fm R uM tZc ^^^^^^ara^_ :: < c ^j^rf^^m^^( 3c. c: ^^^^gK^#^^ ^^ErSw^tf^^ ""' .rci« €' i'^^CcC C "i. ^<« cC^ c c cc dC (CCC <:X<(< CC d GCc ^ cG^c cc «LC -Cc CC^ cdcc <:c^dcc^iccv . that several others of the first settlers here were persons of uncommonly inquisitive minds, addicted to experiments and enterprises, in mining operations, and various forms of mechanical ingenuity. In proof of the prevalence of this feature in the character of the people, after the lapse of several generations, the following cir- cumstance particidarly arrests our attention : About the middle of the last century, a social evening club, designed to promote literature and philosophy, was in existence in Salem, composed of its most eminent, ciilliv:it('(l and iiilcllccdial »i(i/riis. Tlic follow iiij^ are iiiulci'stood to Iiavi' Ix'cii ainoiiii- its iMoinlnT.s : IJciijaiiiiii r^yiKlc niid Nathaniel Uopcs, l>otli of llic liciicli of tlif Sii[)r('ino Comi ot" the I'roNiiicc, the foiiiK-r, as lii> fallicr iiad l)('('ii. its Chief Justice ; A\'illiain lirowue, Judge of the Superior Court ; Andrew Oliver, Judge of the Court of Common Pleas; the Rev. AVilliam Mc(iilehrisl, of the Episcopal Church ; the \lvv. Thomas Uarnard. of the First Church ; and I'idward Augustus Ilolyoko. then a \()uug i)hysician. A\'heu it is considered that the entire po[)ulation of the whole territory of Salem could hardly have amounted, at that time, to more than 4,000, it must be conceded to be proved l)y these names, to have embraced an extraordinary proportion of persons of eminent position and culture. The result of conversations and discussions, in that club, is seen to-da}' in operations within these walls, and in the formation of such characters as that ot" him to whose memory we are to devote the hour. A taste for literature and knowledge, a zeal in the prosecution of scientific studies, was imparted to the connnunity, of which we can distinctly trace the imprints and monu- ments through all our subsequent history. The lirsl organized movement towards establishing ])ermaueiil institutions, to this ell'ect, was as follows: ( )n llic even- ing of Monday, March olst, 17(50. a meeting was held at the Tavern House of ^Irs. I'ratt, for the purpose, as stated in the notice calling it. of "founding, in the town of Salem, a handsome Library of \aluable liooks, aiii)re- hending the same may be of very considerable use and benefit, under proper regulations." The poster calling the meeting was signed l)V the followinu' persons, all, it is belie\-ed, members of the eiul> : IJenianiiii I'icUman. 6 Ichabod Plaisted, Thomas Barnard, Samuel Ciirwen, Nathaniel Ropes, Timothy Orne, Ebenezer Putnam, Stephen Higginson, William Pjnchon, Edward A. Hol- yoke, and William Walter. A subscription was started, headed by Benjamin Pickman, of 20 guineas, Timothy Orne, Samuel Curwen and William Walter, of 10 guineas each, and Stephen Higginson, Ebenezer Putnam, Joseph Bowditch, Samuel Barnard, Nathaniel Ropes, E. A. Hol- yoke, William Pynchon, William Vans, John Nutting, jr., Samuel Barton, jr., William Browne, Joseph Blaney, Richard Derby, Daniel King, Samuel Gardner, Samuel Gardner, jr., Thomas Barnard, Benjamin Pickman, jr., Francis Cabot, Joseph Cabot, William Epes, Andrew Oliver, jr., and Joseph Jeffrey for William Jeffrey, of 5 guineas each. The Rev. Jeremiah Condy, described by Dr. Andrew Eliot as a person "of great candor, learning and ingenuity," a Baptist minister in Boston, being about to visit England, was employed to purchase the books. On their arrival, a meeting of the subscribers was held, May 20th, 1761, of which Benjamin Pickman was mod- erator, and Nathan Goodell, clerk. The " Social Library " was thus put in operation. The books imported, with those given by members or otherwise procured, amounted to 415 volumes. The Society was incorporated in 1797. It may be regarded as the foundation of all the institu- tions and agencies, established in this place, for the promotion of a high intellectual culture. The locality where the Social Library was formed is a matter of curious interest. In a letter addressed to me, Jan. 11th, 1840, the late George Cleveland thus speaks of it: "John Pratt kept what was called, in his day, the 'Great Tavern.' After his decease it was continued to be kept by his widow and daughters, until the death of the last, Abiirail, which must have taken phice towards tho latter part of 17Gj. The Tavern House stood on the corner of Essex and Court streets, wliere the brick store now stands. I can very well remember its ;i[)i)('araMce. It was an old wooden building, with many peaks ; and stood out on Essex street as far as the curl) stone does now. The estate came tinally into the possession (tf my grandmotlicr Jcflroy, who sold it at auction, in 171)1, to Col. I'ickman, and Stearns and Waldo ; and they imme- diately covered the premises with the large brick store that now stands there." The estate still remains in pos- session of the family of one of the purchasers in 171)1 ; and the " larirc brick store" is known as the Stearns Block. Our venerable fellow citizen. Hardy IMiippcn, was thirteen years of age when the "Great Tavern" wa.s demolished, and a few days since, pointed out to me the position it occupied, w^ith its dimensions on Essex and Washington streets, and described its appearance. His recollections fully correspond with thcjse of ^Ir. Cleve- land. The history of the building, thus remembered by Mr. Cleveland and Mr. Phippen, previous to its occupancy by the Pratts, is not without striking and suggestive signifi- cance in connection with our subject. John Pratt l)()ughl it in September, 1727, of the heirs of AValtcr Price. Price bought it, Dec. 1st, IGoi), of John Orne, of Salem, carpenter, and Frances, his wife, for 150 pounds in cash "already paid," and the deed was recorded, April '2'yth, 1660. John Orne bought of Charles Gott. The follow- ing is a copy of the deed of this purchase. "2yth of December 1G52. Charles Gott of Salem Attornie to m'' Hugh Peters for and in consideration of forty shillings in hand })aid hath 8 sold unto John Home of Salem aforesaid one piece of ground contayning about one quarter of an acre more or lesse nere the meeting howse in Salem one the North side thereof, running along by the high way being the land of nV Hugh Peters aforesaid. Provided if nf Peters shall retorne to New England in person and repay the said John all his charges of building or otherwayes bestowed upon tlie said land that then the said m"^" Peters shall have the said laud againe as by a writing dated the 28tli day of this instant December 1652 apeareth." It appears by the deed to Price of 1659, that, at that time, there was a dwelling-house on the lot. The lan- guage of the deed, just quoted, reserving to Peters the right of reclaiming the property, in the event of his ever returning to America, upon making good to Orue for " all his charges of building, or otherwise bestowed upon the said land," does not necessarily, in itself, prove that there was a house upon it, when Orne purchased, but the general aspect of the transaction leads, I think, to the conclusion that there was. It cau hardly be supposed that Mr. Peters would have authorized his attorney to bind him, on the contingency mentioned, in order to recover the property, to pay whatever Orne might spend in erecting l)uildings, whether they suited him or not. This consideration makes it probable that there was a house on the lot in 1652, and that Peters and his attorney knew what sort of a house it was. The same general reasoning, prol)ably, authorizes the conclusion that the house was built under the direction, if not the personal oversight, of Peters himself. Merely having care of the lot, in the temi)orary absence of the owner, Gott would not have taken the responsibility of erecting a house upon it, without specific directions, and it is most likely that, if not built before he left the country, Peters would have deferred it until his return. The balance of probabilities seems, therefore, to l)c against the supposition that the house was erected either during the period when Orne conditionally owned it, or Gott had charge of it. Its size, as particularly described to me by Mr. Phippen, which led to its being called "The Great Tavern," and its architecture of "many peaks," prove that it Avas of a more commanding, ]n-ctcnti(»us, and artistic style, than would have been thought of by either of the good deacons, Gott or Orne. Its position also indicates that it was built, at a very early day, before the line of Essex street had been adjusted. It is well known that Mr. Peters lived, at one time, at the diagonal corner of the crossing of Washington and Essex streets. Ilis house and lot there were sold by his attorney some years after he had gone to England. I think there is evidence that he had also built a house near the corner of Washington and Norman streets. He was a man of indefatigable activity, Avas always making improvements, and starting enterprises, and it is not strange that he built houses and changed his residence from time to time. It is quite likely that before his mission to the mother country had been suggested, he employed Orne to prepare a residence, more litted to accommodate him permanently, on his lot where the Stearns Building now is. It may have been Unishcd, and possibly occupied by him, but, not paid for, in conse- quence of the suddenness of his call to the service of the colony, as one of its agents to look after its interests at London. A settlement of accounts may have been de- ferred until he returned, which all supposed would be in a short time, an expectation cherished by him to the last. The battle of Worcester, however, which occurred Sept. 2 10 3d, 1651, put such a face upon the affairs of the mother country, that it seemed probable Mr. Peters's services would be permanently needed there. Gott was accord- ingly authorized to settle with Orne, conveying to him, for the small sum of two pounds, the whole property, reserving, however, to Peters the right of repurchasing it, if, notwithstanding the then existing appearances, he should, at any time, come back and claim it. The death of Cromwell in 1658, and the events that quickly fol- lowed, showed that the days of the Commonwealth were numbered and finished. As the next year drew to a close it became apparent that the restoration of the monarchy was inevitable, and closely impending. The return of Peters became impossible ; arrest, attainder, death and confiscation, were hanging over him and his co- patriots. Orne, perhaps, felt that the conditional clause in his deed, rendered the estate liable, and he was glad, before it was too late, to get rid of it by the sale to Price. Such are the facts so far as known, and the conjectures which they seem to justify, in reference to "the Great Tavern with many peaks." It is interesting to find that certainly on that spot and within those walls, the first institution for a higher intellectual culture, and the difl'u- sion through this community of a taste for literature and science, was organized in 1760 ; a spot owned by Hugh Peters, and the structure probably erected, and perhaps occupied, ])y him. He was as highly educated a person as any among the early emigrants, and a zealous promoter of popular intelligence. He took an active part in bringing our college into operation, and made great, although unavailing, exertions to have it established in Salem. One of the objects of his mission to England was to obtain aid for the interests of education here. In 11 the course of the triul th:it re.siilled in liis coiidemiiiitiou and execution, addressini!; the court he said: "I have looktMl after three things; one was that there might l)e sound religion. Tlie second was that h-arning and hiws might i)e maintained. The third, that the poor might he cared for. And I nmst confess that I have spent most of my time in these things, to this end and purpose." When, in line, the great activity of Mr. Peters, during his short residence here, in stimuhiting the energies and faculties of the colonists, and hy imiumerable methods starting society in the jiath of im})rovemcnt and progress — so as to draw from \\'inthrop the encomium of "lal)()ring, both publicly and privately, to raise up men to a public frame of spirit" — is taken into view, we appreciate the singular appropriateness of the circumstance that the lirst organized etlbrt to create "a public frame of spirit," in favor of the collection and diflusion of the means of intellectual and scientific culture directly among the people, took place on his ground, and in what was, not improbably, his house. It is (piite evident that, at the time of the formation ot the Social Library, interest in philosophical enquiries was a characteristic of the people here, the efiect of pre- existing causes, as well as the efficient cause of subse- quent developments. The following instance seems to indicate such a prevalent turn of mind only five years afterwards. In 17()(), a lad of thirteen years of age, born and brought up on a farm in \\'()l)urn, with only such advan- tages of education as a country school district then allbrdcd, was apprenticc(l to John Appleton, grandfather of Dr. elohn Appleton, the present Assistant Librarian of the ^lassachusetts Historical Society. ]\Ir. Appleton's 12 residence and place of business was on the south side of Essex street, the lot being occupied, at this time, by Dr. George Choate. He carried on a retail variety store, in the style of that day, and was engaged in commercial pursuits in connection with a general traffic. The young apprentice, from early childhood, in his humble rural home, had manifested a taste for mechanical and philo- sophical amusements, and had delighted in constructing miniature machines, and in rude attempts at drawing and modelling. Here he found an atmosphere so congenial to his original passion that he was stimulated to exercise and exhibit his genius. His curious and various experi- ments attracted favorable notice, and won for him an established reputation, in an appreciating community. When the repeal of the Stamp-Act, by the British Parlia- ment, had raised an enthusiastic gratification throughout the colonies, the people of Salem were determined to celebrate it in a style of extraordinary and unparalleled brilliancy and impressiveness. It was voted to have a grand display of fireworks. There were no professional pyrotechnists here, and perhaps never had been in the whole country. All, however, knew the mechanical and chemical propensities and attainments of Mr. Appleton's apprentice boy, and he was appointed to conduct the preparations and superintend the exhibition. Some care- lessness, not to be wondered at, considering the inex- perience of all concerned, led to a premature explosion, and he was so seriously injured, that his life was for a time despaired of, and his health so much aft'ected, as finally to render his removal to his home in Woburn necessary. But the bent of his mind had, in the few years he had lived in Salem, become so fixed that, upon his recovery, he instantly sought and obtained permission 13 to attend a course of philosophical Icctui-cs, (lolivcrcil in Harvard College. He walked regularly to and from Cambridge, a distance of nine miles to enjoy the privilege. He was then seventeen years of age. He taught country district schools at Bradford and ^^'ilminy:ton, in Massa- ehusetts, and Concord, Ncav Hampshire. All the while he continued his philosophical pursuits, and attracted increased attention, by novel and successful operations, in mechanics and chemistry. By a -singular succession of circumstances, he was drawn to a military career in the service of the mother country. He combined (piali- ties that soon gave hira great distinction in that line. His scientific attainments and philosophical enquiries, always directed to practical ends, were found of inestima- ble importance, in fortitication, engineering, armament, equii)nu'nt, subsistence and all sanitary and economical modes of military administration. Gunpowder, . as an explosive agent, had ever been a special and favorite subject of experiment and research, not at all checked by the disaster of his boyhood at Salem. His methodical and observing habits of mind, and disposition to classify all details, gave him facilities in mastering military tactics. And, besides, his personal aspect and address were j)re- cisely adapted to command preeminence, iu the pomj) and l)ageantrv, the parades, evolutions, and blazonry of tented fields and marshalled camps. He united with all that was showy and dazzling the sterner wisdom, itself based upon philosophical principles, that made him famous as a disciplinarian. In the Avholc range of biogi'aphy, there is nothing more wonderful than such a product as he presents — raised in rustic life, on a New England farm, and in a Salem retail shop — a most finished and polished gentleman, with a commanding presence, and easy cour- 14 tesy, seldom approached by those upon whom knightly or courtly influences have been shed for indefinite gener- ations. His lofty form, noble bearing, sweet and winning manners, gave to his early manhood a wonderful attrac- tiveness. One of his biographers says : "His grace and personal advantages were early developed. His stature of nearly six feet, his erect figure, his finely formed limbs, his bright blue eyes, his features chiselled in the Roman mould, and his dark auburn hair, rendered him a model of manly beauty." We may well believe that he shone the cynosure of all eyes, at the head of his regi- ment of dragoons, and that he made a sensation in all circles in London. In 1779 he was elected into the Royal Society, and in 1784, received the honors of Knighthood from the King of Great Britain. Having "introduced a revision of the military exercise, and efiected several reformations of acknowledged consequence," in that country, he went to the continent, with a view of oftering his services to Austria, then at war with Turkey. Dr. Jacob Bigelow, who wrote the memoir of this remarkable man, read before the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, from which I have already quoted, says that " in more than one instance of his life it happened that his fine manly figure and captivating manners were instru- mental in deciding his reception among strangers." On his way to Vienna, he was present at a revicAv of Bavarian troops. He appeared, as a spectator, on the ground, mounted and uniformed, according to his rank, as Sir Benjamin Thompson, a colonel of the British cavalry. The commander of the troops was a Duke, and soon after, the King of Bavaria. Attracted by the splendid bearing and aspect of the stranger he sought his acquaintance, and impressed with a deep admiration of his qualities and 15 attainments, made him his aid-tlo-ramp, cham))orlain, menilxT of his council ot" State and Licntcnant-ircncral of Ills armies, and afterwards raised him to the diirnity of a Count of the Holy lloman empire. It nmst connnend Sir lienjamin Thompson to the good feeling of every true and luLdi-minded man, that while covered with all these honors at the Court of Munich, he did not forget or fail to avow his attachment to, and pride in, his early humble condition and home in New Enghmd. In selecting the distinguishing element of his title as a nohleman, he chose the name that had formerly ))een given, prior to its (liange to Concord, to the village in New Hampshire, where, when nineteen years of age, he had taught school and been married — Kumford. He led the armies of Jiavaria with distinguished success in an important campaign, and reformed the entire military organization and civil administration of that country. The extraor- dinary results he secured liy the application of philosoph- ical principles, in raising the condition of the whole people, in reducing the burdens of government, and l)articularly in solving the great problem of statesmanship — abolishing pauperism l)y bringing it into remedial rela- tions with labor — made his name renowned throughout Europe. Monarchs sought his services, and learned societies and scientific academies in all the great cities conferred njjon him their honors. He was connnissioncd aml)assador to Great Britain, but was prevented from acting in that capacity. The old feudal doctrine of perpetual allegiance, not nnich longer to be tolerated aniouir nations i)rofessin( lliat year. Such is tlie history of movements, in an organized form, to give effect to efforts to promote the infiuenee of liter- ature, science, philosophy and iiistory, in this place from ITliO to 1S21. It is (piite reiiiarkahle, that in eaeh stage ot the progress a leading part was taken by one man — Dr. llolyoke ; he signed the call for the meeting at the house of Mrs. Pratt, and was an original subscriber to the funds then raised to establish the Social Lil)rary ; he was one of the purchasers of Dr. Kirwan's books, thus cooperating in founding the Philosophical Library; he was the tirst President of the Salem Atheiueum, and also tlu' lii'st President of the Essex Historical Society. The effects of such institutions, and methods of combined action of such men, upon the character of the population in general, may be estimated, in some degree, by considering them in view of the ordinary laws of social influence ; l)ut they can only be adequately and fully appreciated by illustra- tions in detail. In the earlier portion of this century, Avhen our popu- lation was scarcely half of what it now is, and we had l)arely reached the required constitutional dimensions, but not yet aspired to the dignity, of a city, there were on the list of our inhabitants the names of an extraordinary number of persons, eminent and conspicuous for attain- ments in seience and literature. It is proper to l)ring them severally before our minds, as we shall thus l)est appreciate the influences under which the subject of this memoir grew up to manhood. Kdward Augustus Holyoke, LL. D., was President of tht' Massaehusetts Medical Society, and of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, lie added to the learning 20 and skill that made him, for half a century, The Teacher of his profession, acquisitions of knowledge in various other fields, particularly of Natural Science. He kept up with his times in the several departments of intellec- tual progress, retaining the eifects of an early classical training, and enjoying to the last a relish for the produc- tions of elegant literature. A professional practice o± unrivalled duration, accompanied by careful observation and an admirable judgment, made him the great oracle among physicians, large numbers of whom, from all quarters, gathered round him, as the guide of their early studies. Among his pupils were some of the most dis- tinguished medical names of the countr}^ ; one of them was the late James Jackson, long the revered head of his profession, whose eulogist informs us that he took "his old master, as be always loved to call him, as his model."* Dr. Jackson had explored the whole ground ol medical science and practice, at home and abroad, and no man ever more universally enjoyed or deserved the confi- dence and respect of the community, for discriminating fairness, and sound judgment ; and it is stated by the highest authority that he expressed himself thus, con- cerning Dr. Holyoke : "I can only say of his practice, the longer I have lived, I have thought better and better of it." The "Ethical Essay," a posthumous publication of Dr. Holyoke, commenced in his eighty-sixth, l)ut mostly composed after he had passed his ninetieth year, is a lasting monument of his christian Avisdom, and shows that he was entitled, preeminently, to the character of a philosopher, as well as patriarch. *An Introductory Lecture delivered before the medical class of Harvard University, "Nov. Gth, 1807, by Oliver Wendell Holmes, Park- man Professor of Anatomy and Physiology. 21 Timothy ric'k('rin<^s LL. D., S. P. A., adonictl the great spheres in which he had moved in our i)Mltlic and national military and civil service, with scholarly ta.stes, and a purity, exactness, vigor and impressiveness ot style that placed him among our hcst writers. James INIadison pronounced the highest encomium upon his State Papers, while at the head of the department at Wash- ington intrusted Avitli the foreign relations of the country, at a critical period of our diplomatic history. The Kev. John Prince, LL. D., A. A. 8., 8. P. A., had a world-wide reputation as a scientiiic mechanician and discoverer, enlarging the domain of Pneumatics and Astronomy with ingenious constructions, the work of his own hands. His diversitied attainments in natural philoso- phy, and general as well as professional literature, were called into the service of learned institutions, and private students throughout the country, and his judgment, skill and taste employed to aid in the selection and importa- tion of standard books, and the most approved phil()SO[)h- ieal apparatus. Colleges, academies, and lihraries. in all parts of the Union, have now in their lecture-rooms and alcoves, the fruits of their correspondence with him ; and machines contrived or improved hy him, and constructed in his own laboratory, are still regarded as invaluable, in displaying the wonders of the creation, in the laws and growths of nature, or the starry tirmamcnt on high. His home "was at once a lei-ture-room and sehool of l)hilos()phy, ever open to contribute to the deliglit and instruction of neighbors or strangers, in the diversitied methods by which the lucernal tnicroscope, magic lantern, telescope, air-pump, electric jar, or other philosophical machines are put to their uses by a skilful hand. It is impossible to estimate the value or the extent of the 22 service he thus rendered with glad enthusiasm, and un- wearied constancy, all his life long, to ever welcome guests. Many a young mind was thus opened to discern the value, and inspired to pursue the attainments, of science and philosophy. The interest so deeply taken in such subjects, in his early youth, by him whose character we have met to consider, was gratefully attributed, in a large measure, to the happy hours he spent in Dr. Prince's laboratory and library. Benjamin Lynde Oliver, M. D., A. A. S., was also a philosophical mechanician, illustrating his favorite branches of science by machinery of his own construc- tion, operating upon brass or glass. He was a scientific musician., astronomer and optician ; had an exquisite classical and artistic taste, and was an elegant belles- lettres scholar and writer. Tlie Rev.. William Bentley, D.D., S.P. A., was emi- nent as a person of very various attainments in philosophy and literature, of large acquaintance with books beyond the range of ordinary reading, extending his researches to foreign libraries, particularly to oriental sources. He was deeply interested in geographical studies, and always zealously engaged in exploring local antiquities ; his multifarious attainments in that line, are illustrated in his "Description and History of Salem," occasional published discourses, and especially in the columns of the local press to which he was a constant contributor. His rare attainments, great benevolence of life, ardent patriotism, originality and independence of character, mental activity, and social spirit, made him altogether a most marked and interesting personage, gave an impulse to the thoughts of men, and left a stam[) upon the general intelligence of the community not soon to be effaced or forgotten. 23 Juhu Dexter Treadwell, M. D., A. A. S., was a man of strong individuality and impressiveness of character, of extensive learning outside of, as well as in, his profession, }>articularly in the lexicography and inter[)retation of the Greek and IIeI)re\v Scriptures. His frank and forcible expression.s as he moved about among the ix'oplc in his extensive [)ractice, were sugirestive and stimulating to tiie mental activities of the community. Nathaniel Bowditch, LL. D., S. P. A., was President of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a Fellow of the Royal Society of London. Similar bodies, in the great centres of science in foreign countries, honored themselves by inscribing his great name on their rolls. He was a writer of recognized authority in astronomy and kindred departments. His translation of the "Mecani(pie Celeste," with the commentary that accom- l)anies and gives completeness to it, places his mime where none other stands, by the side of LaPlace. His "Practical Xavigator," cannot be displaced as a standard work, and will forever guide the sailor over the trackless deep. As a mathematician he holds the front rank, and will through all coming time. Dr. liowditch was not, as one would suppose from the amount of hard mental work he performed, a recluse, wholly absorbed by calculation and the solution of profound problems requiring the ntmost concentration of mind ; he was a social, cheerful, lively man, mixing with the people, more active in prac- tical every day atl'airs than most persons, with faculties ever free and fresh, in all neighborly, friendly, and domestic relations and circles. The influence of such a character, upon the prevalent ideas of the connnunity in which he lived cannot be overrated. To show how fully I am sustained in tiie reasoning 24 which these instances are cited to siiiDport, the following passage from Dr. Bowclitch's will is presented : "Item. It is well known, that, the valuable scientific library of the celebrated Dr. Richard Kirwan was, during the revolutionary war, captured in the British channel, on its way to Ireland, by a Beverly privateer ; and that, b}^ the liberal and enlightened views of the owners of the vessel, the library thus captured was sold at a very low rate ; and in this manner was laid the foundation, upon which has since been successively established, the Philo- sophical Library, so-called, and the present Salem Athe- naeum. Thus, in early life, I found near me a better collection of philosophical and scientific works than could be found in any other part of the United States nearer than Philadelphia. And by the kindness of its propri- etors I was permitted freely to take books from that library, and to consult and study them at pleasure. This inestimable advantage has made me deeply a debtor to the Salem Athenaeum : and I do therefore give to that Institution the sum of one thousand dollars, the income thereof to be forever applied to the promotion of its objects, and the extension of its usefulness." When we consider that he gave legacies, of the same amount each, to the Salem Marine Society and the East India Marine Society, both which institutions . had be- friended him or his relations, and which, in their respec- tive spheres, have done so much to raise the character and improve the condition of our maritime population, and take into the account the means and circumstances of the donor, they cannot but be regarded as noble benefactions, and demonstrative of the depth of his gratitude. If Richard Kirwan could have foreseen the testimony that has just been read, he would have felt his loss more than remunerated, and, in the magnanimous spirit with which he refused pecuniary compensation, given thanks 25 that his hooks did not ro:ic-h their dcstiiititiou, l>ut were diverted to this phice. If the institutions, whose intiueuce I am sketching, h:id (h)ne no mioic than open the path throMiih which the mind of Uowditch advanced to its achievements, -they wonhl have amply re[)aid the public- spirited efforts of their founders. Jint they raised up and stimulated the intellects of many others, as I proceed to show l)y continuing the list of those who, at the same time, adorned and illuminated this community. Jolm Pickering, TJv. D., S. P. A., was President of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. As a Greek scholar, and lexicographer he had no superior, and his attainments were great in universal Philology, eml)racing the languages of continental Europe, and extending to Oriental nations. He had made wide re- searches also in the ahoriijinal tonuues of America. Foreign scholars recognized his name, and welcomed his labors. He was an honorary meml)er of the Academy of Science and Literature of Palermo, and a corresponding member of the Archyeological Society of Athens. He was conversant with general literature, a master of the culture derived from all the Helds of classic lore, and, at the same time, a learned and active lawyer. Residence in earlier life in diplomatic circles, at European courts, had added to the natural dignity of his presence, and given a polished rctinemcnt to tiie courtesy and gentleness of his manners. An unobtrusive modesty and simplicity of demeanor, an easy recognition of all pleasant and playful phases of conversation, an atlectionate geniality, and a pervading kindness of expression towards all de- scriptions of persons, made him as tine a specimen of what constitutes the real gentleman as can anywhere be found. 4 26 Daniel Appletoii White, LL. D., A. A. S., was a man of strong intellectual faculties, highly educated, and of extensive attainments beyond the range of his profession. No one among us has been a more earnest or efficient patron of literary and scientific institutions, and traces are here to be found, as monuments exist in a sister city of our county, of his zeal and munificence in the cause of popular education, and the diflfusion of the means of knowledge. Scholars, philosophers, and distinguished persons of all sorts, visiting our city, were welcomed to his generous hospitality, while many an humble, but aspiring, student felt the cheering and sustaining influ- ence of his liberal sympathy and substantial aid. Joseph Story, LL. D., A. A. S., S. P. A., trained the classes in the Law School of our University in all the learning of his profession, and from the Supreme Bench of the Union announced, with acknowledged authority, the interpretation of the Constitution, and the force and limitation of the Statutes of Nation and State. His published works exhaust the topics of judicial lore, and are standard text books in courts at home and abroad. Besides all this he was a public orator, and shone in general literary accomplishments. His eloquence and energy were always at hand to advance the intellectual condition of the people. Either of these ten men, all living here together, would have been recognized as an intellectual leader and head, in any of our great cities. Combined they were a constellation rarely equalled, anywhere, in any age. They were none of them mere bookish men, standing aloof from the community, but severally among the people, and of the people ; to be seen daily, as much as any class of persons, in the streets, social circles, and 27 places of public resort. They took as active and clKcient a part in local alliiirs as others. They were always in lively contact with their fellow citizens, without reserve, hauteur, or pretension. It is ol)vious that their influence upon the condition and current of popular thouirht could not but have been most potent and i'ar reaching. There were many others, younger men. of marked eminence, adding to the mental stinudus of the place. Levcrett Saltonstall, LL. D., A. A. S., did not forget, whlK' in extensive professional [)ractice, to keei) a deep interest in the general culture and higher welfare of the connnunity. Education, tine faculties, fluent speech, a generous and magnanimous nature made him a persuasive and impressive speaker at the bar, and in popular assem- blies. Literary tastes, the warmth of his heart, sym])athy with all amialde human atl'ections, a manly ease and free- dom of address gave him a just influence in i)rivate circles, and all associated forms of action. lie was an enthusiast in whatever relates to colonial or local history, and the memory of the Fathers. One of the founders of the Essex Historical Society, and always an active member, he was selected to deliver the Address, on the lltTth aimiversary of the landing of Endicott. The occa- sion was observed, Sept. ninL;' the daily routine of a most unpretentious life, a[)[)arently tiiinkinu: of nothinir else than the accom- modation of customers, in the exhibition of his stock, and measuring out, by the yard, linen, cotton, ribbons and tape. lie was, a[)parently, beyond middle life,»of a mild and C(nu"teous demeanor, (piiet, and of few words. There was, it is true, in his niein and manners, a com- bined gentleness and dignity, that marked him as differ- ing from the common run of men, but notliing to indi- cate the tenor of his peculiar mental occupations. The leisure hours of that man were employed in patient, minute, c()mi)rehensive and far reaching researches in books, (piarterly journals, nragazines, and political docu- ments, guided by a cultivated taste, keen disci-ijnination, familiarity with the best models of style and thought, and intimate acquaintance with the l)iographical details of all the prominent public characters of England, and their })ersonal, family, and party relations to each other, that enabled him to grapple with a subject, that was engross- ing and defying the ingenuity of them all, and thereby to place himself as a j)eer among the literati of his da}'. The most critical and distinguished minds, on l)oth sides of the Atlantic, at that time and for a great length of years, were engaged in elaI)orate and indefatigable eti'orts to solve a problem, Avhich more and longer, perhaps, than any similar inquisition, has arrested the curiosity and scrutiny of mankind. A series of letters, from danuary, ITlJ!), to January, 1772, appeared in a London pa[)er, the "Public Adver- tiser,"' over the signature of "Junius," discussing the conduct of the ministers of government, measures of ad- 36 ministration, and the characters of living statesmen, in a style of elegance, severity, force and eflectiveness, never sm'passed, if ever equalled. They were felt and ac- knowledged then, as they are now, to be masterpieces, in grace of diction and power of thought. In the most wonderful manner their authorship was kept concealed against a pressure that exhausted every form of vigilance and espionage that could be brought to bear. As, week after week, they shook the mind of England and the age to its centre, and flashed before all eyes, as frcjm a gal- vanic battery, living pictures of the great men of that period, of course they became the subject of universal and most exciting interest, growing deeper and stronger from day to day. Who is the author of these letters ? was the question on all lips. To give an idea of the kind of sensation created by them, I present a few speci- mens of the manner in which their "great unknown" author is spoken of. The writer of the article on the subject in the "Encyclopaedia Americana," thus charac- terizes him. "His style is severe, concise, epigrammatic and polished ; his reasoning powerful ; his invective un- sparing and terrible." Again : "He was evidently ac- quainted, not only with the court, but with the city ; with the history, private intrigues, and secret characters of the great ; with the management of the public offices ; Avith the proceediugs of Parliament (not then, as since, public) ; and also with the official underlings, through whom he sometimes condescends to lash their superiors. AVith this extensive iuformation, he united a boldness, vehemence, and rancor, which, while he spared no one, stopped at nothing, and rendered him an object of terror to those whom he attacked. To use his own language, 'he gathers like a tempest, and all the fury of the ele- 37 nicnts hursts upon tlicni at once.'" At lirst the p:onornl suspicion was lixod upon Burko, wlio alone was thouiiht capable of such \V(»nth'rtiil cdinposltious, hut he puhliely denied heing their author, antl in a sj)eech in the House of Commons, expressed his opinion of him, "in rancor and venom, the North Briton is as much inft'iior to him, as in strength, Avit, and judgment. King, Lords, and Commons arc but the sport of his furv." Besides Burke, eonjeeturc fell at dillerent times, upon a great variety of jx-rsous, among them the Grenvillcs, "Wilkes, Dunning, Charles Llo^d, John lloi-ne Tooke, Charles Lee, Sir Philip Francis, Hugh Ahieaul(>y Boyd, Gibl)on, Cirattan, Sir AVilliam Jones, Horace A\'al[)ole, Lords Sackville, Camden, Chatham and Chcstertield. Among the great minds engaged in discussing this question, and seeking to solve the problem, were Burke, Lord Eldon, the celebrated Dr. Samuel Parr, Sir ^^'illiam Draper, Butler the learned English lawyer, and a host of others. Any number of books were i)uhlishcd in Eng- land and in America on the subject, and all the literary and political journals lent their columns to elaborate arti- cles i)ressing theories, based upon prying research and industrious investigtitions. But all attempts to ])enetrate the veil, and dis[)erse the shadow the writer had thi-own over his name, failed ; but still the search continued with unabated earnestness. It is indeed marvellous that a Salem retail shop-keeper, without any known aid, but from local libraries and the society of persons here eminently conversant with the materials that could shed light u\n)n such a subject, was enal)lcd to enter into this crowd of great contestants for the discovery of the world-engrossing secret, and l)ear otf the palm of victory in such a race. But this, in the 38 judgment of mauy most competent to give an opinion, Isaac Newhall did. Tlie writer of tlie article in the En- cyclopi^dia just quoted, sums up a review of the whole ground by citing the "ingenious" volume, as he pronoun- ces it, published l)y Mr, Newhall, entitled "Letters on Junius," in w^hich the opinion is maintained that the famous documents were from the pen of Lord Temple, brother of George Grenville ; and upon critically exam- ining the evidence presented by Mr. Newhall, declares his hypothesis "probable," sajdng in conclusion — "if it is not the true one, it is certainly embarrassed with fewer difficulties, than any which have come to our knowledge." The influence of the examples I have enumerated, heightening the preexisting tendency of the general in- tellect and of the then commercial character of the place, w^iich diffused through the whole body of the people knowledge derived from conversance with all nations in all parts of the glol)e, reached the inmost recesses of society, and was felt in every condition of life. The in- spiration was caught by the 3'^oung, and a bias towards intellectual occupations, and a taste for the pleasures of literature and science, early imparted to many minds. In the opening decades of this century, the eye of a prophet would have detected, in primary and preparatory schools, and among the boys at play in our streets, names now enrolled in the very foremost rank, in the various fields of letters and science. In history — William Hickling Prescott; the higher mathematics — Benjamin Peirce ; elegant literature in its most attractive depart- ments — Nathaniel Plawthorne ; botany and its kindred branches — John Lewis Russell; magnetism, electricity and chemistry — Charles Grafton Page; and poetry in one of its purest forms — Jones Very. The sketch now given, has l)een confined to Salem, The theme is eqnally iVuitf'ul, if the field of view is extended over tlie whole surface of this \k[v{ of the coni- niouwcakh. I leave to others more (■oni[)etent to do it justice, the grateful task of enumerating the strong minds and characters, adorning the early annals of Ips- wich in its original dimensions when the jfreat court town, Andover, Haverhill, the other towns on the Mi-r- rimack, esi)ecially Newbury i)ort in every stage of its history, Lynn, Marl)leli( ad, and all over th(> county. It can thus be shown that the elements of intellectual culture Avere sown broadcast throughout the region, and that such characters as have now been enumerated, and as we are preparing particularly to consider, are the sponta- neous product of our soil. The "Essex County Natural History Society" was in- corporated in lelonging to the place and neighborhood. Of course all care was taken to provide everything that would be agreeable or beneficial to a young person not yet entirely relieved of the character of an invalid. Among other things a goat was placed on board for his sj)ecial comfort and nourishment. The vessel, as usual, made the northern passage, touching at a solitary rocky islet, about half-way between the Orkney and Shetl.uKl groups. The nearest land is Samburg Xess, the southern extremity of the Shetlands, from which point its lofty crags are visible. From the island itself nothing is in sight, all around, but the dreary desert ocean. For Avhat reason I know not, nor can imagine, the place is called Fair Island, and, as such, is put done on the maps. It is four miles in length, and two and a half in breadth ; and has but one harl)or. Its inhabitants are excluded from all cognizance of the rest of the world, except when, as in this case, a passing vessel comes to, in their port. This small desolate spot, alone and a-far-oll", in so high a latitude, in the midst of a com[)aratively unfrecjuentcd sea, whose wild storms almost throw their spray oxer the Avhole island from shore to shore, has, of course, but a small population, necessarily destitute of many of the comforts of life. Whenever the rare oppor- tunity occurs, they gather upon the deck of the transient visitor, and seek to get what they can ; and as they have nothing to give in cxchan\'cbl), on Electricity, in Concert Hall. The display of apparatus, in the course on Electricity, was extensive and complete. The exhibition of machinery in connection with the Steam Engine, jn-ovidcd at the cost of Colonel Peabody, was finer and larger probably than any ever presented in this country. People of all conditions were attracted to the halls, and great interest awakened in 50 such subjects. Young men, especially those in mechani- cal employments, appreciated the opportunity, and all were instructed. Among them, it may be mentioned, was Increase Sumner Hill, who is now, and long has been, one of the most distinguished mechanical engineers in America, and recognized as such by the government in the commission he has held for many years, as "United States Inspector of Steam Engines and Boilers." These numerous lectures awakened, in the whole com- munity, a sense of the value of knowledge and of the importance of its diffusion, which, the very next year took form in the establishment of Lyceums — that is, permanent institutions, for the diffusion of knowledge, by miscellaneous lectures — here and elsewhere through the country. A full history of the proceedings, that led to this result, is a subject that deserves, and w^ill undoubt- edly receive, a distinct treatment. I can only touch a few points, such as particularly belong to, or are sug- gested by, my subject. Near the close of the year 1829, a notice appeared in the newspapers calling a general meeting to be held at Topsfield, for the purpose of establishing a County Lyce- um. What the precise object or plan of those concerned in the call was, could not be gathered from its terms. It was understood, however, that it was designed to provide for lectures to be delivered in that, or some other central place, upon which the people of the county were expected to attend. But it was obvious that an institution of the kind could hardly be made to operate efficiently over so wide an area ; and much discussion arose touching the proper manner of bringing the process of lecturing to bear upon the people. The consequence was that a large concourse of gentlemen of influence attended the meet- 51 ing, which was held in the Acadeiny Hull, al To[)slicld, on Wednesday, the 30th of December, 1829. I do not remember ever to have witnessed a more interesting and enlightened assembly. Very animated, earnest and ])ro- tractcd d(>l)ates took place, and it was tinally derided by a full, but close vote, that a County Lyceum, if formed at all, ought to consist of delegates chosen in local Lyceums to be previously established in the several towns and villages. A committee was raised to prepare a circular, a duty assigned to me, to be distributed widely throughout the county, setting forth the advantages that would arise from the or<]fanization of such institutions, at all points where an adequate population existed ; and a day was fixed for delegates, appointed as aforesaid, to meet and form a County Lyceum. Among those acting a prominent part, at the meeting in Topsfield, were Robert Rantoul, Sr. of Beverly, Rev. Gardner B. Perry of Bradford, Rev. Leonard "Withington of Newbury, Rev. Henry C. AVright of West Newbury, Dr. Jeremiah Spofford of East Bradford, now Groveland, Isaac R. How of Haverhill, Rev. Charles C. Sewall of Danvers, and Ichal)od Tucker, the Rev. James Flint, D. D., David, Cummins, Elisha Mack, George Choate, George Wheat- land, Francis Peabody, David Roberts, and Robert Ran- toul, Jr., of Salem. A Lyceum had previously been established in Beverly. The gentlemen who had at- tended the meeting from other places, on returning to their respective towns, immediately applied themselves to carry out its resolves, and the result was the formation of such institutions, in every large town, and populous neighborhood in the county. Such an entire change has come over the spirit of society, since these institutions have been put into opera- 52 tion, owing, I doubt not, very much to their influence, that it is impossible for the present generation to estimate or account for the excitement attending, or the resistance made to their introduction. Great activity and energy were required to bring the public mind to appreciate the movement. In this place the end was accomplished by the earnest enthusiasm of particular persons, among the most zealous of whom was the subject of this memoir. The comparatively early death of Robert Rantoul, Jr., authorizes me specially to refer to him with the gratitude due to his services on this occasion. He gave to the cause the whole force of those faculties which subse- quently commanded eminent distinction, among the pub- lic men of the commonwealth and country, not only as a politician and legislator, but in the higher fields of phil- anthrophy and education. On Monday evening, January 4th, 1830, a meeting was held at the house of Colonel Peabody, at which the following persons, of this place, were present : Daniel A. White, Ichabod Tucker, A. L. Peirson, Malthus A. Ward, Elisha Mack, David Roberts, N. J. Lord, S. P. Webb, R. Rantoul, Jr., Eben Shillaber, G. Wheatland, B. Tucker, Warwick Palfray, John Walsh, Benjamin Crowninshield, Stephen C. Phillips, Jonathan Webb, W. P. Endicott and Caleb Foote. After full and free con- sultation, it was voted, on motion of Dr. Peirson, " that it is expedient to establish an institution in Salem, for the purpose of mutual instruction and rational entertainment, by means of lectures, debates," &c. On the 11th of January, a public meeting was held in the Town Hall to promote the same object ; and on the 18th, at a meeting in Pickering Hall, the Lyceum was formed, and a Presi- dent, Vice President, Recording Secretary, Correspond- 53 iiig Secretary, and Treasurer, were chosen. At an adjourned meeting, at the same phicc, on the 20th, a Board of Directors was ckx^ted. These meetings were numerously attended, great interest was manifested, and the elections, by ballot, were accompanied by a lively con- test between the supporters of different tickets.* Great difficulty was experienced in procuring a suitable place for the public meetings of the society, and the delivery of the lectures. Attempts were first made to obtain permission to use the Town Hall. Two or three regularly warned, and quite fully attended town meetings, were held on the subject, and much discussion had, but the application failed. The first lecture, by the Presi- dent, Judge White, a very al)le performance, the publi- cation of which was immediately- called for, was delivered in tlie Methodist Church, in Sewall street. A gentleman from Andover, Samuel Merrill, Esq., who came all the way to hear it, expressed the universal sentiment of those who listened to, or have read it, in a well turned and indefinitely self-multiplying compliment, when he thanked the Judge at its close, and said in the fulness of his cordial admiration, that he could not tell which had ex- ceeded, his expectations, or the realization. The society at once became so large that it was neces- sary to find some other place of meeting, and the sub- sequent lectures of the course were delivered in the Universalist church. During the next summer a site was ♦The officers elected, at the meetings of January 18th and 20th, were as follows: — Presuk-nt. Daniel A. 'White; "Vice President, Stcplicn C. Phillips ; According Secretary, Steplien P. Webb ; Corres- pontlini; Secretary, Charles W. Upliam ; Treasurer, Francis Poabody. DnuxTOUS: — Levcrett Saltonstall, George Choate, William Wil- liams, Rufus Babcoclc, Malthus A. Ward, Abel L. Pcirson, Jonathan Webb, Rufus Choate, Caleb Foote, John Moriarty. 54 purchased and the Lyceum Building erected. Judge White advanced the requisite funds and Colonel Peabody was chairman of the building committee. In many re- spects the structure was an improvement upon any before, or elsewhere, erected for such purposes, and maintains its reputation and usefulness to this day. The limited dimensions of the site made it too small to accommodate the whole body of members, who had to be divided into two classes ; and the lecture, each week, was repeated on the succeeding evening. For several years no compensa- tion was asked by the lecturers, and the proceeds of the sale of tickets soon cleared the property. No under- taking of the kind, or of any kind of associated enter- prise, in this place, has been more successful, and the value of the services of the first President, Daniel A White, first Vice President, Stephen C. Phillips, and first Treasurer, Francis Peabody, cannot be overstated. There had been a few similar institutions elsewhere before. That in Beverly has been mentioned. Bernard Whitman, whose memory is dear to all who knew him, and must be cherished forever by the friends of truth and progress, had, in 1826, established what he called a Rum- ford Institute, in Waltham, and there were one or two others, in portions of Worcester and Middlesex counties. But it may safely be said that the proceedings at Tops- field and here, originated the institution as a difl'usive energy over the country at large. The very next winter there was a legislative public meeting in the hall of the House of Representatives, in the State House, at which the Governor, Levi Lincoln, presided, for the express purpose of promoting the formation of Lyceums through- out the State, in its several cities, towns and villages. They have now been in operation, all over the country. 00 for well nigh forty years ; and it is for the philosophical historian, to consider and estimate their bearings upon the intellectual, social and moral condition of the whole people. It cannot be (juestioned that they arc a potent enjiine to accelerate the civilization, and raise the level of society. The first two courses of lectures were as folloAvs. No. G of the second course was delivered in the Lyceum Hall, at its opening, and was especially prepared for the occasion. FntsT Course. 1. Feb. 24, 1830, by D. A. White. — The Advautages of Knowledge. 2. March 3, " John Brazer. — Authenticity of Ancient Manu- scripts. " Francis Peabody. — Steam Engine. - " A. L. Peirson. — Physiology. - " George Choate. — Geology. - " Thomas Spencer. — Optics. ■ " Charles G. Putnam. — Nervous System. - " Thomas Cole. — Astronomy. - " [ii lecture by E. Everett, on a WorkingnuMi's Party, was read by Stephen C. Phillips]. 10. " 27, '* Stephen C. Phillips. — Public Education, with a sketch of the origin of public schools in Salem. - " Henry Colman. — Human Mind. - " Joshua B. Flint, Boston.- Respiration. - " " " " -Circulation of Blood. - " " " " — Digestion. Sfxond Course. 1. Dec. 1, 1830, by Rufus Babcock. — Power of Mind. 2. " 8, " A. H. Everett, Boston. — Review of the con- tinual progress of the improvement of Man- kind. 3. " 15, " Alonzo Potter, Boston. — Moral Philosophy. 4. " 29, " Malthus A. AVard. — Gardening. 5. Jan. 12, 1831. " Leonard Withington, Newbury. — Historical Probability. 3. " 10, 4. " 17, 5. '* 24 6. " 31, 7. April f), 8. " 13, 9. " 20, 11. May 4, 12. " 11, 13. " 18, 14. (( 25, 56 6. Jan. 20, 1831, by Stephen C. Phillips. — The influence of the country and the age on the condition of Mankind. - " Henry K. Oliver. — Pneumatics. - " A. L. Peirson. — Biography of Dr. Jenner, and History of Vaccination. - " Henry K. Oliver. — Solar Eclipse of 1831. - " George Choate. — Climate and its influence on organic life. - " Charles W. Upham. — Salem Witchcraft. - " Jonathan Webb. — Electricity. (I (1 i( 11 - " A. H. Everett, Boston. — French Eevolution. 11 11 11 11 11 11 ■ " Thomas Spencer. — Optical Instruments. - " Malthus A. Ward. — Natural History. 11 11 II i( - " Francis Peabody. — Heat. - " Stephen P. Webb. — Russian History. - " Edward Everett, Charlestown. — Political Prospects of Europe. - " Benjamin F. Browne. — Zoology. - " Rufus Choate. — History of Poland. Before leaving this subject I desire to call attention to the fact, that of the twenty-three gentlemen who took part, as lecturers, in the hrst two courses, all but five were our own townsmen. This was in accordance with the original design of the institution, which was to develop materials existing among us, encourage home talent, and, here especially, to keep in vigorous action the transmitted love of knowledge. The rapid spread of the system of public lectures, on a permanent footing, very soon led to the formation of a new professional class seeking employment at large. For some years jjast per- sons of this description have almost exclusively been called from abroad to lecture in our halls. I would not discourage this practice by other associations, but resjject- 7. 11 25-26, 8. Feb. 1-2, 9. It 8-9, 10. " 15-16, 11. 11 22-23, 12. Mch. 1-2, 13. 11 8-9, 14. (1 15-16, 15. " 22-23, 16. It 29-30, 17. April 5-6, 18. 11 12-13, 19. It 19-20, 20. 11 26-27, 21. May 3-4, 22. " 10-11, 23. 11 17-18, 24. " 24-25, 57 fully siiiTi^est whether it would uot be well for the Salciu Lyceum to return to the oriiriual plan. If the Directors should seasonably seek out youuu* men. Ixlouging to our own oomuumity, and induce tlicm to select subjects, with the whole iuterveninii: period between the cour.>m])t found impracticable, he would turn to some other project. The consecjuence is tliat he has left, to be used by others, the fruits of his toils. His nmsical instruments, for instance, constructed upon the most ingenious princii)les, have never been put to use, or brought before the public ; and the-mclodcons and organs constructed by him in the most tinished, compact, simple, economical and beautiful forms, adapted either to pipes or reeds, in which the use of the lingers of the per- former, or the hands of a blower, may be dispensed with, are to be seen only in his own private manufactory. They were the results of the studies, contrivances and labors of his last years, and had just been completed. He had no ambition to acquire celebrity as a man of science, but only aimed to gratify his own mind in the pursuit of knowledge, and to turn his experiments and researches to practical and useful purposes. His active devotion to philosophical enquiries and operations, did not, however, escape observation. His zealous labors were appreciated by all engaged in similar investigations, and interested in scientific culture and advancement. A quarter of a century ago he Avas elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 61 In the course of his lil'o, he made, 1 believe, no less than eight visits to Europe, some of them quite pro- tracted. In most cases his family accompanied him. They were not made to escape from the tediousness of life at home, or to conform with the lashion of people in like circumstances witli himself, hut for i)iir[)oses of health, in the unit ill cat ion of his active nature, and to gather materials for the better development of his zeal for scientific improvement. While abroad he was always on the watch to tind and explore whatever illustrated the application of philosophical principles to useful arts, and to keep up with the progress of mechanism. He was recognized, as a familiar acquaintance, in the workshops of ingenious artisans in all the great cities, and wherever the processes of skill and ingenuit^s in the analysis of the elements of nature and the application of its capaci- ties and forces, were carried to the highest exemplifica- tion ; and he would come back to his own laboratory with renewed enthusiasm, wider views, more enlarged knowl- edge, and more earnest desires to turn to practical account the discoveries of the age. His attention, on one of these occasions, for instance, while in Paris, was drawn to aluminium, and the proper- ties it possesses. He procured a quantity of the metal ui)on which to experiment on his return. Some time after reaching home he carried a parcel of it to our respected fellow citizen. Dr. .1. E. Fisk, and gave it to him, saying that it was susceptil)le of a use that would revolutionize the art of dentistry. Dr. Fisk carried out his suggestions, and aluminium is now general!}' used everywhere, superseding silver, and from it lightness preferable to gold. I mention this, not merely because it shows how Colonel Peabody occupied his thoughts, and 62 exercised his observation while abroad, and the free and liberal use he made of the new ideas there obtained, but also because it presents a singular instance of several minds, placed beyond possible intercommunication, being sinuiltaneously led to the same discovery. When Colonel Peabody made his communication to Dr. Fisk, he sup- posed that the suggestion was peculiar to himself, and they both took the matter in hand, of the application of aluminium to the particular purpose conjectured, with all the interest and earnestness attending an original experi- ment. The Doctor found the result perfectly successful, and introduced the great improvement into his practice. But the next "Dental News Letter," the periodical journal of that branch of the Medical Profession, contained an article which showed that Dr. Van Denburgh, of Oswego, New York, at the very time when Dr. Fisk was making out of the lump Colonel Peabody had brought to him for the purpose dental plates of pure aluminium, was doing the same thing without any suspicion that the thought had occurred to another person ; and it turned out that, four years before, a patent had been granted in England to a dentist there, for the same object, but that no general publicity, at least out of England, had been given to the improvement. We have here, therefore, a case, in which three minds, entirely separate from each other, travelling over different paths, came together at the same point, in an application of scientific research, to a dis- covery of great practical importance. At this point it may be most proper, as the review of Colonel Peabody 's operations, in the search of scientific truth, and in effectual applications of it in manufacturing and commercial pursuits, is drawing to a close, to insert the following letters, addressed to me, from persons 63 whose recollections specially enable them to speak upon the sul)ject : "East, Boston, Mass., March IG, 1868. Your note of the 14th inst., in refon'ncc to my rccoUfctions of the scientific lectures of onr late esteemed friend, Francis Peabody, duritifj the years 1828 and 1829, is before me. In reply, I can only state, that at the time named, I was about tweuty-oue yeai's of age, and was beginning to be interested in the Steam Enrjine, and in Natural Philosophj' generally. A few years previous to these dates, I became acquainted with Joseph Dixon (now of Jersey City, N. J.), and with him generally attended Mr. Pe.nbody's lectures in Salem. At that time, being somewhat aciiuainted with practical mechanics, I was frequently employed by Mr. Peabody in repairing or constructing some of his apparatus, which embraced all that was then known of the Steam Eiujine, Electricitij, Pneumatics, Uydraiilics, Chemislnj, etc., but Mr. Dixon was his right hand man, and had the general management and manipulation of all Mr. Peubody's apparatus during the progress of the lectures, thereby relieving Mr. Peabody from making the experiments himself before the audience, and giving Mr. Dixon the opportunity of manipulating, at which he was an expert and entirely at home. From my long accjuanitance and unbroken intimacy with Colonel Peabody, I formed the opinion that he possessed a vast fund of theo- retical knowledge upon all the subjects before named, and as a prac- tical Chemist, he occupied the front rank. In his later years he frequently ultimated this knowledge in various kinds of manufactures, which seemingly was the love of his life. He was ever of a genial and happy disposition, and nothing gave him greater satisfaction than to be able to answer any questions relating to these interesting subjects. I am, Sir, most respectfully. Yours, etc., INCREASE S. HILL, U. S. Inspector of Steam Vessels. In a letter recently received in this city, from ]Mr. Dixon, the gentleman referred to by Mr. Hill, he says of Colonel Peal)ody, that he "had great love for chemical and mechanical knowli'dgc. and a high appreciation of whatever seemed a step forward, in the practical ap[>Ii- catiou of science to the arts." 64 The following is from James Kimball, Esq., President of the Salem Charitable Mechanic Association : " Salem, March, 25th, 1868. Understanding that you have accepted the invitation of the Essex Institute to prepare a Memoir of the late Colonel Francis Peabody, it has been suggested to me, that I give you my recollections of his connection with the introduction of popular lectures as a means of instruction, in the various departments of Scientitic Investigation. In December, 1827, the Mechanic Association of Salem, appointed a Committee to consider the expediency of instituting a course of lectures ; at this time I vpas the acting librarian of the Mechanic Libraiy, and had the opportunity of knowing the views of those most interested in their establishment, and their report, favorable to the proposed object, was based upon the encouragement and cooperation tendered to them by Colonel Peabody, who entered with all the enthu- siasm of his nature into the work, and commenced the preparation of a series of lectures on Steam, and its application to the Mechanic Arts. The first sex-ies of lectures delivered by him was in the Franklin Hall. They were practical, as well as experimental, and were illus- trated by his valuable and extensive working models. Some of his Steam Engines were of sufficient power to vuy\ a common lathe. I I'emember well that, in his illustrations of the application of steam as a motive power, he exhibited all the improvements, of any note, that had been made up to that period, with working models of the various inventions from the earliest and simplest application of steam as a motive power, up to the later discoveries and inventions of Watt and others. It was understood, at that time, that no public institution could exhibit so varied and valuable a collection of working models as Mr. Peabody possessed and used in the illustration of these lectures. The next season he prepared a Course of Lectures on Chemistry, Electricity, and Pneumatics, in which he was assisted by Dr. Jonathan Webb, a practical chemist and apothecary of that day. Tliese were delivered in Concert Hall, on Central street, and were illustrated by the apparatus of Mr. Peabody. In his lectures on Electricity he used a new machine constructed for liimself, which was said to have been the largest in the country ; the glass plate wheel of which he had imported from Germany, at great cost. I think it was stated to be $1,500. Colonel Peabody was admitted a member of the Mechanic Associa- tion in 1833, and styled himself a manufacturer. 65 I feel very confident that the inlluence of these lectures, on tlie young mechanics of that day, was productive of jj;reater good than all other sources of investigation and study whicii liad ever before been o|)ened to them, awakening and stimulating the mind l)y their freshness, and by tlie practical ajjplication of principles which were new to them, and but for the interest of the lecturer in the investigation of theories as well as principles, and his desire to impart to others whatever interested himself, would have lost a part of their usefulness l)y being hid from those who were most likely to be benefited. I have frequently, since that time, met those wlio altentled these early lectures, who have referred to them as being their incentives to further study and investigation ; and many of those who have distin- guished themselves as master mechanics and inventors, have attribu- ted much of their success to the opportunities afforded, and the inspiration given them, by the interest taken in tiieir instrmtion by one who was desirous of imparting to others whatever his means and advantages had enabled him to accomplish. I have thus presented to you my recollections of this period, and feel very confident that I have not overstated, but have rather come short of the facts. If they will aid you, in the least, they are at your service. Our associate, lloiiry ^I. Brooks, clerk of the Forest River Lead Company, has kiudly communicated the following minutes : " Colonel Peabody commenced the "White Lead business somewhere about 182G, in South Salem, where LaGrange street now is. In 18:50, he bought Wyman's Mills, now known as the Forest Hiver Mills, which were sold to the Forest Kiver Lead Company, in 1843. Mr. I'eabody carried on the lead business until the latter date, and manufacturetl, very extensively White Lead, Sheet Lead, and Lead Pipe. About 1833 he built the Paper Mills at Middlcton, and made book and print- ing paper of the very best quality, until he disposed of that property in 1843. From 1833 to 1837 he sold largely to Gales and Seaton, the cele6rated printers and publishers in Washington. When Mr. Pres- cott was about commencing the publication of his "History of Ferdinand and Isabella," the first edition of which was to be brought out simultaneously in this country and in England, he sent for Mr. Peabody and showed him his samples of English paper, anil was very desirous to have the American copies equal, if not superior, to the English, and for that purpose contracted with Mr. Peabody to f\irnish him with the paper. The quality of the paper, which Mr. Peabody 9 66 manufactured expressly for this work, was veiy satisfactory to Mr. Prescott, and was considered a very superior article, and probably the best paper which could then have been made in the country. Peabody's paper for blank books was well known among stationers as the best in the market. About 1836, Mr. Peabody commenced, in South Salem, the business of refining Sperm and Whale Oil, and the manufacture of Sperm Candles. In one year he purchased $100,000 worth of Sperm Oil, and $50,000 worth of Whale Oil. His caudles had a great reputation both at home and abroad. He imported the first braiding machine and made the first caudles with the braided wick, then considered a great improvement over the common wick. About 1837, Mr. Peabody built Linseed Oil Mills at Middletou, and went largely into the business of making Linseed Oil, importing his flax seed from Europe and from Calcutta. In order to procure larger supplies of seed he chartered, in 1841, the ship General Harrison, and the same year purchased the ship Isaac Hicks, and the next year, the ship New Jersey. These vessels he sent to Calcutta, and they returned to Salem with cargoes of Cal- cutta goods, and great quantities of Linseed. When the New Jersey arrived in Salem in 1843, it was said that she was the largest mer- chantman that had ever discharged a cargo here. She registered between 600 and 700 tons, and was a great carrier. The Linseed Oil, like all the other articles manufactured by Mr. Peabody, was of the best quality. At that time there was only one other Linseed Mill in this part of the country, namely, that belonging to Mr. Stearns, at Medford. Mr. Peabody also shipped to London large quantities of Linseed Cake, used extensively in England for feeding cattle. From this statement it will be seen that Mr. Peabody at one time carried on the following branches of business, namely, White Lead, Sheet Lead, Lead Pipe, Linseed Oil, Sperm and Whale Oil, Sperm Candles and Paper, employ- ing directly and indirectly a great number of men. There were at one time commission houses in New York and Boston employed almost exclusively with his business. The well known firm of Chandler and Howard, in Boston, may be mentioned as an instance. To do the same amount of business Mr. Peabody did when he was manufacturing largely, would now probably involve a capital of over a million of dollars." Colonel Peabody's manufacturing and commercial oper- ations in Linseed, described by Mr. Brooks, led him to pay particular attention to flax, especially a valuable ()7 species of it, grown in P)Oiio::il. The plant there readies a considerable height, and its hark yields the tinest and longest strands. The lower part, or Imt-cnd, is «jnite thick, the bark rough, containing irregular threads, of a very short staple. Kegarded by the natives as a refuse portion of the shrul), it can be obtained of them at a very low price. He procured some of these bnt-ends, and went to work ujion them in a building erected for the purpose at Kernwood, until lie had matured the re(juisitc machinery to disengage and straighten out the tibres, and twist and weld them into continuous threads ; and finally succeeded in producing, out of them, cotton bagging of a superior (piality. His fa<.'tory for this pur[)ose, and the tirst of the kind ever contrived, recently established here on a large scale, gives emi)l()vment to a great innnber of persons. The article wrought in it is called ,Iute, from the name of the district in Bengal (Chotee) from which the raw material is ol)tained. His enterprise and liberality, stimulated by the lively interest he felt in our local annals and antiquities, and his reverence for the memory of the fiist settlers of this place, took effect in one great service, never to be forgot- ten, in the historical dei)artment of the Essex Institute. It is a matter of record that, in KwO, the Meeting- house of the First Church was superseded by a new one, and that the old building, consisting of two parts, one erected in 1G34, the other an enlargement made in 1(539, was thereafter used for various purposes, and ultimately removed from its original site. Tradition, supported by a strong array of eertitieates from certain individuals who had enjoyed favorable oppoit unities of receiving information on the sul)ject, and which had long been cur- rent, pointed to a building owned by Mr. David Nichols, standing on his premises, in the rear of the tanneries, under the brow of Witch Hill, as the original part of the primitive Meeting-house — that erected in 1(534. It was precisely of the same length, breadth, and height, consist- ing of a single room, with plastered walls and ceiling, and a garret. It had been used for some time as a lumber- room, but was in a state of decay that would not long have allowed of its being serviceable even in that way. The story was, that at an early period it had been occu- pied as a wayfarer's inn, a stopping place on the original road from Salem to Lynn ; also the only one then travelled between the interior and Marblehead. If it was the veritable Meeting-house, it had, as we know, been used, still earlier in its intermediate history, as a school house. The subject was investigated by the Essex Insti- tute. Mr. Nichols presented the building, and the Salem Athenaeum gave a site for it, where it now stands, in the rear of Plummer Hall. Colonel Peabody, who, with the late George A. Ward, had taken a leading interest in the matter, offered to assume the entire expense of the opera- tion of removal and reconstruction. He proceeded, with careful workmen, to direct and superintend the process of taking it to pieces. It was certain from expressions in the record, that, when used as a Meeting-house, there was a gallery at one end, of which, however, at this time, there was no appearance, in the aspect of the room. This circumstance had introduced some perplexity and thrown doubt over the whole subject. There were, how- ever, two upright posts, of great size, equal to that of the corner or main posts, standing opposite to each other, about one third of the distance from one end of the build- ing, and an equally large transverse beam resting on their tops. Why these posts, and the beam above the ceiling 69 connoctini; them, wore placed at one-third instead of one- halt" the distance in the lenii^lh of tlu^ hiiildinir, was the question. At tirst it was th()uu:ht to favor the supposi- tion that there had ])een a gallery, which would have con- firmed the tradition ; for no other use than that of a Meeting-house would have required, or allowed of, a gallery. But there was not height enough, iiii(h r tlic rafters, and above the transverse beam, resting as it did on the top of the iq)right posts and the plate of the frame ; and this seemed to negative the idea that the transverse beam was designed to support a gallery. The upright posts had been coated over with some sort of mortar and whitewashed. Upon breaking and picking it off, the original mortices were revealed a few feet be- low the ceiling, exactly of the size to receive the tenons of the transverse beam, with a shoulder in the upright post at the same point, so that the bearing should be not only upon the tenons, but upon the Ixxly of the posts and beam. In knocking away the plaster from the plate, or transverse beam, at the nearest end of the building, grooves were found fitted to receive the upper ends of the joists upon which the floor of the gallery was laid. It seems that when the building was converted to the use of a school room, or when used for any other purpose, the gallery, being found an obstruction and incumbrance, was put out of the way, by raising the front beam on which it rested up to the top of the posts, and a clear ceiling spread under it. No discovery in astronomy, electricity, or other field of science, or search of anti<|ua- rian, was ever received with more enthusiastic gratifica- tion, than tilled the minds of all engaged in the work when these mortices and grooves were brought to light. So much as was undccayed of the timbers and rafters. 70 was put up, on the new site, with new material to supply what had mouldered away, and the building- stands com- plete again. The manner in which the whole thing was done, the carefulness and good judgment with which the half-per- ished old structure was taken down and removed, and the thoroughness and exactness with which it has been restored, attest the skill, energy, liberality, public spirit, and reverence for the First Fathers of our country, which marked the character of our late President. The vener- able building, thus rescued from farther decay, standing on ground contiguous to his own garden, and near the scene of his scientific explorations and experiments, may well be regarded as his monument. As a relic of our American antiquity it is unique and precious, endeared by sacred associations to the hearts of Patriots and Christians. In former ages, tens and hundreds of thou- sands of pilgrims flocked, year after year, from the whole catholic, which was then the whole European, world, to pay devout homage to what was believed by them to be the house in which the mother of the Saviour dwelt. Here is our Loretto, and this the Santa Casa, to be visited by all, in coming ages, and from foreign lands, who share in the enlightened interest, ever deepening and spreading as civilization advances, that consecrates the memory of the founders of the free institutions of the New World. Daniel A. White, the first President of the Essex In- stitute, continued in office until his death in 1861. Asahel Huntington, who succeeded him, retired in 1865 ; and Francis Peabody was, in the same year, elected to the office. Soon after he visited England and the continent. At this time he undoubtedly communicated to his khis- man, George Peabody of London, a full account of the 71 Iiistorv, coiKlitioii, mikI usefulness of tlic Institute. A warm tVien(lshi|) had Ion*:; been cherished l)etween him and the Great Iliilaiithropist, who rei)osed entire con- tidcnce in his character and Judirment, and was therefore disposed to enter heartily into his views ; and our society was included within the scope of that noble scheme of muniticencc which has sliowcred such UMparalldcd bene- factions U})()n Europe and .Vmerica.* 'J'iie en(h)\vment of the Peabody Academy has phiced the scieutilic i)art of tlie Essex Institute on a foundation that secures its pcrniaiieiit pre«"minence as a School of Philosophy and the Arts. The historical department, at the same time, has been relieved of a lar^^e portion of its burden, and indirectly beneiited in various ways. It has, thus far, been sus- tained by the devoted zeal of uncompensated laborers, and the friendly intiuence of an appreciating community. It will continue its great work in thi' same spiril and with the same support. Its claims will meet the response of a iirateful public ; generous hearts will warm towards it, and benefactors be raised up to carry it onward ; so that we may now feel sure that ultimately the hopes and prayers of the tirst colonists here will ])e realized. We shall not, indeed, have a college, but we shall have an institution that, in its proper sphere, will bear the charac- ter of a University. The application of philosoiihy to life, and the elucidation of our early history, will reach a point not elsewdiere surpassed. The Peabody Academy of Science, and the Essi'x Institute, working side by * George Peabodj', of London, is a descendant of John, who was born in 1G42, the eldest .son of the founder of the family in America, the tirst i'rancis. John's third son, David, was born in 1G78. His third son, David, was born in 1784. His second son, Thomas, was horn in I7fi2. His fourth son. Gkorgk, was born FiOiruary ISth, 1795. 72 side, or consolidated into a grand scheme of knowledge, combining the highest classic titles ever given to seats of learning, the "Peabody Academy of Science and the Essex Institute of Natural and Civil History," will make this another Athens. The fact that one man, our lamented President, was, at the head of both the Academy and the Institute, foreshadows this happy consummation. Colonel Peabody had strong family and domestic affec- tions. The death of a beloved daughter, on the 12th of December, 1866, produced a shock from which he never recovered. She was worthy of the love and admiration with which all who knew regarded her, and w^as endeared to her father by earnest and active sympathy in his favorite pursuits, and by embellishments given to his works by her refined taste, and delicate pencil. She died away from home ; and the intelligence came unexpectedly upon him. Altliough he bore it with manly firmness, and the devout submission of a christian, it could not fail to be noticed that his spirit never fully rose again to its accustomed buoyancy. The blow reached the vital centre of his being, and the eflect on his general health soon became quite manifest. It was followed, on the 20th of January, 1867, with a slight apoplectic attack, which was repeated on the 2d of September. After the death of his daughter I had a long conversa- tion with him, in which he laid bare before me the senti- ment of his soul under the bereavement ; and I can truly say that I have never witnessed a stronger manifestation of the resignation and faith, that are the highest and last attainments of a follower of the Saviour. His spirit bowed in humble but elevated recognition of the Provi- dence that orders and numbers our days, and was sus- tained by the consolations and reflections that wall come. 73 uihU'I- such an afiliction, l)riii- ix'acc to a ht'lievintr and thoughtful mind. About the time of the announcement of the donation l)j his friend and kinsman for the advancement of science among us, in developing some of his views as to its pioper ajjplication, he expressed to me tiic expectation that he should not live long, and might at any moment bo taken away. lie spoke on the subject with perfect cahn- noss, and in a manner to conviiice me that his tiiouirhts and views had been brought to a state of perparation for the summons whenever it should come. lie entered particular!}' upon the consideration of such an event in connection with his plans as charged with the trust of organizing the Academy in accordance with the purposes, and I'ulliinient of the wishes, of its illustrious founder. This led to general remarks on the sul)ject of death, especially if it should suddenly come, and he expressed the idea, that he felt no anxiety, and allowed himself to indulge no preferences, as to the time or mode of its occurrence, but experienced entire relief in leaving all to a Providence that was infinitely wise and benignant. I was much impressed with the seriousness, sincerity, per- fect acquiescence of spirit, and devout submission to the Divine will, he manifested throughout. His instincts were religious, and had ever been cherished by reflec- tion, and strengthened by habit. The sentiments he expressed were evidently such as he had long entertained, of the willingness and readiness, with which ever}^ child of God ought to connnit life and events to the disposal of The Father. During the month of C)ctoI)er he continued to fail. On the afternoon of the 2'Jth, when standing at the window of his chamber, looking out upon the cold and blustering 10 74 autumnal air, and following the foliage, falling from the branches that had sustained its life, blown hither and thither, and strown on the ground, he said, "we do all fade as a leaf," and immediately turned to his bed. He fell, at once, into a quiet and gentle sleep from which he never awoke in the body. Not a pang, nor a struggle, nor a movement, told when his spirit passed away. His death, only indicated by his ceasing to breathe, was in the evening of the 31st of October, 1867. In looking over the memoir that has now been pre- sented, justice requires me again to state, that it is but a cursory and quite imperfect enumeration of the scien- tific and mechanical operations in which the life of Francis 'Peabody was employed. Full}^ described, they would require a minute technical analysis such as only persons particularly conversant with such subjects could present ; and ranging, as they do, over so many distinct depart- ments, demand separate treatises. In the course of the narrative many traits of his character have incidentally been given. Some general views of it may properly be offered in conclusion. Colonel Peabody was a business man of marked energy, exactitude and capacity. As a manufacturer and mer- chant his transactions showed sagacity, prudence, and intelligence. Like all his other engagements, they were suggested and guided by his predominating taste for scientific pursuits, and the knowledge thus acquired. His business operations were illustrations, on a large scale, of the application of philosophy to practical ob- jects. His experiments and studies Avere, in one sense, kept in subordination to his business, and never allowed to occupy his time or engross his thoughts, to the dis- advantage of any important interests in which he was 7. 5 concerned. Altluniuh all l)Ut pioluse in the expenditure of money in the prosecution of investiirations, he was never wasteful, inc(Misiderate, or careless ir. its use. He exercised his own judgment in the application of his means, made his outlays in such directions as he saw tit, and could not easily be drawn upon hy inducements, ad- dressed to the love of applause or [)()pularily. His own idea of the methods in which he could l)est promote the pul)lic welfare ruled his conduct. In concluding a i»ar- _i>aiu or a i)urchase of any kind, he was not to l>e imposed upon, and, in no dcirree, did his enthusiasm in favorite pursuits detract from his vigilance or caution as a busi- ness man. He was as thorough, skilful and extensive a merchant, as if commerce had l)een his only employment. For some years before his death he managed a trade, and owned a tonnage, equal to that of his father, when the ships of that great merchant frequented every port of the Altantic shore of Europe from the Baltic to Gibralter, around the Mediterranean, and in both the Indies. And what was most extraordinary, with all his ships, cargoes, manufactures, l)uilding houses, embellishing estates, ex- periments in the laboratory, operations in the workshop, and the study of authorities from the shelves and cases of his library, he was, as much as any man among us, on hand to participate in local interests or social movements, ready to attend to any call for consultation or coopera- tion, and apparently at leisure to enjoy intercourse, or engage in conversation, with any one at any time. Al- ways busy, but never in such a hurry that he could not stop to converse with friends or townsmen, as met by the way — with lime to spare for all the demands of family, neighborhood, or society. The activity and elasticity of his faculties never failed. His inexhaustible spirits sup- 76 plied both mind aud body with inexhaustible strength. He was never known to be tired, and did not seem to need rest. His business and his amusements were so organized that they never interfered with each other. His multifarious engagements were so methodized that he could, whenever he chose, fly away from them; but pres- ent or absent, his business went on, his vessels kept under sail, and the wheels of his mills continued to revolve. Few men have done more woi*k, and few have found more gratification outside of what is ordinarily called work. In this respect he was remarkably successful in solving the problem of life. He experienced an equal exhilara- tion, iu meeting its obligations and enjoying its pleasures. He turned its labors into pleasures, and kept the heart in sunshine however dark the cloud over head. ' He must be allowed to have been one of the most use- ful persons we have ever had among us. The period of his activity in the affairs of society embraced nearly half a century, and, from first to last, he spread activity around him. The various industrial enterprises he started, the institutions of usefulness he helped to estab- lish, and the numbers he brought into employment in several departments of business and labor, constitute an aggregate scarcely to be estimated, and not often to be traced to one originating mind. At the time of his death, and for many years before, it is prol^able that, at least three hundred persons were profitably occupied in carry- ing on his business by sea and by land, iu trades, arts, labors, and handicraft of all sorts. And it is observable that the employments he thus opened will continue to diffuse their benefits and privileges to countless numbers indefinitely ; for experience has shown that his enterprises were the result of good judgment aud stand the test of 77 time. The inachines lie improved and eon.strui-ted, tiie processes he introduced, the mimufUctures he set in motion, lead works, paper oil and Jute mills, some of them passed into other hands, are still, and probably always will be, in vigorous and prosperous action. The buildings he erected or embellished, the lecture-room he designed, like his stone arch at Harmony Grove, have durability impressed on them, sm'vive their constructor, and bid fair to survive the lapse of generations. He was a good citizen in all respects, regarding with interest the advancement of society, and retaining to the end a disposition to aid in all enterprises that commended themselves to his judgment. While always ready to act with others, he was often in a minority upon local as well as national questions, but he loved the i)eople and rejoiced in their prosperity and happiness. He was a true patriot. Xothing could wean him from attachment and devotion to his country. No extent of what he might have thought mal-administration : no defeat of the parties to which he may have belonged, whether based upon questions of policy atl'ecting the general govern- ment of the Union, or on state or municipal aflairs ; no amount of supposed error or wrong in the temporary phases of society ; none of the trappings of foreign courts or seductions of foreign travel ; neither the pomp nor ])ag('antry elsewhere seen, nor the glitter which weahli. like his, in other forms of society enables its possessor to connnand, could estrange him from the land of his I)irth or the home of his fathers. \\'hile abroad he gloried in and yearned for his country, and came back, each time, with a conviction that there was no country like his own, and no spot, in that country, better than this to live in, and die in. His conviction that our institutions are 78 founded in truth and right, and his faith in their perpe- tuity, were never shaken, and his vision of the future glories of America never grew dim. Few men have been more free from pride or pretension, in spirit or manners. The riches he had inherited and accumulated, did not lift him out of the community, or estrange him from the sentiments, ways, or company of the common people. He talked and acted with them as an equal. To this admirable trait of his character a cloud of witnesses could be raised from every position in society, and in every stage of his life. Such a man was a true republican, to whatever party he belonged. His private character, from the beginning to the end of life, was irreproachable. No taint ever sullied the purity of his sentiments. Neither fashion nor folly undermined the integrity of his principles. He was a temperate, exemplary, ingenuous, and honest man. The utterances of his lips, as well as the habits of his life, were always under the restraints of propriety. He respected all that was excellent, and reverenced all that is sacred in humanity. His thoughts were innocent, his affections kind, and his faith in man and in God immovable. He appreciated the value of religious institutions, and re- posed, with steadfast fidelity, on his religious convictions. He allowed no vain speculations or casual annoyances, to cast a shadow on the path that leads the christian heart to the service and worship of God. The example, that has now been contemplated, presents a moral, which I would leave particularly impressed on every mind. "The vanity of human wishes" is not the morbid com- plaint of a melancholy temperament. It is a solemn verity. Failure to realize mere worldly happiness is the 79 lesson taught by universal experience. Tlie fact that this lesson is never received, is the mystery and enignaa of life. We toil and struggle with ever unabated eagerness for what, ui)on clutching it, always proves an illusion. We tind it to l)o a shadow l)ut pursue it still. To an eye, looking down upon the sublunary scene, what a strange spectacle is presented in the whole race of man absorbed in this always baffled etibrt, this never ceasing, ever fruit- less chase. Wealth, it is thought certain, will place in our hands the embellishments and blessings of life, and secure perpetual contentment. We gain it ; but elegant mansions and overllowiug incomes, leave the soul poorer th:iii before. Existence, desire accomplished, becomes a burden; and we sink into dreary dulness, or fly to other al)odes, which in turn soon grow wearisome ; again we shift the scene, and wander without rest and without a home. Ambition contends for the prizes of public station. They may all be won, and the successful aspirant left the most dissatistied citizen of the state. The young king of Macedon sighed for universal dominion ; and entered upon a career to attain it, crowded with more success than ever reached before or since ; but at its close, when the whole world, subjected to his victorious arms, was at his feet, wept for other worlds to conquer. The Hebrew monarch surveyed his riches and splendors and luxuries and glories, and revealed to himself the utter emptiness of them all — ''vanity of vanities — all is vanity." The history of the ages conlirms the teachings of our own observation and experience, and stamps disappointment upon the fulfilment of earthly hopes. When Francis Peabody had reached the age of man- hood and become the head of a household, he was in possession of all the happiness that can be desired or 80 imagined, and it lasted through life. Why this exemp- tion Irom the lot of humanity ? Because his faculties and aspirations had early opened and entered upon a field, outside of, and above, the sphere in which enjoyment is ordinarily sought. In the pursuit of knowledge, in forms that included the ever exhilarating activities of the intel- lect, he found the elixir whose infusion in his cup kept it from palling on his lips. Let every young man, especially let those in the posses- sion or the acquisition of fortune, secure a like refuge, by choosing some department of science, philosophy, litera- ture, or art, and make it a recreation amidst the toils of business, and a refreshment when other objects lose their zest. He who adopts this course, will have, ever after, no void in his heart, no weariness in his hours. His labors will all be lightened, his joys will retain their relish, contentment and cheerfulness will crown his days. The elasticity of his spirits, and the enthusiasm of his youth, will continue unimpaired to the end. The foregoing Memoir was read at a meeting of tlie Essex Insti- tute, Julj' 18, 1868, tlae President, Dr. Henry Wlieatland, in tlie cliair. At its conclusion, Hon. Asahel Huntington, Ex-Presideut of the Society, after speaking in strong terms of praise of the reader's treatment of his theme, offered the following vote, which, being seconded by Abner C. Goodell, Jr., Esq., Vice-President, was unani- mously passed : "That the thanks of the Institute be presented to Mr. Upham for his address, and that the same be referred to the appropriate Com- mittee for publication." MEMOIR FRANCIS PEABODY FROM THE HISTORICAL COLLECTIONS OF THE ESSEX INSTITUTE. VOLtTME IX. 3D 3) ^m^ o^s> ;52i> T>a3« rw:)':3>?' 3»3 :»> 2> 3>:3)> ^^l>Eg>3il>:2^^ mSgJ^^ :>£M^. s~'Tr).^!:y X:^^^:^^:^^ ^ ^^: )b-3Sv i)>3' »i>> '>>5>>. •. y>0. > > >'■ J> _' ^ ^> > 1> 5- ^1>^ ^>2^ o-'^j? ^ iiii^ LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 014 076 748 7