O '0 ^ , . '> • ^r, i^ *^ ^ o"-* ^ V.q' V* .•. • •• .^ ^^-n^ "J .^ ... 5^X i..*^ .* X.^^- '*,.*^ .• ORTH America AND Africa Tiii;ii{ PAST, I'Rl'SliXT AND nTlK HY JOHN F. FOARD, M. 1). KlPKI'TrC Sl>l!lN(iS. IliKDKI.l, CitVSTY. MAY 20, ls7r>. m Second Edition, November i, 1876. A CENTENNIAI. COMPROM LSK. NORTH L'AROLrN V "V * FIRST TO DKCI.ARK Ol'R INDEI'KNDKNCK. I a" HER BE KHiST TO OEFER A COMPROMISE OF OUR OIVII. TROIHLES. nKT)I('ATP;D TO TIIK S1-FFKUIN<} 1>1)()K OK AMKKICA AND AKIUCA. U A L E I G H : JOUN NICHOLS, BOOK AND JOB PKINTKU. 1877. >8!S=" PRICE: Siii«le Copy, 10c. Per Dozen, Sl.OO.utt S-^3^IT-^I^I"Cr3^ AT EUPEPTIC SPRINGS, N. C. FROM THE EXPERIENCE AND OBSERVATION of the tliousands of persons who have been cured or relieved liere of obstinate cases of Chills, Dispe]5sia, Chronic Diai-- rhoea, Rheumatism, Scrofula, Diseases peculiar to Females, and all Internal Organs, Nerve and Skin Diseases, Consti- pation, Greneral Dcbili'i^jind Broken Constitutions, either from over work, disease or dissijiation, there are no set of Springs, in Europe ot America, wliieli are capable of pei'forming more wonderful cures in a given time than these. With a variety of the BEST MINERAL WATERS, PURE MOUNTAIN AIR, THE BEST OF BO. absen:'e of all dissipation or excitenient, rest, quiet the pres('ri|)tions of the proprietor or other phjsi tljere need be no fears entertained of a failure of A SPEEDY CURE in every case in which a cure is possible. For further particulars, apply to or address JNO. F. FOARD, M. D., Proprietor Eupeptic Springs, Iredell Co., N September 1st, 1877. North America AND Africa : I'AST, PRESHNT AM) FITl K BY JOHN F. FOARI), M. D., EL^PEPTIC SPRINGS, IREDELL COUNTY, N. C, MAY -JH. 1S7 ^>/ /- — - ^T / ^S Second Edition, November i, 1876. A CENTENNIAL COMPROMISE. NORTH CAROLINA WAH FIRST TO DECLARE OUR INDEPENDENCE. LET HER BE FIRST TO OFFER A COMPROMISE OF OUR CIVIL TROUBLES. DEDICATED TO THE SUFFERING POOR OF AMERICA AND AFRICA. RALEIGH : JOHX NICHOLS, BOOK AND JOB I'UINTEH 1877. tf Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year isTo. By John F. Foard, M. D., In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, PREFACl; TO FIRST liDllTOX. In ofteriiiij; this little book tu tliu public, ihc wriler begs leave to say it is written in the interest of humanity. He is no politician ; never an otRce-holder, either civil or mili- tary, under any o-overnment. For thirty years a hard worker in all the financial and benevolent enterprises in his reach; has been a great sutfercr in health, spirits and for- tune, from the results of the late war, whicli he had no hand in creating, no power to avert, nor pleasure in its con- tinuance; but alwa^-s viewed it as a great calamity whidi wise statesmen ought to have prevented; and, failing to do so, believes the private, hard working citizens should no longer suffer for the error of others, but that after four years of devastating war and ten years of hardships, anxiety and distress, we should now be relieved and permitted to spend the remnant of our days in the enjoyment of comfort, peace and prosperity. The Author. May 20, 1875. PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION. Being solicited by friends to amplify this hiinible volnme so as to bring out more facts in i-elation to these great countries, and to give additional evidences of the great im- portance of developing them, is the apology olfei'ed for issuing a second edition of North America and Africa, and in oi'der to give the reader the benefit of the opinions of others, better acquainted witli the subjects discussed, the author Avill draw on tlu^ writing's of leai'ned clergymen and statesmen, who have given colonization much attention, hoping thereby to enlist the uiasses of both races in every section of the country, in a compromise, which is oriered in the spirit of Christianity and philanthrophy, and will accomplisli, if adopted, much good for both countries and both races. And as the first edition was written in a few hours ride of the spot where our independence was first declared, and on the Centennial day of said event, so the second edition fittingly appeal's in the great Centennial year of our national history. The Author. November 1, 1876. NORTH AMERICA AND AFRICA. CHJlJPTER I. Tliese two grand divisions of tlie Eastern and "Western Hemispheres, with their varieties of climate, vahnible pro- ducts, and hunch-eds of millions of human licings \\\\\>\. in due time, become most important fields of 0])eration, un- der God, in the civilization and evangelization of the world. The one, situated north of the equator, between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, and extending towards the North Pole, containing extensive ranges of mountains, expansive lakes, numerous rivers, and necessarily a cold country, is adapted to and is destined to be occupied by the Anglo-Saxon or white race, because of their superior energy, thrift, power of endurance, and indomitable will to concpi.er; and this important part of the Western Hemis- phere is rapidly being occui)ied, cultivated and im)>roved by this race, though other races have been in possession or introduced from time to time. Thus we see in about three hundred years from the time this race of people placed foot upon this continent, millions of acres of forest have been cleared, ready for the ploughshare of the husl)and- man, humh'ods of cities been built, numerous lakc> and rivers navigated, thousands of miles of railroads and tele- graph lines put in successful operation ; schools, colleges and universities established in every section ; churches and benevolent societies scattered all over this vast territory. Life, energy and progress are seen and felt in all these in- stitutions and instruments. In one hundred years a great o-overnment has been formed on this continent by this 6 KoETH America and Afeica. people, extending from the St. Lawrence to the Rio Grande ; for wliicli the history of the world affords no parallel ; a matter of astonishment to ourselves and the world ; and we, its occupants, can only look up and exclaim, " What hath God wrought " in one day and country ? Considering all the circumstances which have attended us. though the world is six thousand years old, there lias been more accomplished in a century by our government and people, some of whose ancestors were slaves less than three thousand years ago, and who fled from persecution in search of rest and peace, than any people in any ten centuries of the world's history. How is all this to be accounted for ? ISTot by human wisdom or strength alone. For centuries ago man was learned in the arts and sciences to a wonderful extent, but depreciated in both until he well nigh lost all that he ever possessed. Then we must look to a higher and purer source for light to enable us to solve this problem. God's providence is in all this. To continue to develop the resources of America and improve the condition of our government should be the desire of every citizen, and to elevate the condition of man everywhere is the duty of all who can write or speak. AVhile much has been done, much more must be done to make North America what it is capable of being made. The late war between the States destroyed for a time our labor, commerce and trade, creating a fictitious value on every article of luxury and necessity, while it lasted, and since, depressed the prices of our products to a wonder- ful degree below remunerative prices, and impoverished so many thousands of our people who were once able to buy foreign goods, that a great financial panic has come upon us. Foreign goods have been reshipped whence they came by importers, or sold at ruinous prices ; domestic goods are dragging on the market ; manufacturers and dealers are making smaller sales and less profits than formerly ; cotton NOKTII AmKKICA AM> AlKKA. 7 and otlicr mills art; I'liniiiiij;- (»ii halt' tiiiif; tlii' w a}ie> ut operatives ami laborers greatly rediieetl or totally 8U8. peiided ; Western horses, nniles, bacon and ublic favors ; we are all of one family and should enjoy ecpnil rights in a govern- ment made for us all. The civil war was a sectional strife for sectit)nal and in- dividual rights under a constitution made by the blood and sufferings of our forefathers and for us all, and was the cm- nion heritage of us all. And now, as we are reconstructed, let us all enjoy equal rights and privileges under the gov- ernment. The Union men, as they were calle«l, of the South as well as the Korth, who took an oath of loyalty, have been paid for their pro])erty destroyed for them on land and sea by the armies and navies of both sides; let all others of «.ur citizens be treated in the same way. Some of the I nion soldiers have been pensioned; let Southern soldiers who are living and the families of those who are dead, be remu- nerated for their lost time, lives and fortunes, as it was a sectional or civil strife, and many of them were forced into service and others persuaded to oppose a sectional war. Let restitution be made to all as far as possible, tor it was 8 N^OETH America and Africa. a fratricidal, civil strife, began for emancipation, and resisted for individual rights. Let our present internal revenue sj'stem be greatly modi- fied or repealed; take all direct tax off the people and col- lect revenue for the payment of the present and increased national debt by port duties and the sale of public lands, as before the war. Consolidate the present national debt with the amount necessary to compensate all our people of every section, at least, in part, for all their losses and services in- cident upon the war, which ruined both sections and all classes, by issuing new bonds, which may be paid to the ])eople, and take up the outstanding bonds, the interest to be paid annually and the principal in such installments in the future, as a growing and ])rosperous nation can pay without direct taxation. The sudden and forcible emanci- pation of the slaves of the South, greatly damaged both races in the South and tlie hxboring whites of the Xorth and West, and the results are now being felt in all the States; and the alienation between the white and the col- ored people of the South, produced by the bad advice of adventurers from abroad, is now so great as to demand a final separation of the two races ; such is the ill feeling now entertained by the colored people toward their former owners and best friends, as to make it impossible for the two races to continue to live together in unity; as a proof of which it is only necessary to look in our tiles of old papers, court records, jails and penitentiaries, and see. how the crimes of larceny, rape, incendiarism and murder have multiplied since the war; as many as twenty colored nien have gone from a single court to the State prison at one time, and though our prisons are all overflowing and the convicts are put on public works by the thousand, those crimes are on the increase. Where is the end of all this ? And what is the remedy? Colonization is the only hunum remedy for these and other existino: evils. Aid from the o;eneral o-ov- KoiiTii America and Africa. eminent is absolutely necessary tuseeiirc this act of justice and humanity. CIIA.JPTEII II. Since the first act of disobedience on the part of man, and his consequent fall from his original state of jnii'ity and likeness of his Creator, down tln-ough the entire liistory of the world, he has, by voluntary acts of transgression, alien- ated himself from his God and brought temporal and eternal destruction upon his race. And since the great act of rebellion in building the Tower of Babel, the race has been divided into different races of different languages. colors, hal»its and cnston)3, eacli occupying respective parts of the earth most suitable to his condition. Thus we see the white man occupying the most nortiiern and colder countries, while the colored man has occupied the southern and warmer parts of the earth. Africa is near and soutli of the equator, a vast, tropical country, with millions of acres of the most fertile and easily worked level land along the coast, and salubrious mountain country, with minerals in the interior; from time immemorial the home of the negro race, a country made for and peculiarly adapted to the condition, isature and halnts of tiiat ])eople. The wis- dom and providence of God may be seen in all these divi- sions of the race of man, and his location, climate and pro- ducts of the different countries for his habitation and cul- ture. For ti;ousands of years Africa has been the home of the uneidightened, indolent and savage tribes of people, who were constantly warring with each other and selling their captives into slavery ; and until the great Dr. Living- ston explored the country and learned the habits of its occupants, the world was com])aratively ignorant of both 2 10 North Ameeica and Africa. land and population. Thirty-three years of incessant labor, privation and hardships, thousands of dollars, and the life of that noble, learned, philanthropic, Christian man, were expended that the world might learn the geography, capa- bilities, extent and value of that country, and the wants of the people. Both the Old and New Testament abound in passages in- dicating the redemption of Africa and her children. And to the intelligent Christian there are visible signs of a speedy approach of the great and eventful day, when no only Africa shall be redeemed, but when the world shall be converted into a second Eden and man restored to his former state of purity and favor in the eyes of his Creator. However, before this can be done, the gospel must be car- ried to all nations and peoples, and Africa and her children will share in this important work. " The wolf also shall dwell with the lamb, and the leopard shall lie down with the kid, and the calf and the young lion and the fatling together, and a little child shall lead them, and the cow and the bear shall feed ; and their young ones shall lie down together, and the lion shall eat straw like the ox. And the sucking child shall play on the hole of the asp, and the weaned child shall put his hand on the cockatrice's den. They shall not hurt nor destroy in all My holy mountain, for the earth shall be full of the knowledge of the Lord as the waters cover the sea." — Isaiah xi : 6-9. " The wilderness and solitary places shall be glad for them, and the desert shall rejoice and blossom as the rose." — Isaiah XXXV : 1. The government of the United States of America and her people are doubtless to be instruments in the hands of God employed to redeem Africa ; her two hundred millions of benighted people must be enlightened by the eltbrts of this Christian nation, so full of resources and en- terprise. England has explored Africa, and now it is left to America to cultivate it, and the United States govern- North America and Africa. 11 ment and people should be the principal instriinietits in the civilization and Cliristianization of that people. Many of our earliest and most able divines and statesmen were «)f this opinion. Rev. Robert Finly, D. D., Bishop r>ase(.nio, the Lees, Eons. Henry Clay, Webster, Everett, Iland(.lph, Bushrod Washington and others, North and South, Ut- lieved this, and labored for it in the establishment of the American Colonization Society and its auxiliaries, and the liberal expenditure of their time and nioney, the fruits of which may be seen in the establishment of the republic of Liberia, on the western coast of Africa— a re])ublic modeled after ours, and which has been in existence more than h:df a century, and is doing much to open up the " regions beyond," preparatory for a more continued and extensive effort on the part of our nation and people. Thus a Chris- tian nation has been formed in that far off heathen land,- has existed for fifty-nine years, been managed by a people recently in bondage, and is now ready to receive the four millions of recently emancipated slaves of America. Eng- land has formed a colony, Sierra Leone, which is older tlian Liberia, and north of it on the same coast, and is also a success. These colonies are worked in the interest of Christianity and civilization, and are growing rapidly and extending- their power and influence for good far into the interior, and doubtless will do much towards giving "more light" and' truth to their benighted brethren. But they need help ! When we view the enormous task to be performed, and the' comparatively small results accomplished, some will con- clude that the work " can never be done." Had Golumbns- listened to the Solomons of his day, America might now be the home and hunting ground of the wild Indian, in- stead of the great and growing, influential, Christian nation that she is; and if Fulton had not persevered in his ideas of steam navigation, contrary to the opinions of the vast 12 XoRTPi America and Afeica, majority of the intelligent people of England and America, these grand and glorious countries might to-da_y be tra- versed by horse-power and the diminutive stage coach, in- stead of the magnificent steamers which now plough their waters, and the convenient and luxurious palace cars that fly along their numerous railways. Columbus and Fulton are dead, but their works live to give honor to their memo- ries and glory to God. The Christian men who formed the Colonization Societies in Europe and America and the Re- public in Africa, most of them are dead, but their efforts still live to bless the world. The colonies in Africa have done well to live through the perils of infancy and youth. Now they need help to enable them to enter successfully into a state of maturity and usefulness; to open roads back into the interior, to navigate rivers, subdue the forests, open mines of gold and other minerals, reclaim marshes, ascend and cultivate mountains, and bind together, in one homo- geneous mass, the many barbarous and warlike tribes of their fatherland; teach them their language, civilization and religi'on. To do'this will require centuries unless aid is aff'orded them. Where is that aid to come from? The poverty of the Southern States, produced by the results of the late war, render our people unable to do much in this great work; and the terrific panic, which has swept over this entire country-, was felt in Europe, is still being felt in both countries, and was the natural result of our losses, is preventing people of the North and West from aiding in colonizing the American people of color in Africa. Then it is seen that the general government is alone able to extend the necessary aid for the removal of the coloi-ed people. They were brought here by the will and sanction of the parent government in Colonial times; and also since we have been a separate government, and set at liberty by governmental authority at great cost, and now, for the benefit of both races here and elsewhere, they should be KoRTii Amektca and Akiuca. 13 assisted to return. Tliey are too ]ioor to -^o luiaifled, ;iin4 the white people are unable or unwilling to aid them, and the \A-ork of colonization must lanii;uish, as it is d(jin«r, or receive government assistance. These people have been here in a "state of ]tnpilage," and are now ready to go lience on a great missidii of mercy and usefulness. Shall tiiey go? Pharaoh may say, No; but God will say, Go! Our politicians may want their votes, ])lanters their labor and merchants their trade, I>ut all these can be replaced by foreign population from tlie North and the overcrowded sections of Europe, and the vast cleared fields of the Soutli may be converted into grazing lands for herds of cattle and sheep, or sold in small lots to thrifty immigrants, who will come and bring capital and skilled labor, and the votes, labor and trade of the colored people will be needed in Africa. The local attachment of these people is urged by &nnie as a reason wliy they will not emigrate, and, consequently, "colonization is impracticable" with them. This reason is to be considered worthless when we remember that almost all of them have been moving from place to place, county to county, and State to State since they were emancipated. Open the way for their exodus ; show them the advantages to be derived by them and their posterity ; give them free transportation and homes and a year's support after arriv- ing in Africa, and it will require all the idle sliips in the world, and more, to carry them as fast as they will a])]>ly for passage. But if they, or any of them, prefer to remain in this country, let a fund or a part of said fund be set aside for the education of their children. The condition of those who would remain here would be imju-oved by this act. Thousands are now applying to tlie ofliccrs of the different Colonization Societies for transportation, and are refused for want of funds to send them. The necessary aid may be given by the Congress of the United States without 14 North America and Afrtca. injury oi* damage to any of our remainiiio; population, in fact will benefit all classes by appropriating enough, say sixteen hundred millions dollars, which was about two-thirds of their value in 1860, in addition to enough to pay all white soldiers, who were in the war on both sides, a reasonable pension, and say two-thirds of the real value of all the pro- perty lost by citizens of both sections in the conflict, in bonds, bearing tiiree per cent, interest per annum, and maturing at intervals of five or ten years during the next century, give half of the amount paid for the slaves in 1860, say eight hundred millions of dollars, in bonds, to the officers of the American Colonization Society, to be used in sending all of the colored people^ now in the United States, and their posterity, who may he willing to go and provide homes and a year's support for them after arriving in Africa. An act of this kind is due the Southern people of both races, for the reasons that we were in nowise responsible for the intro- duction of domestic slavery, it being in existence from the days of Abraham, and perpetuated by the nations of the earth ; was introduced into this country by England, for \X\Q, exiyressed purpose of "creating revenue," contrary to the protestations of the Southern Colonies ; was recognized by the Constitntion of the United States; transferred, by sale, from the Northern to the Southern States, and formed the great body of wealth of these States; was the bone of contention that produced the war, which emancipated them, and destroyed so many lives and much property for ns, and brought ruin upon the Southern people, and was the cause of the greatest panic ever felt by our people ; for it was impossible to ruin us without injuring the entire civil- ized world, as the Southern States were producers for the world. The people, the masses, neither North or South, East or West, were responsible for the war. Politicians, who were clamorous for ofiice, paid lecturers and writers, who filled their pockets with European gold, fanned the North Amkkica am) Afhica. 16 flame of aholitioiiism :uul disuiiiuii in lU'dcr to put the eln-;ip products of slave labor out of tlie way of the great nio- uopoly of the world, the East India C\>inpany, which spent millions of dollars in paj'ini^ writers and lecturers, in order that slaver}' in the West Indies and the I'nit^'d States might be abolished, not for the love of the ])oor negro, but for the accumulation of wealth, bv lessening the ])i-oduct> of these countries, which woiihl enliance the value of their own. As there are exceptions to all rules, of course many philanthropists labored, free of charge, for their manumis- sion, but did so in a constitutional way. Emancipation was the result of a war forced upon the South in violation of the Constitution of the United States, and our peojde made to acquiesce under duress vile, which is regarded by all nations as unconstitutional and not magnanimous. And the laws of justice and equity, as well as interest to the public good, would suggest that the ruined South should be reinstated by the general, government, at least to some extent; when, in doing so, financial relief, universal pros- perity and good-will would be the n^sults. And as this is the Centennial of American Independence, let us have a compromise, by the voice of the ])CO])le of the entire nation, which will restore, our former prosperity as a nation, and reunite us in the bonds of fraternal unity, never to be again severed by sectional strife. England paid her subjects for their slaves freed for them, and also paid our people for much of the property destroyed on the high seas during the late war. Spain, though o]>pressed by a heavy national debt, and disturbed l)y internal strife, is about to pay for the slaves liberated in Porto Rico. Will not the United States be as just as those governments? Is our government not as able to indemnify her ruined people as those are ? This act of justice and magnanimity, as it would be, if passed, would not only give timely aid to the colored people and their former 16 North America and Africa, owners, which is greatly needed by both parties, as well as all others who would receiv^e direct compensation, but would, by reflex action, beneiit and improve the condition of all persons in this and other countries with whom we trade, by putting more money in circulation, enhancing the value of property, increasing the demand for labor and re- vi\'ing commerce and trade everywhere; Northern manu- facturing establishments need no longer run on half time or be closed, but resume full time and full pay ; Western stock and grain bring better prices ; Southern labor would then pay to produce our products and build new enterprises. When three-fifths of the entire property of the Southern States, the producing portion of the nation, was destroyed by a fearful and bloody war of four years duration, say nothing of the loss of life of the best of our population, who fell in the conflict, the shock was felt in every country in the civilized world, and must continue to be felt until restitution is made, which woukl bring a corresponding tide of peace and prosperity to us and all who deal with us; this proposition is established by the laws of political economj' and the observation of every tliinking mind ; for if a firm or individual fail for a large amount, the whole community will feel, to some extent, tlie injurious eff\3cts of that failure ; and on the other hand, if some enterprising man of wealth move into a country and use his wealtli in erecting factories and other improvements which will give employment to the people and create new markets for tlie'r products, all must feel the beneficial eff'ects of the scattering of his money. Restitution is one of God's laws, and should be observed by governments as well as individuals. Ketributive justice overtakes nations and communities as well as individuals, when they disregard the laws of restitution, " Whatsoever ye mete it shall be measured to you again," Is not this law, or the violation of it, producing a harvest of want and Nojnii Amkrica AM) Afkica. it misery in our Kortheru nuimifcicturin^- ciiiuiiiiiiiitiop at this time? Wluit has stopped so many mills, reduced rents, cut down wages, and is prodnciiii; so iiir.cli distress at the North? Why is the Southern market iVn- Western stock, bacon and grain gradually decreasing '. Why do we hear of hard times all over this l)ri>ad and herctotoi-e priisi)er(»us land ? Why can we not rally froiu a panic in a year, or i»y the sale of one crop, as formerly? Kcho answers why I Where is the end of all tliis? AVhen will we have better times? Just when our national and State legislators will see the importance of wise legislation and are willing to give the necessary relief. But it is said that the already enormous national debt is too great to be increased to the extent required by the proposed act ; but let it be remem- bered that we propose to pay all the present and increased debt in bonds, and tliat these bonds would be paid to the people, who would use them to develop the country, and improve the condition of the entire population, and the increase of the population and wealth of the nation in the next hundred years (the time allowed for their payment) would be so enormously great the present and increased national debt could be paid off in installments so easily that neither the present or future generations vjould ever feel it — yea, more! all direct taxation might be taken otf the people, and the public lands and custom house duties would support the government and pay the entire debt within the time prescribed. And let it be remembered that the in- terest on the proposed new debt, at three per cent, per annum, would not exceed the interest we now pay on our bonds, at from four to eight, and much of it in gold. Many soldiers and citizens, if allowed, would take lands, instead of bonds, for their claims, which would bring into culti- vation the unused wealth of our vast Western domains. Besides, a large national debt acts as ligaments, or bonds, to hold a nation together, especially if the debt is due to 3 18 !N"oRTH America and Africa. the people, instead of being held by foreigners. France, after losing a part of her territory, paid the immense war debt, due the Germans, in less than three years. And the Southern people have already paid, since the close of the war, into the public treasury of our nation more than the entire debt at the close of the war, which is, in addition to all other troubles brought on us, punishment enough for one generation. And now, in the name of all that is good, let us have relief from these heavy burdens. England and other nations carry large national debts, and none of them can do so as easily as we can, for our vast territory and growing wealth will enable us to do anything we wish, especially if our government be judiciously managed, and the people are relieved, as the proposed compromise would relieve them, as new life and energy would be im])arted to all, old feelings of sectional animosity obliterated, and we would enter upon the life and duties of a new century in a manner as to insure peace, prosperity and happiness to the present and future generations of American citizens, as well as all those who would migrate to or from this great country. The emigration of the colored people to Africa, and the immigration of whites from Europe to America, would wake up the slumbering commerce and trade of tlie world, cheapen many articles of luxury and necessity. Let us, as a people, strive to hasten tiie happy period described in the sixtieth chapter of Isaiah, which says — "Violence shall no more be heard in the land, wasting nor destruction within thy borders ; but thou shalt call thy walls Salvation, and thy gates Praise. The sun shall be no more thy light by day; neither for brightness shall the moon give light unto thee; but the Lord shall be unto thee an everlasting light, and thy God thy glory. Thy sun shall no more go down ; neither shall thy moon withdraw itself; for the Lord shall be thine everlasting light, and the days of thy mourning shall be ended. Thy people also shall be all righteous; North America and Akuka. T.' they sliall inherit the huul forever, tlie hi'unch i>t" my ]phiiit- ing, the work of my huiids, that I may he i:ioriliem- plete, weighing one pound and fourteen ounces, and si)eci- mens of unhulled coffee from Liberia and P>razil— the former twice as large in the grain as the latter. In 1S71 Brazil exported 320,000,000 pounds. One thousand acres 20 ISToETH America and Africa. are now under cnltivation at Paul's river, the firtn owning a steamer which plies thither, fresh coffee being daily roasted, and in much demand in the Exhibition. The peculiar fea- ture of the Liberia coffee is its greater strength and aroma. It is sent all over the country in pound packages, so that it can be tested. When once tried, lovers of that excellent thing, good coffee, will not fail to tell others of its value. I thankfully acknowledge my indebtedness to a friend who told me of it, and while passing the exhibit to-day, another, to whom I had told my opinion, ordered fifty pounds." A line of steamers running from each of our Atlantic ports to Africa would secure that trade, carry the mails, and convey our colored population to their fatherland as fast as they might want to go. iin idea of this kind, though on a smaller scale, was entertained by persons of the Southern States prior to the war. A meaiorial was pre- sented to Congress in 1850, signed by Joseph Bryan, George Nicholas Sanders, and others from Alabama and Georgia, asking that body to establish a line of steamers from the United States to the coast of Afi'ica, " designed to promote the colonization of free persons of color, to suppress the African slave trade, to carry the mails, and to extend the commerce of the United States," which report was referred to a committee on Naval Affairs, and reported upon favor- ably in a report of 30 pages, signed by Fred. P. Stanton, chairman, with an a]jpendix added by the American Col- onization Society, of 47 pages printed matter, showing the great importance of such a plan to this country. [See "Report of Naval Committee on establishing a line of Mail Steamers to the Western Coast of Africa," ifec, dated House of Representatives, Washington, August 1st, 1850.] If such a proposition was of so much importance as to be favorably reported on by a committee of one liranch of Congress in 1850, surely one like it, but more extensive, wonld receive favorable consideration from both the great bodies of Congress and the signature of the President now, if asked for by the people. NoKTu America and Afkk'A. 21 A steauier leaviiii;" each of our ALlantic jtortb niuntlilv, t'nr Liberia, would carry out several thousand passengers atmn- ally and bring back hirgc quantities of coftee, sugar, ivurv, ginger, and many other tropical products, all of which would be greatly cheapened to us, give direct mail facili- ties to the Liberians and their friends here, and n]K!ii u|> a new market for all our manufacturet' shivcs, and the colonization of the free persons of color, by the general government. Had this been done immediately after the close of the war, times Nvould now be better for us all. Now, after eleven years of trial, hardship, poverty and suffering, which the Southern people of both races have borne, and are still bearing, and are also felt in all other sections of our common country, let the peo[)le arise in their might and magnanimity and say relief sJkiH he r//ven to all of evePT/ section in proportion to their losses and suf- ferings. CIIJLJPTBR 7"V. Is it best that the colored people of this country sliould go to their fathers' native land ? Without ai-uuin<:' the subject, we will here introduce a letter written by Pi-ofes- sor Thomas C. U])ham, D. D., to the Rev. John Oreutt, D. D. Professor U])ham was for more than forty years Pro- fessor of Mental and Moral Philosophy in Bowden College, Maine, and the popular author of several standard volumes : New York, April 20, 1870. Rev. John Orcuit, D. D. Dear Sir: — Deprived by age and ])hysical infirmity, of the privilege of taking a part in the more public efforts of the friends of African Colonization, 1 ask the favor, never- theless, to express through you my continued interest, and my full and unquestioning faith in this noble and tlivine cause. My connection with the Colonization Society goes back some forty 3'ears ; and from the beginning I have never doubted. In the darkest days, when the Societ}- was assailed on every side, and not without some show of reason, my faith, looking beyond human errors to the wisdom of a controlling Providence, has remained unshaken. 24 XoRTH Amekica and Attiica. Often in my solitary hours, not less than when pleading before God with my t'ellow-Christians for the restoration of erring humanity^ have I seen and Jieard, in tlie depths of ray spirit, the groans and the tears of suifering Africa. But 1 did not, and could not, at any period of my life, discon- nect the interests of Africa from the interests of the negro race in this country. I did not remeu;kber Africa and for- get the slave. In common with many others, I have felt deeply the great wrong of American slavery ; and my efforts, sympathy, and prayers have been with those who have labored for its termination. "With me the two things have gone together. I have been unable to separate in my thoughts and in my deepest convictions the connection of the uisentliralled and regenerated slave with the liberation of the land from which he came. But this connection, standing clear and firm in the convictions of many reflect- ing men, has not as yet found time to be fully realized. The shave is free, but Africa is not redeemed. The slave stands forth an American citizen, with the light of civiliza- tion and of Christianity, as well as of freedom thrown around him'; but the hundred and fifty millions of Africa are still almost universally in the bondage of ignorance, cruelty, and barbarous superstition. Tlie means which were appli(,'able to the restoration of other heathen lands and nations — the grand missionary work which has been carried on by the white race in other parts of the world — has been found in a great degree inapplical)le here. So much so that many noble hearts have trembled before the difficulties of the problem, and have felt that human wisdom was not adequate to its solution. But at this point of perplexity and darkness God unveils more clearly to our view the great plans which, amid clouds and shadows, and wrongs and sufferings, required the elabo- ration of centuries. A new power has arisen ; a nation has been born in a day ; and tlie heart and the eye of Africa are turned towards her own children ; and, with extended arms, and with more than the old Macedonian cry, she exclaims : " Come over and help us." Some have supposed that this loud cry will be unheeded ; that the possession of new rights, or rather of old rights newly acknowledged, will so intoxicate and benumb the hearts of our colored brethren that they will not listen. I cannot l)elieve it. I do not so understand the qualities of North America and Afiuca. 25 the iie^ro race. Tlie attributes wliicli constitute their (char- acter are not justly estimated. When they shall have re- ceived, year after year, the instructions of colleges, we shall he able to pronounce more decisive!}' upon the powers o\' their intellect. But intellectual traits alone do not consti- tute the whole of humanity. The colored race manifest a docility, a patience, a depth of feeling, a quickness of sym- pathy, a facility of religious belief, an ai)))reciation of the kind, the good, and the joyous in life, which mark them as a people who have a higher work to do than to sit down in idleness. It is very true that they will not go,*and ought not to go, contrary to their own convictions. But on this point I have no anxiety. The great God who has watched over them from the beginning, who has marked their tears and heard their supplications, and in his ownjime has broken the chains of their bondage, will soon reveal to them the heights of their destiny, and will crown with a new glory the degradation which Pie has redeemed. It will not sat- isfy the African heart that the negro is recognized as a man, that he is an American citizen, tliat he has the right of suf- frage, that he has a seat in the Senate; but with all the rights of an American, and educated in the best institu- tions of the country, he will lind the God who has saved him opening his interior vision to behold the glory of being a co-worker in proclaiming the truths of freedom and jus- tice, ot civilization and Christianity throughout the length and breadth of Africa. Do not doubt it. Let the long-^ agitated question of the comparative mental position of the African race cease. A century hence, and perhaps much sooner, with the advantages of freedom and of equal education, the question will be settled on the philosophical basis of ascertained facts, and will be settled forever. It is enough for us to know, in the light of the revela- tions which have become apart of history, that God is with the negro ; and to know that the negro, no longer debased or restrained l)y slavery, will follow God's leading, whether his mission be here or elsewhere. Undoubtedly multitudes will stay here; America will be their home; both for their benefit and for our own. But other multitudes, touched with a higher aspiration and moulded to higher issues, will, in the course perhaps of a single century, reveal tlie Afri- can desert blossoming as the rose; and civilization ami 4 26 . North America and Africa, Christianity flourishing under the protection of a system of republics, constituting under their own flag the United States of Africa. In this great work, which constitutes a part of God's remedial system for the restoration of the world, coloniza- tion can now nobly lead. The way is now open for more energetic and widely-extended action, without the fears and doubts, and the liabilities to error, which have perplexed the past. And it cannot be doubted, that many influential men, who have heretofore stood aloof, are now ready for co-operation. The day in which we live is remarkable for great and compi-ehensive plans. And these plans, so far as they origi- nate in the great source of good, are not likely to fail. Let me say, therefore, that the hour has come. The men, the only class of men who are adequately fltted for the task, are" ready. Let there be no want of means. Combine unity of purpose with unity of action ; and let purpose and action go hand in hand with prayer and faith, which con- stitute the great elements of success. With sentiments of most respectful and sincere regard, I remain yours, Thomas C. ITpham. The Lidians of this country have been moved from place to place at the expense of the govern uient, and they are still being cared for (or exterminated as necessity demands) at a great annual cost. Do we not owe as much to the African race now among us? The Lidians had a prior right to these lands on which we live, therefore we cannot easily make arrangements for their further removal ; but the case is different with the African race : they have been torn from their native land by ruthless hands, backed by governmental authority, and should have the opportunity of going back at government expense, which they will em- brace, gradually and surely, when they can see favorable arrangements are made for their safe and comfortable de- parture, and enough given them on arriving in their new homes to fit them for living above want. The Liberian government will give them enough land to support them. XoKTH America and Africa. 27 on urri villi;' ; land far superior to any in this countrv, and fi'oin which, two, three, and even loui' crops may he Slather- ed each year, and with less labor than one can be made liere. Many important tacts, as to the temporal advan- tages the}' may secure by emigratinaj to Lil)eria, might l»e copied in these pages iVoni the " African Repository, ""•a very neat and valuable periodical issued quarterly by the American Colonization Society, Colonization Rooms, No. -tSO Pennsylvania Avenue, Washingt(Mi, 1). C, and otliei' important documents, kindly fui-nished the writer by Wm. Coppinger, Esq., Corresponding Secretary of the African Colonization Society, which kindness is hereby publicly acknowledged and duly appreciated. Mr. Coppinger will furnish the Repository to subscribers at the low price of one dollar a year, and other information gratuitously. Judging from the history of missions in the past, we must conclude that if the gospel is to penetrate and Chris- tianize Africa, her own people, who have learned its saving influences abroad, must be the successful missionaries. For three hundred years Roman Catholics and Protestants have been attempting to Christianize Africa by sending white missionaries to labor there, but their signal failures prove conclusively that the work must be done by another race ; and the unparalleled success of Liberia, shows the impor- tance of all colored people of America taking steps in that direction. When the late and much lamented Southerner, Melville B. Cox, was taking leave of his friends, as missionary for Africa, his mother exclaimed : " Oh I Melville, Melville, how can I give you up?" which, it is said, came near over- powering the brave missionary ; but God gave him strength and words for the occasion, and he exclaimed: ''Oh! Africa, Africa, how can I give thee up?" And when he died, his last words were, " Let a thousand missionaries 28 North America and Africa. perish, ere Africa l3e ^iven up." Let all colored ministers and teachers, who feel as Melville Cox felt, take the lead in this important matter, as did Moses and Aaron to lead their people out of Eo;jpt, throu^-h tlie wilderness, into the promised land, and the multitude will follow. CHJlFTBR 'V. The sufferings of the Southern people of both races have, within the past sixteen years, been beyond conception. After a civil war of four years' duration, which taxed to the utmost our energies, money and lives, contending with ten to one on the field of battle, and the outside world besides, with our ports closed, armies and supplies exhaust- ed, we were comi)elle(l to surrender to the vast armies of our brethren. Those victorious armies had consumed our snbstance, laid waste our fields, burned our dwellings, barns, gin-houses, cotton, tobacco, &c., as they marched through our land ; churches, graveyards, furniture, cloth- ing, jeweliy, plate, gold, silver, and valuable papers, were desecrated, destroyed, or carried off, as best suited the feel- ings of men who were flushed with victory or inflamed by passion or strong drink. Our system of labor being destroy- ed, money and credit gone, with sad liearts and empty store-houses, we began life anew in April, 1865, to culti- vate lands upon which was laid a heavy government tax, and threatened with confiscation ; compelled to rebuild our houses and wasted fortunes with supplies from the North, at fabulous prices, on credit or mortgages, with export duty levied on our cotton, internal revenue on spirituous liquors and tobacco, a licensed tax on man}- kinds of business, re- construction acts and military governments following in quick succession, carpet-baggers and tliieves managing our State governments in too many instances, Freedman's North America and Afkha. 29 Savinp:s Banks victimized our t-oloiod ^idpulation, aixl tlic National Banks, wliicli were a nion.ipoly, took all the in- terest they could get from our im])overi8hed whites. Ail this, and more might he added, tilled our ])Oor-honses, asy- iums, grave-yards, jails aiul penitentiaries to overflowing, and j)r()duced a monetary ])anic which has lasted for thrt^ .yt^sn'S, bids fair to last many more, and is being felt over the entire civilized world. And God's all-seeing eye can only pene- trate the dark future, and tell what is to eome of all this. In order that persons who are not familiar with our suf- ferings, it may not be amiss to relate a few individual cases, aitiung the hundred of thousands which have been endured by us. Two orplian brothers, who had been brought up in eas}' circumstances, married and entered active business life before they were twenty-one years of age, engaged heartily in all the internal improvements and benevolent enteri)rises within their reach for a qnarter of a centui-y : one of them filled the offices of post-master, justice of the peace and legislator for many years, lost, by the results of the war, nearly a hundred thousand dollars worth of prop- erty, and at the age of fifty-six, in midwinter and ill health, had to canvass his county on i'oot to sell books, in order to snp])ort a large family and prevent a Building and Loan Association from selling a home for which he had gone in ilebt. The other, and younger brother, lost over two hun- dred thousand dollars worth of valuable ])roperty, a splen- did business, and his health; after giving up all that he had left of a fine estate, to pay debts which could not be paid during the war, retired from active city life to the country, with a dependent and helpless family, to battle with disease, poverty, and a selfish world, and for ten years he and his family have performed labor unsuited to their strength, de]>rived of former comforts, associates and friends, compelled to go in debt for a home, and his children failed to receive suitable educations for want of the means to ))ro- so North America and Africa. vide them. T\ro grandfathers of these brotliers were sol- diers in the revolutionary war of 1T76, which gained our independence as a nation. One of them served seven years, and was in most of the important battles north of the Potomac, and was one of the picked hundred men who took Stony Point with empty guns, at the point of the bayonet. The other served five years hard service. Neither of those old soldiers, or any of tlieir posterity, ever applied for or received one dollar of the pension money due them from the United States government, and their posterity lost by the late civil war over a n;iillion and a half dollars worth of property. A young lady had been at school and teach- ing in Western North Carolina during the war. At its close, she started alone for her home in western Georgia, met with an aged minister, and traveled with him in a wagon two hundred miles in the wake of Sherman's devas- tating track, amid the ruins of valuable plantations, lost for- tunes, destroyed homes, and the l^lackened, solitary chim- neys which could not burn, to find her parents and many other loved ones, who had never known want, in need of shelter, food and raiment. An aged minister of a large and influential denomina- tion of Christians, who had devoted his life to his work, was so reduced by the war, that he sat down on his door- step to eat his meals of dry corn bread, and walked from house to house, and from church to church, to N'isit and preach to hispeo[)le. Many others did like service until bet- ter fare and other horses could be had. Many aged, infirm or helpless persons were deprived of food, clothing and shel- ter in a day or night — want and suffering took the places of comfort and plenty almost everywhere in our once fair and happy land. A one-armed Confederate soldier has, for years, support- ed his family by mortgaging his horse, wagon and growing crops, and working rented land. On settling with a mer- North Amkrica and Africa. 31 cantile finn wlio luul s\i])]i]ie«.l tlic |^n,'s^i^li:; wants of lii:- family for two years, gave ii]) his wa«i;oii, horse and croj* to pay out, and carried liis gears oif on his shoulder, walking to his new home, to go in debt again for another blind horse to work more rented land, holding the plow with t>ne liand, while ploughing for another crop, while his family are to live by the aid of others or sutler. An aged and highl}* respected physician, who had been compelled to quit his profession in early life, hecause of a fall from a vehicle which made him a cripple for life, after the war took to mending old shoes for his bread. Many of the sick, and some in very critical conditions, were car- ried out of their comfortable rooms and laid in the streets or roads, while their homes were being burned ; others were compelled to live for a time on ])arched corn, picked up after the army horses had trodden it under their feet. To ])rove our statements not to be overdrawn, we here copy from a Western paper accounts of General Sheridan's mode of warfare iu Virginia, and General Sherman's march to the sea, written by their own men : What Might Have Been. We propose to show what soldiers will do when their respective governments pretend to absolve them from all obligations to obey God, and place theni under the command of men, whose word is law and whose trade is slaughter. And as the scenes of horror and devastation during the rebellion, were so much more numerous and heart-rending at the South than at the Xorth, from the fact tiiat the former was the seat of war, we shall present facts from that region, though to some extent in the language of our own men. After the battle of Fisher's Hill, in Virginia, General Sheridan wrote from Strasburg as follows : " Lieut. J. R. Meigs, my engineer officer, was murdered beyond Ilarris- burg, near Dayton. For this atrocious act, all the houses within an area of live miles were burned. In moving back to this point, the whole country, from the Blue Bidge to B2 North America anu Aptjica. the Nortli Mountain, lias been made entirely nntenable for a rebel annj. 1 have destroyed over two thousand barns, filled with wheat and hay and farniino; implements; over seventy mills filled with flour aii«l wheat ; have driven in front of the army over four thousand head of stock, and have killed and issued to the troops, not less than three thousand sheep. This destruction embraces the Luray val- ley and the Little Fork valley, as well as the main valley." A Northern correspondent who traveled with Sherman's army durinij; its march to the sea, thus reports its prowess in pillage : " Such little freaks as taking the last chicken, the last pound of meal, the last bit of bacon, and the only remaining scraggy cow, from a poor woman and her flock of children, black or white not considered, came under the order of legitimate business. Even crockery, bed covering, and clothes were fair spoils. As for plate or jewelry or watches, these were things rebels had no use for. Men witli pockets jjlethoric with silver and gold coin ; soldiers sink- ing under the weight of plate and fine l)edding materials ; lean mules and horses, with the richest trappings of Brus- sels carpets, and hangings of fine chenille, negro wenches, particularl}' good looking ones, decked in satin and silks, and sporting diamond ornaments, oflicers with sparkling rings, that would set Tiffany in raptures, gave color to the stories of hanging up or fleshing an ' old cuss' to make him shell out. A planter's house was overrun in a jifly ; boxes, drawers and escritories were ransacked with a laudable zeal, and emptied of their contents. If the spoils were ample, the depredators were satisfied, and went off in peace ; if not, everything was torn and destroyed, and most likely the owner was tickled with sharp ba^yonets into a confes- sion where he had his treasures hid. If lie escaped and was hiding in a thicket, this w as prima /'acie evidence that he was a skulking rel)el ; and most likely some ruflian, in his zeal to get rid of such vipers, gave him a dose of lead, which cured him of his Secesh tendencies. Sorghum bar- rels were knocked open, bee hives rifled, while their angry swarms rushed frantically about. Indeed, I have seen a soldier knock a planter down because a bee stung him. Should the house be deserted, the furniture is smashed in pieces, music is pounded out of four hundred dollar pianos with the ends of muskets. Mirrors were wonderfully mul- tiplied, and rich cushions and cai'pets carried off to adorn North America and Aikka. 33 teams and war steeds. After all was cleared out, nio-r likely some set of strao\2;lers wanted to enjoy a j^ood tire, and set the house, debi'is of furniture, and all the surroiindiiii;s in a blaze. This is the way Sherman's army lived on the country."' In the lanj^uafje of a historian of the war, we repoit other scenes as follows: " (^en. kSherman was the antlioi- of the sentiment, ' War is cruelty and you cannot retiiie it.* This extraordinary doctrine he at once proceeded to ])ut in ])ractice by depopulating Atlanta, and driviiiiij from their homes thousands of helpless women and children. It was the most cruel and savage act of the war. In vain tlie Mayor of Atlanta had pointed out to him that the country south of the city was crowded already with refugees, and without houses to accommodate the people, and that many had no other slielter but what they miglit find in cliurches and out buildings, that the consequences would be woe, horror and suffering, which could not be described by words. Slierman was inexorable. Pie affected the belief that At- lanta might again be rendered formidable in the hands of the Confederates, and resolved, in his own words, " to wipe it out." The old and decrepit ones were hunted from their homes, they were packed into railroad cars; tottering old age and helpless youth were crowded together; wagons were filled with wrecks of household goods, and the trains having deposited their medley freight at Hough and Ready, the exiles were then left to shift for themselves. On the night of the 1 5th, the torch was applied to Atlanta, and when the merciless commander had already created a soli- tude, he determined to make a second conflagration, by the light of which his marching coluains might commence their journey to the sea. The work was done with terrible com- pleteness ; buildings covering two hundred acres were in flames at one time ; the heavens were an expanse of livid fire ; and amid the wild and terrific scene, the Federal bands played " John Brown's soul goes marching on." The next morning, Sherman's army moved from a scene of desola- tion such as had occurred in no modern picture of civilized war. From four to five thousand houses were i-educed to ruins ; and four hundred left standing was the melancholy remnant of Atlanta. Nearly all the shade trees in the park and city had been destroyed, and the suburbs, strip])ed of 5 34 XoRTH America and Africa, timber, presented to the eye one vast, naked, ruined, deser- ted can:ip. After Sherman had taken Savannah, he wrote in his offi- cial report, as follows : " We have consumed the corn and fodder in the region of country thirty miles on either side of a line from Atlanta to Savannah, as also the sweet pota- toes, cattle, hogs, sheep and poultry, and have carried away more than ten thousand horses and mules, as well as a count- less number of their slaves. I estimate the damage done to the State of Georgia and its military resources at one hundred millions of dollars, at least twenty millions of which has inured to our advantage, and the remainder is simple waste and destruction." From Savannah, Sherman invaded South Carolina, where his track of destruction is thus described : " The country was converted into one vast bonfire. The pine forests were fired, the rosin factories were fired, the public buildings and private dwellings were fired. The middle of the finest day looked black and gloomy, for a dense smoke arose on all sides, clouding the very heavens. At night the tall pine trees seemed so many pillars of lire. The scenes of license and plunder which attended these conflagrations, were even more terrible. Long trains of fugitives lined the roads, with women and children, and horses and stock and cattle, seeking refuge from the pursuers. Long lines of wagons covered the highways. Half-naked peoyjle cowered from the winter under bush-tents in the thickets, under the eaves of houses, under the railroad sheds, and in old cars left them along the route. Habitation, village after village, sent up its signal flames to the others, and lighted the sky with ci'imson horrors. Granaries were emptied, and where the grain was not carried ofl', it was strewn to waste under the feet of the cavalry, or consigned to the fire which con- sumed the dwelling. The roads were covered with butch- ered cattle, hogs, mules and the costliest furniture. Yalu- able cabinets, rich pianos, were not only hewn to pieces, but bottles of ink, turpentine, oil, whatever could etiace or destroy, was employed to defile or ruin. Horses were rid- den into the houses. Beautiful homesteads of the parish gentry, with their wonderful tropical gardens, were ruined. Ancient dwellings of black cypress, one hundred years old, were given to the torch as recklessly as were the rude hovels Choice pictures and works of art from Europe, select and North Amkkica and Afkica. 35 nunierons libraries, objects of peace wholly, were destroyed. The inhabitants were left to starve, compelled to feed oiilv upon the garbage to be found in the abandoned cain])S of the soldiers. The corn scraped up from the spots where the horses fed, was the only means of life left to thousands lately in affluence." Columbia was surrendered to Sherman on the morning of the ITth of February, by the Mayor, Mr. Goodwin, who asked for the citizens " the treatment accorded by the usages of civilized warfare." Sherman promised this. But the work of pillage had begun when the Federal troops had first reached the head of Main street. Stores were broken open, and the contents strewn on the sidewalk ; citizens were robbed in the street; no one felt safe in his own dwelling. Robbery was going on at every corner. Meanwhile, the Hames spread from side to side, from front to rear, from street to street. All the thoroughfares were quickly crowd- ed with helpless women and children, some in their night clothes. Agonized mothers seeking their children, all affrighted and terrified, were rushing on all sides from the raging flames and falling houses. Invalids had to be drag- ged from their beds, and lay exposed to the flames and smoke that swept the streets, or to the cold of the open air in the back yards. The sun rose with a wan countenance, peering dinily through the dense vapor which seemed wholly to overspread' the firmament. The bestand niost beautiful portions of Columbia lay in ruins. Eighty-four squares of buildings had been destroyed, with scarcely the exception of a single house. The ca]>itol building, six churches, eleven banking establishments, the schools of learning, the shops of art and trade, of invention and manu- facture, shrines equally of religion, benevolence and indus- try, were all buried together in one congregated ruin. Nothing remained but the tall, specter-looking chimneys. The noble looking trees that shaded the streets, the flower gardens that graced them, were blasted and witliered by fire. On every side there were ruins and smoking nuvsses of blackened walls, and between, in desolate groups, reclin- ing on mattress, or bed, or earth, were wretched women and children, gazing vacantly on the site of what had been their home. " The burning of Columbia was but of a piece with Sher- man's record. lie had burned six out of every seven farm 36 North America and Africa. houses on the route of his inarch. Before he reached Col- umbia, he had burned Blackville, Graham, Bamberg, Bu- furd's Bridge, Lexington, and had not spared the humblest hamlet. After he left Columbia, he gave to the flames the villages of Allston, Pomaria, Winnsboro, Blackstock, So- ciety" Hill, and the towns of Camden and Cheraw." Reader, this is war, and this is what war makes of men who were once tender-hearted and humane. We do not quote these descriptions to condemn Northern soldiers, but to condemn war itself. We have before intimated, that if the North had been the theatre of the war, and the South- ern armies the invaders, the}' would have done no better, and we of the North should have more vivid impressions of its dreadful consequences than we now have. — The Inform- er^ Elgin^ III. The editor of the Informer says, " Reader, this is war, " '" * that if the North had been the theater of the war, and the Southern armies the invaders, they would have done no better, and we of the North should have more vivid impressions of its dreadful consequences than we now have." Did not Southern armies invade Northern territory during the war? Did they act thus? Did the British armies of 17T6-'82, as they traversed these then colonies, lighting to conquer real rebels, leave such devastation be- hind them ? Let history tell the tale. The object of the writer of this humbe volume, is not to open the wounds made by the civil strife. God forbid that these slowly healing wounds should ever be re-opened, but that they should continue to heal, until the last vestige of a scai- shall disappear forever. But the easiest and best way to heal them, is to compensate those who lost so much in the con- flict, give back to the fallen, the weak, the oppressed of every color, class and section, their homes, their equal rights, their heritage for which our ancestors suff'ered, bled and died. North America and Africa, 37 The blood, limbs, liv^es, tears find 6ii;lis shed in the hite unfortunate strife caiii\ot be given back, but as far as jmssi- ble let justice be done to all, tliat peace, hannony andpr<»s- perity shall once more be enjoyed by (dl our people. CHAJPTER VT. The colored population of the South have suffered in- tensely since the war; persuaded, as they were, to leave their old homes, they have wandered in exile from one part of the nation to another, in search of comforts and luxuries they have not found — not even " the forty acres of laud and a mule" — thousands upon thousands of them have sickened and died, having no kind, sympathizing hand to administer to their wants. Around every city and town their newly made graves are numbered by the thousand, and covering land by the acre. During the year 1805, as many as fifty to seventy-five of them died a day iu the city of Newbern, N. C, with small pox. Ten thousand fell there in a single year, or at least that was the estimate made by those who lived there, one of whom was the writer. In various other ways have we of both races suffered. One hundred millions of dollars of our scanty funds have gone into Xorthern In- surance Companies, which have not, and most of it will never return, as many policies have been forfeited for want of funds to keep them up. Other millions of dollars have gone to the city of "Brotherly Love," during our Centen- nial. Are its people willing that we shall be put upon our feet again ? Northern merchants and manufacturers are constantly receiving tiie earnings of our united labor. One of our honored sons, in a speech made to a large crowd in Central Park in New York, after the nomination of Messrs. Sey- 38 North America and Africa, mour aud Blair for the offices of President and Vice Presi- dent, said : '' Let ns go home and elect our candidates, and we of the South will send our rich products here and lay them down ni)on your wharves, and exchange thevn for your Fragrant Sozodont and Radways Ready Relief.'" Messrs. Seymour and Blair were not elected, but we have sent all our cotton, tobacco, naval stores, etc., on as fast as we have been able to produce them, and taken in exchange many articles of less value. The main question in this whole matter is, Can the Uni- ted States government undertake so great a task as this, with her present national debt, without oppressing the already impoverished and depressed people? We answer, Yes! All of our present population would obtain relief thereby, either directly or indirectly. The payment of the present and the increased debt, though large, could be postponed until the country recuperated, when our increased popula- tion and wealth would enable us to pay it, and more, if needed, in annual, or five or ten yearly installments; and the interest, if at three per cent., might be paid annually in gold ; and with our vast West and South filled up with ])eople of means and energy from the North and Europe, with lines of steamers constantly coming into our ports from Europe, iVfrica, and other countries, we could pay off the bonds ^f the government in gold received at the ports, as they would fall due, without a single dollar from internal revenue, or any other direct tax ever being laid upon this or future generations of our people, if we kept out of war, which we should strive to do, and settle all internal or for- eign difficulties by arbitration instead of resorting to arms, as has been our custom. Slavery with us is dead forever, and we of the South would not have it back if we could ; we have suffered too much by it. Clear of it and the responsibilities which attended it, we would not resume them, but we would have, KoRTH America and Afkipa. 39 if we eonUl, the restitution made to h> which justice, eijuity and eonunon hwr, as well as fraternal feeling ouglit to give us; and the colored people, if they will accei)t a part of it in the way ]»roposed, they should have at least one-third <>f tlieir former value expended for the future good of them and tiieir race. Our families who have been accustomed to the services of the colored people, think they could not well do without them, and farmers may be of the same opinion, but let it be remembered that their removal could only be a very gradual arrangement. Our cooking and washing now done by hand in each house, could and would be done by co-op- erative com])anies, and by steam and machinery, and our farms be converted into stock and grass farms, and culti vated with improved machinery, while surplus lands could be made to produce timber which will be greatly needed and very profitable ere long. The raising of timber, beef, mutton, pork, and many other articles for other countries, which could be produced more easily than our present money crops, would gradually be taken hold of by us, and we would gradually accommodate ourselves to a new and bet- ter mode of living. The same may be said of the trade or patronage of our colored people, i. e. other trade, service and patronage would be gradually introduced and substi- tuted for theirs, which, in the end, would be more rL-mu- nerative and satisfactory. Now, if these arguments are not overdrawn, and the writer believes they are only very im- perfectly presented, it is the interest and duty of every citi- zen, of every State, of both races, to sign a memorial to Congress, asking the passage of a law at once by which this great plan of compromise and relief may be given to our entire people, in order that peace, prosperity, good will and happiness be restored to all of both races in our once pros- perous, but now impoverished country ; and we would see persons who were made bankrupts by the war, hunting up 40 North America and Africa, old debts, which were debarred from collection, paid np^ new ones quickly settled, old homes beautified, our waste places made to bloom as the flower gardens of our once happy wives bloomed, and such a flood-tide of prosperity and good feeling set in as to cause a new era to dawn upon ns as a people; we would pa}" our entire national debt in the century following, learn war no more, and be instru- mental in the bands of God in evangelizing the world, and our posterity could celebrate the next Centennial of Ame- rican Independence without the grim monster, poverty, staring us in the face (as now), sectional bickerings or feel- ings of hate to mar their happiness. This compromise will bury forever, all idea of re^>udiation, and our people will be able to inculcate into the minds of our children the impor- tance of promptly meeting all personal, State and National obligations. Let us go at this woi'k promptly, earnestly and honestly, that it may be as a monument of truth and justice erected in the hearts of our children to remind them of the impor- tance o^ national hono7\ peace and good will. Let both the great political parties take hold of it, and have an equal share of the glories arising therefrom ; let it be a national and not a sectional or partizan work, that it may heal forever all the old issues of the past, and give a glow of good feeling to our future. It is said " our Northern brethren will never consent to such a compromise." Why not? They may restore, by this act, their own as well as our former prosperity, prevent repudiation of some of our State or National debts, divert much suffering in this and other countries, and harmonize many discordant elements. In conclusion, the reader is requested to read the instruc- tions given by the God of heaven and earth to the children of Israel, found in the 1.9th chapter of Leviticus. North America and Africa. 41 Tiiat co-operative action be had in this matter, a form ot" a memorial to Congress is ap])ended to these pages. Let every one who feels an interest in the great work, copy and obtain the signatures of his neighbors to it, and enclose it to one of our Senators or Tlej)resentatives in Congress as early as practi(;able, and urge its ado])tion. FORM OF A MEMORIAL TO CONGRESS. State of County of , , 187 ) To the Hononxhle Senators and Memhers of the Hoiise of Hepresentatives of the United States in Congress assem- bled: We, the citizens of the United States, most respect- fully petition your honorable bodies to enact a law by whicli all citizens of every section of the United States may be [>aid for all their property destroyed for them by the governments and armies of hoth side-f during the late war between the States, in bonds bearing three per cent, inter- est per annum, maturing within the next hundred years. And we also petition that all soldiers, or their legal rep- resentatives, of both armies and every section, be paid in bonds or public lands for their lost time, linjbs and lives, while engaged in the late unfortunate civil conilict, and we will ever pray, etc. 54 V SEED (() UN FOR SALE. THE variety known in this section us the " C'URITI\K,'' and used by most of our best fannei-s, is iinduiibtedly t In- most prolific and valuable of all the kinds grown l)y us. Its superior qualities are these, vi/ : The stalks and cobs are very small, consequently the DRAFT UPON THE LAND is less than that of the larger varieties, and is a VERY EARLY kind. As the comparatively less valuable ])oi-tions of the crop dry up sooner, tlie grain is ready for gathei-ing early in the fall. The ears are numerous, two, three, and occasionally Four on a Stalk. The joints of the stalks are short, and the crop of fodder large. The grain is white, of a soft texture, very long and easily shelled off the cob ; very easy to grind, and makes very fine, soft meal, anil tli^' BEST OF BREAD. The ears, though short, produce more grain, both by weight and measure, than large ones ; and a tub of them will shell out a fourth more than any othei- kind. On one occasion a ear of this corn, measuring only eight inches in length, and taken out of a small crib, was shelled, and produced more by weight and measure than a ear of a lai-ge variety, selected out of a]iile of four thoiisand bushels, though it measured thirteen inches in length. This corn will bear to be left thicker in the drill or hill than any other, and for " soiling," or sown to be mowed to make fodder only, is one of the best varieties. Persons Vii^hing this corn for seed, may buy it at *•_';()() per bushel, sacked and delivered on Railroad at Statcsville, by ad- dressing and sending money in registered letter, or by post- office order, to ' ' " A. P. SHARE, ^ Snow Creek, Iredell ("o., X. ('. October sth, lSv7. THE HEROES WHO DIED. BY FRANK MYKTLE. "God knows who was right," Ah, yes, it is true ! And the God of the Gray Is tlie God of the Blue. He bore their proud spirits To mansions above, And lie crowned them, at last. With his garlands of h)ve. The grass grows green On the graves where they lay ; The flow'rs bloom alike O'er tlie Blue and the Gray ; And tears of loved ones Are mingling with dew, While with it God blesses The Gray and the Blue. In heaven above us God opens his gate; No strife, no contention. No discord, no hate; The portals are open. And there, side by side, Stand the heroes of battles, The herpes who died. God welcomes them all. Though, in battle's array. One bore the bright Blue, And the other the Gray ; Though one fought for Union— The other for State; One angel of mercy Guards all at God's gate. And there, at the right hand Of Him who is just ; Away from the mortal, And up from the dust ; There, there by God's throne. Far away from eartli's grave. In raiment unspotted, Stand the true and the brave. Shall we— the frail worldlings Who yet live and wait — Shall we sit in judgment, Or cry out in hate? While a Father above us— A Father all wise- Calls back his loved children From earth to the skies? Forgive us, forgive us. Dear Father above ! Bring back to our conscience The heart-beat of love ; And while we are weeping For our loves to-day. Let us tenderly cherish The Blue and the Gray — N. Y. Evening Express. ^ "^ o* '^^ «^ \ '-^m'' J' x'-ym^' y\ •.^- /\ ■ \^'^ a5)^ ^^^ <, V .^o"*- "^^ !^^ /^V/k^. 'e. ..^ **4^sife.-. \^^^<^^ yjM^\ u a"^ . ^9^ ^•^- C°' /i>.^^^ "o o-^- ,. 4> o«»*«» <* 0^ •!••* •> .^1o* !iiiffil8l!l!i!lllil!!|lilli!i!!il'l|lliliii! liliiliykiMMlliiiiil8tiiji!h