■^■^^.^' 
 

 V-^-/ \'^-\/ V-^"/ ^n 
 
THE NINETIETH AERO 
 SQUADRON 
 
 AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCES 
 
 A History oj Its Activities During 
 the World War, from Its Formation 
 to Its Return to the United States 
 
 COMPILED AND WRITTEN BY 
 
 LELAND M. CARVER, GUSTAF A. LINDSTROM 
 A. T. FOSTER 
 
 EDITED AND PUBLISHED BY 
 
 E.HAROLD GREIST 
 
^^n^ 
 
 OfO 
 
 7 
 
 ill" 
 
 COPYRIGHT 1920 
 
 E. H. GREIST 
 HINSDALE. ILL. 
 
 OCT -9 1320 
 e)CI,A597719 
 
n 
 
 IPIll^ 
 
'# Our Loved Comrades 
 
 who gave their all, and 
 
 whose example and memory 
 
 inspired the rest of us to 
 
 carry on — 
 
 — this hook is dedicated. 
 
THE 90th Aero Squadron was created by Special 
 Order 104, Headquarters Kelley Field, South 
 San Antonio, Texas, on September 25, 1917. The 
 men in it were largely from two detachments; one 
 from Vancouver Barracks, Washington, which arrived 
 at Kelley Field August 18; another from Fort Leaven- 
 worth, Kansas, which arrived August 25. Both of 
 these detachments had been held from the date of 
 their arrival until September 25 under Recruit Camp 
 Headquarters as a Provisional Squadron. The day 
 after the forming of the Squadron, September 26, 
 1917, under Special Order 119, Headquarters Kelley 
 Field, Lieut. W. H. Y. Hackett took command. On 
 September 28, Lieut. J. J. Livingston, M.R.C., with 
 four enlisted men of the Medical Corps, were assigned 
 to the 90th. Lieutenant Livingston has ever since 
 been with the Squadron, save for the periods during 
 which he was on detached service at hospitals. 
 
 This completed the primary organization of the 
 enlisted part of the Squadron. Many changes were 
 to take place in the course of the next year, but the 
 foundation of the esprit, which was to be so great 
 
a factor in the Squadron's success on the front, was 
 laid. Specialized training was necessary, but nearly all 
 were by trade expert mechanics, who had volunteered 
 for the work to which they had been assigned and 
 who were enthusiastic over the prospect of doing their 
 "bit" along the lines for which they were peculiarly 
 fitted. It might be taken as an augury of success and 
 as an indication of the adaptability of the 90th, that 
 at this time every State of the Union was represented 
 by one or more men. 
 
 On September 30, under command of Lieutenant 
 Hackett, the Squadron left San Antonio for Mineola, 
 Long Island, where it arrived five days later. Good 
 order, good health and good spirits marked the whole 
 trip. On the night of October 5 the Squadron de- 
 trained, and early next morning hiked out to Field 
 No. 2 of the Aviation Mobilization Camp, where they 
 were quartered with the Headquarters of the First 
 Provisional Wing in Barracks No. 5. Here they 
 stayed for three weeks performing guard duty and 
 fatigue work, and carrying on the work of organi- 
 zation, equipment and preparation for overseas duty. 
 Recreation was provided in the form of frequent 
 twenty-four hour passes to New York City and other 
 towns in the neighborhood, so that the time did not 
 pass too slowly. It should be put on record that after 
 the 90th had departed from Mineola its example was 
 held up to succeeding squadrons as one worthy of 
 emulation. 
 
 About the middle of October rumors began to cir- 
 culate as to the early departure of the Squadron for 
 overseas duty, but it was not till the 26th of the month 
 
 10 
 
that orders were received to pack up equipment and 
 to prepare for immediate departure. The following 
 day the Squadron entrained for Pier 54, North River, 
 and boarded H.M.S. ''Orduna." Two officers and 
 157 men were at this time on the Squadron roster. 
 
 The crossing of the Atlantic was uneventful. The 
 " Orduna " proceeded alone to Halifax, where It picked 
 up seven other vessels and the convoy sailed together 
 October 31 for Liverpool. Lieutenant Hackett was 
 appointed Assistant Adjutant to Major Moynahan, 
 165th Infantry, who commanded the troops on 
 board. The quarters furnished the men were fairly 
 good, and only a few cases of "mal de mer" occurred 
 during the two weeks on the boat. An occasional 
 submarine alarm, which always proved to be false, 
 helped to while away the time. Guard duty, and two 
 daily inspections at 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. were the only 
 other amusements. 
 
 On November 10 the "Orduna" moved into the 
 dock at Liverpool, welcomed by numerous British ships 
 in the harbor. Bands played, flags were run out, and 
 the entry of the convoy seemed like a celebration. 
 The troops were disembarked by three in the after- 
 noon, and the 90th marched through the streets to 
 the railroad station. It is safe to say that this first 
 glimpse of a British city, and these first welcomes 
 from a people as whose ally we had come to fight, 
 made an impression which no man in the 90th will ever 
 forget. 
 
 No stop was made in Liverpool; a train was wait- 
 ing and the Squadron was carried on to Southampton, 
 and then given a march of an hour and a half to a 
 
" Rest Camp." Here the men first tried the British 
 ration, and began to learn at first hand the hardships 
 of the submarine blockade. 
 
 On November 12 the Squadron crossed the Channel 
 on the transport " Prince George," arriving in Havre 
 early on the 13th, and marched at once to A.E.F. 
 Rest Camp No. 2. Here they remained several days 
 and the officers who had been temporarily attached 
 at New York, as well as six first-class sergeants, were 
 detached from the organization. On November 18 
 the 90th made the personal acquaintance of the famous 
 " Hommes 40, Chevaux 8 " box cars, entraining for 
 Colombey les Belles, northeast of Neufchateau and 
 south of Toul. After a long and tiresome trip, the 
 destination was reached during the night of Novem- 
 ber 20, and the next morning the men were billetted 
 In lofts scattered through the village. 
 
 It was now announced for the first time that the 
 90th was to do road and barracks construction work 
 for the time being. Naturally this came as a great 
 disappointment to all, as the great ambition of every- 
 one had been to get into a service squadron, and do 
 work on the front. However, the experience gained 
 in construction work would be valuable, and the time 
 could be profitably employed In fitting the right men 
 into the right places. It was with these feelings that 
 officers and men set to work on the first job assigned, 
 the construction of roads through what was to become 
 the great American Aviation Field at Colombey. 
 This lasted the rest of the year. For the first three 
 months of 1918 the Squadron, together with the 88th 
 and 89th Squadrons, was to start the construction of 
 
 12 
 
the barracks and hangars of the Colombey Field. 
 This was a piece of work of which the squadrons which 
 took part might well be proud, as the buildings were 
 erected with little delay in the very worst part of a par- 
 ticularly severe winter. The period of apprenticeship 
 was now passed and the 90th was designated as a 
 Service Squadron. 
 
 During this period of initiation to life in the A.E.F. 
 there were many incidents which the men will be glad 
 to remember in after years. On November 27, 1917, 
 Lieutenant Schauffler, who was destined to command 
 the Squadron during the greater part of its time at 
 the front, brought by aeroplane the first mail it had 
 received since leaving the States. That same night 
 the British Aviation Field at Ochey, near by, was 
 bombed, and the 90th saw from a distance a bit of 
 the war. Thanksgiving Day was, of course, a holiday, 
 and the 90th celebrated by beating the 2nd Engineers 
 at football by a score of 12-0. On December 5, 
 Colombey was treated to a German bombing raid, six 
 bombs being dropped, one of them a dud. The only 
 one which did much damage destroyed the house at 
 No. 6 Rue Jeanne d'Arc and injured two Americans 
 who were billetted there. 
 
 Christmas Day was observed in fitting manner. At 
 1 1 :30 A.M. the Squadron was formed at the Mess Hall 
 and marched to Post Headquarters. Here the Stars 
 and Stripes were unfurled. The Squadron then pa- 
 raded through the village to the music of the 364th 
 French Infantry, headed by Lieutenant Hackett. 
 Then came a promotion ceremony by which four new 
 sergeants, three corporals, and ten first-class privates 
 
 13 
 
were created. The Christmas dinner, with roast tur- 
 key as the principal dish, was a merry meal, and in 
 the evening the Y. M. C. A. gave a musical entertain- 
 ment in which 90th men took a large part. 
 
 On April 13 Major Dunsworth succeeded Lieuten- 
 ant Hackett as Commanding Officer, as all Service 
 Squadrons at the front must be commanded by Flying 
 Officers. It is fitting here that a word of appreciation 
 should be given Lieutenant Hackett for his work with 
 the Squadron. He set the example of efficiency which 
 the 90th has always followed. Through his efforts 
 the personnel of the Squadron was picked and it was 
 under his guidance that the Squadron started its career. 
 His success in picking the Squadron was noteworthy, 
 and the numerous trips by land and water which were 
 made under his leadership went off most smoothly. 
 At the same time, by his fairness and firmness, he 
 made himself most popular with the men under his 
 command. After Major Dunsworth took command 
 Lieutenant Hackett remained with the Squadron as 
 Adjutant for four months. One thing which makes 
 him unique among the rest of the 90th is the fact 
 that he was the only one who was married while over- 
 seas. On October 1 he married an American girl who 
 was at that time living in Paris. Unfortunately, Lieu- 
 tenant Hackett had left the Squadron at that time and 
 none of the officers were able to get to his wedding 
 in Paris. 
 
 On April 15 the Squadron finally came into its own 
 as a Service Squadron. Fifteen French Sopwith obser- 
 vation planes arrived from Paris and six pilots were 
 assigned to the Squadron. These six, the first to fly for 
 
the 90th, were: Lieuts. "Judge" Hill, who was later 
 shot down behind the German lines; "Ernie" Giroux, 
 later shot down in flames; Cannon, Eaton, Jeffers, and 
 Sherry. They had all received their entire training 
 in the air in France. Jeffers, Cannon and Eaton were 
 honor students of the first Ground School class grad- 
 uated in the United States; Hill and Giroux came to 
 France in June, 1917, to join the Lafayette Escadrille, 
 but enlisted instead in the American Air Service on 
 arrival; "Madame" Sherry enlisted in Paris, having 
 served previously as volunteer with the Transport Sec- 
 tion of the American Field Service with the French 
 armies. 
 
 No flying was done for the first few days after the 
 arrival of the Sopwiths, but the mechanics were as- 
 signed to their respective planes and spent the time 
 in studying their construction. On April 19 the 
 Squadron moved to Amanty, north of Neufchateau, 
 where the Observation Training Center of the 1st 
 Corps was located. Here it was engaged in training 
 flights. The flying personnel was changing constantly, 
 pilots and observers being attached for a short time 
 and then transferred to chasse or bombing squadrons. 
 Naturally the breakage of planes was considerable, as 
 most of the pilots had been trained on Nieuports, and 
 the change to the Sopwiths proved difficult. No one, 
 however, was seriously injured. 
 
 Meantime, the organization of the Squadron as a 
 fighting unit was continuing. On May 7 Lieutenant 
 Looney joined as Supply Officer, a graduate of the 
 Ground Officers' Training School at Kelley Field; 
 Lieutenant O'Connor, Radio Officer, arrived May 13 
 
from the Radio School at College Park, Maryland. 
 Lieutenant Lacy reported on June 6 as Armament 
 Officer after training at the Springfield Armory. 
 
 On May 18 the following pilots reported for duty: 
 Lieutenants Cowle, Conover, Ellis, Greist, Livingston, 
 Neidecker, Patterson, Pierson, Simpson, White, Free- 
 man, Merz, Brewer, Lee, Pike, and Hathaway. 
 Early in June the following observers reported : Lieu- 
 tenants Adams, Francis, Maynor, Grainger, Bolt, Vin- 
 son, Blekre, Hendricks, Tillman, Shuss, Sherrick, Har- 
 rison, Lowe, Walden, and Sullivan, while Lieutenant 
 Lockwood reported for duty as Engineering Officer, 
 after having served for some time in that capacity at 
 Field 7, Third Aviation Instruction Center. 
 
 On June 13 the Squadron received its first assign- 
 ment to active duty, moving to Ourches, fifteen 
 kilometers due west of Toul, on the Meuse River, 
 the station of the First Corps Observation Group. 
 Like many divisions of Infantry the Squadron was 
 to do its first real work in the famous "American" 
 sector, which at that time extended from Apremont, 
 east of St, Mihiel, to Remenauville, west of the Mo- 
 selle. Here we were destined to remain for some 
 time, till, from the air, every stick and stone of the 
 sector became familiar to the pilots and observers, and 
 the famous "V" in the woods north of Flirey was 
 to direct many a pilot toward home and safety after 
 his first trip over the lines. 
 
 The first misson to go over the lines was a general 
 reconnaissance of the sector on June 16th by a forma- 
 tion consisting of Major Dunsworth, pilot, with Lieu- 
 tenant Adams, observer, in No. 13, leading; Lieu- 
 
 16 
 
tenant White, pilot, with Lieutenant Hendricks, 
 observer, in No. 7, and Lieutenant Simpson, pilot, with 
 Captain Goss, observer, in No. 15. The reconnais- 
 sance covered the sector from Apremont to Xivray; 
 the first compliments of the Hun to the 90th were 
 received in the shape of an Archie barrage, which 
 pierced Lieutenant White's plane in several places. 
 Anti-aircraft fire over Apremont was reported to be 
 particularly accurate by all, a note which became a 
 stock feature of observers' reports in the succeeding 
 months. 
 
 Later In the day another formation went out, led 
 by Lieutenant Greist, in plane No. 4, with Lieutenant 
 Vinson as observer; Lieutenant Neidecker, pilot, with 
 Lieutenant Tillman, observer, in No. 5 ; Lieutenants 
 Patterson and Blekre, in No. 14; Lieutenants Ellis and 
 Shuss, in No. 17, and Lieutenants Pierson and Maynor, 
 in No. 6. The following day six missions were car- 
 ried out over the sector, but for the rest of the month 
 little work was done, as the sector was quiet and there 
 were three squadrons to divide the work. 
 
 On June 20 Lieut. W. G. Schauffler took command, 
 vice Major Dunsworth, who left to take a course in 
 aerial gunnery at Caseaux. This appointment was 
 made permanent when Major Dunsworth was assigned 
 in his absence to the command of the 96th Aero Squad- 
 ron. Lieutenant Schauffler came to the 90th from the 
 First Observation Squadron. With this squadron he 
 had seen service on the Mexican border and had the 
 honor of being the first pilot of an American squadron 
 to fly over the front. Other important additions to 
 the Squadron during this period were made by the 
 
 17 
 
arrival of Lieutenant Young on June 19, Lieutenant 
 Rohrer on June 26, and Lieutenants Bovard and Kins- 
 ley on July 3. 
 
 On June 25 the first casualties occurred in the Squad- 
 ron, caused by an accident. Lieutenants Hathaway, 
 pilot, and Maynor, observer, started at 8 A.M. on a 
 reconnaissance mission. Hardly had they left the field 
 when, from an altitude of 200 meters, their plane went 
 into a vrille and dove into the ground with full motor. 
 Both were killed instantly. The funeral was held at 
 Sebastopol, near Toul, and was attended by all. Lieu- 
 tenants Pierson and Harrison circled overhead in a 
 plane and at the close of the service dropped flowers 
 on the grave. 
 
 yhe death of these two men, coming so soon after 
 the arrival of the Squadron on the front, was very 
 keenly felt. Both had been among the first in France, 
 and left a host of friends who will long remember 
 them. 
 
 Lieutenant Hathaway came to France early in 1917 
 as a volunteer in the American Field Service. His 
 whole training in aviation was in France, beginning 
 with the French Caudron School at Tours, in the early 
 part of September. From this he graduated in the 
 latter part of October and went to the American School 
 for Advanced Training at Issoudun. He left there 
 in January, 1918, to go to the American Observers 
 School at Tours, there assisting in the instruction of 
 observers, going from there directly to the front in 
 May, where he joined the 90th at Amanty. 
 
 Lieutenant Maynor arrived in France in September, 
 1917, and after some weeks at an Artillery School, was 
 
XivRAV (^SV. Mihiel Sector. 
 
assigned to the 101st Field Artillery. He was a mem- 
 ber of the first class in the school for aerial observers 
 at Tours, which began work on January 14, 1918. 
 After graduating, on February 22, he proceeded to 
 the First Corps Observation Training Center at 
 Amanty. From there he was ordered to a French 
 Observation Squadron with the Eighth Army. After 
 several weeks there, he took the course in aerial gun- 
 nery at Cazeaux, and on its completion reported for 
 duty with the 90th. 
 
 The Fourth of July was fittingly celebrated in sev- 
 eral ways; a flag raising was held; Secretary Walker 
 of the Y. M. C. A. read the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence, and Lieutenant Mahan, Post Adjutant, 
 delivered an address. Lieutenant Schauffler then went 
 out in a biplane Spad to celebrate in the air, accom- 
 panied by Lieutenant Harrison. They recalled the 
 meaning of the day to the Germans by strafing several 
 towns, and on the way home joined in the celebrations 
 which were being held by the French in Toul, Com- 
 mercy and Void, flying just over the tree tops and 
 waving to the people in the streets below. 
 
 Other additions were made to the flying personnel 
 during this period. Lieutenant Bogle joined the 
 Squadron on July 4. On July 13 Lieutenants Parr, 
 Lindstrom, Borden, and Hayden, observers, arrived. 
 Lieutenant Carver, pilot, reported July 19, and Lieu- 
 Derby, observer, on the 23rd. On the 24th Lieu- 
 tenant Schauffler was suddenly taken ill and had to 
 be removed to the hospital. He was temporarily 
 replaced in command by Lieutenant Gallup, also of 
 the 1st Aero Squadron, who retained command till 
 
 19 
 
September 15. Lieutenant Wallace joined the Squad- 
 ron on August 24, replacing Lieutenant Lockwood as 
 Engineering Officer, he becoming temporarily Trans- 
 portation Officer. Lieutenant Wallace had trained in 
 the Aviation Engineering School at the Massachusetts 
 Institute of Technology, and very soon after his arrival 
 with the 90th made a record for upkeep of motors and 
 planes which no other Squadron has ever surpassed. 
 On the departure of Lieutenant Hackett, Lieutenant 
 Lockwood was made Adjutant. 
 
 The work during July was the regular aerial work 
 for a Corps Squadron on a quiet sector. Two regular 
 reconnaissances were made each day and during good 
 weather photographic missions were carried out. The 
 90th was alone on the field and took care of all the 
 work assigned to the 4th Corps Observation Group. 
 
 The French Sopwiths, with which the Squadron did 
 all their early work, never proved very satisfactory on 
 the front. They were rather slow, and their elastic 
 construction never inspired a great deal of confidence. 
 Hence it was with great relief that the Squadron saw 
 the " Sops " being replaced with other ships, though at 
 first these latter were of several types, and made of 
 the 90th the strangest hybrid Squadron in the A.E.F. 
 Early in July a few biplane Spads arrived. On July 
 19 the first of the Salmsons arrived, piloted from Co- 
 lombey by Lieutenant Cowle, and it was rapidly fol- 
 lowed by others. Shortly afterward three Breguets 
 were assigned to us, so that on July 31 the Squadron 
 equipment included sixteen Salmsons, eight Sopwiths, 
 four Spads, and three Breguets. This was an assort- 
 ment which must have given many a German Intelli- 
 gence Officer some hard moments identifying. 
 
 20 
 
The object of the Breguets was to give the Squadron 
 practice in night flying. This had been attempted in 
 Sopwiths, but had resulted only in the salvaging of 
 numerous machines. After the arrival of the Breguets 
 the experiment was once more undertaken, but without 
 success. The field was absolutely unsuited for any 
 such work. It was on top of a hill which sloped pre- 
 cipitously on all sides into deep valleys. Consequently, 
 in landing in the dark, there was a great tendency 
 to underestimate the slope, and a crash into the side 
 of the hill was the natural consequence. Fortunately, 
 no one was seriously hurt in this work; the worst 
 injuries were received by Major Anderson, who 
 received a cut on the face when he, with Lieutenant 
 Kirwan, Group Observation Officer, as observer, 
 crashed into the hill in landing. The only really suc- 
 cessful night flight was made by Lieutenants Young and 
 Harrison, who went up with the idea of protecting the 
 field against bombing raids, and after staying up for 
 over an hour, made a good landing. After two of 
 the Breguets had been salvaged, the remaining one 
 was rescued by an order suspending the experimnt. 
 
 On the night of July 31, at about half past ten, the 
 90th was host to a small German bombing party. The 
 officers and men heard the planes overhead, and identi- 
 fied them as German by the sound of their motors, 
 which were suddenly cut, and the machines glided 
 down toward the field, heading toward the Spad 
 hangar. They dropped seven small bombs, three of 
 which landed within twenty feet of the hangars; but 
 by great good fortune did no damage beyond a few 
 
 21 
 
holes In the field, and these were filled in before day- 
 light in order that no photographic reconnaissance by 
 the Germans would reveal how close they came to 
 accomplishing their end. 
 
 It was about this time that the division of the squad- 
 ron into flights was made. Lieutenants White, Greist, 
 and Pierson were appointed Commanders of A, B, and 
 C Flights, respectively. At the same time the Flights 
 selected their colors: A Flight, white, probably in 
 compliment to its commander; B Flight, orange, and 
 C Flight, red. 
 
 On August 4 the first Infantry Contact mission was 
 assigned to the 90th, the work of which it was later 
 to do so much, and by which it gained its reputation 
 of being a "Shock Squadron." A *'coup de main" 
 by the Infantry was being carried out northeast of 
 Flirey. Lieutenants White and Sherrick were detailed 
 to carry out the mission at dawn and report on the 
 attainment of the objective four kilometers beyond the 
 old German lines. In spite of extremely bad weather 
 conditions, a contrary wind and low clouds with fre- 
 quent showers, the mission was quite successful, and 
 valuable information as to the progress of the raid 
 was brought back. 
 
 In the early part of August the 135th Aero Squadron 
 joined the 90th at Ourches, and for the balance of the 
 month the Corps work was split between the two 
 Squadrons. The 135th was the first Squadron on the 
 front with the American-built De Haviland 4's with 
 Liberty motors, and as such created considerable atten- 
 tion. Their first flight over the lines was on August 
 10. As they were new to the sector, they requested 
 
 22 
 
Lieutenant White of the 90th to take the place of 
 one of their pilots who was ill, and to lead their forma- 
 tion. This he did. Weather conditions were unfav- 
 orable, and the formation broke up, but to Lieutenant 
 White belongs the distinction of having taken the first 
 Liberty over the active front. 
 
 In addition to the regular corps work which the 
 90th was doing, they carried out a considerable num- 
 ber of Infantry Contact patrols near Chaumont, taking 
 part in exercises with newly arrived divisions. A few 
 adjustments of artillery with French batteries in the 
 woods north of Boucq were also carried out. 
 
 On September 7 Lieutenants Lake, Burger, and 
 Grier joined the Squadron. They had served several 
 months with the French Caudron 46 Escadrille as 
 Machine Gunners and had flown on many protection 
 flights for daylight bombing raids. They had all been 
 decorated with the Croix de Guerre. Lieutenants 
 Hart, Broomfield, and Dorrance arrived from pilots' 
 school on the same day. 
 
 The first work of great importance which came to 
 the Squadron was its part in the operations which 
 resulted in the clearing of the St. Mihiel salent, Sep- 
 tember 12-14, 1918. The two weeks preceeding were 
 spent in much careful preparatory work. A great deal 
 of photographic work was done, among other missions 
 being the photographing of the lines from Apremont 
 to Limy at an altitude of 350 meters, by Lieutenant 
 Lindstrom, observer, and Lieutenant Carver, pilot. 
 Maps were prepared with great care and all was made 
 ready for "D" day and "H" hour. On September 
 12 the 90th had available for duty eighteen pilots, 
 
 23 
 
thirteen observers, and three machine gunners. The 
 Squadron had twenty-five Salmsons on hand, all of 
 which were available for duty. The planes were all 
 armed with Vickers guns firing through the propeller for 
 the pilot, and two Lewis flexible guns for the observer, 
 these being mounted on a tourelle. Two days before 
 the attack each team was assigned to its particular duty 
 during the attack. Every man became absorbed in 
 studying his particular task. From then on, till " H " 
 hour arrived, the enthusiasm and earnest endeavor of 
 every man in the Squadron seemed to charge the 
 atmosphere with a spirit that spelled success. The 
 under current of enthusiasm revealed itself particularly 
 at the Squadron mess. The spirit of the 90th and its 
 determination to "do" was evidenced in the songs, 
 the toasts, and the general feeling of good-fellowship 
 which pervaded the atmosphere at mess. With such 
 a spirit success was bound to come. 
 
 The night of September 1 1 was one which will 
 always remain fixed in the memory of the flying offi- 
 cers; pilots and observers were called together about 
 8 P.M., as soon as it was definitely learned that the 
 attack would be made the next day. Major McNar- 
 ney, the Group Commander, gave the Group a few 
 last hints as to the methods to be used in their work. 
 Aviation, he said, was a very essential part of the 
 attack, and whatever the weather, the missions were 
 to be performed as long as it was physically possible 
 for the planes to take off. It was known that the 
 barrage was to be a particularly dense one, but there 
 must be no hesitation to go through it. From conver- 
 sation with French officers the impression had been 
 
 24 
 
gained that Infantry contact was at best a hazardous 
 game; that any team that carried out more than one 
 was entitled to the greatest credit, and could have done 
 it only because favored by chance. As three trips 
 were scheduled for each man on the following day, 
 there seemed to be need of great good luck for the 
 Squadron to come through unscathed. 
 
 The day finally arrived and with it probably the 
 worst weather in which a Squadron ever attemped 
 to carry on major aerial operations. The first mis- 
 sion, an Infantry liaison — Lieutenant Rohrer, pilot, 
 with Lieutenant Vinson as observer — left the ground 
 at 5 :20 a.m., in spite of a high west wind and a ceiling 
 of about 300 meters. These conditions prevailed 
 throughout the greater part of the day, with low- 
 hanging, heavy clouds and intermittent, heavy showers. 
 The 90th was working with the famous 42nd or Rain- 
 bow Division, and throughout the course of the day's 
 advance faithfully recorded the progress made by the 
 Infantry, and was practically the only reliable liaison 
 between the advancing troops and the Division Head- 
 quarters. 
 
 As was to be expected, flying at such extremely low 
 altitudes, due to the clouds and rain, the 90th planes 
 were not to get through the day untouched. Early 
 in the day, Lieutenant Young, Pilot, and Lieutenant 
 Bogle, Observer, had the radiator of their plane 
 pierced by machine gun bullets fired from the ground, 
 while flying at an altitude of about 50 meters in the 
 vicinity of Thiaucourt. So near were they to crashing 
 behind the German lines that at one time, with the 
 wheels of the plane nearly on the ground, the German 
 
 25 
 
Infantrymen ran In their direction, expecting the plane 
 to crash In a shell hole. However, Lieutenant Young 
 brought the plane back into friendly territory, finally 
 landing just behind the advancing American lines. 
 They at once delivered their information, and then, 
 making use of any transportation going toward the 
 Squadron, they made their way back in time for Lieu- 
 tenant Bogle to go up on another mission late in the 
 afternoon. 
 
 Lieutenant Kinsley, with Lieutenant Lowe, Ob- 
 server, had a similar experience while carrying out an 
 Infantry contract mission later In the day, but being 
 nearer to our lines when it happened. Lieutenant Kins- 
 ley was able to bring the plane back as far as Corps 
 Headquarters, where they landed and delivered their 
 information. 
 
 On September 12 the 90th made twenty-six sorties, 
 and in no case did a plane fail to carry out Is mission 
 successfully. 
 
 September 13, the second day of the attack, was 
 very much a repetition of the first day. The Infantry 
 continued to advance, attaining their forty-eight-hour 
 objective in twenty-seven hours, and the Squadron 
 planes reported the progress of the troops from hour 
 to hour. 
 
 In the attack the chief work of the Observers con- 
 sisted of finding and reporting to the rear the position 
 of our front line, the location of hostile strong points, 
 surveillance for enemy counter-attack, and the harass- 
 ing of the retreating enemy by machine gun fire. 
 
 September 15 Lieutenant Schaufller returned from 
 the hospital and assumed command. 
 
 26 
 
The following letters of appreciation were received 
 by the Squadron as a result of the satisfactory work 
 done by the Squadron during the attack: 
 
 HEADQUARTERS 67th F. A. BRIGADE 
 
 American Expeditionary Forces 
 France 
 
 September 15, 1918. 
 FROM : The Adjutant. 
 TO : Commanding Officer, 90th Aero Squadron, 4th 
 
 Obs. Group. 
 SUBJECT: Recent Operations. 
 
 1. The Brigade Commander directs me to express to you 
 his appreciation of the efficient service of your Squadron in 
 connection with this Brigade during the recent operations in 
 the St. Mihiel salient. The service of your command has been 
 most efficient and satisfactory. 
 
 C. H. NANCE, 
 Major, F. A., U. S. A. 
 
 AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCES 
 
 September 15, 1918. 
 
 FROM 
 
 TO 
 
 SUBJECT 
 
 Commanding General, 42nd Division. 
 Chief of Air Service, Amer. E. F. 
 Expression of Appreciation. 
 1. It is desired to express appreciation of the work done by 
 the 90th Aero Squadron, 4th Corps, Observation Group, dur- 
 ing the recent operations. This Squadron, continually on duty, 
 rendered most excellent service to the Division in furnishing 
 valuable information promptly with regard to the advance made 
 by our own elements and movements of enemy forces; also in 
 regulating our artillery fire and the spotting of fugitive targets. 
 (Signed) CHAS. T. MENOHER, 
 
 Major General, U. S. A. 
 
 27 
 
AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCES 
 Office of Chief of Air Service 
 
 September 25, 1918. 
 
 FROM : C A. S. 
 
 TO : Commanding Officer, 90th Aero Squadron 
 
 (Through C. A. S., 4th Corps). 
 SUBJECT: Appreciation. 
 
 1. I take great pleasure in transmitting to you a letter of 
 appreciation from the Commanding General, 42nd Division, for 
 the excellent work done by your Squadron during the recent 
 operations. 
 
 2. This appreciation may have already reached you, but the 
 Chief of the Air Service takes great pleasure in adding his 
 appreciation to that of the Commanding General, 42nd Divi- 
 sion, and in thanking you and the officers and men under your 
 command for the fine part you and they have played in the 
 recent operations. By direction of the C. A. S., 
 
 H. C. WHITEHEAD, 
 
 Colonel, A. S. 
 ***** 
 HEADQUARTERS AIR SERVICE 
 4th Army Corps 
 
 October 1, 1918. 
 FROM : Chief of Air Service, 4th Army Corps. 
 TO : Commanding Officer, 90th Aero Squadron 
 
 (Through C. O. Observation Group, 3rd 
 Army Corps). 
 SUBJECT: Appreciation. 
 
 1. I wish to forward the inclosed letter of appreciation with 
 my congratulations. It is a great pleasure to command units 
 which conduct themselves as the 90th did during the St. Mihiel 
 operations. (Signed) H. B. ANDERSON, 
 
 Major, Air Service, U. S. A. 
 
 28 
 
From September 15 to 20 the Squadron made sev- 
 eral daily reconnaissances of its sector and carried out 
 several photographic missions. On September 13 
 Lieutenant Carver, Pilot, and Lieutenant LIndstrom, 
 Observer, took oblique views of the various towns in 
 the 42nd Division's sector of the salient, and on Sep- 
 tember 15 photographed the Hindenburg Line from 
 Rembercourt to the Lac de La Chaussee, both missions 
 being carried out from an altitude of 300 meters. 
 On September 16 Lieutenant Pierson, Pilot, and Lieu- 
 tenant Hayden, Observer, although harassed by intense 
 Archie fire, photographed the Hindenburg Line and 
 territory in the rear of the German lines. On Sep- 
 tember 14 Lieutenant Conover, Pilot, and Lieutenant 
 Lindstrom, Observer, started on a photo mission which 
 covered the territory in the rear of the lines between 
 Rembercourt and La Chausse. They started out with 
 chasse protection, but for some reason these planes soon 
 became separated from them; nevertheless, they con- 
 tinued the mission and completed it successfully. 
 
 On September 20 the Squadron moved from Ourches 
 to Souilly, southwest of Verdun, transferring from the 
 4th Corps to the 3rd Corps, First Army. With this 
 it was to work during the Argonne-Meuse offensive, 
 which terminated only with the armistice. In spite 
 of the long distance which the Squadron moved, there 
 was no great delay in activity, and in a day or so the 
 Squadron was operating on the new sector. From 
 September 22 to 26 the Squadron made only short 
 reconnaissance flights back of the American lines to 
 acquaint the flying personnel with the new sector. 
 This was in order that the enemy might not notice 
 
 29 
 
increased aerial activity on the sector and foresee the 
 coming attack. 
 
 On September 24 Captain Foster, and Lieutenants 
 Cutter, Foster, and Elliott, joined the Squadron. As 
 there were then no vacancies In the teams, they were 
 left temporarily without definite assignments. 
 
 The American First Army struck the first blow of 
 the Argonne-Meuse offensive on the morning of Sep- 
 tember 26, and offensive operations continued almost 
 without cessation until November 11. At the start 
 the 90th was operating with two divisions of the 3rd 
 Corps, but on October 11, one-half of the Squadron 
 was assigned to duty with the 17th French Corps on 
 the east bank of the Meuse. The Squadron continued 
 to operate from the airdrome at Souilly, under orders 
 of the Third Observation Group, Captain Littauer 
 commanding. 
 
 The Squadron worked with the 80th Division from 
 September 26 to October 11 ; with the 33rd from Sep- 
 tember 26 to October 22; on the west bank of the 
 Meuse. On October 11 the 5th Division relieved the 
 80th and we continued our work with It. On October 
 22 the Squadron was attached to the 90th Division, 
 on the west bank of the Meuse, and In the neighbor- 
 hood of Romagne and eastward. In place of the 5th 
 Division. Till October 22 the Squadron worked with 
 the 29th Division on the east bank of the Meuse, until 
 this Division was relieved by the 79th, with whom 
 work was continued until the cessation of hostilities. 
 The Squadron also continued work with the 90th Divi- 
 sion until November 11. 
 
 During this time the closest possible relations were 
 
 30 
 
CuNEL {Argonne-Meuse Sector) 
 Mine Craters {Argonne Forest) 
 
maintained between the Squadron and the Divisions 
 with which it was working, by the Squadron's liaison 
 officers maintained at Divisional Headquarters. This 
 was an experiment never tried before September 12, 
 and was to improve the understanding between the 
 Aviation and the Line. It had been found that line 
 officers did not understand the nature of aerial work, 
 and that communication between Divisions and their 
 supporting Squadrons was often too slow. Lieutenant 
 Frances and Lieutenant Vinson eventually became our 
 liaison officers. They remained constantly at the 
 Headquarters of the Divisions with which we were 
 working, reporting daily to the Squadron Operations 
 Officer by telephone, and rendered invaluable aid in 
 maintaining close relations between the units. 
 
 The 3rd Corps Group at the same time established 
 a Liaison School for the officers of the Divisions with 
 which it was working. Detachments from the 5th, 
 33rd, and 90th Divisions, each of about two hundred 
 men and several officers, spent in turn several days 
 with the group, the officers being entertained by the 
 90th Squadron during their stay. The training was 
 doubtless of value and the intimacy which grew up 
 between the men on the ground and the men In the 
 air certainly increased the Interest each took In the 
 work of the other. 
 
 As in the St. Mlhiel operations, the Squadron had 
 to contend with very bad weather. Owing to the 
 season of the year and the proximity of the Meuse 
 River Valley, the atmospheric conditions were almost 
 always unfavorable. Heavy clouds and constant rains 
 increased the difficulty of reconnaissances. The ground 
 
mists of the mornings, which seldom cleared up before 
 10 or 11 o'clock, added much to the difficulty. But 
 in spite of the poor visibility which made the average 
 altitude at which the planes could work about 300 
 meters, several daily reconnaissances were made. Fly- 
 ing at a very low altitude, the Squadron planes daily 
 penetrated the hostile lines to a depth of from three 
 to five kilometers, bringing back information as to 
 our own front line, position of hostile troops, batteries 
 in action, fires, explosions, etc., and frequently a col- 
 lection of bullet holes in the plane. This is considered 
 probably the most dangerous and difficult work an 
 Observation Squadron has to perform. 
 
 Artillery work was not as successful as Infantry. 
 This was chiefly due to bad weather, which made it 
 impossible to attain the necessary altitude. When a 
 clear day would finally come, the batteries would per- 
 haps be moving or be found unable for some reason 
 or another to carry out the reglage desired. 
 
 October 17, Lieutenant Adams, who had been Oper- 
 ations Officer since June, left to become instructor in 
 the aerial gunnery school at St. Jean du Mont. 
 When Lieutenant Adams came to the Squadron he had 
 had very little experience on the front, and the position 
 of Operations Officer is one which, more than any 
 other, requires an intimate knowledge of observation 
 work. In spite of this, he handled the mass of detail 
 constantly passing through his hands with accuracy 
 and dispatch, and never was any fault found with the 
 way in which the 90th did its work under his super- 
 intendence. It was said of "Mort" that he would 
 ask no one to undertake a mission which he would 
 
 32 
 
^?5T'^^1 
 
not undertake himself. And when a particularly dan- 
 gerous or difficult mission was in hand, it was usually 
 "Mort" who went out. 
 
 On October 22 Lieutenant Schauffler received his 
 Captaincy, and was at about the same time made Group 
 Commander. The Squadron was sorry to lose the 
 CO, with whom they had worked so long and harmoni- 
 ously over the front, but glad to see his merit recog- 
 nized by the promotion. As a pilot, Captain Schauffler 
 was second to none in skill and experience, and he 
 loved the game. While in the hospital in September, 
 he heard of the drive being made at St. Mihiel, and 
 though only convalescent at the time, he ran away 
 from the hospital, and arrived back at the Squadron 
 in time to take an active part in the drive. " Schauff " 
 was always most popular with the officers and men, and 
 besides looking after the numerous details incidental 
 to the running of the Squadron efficiently, he took an 
 active part in the performance of missions over the 
 lines. 
 
 Numerous other changes took place. Lieut. Norris 
 E. Pierson, who had been with the Squadron since the 
 Amanty days, and who was thoroughly familiar with 
 the personnel, system and traditions of the Squadron, 
 assumed command. Captain Schauffler took with him 
 Lieutenant " Charlie " Lockwood, who had served the 
 Squadron both as Engineering Officer, Transportation 
 Officer, and Adjutant, and had made an eviable record 
 for zeal and efficiency in each capacity. He became 
 Group Adjutant. Lieutenants Tillman and Sherrick 
 also went with the Group as Operations Officer and 
 Assistant Operations Officer, respectively. Lieutenant 
 
Walden left the Squadron to become Operations Offi- 
 cer of the 93rd Aero Squadron. Lieut. "Marine" 
 Lowe became Squadron Operations Officer, and Lieu- 
 tenant Hayden became Adjutant. Lieutenant White- 
 head joined the Squadron as Pilot. 
 
 October 21 marked a very sad event in the history 
 of the Squadron — the death of Lieutenants Broom- 
 field and Cutter over the lines. They left the field 
 at about 10 a.m. on an Infantry contact mission, to 
 discover whether our troops had taken Hill 299, east 
 of the Bois de Rappes. They never returned, and 
 it is believed were shot down by machine gun fire from 
 the ground. In November, when our troops advanced, 
 the wrecked plane was found on Hill 299, and Lieu- 
 tenants Cutter and Broomfield were given a proper 
 burial at Souilly. 
 
 Lieutenant Broomfield had graduated from Tours 
 and Issoudun as Observation Pilot, and had taken the 
 aerial gunnery course at Cazeaux. While he had been 
 with the Squadron, he had frequently demonstrated 
 his skill as a pilot and his efficiency was proved by 
 his able management of the field at Ourches during the 
 St. Mihiel drive. 
 
 Lieutenant Cutter was in the Minnesota National 
 Guards at the outbreak of the war, and served as an 
 officer in the Artillery until detailed in January to take 
 the Aerial Observer's course at Fort Sill, Oklahoma. 
 After graduating there he attended the Gunnery 
 School at Fort Worth, Texas; then, coming to France 
 in July, he took a short course at Tours in observation 
 and gunnery, and proceeded directly to the Squadron 
 at Souilly. 
 
 34 
 
On October 28, Lieutenants Conover and Burger 
 were out on an Infantry contact mission, and were 
 diving on enemy machine gun nests which were hold- 
 ing up the advance of the Infantry, when machine gun 
 bullets from the ground severely wounded Lieutenant 
 Conover in the knee. In spite of this, he flew the 
 plane back to our lines and managed to land safely 
 without crashing, on the west bank of the Meuse, about 
 five kilometers behind our front lines. They brought 
 back valuable information which was at once trans- 
 mitted to Division Headquarters, after which Lieu- 
 tenant Conover was taken to the hospital, and has since 
 been unable to rejoin the Squadron, being invalided 
 back to the States. He had always been the one to 
 start the song after the dinner table had been cleared, 
 and his absence was felt as a keen loss by all. 
 
 As a result of the good work done by the Squadron 
 during the October operations north of Verdun, it 
 received the following letters of commendation from 
 the 33rd Division, with which it had worked: 
 
 HEADQUARTERS 33rd DIVISION 
 
 American Expeditionary Forces 
 France 
 
 October 20, 1918. 
 FROM : Commanding General, 33rd Division. 
 TO : Commanding Officer, 90th Aero Squadron, 
 
 Amer. E. F. 
 SUBJECT: Service with 33rd Division. 
 
 1. As the 33rd Division is about to withdrav^^ from this 
 section of the line, I imagine the services with the Division of 
 the 90th Aero Squadron will end, at least for the time being. 
 Consequently I wish to express to you at this time my appre- 
 
 35 
 
elation for the valuable and efficient work the Squadron has 
 done with us during the operations. You have met all our 
 requests with willing compliance unless prevented unquestion- 
 ably by the elements. Your greatest cooperation has been in 
 assisting us in locating our lines, which you have done repeat- 
 edly with uniform success and accuracy. 
 
 GEORGE BELL, Jr., 
 Major General, U. S. A. 
 ***** 
 
 West Bank of River, 
 30th Sept., 1918. 
 90th Aero Squadron. 
 
 Gentlemen: Many thanks for cigarettes and newspapers 
 dropped to us. It sure made us feel fine to know that others 
 were thinking of us. These are the things that make us want 
 to go ahead. Sincerely, 
 
 LOUIS PRESTON, 
 
 Capt. 131st Inf. 
 Commanding Co. B, 33rd Division. 
 
 G-1 October 15, 1918. 
 
 GENERAL ORDERS No. 135 
 Officers, noncommissioned officers and enlisted men of the 29th 
 
 and 33rd. 
 
 D.LU.S., 18th, 26th, D.L and 10th, D.I.C. 
 
 You have conquered Lawavrille, the wood Des Caures 
 and that of D'Haumont, you have reached the summit of 
 Ormont, gone beyond the Rechene and the woods of 
 Chaume. 
 
 The Austro-Germans have lost, on curved front of 15 
 kilometers, those arrogant observation posts which have defied 
 the heroic defenders of Verdun. 
 
 On the 8th of October you advanced in a magnificent man- 
 ner, on formidable slopes and through powerful and echelon 
 organizations. 
 
 36 
 
On the following day you pursued an obstinate advance 
 which checked all the enemy counter-attacks ; you compelled him 
 to bring up numerous reinforcements in a hurry, which did not 
 succeed in taking back one foot of conquered ground. 
 
 5,800 prisoners, more than 50 guns, machine guns and 
 material which has not yet been counted, are the booty of these 
 magnificent days. 
 
 All of you infantrymen, artillerymen, engineers, aviators, 
 staff and other branches of the service have their part in the 
 success. 
 
 American soldiers, French white and black soldiers, you 
 have vied with each other in valor and comradeship during the 
 combat, and weakened the menace which still threatens the 
 Immortal City. 
 
 I am proud to have you under my command. 
 
 COMMANDING GENERAL OF 17th FRENCH 
 CORPS. (Signed) CLAUDEL. 
 
 Translated from the French by order of Captain VIGNON, 
 C.A.S., 17th French Corps. J. TONGAS, 
 
 First Lieut. F.A., French Liaison Officer. 
 
 Owing to the rapid advance which the American 
 First Army had made up to the last of October and 
 the still more rapid advance which was contemplated, 
 it was decided to be necessary for the 3rd Corps Group 
 to be nearer the front line. Near Bethelainvllle was 
 a high plateau which had previously been known as 
 the only place in the sector where a forced landing 
 could be made with any safety. It was far from level, 
 very muddy, and had many shell holes. After the 
 first drive, however, it was out of range of all but 
 the heaviest Artillery, so it was this field which was 
 chosen. Barracks and hangars were erected in the 
 Bois de Hesse, a stone road built leading up to the 
 
 37 
 
field, and on October 29 the 90th moved up. The 
 88th, 284th (French), and Group Headquarters fol- 
 lowed a few days later. 
 
 The 90th was complimented by Corps Headquarters 
 for the manner in which work was continued without 
 interruption during the moving. Several planes took 
 off in the morning from the Souilly field, and after 
 accomplishing their missions, landed on the new field 
 and made their reports. 
 
 Operations from Bethelainville proved most difficult. 
 The field was isolated from all bases of supplies, the 
 very uneven terrain was the cause of constant break- 
 age of axles, and the mud made the transportation of 
 supplies impossible without the use of caterpillar 
 tractors. 
 
 While here, the last remaining team of those formed 
 in August was broken up. Lieutenants Carver and 
 Lindstrom set out on a reconnaissance the morning of 
 November 4. The cloud level was at 200 meters, and 
 just after diving through these clouds at a point a few 
 miles north of Cunel, the front cowl suddenly blew 
 off, and back into the flying wires, probably through 
 the wire holding it having been cut. Lieutenant 
 Carver attempted to land, after pointing the plane 
 south, but either because of the added wind resistance 
 from the hanking cowl, or through the elevator wires 
 having been cut by fire from the ground, it was impos- 
 sible to redress for the landing, and the plane crashed 
 nose first into a shell hole north of Cunel. Lieutenant 
 Carver's injuries were quite serious, among them a 
 dislocated hip, sprained knee and ankle, and severe cuts 
 on the face. Lieutenant Lindstrom's face was cut and 
 
 38 
 
bruised, but otherwise he was all right. The plane 
 was totally demolished, the fuselage breaking in two 
 pieces near the pilot's seat. Lieutenant Carver was 
 discharged from the hospital January 7, 1919, and 
 rejoined the Squadron at Belrain, Meuse. 
 
 The 90th reported constantly on the progress of 
 the 90th and 79th Divisions during the stirring days 
 just before the armistice, and rendered valuable aid 
 in harassing the retreating Boche troops in their flight 
 northward. Lieutenant Greist, with Lieutenant Wil- 
 kinson, Observer, in a flight made a day or so before 
 the armistice, gave material assistance to a platoon of 
 the 314th Infantry (79th Division), which had gotten 
 into difficulty, and later discovered that it was com- 
 manded by Lieutenant Pierson, brother of our Com- 
 manding Officer. 
 
 Following the armistice little flying was done, most 
 of the old pilots and observers being absent on leave 
 or returning to the States. Lieutenant Greist, with 
 Lieutenant Stevens, Photographic Officer of the 3rd 
 Corps Observation Group, took some very fine oblique 
 views of the devastated country north of Verdun, as 
 well as of Verdun itself, while the pilots who arrived 
 at the Squadron at the time of the armistice or later, 
 amused themselves by wrecking most of the remaining 
 planes and some of the new observers. The Squadron 
 received word that it was to return to the States, surely 
 a thing not to be regarded lightly, and the rest of the 
 planes were turned in to the 1st Air Depot, and by 
 January 15 practically all of the pilots and observers 
 had been detached from the Squadron, which at that 
 
 39 
 
time found itself at Belrain, near Bar-le-Duc, whence 
 it had moved from Bethelainville. 
 
 January 18 the Squadron took another step toward 
 home, moving to Colombey les Belles, where it had 
 commenced the building, in November, 1917, of the 
 1st Air Depot. Very comfortable quarters were 
 assigned and the Squadron settled down to await orders 
 to the coast. 
 
 The following are the officers who accompanied the 
 Squadron to Libourne: 
 
 First Lieut. Norris E. Pierson, A.S. U.S.A., Commanding 
 Officer. 
 
 First Lieut. E. Harold Greist, A.S. U.S.A., Adjutant and 
 Flight Commander. 
 
 First Lieut. Loren E. Rohrer, A.S. U.SA., Flight Com- 
 mander. 
 
 First Lieut. Leland M. Carver, A.S. U.S.A., Flight Com- 
 mander. 
 
 First Lieut. William O. Lowe, U.S.M.C, Operations 
 Officer. 
 
 First Lieut. Glenn M. Pike, A.S. U.S.A., Pilot. 
 
 First Lieut. J. J. Livingston, M.C. U.S.A., Surgeon. 
 
 First Lieut. Ralph G. Looney, A.S. U.S.A., Supply Officer. 
 
 Second Lieut. John H. Wallace, A.S. U.S.A., Engineering 
 Officer. 
 
 Second Lieut. Clive W. Lacy, Ord. U.S.A., Ordnance 
 Officer. 
 
 Second Lieut. Arthur J. O'Connor, AS. U.S.A., Radio 
 Officer. 
 
 The Squadron left Colombey les Belles January 25, 
 1919, en route for the Port of Embarkation. The 
 travel directed was accomplished in the French variety 
 
 40 
 
Bois DE Forges {Meuse Sector) 
 
of Side-door Pullmans, otherwise known to fame as 
 "Hommes 40, Chevaux 8," and was said to be neces- 
 sary in the military service. Through the initiative 
 of our men stoves were installed, which made the 
 journey bearable in spite of the considerable cold 
 weather encountered. Our actual destination proved 
 to be the pretty little village of St. Denis de Piles, 
 near Libourne, Gironde, and the officers and enlisted 
 personnel occupied excellent billets, which had been 
 arranged for by the advance party under command of 
 Lieutenant Rohrer. 
 
 On February 3, after five days spent at St. Denis, 
 the Squadron was ordered to Libourne, the next step 
 on the way home. There we occupied the old stone 
 French barracks, while the officers were billeted at 
 private houses throughout the town. The time was 
 spent in drilling, fatigue work, and other recreation, 
 including the famous outdoor sport of "making big 
 ones into little ones," which the men all thoroughly 
 enjoyed . (???). 
 
 On February 22, Lieutenant Pierson received his 
 promotion to a Captaincy, for which he and the Flight 
 Commanders had been recommended prior to the 
 armistice. 
 
 March 10, Lieutenant Pike left the Squadron to 
 proceed to Poland as a member of the American Food 
 Commission, and shortly after Lieut. J. J. Livingston, 
 our Medical Officer since the formation of the Squad- 
 ron at Kelley Field, left to take a course of study at 
 the A.E.F. University at Beaume. March 21, Lieu- 
 tenant Greist, who had been a Flight Commander 
 since the Squadron arrived at the front, and who had 
 
 41 
 
served as Adjutant since shortly after the armistice, 
 was detached to go home as a casual, on account oi 
 the receipt of news of illness in his family. Lieutenant 
 Rohrer was appointed Adjutant to succeed him. 
 
 On April 10, Lieutenant Lowe learned from a Navy 
 Department order that he had been a Captain since 
 July 8, 1918. 
 
 The Squadron remained at Libourne until April 10, 
 when the long-awaited order to proceed to the Em- 
 barkation Camp at last arrived. The trip to Genicart 
 was made in one day by marching, and the Squadron 
 entered Camp No. 1, the first stage in the process 
 through the Embarkation Camp. After two days 
 here, the next step was taken, the Squadron going to 
 Camp No. 2, entering by way of the " mill," where 
 delousing and the physical examinations took place. 
 All the members of the 90th were pronounced "fit," 
 and there remained only to wait for the boat to be 
 designated. 
 
 After two or three disappointments we were ordered 
 on board the U.S.S. "General Goethals," but unfor- 
 tunately, owing to the small size of the boat and the 
 consequent limitations in staterooms for the officers, the 
 Squadron was allowed to take but three officers, those 
 accompanying Captain Pierson being Captain Alger, 
 M.C., U.S.A., who was assigned to the Squadron as 
 Medical Officer at the Embarkation Camp, and Lieu- 
 tenant Carver, as Adjutant. The other officers were 
 detached, and sailed the same day, April 20, Easter 
 Sunday, on board the U.S.S. " Susquehanna." 
 
 The voyage was very uneventful, especially com- 
 pared to the excitement of the trip across, when sub- 
 
 42 
 
marines were a constant menace, and the men passed 
 the time in reading and sleeping. The only excitement 
 was when a porpoise jumped alongside the steamer, or 
 when another steamer was sighted, which occurred but 
 seldom. The weather was unusually good, only one 
 storm, of two days' duration, being encountered. 
 
 Land was finally sighted at 5 a.m.. May 3, and we 
 docked in Hoboken at 10 a.m., after a voyage of 
 thirteen days. 
 
 Pie and coffee were served on the dock, after which 
 the ferry took us to a Long Island train, from which 
 we unloaded near Camp Mills. A brief march 
 brought us to camp, where we were assigned to bar- 
 racks. 
 
 At midnight the Squadron made the acquaintance 
 of the American variety of delouser, and blouses suf- 
 fered severely from the wet steam. 
 
 May 4, at 8 a.m., the Squadron marched over to 
 Field No. 2, Garden City, and the work of demobili- 
 zation was begun. 
 
 At this stage the 90th lost the services of Sergeants 
 Hankins and Byrth, who became ill. 
 
 Captain Alger and the Medical Detachment were de- 
 tached and assigned to duty with the Camp Hospital. 
 A few days later Sergeant-Major Greer, M.E.A.S., 
 who had also been with the Squadron from the begin- 
 ning, became ill, and was transferred to the hospital 
 for treatment, M.E.A.S. Rich replacing him. 
 
 Sergeant Greer had earned his grade after starting 
 as a private, his work in the office being of so high 
 a grade as to win constant recognition and steady 
 advancement, and it was greatly regretted that he had 
 
 43 
 
to leave during the pressing work of demobilization. 
 Sergeant Rich, who took his place, proved equal to 
 the occasion, and earned special commendation for his 
 efficient service. 
 
 After two weeks of paper work, it was finally com- 
 pleted, and orders received sending the men to the 
 various discharge camps throughout the country. 
 
 The time was passed by the men in New York City 
 for the most part, as no passes were needed to leave 
 camp, and the men were not slow to avail themselves 
 of the opportunity afforded. 
 
 The last detachments entrained May 22, and Cap- 
 tain Pierson and Lieutenant Carver received their 
 orders relieving them from duty with the 90th. 
 
 There remained of the Squadron but the three 
 Regular Army men, headed by Sergeant Richardson, 
 who were to form the nucleus of the new 90th, as the 
 name is to be preserved, and vested in a Regular 
 Army Squadron, to commemorate the work of the 90th 
 in France. 
 
 As Lieutenant Looney, the old Supply Officer, had 
 just arrived in camp, he was assigned to take the 90th 
 to Kelley Field, where it arrived May 25, after having 
 been absent, in service, for nearly two years. 
 
 Special mention should be made of the work of 
 Supply Sergeant Jones, and Sergeants Hankins, Blake, 
 Johnston, York, Chew, Louis Hill, and Sill. To do 
 real justice, in fact, the Squadron roster might be 
 cited, for all did their duty, with a will that made the 
 90th the success it was. 
 
 Since the St. Mihiel drive the 90th has been called 
 a "Shock Squadron." For almost two months, with- 
 
out any relaxation, it carried on the difficult part 
 assigned to Divisional Squadrons in offensive and open 
 warfare. During that time missions were carried out 
 in all kinds of weather, good and bad, but usually bad, 
 and the results accomplished, as seen from the Observ- 
 ers' reports and the many letters of commendation 
 and appreciation received from the Divisions for which 
 it was working, were of the utmost value to these units. 
 The 90th has a right to feel that its work will be put 
 on record and that the " Red Dice " will long be 
 remembered. Our only regrets come from the loss 
 of our four comrades who died while serving the uni- 
 versal cause with us, as well as of our friend, who, 
 after bearing his part courageously and cheerfully 
 throughout the five months which the Squadron spent 
 on the front, was destined never to return to the United 
 States. Compared to many other Squadrons, our list 
 of casualties has been small, but the memory of those 
 with whom we worked who made the supreme sacrifice 
 from our midst, will live with us forever. 
 
 S«t»»SON 
 
 f 
 
 45 
 
MEMORABLE INCIDENTS 
 
 THE greatest danger to the 90th, In spite of their 
 large number of combats, came not from enemy 
 planes, but from the enemy on the ground, and from 
 bad weather conditions. It is impossible to mention 
 individually all the difficult missions accomplished. A 
 few types only are picked out to illustrate. 
 
 On October 8, the 33rd Division, attached to the 
 17th French Army Corps, was advancing east of Con- 
 senvoye. Lieutenants Pike and Parr volunteered to 
 find the front line. It was raining and hailing as they 
 took off, but in the midst of this storm they flew for 
 over an hour at fifty meters from the ground, passing 
 through the friendly barrage and hostile machine gun 
 fire, and brought back the desired information. 
 
 On October 13, 1918, at about 10:30 p.m., the 90th 
 received a telephone message from G2 that it was 
 reported that an armistice had been signed, but that 
 no order had yet been issued to suspend hostilities. 
 The Squadron celebrated the news in a fitting manner. 
 Next morning an advance was scheduled to take place 
 northwest of Cunel. The weather was so foggy that 
 no plane was able to ascend until about noon, when 
 Lieutenants Carver and Lindstrom decided to go up 
 if possible and see whether the war was really over 
 or not. On reaching the vicinity of Brieulles the 
 weather was found to be fairly clear, and they started 
 to stake the lines. While flying at about fifty meters 
 from the ground the gas tank was pierced by a bullet, 
 
 46 
 
Where Vaquois Was {Argonne-Meuse Sector) 
 
which first carried away the speaking tube, but the 
 Salmson's rubber covered gas tank made it possible 
 to drop messages to the 5th Division at Montfaucon 
 and to the 3rd Corps at Rampont, and to land on the 
 field at Souilly before all the gas had leaked out. It 
 was decided that if the war was over, the Boches in 
 the Bois de Foret had not yet been notified of the fact. 
 
 On October 21 the 3rd Corps Commander sent an 
 urgent request for a plane to ascertain whether prepa- 
 rations were being made by the enemy to counter- 
 attack. Lieutenants Broomfield and Cutter volun- 
 teered. They were seen to cross the lines at about 
 fifty meters altitude, flying in irregular course to dodge 
 machine gun fire. A balloon observer saw them dis- 
 appear for a few minutes, then reappear at about the 
 same altitude. At 11:15 o'clock he saw the plane 
 suddenly lurch and crash out of control the short dis- 
 tance to the ground. It fell in "No Man's Land," 
 near Cote 299, northeast of Cunel, and both pilot and 
 observer were killed instantly. As our lines advanced, 
 both their remains and the ruins of the plane were 
 found and identified. 
 
 On October 28, Lieutenants Conover and Burger 
 went out on a very difficult Infantry contact mission 
 over Hill 360, east of the Meuse. Visibility was bad, 
 and they were forced to fly at fifty meters, as the 
 Infantry were too busy to put out their panels. They 
 detected six enemy machine gun nests which seemed 
 to be holding up the American advance, and dived at 
 them repeatedly, firing several hundred rounds of am- 
 munition. Four of these machine gun nests were 
 abandoned and the other two silenced. In the course 
 
 47 
 
of this action the plane was riddled with bullets, and 
 Lieutenant Conover was wounded twice, two of the 
 bullets tearing a large hole in his right knee. He suc- 
 ceeded, however, in effecting a safe landing near Con- 
 senvoye, and Lieutenant Burger immediately tele- 
 phoned in his information. 
 
 Lieutenants Greist and Borden had a very exciting 
 trip together. They went up late in the afternoon 
 on an Infantry contact mission and were attacked by 
 three Fokkers. These they drove off, but in the delay 
 it had become almost dark. They staked the lines and 
 were about to return home when a six-star rocket 
 exploded in the plane, which immediately took fire. 
 Lieutenant Greist headed for the ground, but Lieu- 
 tenant Borden grasped the flaming rocket in his hand 
 and threw it from the plane. Then with the Pyrene 
 can he extinguished the blaze in the fuselage and 
 shouted to his pilot that they could return to the field, 
 where Lieutenant Greist made a safe landing by flares. 
 
 On October 31, Lieutenants Bovard and Foster were 
 on a reconnaissance of the enemy lines north of Aincre- 
 ville, flying at about 100 meters, when they found 
 themselves over several hostile strong points. A single 
 gun opened on them and they retired behind our lines 
 with a few bullet holes. Uncertain, however, whether 
 it was a friendly or hostile gun which had fired, they 
 entered once more and this time were fired on from 
 all sides by every gun within range. The only direc- 
 tion clear was directly away from home, so the plane 
 was forced to proceed several kilometers into hostile 
 territory before it could swing around the dangerous 
 spot and retire. The engine was irreparably injured 
 
 48 
 
I 
 
 m 
 
 ■ 
 
 I 
 
 L- 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 M 
 
 K'- 
 
 ■ 
 
 i 
 
 m 
 
 f 
 
 ~': 
 
 k 
 
 U 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 ■ 
 
 m. 
 
 mi. 
 
 
by bullets in the radiator and oiling system, but com- 
 pleted the trip back to the field before giving out 
 entirely. 
 
 Lieutenants Neidecker and Lake, on November 3, 
 flew a general reconnaissance for the 17th French 
 Corps. They penetrated the enemy lines so far that 
 they went entirely off their map, but flying at 200 
 meters they picked up much information which they 
 were able to locate on the map after their return. At 
 one point they saw a train of nineteen cars moving 
 along a siding, filled with troops. They dived and 
 raked the whole length of it with machine gun bullets. 
 
 On the morning of November 1 the main offensive 
 was renewed west of the Meuse. A thick mist and 
 light rain made it seemingly impossible for a plane to 
 take off without danger of crashing. It was of utmost 
 importance, however, that the location of our lines be 
 ascertained. Lieutenants Grelst and Burger volun- 
 teered for this mission. When they took off, the fog 
 was so thick that they were forced to just skim the 
 ground, relying on their intimate knowledge of the 
 sector to find their way to the lines. They ran the 
 risk of running Into hills in their blindness, and were 
 almost constantly in their own barrage. Without any 
 protection they penetrated five kilometers behind the 
 German lines, and returned with valuable information 
 as to the disposition of the enemy Artillery and Infan- 
 try. They flew along the barrage lines just over the 
 heads of our Infantry so that Lieutenant Burger could 
 stake our lines. The ship was so tossed about by the 
 concussion of bursting shells underneath that both 
 pilot and observer were made very sick. Finishing 
 
 49 
 
their mission successfully, they landed at an aerodrome, 
 delivered their information, and set off once more in 
 the fog for home. This was the only mission carried 
 out over the sector that day, and brought the Divi- 
 sional Commander the only information he received 
 as to the location of his front lines, and all the infor- 
 mation was later verified. 
 
 Both Lieutenant Greist and Lieutenant Burger were 
 recommended for the Medal of Honor for extraor- 
 dinary heroism. 
 
 The following Military Decorations have been con- 
 ferred on Officers of the 90th Aero Squadron: 
 
 Distinguished Service Cross 
 Second Lieut. Valentine J. Berger (with oak leaf). 
 First Lieut. Harvey Conover. 
 First Lieut. E. Harold Greist. 
 First Lieut. Wilbert E. Kinsley. 
 First Lieut. William O. Lowe. 
 Second Lieut. Fred A. Tillman. 
 
 Legion of Honor 
 Second Lieut. Fred A. Tillman. 
 
 Croix de Guerre 
 First Lieut. Morton B. Adams. 
 Second Lieut. Valentine J. Burger (with palm). 
 First Lieut. Harvey Conover. 
 Second Lieut. Alexander Grier. 
 Second Lieut. Horace A. Lake (with palm). 
 Maj. William G. Schauffler, Jr. 
 Second Lieut. Fred A. Tillman (with palm). 
 
 Aero Club of America Medal of Honor 
 First Lieut. Harvey Conover. 
 
SEVEN UP 
 
 IN the choice of an insignia the Squadron was for- 
 tunate. It is a rule of the Air Service that no 
 Squadron shall have an insignia until it has seen three 
 months' service at the Front. The time for the 90th 
 to adopt one came while it was stationed at Ourches. 
 There was a frenzied fortnight of verbal strife between 
 parties supporting different designs. No one is quite 
 clear as to the reasons which led to the triumph of 
 the dice. Some claim that it was through the influence 
 of certain members who through this symbol cornered 
 the money market after every pay day. 
 
 Whatever the cause, this insignia, first used by Cap- 
 tain Schauffler while with the First Aero Squadron, 
 became the emblem of the 90th, and in short order 
 all the planes of the Squadron blossomed out with red 
 dice twelve by twelve, with white eyes. Whatever 
 way the dice are read they come " Seven." That this 
 was a lucky emblem the multitude of successful mis- 
 sions and seven official victories In the air, prove. 
 Other Squadrons cried for replacements, but the dice 
 of the 90th brought her veterans through with but 
 very few casualties, only one plane being lost over the 
 lines, which is probably a unique record among Squad- 
 rons which saw an equal period of service at the front. 
 
 51 
 
COMBAT REPORTS — CONFIRMATIONS 
 
 THE first question an aviator asks of any old 
 acquaintance whom he has not seen for some time 
 is, "Get any Boches lately?" This shows the tendency 
 to give great importance in aerial work to combats, 
 to getting a " Hun." In the case of Observation 
 Squadrons this emphasis is wrongly placed, since the 
 measure of success of such a Squadron is measured not 
 in terms of combats but in terms of accurate informa- 
 tion brought back and this means dodging battles 
 instead of seeking them. None the less, accuracy with 
 a machine gun is an essential accomplishment both for 
 pilots and observers and a good record against the 
 Fokkers is certainly something to be proud of. In 
 its five months on the front the 90th engaged in over 
 twenty-five aerial battles, practically all of which were 
 in the last two months, as it was very rare to see a 
 Boche plane in the St. Mihiel sector before the drive 
 of September 12. As a result of these combats the 
 Squadron was credited officially with the destruction 
 of seven enemy planes, in addition to which several 
 others were in fact brought down, and in all these 
 combats lost but one plane, which may have been 
 brought down from the ground. The records which 
 follow give some idea of the odds at which our men 
 always fought and of one part of the danger which 
 awaited them on a large proportion of their missions. 
 On September 20, 1918, Lieutenant Hart, Pilot, 
 and Lieutenant Grier, Observer, while acting as protec- 
 
 52 
 
don for another observation plane, were engaged in 
 the following combat west of Dampvitoux in the St. 
 Mihiel sector at 17:44 o'clock. While flying above 
 in the rear of the observation plane, Lieutenant Grier 
 sighted a single enemy plane flying below him, within 
 the German lines, and at an altitude of about 200 
 meters. The Boche did not attack, but manoeuvered 
 suspiciously to attract attention. Expecting a ruse of 
 some sort, Lieutenant Grier began to watch the sky 
 above him, especially a white puff of cloud within the 
 enemy lines, at the same time moving his guns into a 
 position ready to meet an attack from that direction. 
 They were flying at about 800 meters, when suddenly 
 three Fokkers shot out from the cloud at an altitude 
 of about 1000 meters and dived to attack from the rear, 
 firing as they came. Lieutenant Grier held his fire 
 until he had a good range and then opened up on 
 the leader. He saw his tracer bullets hit the enemy 
 plane in several places, and then saw the plane go 
 into a vertical dive with smoke pouring from the motor 
 and fuselage. He watched it fall until a second Fok- 
 ker came down upon him, which he succeeded in driving 
 off with sixty or seventy well-directed shots from his 
 Lewis gun. The enemy craft then gave up the fight 
 and disappeared among the clouds behind their own 
 lines. The plane, in which were Lieutenants Grier and 
 Hart, also bore several marks of battle. Wings, tail 
 and fuselage were punctured by bullets, several having 
 passed within a few inches of the observer, and one 
 severing a brace wire on the rudder. 
 
 53 
 
Order of Confirmation. 
 HEADQUARTERS AIR SERVICE, FIRST ARMY 
 American Expeditionary Force 
 
 France, September 27, 1918. 
 General Orders 
 No. 10 
 
 Extract 
 2. Second Lieut. F. H. Hart, Pilot, and A. T. Grier, 
 Observer, 90th Aero Squadron, 3rd Corps Observation Group, 
 are hereby credited with the destruction in combat of an enemy 
 airplane in the region of Dampvitoux at 800 metres altitude, 
 on September 20, 1918, at 17:45 o'clock. 
 
 By Order of Colonel Mitchell, 
 
 T. DeW. MILLING, 
 Col., A.S. U.S.A., Chief of Staff. 
 OFFICIAL: 
 
 M. P. KELLEHER, Major. 
 
 Lieut. W. G. Schauffler, Pilot, and Lieut. Morton 
 B. Adams, Observer, while dropping newspapers to 
 our troops along the southern edge of the Bois de 
 Dannevoux, on October 1, 1918, were attacked by 
 eight Fokker chasse planes at an altitude of 500 meters. 
 The Hun, employing his usual method of attack, came 
 down from the rear on their tail, firing as they dived. 
 The third plane to attack succeeded in cutting away 
 the horns on the right elevator, thus rendering the 
 right elevator control wire useless. Lieutenant Adams 
 in the meantime had been pouring a stream of bullets 
 into the second, third and fourth enemy planes as they 
 came down on him in quick succession. It was on 
 the fourth Boche that his bullets took vital effect. 
 This plane was seen to issue a great cloud of black 
 
 54 
 
smoke, turn sharply to the right, and start rapidly 
 towards the earth and in the direction of the German 
 lines. As he watched for an instant the downward 
 course of the enemy looked more and more as if the 
 Fokker were in flames and out of control. The 
 remaining four planes overhead claimed his attention 
 by their manoeuvering but did not attack again, even 
 when Lieutenant Schauffler turned his plane toward the 
 German lines. During this fight Lieutenant Adams 
 observed a new type of German cocarde. One of the 
 Hun machines bore, instead of the customary black 
 Maltese cross, a circle on the wings in which a very 
 small cross was painted. 
 
 Order of Confirmation. 
 
 HEADQUARTERS AIR SERVICE, FIRST ARMY 
 American Expeditionary Force 
 
 France, October 23, 1918. 
 General Orders 
 No. 20. 
 
 Extract 
 13. First Lieuts. W. G. Schauffler, Jr., and Morton B. 
 Adams, 90th Aero Squadron, 3rd Observation Group, are 
 hereby credited with the destruction in combat of an enemy 
 Fokker in the region of Dannevoux, at 500 meters altitude, on 
 October 1, 1918, at 5 :00 o'clock (p.m.). 
 
 By Order of Colonel Milling. 
 
 W. C. SHERMAN, 
 Lieut. Col., A.S. U.S.A., Chief of Staff. 
 OFFICIAL: 
 
 H. S. STURGIS, 
 
 Second Lieut., A.S. U.S.A., Adjutant. 
 
 55 
 
Lieut. W. E. Kinsley, Pilot, and Lieut. W. O. Lowe, 
 Observer, while on an Infantry liaison mission in the 
 vicinity of Cunel, on October 7, 1918, at an altitude 
 of 300 to 600 meters, sighted eight hostile planes north 
 of Cunel. They watched these planes until they dis- 
 appeared, and then approached the southern end of 
 the Bois du Foret, where Lieutenant Lowe called for 
 our lines by Very pistol signals. They then turned 
 south and crossed the Cunel-Brleulles road, where they 
 were attacked by the eight Fokkers previously seen, 
 which dived suddenly from a cloud over their right 
 wing. Two Germans opened fire immediately at a 
 range of 150 meters and came Into thirty meters. 
 Lieutenant Lowe opened fire on the first one, directing 
 tracers Into the motor, which caused the Boche to stop 
 firing Immediately. Lieutenant Lowe then turned his 
 guns on the second plane, which was only about 75 
 meters away, and which approached to within thirty- 
 five meters of the Salmson's tail, when he viraged off, 
 exposing his entire lower side. Lieutenant Lowe took 
 advantage of the opportunity and, firing a quick burst, 
 saw several tracers enter the fuselage under the pilot's 
 seat. The result was quickly seen, for the Hun started 
 to fall, out of control. At this moment the first plane 
 to attack was seen to hit the ground in a vertical nose 
 dive at point 1 1.7-85.4, just east of Cunel. Two more 
 planes followed up the attack of their fallen leaders, 
 both firing at the same time, but from the respectful 
 range of 300 meters. Lieutenant Lowe then engaged 
 the nearest of them and directed several tracers Into the 
 fuselage, whereupon they withdrew and rejoined the 
 remnants of their formation. Two more planes still 
 
 56 
 
'Dead Man's Hill" {Meuse Sector) 
 
higher manoeuvered for position, but were unsuccess- 
 ful and did not attack. 
 
 This first incident over, Lieutenant Kinsley with- 
 drew a short distance into friendly territory and 
 watched the enemy out of sight. Then they returned 
 to their mission, but were immediately pounced upon 
 by six hostile scouts, who manoeuvered to attack from 
 their right rear. Lieutenant Lowe opened fire at 400 
 meters, but seeing that they were watched, the enemy 
 withdrew to the north. 
 
 The effect of the Boche machine gun fire was not 
 serious. One bullet had punctured the rudder, three 
 had passed through the right elevator, and one through 
 the left elevator. 
 
 Order of Confirmation. 
 
 HEADQUARTERS AIR SERVICE, FIRST ARMY 
 American Expeditionary Force 
 
 France, October 23, 1918. 
 General Order 
 No. 20. 
 
 Extract 
 18. Second Lieuts. W. E. Kinsley and W. O. Lowe, 90th 
 Aero Squadron, 3rd Observation Group, are hereby credited 
 with the destruction, in combat, of an enemy Fokker, in the 
 region of Cunel, at 400 meters altitude, on October 7, 1918, at 
 12:30 o'clock. 
 
 By Order of Colonel Milling. 
 
 W. C. SHERMAN, 
 Lieut. Col., A.S. U.S.A., Chief of StafF. 
 OFFICIAL: 
 
 H. S. STURGIS, 
 
 Second Lieut., A.S. U.S.A., Adjutant. 
 
 57 
 
Lieut. Harvey Conover, Pilot, and Lieut. V. J. 
 Burger, Observer, while engaged in a dangerous In- 
 fantry contact mission with the 17th French Army 
 Corps, east of the Meuse, near Sivry, on October 10, 
 1918, were attacked three times during the same flight 
 by enemy chasse patrols. The first, a patrol of five, 
 attacked vigorously, and only by clever manoeuvering 
 was Lieutenant Conover able to keep his plane so 
 placed that Lieutenant Burger could fire effectively. 
 The result of this first attack, however, was the crash- 
 ing of one plane and the driving off of the remaining 
 four. Returning then to their mission, they were 
 again attacked on two different occasions, but by good 
 flying and good shooting in a running fight, they were 
 able to hold the enemy off and complete an important 
 mission. 
 
 The American plane, after this series of combats, 
 was riddled with bullets, wires were cut, spars split, 
 and ribs damaged. In fact, so many parts were 
 broken or damaged that the plane was declared unsafe 
 for further flying and had to be salvaged. Bullets had 
 also passed through Lieutenant Burger's flying suit, 
 but no injury had been done to pilot or observer. 
 
 Order of Confirmation. 
 
 HEADQUARTERS AIR SERVICE, FIRST ARMY 
 
 American Expeditionary Force 
 
 France, October 23, 1918. 
 General Order 
 No. 20. 
 
 Extract 
 29. First Lieut. Harvey Conover and Second Lieut. V. J. 
 Burger, 90th Aero Squadron, 3rd Corps Observation Group, 
 
 58 
 
are hereby credited with the destructoin, in combat, of an 
 enemy Fokker, in the region of Sivry sur Meuse, at 500 meters 
 altitude, on October 10, 1918, 16:45 o'clock. 
 By Order of Colonel Milling. 
 
 W. C. SHERMAN, 
 Lieut. Col, A.S. U.S.A., Chief of Staff. 
 OFFICIAL: 
 
 H. S. STURGIS, 
 
 Second Lieut., A.S. U.S.A., Adjutant. 
 
 On October 22, 1918, Lieut. B. C. Neidecker, Pilot, 
 and Lieut. Horace Lake, Observer, were sent across 
 the lines to drop a note concerning the whereabouts 
 of Lieutenants Broomfield and Cutter, who had been 
 missing since undertaking a dangerous mission the pre- 
 ceding day. At 15:15 o'clock, at 1000 meters over 
 Clery-le-Grand, and when just in the act of dropping 
 the message container, they were attacked by seven 
 Boche planes. The first dived straight on their tail, 
 using the unmistakable incendiary bullets. Lieutenant 
 Lake opened fire immediately and succeeded in sending 
 the machine down in a vrille with smoke pouring from 
 the fuselage. A second Fokker dived immediately 
 and viraged off at a distance of about 100 meters. At 
 that moment both of Lieutenant Lake's magazines 
 were empty and, as a third Fokker was attacking, he 
 called to Lieutenant Neidecker, who immediately put 
 his plane in a straight nose dive, followed by the Ger- 
 man, who was shooting as he came. During the dive. 
 Lieutenant Lake replaced his empty magazines, and 
 when Lieutenant Neidecker straightened out, opened 
 fire at his pursuer. Immediately the fire was opened 
 the Fokker turned off and flew back into his own lines. 
 
 59 
 
The entire fight lasted four minutes, and this plane 
 was the only allied plane over the sector at the time. 
 
 Order of Confirmation. 
 
 HEADQUARTERS AIR SERVICE, FIRST ARMY 
 
 American Expeditionary Force 
 
 ^ , /-, , France, November 2, 1918. 
 
 Cjeneral Order 
 
 No. 22. 
 
 Extract 
 
 8. First Lieutenant B. C. Neidecker and Second Lieut. 
 
 H. A. Lake, 90th Aero Squadron, 3rd Observation Group, are 
 
 hereby credited with the destruction, in combat, of an enemy 
 
 Fokker, in the region north of the Bois de Foret, west of Clery, 
 
 at 1000 meters altitude, October 22, 1918, 3:40 p.m. 
 
 By Order of Colonel Milling. 
 
 W. C. SHERMAN, 
 
 Lieut. Col., Chief of Staff. 
 
 H. S. STURGIS, 
 
 Second Lieut., Adjutant. 
 
 On November 4, 1918, while performing an Infan- 
 try contact mission, Lieut. L. E. Rohrer, Pilot, and 
 Lieut. A. T. Foster, Observer, in one plane, and Lieut. 
 W. E. Kinsley, Pilot, with Lieut. L. M. Hall, Ob- 
 server, in another plane as protection, were attacked by 
 seven Fokkers. Four enemy planes singled out Lieu- 
 tenants Rohrer and Foster, while the other three con- 
 centrated on Lieutenants Kinsley and Hall. It was 
 about 15:35 o'clock and both observation planes were 
 flying at about 300 meters. Lieutenant Foster and his 
 pilot saw the scouts just as they approached the Foret 
 de Dienlet, high overhead, and turned south. As they 
 turned, the Boche split their formation and came down 
 to attack both planes. Three of the enemy, attacking 
 
 60 
 
Lieutenant Rohrer, came down on his tail to within 
 100 meters, Lieutenant Foster in the meantime firing 
 about eighty rounds from each gun. The leader 
 dropped suddenly and disappeared from sight behind 
 a wing, going down out of control. The two follow- 
 ing did not approach so closely, but fired a considerable 
 number of rounds and then turned off. Lieutenants 
 Rohrer and Foster then made another attempt to find 
 the lines, but were met by two Fokkers, with whom 
 they exchanged shots with no apparent effects. Re- 
 turning for the third time to try for the lines they 
 were met by nine Fokkers, attacking from above and 
 to the left. Unfortunately, Lieutenant Foster's guns 
 jammed after a few rounds and it was necessary for 
 them to try and get away. The enemy planes fol- 
 lowed them for about a kilometer and forced them 
 down to within about 100 meters of the ground before 
 the observer's guns were in action again and he could 
 turn them off with his fire. Lieutenant Rohrer then 
 attempted to go home, but two more Huns arrived 
 and forced them several kilometers west of Mont- 
 faucon, in a running fight, while his observer continued 
 to keep tracers sufficiently close to the enemy pilots to 
 prevent their closing in on them. 
 Order of Confirmation. 
 
 HEADQUARTERS AIR SERVICE, FIRST ARMY 
 American Expeditionary Force 
 
 ^ , ^ France, November 19, 1918. 
 
 General Orders 
 
 No. 28. 
 
 Extract 
 
 33. First Lieuts. L. E. Rohrer and A. T. Foster, 90th Aero 
 
 Squadron, 3rd Observation Group, are hereby credited with the 
 
 61 
 
destruction, in combat, of an enemy Fokker, in the region of 
 Foret de Dienlet, at 300 meters altitude, on November 4, 1918, 
 at 14:10 o'clock. 
 
 By Order of Colonel Milling. 
 
 W. C. SHERMAN, 
 Lieut. Col., G.S. U.S.A., Chief of Staff. 
 OFFICIAL: 
 
 H. S. STURGIS, 
 
 First Lieut., A.S., Adjutant. 
 
 Lieuts. John S. Young and V. J. Burger, while on 
 a reconnaissance of the 90th Division sector on Novem- 
 ber 3, 1918, had the following interesting combat with 
 a single enemy Fokker over Stenay, at 15:30 o'clock. 
 They arrived over Stenay at an altitude of 300 meters 
 and saw four hostile planes, which circled back Into 
 the German lines while they turned south toward their 
 own. Three times they flew over the town of Stenay, 
 and each time were chased away by the four Boches, 
 who did not fire a shot but seemed content to chase 
 only. On the fourth trip over the town they were 
 attacked vigorously by a single Fokker of the latest 
 type — D VII. The Boche was a daring flyer and an 
 excellent shot. His endeavors to get under their tail 
 and to turn them back Into the German lines were 
 unsuccessful, however. Finally he resorted to the old 
 diving method, and approached to within twenty 
 meters on their left side. In viraging off he exposed 
 his entire under side for an Instant and then It was that 
 Lieutenant Burger filled his motor, body, wings, and 
 the under side of the fuselage with both tracer and 
 ordinary bullets. The German's manoeuver was fatal 
 to him, and he fell off In a slow loose vrllle toward the 
 ground. 
 
 62 
 
The statement that the Boche was an excellent shot 
 was borne out by an examination of the American plane 
 after landing. Six bullets had pierced the right wing, 
 two had punctured the gas tank, six had gone through 
 the tall, one had split the propeller, and one put out 
 the wireless generator. One bullet had passed through 
 Lieutenant Burger's combination suit, just missing his 
 leg. 
 
 Interest was added to this combat by the fact that 
 the Boche pilot bore on his plane five vertical white 
 stripes, proclaiming him five times an ace. His excel- 
 lent ability as a flier and his accurate shooting might 
 well bear out the evidence. 
 
 Order of Confirmation. 
 
 HEADQUARTERS AIR SERVICE, FIRST ARMY 
 American Epeditionary Force 
 
 France, November 17, 1918. 
 Special Orders 
 No. 27. 
 
 Extract 
 18. First Lieut. John S. Young and Second Lieut. V. J. 
 Burger, 90th Aero Squadron, 3rd Observation Group, are 
 hereby credited with the destruction, in combat, of an enemy 
 Fokker in the region south of Stenay, at 300 meters altitude, on 
 November 3, 1918, at 16:35 o'clock. 
 
 By Order of Colonel Milling. 
 
 W. C. SHERMAN, 
 Lieut. Col., G.S. U.S.A. 
 OFFICIAL: 
 
 H. S. STURGIS, 
 
 First Lieut., AS. U.S.A., Adjutant. 
 
 63 
 
OTHER COMBATS OF THE 90th AERO 
 SQUADRON 
 
 Lieutenants M. O. White and J. C. Sherrick, at 
 11:25 o'clock on September 26, 1918, while on a 
 surveillance mission over Bois de Forges, at 300 
 meters, were engaged in combat with six Fokker 
 scouts. Their plane was untouched and none of their 
 shots seemed to take effect on the enemy. 
 
 Lieuts. John Livingston and Pressley B. Shuss, while 
 on an Infantry liaison mission over Sivry s/Meuse, on 
 September 26, 1918, at 150 meters altitude, were met 
 by six Fokker scouts. The enemy did not succeed in 
 getting into position to attack. Lieutenant Shuss* fire 
 appeared to be very accurate but he did not succeed 
 in bringing the enemy down. 
 
 Lieuts. W. B. Schauffler, Jr., and Fred A. Tillman, 
 while on a reconnaissance from Forges to Dannevoux, 
 on September 26, 1918, at 300 meters altitude, met a 
 patrol of twelve enemy scouts. Five manoeuvered for 
 position but only one attacked, which Lieutenant 
 Schauffler drove off with fire from his forward gun. 
 No hits were made by either pilot. 
 
 On September 28, 1918, Lieuts. H. R. Ellis and 
 H. L. Borden, while flying over Brieulles, on a recon- 
 naissance mission, at an altitude of 250 meters, met six 
 Fokker scouts. Inviting combat several times, they 
 were finally attacked from two sides but drove the 
 
 64 
 
Clouds from the Air {St . Mihiel Sector) 
 "Till the Boches Fljtthe Heavens No More- 
 Southeast OF Brieulles 
 
enemy off by well-directed machine gun fire. Time, 
 12:50 o'clock. 
 
 While performing a reconnaissance mission on Sep- 
 tember 29, 1918, 300 meters over the Bois de Forges, 
 Lieut. F. H. Hart, Pilot, and Lieut. A. T. Grier, 
 Observer, were fired upon by a Breguet, presumably 
 flown by the enemy. The fire was returnd without 
 result. Time, 7 :00 o'clock. 
 
 Lieut. Leland M. Carver, Pilot, and Lieut. Gustaf 
 T. Lindstrom, Observer, while flying over the Bois 
 de Cote Lemont at an altitude of 500 meters, at 7:23 
 o'clock, October 2, 1918, engaged in a running fight 
 with two groups of enemy scouts. FiVe planes at- 
 tacked in the first group and four in the second. Ap- 
 parently no shots took effect from either side. 
 
 Lieut. John Livingston, Pilot, and Lieut. H. L. 
 Borden, Observer, while about to commence an Artil- 
 lery reglage on a hostile battery in the Bois de Chaume, 
 at 11:40 o'clock, October 3, 1918, in company with 
 two protection planes, were attacked at 800 meters 
 altitude by nine enemy Fokkers. The Boche dived on 
 the formation from the clouds. Lieutenant Borden 
 opened a hot fire on the attacking planes with appar- 
 ently good results. His plane suffered no damage. 
 
 Lieut. H. H. Cowle, Pilot, and Lieut. Walter 
 Frances, Observer, while acting as protection for the 
 above reglage plane, took part in the same fight. Lieu- 
 tenant Frances fired over 200 rounds at the enemy, 
 several tracers taking effect in the wings and fuselage 
 of the hostile planes. One enemy plane was seen to 
 fall, but recovered after falling 50 meters. The 
 American plane was not damaged. 
 
 65 
 
Lieut. Loren Rohrer, Pilot, with Lieutenant Vinson, 
 Observer, also took part in the above engagement. 
 Lieutenants Rohrer and Vinson, being the rear plane 
 in the formation, were the principal targets of the 
 enemy. Lieutenant Vinson fired 100 rounds from his 
 guns with apparently good effect, and saw several bul- 
 lets hit the enemy. He saw one plane start to fall, 
 but had no time to watch it down. His plane was 
 riddled with bullets, brace wires cut, and the upper 
 wing set on fire by incendiary bullets. 
 
 Flying over Bois de Lartelle, on a reconnaissance 
 mission, at 9:00 o'clock on October 5, 1918, at 800 
 meters altitude, Lieut. Norris E. Pierson, Pilot, and 
 Lieut. Van B. Hayden, observer, engaged five enemy 
 Fokkers in a running fight. About thirty-five rounds 
 were fired by Lieutenant Hayden without apparent 
 effect. Due to the fine speed and manoeuvering abil- 
 ity of the Salmson, the Boches could not get into a 
 good attacking position. 
 
 Lieutenants Pierson and Hayden, at 9 :20 o'clock, 
 on October 10, 1918, while flying on an Infantry con- 
 tact mission over Cunel, met four Fokkers, who dived 
 and opened fire. Some of our Spads then put the 
 enemy to flight. 
 
 While flying over Fountaine at 7 :05 o'clock, Octo- 
 ber 21, 1918, and performing an Infantry contact mis- 
 sion at 300 meters altitude. Lieutenant Hart, Pilot, 
 and Lieutenant Grier, Observer, engaged in combat 
 with an enemy Rumpler biplane, which was apparently 
 out to locate the Boche front line. After making sev- 
 eral attacks upon the Rumpler, they succeeded in forc- 
 ing him to quit his mission and to leave the vicinity. 
 
 6G 
 
Lieut. W. E. Kinsley, Pilot, and Lieut. A. E. Parr, 
 Observer, while on a special reconnaissance to Villers 
 devant Dun, at 13:20 o'clock, on the 29th of October, 
 1918, at 300 meters altitude, were attacked by two 
 Fokker scouts. Beating them off with machine gun fire, 
 the Americans turned and gave chase, following the 
 Boches to Aincreville, firing as often as possible. The 
 enemy fire shattered one strut and broke a spar in the 
 aileron of the lower right wing. One of the enemy 
 was seen to be hit, but not out of control. 
 
 Flying as protection for another observation plane, 
 Lieut. W. E. Kinsley, Pilot, and Lieut. L. M. Hall, 
 Observer, while flying over the Font de Dienlle at 600 
 meters altitude on November 4, 1918, were attacked 
 by five enemy scouts. The enemy fire was very poor, 
 but Lieutenant Hall by good shooting forced the enemy 
 to turn off and retire. Time, 14:15 o'clock. 
 
 Lieut. E. H. Greist, Pilot, and Lieutenant Borden, 
 Observer, while returning from a reconnaissance mis- 
 sion in the vicinity of Brandville at 12:48 o'clock on 
 November 4, 1918, at 500 meters altitude, were being 
 heavily archied when they were suddenly attacked by 
 a single black Fokker, who got a position on their tail. 
 Lieutenant Borden opened fire at the Boche as he 
 dived and saw his bullets entering the fuselage and 
 passing all around the enemy plane. Three times the 
 Fokker attacked, but the last two times he veered off 
 as Lieutenant Borden's tracers began to flash by him. 
 The Salmson suffered considerable damage, fifteen bul- 
 lets having passed through the plane, piercing the oil 
 tank, wings and fuselage. 
 
 While on a reconnaissance mission near Fontaine at 
 
 67 
 
11:10 o'clock on November 6, 1918, Lieut. Marshall 
 G. Lee, Pilot, and Lieut. H. W. Phillips, Observer, 
 were attacked by a group of four Fokkers, one plane 
 leaving the formation to attack them. Lieutenant 
 Phillips opened fire, and the Boche at once turned away 
 and returned to his own lines. No damage was done 
 to the Salmson. 
 
 68 
 
NINETIETH SONGS 
 
 During the stay of the Ninetieth across the big pond 
 experience was gained in many lines of activity. Many 
 composers, soloists, and mixers of rare harmony were 
 developed. Many of the long evenings were passed 
 in song about the mess table after Corn Willy and 
 his cohorts had been vanquished. The words to most 
 of the songs were written by members of the Ninetieth 
 and the tunes used were confiscated from all sources as 
 a wartime necessity. It would take a volume to print 
 them all, so only the most popular ones have been 
 inserted here. 
 
 HAPPY LANDINGS, NINETIETH! 
 (Tune: "Alma Mater," Cornell) 
 
 Flying low o'er Verdun's trenches, 
 
 'Midst the shot and shell, 
 A pair of dice our lucky emblem. 
 
 Give the Huns more hell. 
 
 Chorus 
 Tails up and flying any weather, 
 
 Where'er the call may be, 
 Happy landings, Ninetieth Squadron, 
 
 Hail, all hail to thee! 
 
 Far above the noise of battle, 
 
 Dodging Archies' fire. 
 Taking photos far in Hunland, 
 
 That's our heart's desire! (Shout LIKE HELL!) 
 
 Ninetieth ties can ne'er be broken, 
 
 Wherever we may fly, 
 Friendships formed in face of danger, 
 
 They can never die. 
 
 Where'er the coming years may find us, 
 
 Whate'er the fates prevail. 
 Memories of our comrades bind us 
 
 And we'll never fail. 
 
 69 
 
THE FESTIVE AIRMEN 
 
 We're going to blind the enemy, so all the papers say; 
 We fly the festive Liberty, we're missing the next day; 
 A bullet in our gas tank, we kiss the world good-by; 
 They say its for democracy, and we fall from the sky. 
 
 Chorus 
 
 For we're the airmen, the festive airmen, 
 
 Perhaps we never should have flown, for our ships were made at home. 
 
 For we're the airmen, the festive airmen, 
 
 We invite you all to come and fly the ship called Liberty. 
 
 We are a bunch of ambusques, so all the doughboys say; 
 We live a life of luxury and draw our flying pay; 
 We fly up to their trenches, and when we're overhead, 
 They point their machine guns at us and fill us full of lead. 
 
 Chorus. 
 
 We like to see the regular, who has a J.M.A., 
 
 Sit in his cozy dugout with one-half extra pay; 
 
 He tells us how to fight the war, for he shot on a sleeve. 
 
 And if we bring down all the Boche, we may get three days' leave. 
 
 Chorus. 
 
 We get into a scrap each day, six Fokkers on our tail, 
 We see the tracers streaming by, they shoot away our tail; 
 We bring old Fritzie down in flames, we see him kiss the ground; 
 They say for confirmation, " The Archies brought him down." 
 
 Chorus. 
 
 For we're the airmen, the festive airmen. 
 
 Perhaps we never should have flown, for our ships were made at home; 
 
 For we're the airmen, the festive airmen. 
 
 We invite you all to come and fly the ship called Liberty. 
 
 70 
 
OH, THEY SAY TRUE LOVE IS A BLESSING 
 
 Oh, they say true love is a blessing. 
 
 It's a blessing I never could see, 
 For the only girl that I ever loved. 
 
 Has just gone back on me. 
 She has gone, let her go, God bless her; 
 
 She is mine where e'er she may be; 
 She can search this wide world over, but — 
 
 She'll have to fly like hell to catch me! 
 
 Oh, I've looked at the girls in New York, 
 
 In London and gay Paree. 
 And the one conclusion that I have got. 
 
 There are other little fishes in the sea. 
 She has gone, let her go, God bless her, 
 
 For I am far across the sea 
 She wanted to marry a tin soldier, but — 
 
 A Home Guard I never could be. 
 
 TODAY IS MONDAY 
 
 Today is Monday, today is Monday, Monday bullets. Oh, you dirty 
 Germans, we wish the same to you. 
 
 Today is Tuesday, today is Tuesday, Tuesday's Archies, Monday's bul- 
 lets ; oh, you dirty Germans, we wish the same to you. 
 
 Today is Wednesday, today is Wednesday, Wednesday's onions, Tues- 
 day's Archies, Monday's bullets; oh, you dirty Germans, we wish 
 the same to you. 
 
 Today is Thursday, today is Thursday, Thursday Fokkers, Wednesday 
 onions, Tuesday's Archies, Monday's bullets. Oh, you dirty 
 Germans, we wish the same to you. 
 
 Today is Friday, today is Friday, Friday side-slips, Thursday's Fokkers, 
 Wednesday's onions, Tuesday's Archies, Monday's bullets. Oh, 
 you dirty Germans, we wish the same to you. 
 
 Today is Saturday, today is Saturday, Saturday's hospital, Friday side- 
 slips, Thursday's Fokkers, Wednesday's onions, Tuesday's 
 Archies, Monday's bullets. Oh, you dirty Germans, we wish the 
 same to you. 
 
 Today is Sunday, today is Sunday, Sunday's funerals, Saturday's hos- 
 pitals, Friday's side-slips, Thursday's Fokkers, Wednesday's 
 onions, Tuesday's Archies, Monday's bullets. Oh, you dirty 
 Germans, we wish the same to you. 
 
 71 
 
OH, NINETY, BRAVE NINETY! 
 (Tune: "Lord GeoflFrey Amherst") 
 
 Oh, the men of the Ninetieth they came across the sea, 
 
 To fight in a far country; 
 To the Germans and the Austrians they didn't do a thing, 
 
 In the air of this great country, 
 
 In the air of this great country; 
 For the honor of the Ninetieth they fought with all their might, 
 
 For they were airmen tried and true, 
 And they brought down all the Albatross that came within their sight. 
 
 And they straffed the German lines when they were through. 
 
 Chorus 
 
 Oh, Ninety, brave Ninety, it's a name known to fame in days of war, 
 May she ever be glorious, till the Boches fly the heavens no more! 
 
 I WANT TO GO HOME! 
 
 I want to go home, I want to go home; 
 The guerre it is fini, my francs they are too. 
 We're stuck in a mud hole with nothing to do. 
 We've finished with tempting the fates — 
 We want to go back to the States ! 
 Oh, my! Who the hell wants to fly? 
 We want to go home ! 
 
 We want to go home, we want to go home ; 
 
 We've burned all our wood and can't find any more, 
 
 The wind whistles up through the cracks in the floorj 
 
 There are leaks in the barracks roof, too; 
 
 We'll all get pneumonia or " flu." 
 
 Oh my! We don't want to die, 
 
 We want to go home! 
 
 We want to go home, we want to go home; 
 
 We can't get our pay checks, we've spent all our kale, 
 
 And day after day never get any mail. 
 
 If you like this damned country, then stay! 
 
 Send 7ne back to the old U. S A. 
 
 Oh, Oui ! Old Broadway for me — 
 
 I want to go home! 
 
 72 
 
^ ^ 
 
 u u 
 
PERSONNEL OF SQUADRON 
 
 AN Observation Squadron is a complex organiza- 
 . tion, and it was found impossible to give much 
 space in the history to the changes which this organiza- 
 tion underwent without making it an unwieldy and 
 unreadable mass of detail. It was one of the causes 
 of our success, however, that the right men filled the 
 right places; the results accomplished by a mission over 
 the front are as much the work of the mechanics who 
 have kept the plane in condition to fly, as of the pilot 
 and observer who actually perform it. Every man 
 in the Squadron has played a part in the game, and 
 all have played it with an enthusiasm and pride in their 
 work which has marked the 90th wherever it has been 
 as a Squadron which could accomplish things. 
 
 The organization underwent very few changes dur- 
 ing its duty at the front, and it is probably due to 
 this fact that there were so few casualties, as the pilots 
 and observers of the various planes understood each 
 other through long association, and the crews showed 
 a very fine spirit, taking the liveliest interest in their 
 work. Following is the organization of the flights at 
 the two most important points of the Squadron's exist- 
 ence — St. Mihiel, and Verdun — and the rest of the 
 enlisted personnel and roster of officers is given as at 
 the time of the armistice : 
 
 73 
 
PERSONNEL OF 90th SQUADRON DURING ST. MIHIEL OFFENSIVE 
 
 Commanding Officer — Lieut. Schauffler, Lieut. Gallop (acting until September IS) 
 
 Adj utant — Lieut. Hackett 
 
 Operations Officer — Lieut. Adams 
 
 Pilot 
 1—Lt. White (Flight 
 
 Commander) 
 2 — Lt. Livingston 
 3— Lt. Cowle 
 4 — Lt. Conover 
 5— Lt. Hart 
 6 — Lt. Dorrance 
 
 "A" Flight 
 Sgt. 1st CI. York, in charge of hangar 
 
 Observer Crew Chief Assistant 
 
 Lt. Sherrick Chf. Hunsacker 
 
 Lt. Shuss 
 Lt. Francis 
 Lt. Burger 
 Lt. Grier 
 
 Chf. Auten 
 Chf. De Baun 
 Chf. O'Connell 
 Chf. Tiller 
 
 Pvt. Antosh 
 
 Pvt. 1st CI. Pino 
 Pvt. 1st CI. McWhirter 
 Pvt. Blackledge 
 Pvt. 1st. CI. Stone 
 
 Sgt. 1st CI. Chev7 Pvt. Bertonz 
 
 " B " Flight 
 Sgt. 1st CI. Blake, in charge of hangar 
 
 Observer Creix: Chief Assistant 
 
 Sgt. Goodman 
 
 Pilot 
 
 7— Lt.Greist (Flight Lt. Tillman 
 
 Commander) 
 
 8— Lt. Neidecker Lt. Lake Sgt. Medlin 
 
 9— Lt. Ellis Lt. Borden Chf. Grice 
 
 10— Lt. Kinsley Lt. Lowe Sgt. Cargill 
 
 11— Lt. Bovard Lt. Sullivan Sgt. Clifton 
 
 12— Lt. Carver Lt. Lindstrom Chf. Farrand 
 
 Pvt. 1st CI. King 
 
 Pvt. 1st CI. Buckley 
 Cpl. Barton 
 Pvt. IstCl. Killman 
 Pvt. 1st CI. Kendricks 
 Cpl. Bunning 
 
 " C " Flight 
 Sgt. 1st CI. Johnson, in charge of hangar 
 
 Pilot Observer 
 
 13— Lt. Pierson (Flight Lt. Haydon 
 Commander) 
 
 14— Lt. Lee 
 15— Lt.Rohrer 
 16— Lt. Pike 
 17— Lt. Gallup 
 18— Lt. Young 
 19— Lt. Broomfield 
 
 Lt. Waldon 
 Lt. Vinson 
 Lt. Parr 
 
 Lt. Bogle 
 Lt. Cutter 
 
 Creiu Chief 
 Chf. 1st CI. Richey 
 
 Sgt. Jaeger 
 Chf. Pheiffer 
 Sgt. 1st CI. Ford 
 Sgt. 1st CI. Van Sickle 
 Sgt. Bair 
 Pvt. Croft 
 
 Assistant 
 Cpl. Carson 
 
 Pvt. Larson 
 Pvt. Lackey 
 Pvt. De Young 
 Pvt. Brickey 
 Cpl. Morrow 
 Pvt. Tully 
 
 74 
 
PERSONNEL OF 90th SQUADRON DURING ARGONNE-MEUSE 
 
 OFFENSIVE 
 
 Commanding Officer — Lieut. Schauffler (until October 22), Lieut. Pierson 
 
 Adjutant — Lieut. Lockwood (until October 22), Lieut. Hayden 
 
 Operations Officer — Lieut. Adams (until October 17), Lieut. Tillman (until 
 
 October 22), Lieut. Lowe 
 
 "A" Flight 
 Sgt. 1st CI. York, in charge of hangar 
 
 Pilot Obser'ver 
 
 1—Lt. White (Flight Capt. Foster 
 
 Commander) 
 
 2 — Lt. Livingston Lt. Shuss 
 
 3— Lt. Cowle Lt. Francis 
 
 4 — Lt. Conover Lt. Burger 
 
 5 — Lt. Hart Lt. Grier 
 6— Lt. Whitehead 
 
 Creiv Chief 
 Chf. Hunsacker 
 
 Chf . Auten 
 Chf. De Baun 
 Chf. O'Connel 
 Chf. Tiller 
 Sgt. 1st. CI. Chew 
 
 Assistant 
 Pvt. Antosh 
 
 Pvt. IstCl.TulIy 
 Pvt. Istai.McWhirter 
 Pvt. Blackledge 
 Pvt. 1st CI. Stone 
 Pvt. 1st CI. Pino 
 
 " B " Flight 
 Sgt. 1st CI. Blake, in charge of hangar 
 
 Pilot 
 7— Lt. Greist (Flight 
 
 Commander) 
 
 8— Lt. Neidecker 
 
 9— Lt. Ellis 
 
 10— Lt. Kinsley 
 
 11— Lt. Bovard 
 
 12 — Lt. Carver 
 
 Observer Cre'VJ Chief 
 
 Lt. Tillman Sgt. Goodman 
 
 Lt. Lake Sgt. Medlin 
 
 Lt. Borden Cpl. Barton 
 
 Lt. Lowe Sgt. Cargill 
 
 Lt. Foster Sgt. Clifton 
 Lt. Lindstrom Chf. Farrand 
 
 " C " Flight 
 
 Assistant 
 Pvt. 1st CI. King 
 
 Pvt. 1st CI. Buckley 
 Pvt. Race 
 
 Pvt. IstCl. Killman 
 Pvt. 1st CI. Kendricks 
 Cpl. Bunning 
 
 Sgt. 1st CI. Johnson, in charge of hangar 
 
 Pilot Observer 
 
 14 — Lt. Pierson ( Flight Lt. Hayden 
 Commander un- 
 til October 22) 
 IS— Lt. Lee Lt. Walden 
 
 16 — Lt. Rohrer Lt. Vinson 
 
 17— Lt. Pike Lt. Parr 
 
 18 — Lt. Dorrance 
 19— Lt. Young ( Flight Lt. Bogle 
 Commander, 
 Oct. 22-Nov. 11) 
 20— Lt. Broomfield Lt. Cutter 
 
 Creiu Chief Assistant 
 
 Chf. 1st CI. Richey Chf. 1st CI. Carson 
 
 Sgt. Jaeger 
 Chf. Pheiffer 
 Sgt. 1st CI. Ford 
 Chf. Craig 
 Sgt. Bair 
 
 Cpl. Croft 
 
 Pvt. 1st CI. Larson 
 Pvt. 1st CI. Lackey 
 Pvt. De Young 
 Sgt. Brown 
 Cpl. Morrow 
 
 Pvt. 1st CI. Clickner 
 
 75 
 
ROSTER 
 
 OFFICERS 
 
 Adams, Morton B, . . . . 1st Lieut. F, A., Observer 
 
 817 Stahlman Bldg., Nashville, Tenn. 
 
 Baker, Warren L. 2nd Lieut., Observer 
 
 409 W. Sixth St., Lexington, Ky. 
 
 Black, Asa R, 1st Lieut. A. S., Observer 
 
 Blekre, Ferdinand 1st Lieut. Cav,, Observer 
 
 Lanesboro, Minn. 
 
 Bogle, Henry C. .... 2nd Lieut. F. A., Observer 
 
 843 E. Jefferson Ave., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Borden, Horace L. » . . . . 2nd Lieut. S. C, Observer 
 Suite 26, 204 Hemenway St., Boston, Mass. 
 
 Bovard, James M. .... 1st Lieut. A. S., Pilot 
 
 682 Avenue C, Bayonne, N. J. 
 
 Burger, Valentine J 2nd Lieut. Inf., Observer 
 
 135 Christie St., Leonia, N. J. 
 
 Carver, Leland M 1st Lieut. A. S., Pilot 
 
 American Flying Club, 11 E. 38th St., New York City 
 
 Conover, Harvey 1st Lieut. A. S., Pilot 
 
 Hinsdale, 111. 
 
 Crook, Wilson W. .... 2nd Lieut. A. S., Pilot 
 
 919 Annex Ave., Dallas, Texas 
 
 Derby, Richard .... 1st Lieut. C. A. C, Observer 
 
 Dorrance, George W. . . . 2nd Lieut. A. S., Observer 
 
 9 Courtlandt Place, Houston, Texas 
 
 Elliott, William, Jr 1st Lieut. Cav., Observer 
 
 522 West End Ave., New York City 
 
 Ellis, Henry R 1st Lieut. A. S., Pilot 
 
 Oxford Road, New Hartford, N. Y. 
 
 Foster A. T 1st Lieut. F. A., Observer 
 
 Derby Line, Vt. 
 
 Foster, Harry Capt. Cav., Observer 
 
 113 W. 84th St., New York City 
 
 76 
 
\ 
 
 Francis, Walter L 2nd Lieut. Inf., Observer 
 
 Glastonbury, Conn. 
 
 Freeman, Harry B 1st Lieut. A. S., Pilot 
 
 Lynnfield Center, Mass. 
 
 Gallop, Harold M Capt. A. S., Pilot 
 
 Langley Field, Va. 
 
 Greist, E. Harold 1st Lieut. A. S., Pilot 
 
 61 N. Clay St., Hinsdale, 111. 
 
 Grier, Alexander T 2nd Lieut. Inf., Observer 
 
 703 N. Division St., Salisbury, Md. 
 
 Hackett, William H. Y 1st Lieut. A. S., Adjt. 
 
 242 Canton Ave., Milton, Mass. 
 
 Hall, Levi M 2nd Lieut. A. S., Pilot 
 
 308 Gramercy Ave., Minneapolis, Minn. 
 
 Hart, Floyd H 2nd Lieut. A. S., Pilot 
 
 Edgevale Orchard, Medford, Ore. 
 
 Harrison, Randolph C. . . . 2nd Lieut. F. A., Observer 
 
 Monroe Terrace, Richmond, Va. 
 
 Hayden, Van B 2nd Lieut. A. S., Observer 
 
 729 Franklin St., Keokuk, Iowa 
 
 Hendricks, T. N 2nd Lieut. F. A., Observer 
 
 Nashville, Ga. 
 
 Hume, Allen P Capt. A. S. 
 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 Kinsley, Wilburt E 2nd Lieut. A. S., Pilot 
 
 99 Cambridge St., Winchester, Mass. 
 
 Kirschner, Frederick 2nd Lieut. Ord. 
 
 906 Lakeside Place, Chicago, 111. 
 
 Lacy, Clive W 2nd Lieut. Ord., Armament 
 
 16 Harvard Terrace, Boston, Mass. 
 
 Lake, Horace A. .... 2nd Lieut. Inf., Observer 
 
 3528 T St., N. W., Washington, D. C. 
 
 Lee, Marshall G 1st Lieut. A. S., Pilot 
 
 1255 Oak Knoll Ave., Pasadena, Calif. 
 
 Lindstrom, Gustaf T. . . , 2nd Lieut. S. C, Observer 
 
 2025 Sixth Ave., MoHne, 111. 
 
 Livingston, John W. .... 1st Lieut. A. S., Pilot 
 
 1623 Eighth Ave., Moline, 111. 
 
 77 
 
Livingston, J. J. . . . . 1st Lieut. M. C, Surgeon 
 
 220 W. Ferguson St., Tyler, Texas 
 
 Lockwood, Alan E. . . 1st Lieut, A. S., Engineer and Adit. 
 135 East Ave., Norwalk, Conn. 
 
 Looney, Ralph D. . . . 1st Lieut. A. S., Supply Officer 
 
 Calvert, Texas 
 
 Lowe, William G Captain U. S. M. C, Observer 
 
 Fountain City, Knoxville, Tenn. 
 
 McSherry, F. D 
 
 Gordon Bldg., McAlester, Okla. 
 
 Neidecker, Bertrand C 1st Lieut. A. S., Pilot 
 
 Guaranty Trust Co., 140 Broadway, New York City 
 
 O'Connor, Arthur J. . . . 2nd Lieut. A. S., Radio Officer 
 
 127 20th St., Milwaukee, Wis. 
 
 Parr, Arthur E. .... 2nd Lieut. A. S., Observer 
 
 706 E. Bell St., Bloomington, 111. 
 
 Pike, Glenn M 1st Lieut. A. S., Pilot 
 
 American Flying Club, 11 E. 38th St., New York City 
 
 Phillips, Hubert N 1st Lieut. F. A., Observer 
 
 1705 Hague Ave., St. Paul, Minn. 
 
 Pierson, Norris E. ..... Captain A. S., Pilot 
 
 61 Broad St., Stamford, Conn. 
 
 Phinzy, Jack 1st Lieut., A. S. 
 
 Rohrer, Loren E 1st Lieut., A. S., Pilot 
 
 5834 Center Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. 
 
 Schauffler, William G., Jr Major A. S., Pilot 
 
 Care of Air Service, U. S. Army 
 
 Sherrick, John C. .... 1st Lieut. A. S., Observer 
 
 317 E. Broadway, Monmouth, 111. 
 
 Shuss, Pressley B 1st Lieut. A. S., Observer 
 
 Stearns Light & Power Co., Ludington, Mich. 
 
 Simpson, Leslie B. ..... 1st Lieut. A. S., Pilot 
 
 1338 Kellam Ave., Los Angeles, Calif. 
 
 Sullivan, Arthur M. . . . 2nd Lieut. F. A., Observer 
 
 Minneapolis, Minn. 
 
 Tillman, Fred A 2nd Lieut. F. A., Observer 
 
 Congressional Offices, Washington, D. C. 
 
 78 
 
Vinson, Fred L. .... 2nd Lieut. F. A., Observer 
 
 1459 N St., N. W., Washingthon, D. C. 
 
 Walden, Donald M. . . . 2nd Lieut. F. A., Observer 
 
 294 Jefferson Ave., Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 Wallace, John H 2nd Lieut. A. S., Engineer 
 
 Rockwall, Texas 
 
 White, Merritt 1st Lieut. A. S., Pilot 
 
 Tyngsboro, Mass. 
 
 Whitehead, George W 2nd Lieut. A. S., Pilot 
 
 46 Ashland Ave., Buifalo, N. Y. 
 
 Young, John S. 1st Lieut. A. S., Pilot 
 
 National Life Ins. Bldg., Montpelier, Vt. 
 
 ENLISTED MEN 
 
 Adler, Philip, Pvt. .... Left before active service 
 Omaha, Nebr. 
 
 Alhofen, Harry J., Pvt Orderly 
 
 c/o Deisel, 108 Fulton Ave., Greenville, N. J. 
 
 Allman, Orrie Left before active service 
 
 New York City 
 
 Anchors, Roy R Plane Crews 
 
 718 Seventh St., New Kensington, Pa. 
 
 Antosh, Charles, Pvt. 1st CI Plane Crews 
 
 464 28th St., Detroit, Mich, 
 
 Armstrong, Frederick A., Pvt. 1st CI. ... Blacksmith 
 
 201 So. Main St., Kirksville, Mo. 
 
 Auten, Frank B., Chfr Crew Chief 
 
 Highland, HI. 
 
 Baer, Bankard F., Sgt. 1st CI. . . . Armament, C Flight 
 
 Raspeburg, Md. 
 
 Bair, Roy F., Sgt Crew Chief 
 
 The Dalles, Ore. 
 
 Barton, Clyde J., Cpl Crew Chief 
 
 Greenfield, Tenn. 
 
 Bertonz, George C, Pvt. 1st CI Plane Crews 
 
 2059 W. 23rd St., Chicago, 111. 
 
 Billings, Thomas M., Chfr. . . Transportation, ChauflFeur 
 
 111 N. Summit St., Arkansas City, Kans. 
 
 79 
 
Bittle, Roy L., Sgt. 1st CI Radio, B Flight 
 
 724 S. Liberty St., Independence, Mo. 
 
 Blackledge, LeRoy J., Cpl. Plane Crews 
 
 1232 Philo St., Scranton, Pa. 
 
 Blake, Councell A., Sgt. 1st CI. . In Charge of Crews, B Flight 
 Easton, Md. 
 
 Blake, Karl G., Pvt Squadron Office 
 
 Vinton, Ohio 
 
 Bly, Chris M., Pvt. Wireless Operator 
 
 Mount Pocono, Pa. 
 
 Bodvin, William L., Cpl Armament 
 
 1068 E. 27th St., N., Portland, Ore. 
 
 Boersma, Barney, Pvt Left before active service 
 
 667 N. Leonard St., Grand Rapids, Mich. 
 
 Boyle, William, Sgt Transportation Mechanic 
 
 Box 818, Billings, Mont. 
 
 Bradley, Harold C, Pvt. 1st CI Orderly 
 
 563 Winewood Ave., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Brannan, William E., Pvt 
 
 2614 Market St., St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 Brandt, Arthur P., Chfr. . . . Transportation, Chauffeur 
 309 Alger St., Saginaw, Mich. 
 
 Braun, Charles H., Pvt Plane Crews 
 
 Houston, Me. 
 
 Brickey, Wilfred, Pvt. 1st CI Plane Crews 
 
 Middlebury, Vt. 
 
 Brochu, Albert J., Pvt Orderly 
 
 Plainfield, Conn. 
 
 Brooks, Lewis R. Squadron Office 
 
 Kutztown, Pa. 
 
 Broome, George S., Chfr. . . . Transportation, Chauffeur 
 2956 Wabash Ave., Chicago, 111. 
 
 Brown, George, Pvt. ....... Orderly 
 
 Carrai, 111. 
 
 Brown, Porter J., Sgt Crew Chief 
 
 Seymore, Texas 
 
 Brown, William L., Pvt. . . . Left before active service 
 McKinney, Texas 
 

Brudnicki, Czeslaw, Pvt Squadron, Shoe Maker 
 
 2441 Walton St., Chicago, 111. 
 
 Brunk, Charles E., Pvt Left before active service 
 
 Pomeroy, Wash. 
 
 Buckley, Edward L., Pvt. 1st CI Plane Crews 
 
 56 Main St., Dobbs Ferry, N. Y. 
 
 Bunn, Carl H., Pvt Transportation, Chauffeur 
 
 2417 Commerce St., Dallas, Texas 
 
 Bunning, Adolph J., Pvt., 1st CI Plane Crews 
 
 367 E. Tenth St., Portland, Ore. 
 
 Busch, William V., Sgt. . . . Left before active service 
 
 1082 Harrison Ave., Beloit, Wis. 
 
 Busser, John R., Pvt Left before active service 
 
 632 S. Champion Ave., Columbus, Ohio 
 
 Butler, Joseph F., Sgt E. & R. Shops 
 
 495 N. Commercial St., Salem, Ore. 
 
 Buttrill, Raiford R Left before active service 
 
 Dublin, Texas 
 
 Byrth, Thomas M., Sgt. 1st CI Squadron Office 
 
 629 Rockdale Ave., Avondale, Cincinnati, Ohio 
 
 Cargill, William H., Chfr Crew Chief 
 
 Jonesville, Texas 
 
 Carson, Willard F., Sgt. 1st CI Crew Chief 
 
 Toledo, Ore. 
 
 Chancellor, Abe., Pvt. . . . Transportation, Motorcycle 
 
 Box 92, Snyder, Okla. 
 
 Chew, George A., Sgt. 1st CI Crew Chief 
 
 Santa Clara, Calif. 
 
 Chittenden, Edwin A., Chfr. . . Transportation, Chauffeur 
 
 619 Magnolia Ave., Sandford, Fla. 
 
 Clark, Howard L-, Pvt. . . . Transportation, Chauffeur 
 
 P. O. Box 159, Bellevue, Idaho 
 
 Clickner, Walter G., Chfr Plane Crews 
 
 254 Schermerhorn St., Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 Clifton, Joseph E., Sgt Crew Chief 
 
 838 Sherman St., Johnstown, Pa. 
 
 Collins, Carter, Pvt 
 
 Seymour, Conn. 
 
 81 
 
Conn, James H., Pvt Transportation, Chauffeur 
 
 701 Owen St., Saginaw, Mich. 
 
 Conner, John A., Chfr. . . . Transportation, Chauffeur 
 
 W. Fourth Ave., Corsicana, Texas 
 
 Connors, James A., Pvt Plane Crews 
 
 372 Chestnut St., Kingstown, Pa. 
 
 Corcoran, Timothy J., Pvt. ...... Orderly 
 
 49 Hedley St., Providence, R. I, 
 
 Craig, Roscoe J., Sgt Crew Chief 
 
 Indianola, Nebr. 
 
 Croft, Lewin R., Pvt. 1st CI Crew Chief 
 
 Box 54, Stephenville, Texas 
 
 Cross, George W., Pvt. .... Left before active service 
 Pittsburg, Texas 
 
 Cummins, James W., Sgt. 1st CI Machine Shop 
 
 1016 W. Sears St., Denison, Tex. 
 
 Cummings, Dewey, Pvt Orderly 
 
 1304 Broadway, Mattoon, 111. 
 
 Curry, Alfred E., Cpl Field Office 
 
 Yuma, Colo. 
 
 Davy, Jesse O., Pvt Field Lighting System 
 
 Carlson, N. D. 
 
 De Baun, Fay F., Sgt Crew Chief 
 
 Linton, Ind. 
 
 De Young, Jake R., Pvt Plane Crews 
 
 Rock Valley, Iowa 
 
 Dewey, La Vern I., Pvt. . . . Left before active service 
 
 506 Allen St., Adrian, Mich. 
 
 Dyke, Fred M., Pvt Left before active service 
 
 Gilmer, Texas 
 
 Ebright Victor, Chfr. . . . Transportation, Chauffeur 
 
 2314 Victor St., Bellingham, Wash. 
 
 Emich, William L., Pvt. 1st CI. Cook 
 
 5144 Reisters Town Road, Arlington, Md. 
 
 England, Arlett, Cfr. 1st CI. . . Transportation, Chauffeur 
 
 Athens, Texas 
 
 England, Michael P., Pvt. . . . Left before active service 
 Cork, Ireland 
 
Erickson, Harvey E, Cpl Squadron Office 
 
 112 S. Foster St., Merrill, Wise. 
 
 Farmer, William J., Pvt. 1st CI. . . Transportation, Motorcycle 
 
 321 E. 44th St., So., Portland, Ore. 
 
 Farrand, George E., Chfr Crew Chief 
 
 Pittsfield, 111. 
 
 Field, Floyd C Transportation, Chauffeur 
 
 Thomas, N. M. 
 
 Fitzgerald, Ben T., Pvt. 1st CI Water Supply 
 
 Kemp, Texas 
 
 Fletcher, Ray C, Pvt Left before active service 
 
 25 St. Louis St., Burlington, Vt. 
 
 Ford, Lyle H., Sgt Crew Chief 
 
 Sioux City, Iowa 
 
 Forrest, Harley D., Pvt. . . . Transportation, Chauffeur 
 
 318 W. Park St., Toledo, Ohio 
 
 Frost, George F., Chfr Cook 
 
 801 Hosmer St., Lansing, Mich. 
 
 Franklin, Lex., Chfr. . . . Transportation, Motorcycle 
 
 Eureka, Ind. 
 
 Fridge, Clifford V., Pvt Squadron Office 
 
 Baton Rouge, La. 
 
 Frye, Hershel E E. & R. 
 
 65 W. Pleasant St., Noblesville, Ind. 
 
 Galvin, Thomas J 
 
 510 Seventh St., Bismark, N. D. 
 
 Garett, John S., Cpl Radio, C Flight 
 
 Fifth St., Bernis, Tenn. 
 
 Garwood, Harry W Orderly 
 
 345 Garfield Ave., Cypress, N. Y. 
 
 Gilley, Herbert O., Pvt Cook 
 
 423 Lane St., Waterloo, Iowa 
 
 Giltner, Arthur J., Cook Cook 
 
 Conroe, Texas 
 
 Goodman, Ollen E., Sgt. 1st CI Crew Chief 
 
 1445 College Ave., Clarksville, Texas 
 
 Gottselig, Christian 
 
 802 St. Joseph St., Lancaster, Pa. 
 
 83 
 
Grammer, George G., Cpl Supply Dept. 
 
 Pittsburg, Texas 
 
 Grant, Ulysses L., Pvt. Cook 
 
 Manteno, 111. 
 
 Greer, Edwin R., M. S. E. . . . Squadron Sergeant Major 
 Pittsburg, Texas 
 
 Gregory, Armen, Pvt Orderly 
 
 79J^ Kendall Ave., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Grice, Olley R., Chfr Crew Chief 
 
 Brookhaven, Miss. 
 
 Griffin, Clinton J., Sgt E. & R. 
 
 Portland, Ore. 
 
 Griffith, James A., Sgt. 1st CI Armament 
 
 Walthill, Nebr. 
 
 Grisso, Henry N., Pvt. ......... 
 
 327 W. Washington St., Springfield, Ohio 
 
 Halm, Louis A., Sgt. 1st CI Machine Shop 
 
 418 Harrison St., Piqua, Ohio 
 
 Halpin, William J., Pvt Bugler 
 
 Chatfield, Minn. 
 
 Hall, Edward J Armament, A Flight 
 
 R. R. No. 5, Battle Creek, Mich. 
 
 Hancock, Hiram R., Cpl. Mail Orderly 
 
 Maysville, Ga. 
 
 Hankins, Walter H., Sgt. 1st CI. . . . Chief of E. & R. 
 
 Castle Rock, Wash. 
 
 Hardesty, Hiram H., Pvt. . . . Transportation, Motorcycle 
 
 R. R. No. 3, Piqua, Ohio 
 
 Harnish, Frank D., Sgt Squadron Office 
 
 O'Neil, Nebr. 
 
 Harrison, Harvey R., Pvt. ......... 
 
 West Salem, 111. 
 
 Harsha, Orlando N., Pvt. 1st CI Radio Operator 
 
 407 N. Seventh St., Vincennes, Ind. 
 
 Harvel, Jess H., Pvt Transportation, Mechanic 
 
 314 W. Maple St., Oklahoma City, Okla. 
 
 Heckle, Charles E., Pvt 
 
 525 Taylor St., Scranton, Pa. 
 
Hengy, George C, Sgt. . . . Injured and sent to hospital 
 Dallas, Texas 
 
 Henry, Aaron W., Cpl E. & R. 
 
 Apollo, Pa. 
 
 Herold, Joseph, Pvt. 
 
 Slater, Wyo. 
 
 Herren, Joseph N., Pvt Orderly 
 
 May, Okla. 
 
 Heiser, Charles W., Pvt Cook 
 
 3125 W. 63rd St., Chicago, 111. 
 
 Higgins, Leon W., Pvt Provost Sergeant 
 
 19508 Chichester Ave., Hollis, L. I., N. Y. 
 
 Hill, Frank T., Chfr Machine Shop 
 
 907 N. Carey St., Bahimore, Md. 
 
 Hill, Louis H., Sgt. 1st CI Mess Sergeant 
 
 2009 Webster St., Oakland, Calif. 
 
 Honeycutt, Baker M., Pvt Plane Crews 
 
 Greenwood, La. 
 
 Horn, Paul, Pvt 
 
 Moose Head, Minn. 
 
 Houtz, Harry L., Pvt. 1st CI Orderly 
 
 213 Schuylkill Ave., Tamaka, Pa. 
 
 Hubbell, Aaron W., Sgt. 1st CI. . . . Chief Radio Operator 
 1520 Lincoln Ave., Walnut Hills, Cincinnati, Ohio 
 
 Hughart, Walter, Pvt 
 
 Box 34, Saverton, Mo. 
 
 Hunsaker, Omer L., Chfr Crew Chief 
 
 Golden, 111. 
 
 Hyde, James R., Pvt Transportation 
 
 659 Wellington Ave., Chicago 
 
 Irwin, William, Pvt. 
 
 Gen. Del., Danville, 111. 
 
 Isaacson, Walter S Plane Crews 
 
 2625 Pillsbury Ave., Minneapolis, Minn. 
 
 Jaeger, George H., Sgt Plane Crews 
 
 Iroquois Falls, New Ontario, Canada 
 
 Jones, Robert O., Sgt. 1st CI Supply Sergeant 
 
 Maybank, Texas 
 
 8S 
 
Johnson, Paul J., Sgt. 1st CI. . . In charge of crews, C Flight 
 118 S. Fourth St., Union City, Tenn. 
 
 Justus, Edward C, Chfr. . . . Transportation, Chauffeur 
 1107 W. Main St., Urbana, 111. 
 
 Kaake, William R., Pvt Cook 
 
 466 Woodlawn Ave., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Ketterman, Harry A., Pvt. . . . Left before active service 
 30 N. 17th St., Portland, Ore. 
 
 Key, Ellis W., M. S. E Transportation Chief 
 
 Bryan, Ohio 
 
 Killman, William H., Pvt. 1st CI Plane Crews 
 
 15 S. Elwood Ave., Baltimore, Md. 
 
 Kimball, Heber C, Pvt 
 
 Safford, Ariz. 
 
 Kendricks, William G., Pvt. 1st CI Plane Crews 
 
 99 N. Electric Ave., Alhambra, Calif. 
 
 King, Hugh R., Pvt. 1st CI Plane Crews 
 
 112 S. Prospect St., Connelsville, Pa. 
 
 King, Wade C, Sgt. 1st CI Armament Chief 
 
 Mill St., Louisville, Ohio 
 
 Klapsch, Fred., Pvt Left before active service 
 
 399 Howard St., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Klippstein, Theodore A., Cpl Squadron Office 
 
 Morris, Minn. 
 
 Lackey, Stamie, Pvt. 1st CI Plane Crews 
 
 Hiddenite, N. C. 
 
 Lambert, Lucas A., M. S. E. . . . . . Machine Shop 
 
 North Windsor, Md. 
 
 La Mont, George A. ...... . Orderly 
 
 5728 Julian St., St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 Lane, Clifford H., Cook Cook 
 
 2001 E. Sixth St., Pueblo, Colo. 
 
 Larson, Elmer P., Pvt Plane Crews 
 
 712 Barnes St., Lewistown, Mont. 
 
 Layton, Anthony A., Pvt. 1st CI Orderly 
 
 2209 N. Ninth St., St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 Lekven, Carl, Pvt. 1st CI Orderly 
 
 110 Passaic Ave., Harrison, N. J. 
 
 86 
 
Lewis, Rufus, Pvt. ••........ 
 
 Springfield, Minn. 
 
 Love, John E., Pvt 
 
 Tompkinsville, Md. 
 
 Loveridge, William G., Sgt Armament, B Flight 
 
 723 E. Arcadia Ave., Peoria, 111. 
 
 Martin, Fred L., Cpl E. & R, 
 
 Mossyrock, Wash. 
 
 McAndrews, Robert S., Pvt. . . Transportation, Motorcycle 
 
 Lane, Idaho 
 
 McCann, Patrick J., Pvt. 1st CI 
 
 189 Whittenton St., Taunton, Mass. 
 
 McDowell, Ralph L., Cook Cook 
 
 647 S. 14th St., Salem, Ore. 
 
 McLay, Charles R., Pvt Cook 
 
 Portland, Ore. 
 
 McReynolds, Thomas R., Pvt, . . Left before active service 
 
 706 Wabash Ave., Ottumwa, Iowa 
 
 McVicar, Clarence V., Pvt. 
 
 Wetumpka, Ala. 
 
 McWhirter, Richard C, Pvt. 1st CI Plane Crews 
 
 306 McBrayer St., Shelby, N. C. 
 
 Mason, Thomas M., Cpl. Supply Dept. 
 
 c/o The Murray Co., Atlanta, Ga. 
 
 Mathieu, Frank, Pvt Squadron Tailor 
 
 7 Chestnut St., Spencer, Mass. 
 
 Medlin, George B., Sgt. 1st CI Crew Chief 
 
 Galatia, 111. 
 
 Meullier, Ray W., Cfr. 1st CI. . . Motorcycle Dispatch Rider 
 c/o Dr. Meullier, Vergennes, Vt. 
 
 Miller, Arthur P., Sgt Left for pilot school 
 
 Nelighy, Nebr. 
 
 Mills, Joe, Pvt Left before active service 
 
 Pawhuska, Okla. 
 
 Monahan, James H., Pvt 
 
 4 Cottage St., Marblehead, Mass. 
 
 Morrow, Hoy, Cpl Plane Crews 
 
 Parkville, Mo. 
 
 87 
 
Mulcahy, Charles R., Pvt. . . . . . . Armament 
 
 98 Cleveland Ave., North Adams, Mass. 
 
 Neuendorf, Pearleao, Pvt 
 
 Essex, Ontario, Canada 
 
 Nerisen, Baldie, Pvt Carpenter 
 
 412 N. Fourth St., Albuquerque, N. M. 
 
 Nolting, Ray E., Pvt Orderly 
 
 4719 Hamraett Pi., St. Louis, Mo. 
 
 O'Connell, Dan P., Sgt. 1st Cl Crew Chief 
 
 22 N. 20th St., Portland, Ore. 
 
 Oehlert, Herschel E., Pvt. . . . Left before active service 
 Woodburn, Iowa 
 
 Pfeiffer, Herbert H., Sgt. 1st Cl Crew Chief 
 
 Hooper, Nebt. 
 
 Pino, August J., Pvt. 1st Cl. Plane Crews 
 
 615 Baronne St., New Orleans, La. 
 
 Quandt, Ray J., Pvt. .... Transportation ChauflFeur 
 
 Royalton, Wise. 
 
 Quinn, Harry J., Pvt. .... Came home with Squadron 
 2601 W. Third St., Chester, Pa. 
 
 Race, Harold L., Pvt Plane Crews 
 
 106 South Ave., Marshaltown, Iowa 
 
 Raikes, Lawrence W., Pvt Squadron Barber 
 
 R. F. D. "B," Box 216, Bentonville, Kans. 
 
 Rich, David A., M. S. E Machine Shop 
 
 Heard National Bank, Jacksonville, Fla. 
 
 Richardson, Delmer E., Sgt Armament 
 
 Lawrence, Mass. 
 
 Richey, Owen, Chfr. 1st Cl Crew Chief 
 
 Olmsted, 111. 
 
 Sanquist, Evald, Sgt E. & R. Shops 
 
 Natick Ave., Greenwood, R. I. 
 
 Savage, Arthur F., Pvt Orderly 
 
 R. F. D., Box 44, Montague, Mass. 
 
 Scudder, George D., Pvt. Orderly 
 
 83 Broad St., Bethlehem, Pa. 
 
 Sharp, William M., Cpl Field Office 
 
 Philomath, Ore. 
 
 88 
 
Sill, Roscoe T,, Sgt. 1st CI Transportation 
 
 915 E. 16th St., University Place, Nebr. 
 
 Sload, Charles L., Pvt 
 
 1224 Market St., Harrisburg, Pa. 
 
 Small, Fred W., M. S. E Machine Shop 
 
 Box 891, Nowata, Okla. 
 
 Stacy, Noel C, Pvt Plane Crews 
 
 405 Pendleton Ave,, St. Joseph, Mo. 
 
 Stetson, Henry A., Chfr. 1st CI Transportation 
 
 Pueblo, Colo. 
 
 Stewart, Harold E., Pvt Cook 
 
 Golden, 111. 
 
 St. John, Howard K Left before active service 
 
 1215 W. 40th St., Oklahoma City, Okla. 
 
 Stierwalt, John E., Cook Cook 
 
 Murray, Iowa 
 
 Stone, George T., Pvt Plane Crews 
 
 2728 W. 36th Ave., Denver, Colo. 
 
 Strugatz, Geo. H., Pvt Orderly 
 
 Springfield Ave., Queens, N. Y. 
 
 Swank, John F., Cook Cook 
 
 2509 Everett St., Houston, Texas 
 
 Sytek, Henry F., Cpl Supply Dept. 
 
 737 Sixth St., Grand Rapids, Mich. 
 
 Swearengen, Clarence A., Pvt. ........ 
 
 401 Poplar St., West Terre Haute, Ind. 
 
 Taylor, Harold, Pvt Transportation, Motorcycle 
 
 Carson Lake, Minn. 
 
 Tiller, Louin, Sgt Crew Chief 
 
 R. F. D. No. 1, Jones, Okla. 
 
 Tipps, Charles R Transportation 
 
 Canadian, Texas 
 
 Tooher, James C Orderly 
 
 56 Sound Ave., Stamford, Conn. 
 
 Toye, Henry H., Cook Cook 
 
 Broken Arrow, Okla. 
 
 Tully, John L., Pvt. 1st CI Plane Crews 
 
 Dorset, Vt. 
 
 89 
 
Van Sickle, Arthur W., Sgt Crew Chief 
 
 c/o Maj. Schauffler, Kelly Field, Texas 
 
 Wade, W. Denson, Cpl Supply Dept. 
 
 Cochran, Ga. 
 
 Walsh, Joseph S., Cpl 
 
 Freemansburg, W. Va. 
 
 White, Ira H., Pvt Orderly 
 
 Robinson, Kans. 
 
 Wilson, Herman R 
 
 3611 Howell St., Dallas, Texas 
 
 York, Edwin B., Sgt. 1st CI. . . In Charge of Crews, A Flight 
 Port Republic, N. J. 
 
 Zelesnig, Frank, Cook Cook 
 
 San Francisco, Calif. 
 
 MEDICAL DETACHMENT 
 
 Baird, Sanford R Fort Worth Texas 
 
 Daniel, Doog, Pvt Butler, Texas 
 
 Davis, Arthur J., Pvt Florence, Texas 
 
 Dolive, Charles W., Sgt. . . . P. O. Box 12, Oakhurst, Texas 
 Kempf, Charles W., Pvt. . . 760 Atlantic Ave., Lancaster, Pa. 
 Lindgren, Pete, Pvt. . . Rt. No. 3, Box 31, Vancouver, Wash. 
 Love, Hugh C, Pvt. . . 320 E. Third Ave., Gastonia, N. C. 
 
CASUALTIES 
 
 Officers 
 
 Baldwin, 2nd Lieut., A. S. 
 
 380-B Kane Place, Milwaukee, Wise. 
 Killed in railroad wreck, December, 1918 
 
 Broomfield, Hugh 1st Lieut. A. S., Pilot 
 
 527 Tacoma Ave., Portland, Ore. 
 Killed in action, October 21, 1918 
 
 Bolt, 1st Lieut. F. A., Observer 
 
 New York City 
 Killed in action at Chateau Thierry, with 1st Aero Squadron 
 
 Cook, Harry 2nd Lieut. A. S. 
 
 Killed in railroad wreck, December, 1918 
 
 Cutter, Edward B 1st Lieut. F. A., Observer 
 
 Anoka, Minn. 
 Killed in action, October 21, 1918 
 
 Cowle, Harland H 1st Lieut. A. S., Pilot 
 
 164 Poplar St., Conneaut, Ohio 
 Died of pneumonia in base hospital, December, 1918 
 
 Hathaway, Edward T 1st Lieut. A. S., Pilot 
 
 Killed in accident, June, 1918 
 
 Maynor, Elbridge W 2nd Lieut. A. S., Observer 
 
 Killed in accident, June, 1918 
 
 Merz, Harold B 1st Lieut. A. S., Pilot 
 
 Killed in accident, December, 1918 
 
 Patterson, A. B 1st Lieut. A. S., Pilot 
 
 438 Franklin Ave., Wilkinsburg, Pa. 
 Killed in action, October 29, 1918, with 93rd Aero Squadron 
 
 ENLISTED MEN 
 
 Engdahl, Carl A. ... 42 Mt. Elliott Ave., Detroit, Mich. 
 
 Died of pneumonia, January 27, 1918 
 
 Gipson, Antony W Lawton, Okla. 
 
 Killed in accident, April 29, 1918 
 
 91 
 
p 
 
 H 99 78 ."'2? 
 
.■^^•\ 
 
 .%'>. 
 
 ^<^-*. 
 
 
 .0 .» 
 
 ^P-^^. 
 
 
 %<^^ 
 ./-v 
 
 ^vW/ 
 
 
 
 
 -'?P' 
 
 ^> 
 
 ' ^0 -VC^- ,. 
 
 .^^'V 
 
 
 
 .> 
 
 ,^^ >, 
 
 ^^ - 
 
 i\ '^^..^^ 
 
 *bv* 
 
 "-> •"■ v^^ ..-.V y.. 
 
 
 
 >-i.^ 
 
 . <^^ w ' « <J> r»^ o " o *^ .<&-*■ i ' • <J> Deacidified using the Bookkeeper pi 
 
 j"»- ^*n0^t "^ C •"J^*^'^pv*'' v? J*^ *^yr??^-r "^ Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxit 
 
 '^ .'j^^'-* "^^-^0^ ^-''^M'" ^oV^ /^^<^'- -^ Treatment Date: •<■/ 2Jl 
 
 ' ^ ,: PreservationTechnolo 
 
 " ^ A WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PRESER' 
 
 V 111 Thomson Park Drive 
 
 Cranberry Township, PA 1606 
 
 o V 
 

 
 •4^ 
 
 \ N. MANCHESTER. i^^K^ ^ ^^ "^^ '-^^^^" ^ "^^ '^^^^^J ^^ ^'tt.