was tbrtunate for the Union cause that Swell's Corps met with this repulse, for had they succeeded in breaking tlirough the lines of the Twenty-ninth and One hundred and ninth Regiments, the road would then have been opened to the center of our position involving the cap- ture of our ammunition trains and our hold upon Gulp's Hill and Cemetery Hill in the rear of our lines. They could then have taken Greene's line in the rear and have placed him between the two fires, forcing him to face the rear, when the attacking line in front would have assaulted and carried the works. Skirmish firing was kept up after this all day by the enemy on the hill above Spangler's Spring as well as in front of our works and of Greene's Brigade. The morning of the glorious Fourth of Juh' found the enemy in full retreat never again to return to this side of the Potomac river. During this a.s.sault and repulse of the enemy the Twenty-ninth Penn.sylvania Regiment lost seven- teen killed, forty-five wounded and six pri-soners ; that of Steuart's Rebel Bri- gade, led by the Second Maryland, fifty-two killed and one hundred and forty wounded. The pursuit of the enemy which commenced on July ,',th was con- tinued until August 3d, the troops undergoing long and fatiguing marches. On September 28th, the Twelfth Corps, to which the Twenty-ninth Regiment belonged, left Brandy Station to reinforce General Rosecrans' army in the south- 206 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. west, arriving at Nashville, Tennessee, at six p. m., ot October 5th, and on the 28th of same month engaged the enemy at Wauhatchie. November 24th the Twenty-ninth Regiment led the charge which ultimately captured Lookout Mountain, taking in that contest more prisoners than were men in their ranks. They were then moved over to Missionary Ridge, then to Ringgold, Georgia, and assisted in dislodging the rebels from Taylor's Ridge. While in camp at Lookout Valley, December 9, 1863, this regiment decided to ofi'cr their services to the government for the war, and upon the announce- ment being made to headquarters were sworn in and were the tirst to receive the distinguished title of Veteran Union Soldiers by re-enlistment. On December 12th, the veteran furlough of thirty days having been granted, the regiment took their departure for Philadelphia amid the cheers of the White Star Division drawn up by orders of General Geary to render the part- ing salute, and on December 22d they arrived at their destination, meeting with an enthusiastic reception. After recruiting its ranks the regiment again started for the front reaching Nashville on March 21, 1864. Taking part in the Georgia campaign they engaged the enemy on the 8th of May near Snake Gap ; again from the 12th to 15th of same month at Resaca, losing in killed and wounded eighty-two men. On Maj' 25th, moved against the rebels at New Hope church. Were engaged from June 13th to 15th at Pine Knob and in making the assault at this point lost their colonel by a serious wound through the left breast, several of our men being wounded. General Hooker's attention being called by a member of the Twenty-ninth Regiment to the enemy massing their forces in front of our First Division, the General, tak- ing in the situation, put spurs to his horse and galloped off to the right of the line and had the First Division placed in readiness for an attack. The attack was made and the enemy defeated with a loss of nearly two thousand men killed, wounded and prisoners. On the 16th the brigade moved to the right to Muddy Creek and threw up breastworks, the line of works being so close to the enemy's that our men were compelled to take turns in going to the rear of our works to cook coffee. In this movement Private Sellman of Company G was killed returning to the works. On the 17th the enemy fell back and our troops advanced four miles. The enemy taking up a strong position in a clump of woods, the Sixty-eighth New York Regiment and the Twenty-ninth Pennsylvania Regiment were de- tailed to support a battery that was ordered to open fire on the enemy three hundred yards in our front. On the 20th our corps advanced their lines. The enemy fired but were driven oft' the field, a large number of prisoners falling into our hands. In this encounter Colonel Cobham was killed, our brigade commander. On the 21st Captain Goldsmith was ordered to take command of the Twenty-ninth Regiment and on the 22d moved about one mile nearer to Kolb's Farm, thence to Kenesaw Mountain, driving in the enemy and building breastworks ; 24th, the members of the regiment who did not re-enlist held a meeting and appointed a committee to wait upon General Hooker, to know from him if their three-years' services were up and if they were to be mustered out of the service, the committee reported that General Hooker had promised that they would b(; on their way home by the first of the month (July). On the 2Hth our lines advance at (TeitTjshurg. Williamspori. A lull supply of shoes uiul stockings was distributed ihrougli the night. The next morning we commenced our march at six o'clock and soon after- wards heard heavy cannonading. Pas.sing near Keedysville and LaRoy, we struck Antietam creek passing h\ Delaraont Mills, where the enemy had been in tlie morning and sonui of their officers had ordered dinner which they kindly left for us to eat. Just l)eyond we halted and threw out cavalry and infantry skirmishers who occasionally exchanged shots with the enemy for several hours. On the morning of the 11th we moved forward cautiously to near the Sharps- burg and Hagerstown turnpike where we deployed in line of battle and rested until four in the afternoon, at which time the division moved forward in columns of companies with the regiments at deploying distance, with a heavy body of skirmishers in front and pioneers to tear down the fences. Having ad- Minced about two miles the division halted, and our regiment and five com- panies of the Fifth, under Lieutenant-Colonel Woodward, were sent out on picket. We found the Second Corps pickets engaged with the enemy on the pike for the possession of a piece of woods, and being in reserve to them did not make our connection with their line until after dark when we occupied the inner edge of the woods in dispute. The Second Corps fell back and changed their line twice through the night, and we had to alter ours to correspond. The next morning, Sundaj', we advanced our line, occupying the woods in dispute without much opposition, crossed the pike and posted our line on the elevated ground beyond, sending Companies C, Captain Byrnes, and H, Captain Mealey, to occupy a piece of heavy timber further in advance and in close proximity to the enemy's picket-pits. Soon after heavy artillery and musket firing was heard on our right, and about four o'clock orders were received to withdraw our line about half a mile to the left. Here we rejoined the division and soon afterwards were thrown out as skirmishers beyond the pike. Some sharp firing took place but without much result. The division moved back to their former position and at nine o'clock that night we were relieved and joined them. At a house behind the picket line we found our friends, the Johnnies, had again ordered for us a fine dinner which in our hunger we enjoyed very much, notwithstanding a ball occasionally whistled through the Avindows and one l)roke a jiitcher on the table. July the V.M\\ w^as a rainy and di.sagreeable day and we did not move until nearly three in the afternoon, when we marched to a line of rifle-pits that the di vision had thrown up, where we laid all night. That night orders were received to march early with the greatest secrecy, but we did not move until morning, when it was discovered the enemy had evacuated their position through the nighl . As we advanced we found three long lines of formidable rifle-pits which the enemy had abandoned leaving many tools behind. They also found a number of arms, and many prisoners were brought in. In this movement the '" Ihu:k- tails " were posted on the right and we on the left as flankers, and at ten o'clock we arrived within sight of Williamsport on the upper Potomac. At noon we recommenced our march and proceeded to Falling Waters, where we arrived too late to participate in the brush with the enemy. Here our cavalry under Kilpatrick overtook the rear guard and captured two guns, several flags and a number of prisoners ; Lee's army had crossed during the night. Tlic pursuit of Lee's army was not yet abandoned, but an attempt was made PemiKylvmuu (tf Gettysburg. 215 by General Meade to head it otl'tlirough some of the gaps in llie nionntaiiis to the east of the Shenandoah valley, up which Lee was marching. The next morning, the lilth, at four o'elock, we commenced our march, nearly retracing our steps, passing near Delamout and down the Hagerstown pike totheKecdys- ville road, and halted to make coflee about noon on the site of the " Smoketowu hospital. " Near by was the burial ground of the Union dead of Antietam, with a handsome wooden monument erected in tlie center by the convalescents. We easily recognized the point from which we turned into the fields to open the battle of Antietam on the afternoon of September 10, 1862. Moving on we crossed the Antietam, passed through Keedysville and over South Mountain by the .same road we came, and encamped near its eastern base. The day was verj^ warm and the march was over a rough and hilly country, in many places the roads very muddy, and the distance made being twenty-three miles, the men were much fatigued. We moved the next morning about five, skirting along the base of the moun- tains through Burkittsville and Petersville and halting about two miles from Berlin, encamped in a fine wood about eleven o'clock. The next day our wagons came up and the oflicers got a change of clothing, the first they had since leaving Fairfiix Station. It rained hard all night and through the day of the 17th until lour in the afternoon when we moved off and crossed the I'otomac on a pontoon bridge at Berlin, and trod once more the soil of Virginia. Moving on to Lovettsville, three miles beyond, we bivouacked near it, being the first infantry that crossed. The next day, the 18th, our regiment was detailed as corps wagon-train guard and reached Wheatland at three p. m. On the 19th we marched at six in the morning, and pa.ssing through Purcellville bivouacked in a woods at ten o'clock. We passed a number of prisoners belonging to White's Cavahy. Our move- ments now were rather cautious, as we had a large train and the enemy's cav- alry -were in the neighborhood. The next morning we sounded reveille at two o'clock, and moved almost over the same ground we did last year under McClellan, passing bj^ Philomont and our old camps near Uniontown, and encamped about noon on Goose creek. Our route laid through a finely-watered and picturesque country with fine farms and houses, but all the fences were gone and roads blotted out. The 21st was spent in camp, the boys occupying their time in writing home, bathing and wa.shing clothes. In a stone wall in the meadow in front of us, some copperhead snakes were discovered and soon nearly half of the division was at work with clubs hunting them, and in an incredibly short time the wall Avas leveled with the ground. At two o'clock the next afternoon we marched oft' over the fields and along by-roads to Rectortown and encamped near the Manassas Gap railroad in a heavy woods. On the 23d we formed a field hospital, and left our wounded and sick in charge of surgeons and guard, with provisions and medicines. Among those left was Sergeant-Major Hiram C. Hostetter, who died and was buried there. He was a good soldier and exemplary young man. The next day we marched early, keeping along the general course of the rail- road, passing through Markham, Petersville and Linden. About three o'clock we reached the eastern base of the Gap, and soon skirmishing commenced on Wapping Heights, which lasted until near dark, when the enemy were driven from the Gap. Soon after we moved on past Wapping. which consisted of a de- 216 Pennsylvania at Gettysbimj. I'uiK't tavcin, an empty store and soveral shanties, and encani]>ed about a half mile beyond. That day we marched twenty-live miles. Being in the presence of the enemy no "calls" were sounded. The next morning wo marched up the railroad and moving to the right, formed in col- umns of division and moved in by the right flank and advanced up the side of a steep mountain covered with a thick growth of timber and underbrush. So steep was it that the field officers were forced to dismount. Having reached its base on the opposite side, the ascent of a still steeper and higher mountain was commenced, which re(|uired great exertion to accomplish, and by the time the command had crossed the men were completely fagged out. The day was ex- cessively hot, several men were overcome by the heat, one broke his neck and another was accidentally shot through the head. A small force of the enemy could have held the mountains against us as the.y would have had every advan- tage. A line of skirmishers properly supported would have been more effective. Upon arriving at the western base, the men were collected and reformed in a little valley, and after an hour's rest were marched back and encamped, where fresh beef was served out. On the "ioth, we sounded reveille at three o'clock and retracing our steps lor some miles turned to the right following along the foot hills of the Blue Moun- tains, and haltingabuut three in the afternoon, bivouacked. The next morning at five o'clock we marched off in good spirits, passing a large number of prison- ers near Orleans whomi the boys hailed in friendly terms. At noon we halted in a clover field about two miles from Warrenton, having made thirteen miles with but one halt of fifteen minutes. We had been short of provisions for several days, and while we laid here Gen- eral Crawford Avas saluted by his hungry boys with the cry of '"crackers" as he passed by. This annoyed him and he rode over to General Meade and de- manded rations. "Why my dear General, " he replied, " you should not let that annoy you. One night at White Plains, where I marched the boys a couple of miles out of road, they actually called me a ' four-eyed old devil,' but ui>ou my soul I could not get mad at them." Towards dark we got into motion and marched six miles, passing to the west of Warrenton we bivouacked in a low open field, where we were annoyed for the first time dui-ing the war by mo.squitoes. The next morning we sounded no reveille, but woke the men up (!arly and marched towards Fayetteville, near Avhich we halted at eight in the morning for the day and night. On the 38th Ave moved about two miles to a new position where we laid until August 1st sjiending one day on picket. While here First-Lieutenant .John Taylor, com- manding Companj^ K, Avas appointed an aide-de-camp on Colonel McCandless" staff. Considerable cannonading was heard towaids Warrenton Springs, our cavalry skirmishing with the enemy. From there Ave moved to Kai)i)alianiiock Station where we lormed a regular encampment, and the (iettA'sburg campaign closed. For ten days jirior to this, we had been almost every night upon tlie inaicli not getting iar from our original starting point. The clink of tin (;ups on the bayonets and the rumbling of artillery and wagons Avas ccmtinually heard. At every stojjping place orders Avere issued to lay out our camps regularly, dig- sinks and build bough arbors over our tents. Orders Avere i.ssucd that the army AA'ould be, sui)])lied with knapsacks in Avhicli \\<' were expected to carry a large number ot' light rations and extra t.-miikN ni' minnnnition. Troops were con- 'VOTO. OY W. M. 'IP'-ON. GETTV5BUR0. PRINT : THE F. GUTEKUN3T CO., PHILA. Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 217 tinually arriving from a short distance up tlie railroad. Tliese movements im- pressed the enemy with the idea we were being heavily reinforced and intended moving towards Richmond, when in fact large numbers of troops were being secretly sent to certain points in the Northern States. DEDICATION OF MONUMENT 35™ REGIMENT INFANTRY (Si.vTii Reservks) September 2, 1890 ADDRESS OF HALSEY LATHROP (COMRADES of the Sixth Pennsylvania Reserves: — We have a.ssembled on this historic battle-field to dedicate this monument, erected by a grate- j ful Commonwealth, in commemoration of your services as defenders of your country, generally, but especially your services on the battle-field of Gettysburg. There are two matters of regret connected with the.se dedicatory services. Finst, that one better qualified has not been chosen as orator, and the second, that more of the survivors of the old regiment are not here to participate in these services. I am no orator ; I am but a plain, blunt man. I can onlj' speak right on. to tell you those things that you yourselves know — point to the record you have made, and let it speak for me. In considering what might be appropriate to say on this occasion, my mind went back to the 27th day of July, 1861, when the one thousand men and boys (for many of us were mere boys) stood up and subscribed to that oath which transformed them from State militia to volunteer soldiers of the United States army. The memories of the three years' campaign of that regiment came up, and in my mind I followed them, first, to Tennallytown where we built that magnificent fort and named it after our own State. It stands to-day a monument of your industry and skill. Then, just as we were congratulating ourselves on its completion, and contemplating the ease with which we could repel any force that might come against us, we were moved acro.ss the Potomac, where, at Langley's X Roads we established Camp Peirpoint, where we entered upon that system of drilling which would fit us for the arduous duties that awaited us. and from which we sallied forth on the various foraging expeditions, one of which occurred December 20, 1861. and resulted in the battle of Dranesville, where you, with the other regiments of the brigade, achieved the first victory for any part of the Army of the Potomac. Comrades, I will not take the time to particularize, as I mention your various movements — your minds will readily fill in the details. The memories of the knapsack and other drills you underwent, and especially of the battle of Dranes- ■^dlle, where you received your baptism of fire, no doubt clings to you with greater tenacity than even the mud of Peirpoint. You could not forget if you would, and I venture to say, would not if you could, the breaking up of Ciimp Peirpoint, March 10, 1862, and j'our march to Hunter's Mills and return to camp, near Alexandria, better known as Smoky Hollow ; then your advance 218 Pennsylvania at Get(//shunj. txjwanls Miinassas, aud how easily you took that stronghold of the enemy : then, after a lew days, your march down the railroad to Catlett's Station. Oh, how hot it wiLs! and how we did unload those terrible knapsacks. A few days later found us encamped on the banks of the Eappahannock. at Falmouth, where we vied with each other in fixing up the picturesque quarters •which we occupied during most of the month of May. On June 10, just three months after we l)roke camp at Peirpoint, we boarded transports for a voyage down the Rappahannock, up the York and Pamunkey rivers to White House Landing, where our regiment was left to guard the base of supplies for McClellan's army, which was engaged in the Peninsular cam- paign, which ended with the seven days' fight. About this time an eagle flew into a battery of Ignited States artillery and lit on the shoulders of Lieutenant William Sinclair, and then it was Colonel Sinclair, of the Sixth Pennsylvania Reserves, who. with his family, we are glad to see with us to-day. You, no doubt, remember the beef you confiscated while there, the fort you built and what you named it, aud how rapidly you evacuated your position at Tunstall's Station and marched to White House Landing, where we again took transports for an excursion down the Pamunkey aud York rivers, and where we met the Army of the Potomac returning from its unsuccessful attempt to take Richmond, who, when they knew that the Sixth Pennsylvania had arrived they "thanked God and took courage." Perhaps some of yon have forgotten the chickens, pigs, etc., captured when you would go on picket, on the south side of the river ; but you .should not be too severely censured, for the beef we drew was so tainted with garlic that we could not eat it. Mush and milk was not very plenty, and even if we got the latter, behold the garlic was there too. After laying there a little over a month, we descended the James, crossed the Chesapeake Bay, ascended the Potomac, landed at Aquia Creek Landing and took up our march for Fredericksburg, encamping near the spot where we had broken camp about three months before. But we did not long remain inactive. The situation of affairs demanded action. The rebel army was marching north- ward, .so the campaign commenced which resulted in what is sometimes called the disaster of second Bull Run. I need not stop to discuss this battle or its results, enough to know that the Sixth Pennsylvania Reserves faithfully aud gallantly discharged every duty that Avas imposed upon them, and if you did not come off from that ill-fated field with flying colors it was because the flag-staff" had been broken by a mis- sile from tlie enemy ; but " our flag was still there." A few days later found you at Arlington Heights, Avith terribly diminished ranks, but full of hope and determination for the future. The rebels, flushed with victory, still iiursued their northward way. Now came the march through Maryland and Virginia, passing through a country that had not been devastated by the ruthless hand of war. We found rails were plenty, chickens did not roost .so high as in Virginia, peaches, apples and other fruit were in a most de- sirable conditijon as to quality and quantity. Of course orders against foraging were very strict, and of course you strictly obeyed those orders (?). You no doubt remember the orders, to ouly take the top rail of the lence. This order you strictly complied with, though it often happened that so many had preceded you at the fence that the bottom rail was the top one. Sunday morning, September 14, 1862, found you encamped on the banks of the MoDOcacv, near Frederick Citv, Maryland, with orders to "move forward." Pennsylvania at Gettyshirfj. 219 You had taken a lelVeshing l)ath in the creek the niglit before, and some of you even went so far as to put on a clean shirt. But 1 will venture to say that a whole lot more of you failed to make this change, because of a lack of that very desirable article. You were thinking how perfectly lovely it would be to at- tend church in Frederick this beautiful Sabbath day, but, alas! you were under contract for the magnificent .sum of thirteen (h)llars a month to obey orders, though you perish in the attempt. The orders were," forward march!" and that order held good until the order to '" halt!"' was given. The order to " halt," was given by the enemy's guns on South Mountain, but, not recognizing their author- ity, you pushed forward, and ere that Sabl)atli sun had set behind the western hills your flag floated in triumph from the summit of Houtli Mountain, while the enemy, who had so .stubbornly resisted your ascent of the mountain, were very rapidly descending the oi^posite slope. But I must stop right here and go to the rear, for one of my legs went on a strike just as we reached the mountain top, hence your subsequent movements, until you arrived at Fredericksburg, are unknown to me from personal okservation. But I am assured that at An- tietam, three days later, you nobly played your part. Of your return march, through Virginia, I will not speak. At Fredericksburg you made a record that you can point to with pride, and had tlie adjoining division and those who should have suiiported you, properly seconded your efforts the history of Fred- ericivsburg would have read differently from what it does. History records how gallantly you charged across that open field, swept by the enemy's fire — took an advanced position and .stubbornly held it until all hopes of reinforcements had vanished, when, with ammunition nearly gone, you yielded to overwhelming numbers and sullenly retired to your original position. Again your humble servant was knocked out just as the long-lookod- Ibr reinforcements arrived, and so I must necessarily pass over your return to the vicinity of Washington where you remained until the second attempt of the rebels to invade the Northern States, which resulted in the battle of Gettys- burg. But I know you were rejoiced when you knew you received the order to march, when you knew you were to again join the Army of the Potomac in its attempt to repel the advancing hosts of Lee. Your next meeting of the enemy, in hostile array, was at New Hope Church, on the Mine Run campaign the latter part of November, 1863 (if we omit the little difficulty at Bri.stoe Station where, if memorj'^ serves me, we did not play an im- portant part), where your gallantry in deploying as .skirmishers, under a with- ering fire from the enemy, called forth, as it deserved, the compliments of the commander of the forces there, and excited the admiration of all who beheld it ; and in fact, boys, we felt a little proud of it ourselves. Our advance through that tangled second growth of pine and cedar, in the face of stubborn resistance from the enemy, you must remember well. That night, upon the skirmish line, in the immediate presence of the enemy, without an opportunity of making our usual cup of coffee, was one of the episodes of active campaigning. How cheerfully we yielded our position on the skirmish line in the morning, to our relief, and with what enthusiasm we engaged in the manufacture of a cup of coffee as .soon as opportunity presented itself. Then up and away for the main body of the Army of the Potomac, from which our brigade had been separated, for a short time, while on a scout with Gregg's division of cavalry. We found them on the banks of Mine Run, confronted by Lee's army, strongly fortified in a naturally strong position, and preparing for what bade fair to be the most 220 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. desperate battle of the war. The contemplated charge was not made and we returned to winter quarters, near Bristoe Station and Broad liim. Your record in tlie Wilderness in May, 1864, is one of " Picket line and battle fray. And weary marcbing night and day," gloriously winding up your three years' term of service. ^Nlay 30, 1864, at Bethesda Church, where you probably killed more rebels in one hour than you killed in any one battle in which you were engaged. May 30, you bade your comrades, who re-enlisted and who were to ( on- tinue in the service with the One hundred and ninety-first Pennsylvania Xol- luiteers, farewell, taking with you the glorious old flag that Governor Curtin had given you at Tennallytown in 1861, faded and battle-torn to be sure, but no stripes missing, and its stars all there. You returned it to Harrisburg where you can .see it to-day, a silent but eloquent testimonial of your service in the war for the preservation of the Union. Thus, comrades. I have briefly spoken of what is a tithe of your service in putting down the rebellion. I have not spoken of the terrible lo.sses you sus- tained in the battles I have mentioned. That is the sad side of the picture. Your heroic dead lie on every battle-field on which you were engaged. 8upix>se we could .see arrayed in line before us now, the old regiment of 1861, only with places vacant where would stand those who lost their lives in battle and died of disease during the war? What a spectacle it would present! Then let the survivors appear in their present condition — what a change ! Truly, we would say Avith the old song, " The boys in blue are growing gray. Thin grows our ranks and thinner ; We've faced Death's battle many a day. But Death to-day is winner."' And how many empty sleeves and missing legs? Those strong, athletic forms have become bowed by premature old age. The hardship of soldier life in camp, battle and prison pen, has done its work. . But we must not pau.se to contemplate, lest we be overcome with emotion. While we drop a tear to the memorv of the dead, let us dedicate this monument to the living. So remove the drapery and let there appear the record of your services and yonr losses. Yes, cut the strings so that all who behold may see what the Sixth renn.syl- vania Reserves suflered, that the "government of the people, by the people, and for the people, might not perish from the earth." ADDRESS OF COLONEL IL li. McKEAN COMRADES : You have met to-day on this heroic ))attle-field to perform a most interesting ceremony. The place where more than a quarter of a century ago the nio.st terrific battle was Ibught that has been recorded in history. Allow me to congratulate you, my comrades, that you were niemljers of that grand old regiment— the Si.xth Pennsylvania Reserves. Its officers and men were courageous in battle and courteous in civil life. Your timely arrival at Washington, D. C, with the other regiments of the Pennsyl- vania Reserves, immediately after the first battle of Bull Run, in 1861, saved the Capital. The Tliinl llrigade of the Pennsylvania Reserve Corps, consisting Pennsylvania af Gettyshurg. 221 of four regiments, was a grand body of men, coninianded by that grand soldier, General E. U. C. Ord, who was made the lirst major-general of the l)rigade. Commanders Generals George G. Meade, J. F. Keynolds and Ord, you know were in the tirst successful engagements of the Army of the Potomac. At Dranesville, Va., December 20, IHfJl, Captain Eiit, commander of a company in the Sixth Regiment, lired the tirst shot, his company acting as skirmishers. The Sixth made the first charge, then ordered by General Ord to charge the Confederate battery under the command of the " Little Adjutant." How well you obeyed the order, capturing the battery and several prisoners. Your loss was slight — two killed and a number wounded. Among the wounded were Captain Bradbury and Halsey Lathrop. That was your first baptism of fire. Comrades, the great State of Pennsylvania has erected tliis granite monument to perpetuate the heroism of the members of the Sixth Regiment on this field of battle. A grateful people remember your heroic deeds here on that hot day, July 2, 1863. You with the other regiments of the Penn.sylvania Reserves. Third Division, Fifth Corps, arriving in on the north side of yonder Little Round Top, charging the advancing Confederates and driving them back to the point where this monument stands. You held it as you always did, .saving Little Round Top from capture and the field. During the three years of ser- vice you were in all the principal engagements of the Army of the Potomac — the first in and the last out. Comrades, j-our military liistory is written in letters of gold .so higli on the tablet of fame that no one can erase it, and my congratulations shall be : Brave in battle, chivalrous in peace and heroic in every trait that develops true man- hood. ADDRES.S OF MAJOR W. H. H. GORE COMRADES : — The history' made by the Sixth Regiment you helped make, and are as familiar with it as I am. What I aaj here, or what we do here, will not alter the facts as they are handed down to future genera- tions by the historian. I propose, on account of time, to give but a brief history of the regiment : Organized as it was, from companies recruited from the three months' service, the companies were all recruited in the month of April, 1861, and consisted of two companies from Bradford, one each from Tioga, Susquehanna, Wayne, Columbia, Montour, Snyder, Dauphin and Franklin counties. Owing to the call being filled they remained in Camp Curtin until after the pas.sage of the act creating the Pennsylvania Reserves, when thej' Avere organized into the Sixth Regiment, with W. W. Ricketts, colonel ; W. M. Penrose, lieutenant- colonel ; H. .1. Madill, major ; H. B. ]\IcKeau, adjutant : R. H. McCoy, quarter- master ; Charles Bower, surgeon, and Z. Ring Jones, assistant surgeon. They were sent to Greencastle and placed in a camp of instruction under Major Harshberger as instructor. After the di.sastrous battle of Bull Run, a call was made on Governor Curtin for troops, and the Reserves were rushed to Washing- ton ; the Sixth was the first regiment to arrive and was mustered into the United States service July 27, 1861, and sent to Tennallytown, D. C. While in this camp over one-half of the regiment was stricken with typhoid fever, greatly retarding the efficiency of the regiment. While in this camp the Reserves were formed in three brigades, the Sixth with the Ninth, Tenth and Twelfth formed 222 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. the Third lirijiade. October 9, 18(jl, thedivihioii was moved a'ered by death, yet still in death unconquered, ForeA-er sacred be their memories, And imperishable, their heroic names. 224 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. History records no sacrifices more sublime than that i)f the dead of tlie vol- unteer armies of the United States, and this monument will bear perpetual testimony to tlieir devotion to a cause which they loved better than their lives. It stands not only for the dead, but the living as well, quickening their sense of duty, stimulating their patriotism, and making it impossible that the memory of such sacrifices should perish from the hearts of men. It will stand long after we have passed away, to speak with a persuasive voice to generations yet unborn, educating them in all that pertains to the safety, prosperity and perpetuity of our country, and inspiring them with an exalted patriotism, and an unflinching courage in the defense of her institutions. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania has acted wisely in providing for the erection of these monuments and setting apart this day for their dedication, and in calling together her sons to bear witness to the solemn and impressive services. Upon this loyal soil the defiant army of treason, under General Lee, was defeated. Around the l)ase of these Round Tops, and upon the slopes of Cemetery and Gulp's Hill, broke the topmost wave of the great Rebellion. The beginning of the end was Gettysburg, and from the 4th day of July, 1863, the friends of liberty were confident of triumphant victory. Eighteen States were represented in the Army of the Potomac upon this famous field, and most appropriately we fiud the Keystone State, in the person of her soldiers, everywhere present in the forefront of the battle, from its commencement to its close. During those three memorable days her voice was never silent, and through cannon, musket and sabre, she spoke in defense of human rights and constitutional law with a power and eloquence that time will only glorify. Behold her three score and ten regiments of infantry, in battle array, stretch- ing from right to center and from center to left. See those lines of blue, with banners unfurled, steady and undismayed, in the whirlwind of strife. Listen to the thunder of her cannon as they answer the brazeu mouth of treason. Hear the sharp clash of sabre as her squadrons ride down to death the ruthless in- vader. Well may our beloved State glory in the record made by her chival- rous sous, and perpetuate, not only in bronze and marble, but in the hearts of her children, their deeds of valor and. sacrifice. As we look around us to-day, we are conscious that one thing yet remains to be done by the State of Penn- sylvania — one duty is yet unperformed, and that is the erection upon this battle-field of a suitable nronument to our illustrious and distinguished com- mander. General George G. Meade, and until that is done, the anthems of praise that continually ascend from these hills will never reach their sweetest and most complete harmony. General Meade commanded the Army of the Poto- mac for almost two years, or about one-half the period of its entire exis- tence. He was a brave soldier and a true gentleman. His patriotism was of the highest and purest type, and he was trusted and beloved by the entire army. He gave to his country, in her hour of peril, his best services, with a willing heart, and with rare courage and patience did he bear the heavy resixtnsibilities that were placed upon him. On the soil of his native state he won undying fame, and upon this "field of monuments," made forever sacred by the blood of so many of his .soldiers, should he erected to his memory, a monument that would bind together, and be the Keystone of them all. And with the name of Meade must forever stand associated the name of that magnificent soldier and Pennsylvanian, General John F. lieynolds. who laid down his life, as a morn- ing sacrifice, at the very opening of the battle. These two names are insepar- Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 225 able and their fame is imperishable. Their tirst commands were composed ol a part of the Pennsylvania Reserves, and their military glory we claim as a part of our own i)ecnliar i^iheritance. Hut time will not permit me to speak of Geary on the right, of Hancock in the center, of Crawford on the left and of the host of brave men who filled the gaps between. As we withdraw our thoughts iVom the past and turn our faces toward tlic future we behold a pleasing i)rospect. We feel assured that in the providence of God this country is destined to occupy a preeminent place among the natioTis of the earth. This year marks the completion of our fii-st <;entury of constitu- tional liberty, and within no other period of the world's history has such pro- gress been made in all that pertains to the highest civilization of man. We are amazed when we contemplate the rapidity and solidity of the growth ot this republic. There is no halting in her onward march. Each generation pushes rapidly forward and takes a higher i)lace than the one occupied by its predecessor. Education has opened wide the door of hope and usefulne.ss to all cla.sses and conditions of men, and liberty has widened her domain, until, under the pro- tecting fold of the Stars and Stripes, representative:? of all nationalities, races and civilizations dwell together as free men, and you look in vain for -serf or slave. Behold this nation of American Freemen I No titled nobility, but in its place the true nobility of manhood and womanhood. For regal splendor and the moated castle is substituted the quiet home with its hearth-stone, and the virtues and sturdy patriotism of the common people. It is not ottr rulers that have made this country great — they are our servants — but the people themselves, who, each in his day and generation, well and faith- fully perfoims his allotted task. As we have been inspired by the example of our God-fearing, liberty-loving and self-sacrificing forefathers, and have been able in the hour of trial to stand the supreme test of loyalty to our country, so will the generations that follow us take new inspiration as they look upon this battle-field of monuments, and listen to the voice that comes in one mighty chorus from the countless graves of the loyal dead, imploring them to be true to the trust committed to their keeping. Tremendous was the price we paid for an unbroken Union, but it was worth all it cost, for who can foretell the position of power, honor and usefulness to which the nation may attain. Those who gave their lives that the country might live did so without a murmur or regret. Those of us who survive enjoy the consciousness of duty done. We are con- tent with the record as it stands, and have high hojie for the future. It will not be long until our work is ended and we shall finally be mustered out to join the mighty host that has preceded us. Soon we also shall sleep in the majesty of eternal repose, but we shall in our latest houi-s be sustained by an unfaltering trust in the stability of our institutions and in the continued pros- IK'rity and welfare of our beloved country. 15 226 Pennsylvanid uf (ti fft/s/mrg. ADDRESS OF ROBERT TAGGART, i:S(^). COMRADES: — The Legislature of our State, during the session ol' lHHan5' for duty. I see him to-day, as he had just re- turned from a visit to his liome, his trim form, handsome boyish face and bright new uniform, ready, willing and anxious to share witli his comrades whatever <)f danger there might be in the line of duty. Fredericksburg was his first and last battle. Those who took part in the charge on tlie left of our line that day, will remember with what reluctant regret we relinquished the advantage we had gained, because of the failure to send us the needed and promised suiiport. Many were the brave boys who fell with Jack.scm, our general and leader in that terrible charge and disastrous retreat — and among them young Westlake. Where his body was afterwards found, there were three or four of the company rifles which the boy soldier had gathered and endeavored to bring from the tield, showing that the pledge given to the citizens of Pittsburg who had presented tho.se rifles to tbe company, was, with him. no unmeaning obligation, but one in the fulfilment of which he ottered up his lil(,>. The night before that same battle, Lieutenant Long, whom you all lemember, sat beside the camp-fire with a friend and comrade, and talked of a i)remonition he had that he would fall in the approaching engagement. His comrade tried to lead his mind away from such forebodings, but he continued to talk of his approacliing death, as that comrade afterwards informed me, in a brave, calm manner ; and the last words he said that night were : ■' 1 teel sure this will be my last night with the boys of the company and regiment." He had given his watch, letters, and other tokens of value to the hospital steward, with instruc- tions to send them to his mother after the battle. He fell mortally wounded in the front of the fight and lived but a few hours. 1 had known Reuben Long from the time, when, as lads in our teens, we attended the same school, and as boy and man he was ever noble, true-hearted and brave. It matters not what you or I may think of premonitions such as .so impressed his mind that night before the battle. This we know. As he sat beside the cam]>-tire. and calmly, bravely, as his friend expressed it, talked of his approaching death, he felt within his soul that to-morrow's sun would light his j)athway to the tomb. Yet, when the mist was lifted from the field of Fredericksburg, and the battle line was formed on that December morning, he was present at the post of duty, nor faltered, though he heard his death knell in the command to charge across that fated field. It is easy to understand how, in the whirl of the battle's mad fury, one may encounter and desjiise danger, or even death with all its terrors. But in the stillness of the night, to calmly contemplate the giving up of home, and friends, and kindred, and life it.self with all its hopes and joys and aspiration.'^, and yet, in honor's name, resolve to make the sacrifice, is something that the truly brave of heart, and only they, can understand. In such heroic conduct in the very face of death, we have a clearer view of how a brave man may approach his grave " Like one wtio wraps the drapery of his couch About him, and lies down to pleasant dreams." In my own company there were three brothers — -sons of a widow — one of whom, the brave, cheerful, noble-hearted. William Mahaffev was aniotig the first to 232 Pennsylvania of (rettyaJmrg. lall in that learl'ul rliarge at Gaines Mill ; and to-day hi.s mouldering remains lie somewhere, in an unknown and unmarked grave, ou the Peninsula. At the battle of Bull Run that gallant soldier. Captain Shannon, received a leaden mes- .senger of death in his forehead. Lieutenant Kirkpatrick, ever foremost and fearless in the path of duty, was at lionie seriously wounded. The first lieu- tenant, complaining of .some bodily infirmity, I know not what, was at Wash- ington city pleading for a discharge from the service. Robert Mahafiey, one of the two remaining brothers of whom I have spoken, was first .sergeant and in command of the company. Though sufl'ering Ironi a severe wound in the arm, received from the flying fragment of a .shell, he refused to act on the advice of Dr. Phillips and go to the hospital for treatment. But, with his arm bound and carried in a sling, he led the company on that tiresome march through Mary- land, up the rugged steeps of South Mountain, and on to the battle-field of Antietam, where, with Snively, Swartzlander, Scott. Lemon, McLain, Vanlier, and other lirave boys like himself, who fell around the regimental colors, he poured out his life's blood in defen.se of the flag. Who that lay beside this stone wall when first erected will ever forget the piteous cries for water, that came as an aftermath of the charge in this swale, from the wounded Confederates Avho lay in our front. They were in armed re- bellion against the legally-constituted authorities of our government — sworn enemies of our country, bent on its destruction. But they were our brothers, and the ethics of our Christian civilization not only forbade that we should needlessly torture them, but demanded that we should use all reasonable measures to prevent their suftering, and there Avas common assent and appro- bation when Sergeant McMunu volunteered to carry to those wounded men the Avatfer for which they prayed. But, oh ! the cruel treacherous greeting with which that act of Christian charity was met, in the worse than rebel bullet that came crashing through his face as he bent to cool with water the burning lips of a Avounded helpless foe. It did not prove a fatal wound, but it would have been a blessing to our comrade had that bullet struck a vital spot, for who can measure the depth of pain and sorrow and mental anguish in which it ])lunged his after life, at last dethroning reason and ending in his self-destruction. I have spoken but of the dead, and not of the many Avounded living Avho l)ear in their liodies painful reminders of their deA'otion to (iountry and duty, and those of Avhom I havt^ .spoken were not ofiicers of e.xalted positions, command- ing divisions and army corps, l)ut all of them, at the time of their enlistment, numbered among the rank and file of the regiment. But I need not .say to you that there marched in the ranks of our volunteer soldiers many Avho, as to moral and intellectual force, social standing and all the elements of true no- bility of character, Aveie peers of any and niore than peers of many of those to whom they owed obedience in the line of dutj', and do you tell me that these men in the huml)ler stations Avho so faithfully and courageously performed the oV)ligations of their soldier life are deserving of honor or gratitude in le.ss degree than those Avho, by chance or favor, or even by virtue of their talents, were more e.xalted in j)osition 'i Though such a sentiment seems to accord Avith the spirit of the times 1 cannot V)elieve it. The general avIio rode at the head of the columns Avith groom and orderly to pildi his tent Avherein to .sleep at night did his duty no more and no less than the private soldier who, foot-.sore and Avcary, under the burden of his arms and accoutrements, marched through summer's heat or Aviiilcr'^ cold, content io bivouac under licavcn's blue Aault for a tent. Pennsylvania at Geffysburg. 233 with but a single l)Ianket as a martial chiak in sliit>l(l liiiii iVom tlie snows, lli<- rains and the cliilly airs of night. In a letter which tlic treasurer ot'our association received I'rom the late William Thaw of Pittsburg, and which accompanied a liberal contribution toward the erection of this monument, the spirit which animated the -boys of ISGl is re- ferred to, though briefly, in a manner alike eUuiuent with truth and creditable to the patriotism of that great and good man, ane sliall let your children know, sayinji. Israel came over this Jor- dan on dry land." "That all tlie people ot tlie earth might know the hand of the Lord, that it is mighty." Standing within the shadow of these hills which were silent witnesses of the contest waged here in the ever-to-be-remembered past, and in the presence of this monument which speaks of where we stood in that hour of trial and dan- ger, and seeing the scitlptured granite with which this tield is dotted, may we not imagine our children and our children's children in the years to come, ask- ing their lathers, as did the Israelitish children of old : "Whatmeanthe.se stones?" Truly may it be said to them that " the hand of the Lord is mighty '' and though they may not be told that their lathers " came over this on dry land," but rather on ground drenched with the blood of wounded and .slain comrades, yet may it be said they stood here devoted to the cause of human liberty and upholding the " Ark of our Covenant" of Perpetual Union ; and if ever the un- righteous hand of political ambition shall again remove that ark from oitr midst may worse than Assyrian calamities afflict the plunderers till our treasure be re.stored. If ever the genius of human liberty be driven from our shores, like Noah's dove may she tind no rest for the soles of her feet until she return and tind a glad people ready and willing to receive, to cherish and to love her. As testifying to the restoration of that Ark of our Covenant — to the re-en- thronement of that presiding genius of our nation, and to the heroic endeavors of those who, under God's favor — ^though it may have been in tears, in sorrow and blood, wrought out the triumph of a righteous cause, may this monument remain a memorial unto your children lorever. ADDRESS OF SERGEANT-MAJOR A. P. MORRISON TWENTY-SIXyearshaveswiftly roUedaway, old comrades of the " Ninth," since w(; stood here on this very spot in battle line, bearing our part in that momentous three-days' struggle between the armies of the North and South, which hi.story has already recognized and recorded as one of those great battles of the world, which change or fix and determine the destinies of nations, and the character of their civil institutions for all tinie. Here, on this bloody field of Getty.sburg, the surging tide of " Secession '' was stayed and turned l)ack, and the "'vinion " of these states was saved from im- pending dissolution, and for all time made sure and strong. Here tlie most costly sacrifice of patriot blood was jjoured out a willing offering liy the nation's sons, to the end tliat this great nation might live, and continue to live on and on, "to the last syllable of recorded time." Yes, comrades, the "Ninth" stood here then, in name and fame strong as in other days of Viattle, to meet the foe — Vjut in numbers how reduced. Where now — in this the v<'ry crisis of the great conflict — wheie no\\-, are those fen hun- Pennsiflvama at Gettysbuyij. 237 dred men and more, who two short yoais before had niarchcMl beneath the l)at- talion banner of the 'Xintli," with l)Ounding hearts and buoyant step, away from home and friends, and all the Joys of peaceful life, to battle for the right? Here, but a handful of those brave ones stood to meet the onset of the in>- petuous foe, whose feet had dared invade the borders of their native State. Where had the others gone? Let Dranesville tell ; let the gory fields of the seven- days' fight from Beaver Dam to Malvern Hill make truthful answers. Let the fierce fighting in the Pope campaign from Rappahannock's l)anks to Chantilly's woods be heard — letSouth Mountain and Antietam mournfully reply ; and Fred- ericksburg with solemn voice from hill and i)lain. report the numljer of the fallen there — let all the wearing marches and the exhausting toils of duty in the field, whether the summer sun was scorching, or the frosts and piercing winds of winter chilled the lonely picket's blood — let all that this imports of hardship and physical disability and sickness unto death, make up account for the absent ones on this great day. Ah, comrades, what a small space of ground among these grey and rugged loi-ksand boulders, could our good regiment cover and fight for and defend when the "battle was set in array," on that second and third day of July, 186:^. Its ten companies, all told, could only place about three hundred men in line. We believed in the inherent and ever-abiding justice of the cause for whi<;h we lought. We felt in our inmost being, then, as ever, that, " Right is right— since God is God, And right the day must win ; To doubt would be disloyalty. To falter, would be sin." And, notwithstanding its depleted ranks, the "Ninth" went forward iio its place in the line of battle, as steadily and firmly as if it had been itself a whole ai ray corps. In the Gettysburg campaign the glory of our regiment, and of the brigade as \\ell, consisted not so much in what might be called the actual clash of arms in conflict with the rebels, as in its always getting to the right place, however, perilous that place might be, at the right time — however long and exhausting the marches, the effort might require, and in its tenaciously holding the position to which it was assigned, against the very flower of the Confederate army. The march from the defenses of Washington, begun on the 25th of June, to the battle-field of Gettysburg, not far from Little Round Top — taking into con- sideration the frequent, almost incessant, rains, and the heav}' and slippery con- dition of the roads — was a very remarkable one indeed. It tested the vigor and endurance of the men to the utmost limit of their strength. If in the daj'time we moved slowly and with difficulty through lields and woods, guarding, it miglit be, long trains of ammunition and supplies or batteries of heavy guns, which occupied and oftentimes blocked up the soft and deeply-rutted roads, -when the sun went down we were pushed forward tar into the night to make up for our retarded progress in the day. To you, all soldiers of the "Ninth," I need not enter into details of that seven- days' march. Here, on this historic spot, where its goal was reached, it comes back to every mind, with all its incidents fresh and vividly as if a thing of yesterday. But you will bear with me while I read from the dim and faded pages of my own little pocket diary these few brief extracts of memoranda re- lating to that march ; 238 Pennsi/Jvauia at Gfitysburg. June 24tli. l>(j;>. Our legiiueut ■was lying (juictly at Vienna. On the evening ol" that day we got orders to rejoin our brigade at Upton's Hill some eight miles back. We marched about 9 o'clock and reached our destination a little after midnight. Thursday. .J\ine 35th. The ''Ninth" inarching with the brigatle at 1 o'clock p. ni., moved out in the direction ol' Vienna on the same road we of the "Ninth" had come in on the night l)etbre. and halted not far from where we had V)een encamijed. This marching up the liill simply to marcli down again did not seem exactly right to our boys. It meant for them si.xteen miles of un- necessary tramping through the rain. Friday, 26th. Reveille at 4 o'clock in the morning ; on the march at (i. Kaining hard all day ; roads very slippery and heavy. Made about sixteen miles and halted in the evening at Goose creek not very far from Edwards' Ferry. Saturday, 27th. Reveille at 4 o'clock ; to inarch at "). Crossed the Poto- mac at Edwards' Ferry on a i)ontoon bridge and foiind ourselves once more in Maryland, a part of Hooker's army. Day showery and roads muddy. Halted at night near the mouth of the Monocacy river having made at least fifteen miles. Sunday, 28th. Reveille at 3.30; on the march at 5; ci'ossed the Monocacy ; day cloudy with a little rain ; joined the Fifth Array Corps ; our '"Pennsyl- vania Reserves " having been assigned to that corps on the request of General Meade, its theii commander ; halted near Frederick after marching about twelve miles. Here we learned of the appointment of General Meade to the command of the "Army of the Potomac." Great news this for us of the Pennsylvania Reserve Corp.s. We were proud to know that one of our own generals, one for whom we felt that wc had won the "stars," should be placed in this very highest position in the army in the very crisis of the nation's fate. We had confidence in him for we knew him 1o be an energetic. l)rave, cool and determined leader. Monday. 29th. Reveille again at 4 a. in. ; the "Ninth" fell in about 8, but did not move forward until about 1, and then marched slowly all the afternoon ; the day was rainy and the road was filled up with wagon trains ; aV)Out 6 o'clock in the evening the road was cleared before us and we started off almost on a "double quick ;" crossed the Monocacy and turned dire(;tl} northward towards Pennsylvania, marching over very bad country roads • lialted about midnight, having made .some fifteen miles. Tuesday, June 30th. Reveille at 4 o'clock ; it rained on us very liard last night and this morning ; marched at 7 a. m. : found the road exceedingly heavy and slippery ; pas.sed through Liberty, Johnsville, Union Bridge, I'nioii, and halted near Union Mills, having made a big day's march, not le.ss than twenty miles ; the "Reserves" are all in high spirits about going into Penn- sylvania. Wednesday, July l.st. On the march by 0.30 this morning, moving lathei slowly all day ; cro.ssed the State line into old Pennsylvania about 4 p. m. amid glad cheering and loud hurrahs ; heard the dull boom of distant cannon from time to time, V)ut did not then know tliat the great battle was already on : about 0.30 o"clo(;k in the evening the division was massed, rations were issued and extra ammunition distributed to the men, and all signs indicated a coming fight ; there was not much rest in this short halt, and by 8 o'clock we were again on the move : marched on without sloi)ping until about 2 o'clock ol the Peiinsylvama at Gettysburg. 239 morning of tlip :2(1, lialtinji ;v1 last, al'ti r jnissinf; throujih Hanover, near Mc- Shen-ystown. Thursday, July 2d. Alteronly two hours re.st, reveille at 4 a. ni., and niarclied immediately without waiting even to make a cup ol collee. Pretty hard this, but the weary men now understanding that the emergency was pres- sing, and forgetting the want of much-needed sleep and food and rest, pu.shed forward cheerfully and eagerly towards what they knew must be a bloody battle. After marching about an hour we were halted long enough to make our coffee, and then once more moved rapidly forward until about 10 o'clock we reached Rock creek, some two miles southeast of the town of (lettysburg. Here we learned of the disixstrous fortunes of the preceding day to the Union forces, and worst news of all, the untimely death of one of our best loved generals, one whom the Pennsylvania Reserve Volunteer Corps was proud to have claimed as its own commander — the beau ideal soldier, the gallant General Reynolds. From 7 o'clock a. m., of July 1st to 11 o'clock on the 2d, twenty-eight hours, with only about three hours given to sleep and rest, our regiment had marched forty-two miles. Is it any wonder that when the halt was sounded the weary men threw themselves upon the ground, under that burning July sun and slept away the hours, while the battle was preparing? About 4 o'clock in the afternoon the tiery storm suddenly burst in fierce fury on Sickles' Third Corps. Immediately the Fifth under Sykes was hru'ried forward to the succor of the Third, then badly broken up and forced back in shat- tered fragments from its too-far-ad vauced position. It must have been about o o'clock when our division, the Third of Hykes' Corps, under the gallant Gen- eral Crawford, passed over the crest of the ridge out yonder to the right of Little Round Top, aud first came under fire. How vividly the fearful scene of that dread hour comes back to you old soldiers of the "Ninth,"' as you now look out over yonder quiet woods and peaceful fields. The sun, a dull, red ball of fire, was going down "wrapped in drifts ol lurid .smoke." The appalling roar of cannon ; the screaming shells exploding in mid-air ; the sharp rattling and con- tinuous crash of infantry firing ; the charging masses of the enemy ; the broken columns of our side slowly falling back, contesting every foot of ground, and yielding one' position only to make a more stubborn stand for another ; the whole atmosphere thick and heavy with the sulphurous smoke of battle. Yon field of ripened grain just ready for the harvest, "blasted below the dun hot breath of war ' ' Oh, comrades, it was not a cheering scene that then opened on our view. On the contrary, we might truly .say that at that moment "disaster stared us in the face." The two brigades of United States Infantry, the "Regulars." had just advanced across yon piece of level ground, while oui- two brigades of Penn- sylvania Reserves, by General Crawford's orders, were "massed in column l)y division," in the open space just north of this rocky spur of Round Top. Vincent, and O'Rorke, aud Hazlett, and Weed, with their gallant commands. had. but a few moments before Avrestcd this master-post of Little Round Top from the grasp of Hood. But, oh ! at what a cost ! Vincent and O'Rorke. Hazlett aud Weed, all lour, laj' dead upon this mount of glory. The question then was, could the survivors of the terrible struggle to secure this vantage ground, thus bereft of all their leaders, could they withstand an- other impending chai-ge of the now exulting rebels? The stake was great, too great to be left iu doubt. 240 Pennfif/lrania at Gettysbuty. Humphreys was "■ {liangiiig front to the rear,'" but to no f battle tliat then seemed sure to burst upon u^ ere the sun was high. And here we lay all that long summer day awaiting calmly, yea hoping, for P('inis///va)ii(( at Gettysburg. 241 the charginfi columns of the rel)el.s. But no attack in force was made on our position. Skirmish tiring in our front and tlie crack of the sharpshooters' rifh> were the only sounds of war tliat l)roke the stillness of these woods, until, sud- den Jis a flash of lightning in the sultry afternoon, these "rock ribb'd hills '" were made to shake and quiver by that terrific roar of three hundred cannon thundering from the opposing lines. Oh ! how great and grand it was, and yet how dreadful. These rocks and woods that seemed to promise refuge and safety became an added element of danger when the iron hail that filled tlie air cut off large limbs from these tall trees and hurled among us granite fragments when- ever a heavy round .shot struck and .shattered some protruding boulder. But with all that fearful .shelling the casualties in the Ninth were very few. The records show we had but two men killed and live men wounded in this great battle. But the wounding of one of our comrades, one who but lately, " after life's fitful fever," has gone to his long rest, was an incident of that day whicli may have special mention. Here it was, right here, that brave and generous Ser- geant McMunn of Company G, moved only by an impulse of pity for a suftering man, laying aside his gun and holding up his hand in token that he went only on a deed of peace and mercy, stepped out from the protection of our wall of stones, to carry to the parched lips of a sorely wounded foe, a cup of water. And while bending over the death -stricken body of the rebel soldier in this ministration of pity and compassion, a bullet from the rifle of some ruthless rebel sharpshooter hidden in the tree top crushed through his face. It was a most dastardly deed ! But sudden and sure vengeance followed on the instant, and the rebel miscreant fell pierced by more than one ball from the sergeant's comrades of Company G. The battle ended with the setting sun of that third day of mighty conflict and "slaughter, and victory at last rested with the side which was contending for the righteous cause of our national unity and the perpetuation of that bene- ficent system of government which had been handed down to us, a precious legacy, by the patriotic fathers, the wise and far-seeing statesmen and sao-es of the old revolutionary times. When the morning sunlight gilded these mountain heights and rugged rocks and spread in splendor over all these blood-stained plains and ridges on that 4th of July, 1863, the ever-joyous anniversary of our nation's natal day. the nation's existence which had been ruthlessly threatened and imperiled bv its Confederate enemies, was once more firmly established on its sure foundation, its underlying corner-stone, strong and enduring as this great rock of Round Top under whose shadow we now stand — that ever-living principle which aj)- peals to the common sense of the common people among all races and in all times — the principle, namely. " of government of the people, by the people, for the people." That, comrades, was the great stake for which we of the Union army battled here and on a hundred other glorious fields all over the I'nion's wide extended realm. And may I not now, after the lapse of these many years, adopt the l)eautiful language of Edward Everett, the venerable and eloquent orator on the occasion of the dedication, a quarter of a century ago, of yonder National Cemetery to the sacred dust of the martyr heroes who gave up their lives, ''that wheresoever throughout the civilized world the accounts of that great warfare are read, and 16 242 Pennsylvania at Gettyshurf/ down to the latest period of recorded time, in the ulorious annals of our common country, there will be no brighter page than that which relates The Battle of Gettysburg.''' DEDICATION OF MONUMENT . 39™ REGIMENT INFANTRY (Tenth Reserves) September 2, 1890 ADDRESS RY GEORGE W. McCRACKEN, ADJUTANT COMRADES and friends :— It is unnecessary for me to remark that the time, to which lam limited on thisoccasion, entirely precludes anything that could be fairly denominated history. The history of the Tenth Regi- ment would require a volume of several hundred pages. What I offer is a brief sketch of its organization, what might be called an itinerary of its campaigns, and a few .statistics. During the month of June, 1861, there assembled in the old "'Fai" Grounds," on Penn street, in Pittsburg (for the time-being called " Camp Wilkins") seven companies of young men, who had enrolled themselves, at as many different places, scattered over territory embraced in six of the counties of western Penn- svlvania. Three others of the same make-up had, at the same time, come to- gether at Camp Wright, at Hulton Station, about ten miles up the Allegheny river. On the 28th of June these companies were organized as a regiment of infantry. John S. McCalmont of Venango county, was colonel : James T. Kirk of Washington county, lieutenant-colonel, and Harrison Allen of Warren county, major. This organization was designated by the Governor of Penn.sylvania, " The Tenth Regiment of Infantry of the Pennsylvania Reserve Volunteer Corps. " The Pennsylvania Reserve Corps was a military organization then being formed in pursuance of an act of the general assembly, approved May 15, 1861, and designed primarily for the defense of the State, but subject at any time to be called into the service of the United States. To bring the regiment into one camp, the companies at Camp Wilkins. wliich were those known during their service as Companies A, B, C, D, G, I and K, marched on the afternoon of July 1. to Camp Wright. In Camp Wright, along with Colonel J. W. McLane's old Erie Regiment, and the Ninth and Eleventh regiments and Battery B. of the Pennsylvania Reserve Corps, the Tenth was exercised in drill and instructed in guard duty until the afternoon of July 18, when it marched aboard a train of twenty-one cars. and. after an all-night ride over the Penn.sylvania railroad to Huntingdon, and thence over the Huntingdon and Broad Top railroad, landed at Hopewell. Bedford county, Pa., next morning. In afternoon nuirched to Bloody Run, near Everett ; next evening marched back to Hopewell ; again took the cars ; about midnight were bountifully fed l)y the good ladies of Huntingdon, and shortly after daylight, July 21, 1861 (day of battle of Bull Run), landed in Harrisliurg. jnit up at Camp Curtin. That after- noon the regiment was mustered into the service of the United States for the term of three years, being the first of the Penn.sylvania Reserve Corps so mus- fHOTO. CY '.v. H. TIPTON. GETTVSCI PRINT: THE F. GUTEKUNST CO.. PHiLA. Pennsylvania at Gettt/tihurg. 243 teied. The mustering officer was lieutenant-colonel, afterward General T. AV. Sherman, United States Army. On the afternoon of 22d, again marclied aboard the cars, and next morning at an early hour arrived in Baltimore. INIarched across the city with muskets loaded, and camped for a night at Mount Clare. Late in the evening of .July 24, the regiment embarked on a train of box cars, and in the night arrived at the Baltimore and Ohio railroad station, in Washington. In and around the depot the men made themselves as comfortable as circumstances would allow until noon, then bivoucked lor two nights on the Capitol grounds (then enclosed by a high fence), near the northeast corner of the Capitol building, and then cami)ed a few days on the commons near Eastern Branch of Potomac. On the 5th of August, marched up Pennsylvania avenue and out through Georgetown to Tennallytown. The day was intensely hot, and probably more of the men suffered from exhaustion and the effects of heat on this short march (six or seven miles), than on any other day in tlie history of the regiment. At Camp Tenally the Tenth Regiment remained more than two months, occupied in drilling, guard and picket duties. Ijuildiug fortifica- tions, being reviewed, etc.; included in this time, one week. August 13-20, was employed as advanced guard at Great Falls. The marcli to that place was made in a terrible down-pour of rain, the old turnpike being flooded in many places, some of them several feet in depth. The entire Pennsylvania Reserve Corps was assembled at Tenallytowii, Gen- eral George A. McCall commanded the division, which was organized as three brigades, commanded respectively by Brigadier-Generals John F. Reynolds, George G. Meade and Colonel .Tohn S. McCalmont. Colonel IMcCalmont continued in command of Third Brigade which was constituted of the Sixth, Ninth, Tenth and Twelfth regiments, until November 20, 1861, when Brigadier-General E. (). C. Ord was assigned to its command. Of this brigade the Tenth Regiment con- tinued to be a part during its entire term of service. October 9, 1861, the Pennsylvania Reserves crossed the Potomac, at Chain Bridge, and first trod the soil of Virginia, few of the boys dreaming how much tbey were to come in contact with that sacred article during the three j-ears that were to follow. The division now encamped at Langleys, on the Old Georgetown and Leesburg pike, called their camp "Camp Pierpont,'" and oc- cupied it just five months, engaged in drill, guard and picket dnty, with occa- sional variety in the way of expeditious beyond the lines to obtain infornuition of the enemy or gather forage. Sometimes these encountered similiar parties of the enemy. Of these encounters the most important occurred at Dranesville. December 20, 1861. Ord's Brigade, that day, met a brigade of rebels com- manded by the famous cavalry leader, J. E. B. Stuart, and in the engagement which followed, the enemy, consisting of the First Kentucky, Sixth South Caro- lina, Tenth Alabama and Eleventh Virginia regiments, Avere very decidedly worsted. General Stuart reported his loss as forty-three killed, one hun- dred and forty -three wounded and eight mi.s.sing. The loss on our side was seven killed and sixty-one wounded. Of the Tenth Regiment only one platoon of Company B, and the Pioneersunder command of Captain Thomas IMcConnell were engaged, and they were so fortunate as to meet with no loss, though per- forming well a very important part, and occasioning great loss and demoraliza- tion to the enemy. This detachment was sent by Colonel McCalmont to ob- serve and if opportunity offered attack the right flank of the enemy. It suc- ceeded in getting possession of a washout or ravine in the thick ]nne woods, 244 Pennsylvania at Getty sburg. close u]) OH the flank ol' tlu' Kleventh Virginia and Tentli Alabama regiments. which were engaged with the Bucktails in their front, and at once opened a very destructive lire, which doubtless hastened the dei)arture of those regiments from that part of the Held. On the 10th of March. 18tJ:>, participating in the general advance of the Army of the Potomac, the division moved out to Hunter's Mills ; Centerville and the line of Bull liim having been abandoned by the rebels, the I'ennsylvania Re- serves w^erc ordered to Alexandria, and marched to reach that destination by a circuitous route, over fi^elds of mud, during a day of constant snow and rain. This march was always remembered as one of the times of unmitigated discom- fort and exposure, in the experience of the regiment. The division halted near Fairfax Seminary, being assigned to the First Army Corps, of which Major-Geu- eral Irviu McDowell was commander, and remained near Alexandria while tlie other corps were embarking for the Peninsula. The First Army Corps was originally composed of the divisions commanded by Generals Franklin, McCall and King. Franklin's Division was sent to Yorktown in April and became the First Division, Sixth Army Corps. April 10, the Third Brigade Pennsyl- vania Eeserves, marched by way of Fairfax Court House and Center\ille, cross- ing Bull Run at Blackburn's Ford, and arrived at Manassas on the 11th. The Tenth Regiment was assigned quarters in a rebel camp about a mile south- east of jNIanassas Station, but in a few days marched to Catlett's, where it en- dured nearly three weeks of extremely disagreeable weather, and on May 4. to Falmouth via Hartwood Church. Though out of .season, some bee products and some turkeys were contiscated on this march, even the dignified colonel ol the Tenth Regiment being said to have been implicated in the turkey business. After a few days near Falmouth, the Tenth Regiment moved to the vicinity of Potomac Creelc and fitted up a camp in very tine style, the other regiments of the brigade doing likewise Heavy details were here employed in cutting and hauling timber, building bridges and repairing the railroad from Aquia Creek Landing on the Potomac to Fredericksburg and beyond. These, with drill, guard and picket, kept the men very fully employed. Here the brigade lost the leadership of treneral Ord, who was promoted to be a major-general and assigned to the command of a new division attached to the First Army Corps. Brigadier-General Truman Seymour was assigned to command the bri- gade, a change of commanders that was never appreciated by the command. The Tenth Regiment aLso lost its honored chief Colonel McCalmont's per- sonal affairs rendered it imperative that he should resign, and, much to the re- 'net of both officers and men, he was mustered out of the service. Lieutenant- Colonel Kirk became colonel, and Captain A. .T. Warner of Company G was promoted to lieutenant-colonel. June 13, the Tenth Regiment embarked on the Rappahannock river above Port Royal, on the steamer Thomas Jefferson and the schooner T. Raymond which Avas towed by the steamer. There was considerable novelty in the trip. (Kcupyingmostof twodaj's, down the Rappahannock, both steamer and .schooner often finding the bottom of the river. On the morning of the Ujth, the Tenth landed at White House, on the Pamunkey, and marched out the railroad, pass- ing Tuustall's Station, just mi.ssing J. E. B. Stuart's cavalry in its famous raid around the Army of the Potomac. The Third Brigade was here temporarily re- duced to three regiments, the Sixth Regiment being detached to guard the railroad. .hiin- IH, the division marched from Dispaich Station up the north Pemisijicania af Getlyshnnj. ' 245 side of the Chickahominy, and passing Porter's Provisional Fifth Army Corps, at Gaines' Mill, took post as the advance of the right wing of the army, on Beaver Dam run, about a half mile east of the village of Mechanicsville, which village (entirelj^ deserted by its inhabitants) was occupied by our pickets as their reserve post, and is only five miles from Richmond. The intrenchments and camps of the rebels were in plain view across the Chickahominy. Some small earthworks were thrown up by the Third llrigade along the east bank of the Beaver dam. and the timber bordering tliat .stream mostly cut down, the enemy meanwhile keeping us .stirred up by an occasional shot or shell, which they could throw from their works Ijeyond the Cliickahominy entiiely over our camps. In the afternoon of June 26, the rebel divisions ol' 1). 11. Hill and A. P. Hill, having cro.ssed the -Chickahomiuy above and at Mechanicsville, capturing mo.st of the pickets, appeared on the high ground west of the Beaver dam, and so(jn advanced furiously to attack our position. Our line was held by the First Brigade, General John F. Reynolds, on the right, on its left two companies, A and B of the Tenth, then the Twelfth Regiment completing the line to the Chickahominy flats, on our left. The other companies of the Tenth and Ninth regiments were in reserve, and the Second Brigade, General George G. Meade, held the line of the Chickahominy to left and rear. Archer's and Field's brig- ades of A. P. Hill's Division, attempted to carry the right of the line, and Rip- ley's and brigades of D. H. Jlill's, were hurled against our left. At every point they were most severe!}' repulsed, the First North Carolina and Forty-fourth Georgia regiments of Ripley's Brigade meeting with losses exceeded in very few in.stances during the war. Official report gives loss of Forty -fourth Georgia as three hundred and tweuty-tive killed and wounded in this engagement. The whole rebel loss wasoiie thousand three hundred and sixty- five killed and wounded, and that of tlie Peunsylvania Reserves, the only troops engaged on the Union side, was two hundred and lifty-six killed and wounded, and one hundred and five missing, the missing including the captured pickets. Next morning the division marched back about four miles, and rested behind the lines of Morell's Division at Gaines' Mill. The rebels, reinforced by Long- street's Division and the three divisions under Jackson, followed the movement closely, and in the afternoon assailed JNIorell's and Sykes' positions in heavy force, bringing on one of the most stubbornly contested battles of the war. The regiments of the Thud Brigade were sent into action separately, as their pres- ence seemed to be needed to support the hard-pressed front line. The Tenth, going to the assistance of Griflin's Brigade, took a gallant part in repulsing re- peated assaults of Pender's, Gregg's and Anderson's brigades of A. P. IlilPs Division, holding its ground until late in the evening, when, with ammunition exhausted and ranks sadly thinned, the whole line was forced to give way, be- fore the overwhelming onslaught made upon it by Longstreet's, Jackson's and Whiting's divisions. The loss suftered by the Tenth Regiment at Gaines' Mill was numerically the greatest it ever sustained, although the percentage of loss out of number engaged was much greater at Mana.s.sas, and also at Fredericks- burg, and was the heaviestof any regiment in the division except the Eleventh — being forty killed and one hundred severely wounded During the night of tlic 27th Porter's command cro.ssed the Chickahominy to Trent's Hill, where we remained during the following day. On the 29th, marched, passing Savage'.s Station and White Oak swamp, to Charles (.'ity Cross Roads, called also (ilcndale. 246 Pennsylvania at Gettjishurg. where, on the oUlh, the Tenth Regiment was again engaged with tlie enemy, pel lormed with entire success the difficult manoeuvre of making a left half wheel, under a heavy fire of artillery, and in the presence of an attacking column of infantry, and immediately charging, completeh' broke up the Seventeenth Vir- ginia Regiment of Kemper's Brigade, capturing nearly half its numl^er, and itself sufil'ring very slight loss in doing so. But. a little later, h\ somebody'.s blundcror want ofjudgment, it was placed in an exposed and untenable position, where it sulfered severe loss. Its loss this day was twenty-four killed and forty severely wounded. July 1, the division enjoj-ed the position of lookers-on at the battle of Malvern Hill, and at night led the army in its march to Harrison's Landing, on the James river. Here it rested, suffering from the heat of the weather and the badness of the water — all who were there doubtless remember vividly the pork-barrel wells that were dug, also the shelling by the "rebs" from the south side of the James, on the night of July 31. After the latter oc- currence the Third' Brigade was sent across the river, and spent a pleasant week 'at Coggin's Point, the old Edmund Ruffin x)lantation. On the withdrawal of the Army of the Potomac from Harrison's Landing we embarked on a steamer, two regiments, Tenth and Seventh on one boat, landed at Aquia Creek August 19, and were at once transported by rail to Freder- icksburg. Late in the evening of the 21st the division, now commanded by General John F. Reynolds, started out upon what tried to the utmost its powers of endurance — the march to Warrenton, to join the army of General Pope. We rested at Warrenton until afternoon of August 27, 1862, Avhen departure was taken in haste by the old turnpike toward Bull Run and Centerville, the division again forming ^mrt of the First Army Corps — commanded by INIajor-lieneral McDowell. We came in contact with the enemy on the morning of the 28th near Gainesville and again in the afternoon, and in the night made a long cir- cuitous march nearly to Manassas and back nearly to the Henry House on the old battle-field of Bull Run. On the 29th the Third Brigade especially was used as a detachment to feel for the enemy's position in front of the left of Pope's army and open communica- tion with Fitz John Porter's command should it advance upon the enemy. On the afternoon the Third Brigade with General G. K. Warren's Brigade of the Fifth Corps and McLean's Brigade of Sigel's Corps were the only infantry left on the south side of the pike, and bore the brunt of the overwhelming charge of Longstreet's whole corps. The loss sufiered here by these brigades testify to the fact that they did all that men could do to hold their groiuid. The Tenth lost in this battle twenty-two killed or mortally wounded and about forty others wounded. The last day of the month was spent at Centerville, the division i)icketing along Cub run at night. September 1, we reached Chan- tilly late in the evening, and in an outpour of rain halted in support of Kear- ny's Division, in the engagement in which that dashing leader lost his life. Next day marched from Fairfax Court House to Arlington, where we rested until the night of the (Jth during whicli we marched again, cro.ssing Long Bridge, and through the city of Washington to Leesboro, Md. After here receiving some much-needed supplies, our march was continued nortlnvard, and on the evening of the 13th we bivouacked at the cro.ssing of tlie ^Slonocacy by the Frederick pike. Next day pushed forward through Frederick and ISIiddletown, and in the afternoon took an active part in di.slodging the enemj' from his formidable position on South Mountain. At the foot of the mountain the division filed Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 247 off to tlie right about a mile, and fliar<;ing up tlic face of the ridge quickly dis- h)dged tlie enemy, completely dispersing Kodes' Alabama Brigade. Loss in regiment, seven killed and thirteen wounded. Next morning followed the re- treating rebels to the Autietam just beyond Keedysville. After waiting until the evening of the 16th, the First Corps, which since leaving Washington had been commanded by General Joseph Plooker, moved up the creek a short distance, crossed by a stone bridge, ])ushed on to the Ilagers- towu and Sharpsburg pike, and Meade's Division being in advance, we got sharply into action with the enemy just before dark, and the opposing lines of battle passed the night only a lew yards apart. The attack by Hooker's Corps was resumed at dawn on the 17th, King's Division going to the front, immedi- ately followed by the Third Brigade of Meade's, and at once began the bloodiest forenoon's work of the war. Fortunately for the Tenth Regiment, the confi- dence of the corps commander either in its reliability or in the skill of its lieu- tenant-colonel, in a situation that might require the exercise of those qualities in an unusual degree, was here the occasion of our escaping the very fiercest of the conflict. Just as it was entering the i'amous cornfield, Colonel Warner was ordered by an aide of General Hooker to move his regiment hj the right flank across the turnpike, go as far to the right and front as pos.sible, and watch the movements of the enemy. This duty it performed, itself suffering but little, except the very serious wounding of its gallant commander. The regiment encamped near Sharpsburg until the 26th of October, on which da- it marched to the summit of South Mountain at Crampton's Gap, a day and night of experience with mud and rain and fierce searching wind on the dreary mountain top. We crossed the Potomac again into Virginia, at Berlin, October 30, marched across Loudoun county by way of Lovettsville, Philomont, Union and Middleburg to White Plains and Warreutou, and, sheep and hogs beino- numerous and in prime condition, we fared as well as at any time during the service. The First Corps moved from Fayetteville near Warrenton, November 17. and next evening camped at Stafford Court House, soon moving again to Brooke's Station, and after some two weeks of extremely cold weather for so early in the season spent there, moved on the 6th of December to White Oak Church, from whence, at 2 o'clock on the morning of the 11th, we started for the Rappahannock, the Tenth being detailed to guard the laying of pontoon bridges at Franklin's Crossing, about two miles below Fredericksburg. The enemy's pickets were quickly driven from the opposite bank and two bridges soon com- pleted. The Sixth Corps cio.ssing on them during the afternoon, and the First Corps on the 12th ; the latter corps moved down the river to Bernard's planta- tion, where it bivouacked. Nothing was visible on the morning of the 13th but a most remarkably dense fog. The division however moved out across the Bowling Green road finding there the skirmishers of the enemy. The lines of the First Corps, which was now commanded by General John F. Reynolds, were soon formed, the Finst Division on the left faced nearly east, the Third Di- A'ision (Pennsylvania Reserves), General George G. Meade commanding, on its right fronting nearly to the south at almost a right angle with the First, faced the enemy's batteries and lines of infantry on the wooded hills beyond the railroad, the Second Division on its right extending in the same direction, and the Sixth Corps prolonged the line still farther to the right. The assault on the enemy's position was made by the Third Division, now consisting of the thirteen old regiments of Pennsylvania Reserves and two new regiments, the 248 Pennsylvania at Geftys/nc/y. One liimdred and iwenty-tiist and One hundred anil lorty -second reginients Ptunsylvania Voluuleers, incorporated respectively in the First and iSecond Brigades. The First Brigade was deployed on the right, the Third ou the left and the Second massed in rear of the center. The Tenth Regiment formed the e.xtreme left of the line. It had only eight companies in line, Company B having l)eeu sent out as skirmishers down the Bowling (ireen road, where the cavalry skirmishers of the enemy had become troul)lesom(', and Company I) being provost guard of division. About 2 o"(;lock they moved forward as steadily and in as (complete order as though its ranks were not being plowed by shot and shell from the enemy's batteries. The distance to be traversed was about a half mile over a treeless ])laiu. which was found to be crossed by fences bordered with briars, and a wide ditch about five feet deep with nearly perpendicular sides, and water and ice at the bottom, but these obstacles scarcely occasioned a break in the line as it swept on toward the enemy. After crossing the railroad the Tenth Regiment found itself exposed to u heavy cross-fire from the left as well as the fire in its front. In tact the left of our line had struck near the center of Archer's Brigade, and the right of that command overlapped our left, thus compelling the left of the Tenth to fall back to the railroad, which it held, engaging the enemy, and keep- ing silent a section of artillery ix)sted about two hundred yards to its left and front. The riglit of the Third Brigade dislodged the Nineteenth Georgia Regi- ment forming the left of Archer's Brigade, almost annihilating it, and capturing its colors, and swinging forward to the left, widened the interval between it and the left of the First Brigade. This interval was at once occupied by the Second Brigade, which, pushing directly forward, badly worsted the famed South Caro- hna Brigade of General Maxcy Gregg, and causing the death of General Gregg. The ground thus wrested from the enemy the division held for about two hours, repulsing all attempts of the enemy to retake it, until, after nearly half its num- bers were killed or wounded and its ammunition entirely expended, it retired over the same ground it had made its advance, bringing back every one of its colors, and also several others taken from the enemy. The division entered the engagement with less than four thousand five luindred men and lost therein over two thousand killed, wounded and missing. The Tenth Regiment, out of about two hundred and fifty engaged, lost eleven killed, eighty-one wounded and forty-sevenmissing,as reported immediatelj'^ alter the battle ; of the wounded, twelve died of their wounds. Althougli the Tenth did not penetrate the enemy's line as for as .some of the other regiments, it held most determinedly a position that was all important to the .safety of the whole division, and it was only by the greatest possible effort that the unemployed enemy on its left were held back from closing the gap in the rear of those who had advanced into the woods. Asa military movement, for dash and gallanfry in making the advance, for steadiness and determination in holding a position gained within the lines of an enemy much superior in numbers to the attacking force, and especially lor the adhesiveness shown in retiring without a.ssistance, and without loss of or- ganization, from so exposed a situation, this charge of .Meade's Division cer- tainly compares creditably with anything recorded in history. The division crosse«l back to the north side of the river on the night of ihe l.'ith of December, and after a few days moving about .settled down in a camp among the sand hills near Belle Plain Landing, where it remained, with the f.\(<)ition iif Wwc.c (lays loUowing .January '215. IHfi!!. diiriiiir which it particii)ated l^ennsylvania at Geityshurtj. 249 in tlic no way pleasant experience of " Burnside's Sturk in tl\e Mud," nntil February 9, wheu it embarked on tlic Potomac, and next day landed at Alex- andria, marched to Minor's Hill, and was employed in picketing in front of the fortifications of Washington, nntil April 20, when the Third Brigade moved into Washington, occnpied barracks on East Capitol street, and np to the 1st of June was engaged in various duties pertaining to tlie .Military District of Wash- ington. June 1, 1863, the Third Brigade marched to Upton's Hill, and thence, on the 25th, along vvith First Brigade (the Second being left at Alexandria), set out to join the Army of the Potomac, coming up with iton the 28th at Ballinger's creek near Frederick, Md. The two brigades now iKcanie the Third Division, Fifth Army Corps, and so remained until expiration in/. nnlortnnately l)cing Colouel Aver, aud liom tliis time Adjutant G. W. McCraeken was virtually toiiiniander of the regiment. Alter dark moved at double-quick down the Gerinania road to support Sixth Corps, whidi had been attacked and Seymour's and Shaler's brigades captured, but returned later in the morning, crossed Wilderness run and lay quiet until night. Then the Fil'th Corps pulled out, crossed the old Plank road, passing along the lines of the Second Corps lying in their entrenchnicnts along the Brock roud. passed the cavalry just at daylight at Todd's Tavern, and then commenced push- ing back the enemy's cavalry, and clearing the road of obstructions, which con- tinued until we crossed the Ny river and found ourselves in the presence of and sharply engaged with I^ngstreet's Corjjs in front of Spotsylvania Court House. That evening, May 8, the Third Division, supported by the First, charged upon the enemy. "We advanced through thick woods until dark, got into the enemy's line, engaged in numerous hand-to-hand encounters, and lost a good many men reported missing, most of whom doubtless were killed, as they were never heard from afterward. Those who were captured w ere very fortunate in being recaptured next day by the cavalry at Beaver Dam Station. The Tenth was engaged with the enemy every day and almost every night for a week, on this northwest side of Spotsylvania Court House ; then during the rainy and ex- ceedingly dark night of the 14th of May, moved around to the east and put in another week, but without being quite so constantly engaged. Loss in all these actions, twenty-live killed and sixty wounded. Pulling out to Guiney's Sta- tion on the 20th, we took the Richmond road, crossed the North Anna river at .Jericho Mills on the •23d, and had a brisk tight, losing two killed. Next after- noon the division pushed down between the river and enemy and covered the crossing of the Ninth Corps. Next morning pushed forward still farther down the river, and during 25th and 26th confronted enemy's w(»rks — at a distance of two hundred to three hundred yards. During night of 26th withdrew to north side of North Anna, and started down the river, crossed the Pamunkey at Hanover Ferry, and on the 29th pushed out to Totopotomoy creek where the Tenth skirmi.shed with the enemy, being on picket line that night. Next forenoon were relieved by Ninth Corps, and, crossing the creek, we joined the division near the Mechanicsville road. Skirmishing was going on. and as soon as we came up we were ordered to the skirmish line to take the place of the Fifth Regiment which, armed with smooth-bore muskets, was unable to drive the enemy's skirmishers. The Tenth at once deployed and moved forward to the skirmish line where we found the Bucktails deployed to our right. The whole line was ordered forward, and forward it went driving before it a heavy line of rebel skirmishers, and followed by the division in line s the smallest of any three-years' regiment in the entire army. In the Union Army according to statistics compiled 254 Pennsylcania at (Teityshurg. by the AVar Department, the aggregate uumber ol' men enrolled was two million seven hundred and seventy-eight thousand three himdrcd ami three, and the aggregate number of deaths from all causes, three liuudred and titty-nine tlioiis- and live hundred and twenty-eight ; nearly thirteen per cent, of total enrolment. Pennsylvania furnished three hundred and thirty-seven tlioti.sand nine hundred and thirty-si.K men, of whom there died from all cau.ses, thirty-three thousand one hundred and eighty-three ; le.ss than ten ])er cent. The killed or mortally wounded of the entire army numbered one hundred and ten thousand and seventy ; not quite four per cent. Pennsylvania troops lost in killed or mortally wounded, fifteen thousand two hundred and sixty-five ; nearly four and a half l)er cent. Died of disease, entire army, two hundred and twenty-four thousand eight hundred and eighty-six, a little le.ss than eight per cent., ot Pennsylvania soldiers, there died of disease, fifteen thousand nine hundred and one ; about four and three-fourths per cent. Thus we see that while the loss of Pennsylvania .soldiers by the missiles of the enemy w'as heavier in proportion to numliers than that of the whole army, their losses from disease were only about half the average. And in the case of the Pennsylvania Reserves this diiference is still more marked. The loss in killed and mortally wounded in the thirteen infantry regiments of Pennsylvania Reserves was one thousand five hundred and ninety-three, a little more than ten per cent of the whole enrolment of the division ; while those who died of disease, including the unfortunates starved in Ander.sonville and other prison pens of the South, numbered seven hundred and fifty, or le.ss than fi\e per cent.— just reversing the common statement that in armies two men die of disease for every one killed in battle. But the experience of the Tenth Regiment was the most marked of all in this respect ; the losses of the Tenth Regiment Pennsylvania Reserves in the twenty-two engagements in which it participated. were one hundred and sixty killed or mortallj^ wounded out of the aggregate enrolment of one thousand one hundred and sixty, nearly fourteen per cent., while the deaths from disease, including those in southern prison pens, were only thirty-one ; being le.ss than two and three-fourths per cent, of the enrolment — or le.ss than one-fifth as many died of disease as were killed in battle. DEDICATION OF MONUMENT 40™ REGIMENT INFANTRY ( Eleve.n'th RE-SERVES ) ADDRESS BY BREVET BRIGADIER-GENERAL .S. M. JACKSON THE battle of Chancellorsville had been Ibught and lost, and the Army of the Potomac, battered and broken, but not conquered, recrossed the Rappahannock and took up its old position on Stafford Heights, in the rear of Falmouth. The .southern press and people clamored for northern invasion, and even the rank and file of the Army of Northern Virginia joined in this general outcry. This, together with the overflowing granaries and store-houses of Maryland and southern Pennsylvania, doubtle.ss induced General Lee to undertake the camjiaign whie-h proved so fatal to the Confederate cause. Pauisi/lrania at Geft)jsJ)nr(j. 255 Longstreet with his thirty thousand veterans was ordered nji from North Caro- lina, and by the stimulus of invasion, coiuiuest and i»luuder, the thinned ranks of the Confederate army were retilled, and General Ia^o with his boasted hundred thousand invineibles started on the memorable Gettysburg campaign. He moved up the south bank of the I\ai)pahannock river, whilst General Hooker, at the head of the Army of the Potomac, moved in a parallel line up the north bank, like two sparring pugilists, each watching for a favorable opportunity to strike the other. This sparring continued until Lee struck the foot hills of the Blue Ridge Mountains, through which he passed and placed this natural ])arrier between him and his foe. He then proceeded north along the western .slope of the Blue Kidge, while Hooker moved leisurely along the eastern slope, keeping between the Confederate army and the city of Wa.shington. Lee with his army crossed the Potomac river near WilliamsiJort, Md., while Hooker crossed about twenty- tive miles further south, at Edwards Ferry. On reaching Maryland, the South ^lountain range completely separated the two contending armies, and by guard- ingthe few passes through this range, the movements of the one army was thor- oughly hidden from the other. Hooker concentrated the Army of the Potomac in the valley of the Monocacy, a few miles south of the city of Frederick. The Pennsylvania Reserve Division having been recalled from the Army of the Potomac early in 1863 to the de- fenses of Washington, was located at difiterent points within the Washington department, except the Second Brigade which had been ordered to W^est Virginia. The Eleventh Regiment, which I had the honor to command, was stationed at V'ienna, Va., a small village some twenty-five miles south of Washington on the Leesburg and Alexandria railroad. Brigadier-General S. W. Crawford, a Pennsylvanian, but an old army veteran, had just been assigned to the command of the divi.sion. and under his order we broke camp on June 25, 1863, and started to join the Army of the Potomac. We moved by way of Dranesville. Va. , crossed the Potomac at Edwards r^erry and reached the camps of the army on the evening of June 26, the same day that General Hooker had been relieved, and General George G. Meade had been designated by the President as Commander of the Army of the Potomac. Meade's appointment to this important command was received with much mistrust by many of the old officers and men of the army, as he was a com- parative stranger to most of them, but well known to every officer and man in the Pennsylvania Reserves, having entered the service in 1861 as commander of the Second Brigade, and remaining with us as brigade and division com- mander through the Peninsular, Second Bull Run, South Mountain, Antietam and Fredericksburg cami)aigns. True he had been in command of the Fifth Army Corps a short time, ])ut had gained no particular notoriety in this position. The announcement of his ap- pointment was made just as we reached the outer camps of the army and our men .shouted themselves hoarse over the welcome news. Doubtless this demonstration on our part had something to do with the marching of our division through the camps of the army that evening, and I am satisfied that it created a feeling of confidence among the officers and men of the army, in the ability of the new commander. After reaching our camp that evening, a number of the officers rode over to 256 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. arniv headquarters to j)ay our respects to our old commander, and to congratu- late him on his distinguished promotion. We found him in close conference witli Generals Reynolds, Hancock, Sedg- wick and others. He seemed delighted in welcoming us back to the army. Thanked us for our congiatulations, but said that he did not know whether he was a subject of congratulation or commiseration. He appeared anxions and showed that he fully realized the responsibility of his position. He said how- ever that he had all confidence in the bravery of the officers and men of the arn)v and felt assured that we would achieve a glorious victory in the coming conflict. That, doubtless, was a sleepless night to the new commander, for before the sun rosetlie ne.x.t morning the order directing the movements which culminat<»d in the battle of Gettysburg had been prepared and sent out to all the subordi- nate commanders. Our division was designated as the Third Division of the Fifth Army Corps, then under command of Major-Geneial George Sykes. The orders directed the movements of the army from Frederick City in three columns. The left column under General Reynolds, consisting of the First, Third and Eleventh corps, was to move by way of Emmitsburg direct to Gettysburg. The center column, consisting of the Second, Fifth and Twelfth corps, was to move in the direction of Hanover, Pa., and under the eye and immediate direction of the command- ing general. The right column, consisting of the Sixth Corps under General John Sedgwick, was to move in the direction of Westminster, Md. Just before crossing the State line, which we did near Uniontown, Md., the commanding general issued a general order directing corps, division, brigade and regimental commanders, to address their troops on the importance of every man perform- ing his whole duty in the coming conflict, that an expectant nation was looking to the Army of the Potomac to drive the ruthless invaders from the free soil of Pennsylvania, and keep the scene of war away from northern homes. On the receipt of this order General Crawford called together his brigade and regimental commanders, and here, for the first time, I made the acquaintance of the lately appointed regimental commanders of the division. The brigade commanders were William McCaudless of the Second Regiment and Joseph W. Fisher of the Fifth, both of whom have gained some civil no- toriety since the war, both having served as State Senatoi-s. McCandless as Secretary of Internal Affairs of Pennsylvania and Fisher as Cliief-Justice of the Territory of Wyoming. The regimental commanders were as follows : First Regiment, Colonel W. Cooper Talley ; Second Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel P. McDonougli ; Fifth Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel George Dare, afterwards killed in the battle of the Wilderness ; Sixth Regiment, Colonel A. J. Warner; Eleventh Regiment, commanded by myself; Twelfth Regiment, Colonel M. D. Hardin, now on the retired list of the regular army as brigadier-general ; Thirteenth, or Bucktails, Colonel Charles F. Taylor (brother of the renowned Bayard Taylor), wlio was killed three days later leading his regiment in the memorable charge from Little Round Top. General Crawford read to us this late order of the commanding general and urged upon us the necessity of arousing our men to a full sense of their duty, to exert their every effort in the protection of their homes and firesides, since thev w, we left our camp about 5 o'clock and moved rapidly in the direction of Hanover which point we reached about 5 p. m. During the afternoon we heard heavy firing toward our left and thereby knew that General Reynolds had struck the enemy. Just belbre reaching Hanover we passed over the ground wiiere Kilpatrick had defeated the Confederate cav- alry the day before. The field showed all the marks of a well-contested battle, being strewn over with dead horses, broken caissons and sabers, and the accom- panying debris of a battle-field. On reaching Hanover town the head of the column turned square to the left and moved forward rapidly in the direction of Gettysburg. We all knew from this that the concentration of the army was to take place on General Rey- nolds' column, which we supposed at this time was in the neighborhood of Gettysburg. Darkness came on, yet no signs of a halt appeared, on the con- trary, the word passed back along the line "keep well closed up and press forward . ' ' The men became tired, footsore and cross ; midnight passed, 1 o'clock passed, but they longed in vain for the order to halt. Manj' an exhausted soldier dropped out of the ranks, still the order "press forward." Finally after passing the village of McSherrystown, Pa., the head of the column turned into a meadow on our right and the wear}' men were directed to lay down and rest. Poor fellows, they had hardly touched the ground till they were fast asleep, the last sleep on earth for many of them. We were called up just as the sun began to crimson the eastern sky and moved out in the direction of Gettysburg with the same old order, "press for- ward." As the head of my regiment filed out on the road. General Crawford who had just mounted his horse, called me to him and informed me that Gen- eral Reynolds had been killed in an engagement near Gettysburg the evening before. He told me not to let the men know it, saying it was a hard blow on the arm J' and country just at this particular crisis. After marching a few miles we were halted and the men were allowed to make coffee. We were then moved forward to the rear and east of Big Round Top where we were halted and ammunition issued to the men. The undisturbed quietness in our front was iiainful, for we all well knew that the giants were .stripping for the contest, and that the movements for positions were now going on. About 4 o'clock in the afternoon a single gun was fired in the direction of and beyond Big Round Top ; this was followed by the sharp rattle of musketry and the heavy booming of artillery. Very soon aides and orderlies began to gallop in all directions. One soon found his way to division headquarters when General Crawford and his staff quickly mounted and the order was passed along to fall in. We moved in the rear and east of the Round Tops, filed to the left and crossed the ridge between Little Round Top and the Cemetery. We were then moved to the left and took position on the western slope of Little Round Toj), massed m a battalion front with the Third Brigade leading. This formation placed my regiment in the rear of the brigade. We remained in this position but a short time when the firing became very heavy on our left and in the di- 17 258 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. rection of Big Round Toi), when a stali" officer rode up and directed Colonel Fisher to move his brigade iu that direction and aid Colonel Vincent's Brigade in holding that important position. In obedience to this order the brigade commenced filing out from the head of the column, first the Twelfth Regiment. next the Fifth, and then the Tenth which unmasked the right of my regiment, Wliile these movements were going on the battle in our front became terrific and verj' soon we could see that our troops were being driven back. At this moment, and just as I was about to move oft' to the left with my regiment, Major Speer of the division staff", rode up and said, '"Colonel Jackson, General Crawford directs that you remain in position and hold this hill at all hazards." In obedience to this order I faced my regiment to the front and moved forward to the position just vacated by the Twelfth Regiment, and ordered the meu to lie down and withhold their fire until I would give the command. This very trying order was most heroically obeyed as we were wholly exposed to the galling fire of the enemy from the direction of Devil's Den, and quite a number of my officers and men were here killed and wounded. Our position gave us a com- plete view of much of the day's battle-field, including the wheat-field and part of the peach orchard beyond, together with the woods on the right and left of the wheat-field and the greater portion of Devil's Den, that stronghold so tena- ciously held by the foe. A discouraging, yet sublime view it was about 6 o'clock, that hot July after- noon. The enemy forcing back foot by foot the struggling heroes of the Third Corps and the First Division of the Fifth Corps, down through the wheat-field and the woods on the right and left of the wheat-field, while the artillery to our right and left were playing upon them Avith shot and shell. Still on they came, a seeming irresistible mass of living gray. The First Ohio Battery, com- manded by a German captain, had gone into action on my left-front, and when it seemed that nothing could stop the onward progress of the enemy, this gallant officer became very much exercised over the safety of his guns and loudly an- nounced that he would be compelled to limber to the rear to save his pieces from capture. I told him to double-shot his guns, hold his position, and we would see to their safety. The boys along the line of tlie regiment hearing this colloquy between the German captain and myself, holloed out, "Stand by your guns, Dutchy, and we will stand by you." This seemed to put new confidence in the captain, who returned to his guns and served them most heroically, inflicting irightlul ex- ecution upon the foe, as he poured the shot and shell into their very laces. All this time my regiment remained quiet and motionless save in carrying back our killed and wounded. The men hugged the ground closely, which, by the help of a scrubby growth of pine which stood along the western slope of the hill, screened them pretty elfectually from the enemy's view. The smoke by this time had literally filled the valley in our front, and it was almost impossible to even see the troops. It was a trying moment. We could with difficulty see a column commencing to ascend the slope, but could not tell whether it was our troops retreating, or the enemy advancing. Finally two men came up the hill and as they approached us, I inquired if the front was clear of our meu. They replied, '• Yes ; those fellows (pointing to the line moving up the hill a few rods in our front) are Johnnies." T immediately gave the command to fire, which was obeyed with alacrity, and we jjoured a terrible volley into the very faces of the enemv. This evidently was a surprise, tor they faltered in the onward march Pe7i)t sylvan id at (Tf'ffyshiir(j. 259 and began tocollect in groups. Their galling lire, howt-xcr. was kv\){ up (in our line, particularly from Devil's Den, and 1 soon realized the fact that the only way to hold the hill, was to charge forward. Therefore, I gave the command to &x bayonets and charge. This order was obeyed with a will and, with that familiar yell peculiar to the Pennsylvania Reserves, we rushed upon the foe with a determination to either drive the invaders back or .sacrifice ourselves ou our native soil. Our fondest hopes were realized. The tide Mas turned, the enemy broke and fell back in much disorder. As we neared the swamp or run, about midway ljet\\ een Little Hound Top and the wheat-field, I noticed troops deploying to my right and left and observ- ing the well known Bucktails rushing up in line with us on our left, I was as- .sured that the regiments of the First Brigade which had been laying in rear of us on Little Round Top, had joined us in the charge. On nearing the wheat- field fence, General Craw ford rode up to the rear of my line with hat in hand and complimented the regiment in the most extravagant terms, saying, "" Colonel Jackson, you have saved the day, your regiment is Avorth its weight in gold ; its weight in gold, sir.'' He directed me to establish my line at the edge of the wheat-field and have temporary Avorks thrown up at once. In locating my line, I discovered that the Bucktails and First regiments were on my left, and the Second and Sixth on my right. This formation placed my regiment in the center of the First Brigade, which position we occupied during the remaining days of the battle. Just as darkness was closing around us, an officer rode up in rear of my line and asked " what command is this." On telling him that it was the Pennsyl- vania Reserves, he replied that Pennsylvania would suj^port us, that he Avas Colonel Collier of the One hirndrcd and thirty-ninth Pennsylvania, and that liis regiment was directly in our rear and would gladly take our place if needed. On looking back I beheld the mountain side and away toward Cemetery Ridy General Sykes. The Eleventh Regiment was at Uniontowu, Md., on the morning of July 1, 1863. Lieutenant-Colonel D. S. Porter, by command of Colonel S. M. Jackson, colonel commanding regiment, moved out of bivouac at 5 o'clock a. m., with a portion of our regiment (Companies "A," "'B," and I think other companies but cannot remember number) as a guard for wagon-trains, etc. This detail marched with the train until toward sunset, when the news was received that the advance of our army was engaged with the enemy at Gettysburg, Peimsyl- vania, and we were ordered to rejoin our commands. The trains were ordered to Westminister. We rejoined our regiment and marched steadily until 10 or 11 o'clock in the night, when all were tired, sleepy, cross, and inquiries were made with all the emphasis tired, hungry and sleepy soldiers could, '"When will the officers halt," etc. — cheering was heard on the road upon which we were marching, in advance of us, on other roads running parallel to our road, and the bt)ys wondered what those fools were yelling for. The cheering came nearer and nearer, increasing in volume, and finall3' .some one at the side of the road called out, "Boys, General McClellan is in command." and then for the time being, empty stomachs, sleep and fatigue were all forgotten, and we joined madly in the cheers. Predictions were freely ofl'ered that we were going to whip the enemy, aye destroy their army, etc. This news helped us along on the weary march until about 1 o'clock of the the morning of the 2d of July, when tired nature asserted its power and men fell out ol ranks, even the strongest and most energetic gave out, and fell into the ditch by the roadside, and lay there. This weary and almost intolerable march was continued until 3 o'clock of the morning of the 2d, when, just after pa.ssing through the village of McSherrsytown. Pennsylvania, the regiment, having been twentv-thrce liour^ on the march was turned into Pennsylvania at Getty sbirnj. 261 whiit seemed a meadow, on the right-hand side ol' the road, we laid down and slept — were awakened at ,") oclock, having had about two hours sleep and rest, and found we were laying in a swamp. The coarse swamp grass had served us tor -i bed, a softer bed I do not believe was ever given human beings — being composed largely of water. Immediately on being awakened at 5 o'clock a. m., on the morning of July 2, 186:>, the regiment, being the left of the brigade, moved out into the road, and after marching some two or three miles was halted and leave given to make coffee and get breakfast. We were given about thirty minutes to do this — then the march for Gettysburg began in good earnest. 1 do not know exactly when our brigade struck the Baltimore pike, but I remember marching along the Baltimore pike some distance before we tiled oft". The point at which we marched off the Baltimore pike was, I think, at what is known as the White Church, at which point, whilst marching on the pike to Gettysburg, we tiled off the pike and marched along a country road for a distance of about one mile, when Ave were marclied into a tield on right-hand side of road looking towards Gettysburg, we lay here until about 3.30 or 4 o'clock in the afternoon, when orders were received to advance (I do not know where the First Brigade of our division was at this time). Our brigade marched along the .same road we had entered on leaving the Baltimore pike, passed the rear of Big Round Top and pas.sed up onto Little Round Top, when the brigade was formed ni inasae battalion front. We were then moved to/the right-front of Little Round Top and formed at the foot of the hill towards Gettysburg. This formation for some reason was not satisfactory and we were mai-ched back onto the hill close to the artillery on the top of the hill. The brigade remained there a short time preserving the same formation, viz: en masse battalion or regimental front; after a very short interval an oflicer rode up and directed the brigade to move over and retake Big Round Top, that the enemy had or were about to obtain possession of that hill. The brigade in obedience to this order was moved rapid h^, commencing on the right. The Twelfth marched around our right and rear — as soon as the Twelfth had unmasked the Fifth, that regiment marched and the Tenth followed — as soon as the Tenth unmasked our regiment, Colouel Jackson gave the command, "' Shoulder arms, right face. " At this instant an officer rode up, gave the compliments of some general with directions that he halt his regi- ment and hold the hill at all hazards until reinforcements could be got up. Colonel Jackson, in obedience to this order, gave the regiment the order, "front, Ibrward march," and we marched in line of battle to the position which had been held by the Twelfth in our brigade formation, on the slope of the hill looking towards the wheat-tield, and woods to right of wheat-tield. The IJevil's Den, and woods to left of wheat-tield. were also in plain view of the position thus taken, and also in direct line of the enemy's tire Irom Devil's Den. I am positive that at this time the Eleventh Regiment, containing about four hundred men and officers, was the only infantry on this part of I.,ittle Round Top. This regiment was all of the Third Brigade that engaged in the action from Little Round Top. The other regiments, viz : Twelfth, Fifth and Tenth regiments having been sent to Big Round Top, as alreadj' stated. When the regiments reached the position vacated by the Tweltth Colonel Jackson ordered a halt and directed the men to lay down, and further ordered the men not to tire under any circumstances uutil the command to open tire should be given by him. This order was obeyed to the letter, although the regiment suffered severely from the enemy's tire, directed at it from Devil's 202 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. Den, yet the men bore it with quiet bravery and with a lirni (Icleruiinalion to liold the hill in tlie face of all obstacles and all daubers. Matters looked gloomy at 6 o'clock or thereabouts on that hot afternoon of July 2, the enemy driving our forces in our front, a reported taking by them of 15ig Kound Top. The i)eaeh orchard in possession of the enemy, the wheat-field and the woods around it and in view of the DeviPs Den all in their possession and all com- pletely filled with their troops — infantry and artillery, and the valley in I'ront and right and left-front of Little Round Top filled with smoke, hiding from the view of the few anxious watchers on Little Round Top, the struggling, suffer- ing and dying combatants below in the valley of the shadow of death. The enemy's hosts seemed innumerable and unconquerable, and what of the little baud of infantry and artillery on Little Round Top? They rested in quietness awaiting the order they knew must soon come ; removing their dead and wounded quietly and in silence, and finally the regulars were driven past the base of the hill, but what wonderful bravery did they display ! retreat whilst loading — about-face and deliver a fire in the face of the enemy. This was grand and inspiring ; finally two men came up the hill — Colonel Jackson asked. "'How many of our people are down there?" They replied, "not one. Those people you see coming up the hill are "Johnnies." " Colonel Jackson then gave the order "Tire." It was obeyed and some three or four rounds were fired when Colonel Jackson gave the order, "Fix bayonets — charge. " etc. This order was obeyed. Allow me to remark just here — that I Avas near Colonel Jack- son when he received the order to hold the hill at all hazards. I was also near him when he gave the order to fix bayonets and charge. I would certainly have seen auy officer giving him the order, and as certainly have heard such an order if it had been given to him by any one. There were no orders given him and therefore am I positive in my belief, and deliberate in my statement, when I say. that Colonel Jackson alone determined the action of his regiment, and of his own motion and as the only possible way to hold that hill until reinforce- ments could be got up, gave his order to fix bayonets and charge. The charge was made down the hill through the smoke across the valley of death to the fence at the wheat-field and in the front of woods to the right "of the road and to the right of the wheat-field. After our regiment reached this position, hear- ing cheering in our rear, I turned, looked back, and the Bucktails, that grandest of regiments, composed of men who were bravest among the brave, were coming ou a double-quick. With them came the First, Second and Sixth regiments, the First Brigade of our division, and as they came up they formed line of battle on the right and left of our regiment as follows : The Bucktails and First regi- ments on our left covering the wheat-field and extending over towards Devil's Den. the Sixth and Second regiments on our right extending along the stone fence in front of woods on our right. (This is as nearly as I can fix the forma- tion of First Brigade and our regiment ; our regiment being, as nearly as I can remember, in thecenterof this line of battle.) General Crawford, division com- mander, then rode up and speaking to Colonel Jackson said. "Colonel Jack.son, your regiment is worth its weight in gold, worth its weight in gold, sir." This the general repeated three or four times. This was a com)ilini(iit and all felt pnmd and were glad we were there. The line of battle remained in same position along the stone fence until the afternoon of :5d of July, when, after the repulse of Pickett's charge, General Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 263 Meade came over to Little Round Top and ordered our line to go over and see how many people the enemy had in the woods at the head of the wheat-field. The enemy had a battery beyond the woods and when we moved over the stone fence into the woods this battery opened a close and galling lire. The Sixth Regiment was deployed as skirmishers with orders to silence that battery, and the line of battle, consisting of Second, Eleventh, Bucktailsand First regiments, moved diagonally across the wheat-field and just entered the woods beyond it, when the order was given to open fire. This was done, and after a few volleys (the Sixth having in the meantime silenced the battery) Colonel McCandless commanding the First Brigade gave the order "by the rear rank right-about face, right-turn, march." This movement when completed threw us on the enemy's flank, right flank, and we drove them in great disorder. The prisoners stated they had six thousand men in their line, whilst we had scarcely fifteen hun- dred men. On we went and finally the recall was sounded, a mistake as we afterwards learned, as no order of that kind was either given or thought of. The fruit of this day's movements was all of the enemy's dead on that part of the field, about six thousand stand of arms and a number of prisoners. We lay in the edge of the woods the night of the 3d. The enemy's dead in the field were just at edge of woods, on the Rose farm. I do not know exactly the point we reached this evening before the mistake was made withdrawing us from the position we had won, but in my opinion it was considerably in advance of the Rose farm. During the night of the od a cold rain set in and on the morning of the 4th of July, 1863, we were withdrawn from our position near Rose's house to the position at the stone fence front of wheat-field and woods occupied by us prior to our charge on 3d. Shortly after being so withdrawn ammunition was issued and we were informed that there would be a general advance made by the whole army, but the rain was falling, literally in sheets of water, and we were afterwards told that the advance had been abandoned by rea,son of the severit}^ of the rain, and so ended the battle of Gettysburg, so far as our regi- ment was concerned. In view of the statements heretofore given I feel that I can safely assert : First. That Colonel Jackson with his regiment, the Eleventh Pennsylvania Reserves, and the artillery held that part of Little Round Top on the afternoon of the 2d of July, 1863, at the supreme crisis of the battle. Second. That Colonel Jackson assumed all the responsibility of issuing the order to his regiment and did make the charge successfully, driving back the enemy which had defeated the Third Army Corps and two divisions and one brigade (the First and Second divisions. Second Brigade Third Division) of the Fifth Army Corps, and this with a force of less than four hundred men. Tliird. That the First Brigade of the Pennsylvania Reserve Corps did not reach the position in the front of the wheat-field and woods until some time after it had been occupied by the Eleventh Regiment under command of Colonel Jackson. Fourth. General Crawford was not seen by our regiment until after the First Brigade had come up and formed line of battle on the right and left of the Eleventh Regiment in the manner of formation heretofore given. Fifth. And that when General Crawford did join the line of battle, he gave the credit for leading the charge to the Eleventh Regiment, and did compliment Colonel Jackson as above stated on the wonderful results attained by the charge made by his regiment under his orders. 264 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. Sixth. At that time no man dreamed that the action of the Klevcntli in leading the charge on that day and saving the day to the Union army would ever be belittled or ignored, both of which has been done. The above hasty and very brief statement has been written with a view of comparing notes and arranging the evidence relative to the duty performed by the Eleventh Kegiment Pennsylvania Reserve Corps at the battle oi' Gettysburg — specially so as to the evening of July 2, ISfi;] — and is written solely with a view to obtain justice for a regiment that always performed its duty, whether in camp, on the march, or on the field of battle. Other regiments were as good, but none better ; and now when more than a quarter of a century has elapsed since the organization of this regiment, it is meet and proper that the survivors should gather the testimony and show that this regiment did its duty. Otherwise history will record that — it was organized, mustered into the service, served three years and was mustered out. This won't do — we must brighten our memories, refer to our diaries, look up and write up our history, and demand that the truth be told of us and justice be done to our dead and to the survivors of our regiment. DEDICATION OF MONUMENT 41^^ REGIMENT INFANTRY (Twelfth Reserves) ADDRESS BY BRIG.-GEN. M. D. HARDIN, U. S. A. THE Gettjsburg campaign, on the Union side, began with the battle of Brandy Station, one of the results of which was the knowledge that Lee's army was moving northwestwardly. This action was the most important, as well as the most severe, the cavalry of the Army of the Potomac had Ibught. By it the Union cavalry not only developed the Con- federate plan of campaign, but also learned its equality Avith the enemy's cavalry. As soon as General Hooker received certain information that Lee had extended his army from Fredericksburg to the Shenandoah Valley, he proposed to Gen- eral Halleck 1o attack Lee's rear at Fredericksburg. This movement was dis- approved. Hooker then gave orders preparatory to meeting Lee's army in its northwestward movement. There was some delay due to instructions from Gen- eral Halleck, but in a few days the Union army moved between the Confederate army and Washington, with the main body of its cavalry on its left (west) flank. The cavalry covered the Union army most thoroughly, it never performed its duty toward that army in a more -scientific (military) manner. ' The fighting about Aldie, Upperville and Middleburg, Va., was admitted by the Confed- erates to have been the best the Union cavalry had ever done, except at Brandy .Station (Beverly Ford;. The cavalry was supported l)y a small infantry force both at Brandy Station (Beverly Ford) and in the region about ISIiddleburg. The German oflicer Major Von Borcke, and others, state that Stuart's Con- federate cavalry was never more numerous (Von Borcke estimated it at twelve thousand and twenty -four guns), and never in l)etter condition. Considering this, we can then better appreciate; the fine work done by the Union cavalry in this advance northward. The Confederate cavalry considerably outnumbered PHOTO, tjy W. H, TIPTON, GETTYSBURG. PRINT: THE F. QUTEKUNST CO., PHI" Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 265 the Union up to the time that General Stahel's Cavalry Division, from the de- fenses of Washington, joined the Army. The Army of the Potomac moved slowly northwestward, crossed the I'otomac, June 26-27. Lee's main army had crossed this river at or near Williamsport, Md,, June 23-24. When Hooker reached the vicinity of Washington his army had been much reduced by ex- pirations of terms of service (Hooker said about forty thousand). He now learned that there was a large number of troops (about thirty-seven thousand) in the defenses of Washington. Inasmuch as the Army of the Potomac now <'overed Washington, he requested that some of these troops be sent to reinforce his army. He was authorized to take Stahel's Division of Cavalry and the Penn- sylvania Reserve Division of Infatitry. He ordered the Pennsylvania Reserve Division (June 24) to join his army. When the Reserves heard that Lee again threatened to invade Maryland and possibly Pennsylvania, officers and men began to take on the military air which bad been somewhat put aside after Fredericksburg, and talk of applying to re- join their comrades of the Army of the Potomac on their march northward be- came prevalent. This went so far, in one case at least, as to be put in the form of a written petition. Whatever the form, the feeling of the command, from drummer boy to chaplain, was to take another turn at the "Johnnies" — to go i)i for a light — if Lee's armj' went as far north as Pennsylvania. June 24, 1863, the Twelfth Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel Gustin command- ing, formed a part of the Third Brigade ; Colonel Fisher commanded the bri- gade and General Crawford the Reserve Division. The Third Brigade, consisting of the Fifth Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel Dare ; Tenth, Colonel Warner ; Ninth, Colonel Anderson ; Eleventh, Colonel Jackson, and Twelfth, Lieutenant-Colonel Gustin, -was in camp at Minor's Hill, Virginia. The First Brigade, Colonel McCandless commanding, consisting of the First Rifles (Bucktails), First, Second and Sixth regiments, was in camp at Fairfax Court House. Second Brigade, Colonel Sickel commanding, consisting of Third, Fourth, Seventh and Eighth regiments, was on provost duty in Alexandria, Va. In accordance with in- structions from General Hooker, General Crawford ordered the three brigades of the Pennsylvania Reserve Division to march on the 25th. The First and Third brigades moved accordingly, but the Second Brigade was detained by General Slough, Military Governor of Alexandria. He thought a veteran brigade neces- sary to keep convalescents in camp ! In violation of all military principles (and it might possibly be said in violation of patriotic motives) he retained this splendid body of veterans against their will and in disobedience of General Hooker's orders. However, he was sustained by the action of the military coterie which surrounded our noble President. This coterie never forgave Hooker for his first dispatch upon assuming command of the Army of the Po- tomac, namely, requesting that General Stone be made his chief-of-staft". Not (inly did this coterie refuse to entertain General Hooker's charges against Gen- eral Slough, but it refused him control of the large force at Maryland Heights, and ultimately forced him to throw up the command of the army. The Twelfth Regiment moved with the Third Brigade, in a rain storm, on the 26th, marching to Goose Creek, Va. The division had been delayed two days waiting for transportation. The First Brigade joined the Third en route the two brigades, about three thousand four hundred and seventeen strong, camping together at Goose Creek. On the 37th the division moved at daylight, marched along the Leesburg turnpike. It was much delaj'ed by the trains of 266 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. tlie Army of tlie Potomac, aiul by its own train, (ienoral Crawford telegraphed General Meade commanding the Fifth Corixs as lollows : " On the Monocacy, June 27, 4.15 p. m. "General: 1 have received orders from headquurte/s Army of the Potomac to join your corps ; I am on my way and just in from the rear ; to-night I will encamp above the mouth of the Monocacy. as I find my train, which is entirely new, cannot go far- ther; have two brigades; Second detached at Alexandria. Iff receive no instructions to the contrary, I shall move at daylight, to overtake, if possible, your command." The division crossed the Potomac at Edwards' Ferry on pontoon bridge, and (tamped at night at mouth of the Monocacy. Colonel Hardin, of Twelfth, joined en route. "Sunday, 28th, clear and pleasant, moved atdaylight and soon crossed the aqueduct of Chesapeake and Ohio canal at the Monocacy, and passed through Buckeystown, bivouacked on Ballinger's creek about two miles from Frederick, Md. ; here joined the Fifth Corps." General Jleade was this day assigned to the command of the Army of the Potomac, General Sykes to that of the Fifth Corps. Hooker had advanced a portion of his army through South ilountain passes, with the view of cutting Lee's communications, but this movement •was disapproved at Washington, and the corps advanced through the mountains were ordered back to Frederick and directed to proceed up the eastbase of these mount- ains. This latter movement was taking place when the Reserve Division joined the army. The greater part of the Union armj- at this time rested near Fred- erick. At this date (June 28), Lee's army -was stretched from Hager.stown to the Susquehanna near Harrisburg, and to York. Pa. Ewell's Corps at Cai-lisle and York ; Lee's headquarters with Longstreet's and Hill's corps near Cham- bersburg. Lee was preparing to cross the Susquehanna, but that night, he says, " he learned from a scout that the Union army had crossed the Potomac and was threatening his communications at South Mountain." " It was resolved." he says, "to concentrate the army east of the mountains." Meade states, ' • That he had no special plan but to move northward until he made Lee let go of the Susquehanna." Meade learned, on the oOth, that Lee was moving Avith his main force to the east side of the mountains, and he de- cided to concentrate his army on Pipe creek. There was an assemblage of officers of the Keserve Division, whilst it was camped near Frederick, looking over maps of the country, and guessing at the future movements of the Union and Confederate armies. Colonel ^Varner of the Tenth, and Colonel Hardin of the Twelfth, agreed that the chances were in favor of a fight at or near Gettysburg, the next good crossing place in the mountains, north of our then po.sition, as shown by the maps we had. The morning of the 29th, the writer visited Frederick and conversed with oflicers of General Key- nolds' command' (First and Eleventh corps), all thought they were going to Gettysburg, or spoke of that place as their ultimate destination. Returning towards camp the writer met the division en route to Frederick. It had left Balling(;r's creek about noon. ^Ve marched but a short distance when the divi- sion was slopped to let other troops take precedence. The division remained here several hours, it then followed the artillery reserve. The writer during this delay, visited his old friend, Lieutenant "Cog" Hazlctt, who commanded Battery " D," Fifth United Stiitcs Artillery. The weather was very warm and Lieutenant Hazlett wore a small soft white hat. As the writer left him to re- join his command, he called back, "'Cog' we are going to have a light soon, don't wear that white hat into battle." " At 7 p. m., we crossed the Monocacy bridge on the Jialtiuiore pike and turned uj) the bank of the stream heading Pennsylvania at Getty sh/Dij. 267 north, soon after we waded the stream and struck across the fields, and aljoiit 10 p. ni., bivouacked in a wood, iiaving made a tiresome day's march of ten miles. ' ■ The long delay before mentioned caused our division to get far behind the other divisions of the corps, wc had to rush along, Avell into the night, to reach the corps camp, where the leading divisions had arrived early in the even- ing and in good order. Having arrived in camp late, and it ])eing very dark, we made a bivouac, whilst we saw the other divisions of the Fifth Cordis in a regular camp. Most of us were so hot and tired we dropped down and went to sleep without even making coffee. A l)ad beginning for a long march. "The morning of the 30th, we started early, passed through Liberty, Union Bridge and Uniontown (a pontoon train accompanied us this day), marched twenty miles and bivouacked. Near dark were mustered two miles beyond Uniontown. ' ' The marching all the forenoon was very slow with many stops, but in the afternoon we were again rushed along. This march was the cause of great injustice done the division by our new corps commander, in that he reported to the army com- mander that our division could not march as fast as the other divisions. It will be noted that these other divisions had clear roads, no trains to follow, early start, no Ibrced delays, nothing to prevent them from making their marches in time. The Twelfth Regiment, moving with the Pennsylvania Reserve Division, left camp two miles beyond Uniontown, at 5 a. m., July 1. Hearing of Confederate cavalry in the country, skirmi.shers and flankers were thrown out to cover the division, which moved thus several miles. About 2 p. m.. halted on Pennsyl- vania State line ; at 3 p. m. . were addres.sed by General Crawford. General Meade's orders on the exijected battle had been read to us before we started. We then moved on till we came to a fine open woods where we rested till dark. All day we had been enjoying the cherries which overloaded the trees along the road- side. The turnpike along which we marched a great part of the daj' was white, hot and dusty. We passed Kili>atrick's battle-field at Hanover, and, at dark, took up our march again, and continued moving until utterly exhausted ; aljout dawn we dropped down, compelling a halt of the division. The marching dur- ing the night had been without proper halts. After resting about an hour we again took up the march, and continued it across country till about 12.30 ]). m.. when we arrived on the battle-field on the Baltimore pike, in rear of the center of the arm}'. Our division in the very hot weather, marched in the worst possible manner, accomplished nearly seventy miles in three and a half days, and on the after- noon and evening of the fourth day went to the top of Big Round Toj). In the meantime. General Buford, commanding a cavalry division, left Middleburg, Md., on 29th, arrived at Gettysburg on 30th; passing through Gettysburg at noon (June 30), he reconnoitred west and north. He was here long enough to see the advantages of the Gettysburg position, and he determined to hold it until he was driven away or relieved by infantry. The night of June 30, he notified General Reynolds, '"that Hill's Confederate Corps was camped nine miles west of Gettysburg, and Longstreet's l>ehiud Hill's ; that no Confederate force had yet passed through the mountains from the north toward Gettysburg, but that such force would soon be at Heidlersburg. ' ' This information was sub- sequently shown to be correct. General Meade had directed General Reynolds, " that if he has to fall back, to do so on Emmitsburg, that the Third and Twelfth corps will come to the assistance there of his and the Eleventh Corps." When 268 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. (.itMU'ial Reynolds reaclie. Longstreet himself was in no hurry,ashe did not Avantto attack Avithout his Third Division (Pickett's). I\Iore- over, he states that the agreement on beginning the invasion Avas, " that there should be no offensive battle delivered by their army." If this is true, General Reynolds is entitled to credit for making Lee change his plan. Whilst Longstreet was moving around the Union left, Sickles Avas moving out his corps and tak- ing position on the Union side of the peach orchard. The controversy betAvccn Generals Meade and Sickles in regard to this movement is Avell knoAvn. It seems to the writer that this matter stands about as follows : General IMeade had l)een all the Tiiornitig studying liis riglit witli a view of attacking or of re- Peansi/Ivnnia (if Geffi/shunj. 271 ceiving au attack thero, no report luul readied liiin tliat Confederate troops were threatening his left. There was much open ground in front of liis left ; JMead'i supposed his cavalry (which had covered itself with honor tlie ilay J)efore) which had heen directed to watch the Hank, would he able to give him early warning of any extensive movement of the enemy in that direction. Early in the after- noon, upon request of General Sickles to have ground selected for his corps to occupy, General Hunt, chief of artillery of the Union army, was sent to assist General Sickles in selecting a position. Sickles and Hunt could not find any good line in this region without going out very far to Sickles' front. It is now- well known that the ground in front of Little Round Top is a most difficult region in Avhicli to select a line of battle. Artillery could be of no u.se on the Little Round Top line, and how far the woods and difficult countrj' extended to the left-front, neither Hunt nor Sickles knew. Taking into consideration the short time they had to select a position in .so difficult a country, it was probably as well done as it could have been. Between 2 and 3 p. m. the signal officer on Little Round Top and the skirmishers of Sickles' command detected Longstreet's movement. At General Sickles' urgent request. General Meade went to his left about 3.30 p. m. to look up ground for Sickles' Corps. The fact seems to be that General Meade did not believe he would be attacked on the left. He thought his cavalry would certainly give him ample notice of any threatened attack on that front so that he would have time to prepare for it. If the cavalry had been where General Meade thought, and had reason to believe it to be, he would have had such notice. But it happened that Merritt's Brigade of Buford's Division, which had been ordered to relieve some of Gregg's Division, had left here before Gregg's Cavalry arrived to relieve Merritt ; thus, at this critical time of the day there was no cavalry on the Union left-front. General Meade arrived on his left just as Longstreet's attack was beginning, and as Sickles' line was very far out in advance of Hancock, being ignorant of the region. General Meade thought Sickles had mo\ed his line unnece.ssarily far out. However, when Sickles and Hunt told him what a tangled place the ground in front of Little Round Top was, he concluded to reinforce Sickles where he was. Moreover, there was then little or no time left to select a new line. The subsequent loss of the Third Corps position was due to the fact that the Fifth and Sixth corps were not brought up soon enough, the one to Sickles' support, the other to form a second line on the Little Round Top ridge. If General Meade had been notified by his cavalry of Longstreet's movement, he would certainly have had the Fifth and Sixth corps in place to meet this at- tack. Upon what small matters turn the fate of battles ! The new position of Sickles brought Humphreys' Division several hundred yards to the left-front of the Second Corps, and posted on the Emmittsburg road. Graham's Brigade of Birney's Division on the same road on Humphreys' left, reaching to the peach orchard. Ward's and De Trobriand's brigades stretched back to the rear, at right angles to Graham's Brigade, in front, respectivelj^ of the wheat-field and of Devil's Den. Longstreet's attack with artillery began about 3 p. ni., he concentrated his artillery opposite the angle of Sickles' Corps at the peach orchard, and opened such a concentrated fire on the LTnion artil- lery at this point as to overwhelm it. He then Ijegan his attack with his in- fantry, on his right, with Hood's Division, which pushed into the Avoods and outflanked the Third Corps on its left. Law's Brigade of Hood's Division, on extreme Confederate right, went over Big Round Top and come out on the 272 Pennsylvania at Getfi/shnyg. Union ambulances, but this brigade had moved too far to its right, it hatl lost connection with balance of Hood's command, and it was ordered to move to its left. Hood's other brigades broke through the left of De Trobriand's line and began to pass up and around Little Round Top. The Union left being thus flanked and beginning to give waj' McLaws' Division was pushed in on Hood's left, it carried the center of the Third Corps position. This corps was too weak to hold so long a line. The Union troops would now have had to fall back, but reinforcements commenced arriving just as the Confederates reached the Union position. Humphreys, who was not at tirst attacked, sent Burling's Brigade to Birnej^'s assistance. The whole Fifth Corps was ordered up to the support of Birney's line. Barnes' (Fii-st Division) arrived finst, Tilton's and Sweitzer's brigades of this division going in near the peach orchard ; Vincent's Brigade, at the request of General Warren, chief-engineer of the army, to Little Round Top ; then cjtme Caldwell's Division of the Second Corps to the wheat-field, where its right was turned, and then two brigades of the Second Division of the Fifth Corps to the wheat-field, where they had scarcely arrived when their right was turned and they retreated to the position from which they had started, on the right of Little Round Top. Soon McLaws' attack was supported by Anderson's Division of Hill's Corps, and Humphreys although aided by Graham's Brigade, was driven back from the Emmitsburg road. Hancock sent two regiments of Gibbon's Division and Wil- lard's Brigade of Hays' Division to assist Humphreys. General Sickles was here wounded, and General Hancock, assuming command of the Third Corps, sent two additional regiments to help Humphreys. Finally General Meade brought up Staunard's Brigade, and a number of batteries were posted on Hancock's line, and the Sixth Corps came up and took the position on the right of Little Round Top, from which the Third Corps had moved out. In the meantime Hood's troops had made a desperate effort to carry Little Round Top and the ravine be- tween it and Big Round Top. General Warren going early in the action to the signal station on Little Round Top, had seen Hood's troops approaching that position. The signal service men were about leaving when Warren arrived. He ordered them to remain and he hurried off for troops to put on Little Round Top. Tiie Fifth Corps was coming up, and as he had formerly served most gallantly in command of a brigade of t hat corps, his request for a brigade was immediately answered by General Barnes wiio .sent Vincent's Brigade, which, moving at a double-quick, beat the Te.xans of Hood's command to the top of Little Round Top. The fighting for this hill was fierce. Law's Brigade ijushing through be- tween Little and Big Round Top contended with Vincent for this ravine. Vincent was soon supported by Weed's Brigade of the Second Divi.sion ol' the Fifth Corps, and Hazlett's Battery was carried to the top of liittle Round Top. When the ammunition of Vincent's and Weed's brigades was expended (both these brigade commanders being killed), Fisher's Brigade of the Reserves was hurried to their support. By this time the Confederates had become exhausted, and those who had not fallen back were captured. Upon arriving on the battle- field about 12.30 p. m., the Twelfth Regiment, as the entire division of the Re- serves, was gi\ en time to rest and to make a full meal, the first since leaving Frederick, Md. As soon as we had feasted, many of the mounted oflicers of the division started out to see the line of battle. We rode up to the rear of the town •of fJettysburg, then moved along the line of l)attle to General Meade's head- quarters, when we had a conversation with members of his staff, then Ave started Pcnnsi/frdiu't/ at Geftt/s/>nnj. 27;5 to ride down General Hanoicket.s in their front and to connect with the troops on the right. The Ninth and TcmHi Reserves had been left in line across the ravine between Little Penrifit/lvduia af Gettysburg. 275 and Big Round Top. Two reginiciils of Vincent's Brigado wore posted in the interval between the riglit of tiie IMltli Reserves and the Ninth and Tenth Re- serves, but almost at right angles to the general line. iSee map accompanying the report of the commander of Vincent's Brigade. ) The line remained thus until daylight when a regular cf)nnected lin, as given by tlu- Adjutaut-(;euerars office, were : '•Union, twenty-three thousand and three : Confederate, twenty thousand lour hundred and hl'ty-oue. •'Notk: Confederate prisoners by name, wounded ;ind unwounded, twelve thousand two hundred and twenty-seven. Medical-Director of Army of the Po- tomac reported .six thousand eight hundred aud two Confederates wounded." DEDICATION OF MONUMENT 42° REGIMENT INFANTRY (Thirteenth Reserves, First Rifles) ADDRESS OF CAPTAIN JOHN P. BARD 4FTER Burn.side's "Mud March" in January, 1863, the division of the / \ I'einisvlvania Reserves, on account of the terrible loss it had sustained r\ in the battle of Fredericksburg, Va., December 13, 1862, was ordered to the Department of Washington for the purpose of recruiting its ranks. The First Brigade, to which the Bucktail Regiment belonged, was in camp at Fairfax Station, on the Orange and Alexandria railroad, when the battle of Chancellorsville was fought, where they remained until they were ordered to rejoin the Army of the Potomac. When they received the news that Lee had assumed the oflfensive and threat- ened an invasion of the North, and that Hooker's army was falling back toward Washington, the men composing this division of Pennsylvaniaus, fired with the patriotic zeal and heroism that had characterized them on many hard-fought fields of battle, demanded that their fortunes be again joined with the oft de- feated, but never conquered, Army of the Potomac. Some of the regiments of the First Brigade drew up petitions to their commanding officers asking that they be permitted to take part in the coming campaign. The order to get rid of all surplus baggage and camp equipage, draw extra rations and a full supply of ammunition, was therefore received with joy, and the men cheerfully went about the work of preparing for an active campaign. Their numbers present for duty had been increased by the return of sick and wounded from general hospitals, but very few new men had joined the division. Although consider- able efTort was made I do not think the P.ucktails got a single recruit while they were in the Department of Washington. The Second Ihigade did not join in the movement, but remained in the De- partment of Washington, being stationed at Alexandria. Early Friday morning. June 20, the First Brigade broke camp at Fairfax Station and marched to Edwards' Ferry, where they crossed the Potomac river, marching thence by Frederick City to near Unioutown, Md.. arriving at the latter place on Tuesday, June 30. In the meantime Lee had crossed the Poto- mac at Williamsiiort with his entire army, except a large corps of General Ewell's and Stuart's division of cavalry. The latter troops had crossed earlier and had advanced into Pennsylvania. Several Imdies of their scouts had reached as far north as the Su.sker in command of the .\rmy of tlie Potomac. Knowing that Ceneral John F. Reynolds was Meade's senior in rank, this in- lX ^BllCKTAii GETTYS3URG. PRINT: THE F. GUTEKUNST CO., Pcnnsylraitid at (ietfjifihn nj. 217 lonnatioii caused some surprise amonj; tiie Iveserves. They lelt, however, that no mistake had been made in appointing (Jeneral Meade to that command. Both these officers had commanded our In-igade and division, and were well- known to the men. They knew their lighting qualities and were quite well sjitisfied that either one would command the army with distinguished ability. Being warm personal friends and wholly devoted to the cause, either would have the hearty support and earnest co-operation of the other. It was a source of great satisfaction to the officers and men of the Reserves to know that they would tight the next battle on their native soil and under the leadership of a Pennsylvanian who had commanded the division in the terrible battle of Fred- ericksburg. The Reserves were assigned to the Fifth Corps, commanded by Maior-Gen- eral George Sykes and wore the Maltese cross, being the Third Division. On Thursday morning, July 2. the Fifth, having been selected by General Meade as his reserve corps, took a position in the rear of the right wing of our army. From their position, owing to the peculiar formation of Meade's line, they could, in a very short time, reach any given point. General Sickles, with the Third Corps, was to occupy the left of the line, in the formation of which he was to connect with Hancock's left and form on a ])rolongation of his [Han- cock's] line, with his left resting on Iteund Top. This would bring the line of the Third Corps along the crest of Little Round Toj). For some rea.son, not necessary to discuss here, General Sickles advanced beyond the position assigned him and formed his line on a plain, his left cross- ing the Emmitsburg road, with both flanks exposed. The ground upon which he Ibrmed his line is certainly more than half a mile in advance of the position which General Meade intended he should occupy. About the time General Sickles had his line formed General Meade arrived at Little Round Top, and, seeing the mistake Sickles had made, sent for that officer and pointed out to him his error. General Sickles at once proposed to withdraw his corps and form on the line originally indicated. General Meade replied that the enemy would not permit his withdrawal, as it could then be seen he was preparing to attack. While they were talking Longstreet's guns opened, and .soon his long lines of infantry began to emerge from the woods. It now became evident this was to be a determined efibrt on the part of that able Confederate chieftain to destroy the Third Corps before they could receive support. When the first gun was fired General Sickles hastened to the front, and General Meade ordered the Fifth Corps to march with all possible haste to General Sickles' support. The gallant Third Corps fought desperately to hold their ground, but the long line of Longstreet's extending beyond both flanks, steadily drove them back. On the right of the Third the line of the enemy was pushed rapidly for- ward, with the evident purpose of turning that flank and getting between the Third Corps and the main line of our army. At the .same time Longstreet's right was thrown forward, making a vigorous attack on Round Top, while a verj' strong force from the Devil "s Den made a determined assault on Little Round Top, breaking the line of the Third Corps, which at that point was thrown into confusion. By this time the Second Division of the Fifth Corps, composed of regulars, arrived on the ground, and was formed on the left of Hancock's line. When the Third Corps broke. General Meade ordered the Second Division to charge in the direction of the wheat-field and peach orchard. 278 Pritnsi/Iraiiia af Geffi/shunj. The iej;ulais wcnl lorward in splendid Ibrni ; wlien they reached the wheat- field they were met by a couuter-charj^e of tlie now victorious troops of Long- street. The regulars received the charge gloriously, but, after stubl)orn fight- in" and very heavy loss on both sides. l)eing largely outnumbered, they were forced back. They, liowever, kept their line and retired in good order, all the time keeping up a steady lire. In this manner they retreated, closely followed bv the Confederates, across the swamp and hall way up the side of Little Kouml Toj), or rather halfway up the slope of the hill on the right of Little Round Top. the left of the Second Division, when it fell back, barely reaching the base of Little Round Top. ( )n the right the enemy succeeded in capturing sev- eial guns, but were only able to hold them a few minutes; a murderous lire from Hancock's batteries and the charge of the regulars checked their advance and re-captured the guns. At this moment the situation on the left was alarming, everything indicated a rout ol that wing of the army. At this crisis General jNIeade. who was fortu- nately present at this point, ordered a charge from in front of Little Kound Top by the Fir.st Brigade of the Pennsylvaniji Keserves. The Third Brigatie. commanded by Colonel Fisher, had been sent to the extreme left to tlie suj)- port of General Vincent, at Round Toj). Little Round Top, as its name indicates, is a round liill rising about two hundred feet above the streams which run at its base. The top and side facing the enemy are covered with rough rocks, some of them very large, that side is also very steep, and near the top difficult of ascent. At the foot and in our front there is a small stream known as Plum Run, the course of which is parallel with our line. The ground on both sides of this stream is swampy, forming a flat some fifty or seventy-rive yards wide;. On the opposite .side of the stream, on our right, the ground rises more gently, uradually falling oft" into a plain. In our front and on the left it grows rougher and steeper until it reaches the Devil's Den, a clu.ster of very large rocks on our •left, the ground between them much broken and covered Avith scrubby timb< i . covering an area of perhaps three aires. At that tiiYie the woods extended down to the edge of the swamp in our front and continued over the hill till it reached the wheat-field on our right. Beyond the wheat-field there was an- other strip of woods, ami beyond tliat the peach orchard fronting on the Km- mitsburg road. The stone wall or fence was located across Plum Run close by the edge of the woods and to the right of the crest of Little Round Top. The stonewall covered about one-half of our regiment when in line. The Pennsylvania Reserves arrived on the ground at the supreme moment. It Longstreetliad obtained iwssession of Little Round Top, Meade's position would have been turned. From this point the guns of the enemy would have raked our center and left-center and from this position he could strike the right wing on the flank and rear. General Meade's presence at that part of the line would indicate the deep anxiety he felt in the result of thc" c(mfiict for the po.s- session of the Round Tops. He knew it was of the utmost importance that the advance of Longstreet's exultant troops should be checked before they reached the crest of the Little Rouml Top, the real key to his position, and which was. at the moment when we arrived upon the ground, almost within their grasp. Tlie brigade marched upon the field in rever.se order, throwing tlie P.ucktails upon the left of the line with the rear rank to the enemy. Colonel Taylor gave the command to counter-march and while the movement was being executed a Pennsylvania at Getty, shurg. 279 rebel yell indicated the juesence of the eueruy, which caused c()nsideial)Ie con- fusion in the line, hut when the comiuund to charge was received, every one of those veteran soldiers (juickly found his place, and presented a solid and un- broken line to the enemy, who had by this time almost gained the summit, those fartliest in advance being only a few yards from one of our batteries, whose gunners were about to spike their ".".ins. Shouting to the gunners to liold their pieces the Bucktails. springing forward with a clieer, engaged the enemy in a desperate hand-to-hand conflict lasting but a short time when, for the first time that day, Longstreet's brave men were forced to retreat. With a broken line and in considerable confusion they fled down the hill and across the swamp, the Bucktails following close and capturing quite a number of prisoners. At the foot of the hill Lieutenant-Colonel .V. E. Niles fell on the front line severely wounded. The Bucktails kept up a steady fire from their breech-loading rifles as they charged, the lines being very close they inflicted terrible punishment on the retreating foe. At the stone wall the enemy made a feeble attempt to re-form, but were not able to check the impetuous charge of the Bucktails. It is needless to state that Colonel Taylor and Major Hartshorne were to be found in the front line all the time. Not taking any account of what Avas occurring on the right of our line, the Bucktails pushed on after the now thoroughly routed enemy who fled through the woods, on up the hill, on, on, until near the edge of the wheat-field when Colonel Taylor, discovering that he was a con- siderable distance in advance of our line and unsupported, ordered a halt. After we halted the enemy were either reinforced or concentrated their scattered lines, as they kept up a heavy fire in our front, but as we were still in the woods and our boys found p;ood cover behind trees they did us but little harm. Up to tins time we had captured a large number of prisoners. .Just after the line halted we received a heavy volley from our right-center. Colonel Taylor with two other oificers and fifteen or twenty men were on that part of the line at the time. Quickly facing to the left they discovered, but a short distance away, two hundred or three hundred rebels partly hidden by the timber. An officer promptly demanded their surrender when nearly every man in their line threw down his arms. .lust then a Confederate in the rear of tlieir line sang out with an oath, ""ril never surrender to a corporal's guard." The rebels again grasped their arms when Lieutenant Kratzer called out to the Bucktails, '"Tree, every man of you.'" and, jumping behind a tree near him, he turned to Colonel Taylor, who was near by, and urged him to hurry. Just as the colonel laid his hand on Lieutenant Kratzer's shoulder, and was in the act of stepping under shelter of the tree, a rebel sharpshooter sent a bullet through his heart — when our brave and beloved commander died without speaking a word. When the few men that were there saw Colonel Taj'lor fall they poured several volleys in quick succession into the enemy at the same time calling upon them to surrender. About forty or fifty threw down their arms and gave themselves up, the others retreated in the directi(m of the Devil's Den. The command of the regiment now devolved on Major Hartshorne, who was at the time on the left of the line. As soon as he was informed of the death of Colonel Taylor and knowing that there was a considerable force on our left and rear, he withdrew Ins line to the stone wall and sent Captain Kin.sey with his company out in the direction of the Devil's Den, with orders to form in line of skirmishers at right angles with the line of the regiment, attack the enemy and develop his strength and position. When Captain Kinsey reached 280 Pennsylvania at Geftz/sburg. tlif edge orthe Devil's Deu, he was met with a heavy volley from the enemr who were ]X)stC(l behind rocks and trees, taking such cover as they could find, and a lively skirmish ensued. The rapid tiring attracted Major Hartshorne's attention, wlien he .sent Lieutenant Krat/.er to ascertain whether or not Caj)tain Kinsey could hold his i)o.sition. Captain Kin.sey urged Lieutenant Kratzer t<. support him Avith his company, insisting, that with some help he could carry the rocks and capture the force defending them. The lines were very close, only a few yards apart, and the expo.sure of any part of the body called forth a shot from the watchful foe. Lieutenant Kratzer agreed to go back, and if he could get Major Hartshorne's consent to bring up his company. Just as he turned to go back, .several shells fell in their midst and exploded. This was l)romptly followed by a volley from the enemy in their front. Captain Kin- sey was severely wounded by a shell. In the contusion following, Lieutenant Kratzer got away and reported the situation to Major Hartshorne. It being then dark and the enemy still in strong force in his front. Major Hartshorne deeming it unsafe to attempt without support to drive the enemy from his strong position, recalled Captain Kin.sey's company, leaving only a few pickets to watch the movements of the enemy. A brisk firing was kept up all along the line till about 9 o'clock, when it ceasetl, seemingly, by mutual consent. .<() ended the battle of the 2d of July, in front of Little Round Top. The lighting from l o'clock p. m.. had V)een of the most desperate character, and the ground all around was strewn with killed and wounded. Side by side in death lay the P>lue and the Gray, while here and there desperately wounded Yankees and Confederates lying on the field would talk over the dav's work and speculate on the result of the battle to be fought on the morrow. Very early on the morning of July 3, Major Hartshorne sent Captain Frank Hell, with Company I. and Captain John A. Woltf with Company F, to attack and develop the strength of the enemy on our left flank in the Devil's Den. These two companies, deployed in line of skirmi.shers, (cautiously advanced. AVhen thej' reached the edge of the Devil's Den. they encountered the enemy strongly posted behind rocks and trees. The fighting at once l)ecame very .se- vere : the enemy's fire indicated a large force, and their ])osition was so strong that any attempt to carry it by storm with so small a body of troops mu.st prove disa-strous. Taking cover, the Bucktails opened a rapid fire, hoping to puni.sh the enemy .so severely as to either compel him to retire or come out of his strong- hold to drive them ofl'. The reader will bear in mind that the Bucktails were armed with breech-loading rifles, some of the companies with Spencer repeating rifles : the great advantage of these arms, when firing from cover, is known l)y all soldiers. Any object that will cover the body is all the protection a man armed with a breech-loading rifle wants. He is not exposed in loading, and (•an load on the run almost as well as when standing still. This will account, in part, for the heavy lo.ss, on many occasions, inflicted on the enemy by the Bucktails when their loss was comparatively very small. On this occasion, the superiority of the arms, .soon gave them a very decided advantage. Whenever a rebel expo.sed any part of his body he was sure to be hit and the result, not- withstanding their .superiority in numbers. Avas only a question of time. The Bucktails were punishing them .severely with no los.s, since they had taken co\ w. 'I"he enemy discovered that they were playing a losing game, made a dash (tn the handful of brave men whr) were o])i>osing them. Their numbers surprised the I'.ucktails. and to )ire\entthe capture of their little paity, they l)eat a Inisty Fennsi/Jvania af Gettysburg. 281 retreat, glad to make their escape and get baek to tlie regiment. In this re- trejit Captain Kell received a wound whi(;h caused the loss of a leg, and several others were wounded. The enemy, strange to sa}% did not follow up their advantage, but, seemingly .satislied with driving otl" the party in their front, re- turned to their tirst jjositiou. Major Hartshorne, determined to make them develop their purpose, ordered Lieutenant Kratzer to take his company (K) and make another effort to rout them. The regiment being constantly engaged in the front, no considerable force could be spared. Deploying his company in line of skirmishers, Lieutenant Kratzer gave them the word when they started forward on a run. The lebels permitted them to get so close that their features could be easily distinguished and the bore of their guns plainly seen when they sprang from their cover and iired a volley that killed and wounded about one- third of the number. A Confederate oflBcer close by called to Kratzer to sur- render; the brave lieutenant answered him with a shot from his revolver ; the Confederate returned the shot, when Kratzer tired again and his foe fell. One of Kratzer's men called his attention to blood on his hand, the lieutenant re- plied that he was shot through the arm above the elbow. After firing this volley, the Confederate officers compelled their men to lie down ; the lines were so clo.se that tlieir commands were distinctly heard though spoken in an ordi- nary tone. It was now near 2 o'clock p. m. and preparations were being made for a gen- eral attack on this jiart of the line. Major Hartshorne therefore called in the party sent out with Lieutenant Kratzer. About 3 o'clock the brigade advanced in line, charging on the enemy they drove him through the woods to the wheat- field, on through the field and through the strip of woods beyond into the peach orchard, capturing several hundred prisoners and completely destroying the Confederate line in their front. Early that morning Major Hartshorne had in- formed Colonel ]\IcCandless. commanding the brigade, of the force on his left in the Devil's Den. Colonel McCandless having nothing to fear from the line in his front, determined to pay his respects to that party ; he therefore directed Major Hartshorne to change front to the left and charge Avith the Bucktails in 'that direction, while he would form the rest of the brigade in column by regi- ment closed in mass and follow him at supporting distance. The Bucktails in line of skirmishers moved forward through the woods at double-quick for .several hundred yards, when they came upon a line of the enemy in position. With a cheer they rushed on them, when they had another hand-to-hand light with what proved to be the Fifteenth Georgia Regiment. The Georgians stood up bravely for fifteen or twenty minutes when they threw down their arms, the Bucktails capturing the entire command with their colors. Turning the prisoners over to the troops in the rear the Bucktails pushed on through the woods into open country, when Colonel McCandless deployed the brigade into line and moved forward capturing quite a number of prisoners. He continued till there was no enemy to be seen in our front and night put an end to our fighting, when the brigade rested for the night fully one mile in front of Little Round Top. By this movement Colonel McCandless completely flanked the Devil's Den and forced the enemy to retreat from a position that it would have been next to impossible to have driven him by a direct attack. So ended the battle of Gettysburg. The last shot, the Bucktails claim, was fired by them on nearly 282 Pennsylvania a( (retfi/.sburg. the .siiiue j:n>iind where tlic liatth- (if. Inly I was ()|>ciie(l liy Loiigstreot's attack Oil Sickles. In tlie two days" lighting the JUicktails" total loss w;i,s loity-seven. Killed, two officers and eight enlisted men: wonuded, eight officers and thirty enlisted men. The loss in officers was nnusually severe, nine officers out of a total loss of forty-seven. It will Ije observed that from the time the Pennsylvania Reserves entered the fight until the end the Confederates on this part of the line fought entirely on the defensive, up to that time they were the attacking party and were flushed with victory. They Jiad driven the Third Corps, with terrible .slaughter, through the peach orchard, met the Regulars in the wheat-field, and, after hard fighting and heavy loss on Ijoth sides, drove them back across Plum run and were on the eve of capturing Little Kound Top, the real key to Meade's position, when they met the Pennsylvania Reserves and in le.ss than twenty minutes the tide was turned and we became the attacking party. The '■ Bucktails"' or "'First Rifle" Regiment, Pennsylvania Reserve Volun- teer Corps was organized early in May, 1861, under a State law passed by the Legislature and approved by the Governor May 15. They were not called into the United States service until the latter part of Jttne, when they, with the Fifth Pennsylvania Reserves and Captain Campbell's Battery A, Pennsylvania Reserve Volunteer Corps, were ordered to West Virginia. The regiment never was regularly mu.stered into the United States .service. Some (|uestion arising in regard to pay. and the authorities refusing to date a muster back to the time when the regiment entered the service, and Colonel Biddle refusing to permit a muster several months after entry into service, the matter was compromised. We %fere instructed to enter upon our rolls as mustered into service "by order of the Secretary of War," May 29, 1861." All the companies composing this regiment were enlisted prior to May 15, in fact these men enlisted under the first call for three-months' nu^n. but found the quota of the State filled before they reached Ilarrisburg. The first battle in which the regiment was engaged was Dranesville, Decem- ber 20, 1861; the last battle was at Bethesda Church, May 30, 1864. A lai^e number of the men re-enlisted and served until the close of the war in the One hu!idred and ninetieth Pennsylvania Veteran Volunteers. The peculiar field tactics employed by this regiment originated witii Lieu- tenant-Colonel (later Brigadier-General) Thomas L. Kane. They were much the same as those recently adopted by the War Department for the United States Army. When exposed to a heavy fire the Bucktails were instructed to scatter, and at all times were required to take advantage of whatever cover the ground aflorded. If any part of the line was better protected than another, the men in that lo(;ation would push ibrward and vigorously engage the enemy, under cover of their fire the moie exposed part of the line would rush forward. Great re- siMiusibility was thrown upon the individual soldier. They were taught to take care of tliemselv&s and to take advantage of every opportunity for an ad- vance of the line. In many instances the men have, of their own accord, with- out orders, rushed forward when under heavy fire and gained important ad- vantage. They were taught to estimate distances on various formations, the estimates being proven by actual measurements, and, except when in general lin«^ of battle, to fire only when tliey had an object fairly in the sights of their TMOW). Ot W. H. TII'TON, GtTTySBURG. PRINT: THE F. GUTEKUNST CO. TMII A. Pennsiflvanid at Gettysburg. 283 ritic. In addition they weir skilled jnarksnu-n and werr constantly practicing; at long range, from two linndred to one tliousaud yards. To their peculiar tactics, constant practice, individual resiwnsibility and good marksmanship, can be credited the tearful punishment inflicted ui>()n theenemy in every action iu which they were engaged, without a proportionate loss to them. DEDICATION OF MONUMENT 46^" REGIMENT INFANTRY Septembkk 12, 1889 ORATION OF CAPTAIN JOSEPH MATCH ETT FRIENDS and comrades of the old Forty-sixth : — Twenty-six years ago this last Jnly we stood upon this ground to defend our country from the as- saults of those who in their madness would trample this glorious banner in the dust. What grand momentous days and nights these were on this 1st. 2d and 3d of July, 1863, when the destiny of our nation hung in the bal- ance, and the people all over our Northland had their eyes llxed on this army, trembling for fear that your courage or prowess would fail you, as your enemy, flushes. Julinson made repeated attacks on us that uijjht, and miuiy of his men were cut down in our front. (Jettysbiirg battle had been fought and won. I'he morning liglit of July 4, showed no rebels in your front, except numy of their dead a few steps in front of your works, and many in the woods beyond: mauj^ trees were cut to pieces with your bullets along your line. A reconnoisauce of the brigade and a battery of artillery down the Balti- more pike, and over to Hanover pike and back around through the town, proved tliat the enemy had left us masters of the Held. Your losses in killed, wounded and missing are not reported as large as .scmie regiments who fought in this battle. You had somewhere about two hundred men in the battle. The otRcial report says two hundred and sixty -two, and killed, two men: wounded, one otHcer and nine men: missing, one man. I am convinced tliat our los.ses were greater than this. However, losses do not always denote success; our sheltered position in this battle gave us an ad- vantage, while inflicting greater injury on the enemy than some perchance who had heavier losses. It was seldom that the Forty -sixth had the advantage of works, as the number of killed and wounded during your four-years' service will show, under the daring impetuous Knipe or the gallant gray-headed Sel fridge. Our capital city was saved, and our State redeemed, and the honor of our dag sustained. But oh! at what a cost. How proud should you be that you had a part in this achievement. Our hope had been that the enemy would be crushed and the war ended here but in this we were .sadly disappointed. Alter resting a couple of days we fol- lowed him to the Potomac, and down into Virginia to the Eappahanock river, and at Brandy Station an order came to transfer the Eleventh and Twelfth corps to the Southwestern army, under General Sherman's command, in Tennessee, where you went by rail to N;ishville. The old Star Corps and the Crescent Corps were there united, forming the Twentieth Corps, and retaining the Star as the badge to our delight, and were placed under command of the redoubtable '"lighter," Joe Hooker again, and in the Army of the Cumberland under I'ap Thomas and with old I'ap Williams commanding our division. And the corps marched on to further glory in the southland. Fighting above the clouds at Lookout Mountain, and at Tunnel Hill, Missionary Kidge, Buzzard's Roost, Snake Creek Gap, Cassville. Resaca, Lost Mountain, Kolb's Farm, Kenesaw Mountain, Big Shanty, Marietta, Chattahoochie, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta 'and then on to the .sea through Georgia and captured the fair city of Savannah at Christmas, 1 804. Where, after a brief rest and necessary supplies, 3^ou crossed the river into South Carolina, the hot-bed of treason, driving the enemy under Hardee in all directions, and got in the rear of Charleston, and took Columbia. Fought again at Averysboro, Fayetteville, Cheraw, Bentonville, Chesterfield C. H., arriving in Goldsboro, N. C, the latter end of March, 18(J5. After getting clothing which you greatly needed, we moved on towards John- son's army at Jialeigh, when we got the glad news of the surrender of Lee's army to (irant; what a .joyful day that was. Then .soon thereafter, on April 'JT, .fohn.son surrendered to Sherman, and, thank God, the war was over, and the Union was saved. Then commenced your honiiward march to Richmond, and Washington and the grand review, and your discharge at Harrisburg. Pa., .Fulv K;. l^(i">. witli the thanks of Congress. I'rniisi/Jrania at (r('ftj/.shnr4 caliber, using a niinie ball cartridge. On September '20. 1801, after the; dress-parade, Governor .V. G. Curtin and his staQ" appeared and presented to the regiment the National and State flags, which were received in an able, eloquent an<)ut 70, 0(K) troops, took part. lMiin«'(liatol.v alter the Fortv-iiiiith liati ])asse(l the reviewing .stand, Colouel Irwin coninieiueil drilling the regiment and blocked up the troops that were passing in review, (ieneral Hancock rode np rapidly when he had found the cause of the trouble placed Colonel Irwin in arre.st. and the regiment worn out with the fatigues of the day, straggled back to camp where they all arrived during the night. For this breach of discijiline Colonel Irwin was tried by court martial. About this time .several changes took place among the line officers. Lieutenant Hari)er, of Company A, resigned. Ijieutenanl Keed, ot Company G, resigned and Sergeant ,1 . T. Stuart was promoted ; Lieutenant Spanogle, of Comiiany I, resigned and Sergeant John Stewart promoted: Lieutenant John E. Keim resigned and SergeantWilliam B. Freeburn promoted: Adjutant J. ]SI. .Miller resigned, iind Sergeant Major E. I). Smith i)romote(l. On March 6, regiment went on a reconnoisauce to Hunter's Mill, and re- turned to camp on the 9th. The ue.xt day the whole army moved to Fairfax Court House, and finding the enemy had evacuated his position at Bull Run and Centerville we retracted our steps to Alexandria and embarked for Fort- ress Monroe, and the i)eniusular campaign was inaugurated. At the time of the embarkation of our brigade it seemed necessary to put two regiments on one boat and the Forty-third New York and Forty-ninth Peun.sylvania Volunteers were placed on board the .steamer North .-Vmerica. Shortly alter an altercation took place between the men of the two regiments which rendered it necessary to re- move the Forty-third New York to another vessel and they departed from the steamer to the tune of "Bully for You" from the Forty-ninth band. After which episode the North America proceeded on her way and landed us safely at Fortress Mouioe. Upon our arrival upon the Peninsula the army was organized into corps and Smith's Divi.sion with Couchs and Casey's formrd the Fourth Armj' Corps and was commanded by (Jeneral E. D. Keyes. Went into camp near Hampton, Virginia, moved Ibrward by .slow and ea.sy marches up the Peninsula. Early in April, our advance reached Warwick river near Lee's Mills. A spirited advance and attack was made by the Ver- mont Brigade but was repulsed. On that night the Forth-ninth was moved up to the front and threw up rifle pit.s. When we arrived on the ground by some error th(^ regiment stacked arms with the right flank in the direction of the enemy. .\ little after daylight the next morning a heavy cannonade was opened on us and the rebs (juickly got the range of our stacked muskets. Orders wen; not waited for but personal preservation was the order of the day. Every man broke lor a gun and then to the rear, to the timber, where the lines were ri'formed and the scare was over. Remained in this vicinity until .May J. On .\i)ril 2H, lh<; regiment lost its lirsi man killed by the enemy; Corporal "Watsm, of Company A, was killed on the ]>icket line. While remaining in this position many of the men were sick. Water was exceedingly bad and plenty of it only twelve or eighteen inches under the surfiu;e of the ground. The siege of Yorktown clo.sed on May 4th, by the evacuation of the enemy and we immediately started in pursuit, arriving in the vicinity of Williams- burg at dark. The battle opened early on the r)th. by tin- advance of Ileiiil- zelman's Third Corps, Divisions of Hooker and Kearn\ . PennsiflvavKi at (Tetfyshun/. 291 Hanciick's Jiriijatlc Dioved t(i tlic iii;lil anil canic It) a lar;io mill daiii. The brigade cmssed on the dam breast. 'This dam tntiast was covered l)y an curtli- Avork ])ut it was nnoccnpied and llu^ i rossinrigade advanced on us e.xpeitting to war the Forty-ninth Pennsylvania Volunteers formed a part of this fanu)us command. The next march l)rought us to Cold Harl)or. and the next to the banks of the Cliickahominy. and the siege of Kichmond was inaugurated. The regiment re- nuiined on the north bank of the Cliickahominy until about .Tune 15, when Ave crossed to the .south side and took u]) line of battle near Garnett's Hill. The malarial swamps in this vicinity Avas very destructive to the regiment. Very many sickened and numbers died. On the afternoon of June "27, the lighting commenced in our front. The regiment supported artillery and Avas under heavy artillery firing during the afternoon, and about sunset the enemy advanced but was handsomely repulsed. The Forty-ninth lost five killed and al)Out iilteen Avounded. one mortally. The next day. '28th, regiment engaged at Golding's farm and the brigade captured Colonel L. Q. C. Lamar of Mississipi)i. In this day's engagement regiment lost tAAo killed and several Avounded. Kegiment was engaged at Savage Station .Tune 29, AVhitc Oak Swamp .June ;!() and Malvern Hill Jul\- 1 and arrived at Harri.son 's Landing on .July 2 throusih a drenching rain and mud knee deep. The retreat ended and the base changed. The regiment and the armj' remained at Harri.son's until August 15, then moved down the peninsula to Fortress Monroe and embarked on the steamer Montreal and arrived at Alexandria on Sunday afternoon, August 24, where Ave remained until the 29th. On the morning of this day we marched off in great ha.ste to the relief of Pope and arrived at Aimandale in the evening, havin"- made the prodigious march of four miles in one da\\ The next day marched to Centerville but arrived too late to do anything for Pope as the second battle of Bull Pun had been fought and lost before our arrival. We occupied the 29*2 Peu)isf/lva7iia at Gettysburg. forts around Centerville and prevented tlie further advance ofthe enemy in that direction. But while in tlii.s ]K>sition, were in great danger of being cut olVby the advance ofthe enemy to Chantillv. The regiment returned with the army to Washington, crossed the Potomac at I.ong Ihidge, through Wash- ington and Georgetown to Tennallytown. Then on the Maryland campaign to Cnimptou's Gap into Pleasant Valley and remained thereuntil Harper's P^'erry capitulated and the battle of Antietam well on, when the regiment with the cxirps moved in rear from left to right of the whole army through Boonsljoro, etc. , and went into the engagement on the extreme right, relieving Sumner's Corps. Upon our arrival at the front, General Richardson having been mortally wounded, General Hancock, our beloved brigade commander, was appointed to the command of Richardson's Division ofthe iSecond Corps. Our loss in the battle was slight ; one killed and a few wounded. The one killed was Charlie King of Company F, drummer, a bright boy of about thirteen years of age. After the battle moved to the I'otomac near tShepherdstown, thence to Bakers- ville where we encamped about two Aveeks, then marched to the Pennsylvania line in an attempt to intercept the enemy's cavalry raid. On this movement the regiment did picket duty in our native State facing north. The enemy succeeded in making his escape and recrossed into Virginia. Regiment re- turned to Hagerstown and went into camp and remained there until the army again moved sotith. While at Hagerstown, Lieutenant-Colonel Brisl)ane and Chaplain Earnshaw resigned and Major Hulings promoted to lieutenant-colonel and Captain John B. Miles to major. From Hagerstown the regiment moved through Boonsboro, Middletown and Petersville, crossed the Potomac at BerHn,down Loudoun Valley to White Plains, where we went into camp for a few days. While here, the first snow storm of the season occurred, accompanied by \ ery cold weather, causing considerable sufteriug among the men. A number ofthe regiment who went out foraging from this camp were captured by the guerrillas under Mosby. The ne.xt move brought us to New Baltimore. Here General McClellan was relieved ofthe command ofthe army and General Burnside assigned in his stead. Shortly after this event, the army was organized into three grand divisions. The First and Sixth Corps formed the left grand division command(!d by Major-General W^ B. Franklin, the Sixth Corps by General W. F. Smith, our division by General Howe, General Pratt retaining the command of the brigade. From New Baltimore marched to Aquia Church, to Stafiord Court House, to Stalford Heights opposite Fredericksburg. The Sixth Corps going into camp near Wliite Oak Church. Participated with the left grand division in the battle of Fredericksburg. December 12 to 14, 1862. Recrossed the river on the pon- toon ])ridge on the night ofthe 14th and returned to our old camp and remained until the Chancellorsvill«> campaign. On January 11. 1HG:{, the regiment having become very much depleted in numbers, by a .special order from the W^ar Department, was consolidated into four companies. Companies U and I formed new A, Captain Wakefield, First Lieutenant Thompson, Second Lieutenant Hilands. Companies K and F and part of V. formed new B, Captain Freeburn, First Lieutenant Swain, Second Ijieutenant Barr. Companies G and D and the balance of E formed new C, Captain Hutchis(jn, First Lieutenant Wombacker and Second Lieutenant J. P. Smitli. Companies A, B and part of (J formed new D, Cai)tain Quigley, First Lieutenant Sherwood, Second Lieutenant, B. H. Downing. Captain Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 293 Hickman was serving at division licadquarters as ordnance officer ; Captains Campbell and DeWitt resigning. Colonel Irwin, Major Miles, Captains .Sweeney, Eckeberger and Cox, Lieutenants Eitner, E. D. Smith and D. J. Walliugs and all the supernumerary non-commissioned officers were sent to Pennsylvania on recruiting service. The colonel and major only remained during the balance of the winter and then rejoiiied the battalion. The rest remained in dift'erent parts of the State until November 19, 1S63, when, by an order from the War Department, the supernumerary line officers were mustered out and honorably discharged and the non-commissioned officers were returned to the regiment and assigned to the new companies then being organized. The battalion under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel Ilulings took part in the " Mud March." Shortly after the army again exchanged ccnumanders, Hooker succeeding Burnside, and the army went back to the corps organization. Among other general officers, Franklin and Smith were relieved and Major- General John Sedgwick was assigned to command the Sixth Corps, General Brooks the division and General Russell the brigade. About this time the light division was formed, and two regiments from our brigade (Fifth Wiscon- sin and Sixth Maine) were assigned to it. Their places in the brigade were filled by two other regiments. On May 1, the Chancellorsville campaign opened and the Forty-jiinth crossed the Rappahannock in pontoon boats under the lire of the enemy. They succeeded in crossing and held the ground while the pontoon bridge was thrown across. In this engagement Colonel Irwin and Captain Freeburn were wounded, the latter mortally. Corporals Cresswell and Bruce were also wounded. After the corps succeeded in crossing, the regiment took part in its movements and after being almost surrounded after Hooker's defeat, succeeded in escajjing across the river at Banks' Ford. After Chancellorsville, nothing of importance occurred until Lee made his movement north. On .June 20, the Forty-ninth and brigade again crossed the Rappahannock below Fredericksburg in pontoon boats and captured the enemy's pickets and picket reserves and again estal)lished our line south of the river and entrenched from Deep Run to the Bernard House. After completing the works, re-crossed the river and followed the army now in pursuit of Lee. Ar- rived at Fairfax Court House June 26, Edwards' Ferry on the Potomac, June 28, crossed to Poolesville, Maryland, and after two days' marching arrived at \Vestminster, Maryland, on the evening of July 1, and the first days' battle had been fought at Gettysburg. From Westminster marched to Gettysburg, thirty- two miles, in a broiling July sun, with but one halt to make coffee and get some" thing to eat. Arrived on the battle-field about 2 p. m. of the second day and formed the reserve. On the night of the 2d, took position on the side of Round Top but were not engaged. On the morning of the 3d took position on this ground covering the left flank of the army. Grant's Vermont Brigade with Russell's formed in line at right angles with the main line of the army, Fifth Wisconsin Volunteers on the extreme left and the Forty -ninth joined it on the right. In this position held the ground under heavy artillery fire but no cas- ualties are reported. After the retreat of the enemy, the Sixth Corps led the advance in pursuit, first in the direction of Chambersburg, then to the left in the direction of Emmitsbnrg, arriving at the foot of the Catoctin Mountains about dark and attempted to cross during the night but, owing to the darkness and heavy rains, were compelled to go into camp on the top of the mountain 294 Pennsylvania at Geiiyshurg. near Hamburg. Early the next luorning continued our march west througli Middletown. crossed the South ]\Iountain at Turner's Pass and camped at Boonsboro. The next day the Forty-ninth, being in the extreme advance of llie army, Avere deployed as skirmishers on either side of the National turnpike in the direction of Hagerstown. Skirmishing continued during the day; we advancing and the cnem}' falling back on his main body. When near Wil- liamsport, Maryland, in the evening of that same day, in skirmishing, Lieuten- ant Swain was wounded through the thigh. No attack in force being made that evening the enemy withdrew across the Potomac. The Union arm^' crossed at Berlin via Boonsboro, marched through Loudoun Yallej'and went into camp at "NVarrenton, Virginia, and remained comparatively inactive until November 6, 1863. While in camp here, on October 24, Colonel Irwin resigned and re- turned home, the command devolving on Lieutenant-Colonel Hulings. On November 0, moved in the direction of lvai)pahanock Station. On the 7th, the Forty-ninth again in advance, did the skirmishing until near evening vrhen the Sixth Maine took our place and we returned to the main column. By this time we were in front of the enemy's works on the north side of the river near the station, held by Hoke's and Hays' brigades of Lee's army. The works were carried })y stornt and almost all of the enemy captured. The .se- verest loss on our side fell to the Fifth Wisconsin and Sixtli Maine wlio lost heavily. The lo.ss in the Forty-ninth was three killed, three mortally and lif- teen others wounded. Among the latter was Captain Hutchison and Adjutant J. T. Stuart. Among the severely wounded was Quartermaster-Sergeant J. D. W. Henderson who gallantly borrowed a musket and went into the fight and was badly wounded. From this point the regiment moved to Brandy Station and went into camp near Hazel creek where the winter was spent. Early in December a movement ■was made to ]\Iine run where the enemy was found in force. No strong attack •was made, but for two days the regiment was under artillery fire, during which a shell burst in the regiment, wounded slightly Captain Quigiey and four men. Returned to the camp and put up winter quarters. About this time the super- numerary non-commissioned officers rejoined the regiment, and drafted men and substitutes also arriving, four new companies, E, F, G and H, were organized and commanded respectively by Wombacker, Sherwood, Stuart and Swain. A new company of volunteers recruited by Sergeant Kephartakso joined the regi- ment and was commanded by Captain W. P. Kephart. The regiment now filled to the minimum, Colonel Hulings, Lieutenant-Colonel Miles and Major Hickman Avere mustered in as the field officers. The supernumerary non-com- missioned officers were assigned to the newcomjianies. Eight new lieutenants were mustered. Lieutenant Ililands promoted to adjutant, and the regiment was well manned and officered for the spring campaign, liaving nine companies ■well filled, about .seven hundred and fifty .strong, a large regiment for those days. On May 4, the regiment moved with the army in the direction of theenemj', cros.sed the Ilapidan at Germanna Mills. On the morning of the 5th formed line of battle and moved forward into the Wilderness. Struck the enemy about 10 o'clock who o])ened a volley on us at about thirty yards. More than fifty per cent, of the men in the regiment were new and untried and many of them liad been comi)elled to serve by draft, but Ihey stood the shock Avith an invin- cibility tliat would have done lionor to Na])oleon\s Imperial Guard in its palmiest Pnin.sffJrruna at (Tettiinhurti 295 days. We drovt- tlie enemy l>ack a short distance and entrenched. In this en- gagement the regiment lostal)oiit forty men. of whom three were killed and two mortally wounded. Maintained our po-sition until after dark of the (ith. On tliis evening the enemy in great force attacked the -ight of our corps and tlie army and succeeded in turning the flank, capturing two brigadi' commanders in the Tliird Division and many of the men. At the same time the Forty-ninth ^vas subjected to a very heavy tire, suftering a loss of ten men wounded, one of them mortally. After the ilanking movement was stopj^ed our line was changed at right angle.s to the one previously held and remained in this po.sition until after dark of the 7th when the race for Spotsylvania commenced, the Sixth following the Fifth Corps. We arrived at Locust Grove about (! p. m.. Sunday, May 8. and found the Fifth Corps engaged and alx)ut to charge the enemy. We formed line to support the charge. For some reason it Mas not made. Remained in this jjosi- tion during the night and early on the morning of the !)th extended our line taking position on the left of the Fifth Corps joining it on our right. While these dispositions were being made, the gallant and heroic commander of the Sixth Corps, Major-General John Sedgwick, Avas shot by a .sharpshooter and killeattlf in entrenchments. In this ad- vance we reached a cart road at which a\ e stojiped, still under cover of about seventy-five yards of timber with jjiles of fence rails for barricades. At this point the officer commanding the right of the line, ordered the men to hold this road and to protect themselves behind trees, rail piles, etc. At this moment a field officer, a lieutenaut-cohtnel. rode ahmg and directed the line to advance to the edge of the woods. The lieutenant with his men knowing the attempt would result in certain defeat obeyed the order and mo\ed forward about fortv yards and received a galling lire from a line of battle entrenched. The enemy- then poured out against us and we were driven back two hundred and fiftv or three hundred yards into the woods fighting as we went. We then halted, faced about, and again moved forward under a terrible fire, losing men from our weak line at every^ step. We fought our way back to the cart road and rail piles at which point we stopped and held that line. The first time we had reached this position with very small loss, but to re-take it cost the two companies more than Ibrty men, one-third of whom were killed. We held the position until about 2 p. ni., when we were relieved by companies A and Y., Captains Wake- fiekl and Wombacker. The two relieved companies, D and G, returned to the regiment and rested until about 4.30 p. m., when Eustis' Brigade with Upton'sand another, makiii<' a divi.sion of twelve regiments of infantrv, under the command of Colonel Emerv 296 Pennstf/vania id (Teffyshurt/. I'pton, of the One hundreil and Iwenty-lii-st New Vi)ik Volunteers, moved for- ward to assault the enemy. The storming column was formed in four lines with a front of three regiments and the lines twenty paces apart. The same cart road which had been so gallantly fought for and held by the skirmishers during the day was the very spot where the assaulting columns were formed and from which tlie charge was made. The Forty-ninth was upon the right of the second line and was represented by six companies Companies A and E were still on the skirmish line in front, and Companj- C was detailed to picket the right of the corps. Upon the tiring of a signal gun the assaulting column dashed forward, fii-st through the timber about seventy-five yards into an open field of about one hundred and fifty to two hundred yards wide and then into slashed timber about one hundred yards, to strongly entrenched works, well manned with infantry and artillery. It seemed that when we emerged from our cover of timber, the first line of battle had melted away before the de- structive fire of the enemy and we w ho had been in the second line now led the charge. We moved rapidly forward under a terrible fire of infantry and artil- lery, across the open field, through the slashed timber and over the first line of earthworks filled with the enemy, who threw down their arms and were sent to the rear, then forward through another line of rifle-pits. While between these two lines we suffered dreadfully from a battery about one hundred yards dis- tant on our right which threw canister into us by the bushel. A little later the ])attery Avas captured. Captain Honey of the Sixth Maine cutting down an artilleryman with his sword with his hand on tlie lanyard. The charge was up to this time a complete success, but a little while after, owing to the failure' of the supports to arrive in time to protect our flanks, the enemy on the flanks changed front and compelled the withdrawal of the whole force who were able to leave the field. The Forty -ninth with the other regiment did all in this charge that could possibly be done by the same number of men and with the support received, but at dreadful cost. Colonel Hulings, Lieutenant-Colonel Miles, Captain Kephart and Lieutenant Ly tie were killed; Captains Barr, Quig- ley and Stuart wounded, the former mortally; Lieutenants Irwin, Russell. Hilands, .1. B. Downing wounded, and Lieutenant Barton wounded and cap- tured. Seventy-one enlisted men killed, twenty-one mortally wounded and one hundred and eighty-two others wounded and missing. X total of two hun- dred and eightj'-six oflicers and men out of about four hundred and fifty en- gaged, a loss of sixty-three and one-half per cent, of all who went into the en- gagement. The total loss to the regiment in this day's fighting was about three hundred and twenty-five men. The next day. May 11, it was comparatively quiet in our Iront. Lieutenant .John M. Thompson was badly wounded in the left arm Ity a sharpshooter while on picket. On the morning of May 12, General Hancock, with the Second Corps, charged at what afterwards was known as the "lUoody .Vngle," captured two general oflicers and several thousand iiri.soners, but was unable to continue the moM- nient and the Sixth Corps was sent to his relief. The Forty-ninth fought the enemy for the whole day at only a few yards distance, as many ;is two hundred rounds of ammunition being used per man, and the mu.skets ])ecame.so foul :ind lieated that the rifle in the bore was worn smooth, and after this light they would not carry a ball thirty yards. They were afterwards changed for Springfield rifles. In this fight large oak trees were literally cut ofl" by liullets ; no artil- Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 297 lery conkl be used. The legimont lost in this engagement, sixteen killed, two mortally woiuuleil and about thirty othei-s wounded. Among the latter was Captain Wombacker, Lieutenants ]'.. H. Downing and Ilowell. The losses in officers in these engagements made the following promotions: Major Hickman to lieutenant-colonel, Captain Wakelield to major, Lieutenant Thompson to captain Company A, .Second I.,ieutenant Wix. to first and Sergeant J. B. Rodgers to second lieutenant A, Lieutenant layers to captain of 1, Hackenberg first lieutenant and D. A. Stahl second lieutenant, John S. Brat- ton to captain B, Samuel H. Irvin first and John J. Higlit second lieutenant, Joseph W. Wallace first and O. S. Kumberger second lieutenant of H and Howell and Davison first and second lieutenants of F. After the sanguinary engagements at Spotsylvania were ended, moved by the left flank to the Pamunk(\v river and Cold Harbor where the regiment was under fire and partly engaged daily from June 1 to 7, losing nine killed, two mortally wounded and about thirty others wounded and missing, among the latter Lieutenant James P. Smith and several men were captured by the enemy. Lieutenant Smith was held a prisoner until the following spring and rejoined the regiment after Lee's surrender. From Cold Harbor moved again by the left and crossed the .lames river and took part in the siege of Petersburg until July 7, 1864. While here Colonel Oliver Edwards of the Thirty-seventh Ma.ssachu setts Volunteers succeeded General Eustis in command of the brigade. On July 7, 1864, a strong force having been sent to menace Wasliington and Baltimore, the Sixth Corps cut loose from tlie Army of tlie Potomac and took transports at City Point for the National Capital, arriving in Washington on the evening of July 9. We raced the enem^' from Fort Stevens in the defenses of Washington to Snicker's Gap, but they succeeded in crossing the Shenandoah and escaped. Returned to Wa.shingtoii passing through our old Camp Griffin on the way. Marched through ^Maryland to Frederick City and to Harper's Ferry. By this time the Middle ^Military Division was formed and composed of the Sixth, Eighth and Nineteenth corps, all under the command of Major-Gen- eral Philip H. Sheridan who gained for his troops additional glory and they in return made him world famous by the time the campaign ended. Shortlj- after our arrival at Harper's Ferry the small-pox broke out in the regiment and it was isolated at Bolivar Heights for aV)out a month. On Septem- ber 13. rejoined the division then encamped near Berryville. Early on the morning of September 19, moved in the direction of Winchester. Struck the enemy near Opequon creek and fought a fierce battle during the whole of the day, the enemy's forces tailing back towards Winchester. About noon two brigades of Early's forces which had been .sent in the direction of Martinsburg returned and made a desperate attack on the left of the Nineteenth Corps, driving them back. This repulse uncovered the right flank of Russell's Division of the Sixth Corps. Russell put himself at the head of the brigade and hurried in to retrieve the disaster, and succeeded in stopping the enemy, but in the movement the general was killed, shot to death with a cannon ball. General Frank Wheaton succeeded to the command of the division. Towards the close of the day, and while the infantry and artillery were driving the enemy, the cavalry division struck them on their left flank, doubling them up and sent them "Whirling through Winchester," winning a glorious victory on the open field. In this engagement First Lieutenant .Toseph W. Wallace was killed 298 Pennstjlvania of Geityshiini. and Captain John .M. Thompson desperatelj- wounded in seven phices by the explosion oC a sclirapnel, directly in front of him. Ten enlisted men were kiliid and alx)uf tliirly wounded, eight of them mortally. While the light was at its height Major Wakefield, wlio had l>een away on special service, was returning, an presented by Colonel Edwards, and received on the part of the regiment by ('ai)tain .Tames T. Stuart. On Octol)er 24, the brigade rejoined the corps at Cedar Creek and remained there until after the presidential election, then moved midway between Mid- dletown and Winchester until about December 6, when the Sixth Corps left the valley and returned to the siege of Petersburg. Went into the line in front of Yellow House near Fort Wadsworth. The regiment succeeded in finding splendid winter (juarters built by some soldiers of the Fifth Corps. Here we remained, with the exception of a reconnaissance to Hatcher's Run, until April 2, 1865. In the last days of March troops in large bodies were passing in the rear of us to the left, moving to Five Forks and the series of battles were commencing to end the rebellion. On Sunday morning. April 2, the regiment and brigade ( having formed dur- ing the previous night in front of Fort Fisher) at the early dawn charged the works in our front and broke through the enemy's lines. The regiment turned to the left and emptied the rifle pits for about a mile, wlien troops from the Second Corps took our place and continued the movement while we faced about and closed in on Petersburg, the Sixth Corps holding the line from the Appo- mattox river to the old rebel line of works. Lo.ss of the regiment in the en- gagement, one killed and about a dozen wounded. Among the latter was the adjutant who received a .slight saber cut in the left hand in going over the rebel entrenchments. The movement of this day compelled the evacuation of Richmond and Pet- ersburg. Early on the morning of the :>d, started in pursuit of the enemy in the direction of Amelia Court House. General Sheridan had been pleading for the Sixth Corps from the beginning of the cam])aign but until now (Irant had work for them and they could not be spared. The Sixth Corps now moved rapidly across the army to the extreme right to Sheridan's helj). We caught up with him at Sailor's creek about 5 p. m., of April 6, and inimediatelv formed line of battle under Sheridan's direction, the brigade in the following order : Fifth Wisconsin on the right joined by the One-hundred and nine- teenth Pennsylvania Volunteers, the Forth-ninth in the center joined by the Sixth Maine to the left and the Thirty -seventh Massachusetts on the left of the brigade. While forming Major Gray of the One hundred and nineteenth asked the general of the situation. He replied aloud, "Boys, Custer is acro.ss there pointingi about two miles with his cavalry and fourteen pieces of artil- Pennsylvania at GeUysimnj. 299 lery aiul we'ro here, and J", well with liis rorps is bclwecn us and if we press them the}' will be in a tight lix."' As soon as the lines were formed we '"pressed." Moved forward in line of battle down sloping ground to the creek which we crossed, it being from knee to waist deep. After crossing we lay under cover of a knoll a few minutes to perfect the alignments. In a few min- utes Captain Colt of Edwards' staff rode along and directed an advance on the double-(iuick. The enemy was under cover of a woods about one hundred and fiifty yards in our front and between us open ground. The regiment advanced rapidly through a perfect storm of bullets but in fifteen minutes it was all over and General Ewell commanding the corps, with seven other general officers and about 7.000 officers and men were captured. The regiment in this engagement was opposed by a regiment of marines from Richmond who had never been in an engagement but they fought Aaliantly and when flanked and surrounded hardly knew enough to surrender. The loss of the regiment in this battle was excessively severe. Owing to the hard and wearisome marches made for four days; we carried only about 250 men into the battle. Of these fifteen were killed including Lieutenant Hackenberg, six mortally wounded including Lieutenants John B. Rodgers and John D. Gil- lespie, about sixty others were wounded. The most distressing part of these losses was that this was our last battle and a number of those killed were men ■who had been with us from the organization of the regiment. Notably, Lieu- tenants Rodgers and Gillespie, Sergeant-Major J. Roy Hackenberg and First Sergeant Calvin Cain. Shortly after the end of the fight the Forty-ninth was detailed to guard pris- oners at Sheridan's headquarters. During the night Custer's cavalry brought in a large number in addition to those previously captured. About 8 a. m. of the 7th, the regiment was ordered to conduct the prisoners to Burkeville Jimction which was a full day's march from the battle-field. Arrived at Burkeville about dark and turned the prisoners over to the provost marshal, drew rations and ■went into camp for the night. Early on the next morning (April 8) we started for the front, marched rapidly in the direction of Appomattox Court Hoase, passing through Farmville and reached the front and joined the brigade on the morning of the lOth, after the surrender of Lee which had occurred the day be- fore (April 9, 1865). We then returned with the army to Burkeville Junction and went into camp where we remained until the 35th. While in camp here, on April 16, Adjutant Downing was mustered as captain of Company F and Lieutenant Robert Davison of Company F as adjutant of the regiment. Here also we were joined by a com- pany of volunteers from Allegheny county, Company K, commanded by Cap- tain J. F. Reynolds, First Lieutenant James H. Bascom and Second Lieutenant Thomas M. Gillespie. On April 25, General Johnson not having yet surrendered to Sherman, the Sixth Corps marched to Danville in the very southern edge of Virginia, making the march in four days. Here we found many men from Lee's army awaiting transportation further south. The old corps marched through the city ■with colors unfurled and the men never felt prouder nor marched better than on this occasion. We went in camp south of the city on the edge of North Carolina and remained until after Johnson's surrender. While here one recruit arrived and was assigned to Companj' F, which lacked one man of the minimum, and as a result. First Sergeant Glass was mustered as 300 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. second lieutenant of the companj' which event occurred jnst in time, for the mail arrived while Glass was at the mustering officer's which brought news of the death of George Stanford, wounded at Sailor's Creek, and two others discharged for disabilit}'. Had Glass been an hour later he would have failed in being mustered. On May 6, we returned by rail to Burkeville and the corps was distributed along theSouthside railroad. The Forty-ninth headquarters were at Wellsville with eight companies, while two companies under the command of Cai)tain "Wombacker were stationed at Blacks and "Whites Station, about eight miles further south. While here the Arm}- of the Potomac, with the exception of the Sixth Corps, returned to Washington. Sherman's army from Atlanta also passed hy us ou their way to the National Capital. After the grand review of the two armies in Washington, the Sixth Corps, about June 1, broke camj) and marched to Petersburg and Manchester opposite Richmond, went into camp for two days, then marched through Richmond, reviewed by General Halleck, on to Mechanicsville and Fredericksburg, and arrived at Hall's Hill opposite Wash- ington, where we remained until July 15. In the meantime, however, the Sixth Corps also passed in review through Washington. On July 12, orders were received to make the muster-out rolls, preparatory to discharge. Everything being prepared Captain A. M. Tyler, mustering officer, visited us and mustered the regiment out of the service on July 15, 1865, three years and ten months after organization. We proceeded through Washington and Baltimore to Harrisburg where the officers and men w^ere paid and finally discharged, and the Forty-ninth Regiment of Pennsylvania Volunteers had passed into history. DEDICATION OF MONUMENT 53° REGIMENT INFANTRY September ii, 1S89 ADDRESS OF FIRST LIEUT. CHAS. P. HATCH, ADJUTANT COMRADES :— We meet to-day for a noble and glorious j^urpose, and one which (umnot but appeal to the heart of every soldier here who was a member of our old command. At the same time Itwoirld be strange indeed, if the occasion did not engender Avithin us emotions of a con- flicting nature. AsT look arounil me and sec how few there are of us left, memories of the past come crowding before me. I recall to memory those days in '63 when we were battling with the enemy upon this very field. I am carried still farther back to '61 when we started out uiion our military career, and, compar- ing that starting out with to-day, one cannot but be profoundly impressed not alone by the changed and happj' conditions now existing, but .sorrowfully as well, as wo recall to inemorv our former comrades, now dead and gone but then with lis brave, eager and enthusiastic. The records of the War Deixvrtmcnt show that from '61 to '63 our regiment had already gone through ten principal engagements, not counting the numer- ous minor ones, and in each many were stricken from our ranks, and when, in PHOTO. BY W. H. TIPTON, GETTYSBURS. PRINT: THE F. GUTEKUNST CO., PHILA. Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 301 lH(i;;, we marched upon the liekl orcioltvsburg, our rauks luitl already been sadly depleted, but again our thin ranks were further reduced in numbers. From Gettysburg to Appomattox inelusive the Fifty-third took part in sixteen addi- tional principal engagements, making twenty-six in all, averaging one princi- pal engagement or battle for each hfty days of service, including the time spent in winter quarters, and not counting the reconnaissances, special services and incidental encounters with the enemy between battles, in all of which however we suffered constant losses in killed and wounded. Our regimental reiwrts of casualties during the war foot up thirty-flve officers and seven hundreut one thought, that in the Providence of God there was one duty above every other presented to us, and that wiis the defense of our flag, the maintenance of our government and gl<)- rious national it}' in all its integrity, and for this the men of '61 freely volun- teered their services and if need he their lives. .\s was natural under the ten- sion of public feeling then existing, the people were in advance of the constituted authorities, coming together intuitively and hy a common impulse, taking tlie initiative in organization and selecting their leaders under whom they desired to .serve. We found ours in Captain John \l. Brooke who had already served as an ol- ficer in the preliminary three-mouths' .service, and he became our colonel, and as corroboration of the worthiness and fitness of the selection, as well as testi- fying a-s to the (quality of the command under him, I have hut to mention that after the close ot the war he was commissioned in the regular military service (if the United States and is to-day holding the rank of brigadier-general. Our lieutenant-colonel was Richards McMichael of Pottsville, Pa., a veteran of the Mexican war, while our major was Thomas Yeager of AUentown, I^i.t who lost his life at Fair Oaks. On the one side, therefore, were arrayed those who had taken up arms in de- fense and for the perpetuation of our National life. On the other were arrayed those who, though doubtless equally as sincere in their convictions, yet .sought the destruction of our National government, and the right to maintain a sepa- rate confederate government. The i.ssue at .stake was a momentous one and upon the outcome of those days of conflict upon which we were about to enter, dejx'nded con.sequences to our country and humanity which would shape the destiny of generations. Our giand government, which had already done so much to raise the diguit.\ ol' man and labor, which had long ])ecn the wonder and admiration of civilized people as they viewed the progress and pro.sperity already attained by a peo- ple living under constitutional guarantees of liberty and freedom, was now threatened with subversion. In the principles involved it was as a .struggle between giants. It was in fact a war between men of kindred blood and an- tecedents. With the great i.ssues before us, and with the .spirit prevailing and which ani- niate a. m, and took up our line of march via Taneytown, After making a few miles the familiar sound of artillery firing was heard in the advance, which we then 2U 306 Pennsylvania at Getfy.sfmrg. had leamoci was at or near (lettTsbnij;, toward \vliirli our ^oh1nlll^ wove now rapidly converging. Vou no doubt all remember our crossing the boundary line into Teunsyhania and what riniriug cheers went up from our regiment when we found oursehes, aft<»r so long an absence, once more treading the soil of our native State and that we were to do battle so near our homes. Footsore and jaded as all were, the step became more si>ringy, the gait (juickened as our forward movement went on, while the sound of artillery became momentarily more rapid as well as more distinct as we advanced. In fact the great fight had fairly begun, and we knew must he in full progress in the front, and as we recall the scene there is even now the old thrill and inspiration in the contemplation of our veteran column jmshing on with all the determination and speed possible toward the field which we knew was the prelude to the desperate encounter we were our- selves to engage in with the enemy. It was about 'i.'AO p. m.. while our column was thus pushing forward, our brigade being in the lead and our regiment leading the brigade. General Han- cock with Colonel Brooke and their respective staft's were at the time riding at the head of the line, when a mounted orderly came rapidly down the road to- ward us and, approaching General Hancock, handed him the communication from General Meade apprising him of the death of General Reynolds and di- recting him to at once take command of the forces in the front and then en- gaged with the enemy. Delaying only to announce the purport of the order and to give (Jolonel Brooke some instructions as to our further march, Hancock rode off rapidly in the direction of Gettysbuig. In a short time after the am- bulance bearing the body of the lamented Reynolds passed us in the (;ontrary direction. That night about 10 p. m. we went into bivouac about two miles from Gettys- burg, the l)attle for the day having ceased, but by 7 a. m.. July 2, we were as- signed position on Cemetery Ridge about one mile north of Little Round Top on the right of the Third Corps, the enemy being in our front across tlie valley about one mile. The weary hours we spent in this position I need liardly men- tion. V)eing varied (mly by shifting our position here and there, but never far, and this continued from 7 a. m. until 4 j). m., when all our weariness vanished as we unexpectedly and somewhat to our surprise, .saw the Third Corps under General Sickles advancing from our left and moving acro.ss the valley to the peach orchard and the Emmitsburg load. At first uncertain what it meant we soon saw them penetrate the peach orchard, and realized by the rattle of musketry which followed that the second day's fight had opened. Entertain- ing no doubt l)ut that w(; would shortly be ordered forward to join in it, we were intently watching the fighting going on before us. when we were, about 5 p. m.. .suddenly called to attention and our brigade was ordered to the left, at double-ijuick, our movement being left iu front. We were soon in line of battle at the edge of the wheat-field, where by the time of our arrival the Fir.st Brigade of ourdivision, under command of Colonel Cross of the Fifth New Hampshire, had already become hotly engaged and were being pressed by the enemy. Halting only to rectify our ranks, our brigade was ordered to advance to the relief of the First Brigade, and we at once moved forward faced by the rear rank, liaving no time to form by the front, and passing the line of the First P)rigade at the edge of the field, .struck the enemy and we also found ourselves hotly engaged. Oui brigade however pressed forward st<'adily. firing as it ad- Pennsylvania at (rttfysburij. 307 Yjinced, opposed by hoih inlUiitr.v and artilh-iN, tlie lallcr bein<;' posted on the higli f!;round ])eyond, but we nevertheless soon drove the eneni3''s I'ront line by fnir linn advaiue, but the enemy's artilh'rv lire was now lelt by Colonel Brooke Xii be telling; 1o() severely upon us at this time and lie therefore orilered a charge by the brigade which gallantly reri])onded. and. dashing forward, broke the enemy's second line and mounting the high ground beyond the run, drove thi; enemy's artillery from its position, and it was in this charge and at this time the PMfty-third Pennsylvania reached the identical spot now marked by this monument, the Sixty-fourth New York being on our left, two companies of the Twenty-seventh Connecticut on our right, with the One hundred and forty-fifth Pennsylvania on the right of the line and their respective monuments stand with our own on this glorious and advanced line. A partof the Third Brigade of our division (our original brigade) was not far oil', and hoping to maintain our position, Colonel Brooke, in the emergency, at once ass\imed command over them, ordering them to our aid, to hold what wv had gained, but we were too far in advance of our lines, and the enemy still being in strong force in our fi-ont and moving upon both , when, there l>eiug none of the enemy north of the Potomac, we took up our line of march with our corjjs for Harper's Ferry, marching na Downs- ville and Sharp-sburg and at (» p. m. went into l)ivouac along the tow-path ol the canal, having marched all day without food. The next day we moved to Plea.sant Valley where our corps remained until (J a. m., .July Is, when we tcok up our march again for Hari)er's Ferry, at which point wc fonl(>d the Potomac and again found ourselves ui Virginia mo\in'j. .southward on tlu- cast side of Pennsylcania af (idliishnni. 301) the Jilue Kidge, wiiilt- the eiieiuy was m()\ iiifi on paralhl lines on tlie west side ol' the ridge. It seems a singular eo-incident, yet such are the Ikcts, tliat our corjis, then eomnianded by General Sumner, was the advance of the Army of the Potomac in its movement on Fredericksburg in '62, while our regiment was one of the brigade which led the corps, and was the first to enter Falmouth and a2)pear before Fredericksburg. Again, when the Army of the Potomac abandoned the front of Fredericksburg, our corps was the last to withdraw, while our regiment was one of the brigade Avhich was rear guard for the corps, and consequently the last to leave the front of Fredericksburg. And again, as our army turns its steps southward, following the enemy's retreating columns, our own regi- ment, together with a majority of our brigade, is in the skirmish line of the last line of battle which moved iipon the enemy north of the Potomac, and our regiment took part in the la.st action had with the enemy's rear guard and tired the last shots as closing the Gettysburg campaign. Drawn from memory and aided by memoranda made by me at the time I have given you as briefly as po.ssible. assuming it would be of interest, our movements from the day we started from Falmouth, .Tune 14, to meet the enemy at Gettysburg until the battle over, we had our Unal combat with them just one month after, on July 14, and the Getty.sburg campaign was past, fraught with all its influences upon the subsequent operations of the enemy. In com- mon with the other commands which had seen equal service, our regiment went into action at Gettysburg much reduced in numbers. Three companies numbering about one hundred, and under command ol Captain ]\Iintzer, were, during the battle, on duty at corps headquarters as i)ro- \-ost guard, and were engaged in tjuarding prisoners taken in the fight, subse- (juently about three thousand ot them being marched to Westmin.ster, Maryland, assisted V)y .some cavalry, all under command of Captain Mintzer. The other seven companies remained with the brigade, and taking active part in the battle numbering exactly one hundred and thirty-five otiicers and men, and were under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel McMichael ; a pitiful remnant of the gal- lant regiment which had left Camp Curtin nine hundred and twenty strong, less than two years before, but the difi'erence in numbers is easily understood when we refer to the previou.sly mentioned regimental reports of casualties in action, to which might well be added the numbers, and they were not a few, who died of sickness contracted in the service, and the large numbers in hos- pital, wounded or sick. Truly, our regimental rejwrt for the day was "All present or accounted for. "' Of the one hundred and thirty-five who entered the fight on the 2d of .Inly in line with the brigade, the los.ses were as follows: Killed. ^V(lU)ll^e9x"(T per cent Our losses m killed and wounded '-'tV "" " Our losses in killed alone r)j2_ " ■• Our losses in captured and niissinir . 4,*o " '' 310 Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. Out ol'the one liniKheil and thirty-live wlio went into the light but fifty-five were left in line of battle under our regimental colors the next morning, but few as thev were Ihey were there in line of battle with their brigade and ready on the 'M, to sustain the previous well-earned reputation of the gallant Fifty-third ; our regiment needs no eulogy at our hands, for what it achieved is written iu history. That it did its duty nobly and unflinchingly we very well know, but still some statistical facts in this connection may not prove uninteresting. Colonel William F. Fox, in his work upon losses sustained in battle, enu- merates forty-five regiments which, of all regiments serving in the armies of the United States during the war. suftered a loss each of two bundled or more iu killed in action or ilied of wounds received iu action. The Fifty-third Penn- sylvania is one of the forty-live. Out of the forty-five regiments enumerated, three were members during the war of our own Fourth Brigade viz : The One liundred and forty-eighth Pennsylvania, One hundred and-forty-fifth Pennsyl- vania and Fifty-third Pennsylvania, the fiist mentioned under command as colonel of the present Governor of our State, General James A. Beaver, whose regiment became attached to our brigade with the opening of the Wilderness campaign, while he himself had command of our brigade after the wounding of Colonel Brooke at Cold Harbor, and until he also was wounded at our head. Of the Ibrty-five regiments mentioned twelve of them belonged to our own corps, the Second, or more than twenty-six per cent. Again. Colonel Fox enumerates nine heavy artillery regiments which simi- larly suffered a loss each of two hundred or more iu killed iu action or died of wounds received in action. Of these one regiment, the Seventh New York, was a member of our brigade, having been added to it during the Wilderness cam- paign of '(54 a few days after it had seen its first engagement; while five out ol the nine regiments, or more than fifty-five per cent., belonged to our corps. By the same authority, the infantry regiment which suftered the largest loss in killed of any infantry regiment in all our armies was the Fifth New Hamp- shire, of the First Brigade of our division, our near neighlwr in many alight and to who.se relief we went in the figlit on the "id of .July. From the statistics, therefore, the Fourth Brigade, First Division, Second Army Corps .seems tn have had a somewhat remarkable .service in its severity, not that I would arrogate for it or for our regiment, which was a member of it, a .soldierly rank higher, or claim for it a spirit more gallant than pertained to other commands, but simply that the exigencies of the service seems to have thrown it into the forefront, that it seems to have been its fortune to find its place as a rule in the thick of the fight, and these .statistics, .showing as they do, stamp our old Fourth ISrigade and with itilie Fifty-thiid Peniisyhania ascom- mands possessing reniarkal)le soldierly braveiy and fortitude. If this is regarded as regimental egotism, I simply invite tho.se wln) .so regard it to read and analyze the figures. Though 1 love my old regiment and old brigatle. yet mine are not the partial words of praise of one who was a member of them, nor words of exaggeration. They are deductions logically drawn from 1 lie cold ninorseless figures after a lapse of more than twenty-five years. 1 give tliem because the facts show the comjiany we were in, and nothing could more forcibly illustrate the Irnth that our regiment was em]>hatical]y in the front when we .see that it served shoulder to shoulder in the .same brigade, di- vision and corps with commands .so illustriously distingui.shed. and looking over all this, we naturally exi>erienee a warm glow of S()ldierly pride in our IPTOH, f.ETTYSOUHG. Pennsylvania at Getti/s/nm/. 311 rt'giiiieiit which Ixjic its due sluuc of tlie burden of battle and served with such iK)l)U; and galhuit troops as we undoubtedly had in our old Second Corps, and iis leaviutj out this leeling, I believe to-day, that next to our lla<>, we love our old corps badge, the red trefoil. I remember a visit I once paid to our lirst brigade commander, Urigatlier- Oeueral William H. French, after he had been promoted, and was at the time in command of a division in another part of the Army of the Potomac. As I was about to leave, he drew from his pocket-book a simple red trefoil, one cut from red flannel and as issued at the time by tlm government, with the remark, "When f feel homesick and downhearted 1 take this out and look at it, and it cheers me up." We old soldiers undei stand tliat fedinji and proba- l)ly have the same lor it now. By the country at large of course, the Fifty -thirtl Pennsylvania Veteran Vol- unteers may be regarded simply as one of the numerous regiments which were organized and sent to the iront during the war by the State of Pennsylvania, served the purpose of its creation and was then disbanded. To us however it hiis more stirring as well as more tender memories, and is still a living reality, binding us together in the warm affection of comradeship aiul will be while life itself is left to any of us. It is this feeling of affection for our old regiment which gives us our deep appreciation for this memorial, for next to the soldier's personal consciousness that he and his comrades fulfllled their duty on the lield is its public acknowl- edgement, and this crowning gratification of the soldier is given us in this monu- ment, and when we once again leave the field of Gettysburg we may do .so with the feeling that our work here is indeed completed, but with the added assur- auce that the Fifty-third Pennsylvania, vigilant in its country's cause, will hereafter, even when we may all be sleeping the long sleep, still maintain on permanent post a sentinel to represent the Fifty-third Pennsylvania Veteran Volunteers, and by his silent presence keep alive the same self-sacriticing pa- triotism it displayed. , DEDICATION OF MONUMENT 56™ REGIMENT INFANTRY September ii, 1889 ADDRESS OF BREVET BRIG.-GEN. J. WILLIAM HOFMANN, U. .S. VOLS. SURVIVING comrades of the Fifty-sixth Regiment Pennsylvania Veteran Volunteers — I greet 30U: — We are assembled to-day to dedicate the memorial erected by the liberality of our great Commonwealth in appre- ciation of your services upon this field. The memorial marks the ground whereon you stood, twenty-five years ago, as the representative of her infantry regiments, at the opening of the great battle which here took place, one of the long series of battles fought during the great struggle for the preservation and perpetuation of the Union, and its beneficent government, under which its people had made such rapid aud unprecedented progress in all that tends to the elevation and happiness of man. In fact a struggle the most momentous and far-reaching in its character aud in its results, of any that ever devolved upon 312 Pennsylvania at GeUysJmrg. mail to (It'tennino. A strugjiU' duiiiig which the patriotism aud devotion of ilie i)eoj)U' ot thi' Com inon wealth ol' Pennsylvania to the eause of ]il)erty and luimau freedom, was voiced in her contriluitions of treasure, and the lives and services of her sons. Owing to her geographical position at the lime of the adoption of the Cousti tntion of the United States — having six .states upon her right, and six upon her left, Pennsylvania wa.s accorded the lionorarv' title of the "Keystone State" of the federal arch. And, although no longer, geographically, the center of the arch, which for many years has spanned the Continent from ocean to ocean, yet when the grand arch was trembling under the measured tramp of a mighty host organized and marshalled for its destruction, then the er, although you were not the extreme left, you had gained the confidence of General Reynolds so fully, that, by his direct order, you were detailed to cover the withdrawing of the troops from that part of the field, and were the last regiment to leave it. The only incident of special note during the camp life that now followed be- ing that known, and vividly remembered by those who participated, as the '• mud march," and another change in commanding officers: General Hooker assuming command of the army. General Wadsworth that of the division and General Cutler that of the brigade. Then followed the second Fredericksburg. Then Chancellorsville, with humiliating and depressing results. Then the regi- ment rested again in camp for a few weeks, now near the Fitzhugh House on the left bank of the Rappahannock, a few miles below Fredericksburg. I.ate on the afternoon of .lune 7, the regiment entered upon the Gettysburg campaign; again honored by special detail. Some days previous our cavalry had gone on a reconnaissance in force in the direction of Culpeper. An infantry force was now sent to its support. The Sixth and the Eleventh corps each furnished a brigade. The First Corps furnishing a provisional brigade, consist- ing of the Fifty-sixth Pennsylvania and the Seventh Regiment and two com- panies of the Second Regiment Wisconsin Volunteers. The whole of the in- fantry assembled, about midnight, at Hartwood Church, under command of General Russell of the Sixth Corps. On the morniug of the yth the detail from Pennst/lvania at Getfffsburg. 315 ilie First Corps moved to Kelly's I'dkI oh the KaiUKiluinnock river, and on the morning of the 9th, when the cavalry under General Ciregg had crossed, forded the river and moved to near Brandy Station. At noon the Fifty-sixth was de- tached, and moved to Beverly Ford, where it covered the recrossing of a part of (jllir (!avalry, the regiment recrossing at dark, and being the last of our troops to recross at that point. On the i;>tli the regiment rejoined the brigade at Bealton, the whole division having arrived there. Then the manth led to Cen- terville. then to near Leesburg. The army under General Lee having again cro.ssed the Potomac, wa.s now moving on Harrisburg, via the C'unil)erland Valley. The Army of tlie Potomac pursued, the First Corps cros.sed the river, over a pontoon bridge laid at the mouth of Goose creek, on the 25th, then moved imi Jefferson, the Catoctin Mountain and Middletown, to F'rederick City. General Hooker having asked to be relieved from the command of the army, General Meade, then commanding the Fifth Corps, was assigned to the command and entered upon his new duties by issuing tlie following modestly-worded, .soldierly and effective order : "By direction of the President ef the United States I hereby assume command of the Army of the Potomac. As a soldier, in obeying tliis order, an order totally unexpected and unsolicited, I have no promises or pledges to make. The country looks to this army to relieve it from the devastation and disgrace of a hostile mvasion. Whatever fatigue and sacrifices we may be called on to undergo, let us have In view constantly the mag- nitude of the interests involved, and let each man determine to do his duty, leaving to an ail-controlling Providence the decision of the contest. It is with just diffidence that I relieve in the command of this army an eminent and accomplished soldier,whose name must ever appear conspicuous in the history of its achievements, but I rely upon the hearty support of my companions in arms to assist me in the discharge of the duties of the important trust that has been confided to me.'" George G. Meade. Major Oeneral Ctrmmandmg. On the 29th our brigade was detailed for duty as the rear-guard of the corps. The regiment — which had been on picket duty during tlie night under Lieu- tenant-Colonel Osborn, as gallant an officer as ever drew sword, and as efficient as he was gallant — came in about 5 a. m., and was soon formed in column ready for the march. But a long wagon train was passing, and there was a tedious delay; it was after 9 a. m. when the column was put in motion, and then kept in rapid motion, with but two short rests, until after midnight, when it went into bivouac near the southern end of Emmitsburg. At a very early hour on the 30th, it was in line of battle in front of the town, and at noon went into bivouac on the south bank of Marsh creek, near where it crossed by the bridge on the Emmitsburg-Gettysburg pike. During the afternoon there was the usual bi-monthly muster for pay, then a formation in line of battle to resist an apprehended attack by the enemy, then came tattoo with its roll call. How many brave comrades answered that roll call "Here" for the last time ! Then came" taps," and the regiment slept, slept all the more soundly because of the brief, early broken rest of the previous night; and all unconscious of the mo- mentous events that the morrow had in store for it. On the morning of .July 1, the brigade moved out at about 8 o'clock, crossed the creek by the bridge on the pike, and moved on Gettysburg, distant about four miles. The Seveuty-si.xth New York led the brigade, the Fifty-sixth Penn- .sylvania followed, and was itself followed by the One hundred and forty-sev- enth New York, Ninety-fifth New York and the Fourteenth Brooklyn. The Seventh Indiana w.as detailed for special duty. In rear of the brigade followed 31 G Pennsylvania at Getfi/slnirg. Hall's battery. In front of the brigade rode General Cutler and stalf, in front ofhiiu, General AVadsworth and staff, in the advance rode General Keynolds and staff". At the farm, now known historically as theCodori Farm, the column left the pike, inclined to the left andcros.sed the Seminary Ridge near the sem- inary building, descended into the swale in front of it; then the Seventy-sixth, Fifty -sixth and One hundred and forty-seventh were moved north across the Getty.sburg-Chambersburg pike, and beyond the railroad grading, and were then IbrTned in line of battle near the gentle elevation upon which you now stand. The regiment was then moved forward a. short distance. As the hori- zon opened, a line of battle was seen approaching to the right and front. Gen- eral Cutler being in your immediate rear, having decided that the line was a line of the enemy, you received the command to aim to the "right oblique,"" and then the command to "tire,"' when you delivered the opening tire of the in- fantry, in the great and decisive battle of Gettysburg. Thus the honor of hav- ing delivered the opening fire of the infantry, belongs to no individual officer or man, but to the Fifty-sixth Pennsylvania Volunteers as a unit. And it is doing you but simple justice to state, as an indication of the coolness and steadi- ness of the officers and men nnder the exciting circumstances, that a more solid volley, "by battalion," has seldom been heard. General Cutler, a few months afterwaids, deemed the event so well worthy ot note, that he Avrote to Governor Curtin, setting forth thefac-t that it was the Fifty-sixth Pennsylvania "Volunteers that opened the battle, and reciuested him to have it so recorded in the archives of the Commonwealth as an act of justice to the regiment. And so it has been done, and so it now appears to your honor, in the enduring bronze memorial now before you. The event cannot be relegated to the chap- ter of accidents. You were not the leading regiment that morning, the result was owing in fact to long persistent eliorts, to cheerful compliance with all orders, many involving great sacrifice to personal comforts. Comrades, this it was, constant cheerful obedience to all orders, that enabled you to give prompt response to commands when the instant for action arrived; and it has there- lore, been deemed proper that the event should be, as stated, so recorded in the enduring bronze, together with the long list of battles, before and since the bat- tle of Gettysburg, in which the regiment bore an honorable part. There is also recorded in the bronze the fact that the regiment re-enlisted and became a vet- eran regiment serving until the close of the war. Tlie severe losses sustained on this ground by the three regiments, caused General Wadsworth to order them to retire for a time. General Cutler then moved the Fifty-sixth and the Seventy-sixth to the railroad embankment east of the Seminary Kidge; but when they were rejoined there by the One hundred and Ibrty-soventh, which had not received the order at once, ))y reason of Col- onel Miller being wounded, and had held on to its ground heroically, as the other two regiments had done until the order was received — the; three regi*- ments were at once moved forward and again occupied their original ground. In the meantime, the Fourteenth Brooklyn and the Ninety -fifth New York, which had been detached after having crossed the Seminary Kidge, and sent westward, under Colonel Fowler, to support Hall's battery which went into l)Osition near the ^NlcPher.son barn — being joined by the Sixth "Wisconsin under I.ieutcnaiit-Coloncl Dawes, of the First P.rigade, that had now arrived ujion the field— had caj>turod a large number of the enemy who had taken shelter in the railroad c\it upon their approach. The First Brigade, u])on its arrival. Pennsylvania at frcftysburg. 317 charged into the woods south of the pike, ami iiui with a hrilliant success, capturing a general officer and a large part ol' his hrigadc. It i.i deserving of note to state that iu this first onset with the enemy, Wadsworth's Division, which consisted of only the iwo brigades, aiul also the division of Heth's with which it was then engaged, both h)st a greater i)ercentage, in killed and wounded than was sustained by the column of the enemy that made the charge on the afternoon of the tliird day of the battle, and which has comnuxnded so much attention as a grand exhibition of valor. Early in this onset an irre- parable loss had befallen us, the army and the country ! General Reynolds, then commanding the First, the Third, and the Eleventh Corps, constituting the left wing of the army, had fallen. Among those of the regiment who had fallen, was Lieutenant Gordon, who had earned his commission by brave and faithful service in the ranks. General Doubleday, our former brigade and divi- sion commander, now commanding the corp.s, directed the movements after the fall of Reynolds. Subsetiuently (General Howard arrived, and, by virtue of seniority, assumed command of the left wing of the army. A lull in the battle now followed. It lasted for over an hour. Additional forces of the enemy came from Cashtown on the west, from Carlisle on the north, and from York on the east. The Second and the Third Divisions of our corps also arrived, and, later, the Eleventh Corps. The three right regiments of Cutler's were now moved to the north end of the wood on Seminary Ridge, in front of which was a tield of grain in full ear. Here they became immediately engaged with Iverson's Brigade of Rodes' Di- vision. They were now soon joined by the Fourteenth and Ninety-tifth, and then supported on the right by Ba.xter's Brigade of Robin.sou's Division of our corps, and by joint action a large part of what was then left of Iverson's Brigade was then captured. The ammunition of Cutler's Brigade was now expended, and it was relieved by Paul's Brigade and moved to the east slope of the ridge, but while here, it was enfiladed by a battery that the enemy had placed in position on Oak Hill. The extreme right of our corps was at this time gallantly held by the Ninetieth Pennsylvania of Baxter's Brigade. The Eleventh Corps wa.s then formed nearly at right angles with the general direction of oui (iorps; but an opening was left on our right, and into this the enemy i)enetrated, and our line then became untenable. Then came the order to retire, l)ut it came late, so that while passing through the thronged streets of the town the brigade lost heavily by capture. It reformed in the cemetery, and was there rejoined by the Seventh Indiana. But that regiment was at once sent to Culp's Hill, by order of General Hancock, who had been sent forward by General Meade to as- sume command of all the forces then present; there that regiment, under Col- onel Grover, rendered invaluable services iu capturing a scouting party, or rather a part of it, for some escaped and the report which these made influenced General Ewell in postponing the attack on the hill which he had proposed to make that evening, until next day. Never was delay more fatal ! A short time sufficed to reinforce the thin line of the Seventh by the remnant left of Wadsworth's Division, and then came shortly, a division of the Twelfth Corps, having upon its battle flag a silver star. And when Ewell's Corps made the attack on the following evening, you had the honor of aiding in inflicting the sanguinary repulse that it then met with. During the afternoon of that day the enemy had made a vigorous and persistent attack on the left of our lines then resting far out iu front of the Round Tops, and at flrst gained some ground. 318 ]'('unsiih:ani(t nf (rcffi/shitrg. l»ressiii very hills seemed to be shaken by tlie roar of the two liundred guns that were brought into action. But the can- nonade failed in its object; tlie morale of our troops remained unshaken, as tho enemy discovered, when, allowing his overheated guns to cool, he launched forth that great column of infantry in which he had placed his last hopes for success, and he saw that great column torn, broken and shattered to pieces. Thus ripon its left, upon its right, and at the center, the army had in turn been attacked; and at the left, at the right and at the center, it had inflicted a san- guinary repulse u}X)n the assaihmt. and had thus proved itself worthy of tlie contidenee that was repo.sed in it l)y its new commander, the illustrious Meade. Late on tlie afternoon of this day. the Fifty-sixth, Seventh and the Ninety- lifth. were detached from the lirigade and moved to the foot of the eastern slope of Cemetery Ridge, to support the batteries upon the crest, and within the cemetery grounds, and remained in sujjport of these during the night. Next morning (July 4) the Fifty-sixth and the Seventh were moved through tlur town to the northeast angle, with the view ol bringing in the wounded that might be found on the tield in that direction; but after some delay after having arrived at that point, the movement was suspended, and the two regiments re- joined the iirigade then still upon Gulp's Hill. On the morning of the oth, the ))rigade moved to tlie western slojie of Ceme- tery Ridge, and bivouacked near the ground charged over by the enemy on the afternoon of the third day of the battle, and remained there trntil the morning of the (ith. The field return of the regiment for that day, shows "present for duty" eleven othcers, one hundred and eleven men. Of the losses, one hun- dred and twenty o(!cnrred on the tirst day of the battle. A terrible loss, but the victory wiis won 1 And the Army of Northern Virginia tinder General Ivce, was again inovitig rapidly for the Potomac river. Comrades, the great lo.s.ses sustained on this lield by the Army of the Potomac, and liy its adversary, would alone cause tlic battle of (Jettysburg to rank as one of the greatest ])attles of the world; but l)eyond. are potent rea.sons why it will be .so classed. It cnlminated in defeating a great and powerful host, one of a number that had been organized and marshalled to destroy that, which in the language of the immortal Lincoln was — and let us thank Providence that it .still is — "a gov- ernment of the people, for the people and by the people," it was upon this lield that that great host which you had met on so many fields of battle, was defeated and turned back n^jon the march that thereafter ever led .southward; and al- though at times .standing at ])ay. and olwtinately lighting, still, ever thereafter march<'d southward, until at Apjiomattox it finally surrendered its coloi-s to the grand, undaunted, indestructible Army of the Potomac. Comrades, when the grand master of the art of warfare had carried his army to the foot of the Pyramids, and was surrounded by an active, vigilant foe, de- siring to animate his troops to renewed deeds of valor in the impending ])attle. he turned to them, and. pointing to th<> Pyramids, exclaimed. "Soldiers ! Fortr on you fHOTO. BV W. M. TIPTON, GETTYSBURG Pennsylvania at (rcftysburg. 319 to-day for ront^wed deeds ol' vulor ! Your worlv is done, your arms are staeked. and yonr battle flag, rent and torn so olt by shot and shell, is I'uiled. Ten times forty centuries will not obliterate from the pages of the world's history the deeds of valor which you and your comrades of the Army of the Potomac per- formed on the many battle-fields whose names cluster around that of Gettysburg. But liark ! There comes a voice, softly, calling to you ! It comes from yon- der slope where victory on high tenders the wreath ol' laurel. It comes from the many battle-fields that border the Potomac, the ]iapi)aliannock, the Kapi- dan, the North Anna, the Totojjotomoj', the Chickahomiuy, the James and the Appomattox rivers. It comes from the graves of comrades who fought at your aide, and who, while gallantly fighting, fell. It asks a kind recognition at this hour for those who sleep in a patriot-soldier's grave I Comrades, in appre- ciation of their gallant deeds, in the ai>preciation ol the .saeiufice whicli they made, and all that these hav(> brought to their surviving comrades and to all who dwell in the land, let us respond by embalming their memory .sacredly within our hearts. And let us thank Providence, that in taking a retrospective view from this field to-day, there comes, irresistibly, the conviction, that the great and incomputable exiienditure of treasure and of life, and, incidentally, the un- told suflering and distress extending far beyond the lines where the hosts were contending, that the sacrifice has not been in vain; that the victory will redound to the happiness of millions who will follow us in the distant future; that al- ready a quarter of a century has passed since the la.st Confederate banner dis- appeared from the land; that upon this very field the survivors of the Army of the Potomac have extended, in amity, the fraternal hand to those wlio were their adversaries on so many fields of battle: that again the llag of the Republic, with its union glittering with an intensified luster, waves unchallenged and gracefullj', overall the land, from the i)ine-crested hills of Maine southward to the Rio Grande, and from the Atlantic ocean westward 1o the Golden Gate, the symbol of a free and reunited people. DEDICATION OF MONUMENT 57'^" REGIMENT INFANTRY .Sp:i'Tember i i, 1889 ADDRESS OF CAPTAIN E. C. STROUSS (COMRADES : — The men composing the Fifty -seventh Regiment Pennsyl- vania Volunteers assembled in skeleton companies at Camp Curtin at ; Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, during the autumn months of 1861. These companies receiving recruits from time to time, were, about the middle of November, merged into the Fifty-seventh Regiment. The men of the differ- ent companies were principally from the following counties of the state, viz : Company A, Susquehanna and Wyoming; Company B and C, Mercer; Com- pany D, Bradford and Tioga; Company E, Mercer and .\llegheny; Company F, Mercer; Company G, Bradford; Company I, Mercer and Venango; Company K, Crawlbrd. The original field, staft'and line otticersof the regiment were as follows: Colonel, William Maxwell, of Mercer; Lieutenant-Colonel, Elhanon W. Woods, of Mercer; Major, Jeremiah Gulp, of Bradford; Adjutant, William B. 320 Pennsi/Ivania at Gettysburg. Keeper, of Allegheny; Quartermuster, Horace Williston, of iiradford; Surgeon, Jonas \V. Lyman, of Clinton; Assistant Surgeon, A. W. Fisher, of Xorthumher- land; Chaplain, "William F. McAdam, of Mercer. The company commanders were: Company A, Captain Peter Sides; B, Cap- tain Samuel C. Simonton; C, Captain Jerome B. Hoagland; D, Captain Hiram \V. Caulking; E, Captain James B. Moore; F, Captain Kalph Maxwell; G, Captain George S. Peck; H, Captain John Grittin; I, Cai)tain Thomas S. Stro- liecker; K. Captain Cornelius S. Chase. Non-commissioned stafi': Sergeant- Major William Wert Chase; Hospital-Steward William Bollinger; Quarter- mxster-Sergeant George Snell; Commi.ssary -Sergeant John H. Rodgers. The original .strength of the regiment was almost eight hundred and tifty, including officers and men. About the 1st of December, the regiment received its arms. Companies A and K had the Belgian rifle, the other companies the Harper's Ferry muskets. These were exchanged about the 1st of January, 186'2, for the Austrian rifles. The latter were discarded in August, 186;>, for the Springtield rifled muskets, which remained the arm of the regiment until the clo.se of the war. On the afternoon of Saturday, December 14, the regiment received its coloi-s, with appropriate ceremonies, from the hands of Governor Curtin, and was then marched to the railroad near camp, where it boarded the empty freight cars en route for Washington, D. C. The next day we were in Baltimore where we were well fed by the '" Union Relief Association '' of tliat city. During the fol- lowing night we arrived at Washington, where we were quartered at the large building known as the "'Soldiers' Retreat, "' adjoining the Baltimore and Ohio railroad depot. The next day, after receiving a sufficient number of "Sibley tents,'' the regiment was marched to a point about a mile northeast of the capital, where it encamped near the toll gate on the old Bladensburg road. While we remained in the camp we formed a part of the Provisional Brigade commanded by General Silas Casey. In February. 1862, we moved across the Potomac, and encamped near Fort Lyon, about two miles southwest of Alex- andria, Virginia. While here we were assigned to .Tameson's Brigade of Heintzelman's Division. On March 8, 1862, by order of President Lincoln, the formaticjn of "' Army Corps " was adopted. General Hcintzelman was assigned to the command of the Third Corps. He was succeeded in command of his di- vision (the Third) by General C. S. Hamilton. The First and Second Divisions were commanded by General Fitz .John Porter and Josej)!! I looker respectively. The comix)sition of Hamilton's Division was as follows: First Brigade, General C. D. .Tameson, Fifty-seventh, Sixty-third and One hundred and fifth, Pennsylvania Volunteers, and Eighty-Seventh New York Volunteers. Second Brigade, General D. B, Birney, Third and Fourth Maine Volunteers, Thirty-eighth and Fortieth New York Volunteei-s. Third Brigade, General H. G. Berry, Thirty-seventh New York Volunteers, Second, Third and Fifth Michigan Volunteers. The artillery of the division consisted of the fol- lowing batteries: Thompson's Battery G, Second United States Artillery; Beam's Battery B, New Jersey Artillery, and Randoljjh's Battery E, I'irst Rhode Island Artillery. Colonel Maxwell of the Fifty-seventh resigned JMarch 10, 1862, and was succeeded by Colonel Cluules T. Campbell, formerly colonel of the First Pennsylvania Artillery. On March 17, Hamilton's Division began toembark for the Peninsula. The Fifty-.seventh marched to .Mexandria on that day, but as the transports were not all ready we passed the night on the wliarves Pennsylvania at Gettysburg. 321 at that place, and next morning got on hoard the steamer " Kennebec," on which was also a part of the One hnndred and fifth Pennsylvania, and steamed down the Potomac. The next afternoon we landed at Fortress Monroe durinji a rain storm. For several days we were quartered in the lofts of some cavalry sheiirkuaps;uks whit-h wtrc lel"t in cliurj^c ()t''iu;ml> — aiul jjioceed U) the front wiih all ]>,)s.sil)le speed. Night was last approaching, and Hooker whose regi- ments were hard pressed, thought lie must yield totheeueiuy his hard fought lor position, when Kearn.v. with two of his brigades, arrived to supjxjrt him. Our brigiule arriving on the field, was formed in line near the enemy, the Fifty- seventh on the left of the Williamsburg road, with tlie One hundred and fifth Pennsylvania in its rear. The Eighty-seventh New York was formed on the right of the road, with the Sixty-third Pennsylvania in its rear. We were con- .siderably exposed t.> the tire of the enemy, but did not become actively en- gaged. At night we moved to the front line and bivouacked for the night among our dead and wounded comrades. This was the first real battle on the Peninsula, and the night spent on that field, in the cold rain, among the dead and dying, will long be remembered by the men of the Fifty-seventh, as one of the most harrowing in all its experience. The next morning it was found that the enemy had again retreated, when, at (laylight, we advanced and occupied the town, the Fifty-seventh going a mile or so in advance on picket. On May 7, we resumed the advance, marching a few miles each day, until about the loth when we reached Cumberland Landing in New Kent county. The wholearmy was concentrated here, but moved forward the day after our ar- rival. The place, which is on the Pamunkey river, was made a temporary de- pot of supplies, and the Fifty -.seventh remained here for a week doing guard duty aft<>r the re.st of the army had left. A new depot having been established further up the river, at White House Landing, the one at Cumberland was aban- doned, whereupon the Fifty-seventh moved on and rejoined the division at Bal- timore Cross Roads. On Sunday, May 2r>. we cro.ssed the Chickahominy at Bottom's bridge, thir- teen miles from Uichmond ria the Williamsburg stage road. On the afternoon and night of May 30 it rained in torrents, which raiseossible tor the right of our army to assi.st the left, concluded to attivck that portion on his side of the river. About 1 o'clock p. m.. of May :!1, he suddenly and fiercely attacked Casey's Division whi
  • ong Island was abandoned. The Fifty-seventh then fornred line on the edge ot'tlie woods, with the light resting near the road. We were soon attacked by the enemy who were thrice our strength, l)ut our little regiment made a gallant stanack- ward for about a mile, in the evening our forces returned to the position occu- pied in the morning, by orders from army headquarters. This engagement is called "Oak Grove;'" the enemy call it "Kings School House.'" The regiment remained in the front line until June 28, when Avith the division it moved a mile to the rear, and occupied the breastw-orks at the crossing of the Williams- burg road, and near Savage Station. The day previous the enemy had defeated our right wing at Gaines' Mill, and the retreat to the James river had com- menced. In the evening one liundred and lifty rounds of ammunition was issued to each man, and at the same time, by order of General Kearny, every oliicer and. man of his division was ordered to wear on his cap a red patch about an inch and a half .square, in order that they might be readily di.stinguished in battle and on the march. This was the first distinctive badge worn in the Araiv of the Potomac. In April, 1863, when "Corps Badges" were adopted by that army, the badge a.ssigned to the Third Corps was in the shape of a diamond or lozenge. "Kearny's Old Division " continued to wear its " Ked Diamond " until the cJo!^ of the war. The swamps among which we had be(>n encamped at Fair Oaks, and the baart in the famous •" Mud March." when we "" marcluMl so far in one day that it took us two days to get back." ■ On .January 2'\ General Hooker succeeded (xeneral Kurnside in command of the army. General Birney our division, and General Ward our l)rigade. Soon after the battle of Fredericksburg, certain evil-