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CONTENTS OF PART FIRST. 
 
 First Division. 
 
 Second 
 
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 Third 
 
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 Fourth 
 
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 Fifth 
 
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 Sixth 
 
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 Seventh do. 
 
 Eighth 
 
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 Pag© 
 Introductory Exercises, ----- i 
 
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 Roman History, ------ 39 
 
 The Geography and Nations of Antiquity, - 58 
 
 Notes, - - - - • - • - 77 
 
 Dictionary, - 113 
 

 FIRST DIVISION. 
 
 INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES. 
 
 SUBSTANTIVE AND ADJECTIVE. 
 
 Bed. I. Lingua Graeca. Silva umbrosa. Hora ultima. 
 Divitiae incertae. Tenebrae spissae. Latebrae tutae. 
 
 Po eta bonus. Agricola laboriosus. Auriga peritus. Col- 
 legae optimi. 
 
 Boreas violentus Pyrites durus. Cometes rutilus. Pla^ 
 netae vagi. 
 
 Crambe recocta. Epitome accurata, brevis. 
 
 Bed. II. Amicus carus. Servus infidus. Liber bonus. 
 Vir generosus. Ager fructuosus. Silentium altum. Vincu- 
 lum rlrmum. Verba vera. 
 
 Humus humida. Dialectus Attica. Diphthongus longa. 
 Periodus concinna. Methodus optima. 
 
 Bed. III. Sermo Latinus. Sermones prudentissimi. Pa- 
 vo pictus. Pavones splendidi. Pugio cruentus. Pudor inge- 
 nuus. Flos cadticus. Ros matutmus. Mores antiqui. Pes 
 claudus. Pedes graciles. Frater germanus. Anser tardus. 
 Mus parvus. Mures albi. Lepus timidus. Lepores pavidi. 
 Paries proximus. Parietes picti. 
 
 Origo incerta. Consuetudo optima. Gens barbara. Gentes 
 remotae. 
 
 Ordo primus. Ordines densi. Cardo ferreus. Marmor can- 
 didum. Marmora maculosa. Iter longum. Itinera longinqua. 
 Rus amoenum. Rura jucundissima. Crus dextrum. Papa- 
 ver rubrum. Ver jucundum. 
 
 Seges laeta. Merces larga. Quies exoptata. Lex divina. 
 Leges severae. Faex sordida. 
 
 Aestas calida. Aetas aurea. Laus jucunda. Fraus im- 
 proba. Turris alta. Vulpes astuta. Fames dira. Mors cita. 
 Nox longa. Noctes gelidae. Plebs infima. 
 
 Amnis limpidus. Axis ferreus. Cinis tepidus. Crinis fla- 
 
2 INTRODUCTORY EXERCISES. 
 
 vus. Crines rutili. Finis optatus. Ignis lucidus. Lapis du- 
 rus. Lapldes asperi. Mensis ultimus. Piscis mutus. Vec- 
 tis robustus. 
 
 Grex magnus. Apex summus. Rex potentissimus. 
 
 Mons altissimus. Fons clarus. Fontes frigidi. Pons lig- 
 neus. Dens acutus. Dentes validi. Rudens crassus. 
 
 Mare vastum. Maria alta. Poema longum. Aenigma 
 inexplicabile. Nomen infaustum. Nomina illustria. Caput 
 crassum. Capita cana. Corpus obesum. Corpora formosa. 
 Vas aureum. 
 
 Senectus morosa. Salus insperata. Palus profunda. Pa- 
 ludes vastae. Incus dura. Incudes ferreae. Virtus eximia. 
 
 Decl. IV. Gradus tardus. Casus insolitus. Sensus acerri- 
 mus. Fructus matnrus. 
 
 Cornu rigldum. Cornua alta. Tonitru raucum. Gelu sae- 
 vum. 
 
 Manus sinistra. Manus validae. Porticus spatiosa. Mag- 
 nificae porticus. Acus acuta. Domus ampla. 
 
 Decl. V. Res magna. Spes certa. Species venusta. Gla- 
 cies lubrlca. Dies serena. Dies longissimi. 
 
 A Substantive depending upon another Substantive. 
 
 Coruscum lumen stellarum. Motus continuus siderum. 
 Magna vis consuetudinis. Suavis recordatio praeteriti tempo- 
 ris. Scientia utilissimarum rerum. Hostilium armorum stre- 
 pitus. Summa altissimorum montium cacumina. Altae pro- 
 cerarum arborum radices. Acutissimus dentium molarium 
 dolor. Fabrlca vasorum fictilium. Romulus primus Romano- 
 rum rex. Antiquissimae decern virorum leges. Acerrimum lit- 
 terarum studium. 
 
 A Substantive depending upon an Adjective. 
 
 Dux belli peritissimus. Gens artium rudis. Puer praecep- 
 torum immemor. Regio fecunda pecorum. Ingenium sum- 
 marum rerum capax. Cista librorum plena. Homines labo- 
 ris patientes. 
 
 Canis similis lupo. Lex omnibus utilis. Mediclna corpori 
 salutaris. Disciplina pueris necessaria. Terra apta vitibus. 
 Labor accommodatus viribus. Sermo omnibus auditoribus 
 gratus. Patria mihi gratissima. Verba honestati contraria. 
 Domus nostrae domui proxima. Mors omnibus communis. 
 Vita periculis obnoxia. 
 
L EXERCISES IN SIMPLE SENTENCES. 
 
 SIMPLE PROPOSITIONS. 
 
 Subject and Predicate* 
 
 Terra est rotunda. Vera amicitia est sempiterna. Euro* 
 pa est peninsula. Fames et sitis sunt molestae. Plurimae 
 stellae soles sunt. Ebrietas est vitanda. 1 Nemo semper fe- 
 lix est. Non omnes milites sunt fortes. Maximum animal 
 terrestre est elephas. 
 
 Tarquinius Superbus fuit ultimus rex Romanorum. Roma 
 aliquamdiu fait caput orbis terrarum. Athenae 2 olim illustres 
 fuerunt. Avarus nunquam erit contentus. Ubi fuisti, cessa- 
 tor ? quare nee 3 tu nee frater adfuistis pompae ? Estote at- 
 tend, tranquilli, diligentes. 
 
 Bonus laudatur, improbus vituperatur. Oves non ublque 
 tondentur. In India gignuntur maxima animalia. Hyaenae 
 plurimae gignuntur in Africa. In Africa nee cervi, nee apri, 
 nee ursi inveniuntur. In Syria nigri leones reperiuntur. 
 Apud Romanos mortui 4 plerumque cremabantur. Fortes 
 laudabantur, ignavi vituperabuntur. Litterae 5 a Phoenicibus 
 inventae sunt. Carthago, Corinthus, Numantia, et multae 
 aliae urbes a Romanis eversae sunt. 
 
 Innocentia mea me consolabitur. Multa polliceris, nihil ex- 
 sequeris. Aliter psittacus loquitur, aliter homo. Omnes mo- 
 riemur ; alii citius, alii 6 serius. Oculi saepe mentiuntur. 
 
 Usage of Prepositions. 
 
 Propero ad rlnem. Nulla habemus arma contra mortem. 
 Nulla est rlrma amicitia inter malos. Galli 7 habitant trans 
 Rhenum. Vir generosus mitis est erga victos. Cometae ob ra- 
 
 * Three things are required to constitute a proposition, I e. the subject, the 
 predicate, and the copula. 
 
 The subject is that concerning which any thing is affirmed or denied ; so in the 
 proposition, Terra est rotunda, Terra is the subject 
 
 The predicate (praedico, are,) is that which is affirmed or denied of the sub- 
 ject : so rotunda is the predicate of the above-mentioned proposition, since it is 
 declared or affirmed of the earth that it is round. 
 
 The copula is the form of a proposition; it represents the act of the mind af- 
 firming, or denying, and accordingly joins or disjoins the terms or ideas which 
 constitute the proposition, or, in other words, the subject and predicate: so, in 
 the phrase quoted, est is the copula, since it joins the subject, terra, with the 
 predicate, rotunda. In the phrase. Vera amicitia est sempiterna, vera amicitia 
 is the subject, sempiterna the predicate, and est the copula. Maximum animal 
 terrestre est elephas ; elephas is the subject, maximum animal terrestre. the pre- 
 dicate, and est the copula. 
 
4 EXERCISES OF SIMPLE SENTENCES. 
 
 ritatem et speciem sunt mirabiles. Servi parent propter me- 
 turn, boni propter ofricium. Navigatio juxta litus saepe est 
 periculosa. 
 
 Imperium populorumest^ewes regeset magistratus. Pisces 
 extra aquam exspirant. Res praeter opinionem cecidit. 1 
 
 Aquilae nidiflcant in rupibus et arboribus. Coccyx semper 
 parit in alienis nidis. In senectute hebescunt sensus ; visus, 
 auditus debilitatur. Qui dam homines nati sunt cum dentibus. 
 Xerxes cum paucissimis militibus ex Graecia aufugit. L, 
 Metellus 2 primus elephantos ex primo Punico bello duxit in 
 triumpho. Cantabit vacuus coram latrone viator. Sidera ah 
 ortu ad occasum commeant. Britannia a Phoenicibus 3 in- 
 venta est. Apes sine rege esse non possunt. Infans nihil sine 
 aliena ope potest. Dulce est pro patria mori. Venenum ali- 
 quando pro remedio fuit. 
 
 The Accusative governed by Verbs. 
 
 Crocodilus ova parit. Elephantus odit 4 murem et suem. 
 Cameli diu sitim tolerant. Accipitres non edunt cor da avium. 
 Lanae nigrae nullum colorem bibunt. Senes minime sentiunt 
 morbos contagiosos. Cervi cornua quotannis amittunt. Ceres 
 frumentum invenit ; Bacchus vinum ; Mercurius litter as. Ca- 
 nes soli domino s suos bene novere ; 5 soli nomina sua agnos- 
 cunt. Culices acida 6 petunt, ad dulcia 1 non advolant. Hys- 
 trix aculeos longe jaculatur. Crocodilus dies in terra agit, 
 nodes in aqua. 
 
 The Accusative of Measure. 
 
 Rhinoceros cornu habet in naso saepe tres pedes longum. 
 Elephas altus est duodecim vel quatuordecim pedes. Quae- 
 dam bestiolae nonnisi unum diem vivunt. Quaedam anima- 
 lia totam hiemem dormiunt. Alexander Magnus tredecim 
 annos regnavit. 
 
 The Genitive depending upon Substantives. 
 
 Infinita est multitudo morborum. "Litter arum usus est anti- 
 quissimus. Asia et Africa greges ferorum asinorum alit. 
 Magna est linguarum inter homines varietas. Innumerabilia 
 sunt mortis signa, salutis paucissima. Cyrus omnium in ex- 
 ercitu suo militum nomina tenebat. Canis vestigia ferarum 
 diligentissime scrutatur et persequitur. Nemo non 8 benignus 
 est sui judex. Leonum animi index cauda. 9 
 
EXERCISES IN SIMPLE SENTENCES. 5 
 
 The Genitive depending upon Adjectives. 
 
 Mens criminis conscia tranquilla esse non potest. Inter ve- 
 teres belli duces Caesar rei militaris peritissimus fuit. Germa- 
 nia frugum et vim fertilissima est. Non semper veritaiis satis 
 amantes sumus. Veteres Romani gloriae fuerunt cupidissimi. 
 
 The Genitive depending upon Verbs, and answering to the 
 question, where ? 
 
 In omni officio maximi 1 aestimatur dantis voluntas. 
 
 Pergdmi 2 quot annis publicum spectaculum gallorum pug- 
 nantium edebatur. 
 
 Pausanias, rex Spartae, proditionis accusabatur. Cur tarn 
 probum virum insimulas furti? Alcibiades absens capitis est 
 damnatus. Nemo se timoris prorsus absolvere poterit. 
 
 The Dative answering to the question, to whom ? and to what? 
 
 Antiquissimus hominibus specus erant 3 pro domibus. Nulli 
 animali memoria major est quam cani. Gallinacei leonibus 
 terrori sunt. 4 Homini plurima ex homine fiunt mala. Avaro 
 omnia desunt, inopi pauca, sapienti nihil. Ira insaniae est 
 simillima. 
 
 The Dative answering to the question, for ivhat ? 
 
 Non nobis 5 tantum vivimus, sed patriae etiam et amicis. 
 Prospicite patriae, consulite amicis, parcite hostibus. Homo 
 furiosus ne liberis quidem 6 parcit suis. Nee sacris nee pro- 
 fanis 1 milites pepercerunt. 8 Deus rebus humanis consulit. 
 Vir sapiens et probus invidet 9 nemini. 
 
 The Ablative answering to the question, by what means ? 
 w herewith ? 
 
 Apri in morbis sibi medentur 10 hedera. Pyrrhus rex tactu 
 pollicis in dextro pede lienosis medebatur. Oleo insecta exani- 
 mantur. Ferae domdnatu.! fame atque verberibus. Anacreon 
 poeta acino uvae passae exstinctus est. Crocodilus pelle 
 durissima contra omnes ictus munitur. In Africa elephanti 
 capiuntur foveis. Elephanti spirant, bibunt, odorantur probos- 
 tide. Populi quidam vescuntur 11 locustis. Dentes usu atte- 
 runtur, sed igne non cremantur. Mures alpmi binis pedibus 
 gradiuntur, prioribus, 12 ut manibus, utuntur. 13 
 
 PART I. B 
 
6 EXERCISES IN SIMPLE SENTENCES. 
 
 The Ablative answering to the question, wherein? 
 
 Leaenae juba carent. 1 Leones facile per triduum cibo ca- 
 rent. Elephanti maxime amnions gaudent. Apes tinnitu 
 aeris gaudent, eoque convocantur. 
 
 The Ablative of time answering to the question, when ? 
 
 Gtuibusdam in 1 ocis anseres bis anno velluntur. Color lusci- 
 niarum autumno mutatur. Hieme ursi in antris dormiunt. Ne- 
 mo mortalium omnibus horis sapit. Primores dentes septimo 
 mense gigrmntur; septimo anno iidem decldunt. Antipater 
 Sidonius, poeta, quotannis, die natali suo, febre corripiebatur. 
 
 The Ablative of Quality. 
 
 Reperiuntur interdum cervi candido colore. Hippopotamus 
 in Nilo habitat, magna bellua, ungulis binis, dorso, juba, hin- 
 nltu, ut equus, rostro reslmo, cauda et dentibus, ut aper. 
 Halcyon est colore cyaneo, collo gracili et procero. Genus 
 quoddam earum magnitudine distinguitur et cantu. 
 
 The Ablative of price answering to the question, for what ? 
 
 Isocrates orator unam orationem viginti talentis vendidit. 
 Luscinia Candida sex sestertiis Romae venit. 2 Multo plerum- 
 que sanguine constat victoria. Victi saepe pacem ingenti 
 pecunia emunt. Tranquillitas animi neque auro neque gem- 
 mis est venalis. 
 
 The Ablative of names of towns answering to the question, 
 where ? 
 
 Carthagine 3 interdum pueri diis immolabantur ; Spartae 
 pueri ad aram Dianae loris caedebantur. Aulide Iphigenia, 
 Agamemnonis filia, Dianae caesa est. Alexander Babylone 
 mortuus est. Athenis eloquentia et philosophia nata est. 
 Thebis Pindarus floruit, Syracusis Theocritus. Sardibus 
 regnavit Croesus. Gadibus in Hispama antiquissimis tem- 
 poribus Phoenlces habitabant. 
 
 The Infinitive as the subject. 
 
 Errare est humanum. Turpe est, beneficium repetere} 
 Beneficiis gratiam non referre etiam turpius est. Parentes 
 non amare est impium. Laus est, bonis placere. Melius est, 
 sero discere quam nunquam. 
 
EXERCISES IN SIMPLE SENTENCES. 
 
 The Infinitive as the complement of the Predicates. 
 
 Malo tacere quam temere loqui. Non poenae metus, sed 
 virtutis amor nos ab injuria prohibere debet. Et prodesse 1 vo- 
 lunt et delectare poetae. Vir prudens nihil solet temere 
 neque dicer e neque facer e. 
 
 The Infinitive as an Accusative governed by a Verb. 
 
 Equo vein 1 Bellerophon invenit ; ex equo pugnare 3 Thes- 
 sali. Aurum vestibus intezere, invenit rex Attalus. Romae 
 elephantes docebantur per funes incedere. 
 
 The Nominative of the Gerund, or the Gerund of necessity. 
 
 Semper pugnandum est contra cupiditates et lubidinem. 
 Juveni 4 parandum est, seni utendum. Apud Pythagoram 
 discipulis per quinque annos tacendum erat. Sembus quoque 
 discendum est. 
 
 The Genitive of the Gerund. 
 
 Honestissima est contentio benencia beneficiis vincendi. 5 
 Parsimonia est scientia vitandi sumtus supervacuos, et re fa- 
 miliari recte utendi. 6 Justitia est constans et perpetua volun- 
 tas suum cuique tribuendi. 
 
 Homo natura 7 est cupidus nova 8 semper videndi et audien- 
 di. Ut equus 9 equitandi imperito ita libri sunt inutiles igna- 
 ro legendi. 
 
 The Dative of the Gerund. 
 
 Olim calamus adhibebatur scribendo, hodie pennae 10 anse- 
 rum. Aqua marina inutilis est bibendo. Culex habet telum 
 et 11 fodiendo et sorbendo idoneum. 
 
 The Accusative of the Gerund. 
 
 Non omnes aequaliter ad discendum propensi sumus. Ut 
 equus ad cursum, bos ad arandum, canis ad indagandum, sic 
 homo natus est ad intelligendum et ad agendum. Puerorum 
 ingenium primum se inter ludendum aperit. 
 
 The Ablative of the Gerund. 
 
 Funem abrumpes nimium tendendo. Docendo discimus. 
 Mens alitur discendo et cogitando. Lacedaemonii exerce- 
 
8 THE COMBINING SEVERAL PROPOSITIONS. 
 
 bant juvenes venando, currendo, esuriendo, sitiendo, algendo % 
 aestuando. 
 
 In jocando adhibenda est moderatio. Virtus cernitur in 
 agendo. Poenis mali a peccando absterrentur. In legendo 
 apum prudentiam imitari debemus. 
 
 Exercises upon the Verbs, Miscellaneous Sentences. 
 
 Festina lente. Ne temere jurato. Sapere aude. Pueri 
 parento majoribus. Nosce te ipsum. Ne repellite salubria 
 consilia. Fatere si quid 1 peccavisti. Loquere rarius, Imi- 
 tare bonos. Obsequere prudentibus. Ne quasvis injurias 
 ulciscimini. 
 
 Si probitatem amabis, et ipse 2 a probis amaberis. Mox 
 nabis sine cortice. In quibus sedibus habitabimus post mor- 
 tem ? Sequere me, nee errabis. Qui se ipsum non coercet, 
 carcere et vinculis coercebitur. Virtus neque incendio, ne- 
 que naufragio amittetur. Tempus ruit, et cito ultima hora 
 superveniet. Improbum et scelestum mala conscientia nun- 
 quam non comitabitur et cruciabit. Bonus bonos imitabitur, 
 eorumque vestigia sequetur. 
 
 Surdum et stupidum docendo operam perdidisti. Recte ju- 
 dicas, et, ut veteres loquuntur, rem acu tetigisti. Stultos arti- 
 bus tuis fefellisti, prudentes non falles. Romani antiquissi- 
 mis temporibus foedera cum Carthaginiensibus pepigerunt. 
 Res male cedidit, non vestra culpa, sed fortunae casu. 
 
 Catihna ausus est consulatum vi et armis petere. Alexan- 
 der nunquam non fortunae et fortitudini suae confisus est. 
 Frustra inimici caede gavisus es. Captivi apud Romanos 
 sub hasta 3 venierunt. Pueri non morigeri vapulant. Gigan- 
 tes coelum armis petere ausi sunt. 
 
 THE COMBINING SEVERAL PROPOSITIONS. 
 
 By Comparison. 
 
 Canes Indici grandiores sunt, quam caeteri. Nullum ma- 
 lum est vehementius et importunius quam invidia. Praestat 
 mori quam servire. In montibus aer purior est et tenuior 
 quam in vallibus. Aestate dies sunt longiores quam hieme. 
 Margaritarum Indicarum color est purior, quam reliquarum 
 omnium. 
 
 Abridged Comparison. 
 Nihil est dementia* divinius. Aurum gravius est argento 
 
THE COMBINING SEVERAL PROPOSITIONS. 9 
 
 Adamas durior est ferro ; ferrum durius caeteris metallis. 
 Ut animus corpore est nobilior, ita virtus praestantior est robore 
 et externa specie. Gluanto honesta mors turpi vita est potior! 
 
 Apposition. 
 
 Carthago atque Corinthus, opulentissimae urbes, 1 eodem an- 
 no a Romanis eversae sunt. Q,uam brevi tempore populi Ro- 
 mani, omnium gentium victoris, libertas fracta est! Lacedae- 
 monios, fortissimos mortalium, non ferrum sed aurum vicit. 
 Athenas, artium olim et litterarum domicilium, philosophiae 
 et eloquentiae altrices, 2 barbari everterunt. Pythagoras dis- 
 cipulis suis nullam aliam rem magis commendabat, quam 
 frugalitatem, caeterarum virtutum genitricem. Thebae, 3 
 Boeotiae caput, sub monte Cithaerone sitae sunt. 
 
 Sentences subjoined by means of the relative Pronoun. 
 
 Non omnis ager, qui seritur, fert fruges. Psittacus, quern 
 India mittit, reddit verba, quae accepit. Achilles, cujus res 
 gestas Homeri carmina celebrant, ad Hellespontum sepultus 
 est. Myrmecides quidam quadrigam fecit ex ebore, quam 
 musca alis integebat. Qui bonis non recte utitur, 4 ei bona ma- 
 la flunt. Qui non facit, quod 5 spopondit, mendax vocatur et 
 perfidus. 
 
 By Adverbs of time. 
 
 Ager, quum plures annos quievit, uberiores fructus efferre 
 solet. Gaudemus, quum res videmus insolitas, quas antea non 
 videramus. Nunquam non doleo, quando horam inani ser- 
 mone perdidi. Ceres frumenta invenit, quum antea homines 
 glandibus vescerentur. Nave primus in Graeciam Danaus 
 advenit, quum antea ratibus navigaretur. Alexander, rex 
 Macedoniae, quum Thebas cepisset, Pindari vatis familiae pe- 
 percit. Magna debemus suscipere, dum vires suppetunt. Cer- 
 vi, quamdiu cornibus carent, 7 noctu ad pabula procedunt 
 
 By Conjunctions denoting a cause or reason. 
 
 Frustra tibi vires elephanti optas, quum ratione sis praeditus, 
 qua veP elephantus domatur. Quum sit in hominibus ratio et 
 prudentia, deus haec 9 procul dubio etiam majora habet. Pla- 
 to Socratis sermones litteris mandavit, quum ipse Socrates lit- 
 teram reliquisset nullam. 
 
 b2 
 
10 THE COMBINING SEVERAL PROPOSITIONS. 
 
 By Conjunctions denoting a purpose and a consequence. 
 
 Tanta est in India ubertas soli, ut sub una ficu turmae equi- 
 tum condantur. 1 Ursi per hiemem tarn gravi somno premun- 
 tur, ut ne vulneribus quidem 2 excitentur. Delphini tanta in- 
 terdum vi e mari exsiliunt, ut vela naviurn transvolent. In 
 India serpentes ad tantam magnitudinem adolescunt, ut inte- 
 gros hauriant cervos taurosque. Fac, ut homines animum 
 tuum pluris faciant, quam omnia, quae 3 illis tribuere possis. 
 Unde factum est, ut tantas divitias tarn cito amiseris ? Nemo 
 unquam tarn potens fuit, ut nullius auxilio egeret. 
 
 Note. — The relative pronoun is also used in the 
 following manner, as a substitute for ut. Nulla terra 
 tarn fertilis est, quae omnia largiatur. Nulla gens 
 tarn fera est, tamque barbara, quae non habeat sen- 
 sum religionis. Bestiis deus motum et sensum de- 
 dit, quo vitam tuerentur ; hominibus rationem addi- 
 dit, qua regerentur appetltus. 
 
 Alexander edixit, ne quis 4 ipsum praeter Apellem pingeret 
 Pythagoreis interdictum fuit, ne fabis vescerentur. Oculi pal- 
 pebris sunt muniti, ne quid incidat. Nihil fere tarn reconditum 
 est, qui?i 5 quaerendo inveniri possit. Nunquam tarn mane 
 egredior, neque tarn vesperi domum revertor, quin* te in fundo 
 consplcer fodere, aut arare, aut aliquid facere. Xerxes non 
 dubitabat, quin 1 copiis suis Graecos facile superaturus esset. 
 
 By interrogatives. 
 
 duaeritur unus^e 8 sit mundus, an plures. Disputabant ve- 
 teres philosophi, casune factus sit mundus, an mente divina. 
 Augustus cum amicis suis consultabat, utrum imperium ser- 
 varet, an deponeret. Quis numerare potest, quoties per totam 
 vitam lacrymas fuderit ; aut quot morbis homo sit obnoxius ? 
 
 Fortunae munera, honores, divitiae, forma, quamdiu nobis 
 adfutura sint, nullo modo sciri potest. Moriendum certe est; 
 sed quo te loco mors exspectet, incertum. Gentes, quae igno- 
 rant, qua de caussa, 9 Sol Lunaque deficiat, defectum horum lu- 
 minum pro malo omine habent. 
 
THE COMBINING SEVERAL PROPOSITIONS. 11 
 
 By the Accusative with the Infinitive. 
 
 Aristoteles tradit, in Latmo, Cariae monte, hospites a scor- 
 pionibus non laedi, indigenas interimi. M. Varro narrat, a 
 cuniculis suffossum 1 in Hispania oppidum, a talpis in Thessa- 
 lia ; ab ranis incolas urbis in Gallia pulsos, ab locustis in 
 Africa ; ex Gyaro insula incolas a mxiribus fug at os, in Italia 
 Amyclas a serpentibus deletas esse. 
 
 Homerus Pygmaeos populum ad Oceanum, a gruibus in- 
 festari prodidit ; Aristoteles eosdem in cavernis vivere narrat. 
 Virgiiius per testamentum jusserat carmina sua cremari; 2 id 
 Augustus fieri vetuit. Aristippus philosophus, quum per de- 
 serta Libyae iter faceret, servos, qui pecuniam aegre porta- 
 bant, earn abjicere jussit. Pythagoras discipulos jubebat, un- 
 umquemque diem precibus ad deos incipere. Darius rex Nito- 
 cridis reginae sepulcrum aperiri jusserat, quod speraverat, se 
 multum ibi auri inventurum esse. 
 
 Sertorius cervain alebat candidam, quam z Hispaniae gentes 
 fatidicam esse credebant. Illustre est inter philosophos nomen 
 Anaxagorae, quern veteres nunquam in vita risisse ferunt. No- 
 li 4 facere quidquam, quod dubites justumne sit, an inlquum. 
 
 Note. — Some passive verbs are accompanied by a 
 nominative with the infinitive. Perperam Homerus 5 a 
 quibusdam Lycurgitemporibus vixisse traditur. Tha- 
 les Milesius primus defectionem Solis praedixisse fer- 
 tur. Romulus ad deos transiisse dicitur. Noli mirari, 
 sapientes stultis stultos videri Multa, quae stulti ad- 
 mirantur, sapientibus absurda esse videntur. Contem- 
 nere videmini, quae nobis laude videntur dignissima. 
 
 Use of Participles. 
 
 Exempla fortunae variantis sunt innumera. Galli galli- 
 nacei diem venientem cantu nuntiant. Cecrops urbem a se 
 conditam appellabat Cecropiam. Augustus primus Romae 
 tigrin ostendit momsuefactam. 
 
 The union of several Propositions by Participles. 
 
 Gymnosophistae in India totos dies 6 ferventibus arenis in- 
 sistunt, Solem intuentes. Epimenides puer, aestu et itinere 
 fessus? septem et quinquaginta annos in specu dormivisse di- 
 citur. Julius Caesar simuldictare, et legentem* audire solebat 
 Leo prostratis parcit. 
 
 Aves aduncos ungues habentef came vescuntur, nee unquam 
 
12 THE COMBINING SEVERAL PROPOSITIONS. 
 
 congregantur. Canis venatieus venatorem comitantem loro 
 ad ferarum lustra trahit. Beneficium non in eo consistit, quod 
 datur, sed in ipso dantis animo. Struthiocameli Africi alti- 
 tudinem equitis equo insidentis excedunt. Interdum delphini 
 conspecti sunt, defunctum delphinum port antes, et quasi funus 
 agentes. 
 
 Multa, quae de infantibus ferarum lacte nutritis produntur, 
 fabulosa videntur. Homo quidam, lapide ictus, oblitus est 
 litteras ; alius ex praealto tecto lapsus, matris et afrmium no- 
 mina dicere non potuit. L. Siccius Dentatus, centies vicies 
 proeliatus, 1 quinquaginta quinque cicatrices adverso corpore 5 
 habebat, nullam in tergo. 
 
 Leones satiati 3 innoxii sunt. Elephantes amnem transituri 4 
 minimos praemittunt. Pavo laudatus gemmatam pandit cau- 
 dam. Gallus, ab adversario victus, occultatur silens et ser- 
 vitium patitur. Leo vulneratus percussorem intelligit, et in 
 quantalibet multitudine appetit. Olores iter facientes colla im- 
 ponunt praecedentibus, fessos duces ad terga recipiunt. 5 Tes- 
 tudines in mari degentes conchyliis vivunt; in terram egressae, 
 herbis. Sarmatae longinqua itinera, facturi, media pridie prae- 
 parant equos, potum exiguum impertientes, atque ita longissi- 
 mam viam continuo cursu conficiunt. Elephanti, equitatu 
 circumventi, infirmos aut fessos aut vulneratos in medium ag- 
 men recipiunt. Multos morientes cura sepulturae angit. 
 
 Danaus ex Aegypto in Graeciam advectus, rex Argivorum 
 factus est. Alexander Bucephalo equo defuncto duxit exse- 
 quias, urbemque Bucephalon appellatam ejus tumulo circum- 
 dedit. 6 P. Catienus Plotinus patronum 7 adeo dilexit, ut, heres 
 omnibus ejus bonis institutus, 8 in rogum ejus se conjiceret et 
 concremaretur. Erinacei volutati super poma, humi jacen- 
 tia, ilia spinis affixa in cavas arbores portant. 
 
 Beneficia non in vulgus effundenda sunt. Indicum mare 
 testu dines tantae magnitudinis 9 alit, ut singulae tugurio te gen- 
 do 10 sufficiant. Leones, senes facti, appetunt homines, quo- 
 niam ad persequendas feras vires non suppetunt. Struthioca- 
 melis ungulae sunt cervlnis similes, comprehendendis lapidibus 
 utiles, quos in fuga contra sequentes jaculantur. 
 
 Ablative absolute. 
 
 Senescente Luna, ostrea, tabescere dicuntur, crescente eadem 
 gliscunt. Caepe contra, Luna deficiente, revirescere, adoles- 
 cente, inarescere dicitur. Geryone interemto, Hercules in Ita- 
 liam venit. Sabinis debellatis, Tarquinius iriumphans Romam 
 rediit. Jasone Lycio interfecto, canis, quern habebat, cibum 
 
THE COMBINING SEVERAL PROPOSITIONS. 13 
 
 capere noluit, inediaque confectus est. Regis Lysimachi ea- 
 rns, corjpore domini accensae pyrae impesito, in flammas se 
 conjecit. Nicomede rege intcrfecto, equus ejus vitam finivit 
 media. Chilo, unus e septem sapientibus^Zio victor e x Olym- 
 piae, prae gaudio expiravit. Apes, aculeo amisso, statim 
 emori existimantur. Eaedam, rege interfecto aut morbo con 
 sumto, fame luctuque moriuntur. Pavo, cauaa amissa pu- 
 dibundus ac moerens quaerit latebram. Erinacei, ubi sen- 
 sere venantem, contracto ore pedibusque convolvuntur 2 in for 
 mam pilae. ne quid comprehendi possit praeter aculeos. 
 Anaxagoram nuntiata morte fllii dixisse ferunt : sciebam me 
 genuisse mortalem. 
 
IL FABLES FROM JESOP. 
 
 1. Accipiter et Columbae. 
 
 Columbae milvii metu 1 accipitrem rogaverunt, ut eas defen- 
 deret. Ille annuit. At in columbare receptus, 2 uno die ma- 
 jorem stragem edidit, quam milvius longo tempore potuisset 
 edere. — Fabula docet, malorum patrocinium vitandum esse. 
 
 2. Mus et Milvius. 
 
 Milvius laqueis irretitus musculum exoravit, 3 ut eum corro- 
 sis plagis 4 liberaret. Quo facto, 5 milvius liberatus murem ar- 
 ripuit et devoravit. — Haec fabula ostendit, quam gratiam mali 
 pro beneficiis reddere soleant. 6 
 
 3. Hoedus et Lupus. 
 
 Hoedus stans in tecto domus lupo praetereunti 7 maledixit. 
 Cui 8 lupus, nan tu, inquit, sed tectum mihi maledicit. 9 — Saepe 
 Jocus et tempus homines timidos audaces reddit. 
 
 4. Grus et Pavo. 
 
 Pavo coram grue pennas suas explicans, quanta est, inquit, 
 formositas mea et tua deformitas ! At grus evolans, et quanta 
 est, inquit, levitas mea et tua tarditas 1 — Monet haec fabula, 
 ne ob aliquod bonum, quod nobis natura tribuit, alios contem- 
 namus, quibus natura alia et fortasse majora dedit. 
 
 5. Pavo. 
 
 Pavo graviter conquerebatur apud Junonem, 10 dommam su- 
 am, quod 11 vocis suavitas sibi negata esset, 12 dum luscinia, avis 
 tarn parum decora, cantu excellat. 12 Cui Juno, et merito, in- 
 quit ; non enim™ omnia bona in unum conferri oportuit. 
 
 6. Anseres et Grues. 
 
 In eodem quondam prato pascebantur anseres et grues. Ad- 
 veniente domino prati, 14 grues facile avolabant ; sed anseres, im- 
 
II. FABLES FROM JESOF. 15 
 
 pediti corporis gravitate, deprehensi et mactati sunt. — Sic sae- 
 pe pauperes cum potentioribus in eodem crimine deprehensi, 
 soli dant poenam, dum illi salvi evadunt. 
 
 7. Capra et Lupus. 
 
 Lupus capram in alta rupe stantem conspicatus, cur non, 
 inquit, relinquis nuda ilia et sterilia loca, et hue descendis in 
 herbidos campos, qui tibi laetum pabulum offerunt ? Cui 1 res- 
 ponds capra: mihi non est in animo? dulcia tutis 3 praeponere. 
 
 8. Venter et Membra. 
 
 Membra quondam dicebant ventri: nosne* te semper mimste- 
 rio nostro alemus, dum ipse summo otiofrueris? 5 Non faciemus. 
 Dum igitur ventri cibum subducunt, corpus debilitatur, et 
 membra sero invidiae suae poenituit. 6 
 
 9. Canis et Boxes. 
 
 Canis jacebat in praesepi bovesque latrando 7 a pabulo arce- 
 bat. Cui unus bourn, quanta ista, inquit, invidia est, quod? 
 non pateris, ut eo cibo vescamur? quern tu ipse capere nee velis 
 nee possis! 10 — Haec fabula invidiae indolem declarat. 
 
 10. Vulpes et Leo. 
 
 Vulpes, quae nunquam leonem viderat, quum ei forte occur- 
 risset leo, ita est perterrita, ut paene moreretur formidine. 
 Eundem 11 conspicata 12 iterum, timuit quidem, sed nequaquam 
 ut antea. Tertio illi obviam facta, 12 ausa est 13 etiam propius 
 accedere, eumque alloqui. 
 
 11. Cancri. 
 
 Cancer dicebat filio : mifili, ne sic obliquis semper gressibus 
 incede, sed recta via u perge. Cui 15 ille, mi pater, respondit, 
 libenter tuis praeceptis obsequar, si te prius idem facientem 16 
 videro. 11 — Docet haec fabula, adolescentiam nulla re magis ; 
 quam exemplis, instrui. 
 
 12. Boves. 
 
 In eodem prato pascebantur tres boves in maxima Concor- 
 dia, et sic 18 ab omni ferarum incur sione tuti erant. Sed dissi- 
 dio inter illos orto, 19 singuli a feris petiti et laniati sunt. — Fa- 
 bula docet, quantum boni 20 sit 21 concordia. 
 
16 II. FABLES FROM JESOP. 
 
 13. Asinus. 
 
 Asinus, pelle leonis indutus, territabat homines et bestias, 
 tanquam leo esset. 1 Sed forte, dum se celerius movet, aures 
 eminebant : unde agnitus, 2 in pistrinum abductus est, ubi poe- 
 nas petulantiae dedit. — Haec fabula stolidos notat, qui imrne- 
 ritis honoribus superbiunt. 
 
 14. Mulier et Gallina. 
 
 Mulier quaedam habebat gallmam, quae ei quotidie ovum 
 pariebat aureum. Hinc suspicari coepit, illam 3 auri massam 
 intus celare, et gallinam occidit. Sed nihil in ea reperit, nisi 
 quod in aliis gallinis reperiri solet. Itaque dum majoribus 
 divitiis inhiabat, etiam minores perdidit. 
 
 15. Viator es et Asinus. 
 
 Duo qui una 4 iter faciebant, asinum oberrantem in solitu- 
 dine conspicati, accurrunt laeti, 5 et uterque eum sibi vindicare 
 coepit, quod eum prior 5 conspexisset. 6 Dum vero conten- 
 dunt 7 et rixantur, nee a verberibus abstinent, asinus aufugit, 
 et neuter eo potitur. 
 
 16. Corvus et Lupi. 
 
 Corvus partem praedae petebat a lupis, quod eos totum di- 
 em comitatus esset. 8 Cui illi, non tu nos, inquiunt, sed prae- 
 dam sectatus es, idque 9 eo animo ut ne nostris quidem corpo- 
 ribus 10 parceres, si exanimarentur. 
 
 Merito in actionibus non spectatur, quid flat, 11 sed quo ani- 
 mo flat. 
 
 17. Pastor es et Lupus. 
 
 Pastores caesa ove convivium celebrabant. Quod quum 12 
 lupus cerneret, ego, inquit, si agnum rapuissem, quantus tw 
 multus fieret ! At isti impune ovem comedunt ! Turn unus 
 illorum, nos enim n inquit, nostra, non aliena ove epulamur. 
 
 18. Carbonarius et Fullo. 
 
 Carbonarius, qui spatiosam habebat domum, invitavit fullo- 
 nem, ut ad se commigraret. Ille respondit : quaenam inter 
 nos esse possit societas? quum tu vestes, quas ego nitidas li red- 
 
II. FABLES FROM JESOP. 17 
 
 didissem, 1 fuligine et maculis inquinaturus esses. — Haec fa- 
 bula docet, dissimilia non debere conjungi. 
 
 19. Tubzcen. 
 
 Tubicen ab hostibus captus, ne me, inquit, inter -ficite ; 2 nam 
 inermis sum, neque quidquam habeo praeter hanc tubam. At 
 hostes, propter hoc ipsum? inquiunt, te int e rim emus ; quod % 
 quum ipse pugnandi sis imperitus* alios ad pugnam incitare 
 soles. — Fabula docet, non solum maleficos esse puniendos* 
 sed etiam eos, qui alios ad male faciendum irritent. 5 
 
 20. Accipitres et Columbae. 
 
 Accipitres quondam acerrime inter se belligerabant. Hos 
 columbae in gratiam reducere conatae effecerunt, ut illi pacem 
 inter se facerent. Qua firmata, accipitres vim suam in ipsas 
 columbas converterunt. — Haec fabula docet, potentiorum dis- 
 cordias imbecillioribus saepe prodesse. 
 
 21. Mulier et Gallina. 
 
 Mulier vidua gallinam habebat, quae ei quotidie unum 
 ovum pariebat. Ilia existimabat, si gallinam diligentius sa- 
 ginaret, fore, ut ilia bina aut terna 6 ova quotidie pareret. 7 
 Q,uum autem cibo superfluo gallina pinguis esset facta, plana 
 ova parere desiit. — Haec fabula docet, avaritiam saepe dam- 
 nosam esse. 
 
 22. Vulpes et Uva. 
 
 Vulpes uvam in vite conspicata, ad illam subsiliit omnium 
 virium suarum contentione, si earn forte attingere posset. 
 Tandem defatigata inani labore, discedens dixit: at nunc 
 etiam 9 acerbae sunt, nee eas in via repertas tollerem. Haec 
 fabula docet, multos ea contemn ere, quae 10 se assequi posse 
 desperent. 11 
 
 23. Vulpes et Leaena. 
 
 Vulpes leaenam exprobrabat, quod non nisi unum catulum 
 pareret. Huic dicitur respondisse, 12 unum, sed leonem. — 
 Haec fabula, non copiam, sed bonitatem rerum aestimandam 
 esse, docet. 
 
 PART I. C 
 
18 II. FABLES FROM jESOP. 
 
 24. Mures. 
 
 Mures aliquando habuerunt consilium, quomodo a fele ca- 
 verent. 1 Multis aliis propositis, 2 omnibus placuit, ut ei tintin- 
 nabulum annecteretur : sic enim ipsos, 3 sonitu admonitos, 
 earn fugere posse. Sed quum jam inter mures quaereretur, 
 qui feli tintinnabulum annecteret, nemo repertus est. — Fabula 
 docet, in suadendo plurimos esse audaces, sed in ipso periculo 
 timidos. 
 
 25. Canis Mordax. 
 
 Cani mordaci paterfamilias jussit tintinnabulum ex aere ap* 
 pendi, 4 ut omnes eum cavere possent. Ille vero aeris tinnitu 
 gaudebat, et quasi virtutjs suae praemium esset, 5 alios canes 
 prae se contemnere coepit. Cui unus senior, o te stolidum* 
 inquit, qui ignorare videris, 1 isto tinnitu pravitatem morum 
 tuorum indicari I — Haec fabula scripta est in eos, qui sibi in- 
 signibus flagitiorum suorum placent. 8 
 
 26. Canis et Lupis. 
 
 Lupus canem videns bene saginatum, quanta est, inquit, fe* 
 licitas tual Tu, ut videtur, laute vivis, at ego fame enecor. 
 Turn canis, licet, inquit, mecumin urbem venias et eadem feli- 
 citate fruaris. 9 Lupus conditionem accepit. Dum una eunt, 
 animadvertit lupus in collo canis attritos pilos. Quid hoc 
 est ? inquit. Num jugum sustines ? cervix enim tua tola est 
 glabra. Nihil est, canis respondit. Sed interdiu me allxgant, 
 ut noctu sim vigilantior ; atque haec sunt vestigia collaris y 
 quod cervlci circumddri solet. Turn lupus, vale, inquit, 
 amice ! nihil moror l<) felicitatem servitute emtam ! — Haec fa- 
 bula docet, liberis nullum commodum tanti esse, 11 quod servi- 
 tutis calamitatem compensare possit. 12 
 
 27. Lupus et Grus, 
 
 In faucibus lupi os inhaeserat. Mercede igitur conducit 13 
 gruem, qui illud extrahat. 14 Hoc grus longitudine colli facile 
 effecit. Quum autem mercedem postularet, subridens lupus 
 et dentibus infrendens, num tibi, inquit, parva merces vtdetur, 
 quod caput incolume ex lupi faucibus extraxisti 1 
 
II. FABLES FROM JBSOP. 19 
 
 28. Agricola et Anguis. 
 
 Agricola anguem reperit, frigore paene exstinctum. Mise- 
 ricordia motus, 1 eum fovit sinu et subter alas recondidit. Mox 
 anguis recreatus vires recepit, et agricolae, pro beneficio, le- 
 tale vulnus inflixit. — Haec fabula docet, qualem mercedem 
 mali pro beneficiis reddere soleant. 2 
 
 29. Asinus et JEquus. 
 
 Asinus equum beatum praedicabat, qui tarn copiose pasce- 
 retur, 3 quum sibi post molestissimos labores ne paleae quidem 
 satis 4 praeberetur. Forte autem bello exorto, equus in proe- 
 lium agitur, et circumventus ab hostibus, post incredibiles la- 
 bores tandem, multis vulneribus confossus, 5 collabitur. Haec 
 omnia asinus conspicatus, o me stolidum* inquit, qui beatitudi- 
 nem ex praesentis temporis fortuna aestimaverim P 
 
 30. Agricola et Filii. 
 
 Agricola senex, quum mortem sibi appropmquare sentiret, 
 filios convocavit, quos, ut fieri solet, interdum discordare no- 
 verat, 8 et fascem virgularum afferri jubet. 9 Q,uibus allatis, 10 
 filios hortabatur, ut hunc fascem frangerent. Quod quum 11 
 facere non possent, distribuit singulis singulas virgas, iisque 
 celeriter fractis, docuit illos, quam firma res esset concordia, 
 quamque imbecillis discordia. 
 
 31. JEquus et Asinus. 
 
 Asinus, onustus sarcmis, equum rogavit, ut aliqua parte 12 
 oneris se levaret, 13 si se vivum videre vellet. Sed ille asini 
 preces repudiavit. Paulo post igitur asinus labore consumtus 
 in via corruit et efflavit animam. Turn agitator omnes sar- 
 cinas, quas asinus portaverat, atque insuper etiam pellem asino 
 detractam, in equum imposuit. Ibi ille sero prior em super* 
 biam deplorans, o me miseru?n, u inquit, qui parvulum onus in 
 me recipere noluerim, 15 quum nunc cogar tantas sarcinas fer- 
 re, una cum pelle comitis mei, cujus preces tarn superbs con- 
 temseram. 
 
 32. Mulier et Ancillae. 
 
 Mulier vidua, quae texendo 16 vitam sustentabat, solebat ancil- 
 las suas de nocte 17 excitare ad opus, 18 quum primum galli cantum 
 
20 II. FABLES FROM -flESOP. 
 
 audivisset. At illae, diuturno labore fatigatae, statuerunt gal- 
 lum interficere. duo facto, 1 deteriore conditione 2 quam prius 
 esse coeperunt. Nam domina, de hora noctis incerta, 3 nunc 
 famulas saepe jam prima nocte 4 excitabat. 
 
 33. Testudo et Aquila. 
 
 Testudo aquilam magnopere orabat, ut sese 5 volare 6 do- 
 ceret. Aquila ei ostendebat quidem, earn rem petere naturae 
 suae contrariam ; sed ilia nihilo minus instabat, et obsecrabat 
 aquilam, ut se volucrem facer e vellet. Itaque ungulis arrep- 
 tam aquila sustulit 7 in sublime, et demisit illam, ut per aerem 
 ferretur. Turn in saxa incidens comminuta interiit. 8 Haec 
 fabula docet, multos cupiditatibus suis occoecatos consilia pru- 
 dentiorum respuere, et in exitium ruere stultitia sua. 
 
 34. Luscinia et Accipiter. 
 
 Accipiter esuriens rapuit lusciniam. Quae quum 9 intelli- 
 gent, sibi mortem impendere, ad preces conversa, orat accipi- 
 trem, ne se 10 perdat sine causa. Se enim avidissimum ventrem 
 illius non posse explere, et suadere adeo, ut grandiores aliquas 
 volucres venetur. 11 Cui accipiter, 12 insanirem, inquit, si par- 
 tam praedam 1 * amittere, et incerta pro certis sectari vellem. 
 
 35. Senex et Mors. 
 
 Senex in silva ligna ceciderat, iisque sublatis 14 domum 15 re- 
 dire coepit. Gtuum aliquantum viae 16 progressus esset, et 
 onere et 17 via defatigatus, 18 fascem deposuit, et secum aetatis 
 et inopiae mala contemplatus, Mortem clara voce invocat, 
 quae ipsum ab omnibus his malis liberet. 19 Turn Mors, senis 
 precibus auditis subito adstitit, et quid vellet, percunctatur. 
 At Senex, quern jam votorum suorum poenitebat, 5 ' nihil, inquit, 
 sed requiro? 1 qui onus paululum allevet^- dumego rursus subeo. 
 
 36. Inimici. 
 
 In eadam navi vehebantur duo, qui inter se capitalia odia 
 exercebant. Unus eorum in prora, alter in puppi residebat. 
 Orta tempestate ingenti, quum omnes de vita desperarent, 
 interrogat is, qui in puppi sedebat, gubernatorem, utram par* 
 
II. FABLES FROM ^ESOP. 21 
 
 tern navis prius submersum iri 1 exist imaret. 2 Cui guberna- 
 tor, proram, respondit. Turn ille, jam mors mihi non moles- 
 ta est, quum inimici mei mortem adspecturus sim. 
 
 37. Hinnuleus et Cervus. 
 
 Hinnuleus quondam patrem suum his verbis mterrogasse 
 dicitur : Mi pater, quum multo sis major canibus* et tarn ar- 
 dua cornua habeas, quibus a te vim propulsare possis* qui 
 Jit, 5 ut canes tantopere metuas ? Ibi cervus ridens, mi nate, 
 inquit, vera memoras ; mihi tamen, nescio quo pacto, semper 
 accidit, ut, audita canum voce, in fug am statim convertar. — 
 Haec fabula docet, natura formidolosos 6 nullis rationibus for- 
 tes reddi posse. 
 
 38. Hoedus et Lupus. 
 
 Quum hoedus evasisset lupum et confugisset in caulam 
 ovium, quid tu, stulte, inquit ille, 7 hie te salvum futurum* 
 speras, ubi 9 quotidie pecudes rapi et diis mactari videas ? 
 Non euro, inquit hoedus; nam si moriendum sit, 10 quanto 
 praeclarius mihi erit, meo cruore aspergi 11 aras deorum im- 
 mortalium, quam irrigari siccas lupi fauces. — Haec fabula 
 docet, bonos mortem, quae omnibus imminet, non timere, si 
 cum honestate et laude conjuncta sit. 
 
 39. Corvus et Vulpes. 
 
 Corvus alicunde caseum rapuerat, et cum illo in altam 
 arborem subvolarat. Vulpecula, ilium caseum appetens, 
 corvum blandis verbis adoritur ; quumque primum formam 
 ejus pennarumque nitorem laudasset, pol, 12 inquit, te avium 
 regem esse dicerem, si cantus pulchritudini tuae responderet. 
 Turn ille, laudibus vulpis inflatus, etiam cantu se valere de- 
 monstrare voluit. Ita vero e rostro aperto caseus delapsus 
 est, quern vulpes arreptum devoravit. 13 — Haec fabula docet, 
 vitandas esse adulator am voces, qui blanditiis suis nobis in- 
 sidiantur. 
 
 40. Leo. 
 
 Societatem junxerant Leo, Juvenca, Capra, Ovis. Prae- 
 da autem, quam ceperant, in quatuor partes aequales divisa, 14 
 leo, prima, ait, mea est; debet ur enim haec praestantiae 
 meae. Tollam et secundam, quam meretur robur meunx 
 
 c 2 
 
22 II. FABLES FROM ^ESOP. 
 
 Tertiam vindicat sibi egregius labor mens. 1 Gluartam qui 
 sibi arrogare voluerit, 2 is sciat, se habiturum me inimicum 
 sibi. Quid facerent imbeciiles bestiae, aut quae 3 sibi leonem 
 infestum habere vellet 1 
 
 41. Mus et Rusticus. 
 
 Mus a Rustico in caricarum acervo deprehensus, tarn acn 
 morsu ejus digitos vulneravit, ut ille eum dimitteret, die ens : 
 nihil, mehereule, tarn pusillum est, quod de salute desperare 
 debeat, 4 modo 5 se defendere et vim depulsare velit. 
 
 42. Vultur et Aviculae. 
 
 Vultur aliquando aviculas invitavit ad convivium, quod lJ- 
 lis daturus esset 6 die natali suo. Quae 7 quum ad tempus 
 adessent, eas carpere et occidere, epulasque sibi de invitatis 
 instruere eoepit. 
 
 43. Ranae, 
 
 Ranae laetabantur, quum nuntiatum esset, Solem uxorem 
 duxisse. Sed una caeteris 8 prudentior, O vos stolidos / 9 in- 
 quit ; nonne meminisiis, quantopere vos saepe unius Solis aes- 
 tus excruciet ? 10 Quid igitur fiet, quum liberos etiam pro- 
 creaverit? 
 
 44. Ranae et Jupiter. 
 
 Ranae aliquando regem sibi a Jove petivisse dicuntur. 11 
 Quarum 12 ille precibus exoratus trabem ingentem in lacum 
 dejeeit. Ranae sonitu perterritae primum refugere, deinde 
 vero, trabem in aqua natantem conspicatae, magno cum con- 
 temtu in ea consederunt aliumque sibi no vis clamoribus re- 
 gem expetiverunt. Turn Jupiter, earum stultitiam punitu- 
 rus, 13 hydrum illis misit, a quo 14 quum plurimae captae peri- 
 rent, sero eas stolidarum precum poenitur. 15 
 
 45. Lupi et Pastores. 
 
 Gluum Philippus, rex Macedoniae, cum Atheniensibus foe- 
 dus initurus esset, ea conuitione, ut oratores suos 16 ipsi tra 
 derent, Demosthenes 17 populo narravit fabulam, qua 18 iis cal- 
 lidum regis consilium ante oculos poneret. Dixit enim, lu- 
 pos quondam cum pastoribus pactos esse, se nunquam in 
 posterum greges esse impugnaturos, si canes ipsis dederen- 
 
II. FABLES FROM ^ESOP. 23 
 
 tur. Placuisse stultis pastoribus conditionem ; sed quum lupi 
 caulas excubiis nudatas vidissent, eos impetu facto 1 omnem 
 gregem dilaniasse. 
 
 46. Puer mendax. 
 
 Puer oves pascens crebro per lusum magnis clamoribus 
 opem rusticorum imploraveret, ]upos gregem suum aggressos 
 esse fingens. Saepe autem frustratus* eos, qui auxilium latu- 
 ri advenerant, tandem lupo revera irruente 3 mu]tis cum lacry- 
 mis vicinos orare coepit, 4 ut sibi et gregi subvenirent. At 
 illi eum pariter ut antea ludere existimantes, preces ejus et 
 lacrymas neglexerunt, ita ut lupus libere in oves grassaretur, 
 plurimasque earum dilaniaret. 
 
 47. Corvus. 
 
 Corvus, qui caseum forte repererat, gaudium alta voce sig- 
 nificavit. Quo sono 5 allecti 6 plures corvi famelici advola- 
 verunt, impetuque in ilium facto, 7 oplmam ei dapem eripue- 
 runt. 
 
 48. Comix et Columba. 
 
 Cornix columbae gratulabatur foecunditatem, quod singulis 
 mensibus pullos excluderet. At ilia, ne mei, inquit, doloris 
 causam commemores. Nam quos pullos educo, eos 8 dominus 
 raptos aut ipse comedit, aut aliis comedendos 9 vendit. Ita 
 mihi mea foecunditas novum semper luctum parit. 
 
 49. Leo, Asi?ius et Vulpes. 
 
 Vulpes, asinus et leo venatum 10 iverant. Ampla praeda 
 facta, leo asinum illam partiri jubet. Qui quum singulis sin- 
 gulas partes poneret aequales, leo eum correptum 11 dilaniavit, 
 et vulpeculae partiendi negotium 12 tribuit. Ilia astutior, 13 leoni 
 partem maximam apposuit, sibi vix minimam reservans parti- 
 culars Turn leo subridens ejus prudentiam laudare, 14 et unde 
 hoc didicerit, 15 interrogare coepit. Et vulpes, Hujus 16 me, in- 
 quit, calamitas docuit, quid minores potentioribus debeant. 
 
24 II. FABLES FROM ^SOP. 
 
 50. Muscae. 
 
 Effusa mellis copia est : Muscae advolant 
 Pascuntur. At Mox impeditis cruribus 
 Revolare nequeunt. Heu miseram, inquiunt, vicem ! l 
 Cibus jste blandus, qui pellexit suaviter, 
 Nunc fraudulentus' 2 quam crudeliter necat ! 
 Perf ida voluptas 3 fabula hac depingitur. 
 
 51. Cancer. 
 
 Mare cancer olim deseruit, in littore 
 Pascendi cupidus. 4 Vulpes hunc simul 5 adspici 
 Jejuna, simul 5 accurrit, et praedam capit. 
 Nae, dixit ille, jure plector, qui, 6 salo 7 
 Quurn fuerim natus, voluerim solo 7 ingredi ! 
 
 Suus unicuique praefinitus est locus, 
 Cluem praeterire sine periclo non licet. 
 
 52. Culex et Taurus. 
 
 In cornu tauri parvulus quondam culex 
 Consedit ; seque 8 dixit, mole si sua 
 Eum gravaret, avolaturum illico. 
 At ille : 9 nee 10 te considentem 11 senseram. 
 
IIL MYTHOLOGICAL EXTRACTS. 
 
 1. Cadmus, Agenoris films, quod draconem, 1 Martis filium, 
 fontis cujusdam in Boeotia custodem, occiderat, omnem suam 
 prolem 2 interemtam vidit, et ipse cum Harmonia, uxore sua, 
 in Illyriam 3 fugit, ubi ambo in dracones conversi sunt. 
 
 2. Amycus, Neptuni filius, rex Bebryciae, 4 omnes, qui in 
 ejus regna venissent, cogebat caestibus secum contendere, et 
 victos occidebat. Hie quum Argonautas 5 ad certamen provo- 
 casset, Pollux 6 cum eo contendit et eum interfecit. 
 
 3. Otos et Ephialtes, Aloei rllii, mira magnitudine 7 fuisse 
 dicuntur. Nam singulis mensibus novem digitis 8 crescebant. 
 Itaque quum essent annorum 9 novem, in coelum ascendere 
 sunt conati. Hue sioi aditum sic faciebant, ut montem Ossam 
 super Pelion 10 ponerent, aliosque praeterea montes exstrue- 
 rent. Sed Apollinis sagittis interemti sunt. 
 
 4. Daedalus Euphemi filius, artifex peritissimus, ob cae- 
 dem Athenis 11 commissam, in Cretam abiit ad regem Minoem. 
 Ibi labyrinthum 12 exstruxit. A Minoe aliquando in custodiam 
 conjectus, sibi et Icaro filio alas cera aptavit, et cum eo avola- 
 vit. Dum Icarus altius evolabat, cera solis calore liquefacta, 
 in mare decidit, quod ex eo Icarium pelagus 13 est appellatum ; 
 Daedalus autem in Siciliam pervenit. 
 
 5. Aesculapius, Apollinis filius, medicus praestantissimus, 
 Hippolyto, Thesei filio, vitam reddidisse dicitur. Ob id faci- 
 nus Jupiter eum fulmine percussit. Turn Apollo, quod filii 
 mortem in Jove ulcisci non poterat, Cyclopes, 14 qui fulmina 
 fecerant, interemit. Ob hoc factum, Apollinem Jupiter Ad- 
 meto, regi Thessaliae, 15 in servitutem dedit. 
 
 6. Alcestim, Peliae filiam, quum multi in matrimonium pe- 
 terent, Pelias promisit, se filiam ei esse daturum, qui feras cur- 
 rui junxisset Admetus, qui earn perdite amabat, Apollinem 
 rogavit, ut se in hoc negotio adjuvaret. Is quum ab Admeto, 
 dum ei serviebat. liberal iter esset tractatus, aprum ei et leo- 
 nem currui junxit, quibus ille Alcestim avexit. Idem gravi 
 morbo implicitus, 16 munus ab Apolline accepit, ut praesens peri- 
 
26 III. MYTHOLOGICAL EXTRACTS. 
 
 culum effugeret, si quis 1 sponte pro eo moreretur. Jam quum 
 neque pater, neque mater Admeti pro eo mori voluissent, uxor 
 se Alcestis morti obtulit, quam Hercules, 2 forte adveniens, 
 Orci 3 manibus eripuit et Admeto reddidit. 
 
 7. Cassiope 4 filiae suae Andromedae formam Nereidum 6 
 formae anteposuit. Ob hoc crimen illae a Neptuno postulave- 
 runt, ut Andromeda ceto immani, quod oras populabatur, obji- 
 ceretur. Quae quum ad saxum alligata esset, Petseus 6 ex 
 Libya, ubi Medusam 7 occiderat, advolavit, et, bellua devicta 
 et interemta, Andromedam liberavit. 
 
 8. Quam quum abducere vellet victor, 8 Agenor, cui antea 
 desponsata fuerat, Perseo msidias struxit, ut eum interficeret, 
 sponsamque eriperet. Ille, re cognita, 9 caput Medusae insidi- 
 antibus ostendit, quo viso, 10 omnes in saxa mutati sunt. Perse- 
 us autem cum Andromeda in patriam 11 rediit. 
 
 9. Ceyx, Hesperi films, quum in naufragio periisset, Alcy- 
 6ne, conjugis morte audita, se in mare praecipitavit. Turn 
 deorum misericordia ambo in aves sunt mutati, quae Alcy- 
 ones appellantur. Hae aves pariunt hiberno tempore. Per 
 illos dies mare tranquillum esse dicitur ; unde nautae tran- 
 quillos et serenos dies Alcyonios appellare solent. 
 
 10. Tantalus, Jo vis filius, tarn carus fuit Diis, ut Jupiter ei 
 consilia sua concrederet eumque ad epulas Deorum admitte- 
 ret. At ille, quae apud Jovem audiverat, cum mortalibus 
 communicabat. Ob id crimen dicitur apud inferos in aqua 
 collocatus esse, semperque sitire. Nam quoties haustum 
 aquae sumturus est, aqua recedit. Turn etiam poma ei super 
 caput pendent ; sed quoties ea decerpere conatur, rami vento 
 moti 12 recedunt. Alii saxum ejus capiti impendere dicunt, 
 cujus ruinam timens, perpetuo metu cruciatur. 
 
 11. In nuptiis Pelei 13 et Thetidis 14 omnes Dii invitati erant 
 praeter Discordiam. Haec ira commota malum 15 mi sit 16 in me- 
 dium, 17 cui inscripta erant verba; Pulckerrima me habeto. Turn 
 Juno, Venus et Minerva illud simul appetebant ; magnaque 
 inter eas discordia exorta, Jupiter Mercurio 18 imperat, ut Deas 
 ad Par id em, 19 Priami filium, duceret, qui in monte Ida 20 greges 
 pascebat ; hunc earum litem diremturum esse. 21 Huic Juno, 
 si se pulcherrimam judicasset, omnium terrarum regnum est 
 pollicita; Minerva ei splendidam inter homines famam pro- 
 misit ; Venus autem Helenam, Ledae et Jovis filiam, se ei in 
 conjugium dare spopondit. 22 Paris, hoc dono prioribus ante- 
 posito, 23 Venerem pulcherrimam esse judicavit. Postea, Ve- 
 neris hortatu, Lacedoemonem profectus, Helenam conjugi suo 
 Menelao 24 eripuit. Hinc bellum Trojanum originem cepit, ad 
 
III. MYTHOLOGICAL EXTRACTS. 27 
 
 quod tota fere Graecia, duce Agamemnone, Menelai fratre, 
 profecta est. 
 
 12. Thetis, Pelei conjux, quum sciret, Achillem, filium su- 
 urn, cito periturum esse, 1 si Graecorum exercitum ad Trojam 
 sequeretur, eum misit in insulam Scyron 2 regique Lycomedi 
 commendavit. Iile eum muliebri habitu inter filias suas ser- 
 vabat. Graeci autem quum audivissent, Achillem ibi occul- 
 tari, Ulysses, rex Ithacae, 3 in regio vestibulo munera feminea 
 in calathiscis ponebat, simulque clypeum et hastam, mulieres- 
 que advocari 4 jussit. Quae dum omnia contemplabantur, su- 
 bito tubicen cecinit ; quo sono audito, Achilles arma arripuit. 
 Unde 5 eum virum esse intellectum est. 
 
 13. Quum totus Graecorum exercitus Aulide 6 convenisset, 
 adversa tempestas eos ob iram Dianae retinebat. Agamem- 
 non 7 enim, dux illius expeditionis, cervam Deae sacram vul- 
 neraverat, superbiusque 8 in Dianam loquutus erat. Is quum 
 haruspices convocasset, hi responderunt, iram Deae expiari 
 non posse, nisi filiam suam Iphigeniam ei immolasset. Hanc 
 ob causam Ulysses Argos profectus, mentitur, Agamemnonem 
 filiam Achilli in matrimonium promisisse. Sic earn Aulidem 
 abduxit. 9 Ubi quum pater earn immolare vellet, Diana, virgi- 
 nem miserata, cervam ei supposuit. Iphigeniam ipsam per 
 nubes in terram Tauricam 10 detulit, ibique templi sui sacerdo- 
 tem fecit. 
 
 14. Troja eversa quum Graeci domum redire vellent, ex 
 Achillis 11 tumulo vox dicitur fuisse audita, quae Graecos mo- 
 nebat, ne fortissimum virum sine honore relinquerent. Quare 
 Graeci Polyxenam, Priami filiam, quae virgo fuit formosissi- 
 ma, ad sepulcrum ejus immolaverunt. 
 
 15. Prometheus, Japeti films, primus homines ex luto 
 finxit, iisque ignem e coelo in ferula attulit, monstravitque, 
 quomodo cinere obrutum servarent. Ob hanc rem Vulcanus 
 eum in monte Caucaso 12 Jovis jussu clavis ferreis alligavit ad 
 saxum; aquila ei apposita, quae 13 cor exederet. Quantum 
 vero interdiu exederat, tantum nocte crescebat. Hanc aqui- 
 lam insequenti tempore Hercules transfixit sagittis, Prome- 
 theumque liberavit. 
 
 16. Pluto, 14 inferorum Deus, a Jove fratre petebat, ut sibi 
 Proserpinam, Jovis et Cereris filiam, in matrimonium daret. 
 Jupiter negavit 15 quidem, Cererem passuram esse, ut filia in 
 tenebris Tartari moraretur; sed fratri permisit, ut earn, si 
 posset, raperet. Quare Proserpinam, in nemore Ennae in 
 Sicilia flores legentem, Pluto, quadrigis ex terrae hiatu pro- 
 veniens, rapuit 
 
28 III. MYTHOLOGICAL EXTRACTS. 
 
 17. Ceres quum nesciret, ubi filia esset, earn per totum 
 orbem terrarum quaesivit. In quo itinere ad Celeum venit, 
 regem Eleusimorum, 1 cujus uxor Metanira puerum Tripto- 
 lemum pepererat, rogavitque, ut se tanquam nutricem in do- 
 mum reciperent. Quo facto, quum Ceres alumnum suum 
 immortalem reddere vellet, eum interdiu lacte divino alebat, 
 noctu clam igne obruebat. 2 Itaque mirum in modum cresce- 
 bat. Quod quum mirarentur parentes, earn observaverunt 
 Qui quum viderent, Cererem puerum in ignem mittere. pater 
 exclamavit. Turn Dea Celeum exanimavit ; Triptolemo au- 
 tem currum draconibus junctum tribuit, frugesque mandavit, 
 quas 3 per orbem terrarum vectus disseminaret. 
 
 18. Althaea, Thestii filia, ex Oeneo peperit Meleagrum 
 Ei Parcae 4 ardentem titionem dederunt, praefantes, Melea- 
 grum tarn diu victurum, 5 quam diu is titio foret incolumis. 
 Hunc itaque Althaea diligenter in area clausum servavit. 
 Interim Diana, Oeneo irata, quia ei sacra annua non fecerat, 
 aprum mira magnitudine misit, qui agrum Calydonium 6 vas- 
 taret. Quern Meleager cum juvenibus ex omni Graecia 
 delectis interfecit, pellemque ejus Atalantae 7 donavit. Cui 
 quum Althaeae fratres earn eripere vellent, ilia Meleagri aux- 
 ilium imploravit, qui avunculos occidit. Turn Althaea, gravi 
 ira in filium commota, titionem ilium fatalem in ignem conje- 
 cit. Sic Meleager periit. At sorores ejus, dum fratrem inso- 
 labiliter lugent, in aves 8 mutatae sunt. 
 
 19. Europam, Agenoris filiam Sidoniam, Jupiter, in tau- 
 rum mutatus, Sidone 9 Cretam 10 transvexit, et ex ea procrea- 
 vit Minoem, Sarpedonem et Rhadamanthum. Hanc ut re- 
 ducerent, Agenor filios suos misit, conditione addita, 11 ut nee 
 ipsi redirent, nisi sororem invenissent. Horum unus, Cad- 
 mus 12 nomine, quum erraret, Delphos 13 venit, ibique responsum 
 accepit, bovem praecedentem sequeretur ; 14 ubi ille decubuis- 
 set, ibi urbem conderet. Quod quum faceret, in Boeotiam 15 
 venit. Ibi aquam quaerens, ad fontem Castalium draconem 16 
 invenit, Martis filium, qui aquam custodiebat. Hunc Cadmus 
 interfecit, dentesque ejus spar sit et aravit. 17 Unde Sparti 18 
 enati sunt. Pugna inter illos exorta, quinque superfuerunt, 
 ex quibus quinque nobiles Thebanorum 19 stirpes originem 
 duxerunt. 
 
 20. Quum Bacchus, Jovis ex Semele filius, exercitum in 
 Indiam duceret, Silenus 50 ab agmine aberravit. Quern Mi- 
 das, rex Mygdoniae, 21 hospitio liberaliter accepit, eique du- 
 cem dedit, qui eum ad Bacchum reduceret. Ob hoc bene- 
 ficium Bacchus Midae optionem dedit, ut, quidquid vellet, a 
 
III. MYTHOLOGICAL EXTRACTS. 29 
 
 se peteret. Ille petiit, ut quidquid tetigisset, 1 aurum fieret. 
 Quod quum impetrasset, quidquid tetigerat, aurum fiebat. 
 Primo gavisus est hac virtute sua ; mox intellexit, nihil ipsi 
 hoc munere pemiciosius esse. Nam etiam cibus et potio in 
 aurum mutabatur. Quum jam fame cruciaretur, petit a Bac- 
 cho, ut donum suum revocaret. Quern 2 Bacchus jussit in 
 fiumine Pactolo se abluere, quumque aquam tetigisset, facta 
 est colore aureo. 3 
 
 21. Schceneus 4 Atalantam flliam formosissimam dicitur 
 habuisse, quae cursu viros superabat. Haec quum a pluri- 
 bus in conjugium peteretur, pater ejus conditionem propo- 
 suit, ut, qui earn due ere vellet, prius cursu cum ea contende- 
 ret; si victus esset, occideretur. Multos quum superasset 
 et interfecisset, tandem ab Hippomene victa est. Hie enim 
 a Venere tria mala aurea acceperat. Dum currebant, rio- 
 rum 5 unum post alterum projecit, iisque Atalantae cursum 
 tardavit. Nam dum mala colligit, Hippomenes ad metam 
 pervenit. Huic itaque Schoeneus flliam uxorem dedit. 
 Quam quum in patriam duceret, oblitus Veneris beneficio se 
 vicisse, grates ei non egit. Hanc ob causam Hippomenes 
 mutatus est in leonem, Atalanta in leaenam. 
 
 22. Nisus, rex Megarensium, in capite crinem purpureum 
 habuisse dicitur, eique praedictum fuit, tarn diu eum regna- 
 turum, quam diu eum crinem custodisset. Hunc Minos, rex 
 Cretensium, bello aggressus est. Qui quum urbem Mega- 
 ram 6 oppugnaret, Scylla, Nisi filia, amore ejus correpta est, 
 et, ut ei victoriam pararet, patri dormienti fatalem crinem 
 praecidit. Ita Nisus a Minoe victus et occisus est. Quum 
 autem Minos in Cretam rediret, Scylla eum rogavit, ut earn 
 secum aveheret. Sed ille negavit, 7 Cretam tantum scelus 8 
 esse recepturam. Turn ilia se in mare praecipitat, 9 navem- 
 que persequitur. Nisus in aquilam marinam conversus est, 
 Scylla in piscem, quern Cirim vocant. Hodieque, si quando 
 ilia avis nunc piscem conspexerit, mittit se in aquam rap- 
 tumque unguibus dHaniat. 
 
 23. Amphion, Jovis et Antiopes filius, qui Thebas muris 
 cinxit, 10 Nioben, Tantali flliam, in matrimonium duxit. Ex qua 
 procreavit Alios septem, totidemque fllias. Quern partum 11 Nio- 
 be Latonae liberie anteposuit, superbiusque 12 loquuta est in 
 Apollinem et Dianam. Ob id Apollo filios ejus venantes sa- 
 gittis interfecit, Diana autem fllias. Niobe, liberis orbata, in 
 saxum mutata esse dicitur, 13 ejusque lacrymae hodieque ma- 
 nare narrantur. 13 Amphion autem, quum templum Apollinis 
 expugnare vellet, a-b Apolline sagittis est interfectus. 
 
 PART I. D 
 
30 III. MYTHOLOGICAL EXTRACTS. 
 
 24. Phineus, Agendris films, ab Apolline futurarum re 
 mm scientiam acceperat. Q,uum vero hominibus deorum 
 consilia emmtiaret, Jupiter eum excoecavit, et immisit ei Har- 
 pyias, 1 quae Jovis canes 2 esse dicuntur, ut cibum ab ore ei au- 
 ferrent. Ad quern quum Argonautae 3 venissent, ut eum iter 
 rogarent, 4 dixit, se illis iter demonstraturum esse, si eum poena 
 liberarent. Turn Zetes et Calais, Aquilonis filii, qui pennas 
 in capite et in pedibus habuisse dicuntur, Harpyias fiigave- 
 runt in insula s Strophadas, 5 et Phineum poena liberarunt. 6 
 
31 
 
 IV. ANECDOTES OF EMINENT PERSONS OP 
 ANTIQUITY. 
 
 1. Thales interrogates, an facta hominum deos laterent, 1 
 respondit, ne cogitata quidem. 
 
 2. Solon, qui Atheniensibus leges scripsit, dicebat, nemi- 
 nem, dum viveret, 2 beatum haberi posse, quod omnes ad ulti- 
 mum usque diem ancipiti 3 fortunae obnoxii essent 
 
 3. Pythagorae philosophi tanta fuit apud discipulos suos 
 auctoritas, ut, quae ab eo 4 audivissent, ea in dubitationem ad- 
 ducere non auderent. Rogati autem, ut causam redderent eo- 
 rum, quae dixissent, respondebant, Ipsum dixisse. Ipse autem 
 erat Pythagoras. 
 
 4. Bias, unus ex septem Sapientibus, quum patriam Prie- 
 nen 5 ab hostibus expugnatam et eversam fugeret, interrogates, 
 cur nihil ex bonis suis secum ferret ; ego veto, 6 respondit, bona 
 mea mecum porto omnia. 
 
 5. Democritus, cui pater ingentes divitias reliquerat, omne 
 fere patrimonium suum civibus donavit, ne domesticarum re- 
 rum cura a philosophiae studio avocaretur. 
 
 6. Etiam Crates Thebanus bona sua inter Thebanos divi- 
 sit, nihil sibi servans praeter peram et baculum. Haec enim 
 Cynicorum 7 instrumenta erant A. quo consilio quum amici 
 et propinqui eum avocare studerent, eos correpto baculo fu> 
 gavit, nihil puichrius esse arbitratus, quam ab omnibus curis 
 vacuum uni philosophiae operam dare. 
 
 7. Anaxagoras quum a longinqua peregrin atione, scientiae 
 augendae causa suscepta, in patriam rediisset, agrosque suos 
 neglectos et desertos videret, 8 non essem, inquit, salvus, nisi 
 ista periissent. 9 
 
 8. Carneades usque ad extremam senectam nunquam ces- 
 savit a philosophiae studio. Saepe ei accidit, ut, quum cibi 
 capiendi causa accubuisset, 10 cogitationibus inhaerens, 11 ma* 
 num ad cibos appositos porrigere oblivisceretur. 
 
 9. Idem adversus Zenonem Stoicum scripturus, caput hel- 
 leboro purgabat, ne corrupti humores sollertiam et acumen 
 mentis impedirent. 
 
32 IV. ANECDOTES. 
 
 10. Anaxagoras, philosophus, morte filii audita, vultu nihil 
 immutato dixit: Sciebanrme mortalem geimisse. 
 
 11. Archytas Tarentinus, 1 quum ab itinere reversus, agros 
 suos villici 2 socordia neglectos videiet, graviter te castigarem, 
 inquit, nisi iratus essem. 
 
 12. Plato quoque quum in servum vehementius 3 exarsisset, 4 
 veritus 5 ne vindictae modum excederet, Speusippo adstanti 
 mandavit, ut de illius poena statueret. 
 
 13. Idem, discendi cupiditate ductus, 6 Aegyptum peragra- 
 vit, et a sacerdotibus illius regionis geometriam et astronomiam 
 didicit. Idem in Italiam trajecit, ut ubi Pythagorae 7 philoso- 
 phiam et instituta disceret. 
 
 14. Athenienses Socratem damnaverunt, quod novos deos 
 introducere videbatur. Protagoram quoque philosophum, qui 
 ausus fuerat scribere, se ignorare, an dii essent, Athenienses 
 ex urbe pepulerunt. 
 
 15. Xanthippe, Socratis uxor, morosa admodum fuisse fer- 
 tur. 8 Gluam ejus indolem quum perspexisset Alcibiades, So- 
 cratem interrogavit, quid esset, quod 9 mulierem tarn acerbam 
 et jurgiosam non exigeret domo. Turn ille, quoniam, inquit, 
 dum Mam domi perpetior, insuesco, ut ceterorum quoque foris 
 petulantiam et injur ias facilius fer am. 
 
 16. Xenocrates philosophus quum maledicorum quorun- 
 dam sermoni interesset, 10 neque quidquam ipse loqueretur, in- 
 terrogatus, cur solus taceret, respondit : quia dixisse me ali- 
 quando poenituit 11 tacuisse nunquam. 
 
 17. Hegeslas philosophus in disputationibus suis mala et 
 cruciatus vitae tarn vividis coloribus repraesentabat, ut multi, 
 qui eum audiverant, sponte se occiderent. Quare a Ptole- 
 maeo 12 rege ulterius his de rebus disserere est prohibitus. 
 
 18. Gorglae Leontino 13 qui eloquentia et erudition e om- 
 nes suae aetatis homines superare existimabatur, 14 universa 
 Graecia in templo Apollinis Delphici 15 statuam auream col- 
 locavit. 
 
 19. Idem quum annum centesimum septimum ageret, in- 
 terrogatus, quapropter tarn din vellet in vita remanere ? res- 
 pondit : quia nihil habeo, quod 16 senectutem meam accusem. 
 
 20. Illustrissimi saepe viri humili loco nati fuerunt. So- 
 crates, quern oraculum Apollinis sapientissimum omnium ho 
 minum judicavit, obstetrlcis Alius fuit. Euripides, poeta, 
 tragicus, matrem habuit, quae olera venditabat; et Demos- 
 thenis, oratoris eloquentissimi, patrem cultellos vendidisse 
 narrant. 
 
 21. Homerus, princeps poetarum Graecorum, dolore ab- 
 
IV. ANECDOTES. 33 
 
 sumtus esse creditur, 1 quod quaestionem 2 a piscatoribus ipsi 
 propositam solvere non posset. 
 
 22. Simonldes, poeta praestantissimus, gloriatur in quo- 
 dam poemate, se octoginta annos natum 3 in certamen musi- 
 cum 4 descendisse, et victoriam inde retulisse. Idem ali- 
 quamdiu vixit apud Hipparchum, Pisistrati filium, Athenarum 
 tyrannum. Inde Syracusas se contulit ad Hieronem regem, 
 cum quo familiariter vixisse dicitur. Primus carmina statu- 
 te pretio scripsit ; quare eum Musam venalem reddidisse di- 
 cunt. 5 
 
 23. Quum Aeschylus Atheniensis, qui parens tragoediae 
 dicitur, in Sicilia versaretur, ibique in loco aprlco sederet, 
 aquila testudinem glabro eius capiti immisit, quod pro saxo 
 habuit. Quo ictu ille exstinctus est. 
 
 24. Euripides, qui et ipse 6 magnum inter poetas tragicos 
 nomen habet, a coena domum rediens 7 a canibus laceratus 
 est. 
 
 25. Athenienses quondam ab Euripide postulabant, ut ex 
 tragoedia sententiam 8 quandam tolleret. Ille autem in sce- 
 nam progressus dixit : se fabulas componere solere, ut popu- 
 lum doceret, non ut a populo disceret. 
 
 26. Philippldes, comoediarum scriptor, quum in poetarum 
 certamine praeter spem vicisset, et ilia victoria impense gau- 
 deret, eo ipso gaudio repente exstinctus est. 
 
 27. Pindams, poeta Thebanus, Apollini gratissimus fuisse 
 dicitur. Quare saepe a sacerdotibus in templum Delphicum 
 ad coenam vocabatur, parsque ei tribuebatur donorum, quae 
 sacrificantes deo obtulerant. Ferunt etiam Pana 9 Pindari 
 hymnis tantopere fuisse laetatum, ut eos in montibus et silvis 
 caneret. Quum Alexander, rex Macedoniae, Thebas diripe- 
 ret, unius Pindari domo et familiae pepercit. 10 
 
 28. Diogenes Cynic us Myndum 11 profectus, quum videret 
 magnificas portas et urbem exiguam, Myndios monuit, ut 
 portas clauderent, ne urbs egrederetur. 
 
 29. Demosthenes, Atheniensis, incredibili studio et labore 
 eo pervenit, ut, quum 12 multi eum ingenio parum valere ex- 
 istimarent, omnes aetatis suae oratores superaret eloquentia. 
 Numquam tamen ex tempore dicebat, neque in concione vo- 
 lebat assurgere, nisi rem, de qua ageretur, 13 accurate antea 
 meditatus esset. Unde plerique eum timidum esse existima- 
 bant. Sed in hac re Periclis 14 consuetudinem imitabatur, qui 
 non facile de quaque re dicere, nee existimationem suam for- 
 tunae committere solebat. 
 
 30. Pericles in concionem iturus, 15 quum animo perpen de- 
 ret, quantum periculi inconsiderate dicta hominibus affer- 
 
 d2 
 
34 IV. ANECDOTES. 
 
 rent, solebat precari a diis, ne quod 1 ipsi verbum imprudenti 
 excideret, quod reipublicae officere posset. 
 
 31. Minos, Cretensium rex, saepe se in speluncam quan* 
 dam conferebat, ibique se cum Jove colloqui legesque ab eo 
 accipere dicebat. Etiam Lycurgus 2 Lacedaemoniis persua- 
 sit, 3 se leges suas ab Apolline didicisse. 
 
 32. Quum Lycurgus, Lacedaemoniorum legislator, Del- 
 pbis in templum Apollinis intrasset, ut a deo oraculum pete- 
 ret, Pythia 4 eum his verbis allocuta est : nescio, utrum Deus 
 an homo appellandus sis ; sed deus potius videris esse. 
 
 33. Leonidas, rex Lacedaemoniorum, quum Persae 5 dice- 
 rentur sagittarum multitudine solem obscuraturi, 6 respondisse 
 fertur : melius itaque in umbra pugnabimus. 
 
 34. Cyrus 7 omnium suorum militum nomina memoria te- 
 nebat. Mithridates autem, rex Ponti, 8 duarum et viginti gen- 
 tium, quae sub regno ejus erant, linguas ita didicerat, ut cum 
 omnibus, quibus imperabat, sine interprete loqui posset. 
 
 35. Themistocles interroganti, utrum Achilles 9 esse mallet, 
 an Homerus, respondit : T u vero mallesne te in Olympico 
 certamine 10 victorem renunuan, an praeco esse, qui victorum 
 nomina proclamat ? 
 
 36. Epaminondas, 11 Tliebanorum imperator, in belloadver- 
 sus Lacedaemonios, anirros suorum religione excitandos ratus, 
 arma in templis affixa 12 nocte detraxit, persuasitque militibus, 
 quum ilia abesse viderent, deos iter suum sequi, ut ipsis proe- 
 liantibus adessent. 
 
 37. Idem in pugna ad Mantineam 13 graviter vulneratus est. 
 Quum animam recepisset, interrogavit circumstantes amicos, 
 an clypeus li salvus esset ? deinde, an hostes fusi essent ? Ilh 
 utrumque affirmaverunt. Turn demum hastam e corpore 
 educi jussit. Quo facto statim exspiravit. 
 
 38. Epaminondas tanta fuit abstinentia 15 et integritate, ut 
 post plurima bella, quibus Thebanorum potentiam incredibi- 
 liter auxerat, nihil in supellectili haberet praeter ahenum et 
 veru. 
 
 39. Lysander, 16 dux Lacedaemoniorum, militem quendam, 
 via egressum, castigabat. Cui dicenti, ad nullius rei rapinam 
 se ab agmine recessisse, respondit : ne speciem quidem rap- 
 turi praebeas volo. 11 
 
 40. Iphicrates, dux Atheniensium, quum praesidio teneret 
 Corinthum, et sub adventum hostium ipse vigilias circumiret, 
 vigilem, quern dormientem invenerat hasta transfixit. Quod 
 fectum 18 quibusdam ei, ut saevum, exprobrantibus, qualem inve- 
 ni, inquit, talem rehqui. 
 
 41. Gluum quidam Thrasybulo, 19 qui civitatem Atheniensium 
 
IV. ANECDOTES. 35 
 
 a tyrannorum dominatione liberavit, dixisset : quantas tibi 
 gratias Athenae debent ! ille respondit : Dii faciant, ut quan- 
 tas 1 ipse patriae debeo gratias, taut as ei videar retulisse. 2 
 
 42. Philippus, rex Macedonum, monentibus eum quibus- 
 dam, ut Pythiam quendam caveret, fortem militem, sed ipsi 
 alienatum, quod tres filias aegre aleret, nee a rege adjuvare- 
 tur, dixisse fertur : Quid ? si partem corporis haberem aegram, 
 abscindercm z potius an cur a rem ? Deinde Pythiam ad se vo- 
 catum, 4 accepta difficultate rei domesticae, pecunia instruxit. 
 Quo facto, nullum rex militem Pythia 5 fideliorem habuit. 
 
 43. Mulier quaedam ab eodem Philippo, quum a convivio 
 temulentus recederet, damnata, 6 a Philippo, inquit, temulento 
 ad PJtilippum sobrium provoco. 
 
 44. Philippus, rex Macedoniae, praedicare solebat, se ora- 
 toribus Atheniensium maximam gratiam habere. Nam con- 
 viciis suis, inquit, efficiunt, ut quotidie melior evadam, dum 
 eos dictis factisque mendacii arg uere conor. 
 
 45. Ejusdem regis epistola fertur scripta ad Aristotelem 
 philosophum, qua filium 7 sibi natum esse nuntiavit. Erat ilia 
 epistola verbis concepta fere his : Filium mihi genitum esse 
 scito. Quod 3 equidem diis habeo gratiam : non tarn quod 
 natus est, quam quod ei contigit nasci temporibus vitae tuae. 
 Spero enim fore, utf a te educatus et eruditus dignus evadat 
 et nobis et rebus,™ quas ipsi relicturi sumus. 
 
 46. Alexander, Macedo, Philippi Alius, quum puer a prae- 
 ceptore suo audivisset, innumerabiles mundos esse, heu me 
 miserum, inquit, qui ne uno quidem adhuc potitus sum ! 
 
 47. Quum Alexander quondam Macedonum quorundam 
 benevolentiam largitionibus sibi conciliare conatus esset, 
 Philippus eum his verbis increpuit: Sperasne 11 eos 12 tibifideles 
 esse futuros, quos pecunia tibi conciliaveris ? Scito, amorem 
 non auro e??ii, sed virtutibus. 
 
 48. Alexandro Macedoni, Asia debellata, 13 Corinthii per 
 legatos gratulati sunt, regemque civitate sua 14 donaverunt. 
 Gluod officii 15 genus quum Alexander risisset, unus ex lega- 
 tis, nulli unquam, inquit, civitatem dedimus alii, quam tibi et 
 Her cull Q,uo audito Alexander honorem sibi delatum lu- 
 bentissime 16 accepit. 
 
 49. Quum Alexander Graeciae populis imperasset, ut di- 
 vinos ipsi honores decernerent, Lacedaemonii his verbis ute- 
 bantur: 17 quoniam Alexander deus esse xoluit, esto deus; La- 
 conica brevitate 13 regis notantes vecordiam. 
 
 50. Lysimachus, 19 rex Thraciae, Theodorum Cyrenaeum, 20 
 virum libertatis amantissimum et regiae dominationi infestum, 
 cruci affigi jussit, Cui ille, hujusmodi minis, inquit, purpu 
 
36 IV. ANECDOTES. 
 
 ratos tuos terreas. Meet, quidem nihil interest, 1 humine 2 an sub* 
 lime 3 putrescam. 
 
 51. Mausolus, rex Cariae, 4 Artemisiam habuit conjugem. 
 Haec, Mausolo defuncto, ossa cineremque mariti contusa et 
 odoribus mixta cum aqua potabat. Exstruxit quoque, ad con- 
 servandam ejus memoriam, sepulcrum 5 illud nobilissimum, ab 
 ejus nomine appellatum, quod inter septem orbis terrarum mi- 
 racula 6 numeratur. Quod quum Mausoli manibus 7 dicaret, 
 certamen instituit, praemiis amplissimis ei propositis, 8 qui de- 
 functum regem optime laudasset. 
 
 52. Dionysius, 9 qui a patre Syracusarum et paene totius 
 Siciliae tyrannidem acceperat, senex, patria pulsus, Corinthi 
 pueros litteras docuit. 
 
 53. Mithridates, rex Ponti, saepe venenum hauserat, ut 
 sibi a clandestinis caveret insidiis. Hinc factum est, ut, qumn 
 a Pompejo superatus mortem sibi consciscere vellet, ne velo- 
 cissima quidem venena ei nocerent. 
 
 54. Quum Gyges, rex Lydiae 10 ditissimus, oraculum Apol- 
 linis interrogaret, an quisquam mortalium se esset felicior, 11 
 deus Aglaum quendam Psophidium 12 feliciorem praedicavit. 
 Is autem erat Arcadum pauperrimus, parvuli agelli possessor, 
 cujus terminos, quamvis senex, nunquam excesserat, fructibus 
 et voluptatibus angusti ruris contentus. 
 
 55. Pyrrhus, 13 rex Epiri, quum in Italia esset, audivit, Ta- 
 rentinos quosdam juvenes in convivio parum honorifice de se 
 loquutos esse. Eos igitur ad se arcessitos percunctatus est, 
 an dixissent ea, quae ad aures suas pervenissent. Turn unus 
 ex his, nisi, inquit, vinum nobis defecisset, multo etiam plura 
 et graviora in ie loquuturi eramus. 1 * Haec criminis excusa- 
 tio iram regis in risum convertit. 
 
 56. Marsyas, frater Antigoni, 15 regis Macedoniae, quum 
 causam haberet cum privato quodam, fratrem rogavit, ut de 
 ea domi cognosceret. At ille, in foro potius, 16 inquit. Nam 
 si culpa vacas, innocentia tua ibi melius apparebit; sin dam- 
 nandus es, nostra justitia. 
 
 57. Clara sunt apud Catanenses 17 nomina fratrum Anapi 
 et Amphinomi, qui patrem et matrem humeris per medios 
 ignes Aetnae portarunt, eosque cum vitae suae periculo e 
 flammis eripuerunt. 
 
 58. Spartanus quidam quum rideretur, quod claudus in pug- 
 nam iret, at 18 mihi, inquit, pugnare, non fugere est propositum. 
 
 59. Spartanus quidam in magistratus petitione ab aemulis 
 victus, mazimae sibi laetitiae esse, 19 dixit, quod patria sua se 
 meliores™ cives haberet. 
 
 60. Quum homo quidam, qui diu in uno pede stare didice 
 
IV. ANECDOTES. 37 
 
 rat, Lacedaemonio cuidam dixisset, se non arbitrary Lacedae- 
 moniorum quemquam tamdiu idem facere posse, ille respon- 
 ds : at anseres 1 te diutius. 
 
 61. Diagoras Rhodius, 2 quum tres ejus filii in ludis Olym- 
 picis 3 victores renuntiati essent, tanto affectus est gaudio, ut in 
 ipso stadio, inspectante populo, 4 in filiorum manibus animam 
 redderet. 
 
 62. Scipio Africanus 5 nunquam ad negotia publica accede- 
 bat, ante quam in templo Jovis precatus esset. 
 
 63. Scipio dicere solebat, hosti non solum dandam esse 
 viam fugiendi, sed etiam muniendam. Similiter Pyrrhus, rex 
 Epiri, 6 fugienti hosti pertinaciter instandum esse negabat; 7 
 non solum, ne fortius 8 ex necessitate 9 resisteret, sed ut postea 
 quoque facilius acie cederet, ratus, victores fugientibus non 
 usque ad perniciem instaturos esse. 
 
 64. Metellus Pius, in Hispania bellum gerens, interrogatus, 
 quid postero die facturus esset ? tunicam meam, inquit, si id 
 eloqui posset, comburerem. 
 
 65. L. Mummius, qui, Corintho 10 capta, totam Italiam ta- 
 bulis statuisque exornavit, ex tantis manubiis nihil in suum 
 usum convertit, ita ut, eo defuncto, non esset unde 11 ejus filia 
 dotem acciperet. Quare senatus ei ex publico dotem decre- 
 vit. 
 
 66. Scipio Africanus major 12 Ennii poetae imaginem in se- 
 pulcro gentis Corneliae 13 collocari jussit, quod Scipionum res 
 gestas carminibus suis illustraverat. 
 
 67. M. Cato, Catonis Censorii filius, in acie, cadente 
 equo prolapsus, quum se recollegisset, animadvertissetque 
 gladium excidisse vagina, rediit in hostem : acceptisque ali- 
 quot vulneribus, recuperato demum gladio 14 ad suos reversus 
 est. 
 
 68. Q,. Metellus Macedonicus in Hispania quinque cohor- 
 tes, quae hostibus cesserant testamentum facere jussas, ad 
 locum 15 recuperandum misit ; minatus, eos 16 non nisi post vic- 
 toriam receptum iri. 
 
 69. Publius Decius consul, quum in bello contra Latinos 
 Romanorum aciem cedentem videret, 17 capite pro reipublicae 
 salute devoto, ,b in medium hostium agmen irruit, et magna 
 strage edita plurimis telis obriitus cecidit. Haec ejus mors 
 Romanorum aciem restituit iisque victoriam paravit. 
 
 70. L. Junius Brutus, qui Romam a regibus liberavit, 19 fi- 
 lios suos, qui Tarquinium regem expulsum restituere conati 
 erant, ipse capitis damnavit, eosque virgis caesos' 20 securi per- 
 cuti jussit. 
 
 71. Gt Marcius Rex, consul, quum nlium unicum, juve- 
 
38 IV. ANECDOTES. 
 
 nem summae pietatis et magnae spei, morte amisisset, dolo- 
 rem suum ita eoercuit, ut a rogo adolescentis protenus curi- 
 am peteret, ibique muneris sui negotia strenue obiret. 
 
 72. In bello Romanorum cum Perseo, 1 ultimo Macedo- 
 niae rege, accidit, ut serena nocte subito luna deficeret. 
 Haec res ingentem apud milites terrorem excitavit, qui exis- 
 timabant, hoc omine 2 futuram cladem portendi. Turn vero 
 Sulpicius Gallus, qui erat in eo exercitu, in concione militum 
 causam hujus rei tarn diserte exposuit, ut postero die omnes 
 intrepido animo pugnam committerent. 
 
 73. L. Siccius Dentatus ob insignem fortitudinem appel- 
 latus est Achilles Romanus. Pugnasse is dicitur centum et 
 viginti proeliis ; cicatrlcem aversam 3 nullam, adversas quin- 
 que et quadraginta tulisse ; coronis 4 esse donatus aureis duo- 
 deviginti, obsidionali una, muralibus tribus, civicis quatuor- 
 decim, torquibus tribus et octoginta, armillis plus centum 
 sexaginta, hastis duode viginti. Phaleris idem donatus est 
 quinquies viciesque. Triumphavit cum imperatoribus suis 
 triumphos novem. 
 
 74. Hannibal em in Italiam proficiscentem tria millia Car- 
 petanorum 5 reliquerent. Quorum exemplum ne caeteri quo- 
 que barbari 6 sequerentur, edixit, eos a se esse dimissos, et in- 
 super in fidem ejus rei 7 alios etiam, quorum fides ipsi suspec- 
 ta erat, domum remisit. 
 
 75. Hannibal quum elephantos compellere non posset, ut 
 praealtum flumen transirent, neque rates haberet, quibus eos 
 trajiceret, 8 jussit ferocissimum elephantorum sub aure vulne- 
 rari, 9 et eum, qui vulnerasset, se in flumen conjicere illudque 
 tranare. Turn elephantus exasperatus ad persequendum 
 doloris sui auctorem tranavit amnem, et reliqui quoque eum 
 secuti sunt. 
 
SECOND DIVISION. 
 
 AN EPITOME OF ROMAN HISTORY, 
 
 PROM THE EARLIEST AGES TO THE TIME OF THE 
 EMPERORS. 
 
 LIBER PRIMUS. 
 
 1. Antiquissimis temporibus Saturnus in Italiam venisse 
 dicitur. Ibi haud procul a Janiculo 1 arcem condidit, eamque 
 Saturniam appellavit. Hie Italos primus agriculturam docuit 
 
 2. Postea Latinus in illis regionibus imperavit. Sub hoc 
 rege Troja 2 in Asia eversa est. Hinc Aeneas, Anchisae 
 filius, cum multis Trojanis, quibus ferrum Graecorum peper- 
 cerat, 3 aufugit, et in Italiam pervenit. Ibi Latinus rex ei be- 
 nigne recepto filiam Laviniam in matrimonium dedit. Aene- 
 as urbem condidit, quam in honorem conjugis Lavinium ap- 
 pellavit. 
 
 3. Post Aeneae mortem, Ascanius, Aeneae iilius, regnum 
 accepit. Hie sedem regni in alium locum transtulit, urbem- 
 que condidit in monte Albano, eamque Albam longam 4 nun- 
 cupavit. Eum secutus est Silvius, qui post Aeneae mortem 
 a Lavinia genitus erat. Ejus posteri omnes, usque ad Ro- 
 mam conditam, Albae regnaverunt. 
 
 4. Unus horum regum, Romulus Silvius, se Jove majorem 
 esse dicebat, et, quum tonaret, militibus imperavit, ut clypeos 
 hastis percuterent, dicebatque, hunc sonum multo clariorem 
 esse quam tonitru. Fulmine ictus et in Albanum lacum 
 praecipitatus est. 
 
 5. Silvius Procas, rex Albanorum, duos filios reliquit, Nu- 
 mitorem et Amulium. Horum minor natu, Amulius, fratri 
 optionem dedit, utrum regnum habere vellet, an bona, quae 
 pater reliquisset. Numitor paterna bona praetulit ; Amulius 
 regnum obtinuit. 
 
40 V. ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 6. Amulius, ut regimm firmissime possideret, Numitoris 
 nlium per insidias interemit, et filiam fratris, Rheam Silvi- 
 am, Vestalem virginem fecit. Nam his Vestae sacerdotibus 1 
 non licet viro nubere. 2 Sed haec a Marte geminos filios, 
 Romulum et Remum, peperit. Hoc quum Amulius compe- 
 risset, matrem in vincula conjecit, pueros autem in Tiberim 
 abjici jussit. 
 
 7. Forte Tiberis aqua ultra ripam 3 se effuderat, et quum 
 pueri in vado essent positi, aqua renuens eos in sicco reliquit. 
 Ad eorum vagltum lupa accurrit, eosque uberibus suis aluit. 
 Quod videns Faustulus quidam, pastor illius regionis, pueros 
 sustulit, et uxori Accae Laurentiae nutriendos 4 dedit. 
 
 8. Sic Romulus et Remus pueritiam inter pastores transe- 
 gerunt. Quum adolevissent, et forte comperissent, quis ipso- 
 
 rum avus, quae mater fuisset, Amulium inter fee erunt, 
 ™*e e t Numitori avo regnum restituerunt. Turn urbem con- 
 754 ' diderunt in monte Aventino, quam Romulus a suo no- 
 mine Romam vocavit. Haec quum moenibus circum- 
 daretur, Remus occisus est, dum fratrem irridens moenia 
 transiliebat. 
 
 9. Romulus, ut civium numerum augeret, asylum 5 pate- 
 fecit, ad quod multi ex civitatibus suis pulsi 6 accurrerunt. 
 Sed novae urbis civibus conjuges deerant. Festum itaque 
 Neptuni et ludos instituit. Ab hos quum multi ex finitimis 
 populis cum mulieribus et liberis venissent, Romani, inter 
 ipsos ludos, spectantes virgines rapuerunt. 
 
 10. Populi illi, quorum virgines raptae erant, bellum ad- 
 versus raptores susceperunt. Quum Romae appropinqua- 
 rent, forte in Tarpejam virginem inciderunt, quae in arce 7 sa- 
 cra procurabat. Hanc rogabant, ut viam in arcem monstra- 
 ret, eique permiserunt ut munus sibi posceret. Ilia petiit, ut 
 sibi darent, quod in sinistris manibus gererent, annulos au- 
 reos et armillas signiflcans. At hostes, in arcem ab ea per- 
 ducti, scutis Tarpejam obruerunt; nam et haec in sinistris 
 manibus gerebant. 
 
 1 1. Turn Romulus cum hoste, qui montem Tarpejum tene- 
 bat, pugnam conseruit in eo loco, ubi nunc forum Romanum 
 est. In media caede raptae processerunt, et hinc patres, hinc 
 conjuges et soceros complectebantur et rogabant, ut caedis 
 finem facerent. Utrique his precibus commoti sunt. Romu- 
 lus foedus icit, et Sabinos in urbem recepit. 8 
 
 12. Postea civitatem descripsit. Centum senatores legit, 
 eosque cum ob aetatem, turn ob reverentiam iis debitam, Pa- 
 tres appellavit. Plebem in triginta curias distribuit, easque 
 
LIBER I. 41 
 
 raptarum nominibus nuncupavit. Anno regni tricesimo 
 septimo, quum exercitum lustraret, 1 inter tempestatem p-X* 
 ortam, repente oculis hominum subductus est. Hinc alii 
 eum a senatoribus interfectum, alii ad deos sublatum 2 esse ex- 
 istimaverunt. 
 
 13. Post Romuli mortem unius anni interregnum fuit. 
 Quo elapso Numa Pompilius, Curibus, urbe in agro Sabino- 
 rum, natus, rex creatus est. Hie \ r ir bellum quidem nullum 
 gessit ; nee minus tamen civitati profuit. Nam et leges dedit, 
 et sacra plurima instituit, ut populi barbari et bellicosi mores 
 molliret. Omnia autem, quae faciebat, se nymphae Egeriae, 
 conjugis suae, jussu facere dicebat. Morbo decessit, quadra- 
 gesimo tertio imperii anno. 
 
 14. Numae successit Tullus Hostilius, cujus avus se 
 
 in bello ad versus Sabinos fortem et strenuum virum gj 
 praestiterat. Rex creatus bellum Albanis indixit, idque 
 trigeminorum, Horatiorum et Curiatiorum, certamine finivit. 
 Albam propter perfidiam Metii Fuffetii 3 diruit. Q,uum trigin- 
 ta duobus annis regnasset, fulmine ictus cum domo sua arsit, 
 
 15. Post hunc Ancus xMarcius, Numae ex filia nepos, 
 suscepit imperium. Hie vir aequitate et religione avo \\Y° 
 similis, Latinos bello domuit, urbem ampliavit, et nova ei 
 moenia circumdedit. 4 Carcerem primus aedificavit. Ad Tibe- 
 ris ostia urbem condidit, Ostiamque vocavit. Vicesimo quar- 
 to anno imperii morbo obiit. 
 
 16. Deinde regnum Lucius Tarquini us Priscus acce- 
 
 pit, Damarati films, qui tyrannos patriae Corinthi 5 fu- ^ ' 
 giens in Etruriam 6 venerat. Ipse Tarquinius, qui no- 
 men ab urbe Tarquiniis accepit, aliquando Romam profectus 
 erat. Advenienti aquila pileum abstulit, et postquam alte 
 evolaverat, reposuit. Hinc Tanaquil conjux, mulier augu- 
 riorum perita, regnum ei portendi intellexit. 
 
 17. Q,uum Romae commoraretur, Anci regis familiarita- 
 tem consequutus est, qui eum flliorum suorum tutorem reli- 
 quit. Sed is pupillis regnum intercepit. Senatoribus, quos 
 Romulus creaverat, centum alios addidit, qui minorum gen- 
 tium 7 sunt appellati. Plura bella feliciter gessit, nee paucos 
 agros, hostibus ademtos, 8 urbis territorio adjunxit. Primus 
 triumphans urbem intra vit. Cloacas fecit ; Capitolium 9 in- 
 choavit. Tricesimo octavo imperii anno per Anci fllios, qui- 
 bus regnum eripuerat, occisus est. 
 
 18. Post hunc Servius Tullius suscepit imperium, „ 
 genitus ex nobili femina, captiva tamen et famula. ^ ' 
 Quum in domo Tarquinii Prisci educaretur, flamma in 
 ejus capite visa est. Hoc prodigio Tanaquil ei summam 
 
 PART I. E 
 
42 V. ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 dignitatem portendi intellexit, et conjugi persuasit, ut eum 
 sicuti liberos suos educaret. Quum adolevisset, rex ei filiam 
 in matrimonium dedit. 
 
 19. Quum Priscus Tarquinius occisus esset, Tanaquil de 
 superiore parte domus populum allocuta est, dicens : regem 
 grave quidem, sed non letale vulnus accepisse ; eum peter e, ut 
 populus, dum convaluisset, Servio Tullio obediret. Sic Ser- 
 vius regnare coepit, sed bene imperium administravit. Mon- 
 tes tres urbi adjunxit. Primus omnium censum 1 ordinavit. 
 Sub eo Roma habuit capitum octoginta tria millia civium 
 Romanorum cum his, qui in agris erant. 
 
 20. Hie rex interfectus est scelere filiae Tulliae et 
 220 Tarquinii Superbi, filii ejus regis, cui Servius succes- 
 serat. Nam ab ipso Tarquinio de gradibus Curiae 2 de- 
 jectus, quum domum fugeret, interfectus est. Tullia in forum 
 properavit et prima conjugem regem salutavit. Quum domum 
 rediret, aurigam super patris corpus, in via jacens, carpentum 3 
 agerejussit. 
 
 21. Tarquinius Superbus cognomen moribus meruit. Bello 
 tamen strenuus plures flnitimorum populorum vicit. Tem- 
 plum Jovis in Capitolio aedificavit. Postea, dum Ardeam 
 oppugnabat, urbem Etruriae, imperium perdidit. Nam quum 
 films ejus Lucretiae, nobilissimae feminae, conjugi Tarquinii 
 Collatini, vim fecisset, haec se ipsa occldit in conspectu ma- 
 riti, patris et amicorum, postquam eos obtestata fuerat, ut 
 hanc injuriam 4 ulciscerentur. 
 
 . 22. Hanc ob causam L. Brutus, Collatinus, aliique 
 
 2^ 3 ' nonnulli in exitium regis conjurarunt, populoque per- 
 suaserunt, ut ei portas Urbis clauderet Exercitus 
 quoque, qui civitatem Ardeam cum rege oppugnabat, eum 
 reliquit. Fugit itaque cum uxore et liberis suis. Ita Homae 
 regnatum est per septem reges, annos ducentos quadraginta 
 tres. 
 
 23. Hinc consules eoepere pro uno rege duo creari, ut, si 
 unus malus esset, alter eum coerceret. Annuum iis imperium 
 tributum est, ne per diuturnitatem potestatis insolentiores 
 redderentur. Fuerunt igitur anno primo, expulsis regibus, 
 consules L. Junius Brutus acerrimus libertatis vindex, et Tar- 
 quinius Collatinus, maritus Lucretiae. Sed Collatino paulo 
 post dignitas sublata est. Placuerat enim, ne quis ex Tar- 
 quiniorum familia Romae maneret. Ergo cum omni patri- 
 monio suo ex urbe migravit, et in ejus locum Valerius Publi- 
 cola consul factus est. 
 
 24. Commovit bellum urbi rex Tarquinius. In prima 
 pugna Brutus, consul, et Aruns, Tarquinii Alius, sese invi- 
 
LIBER I. 43 
 
 cem occiderunt. Romani tamen ex ea pugna victores reces* 
 serunt. Brutum Romanae matronae, quasi communem pa- 
 ttern, per annum luxerunt. 1 Valerius Publicola Sp. Lucre- 
 tium, Lucretiae patrem, collegam sibi fecit ; qui quum morbo 
 exstinctus esset, Horatium Pulvillum sibi collegam sumsit. 
 Ita primus annus quinque consules habuit. 
 
 25. Secundo quoque anno iterum Tarquinius bellum 
 Romanis intulit, Porsena, rege Etruscorum, auxilium ei ih- 
 ferente. In illo bello Horatius Codes solus Pontem 
 ligneum 2 defendit et hostes cohibuit, donee pons a tergo rup- 
 lus esset. Turn se cum armis in Tiberim conjecit et ad suos 
 transnavit. 
 
 26. Dum Porsena urbem obsidebat, Q,u. Mucius Scaevo- 
 la, juvenis fortis animi, in castra hostis se contulit, eo consilio, 
 ut regem occideret. At ibi scribam regis pro ipso rege inter- 
 fecit. Turn a regiis satellitibus comprehensus et ad regem 
 deductus, quum Porsena eum ignibus allatis 3 terreret, dextram 
 arae accensae imposuit, donee flammis consumta esset. Hoc 
 facinus rex miratus juvenem dimisit incolumem. Turn hie, 
 quasi beneflcium referens, ait, trecentos alios juvenes in eum 
 conjurasse. Hac re territus Porsena pacem cum Romanis fe- 
 cit, Tarquinius autem Tusculum se contulit, ibique privatus 
 cum uxore consenuit. 
 
 27. Sexto decimo anno post reges exactos, populus 
 Romae seditionem fecit, questus, quod tributis et mili- ^g 
 tia a senatu exhauriretur. Magna pars plebis urbem 
 reliquit et in montem trans Anienem 4 amnem secessit. Turn 
 patres turbati Menenium Aprippam miserunt ad plebem, qui 
 earn senatui conciliaret. 5 Hie iis inter alia fabulam 6 nar- 
 ravit de ventre et membris humani corporis ; qua populus 
 commotus est, ut in urbem rediret. Turn primum tribuni 
 plebis 7 creati sunt, qui plebem adversum nobilitatis superbiam 
 defenderent. 8 
 
 28. Octavo decimo anno post exactos reges, Q,u. 
 Marcius, Coriolanus dictus ab urbe Volscorum 9 Corio- oc^ 
 li, quam bello ceperat, plebi invisis fieri coepit. Q,uare 
 urbe expulsus ad Volscos, acerrimos Romanorum hostes, 
 contendit, et ab iis dux exercitus factus Romanos saepe vi 
 cit. Jam usque ad quintum milliarium 10 Urbis accesserat, 
 nee ullis civium suorum legationibus flecti poterat, ut patriae 
 parceret. Denique Veturia mater et Volumnia uxor ex urbe 
 ad eum venerunt ; quarum flectu et precibus commotus est, 
 ut exercitum removeret. Quo facto a Volscis ut proditor oc- 
 cisus esse dicitur. 
 
 29. Romani quum adversum Vejentes 11 bellum gererent, 
 
44 V. ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 familia Fabiorum sola hoe bellum suscepit. Profecti sunt 
 trecenti sex nobilissimi homines, duce Fabio consule. 
 ^' 7 Y* Quum saepe hostes vicissent, apud Cremeram 1 fiuvium 
 castra posuerunt. Ibi Vejentes, dolo usi, eos in insi- 
 dias pellexerunt. In proelio ibi exorto omnes perierunt. Unus 
 superfuit ex tanta familia, qui propter aetatem puerilem duci 
 non potuerat ad pugnam. Hie genus propagavit ad Q,u. Fa- 
 bium Maximum, ilium, qui Hannibalem 2 prudenti cunctatione 
 debilitavit. 3 
 
 30. Anno trecentesimo et alter o ab Urbe condita 
 "^02p Decemviri 4 creati sunt, qui civitati lrges scriberent. 
 
 Hi primo anno bene egerunt ; secundo autem domina- 
 tionem exercere coeperunt. Sed quum unus eorum Appius 
 Claudius virginem ingenuam, Virginiam, Virginii centurionis 
 filiam, corrumpere vellet, pater earn occidit. Turn ad milites 
 profugit, eosque ad seditionem commovit. Sublata est de- 
 cemviris potestas, ipsique omnes aut morte aut exilio puniti 
 sunt. 
 
 31. In be] lo contra Vejentanos Furius Camillus ur- 
 ■ 358' Dem Falerios 5 obsidebat. In quo obsidione quum ludi 
 
 literarii magister principum filios ex urbe in castra hos- 
 tium duxisset, Camillus hoc donum non accepit, sed sceles- 
 tum hominem, manibus post tergum vinctis, pueris Falerios 
 reducendum tradidit ; 6 virgasque iis dedit, quibus proditorem 
 in urbem agerent. 
 
 32. Hac tanta animi nobilitate commoti Falisci urbem Ro- 
 manis tradiderunt. Camillo autem apud Romanos crimini 
 datum est, quod albis equis 7 triumphasset, et praedam inique 
 divisisset ; damnatusque ob earn causam et civitate expulsus 
 
 est. Paulo post Galli Senones 8 ad Urbem venerunt, 
 364 Romanos apud flumen Alliam 9 vicerunt, et Urbem etiam 
 
 occuparunt. Jam nihil praeter Capitolium defendi po- 
 tuit. Et jam praesidium fame laborabat, et in eo erant, 10 ut 
 pacem a Gallis auro emerent, quum Camillus cum manu mi- 
 litum superveniens hostes magno proelio superaret. 
 
 LIBER SECUNDUS. 
 
 1. Anno trecentesimo nonagesimo quarto post Ur- 
 394 ^ em con ^ am Galli iterum ad Urbem accedebant, et 
 quarto milliario trans Anienem 11 fiuvium consederant 
 Contra eos missus est T. Quinctius. Ibi Gallus quidam, exi- 
 mia corporis magnitudine, fortissimum Romanorum ad cer- 
 camen singular e provocavit. T. Manlius, nobilissimus juve- 
 nis, provocationem accepit, Galium occidit, eumque torque 
 
LIBER II. 45 
 
 aureo spoliavit, quo ornatus erat. Hinc el ipse et posteri ejus 
 Torquati appellati sunt. Galli fugam capessiverunt. 
 
 2. Novo bello cum Gallis exorto, anno Urbis quad- 
 ringentesimo sexto, iterum Gallus processit, robore at- A^Y * 
 que armis insignis, et provocavit unum ex Romanis, ut 
 secum armis decerneret. Turn se M. Valerius, tribunus mi- 
 litum, 1 obtulit ; et quum processisset armatus, eorvus ei su- 
 pra dextrum brachium sedit. Mox, commissa pugna, hie 
 eorvus alis et unguibus Galli oculos verberavit. Ita factum 
 est, ut Gallus facili negotio a Valerio inter fleer etur, qui hinc 
 Corvini nomen accepit. 
 
 3. Postea Romani bellum gesserunt cum Samniti- 
 bus. 2 ad quod L. Papirius Cursor cum honore dictato- 43^* 
 ris 3 profectus est. Qui, quum negotii cujusdam causa 
 Romam ivisset, praecepit Q,. Fabio Rulliano, magistro equi- 
 tum, quern apud exercitum reliquit, ne pugnam cum hoste 
 committeret. Sed ille, occasionem nactus, felicissime dimiea- 
 vit et Samnites delevit. Ob hanc rem a dictatore capius dam- 
 natus est. At ille in Urbem confugit, et ingenti favore militum 
 et populi liberatus est ; in Papirium autem tanta exorta est se- 
 ditio, ut paene ipse interficeretur. 
 
 4. Duobus annis post T. Veturius et Spurius Postumius 
 consules bellum adversum Samnites gerebant. Hi a Pontio 
 Thelesino, duce hostium, in insidias inducti sunt. Nam ad 
 Furculas Caudinas 1 Romanos pellexit in angustias, 
 unde sese expedire non poterant. Ibi Pontius patrem 433 
 suum Herennium rogavit, quid faciendum putaret. Ille 
 
 ait, aut omnes occidendos esse, ut Romanorum vires frangeren- 
 tur, aut omnes dimittendos, ut beneficio obligarentur. Pontius 
 utrumque consilium improbavit, omnesque sub jugum 5 misit. 
 Samnites denique post bellum undequinquaginta annorum su* 
 perati sunt. 
 
 5. Devictis Samnitibus, Tarentinis 6 bellum indictum 
 
 est, quia legatis Romanorum injuriam fecissent. Hi 473 
 Pyrrhum, Epiri 7 regem, contra Romanos auxilio po- 
 poscerunt. 8 Is mox in Italiam venit, tumque primum Roma- 
 ni cum transmarino hoste pugnaverunt. Missus est contra 
 eum consul P. Valerius Laevinus. Hie, quum exploratores 
 Pyrrhi cepisset, jussit eos per castra duci, ostendi omnem exer- 
 citum, tumque dimitti, ut renuntiarent Pyrrho, quaecunque a 
 Romanis agerentur. 
 
 6. Pugna commissa, Pyrrhus auxilio elephantorum 9 vicit. 
 Nox proelio flnem dedit. Laevinus tamen per noctem fugit, 
 Pyrrhus Romanos mille octingentos cepit, eosque summo ho* 
 nore tractavit. Gtuum eos, qui in proelio interfecti fueraut, 
 
 e2 
 
46 V. ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 omnes adversis vulneribus 1 et truci vultu etiam mortuos jacere 
 videret, tulisse ad coelum manus dicitui> cum hac voce : Ego 
 cum talibus viris brevi* orbem terrarum subigerem. 
 
 7. Postea Pyrrhus Romam perrexit ; omnia ferro igneque 
 vastavit ; Campaniam 3 depopulates est, atque ad Praeneste 4 ve- 
 nit, milliario ab Urbe octavo decimo. Mox terrore exercitus, 
 qui cum consule sequebatur, in Campaniam se recepit. Legati, 
 ad Pyrrhum de captivis redimendis missi, honorifice ab eo sus- 
 cepti sunt ; captivos sine pretio reddidit. Unum ex legatis, 
 Fabricium, sic admiratus est, ut ei quartam partem regni sui 
 promitteret, si ad se transiret ; sed a Fabricio contemtus est. 
 
 8. Quum jam Pyrrhus ingenti Romanorum admiratione 
 teneretur, legatum misit Cineam, praestantissimum virum, qui 
 pacem peteret, ea conditione, ut Pyrrhus earn partem Italiae 
 quam arm is occupaverat, obtineret. Romani responderunt, 
 eum cum Romanis pacem habere non posse, nisi ex Italia re- 
 cessisset. Cineas quum rediisset, Pyrrho, eum inter roganti, 
 quails ipsi Roma visa esset ; respondit, se regum patriam vi- 
 disse. 
 
 9. In altero proelio cum rege Epiri commisso, 5 Pyrrhus vul- 
 neratus est, elephanti interfecti, viginti millia hostium caesa 
 sunt. Pyrrhus Tarentum fugit. Interjecto anno Fabricius 
 contra eum missus est. Ad hunc medic us Pyrrhi nocte venit, 
 promittens, se Pyrrhum veneno occisurum, si munus sibi da- 
 retur. Hunc Fabricius vinctum reduci jussit ad dominum. 
 Tunc rex, generosum viri animum admiratus, dixisse fertur ; 
 llle est Fabricius, qui difficilius ob honestate, quam sol a cursu 
 
 suo aver tip ot est. Paulo post Pyrrhus, tertio etiam proe- 
 4gl lio fusus, a Tarento recessit, et, quum in Graeciam re- 
 diisset, apud Argos, Peloponnesi urbem, interfectus est. 
 
 10. Anno quadringentesimo nonagesimo post Urbem 
 4qa ' conditam Romanorum exercitus primum in Siciliam tra- 
 
 jecerunt, regemque Syracusarum Hieronem, Poenos- 
 
 que, qui multas civitates in ea insula occupaverant, su- 
 
 49 5 * peraverunt. Quinto anno hujus belli, quod contra Poe- 
 
 nos gerebatur, primum Romani, C. Duillio et Cn. Cor- 
 
 nelio Asina Coss., in mari dimicaverunt. Duillius Carthagi- 
 
 nienses vicit, triginta naves occupavit, quatuordecim mer- 
 
 sit, septem millia hostium cepit, tria millia occldit. Nulla 
 
 victoria Romanis gratior fuit. Duillio concessum est, ut, quum 
 
 a coena rediret, pueri funalia gestantes et tibicen eum comita- 
 
 rentur. 6 
 
 11. Paucis annis interjectis bellum in Africam trans- 
 4 g 9 • latum est. Hamilcar, Carthaginiensium dux, pugna 
 
 navali superatur ; nam perditis sexaginta quatuor navi- 
 
LIBER III. 47 
 
 bus, se recepit ; Romani viginti duas amiserunt. Quum in 
 Africam venissent, Poenos in pluribus proeliis vicerunt, mag- 
 nam vim hominum ceperunt, septuaginta quatuor civitates in 
 fidem acceperunt. Turn victi Carthaginienses pacem a Ro- 
 manis petierunt. Q,uam quum M. Atilius Regulus, Romano- 
 rum dux, dare nollet nisi durissimis conditionibus, Carthagi- 
 nienses auxilium petierunt a Lacedaemoniis. Hi Xanthippum 
 miserunt, qui Romanum exercitum magno proelio vicit. Re- 
 gulus ipse captus et in vincula conjectus est. 
 
 12. Non tamen ubique fortuna Carthaginiensibus favit. 
 Quum aliquot proeliis victi essent, Regulum rogaverunt, ut 
 Romam proficisceretur, et pacem captivorumque permuta- 
 tionem a Romanis obtineret. Ille quum Romam venisset, 
 inductus in senatum, dixit, se desiisse 1 Romanum esse ex ilia 
 die, qua in potestaAem Poenorum venisset. Turn Romanis sua- 
 sit, ne pacem cum Carthaginiensibus facer ent ; illos enim tot 
 casibus fractos, spem nullam nisi in pace habere ; tanti non 
 esse, ut tot millia^ captivorum propter se unum et paucos, qui 
 ex Romanis capti essent, redderentur. Haec sententia obti- 
 nuit. Regressus igitur in Africam crudelissimis suppliciis 
 exstinctus est. 
 
 13. Tandem C. Lutatio Catulo, A. Postumio Coss., 
 anno belli Punici vicesimo tertio, magnum proelium £o 
 navale commissum est contra Lilybaeum, 3 promonto- 
 rium Siciliae. In eo proelio septuaginta tres Carthaginien- 
 sium naves captae, centum viginti quinque demersae, trigin- 
 ta duo millia hostium capta, tredecim millia occisa sunt. 
 Statim Carthaginienses pacem petierunt, eisque pax tributa 
 est. Captivi Romanorum, qui tenebantur, a Carthaginiensi- 
 bus, redditi sunt. Poeni Sicilia, Sardinia et ceteris insulis, 
 quae intra Italiam Africamque jacent decesserunt, omnem- 
 que Hispaniam, quae citra Iberum 4 est, Romanis permise- 
 runt. 
 
 LIBER TERTIUS. 
 
 1. Anno quingentesimo undetricesimo ingentes Gal- 
 lorum copiae Alpes transierunt. Sed pro Romanis to- gSg 
 ta Italia consensit: traditumque est, octingenta millia 
 hominum ad id bellum parata fuisse. Res prospere g?sta 
 est apud Clusium : 5 quadraginta millia hominum interfecta 
 sunt. Aliquot annis post pugnatum est contra Gallos in agro 
 Insubrum, 6 finitumque est bellum M. Claudio Marcello, Cn. 
 Cornelio Scipione Coss. Turn Marcellus regem Gallorum, 
 
48 V. ROMAN HISTORY, 
 
 Viridomarum, manu sua occidit et triumphans spolia 1 Galli, 
 stipiti imposita, humeris suis vexit. 
 
 2. Paulo post Punicum bellum removatum est per Hanni 
 balem, Carthaginiensium ducem, quern pater Hamilcar, no 
 
 vem annos natum, aris admoverat, ut odium perenne in 
 gog^' Romanos juraret. Hie annum agens vicesimum ae- 
 
 tatis, Saguntum, 2 Hispaniae civitatem, Romanis ami- 
 cam, oppugnare aggressus est. Huic Romani per legatos 
 denuntiaverunt, ut bello abstineret. Qui quum legatos ad- 
 mittere nollet, Romani Carthaginem miserunt, ut mandaretur 3 
 Hannibal i, ne bellum contra socios populi Romani gereret. 
 Dura responsa a Carthaginiensibus reddita. Saguntinis in- 
 terea fame victis, Romani Carthaginiensibus bellum indixe- 
 runt. 
 
 3. Hannibal, fratre Hasdrubale in Hispania relicto, Pyre 
 naeum et Alpes transiit. Traditur in Italiam octoginta millia 
 peditum, et viginti millia equitum, septem et triginta ele- 
 phantos adduxisse. Interea multi Ligures 4 et Galli Hanni- 
 bali se conjunxerunt. Primus ei occurrit P. Cornelius Sci- 
 pio, qui proelio ad Ticinum 5 commisso, superatus est, et, vul- 
 nere accepto, in castra rediit. Turn Sempronius Gracchus 
 conflixit ad Trebiam 6 amnem. Is quoque vincitur." Multi 
 populi se Hannibali dediderunt. Inde in Tusciam 7 progres- 
 sus Flaminium Cos. ad Trasimenum 8 lacum superat. Ipse 
 Flaminius interemtus, Romanorum viginti quinque millia cae- 
 sa sunt. 
 
 4. Quingentesimo et quadragesimo anno post Urbem 
 £ conditum L. Aemilius Paulus et P. Terentius Varro 
 contra Hannibalem mittuntur. Quamquam intellectum 
 erat, Hannibalem non aliter vinci posse, quam mora, 9 Varro 
 tamen, morae impatiens, apud vicum, qui Cannae appellatur, 
 in Apulia 10 pugnavit ; ambo consules victi, Paulus interemtus 
 est. In ea pugna consulares aut praetorii viginti, senatores 
 triginta capti aut occisi, militum quadraginta millia, equitum 
 tria millia et quingenti perierunt. In his tantis malis nemo 
 tamen pacis mentionem facere dignatus est. Servi, quod nun- 
 quam ante factum, manumissi et milites facti sunt. 
 
 5. Post earn pugnam multae Italiae civitates, quae Ro- 
 manis paruerant, se ad Hannibalem transtulerunt. Hannibal 
 Romanis obtulit, ut captivos redimerent; responsumque est 
 a senatu, eos cives non esse necessarios, qui armati 11 capi po- 
 tuissent. Hos omnes ille postea variis suppliciis interfecit, 
 et tres modios aureorum annulorum 12 Carthaginem misit, quos 
 manibus equitum Romanorum, senatorum et militum detrax- 
 erat. Interea in Hispania frater Hannibalis Hasdrubal, qui 
 
LIBER III. 49 
 
 ibi remanserat cum magno exercitu, a duobus Scipionibus 1 
 vincitur, perditque in pugna triginta quinque millia hominum. 
 
 6. Anno quarto post quam Hannibal in Italiam venerat, 
 M. Claudius Marcellus Cos. apud Nolam,* civitatem Cam- 
 paniae, contra Hannibalem bene pugnavit. Illo tempore 
 Philippus, Demetrii filius, rex Macedoniae, ad Hannibalem 
 legatos mittit, eique auxilia contra Romanos pollicetur. Qui 
 legati quum a Romanis capti essent, M. Valerius Laevinus 
 cum navibus missus est, qui regem impediret, quo minus co- 
 pias in Italiam trajiceret. 3 Idem in Macedoniam penetrans 
 regem Philippum vicit. 
 
 7. In Sicilia quoque res prospere gesta est. Marcellus 
 magnam hujus insulae partem cepit, quam Poeni 4 occupa- 
 verantj Syracusas, 5 nobilissimam urbem, expugnavit, et in- 
 gentem inde praedam Romam misit. Laevinus in Macedonia 
 cum Philippo et multis Graeciae populis amicitiam fecit ; et in 
 Siciliam profectus, Hannonem, Poenorum ducem, apud Agri- 
 gentum cepit ; quadraginta civitates in deditionem accepit, vi- 
 ginti sex expugnavit. Ita omni Sicilia recepta cum ingenti 
 gloria Romam regressus est. 
 
 8. Interea in Hispaniam, ubi duo Scipiones 6 ab Hasdrubale 
 interfecti erant, missus est P. Cornelius Scipio, vir Romanorum 
 omnium fere primus. Hie puer duodeviginti annorum in pug- 
 na ad Ticinum 7 patrem singulari virtute servavit. Deinde post 
 cladem Cannensem multos nobilissimorum juvenum, Italiam 
 deserere cupientium, 8 auctoritate sua ab hoc consilio deterruit. 
 Viginti quatuor annorum juvenis in Hispaniam missus, die, qua 
 venit, Carthaginem novam 9 cepit, in qua omne aurum et argen- 
 tum et belli apparatum Poeni habebant, nobilissimos quoque 
 obsides, quos ab Hispanis acceperant. Hos obsides parentibus 
 suis reddidit. Gtuare omnes Hispaniae civitates ad eum uno 
 animo transierunt. 
 
 9. Ab eo inde tempore res Romanorum in dies laetiores fac- 
 tae sunt. Hasdrubal a fratre ex Hispania in Italiam evocatus, 
 apud Senam, 10 Piceni 11 civitatem, in insidias incidit, et strenue 
 pugnans occisus est. Plurimae autem civitates, quae in Brut- 
 tiis ab Hannibale tenebantur, Romanis se tradiderunt. 
 
 10. Anno decimo quarto postquam in Italiam Han- 
 nibal venerat, Scipio consul creatus et in Africam mis- ^'Jf' 
 sus est. Ibi contra Hannonem, ducem Carthaginien- 
 sium prospere pugnat totumque ejus exercitum delet. Se- 
 cundo proelio undecim millia hominum occidit, et castra ce- 
 pit cum quatuor millibus et quingentis militibus. Syphacem, 
 Numidiae 13 regem, qui se cum Poenis conjunxerat, cepit, 
 
50 V. ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 eumque cum nobilissimis Numidis et infinitis spoliis Romam 
 misit. Qua re audita, omnis fere Italia Hannibalem dese- 
 
 rit. Ipse a Carthaginiensibus in Africam redire jube- 
 5^3 " tur. Ita anno decimo septimo Italia ab Hannibale li- 
 
 berata est. 
 11. Post plures pugnas et pacem plus semel frustra tenta- 
 tam, pugna ad Zamam 1 committitur, in qua peritissimi duces 
 copias suas ad bellum educebant. Scipio victor recedit ; Han- 
 nibale cum paucis equitibus evadit. Post hoc proelium pax 
 cum Carthaginiensibus facta est. Scipio, quum Romam re- 
 diisset, mgenti gloria triumphavit, atque Africanus appellatus 
 est. Sic finem accepit secundum Punicum bellum post annum 
 undevicesimum quam coeperat. 2 
 
 LIBER QUARTUS. 
 
 1. Finito Punico bello, secutum est Macedonicum 
 556 contra Pbilippum 3 regem. Superatus est rex a T. 
 
 Quinctio Flaminio apud Cynoscephalas, 4 paxque ei da- 
 ta est his legibus : ne Graeciae civitatibus, quas Romani con- 
 tra eum defenderant, bellum infer r et ; ut captivos et transfu- 
 gas redder et ; quinquaginta solum naves haberet ; reliquas 
 Romanis daret; mille talenta praestaret, et obsidem daret 
 filium Demetrium. T. Q,uinctius etiam Lacedaemoniis intu- 
 lit bellum, et ducem eorum Nabidem 5 vicit. 
 
 2. Finito bello Macedonico, secutum est bellum Syria- 
 5g3 cum 6 contra Antiochum regem, cum quo Hannibal se 
 
 junxerat. Missus est contra eum L. Cornelius Scipio 
 Cos., cui frater ejus Scipio Africanus legatus 7 est additus. 
 Hannibal navali proelio victus, Antiochus autem ad Magne- 
 siam, 8 Asiae civitatem, a Cornelio Scipione Cos. ingenti proe- 
 lio fusus est. Turn rex Antiochus pacem petit. Data est 
 ei hac lege, ut ex Europa et Asia 9 recederet, atque intra Tau- 
 rum 10 se contineret, decern millia talentorum et viginti obsides 
 praeberet, Hannibalem, concitorem belli, dederet. Scipio Ro- 
 mam rediit et ingenti gloria triumphavit. Nomen et ipse ad 
 imitationem fratris Asiatic] accepit. 
 
 3. Philippo, rege Macedoniae, mortuo, filius ejus Perseus 
 rebellavit, ingentibus copiis paratis. Dux Romanorum, P. 
 Licinius Cos. contra eum missus, gravi proelio a rege victus 
 est. Rex tamen pacem petebat. Cui Romani earn prae- 
 stare noluerunt, nisi his condicionibus, ut se et suos Romanis 
 
 dederet. Mox Aemilius Paulus Cos. regem ad Pyd- 
 4^Y" nam 11 superavit, et viginti millia peditum ejus occi- 
 
 dit. Equitatus cum rege fugit. Urbes Macedoniae 
 
LIBER IV. 51 
 
 omnes, quas rex tenuerat, Romanis se dediderunt. Ipse 
 Perseus ab amicis desertus in Pauli potestatem venit. Hie, 
 multis etiam aliis rebus gestis, cum ingenti pompa Romam 
 rediit in nave Persei, inusitatae magnitudinis; namsexdecim 
 remorum or dines 1 habuisse dicitur. Triumphavit magnifi- 
 centissime in curru aureo, duobus filiis utroque latere adstan- 
 tibus. Ante currum inter captivos duo regis filii et ipse Per- 
 seus ducti sunt. 
 
 4. Tertium deinde bellum contra Carthaginem sus- 
 ceptum est, sexcentesimo et altero anno ab Urbe condi- q™' 
 ta, anno quinquagesimo primo, postquam secundum bel- 
 lum Punicum transactum erat. L. Manlius Censorinus et M. 
 Manlius Coss. in Africam trajecerunt et oppugnaverunt Car- 
 thaginem. Multa ibi praeclare gesta sunt per Scipionem, 
 Scipionis Africani nepotem, qui tribunus 2 in Africa militabat. 
 Hujus apud omnes ingens metus et reverentia erat, neque 
 quidquam magis Carthaginiensium duces vitabant, quam con- 
 tra eum proelium committere. 
 
 5. Quum jam magnum esset Scipionis nomen, tertio anno 
 postquam Romani in Africam trajecerant, consul est creatus 
 et contra Carthaginem missus. Is hanc urbem, a civi- 
 
 bus acerrime defensam, cepit ac diruit. Ingens ibi qqq ' 
 praeda facta, plurimaque 3 inventa sunt, quae multarum 
 civitatum Italiae, Siciliae, Africae reddidit, quae sua recog- 
 noscebant. Ita Carthago, septingentesimo anno postquam 
 condita erat, deleta est. Scipio nomen Africani junioris ac- 
 cepit. 
 
 6. Interim in Macedonia quidam Pseudophilippus 4 arma 
 movit, et P. Juvencium, Romanorum ducem, ad internecio- 
 nem vicit. Post eum Q,. Caecilius Metellus dux a Romanis 
 contra Pseudophilippum missus est, et viginti quinque milli- 
 bus ex militibus ejus occisis, Macedoniam recepit ; ipsum 
 etiam Pseudophilippum in potestatem suam redegit. Corin- 
 thiis 5 quoque bellum indictum est, nobilissimae Graeciae ci- 
 vitati, propter injuriam 6 Romanis legatis illatam. Hanc 
 Mummius consul cepit ac diruit. Tres igitur Romae gAo 
 simul celeberrimi triumphi fuerunt : Scipionis ex Africa, 
 ante cujus currum ductus est Hasdrubal; Metelli ex Macedo- 
 nia, cujus currum praecessit Andriscus, qui et Pseudophilip- 
 pus dicitur ; Mummii ex Corintho, ante quern signa aenea et 
 pictae tabulae et alia urbis clarissimae ornamenta praelata 
 sunt. 
 
 7. Anno sexcentesimo decimo post urbem conditam A. V. 
 Viriathus in Lusitania 7 bellum contra Romanos exci-610. 
 
52 V. ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 tavit. Pastor primo fuit, mox latronum dux ; postremo tan- 
 tos ad bellum populos concitavit, ut vindex libertatis Hispa- 
 niae existimaretur. Denique a suis interfectus est. Q,uum in- 
 terfectores ejus praemium a Caepione Cos. peterent, respon- 
 sum est, nunquam Romanis placuisse, imperatorem a militi- 
 bus suis interfici. 
 
 8. Deinde bellum exortum est cum Numantinis, 1 civitate 
 Hispaniae. Victus ab his Q,u. Pompejus, et post eum C. 
 Hostilius Mancinus Cos., qui pacem cum iis fecit infamem, 
 quam populus et senatus jussit infringi, atque ipsum Manci- 
 num hostibus tradi. 2 Turn P. Scipio Africanus in Hispaniam 
 missus est. Is primum militem ignavum et corruptum cor- 
 
 rexit : 3 turn multas Hispaniae civitates partim bello cepit, 
 621 P artml m deditionem accepit. Postremo ipsam Numan- 
 tiam fame ad deditionem coegit, urbemque evertit ; reli- 
 quam provinciam in fidem accepit. 
 
 9. P. Scipione Nasica et L. Calpurnio Bestia Coss. Ju- 
 gurthae, Numidarum regi, bellum illatum est, quod Adher- 
 balem et Hiempsalem, Micipsae filios, patrueles suos, intere- 
 misset. Missus adversus eum Cos. Calpurnius Bestia, cor- 
 ruptus regis pecunia, pacem cum eo flagitiosissimam fecit, 
 quae a senatu improbata est. Denique Q.u. CaeciKus Me- 
 tellus Cos. Jugurtliam variis proeliis vicit, elephantos ejus 
 occidit vel cepit, multas civitates ipsius in deditionem accepit. 
 
 Ei successit C. Marius, qui bello terminum posuit, ip- 
 
 648 sum 5 ue Jugurtham cepit. Ante currum triumphantis 
 
 ' Marii Jugurtha cum duobus flliis ductus est vinctus, 4 et 
 
 mox jussu consulis in carcere strangulatus. 
 
 LIBER QUINTUS. 
 
 1. Dum bellum in Numidia contra Jugurtham geritur, 
 Cimbri et Teutones 5 aliaeque Germanorum et Gallorum gen- 
 tes Italiae minabantur, pluresque Romanorum exercitus fu- 
 derunt. Ingens fuit Romae timor, ne iterum 6 Galli Urbem 
 occuparent. Ergo Marius Cos. creatus, eique bellum contra 
 Cimbros et Teutones 7 decretum est ; belloque protracto, 8 ter- 
 tius ei et quartus consulatus delatus est. In duobus proeliis 
 cum Cimbris ducenta millia hostium cecidit, octoginta millia 
 cepit, eorumque regem Theutobochum ; propter quod meri- 
 tum absens quinto consul creatus est. Interea Cimbri et 
 
 Teutones, quorum copia adhuc infinita erat, in Italiam 
 5g3 transierunt. Iterum a C. Mario et Q,u. Catulo contra 
 
 eos dimicatum est ad Veronam. Centum et quadra- 
 
LIBER V. 53 
 
 gmta millia aut in pugna aut in fuga caesa sunt ; sexaginta 
 millia capta. Tria et triginta Cimbris signa sublata sunt. 
 
 2. Sexcentesimo quinquagesimo nono anno ab Urbe 
 condita in Italia gravissimum bellum 1 exarsit. Nam 4^' 
 Picentes, Marsi Pelignique, qui multos annos populo 
 Romano obedierant, aequa cum illis jura 2 sibi dari postulabant. 
 Perniciosum admodum hoc bellum fuit. P. Rutilius Cos. in 
 eo occisus est ; plures exercitus fusi fugatique. Tandem L. 
 Cornelius Sulla cum alia egregie gessit, turn Cluentium, hos- 
 tium ducem, cum magnis copiis fudit. Per quadriennium cum 
 gravi utriusque partis calamitate hoc bellum tractum est. 
 Gluinto demum anno L. Cornelius Sulla ei imposuit finem. 
 Romani tamen, id quod prius negaverant, jus civitatis, 3 bello 
 finito sociis tribuerunt. 
 
 3. Anno Urbis conditae sexcentesimo sexagesimo sexto pri- 
 mum Romae bellum civile exortum est; eodem anno 
 etiam Mithridaticum. Causam bello civili C. Marius ggg 
 dedit. Nam quum Sullae bellum adversus Mithridatem, 
 regem Ponti, 4 decretum esset, Marius ei hunc honorem eripere 
 conatus est. Sed Sulla, qui ad hue cum legionibus suis in Ita- 
 lia morabatur, cum exercitu Romam venit, et adversarios cum 
 interfecit, turn fugavit. Turn rebus Romae utcunque compo- 
 sitis, in Asiam profectus est, pluribusque proeliis Mithridatem 
 coegit, ut pacem a Romanis peteret, et Asia, quam invaserat, 
 relicta, regni suis finibus contentus esset. 
 
 4. Sed dum Sulla in Graecia et Asia Mithridatem vincit, 
 Marius, qui fugatus fuerat, 5 et Cornelius Cinna, unus ex con- 
 sulibus, bellum in Italia repararunt ; et ingressi Romam, no- 
 bilissimos ex senatu, et consulares viros interficerunt ; multos 
 proscripserunt ; 6 ipsius Sullae domo eversa, filios et uxorem ad 
 fugam compulerunt. Universus reliquus senatus, ex Urbe 
 fugiens, ad Sullam in Graeciam venit, orans, ut patriae sub- 
 veniret. Sulla in Italiam trajecit, hostium exercitus vicit, mox 
 etiam Urbem ingressus est, quam caede et sanguine civium 
 replevit. Quatuor millia inermium, qui se dediderant, interfici 
 jussit ; duo millia equitum et senatorum proscripsit. Turn de 
 Mithridate triumphavit. Duo haec bella funestissima, Itali- 
 cum, quod et Sociale 7 dictum est, et Civile, consumserunt ultra 
 centum et quinquaginta millia hominum, viros consulares vi- 
 ginti quatuor, praetorios septem, aedilitios sexaginta, senatores 
 fere ducentos. 
 
 PART I. 
 
54 V. ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 LIBER SEXTUS. 
 
 1. Anno Urbis conditae sexcentesimo septuagesimo 
 ^* J* sexto, L. Licinio Lucullo et M. Aureiio Cotta Coss. mor- 
 
 tuus est Nicomedes, rex Bithyniae, et testamento popu- 
 lum Romanum fecit heredem. Mithridates, pace rupta, Asiam 
 rursus voluit invadere. Adversus eum ambo consules missi 
 variam habuere fortunam. Cotta apud Chalcedonem 1 victus 
 proeiio, a rege etiam intra oppidum obsessus est. Sed quum 
 se inde Mithridates Cyzicum' 2 transtulisset, ut hac urbe capta 
 totam Asiam invaderet, Lucullus ei alter consul occurrit, ac 
 dum Mithridates in obsidione Cyzici commoratur, ipse eum a 
 tergo obsedit, fameque consumtum multis proeliis vicit. Pos- 
 tremo Byzantium 3 fugavit ; navali quoque proeiio ejus duces 
 oppressit. Ita una hieme et aestate a Lucullo centum fere 
 millia militum regis exstincta sunt. 
 
 2. Anno Urbis sexcentesimo septuagesimo octavo 
 p'Y* novum in Italia bellum 4 commotum est. Septuaginta 
 
 enim quatuor gladiatores, 5 ducibus Spartaco, Crixo et 
 Oenomao, e ludo gladiatorio, qui Capuae erat, efTiigerunt, et 
 per Italiam vagantes paene non levius bellum, quam Hanni- 
 bal, moverunt. Nam contraxerunt exercitum fere sexaginta 
 millium armatorum, multosque duces et duos Romanos con- 
 sules vicerunt. Ipsi victi sunt in Apulia a M. Licinio Crasso 
 proconsule, et post multas calamitates Italiae, tertio anno huic 
 bello finis est impositus. 
 
 3. Interim L. Lucullus bellum Mithridaticum persequu- 
 tus, regnum Mithridatis invasit, ipsumque regem apud Ca- 
 blra 6 civitatem, quo ingentes copias ex omni regno adduxe- 
 rat Mithridates, ingenti proeiio superatum fugavit, et castra 
 ejus diripuit. Armenia quoque minor, quam tenebat, eidem 
 erepta est. Susceptus est Mithridates a Tigrane, Armeniae 
 rege, qui turn ingenti gloria imperabat; sed hujus quoque 
 regnum Lucullus est ingressus ; Tigranocerta nobilissimam 
 Armeniae civitatem, cepit ; ipsum regem, cum magno exer- 
 citu venientem, ita vicit, ut robur militum Armeniorum deleret 
 Sed quum Lucullus finem bello imponere pararet, successor 7 
 ei missus est. 
 
 4. Per ilia tempora piratae 8 omnia maria infestabant ita, 
 ut Romanis, toto orbe terrarum victoribus, sola navigatio tuta 
 
 non esset. Q,uare id bellum Cn. Pompejo decretum 
 
 gQ^* est, quod intra paucos menses incredibili felicitate et 
 
 celeritat' 3 confecit. Mox ei delatum bellum contra re- 
 
LIBER VI. 55 
 
 gem Mithridatem et Tigranem. Quo suscepto, Mithridatem 
 in Armenia minore nocturno proelio vicit, castra diripuit, et 
 quadraginta millibus ejus occisis, viginti tantum de exercitu 
 suo perdidit et duos centuriones. Mithridates fugit cum ux- 
 ore et duobus comitibus, neque multo post, Pharnacis filii sui 
 seditione coactus, venenum hausit. 1 Hunc vitae finem habuit 
 Mithridates, vir ingentis industriae atque consilii. Regnavit 
 annis sexaginta, vixit septuaginta duobus ; contra Romanos 
 bellum habuit annis quadraginta. 
 
 5. Tigrani deinde Pompejus belium intulit. Ille se ei de- 
 didit, et in castra Pompeji venit, ac diadema suum in ejus ma- 
 nibus collocavit, quod ei Pompejus reposuit. Parte regni 
 eum multavit et grandi pecunia. Turn alios etiam reges et 
 populos superavit. Armeniam minorem Dejotaro, Galatiae 5 
 regi, donavit, quia auxilium contra Mithridatem tulerat. Se- 
 
 euciam, vicinam Antiochiae civitatem, libertate donavit, 
 quod regem Tigranem non recepisset. 3 Inde in Judaeam 4 
 transgressus, Hierosolymam, caput gentis, tertio mense ce- 
 pit, duodecim millibus Judaeorum occisis, ceteris in fidem re- 
 ceptis. His gestis finem antiquissimo bello imposuit. Ante 
 triumphantis currum ducti sunt filii Mithridatis, Alius Tigra- 
 nis, et Aristobulus, rex Judaeorum. Praelata ingens pecunia, 
 auri atque argenti infinitum. 5 Hoc tempore nullum per or- 
 bem terrarum grave bellum erat. 
 
 6. M. Tullio Cicerone oratore et C. Antonio Coss. 
 anno ab Urbe condita sexcentesimo undenonagesimo, 4Aq ' 
 L. Sergius Catilina, 6 nobilissimi generis vir, sed inge- 
 
 nii pravissimi, ad delendam patriam conjuravit cum quibus- 
 dam, claris quidem, sed audacibus viris. A Cicerone urbe 
 expulsus est, socii ejus deprehensi et in carcere strangulati 
 sunt. Ab Antonio, altero consule, Catilina ipse proelio vic- 
 tus est et interfectus. 
 
 7. Anno Urbis conditae sexcentesimo nonagesimo 
 tertio C. Julius Caesar cum L. Bibulo consul est factus. qq% 
 Quum ei Gallia decreta esset, semper vincendo usque 
 
 ad Oceanum Britannicum processit. Domuit autem annis 
 novem fere omnem Galliam, quae inter Alpes, flumen Rho- 
 danum, Rhenum et Oceanum est. Britannis mox bellum in- 
 tulit, quibus ante eum ne nomen quidem Romanorum cogni- 
 tum erat : Germanos quoque trans Rhenum aggressus, ingen- 
 tibus proeliis vicit. 
 
 8. Circa eadem tempora M. Licinius Crassus contra Par- 
 thos 7 missus est. Et quum circa Carras s contra omi- 
 
 na et auspicia 9 proelium commisisset, a Surena, Oro- ^ " 
 dis regis duce, victus et interfectus est cum filio, claris- 
 
56 ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 simo et praestantissimo juvene. Reliquiae exercitus per C. 
 Cassium quaestorem servatae sunt. 
 
 9. Hinc jam bellum civile suecessit, quo Romani 
 ^t* Y* nominis 1 fortuna mutata est. Caesar enim victor e 
 Gallia rediens, absens 2 coepit poscere alterum consu- 
 latum; quern quum aliqui sine dubitatione deferrent, contra- 
 dictum est a Pompejo et aliis, jussusque est, dimissis exerciti- 
 bus, in urbem redire. Propter hanc injuriam ab Arimino, 3 
 ubi milites congregates habebat infesto exercitu Romam con 
 tendit. Consules cum Pompejo, senatusque omnis atque uni- 
 versa nobilitas ex urbe fugit et in Graeciam transiit ; et, dum 
 senatus bellum contra Caesarem parabat, hie, vacuam urbem 
 ingressus, dictatorem 4 se fecit. 
 
 10. Inde Hispanias 5 petit, ibique Pompeji legiones supe- 
 ravit ; turn in Graecia adversum Pompejum ipsum dimicavit. 
 Primo proelio 6 victus est et fugatus ; evasit tamen, quia nocte 
 interveniente Pompejus sequi noluit; dixitque Caesar, nee 
 Pompejum scire vincere, et illo tantum die se potuisse supe- 
 rari. Deinde in Thessalia apud Pharsalum 7 ingentibus utrin- 
 que copiis commissis dimicaverunt. Nunquam adhuc Roma- 
 nae copiae majores, neque melioribus ducibus convenerant. 
 Pugnatum est ingenti contentione, vict usque ad postremum 
 Pompejus, et castra ejus direpta sunt. Ipse fugatus Alexan- 
 driam 8 petiit, ut a rege Aegypti, 9 cui tutor a senatu datus 
 fuerat, acciperet auxilia. At hie fortunam magis, quam ami- 
 citiam, secutus, occldit Pompejum, caput ejus et annulum 
 Caesari misit. Quo conspecto, Caesar lacrymas fudisse dici- 
 tur, tanti viri intuens caput, et generi 10 quondam sui. 
 
 11. Quum ad Alexandriam venisset Caesar, Ptolemaeusei 
 insidias parare voluit ; qua de causa regi bellum illatum est. 
 Rex victus in Nilo periit, inventumque est corpus ejus cum 
 lorica aurea. Caesar Alexandria potitus, regnum Cleopa- 
 trae 11 dedit. Turn inde profectus Pompejanarum partium re- 
 liquias est persequutus, bellisque civilibus toto terrarum orbe 
 compositis, Romam rediit. Ubi quum insolentius 12 agere coe- 
 pisset, conjuratum est in eum a sexaginta vel amplius senato- 
 ribus, equitibusque Romanis. Praecipui fuerunt inter con- 
 juratos Bruti duo, 13 ex genere illius Bruti, qui, regibus expul- 
 
 sis, primus Romae consul fuerat, C. Cassius et Servilius 
 "~09 Casca. Ergo Caesar, quum in curiam venisset, viginti 
 tribus vulneribus confossus est. 
 
 12. Interfecto Caesare, anno Urbis septingentesimo nono, 
 bella civilia reparata sunt. Senatus favebat Caesaris pereus- 
 soribus, Antonius Cos. Caesaris partibus stabat. Ergo 
 turbata republica, Antonius, multis sceleribus commissis, a se- 
 
LIBER VI. 57 
 
 natu liostis judicatus est. Fusus 1 fugatusque Antonius, amis- 
 so exercitu, confugit ad Lepidum,* qui Caesari magister 
 equitum fuerat, et turn grandes copias militum habebat; a 
 quo susceptus est. Mox Octavianus 3 cum Antonio pacem 
 fecit, et quasi vindicaturus patris sui mortem, a quo per tes- 
 tament urn fuerat adoptatus, Romam cum exercitu profectus 
 extorsit, ut sibi juveni viginti annorum consulatus daretur. 
 Turn junctus cum Antonio et Lepido rempublicam armis te- 
 nere coepit, senatumque proscripsit. 4 Per hos etiam Cicero 
 orator occisus est multique alii nobiles. 
 
 13. Interea Brutus et Cassius, 5 interfectores Caesaris, in- 
 gens bellum moverunt. Profecti contra eos Caesar Octa- 
 vianus, qui postea Augustus est appellatus, et M. An- 
 tonius, apud Philippos, 6 Macedoniae urbem, contra ^J*' 
 eos pugnaverunt. Primo proelio victi sunt Antonius et 
 Caesar ; periit tamen dux nobilitatis Cassius ; secundo Bru- 
 tum et infinitam nobilitatem, quae cum illis bellum suscepe- 
 rat, victam interfecerunt. Turn victores rempublicam ita in- 
 ter se diviserunt, ut Octavianus Caesar Hispanias, Gallias, 7 
 Italiam teneret; Antonius Orientem, Lepidus 8 Africam ac- 
 ciperet. 
 
 14. Paulo post Antonius, repudiata sorore Caesaris Octa- 
 viani, Cleopatram, reginam Aegypti, uxorem duxit. Ab hac 
 incitatus ingens bellum commovit, dum Cleopatra cupiditate 
 muliebri optat Romae regnare. Victus est ab Augusto 9 na- 
 vali pugna clara et illustri apud Actium, 10 qui locus in 
 Epiro est. Hinc fugit in Aegyptum, et desperatis re- -^J- 
 bus, quum omnes ad Augustum transirent, se ipse inter- 
 emit. Cleopatra quoque aspidem 11 sibi admisit, et veneno 
 ejus exstincta est. Ita bellis toto orbe confectis, Octavianus 
 Augustus Romam rediit anno duodecimo quam consul fuerat. 
 Ex eo inde tempore rempublicam per quadraginta et quatuor 
 armos solus obtinuit. Ante enim duodecim annis cum An- 
 tonio et Lepido tenuerat. Ita ab initio principatus ejus us- 
 que ad finem quinquaginta sex anni fuere. 
 
 f2 
 
VI. OF THE GEOGRAPHY AND THE NATIONS 
 OF ANTIQUITY. 
 
 1. Uni versus terrarum orbis in tres partes dividitur, Eu 
 ropam, Asiam, Africam. Europa ab Africa sejungitur freto 
 Gaditano, 1 in cujus utraque parte montes sunt altissimi, 
 Abyla in Africa, in Europa Calpe, qui montes 2 Herculis co- 
 lumnar 3 appellantur. Per idem fretum mare internum, quod 
 littoribus Europae, Asiae et Africae includitur, jungitur cum 
 Oceano. 
 
 2. Europa terminos habet ab oriente Tan aim 4 fluvium, 
 Pontum Euxinum 5 et paludem Maeotida ; 6 a meridie, mare 
 internum: ab occidente, mare Atlanticum sive Oceanum; a 
 septentrione, mare Britannicum. 7 Mare internum tres max- 
 imos sinus habet. Quorum is, qui Asiam a Graecia sejungit 
 Aegaeum 8 mare vocatur: secundus, qui est inter Graeciam 
 et Italiam, Ionium; tertius denique, qui occidentales Italiae 
 oras alluit, a Romanis Tuscum, a Graecis Tyrrhenum 9 mare 
 appellatur. 
 
 3. In ea Europae parte, quae ad occasum vergit, prima 
 terrarum est Hispania, quae a tribus lateribus mari circum- 
 data, per Pyrenaeos montes cum Gallia cohaeret. Quum 
 universa Hispania dives sit et fecunda, ea tamen regio, quae 
 a flumine Baeti 10 Baetica vocatur, ceteras fertilitate ante- 
 cellit. Ibi Gades sitae, insula cum urbe a Tyriis condita, 11 
 quae freto Gaditano nomen dedit. Tota ilia regio viris, equis, 
 ferro, plumbo, aere, argento, auroque abundat, et ubi penu- 
 ra aquarum minus est fertilis, linum tamen aut spartum alit. 
 Marmoris quoque lapicidlnas habet. In Baetica minium re- 
 peritur. 
 
 4. Gallia posita est inter Pyrenaeos montes et Rhenum ; 
 orientalem oram Tuscum mare alluit, occidentalem Ocea- 
 nus. Ejus pars ilia, quae Italiae est opposita et Narbonen- 
 sis, 12 vocatur, omnium est laetissima. In ea ora sita est Mas- 
 silia 13 urbs a Phocaeis condita, qui, patria a Per sis devicta, 
 quum servitutem ferre non possent, Asia relicta, novas in 
 Europa sedes quaesiverant. Ibidem est campus lapideus, ubi 
 Hercules dicitur contra Neptuni liberos dimicasse. 14 Quum 
 tela defecissent, Jupiter fllium imbre lapidum adjuvit. Credas 
 pluisse j 15 adeo multi passim jacent. 
 
OF THE GEOGRAPHY, &C. 59 
 
 5. Rhodanus fluvius, 1 haud longe a Rheni fontibus ortus, 
 lacu Lemano 2 excipitur, servatque impetum, ita ut per me- 
 dium lacum integer fluat, tantusque, quantus venit, egredia- 
 tur. Inde ad occasum versus, Gallias aliquamdiu dirimit : 3 
 donee, cursu in meridiem fiexo, aliorum amnium accessu auc- 
 tusin mareeffunditur. 
 
 6. Ea pars Galliae, quae ad Rhenum porrigitur, 4 frumen- 
 ti pabulique feracissima est, coelum salubre: noxia anima- 
 lium genera pauca alit. Incolae superbi et superstitiosi, ita 
 ut deos humanis victimis gaudere existiment. Magistri 
 religionum et sapientiae sunt Druidae, 5 qui, quae se scire pro- 
 fitentur, 6 in antris abditisque silvis doeent. Animas aeternas 
 esse credunt, vitamque alteram post mortem incipere. Hanc 
 ob causam cum defunctis arma cremant aut defodiunt, eamque 
 doctrinam homines ad bellum alacriores facere existimant. 
 
 7. Universa Gallia divisa est inter tres magnos populos qui 
 fluviis terminantur. A Pyrenaeo monte usque ad Garumnam 7 
 Aquitani 8 habitant ; inde ad Sequanam 9 Celtae : 10 Belgae 11 
 denique usque ad Rhenum pertinent. 12 
 
 8. Garumna amnis ex Pyrenaeo monte delapsus, diu vado- 
 sus est et vix navigabilis. Q,uanto magis procedit, tanto fit latior ; 
 ad postremum magni freti similis, non solum majora navigia 
 tolerat, verum etiam more maris exsurgit, navigantesque atro- 
 citer jactat. 
 
 9. Sequana ex Alpibus ortus in septentrionem pergit. Post- 
 quam se haud procul Lutetia 13 cum Matrona conjunxit, Oceano 
 infunditur. Haec flumina opportunissima sunt mercibus per- 
 mutandis et ex mari interno in Oceanum transvehendis. 
 
 1 0. Rhenus itldem ex Alpibus ortus, haud procul ab origine 
 lacum efficit Yen etum 14 qui etiam Brigantiae appellatur. De- 
 inde longo spatio per fines Helvetiorum, Mediomatricorum 15 et 
 Trevirorum 16 continuo alveo fertur,aut modicas insulas circum- 
 fluens ; in agro Batavo autem, ubi Oceano appropinquavit, in 
 plures amnes dividitur ; nee jam amnis, sed ripis longe receden- 
 tibus, ingens lacus, Flevo 17 appellatur, ejusdemquenominis insu- 
 lam amplexus, fit iterum arctior, et fluvius iterum 13 in mare 
 emittitur. 
 
 1 1. Trans Rhenum Germani habitant usque ad Vistulam 19 
 quae finis est Germaniae ad orientem. Ad meridiem termina- 
 tur Alpibus, ad septentrionem mari Britannico et Baltico. In- 
 colae corporum proceritate excellunt, animos bellando, corpora 
 labor ibus exercent. Hanc ob causam crebro bella gerunt cum 
 finitimis, non tarn finium prolatandorum causa, aut imperii cu- 
 piditate, sed ob belli amorem. Mites tamen sunt erga suppli- 
 ces et boni hospitibus. 90 Urbes moenibus cinctas, aut fossis ag- 
 
60 VI. OF THE GEOGRAPHY AND THE 
 
 geribusque munitas non habent. Ipsas domos ad breve tempus 
 struunt, non lapidibus aut lateribus coctis, sed lignis, quae fron- 
 dibus tegunt. Nam diu eodem in loco morari periculosum ar- 
 bitrantur libertati. 
 
 12. Agriculturae Germani non admodum student, nee quis- 
 quam agri modum certum aut fines proprios habet. Lacte 
 vescuntur et caseo et carne. Ubi fons, campus nemusve iis 
 placuerit, ibi domos figunt, mox alio transituri 1 cum conjugibus 
 et liberis. Interdum etiam hiemem in subterraneis specubus 
 dicuntur transigere. 
 
 13. Germania altis montibus, silvis paludibusque invia red- 
 ditur. Inter silvas maxima est Hercynia, 2 cujus latitudinem 
 Caesar novem dierum iter patere narrat. 3 Insequenti tempore 
 magna pars ejus excisa est. Flumina sunt in Germania multa 
 et magna. Inter haec clarissimum nomen Rheni, de quo su- 
 pra diximus, et Danubii. 4 Clari quoque amnes, Moenus, 5 Vi- 
 surgis, 6 Albis. 7 Danubius, omnium Europae fluviorum maxi- 
 mus, apud Rhaetos 8 oritur, flexoque ad ortum solis cursu, re- 
 ceptisque sexaginta amnibus, in Pontum Euxinum sex vastis 
 ostiis effunditur. 
 
 14. Britanniam insulam Phoenicibus innotuisse, eosque 
 stannum inde et plumbum pellesque petivisse, probabile est. 
 Romanis earn Julius Caesar primus aperuit ; 9 neque tamen 
 prius cognita esse coepit, quam Claudio imperante. 10 Hadri- 
 anus earn, muro 11 ab Oceano Germanico ad Hibernicum 
 mare ducto, in duas partes divisit, ut inferiorem insulae par- 
 tem, quae Romanis parebat, a barbarorum populorum, qui in 
 Scotia habitabant, incursionibus tueretur. 
 
 15. Maxima insulae pars campestris, collibus, passim silvis- 
 que distincta. Incolae Gallos proceritate corporum vincunt, 
 ceterum ingenio Gallis similes, simpliciores tamen illis magis- 
 que barbari. Nemora habitant pro urbibus. Ibi tuguria ex- 
 struunt et stabula pecori, sed plerumque ad breve tempus. 
 Humanitate ceteris praestant ii, qui Cantium 12 incolunt. Tota 
 haec regio est maritima. Q,ui interiorem insulae partem ha- 
 bitant, frumenta non serunt ; lacte et carne vivunt. Pro ves- 
 tibus induti sunt pellibus. 
 
 1 6. Italia ab Alpibus usque ad fretum Siculum porrigitur in- 
 ter mare Tuscum et Adriaticum. Multo longior est quam 
 latior. 13 In medio se attollit Apenninus mons, qui, postquam 
 continenti jugo progressus est usque ad Apuliam, in duos quasi 
 ramos 14 dividitur. Nobilissima regio ob fertilitatem soli, coelique 
 salubritatem. Quum longe in mare procurrat, plurimos habet 
 portus, populorum inter se patentes commercio. Neque ulla 
 
NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 61 
 
 facile est regio, quae tot tamque pulcras urbes habeat, inter 
 quas Roma et magnitudine et nominis fama emmet. 
 
 17. Haec urbs, orbis terrarum caput, septem montes com- 
 plectitur. Initio quatuor portas habebat ; Augusti aevo trigin- 
 ta septem. Urbis magnificentiam augebant fora, templa, por- 
 ticus, aquaeductus, theatra, arcus triumphales, horti denique, et 
 id genus 1 alia, ad quae vel lecta 2 animus stupet. Q,uare recte 
 de ea praedicare videntur, qui nullius urbis in toto orbe terra- 
 rum magnificentiam ei comparari posse dixerunt. 
 
 18. Felicissima in Italia regio est Campania. Multi ibi viti- 
 feri colles, ubi nobilissima vina gignuntur, Setinum, Caecubum, 
 Falernum, Massicum. Calidi ibidem fontes saluberrimi. 3 
 Nusquam generosior olea. Conchylio quoque et pisce nobili 
 maria vicina scatent. 
 
 19. Clarissimi amnes Italiae sunt Padus 4 et Tiberis. Et 
 Padus quidem in superiore parte, quae Gallia Cisalpina 5 voca- 
 tur, ab imis radicibus Vesuli 8 montis exoritur ; primum exilis, 
 deinde aliis amnibus ita alitur, ut se per septem ostia in mare 
 efTundat. Tiberis, qui antiquissimis temporibus Albulae nomen 
 habebat, ex Apennino oritur; deinde duobus et quadraginta 
 fluminibus auctus, fit navigabilis. Plurimas in utraque ripa 
 villas adspicit, praecipue autem urbis Romanae magnificen- 
 tiam. 7 Placidissimus amnium raro ripas egreditur. 
 
 20. In inferiore parte Italiae clara quondam urbs Taren- 
 tum, 8 quae maris sinui, cui adjacet, nomen dedit Soli fertili- 
 tas coelique jucunda temperies in causa fuisse videtur, ut inco- 
 lae luxuria et deliciis enervarentur. Q,uumque aliquamdiu po- 
 tentia florerent copiasque haud contemnendas alerent, peregrinis 
 tamen plerumque ducibus in bellis utebantur, ut Pyrrho, rege 
 Epiri, quo superato, 9 urbs in Romanorum potestatem venit. 
 
 21. Proxima Italiae est Sicilia, insula omnium maris interni 
 maxima. Antiquissimis temporibus earn cum Italiae c ohaesisse, 
 marisque impetu, aut terrae motu inde divulsam esse, verisimile 
 est. Forma triangularis, ita ut litterae, quam Graeci AcXra 
 vocant, imaginem referat. A tribus promontoriis vocatur Tri- 
 nacria. 10 Nobilissimus ibi mons Aetnae, qui urbi Catanae im- 
 minet, turn ob altitudinem, turn etiam ob ignes, quos efFundit; 
 quare Cyclopum 11 in illo monte officinam esse poetae dicunt. 
 Cineres e crateribus egesti [i agrum circumjacentem fecundum 
 et feracem reddere existimantur. Sunt ibi Piorum campi, qui 
 nomen habent a duobus juvenibus Catanensibus, qui, flammis 
 quondam repente ingruentibus, parentes senectute confectos, 
 humeris sublatos 13 flammae eripuisse feruntur. Nomina fra- 
 trum Amphinomus et Anapus fuerunt. 
 
 22. Inter urbes Siciliae nulla est illustrior Syracusis, Corin- 
 
62 Vl. OF THE GEOGRAPHY AND THE 
 
 thiorum colonia, ex quinque urbibus conflata. Ab Atheniensi 
 bus bello petita, 1 maximas hostium copias delevit : Carthagi- 
 niensus etiam magnis interdum cladibus affecit. Secundo 
 bello Punico 2 per triennium oppugnata, Archimedis 3 potissi- 
 mum ingenio et arte defensa, a M. Marcello capta est. Vici- 
 nus huic urbi fons Arethusae Nymphae sacer, ad quam Alphe* 
 us amnis ex Pelopormeso per mare Ionium lapsus comissari 
 dicitur ; nam si quid ad Olympiam 4 in ilium amnem jactum 
 fuerit, id in Arethusae fonte reddi. 5 De ilia fabula quid sta- 
 tuendum sit, sponte apparet. 
 
 23. In mari Ligustico insula est Corsica, quam Graeci Cyr- 
 num vocant. Terra aspera multisque locis invia, coelum 
 grave, mare circa importunum. Incolae latrociniis dediti, feri 
 sunt et horridi . Mella quoque illius insulae amara esse dicun- 
 tur corporibusque nocere. Proxima ei est Sardinia, quae a 
 Graecis mercatoribus Ichnusa vocatur, quia formam humani 
 vestigii 6 habet. Solum quam coelum melius. Illud fertile, 
 hoc grave ac noxium. Noxia quoque animalia herbasque ve- 
 nenatas gignit. Multum inde frumenti Romam mittitur; unde 
 haec insula et Sicilia nutrices Urbis vocantur. 
 
 24. Graecia nominis celebritate omnes fere alias orbis terra- 
 rum regiones superavit. Nulla enim magnorum ingeniorum 
 fuit feracior ; neque ulla belli pacisque artes majore studio ex- 
 coluit. Plurimas eadem colonias in omnes terrae partes de- 
 duxit. Multum itaque terra marique valuit, et gravissima 
 bella magna cum gloria gessit. 
 
 25. Graecia inter Ionium et Aegaeum mare porrigitur. 
 In plurimas regiones divisa est, quarum amplissimae sunt 
 Macedonia et Epirus 7 — quamquam hae a nonnulis a Grae- 
 cia sejunguntur 8 — turn Thessalia. Macedoniam Philippi et 
 Alexandri regnum illustravit ; quorum ille Graeciam subegit, 
 hie Asiam latissime domuit, ereptumque Persis imperium in 
 Macedones transtulit. 9 Centum ejus regiones et qninquagin- 
 ta urbes numerantur ; quarum septuaginta duas, Perseo, ulti- 
 mo Macedoniae rege, superato 10 Paulus Aemilius diripuit. 
 
 26. Epirus, quae ab Acrocerauniis incipit montibus, 11 desinit 
 in Acheloo flumine. Plures earn populi incolunt. Illustris 
 ibi Dodona in Molossorum flnibus vetustissimo Jovis oraculo 
 inclyta. Columbae ibi ex arbor ibus oracula dedisse narran- 
 tur : quercusque ipsas et lebetes aeneos inde suspensos deorum 
 voluntatem tinnitu significasse 12 fama est. 
 
 27. Acheloi fluvii ostiis insulae aliquot objacent, quarum 
 maxima est Cephallenia. 13 Multae praeterea insulae littori 
 Epiri adjacent, interque eas Corcyra, 14 quam Homerus Sche- 
 riam appellasse existimatur. In hac Phaeacas posuit ille et 
 
NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 63 
 
 hortos Alcinoi. Coloniam hue deduxerunt Corinthii, quo tem- 
 pore 1 Numa Pompilius' 2 Romae regnavit. Vicina ei Ithaca, 3 
 Ulyssis patria, aspera montibus, sed Homeri carminibus adeo 
 nobilitata, ut ne fertilissimis quidem regionibus cedat. 
 
 28. Thessalia late patet inter Macedonian! et Epirum, fe- 
 cunda regio, generosis praecipue equis excellens, unde Thes- 
 salorum equitatus celeberrimus. Montes ibi memorabiles 
 Olympus, in quo deorum sedes esse existimatur, Pel ion et 
 Ossa, per quos 4 Gigantes coelum petivisse dicuntur; Oeta 
 denique, in cujus vertice Hercules, rogo conscenso, se ipsum 
 cremavit. Inter Ossam et Olympum Peneus, 5 limpidissimus 
 amnis, delabitur, vallem amoenissimam, Tempe 6 vocatam 
 irrigans. 
 
 29. Inter reliquas Graeciae regiones nominis claritate 
 eminet Attica, quae etiam Atthis vocatur. Ibi Athenae, 7 de 
 qua urbe deos 8 inter se certasse fama est. Certius est, nul- 
 lam unquam urbem tot poetas tulisse, tot oratores, tot philoso- 
 phos, totque in omni virtutis genere claros viros. Res autem 
 bello eas 9 gessit, ut huic soli gloriae studere videretur ; pacis- 
 que artes ita excoluit, ut hac laude magis etiam quam belli 
 gloria splenderet. Arx ibi sive Acropolis, urbi imminens, 
 unde latus in mare prospectus patet. Per propylaea 10 ad earn 
 adscenditur, splendidum Periclis opus. Cum ipsa urbe per 
 longos muros 11 conjunctus est portus Piraeeus, post bellum 
 Persicum secundum a Themistocle munitus. Tutissima ibi 
 statio navium. 
 
 30. Atticam attingit Boeotia, fertilissima regio. Incolae 
 magis corporibus valent, quam ingeniis. Urbs celeberrima 
 Thebae, quas Amphion, musices ope, 12 moenibus cinxisse di- 
 citur. Illustravit earn Pindari poetae ingenium, Epaminon- 
 dae virtus. 13 Mons ibi Helicon, Musarum sedes, et Cithaeron, 
 plurimis poetarum fabulis celebratus. 
 
 31. Boeotiae Phocis fmitima, ubi Delphi urbs clarissima. 
 In qua urbe oraculum Apollinis quantam apud omnes gentes 
 auctoritatem habuerit, quot quamque praeclara munera ex 
 omni fere terrarum orbe Delphos missa fuerint, nemo ignorat. 14 
 Imminet urbi Parnassus mons, in cujus verticibus Musae habi- 
 tare dicuntur, unde aqua fontis Castalii poetarum ingenia in- 
 flammare existimatur. 
 
 32. Cum ea parte Graeciae, quam hactenus descripsimus, 
 cohaeret ingens peninsula, quae Peloponnesus 15 vocatur, pla- 
 tani folio simillima. Augustus ille trames inter Aegaeum 
 mare et Ionium, per quern cum Megaride cohaeret, Isthmus 16 
 appellatur. In eo templum Neptuni est, ad quod ludi cele- 
 brantur Isthmici. 17 Ibidem in ipso Peloponnesi aditu, Corin- 
 
64 VI. OF THE GEOGRAPHY AND THE 
 
 thus sita est, urbs antiquissima, ex cujus summa arce (Aero 
 eorinthon appellant) utrumque mare conspicitur. Gluum opi 
 bus floreret, maritimisque valeret copiis, gravia bella gessit. 
 In bello Achaico, 1 quod Romani cum Graecis gesserunt, pul- 
 cherrima urbs, quam Cicero Graeciae lumen appellat, a L. 
 Mummio expugnata funditusque deleta est. Restituit earn 
 Julius Caesar, colonosque eo milites veteranos misit. 
 
 33. Nobilis est in Peloponneso urbs Olympia, templo Jovis 
 Olympii ac statua illustris. Statua ex ebore facta, Phidiae 
 summi artificis opus praestantissimum. Prope illud templum 
 ad Alphei fluminis ripas ludi celebrantur Olympici, ad quos 
 videndos ex tota Graecia concurritur. Ab bis ludis Graeca 
 gens res gestas suas numerat. 2 
 
 34. Nee Sparta praetereunda est, urbs nobilissima, quam 
 Lycurgi leges, 3 civiumque virtus et patientia illustravit. Nulla 
 fere gens bellica laude magis floruit, pluresque viros fortes con- 
 stantesque genuit. Urbi imminet mons Taygetus, 4 qui usque 
 ad Arcadiam procurrit. Proxime urbem Eurotas fluvius dela- 
 bitur, ad cujus ripas Spartan i se exercere solebant. In Sinum 
 Laconicum efFunditur. Haud procul inde abest promontorium 
 Taenarum, ubi altissimi specus, per quos Orpheum 5 ad inferos 
 descendisse narrant. 
 
 35. Mare Aegaeum, inter Graeciam Asiamque patens, 
 plurimis insulis distinguitur. Illustres inter eas sunt Cy- 
 clases, 6 sic appellatae, quia in orbem jacent. Media earum 
 est Del us, 7 quae repente e mari enata esse dicitur. In ea 
 insula Latona Apollinem et Dianam peperit, quae numina ibi 
 una cum matre summa religione coluntur. Urbi imminet 
 Cynthus, mons excelsus et arduus. Inopus amnis pariter 
 cum Nilo decrescere et augeri dicitur. Mercatus in Delo 
 celeberrimus, quod ob portus commoditatem templique religi- 
 onem mercatores ex toto orbe terrarum eo confluebant. Ean- 
 dem ob causam civitates Graeciae, post secundum Persicum 
 bellum, tributa ad belli usum in earn insulam, tamquam in com- 
 mune totius Graeciae aerarium, conferebant ; quam pecuniam 
 insequenti tempore Athenienses in suam urbem transtulerunt. 8 
 
 36. Euboea 9 insula littori Boeotiae et Atticae praetendi- 
 tur, angusto freto a continenti distans. Terrae motu a Boe- 
 otia avulsa esse creditur : saepius earn concussam esse constat. 
 Fretum, quo a Graecia sejungitur, vocatur Euripus, saevum et 
 aestuosum mare, quod continuo motu agitatur. Nonnulli 
 dicunt, septies quovis die, statis temporibus, fluctus alterno 
 motu agitari : alii hoc negant, dicentes, mare temere, 10 in venti 
 modum, hue illuc moveri. Sunt, qui narrent, Aristotelem phi- 
 
NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 05 
 
 losophum, quia hujus miraculi causas investigare non posset, 
 aegritudine confectum esse. 
 
 37. Jam ad boreales regiones pergamus. Supra Macedo- 
 niam Thracia porrigitur a Ponto Euxino usque ad Illyriam. 
 Regio frigida et in iis tantum partibus fecundior, quae propio- 
 res sunt mari. Pomiferae arbores rarae ; frequentiores vites ; 
 sed uvae non maturescunt, nisi frigus studiose arcetur. Sola 
 Thasus, insula littori Thraciae adjacens, vino excellit. Amnes 
 sunt celeberrimi Hebrus, ad quern Orpheus a Maenadibus dis- 
 cerptus esse dicitur ; Nestus et Strymon. Montes altissimi, 
 Haemus, ex cujus vertice Pontus et Adria conspicitur ; Rho- 
 dope et Orbelus. 
 
 38. Plures Thraciam gentes incolunt, et nominibus diversae 
 et moribus. Inter has Getae omnium sunt ferocissimi et ad 
 mortem paratissimi. Animas enim post mortem reditu ras exis- 
 timant. Recens nati apud eos deflentur ; funera autem cantu 
 lusuque celebrantur. Plures singuli uxores habent. 1 Hae 
 omnes, viro defuncto, mactari simulque cum eo sepeliri cupiunt, 
 magnoque id certamine a judicibus 2 contendunt. Virgines non 
 a parentibus traduntur viris, sed aut publice ducendae 3 locan- 
 tur, aut veneunt. Formosae in pretio sunt ; ceterae maritos 
 mercede data inveniunt. 4 
 
 39. Inter urbes Thraciae memorabile est Byzantium, 5 ad 
 Bosporum Thracium, 6 urbs natura munita et arte, quae cum 
 ob soli fertilitatem, turn ob vicinitatem maris omnium rerum, 
 quas vita requirit, copia abundat. Nee Sestos praetereunda 
 est silentio, urbs ad Hellespontum 7 posita, quam amor Herus 
 et Leandri 8 memorabilem reddidit; nee Cynossema, 9 tumu- 
 lus Hecubae, 10 ubi ilia, post Trojam dirutam, in canem mu- 
 tata et sepulta esse dicitur. Nomen etiam habet in iisdem 
 regionibus urbs Aenos, ab Aenea, 11 e patria profugo, condita; 
 Zone, ubi nemora Orpheum canentem secuta esse narrantur; 
 Abdera denique, ubi Diomedes rex advenas equis suis devoran- 
 dos 12 objiciebat, donee ipse ab Hercule iisdem objectus est. 
 Quae urbs quum ranarum muriumque multitudine infestare- 
 tur, incolae, relicto patriae solo, novas sedes quaesiverunt. 
 Hos Cassander, 13 rex Macedoniae, in societatem accepisse, 
 agrosque in extrema Macedonia 14 assignasse 15 dicitur. 
 
 40. Jam de Scythis pauca dicenda sunt. Terminatur Scy- 
 thia 16 ab uno latere Ponto Euxino, ab altero montibus Rhipae- 
 is, a tergo, Asia et Phaside flumine. Vasta regio nullis fere 
 intus finibus dividitur. Scythae enim nee agrum exercent, nee 
 certas sedes habent, sed armenta et pecora pascentes, per in- 
 cultas solitudines errare solent. Uxores liberosque secum in 
 plaustris vehunt. Lacte et melle vescuntur ; auruin et ar gen- 
 
 PART L O 
 
66 VI. OF THE GEOGRAPHY AND THE 
 
 turn, cujus nullus apud eos usus est, aspernantur. Corpora 
 pellibus vestiunt. 
 
 41. Diversae sunt Scytharum gentes diversique mores. 
 Sunt, qui funera parentum festis sacrifices celebrent, eorumque 
 capitibus affabre expolitis auroque vinctis pro poculis utantur. 
 Agathyrsi ora et corpora pingunt, idque tanto magis, quanto 
 quis illustrioribus gaudet majoribus. 1 Ii, qui Tauricam Cher- 
 sonesum 2 incolunt, antiquissimis temporibus advenas Dianae 
 mactabant. Interius habitantes ceteris rudiores sunt. Bella 
 amant, et quo quis plures hostes inter emer it, eo majore existi- 
 matione apud suos habetur. Ne foedera quidem incruenta 
 sunt. Sauciant se qui paciscuntur, sanguinemque permistum 
 degustant. Id fidei pignus certissimum esse putant. 
 
 42. Maxima numinum Scythicorum sunt Ister, qui et Da- 
 nubius vocatur, et Borysthenes. 3 De Istro supra dictum est. 
 Borysthenes, ex ignotis fontibus ortus, liquidissimas aquas trahit 
 et potatu jucundas. Placidus idem laetissima pabula alit. 
 Magno spatio navigabilis juxta urbem Borysthenida in Pon- 
 tum effunditur. 
 
 43. Ultra Rhipaeos montes et Aquilonem gens habitare 
 existimatur felicissima ; Hyperboreos 4 appellant. Regio apn- 
 ea, felix coeli temperies omnique afnatu noxio carens. Semel 
 in anno sol iis oritur solstitio, bruma semel occidit. 5 Incolae 
 in nemoribus et lucis habitant ; sine omni 6 discordia et aegri- 
 tudine vivunt. Q,uum vitae eos taedet, 7 epulis sumtis ex rupe 
 se in mare praeci pitant. Hoc enim sepulturae genus beatis- 
 simum esse existimant. 
 
 44. Asia ceteris terrae partibus est amplior. Oceanus 
 earn alluit, ut locis, ita nominibus differens ; Eous ab oriente, 
 a meridie Indicus, a septentrione Scythicus. Asiae nomine 8 
 appellatur etiam peninsula, quae a mari Aegaeo usque ad 
 Armeniam patet. In hac parte est Bithynia ad Propontidem 
 sita, ubi Granlcus in mare effunditur, ad quern amnem 9 Alex- 
 ander, rex Macedoniae, primam victoriam de Persis reporta- 
 vit. 10 Trans ilium amnem sita est Cyzicus in cervice penin- 
 sulae, 11 urbs nobilissima, a Cyzico appellata, qui in illis re- 
 gion ibus ab Argonautis pugna occisus est. 12 Haud procul 
 ab ilia urbe Rhyndacus in mare effunditur, circa quern an- 
 gues nascuntur, non solum ob magnitudinem mirabiles, sed 
 etiam ob id, quod, quum ex aqua emergunt et hiant, supervo- 
 lantes aves absorbent. 13 
 
 45. Propontis cum Ponto jungitur per Bosporum, quod fre- 
 tum quinque stadia latum, Europam ab Asia separat. Ipsis 
 in faucibus Bospori oppidum est Chalcedon, ab Archia, Me- 
 garensium principe, et templum Jo vis, ab Jasone 14 conditum. 
 
NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 67 
 
 Pontus ipse ingens est maris sinus, non molli neque arenoso 
 circumdatus littore, tempestatibus obnoxius, raris stationibus. 
 Olim ob saevitatem populorum, qui circa habitant, Axenus 1 
 appellatus fuisse dicitur; postea, mollitis illorum moribus, dic- 
 tus est Euxlnus. 2 
 
 46. In littore Ponti, in Mariandynorum agro, urbs et He- 
 raclea ab Hercule, ut fertur, condita. Juxta earn spelunca est 
 Acherusia, quam ad Manes perviam esse existimant. Hinc 
 Cerberus ab Hercule extractus fuisse dicitur. Ultra fluvium 
 Thermo donta 3 Mossyni habitant. Hi totum corpus distin- 
 guunt notis. 4 Reges suffragio eligunt ; eosdem in turre lig- 
 nea inclusos arctissime custodiunt, et si quid perperam impe- 
 ritaverint, media totius diei afficiunt. Extremum Ponti augu- 
 lum Cole hi tenent ad Phasidem ; quae loca fabula de vellere 
 aureo et Argonautarum expeditio illustravit. 
 
 47. Inter provincias Asiae proprie dictae 5 illustris est Ionia, 
 in duodecim civitates divisa. Inter eas Miletus, belli pa- 
 cisque artibus inclj-ta ; eique vicinum Panionium, sacra regio, 
 quo omnes Ionum civitates statis temporibus legatos solebant 
 mittere. Nulla facile urbs plures colonias misit, 6 quam Mi- 
 letus. Ephesi, quam urbem Amazones 7 condidisse traduntur, 
 templum est Dianae, quod septem mundi miraculis annumera- 
 ri solet. Totius templi longitudo est quadringentorum vigin- 
 ti quinque pedum, latitudo ducentorum viginti ; columnae cen- 
 tum viginti septem numero, sexaginta pedum altitudine ; ex iis 
 triginta sex caelatae. Operi praefuit Chersiphron architectus. 
 
 48. Aeolis olim Mysia appellata, et ubi Hellespontum at- 
 tingit, Troas. Ibi Ilium 8 fuit situm ad radices montis Idae, 
 urbs bello, quod per decern annos cum universa Graecia ges- 
 sit, clarissima. Ab Idaeo monte Scamander defluit et Simois, 
 amnes fama quam natura majores. 9 Ipsum montem certamen 
 Dearum Paridisque judicium illustrem reddidit. 10 In littore 
 clarae sunt urbes Rhoeteum et Dardania; sed sepulcrum Aja- 
 cis, 11 qui ibi post certamen cum Ulysse gladio incubuit, utra- 
 que clarius. 
 
 49. Ionibus Cares sunt finitimi, populus armorum bellique 
 adeo amans, ut aliena etiam bella mercede accepta 12 gereret. 
 Princeps Cariae urbs Halicarnassus, Argivorum colonia, re- 
 gum sedes olim. Unus eorum Mausolus fuit. Qui quum 
 vita defunctus esset, Artemisia conjux, desiderio mariti fla- 
 grans, ossa ejus cineresque contusa 13 cum aqua miscuit ebibit- 
 que, splendidumque praeterea sepulcrum 14 exstruxit, quod in- 
 ter septem orbis terrarum miracula censetur. 
 
 50. Cilicia sita est in intimo recessu maris, ubi Asia proprie 
 sic dicta cum Syria conjungitur. Sinus ille ab urbe Isso Issi- 
 
68 VL OF THE GEOGRAPHY AND THE 
 
 ci nomen habet. Fluvius ibi Cydnus, aqua limpidissima et 
 frigidissima, in quo Alexander Macedo quum lavaret, 1 parum 
 abfuit, quin frigore enecaretur. Antrum Corycium in iisdem 
 regionibus ob singularem naturam memorabile est. Ingenti 
 illud hiatu patet in monte arduo, alteque demissum undique 
 viret lucis 2 pendentibus. Ubi ad ima perventum est rursus 
 aliud antrum aperitur. Ibi sonitus cymbalorum ingredientes 
 terrere dicitur. 3 Totus hie specus augustus est et vere sacer, 
 et a Diis habitari existimatur. 
 
 51. E Cilicia egressos Syria excipit, cujus pars est Phoe- 
 nice in littore maris interni posita. Hanc regionem sollers ho- 
 minum genus colit. Phoenices enim litterarum formas a se 
 inventas aliis populis tradiderunt ; alias etiam artes, quae ad 
 navigationem et mercaturam spectant, studiose coluerunt. Ce- 
 terum fertilis regio crebrisque fluminibus rigata, quorum ope 
 terrae marisque opes facili negotio inter se permutantur. No- 
 bilissimae Phoenices urbes Sidon, antequam a Persis capere- 
 tur, maritimarum urbium maxima, et Tyrus, aggere cum ter- 
 ra conjuncta. 4 Purpura hujus urbis omnium pretiosissima. 
 Conficitur ille color ex succo in conchis, quae etiam purpurae 
 vocantur, latente. 
 
 52. Ex Syria descenditur in Arabiam, peninsulam inter 
 duo maria, Rubrum et Persicum, porrectam. Hujus ea pars, 
 quae ab urbe Petra Petraeae nomen accepit, plane est ste- 
 rilis ; hanc excipit ea, quae ob vastas solitudines deserta vo- 
 catur. His partibus adhaeret Arabia felix, regio angusta, 
 sed cinnami, thuris aliorumque odorum feracissima. Multae 
 ibi gentes sunt, quae fixas sedes non habeant, Nomades a 
 Graecis appellatae. Lacte et came ferina vescuntur. Mul- 
 ti etiam Arabum populi latrociniis vivunt. 5 Primus e Roma- 
 nis Aelius Gallus in hanc terram cum exercitu penetrant. 8 
 
 53. Camelos inter armenta pascit Oriens. Duo harum sunt 
 genera, Bractrianae et Arabiae. 7 Illae bina habent in dorso tu- 
 bera, hae singula ; unum autem sub pectore, cui incumbant. 
 Dentium ordine superiore carent. Sitem quatriduo tolerant ; 
 aquam antequam bibant, pedibus turbant. Vivunt quinqua- 
 genis annis ; quaedam etiam centenis. 
 
 54. Ex Arabia pervenitur in Babyloniam, cui Babylon no- 
 men dedit, Chaldaicarum gentium caput, urbs et magnitudine 
 et divitiis clara. Semiramis earn condiderat, vel, ut multi cre- 
 diderunt, Belus, cujus regia ostenditur. Murus exstructus 
 laterculo coctili, triginta et duos pedes est latus, ita ut quadri- 
 gae inter se occurrentes sine periculo commeare dicantur ; alti- 
 tudo ducentorum pedum ; turres autem denis pedibus quam 
 murus altiores sunt. Totius operis ambitus sexaginta millia 
 
NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 69 
 
 passuum complectitur. Mediam urbem permeat Euphrates. 
 Arcem habet viginti stadiorum ambitu ;' super ea penslles hor- 
 ti conspiciuntur, tantaeque sunt moles 2 tamque firmae, ut onera 
 nemorum sine detrimento ferant. 
 
 55. Amplissima Asiae regio India primum patefacta est ar- 
 mis Alexandri Magni, regis Macedoniae, cujus exemplum suc- 
 cessores 3 secuti in interiora Indiae penetraverunt. In eo tractu, 
 quem Alexander subegit, quinque millia oppidorum fuisse, gen- 
 tesque novem, Indiamque tertiam partem esse terrarum omni- 
 um, ejus comites scripserunt. Ingentes ibi sunt amnes, Indus 
 et Indo major Ganges. Indus in Paropamiso 4 ortus undeviginti 
 amnes recipit, totidem Ganges, interque eos plures navigabiles. 
 
 56. Maxima in India gignuntur animalia. Canes ibi gran- 
 diores ceteris. Arbores tantae proceritatis esse traduntur, ut 
 Bagittis superjaci nequeant. Hoc efficit ubertas soli, temperies 
 coeli, aquarum abundantia. Immanes quoque serpentes alit, 
 qui elephantos morsu et ambitu corporis 5 conficiunt. Solum 
 tarn pingue et ferax, ut mella frondibus defluant, sylvae lanas 
 ferant 6 arundinum internodia fissa cymbarum usum praebeant, 
 binosque, quaedam etiam ternos homines, vehant. 
 
 57. Incolarum habitus moresque diversi. Lino alii vestiun- 
 tur et lanis arbor um, alii ferarum aviumque pellibus, pars 
 nudi incedunt. Gluidam animalia occidere eorumque carnibus 
 vesci nefas putant; alii piscibus tantum aluntur. Quidam 
 parentes et propinquos, prius quam annis et macie confi- 
 ciantur, velut hostias caedunc eorumque visceribus epulan- 
 tur ; ubi senectus eos morbusve invadit, mortem in solitudine 
 aequo animo exspectant. Ii, qui sapientiam profitentur, ab 
 ortu solis ad occasum stare solent, solem immobilibus oculis in- 
 tuentes ; ferventibus arenis toto die alternis pedibus insistunt. 7 
 Mortem non exspectant, sed sponte arcessunt, in rogos incensos 
 se praecipitantes. 8 
 
 58. Maximos India elephantos gignit, adeoque feroces, ut 
 AM elephanti illos paveant, nee contueri audeant. Hoc ani- 
 mal cetera omnia docilitate superat. Discunt arma jacere, 
 gladiatorum more congredi, saltare et per funes incedere. Pli- 
 nius 9 narrat, Romae unum segnioris in genii saepius castigatum 
 esse verberibus, quia tardius accipiebat, quae tradebantur ; eun- 
 dem repertum esse noctu eadem meditantem. 10 Elephanti gre- 
 gatim semper ingrediuntur. Ducit agmen maximus natu, co- 
 git is, qui aetate ei est proximus. Amnem transituri minimos 
 praemittunt. Capiuntur foveis. In has ubi elephas deciderit, 
 ceteri ramos congerunt, aggeres construunt, omnique vi conan- 
 tur extrahere. Domantur fame et verberibus. Domiti militant 
 et turres armatorum in hostes ferunt, magnaque ex parte 11 
 
 g2 
 
70 VI. OF THE GEOGRAPHY OF THE 
 
 Orientis bella coniiciunt. Totas acies prosternunt, armatos 
 proterunt. Ingens dentibus pretium. In Graecia ebur ad 
 deorum simulacra tanquam pretiosissima materia adhibetur ; l 
 in extremis Africae postium vie em in domiciliis praebet, sepes- 
 que in pecorum stabulis elephantorum dentibus fiunt. Inter 
 omnia animalia maxime oderunt murem. Infestus elephanto 
 etiam rhinoceros, qui nomen habet a cornu, quod in naso gerit. 
 In pugna maxime adversarii alvum petit, quam scit esse mol- 
 liorem. Longitudine elephantum fere exaequat ; crura multo 
 breviora : color buxeus. 
 
 59. Etiam psittacos India mittit. Haec avis humanas voces 
 optime reddit. Q,uum loqui discit, ferreo radio verberatur, ali- 
 ter enim non sentit ictus. Capiti ejus eadem est duritia, quae 
 rostro. Q,uum devolat, rostro se excipit, 2 eique innititur. 
 
 60. Testudines tantae magnitudinis Indicum mare emittit, 
 Ut singularum testis casas integant. Insulas rubri praecipue 
 maris his navigant cymbis. 3 Capiuntur obdormiscentes in 
 summa aqua, id quod proditur stertentium sonitu. Turn ter- 
 ni 4 adnatant, a duobus in dorsum vertitur, a tertio laqueus inji- 
 citur, atque ita a pluribus in littore stantibus trahitur. In ma- 
 ri testudines conchyliis vivunt ; tanta enim oris est duritia, ut 
 lapides comminuant; in terrain egressae, herbis. Pariunt 
 ova, ovis avium similia, ad centena 5 numero; eaque extra 
 aquam defossa terra cooperiunt. 
 
 61. Margaritae Indici Oceani omnium maxime laudantur. 
 Inveniuntur in conchis, scopulis adhaerentibus. Maxima laus 
 est in candor e, magnitudine, laevore, ponder e. Raro duae 
 inveniuntur, quae sibi ex omni parte sint similes. Has auribus 
 suspendere, feminarum est gloria. 6 Duos maximos uniones 
 Cleopatra, Aegypti regina, habuisse dicitur. Horum unum, 
 ut Antonium 7 magniflcentia superaret, in coena aceto solvit, 
 solutum hausit. 
 
 62. Aegyptus, inter Catabathmum 8 et Arabas posita, a 
 plurimis ad Asiam refertur; alii Asiam Arabico sinu terminari 
 existimant. Haec regio, quamquam expers est imbrium, mire 
 tamen est fertilis. Hoc Nilus efficit, omnium fluviorum, qui 
 in mare internum effunduntur, maximus. Hie in desertis 
 Africae oritur, turn ex Aethiopia descendit in Aegyptum, ubi 
 de altis rupibus praecipitatus 9 usque ad Elephantidem urbem 
 fervens ad hue decurrit. Turn demum fit placidior. Juxta 
 Cercasorum oppidum in plures amnes dividitur, et tandem per 
 septem ora 10 effunditur in mare. 
 
 63. Nilus, nivibus in Aethiopiae montibus solutis, crescere 
 incipit Luna nova post solstitium per quinquaginta fere dies; 
 totidem diebus minuitur. Justum increment um est cubitorum 
 
NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 71 
 
 sexdecim. Si minores sunt aquae, non omnia rigant. Maxi- 
 mum incrementum fuit cubitorum duodeviginti ; minimum 
 quinque. Q,uum stetere aquae, aggeres aperiuntur, 1 et arte 
 aqua in agros immittitur. Quum omnis recesserit, agri irri- 
 gati et limo obducti seruntur. 
 
 64. Nilus crocodilum alit, beliuam quadrupedem, in terra 
 non minus quam in flumine hominibus infestam. Unum hoc 
 animal terrestre linguae usu caret ; dentium plures habet 
 ordines ; maxilla inferior est immobilis. Magnitudine ex- 
 cedit plerumque duodeviginti cubita. Park ova anserinis 
 non majora. Unguibus etiam armatus est, et cute contra 
 omnes ictus invicta. Dies in terra agit, noctes in aqua. 
 Quum satur est et in littore somnum capit, ore hiante, trochi- 
 lus, parva avis, denies ei faucesque purgat. Sed hiantem 
 conspicatus ichneumon, per easdem fauces, ut telum aliquod 
 immissus, erodit alvum. Hebetes oculos dicitur habere in 
 aqua, extra aquam acerrimos. Tentyritae in insula Nili* 
 habitantes, dirae huic belluae obviam ire audent, eamque in- 
 credibili audacia expugnant. 
 
 65. Aliam etiam beliuam Nilus alit, hippopotamum ; ungu- 
 lis binis, dorso equi et juba et hinnitu ; rostro resimo, cauda et 
 dentibus aprorum. Cutis impenetrabilis, praeterquam si hu- 
 more madeat. Primus hippopotamum et quinque crocodilos 
 M. Scaurus aedilitatis suae ludis Romae ostendit. 3 
 
 66. Multa in Aegypto mira sunt et artis et naturae opera. 
 Inter ea, quae manibus hominum facta sunt, eminent pyra- 
 mides, quarum maximae sunt et celeberrimae in monte sterlli 
 inter Memphin oppidum et earn partem Aegypti, quae Delta 
 vocatur. Amplissimam earum trecenta sexaginta sex homi- 
 num millia annis viginti exstruxisse traduntur. Haec octo 
 jugera soli occupat ; unumquodque latus octingentos octoginta 
 tres pedes longum est ; altitudo a cacumine, pedum quindecim 
 millium. Intus in ea est puteus octoginta sex cubitorum. 
 Ante has pyramides Sphinx est posita mirae magnitudinis. 
 Capitis ambitus centum duos pedes habet ; longitudo est pe- 
 dum centum quadraginta trium ; altitudo a ventre usque ad 
 summum capitis apicem sexaginta duorum. 
 
 67. Inter miracula Aegypti commemoratur etiam Moeris 4 
 lacus, quingenta millia passuum in circuitu patens; Labyrin- 
 thus, 5 ter mille domos et regias duodecim uno pariete amplex- 
 us, totus marmore exstructus tectusque ; turris denique in in- 
 sula Pharo, a Ptolemaeo, Lagi filio, 6 condita. Usus ejus na- 
 vibus noctu ignes ostendere ad praenuntianda vada portusque 
 introitum. 
 
 68. In palustribus Aegypti regionibus papjrum nascitur. 
 
72 VI. OF THE GEOGRAPHY AND THE 
 
 Radicibus incolae pro ligno utuntur ; ex ipso autem papyro 
 navigia texunt, e iibro vela, tegetes, vestem ac furies. Succi 
 causa etiam mandunt modo crudum, modo decoctum. Prae- 
 parantur ex eo etiam chartae. Chartae ex papyro usus post 
 Alexandri demum victorias repertus est. Primo enim scrip- 
 turn in palmarum foliis, deinde in libris quarundam arborurn j 
 postea publica monimenta plumbeis tabulis confici, aut mar- 
 moribus mandari coepta sunt. Tandem aemulatio regum 
 Ptolemaei et Eumenis in bibliothecis condendis 1 occasionem 
 dedit membranas Pergami inveniendi. Ab eo inde tempore 
 libri modo in charta ex papyro facta, modo in membranis 
 scripti sunt. 
 
 69. Mores incolarum Aegypti ab aliorum populorum mori- 
 bus vehementer discrepant. Mortuos nee cremant, nee sepe- 
 liunt ; verum arte medicatos, 2 intra penetralia collocant. Ne- 
 gotia extra domos feminae, viri domos et res domesticas cu- 
 rant ; onera illae humeris, hi capitibus gerunt. Colunt effi- 
 
 . gies multorum animalium et ipsa animalia. Haec interfecisse 
 capitale est ; morbo exstincta lugent et sepeliunt. 
 
 70. Apis omnium Aegypti populorum numen est ; bos ni- 
 ger cum Candida in dextro latere macula : nodus sub lingua 
 quern cantharum appellant. Non fas est eum certos vitae 
 annos excedere. Ad hunc vitae terminum quum pervenerit, 
 mersum in fonte enecant. Necatum lugent, aliumque quae- 
 runt, quern ei substituant ; nee tamen unquam diu quaeritur. 3 
 Delubra ei sunt gemina, quae thalamos vocant, ubi populus 
 auguria captat. Alterum intrasse laetum est ; in altero dira 
 portendit. Pro bono etiam habetur signo, si e manibus con- 
 sulentium cibum capit. In publicum procedehtem grex pue- 
 rorum comitatur, carmenque in ejus honorem canunt, idque 
 videtur intelligere. 
 
 71. Ultra Aegyptum Aethiopes habitant. Horum populi 
 quidam Macrobii 4 vocantur, quia paulo quam nos diutius vi- 
 vunt. Plus auri apud eos reperitur, quam aeris ; hanc ob cau- 
 sam aes illis videtur pretiosius. Aere se exornant, vincula au- 
 to fabricant. Lacus est apud eos, cujus aqua tarn est liquida 
 atque levis, ut nihil eorum, quae inmittuntur, sustinere queat j 
 quare arborurn quoque folia non innatant aquae, sed pessum 
 aguntur. 
 
 72. Africa ab oriente terminatur Nilo ; 5 a ceteris partibus 
 mari. Pegiones ad mare positae eximie sunt fertiles ; inte- 
 riores incultae et arenis sterilibus tectae, et ob nimium calorem 
 desertae. Prima pars ab occidente est Mauritania. 6 Ibi mons 
 praealtus Abyla, Calpae monti in Hispania oppositus. Hi 
 montes columnae Herculis appellantur. 7 Fama est, ante Her- 
 
NATIONS OF ANTIQUITY. 73 
 
 culem mare internum terris inclusum fuisse, nee exitum habu- 
 isse in Oceanum ; Herculem autem junctos montes diremisse 
 et mare junxisse cum Ocean o. Ceterum regio ilia est ignobilis 
 et parvis tantum oppidis habitatur. Solum melius quam incolaa 
 
 73. Numidia 1 magis culta et opulentior. Ibi satis longo a 
 littore inter vallo saxa cemuntur attritafluctibus, spinae piscium, 
 ostreorumque fragmenta, ancorae etiam cautibus infixae, et alia 
 ejusmodi signa maris olim usque ad ea loco effusi. Finitima 
 regio, a promontorio Metagonio ad aras Philaenorum, proprie 
 vocatur Africa. 2 Urbes in ea celeberrimae Utica et Carthago, 
 ambae a Phoenicibus conditae. Carthaginem divitiae, merca- 
 tura imprimis comparatae, turn bella cum Romanis 3 gesta, ex- 
 cidium denique illustravit. 
 
 74. De aris Philaenorum haec narrantur. 4 Pertinacissima 
 fuerat contentio inter Carthaginem et Cyrenas de finibus. 
 Tandem placuit, utrimque eodem tempore juvenes mitti, et lo- 
 cum, quo convenissent pro finibus haberi. Carthaginiensium 
 legati, Philaeni fratres, paulo ante tempus constitutum egressi 
 esse dicuntur. Quod quum Cyrenensium legati intellexissent, 
 magnaque exorta esset contentio, tandem Cyrenenses dixerunt, 
 se turn demum hunc locum pro finibus habituros esse, si Phi- 
 laeni se ibi vivos obrui passi essent. Illi conditionem accepe- 
 runt. Carthaginienses autem animosis juvenibus in illis ipsis 
 locis, ubi vivi sepulti sunt, aras consecraverunt, eorumque vir- 
 tutem aeternis honoribus prosecuti sunt. 
 
 75. Inde ad Catabathmum 5 Cyrenaica 6 porrigitur, ubi Am- 
 monis oraculum et fons quidam, quern Solis 7 esse dicunt. Hie 
 fons media nocte fervet, turn paulatim tepescit ; sole oriente fit 
 frigidus ; per meridiem maxime riget. Catabathmus vallis est 
 devexa versus Aegyptum. Ibi finitur Africa. Proximi his r 
 populi urbes non habent, sed in tuguriis vivunt, quae mapalia 
 vocantur. Vulgus pecudum vestitur pellibus. Potus est lac 
 succusque baccarum ; cibus caro. Interiores etiam incultius 
 vivunt. Sequuntur greges suos, utque hi pabulo ducuntur, ita 
 illi tuguria sua promovent. 9 Leges nullas habent, nee in com- 
 mune consultant. Inter hos Troglodytae in specubus habitant, 
 serpentibusque aluntur. 
 
 76. Ferarum Africa feracissima. Pardos, pantheras, leones 
 gignit, quod belluarum genus Europa ignorat. Leoni praeci- 
 pua generositas. 10 Prostratis 11 parcere dicitur ; in infantes non- 
 nisi summa fame saevit. Animi ejus index cauda, quam, dum 
 placidus est, immctam servat; dum irascitur, terram et se ipsum 
 ea flagellat. Vis summa in pectore. Si fugere cogitur, contem- 
 tim cedit, quam diu spectari potest ; in silvis acerrimo cursu 
 fertur. Vulneratus percussorem novit, et in quantalibet multi- 
 
 ,3 
 
74 VI. OF THE GEOGRAPHY, &C. 
 
 tudine appetit. 1 Hoc tarn saevum animal gallinacei cantus ter- 
 ret. Domatur etiam ab hominibus. Hanno Poenus primus 
 leonem mansuefactum ostendisse dicitur. Marcus autem An- 
 tonius, triumvir, primus, post pugnam in campis Philippicis, 2 
 Romae leones ad currum junxit. 
 
 77. Struthiocameli Africi altitudinem equitis equo insidentis 
 exaequant, celeritatem vincunt. Pennae ad hoc demum viden- 
 tur datae, ut currentes adjuvent ; nam a terra tolli non possunt. 
 Ungulae cervinis sunt similes. His in fuga comprehendunt 
 lapides, eosque contra sequentes jaculantur. Omnia conco- 
 quunt. Ceterum magna iis stoliditas, ita ut, quum caput et 
 collum frutice occultaverint, se latere existiment. Pennae 
 eorum quaeruntur ad ornatum. 
 
 78. Africa serpentes generat vicenorum cubitorum; nee 
 minores India. Certe Megasthenes scribit, serpentes ibi in 
 tantam magnitudinem adolescere, ut solidos hauriant cervos 
 taurosque. In primo Punico bello ad flumen Bagradam 3 ser- 
 pens centum viginti pedum a Regulo, imperatore Romano, 4 
 ballistis et tormentis expugnata esse fertur. Pellis ejus et 
 maxillae diu Romae in templo quodam asservatae sunt. In 
 India serpentes perpetuum bellum cum elephantis gerunt. Ex 
 arboribus se in praetereuntes praecipitant gressusque ligant 
 nodis. Hos nodos elephanti manu 5 resolvunt. At dracones 
 in ipsas elephantorum nares caput condunt spiritumque prae- 
 cludunt. Plerumque in ilia dimicatione utrique commoriun- 
 tur, cum victus elephas corruens serpentem pondere suo eli 
 dit. 
 
NOTES. 
 
 EXERCISES IN SIMPLE SENTENCES. 
 
 Page 
 
 1. Est vitanda, " is to be avoided." 3 
 
 2. Athenae, arum, used only in the plural. The plural form was 
 adopted in consequence of the union, by Theseus, into one city, of 
 the boroughs into which Attica was subdivided. In commemora- 
 tion of this union, a festival, called Zwoixia, or MeroiOciu, was annu- 
 ally celebrated on the sixteenth day of the month Hecatombaeon. 
 Athenae is derived from 'AGf^, the Greek name for Minerva, who 
 was the tutelar goddess of the whole country. 
 
 3. Nee — nee, "Neither — nor." 
 
 4. Mortui, (from morior,) " the dead." 
 
 5. Litterae, the letters of the alphabet, (it is also used in the plu- 
 ral to signify an epistle.) According to tradition, Cadmus intro- 
 duced the alphabet into Greece from Phoenicia. 
 
 6. Alii—alii. " Some — others." 
 
 7. Galli, " the Gauls." The word Galli is merely the native 
 term Gael, latinized. 
 
 1. Cecidit, from cado. 4 
 
 2. The more noble Romans had commonly three names, the 
 Praenomen, Nomen, and Cognomen. The Praenomen was put first, 
 and marked the individual. It was commonly written with one 
 letter; as, T. for Titus, M.Marcus, C. Caius, P. Publius; some- 
 times with two letters ; as, Ti. for Tiberius, Cn. Cneius, Sp. Spu- 
 rius ; sometimes with three ; as, Ser. for Servius, Sex. Sexlus. 
 The Nomen was put after the Prcenomen, and marked the gens or 
 clan. The Cognomen was put last, and marked the familia. 
 
 3. The Phoenicians were particularly distinguished among the 
 nations of the ancient world for extensive navigation, commerce, 
 and manufactures. 
 
 4. Odit, a preterite with the signification of a present. 
 
 5. Novi, isse. See n. 4. 
 
 6. Acida, " acids." The neuter plural of adjectives often has 
 the force of a substantive. 
 
 7. Dulcia, " sweets." See n. 6. 
 
 8. Nemo non, " every one." This phrase, when resolved, is equi- 
 valent to nemo est qui ?wn. The Greek phrase, ovSels (eorij/) oar a ov, 
 has the same signification. 
 
 9. Connect thus : cauda {est) index animi leonum. 
 
 1. Maximi, the genitive of valuing, which is generally render- 3 
 ed by adverbs. 
 
 2. Per garni. The names of towns of the first and second declen- 
 sion, and of the singular number, are put in the genitive, when an- 
 
78 NOTES. 
 
 Page 
 
 5 swering to the question ubi, where 1 Pergamus, now Bergamo, a 
 town of Mysia, in Asia Minor, on the Caicus, the capital of a king- 
 dom which the Romans enlarged in favour of Eumenes, after the 
 defeat of Antiochus. king of Syria, and which was left to the Roman 
 people by Attalus, the last king, B. C. 133, A. U. C. 6*21. Here 
 Eumenes founded a famous library, in opposition to that of Ptolemy 
 at Alexandria, who, from motives of jealousy, forbad the exporta- 
 tion of Egyptian papyrus, in consequence of which Eumenes in- 
 vented parchment, called hence Pergamena (charta.) Antony and 
 Cleopatra transported this library, containing 200,000 volumes, to 
 Alexandria. 
 
 3. Esse, when it admits of being translated by have, and denotes 
 possession, governs the dative. 
 
 4. Terrori stmt, " are a terror to, terrify." 
 
 5. Nobis. The dative sometimes indicates the object for which, 
 and on account of which, something takes place. 
 
 6. Ne quidem, " not even." These words are always separated 
 by the word on which the emphasis falls. 
 
 7. Sacra, prof ana, as substantives. See note 6, p. 4. 
 
 8. Par cere, signifies properly, " to show forbearance," as, 
 
 9. Invidere, " to feel envy." 
 
 10. Mederi, signifying " to give relief," " to cure," governs the 
 dative of the person. 
 
 11. Vesci, " to feed upon," governs the ablative. 
 
 12. Prioribus, (pedibus), " the fore feet." 
 
 13. Uti aliqua re, " to make use of a thing." 
 
 6 1. Carere, " to be without, want, be in want of;" it is followed 
 by an ablative of the thing wanted. 
 
 2. Sex sestertiis Romae venit. A sesteriium (the name of a sum, 
 not of a coin) was equivalent to 1000 sestertii. A sestertius was 
 equal to 3| cents, and 1000 sestertii or a sestertium, to $37 50; six 
 sestertia, therefore, were equal to $225. Veneo, venire, " to be sold, 
 to be exposed to sale ;" it must be distinguished from venio, venire, 
 " to come." 
 
 3. Carthagine. Names of towns of the 3d declension, and also 
 plurals of the 1st and 2d, are put in the ablative when answering 
 to the question, where 1 
 
 4. Benejicium repetere. The accusative depending upon the in- 
 finitive, and that again which depends upon it, like adverbs with 
 the infinitive, form, in conjunction with it, the subject. 
 
 T 1. Prodesse fromprosum. 
 
 2. Equo vehi is equivalent to equitationem. 
 
 3. Pugnare, equivalent to pugnam. 
 
 4. Jnveni. The person on whom a necessity of doing* something 
 lies, is put in the dative, as here, juveni and seni, ana* in the fol- 
 lowing sentences, discipulis and senibus. 
 
 5. Vincendi. The gerund is nothing else than the four oblique 
 cases (genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative) of the neuter of 
 the participle passive in dus. In respect to signification, it sup- 
 plies the place of a declinable infinitive of the present active, since 
 it expresses the action or state of the verb, as a verbal substantive. 
 It is governed, as a substantive, by other substantives and adjec- 
 tives, and also governs the case of its verb. Thus, 
 
 6. Utendi governs re in the ablative, because its verb utor go- 
 verns that case. 
 
 7. Natura, " by nature, naturally ;" the ablative of the cause. 
 
NOTES. 79 
 
 8. Nova (negotia), the neuter plural. See note 6, p. 4. 7 
 
 9. With equus, inutilis est must be understood. 
 
 10. Pennae, i. e. adhibentur. 
 
 11. Et—et, "as well— as also." 
 
 1. Quid for aliquid. & 
 
 2. Et ipse, " thou too," " thou thyself also." 
 
 3. Sub hasta, " at auction, at public sale." At first a spear was 
 set up only when spoils taken in war were to be sold. Afterwards 
 at all auctions. Hence hasta is put for a public sale, and sub hasta 
 venire, to be publicly sold. 
 
 4. dementia instead of quam dementia. The ablative may be 
 put after the comparative, if the comparative particle be omitted 
 instead of the nominative of the subject, and, in the construction 
 of the accusative with the infinitive, instead of the accusative of 
 the subject. 
 
 1. Opulentissimae urbes. The words which form an apposition, 9 
 agree with those, which they accompany, in case, and, for the most 
 part, when circumstances permit, in gender and number. 
 
 2. Why not altores ? 
 
 3. Thebae, a plural only. 
 
 4. TJtor with an ablative of the thing used. 
 
 5. Quod. When the relative pronoun refers to is, ea t id, and 
 agree with it in case, the demonstrative is often left out. 
 
 6. Parcere with the dative of the thing spared. 
 
 7. Carere aliqua re. 
 
 8. Vel, even. 
 
 9. Haec, as a neuter plural, to be referred to the preceding sub- 
 stantives. 
 
 1. Ut — condantur. It is to be observed, as a general rule, that IO 
 when the verb preceding ut is in the present or future tense, the 
 verb following ut must be put in the present subjunctive ; and that, 
 when the preceding verb is in any of the preterite tenses, the verb 
 following must be in the imperfect or perfect subjunctive. 
 
 2. Ne vulneribus quidem. See above, note 6, p. 5. 
 
 3. Omnia, quae, " all, that." 
 
 4. Nequis (aliquis) equivalent to: ut nemo — Apelles, the greatest 
 painter of that time. 
 
 5. Quin, equivalent to quod non. 
 
 6. Quin conspicer, "that I cannot see," or, " without seeing you." 
 
 7. Quin after non dubito signifies "■ that." 
 
 8. Unusne. The enclitic?^ (distinguished by its quantity from 
 the conjunction ne) is equivalent to num. 
 
 9. Qua de caussa. This is the usual position of the words ; as 
 in quam ob rem, the preposition is placed after the relative pro- 
 noun. 
 
 1. Suffossum, scil. esse. So also in the following sentences, put- l l 
 sos dindfugatos must be connected with esse, which stands at the 
 end of the sentence. In Thessalia, supply aliud oppidum. 
 
 2. Jusserat cremari. The infinitive active is used with jubere, 
 when the person is expressed to whom the commission is given ; 
 otherwise, the infinitive passive. 
 
 3. Quam, Hispaniae gentes. The relative is here used as the ac- 
 cusative of the subject. Hispania was separated from Gaul by the 
 Pyrenees, and from Africa by the Fretum Herculeum, now the 
 Straits of Gibraltar ; on the east it was bounded by the Mediter- 
 ranean, and on the west by the Atlantic. 
 
 PART I. H 
 
80 NOTES. 
 
 Page 
 
 11 4. Noli, with the infinitive, often forms a periphrasis, instead of 
 ne with the imperative or subjunctive. 
 
 5. Homerus traditur. Instead of quidam tradunt, Homerum viz- 
 isse, &c. 
 
 6. Totos dies. The accusative, expressing duration of time. 
 
 7. Fessus has a participial form and signification ; there is, how- 
 ever, no theme from which it can be derived. It is commonly as- 
 signed to fatiscor. 
 
 8. Legentem, i. e. aliquem qui legebat: "a reader." 
 
 9. Habentes. The participles in this and some of the following 
 sentences, can be rendered by the relative pronoun, for which 
 sometimes (as in dantis) the demonstrative must be taken. 
 
 12 1. Proeliatus, equivalent to qui centum et viginti proeliis inter- 
 fuerat. 
 
 2. Adverso corf ore. " On the breast." 
 
 3. Satiati. This and the following participles may be rendered 
 by " when." 
 
 4. Transituri. The future participle active is used to express 
 an action which one is about to perform. 
 
 5. Duces ad tcrga recipiunt. Those, which have preceded for 
 a time, when tired, take the hindmost place. 
 
 6. Ejus tumulo circumdedit, equivalent to tumulum ejus circum^ 
 dedit urbe, Bucephalon appellator. 
 
 7. Patronum, scil. suum. The possessive pronoun is in every 
 instance omitted, where it can be understood from the context. 
 
 8. Heres instituius, " although appointed heir." 
 
 9. Tantae magnitudimis. The genitive of quality. 
 
 10. Tegendo, " for covering." The future participle passive 
 can often be translated by a substantive. 
 
 13 1. Filio victore. The adjective victor is here used exactly after 
 the manner of a participle. The phrase is equivalent to postquam 
 Jilius vicerat Olympiac (in the solemn games the*£ celebrated.) 
 
 2. ConvolvuntuTj " are rolled together ; roll themselves toge- 
 ther." 
 
 iESOP'S FABLES. 
 
 14 Milvii mctu, or milvium meluentes. That shows more definite- 
 ly the efficient cause. 
 
 2. Peceptus, i. e. postquam receptns fuit. 
 
 3. Oram, " to pray ;" exorare, " to move by prayer, to obtain by 
 praying, to prevail upon." 
 
 4. Corrosis plagis. The ablative absolute ; whereby the origi- 
 nal force of this mode of speaking shows itself; " by means of 
 the nets being gnawed through," i. e. " by means of its gnawing 
 the nets." By this form the sentences are more intimately con- 
 nected than if the form, ut plagas corroderet eumque liber arei^ 
 were used. 
 
 5. Quo facto, instead of quum hoc factum esset. The relative 
 noun often stands instead of the demonstrative at the beginning 
 of a sentence, to connect it more closely with that which pre- 
 cedes. 
 
 6. Soleant. When the subject of the verb is expressed chiefly 
 by the clause following it, whether there be, or be not, an antece- 
 dent word, receiving the action of the verb, the pronoun is to be 
 considered as indefinite, and joined with the subjunctive mood. It 
 
NOTES. 81 
 
 Page 
 has been observed, that this mood has two different names, as it 14: 
 has two distinct uses, potential and subjunctive. When the mean- 
 ing is contingent, that is, when the sense requires this form, the 
 mood is strictly potential, as Doceam, " I may teach." Here the 
 verb is not affected, as to its mood, by any antecedent word. But, 
 if we say, Quod doceam, "Because I teach," the verb is under the 
 government of the conjunction quod, and were it not for this con- 
 junction, the English being indicative, the verb would be put in the 
 indicative mood. In this example, therefore, the verb is strictly 
 
 in the oubjunotivc mood, this fuini beiii£ used, not because the sense 
 
 requires it, for the English is indicative, but because it is sub- 
 joined to the conjunction quod. Crombie's Gymnasium, vol. 1. p. 
 64, 3d ed. 
 
 7. Praetereunti from praetereo (jpraeteriens). 
 
 8. Cui, instpaH nf huir.. 
 
 9. Maledicere, properly C{ to speak ill of one." 
 
 10. Apud Jwnonem. The peacock is sacred to Juno, the eagle 
 to Jupiter, the raven to Apollo, and the wolf to Mars. 
 
 11. Quod denotes the cause of the action of the verb on which 
 it depends, (conquer ebatur) ; while ut expresses the consequence 
 of the action. 
 
 12. Negata esset — excellat. When a proposition, containing the 
 statement of a fact, and therefore being in the indicative mood, has 
 another dependent upon it, connected by a causal conjunction or 
 relative, in which something is alleged as the sentiment or lan- 
 guage of another, and not of the writer, the dependent proposition 
 will be in the subjunctive mood. In the present case, the depend- 
 ent clause, connected to the preceding by the conjunction quod, 
 does not express an opinion of the author, but the complaint of the 
 peacock. The sentence, from quod vocis to cantu excellat, is equi- 
 valent, therefore, to Quod dixit, vocis suavitatem sibi negatamesse, 
 dum lusciniarn, apem tarn pa rum decor am, cantu excellere. Crom- 
 bie's Gymnasium, vol. 2, p. 4, 3d ed. Zumpt's Lat. Gram. Ken- 
 rick's translation, 2d ed. p. 341. 
 
 13. Non enim. Combine oportuit non conferri omnia, " one ought 
 not to heap up." 
 
 14. Adveniente domino prati, instead of quum dominus vrati ad- 
 | veniret. 
 
 1. Cui instead of huic. See page 14th, note 5th. 15 
 
 2. Non est in animo instead of non libet. 
 
 3. Dulcia, " the agreeable ;" tuta, " the safe, safety." The neu- 
 I ters of adjectives are often used in this manner as substantives, 
 
 particularly in the plural. 
 
 4. Nosne, instead of num nos. 
 
 5. Frueris, with the ablative of the thing. 
 
 6. The impersonal verbs, pudet, piget, panilet, icedet, miseret, re- 
 I quire the person who is the subject of the feeling to be in the ac- 
 lcusative case, and the object which excites it to be in the geni- 
 I live. 
 
 7. Latrando. The ablative of the gerund. 
 
 8. Quod denotes the cause of the preceding. 
 
 9. Vescamur. With the ablative of the thing. 
 
 10. Velis — possis. The subjunctive stands after qui, quae, quod, 
 J when it refers to an indefinite object, expressed by is, aliquis % or 
 \talis. 
 
 11. Eundem, scil. leonem. 
 
82 NOTES. 
 
 1 5 12. Conspicata and obviam facta can be resolved by quum with 
 the pluperfect. 
 
 13. Ausa est. Why not audebat ? 
 
 14. Recta via, " straight forward.** 
 
 15. CW. See above, note 1st. 
 
 16. Facientem. The participle depends upon videre, and sup- 
 plies the place of the infinitive. 
 
 17. Videro. In what relation does the future past stand here 1 
 
 18. Sic. By this concord. 
 
 19. JDissidio orto, equivalent to pool dissidiium anrinivn t or postqiLa.m 
 
 dissidium ortum erat. 
 
 20. Quantum boni. The genitive depends upon quantum. The 
 nominatives and accusatives neuter of some pronouns, and of some 
 adjectives which are used as pronouns, take a genitive, either be- 
 cause they are virtually become substantives, or because they de- 
 note a part. 
 
 21. Sit. Compare note 6th, page 14. 
 
 16 1. Tanquam esset. The subjunctive serves to express tfiat 
 which exists only in the conception of another. 
 
 2. Unde agnitus. Unde, instead of et inde, connects in the same 
 manner as the relative pronoun. 
 
 3. lllam, scil. gallinam, as the accusative of the subject, while 
 massam, which depends on celare, is the accusative of the object. 
 
 4. Una. An adverb. 
 
 5. Laeti— prior. The adjective is often added to the verb, in- 
 stead of the adverb, to denote the manner, or situation, in which 
 the action is performed. 
 
 6. Conspexisset. Compare note 1st above. 
 
 7. Contendunt, etc. Observe the use of the present in animated 
 narration instead of the imperfect, just as below aufugit and po- 
 titur instead of the perfect. 
 
 8. Comitatus esset. See above, note 1st. 
 
 9. Idque, equivalent to et quidem. 
 
 10. Ne nostris quidem corporibus. The particles ne, quidem, are 
 separated by the word on which the emphasis lies. In what case 
 is corporibus ? 
 
 11. Quid fiat. Interrogatives, when preceded by such words as 
 scio, 7iescio, quaero, dubito, are said to be taken indefinitely, and 
 are joined to the subjunctive mood. 
 
 12. Quod quum. See above, note 5, p. 14. 
 
 13. Enim suffers us to add in thought a sentence from the pre- 
 ceding. 
 
 14. Nitidas, i. e. Candidas. The ancients wore garments of 
 wool, which was cleansed and made white by Fullers. 
 
 IT 1. Reddidissem. The subjunctive of the pluperfect takes the 
 place of the future past, and denotes an action as possible in the 
 future, and as accomplished in relation to a future action. 
 
 2. Ne me interficite. Ne is used instead of non, with the im- 
 perative mood, and also with the present subjunctive. 
 
 3. Propter hoc ipsum, " for the same reason." These words are 
 explained by the following sentence. 
 
 4. Pugnandi imperitus, is used in the same manner as peritus i 
 imperitus, litter arum. 
 
 5. Eos, qui irritent. See note 10, p. 15. 
 
 6. Bifia aut tenia. The cardinal numerals, unus, duo, &c. im- 
 ply, that the number spoken of belongs to all collectively, and is the 
 
NOTES. 83 
 
 Page 
 
 whole amount. The distributive, singuli, bini, terni, denote that IT 
 the number specified belongs to each individual, and is therefore 
 only a part of the whole. Thus, Eutropius, speaking of the govern- 
 ment of the senators after the death of Romulus, says, " Rcgnave- 
 runt per quinos dies ;" not, " they reigned five days," but " five days 
 each." Crombie's Gymnasium, vol. 1, p. 38, 3d ed. 
 
 7. Fore, ut pareret. A periphrasis for illam parituram esse. 
 
 8. At denotes an objection which we make to the intention or 
 thought. 
 
 9. Etiam, " yet too," with reference to the trouble it costs to ob- 
 tain them, to which afterwards the words, in via repertas, (of things, 
 which one can get without any exertion) are opposed. 
 
 10. Quae is the accusative governed by assequi ; se the accusa- 
 tive of the subject. The phrase may be rendered, " which they 
 despair of being able to attain." 
 
 11. Desperent. See note 10, p. 15. 
 
 1*2. Dicitur respondisse, instead of respondit, ut dicitur. 
 
 1. Caverent. The past tense is here used, because habuerunt, 18 
 the leading verb, is in the past. Even, however, though the lead- 
 ing verb were present (habent), caver emt would still be used, if it 
 were requisite to denote a continued action : u how they might 
 protect themselves for the time to come." 
 
 2. Midtis aliis propositis, " after many other propositions." 
 
 3. Ipsos is equivalent to se, but lays more stress on the pronoun. 
 
 4. Jussit appendi. See note 2, p. 11. 
 
 5. Quasi esset. See note 1, p. 16. 
 
 6. O te siolidum. The accusative is used in exclamations with 
 or without an interjection. Me miseruml me felicem! 
 
 7. Qui ignorare videris. The clause gives the reason for the 
 preceding remark. 
 
 8. Sibi placere, applied to a vain person, who is filled with con- 
 ceit on account of something. 
 
 9. Licet venias, fruaris. The subjunctive depends upon ut un- 
 derstood. 
 
 10. Nihil moror. More forcible than non euro. 
 
 11. Tanti esse. The genitive of valuing. 
 
 12. Quodpossit. The relative pronoun contains, in relation to 
 tanti, the meaning of a consequence, and may be expressed by ut 
 id. 
 
 13. Conducit. Concerning the present in a narration. See p. 
 10, note 7. 
 
 14. Qui extrahat. When the proposition introduced by the rela- 
 tive expresses the end and motive of the action mentioned in the 
 preceding proposition, so that ut might be substituted for it, the 
 verb must be in the subjunctive mood. This applies also to rela- 
 tive adverbs. Compare Crombie's Gymnasium, vol. 2, p. 23, and 
 Zumpt's L. G., Kenrick's Transl. p. 348. 
 
 1. Misericordia motus. We often add to the expression of pas- 10 
 sion a participle which designates its origin. Thus, incensus ira k 
 infiammaius amore, percussus terrore. 
 
 2. Qualcm soleant. See page 14, note 6. 
 
 3. Qui pasceretur. The relative pronoun includes the designa- 
 tion of a reason, and is then, in signification, equivalent to quod. 
 Concerning the subjunctive, see note 12, p. 14. 
 
 4. Bello exorto (exorior.) The ablative absolute. 
 
 5. Vulneribus confossus, collabitur, (collabor). Properly telis 
 
 h2 
 
84 NOTES. 
 
 19 should be used. But the consequence is often used instead of the 
 cause. 
 
 6. O me stolidum. See note 6, p. 18. 
 
 7. Qui aestimaverim. As just above, qui pasceretur. 
 
 8. Quos noverat. The relative pronoun includes the accusa- 
 tive of the subject, which depends upon noverat. " When he knew 
 to." 
 
 9. Afferri jubet. See note 2, page 11. 
 
 10. Quibus allatis. The phrase may be resolved into quae quum 
 allatae essent. For the use of the relative, see note 5, p. 14. 
 
 11. Quod quum, instead of quum hoc. 
 
 12. Aliqua parte. The ablative of measure, as in the sentence, 
 Sol multis partibus major est, quam terra. 
 
 13. Se levaret. The whole clause is equivalent to ut aliquam 
 partem oner is reciperet. 
 
 14. O me miserum. See note 6, p. 18. 
 
 15. Qui noluerim. See above, note 3. 
 
 16. Texendo. The ablative answering to the question, by what 1 
 
 17. De node, "during the night." 
 
 18. Ad opus. The spinning and weaving. 
 tM) 1. Quo facto. See nole 5, p. 14. 
 
 2. Deteriore conditions The ablative of quality. 
 
 3. Incerta. To be joined with domina, and to be explained as 
 a participle. 
 
 4. Prima node, instead of initio, or, prima parte noctis. The ad- 
 jectives primus, medius, ultimus, and the like, are often used in this 
 manner for the sake of abbreviating the expression. Thus, in 
 media urbe, in ultimo carmine, in summo monle. 
 
 5. Sese. Sui, sibi, is a reflective pronoun, i. e. denotes an agent, 
 who is the subject of the proposition, and whose act reverts upon 
 himself; and therefore, this pronoun exists only in the oblique 
 cases. It continues to be used in a sentence through successive 
 propositions, as long as no other subject is introduced. If a second 
 subject be introduced, se refers strictly to that subject, andzsshould 
 be used of the first. But se often continues, if no ambiguity is pro- 
 duced, to be used of the original subject, especially if the second 
 proposition expresses a thought or purpose of the subject at first. 
 Thus in the present instance, sese is used, because the second pro- 
 position, ut sese volare doceret, expresses a wish of the testudo, the 
 subject of the first. Zumpt's Lat. Gram. p. 241. 
 
 6. Volare supplies the place of the accusative of the thing {docere 
 aliquem aliquid). 
 
 7. Arreptam sustuliU Instead of arripuit et sustulit, (arripio. 
 iollo). 
 
 8. Comminuta interiit. Instead of comminuta est et interiit. 
 
 9. Quae quum. See note 11, p. 19. 
 
 10. Se for ipsam. See above, note 5. 
 
 11. Venetur. The present is used, because the leading verb is 
 in the present. 
 
 12. Cui accipitur. See note 5, p. 14. 
 
 13. Partam praedam, {pario). Partus applies properly to that 
 which has been earned or acquired by one's self; then to that 
 which is held in possession. So parta praeda here signifies " the 
 booty which is secure." 
 
 14. Usque sublatis ; equivalent to quae postquam sustAilerat. 
 
 15. Domum. Domus and rus, like names of towns, are used with 
 
NOTES. 85 
 
 Page 
 verbs of motion, without prepositions, domum, (or domos, of more 2Q 
 than one) " home ; " rus, " into the country ;" dorno and rure, u from 
 home, from the country;" domi and ruri (which is more common 
 than rure,,) "at home, in the country." 
 
 16. Aliquantumvice, "a considerable distance." See p. 15, note 
 20. 
 
 17. Et—et, " both— and." 
 
 18. Defatigatus. The participle is used to denote the cause of 
 what follows. 
 
 19. Qua, — liberet. See p. 18, note 14. 
 
 20. Pcsnitebat. See page 15, note 6. 
 
 21. Require, qui. Supply aliquem, which is often understood be- 
 fore the relative pronoun. 
 
 22. Qui allevet. See page 18, note 14. 
 
 1. Submersum iri. In what is called the infinitive future passive, 2 1 
 (amatum, monitum iri, &c), iri is really the infinitive of the passive 
 impersonal itur, " things tend." Audio eum monitum iri, is there- 
 fore literally, a I hear that things tend to advising him ;" i. e. " that 
 
 he is about to be advised." Hence the supine is unchanged, what- 
 ever be the gender or number of the substantive. Zumpt's Lat. 
 Gram. p. 110. 
 
 2. Existimaret. Concerning the subjunctive, see page 14, note 
 6, and page 16, note 11. 
 
 3. Major canibus. See page 8, note 4. 
 
 4. Quibus possis. Compare note 12, p. 18. 
 
 5. Qui Jit. Instead of quomodo, undefit. 
 
 6. Natura formidolosos, i. e. eos, qui natura formidolosi sunt. 
 
 7. Inquit ille, i. e. lupus. 
 
 8. Futurum, scil. esse ; equivalent to fore. 
 
 9. Ubi. For quum ibi, expressing the cause of the assertion con- 
 tained in the question. 
 
 10. Si moriendum sit. The subjunctive designates a case only 
 thought possible ; si moriendum est, a positive and expected case. 
 So also, at the end of the fable, si conjuncta sit. 
 
 11. Aspergi. Asperger e, (adspergere), might be used here to ex- 
 press a voluntary action. 
 
 12. Pol. An expression of asseveration ; considered an abbre- 
 viation of Pollux. 
 
 13. Arreptum devoravit. Instead of arripuit et devoravit. 
 
 14. Praeda divisa. These ablatives may be resolved by post- 
 quam. 
 
 1. Vindicat sibi labor meus. Instead oimihi vindico ob laborem 22 
 egregium meum. 
 
 2. Qui voluerit. Instead of si quis voluerit, "should any body 
 wish." 
 
 3. Aut quae, scil. earum. 
 
 4. Quod debeat. See page 18, note 12. 
 
 5. Modo and dummodo, " provided only ;" require the subjunctive 
 after them, because they always denote something supposed, as 
 distinguished from something real. 
 
 6. Quod daturus esset. The subjunctive represents these words 
 as a part of the invitation ; if the expression were, quod daturus 
 erat, they would be an explanatory addition of the narrator. Com- 
 pare note 12, p. 14. 
 
 7. Quae quum. Qui is frequently employed in Latin, to intro- 
 
86 NOTES. 
 
 Page 
 
 2% duce a sentence or clause, where in English we use the demonstra- 
 tive pronouns simply. 
 
 8. Caeteris. See note 4, p. 8. 
 
 9. O vos stolidos. See note 6, p. 18. 
 
 10. Quantopere excruciet. See p. 21, note 2. 
 
 11. Petivisse dicuntur. For petiveru?it } ut dicitur. 
 
 12. Quarum. See above, note 7. 
 
 13. Puniturus. The future participle serves to express an in- 
 tention. 
 
 14. A quo. The relative pronoun includes the copula, and the 
 demonstrative, or, in other words, qui is frequently used for et illc, 
 ct hie. 
 
 15. Poenituit. See note 6, p. 15. 
 
 16. Suos refers to Athenienses, ipsi to Philippus. 
 
 17. Demosthenes, the greatest orator of Athens, and a strenuous 
 opponent of Philip. 
 
 18. Qua denotes a purpose, and consequently has the subjunc- 
 tive. It is equivalent to ut ea. Compare note 14, p. 18. 
 
 23 1. Impetu facto. Intead of impetum fecisse (in caulas) et gregem 
 dilaniasse. 
 
 2. Frustratus, i. e. quum deceplsset. Frustrari conveys the idea 
 of pains taken in vain (frustra). 
 
 3. Lupo irruente. Instead of et lupus tandem revera irrueret. 
 
 4. Coepit forms with orare a periphrasis for the finite verb (ora- 
 vit), to denote the commencement of the action. 
 
 5. Quo sono. See note 7, p. 22. 
 
 6. Allecti, from allicere, originally " to allure by bait." 
 
 7. Impetu fo.cto. See above, note 1. 
 
 8. Quos pullos, cos. In the usual transposition of sentences, 
 where the relative precedes the demonstrative, the former attracts 
 to itself the substantive to which it refers. 
 
 9. Comedendos. The future passive participle denotes the pur- 
 pose and destination : ut ab Us comedaniur, (" for eating.") 
 
 10. Venaturn. In signification equivalent to venaturi. The su- 
 pine is frequently use with ire, venire ; thus, eo dormitum ; ibimus 
 auditum oratores ; spectatum xeniunt. 
 
 11. Correptum dilaniavit. Instead of corripuit et dilaniavit. 
 
 12. Partiendi negotium. The gerund supplies the place of a 
 declinable infinitive of the present active. See note 5, p. 7. 
 
 13. Astutior, scil. quam asi?ius. 
 
 14. Laudare coepit. See note 4, above. 
 
 15. Unde didicerit. In a direct question the expression would 
 be, unde didicisti? 
 
 16. Hujus. Alluding to the ass which had been killed by him. 
 %\ 1. Hew miseram vicem ! See note 6, p. 18. 
 
 2. Fraudulentus. Opposed to blandus. 
 
 3. Perjida voluptas. According to the context, perfida voluptatis 
 would have been more appropriate. 
 
 4. Cupidus pascendi. See note 5, p. 7. 
 
 5. Simul — simul. The repetition of the adverb denotes the 
 quick succession of the actions. It might be said, though with 
 less animation, simul atque hunc adspicit, accurrit. 
 
 6. Jure plector, qui. The relative pronoun includes the signi- 
 fication of cause. See note 3, p. 19. 
 
 7. Salo — solo. An intentional play upon words similar in form. 
 
 8. Seque. Combine : et dixit, se avolaturum esse, si cum gravaret. 
 
NOTES. 87 
 
 Page 
 
 9. At Me, scil. respondit. 2* 
 
 10. Nee, "not even." 
 
 1 1 . Considentem. Instead of the infinitive as denoting an action 
 of the accusative of the subject. This change takes place generally 
 with the yerbs sentire, videre, audire, and the like. 
 
 1. Draconern. Dragons, in consequence of their acute sight %& 
 were often considered the guardians of holy places and treasures. 
 
 2. Prolem, Semele and Ino, and his grand-children Pentheus 
 and Actaeon. 
 
 3. lllyriam, a country bordering on the Adriatic, opposite Italy. 
 It lies in a northerly direction from Macedonia. It answers now, 
 
 in a groat degree, 1.0 modem Albania. 
 
 4. Bcbrycia, an ancient name of Bithynia, which extends along 
 the Propontis and Euxine. 
 
 5. Argonautas. The Grecian heroes, who went to Colchis in 
 the ship Arg"o, under the command of Jaaon, to take forcible pos- 
 session of the golden fleece. 
 
 6. Pollux an&Castor, sons of Leda and Jupiter, were worshipped 
 under the name of Dioscuri, (Aiovxovpot,) " sons of Jupiter." 
 
 7. Mira magnitudine. The ablative of quality. 
 
 8. Novem digitis. The ablative of measure. 
 
 9. Annorum. The genitive of quality. 
 
 10. Ossa and Pelion, mountains in Thessaly. 
 
 11. Athenis. The names of towns of the 3d declension, or of the 
 plural number, are put in the ablative when answering to the ques- 
 tion, where 1 
 
 12. Labyrinthus, a building full of intricate windings. 
 
 13. Iearium pelagus, a part of the Aegaean, off the western coast 
 of Asia Minor. 
 
 14. Cyclopes, the assistants of Vulcan. 
 
 15. Tkessalia, a country in the north of Greece. 
 
 16. Morbo implicitus. Equivalent to correptus. 
 
 1. Si quis. Instead of aliquis. 26 
 
 2. Hercules. The guest of Admetus. 
 
 3. Orcus generally stands for the infernal regions ; here it is the 
 divinity that conducts men to the world below, by the Greek poets 
 called Qdvaros, (Mors.) 
 
 4. Cassiope, wife of Cepheus, king of Aethiopia. 
 
 5. Nereides, daughters of Nereus, a god of the sea. 
 
 6. Perseus, son of Jupiter and Danae, who received from Mer- 
 cury winged sandals, with which he flew over the sea ; whence 
 here advolavit. 
 
 7. Medusa, one of the Gorgons, who petrified all by her terrific 
 appearance. 
 
 8. Victor, as victor, after having proved victorious. 
 
 9. Re cognita, i.e. quum insidias sibi parari cognovisset, 
 
 10. Quo viso. Equivalent to cujus adspectu. 
 
 11. Inpatriam. To Argos, in Greece. 
 
 12. Vento moti. Instead of rami {cum pomis) vento moventur et 
 recedunt. 
 
 13. Peleus, a king of Thessaly, one of the Argonauts. 
 
 14. Thetis, a daughter of Nereus. 
 
 15. Malum, (to be distinguished from malum.) 
 
 16. Misit. Instead of conjecit 
 
 17. In medium. Among the guests. 
 
 18. Mercurius, the messenger of the gods. 
 
88 NOTES. 
 
 Page 
 
 26 19. Paris, also called Alexander, son of Priam, king of Troy. 
 
 20. Ida, a mountain of Mysia, east of Troy. 
 
 21. Diremturum esse. The infinitive depends upon dixit, which, 
 according to the signification, is included in imperat. 
 
 22. Spopondit. Spondeo is one of the four verbs of the second 
 conjugation, which receive the reduplication in the perfect, after 
 the manner of the Greek. 
 
 23. Anteposito. Translate as if it were expressed in the active : 
 hoc doruum prioribus antepozuit et 
 
 24. Menelaus, king of Lacedaemon, and son of Atreus. 
 
 fcT 1. Cito periturum esse. The Parcae had fixed it as his destiny, 
 to enjoy, either a long but inglorious life, or great glory and a 
 short life. 
 
 2. Scyros, an island in the Aegaean sea. 
 
 3. Ithaca, an island on the western side of Greece ; Ulysses, 
 
 ('OSvvcrevs}, wa.<5 rlistingruished for his prudence. 
 
 4. Advocari. Why not advocare ? 
 
 5. Uhde. See note 2, p. 16. 
 
 6. Aulis, a town in Greece, on the Euripus, which separates Eu- 
 boea from the continent. 
 
 7. Agamemnon, king of Argos, and brother of Menelaus. 
 
 8. Superbiusque. He had preferred himself to the goddess in 
 the art of shooting with the bow. Scil. superbius, quamparerat. 
 
 9. Abduxit. On this pretence (sic) he allured her from her 
 home to Aulis. 
 
 10. Terram Tauricam. The Taurica Chersonesus was a large 
 peninsula of Europe, at the south-west of the Palus Maeotis, now 
 called the Crimea. It was joined by an isthmus to Scythia. The 
 inhabitants, called Tauri, were a savage and uncivilized nation. 
 
 11. Achilles was desirous of marrying Polyxena, and was killed 
 at an interview with her in the temple of Apollo, according to 
 some, by the god, who favoured the Trojans; according to others, 
 by Paris. 
 
 12. Caucasus, a range of mountains between the Euxine and 
 the Caspian sea. The length of this chain is 400 miles, and its 
 breadth from 60 to 200 miles. 
 
 13. Quae, with the signification of purpose. See n. 14, p. 18. 
 
 14. Pluto, Jupiter, and Neptune, sons of Saturn, divided the 
 world among themselves by lot in such a manner, that Jupiter 
 obtained the heaven {Olympus), with the sovereignty of the whole, 
 Neptune the sea, and Pluto the infernal region s (Hades), and the 
 realms of the dead. 
 
 15. Negavit, i. e. dixit, Cererem non esse passuram. 
 
 £8 1. Eleusis, a town in Attica, famous for the Eleusinian Myste- 
 ries, which commemorated the arrival of the goddess in this re- 
 gion. 
 
 2. Igne obruebat. In order to purify him by fire of that which 
 was terrestrial. 
 
 3. Quas disseminaret. Quas is equivalent to ut eas. See n. 13, 
 p. 27. 
 
 4. Parcae. The three goddesses of destiny, Clotho, Lachesis, 
 and Atropos. 
 
 5. Victurum, scil. esse. 
 
 6. Calydon, a town in Aetolia in Greece. 
 
 7. Atalanta, daughter of Jasion, who ruled over a part of Area- 
 
NOTES. 89 
 
 Pag« 
 dia; she was brought up in the woods, and devoted herself to the 2S 
 chase. 
 
 8. In aves, Meleagrides, " guinea-hens." 
 
 9. Sidon, onis, (do in these names is long, HtSaiv, dvog ; in the de- 
 rivative Sidonius it is usually short, TiiSovios). A town in Phoeni- 
 cia, on the Mediterranean. 
 
 10. Creta, a large island in the same sea, south-east of Greece ; 
 famous for its 100 cities and the laws of Minos. It is now called 
 Candia. 
 
 11. Conditione addita. Instead of hac conditioner since he had 
 added the condition to their message. 
 
 12. Cadmus. See p. 25, § 1. 
 
 13. Delphos. To the oracle of Apollo in Phocis. We must 
 suppose that he had questioned the oracle respecting his future 
 lot ; hence below responsum. 
 
 14. Sequeretur. The idea of an order is contained in the words 
 responsum accepit; hence sequeretur instead of ut sequeretur. 
 
 15. In Boeotiam. A country of Greece, north of Attica. It is 
 now called Livadia. 
 
 16. Draconem. See p. 25, § 1. 
 
 17. Aravit. He ploughed them over, as a sower the scattered 
 seed. 
 
 18. Sparti, called Hiraproi from c-rrcipsiv, " to sow." Here the name 
 is derived from spargere. 
 
 19. Thebae, arum, the capital of Boeotia. Its citadel was built 
 by Cadmus, hence called Cadmea. 
 
 20. Silenus, the instructor and companion of the young Bac- 
 chus. 
 
 21. Mygdonia, a country of Lydia in Asia Minor. 
 
 1. Quidquid tetigisset. Here the action is expressed in the plu- $9 
 perfect, because it is last in relation to the following, aurum fieret, 
 and it is expressed by the subjunctive, because it is an historical 
 narration of the language of another. 
 
 2. Quern. The relative pronoun includes, besides the demon- 
 strative, a conjunction, as et, vero, igitur, tar/ien, etc. Quern is 
 here the accusative of the subject depending upon jussit. 
 
 3. Colore aureo. The ablative of quality ; instead of aqua iincta 
 est colore aureo. 
 
 4. Schoeneus. He was born in Boeotia, but became naturalized 
 in Arcadia. 
 
 5. Horum, scil. malorum. 
 
 6. Megara. A town in Greece, the capital of a country called 
 Megaris. It was at an equal distance from Athens and Corinth, 
 on the Sinus Saronicus. 
 
 7. Negavit, i. e. dixit, Cretam non esse recepturam, &c. 
 
 8. Tantum scelus, a strong expression for mulierum tarn sceles- 
 tam. 
 
 9. Praccipitat. The present instead of the perfect. See note 7, 
 p. 16. 
 
 10. Muris cinxit. Since he collected the stones by the melody 
 of his lyre. 
 
 11. Quern par turn, i. e. hos liber os suos. 
 
 12. Superbius. See note 8, p. 27. 
 
 13. Dicitur, narrantur. Observe the construction of the verbs 
 did and narrari with the nominative and infinitive. 
 
90 NOTES. 
 
 Page 
 
 30 1. Harpyias, fledged, ravenous monsters. The name is derived 
 
 from apira^civ. 
 
 2. Canes. The ancient poetic language called dogs, " beings 
 subservient to the gods." 
 
 3. Argonautae. See note 5, p. 25. 
 
 4. Iter rogarent. Rogare aliquem aliquid, " to ask one for some- 
 thing." 
 
 5. Strophades, two islands off the western coast of Greece. The 
 name is derived from crpecpeiv, " to turn," because here the sons of 
 Aquilo or Boreas turned from their pursuit of the Harpyiae. 
 
 6. Liberarunt. Instead of liber averunt. 
 
 31 1. Latere aliquem. Complete the following sentences by eos la- 
 tent. 
 
 2. Dum vivereL The subjunctive stands in the dependent sen- 
 tence, because it is an historical narration of thoughts and words 
 of another, and is not an assertion of the author. 
 
 3. Ancipiti, i. e. dubiae et ambiguae. 
 
 4. Quae ab eo. The order of translation is, ut non auderent ad- 
 ducere in dubitationem ea, quae audivissent ab eo. 
 
 5. Priene, a maritime town of Asia Minor, at the foot of Mount 
 Mycale. It was one of the 12 independent cities of Ionia, and 
 owed its foundation to the Athenians. 
 
 6. Ego vero. The conjunctions Autem, Enim, Vero, Quoque, 
 Quidem, are always placed after the introductory word of the 
 clause, generally in the second place, and sometimes in the third — 
 as, Me autem, Ego enim, Qui vero — not Autem ille, Enim ego, Vero 
 qui. Crombie's Gymnasium, vol. 2, p. 46. 
 
 7. Cynicorum. The Cynics (from kvwv) endeavoured to attain 
 the highest freedom by denying themselves every superfluity, al- 
 lowing only the necessaries of nature. Like travellers, without a 
 home upon earth, they always went with knapsack and staff, en- 
 gaged in a constant war against vice and the vicious. 
 
 8. Videret, with a participle. See n. 11, p. 24. 
 
 9. Nisi ista periissent. He considered the knowledge, which he 
 had acquired during his absence, of so much greater value than 
 extensive possessions. 
 
 10. Accubuisset. The ancients took their meals reclining (ac- 
 cumbentes), not sitting. 
 
 11. Cogitationibus inhaerens, " lost in thought." 
 
 32 1. Tarentinus, of Tarentum, now Tarento, a town of Calabria, 
 in Magna Graecia or Lower Italy, situated on the Tarentinus Si- 
 nus, near the mouth of the river Galesus. The luxurious habits 
 of the Tarentines were proverbial. 
 
 2. Villicus, a superior slave in the country, who took charge of 
 the villa or country-seat of his master. Slaves only were liable 
 to corporal punishment. 
 
 3. Vehementius, scil. quam par erat. 
 
 4. Exarsisset,scil.ird, since anger, like every violent passion, is 
 usually compared with flame. 
 
 5. Veritus, " through fear." For the genitive discendi } see n. 
 12, p. 23. 
 
 6. Cupiditate ductus. See n. 1, p. 19. 
 
 7. Pythagoras had established a flourishing school of philosophy 
 in Magna Graecia, in the sixth century, A. C. 
 
 8. Fuissc fertur. See n. 13, p. 29. 
 
NOTES. 91 
 
 9. Quid esset, quod. A more expressive form of interrogation, 3 2 
 instead of quare ? 
 
 10. Interesset, i. e. praesens esset, audiret sermones. 
 
 11. Poenituit. The infinitive here expresses the object of the 
 repentance, which, when designated by nouns, is put in the geni- 
 tive. 
 
 12. Ptolemaeus, one of the kings of Egypt, after Alexander, in 
 whose reign H€gesias taught in Alexandria, the capital of the 
 country. 
 
 13. Leonlino, of Leontium in Sicily. 
 
 14. Qui existimabatur. See note 13, p. 29. 
 
 15. Dclphici. At Delphi, the common oracle of Greece, 
 
 16. Nihil habeo quod, " I have no reason to." 
 
 1. Homerus creditur. See n. 13, p. 29. 33 
 
 2. Quaestionem. The question was a riddle. 
 
 3. Octoginla annos natum, " when eighty years old." Old, 
 applied to the years of human life, is rendered Latin by natus, 
 with an accusative of the time. 
 
 4. In certamen musicum. On solemn occasions, choirs, headed 
 by poets, contended for the prize. 
 
 5. Dicunt, scil. homines. 
 
 6. El ipse, " also." 
 
 7. Rediens, " while returning." 
 
 8. Sententiam. A verse which contained a sentiment displea- 
 sing to them. 
 
 9. Pan, the protector of herds, whom Pindar worshipped in a 
 chapel near his house, but who ranged over the woods and moun- 
 tains, his usual abode. 
 
 10. Pepercit, with the dative of the object. 
 
 11. MynduSj a maritime town of Caria, north-west of Halicar- 
 nossus. 
 
 12. Quum, " though." 
 
 13. De qua ageretur. The conjunction denotes an indefinite 
 object, conceived only as possible. 
 
 14. Pericles, a celebrated orator and general of Athens, who by 
 his great abilities maintained an absolufe sovereignty over the re- 
 public for 15 years, and shared it with others for 25 years. He 
 died about 429 years B. C, in the 3d year of the Peloponnesian 
 war. 
 
 15. Iturus. The future participle active expresses an action, 
 which one intends or is about to perform. 
 
 1. Ne quod, instead ofne verburn aliquod. 34 
 
 2. Lycurgus, a celebrated lawgiver of Sparta, son of king Eu- 
 nomus, and brother of Polydectes. The reform, which he effect- 
 ed, happened 884 B. C. His laws continued in full force for 700 
 years. 
 
 3. Persuasit, with the dative of the object. 
 
 4. Pythia. This was the title of the priestess, who delivered 
 the oracles at Delphi from the sacred tripod. 
 
 5. Persae. In the second Persian war, before the contest at 
 Thermopylae. 
 
 6. Obscuraturi, scil. esse. Respecting the use of diet, narrari, 
 ferri, videri, existimari. See n. 13, p. 29. 
 
 7. Cyrus, son of Cambyses and Mandane, daughter of Astyages, 
 king of Media. He was the founder of the Persian monarchy. 
 
 8. Pontus, a kingdom of Asia Minor, bounded on the north by 
 
 PART I. I 
 
92 NOTES. 
 
 P«ge 
 
 34 the Euxine, on the east by Armenia, on the south by Cappadocia, 
 and on the west by Galatia and Paphlagonia. 
 
 9. Achilles, son of Peleus and Thetis, the bravest of all the 
 Greeks in the Trojan war. He is the hero of the Iliad of Homer. 
 
 10. In Olympico certamine. Olympia, a town in Elis, a country 
 of the Peloponnesus, situated on th? southern bank of the Alpheus, 
 now Alfeo. This was the celebrated region in which the Olym- 
 pic games were held in honour of Jupiter Olympius. They were 
 of very ancient foundation, and revived, by Coroebus, B. C. 776, 
 and serve as the epoch of Grecian chronology. They were cel- 
 ebrated at the conclusion of every fourth year, or rather every 
 forty-ninth month, and were held for five successive days. 
 The Roman lustrum was a period of five )^ears. 
 
 11. Epaminondas, a famous Theban, who aided his friend Pe- 
 lopidas in freeing their city from the yoke of Lacedaemon, and 
 in maintaining its freedom and independence. 
 
 12. Affixa. The ancients, after a contest, hung up, in the tem- 
 ple of the gods, the arms taken from the enemy, or at the close of 
 the war, their own. 
 
 13. Mantinea, a town of Arcadia, near the borders of Argolis. 
 From the death of Epaminondas, Thebes lost its power and con- 
 sequence among the Grecian states. 
 
 14. Clypeus. It was considered most disgraceful to a soldier to 
 abandon his shield in the fight. 
 
 15. Tanta abst. et integr. Ablatives of quality. 
 
 16. Ly sander, a celebrated Spartan, who terminated the Pelo- 
 ponnesian war, by taking Athens, and appointing 30 tyranls over 
 it, B. C. 404. 
 
 17. Volo praebeas. Understand ut. 
 
 18. Quod factum. The accusative depending upon exprobran 
 Hbus. 
 
 19. Thrasybulus who freed his country from the 30 tyrants, B. 
 C. 401. 
 
 35 1. Quantas-tantas. Concerning the position of the sentences, 
 and the attraction of the substantive by the relative, see n. 8 p. 
 23. 
 
 2. XTt videar retulisse, is a more modest expression than ut re~ 
 lulerim would be, since it leaves it to others to decide as to the 
 merit of his action. 
 
 3. Abscinderem. Understand num or ne ; abscinderemne. 
 
 4. Pythiam ad se vocatum. Translate as if it were Pythiam ad 
 se vocavit, quumque ab eo, (" from his mouth :") accepisset {audivis- 
 Set) difficultatem rei dom. (" the deranged state of his private 
 affairs,") eum pecunia instruxit. 
 
 5. Pythia. The ablative in the abridged comparison. 
 
 6. Damnata, who, in a cause decided by the king, had received 
 an unfavourable sentence. 
 
 7. Filium, Alexander. 
 
 8. Quod, instead of quam ob rem. 
 
 9. Spero jore ut. A common periphrasis for spero with the in- 
 finitive of the future. 
 
 10. Et nobis et rebus. The ablatives depend upon dignus. 
 
 11. Sperasne. Instead of num speras. 
 
 12. Eos, quos. " That such as." Concerning the subjunctive 
 following the relative, when it refers to talis, ejusmodi, is, see n. 
 10, p. 15. 
 
NOTES. 93 
 
 Page 
 
 13. Asia debellata. Debellare means properly, "to end the war, 3 5 
 to weaken the enemy so as to disable him from continuing the con- 
 test;" hence simply "to conquer." 
 
 14. Civitate sua, " with the freedom of their city." 
 
 15. Officiuvi, an action by which we think to please, or confer a 
 favour upon one. 
 
 16. L/ubentissime. Alexander now considered the compliment 
 by which he was made equal to Hercules as a favourable omen of 
 future greatness. 
 
 17. His verbis utebantur. Understood, "in the resolution taken 
 upon it." 
 
 18. Brevitate. The Lacedaemonians took great pains to con- 
 vey the most expressive meaning in the fewest words; whence 
 such mode of expression has been proverbially called Laconic. 
 
 19. Lysimachus, one of the captains of Alexander the Great, 
 who at the partition of the empire, received for his share Thrace, 
 the Chersonese, and the countries adjacent to the Euxine. 
 
 20. Cyrenaeum, "of Cyrene," now Curin, the capital of Cyre- 
 naica, a country of northern Africa, east of the Syrtis Major and 
 west of Marmarica. It corresponds with the modern Barca. 
 
 1. Mea nihil interest. Interest and refert are joined with a gen- 36 
 itive of the person whose interest is concerned, or with the neuters 
 mea, tua, sua, nostra, vestra, instead oimei, tui, etc. The degree 
 
 of importance is expressed by adverbs, or by the neuters of adjec- 
 tives, or by their genitives. The thing in which any one's inte- 
 rest is involved is not expressed by a substantive, but by an accu- 
 sative with an infinitive, or by ut with a subjunctive and the inter- 
 rogative particles. 
 
 2. Humine, instead of utrum humi. 
 
 3. Sublime, instead of insublimi. 
 
 4. Caria. A province in the south-west of Asia Minor. 
 
 5. Sepulcrum. The Mausoleum, one of the wonders of the 
 world. 
 
 6. Septem miracula. Of these the principal were the temple of 
 Diana at Ephesus, the Colossus, or brazen image of Apollo, at 
 Rhodes, the pyramids of Egypt, &c. 
 
 7. Manibus. Not from manus, but from manes. 
 
 8. Praemiis propositis. Translate as if it were, et in hoc certa- 
 mine praemia amplissinia proposuit ei, qui 
 
 9. Dionysius, surnamed the younger, was finally expelled by 
 Timoleon, B. C. 343. 
 
 10. Lnjdia, a province in the western part of Asia Minor, on the 
 Aegaean. 
 
 11. Sefelicior. Instead of quam ipse. 
 
 12. Psophidium. Of Psophis, a town of Arcadia. 
 
 13. Pyrrhus crossed to Italy for the express purpose of aiding 
 the Taren tines in the war which they had undertaken against the 
 Romans, B. C. 280. 
 
 14. Loquuturi eramus. The conditional sentence, nisi defecisset 
 seems to require essemus, and this would convey the same mean- 
 ing ; but eramus expresses the conditional as positive and not to 
 be doubted, so that the boldness of the speaker is more forcibly 
 displayed by the indicative. 
 
 15. Antigonus. surnamed Gonatus, son of Demetrius, and grand- 
 son of Antigonus, who was one of Alexander's generals. 
 
 16. In for o potius, scil. cognoscam. 
 
94 NOTES. 
 
 Page 
 
 &6 17. Catdna, now Catania i a town at the foot of Aetna' in Sicily. 
 
 18. At permits us to understand a sentence from the preceding; 
 " you would justly laugh, if I intended to fly before the enemy ; but 
 I go to war to fight firmly, without abandoning my post." 
 
 19. Sibi laetitiae esse. With the verbs esse, proficisci, dare, and 
 venire, verto,jio, and others of the same meaning, besides the da- 
 tive of the person, another is used to express the purpose, effect, 
 and destination. Zumpt's L. G. ; Kenrick's Transl. 
 
 20. Se meliores. Instead of quamipsum. 
 3T 1. At anseres. See n. 18, p. 36. 
 
 2. Rhodius, of the island Rhodus, which lies opposite Caria, in 
 the Mediterranean. 
 
 3. In ludis Olympicis. See n. 10, p. 34. 
 
 4. Inspectante populo. " In the sight of the assembled people." 
 
 5. Africanus. So called from his victory over Hannibal in 
 Africa. 
 
 6. Epirus, a country in the western part of Greece, forming a 
 part of modern Albania. 
 
 7. Instandum esse negabat. The neuter of the participle passive 
 in dus is used in the nominative, or the accusative before the in- 
 finitive, with esse, in the sense of propriety or necessity. Accord- 
 ingly the words above may be translated, " said that one ought not 
 to urge." 
 
 8. Fortius, scil. quam alias fecisset. 
 
 9. Ex necessitate, i. e. necessitate coactus. 
 
 10. Corinthus, now Corito, a famous commercial city, situated 
 on the Isthmus of Corinth, now Hexamili, which connects the Pe- 
 loponnesus with Hellas, or Greece properly so called. Corinth 
 was destroyed by Mummius the Roman general, B. C. 146. 
 
 11. Non esset unde. Instead of non esset aliquid, ex quo 
 
 12. Major. The conqueror of Hannibal in the battle of Zama, 
 to be distinguished from the Younger, who destroyed Carthage. 
 
 13. Gentis Corneliae. The family of Scipiones was a branch 
 of the gens Cornelia. The full name of this Scipio was P. Corne- 
 lius Scipio Africanus. Concerning the name of the Romans, see 
 n. 2, p. 4. Sometimes, as in the present instance, a fourth name, 
 called the Agnomen, was given, added from some illustrious action 
 or remarkable event. 
 
 14. Recuperato demum gladio, i. e. non prius ad suos reversus est, 
 quam gladium recuperaverat. 
 
 15. Locum. The place from which they had retreated during 
 the fight. A soldier could name his heir in the presence of 3 or 4 
 comrades, before he went to battle, and this, without any other 
 ceremonies, was considered a complete testament. It was called 
 testamenium militare, vel in procinctu, i. e. " made while he was 
 girding himself, or preparing for battle." 
 
 16. Eos is to be referred to milites, which is contained in cohortes. 
 1 17. Cedentem viderct. See n. 11, p. 24. 
 
 18. Capite devoto. He suffered himself to be devoted to death 
 by certain ceremonies, as if it were an atoning sacrifice for the 
 whole army. 
 
 19. Liberavit. Brutus expelled TarquiniusSuperbus, B. C. 509- 
 The consular authority was established, which continued inde- 
 pendent 461 years, till the battle of Pharsalia. 
 
 20. Virgis caesos. Roman citizens, who were condemned to 
 
NOTES. 95 
 
 Page 
 
 death, were beaten with rods previous to their execution, in order 3T 
 to place them on a level with the slaves. 
 
 1. Perseus was conquered by Paulus Aemylius, son of the Aemy- 38 
 lius who fell at Cannae. The decisive battle was fought at Pyd- 
 na, B. C. 1G8. The province Macedonia, under the Romans, in- 
 cluded Thessaly and Epirus, and extended from sea to sea. It is 
 now Rownelia. 
 
 2. Hoc ornine. All unusual phenomena, particularly in the hea- 
 vens, were considered by the ancients as signs of future things. 
 
 3. Cicatricem aversam, i. e. in parte corporis, hostibus aversa } i. e. 
 in tergo ; on the contrary, adversa vulnera are " wounds in the 
 breast." 
 
 4. Coronis. Crowns were given by the ancients to free citizens 
 as tokens of merit and valour. They were different according to 
 the circumstances : Obsidionaiis, for freeing an army from a block- 
 ade ; Vallaris vel Castrensis, to the first who mounted the rampart, 
 or entered the camp of the enemy ; Muralis, to him who first scaled 
 the walls of a city in an assault ; Navalis, to him who first board- 
 ed the ship of an enemy ; Civica, to him who had saved the life 
 of a citizen. There were smaller rewards of various kinds ; as, 
 a banner, (Vexillum); trappings, {Phalerae)\ golden chains, 
 {Aurea Torques) ; bracelets, (Armillae). 
 
 5. Carpetani. The territories of this people were in the centre 
 of Spain, in what is now New Castile. Their principal city was 
 Toletum, now Toledo 
 
 6. Barbari. Hispani et Galli, who were in the Carthaginian 
 army. The Romans, like the Greeks, called every nation barba- 
 rian which was not of their own race. 
 
 7. Infidem ejus rei. " In order to give credit to this pretence." 
 
 8. Quibus trajiceret. Respecting the subjunctive, see n. 14, p. 
 18. 
 
 9. Vulnerari. See n. 2, p. 11. 
 
 AN EPITOME OF ROMAN HISTORY. 
 
 1. Janiculum. A hill on the Tiber, by some considered as one 39 
 of the seven hills on which Rome was built ; while others say that 
 
 it was not included within the city. It was fortified by Ancus 
 Martius. 
 
 2. Troja eversa. Troja, the capital of Troas, a district on the 
 Aegaean coast of Mysia in Asia Minor. After a war of 10 years, 
 undertaken in consequence of the rape of Helen by Paris, Troy 
 was taken and completely destroyed by the allied army of the 
 Greeks, B. C. 1184. This city ha- been celebrated by the poems 
 of Homer and Virgil ; the former gives an account of the war, 
 and the latter relates the wanderings of Aeneas, after the fall of 
 his native city, and his final settlement in Italy. See p. 26, § 11. 
 
 3. Quibus pepercerat, {par cere alicui). 
 
 4. Alba longa. Called longa, because it extended along the hill 
 Albanus, and Alba, from the circumstance of Aeneas having found 
 on the spot a white sow with 30 young ones, according to the pro- 
 phecy of Helen us. 
 
 1. Vestae sacerdotibus. The Vestal virgins devoted themselves 40 
 to the service of the goddess Vesta, and kept the perpetual fire 
 upon her altar. They took upon themselves the vow of chastity, 
 and a violation of it was punished with death. 
 
 i2 
 
96 NOTES. 
 
 Pape 
 
 4rO 2. Viro nubere. Ducert, " to take in marriage," is used when a 
 man is the subject of discourse ; Nubere, " to be veiled," or duci, 
 " to be led," is used when a woman is the subject. 
 
 3. Ultra ripam. The Tiber having flat banks, the overflowing 
 of the river is a common occurrence. 
 
 4. Nutricndos. Instead of ut cos nutriret. 
 
 5. Asylum, Gr. acv\ov, a consecrated place, which afforded safety 
 from violence. 
 
 6. Pulsi. Understand such as during the civil commotions had 
 been expelled by the opposite faction, or were obliged to leave 
 their country on account of a murder, which, in the badly organ- 
 ized state of civil society, was a common occurrence. 
 
 7. In arce. The Capitol was a citadel and temple on the Tar- 
 peian rock, which formed a part of the Capitoline hill. 
 
 8. In urbem recepit. On condition that Tatius, king of the Sa- 
 bines, should share the sovereignty with him. 
 
 41 1. iMStraret. At the end of every five years a review {census) 
 of the people was made. After the census was finished, an expi- 
 atory or purifying sacrifice, {Sacrificium lustrale), was made ; 
 and thus the people were said to be purified, {lustrari). Because 
 this was done at the end of every fifth year, hence I/ustrum is put 
 for the space of five years. 
 
 2. Ad deos sublatum, {toller e). Romulus was afterwards wor- 
 shipped by the Romans as a god, under the name of Quirinus. 
 
 3. Melius Fuffetius. The general of the Albans. After a 
 treaty of peace had been made, he sided with the Romans in a 
 battle between them and the Veientes, and, deserting during the 
 fight, exposed his allies to great danger. 
 
 4. Ei moenia circumdedit. Equivalent to novis earn moenibus 
 circumdcdit. 
 
 5. Corinthus. See n. 10, p. 37. 
 
 6. Etruria, otherwise called Tuscia, a celebrated country of 
 Italy, lying to the west of the Tiber. It is now called Tuscany. 
 
 7. Minorum gentium. Those elected by Romulus were called 
 Patres majorum gentium, and those enrolled by Tullus Hostilius, 
 Tarquinius Priscus, and Brutus, were denominated Patres mino- 
 rum gentium. This at least is the opinion of some critics. Others 
 maintain, that all those who were enrolled before the time of 
 Brutus, were named Patres majorum gentium, and those enrolled 
 by him, Patres minorum gentium. See Crombie's Gymnasium, 
 vol. 2, p. 315. 
 
 8. Ademtos, i. e. quos hostibus ademerat. 
 
 9. Capitolium. See n. 7, p. 40. 
 
 4;£ 1. Censum. The census was instituted by Servius Tullius, and 
 properly consisted in taking an account of the property and family 
 of each citizen, and in imposing taxes in proportion to their effects. 
 Servius at the same time divided the people into six classes, and 
 these again into centuries. The census was at first taken by the 
 kings, and afterwards by the consuls ; but, after the year of the 
 city 310, by a proper officer, called Censor. 
 
 2. Curia. The place at which the senate usually met was the 
 Curia Hostilia, built by Tullus Hostilius at the foot of the Palatine 
 hill, so that there was an easy ascent to it from the Forum by 
 means of steps, {gradibus). 
 
 3. Carpentum, a vehicle with two wheels, and an arched cover- 
 
NOTES. 97 
 
 Paga 
 ing, sometimes without the covering, and generally drawn by 42 
 mules. It was used by the Roman matrons in the city. 
 4. Hanc injuriam. The outrage offered her by the king's son. 
 
 1. Iytixerunt. Lugere means not only " to lament, to bewail," 43 
 but also " to wear mourning for." 
 
 2. Pons ligneus. A bridge over the Tiber, called also pons sub- 
 licius, (from sublicae, " stakes.") As it was entirely of wood, it 
 was easily taken asunder, (rurnpi). 
 
 3. Ignibus allatis. He threatened him with torture, in which 
 fire also was used. 
 
 4. Anienem. From the obsolete nominative Anien, for which 
 Anio is used. The Anio is a river of Latium, which rises in the 
 Apennines, and empties into the Tiber near Antemnae. 
 
 5. Qui conciliaret. See n. 14, p. 18. 
 
 6. Fabulam. See this fable, II. 8. 
 
 7. Tribuni plebis. Two tribunes were at first created, but A. U. 
 297, ten tribunes were created, which number continued ever after. 
 
 8. Qui defenderent, i. e. ea de causa, ut. 
 
 9. Volscorum. The Volsci were situated in the southern part of 
 Latium. 
 
 10. Milliarum. The public ways (Publicae Viae) of the Ro- 
 mans were furnished with mile-stones, which were distant from 
 one another 1000 paces or 5000 Roman feet. The pace (Passus) 
 includeda double step, (gradus vel gressus), or the space from the 
 place where the foot is taken up to that where it is set down. 
 
 11. Veientes. The inhabitants of the city Veii (prum) in Etru- 
 ria. 
 
 1. Cremera, a small river of Tuscany, which empties into the 44 
 Tiber above Rome. 
 
 2. Qui Hannibalem. In the second Punic war. 
 
 3. Debilitavit, i. e. vires imminuit. 
 
 4. Decemviri. A college of ten men. Bodies charged with a 
 particular office were generally designated by the number of their 
 members, to which was still given an explanatory epithet. Thus 
 here the above-mentioned Decemvirate is distinguished from other 
 decern viral bodies by the addition of legibus scribendis. 
 
 5. Falerii, a city in Etruria. The inhabitants were called Falisci. 
 
 6. Reducendum tradidit. As above, c. 7, pueros uxori nutrien- 
 dos dedit. 
 
 7. Albis equis, i. e. curru invectus albis equis juncto. The use of 
 white horses, in their opinion, was confined to the gods, and espe- 
 cially to Jupiter and the Sun. 
 
 8. Galli Senones, a nation of Gallia Transalpina, who left their 
 native possessions on the banks of the Seine (Sequana) and Marne 
 (Matrona), and, under the conduct of Brennus, pillaged Rome. 
 They settled on the coast of Umbria in Italy. 
 
 9. Allia, a little river of Italy, in the territories of the Sabines, 
 which empties into the Tiber. 
 
 10. In eo erant. A collective noun or noun of multitude, e. gr. 
 praesidium, turba, multitudo, exercilus, nobilitas, may be the subject 
 of a plural verb. It is common when a noun of this class conti- 
 nues the subject of successive propositions, to join a singular verb 
 with it in one and a plural in another ; thus, in the present in- 
 stance, praesidium is connected, in the first proposition, with the 
 singular verb laborabat, in the second, with the plural erant. 
 
 11. Trans Anienem. See n. 4, p. 43. 
 
98 NOTES. 
 
 Pago 
 
 45 1. Tribunus militum. One of the highest military officers. In 
 the earliest times there were three to each legion, and as the le- 
 gion at that time consisted of 3000 men, each tribune commanded 
 1000 ; hence they were called by the Greeks chiliarchi (x i ^ ia PX 01 ) 
 In later times there were six in each legion, who commanded 
 under the consuls. 
 
 2. Samnites, a people of Italy, whose territory was called Sam- 
 nium. Their country lay between Apulia on the east, Latium and 
 Campania on the west, Lucania on the south, and the confines oi 
 the Marsi on the north. 
 
 3. Dictator, a magistrate at Rome, invested with absolute autho- 
 rity. He was appointed only in extraordinary cases, when the 
 circumstances of the state required prompt and efficient manage- 
 ment. His power continued only for the space of six months. 
 The dictator, as soon as elected, chose a subordinate officer, called 
 his master of horse, magister eqnitum. 
 
 4. Furculae Caudinae, a narrow pass in the vicinity of Caudi- 
 um, a town of the Samnites. 
 
 5. Sub jugum. When enemies were vanquished, they were 
 stripped of their arms and made to pass under the yoke, (jugum). 
 This consisted of two spears planted in the ground, which were 
 crossed at the top by a third, so low, however, that the captives 
 were obliged to bend in passing under. 
 
 6. Tarentinis. Tarentum was a Grecian colony in leaver Italy, 
 still called Tarento. 
 
 7. Epirus, a country on the western coast of Greece. 
 
 8. Auxilio poposcerunt. The more usual construction is, poscere 
 auxilium ab aliquo, or, with a double accusative, poscere aliquem 
 auxilium. 
 
 9. Elephant orum. As the Romans first saw the elephant in the 
 army of Pyrrhus in Lucania, and were ignorant of its proper 
 name, they called it bos L/iicas. 
 
 46 1. Adversis vulneribus, See note 3, p. 38. 
 
 2. Brevi, scil. tempore. 
 
 3. Campania, a country of Middle Italy, on the Inferum vel 
 Tyrrhenum Mare. 
 
 4. Praeneste, a town in Latium. 
 
 5. Praelio commisso. In the consulship of P. Sulpicius Saverrio 
 and P. Decius Mus. 
 
 6. Pueri comitarentur. This distinction was usually allowed 
 to triumphant generals, and only on the day of their triumph. 
 It was granted to Duilius for his lifetime. 
 
 4T 1. Se desiisse. Soldiers who were taken prisoners in war, lost 
 thereby their right of citizenship. 
 
 2. Tot millia. The Carthaginians had proposed an exchange 
 in the lump, although the number of Carthaginian prisoners was 
 by far the greater. 
 
 3. Lilybaeum, the western promontory of Sicily. 
 
 4. Ciira Iberum. The Iberus (now the Ebro) flowed through Spain 
 from north-west to south-east, almost parallel to the Pyrenees. The 
 country south of this river remained subject to the Carthaginians. 
 
 5. Clusium, (now Chiusi), a town in Etruria. 
 
 6. Insubres, a powerful Gallic tribe in Upper Italy, in what is 
 now the government of Milan in Austrian Italy. 
 
 48 1. Spolia. The spoils which a general took from the general 
 of the enemy was called spolia opima. They were dedicated and 
 
NOTES. 99 
 
 Page 
 
 suspended in the temple of Jupiter Feretrius. These spoils were 48 
 obtained only thrice before the fall of the republic. The first by 
 Romulus, who slew Acron, king of the Caeninenses; the next by 
 A. Cornelius Cossus, who slew Lar Tolumnius, king of the Vei- 
 entes, A. U. C. 318; and the third by M. Claudius Marcellus, who 
 slew Viridomarus, a king of the Gauls, A. U. C. 530. 
 
 2. Saguntum, a city on the eastern coast of Spain, in Hispania 
 Tarraconensis. 
 
 3. Ut mandaretur. Un derstand before it qui postularent, the idea 
 of which is contained in miserunt. 
 
 4. Liguria, a country of Upper Italy, bounded on the south by 
 the Sinus Ligusticus, or Gulf of Genoa, on the north by the Padus, 
 now the Po, on the east by the river Macra, and on the west by 
 the Varus. It answers to Genoa and part of Piedmont. 
 
 5. Ticinus, now Tessino, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, which rises 
 in the Alps, and, having traversed in its course the Lacus Verba- 
 nus, (now Lago Maggiore), empties into thePadusnear Ticinum. 
 
 6. Trebia, a river of the same country, which rises in Liguria, 
 and flowing in a northerly direction empties into the Padus near 
 Placentia. 
 
 7. Tuscia,ox Etruria. From the former the present name Tus- 
 cany is derived. 
 
 8. Trasimenus, a lake of Etruria, near Perusia, (now Perugia\ 
 from which it takes its present name, lake of Perugia. 
 
 9. Quam mora, i. e. cunctando el bellum dijferendo. This Fabius 
 had shown, who, when appointed dictator, weakened the enemy 
 by avoiding an engagement and continually harassing his army 
 by countermarches and ambuscades. Hence he received the sur- 
 name of Cunctator. 
 
 10. Apulia, now Puglia, a country of Magna Graecia in Italy, 
 lying along the Adriatic, from the river Frento in the north-west 
 to the promontory Iapygium. 
 
 11. Armata, " with their arms in their hands." 
 
 12. Aureomm annulorum. The senators and knights enjoyed 
 the privilege of wearing golden rings. 
 
 1. A duobus Scipionibus. Publius and Cnaeus. The former 49 
 was a father of the elder Scipio Africanus. 
 
 2. Nola, a town o/ Campania. Bells were invented there, in 
 the beginning of the 5th century, by St. Paulinus, the bishop of 
 the place. Hence they have been called in Latin Nolae, or Cam- 
 panae. 
 
 3. Quo minus Irajiceret. After verbs meaning " to hinder, to 
 prevent," quo minus is used in the signification of ne. 
 
 4. Poeni, a name given to the Carthaginians. It seems to be a 
 corruption of Phoeni or Phoenices, as the Carthaginians were of 
 Phoenician origin. 
 
 5. Syracusae, a celebrated city of Sicily, founded about 732 B. C. 
 by Archias a Corinthian. 
 
 6. Duo Scipiones interfecti. Both were slain within the space of 
 one month, in the eighth year of their generalship in Spain, in un- 
 fortunate battles against the Carthaginians. 
 
 7. Ad Ticinum. See above, c. 3. 
 
 8. Ital. deser. cupient. Since they thought that the state was 
 ruined beyond all hope of recovery. 
 
 9. Carthago nova, now Carthagena, on the southern coast of His- 
 pania Tarraconensis. 
 
100 NOTES. 
 
 Page 
 
 4:9 10. Sena, or Sena Gallica, now Senigaglia } a town on the Adri- 
 atic, built by the Senones, A. U. C. 396. 
 
 11. Picenum, a country of Ttaly on the Adriatic, east of the 
 Apennines ; now called the March of Ancona. 
 
 12. Bruttii, a people who inhabited the most southern part of 
 Italy. 
 
 13. Numidia, an extensive kingdom in the northern part of 
 Africa, west of Africa Propria. It was bounded on the west by 
 Maurerania, and on the south by Gaetulia. It forms the present 
 kingdom of Algiers. 
 
 SO 1. Zama, a town of Numidia, now Zamora, 300 miles south-west 
 of Carthage. 
 
 2. Quam coeperat, i. e. anno undevicesimo, postquam coeperat. 
 
 3. Philippus, the son of Demetrius. See above, p. 49, § 6. 
 
 4. Cynoscephalae, eminences in Thessaly, south-east of Pharsa- 
 lus, so called from their resemblance to the heads of dogs, (?ww 
 
 5. Nabis, a tyrant of Sparta, celebrated for his cruelty. He was 
 slain B. C. 192, after an usurpation of 14 years. 
 
 6. Syriacum, " a Syrian." Syria, a country of Asia, on the 
 Mediterranean, between Arabia and Cilicia in Asia Minor. 
 
 7. Legatus, the name of the officer chosen by a proconsul or pro- 
 praetor to accompany him to his province, and assist him in the 
 discharge of his duties. Sometimes the governor remained at 
 home, and merely sent out the legatus to the province; and at 
 other times the senate sent out a legatus, without naming any pro- 
 consul or propraetor. 
 
 8. Magnesia, a town in the northern part of Lydia, near the 
 junction of the Hermus and Hyllus, and in the vicinity of mount 
 Sipylus. 
 
 9. Asia, i. e. Asia Minor, in which Antiochus had many posses- 
 sions. 
 
 10. Taurus, the largest range of mountains in Asia as to extent. 
 Intra Taurum, " on the southern side of the range." 
 
 11. Pydna, a town in the southern part of Macedonia, situate 
 on the shore of the Sinus Thermaicus. It was originally called 
 Citron. 
 
 £1 1. Sexdecimremorwn or dines. The ships of-war were variously 
 named from their rows or ranks of oars. Those which had two 
 rows or tiers were called Bir ernes ; three, triremes; four, quadri- 
 remes ; five, quinquereme* vel penteres ; those of six or seven, by 
 a Greek name, Hexeres, Hepteres, and above that by a circumlocu- 
 tion, as in the present instance. The rowers were placed above 
 one another in different stages or benches ( in transtris veljugis) 
 on the side of the ship. 
 
 2. Tribunus, as tribunus militum. 
 
 3. Plurima, works of art, and images of the gods, taken from the 
 temples of conquered towns. 
 
 4. Pseudophilippus, ^evSo({n\nnros, who had falsely assumed the 
 name of Philippus. A certain Andriscus pretended to be the son 
 of Perseus, that he might lay claim to the kingdom of Macedonia, 
 and formed a large party among the Macedonians, who were op- 
 pressed under the sovereignty of the Romans. 
 
 5. Corinthiis. Corinth, (see p. 37, § 65,) the principal city of the 
 Achaean league, a famous confederacy which was formed B. C. 
 284, and continued formidable upwards of 130 years. 
 
NOTES. 101 
 
 Pag* 
 
 6. Propter injuriam. The Roman ambassadors had been treat- 5 1 
 ed with violence and insult, at the meeting of the confederacy at 
 Corinth, on account of the extravagance and severity of their de- 
 mands ; in consequence of which, war was declared against the 
 confederacy. 
 
 7. LdLsitania, a part of ancient Hispania, on the Atlantic coast, 
 answering nearly to the modern kingdom of Portugal. Portugal 
 is in its length larger than Lusitania, but from west to east much 
 smaller. 
 
 1. Numantia, a town of Hispania Tarraconensis, near the 53 
 sources of the river Durius. 
 
 2. Hostibus tradi. The Numantines did not accept this expedi- 
 ent for evading the fulfilment of the contract, and did not offer vi- 
 olence to the consul who was offered to them as a victim. 
 
 3. Correzit. He began by reforming the abuses which had crept 
 into the military discipline. 
 
 4. Vinctus, " in chains." The history of the war with Jugurtha 
 has been given by Sallust in a work styled Bellurn Jugurthinum. 
 
 5. Cvmbri et Teutones, northern tribes who left their ancient 
 abodes, and went in search of new settlements. Other Gallic tribes 
 through whose territory they passed, joined them. 
 
 6. Ne iterum. See above, p. 44, § 32. 
 
 7. Teutones. Marius met the Teutones at Aquae Sextiae, now 
 Aix, a town of Gallia Narbonensis. He left 20,000 dead on the 
 field of battle, and took 90,000 prisoners, B. C. 102. 
 
 8. Belloque protracto. See n. 5, p. 14. 
 
 1. Gravissimum helium. The war of these allied nations (sub- 53 
 jects of Rome) was called bellurn sociale, or, because the Marsi, a 
 people of middle Italy, were the leading nation engaged in it, bel- 
 lurn Marsicum ; also, bellurn Italicum. 
 
 2. Aequo, jura, the right of Roman citizens, jura civitatis. 
 
 3. Jus civitatis. The freedom of the city was conferred in differ- 
 ent degrees, according to the different merits of the allies towards 
 the republic. To some the right of voting (jus suffragit) was 
 given, and to others not. After the social war it was communi- 
 cated, with the right of voting, to all of the Italians south of the river 
 Rubicon on the upper sea, and of the city Luca on the lower sea. 
 Afterwards the same right was granted to Cisalpine Gaul, which 
 hence began to be called Gallia Togata. 
 
 4. Pontus, a kingdom in the north of Asia Minor, on the Pontus 
 Euxinus ; Mithridates had greatly enlarged it by his conquests. 
 
 5. Fugatusfuerat. He had taken refuge in Africa, but returned 
 upon hearing that Cinna had embraced his cause. 
 
 6. Proscripserunt. Proscribere, properly " to post up in writing, 
 to publish any thing to be sold," especially in reference to auc- 
 tions; also, " to confiscate one's property, sequester or seize one's 
 estate ;" from the time of Sylla, " to proscribe, or outlaw one ; to 
 doom to death and confiscation of property." Sylla introduced the 
 custom of proscription, after having conquered the party of Marius. 
 He ordered lists (tabulae proscriptions), of the names of those 
 whom he doomed to die, to be placed in the public places of the 
 city, with the promise of a reward (duo talenta) for the head of 
 each person so proscribed. He divided the lands and fortunes of 
 the slain among his friends, and declared their children incapable 
 of honours. 
 
 7. Sociale. See above, n. 1. 
 
102 NOTES. 
 
 Page 
 
 54: 1. Chalcedon, now Kadi-Keni, an ancient city of Bithynia, oppo- 
 
 posite Byzantium, built by a colony from Megara, B. C. 685, some 
 
 years before the founding of Byzantium. 
 
 2. Cyzicus, anciently a very flourishing city, situate on the island 
 of Cyzicus, in the Propontis, which is now a peninsula, and pre- 
 serves its name. 
 
 3. Byzantium, a city situate on the Thracian Bosphorus, found- 
 ed by a colony from Argos and Megara, B. C. 658. Constantine 
 the Great made it the capital of the eastern Roman empire, A. D. 
 328, and called it Constantinopolis. 
 
 4. Novum bellum, the war of the slaves. 
 
 5. Gladiatores. Gladiators were for some time exhibited only at 
 funerals, but afterwards also by the magistrates, to entertain the 
 people. They were kept and trained in schools (in ludis) by per- 
 sons called Lanistae. The whole number under one Lanista was 
 called Familia. Gladiators were at first composed of captives, 
 slaves, or condemned malefactors. Afterwards also free-born citi- 
 zens fought, some even of noble birth. Gladiators were exhibited 
 sometimes at the funeral pile, often in the Forum, but usually in an 
 amphitheatre, so called, because it was seated all round, like two 
 theatres joined. The place where the gladiators fought was called 
 Arena, because it was covered with saw-dust or sand, to prevent 
 the gladiators from sliding, and to absorb the blood ; and the per- 
 sons who fought, Arenarii. — The slaves of Capua were quickly 
 joined by an immense multitude of their fellow-sufferers, with 
 whom Italy was tilled. 
 
 6. Cabira, a fortified town of Armenia Minor, near the confines 
 of Pontus, afterwards called Sebaste. 
 
 7. Successor. M. Acilius Glabrio, who was shortly after succeed- 
 ed by Pompey. 
 
 8. Piratae, chiefly the inhabitants of the coast of Asia Minor, 
 especially the Cilicians, who rendered the Mediterranean unsafe 
 by their piracies. 
 
 65 1. Venenum hausit. According to others, he stabbed himself, 
 since the poison had no effect on him, in consequence of the anti- 
 dotes which he was in the habit of taking to render ineffectual the 
 attempts of his enemies to poison him. 
 
 2. Galatia, a country of Asia Minor, lying west of Pontus. It 
 derived its name of Galatia from the Gauls or Celtae, who invaded 
 and settled the country. From the Greeks, who subsequently be- 
 came intermingled with them, the country was also called Gallo- 
 Graecia. 
 
 3. Quod own recepisset. See n. 12, p. 14. 
 
 4. Judaea, a province of Palestine, forming the southern divi- 
 sion, and lying north of Arabia. Hierosolyma (Jerusalem) was 
 the capital. 
 
 5. Argenti infinitum, i. e. infinitum pondus, infinita summa. 
 
 6. Catalina. In order to repair his ruined fortune, he attempted 
 to effect apolitical revolution, and to murder the Senate and opu- 
 lent citizens, with the intention of confiscating their property for 
 the benefit of himself and his followers. 
 
 7. Parthi, a people of Asia, successively tributary to the empire 
 of the Assyrians, Medes, and Persians, and almost unknown until 
 about 240 B. C, when they suddenly emerged from their obscurity 
 under Arsaces, who laid the foundation of the Parthian empire. 
 This empire was bounded on the east by the Indus, on the south by 
 
NOTES. 103 
 
 Pago 
 
 the Mare Erythraeum, on the west by the Tigris, and on the north 55 
 by Caucasus. 
 
 8. Carrae, a town of Mesopotamia, south-east of Edessa. 
 
 9. Contra auspicia, notwithstanding the unlucky omens, which 
 occurred before the battle. 
 
 1. Nominis, i. e. populi. 56 
 
 2. Absens. Candidates were bound according to law to be pre- 
 sent at Rome, and when they commanded an army, to discharge 
 it before soliciting an office. But Caesar continued with his army 
 in Cisalpine Gaul. 
 
 3. Ariminum, now Rimini, a town in Italy on the Adriatic, be- 
 yond the limits of Caesar's province ; wherefore the taking pos- 
 session of this town was to be considered as a declaration of war. 
 
 4. Dictatorcm. See n. 3, p. 45. 
 
 5. Hispanias. The plural comprehends the three principal divi- 
 sions of the peninsula, Iyusitania, Tarraconensis, and Baetica. 
 
 6. Primo praelio. This battle was fought near Dyrrachium, now 
 Durazzo, a large city of Macedonia, bordering on the Adriatic sea. 
 
 7. Pharsalus, now Farsa, a town of Thessaly, south-west of La- 
 rissa, on the river Enipeus. In its neighbourhood is a large plain 
 called Pharsalia, in which the battle was fought. 
 
 8. Alexandria, a city founded by Alexander the Great, B. C. 
 332, situate at the mouth of the Nile. It was famous for its com- 
 mercial advantages, commanding the trade of the east until the 
 discovery of the Cape of Good Hope. It was also celebrated for 
 its schools, and its library of 700,000 volumes. 
 
 9. A rege Aegypti, the last of the Ptolemies, and the brother of 
 Cleopatra. 
 
 10. Generi quondam, i. e. qui quondam gener Caesaris fuerat. 
 Pompey had formed a league with Caesar and Crassus, A. U. 
 694, and had married Julia, the daughter of Caesar. She died in 
 the year 703, and with her death the last bond of union between 
 the two statesmen was severed. 
 
 11. Cleopatra, the sister of Ptolemy ; she had a short time before 
 laid claim to the throne. 
 
 12. Insolentius. He made himself perpetual Dictator, Impera- 
 tor, &c. and it was suspected that he intended to declare himself 
 king. 
 
 13. Bruti duo, Marcus and Decimus. 
 
 1. Fusus. Antony besieged D. Brutus in Mutina, a town of 51 
 Gallia Cispadana, now Modena, but was defeated by the consuls 
 Pansa and Hirtius. 
 
 2. Lepidum, who was in Gaul with the army. 
 
 3. Octavianus, the son of C. Octavius and Atia, a niece of Ju- 
 lius Caesar, by whom Octavianus was adopted as a son. But 
 sons, who entered a family by adoption, added to the nariie cf their 
 pater adoptivus, which they assumed, the name of their rsal father 
 with an addition *, so that Aemilius became Aemilianus. and Ocia- 
 vius, Octavianus. Octavianus had first waged war with the sen- 
 ate (Optimates) against Antony. 
 
 4. Proscripsit. See n. 6, p. 53. 
 
 5. Cassius. After the first battle Cassius caused one of his freed- 
 men to kill him ; Brutus fell on his own sword after the second. 
 
 6. Philippi, a town of Macedonia, east of Amphipolis. 
 
 7. Gallias, (as Hispanias, see n. 5, p. 56), comprehends all conn- 
 
 PART I. K 
 
104 NOTES. 
 
 Page 
 
 67 tries under the name of Gallia, both on this side and the other side 
 of the Alps. 
 
 8. Lepidus. A short time after the division, Lepidus was strip- 
 ped of his portion by Octavianus, and made to retire to a private 
 station, because he made higher pretensions than he ought. 
 
 9. Augustus, a title of honour, which Octavianus received in 
 the year 726, when he proposed to abdicate the imperatorial dig- 
 nity, and which conveyed the idea of holiness, since Augustus 
 was especially applied to places which were devoted to religious 
 purposes. 
 
 10. Actium, now Azio, a town and promontory of Epirus. 
 
 11. Aspis, a poisonous serpent of Egypt and Libya, whose bite 
 occasions inevitable death, but without pain. 
 
 58 1. Fretum Gaditanum, from Gades, a Phoenician colony, now 
 Cadiz. 
 
 2. Qui monies. Not, as in English, monies qui, which po- 
 sition of the relative, when accompanied by an apposition, the 
 Latin did not admit. 
 
 3. Herculis columnae, as marks of the limit which nature had 
 put to the wanderings of Hercules. According to some he had 
 erected columns on these mountains, after he had separated them 
 by force, and thereby connected the Mediterranean (mare inter- 
 num) with the Ocean (mare Atlanticum). 
 
 4. Tanais, now the Don. 
 
 5. Pontus Euxinus, now the Black Sea. 
 
 6. Paius Maeotis, now the Sea of Azoph or Zaback. 
 
 7. Mare Brit, now the North Sea. 
 
 8. Aegaeum, now the Archipelago. 
 
 9. r Pyrrhenum, so called from the ancient inhabitants of middle 
 Italy, who named the land which they inhabited Tyrrhenia ; by 
 the Romans it was called Tuscia. 
 
 10. Baetis, now the Ghiadalquiver. 
 
 11. Condiia. The island, on which Gades was built, was con- 
 nected to the mam land by a mole. 
 
 12. Narbonensis, so called from the city Narbo (Narbonne) ; 
 before the reign of Augustus it was called Provincia Romania, 
 (Provence), as being the first country subdued by the Romans in 
 Transalpine Gaul. 
 
 13. Massilia, now Marseilles. Respecting the foundation of 
 the city by the Phocaeans, see Part II. I. i. 
 
 14. Campus lapideus, or campi lapidei, a plain of several miles 
 in extent, covered with round stones, situate in the vicinity of the 
 Rhodanus, (Rhone), not far from the sea. The natural soil of this 
 region is the same as described by the ancients. 
 
 15. Phdsse, scil. lapidibus. 
 
 59 1. Rhodanus, now the Rhone. 
 
 2. Lacn.i Lemanus, now the Lake of Geneva. They distinguish- 
 ed the water of the Rhine at a considerable distance, whence the 
 opinion arose that the river flowed unmixed through the lake. 
 
 3. Diriudi. The Rhone flows between Gallia Narbonensis and 
 Lugdunensis, and empties into the Mediterranean by several 
 mouths between Narbo and Massilia. 
 
 4. Porrigitur. The ancient Gallia comprehended the whole 
 country west of the Rhine as far as the North Sea, including the 
 modern kingdom of the Netherlands. 
 
 5. Druidae. Britain, according to Caesar, was the great school 
 
NOTES. 105 
 
 of the Druids, and their chief settlement was in the island called 59 
 Mona by Tacitus, now Anglesey. The common derivation is from 
 Spvs, " an oak," or from the old British word dru or drew, " an 
 oak," because they taught in forests, or, as Pliny states, never 
 sacrificed but under an oak. 
 
 6. Quae se scire projitentur. The knowledge in which they 
 boast, which they assert that they possess. 
 
 7. Garumna, now the Garonne. 
 
 8. Aquitania comprehends the modern Gascony, and a part of 
 Guienne. The Aquitani were a powerful people of Iberian origin, 
 who divided themselves into many tribes. 
 
 9. Sequana, now the Seine. 
 
 10. Celtae. This nation inhabited that part of Gallia which lay 
 between the Sequana and Garumna, extending eastwardly from 
 the ocean to the Rhine. Augustus, however, B. C. 27, extended 
 Aquitania into Celtica as far as the Ligeris, now the Loire, and 
 further diminished Celtica by comprehending under Belgica that 
 part which lay near the Rhine. 
 
 11. Belgae. This nation inhabited that part of Gallia which 
 lay north of Sequana and the territories of the Celtae, between 
 the ocean and the Rhine. 
 
 12. Usque ad Rhenum pertinent. To that part of the Rhenus now 
 called the Lower Rhine. 
 
 13. Lutetia, now Paris. 
 
 14. Lacus Venetus, or Brigantiae, from the town Brigantia on 
 its eastern bank, now Bregentz in Tyrol. It was also anciently 
 called Bodamicus. It is now called Boden Sea, or Lake Constance, 
 from a town of that name on its western border. 
 
 15. Mediomatrici, a people of Belgic Gaul, who were situated 
 along the Mosella or Moselle. Their capital was Divodurum, now 
 Metz. 
 
 16. Treviri, a nation of Gallia Belgica, between the Mosella 
 and Mosa, now the Meuse. The capital was Augusta Trevirorum, 
 now Treves, on the Moselle. 
 
 17. Flevo, a branch of the Rhine, which expanded to such a de- 
 gree as to form a considerable lake. This lake, having been in 
 process of time much increased by the sea, assumed the name of 
 Zuyder Zee, or the Southern Sea. 
 
 18. Iterum. After forming the lake it was contracted again 
 into a narrower bed, and re-assumed the appearance of a river. 
 It is not now a river, but is a part of the Zuyder Zee. 
 
 10. Vistula. This river falls into the Baltic, and still retains 
 its ancient name. 
 
 20. Boni hospitibus, i. e. erga hospites. 
 
 1. Alio transituri. Non ut ibi moMeant, sed ad tempus, et rtiox, 60 
 alio transituri, i. e. eo consilio, ut in alium locum troynseant. 
 
 2. Silva Hercynia. This was an immense forest of Germany, 
 considered by some writers as covering nearly the whole of that 
 extensive territory. Parts of it only remain at the present day, 
 which go under particular names, as the Black Forest, which 
 separates Alsace from Swabia ; the Bohemerald, which encom- 
 passes Bohemia, and was in the middle ages called Hercynia 
 sylva ; the Hartz forest in Lunenburgh, &c. 
 
 3. Patere narrat. Its breadth, according to Caesar, was nine 
 days journey, while its length exceeded sixty. 
 
106 NOTES. 
 
 Page 
 
 GO 4. Danubius, the Danube, called by the Greeks Ister, which 
 name the Romans also applied to the eastern part cf the stream. 
 
 5. Moenus, now Mayne, which falls into the Rhine by Mentz. 
 
 6. Visurgis, now the Weser 7 falling into the German ocean. 
 
 7. Albis, now the Elbe. 
 
 8. Rhaetia, bounded on the north by Vindelicia, east by Nori- 
 cum, south by Italy, and west by Helvetia. 
 
 9. Aperuit. Julius Caesar made two voyages from Gaul to Bri- 
 tain, and thus opened the way to the Romans. 
 
 10. Claudio imperante. In the reign of Claudius, A. D. 42. the 
 Romans first established themselves in Britain, under the com- 
 mand of Aulus Plautius. 
 
 11. Muro. This wall, which was intended to protect Roman 
 Britain from the incursions of the Picts and Scots, extended from 
 the Tyne to the Esk. The succeeding Caesars built other ram- 
 parts and walls for the same purpose. 
 
 12. Cantium, now Kent. 
 
 13. Longior quam latior. When two predicates are joined to a 
 noun, and one is to be expressed in a higher degree than the other, 
 both are used in Latin in the comparative. 
 
 14. Ramos. One of these branches of the Apennines terminates 
 in the promontory of Iapygium, the other in that of Leucopetra. 
 
 61 1. Id genus, equivalent to hujus generis. 
 
 2. Lecta, i. e. when one merely reads about them. 
 
 3. Fontes saluberrimi, the warm baths of Baiae. 
 
 4. Padus, now the Po. 
 
 5. Gallia Cisalpina, or Togata, the northern part of Italy on 
 this side of the Alps, including the Italian Tyrol, extending as 
 far south as the Rubicon. 
 
 6. Vesulus, in Liguria, a mountain of the Alpes Cottiae. 
 
 7. Urbis Romaiiae magnificentiam i instead of Romam urbem mag' 
 nificentissimam. 
 
 8. Tarentum, now Taranto. 
 
 9. Swperato. In the war with the Romans. See Roman Hist. 
 Lib. II. 5—9. 
 
 10. Trinacria, compounded of rpeTs, " three," and axpa, " a pro- 
 montory." 
 
 11. Cyclopes, giants with one eye in their forehead, who forged 
 the thunderbolts of Jupiter in the workshop of Vulcan. 
 
 12. Egesti, from egero. 
 
 13. Humcris sublatos Jlammae erip., equivalent to humeris sustu- 
 lisse etfl. eripuisse. 
 
 62 1. Bello petita. For an account of this war, see part II. C. 
 19—21. 
 
 2. Bello Punico. See Roman Hist. Lib. III. 2 — 11. 
 
 3. Archimedes, a famous mathematician, who defended the town 
 for a long time by the machines of war which he constructed. 
 He was made captive and slain by a Roman soldier. 
 
 4. Olympia. See p. 34, n. 10. 
 
 5. Reddi depends upon dicitur in the preceding sentence. 
 
 6. Vestigii. The name Ichnusa is derived from X-yvos, vestigium. 
 
 7. Epirns, a country of Greece, to the west of Thessaly, lying 
 along the Adriatic, and now forming a part of modern Albania. 
 
 8. Sejungunlur. Macedonia and Epirus, which were governed 
 by kings, were by many considered as not belonging to Greece, 
 which consisted only of free states. 
 
NOTES. 107 
 
 Pa*e 
 
 9. Transtulit. For the history of Philip and Alexander, see 6$ 
 part II. E. 
 
 10. Perseo superato. See Roman Hist. Lib. IV. 3. 
 
 11. Acroceraunii monies. A range of mountains in the vicinity 
 of the sea, which terminated in the promontory Acroceraunium. 
 
 12. Tinnitu significasse. The ancients supposed that the oaks 
 of Dodona possessed human voices and prophesied. The priests 
 drew their predictions from the rustling of the leaves, and the 
 clattering din of large kettles, which were suspended in the air 
 near a brazen statue ; when this was agitated, it struck against 
 one of the kettles, which communicated the motion to the rest. 
 
 13. Cephallenia, now Cefalonia. 
 
 14. Corcyra, now Corfu, the land of the Phaeacians, over which 
 (according to the Odyssey) Alcinous reigned in the time of Ulys- 
 ses. The gardens of Alcinous bloomed and bore fruit constantly. 
 
 1. Quo tempore. Not tempore quo. See p. 58, n. 2. 63 
 
 2. Numa Pompilius. See Roman Hist. Lib. I. 13. 
 
 3. Ithaca, now Teaki. The fame given by the Odyssey of Ho- 
 mer to this barren island, has placed it in as high or even a high- 
 er rank than that occupied by the most fruitful region of the earth. 
 
 4. Per quos, scil. monies. They placed these mountains one 
 upon the other, intending by means of them to climb to the habi- 
 tation of the gods. See III. 3 
 
 5. Peneus, now Salempria, EaX^Trpfa (pronounced Salebria), one 
 of the finest and clearest rivers of Greece. 
 
 6. Tempe, ra ri^n. 
 
 7. Athenae. Understand sunt, or sitae sunt. 
 
 8. Deos, Neptune (IWtto,) and Minerva QAdfivrj). From the 
 last the town received its name. 
 
 9. Eas, instead of tales, tarn praeclaras. 
 
 10. Propylaea, to. irpoTri^.aia, a gateway, ornamented with rows 
 of columns, one of the most magnificent structures in Athens. 
 
 11. LongOS mUTOS, ra fxaKpa rei^r}, also Called GKe\ij. 
 
 12. Musices ope. See above, III. 23. 
 
 13. Epaminondae virtus. See Part II. D. § 8, 9, 10. 
 
 14. Nemo ignorat. Combine thus, nemo ignorat, quantam aucto- 
 ritatem oraculum Apollinis in hac urbe habuerit. Respecting the 
 relative in the beginning of a sentence, see n. 5, p. 14. 
 
 15. Peloponnesus, (" the island of Pelops,") now the Morea. 
 
 16. Isthmus, Gr. iad/jLos; the Isthmus of Corinth is now Hexamili. 
 
 17. iAidi Isthmici. The Isthmian games were instituted, B. C. 
 1326, in honour of Melicerta or Palaemon, but having been inter- 
 rupted after some years, they were re-instituted by Theseus in ho- 
 nour of Neptune. 
 
 1. Bellum Achaicum. Respecting this war, see Roman Hist. 6* 
 Lib. IV. 6. and Part II. E. § 75, 76. 
 
 2. Res gestas numeral. As the Olympiads were celebrated after 
 an interval of 4 years, the Greeks called that space of time an 
 Olympiad. They counted the Olympiads from the year 776 B. C. 
 They reckon (numerant), or date their actions and exploits {res 
 gestas) from the years of the Olympic games. See p. 34, n. 10. 
 
 3. Dycurgi leges. See Part II. D. § 1, 2. 
 
 4. Taygetus, a chain of mountains, which extending from Arca- 
 dia divide into two branches, of which one terminates in the 
 Taenarium Promontorium, the other in the Malea Pr. These 
 promontories form the Sinus Laconicus, now G. of Coiokythia. 
 
 K 4> 
 
108 NOTES. 
 
 Page 
 
 64b 5. Orpheus, as is said, descended by a cave at Taenarus to tne 
 infernal regions, for the purpose of procuring from Pluto the 
 restoration of his wife Eurydice to life. 
 
 6. Clyclddes, from kvkXos " a circle." 
 
 7. Delus, (derived from Sr,\os), now Sedili. 
 
 6. TranstulerunL The allied states of Greece, in order that 
 they might always be prepared to carry on war with the Persians, 
 made a proportional contribution, which they deposited in the 
 temple of Delos, as a common treasury of Greece, but subsequent- 
 ly the Athenians, having become most powerful by sea, conveyed 
 the treasures to Athens, and applied them to their own use. 
 
 9. Euboea, now Negropont. 
 
 10. Temere, " without stated intervals." 
 
 65 1. Plures (uxores) singuli (viri) habent. 
 
 2. Ajudicibus. In these disputes judges decided who was most 
 worthy of following her husband. 
 
 3. Dv.cendae. The participle denotes the purpose. 
 
 4. Inveniunt, etc. instead of maritos pecunia data (mercede) 
 emunt. 
 
 5. Byzantium, called Constantinople from Constantine the 
 Great. The Turks call it Istamboul or Stamboul. 
 
 6. Bosporus Thracius, (so called to distinguish it from the Bos- 
 porus Cimmerius), a strait connecting the Propontis {Sea of Mar- 
 mora.) with the Pontus Euxinus {Black Sea). 
 
 7. Hellespontus, now the Dardanelles, leading from the Aegaean 
 to the Propontis. 
 
 8. Amor Herus et Leandri, the love of Leander of Abydus (on 
 the Asiatic coast) for Hero, (genit. Herus, 'Hpw, oft), a priestess of 
 Venus at Sestos, to whom he used to swim by night across the 
 Hellespont. He was at length drowned, in consequence of the 
 torch, which Hero held to direct his course, being extinguished 
 during a storm. 
 
 9. Cynossema, xwds arjua, " a dog's tomb." 
 
 10. Hecuba, wife of Priam, king of Troy. 
 
 11. Aeneas, son of Anchises and Venus, who, after the destruc- 
 tion of Troy, went in quest of new habitations, accompanied by a 
 band of his countrymen. 
 
 12. Devorandus, " to be devoured.'' 
 
 13. Cassander, son of Antipater; he made himself master of 
 Macedonia after his father's death. 
 
 14. In extrema Macedonia, i. e. in extremis Macedoniae partibus. 
 
 15. Assignasse, soil. iis. 
 
 16. ScytMa, a country between the Ister and the Maeotis Palus 
 or the Phasis, whic v also extended into unknown regions of the 
 north and east. The name of Riphaei Monies is applied to any 
 cold mountains in a northern country ; it would appear that the 
 ancients intended to denote by them the northern and western 
 limits of the earth. 
 
 66 1. Majoribus, etc. i. e. quanto quis (aliquis) illustriores majores 
 habet. 
 
 2. Taurica Chersonesus, (to distinguish it from the Chersonesus 
 Thracia), a peninsula in the Black Sea, now Crimea. 
 
 3. Borysthenes, a large river of Scythia, falling into the Euxine, 
 now the Dnieper. 
 
 4. Hyperborei, vnepfidpeioi ; the word signifies " people who in- 
 habit beyond the wind Boreas." Thrace was the residence of 
 
NOTES. 109 
 
 Page 
 Boreas, according to the ancients, and it appears that the Greeks 66 
 called the Thracians Boreans ; it is probable, therefore, that they 
 calied the people beyond these Hyperboreans, perhaps the inhabit- 
 ants of Russia and part of Siberia. Virgil places them under the 
 north pole. 
 
 5. Occidit. It was also during one half of the year day, and 
 during the other night. 
 
 6. Omni, equivalent to ulla. 
 
 7. Taedet (like piget, poenitet) is used with an accusative of the 
 person and a genitive of the thing, see n. 6, p. 15. 
 
 8. Asiae nomine. Asia Minor is here meant, which is now 
 called Natolia, Anatolia, or rather Anadoli, from duaroXf), oriens. 
 
 9. Ad quern amnem. Respecting the arrangement of the words, 
 see p. 63, n. 1. 
 
 10. Victoriam reportavit. For an account of this battle, see Part 
 II. E. § 18. 
 
 11. Peninsular. Cyzicus was originally an island. From the 
 time of Alexander, who joined it to the continent by a mole, it has 
 been called a peninsula. 
 
 12. Ab Argonautis occisus est, on their expedition in quest of the 
 golden fleece. 
 
 13. Axes absorbent, by fascination, as it would seem, or by the ef- 
 fect of their breath. Something similar is told of rattlesnakes. 
 
 14. Ab Jasone. On the expedition to Colchis. 
 
 1. Axenus, from afao$, "inhospitable." 6T 
 
 2. Euxinus, from ivfavos, " hospitable." It bore the name of 
 Axenus, until the establishment of numerous Greek colonies along 
 its coast insured to voyagers a safe and friendly reception. 
 
 3. Thermodon, a river of Pontus, falling into the Euxine. 
 
 4. Distinguunt notis, " tattoo their body," i. e. make punctures 
 in the naked body, which are variously stained, so as to give them 
 a parti-coloured appearance. So above, § 41. Agathyrsi ora et 
 corpora pingunt. 
 
 5. Asia proprie dicta, i. e. Asia Minor. 
 
 6. Colonias misil. It sent out eighty colonies. 
 
 7. Amazones, a fabulous nation of women, who are said to have 
 dwelt in the eastern part of Asia Minor, on the coast of the Euxine, 
 in the vicinity of the Thermodon. 
 
 8. Ilium, otherwise, Troja. 
 
 9. Farna quam natura major es, " more celebrated than large." 
 
 10. Judicium illus. redd. See p. 26, § 11. 
 
 11. Ajax, the son of Telamon, next to Achilles the bravest of 
 the Grecian heroes who fought before Troy. After the death of 
 Achilles, Ajax and Ulysses disputed their claim to the arms of the 
 hero. When they were given to the latter, Ajax was so enraged 
 that he became bereaved of his understanding, and slaughtered a 
 flock of sheep, supposing them to be the Greeks who had given the 
 preference to Ulysses, and then stabbed himself with his sword. 
 
 12. Mercede accepta. The Greeks originally bore arms only for 
 their native land. The custom of serving foreign princes {aliena 
 bella gerere) for pay {mercede accepta) was first introduced after 
 the Peloponnesian war. 
 
 13. Contusa, from contundo. 
 
 14. Sepulcrum. See p. 36, § 51. 
 
 1. Lavare, properly used in a transitive signification, lavarecor- *I8 
 
110 NOTES. 
 
 Page 
 
 68 pus, membra, is also used in a neuter sense, instead oi se lavare, or 
 lavari. 
 
 2. LAicis, i. e. nemoribus. 
 
 3. Terrere dicilur. The greatest part of the Corycian cave was 
 in reality a valley between rugged rocks ; in the bottom of the 
 valley was a hole, in which the rushing of the water might pro- 
 duce the effects here mentioned. There was another Corycian 
 cave in Phocis near Parnassus. 
 
 4. Cum terra conjuncta. This connexion with the main land 
 was first made by Alexander, who, when besieging the place, 
 formed a mole in order to gain access to the city, which was built 
 on an island. 
 
 5. Latrociniis vivunt. As the Bedouins at the present day. 
 
 6. Aelius Gallus penetravit. In the reign of Augustus, A. U. C. 
 729. 
 
 7. Bactrianae et Arabiae, adjectives from Bactrianus and 
 Arabius. The camel with one bunch or protuberance on its back 
 is called a dromedary. 
 
 69 1. Ambitu. The noun ambitus has the penult short, although 
 the participle ambitus has that syllable long. 
 
 2. Moles. The arches on which the gardens rested, the plan of 
 which was arranged by Semiramis. 
 
 3. Successores. Seleucus Nicator, one of the successors of Alex- 
 ander, who penetrated as far as the countries which border on the 
 Ganges. 
 
 4. Paropamisus, a mountain which separates Bactria from India. 
 
 5. Ambitu corporis, i. e. corpora elephantorum ambientes et impli- 
 cantes. 
 
 6. Lanas ferunt. The cotton (gossypium) growing upon trees 
 and shrubs. 
 
 7. Insistunt. In like manner the Fakirs at the present day ac- 
 quire a character for holiness by subjecting themselves to bodily 
 tortures and mortifications. 
 
 8. In rogos se praecipitantes. This is told of the Gymnosophis- 
 tae. 
 
 9. Plinius, a learned Roman, who lived in the reigns of 
 Claudius, Nero, and Vespasian, and who has left an extensive 
 work, giving an account of almost every natural object. He 
 perished in an eruption of Vesuvius. 
 
 10. Meditantem, i. e. exercentem, 
 
 11. Magna ex parte. In the east the battle is principally decided 
 by the elephants. 
 
 TO 1. Ebur adfiibetur. The most famous statues of Phidias, as the 
 Jupiter at Olympia, and the Minerva in the Parthenon at Athens, 
 were of ivory, and were covered with golden garments. 
 
 2. Excipit, equivalent to sustinet. 
 
 3. His cymbis instead of his testis utuntur pro cymbis, Usque na 
 vigant. 
 
 4. Terni, scil. homines. 
 
 5. Ad centena, " about a hundred every time." 
 
 6. Feminarum gloria, " is an object of pride among the women.' 1 
 
 7. Antonius, M. Antonius, the triumvir, who after the war with 
 the Parthians, lived in extreme luxury, at Alexandria, with Cleo- 
 patra the last princess of Egypt, whom he rivalled in extrava- 
 gance. 
 
 8. Catabathmus, Kara/3 ad pos, a region constantly declining. 
 
NOTES. Ill 
 
 Page 
 
 9. Praecipitatus. This waterfall (Catarractes or Cataractd) is TO 
 the smallest of several, which the river forms before its entrance 
 into Egypt. 
 
 10. Septem ora. Many give it nine mouths. 
 
 1. Agger es aperiuntur. Egypt is intersected by canals, in order 7 1 
 to extend the water of the river through every part of the country. 
 These are kept shut by sluices and dams, until the Nile has attain- 
 ed its proper height. 
 
 2. In insula Nili. So says Pliny. According to others, Tenty- 
 ra (to. Tevrvpa) is a town and district on the western side of the Nile. 
 
 3. Crocodilos ostendit. The Roman Aediles took upon themselves 
 the care of celebrating the Ludi Mazimi or Romania and some other 
 festivals, in which they often caused foreign and rare animals to 
 be exhibited to the people. 
 
 4. Moeris, a lake in Middle Egypt, now Birket Caroun. The 
 present extent of this lake is by no means the same as that repre- 
 sented by the ancients. 
 
 5. Labyrinthus. The labyrinth, which is said to have been built 
 by 12 Egyptian kings, lay on the southern side of lake Moeris, not 
 far from Arsinoe. 
 
 6. Ptolemaeus, Lagi filius, or Soter, the first of the Ptolemies. 
 Egypt was governed by these princes from the time of Alexander 
 until it became a Roman province. From the light-house here 
 mentioned, built upon the island of Pharos, the name Pharos is 
 applied to light- houses in general. 
 
 1. lnbibliothecis condendis. The Alexandrian library, commenc- T2 
 ed by the second Ptolemy (Philadelphus), is said to have increased 
 until it contained 700,000 volumes (volumina). Respecting the li- 
 brary at Pergamus, see p. 5, n. 2. 
 
 2. Medicatos, " embalmed," as mummies. 
 
 3. Nee diu quaeritur. The priest kept another in readiness 
 which had the required marks. 
 
 4. Macrobii, fiaxpopioi, " long-lived." 
 
 5. Terminatur Nilo. The Nile was considered by many as the 
 eastern limit of Africa ; others comprehended the whole of Egypt 
 in Africa. 
 
 6. Mauritania was bounded on the north by the Fretum Her- 
 culeum, now Straits of Gibraltar, on the east by Numidia, on the 
 south by Gaetulia, and on the west by the Atlantic. It is now the 
 empire of Fez and Morocco. The inhabitants were called Mauri. 
 
 7. Columnae Her cutis app. See p. 58. § 1. 
 
 1. Numidia, now the kingdom of Algiers. It was bounded oa 73 
 the north by the Mediterranean, south by Gaetulia, east by Africa 
 Propria, and west by Mauritania. The inhabitants were called 
 Nomades, and afterwards Numidae. 
 
 2. Africa. That part of Africa called Propria corresponds with 
 the modern Tunis. 
 
 3. Bella cum Romanis. The three Punic wars, which terminat- 
 ed in the destruction of Carthage. See Roman Hist. Lib. II. 10 
 —13. Lib. III. 3—11. Lib. IV. 4, 5. 
 
 4. Narrantur. A full account of this transaction is given in 
 the 79th chapter of Sallust's History of the Jugurthine war. 
 
 5. Catabathmus. The declivity which separated Cyrenaica from 
 Egypt was called Catabathmus magnus, to distinguish it from ano- 
 ther in the Lybian nome, called parvus. The former is called by 
 the Arabs AJcabet-Ossolom. 
 
112 NOTES. 
 
 Page 
 
 T3 6. Cyrenaica, corresponding wilh the modern Barca, was also 
 called Pentapolis, from five principal cities which it contained, 
 viz. Berenice or Hesperis, Barce, Ptolemais, Apollonia, and 
 Cyrene the capital. 
 
 7. Solis, scil. fontem. 
 
 8. His, scil. locis rcgionibus. 
 
 9. Itapromovent. As the herds go in quest of food, so these pas- 
 toral tribes wander about with their huts or tents. 
 
 10. Generositas, scil. est. Instead of leones praecipue gemrosi. 
 
 11. Prostratis, i. e. iis, qui se prostemmit. 
 
 14: 1. Appeiit, he finds him out in the greatest multitude, and attacks 
 him. 
 
 2. In campis Philippicis. Afler the battle in the plains of Phi- 
 lippi in Macedonia, in which Brutus and Cassius perished, and 
 the party of Octavianus and Antonius proved victorious. 
 
 3. Bagrada, now Megerda, a river of Africa, which empties into 
 the sea between Utica and Carthage. 
 
 4. Regulus, imp. Rom. Concerning Regulus, see Roman Hist. 
 Lib. II. 11, 12. 
 
 5. Manu, " with its trunk. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 Explanation of Abbreviations and Marks. 
 
 Active. 
 
 adj. Adjective. 
 
 adv. ..... Adverb. 
 
 al. Ut alii putant. 
 
 c Common gender. 
 
 comp. Comparative. 
 
 conj. Conjunction. 
 
 contr. .... Contraction. 
 
 def. Defective. 
 
 def.pret. - • • Defective preteritive. 
 
 d. Deponent. 
 
 dim. Diminutive. 
 
 /. Feminine. 
 
 freq. Frequentative. 
 
 fr. From. 
 
 imper. .... Imperative. 
 
 impers. .... Impersonal. 
 
 inc. ..... Inceptive. 
 
 ind. Indeclinable. 
 
 int. Interjection. 
 
 irr. Irregular. 
 
 m. Masculine. 
 
 n. Neuter. 
 
 n. p. Neuter passive. 
 
 num. Numeral 
 
 card. num. Cardinal do. 
 
 ord. num. Ordinal do. 
 
 distr. num. Distributive do. 
 
 mult.num. Multiplicative do. 
 
 adv. num. Adverbial do. 
 
 part. Participle. 
 
 pass. Passive. 
 
 pp. - - ' - - • Perfect passive. 
 
 pi. Plural. 
 
 prep. Preposition. 
 
 pr. cum. ace. A preposition with the ace. 
 pr. cum. abl. A proposition with the abl. 
 
 pro. Pronoun. 
 
 sup. Superlative. 
 
 Vide, See. 
 
 The Arabic numbers denote the declension and conjugation. A short vowel is 
 marked thus (^), a Ions one ( — ). 
 
 a, short for ab. As E for Ex. 
 ab, prep. cum. abl. from, by, &c. fr. 
 
 diro, ait '. 
 
 Abdera, ae, f 1. a maritime town 
 of Thrace, at the mouth of the 
 river Nestus. 
 
 abditus, a, um, part. d> adj. (fr. ab- 
 do) hidden, removed, secret. 
 
 abdo, ere, Idi, itum, a. 3. (ab et do) 
 to put away from view, hide, re- 
 move. Do in its compounds is 
 often to put or place, as in condo, 
 subdo. For I give or consign to 
 a place what I put in it. 
 
 abduco, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. {ab et 
 duco) to lead from, to lead or take 
 away. 
 
 abductus, a, um, part. pass, led from 
 or away. 
 
 abeo, Ire, Ivi et ii, itum, irr. n. {ab et 
 eo) to go from or off, to depart. 
 
 aberro, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1 . {ab et 
 erro) to stray from, wander, lose 
 the way. 
 
 abjechis i a, um } part. pass, (ab et 
 
 jactus)thrown from,thrown away, 
 cast off. 
 
 abjicio, icere, eci, ectum, a. 3. (ab et 
 jdcio) to throw from, throw away, 
 lay by, throw aside. 
 
 abluo, uere, ui, utum, a. 3. (ab et 
 luo) to wash off, make clean, pu- 
 rify. 
 
 abs,prep. cum. abl. from. Fr. ab % 
 for softness. Al. from dxp, back. 
 
 abscindo, indere, idi, issum, a. 3, (ab 
 et scindo) to tear off, cut off, part 
 asunder. 
 
 absens, lis part, absent. Fr. abs 
 and ens. Ens, entis, from apt, 
 part. £iV, evrds, whence entis, ents i 
 ens. 
 
 absolvo, olvere, olvi, lutum, a. 3. (ab 
 et solvo) to loose from, loose, un- 
 tie, release. 
 
 absorbeo, bere, bui, more frequently 
 than psi, pturn, a. 2. {ab et sorbeo) 
 to sup or suck in, absorb, swal- 
 low. 
 
 absterreo, e e, ui, itum, a. 2. (abs et 
 
114 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 terreo) to frighten from or away 
 terrify, deter. 
 
 abstiwntia, ae. f. 1. an abstaining 
 from, abstinence. 
 
 abstineo, inere, inui, entum, a. 1. for 
 absteneo (abs et teneo) to hold off 
 from, keep from, abstain, refrain 
 from. 
 
 absum, esse, fui, irr. n. (ab et sum) 
 to be at a distance from a place 
 or person, to be absent. Parum 
 abest, it wants but little. Fui. 
 and the part. futurus,both come 
 from the old verb fuo,fr. $vco to 
 be. 
 
 absumo, ere, si or psi, turn or ptum, 
 a. 3. (ab et sumo) to consume, 
 destroy, make an end of. Absumi 
 dolore, to fret one's self to death, 
 to die of grief. 
 
 absumtus vel ptus, a, um, part, pass 
 consumed, destroyed, wasted. 
 
 absurdus, a, urn, adj. grating, dis- 
 cordant, not agreeing with the 
 subject in hand, inconsistent, ab- 
 surd. As said of that (ab) from 
 which one turns away one's ears 
 and is (surdus) deaf to it. 
 
 abundantia, ae, f 1. abundance 
 plenteousness. 
 
 abundo, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. to over- 
 flow, abound. Properly said of 
 (undo) water rising (ab) out of its 
 bounds. So exundo is used. 
 
 ac, conj. and, as, than. Aeque ac, 
 just as much as ; non secus ac, 
 not otherwise than. Soft for ate, 
 fr. atque, whence atq\ ate, as Ne- 
 que, Neq\ Nee. 
 
 Acca, ae, f. 1. Acca Laurentia, the 
 wife of Faustulus, shepherd of 
 king Numitor's flocks, who 
 brought up Romulus and Remus. 
 
 accedo, dere, ssi, ssum, n.S. i. e. ce- 
 do ad, to come to, draw near, ap- 
 proach. Also, to acquiesce in, 
 coincide with ; properly, I come 
 up to a proposal, ad negolia, to 
 enter upon business, come to the 
 subject in hand. 
 
 accendo, ere, di, sum, a. 3. to light 
 up, set on fire. Accendo is fr. 
 cando, to make to shine, fr. can- 
 deo, to shine ; as fugo, fr. fugio. 
 
 accensus, a, um, part. pass, lighted 
 up, set on fire. 
 
 accessus, us, m. 4, a coming to, an 
 approaching or drawing near to. 
 
 accido, ere, i. n. 3. (ad et eddo) to 
 fall down at or before, accidit, it 
 happens. 
 
 accipio, ipere, epi, eptum, a. 3. (ad 
 et cdpio) to take to, receive, com- 
 prehend, verba, to hear. 
 
 accipiter, tris, m. 3. a hawk, falcon. 
 Fr. accipio, where capio is used in 
 its stronger sense of seizing, from 
 its rapacity. 
 
 accommodatus, a, um, adj. accom- 
 modated to, adjusted, fit, suita- 
 ble. 
 
 accumbo, mbere, bui, bitum, n. 3. (fr. 
 accubo, i. e. cubo ad), to lie down 
 or sit down at table. 
 
 accurate, adv. accurately, diligent- 
 ly, attentively. 
 
 accurdtus, a, um, adj. (fr. euro) 
 done with care, much attended to, 
 accurate. 
 
 accurro, currere, curri et cucurri, 
 cursum, n. 3. (ad et curro) to run 
 to. 
 
 accuso, are, dvi, dtum, a, 1. to arraign, 
 accuse. For accauso, (as Exclu- 
 do for Exclaudo),fr. causa, a ju- 
 dicial process. So inciiso. 
 
 deer et dcris, ere, sup. dcerrimus, adj. 
 fr. aw, a point), sharp, keen, 
 brisk, enterprising, valiant. 
 
 dcerbus, a, um, adj. (fr. dceo, to be 
 tart), bitter, tart, harsh, severe. 
 
 dcerrime, adv. sup. See acriter. 
 
 dcervus, i, m. 2. aheap. For ager- 
 
 VUS,fr. dy£f)ai,fut. dytipco, to Collect. 
 
 V as in sylva. 
 
 dcetum, i, n. 2. vinegar. Ft. dceo } 
 to be tart. 
 
 Achaicus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
 Achaia(which name was extend- 
 ed by the poets to all Greece) or 
 Greece, Grecian. 
 
 Achelous, i, m. 2. a river of Greece, 
 which rises in mount Pindus in 
 Epirus, and after dividing Acar- 
 nania from Aetolia, falls into the 
 Ionian sea. It is now called .As- 
 pro Potamo or the White river. 
 
 Ackernsia, ae,f. 1. a lake in Cam- 
 pania, between the promontory 
 of Misenum and Cumae. Now 
 Lago delta Collucia. 
 
 AchiUeSj is et eos } m. 3. son of 
 
DICTIONARY. 115 
 
 Pelens and Thetis, the bravest of dddmas, aidis, m. 3. (aca^aj, airo$.) 
 the Grecian heroes in the Trojan a diamond, adamant, 
 war. addllus, a, um, part, added. 
 
 dcidus, a, um, adj. (fr. dceo, to be addo, ere, idi, itum, a. 3. (ad et do) 
 tart) sour, tart, harsh. to add. That is, to place a thing 
 
 dries, iei,f. 5. (fr. dxls : a point) the' (ad) near to or by another, 
 sharp edge or point of any thing, additco, cere, xi, cium, a. 3. (ad et 
 as of a sword or spear. Hence, duco) to lead to, conduct, bring, 
 a battalion, an army in battle ar- induce ; in dubitationem, to bring 
 ray into doubt. 
 
 acinus, i, m. 2. (fr. axis, a point) addemlusor plus,a,um,part.fr.adi- 
 
 berry, kernel, grape-stone. mo, taken away. 
 
 dcris, ere, adj. See deer. ddeo, adv. (ad eo) to such a degree, 
 
 dcrile r, crius, cerrime, adv. sharply,' to such a pass, so. Ad is joined 
 
 boldly, valiantly. to an adverb, as in adhuc. So in 
 
 Acroceraunia et i, orum. n. et m. pl.\ English, hereto, hitherto, there- 
 
 2. (fr. afcpos, high, and xepawog, a fore. 
 
 thunderbolt, because they were ddeo, Ire, ivi et ii, ikem, irr. n. (ad 
 often struck on account of their et eo) to go to, approach, 
 height) very high mountains adhaereo, r ere, si, n. 2. (ad et hae- 
 that separate Epifus from Mace- reo) to stick close to, grow to, ad- 
 donia. here. 
 
 Acrocorinthos, i, f 2. 'Axpoxonivdog,' Adkerbal, alls, m. 3. a Numidian 
 a high hill overhanging Corinth, prince, son of Micipsa and grand- 
 on which was a citadel of the son of Massinissa. 
 same name. adh'tbeo, ere, ui, Itum, a. 2. to adopt, 
 
 Acropolis, is, f. 3. the citadel of apply, employ, use. That is, 
 Athens. i (hdbeo) I hold any thing in my 
 
 actio, onis, f 3. (fr. actum sup. of hand (ad meos usus) for the pur- 
 dgo) a thing done or doing, act, pose of using it. 
 action ; business; action at law. adhuc, adv. up to this point, hither- 
 Actium, i, n. 2. now Azio, a town to, as yet. See Adeb. 
 and promontory of Epirus, fa- ddimo, imere, emi, emtum or emp- 
 mous for the naval victory obtain- turn, a. 3. to take away. Fr. emo, 
 ed by Augustus over Antony and I take. Emo ex alio ad me, 1 take 
 Cleopatra. from another to myself. 
 
 actus, a,, um, part, (ago, agtum, ox- dditus, us, m. 4. (//•. dditum, sup. 
 (urn, actus) led, conducted, dri- of ddeo) a going to, entry, ae- 
 ven. cess. 
 
 dculeus, i, m. 2. (fr. dcuo, to sharp- adjdceo, ere, ui, n. 2. (ad etjdceo) to 
 
 en) a sting, a point. lie near, border upon. 
 
 acumen, inis, n. 3. (fr. dcuo, to adjungo, gere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (ad et 
 sharpen) sharpness, or sharp jungo) to join to, annex, unite, 
 point, acuteness. adjutus, a, um,part. pass, of adjuvo t 
 
 dcus, its, f. 4. (fr. axis, a sharp point, helped, aided. 
 
 or acuo) a needle, bodkin. adjuvo, uvdre, icvi, utum, a. 1. (ad 
 
 dcutus, a, um, adj. (fr. dcidum sup. etjitvo) to help, aid. 
 
 of acuo) sharp-edged, pointed, Admetus, i, m. 2. one of the Argo- 
 acute. nauts, king of Pherae in Thessa- 
 
 ad, prep, cum ace. (shortened from ly. 
 
 apud) at, about, near a place, administer, tri, m. 2. an assistant, 
 Also, to, unto. Ad, in composi- servant. 
 
 tion, increases the force of words, administro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (ad 
 For, if I put any thing (ad) to et mtnistro) to lend aid, direct, 
 another, I increase that other admirdtio, onis, f 3. (admir or) ad- 
 thing, miration, wonder. 
 FART I. L 
 
116 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 admiratus, a, um, part, of admir or, ] adrosus, a, um, part, (from adrodo, 
 
 admirin^ 
 admir or, art, dtus sum, d. 1. {ad et 
 
 ere, osi, osum, 3.) gnawed, gnaw- 
 ed round, bitten. 
 
 miror) to wonder greatly, to ad- adscendo vel ascendo, dere, di, sum, 
 
 mire. 
 
 admissus, a, um, part, of admitto, 
 admitted. 
 
 admitto, ittere, Isi, issum, a. 3. (ad 
 et mitto) to admit to one's own 
 presence, to receive ; to admit 
 to one's own attention or appro- 
 bation, give heed to, approve, al- 
 low. 
 
 admodum, adv. just, exactly, en- 
 tirely. That is, ad modum jus- 
 tum, up to the just and proper 
 measure ; simply, up to the mea- 
 sure. 
 
 admoneo, ere, ui, Hum, a. 2. {ad et 
 moneo) to put in mind, warn, ad- 
 monish. 
 
 admonitus, a, um, part, admonish- 
 ed. 
 
 admoveo, overe, ovi, dtum, a. 2. {ad 
 et movco) to put near, bring near 
 to, apply. 
 
 adndto, are, dvi, alum, n. 1. {ad et 
 naio fr. no) to swim to or to- 
 wards. 
 
 addle scens, tis, adj. {fr. adolescd) 
 growing, young j subst. m. et f. 
 one still growing, or still growing 
 in strength and vigour ] a young 
 man or woman. 
 
 ddolcscentia, a€,f 1. youth. 
 
 ddolcsco, olescere, olevi, very rarely 
 olui, ultum, (ad et olesco.fr. oleo.) 
 n. inc. 3. to grow up, grow in 
 strength. 
 
 adopio, arc, dvi, dtum, a.\.\ desire 
 choose, adopt. That is, {optd) I 
 desire to be {ad me) by me. Or 
 ad is very much. 
 
 adorior, orxri, ortus sum, dep. 3. et 
 4.{ad, et orio?') to set about, take 
 in hand, undertake } invade, at- 
 tack. 
 
 Adria, ae, et Hadria, ae, m. 1. the 
 Adriatic sea. Also /. a city be 
 tween the mouths of the Padus 
 and Athesis, from which the sea 
 was called. 
 
 Adriaticus, a, um, adj. (from A dria), 
 Mare Adriaticum vel Hadriati- 
 cum, the Adriatic or Hadriatic 
 sea ) now, the Gulf of Venice. 
 
 a. 3. {ad et scandoi) to ascend, 
 mount, climb. 
 
 adsisto vel assisto, sister e, stiti, (com- 
 mon with asto) n. 3. (ad et sistc) 
 to stand by the side of, assist, 
 help. 
 
 adspergo vel aspergo, gere, si, sum, 
 a. 3. (ad et spargo) to sprinkle, 
 besprinkle, bedew. 
 
 adsptcio vel aspicio, icere, exi, echini, 
 a. 3. (ad et specio) to look at, be- 
 hold, see. 
 
 adsto vel asto, stare, stiti, n. 1. (ad 
 et sto) to stand by or near. 
 
 adsum, ades, adcsse, adfui, irr. n. 
 (ad et sum) to be by or near an- 
 other, help, attend to. 
 
 adulator, oris, m. 3. (adidor) a flat- 
 terer. 
 
 aduncus, a, um, adj. crooked, curv- 
 ed, bent. 
 
 adveho, here, xi, ctum, a. 3. (ad et 
 vetio) to bear to, conduct, convey. 
 advehor, to arrive. 
 
 advena, ae, m. 1. a new comer, 
 stranger. 
 
 oAvenio, enire, eni, entum, n. 4. {ad 
 et venio) to come to, arrive. 
 
 adventus, us, m. 4. a coming, an ar- 
 rival. 
 
 adver sarins, i, m. 2. (fr. adversor) 
 an adversary. 
 
 adversus et adversum, prep, cum a-cc. 
 against, opposite, towards. 
 
 adversus, a, um, adj. turned lo 
 wards, facing or right opposite 
 to ; adversa vulnera, wounds in 
 front; adverso corpore, on the 
 breast. 
 
 advoco, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (ad et 
 voco) lo call to, call. 
 
 advolo, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. (ad et 
 volo) to fly to, or towards. 
 
 aedifico, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (i. e. 
 aedem facto) to build a house, 
 build. 
 
 aedilitas, dtis, f. 3. the oflice of 
 Edile. 
 
 aedililius, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
 Ediles ; (vir) one who has held 
 the office of Edile. 
 
 Aegaeus, a, um. adj. pertaining to 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 117 
 
 the Aegaean. Aegaeum mare 
 the Aegaean sea (now Archipe 
 lago) a part of the Mediterrane- 
 an, dividing Greece from Asia 
 Minor. 
 
 aeger, gra, grum, adj. (sup aeger- 
 rlmus) weak, infirm, sick. Fr. 
 dcpyds transp. diypos. That is, in- 
 capable of w ork or action. 
 
 aegre,adv.(fr. aeger) hardly, scarce- 
 ly, with difficulty. 
 
 aegritudo, inis, f. 3. (aege?') sorrow, 
 grief, affliction. 
 
 Aegyptus, i, f 2. (Afyvrroj) Egypt. 
 
 Aelius, i, m. 2. the name of a Ro- 
 man family ; abbreviated thus. 
 Ael. 
 
 Aemilius, i, the name of a Roman 
 family : Paulus Aemilius, sur- 
 named Macedonicus, was one of 
 its most illustrious members. 
 
 aernuldlio, 6nis,f 3. emulation, am- 
 bition. 
 
 aemilius, a, um, adj. emulous. 
 
 aemilius, i, m, 2. a rival. 
 
 Aeneas, ae, m. 1. a Trojan prince, 
 son of Anchises and the goddess 
 Venus. 
 
 aeneus, a, um, adj. (for aerineus,fr. 
 aes, aeris) brazen. 
 
 aenigma, atis, n. 3. (aXviypa) a riddle, 
 obscure question. 
 
 Aenos, i, f 2. now Eno, an inde- 
 pendent city of Thrace, at the 
 eastern mouth of the Hebrus, con- 
 founded with Aeneia, of which 
 Aeneas was founder. 
 
 Aeolis, idis, f 3. a country of Asia 
 Minor, on the coast of the Aegae- 
 an. 
 
 aequabiliter , adv. (fr. aequabilis) 
 equally, uniformly. 
 
 aequdlis, e, adj. equal. 
 
 aequdliter, adv. equally. 
 
 aequitas, dlis,f. 3. equity, imparti- 
 ality, love of justice. 
 
 aequus, «. um, adj. just, equal, even ; 
 aequus animus, equanimity. 
 
 der, aeris, m. 3. («%») the air. 
 
 aerarium, i, n. 2. (aes, aeris, money) 
 the treasury. 
 
 a-es. aeris, n. 3. (fr. akns, splendour) 
 brass. 
 
 Aeschylus, i, m. 2. an excellent sol- 
 dier and celebrated writer of tra- 
 gedies, born at Athens. 
 
 J Aesculapius, i, m. 2. son of Apollo, 
 was god of medicine. 
 
 aestas, atis, f 3. (fr. aestus) the 
 summer. 
 
 aestimo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (fr. 
 aes ; iimo being a termination, as 
 timus in maritimus) to value, es- 
 timate. 
 
 aestuo, are, dvi, dtum, (fr. aestus) to 
 be hot, boil, rage. 
 
 aestuosus, a, um, adj. (aestus) stor- 
 my. 
 
 aestus, US, m. 4. (fr. alarai pp. of 
 
 aW(o, to burn) heat. 
 
 aetas, atis, f. 3. (for aevitas fr. a$- 
 vum) age. 
 
 aeternus. a, um, adj. (for aeviternus 
 fr. aevum) lasting for ages or all 
 ages, eternal. 
 
 Aethiapia. ae.fi 1. a country of Afri- 
 ca, divided'into Snperior and In- 
 ferior. The former answers to 
 modern Abyssinia, the latter to 
 the southern parts of Africa. 
 
 Aetkiops, opis, m. 3. an inhabitant 
 of Aethiopia. 
 
 Aetna, as. f. 1. a volcanic mountain 
 of Sicily, now Mongibello. 
 
 aevum. i, n. 2. (fr. aiuv) length of 
 time, an age. 
 
 Afer, ra, rum, adj. relating to Afri- 
 ca, African. 
 
 affabre, adv. skilfully, exquisitely. 
 Fr. faber, ri. Ad modum fabrij 
 workmanlike. Or ad is : very. 
 
 offectus, a,, um, part, of officio, 
 iffero, afferre, attuli, alldtum, irr. a. 
 (ad et fero) to bring., cause. 
 
 officio, icere, eci. ectum, a. 3. (ad et 
 fdcio) to affect, influence ; ga,udio 
 officer e, to fill with joy ; hostem 
 cladibus officere, to defeat an ene- 
 my ; afficifebri, to be seized with 
 fever. 
 
 affzgo, gere, xi, xum, <z. 3. (ad et 
 flgo) to fix or fasten to. attach 
 to ; affigere cruci, to crucify. 
 
 affinis, e, adj. adjoining. That is, 
 dwelling (ad fines) at or by the 
 boundaries of another's estate or 
 dwelling. Affines, relations. 
 
 affirmo. dra,. d,vi. dtum, a. 1. (fir. fir- 
 mus) to make firm or sure, to say 
 firmly or positively, affirm. 
 
 affixus, a, um, part, of affigo. 
 
 afflatus, us, m. 4. (fr. afflo) a breath- 
 
118 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 ing upon, gust of wind ; inspira- 
 tion, enthusiasm. 
 
 Africa, ae,f. 1. Africa. 
 
 Africdnus, i, m. 2. the surname of 
 two of the Scipios, Publ. Corne- 
 lius, and Publ. Aemilianus, call- 
 ed Africanus the younger. 
 
 Africus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
 Africa, African. 
 
 Agamemnon, onis, m. 3. king of 
 Mycenae and Argos, brother to 
 Menelaus. He was appointed 
 commander-in-chief of the forces 
 sent against Troy. 
 
 Agathyrsi, drum, m. pi. 3. an efi% 
 minate nation of Scythia, dwell- 
 ing near the Maeotis Palus. 
 
 dgellus, i, m. 2. dim. of ager, a 
 small piece of ground, a little 
 field. 
 
 Agenor, oris, m. 3. a king of Phoe- 
 nicia, was son of Neptune and 
 Libya, and brother to Belus. 
 
 ager, gri, m. 2. (dypog) a field, farm, 
 land, estate, agri, rorum, the 
 country in opposition to the city. 
 
 agger, eris, m. 3. a heap, mound, 
 rampart. 
 
 aggredior, edi, essus sum, d. 3. {ad 
 et grddior) I go to or up to, enter 
 upon, assail, attack. 
 
 aggressus, a, um, part, of aggre- 
 dior. 
 
 agitator, oris, m. 3. (agito) a driver 
 
 dgito, are, dvi, dtum,freq. a. 1. (fr. 
 ago) to drive, stimulate, agitate, 
 harass, think of, revolve in the 
 mind. 
 
 Aglaus, i, m. 2. the poorest man of 
 Arcadia, pronounced by the ora- 
 cle more happy than Gyges, king 
 of Lydia. 
 
 agmen, inis, n. 3. (for agimen fi 
 ago) an army on march, a troop, 
 band. 
 
 agnitus, a, um, part. pass, of ag- 
 nosco. 
 
 agnosco, oscere, ovi, Hum, a. 3. (ad et 
 nosco) to know, recognise, own. 
 
 agnus, i, m. 2. a lamb. 
 
 ago, agere, egi, actum, a. 3. (fr. 
 ayiS) to do, act, carry on, lead, 
 drive, spend the time ; funus, to 
 perform funeral ceremonies; an- 
 num, to be in a certain year ; 
 
 diem, to pass a day ; bene, to be 
 well. 
 
 agricbla, ae, m. 1. (ager et colo) a 
 husbandman, farmer. 
 
 agricultura, ae, f. 1. tilling of the 
 ground, agriculture. 
 
 Agrigentum, i, n. 2. now Girgenti, 
 a town of Sicily, 18 stadia from 
 the sea. 
 
 ahinum, i, n. 2. a brazen vessel, a 
 caldron. 
 
 aio, is, def to say, speak. 
 
 Aja.v, dcis, m. 3. the name of one 
 of the most celebrated Grecian 
 heroes that fought before Troy. 
 He was son of Telamon. 
 
 dla, ae,f. 1. a wing, an armpit. 
 
 aldcer, cris, ere, adj. livel} r , brisk, 
 spirited. 
 
 aldtus, a, um, adj. having wings, 
 winged. 
 
 Alba, ae,f. 1. Longa, a city of La- 
 tium, built by Ascanius, B. C. 
 1152. 
 
 Alb anus, a, um, adj. mons Albanus, 
 mount Albanus, which derived 
 its name from Alba, was 16 miles 
 from Rome, subst. m. 2. an in- 
 habitant of Alba. 
 
 Albis, is, m. 3. now the Elbe, a river 
 of Germany falling into the Ger- 
 man ocean. 
 
 Albula, ae, m. 1. the ancient name 
 of the river Tiber. 
 
 albus, a, um, adj. white. 
 
 Alcestis, idis,f 3. a daughter of Pe- 
 lias, and wife of Admetus. 
 
 Alcibiddes, is, m. 3. an Athenian 
 general, disciple to Socrates; he 
 was nephew of Pericles, and line- 
 ally descended from Ajax. 
 
 Alcinous, i, m. 2. was king of the 
 Phaeacians, and is praised for his 
 love of agriculture. His gardens 
 are beautifully described by Ho- 
 mer. 
 
 Alcyone or Haley one, es,f. 1. daugh- 
 ter of Aeolus, married Ceyx, 
 king of Trachinia. They were 
 both transformed into birds call- 
 ed Halcyons. 
 
 Alcybnius, a, um, adj. Alcyonii dies, 
 halcyon days. 
 
 Alexander, ri, m. 2. the 3rd, sur- 
 named the Great, was son of 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 119 
 
 Philip and Olympias. He was 
 born B. C. 356. 
 
 Alexandria, ae,f. 1. a great and ex- 
 tensive city of Egypt, built B. C 
 33*2, by Alexander. 
 
 algeo, ere, si, n. 2. to be cold, to 
 shudder with cold. 
 
 alicande, adv. (aliquis et unde) from 
 some place. Properly, from some 
 whence. 
 
 aliendtus,a, urn, part, of alieno, 
 
 alieno, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to make 
 (alienum) different, estrange ; to 
 make another's, transfer. 
 
 alitnus, a, urn-, adj. (fr. alius) be 
 longing to another, derived from 
 another source, foreign. 
 
 alio, adv. to another place. 
 
 aliquamdiu, adv. for some time. 
 
 aliquando, adv. {aliquis et quando) 
 at some time, sometimes, for- 
 merly. 
 
 aliquantum, adv. somewhat, a little, 
 rather. 
 
 aliquis, qua, quod et quid, pro. some- 
 body, some one. 
 
 aliquot, ind. adj. some, some certain. 
 a few. 
 
 aliter, adv. in another way, other- 
 wise. 
 
 alius, a,, ud, gen. alius, dat.alii, adj. 
 another, other, alii. ..alii, some... 
 others. 
 
 alldtus, a, urn, part, of affero. 
 
 allectus, a, urn, part, of allicio. 
 
 allivo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (ad et 
 levo) to lift up, lighten, mitigate, 
 relieve. 
 
 Attia, ae,f. 1. a river of Italy, flow- 
 ing into the Tiber. It is now 
 the Aia. 
 
 allicio, icere, exi, ectum, a. 3. (ad et 
 lacio) to allure, attract, entice. 
 
 alligo, dre,dvi,dtum, a. \.(ad et ligo) 
 to bind to. 
 
 alloquor, qui, quutus vel cuius sum, 
 d. 3. (ad et loquor) to speak to, 
 address, accost. 
 
 alluo, uere, ui, iitum, a. 3. (ad et luo, 
 fr. Xovoj, to wash,) to flow hard 
 by or near to, to lave. 
 
 alo, ere, ui, Hum vel turn, a. 3. to 
 nourish, support, feed. 
 
 Aloeus, i, m. 2. a giant, son of Titan 
 and Terra. 
 
 Alpes, iumjf.pl. 3. the Alps. 
 
 Alpfieus, i, m. 2. now Alfeo or Al- 
 pheo, a famous river of Pelopon- 
 nesus, which rises in Arcadia,and 
 after passing through Elis falls 
 into the sea. 
 
 Alpinus, a, um, adj. relating to the 
 Alps, Alpine. Alpini mures, 
 marmots, quadrupeds about the 
 size of the rabbit, allied to the 
 murine tribe. They inhabit the 
 higher regions of the Alps and 
 Pyrenees. 
 
 alte, tius, tissime, adv. high, high- 
 
 l y- 
 
 alter, era, erum, adj. one (of two) the 
 other. 
 
 altemus, a, um, adj, one after ano- 
 ther, alternate. 
 
 Altheae, ae, f.\. the wife of Oeneus, 
 king of Calydon, and mother of 
 Meleager. 
 
 altitudo, inis,f. 3. (fr. alius) height. 
 
 altrix, ids, f. 3. (fr. alo) a female 
 nourisher, foster-mother, nurse. 
 
 altus, a, um, adj. high, deep, loud j 
 alta voce, with a loud voice ; aU 
 turn silentium, profound silence. 
 
 alumnus, i, m. 2. (fr. alo) one who 
 is reared up, as a foster child, pu- 
 pil, &c. 
 
 alveus, i, m. 2. the channel or bed of 
 a river; a ditch, trench. 
 
 alvus, i,f. 2. the belly. 
 
 amdrus, a, um, adj. bitter. 
 
 Amazon, cnis. f. 3. (fr. a, non, et 
 pa^ds, mamma) an Amazon. Amd- 
 zones, a nation of female war- 
 riors, who established themselves 
 in Pontus, along the coast of the 
 Euxine. 
 
 ambitio, onis, f. 3. ambition. jFY, 
 ambio ; properly a going round, 
 canvassing for posts of honour. 
 
 ambitus, us, m. 4. a going round > 
 compass, circuit, 
 
 ambo, ae, o, adj. pi. ("A/^w) both. 
 
 ambulo, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. to walk, 
 walk along. 
 
 dmicitia, ae,f. 1. friendship. 
 
 amicus, a, um, adj. (fr. amo) friend- 
 
 ly ' . 
 
 amicus, %, m. 2. a friend. 
 
 dmitto, ittere, isi, issum, a. 3. (a et 
 mitto) to send away, dismiss ; suf- 
 fer to go, lose. 
 
 Ammo n et Hammou, onis, m,. 3 a a 
 
120 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 name of Jupiter, worshipped in 
 Libya. 
 
 amrds. is, m. 3. a river. 
 
 dmo, arc. dvi, dtum, a. 1. to love; 
 amans aiicums rei, fond of any 
 thing. 
 
 dmoenus, a, w?i,#d;.plc!isant,charm- 
 ing, delightful. 
 
 amor, oris, m. 3. love. 
 
 Amphinomus, i, m. 2. and Andpus. 
 two brothers of Sicily, who. 
 when Catana and the neighbour- 
 ing cities were in flames by an 
 eruption of Aetna, saved their 
 parents on their shoulders. They 
 received divine honours in Sicily 
 after their death, and the place 
 of their burial was called Camp- 
 us piorum. 
 
 Amphion, onis, m. 3. a son of Jupi- 
 ter, who received from Mercury 
 the lyre, by the sound of which he 
 raised the walls of Thebes. 
 
 ample, adv. amply. 
 
 amplector, cti, xus sum, d. 3. (am, 
 about, et plecto) to fold one's self 
 about another, embrace. 
 
 amplio, are, dvi, dtum, a.\. to in 
 crease, enlarge; i. e. ampliusfa 
 do. 
 
 amplius, adv. (fr. ample,) more. 
 
 ampins, a, um, adj. great, extensive, 
 ample. 
 
 Amulius, i, m. 2. king of Alba, was 
 son of Procas, and younger bro- 
 ther to Numitor. 
 
 Amyclae, drum, f. pi. 1. a city of 
 Laconia in Peloponnesus, south- 
 west of Sparta, and in its vicini- 
 ty- 
 
 Amycus, i, m. 2. a son of Neptune, 
 and king of the Bebryces. He 
 was slain by Pollux, one of the 
 Argonauts. 
 
 an, adv. whether'] whether, or, 
 else. 
 
 Anacreon, tis, m. a famous lyric poet 
 of Teos in Ionia, who flourished 
 532 B. C. 
 
 Andpus vel Anapius, i, m. 2. vel 
 Anapis, is, 3. see Amphinomus. 
 
 Anaxagbras, ae, m. 1. a philosopher 
 of Clazomenae in Ionia, disciple 
 to Anaximenes. and preceptor to 
 Euripides and Pericles. 
 
 anceps, ipitis, adj. doubtful. 
 
 Anchises, ae, m. 1. son of Capys, 
 and father of Aeneas. 
 
 ancilla, ae,f. 1. a maid-servant. 
 
 ancora, ae,f. 1. (ayxvpa) an anchor. 
 
 Ancus, i, m. 2. Martius, the 4th king 
 of Rome, was grandson to Numa, 
 by his daughter. 
 
 Andriscus, i, m. 2. a worthless per- 
 son, called also Pseudophilippus, 
 who incited the Macedonians to 
 revox. against Rome. 
 
 Andromeda, ae, f. 1. daughter of 
 Cepheus, king of Aetniopia, oy 
 Cassiope. 
 
 ango, gtre, xi, a. 3. to press close, 
 afflict, vex, trouble. 
 
 angids, is, c. 3. a snake. 
 
 angulus, i, m. 2. an angle, corner. 
 
 angusliae,drum,f. 1. a narrow place 
 or pass, narrowness. 
 
 anguslus, a, um, adj. (fr. ango) nar- 
 row, confined. 
 
 anima, ae,f. 1. breath, life, the soul ; 
 animam reddere, to give up life ; 
 animam recipere, to come to one's 
 self again. 
 
 animadvcrto, tere, ti, sum, a. 3. (i. e. 
 xerto animum ad) to take notice 
 of, attend, observe. 
 
 animal, dlis, n. 3. an animal. 
 
 animosus, a, um, adj. spirited, coura- 
 geous. 
 
 animus, i, m. 2. the mind, disposi- 
 tion of the mind, courage, soul, 
 purpose or design ; generosus ani- 
 mus, generosity ; uno animo, una- 
 nimously ; animus mihi est, I have 
 a mind, am inclined. 
 
 Anio, enis, m. 3. now the Teverone, 
 a river of Italy, flowing through 
 the country of Tibur, and falling 
 into the river Tiber, about 3 miles 
 north of Rome. 
 
 annecto, ectere, exui, exum, a 3. (ad 
 et necto) to join to, attach, an- 
 nex. 
 
 annulus, i, m. 2. a ring. 
 
 annumero, are, dvi, dtoim, a. 1. (ad 
 et numero) to number, count, enu- 
 merate. 
 
 annuo, ere, ui, utuni, n. 3. (ad et 
 nuo) to nod to, assent by a nod, 
 assent. 
 
 annus, i, m. 2. a year. 
 
 annuus, a, um, adj. yearly. 
 
 anser, is, m. 3. a goose. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 121 
 
 anserinus, a, um, adj. of or per- 
 taining to a goose j ova, goose 
 eggs. 
 
 ante, prep, cum ace. before. 
 
 ante, adv. before, on a former occa- 
 sion. 
 
 antea, adv. formerly, afo-c-ume. 
 
 antecello, ere, ui, a ?. \oMe et cello, 
 to drive,) to surpass. 
 
 antepovA. ponere, posui, pisitum, a. 
 3. (ante et pono) to place before, 
 prefer. 
 
 antequam, adv. before that, before. 
 
 Antiochia. ae, f. 1. now Antakia, a 
 city of Syria, on the river Oron- 
 tes, about 20 miles from its 
 mouth. 
 
 Antiochus, i, m. 2. the name of se- 
 veral Syrian kings. 
 
 Antiope, es.f. 1. the mother of Am- 
 phion and Zethus. 
 
 Antipdter, tris, m. 3. a poet of Si- 
 don. 
 
 antlquus, a, um, adj. old, ancient. 
 
 Antiurn, i, n. 2. now Antio, a ma- 
 ritime town of Italy, upon a 
 promontory 32 miles from Os- 
 tia. It was the capital of the 
 Volsci. 
 
 Antonius, i, m. 2. the name of seve- 
 ral Romans. 
 
 antrum, i. n. 2. a cave. 
 
 Apelles, is, m. 3. a celebrated paint- 
 er of the island of Cos, son of 
 Pithius. 
 
 Apennlnus. i m. 2. the Apennines. 
 
 aper, ri, m. 2. a wild boar, a boar. 
 
 aperio, ire, ui, turn, a. 4. {ad et pa- 
 rid) to open. 
 
 apertus, a, um, part, of aperio, open- 
 ed. 
 
 apex, ids, m. 3. a top, a summit. 
 
 apis, is.f. 3. a bee. 
 
 Apis, is, m. 3. a god of the Egyp- 
 tians worshipped under the form 
 of an ox. 
 
 Apollo, inis, m. 3. son of Jupiter 
 and Latona, called also Phoe- 
 bus. 
 
 apparatus, us, m. 4. (fr. appdro) a 
 preparing, preparation. 
 
 appdrco, ere, ui, itum, n. 2. (ad et 
 pared) to appear ; appdret, it is 
 apparent. 
 
 appellatus, a, um, part, of appello, 
 addressed. 
 
 appello, are, dvi, alum, a,. I. (ad et 
 pello) to call to. ^ail upon, ad- 
 dress. 
 
 appendo, dire, di, sum, a. 3. (ad et 
 ptndo) to hang to, to weigh. 
 
 appeto, ere, ivi et ii< Itum, a. 3. (ad 
 et peto) to try to get, aim at, de- 
 sire vehemently. 
 
 Appius, i, m. 2. the praenomen of 
 an illustrious family at Rome. 
 
 appono, onere, osui, ositum, a. 3. (ad 
 et pono) to place near, set before, 
 apply to, attach, unite. 
 
 appositus, a, um, part. pass, of ap- 
 pono. 
 
 appropinquo, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. 
 (ad et propinquo) to draw nigh, 
 approach. 
 
 apricus, a, um, adj. (jr. aperio) ex- 
 posed to the sun, sunny, clear, 
 warm. 
 
 apto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to fit, 
 adapt. 
 
 aptus, a, urn, part. (fr. apo vel apio t 
 to bind), well suited, fit. 
 
 apud, prep, cum ace. at, close by, 
 near, among. 
 
 Apulia, ae,f. 1 . now Puglia,o. coun- 
 try of Magna Graecia in Italy, 
 lying along the Adriatic. 
 
 aqua, ae,f. 1. water. 
 
 aquaedsuctus, iis, m. 4. an aqueduct. 
 
 aquila, ae,f. 1. an eagle. 
 
 Aquilo, onis, m. 3. the north-w r ind. 
 
 Aquitdnia, ae, f. 1. a country of 
 Gaul, between the Garumna or 
 Garonne and Pyrenees. 
 
 Aquitdni, drum, m. pi. 2. the inha- 
 bitants of Aquitania. 
 
 dra, ae,f. 1. an altar. 
 
 Arabia, ae,f. 1. a large country of 
 Asia, forming a peninsula be- 
 tween the Arabian and Persian 
 gulfs. 
 
 Arablcus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
 Arabia ; Arabicus sinus, the Red 
 sea. 
 
 Arabius, a, um, adj. Arabian. 
 
 Arabs, obis, m. 3. an Arabian. 
 
 arbitror, dri, dtussum, d. 1. to judge, 
 think, imagine. 
 
 arbor et arbos, oris, f. 3. a tree. 
 
 area, ae,f. 1. a chest. 
 
 Arcadia, ae, /.la country in the 
 middle of Peloponnesus, sur- 
 rounded on everv side bv land. 
 
122 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 Areas, ddis, m. 3. a son of Jupiter 
 and Callisto. He reigned in Pe- 
 lasgia, called from him Arcadia. 
 
 areeo, ere, ui, a. 2. to keep off, drive 
 away; to keep in, restrain. 
 
 areessitus, a, um, part. pass, of ar- 
 cesso. 
 
 arcesso, ere, Ivi, Hum, a.3. to call for, 
 invite, summon. 
 
 Archimedes, is, m. 3. a famous geo- 
 metrician of Syracuse, born B.C. 
 287. 
 
 architectus, i, m. 2. an architect. 
 
 Archytas, ae, m. 1. a Pythagorean 
 philosopher of Tarentum, and an 
 able astronomer and geometri- 
 cian. He flourished 400 B. C. 
 
 arete, arctius, aretissime, adv. tight- 
 ly, closely. 
 
 aretus, a, um. adj. confined, close. 
 
 arcus, us, m. 4. a bow, an arch. 
 
 Ardea, ae,f. 1. now Ardia, a town 
 of Latium, near the coast, the ca- 
 pital of the Rutuli. 
 
 ardeo, dere, si, sum, n. 2. to glow, 
 burn, be consumed by fire. 
 
 arduus, a, um, adj. high, steep, dif- 
 ficult. 
 
 arena, ae,f. 1. sand. 
 
 arenosus, a, um, adj. sandy. 
 
 Arethusa, ae, f. 1. a fountain in 
 Elis, said to force its way under 
 the sea and rise again in the is- 
 land of Ortygia, near Syracuse 
 in Sicily. 
 
 argentum, i, n. 2. silver. 
 
 Argias, ae, m. 1. the founder of 
 Chalcedon. 
 
 Argivi, drum, m.pl. 2. the Argives, 
 the inhabitants of Argosand Ar- 
 golis in Peloponnesus. 
 
 Arglvus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
 Argos. 
 
 Argonautae, arum, m. pi. 1. a name 
 given to those heroes who went 
 with Jason on board the ship Ar- 
 go to Colchis, 1263 B. C. 
 
 Argos, i, n. 2. el inplur. num. Argi, 
 orum, m. 2. the capital of Argolis 
 in Peloponnesus. 
 
 arguo, ere,ui, iitum, a. 3. {fr. dpyds, 
 white) to make clear, prove ; 
 prove another to be guilty, con- 
 vict. 
 
 Ariminum, i, n. 2. now Rimini, a 
 
 city of Umbria in Italy, at the 
 mouth of the river Ariminus. 
 
 Aristippus, i, m. 2. the elder, a phi- 
 losopher of Cyrene, disciple to 
 Socrates, and founder of the Cy- 
 renaic sect, flourished about 392 
 B.C. 
 
 Aristobulus, i, m. 2. a name com- 
 mon to some of the high priests 
 and kings of Judaea. 
 
 Aristoteles, is, m. 3. a famous phi- 
 losopher, born at Stagira, B. C. 
 384. 
 
 arma, drum,, n. pi. 2. arms. 
 
 armdtus, a, um, part. pass, of armo, 
 armed. 
 
 Armenia, ae,f. 1. now Turcomania, 
 a large country of Asia, divided 
 into Upper and Lower, called also 
 Major. 
 
 Armenius, a, um, adj. Armenian. 
 
 armentum, i, n. 2. a herd (of large 
 cattle). For ar amentum, fr. aro. 
 As useful for ploughing. 
 
 armilla, ae,f. 1. a bracelet. 
 
 armo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to arm. 
 
 aro, are, dvi. dtum, a. 1. (dpuco, dpu) 
 to plough. 
 
 arreptus, a, um, part. pass, of arri- 
 pio. 
 
 arripio, ipere, ipui. eptum, a. 3. (ad 
 et rdpio) to take by force, seize, 
 lay hold of. 
 
 arrogo, are, dri, dtum, a. 1. (ad et 
 rogo) to claim to one's self, 
 claim more than one's right,arro- 
 gate. 
 
 ars. tis.f.3. art, occupation, craft. 
 
 Artemisia, ae, /.La queen of Ca- 
 ria, wife of Mausolus. 
 
 artifex, icis, m, et f. 3. an artist. 
 
 arundo, inis,f. 3. a reed. 
 
 Aruns, Us, m. 3. a son of Tarquini- 
 us Superbus. 
 
 arx, eis.f. 3. (fr. axpa) a lofty place, 
 citadel. 
 
 Ascanius, i, m. 2. a son of Aeneas 
 by Creusa. 
 
 ascendo, ere, di, sum, a . 3. See ad- 
 seendo. 
 
 Asia, ae,f. 1. one of the three parts 
 of the ancient world. 
 
 Asiaticus. i, m. 2. the surname of 
 Lucius Corn. Scipio, for his con- 
 quests in Asia. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 123 
 
 Asina, ae, m. 1. a surname of a 
 branch of the gens Cornelia. 
 
 asinus, i, m. 2. an ass. 
 
 asper, a, um, adj. rough, rugged, 
 harsh. 
 
 asper go. See adspergo. 
 
 asper nor, dri, dtus, sum, d. 1. (ad et 
 sperno) reject, spurn, despise, dis- 
 dain. 
 
 aspis, idis, f 3. an asp. 
 
 assequor, qui, quidus vel cutus sum 
 d. 3. {ad et sequor) to come up 
 with, reach, gain, procure 
 
 asservo, are, dvi, alum, 0.1. (ad et 
 servo) to watch over, preserve. 
 
 assigno,dre, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (ad et 
 signo) to assign, allot 
 
 assisto. See adsisto. 
 
 assurgo, surgere, surrexi, surrectum, 
 n. 3. (ad et surgo) to rise, rise up. 
 
 astronomia, ae,f. 1. astronomy. 
 
 astutus, a, um, adj. (fr. astus, us, 
 craft) crafty, cunning. 
 
 asylum, i, n. 2. (acrvAoj/) an asylum, 
 sanctuary. 
 
 at, conj. but. 
 
 Atalanta, ae, /. 1. a daughter 
 Schoeneus, king of Scyros. 
 
 Athenae, drum,, f. pi. 1. the capital 
 of Attica, founded 1556 B. C, by 
 Cecrops and an Egyptian colony; 
 called Athenae ('Adfjvai), in ho- 
 nour of Minerva, ('AOnvrj). 
 
 Atheniensis, is, m. 3. an inhabitant 
 of Athens. 
 
 Atilius, i, m. 2. a name of Regu- 
 lus. 
 
 Atlanticus, a, um, adj. pertaining 
 to Atlas ; mare Atlaniicum, the 
 Atlantic ocean. 
 
 atque, conj. and. 
 
 atrociter. adv. (atrox)cruel\y, fierce- 
 ly- 
 
 Attdlus, i, m. 2. a king of Perga- 
 mus. 
 
 attentus, a, um, adj. (fr. attendo) at- 
 tentive, diligent. 
 
 altero, terere, trlvi, trltum, a. 3. {ad 
 et tero) to rub against, wear, des- 
 troy. 
 
 Atthis, idis, f 3. a name given to 
 Attica from a daughter of Cra- 
 naus the 2d, king of Athens. 
 
 Attica, ae, f. 1. a country of Greece. 
 
 Atticus, a, um, adj. Attic, Athenian. 
 
 oMingo, tingere, tigi, tactum, a. 3. 
 (ad et tango) to touch, border 
 upon, reach, gain. 
 
 attollo, ere, a. 3. {ad et tollo) to lift 
 or raise up. 
 
 attritus, a, um, part. pass, of altero. 
 
 auctor, oris, m. 3. an author. 
 
 auctoritas, dtis, f 3. authority. 
 
 actus, a, um, part. pass, of augeo. 
 
 audacia, ae, f. 1. (fr. audax) cou- 
 rage, audacity. 
 
 audax, dcis, adj. (fr.audeo) daring, 
 bold. 
 
 audeo, ere, ausus sum, n. p. 2. to 
 dare, adventure. 
 
 audio, Ire, Ivi, ltum ) a. 4. to hear, 
 hearken. 
 
 auditor, oris, m. 3. a hearer. 
 
 auditus, a, um, part. pass, of audio. 
 
 auditus, us, m. 4. a hearing, report. 
 
 aufero, auferre,abstuli, abldtum, irr. 
 a. {abs et fero) to carry off, take 
 away, remove. 
 
 aufugio, ugere, ugi, ugitum, n. 3. 
 {abs etfugio) to flee or run away, 
 fly from, 
 of augendus, a, um, part, of augeo, to 
 be increased. 
 
 augeo, ere, xi, ctum, a. 2. to increase, 
 enlarge. 
 
 augurium, i, n. 2. (fr. avis et gero\ 
 divination from the flight ana 
 singing of birds ; an augury. 
 
 auguste, adv. reverently. 
 
 augustus, a, um, adj. august, vene- 
 rable, sacred. 
 
 Augustus, i, m. 2. Octavianus Cae- 
 sar, second emperor of Rome, 
 was son of Octavius, a senator, 
 and Accia, sister to Julius Cae- 
 sar. 
 
 Aulis, idis et idos, f 3. a town of 
 Boeotia on the sea-coast, where 
 all the Greeks conspired against 
 Troy. 
 
 Aulus, i, m. 2. a praenomen com- 
 mon among the Romans. 
 
 Aurelius, i, m. 2. the name of many 
 Romans. 
 
 aureus, a, um, adj. golden. 
 
 auriga, ae,f. 1. a charioteer. 
 
 auris, is,f 3. the ear. 
 
 aurum, i, n. 2. gold. 
 
 auspicium, i, n. 2. (fr. auspex) an 
 auspice. 
 
124 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 ausus, a, um, part, of audeo, having 
 dared. 
 
 aut, conj. or ; aut. ..aut, either.., or. 
 
 autem, conj. but. 
 
 autumnus, i, m. 2. autumn. 
 
 auxilium, i, n. 2. aid, help ; auxilia, 
 auxiliaries. 
 
 dvdritia, ae,f. 1. avarice. 
 
 dvdrus, a, um, adj. covetous, avari- 
 cious. 
 
 aveho, here, xi, ctum, a. 3. {a et veho) 
 to carry away. 
 
 dvello, ere, velli, et vulsi, vulsum, a. 
 3. {a et vello) to tear or drag 
 away. 
 
 Avcntinus, i, m. 2. one of the seven 
 hills on which Rome was built; 
 it was not reckoned within the 
 precincts of the city till the reign 
 of the emperor Claudius. 
 
 dversus, a, um, part. pass, of dverto. 
 
 dverto, tere, ti, sum, a. 3. {a etverto) 
 to turn from or away, avert, re- 
 move. 
 
 avicula, ae, dim. of avis, /.La small 
 bird. 
 
 avidus, a, um, adj. (/r. aveo, to long 
 for) eager, desirous, greedy. 
 
 avis, is,/. 3. a bird. 
 
 dvoco, are, dvi, dtum, a.\.\a et voco) 
 to call off or away. 
 
 dvolo, are, dvi, alum, n. I. (a et volo) 
 to fly away. 
 
 avunculus, i, m. 2. a maternal un- 
 cle. 
 
 dvus, i, m. 2. a grandfather. 
 
 Axenus, i, m. 2. (a&vos) the ancient 
 name of the Euxine. The word 
 signifies inhospitable, and was 
 highly applicable to the inhabit- 
 ants of the coast. 
 
 axis, is, m. 3. an axle, axis. 
 
 B 
 
 Babylon, onis, f. 3. a celebrated 
 city, the capital of the Assyrian 
 empire, on the banks of the Eu- 
 phrates. 
 
 Babylonia, ae, f. 1. a large province 
 of Assyria, of which Babylon 
 was the capital. 
 
 bacca, ae,f. 1. a berry. 
 
 Bacchus, i. m. 2. the son of Jupiter 
 and Semele. the daughter of Cad- 
 mus ; the god of wine. 
 
 Bactridna vel Bactria, ae, /. 1. a 
 country of Asia, which derived 
 its name from the river Bac- 
 trus. 
 
 Bactridni, orum, m. pi. 2. the inha- 
 bitants of Bactriana. 
 
 Bactridnus, a, um, adj. pertaining 
 to Bactria, Bactrian. 
 
 baculum, i, n. et bacillus, i, m. 2. a 
 staff, stick. 
 
 Baetis, is, ace. Baetim, abl. Baeti, 
 m. 3. now the Guadalquiver, a 
 river of Spain, from which a 
 part of the country has received 
 the name of Baetica. 
 
 Baeticus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
 the Baetis ; Baetica provincia, or 
 simply Baetica, the southern part 
 of Hispania Ulterior. 
 
 Bagrdda, ae, m. 1. now Megerda, 
 a river of Africa flowing between 
 Utica and Carthage. 
 
 ballista, ae,f. l.(fr. P&Wco, to throw) 
 a warlike engine to shoot stones 
 or darts with. 
 
 Balticus, a, um, adj. mare Balticum, 
 the Baltic sea. 
 
 barbdrus, a, um, adj. barbarous, un- 
 civilized; barbdri. barbarians,(not 
 Greeks, or, not Romans ) 
 
 Batdvus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
 Batavia, now Holland. 
 
 beatitudo, inis, f. 3. beatitude, feli- 
 city. 
 
 bedtus, a, um, adj. (fr. beo, to make 
 happy) happy, blessed. 
 
 Bebrycia, ae,f. 1. an ancient name 
 of Bithynia, from the Bebryces 
 who settled there, after passing 
 from Europe. 
 
 Belgae, drum, m. pi. 1. the most 
 warlike people of ancient Gaul. 
 
 Belgicus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
 the Belgae. 
 
 Belter ophon, tis, m. 3. the son of 
 Glaucus, king of Ephyre, con- 
 quered the Chimaera. 
 
 bellicosus, a, um, adj. warlike. 
 
 bellicus, a, um, adj. warlike ; bellica 
 laus, military glory. 
 
 belligero, dre, dvi, dtum, n. 1. (bellum 
 et giro) to wage war. 
 
 bello. are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. to wage 
 war. 
 
 bellua, ae,f. 1. a beast, monster. 
 
 Jbellum, i, n. 2. war. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 125 
 
 BeluSy i, m. 2. one of the most an- 
 cient kings of Babylon. 
 
 bene, adv. oomp. melius, sup. optime, 
 well ; bene pugnare, to tight with 
 success. 
 
 benef icium, i, n. 2. a kindness, fa-j 
 vour, benefit. 
 
 benevblentia, ae, f. 1. good will, be- 
 nevolence. 
 
 benigne, adv. kindly. 
 
 benignus, a, urn, adj. kind, liberal. 
 
 bestia, ae, f. 1. a beast. 
 
 Bestia, ae". m. 1. Calpurnius Bestia. 
 a Roman consul. 
 
 bestibla, ae,f. 1. a little beast. 
 
 Bias, antis, m. 3. one of the seven 
 wise men of Greece, son to Teu- 
 tamidas, born, at Priene. 
 
 bibliotheca, ae,f. 1. (j3iP\io6)"]Krj) a li- 
 brary. 
 
 bibo, ere, i, Hum, a. 3. to drink, im- 
 bibe ; bibere colorem, to take a 
 colour. 
 
 Bibulus, i, m. 2. a son of M. Cal 
 purnius Bibulus by Portia. Cato's 
 daughter. He was Caesar's col- 
 league in the consulship. 
 
 biduum, i, n. 2. the period of two 
 days. 
 
 bini, ae, a, distr. num. adj. two, two 
 by two. 
 
 bipes, edis, adj. two-footed. 
 
 bis, num. adv. twice. 
 
 Bithynia, ae,f. 1. a country of Asia 
 Minor, formerly called Bebry- 
 cia 
 
 blanditia. ae,f. 1. a complimenting; 
 blanditiae, blandishments, flatte- 
 ry. 
 
 blandus, a, um, adj. soothing, flatter- 
 ing. 
 
 Boebtia.ae.f 1. a countryof Greece, 
 north of Attica. 
 
 bbnitas, dtis.f 3. goodness. 
 
 bonus, a, um, adj. good ; melior, bet- 
 ter ; optimus, best ; bonum, a good 
 thing, good ; bona, goods ; boni, 
 upright men. 
 
 Bbredlis, e, adj. northern. 
 
 Boreas, ae, m. 1. the north wind. 
 
 Borysthenes, is, m. 3. a large river 
 of Scythia, falling into the Eux- 
 ine, now called the Dnieper. 
 
 Borysthenis, idis,f 3. a town situ- 
 ate at the mouth of the Borys- 
 thenes. 
 
 bos, bbvis, c 3. an ox, a cow. 
 
 Bosphbrus vel Bosporus, i, m. 2. 
 1 nracius, now the Straits of Con- 
 stantinople, which connect the 
 Propontis with the Euxine ; 
 Cimmerius, now the Straits of 
 Caff a or Theodosia, which con- 
 nect the Maeotis Palus with the 
 Euxine. 
 
 brachium, i, n. 2. an arm. 
 
 brevi, adv. (sett, tempore) shortly. 
 
 brevis, e, adj. short. 
 
 brevitas, atis. f 3. shortness, brevi- 
 ty. 
 
 Brigantia, ae, f 1. Brigantiae la- 
 cus, a lake of Rhaetia between 
 the Alps, now lake of Con- 
 stance. 
 
 Britannia, ae,f 1. Great Britain. 
 
 Britannicus, a, um, adj. pertaining 
 to Britain, British. 
 
 Britannus, a, um, adj. British ; Bri- 
 tanni, the Britons. 
 
 bruma, ae, f 1. the shortest day of 
 the year, the winter solstice ; win- 
 ter. 
 
 Bruttium, i. n. 2. a promontory of 
 Italy. 
 
 Bruttii, brum, m. pi. 2. a people in 
 the farthest part of Italy. 
 
 Brutus, i, m. 2. the name of a noble 
 family at Rome. 
 
 Bucephalus, i, m. 2. a horse of Alex- 
 ander's. 
 
 Bncephdlos, i, f 2. et Bucephdla, ae } 
 f 1. a city of India, on the Hy_- 
 daspes, built by Alexander in 
 honour of his horse. 
 
 buxeus, a, um, adj. (fr. buxum) of 
 box, of a pale yellow, like box, 
 
 Byzantium, i, n 2. now Constanti- 
 nople, a town situate on the Eu- 
 ropean side of the Thracian Bos- 
 phorus. 
 
 Cabira, ind. a town of Pontus, on 
 the river Iris. 
 
 cacumen, inis, n. 3. the top or sum- 
 mit of any thing. 
 
 Cadmus, i. m,. 2. the son of Agenor, 
 king of Phoenicia. 
 
 eddo. cadere, cecidi, edsum, n. 3. to 
 fall ; bene, to turn out well ; male, 
 ill. 
 
126 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 caducus, a, um, adj. ready to fall 
 falling. 
 
 Caecilius, i, m. 2. the name of a Ro- 
 man family. 
 
 Caecubum, i, n. 2. vel Caecubus ager. 
 a district in Latium, famous for 
 its wines. 
 
 Caecubus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
 Caecubum. 
 
 caedes, is, f 3. slaughter. 
 
 caedo, caedere, cecldi, caesium, a. 3. 
 to cut, fell, kill. 
 
 caeldtus, a, um, part, of caelo, en 
 graved ; columnae caeldtae, fluted 
 columns. 
 
 caelo, are, dvi, dtum, a, 1. to carve, 
 engrave, emboss. 
 
 caepe, n. ind. an onion. 
 
 Caepio, onis, m. 3. a surname of one 
 of the branches of the Servilian 
 family. 
 
 Caesar, aris, m. 3. a surname of the 
 Julian family. 
 
 cacsius, its, m. 4. (fr. caedo, to strike) 
 a gauntlet, boxing glove. 
 
 caesus, a, urn-, 'part, of caedo. 
 
 carter a, (el cetera) ae,f. caeterum, i, 
 n. (in the oblique cases used also 
 in the masculine) adj. the rest, 
 residue, other. 
 
 caeterum, adv. as for the rest, but. 
 
 Cams, i, m. 2. a praenomen v^ery 
 common at Rome. 
 
 Calais, is, m. 3. son of Boreas, bro- 
 ther of Zethes. 
 
 calamitas, diis, f 3. calamity, mis- 
 fortune. 
 
 calamus, i, m. 2. a reed (for writing 
 with). 
 
 calathiscus, i, m. 2. a little basket. 
 
 calef dcio. facer e, feci, factum, a. 3. 
 ( jr. cdleo et fdcio) to make warm. 
 
 calef actus, a, urn, part. pass, of cale- 
 fio. 
 
 calef to, fieri, f actus sum, pass. irr. 
 to be warmed, grow hot. 
 
 calidus, a, urn, adj. warm. 
 
 callidus, a, um,, adj. {fr. calleo) skil- 
 ful, practised, crafty. 
 
 color, oris, m. 3. heat. 
 
 Calpe, es, f 1. now r Gibraltar, a 
 mountain in the south of Spain, 
 opposite Abyla on the African 
 coast. 
 
 Calpumius, i, m. 2. the name of a 
 noble Roman family. 
 
 Calydonius, a, um,, adj. pertaining 
 to Calydon, a city of Aetolia in 
 Greece. 
 
 camelus, i, c. 2. a camel. 
 
 Camillus, i, m. 2. (L. Furius) a ce- 
 lebrated Roman. 
 
 Campania, ae,f. 1. now Campagna, 
 a country of Italy, south-east of 
 Latium. 
 
 campestris, e, adj. belonging to a 
 plain, even, level. 
 
 campus, i, m. 2. a plain, field. 
 
 cancer, cri, m. 2. a crab. 
 
 candidus, a, um, adj. white. 
 
 candor, oris, m. 3. sheeny white- 
 ness, brightness, splendour. 
 
 cdnis, is, c. 3. a dog. 
 
 Cannae, drum, f pi. 1. a village of 
 Apulia, near the Aufidus. 
 
 Canne?isis, e, adj. pertaining to Can- 
 nae. 
 
 cdno, cdncre, cecini, cantum, a. 3. to 
 sing, sound, blow. 
 
 caiithdrus, i, m. 2. a beetle. 
 
 Cantium, i, n. 2 a country in the 
 south-eastern extremity of Bri- 
 tain, now called Kent. 
 
 canto, are, dvi, dtum, freq. 1. (fr. 
 cdno) to sing often, to sing. 
 
 cantus, us, mA.a. song ; galli cantus, 
 the crowing of the cock. 
 
 cdnus, a, um, adj. hoary, gray. 
 
 cdpax, dcis, adj. (fr. cdpio) contain- 
 ing, capacious. 
 
 cdpesso, ire, Ivi, itum, n. 3. (fr. ca- 
 pio) to take, undertake, enter up- 
 on. 
 
 cdpiendus, a, um, part, of capio. 
 
 cdpio, cdpere, cepi, captum, a. 3. to 
 take, make captive ; take to one's 
 self, enjoy. 
 
 cdpitdlis, e, adj. capital, dangerous ; 
 capitate odium, deadly hatred. 
 
 cdpitolium, i, n. 2. a celebrated tem- 
 ple and citadel at Rome on the 
 Mons Capitol in us. 
 
 capra,ae,f. 1. a goat. 
 
 captlvus, a, um, adj. captive. 
 
 captivus, i, m. 2. a prisoner, cap- 
 tive. 
 
 capto, are, dvi, dtum, freq. 1. (fr. 
 co.pio,) to catch at ; auguria, to 
 watch for auguries. 
 
 captus, u, um, part, of capio. 
 
 Capua, ae, f 1. the chief city of 
 Campania in Italy. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 127 
 
 caput, itis, n. 3. a head, life ; capitis 
 
 damnare, to condemn to death : 
 
 praecipua capita, the chief points 
 
 2. a chief city. 
 carbonarius, i, m. 2. a collier. 
 career, eris, m. 3. a prison. 
 car do, inis, m. 3. a hinge, 
 careo, ere, ui, itum, (cum ablativo) 
 
 to be without, want. 
 Cares, ium, m. pi. 3. the inhabit- 
 ants of Caria, anciently called 
 
 Leleges. 
 Caria, ae, f. 1. a country of Asia 
 
 Minor, south of Lydia. 
 carica, ae,f. 1. a fig. 
 carmen, inis, n. 3. a verse, song, 
 
 poem. 
 Carneddes, is, m. 3. a philosopher 
 
 of Cyrene in Africa. 
 caro, nis,f. 3. the flesh of animals. 
 carpentum, i, n. 2. a kind of carriage, 
 
 chariot, wagon. 
 Carpitdni, drum, m. pi. 2. a people 
 
 of Spain. 
 carpo, pere, psi, ptum. a. 3. to gather, 
 
 pluck, tear. 
 Carrae, drum, f. pi. 1. a very an 
 
 cient townof Mesopotamia,south- 
 
 east of Edessa. 
 Carthaginiensis, e, adj. pertaining to 
 
 Carthage. 
 Carthago, inis, f. 3. a celebrated 
 
 city of Africa. 
 cdrus, a, urn, adj. dear, precious, 
 
 costly. 
 edsa, ae, /.La cottage or cabin, 
 
 hut. 
 Casca, ae, m. 1. one of Caesar's 
 
 assassins, who gave him the first 
 
 blow. 
 edseus, i, m. 2, cheese. 
 Cassander, dri, m. 2. a Macedonian, 
 
 son of Antipater. 
 Cassiope, es, f. 1. married Cepheus. 
 
 king of Aethiopia, by whom she 
 
 had Andromeda. 
 Cassius, i, m. 2. the name of many 
 
 Romans. 
 Castalius, a, um, adj. of Castalia, a 
 
 fountain of Parnassus in Phocis, 
 
 sacred to the Muses. 
 castlgdtus, a. um, part, of castigo. 
 cast.igo, are, dvi, dtum, a.lAo chas- 
 tise, punish. 
 castrum, i, n. 2. a castle, fort ; cas- 
 
 tra, drum, a camp, encampment ; 
 PART I. M 
 
 castra ponere, to pitch a camp, 
 encamp. 
 
 casus, us, m. 4. a falling, accident, 
 chance, occurrence. 
 
 Calabathmus, i.f. 2. (^Kara^aQ^ds) a 
 great declivity separating Cyre- 
 naica from Egypt. 
 
 Catdna, ae, f. 1. a town of Sicily, 
 at the foot of Mount Aetna. 
 
 Catdnensis, e, adj. pertaining to Ca- 
 tana. 
 
 Catienus. i, m. 2. Plotlnus, a man 
 who burnt himself upon the fu- 
 neral pile of his patron. 
 
 Catillna, ae, m. 1. L. Sergius, a no- 
 ble Roman, who formed a con- 
 spiracy against his country, but 
 was baffled in his attempts by Ci- 
 cero. 
 
 Cato, onis, m. 3. a surname of the 
 Porcian family. 
 
 Catulus, i, m. 2. the name of seve- 
 ral distinguished Romans. 
 
 catulus, i, m. 2. a young dog, whelp ; 
 the young of other animals. 
 
 Caucasus, i, m. 2. the name of the 
 highest and most extensive range 
 of mountains in the northern part 
 of Asia. 
 
 cauda, ae,f. 1. a tail. 
 
 Co.udlnus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
 Caudium, a town of the Sam- 
 nites. See faux vel furcula. 
 
 caula, ae,f. 1. a sheep-cote, fold. 
 
 causa, ae, /. 1. a cause, reason ; 
 mea causa, on my account; ali- 
 cujus rei causa, on account of a 
 thing. 2. a matter in dispute, law- 
 suit ; thus, causam habere cum alt- 
 quo. 
 
 cautes, is, /. 3. a rugged rock, cliff. 
 
 cdveo, cdvere, cdvi, cautum, n. 2. to 
 beware, or take heed of; cavere 
 ab aliquo, to beware of any one. 
 
 cdverna, ae,f. 1. a hollow place, ca- 
 vern. 
 
 cdvus, a, um, adj. hollow. 
 
 Cecropia, ae,f. 1. the original name 
 of Athens. 
 
 Cecrops, bpis, m. 3. an Egyptian, 
 deemed the first founder of 
 Athens. 
 
 cedo, cedere, cessi, cessum, n. 3. to 
 give place, give way, yield, de- 
 part ; loco alicui, to give way to 
 any one. 
 
128 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 celeber, bris, e, adj. frequented, much 
 resorted to, famous. 
 
 celebrdtus, a, urn., part, of celehro. 
 
 celebritas, dtis,f. 3. celebrity, fame. 
 
 celcbro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to fre- 
 quent, resort to, celebrate. 
 
 celeritas, dtis,f. 3. swiftness, quick- 
 ness, speed. 
 
 celeriter, ins, rime, adv. speedily. 
 
 Celeus, i, m. 2. a king of Eleusis, 
 father to Triptolemus. 
 
 Clio, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to hide, 
 conceal. 
 
 Celtae, drum, m. pi. 1. a name given 
 to a part of the Gauls, whose 
 coun try, called GalliaCeltica, was 
 situate between the rivers Sequa- 
 na and Garumna. 
 
 censeo, ere, ui, um vel Hum, a. 2. to 
 count, reckon ; thus, censere in- 
 ter, to count or enrol among ; 
 hence, 2. to estimate, judge, 
 think. 
 
 Censorinus, i, m. 2. a Roman gene- 
 ral, sent against the Carinagini- 
 ans. 
 
 eensorius, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
 the censor ; so eensorius (vir), one 
 who has been a censor. 
 
 census, us, m. 4. a valuation of 
 every man's estate, a rating, tax- 
 ing.. 
 
 centeni, ae, a, distr. num. adj. every 
 hundred. 
 
 centesimus, a, um, or A. num. adj. the 
 hundredth. 
 
 centies, num. adv. a hundred times 
 
 centum, ind. num. adj. pi. a hun- 
 dred. 
 
 centurio, onis, m. 3. a centurion. 
 
 Ccphallenia,ae,f. l.now Cefalonia, 
 an island in the Ionian sea, be- 
 low Corcyra. 
 
 cera, ae,f. 1. wax. 
 
 Cerberus, i, m. 2. a dog of Pluto 
 with 50 heads according to He- 
 siod, and three according to 
 others ; he was stationed, as a 
 keeper, at the entrance to the in 
 fernal regions. 
 
 Cercasum,, i, n. 2. a town of Egypt 
 
 Ceres, Iris, f. 3. the goddess of corn 
 and harvests. 
 
 cerno, cernere, crevi, cretum, a. 3. to 
 distinguish, see, descry. 
 
 certdmen, inis, n. 3. a contest, strife 
 
 eerie, ius, issime, adv. certainly, as- 
 suredly. 
 
 certo, are, dvi, dtum, a. et n. 1. to 
 contend, strive, fight. 
 
 certus, a, um, adj. established, sure, 
 certain. 
 
 cerva, ae,f. 1. a hind. 
 
 cervmus, a, um, adj. of a stag or 
 hart. 
 
 cervix, lcis,f. 3. the neck. 
 
 cervus, i, m. 2. a stag. 
 
 cessdtor, oris, m. 3. a loiterer, lin- 
 gerer, idler. 
 
 cesso, are, dvi, dtum, ft. 1. to give 
 over, intermit, cease. 
 
 cetcri, ae, a. See caeteri. 
 
 ceterum. See caeterum. 
 
 cetum, i, n. 2. any large sea-fish, a 
 whale. 
 
 Ceyx, ycis, m. 3. a king of Trachi- 
 nia, husband of Alcyone. 
 
 CKalcedon, bnis, f. 3. now Kadi- 
 Keni, an ancient city of Bithynia, 
 opposite Byzantium. 
 
 Chaldaicus, a, um, adj. of Chaldaea, 
 a country of Asia, between the 
 Euphrates and Tigris. 
 
 charla, ae,f. 1. paper. 
 
 Chersiphron, onis, m. 3. a builder of 
 the temple at Ephesus. 
 
 Chersonesus, i, f. 2. (xepvovrjoos) a 
 peninsula. 
 
 Chilo, onis, m. 3. a Spartan philoso- 
 pher, who has been called one of 
 the seven wise men of Greece. 
 
 cibus, i, m. 2. food. 
 
 cicatrix, icis,f. 3. a scar, wound. 
 
 Cicero, onis, m. 3. a native of Ar- 
 pinum, son of a Roman knight, 
 one of the most celebrated of the 
 ancient orators. 
 
 cicoma, ae,f. 1. a stork. 
 
 Cilicia, ae,f. 1. a country of Asia 
 Minor, on the coast of the Medi- 
 terranean. 
 
 Cimbri, drum, m. pi. 2. a people of 
 Germany, who occupied the 
 Chersonesus Cimbrica, or mo- 
 dern Jutland. 
 
 ductus, a, um, part, of cingo. 
 
 Cineas, ae, m. 1. a Thessalian, mi- 
 nister and friend of Pyrrhus,king 
 of Epirus. 
 
 cingo, gere, xi, ctum, a. 3. to gird, 
 encompass, surround. 
 
 cinis, eris, m. 3. ashes. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 129 
 
 Cinna, ae, m. . L. Cornelius, a par 
 tisan of Marius. during the civi 
 wars between him and Sylla. 
 cinndmum, i, n. 2. cinnamon. 
 circa, prep, cum ace. about, around 
 
 in the neighbourhood of. 
 circultus, us, m. 4. a going around. 
 
 circuit. 
 circumddtus, a, urn, pari, of circum- 
 
 do. 
 circumdo, dare, dedi, oldtum, a. 1. 
 {circum et do) to put or set around, 
 surround, encompass. 
 circumeo, Ire, Ivi, et ii, itum, irr. n. 
 
 {circum et eo). 
 circumjluo, ere, xi, xum, n. 3. to flow 
 
 round or about. 
 circumjaceo, ere, ui, n. 2. {circum 
 et jaceo,) to lie about, border up- 
 on. 
 circumsto, stare, steti, n. 1. {circum 
 
 et sto) to stand round, beset. 
 circumvenio, enire, tni, entum, a. 4. 
 {circum et venio) to surround, cir- 
 cumvent, defraud. 
 circumventus, a } um, part, of circum- 
 venio. 
 Ciris, is, f. 3. {fr. Keipco, to cut) a 
 name of Scylla, daughter of Ni 
 sus, king of Megara. It means 
 a lark, into which she was chang- 
 ed. 
 Cisalplnus, a, um, adj. (i. e. qui cis 
 Alpes est) on this side of the Alps 
 (with reference to Rome), Cisal- 
 pine. 
 cista, ae,f. 1. a basket of osiers, a 
 
 chest. 
 citdtus, a, um, part, et adj. stirred 
 
 up, hurried, swift. 
 Cithaeron, onis, m. 3. a mountain of 
 
 Boeotia. 
 citb, tiiis, tissime, adv. quickly. 
 citra, prep, cum ace. et adv. on this 
 
 side. 
 citus, a,, um, adj. quickly. 
 civtcus, a, um, adj. {fr.civis) relat- 
 ing to a citizen ; corona civica, a 
 civic crown. 
 civilis, e, adj. of a citizen, civil. 
 civis, is, c. 3. a citizen. 
 civitas, dtis, f. 3. a city, a state, a 
 constitution, the right of citizen- 
 ship. 
 clades, is, f. 3. overthrow, destruc- 
 tion, disaster. 
 
 clam, adv. secretly ; {pr. cum ace. et 
 
 abl.) without the knowledge of. 
 clamo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to cry 
 
 out or aloud, to call on. 
 clamor, oris, m. 3. a loud voice, cry, 
 
 shout. 
 clandestinus, a, um, adj. secret, hid- 
 den. 
 claritas, dtis,f. 3. brightness, fame. 
 clarus, a, um, adj. clear, loud, re- 
 nowned. 
 Claudius, i, m. 2. the name of an 
 illustrious patrician family at 
 Rome. 
 claudo, dire, si, sum, a. 3. to shut, 
 
 close. 
 claudus, a, um, adj. lame, limping. 
 clausus, a, um, part, of claudo. 
 clavus, i, m. 2. a nail. 
 clemens, tis. adj. mild, merciful. 
 dementia, ae,f. 1. mildness, mercy, 
 
 clemency. 
 Cleopatra, ae.f. 1. a queen of Egypt, 
 
 daughter of Ptolemy Auletes. 
 cloaca, ae, f. 1. a common sewer, 
 
 sink. 
 Cluentius, i, m. 2. a Roman citizen, 
 
 of the family of the Cluentii. 
 Clusium, i, n. 2. now Ckiusi, a town 
 of Etruria, on the banks of the 
 Clanis. 
 clypeus, i, m. 2. a shield. 
 Cueius, i, m. 2. a praenomen com- 
 mon among the Romans. 
 coactus, a, um, part, of cogo. 
 coccyx, ygis, m. 3. a cuckoo. 
 Codes, itis, m. 3. PvJ). Horatius } a 
 
 Roman famed for his valour. 
 coctilis, e, adj. dried, burnt ; later cu- 
 ius, brick. 
 coctus, a, um, part, of coquo. 
 coelum, i, n. 2. et in plural num. coe- 
 li, drum, m. 2. heaven, the cli- 
 mate. 
 coena,, ae,f. 1. supper. 
 coepi,coepisse, def.pret. I begin, have 
 
 begun, or taken in hand. 
 coeptus, a, um, part, of coepi, begun. 
 coerceo, ere, ui, itum, a. 2. {con et ar- 
 ced) to keep in, confine, restrain, 
 check, control. 
 cogitdtio, 6nis,f. 3. a thought, deli- 
 beration. 
 cogitdtum,i, n. 2. a thought. 
 cogito, are, dvi, dtum i a. 1. (for coa- 
 gito) to think. 
 
130 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 cognilus, a, um, part, of cognosco^comedendus, a, urn, part, of comedo , 
 
 known. 
 cognomen, inis, n. 3. a surname. 
 cognosco, oscere, dvi, itum, a. 3. (con 
 
 comedo, edere, edi, esum, a. 3. (con et 
 
 edo) to eat up. 
 com.es, itis, c. 3. a companion. 
 
 et nosco) to know, learn, deter- ] comissor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to go 
 
 mine judicially ; de causa, to de 
 cide a cause. 
 
 cogo, cog ere, coegi, coactum, a.3.(con 
 et ago) to lead together, collect, 
 compel, constrain ; cogere agmen, 
 to bring up the rear. 
 
 cohaereo, rere, si, sum, n. 2. (con et 
 haereo) to hang together, be unit- 
 ed to. 
 
 cohibeo, ere, ui, itum, a. 2. (con et 
 hdbeo) to hold, hold in, restrain, 
 
 cohors, tis, f. 3. a cohort, the tenth 
 part of a legion. 
 
 Colchis, idis,f. 3. now Mingrelia, a 
 country of Asia, east of the Eux- 
 ine sea. 
 
 colldbor, bi, psus sum, d. 3. (con et 
 labor) to fall down, give way. 
 
 colldre, is, n. 3. a collar, a kind of 
 band for the neck. 
 
 Collatlnus, i, m. 2. L. Tarquinius 
 a nephew of Tarquin the Proud, 
 husband of Lucretia. 
 
 collectus, a, um, part, of colligo. 
 
 cottega, ae, m. 1. a colleague. 
 
 collegium,, i, n. 2. a college, society. 
 
 colligo, igere, egi, ectum, a. 3. (con 
 et lego) to gather together, col 
 lect. 
 
 collis, is, m. a hill. 
 
 collbcdtus, a, um, part, of collbco. 
 
 collbco, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (con el 
 loco) to place, settle, 
 
 colloquium, i,n. 2. conversation, con- 
 ference. 
 
 collbquor, qui. quietus vel cuius sum, 
 d. 3. (con et Ibquor) to speak with 
 one, converse. 
 
 collum, i, n. 2. the neck. 
 
 cblo, colere, colui, cultuvi, a. 3. to cul- 
 tivate, look up to with respect, 
 honour, inhabit. 
 
 colonia, ae,f. 1. a colony. 
 
 colonus, i, m. 2. a colonist. 
 
 color, oris, m. 3. a colour. 
 
 columba, ae,f. 1. a dove, pigeon. 
 
 columbdre, is, n. 3. a dove-cot. 
 
 columna, ae,f. 1. a column. 
 
 comburo, urere, ussi,usium, a. 3. (for 
 comuro, con et uro) to burn, con- 
 sume. 
 
 to a feast, to go to. 
 
 comitor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to ac- 
 company, follow. 
 
 commembro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. 
 (con et membro) to make mention 
 of. 
 
 commendo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (con 
 et mando) to commit to one's 
 charge, commend. 
 
 commeo, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. (con et 
 meo) to go, pass, go together. 
 
 commercium, i, n. 2. commerce, traf- 
 fic. 
 
 commigro, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. (con 
 et migro) to migrate. 
 
 comminuo, utre, ui, utum, a. 3. (con 
 et minuo) to break in pieces, 
 bruise, lessen. 
 
 comminutus, a, um, part, of commi- 
 nuo. 
 
 commissus, a, um, part, of committo. 
 
 committo, ittere, isi, issum, a. 3. (con 
 et mitto) to join together, com- 
 mit, consign; pugnam, to join 
 battle ; crimen, to commit a 
 crime. 
 
 commbditas, dtis,f. 3. aptness, con- 
 venience. 
 
 commbdum, i, n. 2. profit, advan- 
 tage. 
 
 commbrior, mbri, mortuus sum, d. 3. 
 (con et morior) to die along with. 
 
 commbror, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. (conet 
 mbror) to abide, stay, tarry. 
 
 commblus, a, um, part, of commbveo. 
 
 commbveo, bvere, bvi, btum, a. 2. 
 (con et mbveo) to move together, 
 move, stir; bellum, to begin a 
 war. 
 
 communico, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (fr. 
 communis) to share with one, im- 
 part, communicate. 
 
 communis, e, adj. common. 
 moedia 
 medy. 
 
 , ad) 
 
 comoedia, ae, f. 1. (*co//w<5ra) a co- 
 
 compdratus, a,um,part. of compdro. 
 
 compdro, are, dvi, atum, a. 1. (con 
 et pdro) to compare, acquire, pro- 
 cure. 
 
 compello, pellere, puii, pulsum, a. 3. 
 (con et pcllo) to drive together, 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 131 
 
 drive, compel ; in fugam, to put 
 to flight. 
 compenso, are, avi, atum, a. 1. (conet 
 penso) to weigh one thing against 
 another, compensate. 
 comperio, erire, eri, ertum, a. 4. (con 
 et pdrio.) to find out, discover, 
 learn. 
 complector, cti, xus, sum, d. 3. (con et 
 plecto) to embrace, to take hold of; 
 complecti arnore, to love. 
 ccmpono, 6nere,osui,ositum, a.3. (con 
 et pono) to put together, compose 
 perform. 
 compositus, a, um, part, of compono. 
 comprehendendus, a, um.part. of com- 
 prehends, to be seized. 
 comprehendo, dere. di, sum, a. 3. (con 
 et prehendo) to lay hold of, com- 
 prehend. 
 comprehensus, a, um. part, of com 
 
 prehendo. 
 compulsus, a, um. part, of compello, 
 condtus, a, um, part, of Conor, 
 concedo, dere. ssi, ssum, a. 3 (con et 
 
 cedo) to yield, concede, allow. 
 conceptus, a, um, part, of concipio. 
 concessus, a, um, part, of concedo. 
 concha. ae,f. 1. a shell-fish, a shell. 
 conchylium, i, n. 2. a shell-fish. 
 concliio, are, avi, atum, a. 1. to unite, 
 join together, conciliate, gain 
 over, reconcile ; conciliare sibi, to 
 acquire for one's self. 
 concinnus, a, um, adj. well-adjusted, 
 
 elegant, agreeable. 
 concio,onis.f 3. an assembly,a meet- 
 ing of the people. 
 concipio, ipere, epi, eptum, a. 3. {con 
 
 et capio) to conceive, draw up. 
 concito, are, avi, dtum.freq. a. I. (con 
 et cito) to stir up, rouse to action, 
 excite. 
 concito', oris, m. 3. one who rouses 
 
 or stirs up. an exciter. 
 concoquo, autre, xi, ctum, a. 3. (con 
 et coquo) to boil, digest, concoct. 
 Concordia, o,e,f. I. union in (corde) 
 heart or mind, unanimity, con- 
 cord. 
 concredo, ere, idi, Uum, a. 3. {con et 
 credo) to consign, confide, en- 
 trust. 
 concremo, are, avi, atum, a. 1. (con et 
 cremo) to burn with, consume by 
 fire. 
 
 m2 
 
 concurro, currere, curri et cucurri t 
 cur sum, n. 3. (con et curro) to run 
 together ; meet. 
 concussus, a, um, part, of concutio, 
 concutio, tere, ssi, ssum, a. 3. {con 
 et quatio) to shake, agitate, dis*- 
 quiet. 
 condendus, a, um, part, of condo. 
 conditio, 6nis,f. 3. a state, situation, 
 condition ; stipulation, terms of 
 agreement. 
 conditus, a, um, part, of condo. 
 condo, ere, idi, Uum, a. 3. (con et do) 
 to lay or treasure up, hide ; to 
 lay together (as bricks in build- 
 ing), construct, found. 
 conduco, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (con et 
 
 duco) to hire, bargain for, 
 confectus, a, um, part, of conficio. 
 confer o,ferre, tuli, latum, irr.a. (con 
 etfero) to carry or bring together, 
 collect; se conferre, to betake 
 one's self, go. 
 conficio, icere, eci, ectum, a. 3. {con 
 etfacio) to do thoroughly, finish, 
 complete ; do up, destroy ; senec- 
 titte, to weaken, exhaust ; plagis, 
 to beat severely ; helium, to ter- 
 minate a war. 
 confido, fidere, fisns sum, n. p. 3. 
 
 to trust, put confidence in. 
 conflatus, a, um, part, of conflo. 
 confllgo, gere, xi, ctum, a. 3. {con et 
 filgo) to dash one thing against 
 another, contend, engage. 
 conflo, are, dvi, atum, a. 1. (conetflo) 
 to blow together, melt together, 
 compose, unite. 
 confluo, ere, xi, xum, n. 3. {con et 
 fluo) to flow together, flock, 
 crowd. 
 confodA, odere, odi, ossum, a. 3. (con 
 
 et fodio) to dig, pierce, stab. 
 confossus, a, um, part, of confodio. 
 confugio, ugere, ugi, ugitum, n. 3. 
 (conet fugio) to flee to, take refuge 
 with, have recourse to. 
 congero, rere, ssi, stum, a. 3, {con et 
 giro) to carry together, heap up, 
 accumulate. 
 congrtdior, idi, gressus sum, d. 3. 
 (con etgredior) to go together, join 
 battle, encounter. 
 congregdlus, a, um, part, of congre- 
 
 congrego, are. avi, dtum } a. 1. {con 
 
132 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 et grex) to collect together, as- 
 semble. 
 
 conjectus, a, um, part, of conjicio. 
 
 conjicio, icere, tci, ectum, a. 3. {con 
 etjdcio) to throw together, conjec- 
 ture. 
 
 conjugium, i, n. 2. marriage, wed- 
 lock. 
 
 conjunctus, a, um, part, of conjungo. 
 
 conjungo, gere, xi, clum, a. 3. {con et 
 jungo) to join together, unite. 
 
 conjurdtus, a, um, part, of conjuro 
 
 conjuro, are dvi, dtum, a. 1. {con et 
 juro) to swear together, league 
 together, conspire. 
 
 conjux or unx, ugis, c. 3. a hus- 
 band, wife. Fr. jugo or jungo, 
 to couple. 
 
 conor, dri, dtus, sum, d. 1. to strive, 
 endeavour, attempt. 
 
 conqueror, ri, stus sum, d. 3. {con et 
 queror) to complain, bewail, la- 
 ment. ' 
 
 conscendo, dere, di, sum, a. 3. {con 
 et scando) to climb up, mount, as- 
 cend. 
 
 conscensus, a, um, part, of conscendo, 
 
 conscieutia,ae,f. 1. joint knowledge 
 conscience. 
 
 conscisco, iscere, ivi, itum, a. 3. {con 
 et scisco) to execute, put in execu- 
 tion ; mortem sibi consciscere, to 
 lay violent hands on one's self. 
 
 conscius, a, um, adj. conscious, privy 
 to. 
 
 consecro, are, dvi,dtum, a. 1. {con et 
 sacro) to consecrate, dedicate. 
 
 consenesco, escere, ui, inc. 3. {con et 
 senesco) to grow old. 
 
 consentio, tire, si, sum, n. 4. {con et 
 sentio) to be of the same opinion, 
 agree, unite. 
 
 consequor, qui, quiitus vel cutus sum, 
 d. 3. {con et sequor) to procure, 
 obtain. 
 
 consequutus or cutus, a, um, part, of 
 consequor. 
 
 consero, erere, erui, ertum, a. 3. {con 
 et sero) to join. 
 
 conservo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {con et 
 servo) to preserve, protect. 
 
 consideo, idere, edi, essum. n. 2. {con 
 et sided) to sit together. 
 
 consldo, idere, edi, essum, n. 3. {con 
 et sido) to sit down together, en 
 camp. 
 
 consilium, i, n. 2. counsel, a plan, 
 purpose, council ; eo consilio, ut, 
 with the intention of, to the end 
 that. 
 
 consisto, sistere, stiti, n. 3. {con et 
 sisto) to stand firmly, stand, con- 
 sist. 
 
 consolor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. {con et 
 solor) to console, comfort, solace. 
 
 conspectus, a, um, part, of conspicio. 
 
 conspectus, us, m. 4. a sight ; in con- 
 spectu, in the sight. 
 
 conspicdtus, a, um, part, of conspicor. 
 
 conspicio, icere, exi, ectum, a. 3. {con 
 et specio) to behold, observe. 
 
 conspicor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to be- 
 hold. 
 
 conspicuus, a, um, adj. conspicuous, 
 ill ustrious. 
 
 constans, tis, adj. firm, steady. 
 
 constituo, uere, ui, iitum, a. 3. {con 
 et stdtuo) to set up, appoint, es- 
 tablish. 
 
 constitutus, a, um, part, of constituo. 
 
 consto, stare, stiti, stdtum, n. 1. to 
 consist of; magno, to be dear; 
 constat, imp. it is certain, evident, 
 known. 
 
 construo, ere, xi, ctum., a. 3. {con et 
 struo) to put together, construct, 
 build, pile up. 
 
 consuesco, escere, evi, etum, n. 3. {con 
 et suesco) to be accustomed or 
 used to, to be in the habit of. 
 
 consuetudo, inis,f. 3. custom, usage, 
 habit. 
 
 consul, ulis, m. 3. a consul. 
 
 consuldris, e, adj. pertaining to the 
 consul ; {vir), one who has held 
 the consulship. 
 
 consuldtus, iis, m. 4. the consulship. 
 
 consulo, ere, ui, turn, a. 3. to consult, 
 deliberate. 
 
 consulto, are, dvi, dtum, freq. 1. to 
 ask advice, consult, deliberate. 
 
 consumo, umere, umsi et umpsi, um- 
 turn et umptum, a. 3. {con et sumo) 
 to destroy, consume, waste. 
 
 consumtus, vel ptus, a, um, part, of 
 consumo. 
 
 contdgiosus, a, um, adj. contagious. 
 
 contemnendus, a, um, part, of con- 
 temn o. 
 
 contemno, nere, si vel psi, turn vel 
 ptum, a. 3. {con et temno) to un- 
 dervalue, contemn, despise. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 13S 
 
 contempldtus, a, um, part, of contem- 
 plor. 
 
 contemplor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to 
 view steadfastly, observe, con- 
 template. 
 
 contemtim et ptim, adv. contemptu- 
 ously, scornfully. 
 
 contemtus vel ptus, a, um, part, of 
 conternno. 
 
 contemtus vel ptus, s. m. 4. contempt, 
 scorn. 
 
 cantendo, dere, di, sum or turn, a. et 
 n. 3. to contend, engage, solicit, 
 ask ; ad aliquem, to go to some 
 one. 
 
 contentio, 6nis,f. 3. a straining; ef- 
 fort, exertion, contention. 
 
 contentus, a, urn, adj. content, satis 
 fled. 
 
 contero,terere, trivi, trltum, a. 3. {con 
 et tiro) to break or bruise small, 
 wear out. 
 
 continent, tis. part, et adj. adjoining, 
 adjacent; continued, successive; 
 temperate. 2./. 3. the continent 
 main land. 
 
 contineo, inere^ inui, entum, a. 2.{con 
 et teneo) to hold together, contain 
 comprehend. 
 
 contingo, tingere, ttgi, tactum, a. 3. 
 {con et tingo) to touch ; contingit 
 (imp.) mini, it happens to me, I 
 have the fortune. 
 
 continuus, a, um, adj. continual, con- 
 tinued, following in close succes- 
 sion. 
 
 contra, prep, cum ace. right opposite 
 to, against ; adv. on the other 
 hand. 
 
 contractus, a, um, part, of contraho. 
 
 contradlco, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. {con- 
 tra et dico) to speak against, con- 
 tradict. 
 
 contradictus, a, um, part, of contra- 
 dico. 
 
 contraho, here, xi, ctum, a. 3. {con 
 ettrdho) to draw together, collect, 
 contract. 
 
 contrdrius, a, um, adj. opposite, con 
 trary. 
 
 contueor, eri, itus sum, d. 2. {con et 
 tueor) to gaze upon, behold, sur- 
 
 vey. 
 contundo, tundere, tudi, tusum, a. 3. 
 {con et tundo) to break, strike, 
 bruise, crush. 
 
 contusus, a,um,part. of contundo. 
 
 convalesco, escere, ui, n. 3. {con et 
 valesco) to grow strong, return to 
 a state of health, recover. 
 
 convenio, enire, eni. entum, n. ^.{con 
 et venio) to come together, meet. 
 
 converto, tere, ti, sum, a. 3. {con et 
 verto) to turn, convert, change ; 
 in usum suum convertere, to apply 
 to his own use ; apply to ; conver- 
 tere se in preces, to have recourse 
 to entreaties: converti infugam, 
 tony. 
 
 conversus, a, um, part, of converto. 
 
 convicium, i, n. 2. loud noise, abuse, 
 reproof. 
 
 covivium, i, n. 2. a banquet, enter- 
 tainment. 
 
 convoco, are, dvi, dtum, a.\. {can et 
 voco) to call together. 
 
 convolvo, vere, vi, utum, a. 3. {con et 
 volvo) to roll together ; convolvi, 
 to roll one's self together. 
 
 cooperio, Ire, ui, turn, a. 4. {conet 
 pdrio) to cover. 
 
 copia, ae, f. 1. plenty, abundance, 
 a swarm, multitude; pi. copiae, 
 troops, forces. 
 
 copiose, adv. plentifully, abundant- 
 
 coquo, quere, xi, ctum, a. 3. to boil, 
 
 bake. 
 coquus, i, m. 2. a cook. 
 cor, dis, n. 3. the heart. 
 coram, prep, cum abl. in the presence 
 
 of, before ; adv. face to face, open- 
 
 Corey ra, ae, f. 2. now Corfu, an isl- 
 and in the Ionian sea, on the 
 
 coast of Epirus. 
 Corinthius, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
 
 Corinth, Corinthian. 
 Corinthus, i. f. 2. an ancient city of 
 
 Greece, now called Corito, on the 
 
 isthmus of Corinth. 
 Coriolanus, i, m. 2. the surname of 
 
 C. Marcius, from his victory over 
 
 Corioli. 
 Corioli, drum, m. pi. 2. a town of 
 
 Latium, on the borders of the 
 
 Volsci. 
 corium, i, n. 2. the skin or hide of a 
 
 beast. 
 Cornelia, ae,f. 1. a Roman lady. 
 Cornelius, i, m. 2. the name of an 
 
 illustrious family at Rome. 
 
134 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 credo, dere, didi,ditum,a. 3. to credit, 
 
 believe, trust. 
 credulus, a, um, adj. easy of belief, 
 
 ciedulous. 
 Cremera, ae, /. 1. a small river of 
 Tuscany, falling into the Tiber. 
 et rego) to make straight, make cremo, are, dvi, atmm, a. 1. to burn, 
 better. set on fire. 
 
 corripio, ipere, ipui, eptum, a. 3.{con creo, are, dvi, atum, a. 1. to make, 
 
 comix, ids, f. 3. a crow. 
 cornu, u, n. 4. a horn. 
 corona, ae,f. 1. a crown. 
 corpus, oris, n. 3. a body, corpse. 
 correptus, a, um, part, of corripio. 
 corngo, igtre, exi, ectum, a. 3. (con 
 
 et rapid) to lay hold of hastily 
 seize. 
 
 cor r 6 do, dere, si, sum, a. 3. {con et 
 rodo) to gnaw. 
 
 corrosus, a, um, part, of corrodo. 
 
 corrumpo, umpire, iipi, upturn, a. 3. 
 (con et rumpd) to waste, injure, 
 corrupt, bribe, 
 
 corruo, uere, ui, n. 3. {con et ruo) to 
 fall together, go to ruin, decay. 
 
 corruytus, a, um, part, of corrumpo. 
 
 Corsica, ae, f.\. an island in the 
 Mediterranean, north of Sardi- 
 nia. 
 
 coruscus, a, um, adj. glittering, shin- 
 ing, bright. 
 
 Corvinus, i, m. 2. a name given to 
 M. Valerius. 
 
 corvus, i, m. 2. a raven. 
 
 Corycius, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
 Corycus, a town and promontory 
 of Cilicia Campestris ; antrum 
 Corycium,the Corycian cave near 
 the town. 
 
 Cos. an abridgment for Consul and 
 Consulem. 
 
 Coss. an abridgment for Consules 
 and Consulibus. 
 
 Cotta, ae, m. 1. the surname of a fa 
 mily which belonged to the gens 
 Aurelia. 
 
 crambe, es,f. 1. a sort of cabbage or 
 cole wort, 
 
 crassus, a, um, adj. thick, coarse. 
 
 Crassus, i, m. 2. the surname of a 
 family belonging to the gens Li- 
 cinia. 
 
 crater, iris, m. 3. {xparfjp) a bowl 
 goblet ; the basin, crater, or hol- 
 low on the top of a volcano. 
 
 Crates, is, m. 3. a philosopher of 
 Thebes in Boeotia,disciple of Di- 
 ogenes the Cynic. 
 credtus, a, um, part, of creo. 
 creber. bra, brum, adj. thick, close 
 
 frequent. 
 crebro, adv. frequently. 
 
 create, appoint, elect. 
 
 cresco, escere, evi, etum, n. 3. to in- 
 crease, grow. 
 Creta, ae,f. 1. now Candia, one of 
 the largest islands of the Mediter- 
 ranean sea, at the south of all the 
 Cyclades. 
 Cretensis, e,adj. pertaining to Crete, 
 Cretan. 
 
 crimen, inis, n. 3. charge, accusa- 
 tion, a crime. 
 
 ci'inis, is. m, 3. the hair. 
 
 Crixus, i, m. 3. a leader of gladia- 
 tors. 
 
 crocodilus, i, m. 2. a crocodile. 
 
 crucidtus, a, um, part, of crucio. 
 
 crucidtus, its, m. 4. torment, tor- 
 ture. 
 
 crucio, d,re, dvi, atum, a. 1. to tor- 
 ture, afflict. Fr. the tortures (cru- 
 ris) of the cross. 
 
 crudelis, e,adj. savage, cruel. 
 
 crudeliter, adv. cruelly. 
 
 crudus, a,, um, adj. raw, rough, 
 rude. 
 
 cruentus, a, um. adj. bloody. 
 
 cruor, oris, m. 3. blood, gore. 
 
 crus, uris, n. 3. the leg. 
 
 crux, ucis,f. 3. a cross. 
 
 cubitum., i, n. 2. et cubitus, i, m. 2. 
 the arm below the elbow, the el- 
 bow. 
 
 culex, iris, m. 3. a gnat. 
 
 culpa, ae, /. 1 . a fault, offence ; 
 blame. 
 
 culyo, are, dvi, atum, a.l.to blame. 
 
 cultellus, i, m. 2. a knife. 
 
 cultus. a, um. part, of colo. 
 
 cum. prep, cum abl. with ; adv. when ; 
 cum. ..turn ..both. ..and. In compo- 
 sition cum increases the force of 
 the simple word. 
 
 cunctdtio, 6nis,f. 3. delay, a linger- 
 ing, hesitation. 
 
 cuniculus, i, m. 2. a rabbit. 
 
 cupiditas, dtis, f. 3, a desire eager- 
 ness. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 135 
 
 cupldo, %nis,f. 3. desire. 
 
 cupidus. a, um, adj. desirous. 
 
 cupio, ere Ivi. et ii, ikim, a. 3. to 
 desire. 
 
 cur, adv. why 1 for what reason 1 
 
 cur a, ae,f. 1. care, solicitude, anx- 
 iety. 
 
 Cures, item, f. pi. 3. a town of the 
 Sabines, of which Tatius was 
 king. The inhabitants, called 
 Quirites, were carried to Rome. 
 
 curia, ae, f. 1. a curia, one of the 
 thirty parts into which Romulus 
 divided the Roman people ; a 
 place of meeting, the senate- 
 house. 
 
 Curiatii, drum, m. pi. 2. a family of 
 Alba, carried to Rome by Tullus 
 Hostilius, and entered among the 
 patricians. The three Curiatii, 
 who engaged the Horatii, were 
 of this family. 
 
 euro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to take 
 care of attend to, be concerned 
 about. 
 
 eurro, currere, cucurri, cursum, n. 3. 
 to run. 
 
 currus, us, m 3. a chariot. 
 
 Cursor, oris, m. 3. L. Papirius, an 
 illustrious citizen of Rome. 
 
 cursus, us, m. 4. the act of running, 
 running; a course. 
 
 curvus, a, um, adj. curved, crook- 
 ed. 
 
 custodia, ae, f. 1. the act of keep 
 ing, a guard, guard-house, pri- 
 son. 
 
 custodio, ire, Ivi, IPum, a. 4. to 
 guard. 
 
 rustos, odis, m. 3. a guard, keep- 
 er. 
 
 cutis. is,f. 3. the skin. 
 
 cyaneus, a, um, adj. (kvolvios) of a 
 bright blue, azure. 
 
 Cyclddes, um,f. pi. 3. a name given 
 to certain islands of the Aegaean 
 sea, that surround Delos, as with 
 a circle (k-vkX^). 
 
 Cyclopes, um, m. pi. 3. a race of 
 men of gigantic stature, who in- 
 habited the western parts of Si- 
 cily. 
 
 Cydnus, i, m. 2. a river of Cilicia 
 Campestris, which falls into the 
 sea a little below Tarsus, 
 
 CylUne, es,f. 1. a mountain of Ar- 
 cadia. 
 
 cymba, ae,f. 1. a boat. 
 
 cymbdlum, i, n. 2. a cymbal, hollow 
 musical instrument of brass. 
 
 Cynicus, i, m. 2. a Cynic, one of the 
 Cynici, a sect of philosophers 
 founded by Antisthenes. 
 
 Cynocephdlae, drum, f. pi. 1. emi- 
 nences in Thessaly. 
 
 Cynocephdli, orurn, m. pi. 2. a na- 
 tion in India, who have the head 
 of a dog. according to some tra- 
 ditions ; probably a species of 
 baboons. 
 
 Cynocephdlus , i, m. an Egyptian 
 deity. 
 
 Cynossema, dtis, n. 3. a promontory 
 of the Thracian Chersonesus. 
 
 Cynthus, i, m. 2. a mountain of 
 Delos. 
 
 Cyrenaeus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
 Cyrene. 
 
 Cyrenaica, ae, f. 1. a country of 
 Africa, east of the Syrtis Minor. 
 It corresponds with the modern 
 Barca. 
 
 Cyrene, es, et Cyrenae, drum, f. 1. 
 the capital of Cyrenaica. 
 
 Cyrencnsis, e, adj. pertaining to 
 Cyrene. 
 
 Cyrnus, i, m. 2. (Kvpvos) a name of 
 Corsica. 
 
 Cyrus, i, m. 2. a king of Persia. 
 
 Cyzlcus, i,f. 2. an island of the Pro- 
 pontis ; a town upon the island. 
 
 D. 
 
 Daedalus, i, m. 2. an Athenian, the 
 most ingenious artist of his age. 
 
 damnandus, a, um, part, of damno. 
 
 damndtus, a, um, part, of damno. 
 
 damno, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to con- 
 demn ; damnare capitis, to con- 
 demn to death. 
 
 damnosus, a, um, adj. hurtful, pre- 
 judicial, injurious. 
 
 Danaus, i, m. 2. a son of Belus and 
 brother of Aegyptus, who esta- 
 blished himself on the throne of 
 Argos. He was the first of the 
 race of the Belldes. 
 
 dandus, a, um, part, of do. 
 
 Danuhius, i, m. 2. the Danube^ the 
 
136 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 largest river in Europe, except 
 the Rha or Volga. 
 
 daps, ddpis,f. 3. a banquet, repast, 
 meal. 
 
 Dardania, ae, f. ■ 1. a district of 
 Troas, in the north-western part 
 of Asia Minor, extending from 
 Abydos to the promontory of 
 Rhoeteum. 
 
 ddturus, a, um, part, of do. 
 
 ddtus, a, urn., part, of do. 
 
 de, prep. c. abl. of, from, outof,touch- 
 ing, concerning. 
 
 dea, ae,f 1. a goddess. 
 
 debelldtus, a, um, part, of debello. 
 
 debello, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (de et 
 bello) to finish a war, vanquish, 
 subdue. 
 
 debeo, ere, ui, itum, a. 2. to owe, be 
 in debt, be obliged. 
 
 debilis, e, adj. feeble, infirm. 
 
 debilito, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to ener- 
 vate, enfeeble. 
 
 debitus, a, um, part, owing, due. 
 
 dice do, dere, ssi, ssum, n. 3. (de et 
 ctdo) to go away, withdraw, yield, 
 depart this life, die. 
 
 decemvir, i, m. 2. one of ten men 
 appointed to execute jointly any 
 public commission ; thence called 
 Decemviri. 
 
 decemo, cernere, crevi, cretum, a. 3. 
 (de et cerno) to judge, determine, 
 decree, contend ; bellum alicui, to 
 delegate to one the command of a 
 
 decumbo, umbere, cubui, ubitum, n. 3. 
 
 (de et cubo) to lie down. 
 decurro, cur r ere, curri et cucurn t 
 
 cursum, n. 3. (de et curro) to run 
 
 down, flow down. 
 deditio, onis.f 3. a yielding up, sur- 
 render. 
 deditus, a, um, part, of dedo. 
 dedo, dere, didi, ditum, a. 3. to give 
 
 up, surrender. That is, (Do) I 
 
 give (de) away from myself. 
 dediico, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (de et 
 
 diico^ to bring down, lead forth. 
 deductus, a, um, part, of deduco. 
 defatigdtus, a, um, part, of defatigo. 
 defatigo, are, dvi, dtum. a. 1. (de et 
 
 faligo) to weary out, fatigue. 
 defeclio, onis, f. 3. et defectus, its, m. 
 
 4. a deficiency, want ; also, an 
 
 eclipse (of the sun or moon). 
 defendo, dere, di, sum, a. 3. (de et 
 
 fendo, to hit) to hit off, ward off; 
 
 protect, defend. 
 defensus, a, um, part, of defendo. 
 defer o, ferre, tuli, latum, irr. a. (de 
 
 ctfero) to carry down or along, 
 
 bring, bestow. 
 deficio, icere, eci, ectum, a. et n. 3. 
 
 (de etfdcio) to decrease, fail, be 
 
 wanting. 
 defleo, ere, evi, Hum, a. 2. (de etfleo) 
 
 to bewail, lament, deplore. 
 defiuo, uere, uxi, uxum, n. 3. (de et 
 
 fluo) to flow down. 
 defodio. odere, odi. ossum, a. 3. (d* 
 
 etfodio) to dig, bury. 
 
 war. 
 
 decerpo, ere, si, turn, a. 3. (de et carpo)\deformis, e, adj. deformed, ugly 
 to pluck off, take away, lessen, ideformitas dtis.f. 3. deformity. 
 decido, idere, idi, n. 3. (de et cado) defossus, a, um, part, of defodio. 
 
 to fall from or down, fall. 
 decimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. the 
 
 tenth. 
 Decius, i, m. 2. a name among the 
 
 Romans. 
 decldro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (de et 
 
 cldrd) to declare, show clearly, 
 
 manifest. 
 
 defunclus, a, um, part, of defungor, 
 
 (vita) dead. 
 defungor, gi, ctus sum, d. 3. (de et 
 
 fungor) to perform, be freed 
 
 from. 
 dego, gere, gi, a. et n. 3. (for deago. 
 
 i. e. vitam, aetatem, tempus,) to 
 
 lead, pass, spend, dwell. 
 
 decoctus, a, um, part, of decoquo. degusto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (de et 
 decoquo, quere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (de et gusto) to taste. 
 
 coquo) to boil, boil away. deinde, adv. after that, next in 
 
 decorus, a, um, adj. comely, beauti- order. 
 
 ful, decorous, decorated. 
 decretus, a, um, part, of decemo. 
 deer e sco, crescere, crevi, cretum, n. 
 
 3. (de et cresco) to decrease, wear' Minor by Pompey. 
 
 away. \dejectus, a, um, part, of dejicio. 
 
 Deiotdrus, i, m. 2. first distinguished 
 as tetrarch of Galatia, and after- 
 wards made king of Armenia 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 137 
 
 dejicio, icere, eci, ectum. a. 3. {de et 
 jdcio) to throw down. 
 
 deldbor, bi, psus sum, d. 3. {de et 
 labor) to fall or slide down. 
 
 delapsus, a, um, part, of delabor. 
 
 deldlus, a, um, part, of defero. 
 
 delecto, dre, dvi, alum, a. 1. (fr. de- 
 licto, delectum,fr. lacio) to delight, 
 please. 
 
 delectus, a, um, part, of deligo. 
 
 delendus, a. um, part, of deleo. 
 
 deleo, ere, evi, etum, a.2. to blot out. 
 efface, destroy. 
 
 dcletus, a, um, part, of deleo. 
 
 deliciae, drum,/. 1. delights, luxu- 
 ries. 
 
 delictum, i, n. 2. a fault. Fr. delin- 
 quo, delictum, a failure in duty. 
 
 deligo. igere, egi : ectum, a. 3. {de et 
 lego) to choose out. select. 
 
 Delphicws, a. um, adj. pertaining to 
 Delphi. 
 
 Delphi, drum, m. pi. 2. now Caslri, 
 a town of Phocis, famous for a 
 temple and oracle of Apollo. 
 
 delphinus, i, m. 2. (AeA</>iV) a dol- 
 phin. 
 
 Delta., ae, f. 1. that part of Egypt 
 near the Mediterranean, be- 
 tween the Canopic and Pelusiac 
 mouths of the Nile. It was so 
 called from its resemblance to the 
 form of the fourth letter of the 
 Greek alphabet, A. 
 
 delubrum-, i, n. 2. {fr. deluo, to 
 cleanse, purify) an altar, temple, 
 or" sacred place. 
 
 Delus vel-os, i, f. 2. an island of the 
 Aegaean, situate in the centre of 
 the Cyclades, the birth-place of 
 Apollo and Diana. 
 
 Demardtus, i. m. 2. a rich citizen of 
 Corinth, father of Lucumo, after- 
 wards Tarquinius Priscus. 
 
 demergo, gtre, si, sum, a. 3. {de et 
 mergo) to plunge, sink, drown. 
 
 demersus. a. um, part, of demergo. 
 
 Demetrius, i, m. 2. a prince of Ma- 
 cedonia. 
 
 deniissus, a. um, part, of demitto. 
 
 demitto ittere, Isi, issum, a. 3. {de et 
 mitto) to throw or send down. 
 
 Democritus, i, m. 2. a celebrated phi- 
 losopher of Abdera, commonly' 
 known under the appellation ofj 
 the laughing philosopher. 
 
 demonstrdturus, a, um, part, of de- 
 monstro. 
 
 demons tro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {de 
 et monstro) to point out, show, de- 
 monstrate. 
 
 Demosthenes, is, m. 3. a celebrated 
 orator of Athens, born B. C. 
 381. 
 
 demum, adv. at length, in fine, only, 
 merely. 
 
 deni, ae, a, distr. num. adj. pi. every 
 ten. 
 
 denique, adv. in fine, lastly. 
 
 dens, lis, m. 3. a tooth. 
 
 densus, a, um } adj. thick, close. 
 
 Dentdtus, i, m. 2. Siccius, celebrat- 
 ed for the large number of re- 
 wards which he earned by his 
 valour. 
 
 denuntio, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {de et 
 nuntio) to denounce,declare,fore- 
 warn. 
 
 depascor, ci, tus sum, d. 3. (de etpas- 
 cof) to feed upon, eat up. 
 
 depingo, ngere, nxi, ctum, a. 3. {de et 
 pingo) to paint, depict, figure. 
 
 deploro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (de et 
 ploro) to deplore, lament, be- 
 wail. 
 
 depono, onere, osui, bsitum, a. 3. (de 
 et pono) to lay or put down. 
 
 depopuldtus, a, um, part, of depapu- 
 lor. 
 
 depopulor, dvi, dtus sum, d. 1. {de et 
 populor) to lay waste, ravage, de- 
 populate. 
 
 deprehendo, dere, si, sum, a. 3. {de 
 et prehendo) to seize, catch, take 
 unawares. 
 
 deprehensus, a, um, part, of depre- 
 hendo. 
 
 depulso, are, dvi, dtum, freq. 1. (de 
 etpulso) to drive down or away. 
 
 descendo, dere, di, sum, n. 3. {de et 
 scando,) to descend. 
 
 descrlbo. here, psi, plum, a. 3. (de et 
 scribo) to describe, arrange, dis- 
 tribute. 
 
 desero, rere, rui, rtum, a. 3. (de et 
 sero) to abandon, forsake. 
 
 desertum, i, n. 2. a desert. 
 
 desertus,a,um, part. et. adj. forsaken, 
 lonely, uninhabited, waste. 
 
 desiderium, i, n. 2. a longing for, 
 desire ; grief for the want of, re- 
 gret. 
 
138 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 disino, sinere, slvi et sii, sltum, a. et 
 
 n. 3. (de et sino) to cease, leave 
 
 off, give over, abandon. 
 desptrdtus, a, um, part, of despero 
 despero, are, dvi. dtum, a. 1. {de et 
 
 spero) to despair of. 
 desponsdtus, a, um, part, of despon- 
 
 so. 
 desponso, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. freq. 
 
 (fr. despondeo,) to promise in 
 
 marriage, betroth. 
 destino, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to make 
 
 fast, fix, assign, appoint, aim at. 
 desum, esse, fui, futurus, irr. n. {de 
 
 et sum) to be wanting, fail. 
 deterior, adj. comp. deterrimus, sup. 
 
 (no positive), {fr. dettro) worse. 
 deterreo, ere, ui, itum, a. 2. (de et 
 
 terreo) to deter, frighten, discour- 
 age. 
 detestor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. {de et 
 
 testor) to detest. 
 detractus, a, um, part, of detraho. 
 detrdho, here, xi, ctum, a. 3. {de et 
 
 traho) to draw down or off, to 
 
 take away. 
 detrlmentum, i, n. 2. damage, loss. 
 
 Fr. detrilum, supine of dettro. 
 deus. i, m. etf. (Qeds) God, a deity 
 
 divinity. 
 deveho, here, xi, ctum, a. 3. (de et 
 
 veho) to carry down, convey, 
 
 transport. 
 devexus, a, um, adj. inclining down 
 
 wards, sloping. 
 dtvictus, a, um, part, of dexinco. 
 devmco, vincere, vici, victum, a. 3. 
 
 (de et vinco) to conquer, van 
 
 quish. 
 devolo, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. (de et 
 
 volo) to fly down, fly away. 
 devorandus, a, um, part, of devoro. 
 devordtus, a, um, part, of devoro. 
 devoro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (de et 
 
 voro) to devour, eat up. 
 devotns, a, um, part, of devoveo. 
 devoveo, overe, ovi, otum, a. 2. {de et 
 
 voveo) to vow, doom, devote, offer 
 
 up, immolate. 
 dexter, ter a, et tra,terum, ettrum, adj. 
 
 right, on the right hand. 
 dextra, ae,f. 1. the right hand. 
 diadema, atis, n. 3. (SidSn^a) a di- 
 adem. 
 Diagcras, ae, m. 1. an athlete of 
 
 Rhodes, 460 B. C. He saw his 
 
 three sons crowned the same day 
 at Olympia, and died through 
 excess of joy. 
 
 dialectus, i'f. 2. a dialect. 
 
 Diana, ae,f. 1. the sister of Apollo. 
 
 dico, are, dvi, dtum, a.l.to assign, 
 dedicate, consecrate. 
 
 dlco, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. to say, tell, 
 speak. 
 
 dictator, oris, m. 3. {fr. dido) a chief 
 magistrate elected on extraordi- 
 nary occasions, and vested with 
 absolute authority; a Dictator. 
 
 dido, are, dvi. dtum, a. 1. {freq. of 
 dico) to speak or dictate what an- 
 other may write. 
 
 dictum, i, n. 2. a word, saying, ex- 
 pression. 
 
 dictus, a, um, part, of dlco. 
 
 dies, Bi, m. vel f. in sing. m. in pi. 
 5. a day. 
 
 differo, differre, distuli, dildtum, irr. 
 a. etn. to carry hither and thither, 
 be different. 
 
 difficile, adv. with difficulty. 
 
 difficilis, e, adj. difficult. For dis- 
 facilis; dis contradicts, as in dis- 
 similis. 
 
 difficultas, atis, f 3. difficulty, trou- 
 ble, a bad condition. 
 
 digitus, i, m. 2. a finger, a finger's 
 breadth. 
 
 digndtus, a, um, part, of dignor. 
 
 dignitas, atis, f. 3. dignity, rank, 
 honour. 
 
 dignor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to think 
 {dignum) worthy; to think a 
 thing worthy to do, deign to do. 
 
 dignus, a, um, adj. worthy, deserv- 
 ing of. 
 
 dildnio, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (di et 
 lanio) to tear or rend in pieces, 
 mangle. 
 
 diligens, tis, adj. {fr. dlligo) fond 
 of, partial to a pursuit, diligent, 
 attentive. 
 
 dlligenter, adv. {ius,issime)di\igent- 
 \y, attentively. 
 
 dlligo, igere, exi, ectum, a. 3. to es- 
 teem highly, love. For dilego, 
 to choose one apart from oth- 
 ers. 
 
 dimicdtio, 6nis,f. 3. a flight, encoun* 
 ter, contest. 
 
 dlmicdtus, a, um, part, of dlmico. 
 
 dimico, are, dvi, (rarely ui,), dtum t 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 139 
 
 a. 1. (di et micoi) to fight, encoun- 
 ter, contend. 
 
 dlmissus, a, um, part, of dlmitto. 
 
 dlmittendus, a, um, part, of dlmitto, 
 
 dlmitto, ittere, Isi, issum, a. 3. (di et 
 mitto) to let go, dismiss. 
 
 Diogenes, i, m. 3. a celebrated Cy- 
 nic philosopher of Sinope. 
 
 Diomedcs, is, m. 3. a king of Aetolia, 
 one of the bravest of the Grecian 
 chiefs in the Trojan war. 
 
 diphthongus, i, f 2. a diphthong. 
 
 diremturus, a. um, part, of dirimo. 
 
 direptus, a, um, part, of dlripio. 
 
 dirimo, imere, emi, emtum xel emp- 
 tum, a. 3. (dis et emo) to divide, 
 separate, determine. 
 
 dlripio, ipere, ipui, eptum, a. 3. (di et 
 rdpio) to plunder, spoil, pillage, 
 
 dlruo, uere, ui, utum, a. 3. (di etruo) 
 to overthrow, destroy. 
 
 dlrus, a, um, adj. dreadful, dire, por- 
 tentous. 
 
 dlrutus, a,, um, part, of dlruo. 
 
 discedo, dere, ssi, ssum, n. 3. (dis et 
 cedo) to go away, depart. 
 
 discendus, a, um, part, of disco. 
 
 discerpo, pere, psi, ptum, a. 3. (dis et 
 carpo) to tear in pieces, rend. 
 
 discerptus, a, um, part, of discerpo. 
 
 disciplina, ae,f. 1. instruction, dis- 
 cipline. 
 
 discipulus. i, m. 2. (fr. disco)a, learn- 
 er, pupil. 
 
 disco, discere, didlci, a. 3. to learn. 
 
 discordia, ae,f. 1. discord, disagree- 
 ment. 
 
 discordo, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. to be 
 at variance, disagree, differ. 
 
 discrepo, are, dvi vet ui, n. 1. (dis et 
 crepo) to differ in sound, vary, dis- 
 agree. 
 
 diserte, adv. clearly, expressly, elo- 
 quently. 
 
 disputdtio, onis, f. 3. a learned dis- 
 cussion, discourse. 
 
 dissimilis, e, adj. (dis et siinilis) m> 
 like, dissimilar. 
 
 distinctus, a, um, part, of distinguo, 
 
 distinguo, guere, xi, ctum, a. 3. 
 (di et stinguo) to distinguish by 
 marks, mark, adorn. 
 
 disto, stdre, n. 1. (di etsto) to stand 
 apart, be distant. 
 
 distribuo, uere, ui, utum, a. 3. (dis et 
 tribuo) to divide, distribute. 
 
 ditior, v. dives. 
 
 ditissimus, v. dives. 
 
 diu, adv. (diutius, diutissime.) for a 
 long time. 
 
 diurnus, a, um, adj. (fr. diu) diur- 
 nal, daily. 
 
 diutinus, a, um, adj. (fr. diu) last- 
 ing. 
 
 diuturnitas, dtis,f. 3. length of time, 
 long duration. 
 
 diuturnus, a, um, adj. (fr. diu) last- 
 ing. 
 
 dlvello, vellere, velli, (saepius quam 
 vulsi), vulsum, a. 3. (di et vello) to 
 pull asunder, disjoin, pull off. 
 
 dlversus, a, um, adj. different. 
 
 dives, itis, (ditior for dlvitior, di' 
 tissimus for dlvitissimus) rich, 
 wealthy. 
 
 dlvido, idere, Isi, isum, a. 3. to di- 
 vide. 
 
 dlvlnus, a, um, ^'.relating to(ZHi;i) 
 the Gods, divine. 
 
 dlvlsus, a, um, part, of dlvido. 
 
 dlvitiae, drum, f. pi. 1. (fr. dives- 
 itis) riches. 
 
 divulsus, a, um, part, of dlvello. 
 
 do, dare, dedi, datum, a. 1. (fr. Jow, 
 Sco) to give ; dare viam, to give 
 way ; dans, a giver ; poenasdare 1 
 to suffer punishment ; crimini, to 
 accuse. 
 
 doceo, ere, ui, turn, a. 2. to teach. 
 
 docilitas, dtis, f. 3. aptness to learn, 
 docility. 
 
 djoctrlna, ae, f 1. instruction. The 
 art of making (doctum) learned. 
 
 doctus. a, um, part, of doceo. 
 
 disputo, are, dvi, dtum, a. I. to de- 
 bate, argue. Said of persons who 
 
 in discourse (putant diversa) dire^Dddona, ae, /La famous city of 
 of opposite sentiments. Epirus ; with a forest in the neigh- 
 
 dissemino, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to bourhood,situate near the sources 
 spread abroad. of the Acheron. 
 
 dissero, ere, ui, turn, a. 3. to say, de- doleo, ere, ui, itum, n. 2. to grieve, 
 bate, discuss. sorrow, be in pain. 
 
 dAssidium, i,n. 2. (fr. dissideo ,to dis- dolor, oris, m. 3. (fr. doleo) grief, 
 agree with) disagreement. i pain. 
 
 PART I. N 
 
140 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 dolus, i, m. 2. (AoXos) a device, art- 
 ful contrivance, wile. 
 domesticus, a,um, adj. appertaining 
 
 to (domum) a house, domestic 
 domicilium, i, n. 2. (fr. domus) a 
 
 house, place of abode. 
 domina, ae,f. 1. a mistress {domiis) 
 
 of a house. 
 domindtio, onis, f. 3. dominion, des- 
 potism, tyranny, 
 dbminus, i, m. 2. a master {domus) 
 
 of a house ; master, lord. 
 domitus, a, urn, part, of dbmo. 
 domo, are, ui, itnm, a. 1. (/r. Safxau, 
 
 w) to subdue, vanquish, break or 
 
 tame wild animals. 
 domus, i et us, 2. et 4. (Afyo?) a 
 
 house. 
 dondtus, a, um, paH. of ^6710. 
 donee, adv. while, until. 
 dono, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to give, 
 
 bestow freely, present. 
 donum, i, n. 2. a gift. 
 Doricus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
 
 the Dorians, Doric. 
 dormio, Ire, Ivi, Hum, n. 4. to sleep 
 dorsum, i, n. 2. the back. 
 dos, dotis, f. 3, (Aws) a marriage- 
 portion, dowry. 
 draco, onis, m. 3. (Apaxcov) a dragon. 
 Druidae, drum, m. pi. 1. the Druids, 
 
 priests of Britain and Gaul. A 
 
 Celtic word. 
 dubitdtio, onis, f. 3. a doubting ; 
 
 doubt, hesitation. 
 dubito, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. {dubius) 
 
 to be in doubt, hesitate. 
 dubium, i, n. 2. doubt ; sine et pro- 
 
 cul dubio, without doubt, beyond 
 
 a doubt, doubtless. 
 ducendus, a, um, part, of duco. 
 ducenti, ae, a, card. num. adj.pl. two 
 
 hundred. 
 duco, cere., xi, ctum, a. 1. to lead, 
 
 cany, draw; uxorem, to marry; 
 
 exequias, to discharge the last 
 
 duties to any one. 
 ductus, a, um, part, of duco. 
 Duillius, i, m. 2. C. Nepos, a Roman 
 
 consul, the first who obtained a 
 
 victory over the naval power of 
 
 Carthage, B. C. 260. 
 dulcis, e. adj. sweet. 
 dum, adv. as long as, whilst, until 
 duo, ae, o, card. num. adj. pi. (AxJo) 
 
 two. 
 
 duodecim, card. num. adj. pi. ind. 
 twelve. 
 
 duodecimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. 
 the twelfth. 
 
 duodeviginli, card. num. adj. ind. 
 two from twenty, eighteen. 
 
 duritia, ae,f. 1. vel durities, iei, f, 
 5. (durus) hardness. 
 
 diirus, a, um, adj. hard, harsh, se- 
 vere. 
 
 dux, duds, c. 3. (fr. duco, ducci) a 
 leader, guide, general. 
 
 Dionysius, i, m. 2. the 1st, or the 
 elder, a tyrant of Syracuse. The 
 2nd, surnamed the younger, was 
 son of the 1st, and succeeded his 
 father as tyrant of Sicily. 
 
 E. 
 
 e, ex, prep. c. abl. (e£) from, out of, 
 
 among. 
 ebibo, ibere, xbi, ibitum, a. 3. (eet bibo) 
 
 to drink up. 
 ebrietas, dtis,f.3. {fr. ebrius, drunk) 
 
 drunkenness. 
 ebur, oris, n. 3. ivory. 
 edico, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. {e et dico) 
 
 to speak out, declare publicly, 
 
 announce. 
 editus, a, um, part, of edo. 
 edo, dere, didi, ditum, a. 3. {e et do) 
 
 to give out, publish, proclaim; 
 
 spectaculum, to give an exhibi- 
 tion ; slragem, to make a slaugh- 
 ter, to overthrow. 
 edo, edere, vel esse, edi, esum, irr. a. 
 
 (iSco) to eat. 
 eduedtus, a, um, part, of educo. 
 educo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1 (/r. duco) 
 
 to bring up, educate. 
 educo, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (e et duco) 
 
 to lead forth. 
 efficio, icere, eci, eclum, a. 3. (e et 
 
 fdcio) to bring to pass, accomplish, 
 
 make. 
 effigies, iei,f. 5. an image. 
 efflo, are, dvi, dtum, a. I. (e etflo) to 
 
 breathe out ; animam, to breathe 
 
 one's last, die. 
 effugio, ugere, ugi, ngitum, a. et n. 3. 
 
 (e etfugio) to fly from, fly away, 
 
 escape. 
 effundendus, a, um, part, of effun- 
 
 do. 
 effundo, f under e, fudi, fiisum, a. 3. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 141 
 
 (e et fundo) to pour out, spill, 
 
 waste. 
 effusus, a, um, part, of effundo. 
 egeo, ere, ui, n. 2. to be in want of, 
 
 want. 
 Egeria, ae, f. a nymph of Aricia 
 
 in Italy, who was courted by 
 
 Numa, and according to Ovid be- 
 came his wife. 
 egero, rere, ssi, stum, a. 3. (e et gero) 
 
 to carry out. cast out. 
 egestus, a, um part, of egero. 
 ego, mei, pro. I. 
 egredior, di, ssus sum, d. 3. (e et 
 
 grddior) to walk out, go forth. 
 egregie, adv. in a distinguished 
 
 manner. 
 egregius, a, um, adj. eminent, sur- 
 passing ; one chosen {e grege) out 
 
 of the flock. 
 egressus, a, um, part, of egredior. 
 eldbor, bi, psus sum, d.o. (e et labor) 
 
 to slide away, escape, disappear. 
 elapsus, a, um, part, of eldbor. 
 Elephantis, idis,f. 3. an island and 
 
 city of the Nile in Egypt. 
 elephantus, i. m. 2. et elephas, antis, 
 
 m. 3. an elephant. 
 Eleusinii, drum, m. pi. 2. the inha- 
 bitants of Eleusis. 
 Eleusis et -in. Inis, f. 3. a town of 
 
 Attica, celebrated for the festivals 
 
 of Ceres. 
 elido, dere, si., sum, a. 3. {e etlaedo) 
 
 to dash in pieces, crush. 
 cligo, igere, egi, ectum, a. 3. (e et 
 
 lego) to pick out, select. 
 eloquens, tis, adj. -ntior, -ntissimus, 
 
 eloquent. 
 eloquentia, ae, f. 1. eloquence. 
 eloquor, qui, quutus vel cutus sum, 
 
 d. 3. (e et loquor) to speak out or 
 
 plainly, say. 
 6luceo, cere, xi, n. 2. (e et luceo) to 
 
 shine forth. 
 Zmergo, gere, si, sum, n. 3. (e et 
 
 mergo) to come out, rise up, 
 
 emerge. 
 emineo, ere, ui, n. 2. {e et mdneo) to 
 
 rise above, be conspicuous, be 
 
 eminent. 
 emitto, ittere, Isi, issum, a. 3. {e et 
 
 mitto) to send forth; in mare 
 
 emitti, to empty into the sea. 
 emo, emere, emi, emtum vel emptum, 
 
 a. 3. to take ; as in demo, adimo, 
 buy, purchase. 
 
 embrior, mbri, mortuus sum, d. 3. to 
 die. 
 
 emtus vel emptus, a, um, part, of emo. 
 
 enascor, nasci, ndtus sum, d. 3. (e et 
 nascor) to spring from, grow up, 
 be born of. 
 
 endtus, a, um, part, of enascor. 
 
 nneco, are, ui, turn, vel dvi, dtum, a. 
 1. (e et neco) to kill, slay. 
 
 enervo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to weak- 
 en, enervate. 
 
 enim, adv. for, indeed. 
 
 Enna, ae,f. 1. a town of Sicily, situ- 
 ate on an eminence in the middle 
 of the island. 
 
 Ennius, i, m. 2. an ancient poet, 
 born at Rudiae in Calabria, flou- 
 rished towards the close of the 
 first Punic war. 
 
 enuntio, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {e et 
 nuntio) to pronounce, publish, de- 
 clare. 
 
 eo, Ire, Ivi, itum, irr. n. (ecu) to go. 
 
 ed, adv. thither, so far. 
 
 Eous, i, m. 2. Lucifer, the morning 
 star. 
 
 Eous, a, um, adj. ('H£os fr. 'Hwj 
 the morning) of the morning, 
 eastern. 
 
 Epaminondas, ae, m. 1. a famous 
 Theban, descended from the an- 
 cient kings of Boeotia. 
 
 EpMsus, i, m. 2. a city of Ionia, 
 famous for a temple of Diana, 
 one of the seven wonders of the 
 world. 
 
 Ephialtes, is, m. 3. a giant, son of 
 Neptune and brother of Otus. 
 They were called Aloides, from 
 their reputed father Aloeus. 
 
 Epimenides, is, m. 3. an epic poet oi 
 Crete, contemporary with Solon. 
 
 Eplrus, i, f. 2. a country of Greece, 
 to the west of Thessaly, lying 
 along the Hadriatic. 
 
 epistbla, ae, f. 1. (eTrto-roX)?) an epis- 
 tle, a letter. 
 
 epitome, es.f. 1. (e-mroufi) an abridg- 
 ment, abstract. 
 
 epitlae, drum,/. 1. (for edxpulae,fr, 
 edo) food, a feast, banquet. 
 
 epulor, art, dtus, sum, d. 1. to feast, 
 banquet. 
 
142 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 eques, His, m. 3. a horseman 
 knight. 
 
 equidem, conj. indeed, truly, for my 
 part. 
 
 equitdtus, its, m. 4. cavalry. 
 
 equito, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to ride. 
 
 equus, i, m. 2. a horse. 
 
 erectus, a, um, adj. et part. (fr. eri- 
 go) raised up, upright, erect. 
 
 erepius, a, um, part, of ertpio. 
 
 erga, prep. c. ace. over against, to- 
 wards. 
 
 ergo, conj. on account of, there 
 fore. 
 
 erigo, igere, exi, ectum, a. 3. (e et 
 rego) to set upright. 
 
 erindceus, i, m. 2. a hedge-hog. 
 
 eripio, ipere, ipui, eptum, a. 3. (e et 
 rapio) to take away by force. 
 
 erro, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. to wander, 
 stray, err. 
 
 erodo, dere, si, sum, a. 3. (e et ro- 
 do) to gnaw off, eat into, con- 
 sume. 
 
 eriidio, ire, ivi, et ii, itum, a. 4. to 
 instruct, inform. E rudi doctum 
 facio. 
 
 eruditio, onis, f. 3. a teaching, in- 
 struction, learning. 
 
 eruditus, a, um, part, of erudio. 
 
 esurio, Ire, ivi, itum, n. 4. {fr. esu- 
 rus,fr edo) to desire to eat, be 
 hungry. 
 
 et, conj. and, also, even; et...et, 
 both. ..and. 
 
 etiam, conj. also; with the comp 
 even. For etjam, and now, now 
 further. 
 
 Etruria, ae,f. 1. a celebrated coun- 
 try of Italy, lying to the west of 
 the Tiber. 
 
 Etrusci, drum, m. pi. 2. the inhabit 
 ants of Etruria. 
 
 Etruscus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
 Etruria. 
 
 Euboea, ae, f. 1. now Negroponte, 
 an island of the Aegaean, on the 
 eastern coast of Greece, separat- 
 ed from the main land by the 
 Euripus. 
 
 Eumenes, is, m. 3. a Greek officer 
 in the army of Alexander ; the 
 2d, a king of Pergamus, celebrat- 
 ed for his love of learning. 
 
 Euphrates, is, m. 3. a large river of 
 Asia, which rises in a part of the 
 
 most northern chain of Taurus, 
 joins the Tigris, and with it emp- 
 ties into the Sinus Persicus. 
 
 Euripides, is, m. 3. a celebrated 
 tragic poet, born at Salamis the 
 day on which Xerxes was defeat- 
 ed by the Greeks. 
 
 Euripus, i, m. 2. a narrow strait di- 
 vid ingEuboea from the main land 
 of Greece. 
 
 Europa, ae, f. 1. a daughter of 
 Agenor,king of Phoenicia, whom 
 Jupiter, under the form of a bull, 
 carried to Crete ; one of the 
 three main divisions of the an- 
 cient world, supposed to have 
 taken its name from the daugh- 
 ter of Agenor. 
 
 Eurotas. ae, m. 1. a river of Laco- 
 nia, flowing by Sparta. It is 
 now called Vasilipotamo, a cor- 
 ruption of Basilipotamos (king of 
 rivers), a name given it by way 
 of eminence. 
 
 Euxinus, i, m. 2. {fr. 'Evfcvos, hos- 
 pitable) the Euxine, an inland 
 sea, north of Asia Minor, now the 
 Black Sea. 
 
 evddo, dere, si, sum, n. 3. (e et vddo) 
 to go out, escape. 
 
 eversus, a, um, part, of everto. 
 
 everto, tere, ti, sum, a.3.(e et verto) 
 to overturn, overthrow, destroy. 
 
 evoedtus, a, um, part, of evoco. 
 
 evoco, are, dvi, dtum, a. \.{eet voco) 
 to call out, invite, summon. 
 
 evolo, are, dvi, dtum. n. l.(e et volo) 
 to fly out or away. 
 
 evomo, ere, ui, itum, a. 3. {e et vomo) 
 to vomit forth, cast out. 
 
 ex, prep. c. abl. (s£) from ; v. e. 
 
 exactus, a, um, fart, ofexigo. 
 
 exaequo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (ex et 
 aequo) to make equal or even, to 
 equal. 
 
 exdnimo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {ex et 
 animo) to deprive of life, kill. 
 
 exardesco, desctre, si, n. inc. 3. to 
 grow hot, be on fire, burn. 
 
 exasperdtus, a, um, part, of exaspc- 
 ro. 
 
 exaspero, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 
 provoke, exasperate. That is, to 
 make (asperum) sharp in tem- 
 per. 
 
 excedo, dere, ssi ) ssum } n. 3. {ex et 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 143 
 
 cido) to go forth, depart ; go be- 
 yond, exceed. 
 
 excello, ire, ui, n. 3. {ex et cello, to 
 urge forward) to be high, excel, 
 surpass. 
 
 excelsus, a, um, adj. (fr. celsum, sup. 
 of cello) high. 
 
 excidium. in. 2. (fr. excido) destruc- 
 tion, ruin, an overthrow. 
 
 excido, ere, i, n. 3. {ex et cddo) to 
 fall out. 
 
 excido, dire, di, sum, a. 3. {ex et 
 caedo) to cut or hew Out, hew 
 down. 
 
 excipio, ipire, ipi, eptum, a. 3. {ex et 
 c&pio) to receive, take up, sus- 
 tain. 
 
 excisus, a, um, part, of excido. 
 
 excitandus, a, um, part, oiexcito. 
 
 excito, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (ex et 
 cito) to call out, stir up, awaken, 
 cause. 
 
 excldmo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (ex et 
 clamo) to cry out, exclaim. 
 
 excludo, dire, si, sum, a. 3. (ex et 
 claudo) to shut out, exclude, 
 hatch. 
 
 excaeco vel -coeco, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. 
 (ex et caeco) to make blind. 
 
 excolo, cblire, cblui, cultum, a. 3. {ex 
 et cblo) to cultivate, improve, ex- 
 ercise. 
 
 excrucio, are, dvi, dtum., a. 1. (exet 
 crucio) to torture greatly, excru- 
 ciate. 
 
 excubiae, drum,/, pi. 1. {fr. excubo, 
 to lie out) watches (properly, by 
 night ;) the sentry, guard. 
 
 excusdtio, onis, f. 3. an excusing, 
 excuse, defence. 
 
 exido, idire et esse, edi, isum, irr. 
 a. (ex et ido) f o eat up. 
 
 exemplum, i, n. 2. an example. 
 
 exiquiae, V. exsiquiae. 
 
 exerceo, ire, ui, itum. a. 2. (exetar- 
 ceo, vel fr. i&pyeu)) to exercise, 
 practise ; odium, to hate ; agros, 
 to till a field. 
 
 exercitus, us, m. 4. an army. Fr. 
 part, of exerceo, as being trained 
 and exercised. 
 
 exhaurio, rlre, si, stum, a. 4. (ex et 
 haurio) to draw out, exhaust. 
 
 exigo, igire, igi, actum, a. 1. (ex et 
 ago) to lead or thrust out, ba- 
 nish, 
 
 n2 
 
 exiguus, a, um, adj. slender, small. 
 exilis, e, adj. slight, small, feeble. 
 exilium, i, n. 2. (for exulium,fr. exul, 
 
 an exile) banishment. 
 eximie, adv. remarkably, excellent- 
 
 eximius, a, um, adj. (fr. eximo, to 
 choose out) choice, excellent, re- 
 markable. 
 
 existimdtio,6nis,f. 3. opinion, credit^ 
 honour. 
 
 existimo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 2. (ex et 
 aestimo) to think, esteem, judge. 
 
 exitium, i, n. 2. {fr. sup. of exeo) 
 ruin, destruction. 
 
 exitus, us, m. 4. a going out, event, 
 issue. 
 
 exoptdtus, a, um, adj. greatly wished 
 or longed for. 
 
 exordtus, a, um, part, of exoro. 
 
 exbrior, or iris, oriri, ortus sum, d. 3. 
 et 4. {ex et brior) to rise, arise, 
 spring up. 
 
 exorno, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (ex et 
 orno) to adorn, embellish. 
 
 exoro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (ex et 
 or 6) to pray earnestly, gain by en- 
 treaty. 
 
 exortus, a, um, part, of exorior. 
 
 expecto vel -specto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 
 1. (ex et specto) to look for, wait 
 for. 
 
 expedio, Ire, Ivi, Itum, a. 4. to disen- 
 tangle, rid, prepare, equip. That 
 is, to take one's {pedem) foot (ex) 
 out of confinement. 
 
 expiditio, onis,f. 3. (fr. expedio) a 
 military expedition. 
 
 expello, vellire, pilli, pulsum, a. 3, 
 (ex et pello) to drive out, ba- 
 nish. 
 
 expers, tis, adj. for expars, being 
 without any part in a concern, 
 without, destitute. 
 
 expetendus, a, um, part, of expeto. 
 
 expito, ire, ivi, et ii, itum, a. 3. (exet 
 peto) to seek out, long for. 
 
 expio, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to expi- 
 ate, atone for. 
 
 expleo, ire, ivi, itum, a. 2. (ex etpleo) 
 to fill up. 
 
 explico. are, dvi, dtum, et ui, itum, 
 a. 1. (ex etplico) to unfold, devel- 
 ope, explain. 
 
 explordtor, oris, m. 3. (fr. explora, a 
 spy, scout. 
 
144 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 expblio, ire, ivi, itum, a. 4. to polish 
 well, finish, adorn. 
 
 expono, onere, osui, ostium, a. 3. (ex 
 etpono) to set forth, explain. 
 
 exprobo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to up- 
 braid, reproach. 
 
 expugndtus, a, um, part, of expug- 
 
 UO. 
 
 expugno, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (exet 
 P'wgno) to take by storm or as- 
 sault, conquer. 
 
 expulsus, a, um, part, of expello. 
 
 cxsequiae, drum, f. 1. pi. funeral 
 solemnities; properly, a following 
 to the grave,/r. sequor. 
 
 exsequor, qui, quutus, vet cuius sum, 
 d. 3. (ex et sequor) to follow, pur- 
 sue, prosecute. 
 
 exsilio, ire, ui et ii, ultum, n. 4. (ex 
 et salio) to spring forth. 
 
 exspecto, V. expecto. 
 
 exspiro vel -piro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 
 1. (ex et spiro) to breathe out. 
 expire. 
 
 exstinctus, vel -tinctus, a, um, part. 
 of exstinguo. 
 
 exstinguo vel-tinguo, guere, xi, ctum 
 a. 3. (ex et stinguo) to put out, 
 extinguish, kill ; extingui morbo. 
 to die a natural death. 
 
 exstructus vel -tructus, a, um, part. 
 of exstruo. 
 
 exstruo vel -truo, ere, xi, ctum, a. 3 
 (ex et struo) to build up. 
 
 exsurgo, gere, rexi, rectum, n. 3. (ex 
 et surgo) to rise, rise up. 
 
 exter vel exterus, a, um, adj. -tirior, 
 -timus, of another country, fo- 
 reign. 
 
 externus, a, um, adj. outward, ex- 
 ternal. 
 
 exto vel -sto, are, Ui, atum, n. 1. (ex 
 et sto) to appear or be above, re- 
 main, exist. 
 
 extorqueo, quere, si, turn, a. 2. (ex et 
 torqweo) to wrest from, extort. 
 
 extra, prep. c. ace. without, beyond. 
 
 extractus, a, um, part, of extraho. 
 
 extraho, here, xi, ctum, a. 3. (ex et 
 traho) to draw out, extract. 
 
 extrtmus, a, um, adj. sup. of exterus, 
 the utmost, last ; extrema senec- 
 tus, extreme old agp 
 
 F. 
 
 fdba, ae, /. 1. a bean. 
 
 fdber, ri, m. 2. (for fdciber,fr. facto) 
 a workman, artificer. 
 
 Fabius, i, m. 2. the name of a no- 
 ble and powerful family at Rome, 
 who derived their name from 
 faba, a bean, because some of 
 their ancestors cultivated it. 
 
 fabrica, ae,f. 1. (fr. fdber) a shop, 
 the art of framing or forging. 
 
 Fabricius, i, m. 2. Caius Luscinus, 
 a Roman general, distinguished 
 by his consummate knowledge 
 of military affairs, and his incor- 
 ruptible fidelity. 
 
 fabrico, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (fr. fd- 
 ber) 10 make, frame, forge, con- 
 struct. 
 
 fdbula, ae, f 1. (fr. for, faris) a re- 
 port, tale, fable, play. 
 
 fdbulosus, a, um, adj. fabulous. 
 
 faciendus, a, um, part, of facio. 
 
 fades, iei, f 5. (fr. facio, as species 
 fr. specio) the make, appearance, 
 countenance. 
 
 facile, ius, lime, adv. easily. 
 
 f acinus, oris, n. 3. (fr. facio) a 
 deed. 
 
 facio, faclre, feci, factum, a. 3. to 
 make, do, value ; pluris, to value 
 higher ; fac, imper. take care. 
 
 factum, i, n. 2. a deed, action. 
 
 facturus, a, um, part, of facio. 
 
 f actus, a, um, part, oifio. 
 
 faex, faecis, f. 3. lees, dregs. 
 
 Falerii, drum, m. pi. 2. now Falari, 
 a town of Etruria, of which the 
 inhabitants were called Falisci. 
 
 Falernus, i, m. 2. a fertile plain of 
 Campania, with a mountain, fa- 
 mous for its wine. 
 
 Falernus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
 Falernus, Falernian. 
 
 Falisci, drum, m. pi. 2. the inhabit- 
 ants of Falerii. 
 
 fallo, fallere, fefelli, falsum, a. 3. to 
 deceive, escape the notice of. 
 
 falsus, a, um, adj. deceitful, faith- 
 less, false. 
 
 fama, ae, f. 1. ((pfjftrj) report, rumour, 
 fame. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 14c 
 
 fdmelicus, a, um, adj. hungry. 
 
 fames , is,f. 3. hunger. 
 
 fdmilia, ae, f. 1. (for famulia fr. 
 
 famulus) the slaves belonging to 
 
 a master, a family. 
 fdmllidris, e, adj. belonging to the 
 
 same (familia) family, intimate. 
 
 familiar. 
 fdmilidritas, dtis, f. 3. friendship, 
 
 intimacy, confidence. 
 
 femineus, a, um, adj. of a woman, 
 
 womanly, 
 /era, ae,f. 1. a wild beast. 
 ferax, acts, adj. {fr.fero) fruitful. 
 fere, adv. about, nearly, almost. 
 ferinus, a, um, adj. {fera) of wild 
 
 beasts. 
 fero, ferre, tuli, latum, irr. a. (<pepoi) 
 
 to bear, carry, relate ; ferunt, 
 
 they say -, fei-tur, it is said. 
 
 fdmilidriter, adv. familiarly, as if ferox, oris, adj. {fr. fera) fierce, 
 
 he were one of the same family. 
 
 famula.ae.f. 1. a female slave, maid 
 servant. 
 
 fas, n. ind. divine law, justice, 
 right ; non fas est, it is not allow- 
 ed. 
 
 fascis, is, m. 3. a bundle of wood, 
 twigs. &c. the fasces carried be- 
 fore the Roman magistrates were 
 generally of birch. 
 
 fatdlis, e, adj. (fr.fatum) destined 
 by fate, fatal. 
 
 fdteor, fdteri, fassus sum, d. 2. to 
 own. confess. 
 
 fdtidicus, a, um, adj. foretelling fu- 
 ture events, prophetic. 
 
 fat? gains, a, um, part, of fatigo. 
 
 fatigo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to weary, 
 fatigue. 
 
 fdtiscor. fatisci, fessus sum, d. 3. to 
 be exhausted, wearied 
 
 fdtum, i. n. 2. a prophecy; fate, 
 destiny : falo fungi, to die 
 
 Faustulns,' i, m. 2. the shepherd 
 who preserved Romulus and Re- 
 mus. 
 
 faux, cis, f. 3. the throat, a pas- 
 sage, defile ; Caudinae Furculae 
 vel Fauces, a defile near Caudi 
 or Caudium, where a Roman ar- 
 my was obliged to surrender to 
 the Samnites ?md pass under the 
 yoke. 
 
 fdveo, favere, fdvi, f avium, n. 2. to 
 favour. 
 
 favor, oris. m. 3. favour. 
 
 febris, is, f 3. a fever. 
 
 fecundus, a, um, adj. fruitful, fertile. 
 
 felicitas, dtis,f 3. happiness, good 
 fortune. 
 
 filiciter, adv. happily, fortunately. 
 
 ftlis, is, f 3. a cat. 
 
 "felix, iris, adj. happy, felicitous. 
 
 femina, ae, f. 1. a female, woman. 
 
 wild, bold. 
 
 ferreus, a, um, adj. iron, cruel, hard- 
 hearted. 
 
 ferrum, i, n. 2. iron. 
 
 fertilise. adj. { fr.fero) fertile, fruit- 
 ful. 
 
 fertilitas, dtis,f 3.fertility,fruitful- 
 ness. 
 
 ferula, ae,f. 1. a reed, rod, staff. 
 
 ftrus, a, um, adj. {fr. fera) savage, 
 wild. 
 
 fervco, vere, vi et bui, n. 2. to boil, 
 seethe, foam, be hot, glow. 
 
 fessus, a, um, part, of fatiscor. 
 
 festino, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to has- 
 ten, be in a hurry. 
 
 festum, i, n. 2. a feast. 
 
 festus, a, um, adj. festive, jovial, 
 merry. 
 
 fictilis, e, adj. {fr. fetus, part, of fin- 
 go) made of earth or clay. 
 
 ficus, i et iis, f 2. et 4. a fig-tree. 
 
 fig- 
 
 ft delis, e, adj. faithful, fr. fides. 
 
 fides, ei, f. 5. eredit, faith, integri- 
 ty ; infidem, in confirmation ; in 
 fidem accipere, to give an assu- 
 rance of protection, to accept a 
 capitulation. 
 
 fidus, a, um, adj. faithful. 
 
 figo, gere, xi, xum, a. 3. to fix, fast- 
 en. 
 
 filia, ae,f 1. a daughter. 
 
 filius, i, m. 2. a son. 
 
 finolo, findere, fidi, fissum, a. 3. to 
 cleave, cut, split. 
 
 fingo, fingere, finxi, ficPum, a. 3. to 
 form, frame; devise, feign. 
 
 finio, Ire, ivi, Itum, a. 4. to end, 
 conclude, finish. 
 
 finis, is, m. et f the end or conclu- 
 sion, a limit, boundary. 
 
 finitus, a, um, part, of finio. 
 
 finitimus, a, um, adj. neighbouring 
 
146 
 
 DICTION AH Y. 
 
 flo, fieri, factus sum, irr. n. to be 
 made or done, happen, become. 
 
 firmdtus, a, um, part, offlrmo. 
 
 firmiter, adv. firmly, steadfastly. 
 
 Jlrmo, are, dvi, alum, a. 1. to make 
 firm, establish. 
 
 flrmus, a, um, adj. firm, steady, 
 sure. 
 
 flssus, a, um, part, of flndo. 
 flagello, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (Jr. 
 fldgellum, a whip) to whip, 
 scourge. 
 
 fldgitiosus, a, um, adj. infamous, 
 flagitious, wicked. 
 
 fldgilium, i, n. 2. a shameful crime, 
 reproach. 
 
 fldgro, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. to burn, 
 be on fire. 
 
 Flaminius, i, m. 2. the name of se- 
 veral distinguished Romans. 
 
 flamma, ae,f. 1. a flame, 
 
 flecto, ctere, xi, xum, a. 3. to bend, 
 twist, turn. 
 
 fleo, flere, flevi, fletum, a. 2. to shed 
 tears, weep. 
 
 fletus, its, m. 4. weeping. 
 
 Flevo, onis, m. 3. a lake formed by 
 the Rhine, which, having been in 
 progress of time much increased 
 by the sea, assumed the name of 
 Zuyder Zee or Southern Sea. 
 
 fiexus, a, um, part, of flecto. 
 
 floreo, ere, ui, n. 2. (flos) to flourish, 
 bloom. 
 
 flos, oris, m. 3. a flower, a blossom. 
 
 fluctus, us, m. 4. {Jr. fluo) a wave. 
 
 fliimen, inis, (fr.fluo)n. 3. a stream, 
 river. 
 
 fluo, ere, xi, xum, n. 3. to flow. 
 
 fluvins, i, m. 2. (Jr. fluo) a river. 
 
 fodio, fodere, fddi, fossum, a. 3. to 
 dig. 
 
 foecunditas, dtis,f. 3. fruitfulness. 
 
 foecundus, a, um. adj. fruitful. 
 
 foedus, eris, n. 3, a league. 
 
 folium, i, n. 2. a leaf. 
 
 Jons, tis, m. 3. a fountain. 
 
 forem, def. I shall be ; fore, to be 
 about to be. 
 
 fbris, adv. without doors, abroad. 
 
 forma, ae,f 1. a figure, form, beau 
 
 formica, ae,f 1. an ant. 
 formiddbilis, e, adj. to be feared 
 formidable. 
 
 formido, hiis,f. 3. fear. 
 
 formidolosus, a, um, adj. fearful. 
 
 formositas, dtis,f. 3. beauty. 
 
 formosus, a, um, adj. beautiful, 
 handsome. 
 
 fors, tis,f 3. chance. 
 
 fortasse, adv. perhaps. 
 
 forte, adv. (the abl. of fors, used ad- 
 verbially) by chance, accidental- 
 ly- 
 
 fortis, e, adj. (-ior, -issimus) brave, 
 valiant. 
 
 fortiter, (-ius, -issime) bravely, vali- 
 antly. 
 
 fortitudo,nis,f. 3. bra very, fortitude. 
 
 fortuna, ae,f. 1. (fr.fors) fortune, 
 chance, luck, destiny. 
 
 forum, i, n. 2. a market-place, a 
 public place in Rome, where as- 
 semblies of the people were 
 held, and justice was administer- 
 ed. 
 
 fossa, ae, f. 1. {fr. fossum, sup. of 
 fodio) a ditch. 
 
 fovea, ae,f. 1. a pit. 
 
 fbveo, fovere, fovi, fotum, a. 2. to 
 keep warm, cherish. 
 
 fractus, a, um, part, of frango. 
 
 frdgilis, e, adj. (fr. frango) easily 
 broken, frail, perishable. 
 
 frdgilitas, dtis, f 3. brittleness, 
 frailty. 
 
 fragmentum, i, n. 2. a fragment. 
 
 frango, frangere, fregi.fr actum, a. 
 3. to break, break in pieces, break 
 down, weaken. 
 
 f rater, tris, m. 3. a brother. 
 
 fraudulentus, a, um, adj. (fr.fraus) 
 fraudulent. 
 
 fraus, dis,f 3. fraud, deceit. 
 
 frequens, tis, adj. frequent,constant, 
 numerous. 
 
 fretum, i, n. 2. a strait, a sea. 
 
 frico, are, ui, turn, a. 1. to rub, 
 chafe. 
 
 frigeo, gere, xi, n. 2. to be cold. 
 
 frigidus, a, um, adj. (fr. frigeo) 
 cold. 
 
 frigus, oris, n. 3. (fr. frigeo) cold. 
 
 frons, dis, f 3. the leaf of a tree, 
 a branch with leaves, a green 
 bough. 
 
 fructuosus, a, um, adj. fruitful, pro- 
 fitable. 
 
 fructus, us, m. 4. fruit. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 147 
 
 frugalitas, dtis, f 3. temperance, Gaditdnus, a, um, adj. of Gades ; 
 
 frugality. /return Gaditanum, the straits of 
 
 frumentum, i, n. 2. corn, grain. Gibraltar. 
 
 fruor, i, itus et ctus sum, d. 3. to Galatia, ae,f. 1. called also Gallo- 
 
 enjoy. | graecia, a country of Asia Minor, 
 
 frustra, adv. to no purpose, in vain, south of Paphlagonia. 
 frustrdtus, a, w, part, of frustr or. Gallia, ae.f. 1. Gaul, an extensive 
 frustr or, art, dtus sum, d. 1. to de- and populous country of Europe. 
 
 ceive, disappoint, frustrate. Gallicus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
 
 frutex, ids, m. 3. a shrub. Gaul. 
 
 frux, gis, f 3. (frux rarely found) gallina, ae,f. 1. a hen. 
 
 the fruit or produce of the earth, gallindceus, i, m. 2. a cock. 
 
 corn. gallus, i, m. 2. a cock. 
 
 fuga, ae,f. 1. (<pvyfi) flight. . Gallus, i, m. 2. a Gaul. 
 
 fugdtus, a. um, part, of fugo. Ganges, is, m. 3. a famous river of 
 
 fugio, ugere, iigi, itgitum, n. 3. to' India. 
 
 fly, run away, escape. \Garumna, ae,f. 1. a river of Gaul, 
 
 fugo, are, dvi, alum, a. 1. to put to which falls into the Sinus Can- 
 
 flight, rout. 
 fulgeo, gere, si, n. 2. to shine, glitter. 
 fuligo, inis,f 3. soot. 
 fullo, onis, m. 3. a fuller. 
 fulmen, inis, n. 3. lightning, thun 
 
 tabricus, now the Bay of Biscay. 
 
 It is now called the Garonne, 
 gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus sum, n.p. 
 
 2. to rejoice, be glad. 
 gaudium, i, n. 2. joy, gladness. 
 
 der. Fr.fulgcojulgimenfulmen^go.vlsus, a. um, part, of gaudeo. 
 fiindle, is, n. 3. a torch. \gelidus, a, um, adj. cold as (gelu) 
 
 funditus, adv. (fr. fundus) from ice. 
 
 the very bottom, utterly. \gelu, n. et m. ind. ice, frost. 
 
 f undo, f under e, fiidi, fusum, a. 3. to geminus, a, um, adj. double ; gemini 
 
 pour out ; lacrimas, to shed tears ; 
 
 hostes, to rout the enemy. 
 fundus, i, m. 2. the bottom of any 
 
 thing, ground ; a field, farm. 
 funestus, a, um, adj. {fr. funus) 
 
 deadly, fatal, inauspicious. 
 funis, is, m. 3. a rope, cord. 
 funus, eris, n. 3. a funeral. 
 fur, furis, c. 3. (<bup) a thief. 
 furcula, ae, f. (a dimin. of J 'urea, 
 
 a fork) a little fork; Furculae 
 
 Caudinae, v. faux, 
 furiosus, a, um, adj. furious, mad. 
 Furius, i, m. 2. the name of a fami- 
 ly at Rome, which Camilms first 
 
 raised to distinction. 
 furtum, i, n. 2. (fr. fur) theft. 
 fiisus, a, um, part, oifundo. 
 futurus, a, um, part, of sum. 
 
 G. 
 
 Gades, ium,f et m. pi. 3. now C#- 
 ^>,thenameofaflourishingcom- 
 mercial city of Spain, situate on 
 an island of the same name, at 
 the mouth of the Baetis. 
 
 fratres, twins. 
 
 gemmdtus, a, um, part, of gemmo % 
 set with precious stones. 
 
 gemmo, are, dvi, dtum, m.l.to bud, 
 shine like precious stones. 
 
 gener, i, m. 2. a son-in-law. 
 
 genero, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to beget, 
 produce. 
 
 generositas, dtis, f 3. nobleness of 
 mind, generosity, magnanimity. 
 
 generosus, a, um, adj. born of a no- 
 ble (generis) race, noble-heart- 
 ed. 
 
 genitrix, lcis,f 3. a mother. 
 
 genitus, a, um, part, of gigno. 
 
 gens, tis. /.3. a clan among the Ro- 
 mans, nation, tribe. 
 
 genus, Iris. n. 3. (Vivos) a family, 
 race, kind. 
 
 geometria, ae, f 1 . geometry. 
 
 Germania, ae. f 1. an extensive 
 country of Europe at the east of 
 Gaul. 
 
 Geivnanicus, a, um, adj. pertaining 
 to Germany, German. 
 
 Germdnus, i, m. 2. an inhabitant of 
 Germany. 
 
148 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 germdnus, a, um, adj. german ; /ra- 
 ter, a full brother. 
 
 gero, rere, ssi, slum, a. 3. to bear, 
 carry, do ; res, to do actions ; odi- 
 um, to entertain hatred; onus, to 
 bear a burden. 
 
 Geryon, onis, m. 3. et Geryones, ae, 
 m. 1. a celebrated monster who 
 lived in the island Erythia, near 
 Gades. 
 
 gesto, arc, dvi, dtum, a. 1. freq. of 
 gero, to bear, carry. 
 
 gestus, a, um, part, of gero ; res ges- 
 tae, exploits. 
 
 Getae, drum, m. ph 1. a tribe of 
 Scythians remarkable for their 
 strength and fierceness. 
 
 gigas, antis, m. 3. (JOiyas) a giant. 
 
 gigno, gignere, genui, geniium, a. 3. 
 to beget, produce. 
 
 glaber, bra, brum, adj. smooth, bald 
 
 glades, ei,f. 5. ice. 
 
 gladiator, oris, m. 3. (fr. gladius) a 
 sword-player, gladiator. 
 
 glddidtorius, a, um, adj. pertaining 
 to a gladiator. 
 
 gladius, i, m. 2. a sword. 
 
 glans, dis,f. 3. an acorn. 
 
 glisco, ere, n. 3. to grow, increase. 
 
 gloria, ae,f. 1. glory. 
 
 glorior, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to boast. 
 
 Gorgias, ae, m. 1. a celebrated ora- 
 tor and sophist, born at Leontium 
 in Sicily ,whence he was surnam- 
 ed Leontinus. 
 
 gracilis, e, adj. slender, lean, light. 
 
 Gracchus, i, m. 2. the name of seve- 
 ral distinguished Romans. 
 
 grddior, grddi, gressus sum, d. 3. to 
 go, walk. 
 
 gradus, its, m. 4. a step. 
 
 Graecia, ae,f. 1. Greece. 
 
 Graecus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
 Greece. 
 
 grandis, e, adj. big, large. 
 
 Granicus, i, m. 2. a river of Bithy- 
 nia, famous for the victory of 
 Alexander over Darius, B. C. 
 334. 
 
 grassor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to go on, 
 advance, rage against. 
 
 grates, f. pi. 3. thanks ; agere, to 
 give. 
 
 gratia, ae, f. 1. thanks, gratitude, 
 grace ; gratiam redder c, referre, 
 to give thanks ; agere, to thank ; 
 
 habere, to owe thanks; in grattam t 
 in favour of. 
 
 grdtuldtus, a, um, part, of gratulor. 
 
 grdtulor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to con- 
 
 , gratulate, 
 
 grdtus, a, um, adj. grateful, agreea- 
 
 j ble, pleasing. 
 
 gravis, e, adj. heavy, weighty, se- 
 
 j vere ; grave coelum, an oppressive 
 climate. 
 
 grdvitas, dtis,f. 3. heaviness, gravi- 
 ty- 
 
 grdviter, adv. heavily. 
 
 grdvo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to burden, 
 load. 
 
 gregdtim, adv. in herds. 
 
 gressus, us, m. 4. a step. 
 
 gre-x, gis, c. 3. a herd, flock. 
 
 grus, uis, m. etf. 3. a crane. 
 
 gubernqfor, oris, m. 3. a pilot, go- 
 vernor. 
 
 Gyarus, i,f. 2. a small island of the 
 Archipelago. 
 
 Gyges, is, m. 3. a minister of Can- 
 daules, king of Lydia, who mur- 
 dered his master, and usurped the 
 throne about 718 B. C. 
 
 Gymnosophista, ae, m. 1. one of a 
 class of Indian philosophers, the 
 same with the Brachmani, who 
 were called gymnosophists,or nu- 
 ked philosophers, by the Greeks, 
 from their going naked. 
 
 H. 
 
 habeo, ere, ui, itum, a. 2. to have, 
 hold, consider. 
 
 habito, are, dvi, dtum, a. l.freq.fr. 
 habeo, to inhabit. 
 
 hdbiturus, a, um, part, of habeo 
 
 habitus, a, um, part, of habeo. 
 
 habitus, iis, m. 4. condition, dress, 
 manner. 
 
 hactenus, adv. thus far, hitherto. 
 
 Hadridnus, i, m. 2. the 15th em- 
 peror of Rome, successor to Tra- 
 jan. 
 
 Haemus, i, m,. 2. a chain of moun- 
 tains forming the northern boun- 
 dary of Thrace, and separating 
 it from Moesia. 
 
 halcyon, 6nis,f. 3. the halcyon. 
 
 Halicarnassus, i,f. 2. now Bodron, 
 a famous maritime city of Caria, 
 in Asia Minor. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 149 
 
 Hamilcar, oris, m. 3. a Carthagini-] Asia, Africa, and the islands of 
 an general. the Mediterranean. 
 
 Hannibal, alls, m. 3. a Carthaginian7ier£#, ae.f. 1. an herb ; grass, herb- 
 general, the inveterate enemy of age. 
 
 Rome 
 Hanno, onis, m. 3. a Carthaginian 
 
 general. 
 Harmonia, ae, f. 1. a daughter of 
 
 Mars and Venus, who married 
 
 Cadmus. 
 
 herbidus, a, um, adj. full of herbs, 
 
 grassy. 
 Hercules, is, m. 3. a celebrated hero, 
 
 son of Jupiter and Alcmena. 
 Hercynia, ae,f. 1. a very extensive 
 
 forest of Germany. 
 
 Harpyiae, drum, f pi. 1. three wing-] He reimius, i, m. 3. a general of the 
 ed monsters, who had the face of Samnites. 
 
 a woman, the body of a vulture, *heres vel haeres, edis, c. 3. an heir, 
 and had their feet and fingers Mri, adv. yesterday. 
 
 armed with sharp claws, 
 
 haruspex, icis. m. 3. a soothsayer. 
 
 Hasdrubal. alis, m. 3. a Carthagi- 
 nian general. 
 
 hasta, ae,f. 1. a spear. 
 
 haud, adv. not. 
 
 haurio, rlre, si, stum et sum, seldom 
 rivi et rii, ritum, a. 4. to draw, 
 drink off. 
 
 haustus, a, um, part, of haurio. 
 
 haustus, iis, m. 4. a draught. 
 
 hebes, etis, adj. blunt, dull. 
 
 hebesco, ere, n. inc. 3. to grow blunt, 
 dim, or languid. 
 
 Hebrus, i, m. 2. now Marisa, the 
 largest river of Thrace. It emp- 
 ties into the Aegaean. 
 
 Hecuba, at,f. 1. the second wife of 
 Priam, king of Troy. 
 
 hedera, ae,f. 1. ivy. 
 
 Hegesias, ae, m. 1. a philosopher of 
 Cyrene. 
 
 Helena, at,f. 1. the most beautiful 
 woman of her age, daughter of 
 Jupiter and Leda. 
 
 Helicon, onis, m. 3. a famous moun- 
 tain in Boeotia, near the gulf of 
 Corinth, sacred to the Muses 
 and Apollo. 
 
 helleborus. i, m. 2. hellebore. 
 
 Hellesponhis. i. , m. 2. now the Dar- 
 danelles, a narrow strait between 
 Asia and Europe, near the Pro- 
 pontis. 
 
 Helvetia, ae.f. 1. now Switzerland, 
 a country of Gaul. 
 
 Helvetii, orum, m. pi. 2. now the 
 Swiss, the inhabitants of Helve- 
 tia. 
 
 Herdclca, ae,f. 1. a name given to 
 more than 40 towns in Europe, 
 
 Hero, us. f. 3. a beautiful priestess of 
 Venus at Sestos, greatly beloved 
 by Leander, a youth of Abydos. 
 
 Hesperus, i, m. 2 a son of Japetus, 
 brother to Atlas. He came to 
 Italy, and the country received the 
 name Hesperia from him, accord- 
 ing to some accounts. 
 
 heu, int. alas ! 
 
 hiatus., us, m. 4. a gaping ; opening, 
 aperture. 
 
 Hibernicus. a, um, adj. Irish ; mare, 
 the Irish Sea. 
 
 hibcrnus, a, um, adj. wintry ; hiber- 
 num tempus, the winter. 
 
 hie. adv. here. 
 
 hie. fuiec, hoc, pro. this. 
 
 Hiempsal. alis, m. 3. a brother of 
 Ad herbal, put to death by Ju- 
 gurtha. 
 
 hiems vel hyems, ends. f. 3. winter. 
 
 Hicro, onis. m. 3. a king of Sicily. 
 
 Hierosolyma, ae.f. I. et a, drum, n. 
 pi. 2. Jerusalem. 
 
 hinc, adv. hence, from this place. 
 
 hinnio, Ire, ivi, Itum, n. 4. to neigh. 
 
 hinnltus, its, m 4. a neighing. 
 
 hinnuleus, i, m. 2. a young hind or 
 fawn. 
 
 hio, are, dvi, alum, n. 1. to gape, 
 yawn, open. 
 
 Hipparchus, i, m. 2. a son of Pisis- 
 tratus. who succeeded his father 
 as tyrant of Athens. 
 
 Hippoljjtus, i, m 2. a son of The- 
 seus and Hippolyte. 
 
 Hippomenes, is, m. 3. a son of Ma- 
 careus, who married Atalanta 
 with the assistance of Venus. 
 
 hippopotamus, i, m. 2. the hippopo- 
 tamus or river-horse. 
 
150 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 Mispania, ae, f. 1. now Spain, an 
 extensive country, forming a 
 kind of peninsula, in the S. W. 
 of Europe. 
 
 Hispdrius, a, um, adj. Spanish ; m. 
 2. a native of Hispania. 
 
 hodie, adv. (for hoc die) to-day. 
 
 hoedus, i, m. 2. a kid. 
 
 Homerus, i % m. 2. a Greek poet, the 
 most celebrated and ancient of 
 all the profane writers. 
 
 homo, inis, c. 3. a man. 
 
 honesias, dtis,f. 3. dignity, honour, 
 virtue. 
 
 honestus. a, um, adj. honourable. 
 
 honor, et -os, oris, m. 3. honour, a 
 post of honour, office. 
 
 honorifice, (centius, centissime) ho- 
 nourably. 
 
 hora, ae,f. 1. ("£2p«) an hour. 
 
 Hordtius, i, m. 2. the name of se- 
 veral Romans; Horatii, three 
 brave Romans, born at the same 
 birth, who fought against the 
 Curiatii. 
 
 horreo, ere, ui, n. 2. to be rough. 
 
 horridus, a, um, adj. (fr. horreo) 
 rough, hideous, frightful. 
 
 Hortensius, i, m. 2. the name of se- 
 veral Romans. 
 
 hortdtus, us, m. 4. (fr. hortor) an ex- 
 hortation. 
 
 hortor, dri, at/its sum, d. 1. to excite, 
 encourage, exhort. 
 
 hortus, i. m. 2. a garden. 
 
 hospes, iiis, c. 3. a stranger, guest. 
 
 hospitium, i, n. 2. the act of receiv- 
 ing (hospitcs) strangers, hospi- 
 tality; hospitio accipere, to enter- 
 tain. 
 
 hostia, ae, f. 1. a victim, animal 
 sacrificed. 
 
 hostilis, e, adj. (fr. hostis) of an ene- 
 my, hostile. 
 
 Hosiilius, i, m. 2. Tullus, the third 
 king of Rome, succeeded Numa. 
 
 hoslis, is, c. 3 an enemy. 
 
 hue, adv. hither; hnc.illuc, now 
 here. ..now there. 
 
 hujusmodi, adj. ind. (hie et modus) 
 of this kind or sort, such. 
 
 humdnitas, dtis,f 3. (hum-anus) hu- 
 man nature, humanity. 
 
 humdnus, a, urn, adj. pertaining to 
 man, human. Fr. homo, or allied 
 to it. 
 
 humerus, i, m. 2. the shoulder. 
 
 hiimidus, a, um, adj. moist. Fr. hu- 
 mor. 
 
 humilis, e, adj. low (humi) on the 
 ground, low; humili loco natum 
 esse, to be of humble origin. 
 
 humor, oris, m. 3. moisture. 
 
 humus, i, f. 2. the ground ; humi, on 
 the ground. 
 
 hyaena, ae,f. 1. the hyaena, "Yaiva. 
 
 hydrus, i, m. 2. ('Ydpog) a water- 
 serpent. 
 
 hymnus, i, m. 2. ('Ypvog) a song. 
 
 Hyperboreus, a, um, adj. ('Y-rrepflopcos) 
 northern, wintry. 
 
 hystrix } icis,f. 3. ("Yotoi£) a porcu- 
 pine. 
 
 I. 
 
 Iberus, i, m. 2. now the Ebro, one 
 of the largest rivers of Spain, 
 which empties into the Mediter- 
 ranean. 
 
 ibi, adv. there. 
 
 ibidem, adv. in the same place. 
 
 Ibis, idis, f 3. ("Ifits) the ibis ; an 
 Egyptian bird like a stork, which 
 devours serpents. 
 
 Icarus, i, m. 2. the son of Daeda- 
 lus. 
 
 Icarius, a, um, adj. of Icarus; 
 mare, a part of the Aegaean sea 
 near the islands Myconos and 
 Gyaros. 
 
 Ichneumon, onis, m. 3. ('I%i'«Y(wi>) 
 the ichneumon or Egyptian rat. 
 
 Ichniisa, ae, f. 1. a name given to 
 the island of Sardinia, from its 
 resembling a human footstep 
 (ixvos). 
 
 ico, icere, lei, ictum, a. 3. to hit, 
 strike ; icere foedus, to make, ra- 
 
 „ tify. 
 
 ictus, a,, um, part, of ico. 
 
 ictus, us, m. 4. {fr. Ico, ictum) a 
 stroke, blow. 
 
 Idem, eddem, idem, pro. the same. 
 
 idoneus, a, um, adj. lit, proper, suit- 
 able. 
 
 igitur, conj. therefore. 
 
 igndrus, a, um, adj. (fr. in, not, ei 
 gndrus, knowing) ignorant. 
 
 igndvus, a, um., adj. (in, not, et gnd- 
 vus, industrious) idle, inactive, 
 cowardly. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 151 
 
 ignis, is, m. 3. fire. 
 
 ignobilis, e, adj. {in, not, et nobilis) 
 unknown, mean, ignoble. 
 
 ignoro, are, dvi, alum, a. 1. (fr. ig- 
 ndrus) to be ignorant of. not to 
 know. 
 
 ignotus, a, um, adj. (in et notus) 
 not known, unknown. 
 
 Ilium, i, n. 2. a name of Troy, de- 
 rived from Ilus, one of its kings. 
 
 Hiatus, a, um, part, of infero. 
 
 ille, a. ud, pro. he, she, that. 
 
 illecebrae, drum, f. h (fr. illicio) 
 enticements, allurements. 
 
 illico, adv. (illoco, in hoc loco) in 
 that place, on the spot, instantly. 
 
 illuc. adv. to that place, thither ; 
 huc.illuc, now here. ..now there. 
 
 illustris, e, adj. (fr. illucco) clear, 
 bright, illustrious, far-famed. 
 
 illustro. are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (in et 
 lustro) to illuminate, illustrate, 
 make renowned. 
 
 Illyria, ae, f. I. et Illyricum, i, n. 2. 
 a country bordering on the Adri- 
 atic Sea, opposite Italy. 
 
 imago, inis, f. 3. an image, figure, 
 likeness. 
 
 imbecillis. e, adj. weak,feeble. That 
 is, resting (in bacillum) on a 
 stick. 
 
 imber, bris, m-. 3. (fr. Sp(3pos) a 
 shower. 
 
 imitdtio, 6nis,f 3. (fr. imitor) imi- 
 tation. 
 
 imitor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to imi- 
 tate. 
 
 immdnis, e, adj. horrible, cruel, 
 monstrous. 
 
 immemor, oris, adj (in, not, et me- 
 mor) forgetful, regardless. 
 
 immensus, a, um, adj. (in, not, et 
 meiior,mensus)imme&sumb\e,im 
 mense, boundless. 
 
 immeritus, a, um, part, (in, not, et 
 meritus) undeserved, undeserv- 
 ing- 
 
 immineo. Ire, ui, n. 2. (in et mined) 
 to hang over, threaten, be at hand. 
 
 immissus a, um, part, of immitlo. 
 
 immitto, ittere. isi, issum, a. 3. (in et 
 mitto) to send or let in, to send to. 
 to throw at. 
 
 immobilis, e, adj. (in, not, et mobilis) 
 immoveable. 
 
 immolo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to sa- 
 crifice, immolate. That is, to 
 sprinkle (mblam) a salted cake 
 (in) upon a victim. 
 
 immortdlis, e, adj. (in et mortdlis) 
 immortal. 
 
 immotus, a, um, part, (in et motus) 
 unmoved. 
 
 immutdtus, a, um, part, of immulo ; 
 nihil immutdtus, unchanged. 
 
 immuto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (in et 
 muto) to alter greatly, change. 
 
 impdtiens, tis, adj. (in et potior, pd- 
 tiens) that cannot or will not 
 bear, impatient ; frigoris, unable 
 to withstand the cold ; morae, im- 
 patient of delay. 
 
 impidio, Ire, Ivi, Hum, a. 4. to hin- 
 der, check, prevent. Fr. in et 
 pedes. That is, to throw any 
 thing against the feet of another, 
 and hinder his progress. 
 
 impeditus, a, um, part, of impedio. 
 
 impendeo, dere, di, n. 2. (in et pen- 
 deo) to hang over, impend, threa- 
 ten. 
 
 impenetrdbilis, e, adj. (in etptnetrd- 
 bilis) impenetrable. 
 
 impense, adv. (fr. impendo, to lay 
 out money upon) at great cost 
 of labour and pains, extraordina- 
 rily. 
 
 imperdtor, oris, m. 3. (fr. impero } 
 imperdtum) a commander-in- 
 chief of an army, general. 
 
 imperito, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (freq. 
 fr. impero) to command, govern. 
 
 imperltus, a, um, adj. (in, not, et 
 perltus) unskilful, ignorant, inex- 
 perienced. 
 
 imperium, i, n. 2. (fr. impero) com- 
 mand, authority, government. 
 
 impero, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (/r. 
 pdro) to command, rule over, go- 
 vern. 
 
 imvertio, ire, Ivi, Itum, a. 4. to im- 
 part, share. That is, to give 
 (partem) a part. 
 
 impetro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (in et 
 pairo, to effect) to accomplish, ac- 
 complish the object of a request, 
 obtain by request. 
 
 impetus, us, m. 4. (fr. impeto, to as- 
 sail) an assault or fury with which 
 we assault any one, violence; 
 
 PART I. 
 
152 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 impelum facere in aliquem, to 
 make an attack upon one. 
 
 vnipius, a, um, adj. (in et plus) im- 
 pious, wicked. 
 
 impleo. ere, evi, elum, a. 2. (pleo fr. 
 rrXeco) to fill, fulfil, accomplish. 
 
 implicitus, a, um, part, of implico. 
 
 implieo, are, ui et dvi, itum et dtum, 
 a. 1. (in et plied) to entangle, in- 
 volve; impliedri morbo, to be seiz- 
 ed with. 
 
 vnvploro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (fr. 
 plord) to call upon with weeping, 
 beseech. 
 
 impono, onere, osui, bsitum, a. 3. (in 
 et pond) to lay upon, impose. 
 
 importunus, a, um, adj. importunate, 
 outrageous, outrageous in de- 
 mands, tyrannical, cruel. 
 
 impositus, a, um, part, of impono. 
 
 imprbbdtus, a, um, part, of imprcbo. 
 
 vmprbbo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (in et 
 prbbd) to disapprove of. 
 
 imprudens, tis, adj. (in et prudens) 
 imprudent, inconsiderate. 
 
 impugndlurus, a, um, part, of im- 
 pugno. 
 
 impugno, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (in et 
 pugno) to attack. 
 
 impiine, adv. without punishment,, 
 with impunity. 
 
 imus, a, um, adj<. (fr. infimus, sup. 
 oiinferus) the lowest. 
 
 in, (prep. e. aec. et abl.) in, into, 
 against, at, about, amongst, for; 
 in dies, from day to day ; in eo 
 esse, to be on the point of. 
 
 indnis, e, adj. empty, void, vain. 
 
 inaresco, escere, ui, n. ine. 3. to be- 
 come dry. 
 inctdo, dere, ssi, ssum, n. 3. (in el 
 cedo) to go against or krwards, 
 go, come. 
 ineendium, i, n. 2. (fr. ineendo) a 
 
 fire, conflagration. 
 ineendo, dere, di, sum, a. 3. (fr. can- 
 do) to set fire to, burn. 
 incensus, a, um, part, of ineendo. 
 incertus, a, um, adj. (in et certus) 
 
 uncertain. 
 inehoo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to be- 
 
 incido, cidere, cidi, edsum. n. 3. (in 
 el eddo) to fall into or upon, hap- 
 pen ; in aliquem, to fall in with 
 one. 
 
 incipio, cipere, cepi, ceptum y a. 3. 
 
 (in et edpio) to begin. 
 incitdtus, a, um, part, of incito. 
 ineito, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (in et 
 
 eito) to rouse, excite, stimulate. 
 ineludo, dere, si, sum, a. 3. (in et 
 claudo) to shut in or up, include. 
 inclusus, a, um, part, of ineludo. 
 ineljjtus, a, um, adj. (fr. k\vt6s) re- 
 nowned, illustrious. 
 inebla, ae, e. 1. (fr. inebld) an inha- 
 bitant. 
 incblo, cblere, eblui, cultum, a. 3. (in 
 et colo) to inhabit, abide or dwell 
 in. 
 ineolumis, e, adj. (in et cblumis) safe, 
 
 sound, unpunished. 
 ncompertus, a, um, part, (in, not, 
 et compertus) not discovered, un- 
 known. 
 inconsiderate, adv. inconsiderately. 
 incredibilis, e, adj. (in et credibilis) 
 
 incredible. 
 ineredib ililer, adv. incredibly. 
 inerementum, t, n. 2. an increase. 
 Fr. incresco, increvi, whence in- 
 erev imentum , inerementum . 
 increpo,dre,ui,itum,a. l.(fr. crepo, 
 to make a noise) to make a noise 
 at, upbraid, reprove. 
 incruentus, a, um, adj. (in et cruen- 
 
 tus) not bloody, bloodless. 
 inculte, adv. rudely, uncouthly, in- 
 elegantly. 
 incultus, a, um, adj. et part, (in et 
 cultus) uninhabited, uncultivated , 
 desert. 
 incumbo, eumbere, eubui, cubitum, n. 
 3. (in et cubo) to lean, lie, or re- 
 cline upon, to attend or apply to; 
 gladio vet in gladium, to fall 
 upon one's sword, slay one's self. 
 incursio, onis, f. 3. (fr. incurro, in- 
 cursum) a running upon, incur- 
 sion, attack. 
 incus, udis, f. 3. an anvil on which 
 
 smiths (incudunt) forge iron. 
 inddgo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (fr. 
 indu, within, et ago) to trace out 
 as hunters do, investigate. 
 inde, adv. from that place, thence. 
 index, icis, m. etf. (fr, indico) one 
 who shows or discovers, a sign, 
 mark, index. 
 India, ae,f. 1. an extensive country 
 of Asia, which took its name 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 153 
 
 from the Indus, its western boun-^ 
 dary. 
 
 indico, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (dico) 
 to show, discover, disclose. 
 
 indico, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (in el di- 
 co) to declare, proclaim. 
 
 indictus, a, um, part, of indico. 
 
 Indicus, a, um, adj. Indian. 
 
 indigena, ae,c. 1. a native of a place. 
 For indugcna, fr. indu, in, and 
 geno for gigno. 
 
 indoles, is,f. 3. natural disposition. 
 
 indiico, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (in et 
 diico) to lead in, induce, per- 
 suade. 
 
 inductus, a, um, part, of indiico. 
 
 induo, uere^ui, ulum, a. 3. (fr. ivSvu) 
 to put on, clothe. 
 
 Indus, i, m. 2. a celebrated river of 
 India, falling, after a course of 
 1300 miles, into the Indian Ocean 
 It forms the western boundary of 
 India. 
 
 industria, ae,f. 1. industry. 
 
 indiitus, a, um, part, of induo. 
 
 inedia, ae,f. 1. (fr. in, not, and edo. 
 to eat) want of food, hunger. 
 
 ineo, ire, Ivi et ii, Hum, irr. a. et n. 
 to go into, enter ; foedus, to form 
 a league. 
 
 inermis, e, adj. (fr. in, not, and 
 anna) without arms, defence- 
 less. 
 
 inexplicdbllis, e, adj. (in et expllcd- 
 btlis) inexplicable, intricate. 
 
 infdmis, e, adj. (fr.fama) infamous, 
 disgraceful. 
 
 infans, tis, c. 3. an infant. Fr.for. 
 fans. One who cannot speak. 
 
 infer i, drum, m. 2. the infernal re- 
 gions ; the infernal gods ; the 
 shades. 
 
 inferior, us, adj. cornp. of inferus. 
 
 infer o, inferre, intuli, illdtum, irr. 
 a. (in etfero) to bring into, bring 
 against; bellum alicui, to wage 
 war against. 
 
 inferus, a, um, (inferior, infimus 
 vel Imus) which is below- 
 
 infesto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to an- 
 noy, molest, injure. Infestus sum 
 in. 
 
 infestus, a, um, adj. (in, not, etfes- 
 tus) hostile. 
 
 infidus, a, um, adj. (in, not, etfidus) 
 "unfaithful, faithless. 
 
 inflgo, gere, xi, xum, a. 3. (in et 
 figo) to fix, fasten in. 
 
 infimus, a, um, adj. lowest. For 
 inferrimus, fr. inferus. 
 
 infinitus, a, um, adj. (in et finltus) 
 without bounds, infinite; influx- 
 turn argenti, an immense quanti- 
 ty of silver. 
 
 infirmus, a, um, adj. (in et flrmus) 
 weak, infirm. 
 
 infiammo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {flam' 
 mo) to set on fire, inflame, ex- 
 cite. 
 
 infldtus, a, um, part, of inflo. 
 
 inflgo, gere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (in et 
 figo) to inflict, strike. 
 
 i7iflo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (in et fid) 
 to blow into or upon, puff up. 
 
 infrendeo,ere, ui, n. 2. {inetfrendeo) 
 to gnash with the teeth. 
 
 infringo, ingcre, egi, actum, a. 3. 
 (in et frango) to break in pieces, 
 
 infundo, fundere, fiidi, fusum, a. 3. 
 (in et fundo) to pour into. 
 
 ingenium, i, n. 2. {fr. ingeno, in- 
 genui) natural disposition or ca- 
 pacity, genius, character. 
 
 ingeno, same as ingigno, gignere* 
 genui, gentium, a. 3. (in et gigno) 
 to engender, produce. 
 
 ingens, tis, adj. great, large. 
 
 ingenuus, a, um, adj. (fr. ingeno) 
 native, freeborn, liberal, candid. 
 
 ingredior, edi, essus sum, d. 3. (in 
 et grddior) to walk into, go in, 
 enter. 
 
 ingressus, a, um, po,rt. of ingredior, 
 
 ingruo, uere, ui, n. 3. to fall violent- 
 ly on, assail. 
 
 inhaereo-, rere, si, sum, n. 2. (in et 
 haereo) to cling to, adhere to ; 
 cogitationibus, to be lost in 
 thought. 
 
 inhio, are, dvi, dtum, a. et n. 1. (in 
 et hio) to gape for, covet. 
 
 inimlcus, a, um. adj. (in et amicus) 
 unfriendly, hostile. 
 
 inique. adv. (in et aeque) unequally, 
 unjustly. 
 
 inlquus, a, um,, adj. (in et aequus) 
 unequal, unjust. 
 
 initium, i, n. 2. {fr. ineo, initum) a 
 beginning. 
 
 initurus, a, um, part, of ineo. 
 
 injiciu. icere, eci, ectum, a. 3. (in et 
 jdcio) to cast into, throw upon. 
 
154 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 vnjucundus, a, urn, adj. (in et jucun-Hnsidiae, drum, f. pi. (fr. insideo) 
 dus) unpleasant, harsh. an ambush, lying in wait, treach- 
 
 injuria, ae,f. 1. injury, wrong. Fr. ery ; per insidias, treacherously. 
 jus, juris. Quod non jure fit. insidior,dri, dtus sum., d. 1. (tnsidAas 
 
 innascor, nasci, ndtus sum, d. 3. (in facio) to lie in wait, plot against. 
 et nascor) to grow in. insigne, is, n. 3. (fr. signum) a sign 
 
 inndto, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. (in et or mark of distinction, ensign. 
 
 ndlo) to swim into, float upon. 
 
 inndtus, a, um, part, of innascor, 
 inbred, innate. 
 
 innltor, ti, sus vel xussum, d. 3. (in 
 et nitor) to lean or rest upon, de- 
 pend, upon. 
 
 innbcens, tis, adj. innocent, guilt- 
 less. 
 
 innbcentia, ae,f. 1. innocence. 
 
 innotesco, escere, ui, n. inc. 3. (nohis 
 fio) to become noted or known. 
 
 htnoxius, a, um, adj. (in et noxius) 
 inoffensive, harmless. 
 
 innumerdbilis, e, adj. (in et numera 
 bilis) innumerable. 
 
 iwnumirus, a, um, adj. countless, in 
 numerable. 
 
 inopia, ae,f. 1. (inops) want. 
 
 inops, bpis, adj. poor, needy. Qui 
 est sine ope. 
 
 Inbpus, i, m. 2. a river of Delos. 
 which the inhabitants supposed 
 to be the Nile, coming from 
 Egypt under the sea. Near its 
 banks Apollo and Diana were 
 born. 
 
 in vel im- prlmis, adv. especially. 
 
 inquam, is, it, def. I say. 
 
 inquindtiirus, a, um, part, of inqui- 
 no. 
 
 inquino, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to de- 
 file, contaminate, stain. 
 
 inquiro, rere, sivi, situm, a. 3. (in et 
 quaero) to seek for, inquire, in- 
 vestigate. 
 
 insdnia, ae,f. 1. (insdnus) madness 
 
 . foll y- 
 
 insdnio, Ire, ivi, itum, n. 4. (insdnus 
 
 sum) to be mad. 
 inscrlbo, here, psi, ptum, a. 3. (in et 
 
 scribo) to write upon, inscribe. 
 imscriptus, a, um, part, of inscrlbo. 
 xnsectum, i, n. 2. (inseco, insectum) 
 
 an insect. 
 inslquens, Us, part, of insequor. 
 insequor, qui, quutus vel cutus sum., 
 
 d. 3. (in et sequor) to follow. 
 insideo, idere, edi, essum, n. 2. (in 
 
 et sedeo) to sit or rest upon. 
 
 insignis, e, adj. distinguished by 
 some (signum) mark or sign, dis- 
 tinguished. 
 
 insimulo, are, dvi, dtum, a. (in et 
 simulo) to pretend a charge 
 against, to accuse. 
 
 insislo, sistere, stili, stdtum, n. 3. 
 (in et sisto) to stand upon, insist. 
 
 insolabiliter , adv. inconsolably. 
 
 insblens, tis, adj. insolent, arrogant. 
 
 insblenter, adv. (fr. insblens) arro- 
 gantly. 
 
 insolitus, a, um, part, et adj. unac- 
 customed, unusual. 
 
 inspecto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (freq. 
 of inspicio) to look into, observe, 
 behold. 
 
 insperdtus, a, um, part, et adj. not 
 hoped for, unexpected. 
 
 instdtiirus, a, um, part, of insto. 
 
 inslituo, uere, ui, utum, a. 3. (in et 
 stdtuo) to appoint, institute. 
 
 institutum, i, n. 2. (fr. instiluo) a 
 practice, institution. 
 
 institutus, a, um, part, of instituo. 
 
 insto, stare, stiti, stdtum, n. 1 . (in et 
 sto) to stand near, urge, request 
 earnestly. 
 
 instrumentum, i, n. 2. (fr. instruo) 
 an instrument. 
 
 instruo, ere,xi, ctum, a. 3. (in et struo) 
 to furnish, provide, tit out, in- 
 struct ; epulas, to prepare a meal. 
 
 Insubres, um, m. pi. 3. the inhabit- 
 ants of Insubria, a country near 
 the Po, supposed to be of Gallic 
 origin. 
 
 insuesco, escere, evi, etum, n. inc. 3. 
 to become accustomed. 
 
 insula, ae,f. 1. an island. 
 
 insuper, adv. moreover. 
 
 integer, gra, gruvi, adj. (grior, ger- 
 rimus) whole, entire, uncorrupt- 
 ed, unhurt. 
 
 inlego, gere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (in et 
 tego) to cover. 
 
 integritas. diis, f. 3. (fr. integer) 
 integrity. 
 
 intellectus, a, um, part, of intelligo. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 155 
 
 tntetttgo, igere, exi, ectum, a. 3. (in- 
 ter et lego) to understand, per- 
 ceive, discern, know. 
 
 inter, prep. c. ace. between, among. 
 
 intercipio, ipere, epi, eptum, a. 3. 
 (inter et capio) to take by surprise, 
 intercept. 
 
 inter dico, cere, xi, dum, a. 3. (inter 
 et dico) to forbid, prohibit. 
 
 inter didus. a, um,part. of inter 'dico. 
 
 inter din, adv. by day. 
 
 interdum, adv. now and then, some- 
 times. 
 
 inter ea, adv. (inter ea negotia) in the 
 meanwhile. 
 
 interemtus vel -emptus, a, um, part. 
 of interimo. 
 
 intereo, Ire, Ivi et ii, itum, irr. n. 
 (inter et eo) to go to ruin, perish. 
 
 interest, imp. (inter et sum) it con- 
 cerns, or is the interest of; mea, 
 it concerns me. 
 
 interfector, oris, m. 3. (fr. interficio, 
 inter f edum) a murderer. 
 
 interficio, icere, eci, edum, a. 3. (in- 
 ter etfdcio) to kill, murder. 
 
 interim, adv. in the meanwhile. 
 
 interimo, imere, e?ni, cmtum or emp- 
 tum, a. 3. (inter et emo) to take in 
 the midst, take away, kill. 
 
 int,erjedus, a, um, part, of inter jicio . 
 
 interjicio, icere, eci, edum, a. 3. (in- 
 ter et jdcio) to throw between or 
 among. 
 
 interior, us. adj. (comp. of interns) 
 more within, inner, interior. 
 
 internecio, onis, f. 3. a massacre, 
 carnage, destruction. 
 
 internodium, i, n. 2. the space be- 
 tween two knots or joints. 
 
 internus, a, urn, adj. (fr. inter) in- 
 ner, internal; Mare Internum, 
 Mediterranean sea. 
 
 interpres, etis, m. 3. an interpreter. 
 Fr. inter and partes, or inter and 
 pretium. 
 
 interregnum, i, n. 2 (inter et reg- 
 nurn) an interreign, the space of 
 lime in which a throne is vacant 
 between the death of one king! 
 and the- accession of another. 
 
 inter 'rogatus.a, urn, part.oHnterrogo. 
 
 inter r ago, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. 
 
 intersv.m, esse, fin, futurus, irr. n. 
 (inter et sum) to be in the midst, 
 be present at. 
 
 o2 
 
 interns, a, urn, adj. (fr. inter) which 
 is within. 
 
 intervallum, i, n. 2. the space {inter 
 vallos) between the stakes of the 
 rampart of a camp, any interval. 
 
 intervenio, venire, veni.ventum. n. 4. 
 (inter et venio) to come between. 
 
 intexo, ere. ui, turn. a. 3. (in et texo) 
 to interweave. 
 
 intimus, a, um, adj. (for interrimus 
 fr. interns) innermost, very inti- 
 mate. 
 
 intra, prep. c. ace. within ; adv. in- 
 ward. 
 
 intrlpidus, a,, um, adj. (in, not, et 
 trepidus) fearless, intrepid. 
 
 intro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (intro eo) 
 to go into, enter. 
 
 introduco. cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (intro 
 et duco) to lead in, introduce. 
 
 introitus, us, m. 4. (fr. introeo, in- 
 troitum) a going in, entrance. 
 
 intueor, eri, itus sum. d. 2. (in et 
 tueor) to look steadfastly at, be- 
 hold. 
 
 intus, adv. (evros) within. 
 
 inusitdtus, a, um, adj. (in etusitdtus) 
 unusual, uncommon. 
 
 inutilis, e, adj. (in et utilis) useless, 
 unserviceable. 
 
 invddo, dere, si, sum, a. 3. (in et 
 vddo) to enter, fall upon, attack. 
 
 invenio, venire, veni, ventum, a. 4. 
 (in et venio) to come upon, light 
 upon, find, invent. 
 
 inventrix, ids, f 3. (fr. invenio) 
 an inventress. 
 
 inventus, a, um, part, of invenio. 
 
 investigo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 
 trace or find out by (vestigiis) the 
 prints of the feet, to investigate, 
 discover. 
 
 invicem,adv. alternately, mutually. 
 
 invictus, a, um, part, (in et vidus) 
 unconquered. 
 
 invideo, videre, vidi, visum, a,. 2. (in 
 et video) to envy. That is, keep 
 one's eye fixed on an object with 
 sentiments of secret jealousy. ■ 
 
 invidia, ae,f 1. envy, hatred, spite. 
 
 invisus, a. um, adj. odious, hateful, 
 
 invitdlus, a, um, part, of invito. 
 
 invito, are, dvi, dtum, a. I. to ask, 
 invite. 
 
 invius, a, um, adj. (fr. via) impas- 
 
 I sable. 
 
156 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 invoco, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (in et 
 
 voco) to call upon, invoke. 
 Jones, um, m. pi. 3. the inhabitants 
 
 of Ionia. 
 Ionia, ae, /. 1. a country of Asia 
 
 Minor, on the coast of the Ae- 
 
 gaean. 
 
 ^ nicus ' a > um > l adj. Ionian. 
 
 Iomus, a, um, ) J 
 
 Iphicrdtes, is, m. 3. a celebrated ge- 
 neral of Athens, who rose from 
 the lowest station to the highest 
 offices in the state. 
 
 Iphigenia, ae, /. 1. a daughter of 
 Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. 
 
 ipse, a, um, pro. he himself, she 
 herself, itself; he, she, it ; et ipse, 
 he also. 
 
 Ira, ae,f. 1. anger, passion, resent- 
 ment. 
 
 irascor, irasci, d. 3. (fr. ird) to be 
 angry or enraged. 
 
 irdtus, a, um, adj. (fr. ira) angry, 
 enraged. 
 
 irretio, ire, Ivi, Hum, a. 4. (fr. rete) 
 to ensnare, entangle. 
 
 irrideo, dere, si, sum, a. 2. (in et 
 rlded) to laugh at, scoff. 
 
 U'rigainis, a, um, part, of irrigo. 
 
 irrigo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (in et 
 rigo) to water, bedew, irrigate. 
 
 irrlto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to pro- 
 voke, enrage, irritate. 
 
 irruo, uere, ui, n. 2. (in et ruo) to 
 rush in or on furiously, attack. 
 
 is, ea, id, pro. this, he, she, it. 
 
 Isocrates, is, m. 3. a celebrated 
 Athenian orator, son of Theodo- 
 rus. 
 
 Issicus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
 Issus. 
 
 Issus, i, f. 2. now Aisse, a town of 
 Cilicia, on the confines of Syria. 
 
 iste, a, ud, pro. this, that, he, she, it. 
 
 Ister, tri, m. 2. a large river of Eu- 
 rope, falling into the Euxine sea. 
 called also Danubius. 
 
 Isthmicus,a,um, adj. Isthmian ; ludi, 
 sacred games among the Greeks, 
 which received their name from 
 the isthmus of Corinth, where 
 they were observed. 
 
 Isthmus, i, m. 2. ('Iofydj) an isth 
 mus, neck of land separating two 
 seas. 
 
 %ta, adv. so, thus. 
 
 Italia, ae, f. 1. Italy, a celebrated 
 country of Europe. 
 
 Itdlicus, a, um t ) ^. j rf . 
 
 Italus, a, um, ) J 
 
 itdque, adv. therefore. That is, 
 and so. 
 
 iter, itineris, n. 3. (fr. eo } Hum) a 
 journey, way, march. 
 
 ittrum, adv. once more, again. 
 
 Ithaca, ae,f. 1. a mountainous and 
 rocky island, with a city of the 
 same name, situate north-east of 
 Cephallenia. It was famous for 
 being a part of the kingdom of 
 Ulysses. 
 
 itidem, adv. in like manner, like- 
 wise. 
 
 iturus, a, um, part, of eo. 
 
 J. 
 
 jaceo, ere, ui, ztum, n. 2. to lie. 
 
 jacio, jdcere, jeci, jactum J a. 3. to 
 throw, cast, hurl. 
 
 jacto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (freq.fr. 
 jacio,) to throw to and fro, toss. 
 
 jactus, a, um, part, of jacio. 
 
 jdculor, dri, dtussum, d. 1. to throw 
 (jaculum) a javelin, hurl. 
 
 jam, adv. now, presently, already. 
 
 jamdudum, adv. long ago. 
 
 Janiculum, i, n. 2. now Montorio, 
 one of the seven hills at Rome, 
 on the opposite shore of the 
 Tiber. Ancus Martius joined 
 it to the city by the bridge Subli- 
 cins. 
 
 Japetus, i, m. 2. a son of Coelus or 
 Titan and Terra. 
 
 Jason, cnis, m. 3. a celebrated hero, 
 son of Aeson. He was leader 
 of the Argonauts. 
 
 jejunus, a, um,adj. fasting, hungry. 
 
 jocor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to speak 
 in jest, joke. 
 
 juba, ae, f 1. a mane. 
 
 jubep, jiib e, jussi, jussum, a. 2. to 
 order, bid, command. 
 
 jucundus, a, um, adj. (fr.juvo) de- 
 lightful, sweet. 
 
 Judaea, ae,f 1. a province of Pa- 
 lestine, forming the southern di- 
 vision. 
 
 Judaeus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
 Judaea ; Judaeus, i, m. 2. a Jew. 
 
 judex, ids, c. 3. (jus et dico) a judge. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 157 
 
 judicdtus, a, um, part, of judico. 
 
 judicium, i, n. 2. judgment; a sen- 
 tence, decision. 
 
 judico, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (judex) 
 to judge, determine, think. 
 
 jiigerum, i, n. 2. an acre of land. 
 
 jugum, i, n. 2. a yoke ; the summit 
 of a mountain. Fr. tfyov. Or 
 fr. jugo, jungo. 
 
 Jugurtha, ae, m. 1. a son of Masta- 
 nabal, the brother of Micipsa. 
 
 Julius, i, m. 2. the name of a fami- 
 ly of Alba, brought to Rome by 
 Romulus, where they soon rose 
 to the highest honours of the 
 state. 
 
 junctus, a, um, part, of jungo. 
 
 jungo, gere, xi, ctum, a. 3. to join ; 
 jungere currum, to put the horses 
 to the chariot. 
 
 junior, us, adj. comp. (for juvenior 
 fit. juve?iis) younger. 
 
 Junius, i, m. 2. the name of a fami- 
 ly at Rome. 
 
 Juno, onis.f. 3. the wife of Jupiter 
 
 Jupiter, Jbvis. m. 3. the son of Sa- 
 turn and Ops, and king of the 
 gods. 
 
 jurgiosus, a. um, adj. (fr. jurgium) 
 quarrelsome. 
 
 jurgium, i, n. 2. a quarrel. 
 
 juro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (fr. jus, 
 juris) to swear. 
 
 jus, juris, n. 3. law, right, justice ; 
 jus civitatis, citizenship ; jure, 
 justly, reasonably. Fr. jussifr 
 jubeo. That which is ordained 
 by laws human or divine. 
 
 jussus, a, um, part, of jubeo. 
 
 jussus, iis, m. 4. (fr. jubeo, jussum) 
 a command. 
 
 justitia, ae,f 1. (f Justus) justice. 
 
 Justus, a, um, adj. (fr. jus) just 
 right, upright. 
 
 juvenca, ae,f 1. a heifer. 
 
 juvlnis, is, adj. (comp junior, for 
 juvenior) young, youthful; subst. 
 c. 3. a youth, young man or wo- 
 man. Fr. juvo. One who has 
 arrived at that time of life which 
 admits of bis being of use to his 
 countrv, to his family, and to him 
 ^ self. 
 
 juventus, ulis, f. 3. (fr. juvenis) 
 youth. 
 
 juvo, juvdre, juvi, juium, a. 1. to 
 
 succour, help, assist. 
 juxta, ;?r<?p.c.#cc. immediatelyupon, 
 
 hard by, near; adv. nearly alike, 
 
 equally. 
 
 labor et -os, oris, m. 3. toil, labour. 
 
 labor, bi, psus sum, d. 3. to fall, 
 glide, flow. 
 
 Idboriosus, a, um, adj. (fr. labor) 
 toilsome, laborious. 
 
 labor o, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. (labor) 
 to labour, be oppressed with, suf- 
 fer with ; morbo, to be sick ; fame t 
 to be hungry. 
 
 labi/rinthus, i, m. 2. (Aa/3vpiv8os) a 
 labyrinth. 
 
 lac, tis, n. 3. milk. 
 
 Ldcedaemonhcs, a, um, adj. Lace- 
 daemonian. 
 
 Lacedaemon, onis, f. 3. a noble city 
 of the Peloponnesus, the capital 
 of Laconia, called also Sparta. 
 
 lacerdtus. a,, um, part, of lacero. 
 
 Idcero, are. dvi. dtum, a. \.(fr. lacer t 
 torn) to tear in pieces, maim. 
 
 lacessltus, a, um, part, of lacesso. 
 
 Idcesso, ere, ivi, Hum, a. 3. to rouse, 
 provoke, irritate. 
 
 La,conicus, a, um, adj. Spartan, La- 
 conic. 
 
 lacrifma, ae,f 1. a tear. 
 
 lacus, its, m. 4. a lake. 
 
 laedo, dire, si, sum, a. 3. to hurt, 
 harm. 
 
 laetdtus, a, um. part, of laetor. 
 
 laetitia, ae,f. 1. (fr. laetus) joy. 
 
 laetor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to be glad, 
 rejoice. 
 
 laetus, a, um, adj. glad, joyful, pros- 
 perous, flourishing, fruitful, plen- 
 tiful. 
 
 Laevinus, i, m. 2. P. Valerius, a 
 Roman consul, sent against Pyr- 
 rhus; Laevini a familybelonging 
 to the gens Valeria. 
 
 laevor, oris, m. 3. smoothness. 
 
 Lagus, i, m. 2. a Macedonian of 
 mean extraction, who adopted 
 Ptolemy (thence called Lagus or 
 Lagides), the first Macedonian 
 king of Egypt. 
 
 Idna, ae,f. 1. wool. 
 
/58 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 Idndtus, a, um, adj. having or bear- 
 ing wool, woolly. 
 
 Idnidtus, a, um, part, of lanio. 
 
 lanio, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to tear, to 
 cut in pieces. 
 
 lapicidina, ae, f 1. (fr. lapicida, 
 fr. lapis et caedo) a quarry ; mar- 
 mbris, a marble-pit, quarry of 
 marble. 
 
 Idpideus, a, um, adj. (fr. lapis) stony. 
 
 lapis, idis. m. 3. a stone. 
 
 lapsus, a, um, part, of labor. 
 
 laqueus, i, m. 2. a noose, halter 
 snare. 
 
 largior, Iri, Itus sum, d. 4. to grant 
 [large) largely, lavish, give, grant, 
 
 largitio, 6?iis, f 3. (fr. largior) a 
 giving freely, grant, gift. 
 
 largus, a, um, adj. large, extensive, 
 copious. 
 
 late. adv. widely, far and wide. 
 
 latehra, ae,f. 1. (fr. lateo) a hiding- 
 place. 
 
 lateo, ere, ui, n. 2. to lurk, lie hid 
 escape the observation of. 
 
 later, eris, m. 3. a brick or tile. 
 
 laterculus, i, m. 2. a small brick or 
 tile. 
 
 Latinus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
 Latium, Latin. 
 
 Latinus, i, m. 2. a son of Faunus 
 and Marica, king of the Abori- 
 gines in Italy, who from him 
 were called Latini. 
 
 Idtitudo, Inis, f 3. (fr. latus) 
 breadth. 
 
 Ldtona, ae,f. 1. the mother of Apol- 
 lo and Diana. 
 
 latrandus, a, um, part, of latro. 
 
 latro, are, dvi, alum, a. 1. to break, 
 bark at. 
 
 latro, onis, m. 3. a robber. 
 
 latrocinium, i, n. 2. robbery. 
 
 laturus, a, um, part, of fero. 
 
 latus, a, um, adj. broad, wide. 
 
 Idtu, eris, n. 3. a side. 
 
 lauddtus, a, um, part, of Ian do. 
 
 laudo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (fr. lams, 
 laudis) to praise. 
 
 laus, dis, f 3. praise. 
 
 laute, adv. sumptuously, magnifi- 
 cently. 
 
 lavo, lav are, lav dvi et saepius lavi. 
 lavdtum, laulum et lotum, a. I. et 
 3. to wash, rinse, bathe. 
 
 leaena, ae,f 1. (Aiaiva) a lioness. 
 
 Leander, dri, m. 2. a youth of Aby- 
 dos. 
 
 Icbes, etis, m. 3. (Aifiris) a kettle. 
 
 lectus, a, um, part, of lego. 
 
 Leda, ae, f. 1. the wife of Tynda- 
 rus. king of Sparta, was mother 
 of Pollux and Helena, and also 
 of Castor and Clvtemnestra. 
 
 legdtio, 6nis l f. 3. (legatus) an em- 
 bassy. 
 
 legdtus, i, m. 2. (fr. lego) an am- 
 bassador, lieutenant. 
 
 legio, onis, f. 3, a legion, body of 
 soldiers consisting of ten co- 
 horts. 
 
 legislator, oris, m. 3. (lex etfero, la- 
 tum) a lawgiver, legislator. 
 
 lego, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to send or 
 depute as an ambassador, or as a 
 deputy or lieutenant. 
 
 lego, legere, legi, tectum, a. 3. (Af- 
 yco) to gather, choose, read, read 
 aloud. 
 
 Lemdnus, i, m. 2. a lake in the coun- 
 try of the Allobroges, now called 
 the lake of Geneva. 
 
 lente, adv. slowly, remissly. 
 
 leo, onis, m. 3. (Auov) a lion. 
 
 Leonidas, ae, m. 1. a king of Spar- 
 ta, celebrated for his bravery and 
 patriotism. He led the 300 Spar- 
 tans who fell at Thermopylae. 
 
 Leontinus, i, m. 2. pertaining to 
 Leontium. 
 
 Leontium, i, n. 2. a town of Sicily. 
 
 Lepid.us, i, m. 2. M. Aemilius, a Ro- 
 man celebrated as being one of 
 the triumvirs, with Octavianus 
 and Antony. 
 
 lepus, oris, m. 3. a hare. 
 
 letdlis, e, adj, (fr. letum, death) 
 mortal, deadly, fatal. 
 
 levis, e, adj. light. 
 
 levis et laevis, e, adj. (fr. leTos) 
 smooth, polished. 
 
 levitas, dtis, f 3. (fr. levis) light- 
 ness. 
 
 levo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (fr. levis) 
 to lighten, relieve, alleviate. 
 
 lex, legis,f. 3. a law, condition. 
 
 Ubenter. adv. (fr. Irbens, willing) 
 willingly, cheerfully. 
 
 liber, era, erum, adj. free. 
 
 liber, bri, m. 2. (fr. \iiro^ ) bark) 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 159 
 
 the inward bark or rind of a tree, 
 a book. 
 
 liber dliter, adv. in a manner befit- 
 ting a (liberum virum) freeman or 
 gentleman, liberally. 
 
 liberdtus, a, um, part, of liber o. 
 
 liber e, adv. freely. 
 
 liber i, drum, m.pl. 2. children, (free- 
 born, not slaves). 
 
 liber o, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to free 
 set at liberty. Liberum f ado. 
 
 libertas, dtis. f 3. (fr. liber) liber- 
 ty- 
 
 Libya, ae, f. 1. properly that part 
 of Africa which borders on the 
 Mediterranean, adjoining Egypt. 
 The poets have extended the 
 name to all Africa. 
 
 licet, tbat, Ucuit, vel licitum est, imp. 
 it is just or right, it is lawful or 
 allowed. 
 
 Licinius, i, m. 2. the name of an il- 
 lustrious family at Rome. 
 
 licet, conj. although. 
 
 lienosus, a, um, adj. (lien, enis, 
 spleen) splenetic, affected with 
 spleen. 
 
 ligneus, a, um, adj. (fr. lignum) of 
 wood, wooden. 
 
 lignum, i, n. 2. wood. 
 
 ligo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to bind. 
 
 Liguria, ae, f. la country in the 
 west of Italy, along the Ligusti- 
 cus Sinus or Gulf of Genoa. 
 
 Ligus, uris, m. 3. an inhabitant of 
 Liguria. a Ligurian. 
 
 Ligusticus, a, um, adj. pertaining 
 to Liguria ; Sinus vel Mare, now 
 the Gulf of Genoa. 
 
 Lilybaeum, i. n. 2. a promontory of 
 Sicily, looking towards Africa, 
 with a town of the same name in 
 its vicinity. 
 
 limpidus, a, um, adj. clear, limpid 
 
 limus, i, m. 2. mud, -lime, clay. 
 
 lingua, ae, f 1. (fr. lingo, to lick) 
 the tongue; speech, language. 
 
 linum, i, n. (Aivov) flax, linen. 
 
 liquefdcio, facer e, feci, fa cium, a. 3. 
 ( liquere fdcio) to melt, dissolve. 
 
 liquidus, a. um. adj. {fr. liquor) li- 
 quid, pure, clear. 
 
 lis, litis, f. 3. strife, dispute. 
 
 litter a, ae,f 1. a letter, litlerisman- 
 dare, to commit to writing; lit- 
 
 terae, drum, pi. a letter, epistle; 
 also, letters or learning, the arts, 
 the sciences. 
 
 litterdrius, a, um, adj (fr. litter a) 
 relating to letters, literary. 
 
 litus vel littus, oris, n. 3. (fr. \iaa6^ ) 
 \iT-ds, smooth) a shore, a bank. 
 
 loco, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to place, 
 deposite ;virgoducenda locatur, a 
 girl is bestowed or given in mar- 
 riage. Fr. locus. That is, in 
 loco pono. 
 
 locus, i, m.. 2. loci et Idea, drum, pi. 
 m et n. a place. 
 
 Ibcusta, ae,f. 1. a locust. 
 
 longe. adv. (fr. longus) a long way 
 off. far, wide. 
 
 longinquus, a, um, adj. {fr. longus) 
 being a long way off, distant. 
 
 longitiido, inis. f. 3. (fr. longus) 
 length. 
 
 longus, a, um, adj. long. 
 
 loquiiturus vel -cuturus, a, um, part. 
 of loquor. 
 
 loquiitus vel cutus, a, urn, part, of 
 loquor. 
 
 loquor. qui, quutus vel ciitus sum, <L 
 3. (fr. \6y^, a word) to .speak. 
 
 lorica, ae,f. 1. a breast-plate, coat 
 of mail. Fr.lorum. As ancient- 
 ly made of leathor or leathern 
 thongs. 
 
 lorum, i, n. 2. a thong, whip, 
 scourge. 
 
 lubens vel libens, tis, part, of liibet, 
 willing. 
 
 lubentervellibenter, {ius, issime) adv. 
 willingly. 
 
 lubet vel libel, ebat, uit vel itum est, 
 impers. 2. it pleases, it is agree- 
 able. 
 
 lubido vel libido, inis,f. 3. (fr. Ubet) 
 desire, inclination, lust. 
 
 lubricus, a, um, adj. (for labricusfr. 
 labor) slippery. 
 
 luceo, cere, xi, n. 2. (fr. lux, lucis) 
 to shine. 
 
 Lucius, i, m. a praenomen among 
 the Romans. 
 
 Lucretia, ae,f 1. a celebrated Ro- 
 man lady, daughter of Lucretius, 
 and wife of Tarquinius Collati- 
 nus. 
 
 Lucretius, i, m. 2. Sp. Tricipitinus, 
 father of Lucretia. 
 
160 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 luctus, us, m. 4. (fr. lugeo i luctum) 
 mourning. 
 
 LmcuIIus, i, m. 2. Lucius Licinius, a 
 Roman, celebrated for his fond- 
 ness of luxury, and for his mili- 
 tary talents. 
 
 lucus, i, m. 2. a grove. 
 
 ludo, dire, si, sum, a. 3. to play. 
 
 ludus, i, m. 2. play, a game ; litte- 
 rarius, a school ; gladiatorius, a 
 school for gladiators ; ludi magis- 
 ter, a school-master. 
 
 lugeo, gere. xi, clum, n. 2. (fr. \v$a), 
 to sob) to lament, bewail. 
 
 lumen, lids, n. 3. (for lucimen fr 
 luceo) the light, a light, an eye. 
 
 luna, ae, f 1. (for lucina Jr. luceo) 
 the moon. 
 
 lupa, ae,f. 1. a she- wolf. 
 
 lupus, i, m. 3. (fr. \vkos) a wolf. 
 
 luscinia, ae,f. 1. a nightingale. 
 
 Jjiisitdnia, ae,f 1. a part of ancient 
 Hispania, on the Atlantic coast, 
 answering nearly to the modern 
 kingdom of Portugal. 
 
 lustro, are, dvi, alum, a. 1. to expi- 
 ate, purify, muster, review. 
 
 lustrum, i, n. 2. the lair or den of 
 wild beasts. 
 
 lusus, us, m. 4. (fr. ludo, lusum) 
 play, sport, a game. 
 
 Uutatius, i, m. 2. C. Catulus, a Ro- 
 man naval commander, famous 
 for his victory over the Carthagi- 
 nian fleet, off the Aegaies insu- 
 lae. 
 
 Lutctia, ae, f. 1. now Paris, a town 
 of Belgic Gaul, on an island in 
 the Sequana or Seine, which re- 
 ceived its name, as some suppose, 
 from the quantity of (lutum) clay 
 in its neighbourhood. 
 
 lutum, i, n.2. clay, mire, dirt. 
 
 lux, lucis, f. 3. (fr. A™ 17, dawn, or 
 kuiroj, bright) light. 
 
 luxuria, ae,f. 1. luxury. 
 
 Jjycia, ae, f 1. a country of Asia 
 Minor, in the south. 
 
 Jjycius, a, urn, adj. pertaining to 
 Lycia, Lycian. 
 
 Lycomedes, is,m. 3. a king of ScyrosJ 
 an island in the Aegaean sea, a 
 son of Apollo and Parthenope. 
 
 Jjycurgus. i, m. 2. a celebrated law- 
 giver of Sparta, son of king Eu- 
 nomus. 
 
 Lydia, ae, /. 1. a country of Asia 
 
 Minor, south of Mysia. 
 Lysander, dri, m. 2. a celebrated 
 
 general of Sparta. 
 LysimacJius, i, m. 3. king of Thrace, 
 
 one of the captains of Alexander 
 
 the Great. 
 
 M. 
 
 Macedo, bnis, m. 3. a Macedonian. 
 
 Macedonia, ae,f. 1. now Roumelia i 
 a country of Europe, lying to the 
 west of Thrace, and north and 
 north-east of Thessaly. 
 
 Mdcedonicus, a, um, adj. Macedo- 
 nian. 
 
 indexes, iei, f 5. (fr. maceo t to be 
 lean) leanness, 
 
 Macrobii, drum, m. pi. 2. (fr. paKpos, 
 long, and fiios, life) a people of 
 Aethiopia, celebrated for their 
 longevity. 
 
 mactdtus, a, wn, part, of macto. 
 
 macto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to sacri- 
 fice, immolate, slay. 
 
 macula, ae,f 1. a spot, stain. 
 
 macuiosus, a, um, adj. spotted, stain- 
 ed. 
 
 madeo, ere, ui, n. 2. (Macaco) to be 
 wet or moist. 
 
 Maenades, um, f pi. 3. (Matvddes) 
 priestesses of Bacchus. 
 
 Maeotis, idis, f 3. Palus, a large 
 lake or part of the sea, at the 
 north of the Euxine, now called 
 the sea of Azoph or Zaback. 
 
 magis, adv. more, rather. 
 
 magister, tri, m. 2. a master, teach- 
 er; magister equitum, a general 
 of horse, or the dictator's lieute- 
 nant. 
 
 magislra, ae, f 1. a mistress, in- 
 structress. 
 
 magistrdtus, its, m. 3. (fr. magister) 
 a magistracy, magistrate. 
 
 Magnesia, ae,f 1. the name of two 
 cities in Lydia, of which one was 
 situate in the south near the 
 Maeander, and the other in the 
 northern part, near the junction 
 of the Hermus and Hyllus. 
 
 magnifice, adv. -ccntius,-centissime, 
 magnificently. 
 
 magnificentia, ae } f. 1. magnifi- 
 
 i cence. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 161 
 
 magnificus, a, um, adj. -centior, 
 -centissimus, magnificent. 
 
 magnitude?, inis. f. 3. (fr. magnus) 
 greatness, magnitude. 
 
 tnagnopere, adv. i. e. magno opere, 
 with much toil, greatly, very 
 much. 
 
 magnus, a, um } adj. (comp. major, 
 sup. maximus) great. 
 
 majores, um, m. pi. 3. forefathers, 
 ancestors. 
 
 male, adv. (comp. pejus, sup. pessi- 
 me) badly. 
 
 mdledico, cere, xi, ctum, a- 3. {male 
 et dico) to speak ill of, rail at, re- 
 vile. 
 
 tndledicus, a, um, adj. -centior, cen- 
 tissimus, slanderous, reproachful,' 
 abusive. 
 
 mdleficus, a, um,adj. -centior, -cen- 
 tissimus, (fr. malefacio) hurtful, 
 mischievous, wicked. 
 
 mdlo. malle, malui, irr. n. {fr. magis 
 and volo) to be more willing,wish, 
 rather, prefer. 
 
 malum, i, n. 2. (fr. jxrfKov, Dor. ^a\ov) 
 an apple. 
 
 malum, i, n. 2. evil, misfortune, ca- 
 lamity. 
 
 mains, a, um, adj. (pejor, pessimus) 
 bad, wicked ; mali. bad men. 
 
 Manclnus, i, m. 2. a Roman general, 
 who was defeated, by the Numan- 
 tines, B. C 138. 
 
 man-do. are, dvi, dtum, a.lAo com- 
 mit to one's charge, enjoin, or- 
 der. 
 
 mando, dire, di, sum, a. 3. to chew, 
 eat. 
 
 vidne, n. ind. the morning ; adv. in 
 the morning. 
 
 mdneo, ere, si, sum. n. 2. to remain. 
 
 manes, ium, m. pi the ghosts of 
 the dead, the shades. Also, the 
 abode of the shades. 
 
 Manlius, i, m. 2. a name among the 
 Romans. 
 
 mdno are, dvi, oZtum, n. 1. to flow. 
 
 mansuefdcio, facere, feci, factum, a 
 3. (mansuetum facio) to make 
 tame. 
 
 mansuef actus, a, um, part, of man- 
 suefio. 
 
 moAisnefio fieri, f actus sum, irr. to 
 
 be made tame. 
 Mantinea, ae, f. 1. a town of Arca- 
 
 dia, in the Peloponnesus, near 
 the borders of Argolis. 
 
 mdnubiae, drum, f pi. 1. spoils ta- 
 ken (manu) by the hand in war 
 or elsewhere, booty. 
 
 manumissus, a, um, part, of manu- 
 mitto. 
 
 manumitto, mittere, misi, missum, a. 
 3. (manus et mitto) to set at liber- 
 ty, free. 
 
 manus, iis, f. 4. a hand, the trunk 
 of an elephant. 
 
 mdpdle, is, n. 3. a hut (of a rustic 
 Numidian). An African word. 
 
 Marcellus, i, m. 2. the cognomen of 
 an illustrious Roman family. 
 
 Marcius. i, m. 2. the name of a Ro- 
 man family. 
 
 Marcus, i, m. 2. apraenomen among 
 the Romans. 
 
 mare, is, n. 3. the sea. 
 
 margdrita, ae, f. 1. (fr. napyapirw) 
 a pearl. 
 
 Mariandyni, drum, m.pl. 2. a peo- 
 ple of Bithynia, to the east of the 
 river Sangarius. 
 
 mdrinus, a, um, adj. pertaining to 
 (mare) the sea, marine ; aquila 
 marina, the saker. 
 
 mdritimus, a, um, adj. (fr. mare) of 
 the sea, maritime ; regio, a coun- 
 try bordering on the sea; mari- 
 timae copiae, naval forces. 
 
 martins, i, m. 2. {fr. mas) a hus- 
 band. 
 
 Mo.rius, i, m. 2. C. a native of Ar- 
 pinum, who, from a peasant, be- 
 came one of the most powerful 
 and cruel tyrants that Rome ever 
 beheld during her consular go- 
 vernment. 
 
 marmor, oris, m. 3. (fr. ixapaapov) 
 marble. 
 
 Mars, tis, m. 3. the god of war, son 
 of Jupiter and Juno. 
 
 Marsi, drum, m. pi. 2. a people set- 
 tled near the lake Fucinus in 
 Italy. 
 
 Marsyas s ae, m. 1. a celebrated mu- 
 sician of Celaenae in Phrygia. 
 
 mascidus, a, um, adj. (fr. mas) male, 
 manly. 
 
 mas, maris, m. 3. the male of any 
 creature. 
 
 massa. ae,f. 1. a lump, mass. 
 
 Massicus, a, um, adj. of Massicus t 
 
162 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 a mountain of Campania, near 
 Sinuessa, famous for its wine. 
 
 Massilia, ae,f. 1. a maritime town 
 of Galiia Narbonensis, now Mar- 
 seilles. 
 
 mater, tris, f 3. (pnrrip, Dor. pimp) 
 a mother. 
 
 materia, ae, f. 1. matter, stuff, ma- 
 terial, timber. 
 
 mdtrimonium, i, ft. 2. (fr. mater, 
 mdtris) marriage, matrimony. 
 
 mdtrona, ae,f I. {fr. mater) a mar- 
 ried woman, matron. 
 
 Mdtrona, ae, f. 1. a river of Gaul, 
 now the Marne. 
 
 mdturesco, escere, ui, n. inc. 3. (md- 
 turusfio) to ripen, grow ripe. 
 
 mdturus, a, um, adj. ripe, mature. 
 
 mdtutinus, a, um, adj. belonging to 
 the morning, early. Fr. Matuta, 
 the goddess of morning. 
 
 Mauritania, ae, f 1. a country in 
 the west of Africa, on the Medi- 
 terranean, now the empire of 
 Fez and Morocco. 
 
 Mausolus, i, m. 2. a king of Caria, 
 
 maxilla, ae, f 1. the jaw-bone, 
 jaw. 
 
 maxime, adv. (comp. magis) most of 
 all, especially. 
 
 maximus, a, um, adj. ( sup. of mag- 
 nus) greatest. 
 
 Maximus, i, m. 2. the cognomen of 
 several Romans. 
 
 mecum, (i. e. cum me) with me. 
 
 medeor, eri, (with a dat.) d. 2. to 
 cure. heal. 
 
 medicdtus, a, um., part, of medico. 
 
 mediclna, ae,f. 1. (fr.medicus) me- 
 dicine. 
 
 medico, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (fr. me- 
 deor) to heal, cure ; corpus, to 
 embalm. 
 
 medicus, i, m. 2. (fr. medico) a phy- 
 sician. 
 
 mediocris, e, adj. (fr. medius) mid 
 dling, moderate. 
 
 Mediomatrici, drum, m. pi. 2. a peo- 
 ple of Gallia Belgica, on the Mo- 
 sell a or Moselle. 
 
 meditdtus. a : um, part, of meditor. 
 
 meditor, dri, dtus sum, a. 1. to give 
 attention to, meditate, practise 
 
 medius. a, um, adj. middle ; medium, 
 the middle; in medium agmen. 
 into the midst of the band ; per 
 
 medios ignes, through the midst 
 of the fire. 
 
 Medusa, ae, f 1. (MeSovvd) one of 
 the three Gorgons. 
 
 Me gar a, ae, f. 1. et Me gar a drum, 
 n. pi. 2. the capital of Megaris. 
 
 Megarenses, ium, m. pi. 3. the inha- 
 bitants of Megara. 
 
 Megaris, idis, f. 3. a small country 
 of Achaia. 
 
 Megasthenes, is, m. 3. a Greek his- 
 torian in the age of Seleucus Ni- 
 canor. 
 
 mehercule, adv. by Hercules, in very 
 truth. 
 
 mel, mellis, n. 3. (fr. piXi) honey. 
 
 Meledger, et -grus, gri, m. 2. a ce- 
 lebrated hero, son of Oeneus, 
 king of Aetolia. 
 
 melior, us, adj. (comp. of bonus) bet- 
 ter. 
 
 membrdna, ae, f 1. a thin skin, 
 parchment. 
 
 membrum, i, n. 2. a member, limb. 
 
 memini, def. pret. I remember. 
 
 mtmor, oris, adj. mindful. 
 
 membrdbilis, e, adj. memorable. 
 
 memoria, ae, f. 1. memory. The 
 power by which (memores sumus) 
 we remember. 
 
 memoro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (fr. 
 memor) to mention,relate,remem- 
 ber. 
 
 Memphis, is et idos, f 3. a famous 
 city of Egypt, on the left side of 
 the Nile, about 15 miles above 
 the apex of the Delta. 
 
 menddcium, i, n. 2. (fr. mendax,) a 
 lie, falsehood. 
 
 mendax, dcis, adj. (for mentaz fr. 
 menlior) lying, false. 
 
 Meneldus, i, m. 2. a king of Sparta, 
 brother to Agamemnon, and hus- 
 band of Helen. 
 
 Mentnius, i, ni. 2. Agrippa, a cele- 
 brated Roman. 
 
 mens, tis, f. 3. the mind. 
 
 mensis, is, m. 3. a month. 
 
 mentio, 6nis,f. 3. mention, a making 
 mention of. 
 
 mentior, iri, Itus sum, d. 4. to lie, 
 speak falsely. 
 
 mercdtor, oris, m. 3. (fr. mercor) a 
 merchant. 
 
 mercdtura, ae, f 1. (fr. mercator). 
 the trade of a merchant. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 163 
 
 mercdlus, us, m. 4. (fr. mercor) a 
 buying and selling, market, fair 
 
 merces, edis,f 3. hire, wages, price, 
 profit. 
 
 mercor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to trade. 
 
 Mercurius, i, m. 3. the son of Jupi- 
 ter and Maia, daughter of Atlas. 
 He was the messenger of the 
 gods, and of Jupiter in particular. 
 His name is derived fr. merx, be- 
 cause he was the god of mer- 
 chandise among the Latins. 
 
 mereo. ere, ui, itum. n. 2. > . -, 
 
 ' _'-..' ' , n ho de- 
 
 merger, ere, itus sum, d. 2. $ 
 
 serve, merit. 
 mergo, gere, si, sum, a. 3. to put un- 
 der water, dip, immerse. 
 merididnus, a, um, adj. {fr. meri- 
 
 dies) of mid-day, taking place at 
 
 noon, southern. 
 meridies, iei, m. 5. (for medidies, 
 
 medius dies) mid-day, noon. 
 merito,adv. deservedly, with reason. 
 meritum, i, n. 2. (fr. mereo, meritum) 
 
 desert, merit. 
 merula, ae,f 1. a blackbird. 
 merx, cis, f 3. merchandise. 
 messis, is, f 3. (fr. meto, messum) 
 
 harvest. 
 meta, ae, f. 1. a goal, bound, limit. 
 Metagonium, i, n. 2. a promontory 
 
 on the coast of Mauritania in 
 
 Africa. 
 metallum, i, n. 2. (fjeraWov) metal. 
 
 a vein of metal, mine. 
 Metellus, i, m. 2. the cognomen of 
 
 a Roman family belonging to the 
 
 gens Caecilia. 
 methodus, i, f. 2. (jxedoSos) a me- 
 thod. 
 metior, tiri, nsus sum, d. 4. to mea- 
 sure. 
 Metius, i, m. 2. Fuffetius, a dictator 
 
 of Alba, in the reign of Tullus 
 
 Hostilius. 
 meto, tere, ssui, ssum, a. 3. to mow 
 
 reap. 
 metuo, uere, ui, a. 3. (fr. metus) to 
 
 fear, be afraid. 
 metus, its, m. 4. fear. 
 meus, a, um, adj. my, mine. 
 Micipsa, ae, m, 1. a king of Numi- 
 
 dia, son of Massinissa. 
 mico, are, ui, n. 1. to move quickly. 
 
 sparkle. 
 
 PART 1. P 
 
 Midas, ae, m. 1. a king of Phrygia, 
 famous for his wealth and his 
 avarice. 
 
 migro, are, dvi, dlum,n. 1. to change 
 one's habitation, remove, wan- 
 der. 
 
 miles, Uis, c. 3. a soldier. 
 
 Milesius, a, um, adj. of Miletus, 
 Milesian. 
 
 Miletus, i, f. 2. a celebrated town 
 of Asia Minor, the capital of all 
 Ionia. 
 
 militia, ae,f 1. the service (militis) 
 of a soldier, warfare. 
 
 milito, are, dvi, dtum, n.\. to per- 
 form the duties (militis) of a sol- 
 dier, serve in war. 
 
 mille, card. num. n. 3. (ind. in sing.) 
 millia, um, pi. a thousand; duo 
 millia, two thousand ; mille, adj. 
 ind. 
 
 millidrium, i, n. 2. a mile-stone, a 
 mile. 
 
 milvius, i, m. 2. a kite. 
 
 minae, drum, f. pi. 1. threats. 
 
 minime, adv. (fr. pdrum) least of 
 all, at least, at all events. 
 
 minimus, a, um, adj. (pos. parvus^ 
 comp. minor) the least. 
 
 minister, tri, m. 2. a servant. 
 
 ministerium, i, n. 2. (fr. minister) 
 service. 
 
 minium, i, n. 2. red lead. 
 
 minor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to threat- 
 en. 
 
 minor, oris, adj. comp. of parvus^ 
 less. 
 
 Minos, ois, m. 3. a king of Crete. 
 
 minuo, uere, ui, utum, a. 3. to les- 
 sen, diminish. 
 
 minus, adv. comp. of par um, less. 
 
 mirdbilis, e, adj. (fr. miror) won- 
 derful. 
 
 mirdculum, i, n. 2. (fr. miror) a 
 miracle. 
 
 mirdtus, a, um, part, of miror. 
 
 mire, adv. (fr. mirus) wonderfully. 
 
 miror, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to wonder, 
 be astonished at, admire. 
 
 mirus, a, um, adj. wonderful. 
 
 misceo, scere, scui, stum et xtum, a, 
 2. to mix. 
 
 miser, era, erum, adj. miserable, 
 wretched. 
 
 miser dtus, a, um, part, of miseror. 
 
164 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 miser eo, ere, ui, itum, n. 2 ; miser eor, 
 
 ereri, ertus sum, d. 2. to pity. 
 miseret, eruit, ertum est, impers. it 
 
 pitieth. 
 miseries dia, ae, f. 1. compassion, 
 
 pity. 
 miser or, dri, dtussum, d.-l. to pity 
 
 That is, to be {miser) wretched 
 
 on account of another. 
 mistus et mixtus, a, um, part, of 
 
 misreo. 
 Mithriddtes, is, m. 3. the name of 
 
 several kings of Pontus, of whom 
 
 the VII. surnamed Eupator, and 
 
 The Great, was most distinguish- 
 ed. 
 Mithridaticus, a, um, adj. pertain 
 
 ing to Mithridates. 
 mltis, e, adj. soft, gentle, meek. 
 mitto, mittere, misi, missum, a. 3. to 
 
 send, throw, produce. 
 mbderdtio, onis, f 3. moderation 
 
 discretion. 
 mbdicus, a, um, adj. {Jr. modus) 
 
 moderate. 
 mbdius, i, m- 2. a bushel. 
 modo, adv. even now, now, only 
 
 conj. (equivalent to dummbdo) 
 
 provided that. 
 modus, i, m. 2. a measure, limit ; 
 
 method ; way, manner : nullo mo- 
 do, by no means. 
 moenia, um, n. pi. 3. the walls of a 
 
 city. 
 Moenus, i, m. 2. now Mayme, a river 
 
 of Germany, which falls into the 
 
 Rhine near Mentz. 
 moereo, et maereo, ere, n. 2. to grieve, 
 
 mourn. 
 Moeris, is, m. 3. a lake in Egypt. 
 mbldris, e, adj. {fr. mblo, to grind) 
 
 of a mill; dens, a jaw-tooth, 
 
 grinder. 
 
 mbnumenium, et mbnimentum, i, n. 
 2. Jr. mbneo) a monument, me- 
 morial. 
 
 mons, tis, m. 3. a mountain. 
 
 monstro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 
 point out, show. 
 
 mora, ae,f. 1. delay, hinderance. 
 
 morbus, i, m. 2. a disease ; conta- 
 giosus, an infectious disease ; 
 morbo exstingui, to die a natural 
 death. 
 
 mordo.x. dcis, adj. {fr. mordeo) bi- 
 ting, given to bite. 
 
 mordeo, mordere, mbmordi, morsum, 
 a,. 2. to bite. 
 
 mbrigerus, a, um, adj. {morem ge- 
 reus) obedient, compliant, obse- 
 quious. 
 
 mbrior, mbri et mbriri, mortuus sum, 
 d. 3. et 4. to die. 
 
 mbror, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. {fr. mb" 
 ra) to delay ; nihil moror } I care 
 not. 
 
 morosus, a, um, adj. difficult to 
 please, peevish, morose. 
 
 mors, lis, J 3. death. 
 
 morsus, its, m. 4. (fr. mordeo, mor- 
 sum) a bite. 
 
 mortdlis, e, adj. {fr. mors) mortal. 
 
 mos, moris, m. 3. a manner, cus- 
 tom ; mores, manners, character, 
 morals. 
 
 Mossyni, drum, m. pi. 2. a people 
 of Asia. 
 
 motus, us, m. 4. {fr. moveo, motum) 
 a motion ; terrae, an earthquake. 
 
 mbveo, mbvere, mbvi, motum, a. 2. 
 to move. 
 
 mox, adv. by and by, presently, 
 soon. 
 
 Mucins, i, m. 2. C. Scaevola, a Ro- 
 man, famous for his courage and 
 inirepidity. 
 
 moles, is, f 3. a mass, heap, bur- muliebris, e, adj. (fr. mulier) femi- 
 den. nine, womanly. 
 
 mblestus, a, um, adj. (fr. moles, or mulier, eris,f 3. a woman. 
 
 fxoXog, toil) troublesome, oppres- multitudo, inis, f 3. {fr. multus) a 
 sive. multitude. 
 
 raollio, ire, ivi, itum, a. 4. lo soften,' multo et mulcto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 
 mitigate. 1. to fine, punish. 
 
 mollis, e, adj. soft. multo, ) adv. much, by far, consi- 
 
 mollitus, a, um, part, of mollio. multum,\ derably. 
 
 Molossi, brum, m. pi. 2. a people of multus, a, um, adj. much, many ; mul- 
 Epirus. i turn auri, much gold. 
 
 mbneo, ere, ui, itum, a. 2. to put in [Mummius, i, m. 2. L. a Roman con- 
 mind, advise, admonish. i sul, who destroyed Corinth, and 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 161 
 
 was surnaraed Achaicus from his 
 victories. 
 
 mundus, i, m. 2. the world. 
 
 mumendus, a, um, part, of munio, 
 
 munio, ire, ivi, itum, a. 4. (fr. moe- 
 nia) to fortify, defend ; viam mu- 
 nire, to prepare a way. 
 
 munitus, a, um, part, of munio. 
 
 munus, iris, n. 3. a gift; an office, 
 duty. 
 
 murdlis, e, adj. (fr. murus) pertain- 
 ing to a wall j corona, a mural 
 crown. 
 
 murus, i, m. 2. a wall. 
 
 mus, muris, m. 3. (//«?) a mouse. 
 
 musa, ae,f. 1. (noma) a muse j hence, 
 a song. 
 
 musca, ae,f 1. a fly. 
 
 musculus, i, m. 2. (/r. raws) a little 
 mouse. 
 
 musica, ae, ) r -, f , N 
 
 musice, es, \ /■ L O™""') muslc ' 
 
 musicus, a, urn, adj. ({jlovctikos) skill- 
 ed in music. 
 
 muto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to change ; 
 exchange. 
 
 mutus, a, um, adj. dumb. 
 
 Mygdonia, ae.f 1. a small province 
 of Macedonia near Thrace. 
 
 Myndus, i, f. 2. a maritime town 
 of Caria, north-west of Halicar- 
 nassus. 
 
 Myrmecides, is, m. 3. an artist of 
 Miletus. 
 
 Mysia, ae, f. 1. a country in the 
 north-western angle of Asia Mi- 
 nor. 
 
 N. 
 
 Nobis, idis, m. 3. a celebrated ty- 
 rant of Lacedaemon. 
 
 nae, adv. certainly, verily. 
 
 nactus, a, um, part, of nanciscor ; 
 occasionem, at a favourable oppor- 
 tunity 
 
 nam, conj. for, but ; ( it is often em- 
 phatically subjoined to inter roga- 
 tives as, quaenam, quidnam). 
 
 nanciscor, nancisci, nactus sum, d. 
 3. to light on, get. obtain ; occasio- 
 nem, to find an opportunity. 
 
 Narbonensis, e, adj. pertaining to 
 Narbo, now Narbonne, a town of 
 Gaul; Gallia, one of the four di-j 
 
 visions of ancient Gaul, of which 
 Narbo was the capital. 
 
 ndres, ium, ibus, f. pi. 3. the nos- 
 trils. 
 
 narro, are, dvi, dtum, «. 1. to make 
 mention of, relate, say. 
 
 nascor, nasci, ndtus sum, d. 3. to be 
 born. 
 
 Ndsica, ae, m. 1. the surname of P. 
 Cornelius Scipio,whomthesenate 
 delegated, as being the most re- 
 markable of their body for purity 
 of manners, to conduct the statue 
 of Cybele to Rome. 
 
 ndsus, i, m. 2. the nose. 
 
 ndtdlis, e, adj. pertaining to one's 
 (natum) birth; dies natalis, a 
 birth-day. 
 
 ndto, are, dvi, dtum, (freq. fr. no, 
 natum) to swim. 
 
 natu, abl. sing. m. 4t. (the other 
 cases wanting) by birth ; natu 
 minor, the younger ; natu mini- 
 mus, the youngest; natu major , 
 the elder ; natu maximus, the 
 oldest. 
 
 ndtura, ae,f 1. nature. 
 
 ndturdlis, e, adj. natural. 
 
 natus, a, um, part, of nascor ; sexa- 
 ginta annos natus, sixty years old. 
 
 ndtus, i, m. 2. a son. 
 
 naufrdgium, i, n. 2. (for no.vifragi- 
 um,fr. navis and frango) a ship- 
 wreck. 
 
 nauta, ae, m. 1. (vavrr^g) a sailor. 
 
 ndvdlis, e, adj. belonging to (naves) 
 ships, naval ; navale proelium, a 
 sea-fight. 
 
 ndvigdbilis, e, (fr. ndvigd) naviga- 
 ble. 
 
 ndvigdtio, 6nis,f 3. navigation. 
 
 nd,vigium, i, n. 2. a boat, ship, in 
 which one (ndvigat) sails. 
 
 ndvigo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (nuvem 
 ago) to steer or row a ship, navi- 
 gate^ 
 
 ndvis, is,f 3. (vav$) a ship. 
 
 ne, conj. not, that not, lest, that not ; 
 ne...quidem, not.. .even. 
 
 ne, an enclitic, asks a question, and 
 is always subjoined to another 
 word, as nosne, satisne, nonne, 
 scisne. 
 
 nee, conj. v. neque. 
 
 needtus, a, um, part, of neco. 
 
166 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 necessarius, a, um, adj. necessary \\nvmius, a, um, adj. (fr. nimis) too 
 
 m. 2. a friend. 
 necessitas, dtis, f. 3. (fr. necesse) 
 
 necessity, fate. 
 neco, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (cww, obs.) 
 
 to kill. 
 nefas, n. ind. what is not lawful ; 
 
 injustice, crime. 
 negdtus, a, um, part, of nego. 
 neglectus, a, um, part, of negligo. 
 negligo, igere, exi, ectum, a. 3. (for 
 
 necligo, fr. nee and lego) to dis- 
 regard, neglect. 
 nego, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (ne etago) 
 
 to refuse, say no, deny. 
 negotium, i, n. 2. business, thing; 
 
 facili negotio, with little trouble 
 nemo, inis, c. 2. (ne et homo) no one ; 
 
 nemo non, every one ; nemo mor- 
 
 talium, no man. 
 nemus, oris, n. 3. a forest, grove. 
 nepos, otis, m. 3. a grandson. 
 Neptimus, i, m. 2. (in Greek Hoasi- 
 
 d&v) son of Sattrn, and brother of 
 
 Jupiter, was the god of the sea. 
 nequdquam, adv. by no means. 
 neque, conj. and not ; neque... neque, 
 
 neither.. .nor. 
 neque o, Ire, Ivi, Hum, irr. n. (ne et 
 * queo) I cannot, not to be able 
 nequis, qua, quod et quid, pro. lest 
 
 any one, that no one. 
 Nereis, idis, f 3. a Nereid ; Nerei- 
 des, nymphs of the sea, daughters 
 
 of Nereus and Doris. 
 nescio, ire, ivi, itum, n. 4. (ne etscio) 
 
 to be ignorant of. 
 Nestus vel Nessus, i, m. 2. now 
 
 Nesto, a small river of Thrace. 
 neuter, tra, trum, adj. (ne uter) nei 
 
 ther of the two, neither. 
 Nicomedes, is, m. 3. the name of 
 
 several kings of Bithynia. 
 nidifico, are, dvi, dtum, a. (nidus 
 
 etfacio) to build a nest. 
 nidus, i, m. 2. a nest. 
 niger, gra, grum, adj. black. 
 nihil, n. ind. nothing ; nihil habeo 
 
 quod, I have no reason ; nonnihil, 
 
 something. 
 nihilominus, adv. nevertheless. 
 Nilus, i, m. 2. a famous river of 
 
 Egypt. 
 
 nim*ium\ \ adv ' t0 ° much - 
 
 much, too great, excessive. 
 
 Niobe, es, f. 1. a daughter of Tanta- 
 lus, king of Lydia, and wife of 
 Amphion, king of Thebes. 
 
 nisi, conj. if not, unless. 
 
 Nisus, i, m. 2. a king of Megaris, 
 father of Scylla. 
 
 nitidus, «, um, adj. (fr. niteo) shi- 
 ning, bright. 
 
 Nitocris, idis,f. 3. a famous queen 
 of Babylon. 
 
 nitor, oris, m. 3. (fr. niteo) bright- 
 ness, splendour. 
 
 nitor, niti, nisus et nixus sum, d. 3. 
 to strive. 
 
 nix, nivis,f. 3. snow. 
 
 no, ndre, ndvi, ndtum, n. 1. (viu, vd) 
 to swim. 
 
 nobilis, e, adj. (fr. nosco) known, 
 famous, noble. 
 
 nobilitas, dtis, f 3. (fr. nobilis) dis- 
 tinction ; distinction of birth, no- 
 bility, greatness of soul. 
 
 nobilitdtus, a, um, part, of nobilito. 
 
 nobilito, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to make 
 (nobilem) illustrious, ennoble. 
 
 noceo, ere, ui, itum, a. 2. to hurt, in- 
 jure. 
 
 noctu, abl. by night, in the night 
 time. 
 
 nocturnus, a, um, adj. nightly. 
 
 nodus, i, m. 2. a knot. 
 
 Nola, ae, f 1. an ancient town of 
 Campania. 
 
 nolo, nolle, nolui, irr. n. to be un- 
 willing, 
 
 Nomddes, um, m. pl.S.n, name given 
 to those pastoral nations who 
 had no fixed habitation ; it was 
 particularly given by the Greeks 
 to the Numidians, a people of Af- 
 rica, styled by the Romans Nu- 
 midae. 
 
 nomen,inis, n. 3. (for novimen, fr. 
 novi) a name. 
 
 non, adv. not ; non nihil, something. 
 
 ■nonagesimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. 
 the ninetieth. 
 
 nonne, adv. (instead of num non)' 
 not 1 (as a question.) 
 
 nonnihil, n. ind. something. 
 
 nonnisi, adv. only. 
 
 nonnullus, a, um, adj. some. 
 
 nonus, a, um, ord. num, adj. ninth. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 167 
 
 nosco, noscere, novi, notum, a. 3. to 
 know. 
 
 noster, tra, trum, pro. (fr. nos) our. 
 
 nota, ae, /. 1. a mark; corpus notis 
 distinguere, to tattoo one's self. 
 
 noto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1 . (fr. nota) 
 to mark, remark. 
 
 notus, a, um, part, of nosco. 
 
 ?iovem, ind. card. num. ad/j. nine. 
 
 novus, a, um, adj. new 
 
 nox, noclis, f 3. (i/v£, wktos) night ; 
 de node, by night. 
 
 noxius, a, urn, adj. (fr. noxa, hurt) 
 hurtful, injurious. 
 
 nubes, is,f 3. (fr. nubo) a cloud. 
 
 nubo, niibere, nupsi ct nuptus sum, 
 nuptum, a. et n. p. 3. to cover, 
 marry, be married, (properly ap- 
 plied only to the woman, who 
 covered her head with a veil 
 when presented to her husband 
 at the marriage rite.) 
 
 nuddtus, a, um, part, of nudo. 
 
 niido, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to make 
 naked, uncover, expose. 
 
 nudus, a, um, adj. naked, bare. 
 
 nullus, a, um, gen. lus, dot. i, adj. 
 (ne et nullus) no one, not any, 
 none. 
 
 num, adv. whether or nol whe- 
 ther. 
 
 Numa, ae, m. 1. Pompilius, a na- 
 tive of Cures, a village of the 
 Sabines. and the successor of 
 Romulus. 
 
 Numantia, ae, f. 1. a town of Spain 
 near the sources of the river Du- 
 rius. 
 
 Nuviantlni, arum, m. pi. 2. the in- 
 habitants of Numantia. 
 
 nnmen, inis, n. 3. a deity, god. 
 
 nilmero, are, dvi, dtum. a. 1. (fr. 
 numerus) to count, number, enu- 
 merate. 
 
 numerals, i, m. 2. a number. 
 
 Numidae. drum, m. pi. 1. (No/xaJt?) 
 the Numidians. 
 
 nunquam, adv. (ne unquam) never; 
 nunquam non, always. 
 
 nuntio et nuncio, are, dvi, dtum t a. 
 1. to announce, declare, relate. 
 
 nuptiae, drum, f pi. 1. (fr. nubo, 
 nuptum) the marriage rite, nup- 
 tials. 
 
 nusquam, adv. (ne usquam) no- 
 where. 
 
 nutriendus, a, um, part, of nutrio. 
 
 nulrio, Ire, ivi, Uum, a. 4. to nour- 
 ish, nurture. 
 
 nutritus, a, um, part, of nutrio. 
 
 nutrix, ids, f 3. (fr. nutrio) a 
 nurse. 
 
 nympha, ae t f. 1. a nymph. 
 
 O. 
 
 O, int. CO) O ! oh ! 
 
 ob, pr. c. ace. for, on account of. 
 
 obdormisco, iscere, Ivi, n. inc. 3. {ob 
 et dormisco) to fall asleep, sleep. 
 
 obduco, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (ob et 
 duco) to draw over. 
 
 obductus, a, um, part, of obduco. 
 
 obedio, Ire, Ivi, Uum, n. 4. (ob et au- 
 dio) to give ear to, obey. 
 
 obeo, Ire, Ivi et ii, Uum, irr. n. (ob 
 et eo) to go to, go through, trans- 
 act, perform ; to meet death, die. 
 
 oberro, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. (ob et 
 erro) to wander up and down, 
 stray about. 
 
 obesus, a, um, adj. fat, plump. 
 
 objdceo, ere, ui, n. 2. (ob etjdceo) to 
 lie in the way or before. 
 
 objectus, a, um, part, of objicio. 
 
 objicio, icere, eci, ectum, a. 3. (ob et 
 jdcio) to cast against, object 
 against, object. 
 
 obltgo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (ob et 
 ligo) to bind about, bind, oblige. 
 
 oblique, adv. (fr.obllquus) obliquely, 
 indirectly. 
 
 obliquus, a, um, adj. oblique, crook- 
 ed, indirect. 
 
 Numidia,ae. f. 1. a country of Afri-\oblitus, a, um, part, of obliviscor. 
 ca, which now forms the king- \obliviscor , ivisci, Uus sum, d. 3. to 
 dom of Algiers. forget. 
 
 Numttor, oris m. 3. a son of Procas, obnoxius, a, um, adj. liable, subject, 
 
 king of Alba, and grandfather of 
 
 Romulus and Remus. 
 nunc. adv. now. 
 nuncupo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (no 
 
 men et capio) to name, call. 
 
 P 2 
 
 obnoxious. 
 obruo, uere, ui, utum, «. 3. (ob et 
 
 ruo) to overwhelm, cover over, 
 
 bury. 
 obrutus, a, um, part, of obruo, 
 
168 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 obscurdturus, a, um, part, of obscu- 
 ro. 
 
 obscuro, are, dvi, atum, a. 1. to 
 darken, obscure. 
 
 obscurus, a, um, adj. dark, obscure. 
 
 obsecro, are, dvi, atum, a. 1. to pray 
 earnestly, supplicate, conjure. 
 
 obsequor, sequi, sequutus vel secutus 
 sum, d. 3. (ob et sequor) to follow 
 in the way of, comply with, serve 
 obey. 
 
 observdtus, a, um, fart, of observo. 
 
 observo, are, dvi, atum, a. 1. {ob et 
 servo) to watch, observe, attend 
 to. 
 
 obses, idis, c. 3. a hostage. 
 
 obsessus, a, um, part, of obsideo. 
 
 obsideo, sidere, sedi, sessum, a. 2. 
 (ob et sedeo) to sit in front of, be- 
 set, besiege. 
 
 obsidio, 6ms, f. 3. a siege. 
 
 obsidiondlis, e, adj. pertaining to a 
 siege; corona, a crown given to 
 him who had raised a siege. 
 
 obstetrix, icis.f 3. a midwife. 
 
 obtestatus, a, um, part, of obtestor. 
 
 obtestor, art, dtus sum, d. 1. (ob et 
 testor) to call solemnly to witness, 
 conjure, supplicate. 
 
 obtineo, inere, inui, entum. a. 2. (ob 
 et teneo) to hold, procure, obtain : 
 obtinet sententia, the opinion pre- 
 vails. 
 
 obviam, adv. (ob viam) in the way 
 fio, I meet; ire, to go to meet. 
 
 occdsio, onis, f. 3. (fr. occido, occd- 
 sum) an opportunity. 
 
 occdsus, its, m. 4. (fr. occido, occd- 
 sum) the setting of the heavenly 
 bodies, sunset, evening. 
 
 occidens, tis, (scil. sol) the west, 
 evening. Where the sun (occidit) 
 falls or sets. 
 
 occidendus, a, um, part, of occido. 
 
 occidentdlis, e, adj. pertaining to {oc- 
 cidens) the west, western. 
 
 occido, cidere, cidi, cdsum, n. 3. (ob 
 et cado) to fall, set. 
 
 occido, cidere, cidi, cisum, a. 3. (ob 
 et caedo) to slay, kill. 
 
 occlsurus, a, um, part, of occido. 
 
 occlsus, a, um, part, of occido. 
 
 occoecdtus, a, um, part, of occoeco. 
 
 occoeco et -caeco, are, dvi, atum, a. 
 I. (ob et coeco) to blind, dazzle. 
 
 occultOj dre } dvi, atum, a. 1. (freq. 
 
 fr. oc.culo, occultum) to hidjs, con- 
 ceal ; occultari, to hide one's 
 self. 
 
 occupo, are, dvi, atum, a. 1. {ob et 
 capio) to seize, occupy. 
 
 occurro, currere, curri et cucurri y 
 cursum, n. 3. (ob et curro) to run 
 up to, meet. 
 
 Oceanus, i, m. 2. ('Q/ceai/o?) the 
 ocean or main sea; a powerful 
 deity of the sea, son of Coelus 
 and Terra. 
 
 Octavidnus, i, m. 2 or Octavius 
 Caesar, the nephew of Caesar 
 the dictator. After the battle of 
 Actium,the senate bestowed upon 
 him the title of Augustus. 
 
 octdvus, a, um, ord. num. adj. {fr. 
 octo) eighth. 
 
 octingenti,ae,a, card. num. adj. eight 
 hundred. 
 
 octo, card. num. adj. ind. (6ktco) 
 eight. 
 
 octoginta, card. num. adj. ind. eigh- 
 
 oculus, i, m. 2. an eye. 
 
 odi, odisse, def. pret. to hate, abhor. 
 
 odium, i, n. 2. (fr. odi) hatred. 
 
 odor, oris, m. 3. a smell; odores, 
 perfumes. 
 
 odor or, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. {fr. odor, 
 odoris) to smell. 
 
 Oeneus, ei et eos, m. 2. et 3. a king 
 of Calydon in Aetolia, and father 
 of Meleager. 
 
 Oenomaus, i, m. 2. the name of one 
 of the gladiators, who excited the 
 war of the slaves. 
 
 Oeta, ae, m. I. now Banina, a cele- 
 brated mountain betweenThessa- 
 ly and Phocis. 
 
 offero, offerre, obtuli, obldtum, irr. 
 a. (ob etfero) to bring before, of- 
 fer. 
 
 officlna, ae,f. 1. a workshop. 
 
 officio, icere, eci, ectum, a. 3. (ob el 
 fdcio) to do against, hinder, in- 
 jure. 
 
 officium, i, n. 2. a duty, kindness, 
 service, act of courtesy. For offa- 
 cium. What we do (ob) in ser- 
 vice to another. 
 
 olea, ae,f 1. (eXaTa) an olive-tree. 
 
 oleum, i, n. 2. (e\atov) oil. 
 
 olim, adv. in time past, formerly, 
 some time, at one time. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 169 
 
 blor, oris, m. 3. a swan. 
 
 blus, eris, n. 3. (fr. bleo, to grow) 
 herbs. 
 
 Olympia, ae,f. 1. a town of Elis in 
 Peloponnesus. 
 
 Olympicus, a, um, adj. Olympic. 
 
 Olympus, i, m. 2. a famous moan- 
 tain on the coast of Thessaly, 
 north of the mouth of the Pe- 
 neus. 
 
 omen, mis, n. 3. an augury, omen. 
 
 omnis, e, adj. all, every ; omncs, all ; 
 omnia, all things. 
 
 onus, eris, n. 3. a burden, load. 
 
 bnustus, a, um, adj. {fr. onus) laden, 
 filled with. 
 
 opera, ae, f. 1. (fr. opus) work, la- 
 bour, pains ; dare opcram alicui, 
 to attend to, give one's self up to 
 a thing. 
 
 bperor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. (fr. opus) 
 to work. 
 
 opes, um, f. pi. 3. means, resources, 
 wealth ; in sing, (ops, nom. and 
 opi, dat. not used, opis,gen. opem, 
 ace. ope, abl.) aid, assistance. 
 
 oplmus, a, um, adj. fat, fruitful. 
 
 opinio, onis, f. 3. opinion ; praeter 
 opinionem, contrary to expecta- 
 tion. 
 
 bportet, ere, uit, impers. it is expe- 
 dient or fit, it behooves, it ought, 
 it must needs be. 
 
 oppidum, i, n. 2. a walled town, 
 town. 
 
 oppono, onere, bsui, bsltum, a. 3. (ob 
 et pono) to place against, oppose. 
 
 opportunus, a, um, adj. seasonable, 
 convenient, favourable. 
 
 oppbsitus, a, um, pari, of oppono, 
 placed against, opposite. 
 
 opprimo, imere, essi, essum, a. 3. (ob 
 et premo) to oppress, overpower, 
 overcome. 
 
 oppugndtus, a, um, part, oioppugno. 
 
 oppugno, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {ob el 
 pugno) to fight against, attack, 
 assault. 
 
 ops. V. opes. 
 
 optime, adv. (sup. of bene) very well, 
 best. ' 
 
 optlmus. a, um, adj. (sup. of bonus) 
 best. Fr. opto. That is, most 
 desirable. 
 
 optio, onis, f. 3. liberty (optandi) of, 
 choosing, choice, option. 
 
 opto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to wish, 
 choose. 
 
 bpiilentus, a, um, adj. (fr. opes) rich, 
 opulent. 
 
 opus, eris, n. 3. a work, labour. 
 
 or a, ae,f. 1. a border, coast, shore. 
 
 brdculum, z, n. 2. (fr. oro) the re- 
 sponse of an inspired priest or 
 priestess of a temple, an oracle. 
 
 brdtio, onis, f. 3. (Jr. oro) a speech, 
 discourse. 
 
 orator, oris, m. 3. (fr. oro, ordtum) 
 a speaker, orator, ambassador. 
 
 orbdtus, a, um, part, of orbo. 
 
 orbis, is, m. 3. a circle, orb ; in orbem 
 jacere, to tie round in a circle j 
 orbis tcrrarum, the world. 
 
 orbo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to deprive 
 or bereave of. 
 
 Orcus, i, m. 2. the god of the infer- 
 nal regions, Pluto ; the infernal 
 regions, the abode of the dead. 
 
 ordino, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to place 
 (ordine) in order, arrange. 
 
 ordo, inis, m. 3. order, method, ar- 
 rangement. 
 
 Oriens, tis, m. 3. the east. The part 
 where the sun (oritur) rises. 
 
 brientdlis, e, adj. pertaining to ( Ori- 
 ens) the east, eastern. 
 
 brlgo, inis, f 3. (fr. brior) begin- 
 ning, origin ; origlnem ducere, to 
 derive one's origin. 
 
 orior, iris, itur, oriri, ortus sum, d. 
 3. to rise, spring, begin. 
 
 orndmenturn, i, n. 2. (fr. orno) an 
 ornament. 
 
 orndtus, a, um, part, of orno. 
 
 orndtus, us, m. 3. (fr. orno, orndtum) 
 ornament, dress. 
 
 orno, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to adorn. 
 
 oro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to utter; to 
 utter a request, beg, pray. 
 
 Orodes, is, m. 3. a prince of Parthia. 
 
 Orpheus, ei et eos, m. 2. et 3. a great 
 poet and musician, son of Oeager 
 and the muse Calliope. 
 
 ortus, a, um, part, of orior. 
 
 ortus, us, m. 4. (fr. orior) a rising, 
 springing up. 
 
 os, oris, n. 3. the mouth, face, coun- 
 tenance. 
 
 os, ossis, n. 3. a bone. 
 
 Ossa, ae, /. 1. a lofty mountain of 
 Thessaly, separated from Olym- 
 pus by the vale of Tempe. 
 
170 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 ostendo, dere, di, sum et turn, a. 3. 
 
 (obs for ob, et tendo) to stretch or 
 
 hold before another, show. 
 Ostia,ae,f a town built at the mouth 
 
 of the Tiber by Ancus Martius, 
 
 the 4th king of Rome. 
 ostium, i, n. 2. (fr. os) the entrance 
 
 or mouth of a river. 
 ostreum, i, n. 2. (oorpeov) an oyster. 
 otium, i, n. 2. ease, leisure. 
 Otos et Otus, i, m. 2. — v. Ephiaites. 
 ovis, is,f 3. (dis) a sheep. 
 ovum, i, n. 2. (wov) an egg. 
 
 P. stands for Publius. 
 
 pdbulum, i, n. 2. (fr. pasco) fodder 
 
 pdciscor, pdcisci, pactus sum, d. 3 
 to make a bargain or agreement 
 to settle, ratify, a treaty. 
 
 Pactolus, i, m. 2. a river of Lydia, 
 famous for its golden sands. 
 
 pactum, i, n. 2. an agreement, co- 
 venant ; quo pacto, in what man- 
 ner. 
 
 pactus, a, um, part, of paciscor. 
 
 Pddus, i, m. 2. now the Po, the 
 largest river of Italy. It rises in 
 the Alps, and empties into the 
 Hadriatic or Gulf of Venice by 
 seven mouths. 
 
 paene, adv. almost, nearly. 
 
 pdela, ae, f. 1. chaff. 
 
 palma, ae,f. 1. (rrdXujxri) the palm of 
 the hand ; a palm-tree. 
 
 palpebra, ae, f. 1. the eyelid ; pal- 
 pebrae, the'eyelashes. 
 
 palus, iidis,f. 3. a marsh, lake, pool. 
 
 palustris, e,adj. (fr.pdlus) marshy. 
 
 Pan, dnis et dnos, ace. Pana, m. 3 
 (II av) the god of shepherds. 
 
 pando, pandere, pandi, pansum et 
 passum, a. 3. to throw open, 
 spread out, extend. 
 
 pango, pangere, panxi, panctum. 
 item pegi et ptplgi, pactum, a. 3, 
 to drive in, fix, make firm ; pan- 
 gere foedus, to ratify, conclude a 
 treaty. 
 
 Panionium, i, n. 2. (fr. trdv, all, et 
 'Iwj/to?) a place on mount Myca- 
 le, consecrated by religious festi- 
 vals, so called as being common 
 to all Ionia. 
 
 pdnis, is, m. 3. bread. 
 
 panther a, ae, f. 1. (rrdvOrjp) a panther. 
 
 pdpdver, eris, n. 3. the poppy. 
 
 Papirius, i, m. 2. the name of a Ro- 
 man family. 
 
 pdpyrum, i, n. 2. et papyrus, i, m. 
 etf. 2. (ndTTvpog) an Egyptian plant 
 of which paper was made, papy- 
 rus. 
 
 pdrdtus, a, um, part, of par o, ready. 
 
 Parcae, drum, f. pi. 1. the fates, 
 three in number, Clotho, Lache- 
 sis, and Atropos. 
 
 parco, parcere, peperci etparsi, par- 
 citum et parsum, a. 3. to spare. 
 
 pardus, i, m. 2. (TIdpSos) a panther. 
 
 parens, entis, c. 3. (fr. pario) a pa- 
 rent, father or mother ; creator, 
 author, inventor, founder; pdren- 
 tes, progenitors, ancestors. 
 
 pdreo, ere, ui, Hum, n. 2. to obey. 
 Properly, to be at hand, appear ; 
 also, to be at hand to attend to 
 another's orders, to obey. Fr* 
 
 Trapico, (whence Trdpeifxi). 
 
 paries, ietis, m. 3. a wall. 
 
 pdrio, pdrere, peperi, pdritum et 
 par turn, a. 3. to bear or bring 
 forth ; to cause, produce, obtain ; 
 ovum, to lay an egg. 
 
 Paris, idis, m. 3. a son of Priam, 
 king of Troy, and Hecuba. 
 
 pariter, adv. (fr. par) in like man- 
 ner, alike, equally. 
 
 Parnassus, i, m. 2. a mountain of 
 Phocis, remarkable for its two 
 summits, of which one was sa- 
 cred to Apollo and the muses, 
 the other to Bacchus. 
 
 pdro, are, ami, oltum, a. 1. to prepare, 
 procure, acquire. 
 
 Paropamisus, i, m. 2. a ridge of 
 mountains in India, a continua- 
 tion of the great Tauric range. 
 This ridge separated the Indian 
 province Paropamisus from Bac- 
 tria. 
 
 pars, lis, f 3. a part, division ; a 
 party, faction ; magnam partem, 
 for the most part. 
 
 parsimonia,ae,f. 1. (fr. parco, par- 
 sum) frugality, parsimony. 
 
 Parthia, ae, /. 1. a celebrated coun- 
 try of Asia. 
 
 Parthus, i, m. 2. a Parthian. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 171 
 
 particula, ae,f. 1. (fr. pars) a small pdtrius, a, um, adj. belonging to 
 part, particle. (patrem) a father or (^res)one's 
 
 partiendus, a, um, part, of par tior. fathers. 
 
 partim, adv. (fr. pars) partly. pdtrocinium, i, n. 2. (fr. patris) 
 
 partior, iri, itus sum, d. 1. (fr. pars, protection, patronage. 
 
 partis) to part, share, distribute, pdtronus, i. m. 2. (fr. pater) a pro- 
 
 partus, a, urn, part, of pdrio, acquir-j tector, patron. 
 
 ed. \pdtruelis, is, c. 3. the son or daugh- 
 
 partus, its, m. 4. (fr. pdrio, partum) 
 
 a birth. 
 pdrum, adv. little, too little 
 
 ter (patrui) of an uncle on the 
 father's side, a cousin by the fa- 
 ther's side. 
 
 parvulus, a, um, adj. {fr. parvus) pauci, ae, a, adj. few. 
 
 very small, very little. 
 
 parvus, a, um, adj. small ; minor, 
 comp. less j minimus, a, um, sup. 
 least. 
 
 pOySccndus, a, um, part, of pasco. 
 
 pasco, pascere, pdvi, pastum, a. 3. to 
 feed. 
 
 passer, eris, m. 3. a sparrow. 
 
 passim, adv. here and there, every 
 way. 
 
 passus, a, um,part. of patior, having 
 suffered ; also, a part, of pando, 
 spread out. Uva passa, a dried 
 grape, raisin. As having suffer- 
 ed the heat of the sun, when laid 
 out to dry. Or as being stretched 
 out in the sun. 
 
 passus, us, m. 4. a pace j mille pas 
 suum, a mile. 
 
 pastor, oris, m. (fr. pasco, pastum) 
 a herdsman, shepherd. 
 
 patefdcio, facer e, feci, factum, a. 3. 
 to lay open, open, detect. 
 
 pdtefio, fieri, f actus sum, irr. pass. 
 to be thrown open, be detected. 
 
 pdteo, ere, ui, n. 2. to lie open, be 
 manifest ; to stretch, extend. 
 
 pater, tris, m. 3. (rar^) a father ; 
 pater-familias,patris-familias, the 
 father or master of a family. 
 
 pdternus. a, um, adj. (fr. pater) pa- 
 ternal. 
 
 pattens, tis, part, and adj. (fr. patior) 
 enduring, bearing ; able to bear, 
 patient. 
 
 pdtientia, ae,f. 1. (fr.pdtiens,pdti- 
 entis) patience. 
 
 patio. , pdti, passus sum, d. 3. to suf- 
 fer, endure, support ; permit, al- 
 low. 
 
 pdtria, ae, f. 1. (i. e. terra) one's na- 
 tive country. Fr. patrius. 
 
 pdtrimonium, i, n. 2. property left 
 (a patre) by a father, patrimony, 
 
 pauldtim, adv. by little and little, 
 by degrees. 
 
 paulo et paullo, adv. by a little, 
 somewhat ; paulo post, a little 
 after. 
 
 paululum, adv. a little. 
 
 Paulus, et Paullus, i, m. 2. a sur- 
 name in the gens Aemilia. 
 
 pauper, is, adj. poor. 
 
 pdveo, pdvere, pdvi, a. & n. 2. to 
 fear, dread, be afraid. 
 
 pdvidus, a, um, adj. (fr. pdveo) fear- 
 ful. 
 
 pdvo, onis, m. 3. a peacock. 
 
 pax, pads, f. 3. peace. 
 
 pecco, are, dvi, dtum, n. & a. 1. to 
 do wrong or amiss, err, sin. 
 
 pecto, pectere, pexi, pexum, a. 3. to 
 comb, dress the hair ; card. 
 
 pectus, oris, n. 3. the breast. 
 
 peciinia, ae,f. 1. money. 
 
 pecus, udis, c. 3. a sheep, beast, ani- 
 mal. 
 
 pecus, oris, n. 3. cattle. 
 
 pedes, itis, m. 3. (fr. pes, pedis) a 
 foot-soldier. 
 
 peldgus, i, n. 2. (-niXayog,) the sea. 
 
 Peleus, i, m. 2. a king of Thessaly, 
 son of Aeacus. He married The- 
 tis, one of the Nereids, by whom 
 he had Achilles. 
 
 Pelias, ae, m. 1. a king of Iolchos 
 in Thessaly, son of Neptune by 
 Tyro, the daughter of Salmone- 
 us. 
 
 Peligni, drum, in. pi. 2. a people of 
 Italy, who dwelt near the Sabines 
 and Marsi. 
 
 Pelion, i, n. 2. a mountain of Thes- 
 saly, on the coast of the Aegaean, 
 situate to the south of Ossa. 
 
 pellicio, icere, exi, ectum, a. 3. (per 
 et lacio) to draw, allure, entice. 
 
 pellis, is, f. 3. the skin, hide. 
 
172 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 pello, pellere, pepuli, pulsum, a. 3. amdre, to love violently, even to 
 
 to drive, drive away, banish. desperation. 
 
 pellucidus, a, um, adj. (per et luci- perditus, a, um, part, oiperdo. 
 
 dus, fr. liiceo) clear, transparent .\perdix, Ids, f. 3. (rref>Jc|) a part- 
 Peloponnesus, i, f 2. now the Mo-\ ridge. 
 
 rea,B, celebrated pen insula,which perdo, dire, didi, ditum, a. 3. (fr, 
 
 comprehends the most_southern| per et do) to ruin, destroy, lose. 
 
 parts of Greece. Fr. llcXoTzowr}- perdiico, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (per et 
 
 cog (IlfXoTro? vnaog), the island of diico) to bring through, lead to. 
 
 Pelops, who settled there. per ductus, a, um, part, of per duco. 
 
 Pelusmm, i, n. 2. now Tineh, a peregrindtio,6nis,f.3.(fr. peregri- 
 
 town of Egypt, situate at the en- nor) a travelling through foreign 
 
 trance of one of the mouths of 
 the Nile, called from it Pelusian. 
 
 pendeo, pendere, pependi, pensum, n. 
 2. to hang. 
 
 pene, adv. v. paene. 
 
 penes, pr. c. ace. in the power of, in 
 the possession of, with. 
 
 penetrate, is, n. 3. the recess or in- 
 nermost part of any place, as of 
 a temple, palace, &c. 
 
 penetro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to go 
 within or into, pierce or pene- 
 trate. For penitro fr. penitus. 
 Eo penitus. 
 
 Peneus, i, m. 2. now Salempria, a 
 river of Thessaly, rising on 
 mount Pindus, and falling into 
 the Thermaicus Sinus, after a 
 wandering course between mount 
 Ossa and Olympus. 
 
 peninsula, ae, f. 1. (fr. pene & in- 
 sula) a peninsula. Almost an 
 island. 
 
 penna, ae,f 1. a feather, quill. 
 
 pensilis, e, adj. (fr. pendeo, pensum) 
 hanging, pendent. 
 
 penuria, ae,f. 1. want, need. 
 
 per, prep. c. ace. through, through 
 the medium of, by. 
 
 pera, ae,f. 1. (tt^o) a wallet. 
 
 perdgro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to wan- 
 der over, traverse. Per agros cir- 
 cumeo. 
 
 percontor et percunctor, dri, dtus 
 sum, d. 1. (fr. per & contor) to 
 ask strictly, inquire, investigate. 
 
 percussor, oris, m. 3. (fr. percutio, 
 percussum) a striker, one who 
 has inflicted a wound, a murder- 
 er. 
 
 percutio, tere, ssi, ssum, a. 3. (per et 
 qudtio) to beat, strike, wound ; 
 securi, to behead. 
 
 perdite, adv. very, vehemently; 
 
 countries, travel. 
 peregrinor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. (fr. 
 
 peregrlnus) to go or live abroad. 
 peregrinus, a, um, adj. (fr. peregre, 
 
 abroad) coming from abroad, fo- 
 reign, strange. 
 perennis, e, adj. perpetual, durable, 
 
 perennial. For per annis. Durans 
 
 per annos. 
 pereo, Ire, ii, raro ivi, irr. n. (per et 
 
 eo) to perish, die. 
 perfidia, ae, f. 1. (fr. perfidus) 
 
 perfidy. 
 perfidus, a, um, adj. (per et fides) 
 
 faithless, perfidious. 
 Pergdmum, i, n. 2. et Pergdmus & 
 
 Pergdmos, i, f 2. et Pergdma, 
 
 drum, n.pl. 2. the citadel of Troy. 
 
 Often put for Troy itself. 
 Pergdmum, i, n. 2. et Pergdmus, i, 
 
 f. 2. now Bergamo, a town of 
 
 Mysia, on the banks of the Cai- 
 
 cus. 
 pergo, gere, rezi, rectum, n. 3. (per 
 
 et rego) to go right on, advance, 
 
 go on. 
 Pericles, is, m. 3. an Athenian of 
 
 a noble family, distinguished as 
 
 a commander, a statesman, and 
 
 an orator. 
 periculosus, a, um, adj. (fr. pericu- 
 
 lum) dangerous. 
 perlculum et periclum, i, n. 2. a tri- 
 al, hazard, danger. 
 periodus, i, f. 2. (rrepioSos) a period. 
 periturus, a, um, part, of pereo. 
 peritus, a, um, adj. experienced, 
 
 expert. 
 permeo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (per et 
 
 meo) to go through. 
 permisceo, isctre, iscui, ixtum et is- 
 
 turn, a. 2. (per et misceo) to mix. 
 permistus et permixtus, a, um, part. 
 
 of permisceo. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 173 
 
 pcrmitto, Mere, isi, issum, a. 3. (per 
 et miito) to grant, allow, intrust. 
 
 permiitdlio, onis, f 3. (fr. per- 
 miito, permiddtum) a change, ex 
 change. 
 
 pessum, adv. down, to the bottom, 
 under foot ; pessum agi, to go to 
 the bottom, sink. 
 
 pestilerdia, ae,f 1. (fr. pestilens) a 
 pestilence. 
 
 pcrmuto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (per et petitio, onis, f 3. (fr. peto, petilum) 
 
 micto) to change, exchange. a petition. 
 
 pernicies, iei,f 5. destruction. Fr.petltus, a, um, part, of peto. 
 
 per and neco or necis. 
 
 perniciosus, a, urn, adj. (fr. perni- 
 cies) destructive. 
 
 perpendo, dere, di, sum, a. 3. (per et 
 pendo) to weigh carefully, exa- 
 mine, deliberate upon. 
 
 perperam, adv. wrong, falsely,rash- 
 
 perpetior, peti, pessus sum, d. 3. (per 
 et potior) to suffer, endure. 
 
 perpetuus, a, urn, adj. (fr. perpes, 
 perpetis, continual) continual,un- 
 interrupted. 
 
 Persa, ae, m. 1. a Persian. 
 
 persequor, qui, quutus, vel cutus sum, 
 d. 3. (per et sequor) to pursue, 
 press upon, persecute. 
 
 Perseus, ei et eos, m. 2. & 3. a son 
 of Jupiter and Danae, the daugh- 
 ter of Acrisius ; or Perses, the 
 last king of Macedonia. 
 
 peto, ere, ivi, Uum, a. 3. to desire, 
 request, seek, make for, go to- 
 wards, attack ; hello peter e, to 
 wage war against ; coelum armis 
 petere, to try to storm the hea- 
 ven. 
 
 Petra, ae, f. 1. the capital of Ara- 
 bia Petraea. 
 
 petraeus, a, um, adj. growing upon 
 a rock ; Arabia Petraea, a part 
 of Arabia which was very rocky, 
 whence its name, from the Greek 
 
 nerpa, a rock. 
 
 petulantia, ae,f. 1. petulance, freak- 
 ishness, impudence. 
 
 Phaedcia, ae,f. 1. an island of the 
 Ionian sea, near the coast of 
 Epirus, anciently called Scheria, 
 and afterwards Corcyra. The 
 inhabitants were a luxurious and 
 dissolute people. 
 
 Persia, ae, /. 1. a celebrated kmg-'Pkaeaz, dcis, m. 3. an inhabitant of 
 dom of Asia. the island of Phaeacia. 
 
 Persicus, a, um, adj. Persian. Iphdlerae, drum, f. pi. 1. (<pd\apa) 
 
 pcrspicio, icere, exi, ectum, a. 3.(per, trappings for horses. 
 
 et specio) to see through, discern,! Phamdces, is, m. 3. a son of Mithri- 
 understand fully. dates, king of Pontus, who fa- 
 
 persuddeo, dere, si, sum, a. 2. (per et\ voured the Romans against his 
 suddeo) to persuade. | father. 
 
 perterreo, ere, ui, itum, a. 2. (per et Pharos et Pharus, i, f. 2. a small 
 
 terreo) to terrify. 
 
 perterritus, a, um, part, of perter- 
 reo. 
 
 pertindclter. adv. {fr. pertinax : per- 
 tindcis) obstinately, resolutely. 
 
 pertinaz, dcis, adj. (fr. per and 
 
 island in the bay of Alexandria, 
 about seven furlongs distant from 
 the continent. Upon it was built 
 a tower, which passed for one 
 of the seven wonders of the 
 world. 
 
 tenax, fr. teneo) very tenacious, 1 Pharsdlus, i, m. 2. now Farsa^ a 
 
 obstinate, resolute. town of Thessaly, in whose 
 
 pertineo. ere, ui, n. 2. (per et teneo) 1 neighbourhood is a large plain. 
 
 to reach, extend. called Pliarsalia. 
 
 pervenio, venire, veni, ventum, n.4:.Phasis, is et idis, m. 3. a river of 
 
 (per et venio) to come to, arrive! Colchis, rising in the mountains 
 
 at, reach. of Armenia. 
 
 pervius, a, um, adj. (per et via) Phidias, ae, m. 1. a celebrated sta- 
 
 easy to be passed, passable. 
 pes, pedis, m. 3. a foot. 
 pessimus, a, um, adj. (sup. of mdlus) 
 
 worst, very bad. > 
 
 tuary of Athens. 
 Philaeni, drum, m. pi. 2. two bro- 
 thers of Carthage, who chose ra- 
 ther to be buried in the sand, than 
 
.74 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 that the extent of their country- 
 should be diminished. 
 
 Philippi, drum, m. pi. 2. a town of 
 Macedonia, east of Amphipolis. 
 
 Philippicus, a, um, adj. of Philippi. 
 
 Philippides, ae, m. 1. a comic poet 
 in Alexander's age. 
 
 Philippus, i, m. 2. the 2d, the 
 fourth son of Amyntas, and fa- 
 ther of Alexander; the son of 
 Demetrius. 
 
 Philomela, ae, /. 1. a daughter of 
 Pandion, king of Athens, chang- 
 ed into a nightingale j a nightin- 
 gale. 
 
 philosophia, ae,f. 1. (^iXoo-o^ia) phr 
 losophy. 
 
 philosophies, i, m. 2. ((piXoao^og) a 
 philosopher. 
 
 Phocaea, ae, f. 1. now Fochia, a 
 maritime town of Ionia in Asia 
 Minor. 
 
 Phocaei, drum, m. pi. 2. the inhab 
 itants of Phocaea. 
 
 & 3. et Piraeum, i, n. 2. (Jlapai- 
 
 ev$, £w?, w?) a celebrated and capa- 
 cious harbour of Athens. 
 
 pirdta, ae, m. 1. (^par/fr) a pirate. 
 
 pisedtor, oris, m. 3. a fisherman. 
 
 piscis, is, m. 3. a fish. 
 
 Pisistrdtus, i, m. 2. an Athenian, 
 son of Hippocrates, who, by his 
 address and eloquence, render- 
 ed himself absolute in his native 
 city. 
 
 pistrlnum, i, n. 2. (/r. pinso, pistum } 
 to pound) a mill. 
 
 pius, a, um, adj. pious, properly dis- 
 posed towards one's parents, re- 
 lations, friends, country, &c. du- 
 tiful, affectionate, upright. 
 
 pldceo, ere, ui, itum, n. 2. to please; 
 sibi, to be vain of something. 
 
 placet, ebat, uit vel Hum est, impers. 
 it pleases, it is the opinion of, it 
 is determined. 
 
 pldcidus, a, um, adj. mild, calm, 
 placid. 
 
 Phocis, Mis, f. 3. a country of pldga, ae,f. 1. a net or toil ; a blow; 
 Greece. | plagis conficere, to beat severely. 
 
 Phoenicia, ae, f. 1. a country of plane, adv. clearly, entirely, abso- 
 
 Asia commonly named by the 
 
 Jews Canaan. 
 Phoenix, ids, m. 3. a Phoenician. 
 Phrygia, ae, f. 1. a large country 
 
 of Asia Minor. 
 Phryx, ygis, m. 3. a Phrygian. 
 
 luteiy. 
 
 pldnetes et planeta, ae, m. 1. (-rrXavrj- 
 Tvs) a planet. 
 
 planta, ae,f. 1. a plant. 
 
 plat anus, i,f. 2. {-rrXdravos^ the plane- 
 tree. 
 
 Picentes, ium, m. pi. 3. the inhabit- l platea, ae,f. 1. the spoonbill or sho- 
 
 ants of Picenum. veller, a kind of fowl. 
 
 Picenum, i, n. 2. a district of Italy, ^ Plato, onis, m. 3. a celebrated phi- 
 
 which lay along the Adriatic, to 
 the east of Umbria and the 
 country of the Sabines. 
 pictus, a, um, part, of pingo, paint- 
 
 ed, embroidered ; picta tabula, a,plebs, plebis, ) /• 
 picture. plebes, is, S 
 
 losopher at Athens, son of Aris< 
 ton, and one of the pupils of So- 
 crates. 
 plaustrum, i, n. 2. a wagon. 
 
 3. the common peo- 
 
 pi'etas, dtis, f. 3. (fr. pius) piety, j pie or plebeians. 
 
 filial affection. * plecto, ctere, xi, xuni, a. 3. to strike, 
 
 pignus, oris, n. 3. a pledge, pawn. | punish ; twist, weave. 
 
 pila, ae,f. 1. a ball. plenus, a, um., adj. full. 
 
 plleus, i, m. 2. a hat. plerlque, pleraeque, plerdque, adj. 
 
 pilus, i, m. 2. a hair (on any parti most, the greater part. 
 
 of the body). plerumque, adv. for the most part. 
 
 Pindarus, i, m. 2. a celebrated Plinius, i, m. 2. C. — Secundus, sur- 
 Ly lie poet of Thebes. I named the Elder, was born at Ve- 
 
 pingo, ingere, inxi, ictum, a. 3. to; rona, of a noble family. He dis- 
 colour, paint, embroider. 
 
 pinguis, e, adj. fat, fertile 
 
 pinna, ae,f. 1. a fin. 
 
 Piraeeus et Piraeus, i et eos. m. 2. 
 
 tinguished himself by his tho- 
 rough acquaintance with natural 
 philosophy, and every kind of 
 learning. — C. Caecilius Secure- 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 175 
 
 du&, surnamed the younger, ne- 
 phew and adopted son of the 
 Elder. 
 
 plumbeus, a, um, adj. of lead. 
 
 plumbum, i, n. 2. lead. 
 
 pluo, uere, ui, n. 3. to rain ; pluit la- 
 pidibus, it rains stones. 
 
 plurimus, a, um, adj. (sup. of mul- 
 tus) very many or much, most. 
 
 plus, uris, adj. (?i. in sing.) plures, 
 a, pi. (comp. of multus) more. 
 
 Plido, onis, m. 3. a son of Saturn 
 and Ops, brother of Jupiter, and 
 god of the infernal regions. 
 
 poculum, i, n. 2. a cup. 
 
 poema, dtis, n. 3. (Tnn^a) a poem. 
 
 poena, ae,f. I. (iroLvrf) punishment; 
 dare poenam, to suffer punish- 
 ment. 
 
 poenltet, ebat, uit, ere, impers. 2. to 
 
 bounded on the north by the 
 Euxine. 
 
 popular, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to waste 
 (pdpiilus) a people or country, 
 lay waste. 
 
 pbpulus, i, m. 2. a people, nation. 
 
 por rectus, a, um, part, of porrigo. 
 
 porrigo, igere, etci, ectum, a. 3. 
 (porro et rego) to stretch out, ex- 
 tend, hold out, offer. 
 
 Porsena et Por senna, ae, m. 1. a 
 king of Etruria, who espoused 
 the cause of Tarquin the Proud. 
 
 porta, ae,f. 1. a gate, door, outlet. 
 
 portendo, dere, di, turn, a. 3. to fore- 
 show, betoken, presage. That 
 is, (tendo) I hold out or show 
 what will happen {porro) here- 
 after. 
 
 porticus, us,f. 4. a portico, porch. 
 
 repent, be sorry for ; poenitet me por to, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to bear, 
 facti, I repent of the deed. carry. 
 
 Poenus, a, um, adj. Carthaginian \portus, us,m. 4. a harbour. Fr. porta. 
 
 subst. m. 2. a Carthaginian. 
 
 poeta, ae, m. 1. (-oiriTris) a poet. 
 
 pol, int. by Pollux ! in truth ! Per 
 Pollucem. Perpol is also used. 
 
 pollex, ids, m. 3. the thumb, the 
 great toe. 
 
 polliceor, eri. itus sum, d. 2. to pro- 
 mise. 
 
 pollicitus, a, um, part, of polliceor. 
 
 That is, a place of import and 
 
 export for goods, or for carrying 
 
 ships into. 
 posco, poscere, pbposci, a. 3. to ask, 
 
 demand. 
 positus, a, um, part, of pono. 
 possessio, onis, f. 3. (fr. possldeo 
 
 possessum) possession. 
 possessor, 6ris. } m. 3. a possessor. 
 
 Pollux, ucis, m. 3. a son of Jupiter possldeo, sidere, sedi : sessum, a. 2. 
 
 and Leda, brother to Castor. to possess. 
 
 Polyxena, ae, /. 1. a daughter of possum, posse, potui, n. irr. (polis, 
 
 Priam and Hecuba. 
 pomifer, era, erum, adj. ( pomum & 
 
 fero) bearing or prod ucing fruits ; 
 
 pomiferae arbores, fruit-trees. 
 pompa,ae,f. 1. (tto/xtt^) a procession, 
 
 pomp. 
 Pompeius, i, m. 2. Cneius, surnam 
 
 able, & sum) to be able. 
 
 post, (pr. c. ace.) after; adv. after- 
 wards ; aliquot, annis post, some 
 years afterwards ; paulo post, a 
 little while afterwards. 
 
 postea, adv. afterwards. 
 
 poster, et posterus, era, erum, adj. 
 
 ed Magnus, from the greatness of {posterior, postremus) coming af- 
 
 his exploits, was son of Pompeius 
 
 Strabo and Lucilla. 
 Pompeidnus, a, um, adj. relating to 
 
 Pompey. 
 pomum, i, n. 2. an apple. 
 pondus, eris, n. 3. {fr. pendo } to 
 
 weigh) weight. 
 pono, ponere, posui, pbsitum, a. 3. to 
 
 lay, set, place. 
 pons, tis, m. 3. a bridge. 
 pontus, i, m. 2. the sea ; Pontus 
 
 (Euxinus), the Euxine or Black 
 . Sea ; a kingdom of Asia Minor ; 
 
 Part i. q, 
 
 ter, succeeding ; in poslerum, for 
 the future ; postero die, on the 
 next day ; posteri, drum, descend- 
 ants, posterity. 
 
 postis, is, m. 3. a door-post. 
 
 postquam, adv. after that. 
 
 postremo et postremum, adv. lastly, 
 finally. 
 
 postremus, a, um, adj. (sup. of poste- 
 rus) last ; ad postremum, at last. 
 
 postulo, are, dvi, dtum, a. I. to ask, 
 demand. 
 
 Postumius or -thumius i i 9 m. 2. the 
 
176 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 name of a patrician family at 
 Rome ; Spurius, a consul sent 
 against the Samnites, and defeat- 
 ed by Pontius. 
 
 potens, tis, adj. powerful. 
 
 pbtentia, ae, /.I. {potens, potentis) 
 power, 
 
 potestas, dtis, f. 3. (fr. potis, able) 
 power, ability. 
 
 potio, 6nis,f. 3. a draught, potion. 
 
 potior, iri, itus sum, d. 4. (fr. potis, 
 able) to be or become master of, 
 obtain possession of. 
 
 potissimum, adv. (sup. of potius) 
 principally, chiefly. 
 
 pbtitns, a, um, part, of potior. 
 
 potius, adv. (positive not used) ra- 
 ther. 
 
 poto, are, dvi, dkom et um, a. 1. to 
 drink. 
 
 potus, us, m. 4. a drink, draught. 
 
 prae, (pr. c. abl.) before, for. on ac- 
 count of; in comparison of, with 
 respect to. 
 
 praealtus, a, um, adj. very high, 
 very deep. 
 
 praebeo, ere, ui, Uum, a. 2. to show, 
 exhibit ; to offer, supply ; spe- 
 ciem, to have the appearance of 
 For praehabeo, to hold out before 
 another. 
 
 praecedo, dire, ssi, ssum, n. 3. (prae 
 et cedo) to go before, precede. 
 
 praeceptor, oris, m. 3. (fr. praecipio, 
 praeceptum) a preceptor 
 
 praeceptum, i, n. 2. (fr. praecipio) a 
 precept, rule, instruction. 
 
 praecido, dire, di, sum, a. 3. (prae 
 et caedo) to cut off. 
 
 praecipio, iplre, epi, epium, a. 3. 
 ( prae et cdpio) to suggest, to pre- 
 scribe, command. 
 
 praecipito, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 
 throw ( praecipitem) headlong, 
 throw down. 
 
 praecipue, adv. especially 
 
 2)raecijn'us, a, um, adj. particular, 
 special; distinguished, chief. Fr. 
 praecapio. That which is taken 
 in preference to orhers. 
 
 praecludo, dire, si, sum, a. 3. (prae 
 et c'iaudo) to shut in the face of, 
 shut against, impede. 
 praeco, onis, m. 3. a public crier, 
 herald. 
 
 praeda, ae, f. 1. prey, booty. 
 
 praedico, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 
 proclaim, affirm, praise. Fr. di- 
 co, to tell ; prae, before others. 
 
 praedico, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (prae 
 et died) to foretel. 
 
 praedictus, a, um, part, of praedico. 
 
 praeditus, a, um, part, endued or 
 gifted with. For prae ddtus. 
 
 praedor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to plun- 
 der, ravage. 
 
 praefdris, (praefor, not used) dtur, 
 dri, dtus sum, dep. 1. to speak be- 
 fore, premise, predict. 
 
 flro, ferre, tuli, latum, irr. a. 
 ( prae et fero) to carry before, 
 prefer. 
 
 praefinio, Ire, Ivi, Uum, a. 4. ( prae 
 etfinio) to determine beforehand, 
 prescribe. 
 
 praeldtus, a, um, part, of praefero. 
 
 praelior et proelior, dri, dtus sum, d. 
 1. to fight, engage, join battle. 
 
 praelium et proelium, i, n. 2. a fight, 
 battle. 
 
 praemitto, ittlre, Isi, issum, a. 3. 
 ( prae et mitto) to send before. 
 
 praemium, i, n. 2. a reward. 
 
 Praeneste, is, n. 3. now Palaestrina, 
 a town of Latium, about 21 miles 
 from Rome. 
 
 praenuntio, dre^ dvi, dtum, a. 1. 
 ( prae et nuntio) to foretel, fore- 
 show, announce. 
 
 praepdro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. ( prae 
 et pdrd) to prepare, provide. 
 
 praepono, ponere, posui, positum, a. 
 3. (prae et pond) to put or set be- 
 fore, set over. 
 
 praesens, tis, part, (prae, before, & 
 ens, being) present, at hand. 
 
 praesepe, is, n. 3. a crib. 
 
 praesidium, i, n. 2. a guard, garri- 
 son, defence. Fr.praesideo. As 
 sitting before a place. 
 
 praecldre, adv. excellently, glori- \praestans, tis, part, of praesto ; also, 
 
 ously. I adj. excellent, surpassing. 
 
 praecldrus, a, um, adj. (prae et eld- prae stantia, ae,f. 1. (fr. praestans^ 
 
 rus) very clear or bright; dis-j tis) excellence, pre-eminence, su- 
 
 tinguished, glorious ; quanto prae-\ periority. 
 
 clarius, how much more glorious, \praesto, stare, stiti } stitum } a. 1, 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 177 
 
 (prae & std) to stand before, be 
 superior to ; to execute, perform, 
 discharge, make good; se, to 
 prove one's self; se fortem, to 
 show one's self brave ; praestal, 
 it is better ; praestare alicui et 
 aliquem aliqua re, to excel one in 
 any thing. 
 
 praesum, esse.fui, irr. n. to be (prae) 
 at the head of others, to preside 
 over, to rule over. 
 
 praetendo, dere, di, sum et turn, a. 3. 
 to stretch, hold, or put before, to 
 allege as an excuse. 
 
 praeter. prep. c. ace. beyond, besides, 
 except. 
 
 praeter%pi,, adv. {praeter ea) besides. 
 moreover. 
 
 praetereo, Ire, Ivi et ii, itum, a. irr. 
 (praeter et eo) to go or pass by or 
 over, go past or beyond. 
 
 praeteriens, euntis, paii,. of praeter- 
 eo. 
 
 praeteritus, a, um, part, of praeter -eo, 
 past. 
 
 praeterquam, adv. besides, save, ex- 
 cept. 
 
 praetorius, a, urn, adj. of or belong- 
 ing to a praetor ; (vir) one who 
 has been a praetor. 
 
 prdtum, i, n. 2. a meadow. 
 
 pravitas, dtis,f 3. wickedness, de- 
 pravity. 
 
 prdvus, a, um, adj. perverse, bad, 
 depraved. 
 
 precor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to pray, 
 beseech. 
 
 premo. premere, pressi, pressum, a, 
 3. to press, press upon, urge. 
 
 pretiosus, a, um, adj. (fr. pretium) 
 costly, precious. 
 
 pretium, i, n. 2. the price, value. 
 
 prex, precis, f 3. (nom. & gen. sing 
 not used ; plural cases most fre- 
 quent) a prayer. 
 Pridmus, i, m. 2. the last king of 
 Troy, was son of Laomedon. 
 
 prldie, adv. on the day before. 
 Priene, es, f. 1. a maritime town of 
 Asia Minor at the foot of mount 
 Mycale, which gave birth to Bi- 
 as. 
 
 prlmo et primum, adv. at the first, at 
 
 first ; quum primum, as soon as 
 primoris, e, adj. first; dentes, the 
 front teeth, fore-teeth. 
 
 primus, a, um, num. ord. adj. first ; 
 prima nocte, in the beginning of 
 the night. 
 
 princeps, ipis, adj. chief, foremost, 
 principal ; principes, chiefs, prin- 
 ces. 
 
 prineipdtus, us, m. 4. (fr. princeps t 
 principis) the chief place, a go- 
 vernment, sovereignty. 
 
 prior, us, adj. (pos. not in use ; sup. 
 primus) the former. 
 
 prius, adv. (pos. not in use ; sup. 
 primo vel primum) before, soon- 
 er. 
 
 priusquam, adv. sooner than, before 
 that. 
 
 privd'tus, a, um, adj. private, one's 
 own ; (homo) a private person. 
 
 pro, prep. c. abl. for, instead of; 
 pro remedio esse, to serve as a 
 remedy. 
 
 prbbdbilis, e, adj. (fr. probo) proba- 
 ble. 
 
 prbbllas, dtis,f. 3. (fr. probus) pro- 
 bity, honesty. 
 
 proboscis, tdis, f. 3. (-poBooids) the 
 trunk of an elephant. 
 
 probus, a, um, adj. honest, upright, 
 worthy. 
 
 procedo, cedere, cessi, cessum, n. 3. 
 (pro et cedo) to proceed, go or 
 come forth, go on or forward. 
 
 proceritas, dtis. f. 3. (fr. procerus) 
 length, height, tallness. 
 
 procerus, a,, um, adj. long, tall. 
 
 procldmo, are, dvi, dtum, n. & a. 1. 
 to cry out, exclaim, proclaim. 
 
 proconsul, ulis, m. 3. (pro et consul) 
 a Proconsul, one invested with 
 the authority of a consul. 
 
 procreo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (pro et 
 creo) to beget. 
 
 procul, adv. far off; procul dubio y 
 without doubt, doubtless. 
 
 procuro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (pro et 
 euro) to take care of, manage. 
 
 procurro, currtre, curri et cucurri, 
 cur sum, n. 3. (pro et curro) to 
 run before or forward, to ex- 
 tend. 
 prodigium, i, n. 2. a prodigy. 
 
 prodUio, 6nis,f. 3. (fr. prodo, pro- 
 ditum) treachery, treason. 
 
 proditor, oris, m. 3. (fr. prodo, pro- 
 ditum) a betrayer, traitor. 
 
 proditus, a, um, part, of prodo. 
 
178 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 prodo, dire, dtdi, ditum, a. 3. {pro 
 et do) to declare, disclose, betray. 
 
 proelior, dri, dtussum, d. 1. to fight. 
 
 proelium, i, n. 2. a fight, battle. 
 
 prof anus, a. um, adj. profane, not 
 sacred. 
 
 profectus, a, um, part, of proficiscor. 
 
 proficiscor, icisci, ectus sum, d. 3. 
 to set out on a journey or voyage, 
 journey ; to depart. 
 
 prqfiteor, iteri, essus sum, d. 2. {pro 
 etfdteor)to confess openly, a vow 
 profess ; sapientiam, to make a 
 profession of wisdom. 
 
 profugio, ugere, iigi, n. 3. {pro et 
 fugio) to flee for succour, take 
 refuge. 
 
 profugus, a, um, adj. fleeing, fugi- 
 tive : subst. a fugitive, exile. 
 
 profundus, a, um, adj. deep. 
 
 progredior, gredi, gressus sum, d. 3. 
 ( pro et grddior) to go on or for- 
 ward, advance, proceed. 
 
 prohlbeo, ere, ui, Hum, a. 2. to keep 
 off. hinder, prohibit. Fr. habeo 
 to hold, and pro, i. e. porro or 
 procul. 
 
 prohibitus, a, um, part, of prohibeo. 
 
 projicio, icere, eci, ectum, a. 3. {pro 
 et jdcio) to throw forth or away. 
 
 proldbor, bi, psus sum, d. 3. {pro et 
 labor) to glide forward, fall. 
 
 prolapsus, a, um, part, of proldbor. 
 
 proldto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to en- 
 large, extend. 
 
 proles, is,f. 3. an offspring, progeny, 
 race. 
 
 Prometheus, i, m. 2. a son of Jape- 
 tus, who su rpassed all mankind 
 in cunning and fraud. 
 
 promitto, titer e, isi, issum, a. 3. {pro 
 et mitto) to promise. 
 
 promontorium, i, n. 2. a promonto- 
 ry. 
 
 prombveo, overe, ovi, otum, a. 2. ( pro 
 et moveo) to move forward, make 
 to advance, extend. 
 
 propdgo, are, dvi, dtum, a.l.to pro- 
 pagate. 
 
 prope, pr. et adv. (propius, proxime) 
 nigh, beside, near. 
 
 propensus, a, um, part. & adj. {fr. 
 propendeo) hanging forward, in- 
 clined towards ; favourable to, 
 prone to. 
 
 propero, are, dvi, dtum, n. h to 
 hasten. 
 
 propinquus, a, um, adj. {fr. prope) 
 near ; propinqui, relations. 
 
 propior, us, adj. comp. {fr. prope) 
 nearer. 
 
 propono, ponere, posui, positum, a. 3. 
 {pro et pono) to put or set before, 
 propose ; mihi propositum est, I 
 have made up my mind, I intend 
 on purpose. 
 
 Propoutis, idis, f 3. a sea which has 
 a communication with the Eux- 
 ine by the Thracian Bosphorus, 
 and with the Aegaean by the 
 Hellespont, now called the Sea 
 of Marmora. 
 
 propositus, a, um, part, of propono. 
 
 proprie, adv. particularly, properly. 
 
 proprius, a, um, adj. peculiar, pro- 
 per, one's own, personal. 
 
 propter, pr. c. ace. for, on account 
 of, by reason of. 
 
 propulso, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {freq. 
 fr. propello) to drive away, repel. 
 
 prbpylaeum, i, n. 2. {-r:poitv\aiov) the 
 vestibule or porch of a temple or 
 palace ; propylaea, the row of 
 columns which led to the Acro- 
 polis at Athens. 
 
 pro»-a, ae, f 1. {npupa) the prow of 
 a ship. 
 
 prorsus, adv. entirely, wholly. 
 
 proscribo, bere, psi, plum, a. 3. {pro 
 et scribo) to proscribe. 
 
 prosecutus, a, um, part, of prose- 
 quor. 
 
 prosequor. qui, quietus et cuius sum, 
 d. 3. ( pro et sequor) to follow af- 
 ter, attend. 
 
 Proserpina, ae, f. 1. a daughter of 
 Ceres and Jupiter, carried away 
 by Pluto. 
 
 prospectus, us, m. 4. {fr. prospicio, 
 prospectum) a prospect. 
 
 prospere, adv. prosperously. 
 
 prospicio, icere, exi, ectum, a. 3. to 
 look forward, view. 
 
 prosterno, sternere, strdvi, stratum, 
 a. 3. ( pro et sterno) to overthrow, 
 prostrate. 
 
 prostrdtus, a, um, part, of proster- 
 no. 
 
 prosum,desse,fui, irr. n. {pro et sum) 
 
 I to do good, be profitable, avail. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 179 
 
 Protagoras, ae, m. 1. a Greek phi- 
 losopher of Abdera in Thrace. 
 
 protenus, adv. immediately. 
 
 protero, terere, trivi, tritum, a. 3. 
 {pro et tiro) to tread or trample 
 upon, crush. 
 
 protr actus, a, um, part, of protraho. 
 
 protrdho, here, xi, ctum, a. 3. (pro et 
 trdho) to defer, protract, prolong. 
 
 provenio, venire, veni, ventum, nA. 
 {pro et venio) to proceed or come 
 forth. 
 
 prdvincia, ae, f. 1. a province. 
 
 provbcdtio, onis, f. 3. ( fr. provoco, 
 dtum) a challenge, defiance, ap- 
 peal. 
 
 provoco, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (proet 
 vocn) to call forth, challenge, pro- 
 voke; ad aliquem, to appeal to 
 one. 
 
 prozime, adv. {sup. fr. prope) near- 
 est, next, very near. 
 
 proximus, a, um, adj. very near, 
 neighbouring, next. 
 
 prudens, tis, adj. (fr. p?'ovidens) 
 
 pugna, ae, f. 1. a combat, battle. 
 
 pugno, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to fight, 
 combat. 
 
 pulcher, chra, chrum, et cer, cra t 
 crura, adj. fair, beauteous. 
 
 pulchritudo, inis, f. 3. fairness, 
 beauty. 
 
 pullus, i, m. 2. the young of any 
 creature. 
 
 pulsus, a, um, part, of pello. 
 
 Punicus, a, um, adj. Punic, Cartha- 
 ginian. 
 
 puniendus, a, um, part, of punio. 
 
 punio, ire, ivi, itum, a. 4. to punish. 
 
 pupillus, i, m. 2. a pupil. 
 
 puppis, is,f. 3. the stern of a ship. 
 
 pur go, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (fr.pu- 
 rus) to make clean, cleanse, 
 purge, purify. 
 
 purpura, ae,f 1. the shell-fish from 
 which purple die was produced, 
 the purple muscle ; purple. 
 
 purpurdtus, a, um, adj. (fr. purpu- 
 ra) clothed in purple ; purpuraii^ 
 courtiers. 
 
 provident, prudent, wise. \purpureus, a, um, adj. purple. 
 
 prudentia, ae,f. 1. providence, ]?m-purus, a, um, adj. pure, clear, 
 dence, knowledge. pusillus, a, um, adj. very little or 
 
 psittdcus, i, m. 2. a parrot. 
 
 Psophidius, a, um, adj. of Psophis. 
 
 Psophis, idis, f. 3. a city of Arca- 
 dia. 
 
 Ptolemaeus, i, m. 2. the name of 
 several kings of Egypt. 
 
 pubUce, adv. publicly, by public au- 
 thority, at the common charge or 
 cost. 
 
 Publicola et Poplicola, ae, m. 1. a 
 name given to Publius Valerius, 
 on account of his great populari- 
 
 publicus, a, um,adj. public ; ex pub- 
 lico, from public means. 
 
 Publius, i, m. 2. a Roman praeno- 
 men. 
 
 pudibundus, a, um, adj. ashamed. 
 
 pudor, oris, m. 3. shame, modesty. 
 
 puer, eri, m. 2. a boy ; pueri, child- 
 ren. 
 
 puerilis, e, adj. (fr. puer) boyish, 
 childish, puerile. 
 
 pueritia, ae,f 1. (fr.puer) boyhood, 
 childhood. 
 
 pugio, onis, m. 3. a dagger, po- 
 niard. 
 
 small. 
 
 puteus, i, m. 2. a well. 
 
 puto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to think. 
 
 putresco, escere, ui, inc. 3. to rot, 
 putrefy. 
 
 Pyd?ia,ae,f. 1. a town of Macedo- 
 nia, originally called Citron. 
 
 Pijgmaei, drum, m. 2. the Pygmies 
 or dwarfs. 
 
 pijra, ae,f 1. (-vpd) a funeral pile. 
 
 pyrdmis, idis, f. 3. a pyramid. 
 
 Pyrenaei, orum, m. 2. (montes) a 
 ridge of high mountains, which 
 separate Gaul from Spain, and 
 extend from the Atlantic to the 
 Mediterranean. 
 
 pyrites, ae, m. L (irvpirris) the fire 
 stone. 
 
 Pyrrhus, i, m. 2. a king of Epirus, 
 who supported the Tarentines in 
 their war against the Romans. 
 
 Pythagoras, ae, m. 1. a celebrated 
 philosopher, born at Samos. 
 
 Pythagoreus, i, m. 2. a Pythagorean, 
 a disciple of Pythagoras. 
 
 Pythia, ae, f. 1. the priestess of 
 Apollo at Delphi. 
 
 q2 
 
180 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 a 
 
 quadrdgestmus, a, um, ord. num. 
 
 adj. the fortieth. 
 quadrdginta, card. num. adj. ind. 
 
 forty. 
 quadriennium, i, n. 2. the space of 
 
 four years. 
 quadriga, ae,f. 1. a chariot drawn 
 
 by four horses. 
 quadringentesimus, a, urn, ord. num 
 
 adj. the four hundredth. 
 quadringenti, ae, a, card. num. adj. 
 
 four hundred. 
 quadrupes, pedis, adj. (fr. pes) four- 
 footed. 
 quaero, rere, sivi, situm, a. 3. to 
 
 seek, search, ask, inquire; quae- 
 
 ritur, it is asked. 
 quaestio, onis, f 3. (fr. quaero) a 
 
 question. 
 quaestor, oris, m. 3. (fr. quaero) a 
 
 quaestor. 
 quaestus, us, m. 4. (fr. quaero, quae- 
 
 situm) a trade ; gain, profit. 
 qudlis, e, adj. of what kind or sort, 
 
 as. 
 quam, adv. & conj. how, how much, 
 
 as much, as ; than. 
 quamdiu, adv. as long as. 
 quamquam, conj. how much soever, 
 
 although, though. 
 quamvis, conj. although, though. 
 quando, adv. when, since, seeing 
 
 that. 
 quanto, adv. by how much. 
 quantoptre, adv. how greatly, kow 
 
 much, as greatly. 
 quantum, adv. as much as, how 
 
 much. 
 quantus, a, um, adj. how great. 
 quantuslibet, quantalibet, quantum- 
 
 libet, adj. as great as you please ; 
 
 how great soever; in quantalibet 
 
 multitudine, in the greatest mul- 
 titude. 
 quapropter, adv. for what reason. 
 
 wiry, wherefore. 
 quare, adv. on which account, 
 
 wherefore. 
 quartus, a, um, ord. num. adj. the 
 
 fourth. 
 quasi , adv. as if. 
 quatriduum, i, n. 2. the space of 
 
 four days. 
 quatiwr, card. num. adj. ind. four. 
 
 quatuordecim, card. num. adj. ind. 
 fourteen. 
 
 que, conj. and, also. 
 
 queo, ire, ivi, itum, irr. n. to be 
 able. 
 
 quercus, us,f. 4. an oak. 
 
 qutror, ri, stus sum, d. 3. to com- 
 plain, lament. 
 
 quesius, a, um, pa.rt. of queror. 
 
 qui, quae, quod, pro. who, which, 
 what. 
 
 qui, adv. how, in what manner. 
 
 qui, conj. because. 
 
 quicunque, quaecunque, quodcunque, 
 pro. whosoever, whoever, what- 
 ever. 
 
 quidam, quaedam, quoddam et quid- 
 dam, pro. a certain one, one ; qui- 
 dam homines, certain men. 
 
 quidem, adv. indeed, truly, certain- 
 ly, at least; ne...quidem, not- 
 even. 
 
 quies, etis,f. 3. repose, rest, quiet. 
 
 quin, conj. but, however,, but that. 
 
 quindecim, card. num. adj. fifteen. 
 
 quingentcsimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. 
 the five hundredth. 
 
 quingenti, ae, a, card. num. adj. 
 five hundred. 
 
 quinquageni, distr. num. adj. every 
 fifty. 
 
 quinquagesimus, a, um, ord. num. 
 adj. the fiftieth. 
 
 quinquaginta, card. num. adj. ind. 
 fifty. 
 
 quinque, card. num. adj. ind. five. 
 
 quinquies, num. adv. five times. 
 
 quintus, a, um, ord. num. adj. the 
 fifth. 
 
 quis, quae, quod et quid, pro. inter- 
 rog. who, which, what 1 
 
 quisnam, quaenam, quodnam et quid- 
 nam, pro. interrog. (quis et nam) 
 for who, who, who then 1 
 
 quisquam, quaequum, quidquam et 
 quicquam, pro. any one ; nee quis- 
 quam, and no one. 
 
 quisque, quaeque, quodque et qitid- 
 que, vet quicque, pro. every man, 
 every one, each, every. 
 
 quisquis, quaequae, quidquid et quic- 
 quid, pro. whoever, whosoever, 
 whatever, whatsoever. 
 
 quivis, quaevis, quodvis et quidvis, 
 pro. any one you please, whoever, 
 every one. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 181 
 
 quo, adv. whither, why ; (as a conj.) 
 
 to the end that, in order that, 
 
 that. 
 quod, conj. because, since, that. 
 quominus, or quo minus, adv. that 
 
 not. 
 quombdo et quo modo, adv. in what 
 
 manner, how. 
 quondam,, adv. formerly. 
 quoniam, conj. since. 
 quoque, conj. also. 
 quot, adj. ind. how many. 
 quotannis, adv. every year, annual- 
 
 quolidie, adv. daily. 
 
 qubties, adv. how often, as often as. 
 
 quum, conj. since; adv. when. 
 
 R. 
 
 radius, i, m. 2. a rod or staff; a 
 
 ray. 
 radix, ids, f. 3. a root. 
 rdmosus, a, urn, adj. full of boughs 
 
 or branches. 
 ramus, i, m. 2. a branch, bough. 
 rdna, ae,f. 1. a frog. 
 rdpina, ae,f. 1. (fr. rapio) robbery, 
 
 rapine, pillage. 
 rapio, ere, ui, turn, a. 3, to seize for- 
 cibly, rob. 
 raptor, oris, m.3. (fr. rapio, raptum) 
 
 a robber. 
 rapturus, a, um, part, of rapio. 
 raptus, a, um, part, of rapio. 
 raritas, dtis, f 3. rareness, rarity, 
 
 scarcity. 
 rdro, adv. seldom. That is, thinly. 
 
 Fr. rarus. 
 rdrus, a, um, adj. thin, scanty ; 
 
 scarce, rare. 
 ratio, onis, f. 3. (fr. reor, rdtus) 
 
 reason, a reason. 
 rdtis, is, f. 3. a float, raft, boat, 
 
 ship. 
 rdtus, a, um, part, of reor. 
 raucus, a, um, adj. hoarse, harsh, 
 
 hoarse sounding. 
 rebello, are, dvi, dtum,n. 1. to wage 
 
 (bellum) war against, rebel. 
 recedo, dire, ssi, ssum, n. 3. (re et 
 
 cedo) to retire, withdraw, retreat, 
 
 recede. 
 recens, tis, adj. new, recent ; adv. 
 
 recens nati, new-born childrea. 
 receptus, a, um, part, of recipio. 
 
 recessus, its, m. 4. (fr. recedo, reces- 
 
 sum) a retreat, recess. 
 recipio, cipere, cepi, ceptum, a. 3. 
 
 (re et cdpio) to take again, take 
 
 back, receive, recover ; animam, 
 
 to come to one's self again, to 
 
 recover one's senses; se, to come 
 
 back, return. 
 recoctus, a, um, part, of recoquo. 
 recognosco, noscere, novi, nitum, a. 
 
 3. (re et cognosco) to recognise. 
 recolligo, ligere, legi, ledum, a. 3. 
 
 (re et colligo) to gather up again, 
 
 collect again, recollect. 
 reconditus, a, um, part, of recondo, 
 
 hidden. 
 recondo, dere, didi, ditum, a. 3. (re 
 
 et condo) to lay up, hide. 
 recoquo, quere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (re et 
 
 coquo) to boil or seeth again. 
 recorddtio, onis, f. 3. recollection, 
 
 remembrance. 
 recreo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (re et 
 
 creo) to create again, renew, to 
 
 bring to life again. 
 recte, adv. right, rightly. 
 rectus, a, um, adj. straight, right, 
 
 upright. jFY. rego, rectum, 
 recupero, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to get 
 
 back, recover. 
 rcdditus, a, um, part, of reddo. 
 reddo, dere, didi, ditum, a. 3. (re et 
 
 do) to give back, restore, return ; 
 
 verba, to repeat ; rationem, to 
 
 give a reason ; gratiam, to repay 
 
 a favour. 
 redeo, ire, ii, raro ivi, itum, n. irr. 
 
 (re et eo) to go or come again, 
 
 return. 
 rediens, euntis, part, of redeo. 
 redigo, igere, egi, actum, a. 3. (re 
 
 et ago) to bring back, reduce. 
 redimo, imere, emi, emptum et em- 
 
 turn, a. 3. (re et emo) to buy back, 
 
 recover, redeem. 
 reducendus, a, um, part, of reduco. 
 reduco, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (re et du- 
 
 co) to lead back ; in gratiam, to 
 
 reconcile. 
 refer o, ferre, tuli, latum, a. irr. (re 
 
 etfero) to bring back ; gratiam, 
 
 to evince gratitude ; beneficium, 
 
 to return a benefit ; victoriam, to 
 
 gain a victory ; imaginem, to 
 
 take a likeness ; referre ad ali- 
 
 quam rem, to refer to something, 
 
182 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 refluo, ere, xi, xum, n. 3. (re etfluo) 
 
 to flow back. 
 refugio, ugere, ugi, ugitum, n. 3. 
 
 (re etfugio) to fly back. 
 regia, ae, f. 1. a palace. That is, 
 
 regia domus. 
 regina, ae, f 1. (fr. rex, regis) a 
 
 queen. 
 regio, onis, f 3. a district, region, 
 
 clime. 
 regius, a, um, adj. (fr. rex, regis) 
 
 royal. 
 regno, are, dvi, dtum,n. 1. (fr. reg- 
 num) to reign, rule, govern ; reg- 
 ndtur, imp. it is ruled. 
 regnum, i, n. 2. (fr. rex, regis) a 
 
 kingdom, government. 
 rego, gere, xi, ctum, a. 3. to govern, 
 
 rule. 
 regredior, gredi, gressus sum, d. 3, 
 (re et grddior) to go back, return. | 
 regressus, a, urn, part, of regredior. 
 Regulus, i, m. 2. M. Attilius, sl Ro- 
 man consul during the first Pa- 
 nic war. 
 reldtus, a, um, part, of refero. 
 relicturus, a, um, part, of relinquo. 
 relidus, a, um, part, of relinquo. 
 religio, 6nis,f. 3. religion. 
 relinquo, linquere, liqui, lictum, a. 
 2. (re et linquo) to leave behind, 
 leave. 
 reliquiae, drum, f. 1. the remains, 
 relics, remainder. Fr. reliquus. 
 reliquus, a, um, adj. (fr. relinquo) 
 
 remaining, the rest. 
 remdneo, ere, si, sum, n. 2. (re et 
 mdneo) to tarry behind, remain. 
 remedium, i, n. 2. (fr. medeor) a re- 
 medy. 
 remitto, wdttere, mlsi, missum, a. 3, 
 (re et mitto) to send back, return. 
 remotus, a, um, part, of removeo. 
 removeo, overe, ovi, otum, a. 2. (re 
 
 et moved) to remove. 
 remus, i, m. 2. an oar. 
 Remus, i, m. 2. the brother of Ro- 
 mulus. 
 renovo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (re et 
 
 novo) to renew. 
 renuntio, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (re et 
 nuntio) to report, inform, make 
 known. 
 reor, reri, rdtus sum, d. 2. to think, 
 believe. 
 
 repdro, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (re et 
 
 pdro) to repair, renew. 
 repente, adv. suddenly. 
 reptrio, erire, eri, ertum, a. 4. (re 
 
 etpdrio) to find out, discover. 
 repertus, a, um, part, of reperio. 
 repeto, ere, Ivi et ii, Hum, a. 3. (re 
 
 et pcto) to ask again, demand 
 
 back. 
 repleo, ere, evi, etum, a. 2. (re el 
 
 pleo) to fill again, fill up, reple- 
 nish. 
 repono, onere, osui, ositum, a. 3. (re 
 
 etpono) to place again, replace. 
 reporto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (re et 
 
 porto) to bring or carry back, 
 
 bear off. 
 repraesento, are, dvi, dtum, a. I. to 
 
 represent. 
 repudio, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to cast 
 
 off, disown, divorce. 
 
 requiro, rere, sivi, sltum, a. 3. (re 
 
 et quacro) to seek back, demand, 
 
 require. 
 res, rei,f. 5. a thing, affair, matter, 
 
 subject ; res gestae, exploits; res 
 
 familiaris, property, substance. 
 reservo, are, dvi, dtum, a. I. to re- 
 serve, retain, spare. 
 resideo, sidere, sedi, n. 2. (re et se- 
 
 deo) to sit down. 
 reslmus, a, um, adj. crooked, bent 
 
 back. 
 resisto, sistere, siili, stitum, n. 3. 
 
 (re et sisto) to resist, withstand. 
 rlsolvo, vere, vi, utum, a. 3. (re et 
 
 solvo) to unloose, dissolve. 
 respondeo, dere, di, sum, n. 2. (re el 
 
 spondeo) to answer ; respondetur, 
 
 imp. it is answered. 
 responsum, i, n. 2. an answer. 
 respiMica, reipublicae, f.\. & 5. a 
 
 commonwealth, state, republic. 
 respuo, uere, id, a. 3. (re et spuo) to 
 
 spit out, reject. 
 restituo, uere, ui, utum, a. 3. (re et 
 
 stdtuo) to replace, restore. 
 retineo, tinere, tinui, tentum, a. 2. 
 
 (re et teneo) to hold or keep back, 
 
 detain. 
 revera et re vera, adv. in very deed, 
 
 in reality, truly. 
 reverentia, ae,f. 1. reverence. 
 reversus, a, um, part, of revertor t 
 
 having returned. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 183 
 
 reverto, tire, ti, sum, n. 3. (re et ver- 
 to) and reverter, ti, sus sum, d. 3 
 to return. 
 
 reviresco, escere, ui, n. inc. 3. to be- 
 come or grow green again. 
 
 revbco, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (re et 
 vbco) to call back, recall. 
 
 revolo, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. (re et 
 volo) to fly back. 
 
 rex, regis, m. 3. a king. 
 
 Rhadamanthus, i, m. a son of Jupi- 
 ter and Europa, so celebrated for 
 justice, that the ancients have said 
 he became one of the judges of the 
 infernal regions. 
 
 Rhaeti, arum, m. 2. the inhabitants 
 of Rhaetia. 
 
 Rhaetia, ae, f. 1. a country of Eu- 
 rope, north of Italy and east of 
 Helvetia. 
 
 Rhea, ae.f. 1. Silvia, the mother of 
 Romulus and Remus. 
 
 Rhenus, i, m. 2. the Rhine. 
 
 rhinoceros, otis, m. 3. a rhinoceros. 
 
 Rhoddnus, i, m. 2. the river Rhone. 
 
 Rhodius, i, m. 2. a Rhodian. 
 
 Rhodope, es, /. 1. a high mountain 
 of Thrace. 
 
 Rhodus, i, f. 2. now Rhodes, a ce- 
 lebrated island of the Mediterra- 
 nean sea, at the south of Caria. 
 
 Rhynddcus, i, m. 2. a large river of 
 Mysia, in Asia Minor. 
 
 rldeo, dere, si, sum, n. et a. to laugh, 
 deride, ridicule. 
 
 rldiculus, a, urn, adj. (fr. rldeo) 
 ridiculous, laughable. 
 
 rigeo, ere, ui, n. 2. (piylw) to be cold. 
 
 rigidus, a, um, adj. (fr. rigeo) se- 
 vere. 
 
 rigo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to water, 
 moisten, bedew. 
 
 rlpa, ae,f. 1. the bank of a river. 
 
 rlsus, us, m. 4. (fr. rideo, risum) 
 laughter. 
 
 Hxor, art, dtus sum, d.l.to quarrel, 
 dispute. 
 
 robur, oris, n. 3. oak. Hence any 
 thing hard and strong, strength ; 
 militum, the bravest, the flower 
 of the troop. 
 
 robustus, a, um, adj. hard and strong 
 like (robur) oak, strong, robust. 
 
 rogo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to ask, beg. 
 
 rogus, i, m. 2. a funeral pile. 
 
 Roma, ae, f. 1. a city of Italy, the 
 
 capital of the Roman empire, 
 
 situate on the banks of the river 
 
 Tiber. 
 Romanus, a, um, adj. Roman. 
 Romanus, i, m. 2. a Roman. 
 Romulus, i, m. 2. the founder of 
 
 Rome. 
 ros, roris, m. 3. dew. 
 rostrum, i, n. 2. a beak, snout. 
 rota, ae,f. 1. a wheel. 
 rotundus, a, um, adj. round like a 
 
 (rota) wheel. 
 ruber, bra, brum, adj. red. 
 rudens, Us, m. 3. a cable, rope. 
 rudis, e, adj. uncultivated, rude, 
 
 rough. 
 ruina, ae,f. 1. (fr. ruo) a downfall, 
 
 ruin, destruction. 
 rumpo, rumpere, rupi, ruptum, a. 3. 
 
 to break, break off. 
 ruo, ere, i, itum et turn, n. 3. to fall, 
 
 fall down, rush headlong, go to 
 
 ruin. 
 
 rupes, is, f 3. a rock. 
 ruptus, a, um, part, of rumpo. 
 rursus, adv. again. 
 rus, ruris, n. 3. the country. 
 rusticus, u, um, adj. pertaining to 
 
 the {rus) country, rustic. 
 rusticus, i, m. 2. a rustic country- 
 man. 
 Rutilius, i, m. 2. P. Rufus, a Roman 
 
 consul in the age of Sulla. 
 rutilus, a, um, adj. of a red colour, 
 
 bright, glittering. 
 
 Sablnus, %, m. 2. a Sabine, (a peo- 
 ple of Italy.) 
 
 sdcer, era, crum, adj. (sup. sacerri- 
 mus) sacred. 
 
 sdcerdjos, otis, c. 3. (fr. sdcer) a 
 priest, priestess. 
 
 sacrificium, i, n. 2. a sacrifice. 
 
 sacrifico, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. {sa- 
 crum fdcio) to sacrifice. 
 
 sacrum, i, et sacra, drum, n. 2. any 
 thing consecrated to the gods, a 
 sacrifice, sanctuary. 
 
 saepe, adv. (saepius, saepissime) of- 
 ten. 
 
 saevio, Ire, ii, Itum, n. i. to rage. 
 
 saevitas,dtis,f. 3. cruelty, barbarity. 
 
 saevus, a, um, adj. severe, cruel, 
 savage. 
 
x84 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 saglno, are, avi, alum, 1. to fatten. 
 
 sagitta, ae,f. 1. an arrow. 
 
 Saguntini, drum, m. 2. the inhabit- 
 ants of Saguntum. 
 
 Saguntum, i, n. 2. a town of Hispa- 
 nia Tarraconensis. 
 
 salio, Ire, Ivi et ii, et ui, turn, n. 4. 
 to leap, bound, dance. 
 
 salsus, a, um, adj. (fr. sal) salt, 
 sharp, keen. 
 
 salto, are, avi, atum, n. 1. {freq. of 
 salio) to dance. 
 
 saluber, bris, bre, et salubris, bre, adj. 
 {fr. salus) healthful, salubrious, 
 wholesome, sound. 
 
 salubritas, atis, f. 3. {fr. salubris) 
 healthfulness, salubrity. 
 
 salum, i, n. 2. the sea. 
 
 solus, iitis, f. 3. safety, health. 
 
 salutdris, e, adj. {salus, salutis) 
 healthful, salutary. 
 
 saluto, are, avi, atum, a. 1. to wish 
 {salutem) health to, salute. 
 
 salvus, a, um, adj. safe, sound, un- 
 punished. 
 
 Samnltes, um et ium, m. 3. a peo- 
 ple of Italy. 
 
 sanctus, a, um, adj. sacred, holy, 
 blameless. 
 
 sanguis, inis, m. 3. blood. 
 
 sapiens, tis, adj. { fr. sapio) wise ; 
 subst. a wise man, sage. 
 
 sapientia, ae,f 1. wisdom. 
 
 sapio, ere, Ivi et ii, et ui, n. 3. to be 
 wise. 
 
 sarcina, ae, f. 1 . a bundle, pack. 
 
 Sardinia, ae, f. 1. the greatest isl- 
 and in the Mediterranean after 
 Sicily, south of Corsica. 
 
 Sarmdta, ae, c. 1. an inhabitant of 
 Sarmatia, (an extensive coun- 
 try in the north of Europe and 
 Asia.) 
 
 Sarpedon, bnis, m. 3. a son of Ju- 
 piter and Europa. 
 
 satelles, itis, m. 3. a guard, satellite. 
 
 satio, are, avi, atum, a. 1. to satisfy, 
 satiate. 
 
 satis, adv. in a sufficient degree, 
 enough. 
 
 satur, ura, urum, adj. full, satiated. 
 
 Saturnia, ae,f. 1. a name given to 
 Italy ,because Saturn had reigned 
 there during the golden age. 
 
 Saturnus, i, m. 2. a son of Coelus 
 and Terra, father of Jupiter. 
 
 saucio, are, dvi t atum, a. 1. to 
 wound. 
 
 saxeus, a, um, adj. stony, rocky. 
 
 saxum, i, n. 2. a rock, stone. 
 
 Scamander, dri, m. 2. a celebrated 
 river of Troas. 
 
 scateo, ere, n. 2. to flow forth like 
 water, to abound. 
 
 scelestus, a, um, adj. (fr. scelus) 
 wicked. 
 
 scelus, eris, n. 3. crime, wicked- 
 ness. 
 
 scena, ae, f. 1. (ox^) a scene, 
 stage. 
 
 Schoeneus, i, m. 2. a king of Arca- 
 dia, father of Atalanta. 
 
 Scheria, ae, f. 1. an ancient name 
 of Corcyra. 
 
 scientia, ae,f 1. knowledge. 
 
 scio. Ire, Ivi, Hum, a. 4. to know. 
 
 Scipio, onis, m. 3. a celebrated fa- 
 mily at Rome, who obtained the 
 greatest honours in the repub- 
 lic. 
 
 scopulus, i, m. 2. {<tk6k£\os) a high 
 rock, cliff. 
 
 scorpio, onis, m. 3. a scorpion. 
 
 Scotia, ae,f. 1. Scotland. 
 
 scriba, ae, m. 1. a secretary, scribe. 
 
 scrlbo, bere, psi, ptum, a. 3. to write ; 
 leges, to give laws. 
 
 scriptor, oris, m. 3. {fr. scribo, scrip- 
 turn) a writer, author. 
 
 scriptiirus, a, um, part, of scribo. 
 
 scriptus, a, um, part, of scribo. 
 
 scrutor, dri, dtussum, d. 1. to search 
 diligently, examine. 
 
 scutum, i, n. 2. a shield. 
 
 Scylla, ae, f 1. a daughter of Nisus, 
 king of Megara. 
 
 Scyros, i, f. 2. a rocky and barren 
 island of the Aegaean. 
 
 Scylha, ae, m. 1. a Scythian. 
 
 Scythia, ae, /. 1. a very extensive 
 country in the north, including a 
 part both of Europe and Asia. 
 
 Scythicus, a, um, adj. Scythian. 
 
 secedo, dere, ssi, ssum, n. 3. {se et 
 cedo) to go apart, withdraw, se- 
 cede. 
 
 seco, are, ui, turn, a. 1. to cut. 
 
 sector, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to follow, 
 attend or wait upon, to strive to 
 attain. 
 
 secum, (i. e. cum se) with himself, 
 with herself, with itself. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 185 
 
 secundus, a, um, adj. second, pros- 
 perous ; res secundae, prosperity. 
 
 seciiris, is,f. 3. an axe. 
 
 sed, conj. but. 
 
 sexdccim, card. num. adj. ind. six- 
 teen. 
 
 sedeo, sedere, sedi, sessum, n. 2. to 
 sit. 
 
 sedes, is, f 3. a seat ; regni, the seat 
 of government. 
 
 seditio, onis, f 3. sedition. 
 
 sedulus, a, um, adj. attentive, dili- 
 gent. 
 
 segcs, etis,f 3. a crop. 
 
 segnis, e, adj. slow, slothful, cow- 
 ardly. 
 
 sejungo, gere, xi, ctum, a. 3. (se et 
 jungo) to separate, disjoin, di- 
 vide. 
 
 Seleucia, ae, /. 1. a city of Syria on 
 the sea-coast, south-west of An- 
 tioch. 
 
 slmel, adv. once. 
 
 Semite, es,f. 1. a daughter of Cad- 
 mus and Hermione. 
 
 Semirdmis, idis, f. 3. a celebrated 
 queen of Assyria. 
 
 semper, adv. always. 
 
 sempiternus, a, um, adj. everlasting. 
 
 Sena, ae,f. 1. or Sena Gallica, now 
 Senigaglia, a town of Umbria in 
 Italy. 
 
 senator, oris, m. 3. a senator. 
 
 sendtus, its et i, m. 2. & 4. a senate. 
 
 senecta, ae, 1. {fr. senex) old age. 
 
 senectus, litis, f. 3. old age. 
 
 senesco, escere, ui, n. inc. 3. to grow 
 old ; to wane, (of the moon.) 
 
 senex, senis, c. 3. an old person ; adj. 
 old, {comp. senior.) 
 
 Senones, um, m. 3. an uncivilized 
 nation of Gallia Transalpina. 
 
 sensus,- its, m. 4. {fr. sentio, sensum) 
 sense, feeling. 
 I sententia, ae, f. 1. a sentiment, 
 
 thought, opinion, proposition 
 I sentio, tire, si, sum, a. 4. to feel, be 
 
 sensible of, observe. 
 \ sepelio, elire, ellvi, ultum, a. 4. to 
 
 bury. 
 Isepes, is.f. 3. a hedge. 
 Iseptem, card. num. adj. ind. (sTrra) 
 seven. 
 
 Iseptentrio, onis, m. 3. the north. 
 
 Isepties, num. adv. seven times. 
 
 septimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. se- 
 venth. 
 
 septingentesimus, a, um, ord. num. 
 adj. the seven hundredth. 
 
 septingenti, ae, a, card. num. adj. 
 seven hundred. 
 
 septuageslmus, a, um } ord. num. adj. 
 the seventieth. 
 
 septuaginta, card. num. adj. ind. 
 seventy. 
 
 sepulcrum, i, n. 2. (fr. sepelio, sepuU 
 turn) a tomb, grave, sepulchre. 
 
 sepultura, ae,f 1. burial, interment. 
 
 sepultus, a,, um, part, of sepelio. 
 
 Sequdna, ae, m. 1. now the Seine , 
 a river of Gaul, which separates 
 the territories of the Celtae and 
 Belgae. 
 
 sequor, qui, quutus vel cutus sum, d. 
 3. to follow. 
 
 serenus, a, um, adj. fair, serene. 
 
 Sergius, i, m. 2. the name of a fa- 
 mily at Rome. 
 
 sermo, onis, m. 3. discourse, speech, 
 conversation. 
 
 sero, adv. late, too late. 
 
 sero, serere, sevi, satum, a. 3. to sow, 
 plant. 
 
 serpens, tis, c. 3. a serpent. Fr. 
 serpo, to creep. A creeping 
 thing. 
 
 Sertorius, i, m. 2. Quintus, a Ro- 
 man general, who established 
 himself in Spain, and was final- 
 ly assassinated by his own offi- 
 cers. 
 
 servio, Ire, Ivi et ii, Hum, n. 4. to 
 be a slave, serve in the capacity 
 of a servant or slave. 
 
 servitium, i, n. 2. slavery. 
 
 servitus, tutis,f. 3. slavery. 
 
 Servius, i. m. 2. Tullius, the sixth 
 king of Rome. 
 
 servo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to save, 
 preserve, watch, guard. 
 
 servus, i, m. 2. a slave. 
 
 sestertium, i, n. 2. a sestertium (the 
 name of a sum, not of a coin), 
 equivalent to 1000 sestertii, or 
 $37.50. 
 
 sestertius, i, m. 2. a sesterce, two 
 asses and a hal f. For semistertius. 
 The first an as, the second an as, 
 the third half an as. A sesterce 
 was equal to 3| cents. 
 
186 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 Sestos vel Sestus, i, f. 2. a town of 
 Thrace, on the shores of the Hel- 
 lespont, exactly opposite Abydos 
 on the Asiatic side. 
 
 seta, ae,f. 1. a bristle. 
 
 Setia, ae, f. 1. now Sezza, a city 
 of Campania, near the Pontine 
 marshes, celebrated for its wines. 
 
 Setlnus, a, um, adj. of Setia, Se- 
 rine. 
 
 severus, a, um, adj. grave, severe, 
 harsh. 
 
 sex, card. num. adj. ind. (?{) six. 
 
 sexagesimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. 
 the sixtieth. 
 
 sexaginta, card. num. adj. ind. sixty. 
 
 sexcentesimus, a, urn, ord. num. adj 
 the six hundredth. 
 
 sexcenli, ae, a, card. num. adj. six 
 hundred. 
 
 sextus, a, um, ord. num. adj. the 
 sixth. 
 
 si, conj. if; si quando, if at any 
 time ; si quis, if any one ; si 
 quid, if any thing. 
 
 sic, adv. so, thus, in this way. 
 
 Siccivs, i, m. 2. V. Dentatus. 
 
 siccus, a, um, adj. dry. 
 
 Sicilia, ae, f. 1. the largest and most 
 celebrated island of the Mediter- 
 ranean, at the bottom of Italy. 
 
 Siciilus, a, um, adj. Sicilian. 
 
 sicut et siciiti, adv. as, as it were, 
 as if. 
 
 Sidon, 6nis,f. 3. the oldest and most 
 powerful city of Phoenicia. 
 
 Sido?dus, a. um, adj. Sidon ian. 
 
 sidus, eris, n. 3. a star. 
 
 significo, are, dvi, atum, a. 1. (sig- 
 num etfacio) to make a sign, sig- 
 nify, declare, express, designate. 
 
 signum, i, n. 2. a sign, token; im- 
 age, statue; standard, ensign, 
 flag. 
 
 silentium, i, n. 2. (/r. sileo) silence. 
 
 Silenus, i, m. 2. a demi-god, the 
 preceptor and attendant of the 
 god Bacchus. 
 
 sileo, ere, ui, n. 2. to be silent. 
 
 silva, ae,f. 1. a wood or forest. 
 
 slmia, ae,f. 1. an ape. 
 
 similis, e, adj. (similior, simillimus) 
 like, resembling, similar. 
 
 similiter, adv. in like manner,alike. 
 
 Simois, enti et entos, m. 3, a river 
 
 of Troas, which rises in mount 
 Ida, and flows into the Xanthus. 
 
 Simonides, is, m. 3. a celebrated 
 poet of Ceos. 
 
 simplex, ids, adj. single, simple. 
 
 simul, adv. together, at once, at 
 the same time, as soon as. 
 
 simulacrum, i, n. 2. an image. Fr. 
 simulo. That is, a fictitious ap- 
 pearance. 
 
 simulo, are, dvi, atum, a. 1. to feign, 
 pretend. 
 
 sin, conj. but if. 
 
 sine, prep. c. all. without. 
 
 singuldris, e, adj. singular, remark- 
 able ; certamen singulare, a sin- 
 gle combat. 
 
 singuli, ae, a, distr. num. adj. sin- 
 gle, one by one, each, every; 
 singulis mensibu,s, every month ; 
 singulis singulas partes, to each 
 a share. 
 
 sinister, tra, trum, adj. left. 
 
 sino, sinere, sivi, situm, a. 3. to per- 
 mit, allow. 
 
 sinus, us, m. 4. a bosom ; a bay, 
 gulf. 
 
 siquis, qua et quae, quod et quid, pro. 
 if any one or thing, if any. 
 
 sitio, Ire, Ivi, Hum, n. et a. 4. to 
 thirst, be thirsty ; to thirst after, 
 desire earnestly, covet. 
 
 sitis, is,/. 3. thirst. 
 
 situs, a, um, pari, of sino, situated, 
 placed. 
 
 sire, conj. or if, whether. 
 
 sobrius, a, um, adj. sober. 
 
 sbcer, eri, m. 2. a father-in-law. 
 
 socidlis, e, adj. of or pertaining to 
 allies, or confederates, social, 
 confederate. 
 
 societas, dtis,f. 3. society, alliance, 
 confederacy. 
 
 socius, i, m. 2. a partner, an ally. 
 
 socordia, ae, f. 1. indolence, sloth, 
 carelessness. 
 
 Socrates, is, m. 3. the most celebra- 
 ted philosopher of all antiquity, 
 was a native of Athens. 
 
 sol, solis, m. 3. the sun. 
 
 soleo, ere, itus sum, n. p. 2. to use, 
 be accustomed or wont. 
 
 solidus, a, um, adj. whole, massive, 
 solid. 
 
 soliludo, inis, f. 3. {fr. solus) a lone- 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 187 
 
 ]y place, desert ; solitude, retire- 
 ment. 
 solitus, a, um, part, of soleo. 
 sollers et solers, tis, adv. ingenious, 
 
 skilful, expert, sagacious, shrewd . 
 sollertia et solertia, ae,f. 1. ingenui- 
 ty, sagacity, dexterity. 
 Solon, onis, m. 3. one of the seven 
 
 wise men of Greece, born at Sa- 
 
 lamis, and educated at Athens. 
 
 He framed a celebrated code of 
 
 laws for the Athenians. 
 solstitium, i, n. 2. the solstice, the 
 
 longest day. Fr. sol, solis ; and 
 
 sto, statum. The standing still 
 
 of the sun. 
 solum, i, n. 2. the ground, soil, 
 
 earth, land. 
 solum, adv. only, alone. 
 solus, a, um, gen. solius, dat. soli h 
 
 adj. alone. 
 solutus, a, um, part, of solvo. 
 solvo, vere, vi, iitum, a. 3. to loose, 
 
 unloose ; dissolve, melt ; solve, 
 
 explain. 
 somnio, are, dvi,dtum, n. l.to dream. 
 somnus, i, m. 2. sleep. 
 sonitus, us, m. 4. (Jr. sono, sonitum) 
 
 a sound, noise, din, clamour. 
 sono, are, ui, itum, raro, dvi, alum, 
 
 n. 1. (sonumfacio) to sound, make 
 
 a noise, resound. 
 sonus, i, m. 2. a sound. 
 sorbeo, here, but, ( psi) ptum, a. 2. to 
 
 sup up, suck in, drink up. 
 sordidus, a, um, adj. (fr. sordes, 
 
 filth) filthy, foul, sordid. 
 sbror, oris, f. 3. a sister. 
 spa? go, gere, si, sum, a. 3. to scatter, 
 
 spread about, sprinkle. 
 sparsus, a, um, part, of spar go. 
 Sparta, ae,f. 1. a noble city of Pe- 
 loponnesus, the capital of Laco- 
 
 nia, called also Laced aemon. 
 Spartacus, i, m. 2. a gladiator. 
 Spartdnus, i, m 2. a Spartan. 
 Sparli, drum, m. 2. (Tnraproi) a race 
 
 of armed men said to have sprung 
 
 up from the dragon's teeth sown 
 
 by Cadmus. 
 spartum., i, n. 3. (vtvaoTov) a kind of 
 
 Spanish broom. 
 spdtiosus, a, um, adj. {fr. spdtium) 
 
 spacious. 
 spdtium, i, n. 2. room, space. 
 
 Part I. b 
 
 species, ei,f. 5. (fr. specio) a form, 
 appearance. 
 
 specio, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. to see. 
 
 spectdculum, i, n. 2. (fr. specto) a 
 spectacle, public sight or show. 
 
 specto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (freq. 
 fr. specio) to view frequently or 
 much, contemplate, observe, re- 
 gard, relate to. 
 
 specus, iis, m. formerly/, sometimes 
 n. 4. a cave, den. 
 
 spelunca,, ae,f 1. a cave, den. 
 
 spe.ro, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. to hope, 
 entertain hope. 
 
 spes, ei, f. 5. hope ; praeter spem t 
 contrary to expectation. 
 
 Speusippus, i, m. 2. an Athenian 
 philosopher, nephew and succes- 
 sor of Plato. 
 
 Sphinx, ngis, f 3. (£<£ty£) a monster 
 sent info the neighbourhood of 
 Thebes by Juno. 
 
 spina, ae,f 1. a thorn,prickle, sting. 
 
 spiritus, iis, m. 4. breath. 
 
 spiro, are, dvi, dtum, n.l.to breathe. 
 
 spissus, a, um, adj. thick, close, firm. 
 
 splendeo, ere, ui, n. 2. to shine, glit- 
 ter. 
 
 splendidus, a, um, adj. (fr. splendeo) 
 bright, splendid. 
 
 splendor, oris, m. 3. brightness, 
 splendour. 
 
 spolio, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to strip, 
 plunder, spoil. 
 
 spblium, i, n. 2. spoil, plunder, 
 booty. 
 
 spondeo, spondere, spopondi, spoy>- 
 sum, a. 2. to promise or under- 
 take, pledge one's word. 
 
 sponsa, ae,f. 1. a bride. Fr. spon- 
 deo, sponsum. One engaged or 
 betrothed. 
 
 spontis, genit. et in abl. sponte, f. 3. 
 (from the obsolete noun spons ; 
 all the other cases wanting) of 
 one's own free will, spontaneous- 
 
 Spunus, i, m. 2. a praenomen com- 
 mon to many of the Romans. 
 
 squama, ae,f. 1. a scale. 
 
 stdbulum, ij n. 2. a stall, stable. 
 Fr. sto. A place where cattle 
 stand. 
 
 stadium, i, n. 2. (ardStov) a place 
 where they contended in wrest- 
 
188 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 ling and in the race; also, 125 
 paces. 
 
 stannum, i, n. 2. tin. 
 
 stdtim, adv. immediately. 
 
 stdtio, 6nis,f. 3. (fr. statum) a sta- 
 tion, post ; navium, an anchoring 
 place. 
 
 stdtua, ae, f 1. (Jr. statuo) a sta- 
 tue. 
 
 sldtudrius, i, m. 2. {fr. stdtua) a 
 statuary, maker of statues, sculp- 
 tor. 
 
 statuo, uere, ui, utum, a. 3. to set 
 up , hold, maintain, judge, re- 
 solve, decree. Fr. sto, statum, 
 
 stdtutus, a. urn, part, of statuo. 
 
 Stella, ae,f 1. a star. 
 
 sterilis, e, adj. barren, unfruitful, 
 steril. 
 
 slerto, ere, ui, n. 3. to snore. 
 
 stipes, itis, m. 3. the trunk of a tree, 
 a stake, log. 
 
 stirps, is, f. 3. a root, stem, stock ; 
 a stock, race, lineage. 
 
 sto, stare, sllti, statum, n. 1. to stand. 
 
 Stoici, drum, m. 2. (Utoikoi) the Sto- 
 ics, a celebrated sect of philoso- 
 phers founded by Zeno. 
 
 stoliditas, Otis, f 3. folly, stupidity 
 
 stolidus, a, um, adj. foolish, dull 
 silly. 
 
 strdges, is, f 3. {fr. sterno, strdvi) 
 an overthrow, havoc, devasta- 
 tion. 
 
 Strang ulo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 
 choke, strangle. 
 
 slrenue, adv. strenuously. 
 
 strenuus, a, um, adj. active, strenu- 
 ous, valiant, bold. 
 
 strepitus, us, m. 4. (fr. strevo, to 
 make a harsh noise) a harsh 
 noise, clashing, din, bustle. 
 
 Strophddes, um, f. 3. two small is- 
 lands in the Ionian sea, on the 
 western coast of the Pelopon- 
 nesus. They are now called 
 Strivali. 
 
 struo, ere, xi, ctum, a. 3. to pile up 
 raise up, build, erect, construct 
 insidias, to lay snares, lie in am- 
 bush, waylay. 
 
 struthiocamelus, i, m. 2. (arpovOioKd' 
 fjrj\og) an ostrich. 
 
 Strymon, bnis, m. 3. a river rising 
 in mount Haemus, which sepa- 
 
 rates Thrace from Macedonia, 
 and falls into a part of the Ae- 
 gaean, called Strymonicus sinus, 
 or G. of Contessa. 
 
 studeo, ere, ui, n. 2. to attend to, pur- 
 sue, study ; side with, favour. 
 
 studiose, adv. attentively, studious- 
 
 ]y- 
 
 studium, i, n. 2. study, attention, 
 diligence ; eagerness, zeal. 
 
 stultitia, ae,f. 1. folly. 
 
 stultus, a, um, adj. foolish. 
 
 stupeo, ere, ui, n. 2. to be stupified j 
 to be amazed, astonished, sur- 
 prised. 
 
 stupidus, a, um, adj. stupid, silly, 
 simple. 
 
 stumus, i, m. 2. a starling. 
 
 suddeo, dere, si, sum, a. 2. to devise, 
 exhort, persuade. 
 
 sudvis, e, adj. sweet, pleasant, agree- 
 able. 
 
 sudvitas, dtis,f 3. sweetness, plea- 
 santness, suavity, grace. 
 
 sudviter, adv. sweetly, pleasantly, 
 agreeably. 
 
 sub, prep. c. ace. et abl. under, to- 
 wards, near to, at. 
 
 subduco, cere, xi, ctum, a. 3. {sub et 
 duco) to take away, remove, with- 
 draw. 
 
 subd.uctus, a, um, part, of subduco. 
 
 subeo, Ire, ivi et ii, itum, irr. n. {sub 
 et eo) to go under, undergo, sus- 
 tain. 
 
 subigo, igere, egi, actum, a. 3. {sub 
 et ago) to bring under, reduce, 
 subdue. 
 
 subito, adv. suddenly. 
 
 subltus, a, um, adj. sudden, unlook- 
 ed for, unexpected. Fr. subeo, 
 subitum. 
 
 subldtus, a, um, part, of tollo. 
 
 subllmis, e, adj. lofty, elevated, sub- 
 lime. 
 
 submergo, gere, si, sum, a. 3. (sub et 
 mergd) to overwhelm. 
 
 submersus, a, um, part, of submer- 
 go- 
 
 subrideo, dere, si, sum, n. 2. (sub et 
 rldeo) to smile gently. 
 
 subsilio, silire, siltvi, silii et silui, 
 sultum, n. 4. (sub et sdlio) to leap 
 up. 
 
 substituo, uere, ui, utum, a. 3. {sub 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 189 
 
 et stdtno) to put under, put in the 
 
 J>lace of, substitute. 
 ter, prep. c. ace. et abl. under. 
 
 subterrdneus, a, um, adj. (siti et ter- 
 ra) that is, under ground, subter- 
 ranean. 
 
 subvenio, venire, veni, ventum, a. 4. 
 (sub et venio) to come to one's as- 
 sistance, succour, relieve. 
 
 subvblo, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (sub et 
 volo) to fly up. 
 
 succedo, ctdere, cessi, cessum, n. 3. 
 {sub et cedo) to come or go under, 
 succeed. 
 
 successor, oris, m. 3. (fr. succedo, 
 successum) a successor. 
 
 succus, i, m. 2. juice. 
 
 suffer 0, snffere, sustuli, subldtum, irr. 
 a. (sub etfero) to bear, sustain. 
 
 sufficio, ficere, feci, fectum, n. 3. 
 (sub et fdcio) to suffice, be suffi- 
 cient. 
 
 suffodio, fodere, fodi, fossum, a. 3. 
 (sub etfodio) to dig under, under- 
 mine. 
 
 suffossus, a, urn, part, of suffodio. 
 
 suffrdgium, i, n. 2. a vote, suffrage, 
 choice. 
 
 sui, sibi, se, pro. reciprocal, (of all 
 genders, and of both numbers) 
 of himself, herself, itself, or them- 
 selves, to himself, &c. himself, 
 &c. 
 
 Sulla et Sylla, ae, m. 1. the cogno- 
 men of a family in the gens Cor- 
 nelia ; Lucius Cornelius, the ri- 
 val of Marius, made himself per- 
 petual dictator at Rome. 
 
 Sulpicius et Sulpitius, i, m. 2. Gal- 
 lus, a celebrated astrologer in the 
 age of Paulas. 
 
 sum, esse, fui, irr. n. to be ; (with a 
 dative) to serve for ; terrori esse, 
 to excite terror. 
 
 summus, a, um, adj. (sup. of superus) 
 the highest, greatest ; in summa 
 aqua, on the surface of the water, 
 
 sumo, sumere, sumsi et sumpsi, sum- 
 turn et sumptum, a. 3. to take. 
 
 sumius et sumptus, a, um, part, of 
 sumo. 
 
 sumtus et sumptus, us, m. 4. charge, 
 expense. 
 
 supellex, ectilis, f 3. household fur- 
 niture. 
 
 super, prep. c. ace. et abl. (fr. vrlp) 
 above, over, upon. 
 
 superbe, adv. proudly, haughtily, 
 arrogantly. 
 
 superbia, ae,f. 1. pride, haughtiness, 
 arrogance. 
 
 superbio, Ire, Ivi, Itum, n. 4. to be 
 proud. 
 
 superbus, a, um, adj. proud, haugh- 
 ty- 
 
 superfiuus, a. um, adj. superfluous. 
 
 superior, us, adj. (comp. of superus) 
 higher, the upper. 
 
 super jdcio, jdcere, jtci, jactum, a. 3. 
 (super et jdcio) to cast, throw, or 
 shoot over. 
 
 super 0, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to sur- 
 pass, overcome, conquer. That 
 is, to be (super) above others. 
 
 super stttiosus, a, um, adj. supersti- 
 tious. 
 
 supersum, esse, fui, irr. n. to sur- 
 vive, remain behind. 
 
 superus, a, um, adj. (comp. superior^ 
 sup. supremus vel summus) above, 
 upper, on high. Fr. super. 
 
 supervdeuus, a,um, adj. superfluous. 
 
 supervenio, venire, vtni, ventum, n. 
 4. (super et venio) to come upon 
 suddenly, surprise j to come, ap- 
 pear. 
 
 super volo, are. dvi, dtum,n. 1. (super 
 et volo) to fly over. 
 
 suppeto, ere, ivi, itum, n. 3. (sub et 
 peto) to serve, be sufficient, be at 
 hand. 
 
 supplex, ids, adj. suppliant. 
 
 supplicium, i, n. 2. punishment. 
 
 suppono, onere, osui, ositum, a. 3. 
 (sub et pono) to put one thing or 
 person in place of another, sub- 
 stitute. 
 
 supra, prep, et adv. above, over, up- 
 on. 
 
 surdus, a, um, adj. deaf. 
 
 Surena, ae, m. 1 . a powerful officer 
 in the armies of Orodes, king of 
 Parthia. 
 
 surgo, surgtre, surrexi, surrectum, 
 n. 3. to rise. 
 
 sus, uis, c. 3. ((rvg) a swine, hog. 
 
 susceptus, a, um, part, of suscipio. 
 
 suscipio, expire, cepi, ceptum, a. 3. 
 (sub et cdpio) to take up, take in. 
 hand, undertake. 
 
190 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 suspectus, a, um, fart, et adj. sus- 
 pected, mistrusted, suspicious. 
 
 suspendo, dire, di } sum, a. 3. {subet 
 pendo) to hang up, suspend, keep 
 in suspense. 
 
 suspensus, a, um, part, of suspendo. 
 
 xuspicio, icere, exi, ectum, a. 3. {sub 
 et specio) to suspect. 
 
 suspicor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. {sub et 
 specio) to suspect, mistrust ; sus- 
 pect, surmise. 
 
 sustento, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (freq. 
 fr. sustineo) to sustain, uphold, 
 support ; sustentari, to maintain 
 one's self, live. 
 
 sustineo, inere, inui, entum, a. 2. 
 {sub et teneo) to sustain, support, 
 bear. 
 
 suus, a, um, pro. {fr. sui) one's own, 
 its own, proper, peculiar. 
 
 sylldba, ae, f. 1. (o-uXXa/?*)) a sylla- 
 ble. 
 
 SypJiax, dcis, m. 3. a king of the 
 Masaesyli in Libya, taken pri- 
 soner and carried to Rome by 
 Scipio. 
 
 Syraciisae, drum, f. 1. a celebrated 
 city of Sicily, founded about 
 732 B. C, by Archias, a Corin- 
 thian. 
 
 Syria, ae, f. 1. a large country of 
 Asia. 
 
 Syridcus, a, um, adj. Syrian. 
 
 tdbesco, escere, ui, n. inc. 3. to con- 
 sume, languish, pine away. 
 
 tabula, ae, /. 1. a board, tablet, ta- 
 ble ; picta, a picture. 
 
 tdceo, ere, ui, Hum, n. 2. to be si- 
 lent. ^ 
 
 iactus, us, m. 4. {fr. tango, tactum) 
 the touch. 
 
 taedet, taedebat, iaeduit, taesum est, 
 taedere, imp. it irks or wearies ; 
 vitae me taedet, I am weary of 
 life. 
 
 Taendrus et os, i, m. etf. 2. et Tae- 
 ndrum et on, i, n. 2. a promonto- 
 ry of Laconia, now Cape Mata- 
 pan. 
 
 tdlentum, i, n. 2. {rdXavrov) a talent. 
 
 talis, e, adj. such, of this or such 
 kind. 
 
 talva, ae,f. 1. a mole. 
 
 tarn, adv. so, so much ; tarn diu, as 
 long as. 
 
 tdmen,conj. notwithstanding, never- 
 theless, however, yet. 
 
 Tanais, is, m. 3. now the Don, 
 which in ancient times separat- 
 ed European and Asiatic Sarma- 
 tia. 
 
 Tandquil, Uis,f. 3. called also Caia 
 Caecilia,w?LS the wife of Tarquin, 
 the fifth king of Rome. 
 
 tandem, adv. at length, at last, final- 
 ly- 
 
 tango, tangere, tetigi, tactum, a. 3. 
 to touch. 
 
 tanquam et tamquam, adv. as, just 
 as, as it were. 
 
 Tantalus, i, m. 2. a king of Lydia, 
 son of Jupiter. 
 
 tanto, adv. by so much. 
 
 tantopere, adv. so much, so greatly. 
 
 tantum, adv. only. 
 
 tanlus, a, um, adj. so great, so 
 much ; tanti est, it is worth 
 while. 
 
 tarde, adv. slowly. 
 
 iarditas, dtis, f. 3. slowness or dul- 
 ness of intellect. 
 
 tar do, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to make 
 slow, retard, impede. 
 
 tardus, a, um, adj. slow, dull. 
 
 Tarentinus,a,um,adj. of Tarentum; 
 Tarentini, the Tarentines. 
 
 Tarentum, i, n. 2. now Tarento, a 
 town of Calabria in Italy. 
 
 Tarpeia, ae, f. 1. the daughter of 
 Tarpeius, the governor of the ci- 
 tadel of Rome, opened the gates 
 to the Sabines. 
 
 Tarpeius, a, um, adj. Tarpeian; 
 mons, a hill at Rome, the same 
 as the Capitoline, so called from 
 Tarpeia. 
 
 Tarquinii, drum, m. 2. now Tarchi- 
 na, a town of Etruria. Tarqui- 
 nius Priscus was born or educat- 
 ed there. 
 
 Tarquinius, i, m. 2. Priscus, the 
 fifth king of Rome, successor to 
 AncusMartius ; Superius, grand- 
 son of the former, succeeded his 
 father-in-law Servius Tullius 
 and was the seventh and last 
 king of Rome. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 191 
 
 Tartarus et os, i, m. 2. et Tartdra, 
 drum, n. 2. the lower world. 
 
 Taurica, ae, f. 1. Chersonesus, a 
 large peninsula of Europe, at the 
 south-west of the Palus Maeotis, 
 now called the Crimea. 
 
 Taurus, i, m. 2. the largest range of 
 mountains in Asia as to extent. 
 
 taurus, i, m. 2. (ravpog) a bull. 
 
 Taygetus, i, m. 2. et Taygeta, orum, 
 n. 2. a mountain of Laconia, in 
 Peloponnesus, at the west of the 
 river Eurotas. 
 
 tectum, i, n. 2. (fr. tego, tectum) a 
 roof, house. 
 
 tectus, a, um, pari, of tego. 
 
 teges, etis, f. 3. (fr. tego) a mat or 
 rug. 
 
 tego, gere, xi, ctum, a. 3. to cover, 
 protect. 
 
 tegumentum, i, n. 2. {fr. tego) a co- 
 vering. 
 
 telum, i, n. 2. a weapon, dart, ar 
 row. 
 
 temtre, adv. without reason, with- 
 out cause, by chance, at random, 
 inconsiderately. 
 
 Tempe, n. pi. ind. a vale in Thessa- 
 ly, through which the river Pe- 
 neus flows into the Aegaean. 
 
 temperies, iei, f. 5. a temperate cli- 
 mate, temper ateness. 
 
 tempestas, dtis,f. 3. bad weather; a 
 storm, tempest. 
 
 templum, i, n. 2. a temple. 
 
 tempus, oris, n. 3. time ; ad tempus, 
 at the appointed time ; ex tern 
 pore, without premeditation or 
 previous study, extempore. 
 
 temulentus, a, um, adj. drunk 
 drunken. 
 
 Undo, tendere, tetendi, tensum. a. 3. 
 to stretch out, extend. 
 
 tenebrae, drum, f 1. darkness. 
 teneo, ere, ui, turn, «. 2. to hold, have 
 possess, occupy; to understand 
 know ; to occupy, beset ; portum 
 to reach the harbour. 
 tento, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to try, at- 
 tempt, prove. 
 Tentyritae, drum, m. 1. the inhabit- 
 ants of Tentyra. 
 tenuis, e, adj. thin, slender, fine 
 tepesco, escere, ui, n. inc. 3. to grow 
 warm or tepid. 
 
 tepidus, a, um } adj. warm, tepid, 
 lukewarm. 
 
 ler, num. adj. thrice. 
 
 tergum, i, n. 2. the back ; a tergo, 
 from behind ; ad terga, behind. 
 
 termino, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 
 bound, terminate. 
 
 terminus, i, m. 2. a bound, limit, 
 end. 
 
 Terminus, i, m. 2. a divinity of 
 Rome who was supposed to pre- 
 side over bounds and limits. 
 
 terni, ae, a, distr. num. adj. every 
 three, three. 
 
 terra, ae,f. 1. the earth, land. 
 
 terreo, ere, ui, Hum, a. 2. to fright- 
 en, terrify. 
 
 terrestris, e, adj. (fr. terra) terres- 
 trial. 
 
 terribilis, e, adj. terrible. 
 
 terrtto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (freq. 
 of terreo) to terrify often or 
 much. 
 
 territorium, i, n. 2. (fr. terra) a ter- 
 ritory. 
 
 territus, a, um, part, of terreo. 
 
 terror, oris, m. 3. great fear, terror. 
 
 tertio, num. adv. the third time. 
 
 tertius, a, um, ord. num. adj. the 
 third. 
 
 testa, ae, /. 1. an earthen vessel, a 
 tile, shell. 
 
 testdmentum, i, n. 2. (fr. testor) a 
 testament or will. 
 
 testudo, inis, f. 3. a tortoise. 
 
 Teutbnes, um, m. 3. a name given 
 to several united tribes of Germa- 
 
 texo, ere, ui, turn, a. 3. to weave, 
 
 braid, plat. 
 thalamus, i, m. 2. (OaXapj) a cham- 
 ber. 
 Thales, is et etis, m. 3. one of the 
 
 seven wise men of Greece, born 
 
 at Miletus in Ionia. 
 Thasus et os, i, f. 2. a small island 
 
 in the Aegaean, on the coast of 
 
 Thrace. 
 thedtrum, i, n. 2. (Qearpov) a theatre. 
 Tkebae, drum, f. 1. a celebrated 
 
 city, the capital of Boeotia. 
 Thebdnus, a, um, adj. of Thebes, 
 
 Theban. 
 Themistocles, is, m. 3. a celebrated 
 
 general, born at Athens, 
 
 r2 
 
192 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 Theodorus, i, m. 2. a philosopher of timeo, ere, ui, a. et n. 2. to fear, be 
 Cyrene, disciple to Aristippus. j afraid of, dread. 
 
 Thermodon, ontis, m. 3. now Ter- timidus, a, um, adj. fearful, timid. 
 niah, a famous river of Cappado- timor, oris, m. 3. fear, dread, 
 cia, in the ancient country of the tinnitus, us. m. 4. tingling. 
 
 Amazons. 
 
 \tintinnabulum, i, n. 2. a bell. 
 
 Theseus, i, m. 2. king of Athens, titio, 6?ns, m. 3. a fire-brand, 
 and son of Aegeus. was one of idlero, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to bear, 
 
 the most celebrated of the heroes 
 of antiquity, 
 
 Thessdlia, ae, /. 1. a country of 
 Greece, situate to the south of 
 Macedonia. 
 
 Thessdlus, a, um, adj. Thessalian ; 
 subst. a Thessalian. 
 
 Thestius, i, m. 2. the father of Al- 
 thaea. 
 
 Thetis, idis, f 3. one of the sea dei- 
 ties, daughter of Nereus and Do- 
 ris ; she married Peleus,by whom 
 she became mother of Achilles. 
 
 Thracia, ae, f. 1. a large country of 
 Europe, lying to the east of Ma- 
 cedonia. 
 
 Thracius, a, um, adj. Thracian. 
 
 Thrasybidus, i, m. 2. a famous gene- 
 ral of Athens, who expelled the 
 thirty tyrants of his country. 
 
 thus, thuris, n. 3. frankincense. 
 
 Tiber et Tiberis, is, m. 3. a river of 
 Italy, on whose banks the city of 
 Rome was built, 
 
 tibiccn, cinis, m. 2. (for tibiicen, fr. 
 tibia, a flute, pipe, and cand) a 
 player on the flute ; a piper. 
 
 Ticinum, i, n. 2. now Pavia, a town 
 near the mouth of the river Tici- 
 nus. 
 
 Ticlnus, i, m. 2. now the Tesino, a 
 river of Gallia Cisalpina, falling 
 into the Po near Ticinum. At 
 the mouth of this river the Ro- 
 mans under Cornelius Scipio 
 were defeated by Hannibal. 
 
 Tigrdnes, is, m. 3. a king of Arme 
 nia. 
 
 Tigranocerta, ae, f. 1. now Sered, 
 the capital of Armenia, built by 
 Tigranes. 
 
 tigris, is et idis, m. et f. (riypig, i 
 fi,) a tiger or tigress. 
 
 Tigris, is et idis, m. 3. a large river 
 of Asia, rising in the mountains 
 of Armenia Major, and falling 
 into the Euphrates. 
 
 suffer, tolerate. 
 
 tollo, tollere, sustuli, subldtum, a, 3. 
 to raise, lift up, lake away, do 
 away with. 
 
 tondeo, tondere, totondi, tonsum, a, 
 2. to clip, shear, shave. 
 
 tonitrus, its, m. 4. in abl. sing, toni- 
 tru, et in dat. plur. tonitribus : 
 item tonitruum, i, n. 2. et in plur. 
 tonitrua, (fr. tono,tonitum,) thun- 
 der. 
 
 tono, are, ui, Hum, n. 1. to thunder. 
 
 tormentum, i, n. 2. (for torquimen- 
 tum, fr. torqueo) a machine for 
 hurling stones, darts, &c. 
 
 Torqudtus, i, m. 2. a surname given 
 to T. Manlius, from a collar (tor- 
 ques) taken by him in single com- 
 bat from a gigantic Gaul. 
 
 torquis et torques, is, m. et f. 3. (fr. 
 torqueo, to twist) a chain for the 
 neck, a collar. 
 
 tot, adj. ind. so many. 
 
 tot idem, adj. ind. as many, just so 
 many. 
 
 totus. a, um, adj. whole, entire. 
 
 trabs, is, f 3. a beam. 
 
 tracto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. (freq. 
 fr. traho) to handle ; undertake,, 
 manage. 
 
 tractus, us, m. 4. a track, region, 
 country. 
 
 tractus, a, um, part, of traho. 
 
 trddtius, a, um, part, of trado. 
 
 trddo, dere, didi, ditum, a. 3. (trans 
 et do) to give over, consign, de- 
 liver ; to relate, teach ; traditur, 
 it is said, report says. 
 
 tragicus, a, um, adj. (rpayiKdg) tra- 
 gic ; poeta, a tragic poet. 
 
 trdgoedia, ae.f. 1. (rpaycoSia) a tra- 
 gedy. 
 
 traho, here, xi, ctum., a. 3. to draw; 
 bellum, to protract the war ; li- 
 quidas o,quas trahere, to flow with 
 a clear stream. 
 
 trdjicio, icire, eci, ectum, a. 3. tram 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 193 
 
 etjdcio) to throw or cast over 
 transport. 
 
 trdmes, His, m. 3. a cross-way ; any 
 way, road, or path. 
 
 trdno, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. {trans et 
 no) to swim over. 
 
 tranquille, adv. calmly, tranquilly. 
 
 tranquilhtas, dtis, f. 3. calmness, 
 tranquillity. 
 
 trauquillus, a, um, adj. calm, tran- 
 quil. 
 
 trans, pr. c. ace. on the farther side 
 of, beyond, over. 
 
 transactus, a, um, part, of transigo. 
 
 transeo, Ire, Ivi et ii, itum, n. irr. 
 {trans et co) to go or pass over or 
 beyond, to go through. 
 
 transfero, fcrre, tuli. latum, irr. a 
 {trans etfero) to carry or bring 
 over, transfer, transport ; sc ad 
 aliquem, to go over to one. 
 
 transfigo, gere, xi, xum, a. 3. {trans 
 etfigo) to run through, transfix 
 pierce. 
 
 transfiiga, ae, m. 1. a deserter, fugi- 
 tive. 
 
 transgrzdior , gredi. gressus sum. d. 
 3. {trans et grddior) to go or pass 
 over, cross. 
 
 transigo, igerc, egi. actum, a. 3. 
 {trans et ago) to pass, spend ; to 
 accomplish, perform, transact. 
 
 transllio, Ire, ivi et ii et ui, n. 4. 
 {trans et sdlio) to leap, bound, or 
 jump over. 
 
 transiturus, a, um, part, of transeo. 
 
 transldtus, a, um, po.rt. of transfero. 
 
 transmarinus, a, um, adj. beyond 
 the sea. 
 
 transno. V. trano. 
 
 transveho,here, xi, ctum, a. 3. {trans 
 et veho) to carry over, transport. 
 
 transvblo, are, dvi, dturn, n. 1. {trans 
 et volo) to fly over. 
 
 Trasimenus et Thrasymenus, i, m. 2. 
 a lake of Etruria near Perusia,ce- 
 lebrated for a battle fought there 
 betweenAnnibal and the Romans. 
 
 trecentesimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. 
 three hundredth. 
 
 tredceim, card. num. adj. ind. thir- 
 teen. 
 
 trcmulus, a, um, adj. {fr. tremo, to 
 tremble) trembling, tremulous. 
 
 tres, tria, ium, ibus, card. num. adj. 
 three. 
 
 Treviri, drum, m. 2. a nation of 
 Gallia Belgica, between the Mo- 
 sella or Moselle, and Silva Ar- 
 duenna. 
 
 triangularis, e, adj. triangular. 
 
 tribunus, i, m. 2. a tribune. 
 
 tribuo, uere, ui, utum, a. 3. to give, 
 assign, attribute, impart, bestow. 
 
 tributum, i, n. 2. {fr. tribuo) tribute. 
 
 tributus, a, um, part, of tribuo. 
 
 tricesimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. the 
 thirtieth. 
 
 triduum, i, n. 2. {fr. tres et dies) the 
 space of three days ; per triduum, 
 for three days. 
 
 triennium, i, n. 2. the space of three 
 years. 
 
 trigcmlni, drum, m. 2. three born at 
 a birth, three twin brothers. 
 
 triginta, card. num. adj. thirty. 
 
 Trinacria, ae.f. 1. one of the an- 
 cient names of Sicily, from its 
 three promontories {rpeis dxpai.) 
 
 Triptolemus, i, m. 2. a son of Ce- 
 leus, king of Attica, born at Eleu- 
 sis. 
 
 triumphdlis, e, adj. triumphal. 
 
 triumpho, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. to 
 triumph. 
 
 triumphus, i, m. 2. a triumph. 
 
 triumvir, viri, m. 2. a triumvir, one 
 of three men jointly employed to 
 execute any public office. 
 
 Troas, adis, f. 3. a district on the 
 Aegean coast of Mysia in Asia 
 Minor. 
 
 trochilus, i, m. 2. a wren. 
 
 Troglodijtae, drum, m. 1. a people 
 of Aethiopia, on the coast of the 
 Sinus Arabicus, who dwelt in 
 
 Trebia, ae, f. et m. a river of Gallia 1 caves. 
 
 Cisalpina, which fell into the Po Troja,ae,f. 1. the capital of Troas. 
 
 near Placentia. At its mouth Trojdnus, a, um, adj. Trojan. 
 
 Annibal obtained a victory over trux, trncis, adj. cruel, savage, 
 
 the Romans. i fierce. 
 
 trecenti, ae, a, card. num. adj. three tu. tui, tibi, te,pro. thou, yoa. 
 
 hundred. ' tuba, ae,f. 1. a trumpet. 
 
194 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 tuber, eriSj n. 3. a bunch, protuber- 
 ance. 
 
 Pubicen, inis, m. 3. (tuba et cdno) a 
 trumpeter. 
 
 tueor, tueri, tuitus et tutus sum, d. 
 2. to preserve, guard, protect. 
 
 tugurium, i, n. 2. a hut. 
 
 Tullia, ae, f. 1 . a daughter of Ser- 
 vius Tullius, who married Tar- 
 quin the Proud. 
 
 Tullius, i, m. 2. V. Cicero. 
 
 Tullus, i, m. 2. Hostilius, the third 
 king of Rome. 
 
 turn, adv. then ; turn demum, then 
 at length. 
 
 tumidus, a, um, adj. swollen, swell- 
 ing, tumid. 
 
 Pwmultus, us, m. 4. a tumult, uproar. 
 
 tumulus, i, m. 2. a little hill, mound, 
 tomb. 
 
 tunc, adv. then, at that time. 
 
 tunica, ae, f. 1. a tunic (an under 
 garment worn by the Romans.) 
 
 turbo, are, dvi, alum, a. 1. to con- 
 found, disturb, throw into confu- 
 sion. 
 
 turgidus, a, um, adj. swollen, infla- 
 ted, turgid. 
 
 turma, ae,f. 1. a troop or squadron 
 of horse. 
 
 turpis, e, adj. base, disgraceful, dis- 
 honourable. 
 
 turpitiido, inis,f. 3. deformity, ugli- 
 ness ; disgrace, infamy. 
 
 turris, is, f. 3. a tower. 
 
 tus. V. thus. 
 
 Tuscia, ae,f. 1. the same as Etruria. 
 Tusculum, i, n. now Frascati, a 
 town of Latium in Italy, about 
 12 miles from Rome. 
 
 Tuscus, a, um, adj. Tuscan, Etrus- 
 can, Etrurian. 
 
 tutor, oris, m. 3. (fr. tueor, tutus) a 
 guardian, tutor. 
 
 tutus, a, um, adj. safe. 
 
 tuus, a, um, adj. pro. thine, thine 
 own, yours, your own. 
 
 Pyrannis,%dis,f. 3. (n>pai/j/t?)tyranny 
 arbitrary or despotic power. 
 
 tyrannus, i, m. 2. (rvpawog) a king 
 prince ; a tyrant, usurper, despot. 
 Tyrius, a, um, adj. Tyrian. 
 Tyrrhenus, a, um, adj. Tuscan. 
 Tyrus et Tyros, i, f. 2. a very an- 
 cient city of Phoenicia, built by 
 
 the Sidonians, on a small island 
 at the south of Sidon, and now 
 called Sur. 
 
 U. 
 
 uber, eris, n. 3. a teat, dug, udder. 
 
 ubcrtas, dtis, f. 3. fertility, fi uitful- 
 ness. 
 
 ubi, adv. where, in what place ; 
 when, as soon as. 
 
 ue, adv. every where, in every 
 place. 
 
 ulciscor, cisci, tus sum, d. 3. to pun- 
 ish, revenge. 
 
 ullus, a, um, adj. any, any one. 
 
 ulterior, us, adj. comp. (pos. not used) 
 farther. 
 
 ulterius, adv. farther, beyond. 
 
 ultimus, a, um, adj. sup. (comp. ulte- 
 rior) the last, farthest. 
 
 ultra, pr. c. ace. beyond, on the far- 
 ther side of; adv. beyond that, 
 besides, moreover. 
 
 ullus, a, um, part, of ulciscor. 
 
 Ulysses, is, m. 3. a king of Ithaca, 
 son of Anticlea and Laertes, one 
 of the leaders in the war against 
 Troy. 
 
 umbra, ae,f. 1. a shade, shadow. 
 
 umbrosus, a, um, adj. shady. 
 
 una, adv. together, all at once. 
 
 uncus, a, um, adj. crooked, curved, 
 bent. 
 
 unde, adv. out of what place, 
 whence. 
 
 undecim, card. num. adj. ind. ele- 
 ven. 
 
 undenonagesimus, a, um, ord. num. 
 adj. the eighty-ninth. 
 
 undequinquagesimus, a, um, adj. the 
 forty-ninth. 
 
 undequinquaginta, card. num. adj. 
 ind. forty-nine. 
 
 undetricesimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. 
 the twenty-ninth. 
 
 undevicesimus, a, um, ord. num. adj. 
 the nineteenth. 
 
 undique, adv. from all parts, from 
 all sides. 
 
 unguis, is, m. 3. a nail, claw, talon, 
 
 lungula, ae,f. 1. a hoof; a claw, ta- 
 lon. 
 
 unicus, a, um, adj. only, single, 
 alone ; excellent, distinguished. 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 195 
 
 unio, onis, m. 3. a pearl. 
 
 universus, a, um, adj. whole, uni- 
 versal. 
 
 unquam, adv. ever ; nee unquam, 
 and ever. 
 
 units, a, um, card. num. adj. one, 
 single, alone. 
 
 unusquisque, unaquaeque, unurn- 
 quodque et unumquidque, adj. 
 every, every one. 
 
 urbs, is,f. 3. a city ; the city, Rome. 
 
 uro, urere, ussi, ustum, a. 3. to burn. 
 
 ursus, i, m. 2. a bear. 
 
 usque, adv. till, until, as far as. 
 
 usus, a, um, part, of utor. 
 
 usus, us, m. 4. use, practice, custom 
 
 ui, conj. as, like as ; that, in order 
 that, to the end that. 
 
 utcunque, adv. howsoever, whenso- 
 ever, to a certain degree, how 
 ever much. 
 
 uter, tra, trum, adj. which of the 
 two. 
 
 liter que, trdque, trumque, adj. both, 
 each. 
 
 Utica, ae, f. 1. a celebrated city of 
 Africa Propria, on the coast of 
 the Mediterranean. 
 
 utilis, e, adj. (fr. utor) useful. 
 
 utor, uti, usus sum, d. 3. to make 
 use of, enjoy. 
 
 utrinque, adv. on both sides. 
 
 utrum, adv. whether. 
 
 uva, ae,f. 1. a grape ; passa, a rai- 
 sin. 
 
 uxor, oris,/. 3. a wife. 
 
 V. 
 
 vdeo, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. to be free 
 
 from. 
 vacuus, a, um, adj. void, empty, 
 
 free from, vacant. 
 vddosus, a, um, adj. having frequent 
 
 fords, shallow, shelvy. 
 vddum, i, n. 2. a ford, shallow. 
 vagina, ae, f. 1. a scabbard, sheath, 
 vdgitus, us, m. 4. a crying like a 
 
 child, lamentation, weeping. 
 vdgor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to go to 
 
 and fro, wander, rove. 
 vagus, a, um, adj. wandering, roam 
 
 ing ; uncertain, wavering. 
 vdleo, ere, ui, Hum, n. 2. to be strong, 
 
 prevail, have force, avail ; vale, 
 
 farewell. 
 
 Valerius, i, m. 2. a proper name 
 among the Romans. 
 
 vdlidus, a, um, adj. (fr. vdleo) 
 strong, powerful. 
 
 vallis, is,f. 3. a valley. 
 
 vdpulo,dre, dvi, dtum, irr. p. (serves 
 as a pass, to verier o) to be beaten, 
 be whipped or scourged. 
 
 vdrietas, dtis,f 3. variety, diversi- 
 ty, change. 
 
 vdrio, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to diver- 
 sify, vary, change. 
 
 vdrius, a,, um, adj. various, change- 
 able. 
 
 vas, vdsis, n. 3. et in plur. vasa } 
 drum, n. 2. a vessel. 
 
 vasto, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to lay 
 waste, desolate. 
 
 vastus, a, um, adj. vast, wide, am- 
 ple, immense. 
 
 rates, is, m. 3. a prophet ; a poet, 
 bard. 
 
 ve, conj. or ; ve — a negative prefix, 
 as in vecors. 
 
 vecordia, ae,f. 1. (fr. vecors, vecor- 
 dis) madness. 
 
 vecors, dAs, adj. (fr. ve et cor) with- 
 out mind, frantic. 
 
 vectis, is, m. 3. {fr. veho, vectum) a 
 lever ; a bolt or bar. 
 
 vectus, a,, um, part, of veho. 
 
 vegetus, a, um, adj. (fr. vegeo, to 
 quicken) quick, active, vigorous. 
 
 vehemens, tis, adj. vehement, vio- 
 lent. 
 
 vihementer, adv. (ius, issime) vehe- 
 mently, exceedingly, very much ; 
 vehementius, too much. 
 
 veho, here, xi, ctum, a. 3. to carry, 
 convey, bear ; vehi curru, to drive; 
 equo, to ride. 
 
 Veiens, tis, m. 3. an inhabitant of 
 Veii. 
 
 Veii, drum, m. 2. a powerful city 
 of Etruria, at the distance of 
 about 12 miles from Rome. 
 
 vel, conj. or, even ; xel...vel, either... 
 or. 
 
 vello, vellere, velli et vulsi, vulsum } 
 a. 3. to pluck or pull up. 
 
 vellus, eris, n. 3. a fleece. 
 
 velox, ocis, adj. swift, quick, rapid; 
 velocissima venena, the quickest 
 poisons. 
 
 velum, i, n. 2. a sail. 
 
 velut, veluti, adv. as, like as. 
 
196 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 vendlis, e, adj. {fr. veneo) to be sold, 
 
 venal. 
 venations, a, um, adj. {fr. venor) of 
 
 or pertaining to the chase ; canis 
 
 venaticus, a hound. 
 vendtor, oris, m. 3. a hunter, hunts- 
 man 
 vendito, are, avi, dtum, a. 1. (freq. 
 
 oi vendo) to sell 
 vendo, dere, didi, ditum, a. 3. {ve- 
 
 num do) to sell. 
 venendtus, a, um, adj. poisoned ; 
 
 poisonous, venomous. 
 venenum, i, n. 2. poison. 
 veneo, ire, ivi et ii, itum et um, irr. 
 
 pass, (serves as a pass, of vendo) 
 
 to be exposed to sale, be sold. 
 venio, venire, veni, ventum, n. 4. to 
 
 come, go. 
 venor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to hunt. 
 venter, iris, m. 3. the. belly. 
 ventus, i, m. 2. the wind. 
 Venus, eris, f. 3. the goddess of 
 
 beauty and love, one of the most 
 
 celebrated deities among the an 
 
 cients. 
 venustus, a, um, adj. {fr. Venus) 
 
 graceful, handsome, charming. 
 ver, veris, n. 3. the spring. 
 verber, eris, n. 3. a scourge, whip 
 
 a stripe, blow. 
 verber o, are, avi, dtum, a. 1. to beat 
 
 strike. 
 verbum, i, n. 2. a word. 
 vere, adv. truly. 
 
 vereor, eri, itus sum, d. 2. to reve- 
 rence, fear, care for. 
 ver go, gere, sine pret. et sup. n. 3. 
 
 to incline or decline, bend, lie, 
 
 or look towards. 
 verisimilis, e, adj. (verus et similis) 
 
 like the truth, probable. 
 Veritas, dtis, f. 3. {fr. verus) truth 
 veritus, a, um, part, of vereor. 
 vero, conj. but ; adv. certainly, in 
 
 truth, indeed. 
 Verona, ae,f. 1. a town of Venetia 
 
 in Italy, on the Athesis. 
 versor, dri, dtus sum, d. 1. to fre- 
 quent, remain, dwell ; to dwell 
 on a subject, be employed about 
 a thing. 
 versus et versum, pr. c. ace. towards. 
 F 1 ". verto. versum. So as to be 
 
 vertex, icis, m. 3. the crown or top 
 of the head ; the top or summit 
 of any thing. 
 verto, tere, ti, sum t a. 3. to turn, 
 
 change, alter. 
 veru, u, n. 4. a spit. 
 verus, a, um, adj. true. 
 vescor, ci, d. 3. (with an abl.) to live 
 
 or feed upon, eat. 
 vesperi, adv. at evening ; tarn ves- 
 
 peri, so late. 
 Vesta, ae, f. 1. a goddess, whose 
 mysteries Aeneas first introdu- 
 ced into Italy, and in whose ho- 
 nour Numa erected a temple at 
 Rome. 
 Vestdlis, is, f. 3. a Vestal virgin, 
 one of those who took care that 
 the sacred fire of Vesta was not 
 extinguished. 
 vestibulum, i, n. 2. a porch. 
 vestigium, i, n. 2. a footstep, track, 
 
 vestige. 
 vestio, ire, ivi, itum, a. 4. to clothe. 
 vestis, is,f. 3. a garment. 
 Vesulus, i, m. 2. now Viso, a large 
 mountain of Liguria,in the range 
 of the Alpes Maritimae. 
 veteranus, a, um, adj. {fr. vetus f 
 
 veteris) old ; miles, a veteran. 
 veto, are, ui, itum, a. 1. to forbid, 
 
 prohibit. 
 Veturia, ae,f. 1. the mother of Co- 
 
 riolanus. 
 Veiurius, i, m. 2. a consul defeated 
 by the Samnites, and made to 
 pass under the yoke. 
 vetus, eris, adj. old. 
 vetustas, dtis, f 3. {fr. vetus) anti- 
 quity. 
 vttustus, a, um, adj. {fr. vetus) old, 
 
 ancient. 
 via, ae, f. 1. a way;, viam dare, to 
 
 make way. 
 viator, oris, m. 3. {fr. via) a travel- 
 ler. 
 viceni, ae, a, distr. num. adj. every 
 
 twenty, twenty. ^ 
 viegsimus, a, um, adj. the twentieth. 
 vicies, num. adj. twenty times. 
 viciihitas, dtis, f. 3. {fr. vicinus) the 
 
 neighbourhood. 
 vicinus, a, um,adj. near, neighbour- 
 ing, contiguous. 
 
 turned towards. Ad is sometimes \vicis, (gen.) ci, cem, ce, et in plur. 
 added : versum ad. I ces } cibus 3 f. 3. a change or turn 
 
DICTIONARY. 
 
 197 
 
 vicissitude ; heu miseram vicem, 
 ah, sad reverse ! postium vicem 
 praebere, to supply the place of. 
 
 victima, ae,f. 1. a victim, sacrifice. 
 
 victor, oris, m. 3. (fr. vinco, victum) 
 a conqueror. 
 
 victoria, ae,f. 1. (fr. victor , vicibris) 
 a victory. 
 
 victurus, a, um, part, of vivo. 
 
 victus, a, um, par. of vinco. 
 
 vicus, i, m. 2. a village, street. 
 
 video, videre, vidi, visum, a. 2. to 
 see, behold, look at. 
 
 viduus, a, um, adj. deprived or be- 
 reft of, widowed ; mulier viduus, 
 a widow. 
 
 vigil, His, m. 3. a watchman. 
 
 vigilia, ae, f 1. a watching; ae, 
 drum, pi. a military guard,watch. 
 
 viginti, card. num. adj. ind. twenty 
 
 vilis, e, adj. cheap, of little value, 
 mean, vile. 
 
 villa, ae,f. 1. a country-seat, villa. 
 
 villicus, i, m. 2. the overseer (villae) 
 of a farm, steward. 
 
 villus, i, m. 2. tufts of hair, shaggy 
 hair, long hair. 
 
 vincio, cire, xi, ctum, a. 4. to biud. 
 
 vinco, vincere, vlci, victum, a. 3. to 
 conquer ; vinci, to be conquered, 
 fail of one's object. 
 
 vinctus, a, um, part, of vincio. 
 
 vinculum, i, n. 2. (fr. vincw) a 
 chain ; in vincula conjicere, to 
 cast into prison. 
 
 vindex, ids, c. 3. an avenger, de- 
 fender, protector, assertor. 
 
 vindico, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 
 avenge, punish, lay claim to. 
 
 vindicta, ae, f. 1. (fr. vindico') re- 
 venge, vengeance, punishment. 
 
 vlnum, i, n. 2. (fr. olvnq) wine. 
 
 viblentus, a, um, adj. impetuous,vio- 
 lent. 
 
 viblo, are, avi, dtum, a. 1. to injure, 
 violate, profane. 
 
 vir, viri, m. 2. a man. 
 
 vireo, ere, ui, n. 2. to be green or 
 verdant, bloom. 
 
 virga, ae.'f. 1. a small branch, rod, 
 staff. 
 
 Virgilius, i, m. 2. Publ. Maro, 
 
 called the prince of Latin poets, 
 was born at Andes, a village 
 near Mantua, about 70 B. C. 
 
 Virginia, ae,f. 1. a daughter of the 
 centurion Virginius. 
 
 Virginius, i, m. 2. the father of 
 Virginia, made tribune of the 
 people after the abolition of the 
 decemviral power. 
 
 virgo, inis,f. 3. a virgin or maid, a 
 damsel. 
 
 virgula, ae,f 1. (a dimin. of virga) 
 a little rod. 
 
 Viriathus, i, m. 2. a shepherd of 
 Lusitania, who gradually rose to 
 power, and enjoyed for 14 years 
 the title of protector of public li- 
 berty in the provinces of Spam. 
 
 Viridomdrus, i, m. 2. a king of the 
 Gauls. 
 
 virtus, ittis, f. 3. (fr. vir) bravery j 
 any excellent quality ; virtue, 
 worth, strength, force. 
 
 vis, vis, f. 3. force, might, power ; 
 vis hominum, a multitude of men j 
 vim facer e^ to do violence to. 
 
 viscus, eris, n. 3. an entrail ; viscera^ 
 the bowels. 
 
 Vistula, ae,f. 1. a river falling into 
 the Baltic, the eastern boundary 
 of ancient Germany. 
 
 Visurgis, is, m. 3. now the Weser, 
 a large river of Germany. 
 
 visus, a, um, part, of video. 
 
 visits, us, m. 4. (fr. video, visum) 
 the sight. 
 
 vita, ae,f 1. life. 
 
 vitifer, era, erum, adj. (vitis etfero) 
 bearing or producing vines. 
 
 vitis, is,f. 3. a vine. 
 
 vito, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to beware 
 of, shun. 
 
 vttupero, are, dvi,dtum, a. 1. (vitium 
 et paro) to find fault, blame, cen- 
 sure. 
 
 vividus, a, um, adj. lively, active, 
 vigorous. 
 
 vivo, vivere, vixi, victum, n. 3. to 
 live. 
 
 vivus, a, um, adj. living, alive. 
 
 vix, adv. scarcely. 
 
 vbco, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to call, 
 call upon, summon, invice. 
 
 vblo, are, dvi, dtum, n. 1. to fly. 
 
 v bio, velle, vblui, irr. n. to be wil- 
 ling. 
 
 Volsci, brum, m. 2. a people of La- 
 tium. 
 
198 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
 volucHs, e, adj. (fr. void) flying, 
 
 winged ; subst. a bird. 
 Volumnia, ae,f. 1. the wife of Co- 
 
 riolanus. 
 vblvMtas, dtis, /. 3. the will. 
 voluptas, dtis,f. 3. pleasure. 
 vblido, are. dvi. dtum, a. {fr. volvo, 
 
 volutum) to foil much or often, 
 
 to roll. 
 volvo, vere, vi, utum, a. 3. to roll, 
 
 turn. 
 votum, i, n. 2. a vow, prayer, wish. 
 vox, vocis, /. 3. a voice, sound, word. 
 Vulcdrms, i, m. 2. a god of the an- 
 cients, who presided over fire. 
 vulgus, i, to. et n. 2. the common 
 
 people, populace. 
 vulnero, are, dvi, dtum, a. 1. to 
 
 wound. 
 vulnus, Iris, n. 3. a wound. 
 vulpecula, ae,f. 1. a little fox. 
 vulpes, is, f 3. a fox. 
 vuliur, uris, to. 3. a vulture. 
 vultus, us, to. 4. the countenance, 
 
 look, aspect. 
 
 X. 
 
 Xantippe et -thippe, es,f. 1. the wife 
 of Socrates. 
 
 Xantippus et -thippus, i, to. 2. a La- 
 cedaemonian general who assist- 
 ed the Carthaginians in the first 
 Punic war. 
 
 Xenocrdtes, is, to. 3. a philosopher 
 born at Chalcedon, and educated 
 in the school of Plato. 
 
 Xerxes, is, to. 3. 1st, a king of Per- 
 sia, succeeded his father Darius. 
 
 Zama, ae,f. 1. a town of Numidia, 
 300 miles south-west from Car- 
 thage. 
 
 Zeno, onis, to. 3. the founder of the 
 sect of the Stoics, born at Citium 
 in the island of Cyprus. 
 
 Zethes et -thes, is, to. 3. et Zetus, i, 
 to. 2. a son of Boreas, and brother 
 of Calais. 
 
 THE END. 
 
Dean's Stereotype Edition. 
 THE 
 
 LATIN READER, 
 
 BY 
 
 FREDERIC JACOBS 
 
 AND 
 
 FREDERIC WILLIAM DORING, 
 
 WITH 
 
 NOTES AND ILLUSTRATIONS, 
 
 PARTLY TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN 
 
 AND 
 PARTLY DRAWN FROM OTHER SOURCES, 
 
 BY JOHN D. OGILBY, 
 
 PRINCIPAL OF THE GRAMMAR SCHOOL OF COLUMBIA COLLEGE, NEW-YORK. 
 
 PART SECOND 
 
 FROM THE SEVENTH GERMAN EDITION. 
 
 SEVENTH NEW YORK EDITION. 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 W. E. DEAN, PRINTER, & PUBLISHER. 
 
 1845. 
 
Entered, 
 According to the Act of Congress, in the year 1845, by 
 
 WILLIAM E. DEAN, 
 
 In the Clerk's office of the Southern District of 
 New York. 
 
 STEREOTYPED BY FRANCIS F. RIPLEY, 
 NEW YORK. 
 
CONTENTS OF PART SECOND. 
 
 Page 
 First Division. A. Regnum Assynorum, ----- l 
 
 B. Regnum Medorum ct Persarum, 2 
 
 C. Res Atheniensium, ----- 12 
 
 D. De Rebus Lacedaemoniorum - - - 26 
 
 E. Macedonum Imperium, - - • - 31 
 
 F. Res Parthorum, ------ 64 
 
 G. Res Siciliae, - - - - - - - 69 
 
 H. De Hispania GLuaedam, - - - -74 
 
 I. Res Massiliensium, ----- 76 
 
 Second do. Breves e Ciceronis vita Narrationes, - - 79 
 
 Third do. Narrationes breviores ex Ciceronis operibus ex- 
 
 cerptae, --------92 
 
 Fourth do. Narrationes quaedam varii generis, - - - 99 
 Fifth do. Notes, 109 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE, 
 
 ADAPTED TO THE 
 
 EXTRACTS FROM JUSTIN AND NEPOS. 
 
 This chronological Table is divided into three parts : the first com- 
 mences with the Creation and terminates at the conquest of Coro- 
 ebus, the era from which the Olympiads are counted. The second 
 extends to the capture of Corinth by Mammius and the reduction 
 of Greece to a Roman province. The third comprises the rest of 
 the principal events alluded to in the Extracts, and terminates 
 with the restoration of the standards taken by the Parthians from 
 Crassus. A few important events, not mentioned in the text, 
 have been inserted. 
 
 Year 
 of the | R r> 
 world. | BC - 
 
 FIRST PART. 
 
 1 
 
 4004 The Creation of the world, according to the Hebrew text of the 
 Scriptures. — According to the version of the Septuagint, 
 5872.— According to the Samaritan version, 4700.— According 
 to Usher, 4000.— According to Josephus, 4163. 
 1655 2350 The universal del age. 
 1946 2059 Ninus. king of Assyria. 
 
 1998 2007The death of Ninus, after a reign of 52 years. 
 2009 1996 Semiramis succeeds him. 
 2040 |1965 The birth of Abraham. — Ninyas kills his mother Semiramis, 
 
 I and ascends the throne. 
 2134 1571 Moses born in Egypt. 
 
 2449 1556 Commencement of the kingdom of Athens. Cecrops 3 first king. 
 2499 1506 The death of Cecrops. Cranaus succeeds him. 
 
 ]1497|Amphictyon, king of Athens. The Amphictyonic council 
 
 J established. 
 11493 Cadmus introduces Letters into Greece. He builds Thebes. 
 1397 Erechtheus, king of Athens. In this reign Triptolemus was 
 
 I taught by Ceres the art of sowing corn, &c. 
 1283:Aegeus, king of Athens. 
 1263 The Argonautic Expedition. 
 
 1 Theseus, king of Athens. He unites the twelve boroughs of 
 
 Attica. 
 [ Troy taken and burnt by the Greeks. 
 
 ):Codrus, king of Athens, devotes himself for his country. Athens 
 I is governed by perpetual archons. Medon, first archon. 
 900 The capture of Nineveh by Arbaces ; the death of Sardana- 
 palus, and the fall of the Assyrian Empire. — According to 
 Eusebius, A. M. 3185, B. C. 820. 
 • The legislation of Lycurgus. 
 
 t The commencement of the kingdom of Macedonia in the per- 
 son of Caranus. This kingdom lasted 646 years, until the 
 battle of Pydna. 
 
 a2 
 
 2508 
 
 2512 
 2608 
 
 2722 
 
 2742 
 2771 11234 
 
 2821 
 2935 
 
 3105 
 
 3121 
 3191 
 
 1184 
 1070 
 
 814 
 
 A. 
 
 1 
 
 A. 
 
 1 
 
 A. 
 
 2 
 
 A. 
 
 2 
 
 C. 
 
 1 
 
 C. 
 
 1 
 
 c. 
 
 1 
 
 c. 
 
 1 
 
 c. 
 
 1 
 
 C. 1 
 
 C 2 
 
 A. 3 
 & 
 
 B. 1 
 D. 1,2 
 
 E. 1 
 
IV 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 B.C. 
 
 Year of the 
 
 Olympiads. 
 
 of 
 Rome. 
 
 SECOND PART. 
 
 776 
 754 
 
 753 
 743 
 
 724 
 685 
 
 684 
 
 676 
 671 
 
 644 
 609 
 600 
 
 597 
 594 
 
 560 
 559 
 
 546 
 
 538 
 533 
 
 532 
 527 
 
 524 
 522 
 
 513 
 512 
 
 509 
 
 490 
 481 
 480 
 
 I. 
 VL 
 
 IX. 
 
 XIV. 
 XXIII. 
 
 XXIV. 
 
 XXVI. 
 XXVII. 
 
 XXXIV. 
 
 XLII. 
 
 XLV. 
 
 XLVI. 
 LV. 
 
 tvni. 
 
 LX. 
 LXI. 
 
 LXII. 
 
 Lxra. 
 
 LX1V. 
 
 LXVI. 
 LXVII. 
 
 Lxxn. 
 
 LXXIV. 
 LXXV. 
 
 157 
 
 160 
 
 194 
 195 
 
 208 
 
 216 
 221 
 
 222 
 
 227 
 
 230 
 232 
 
 233 
 
 241 
 242 
 
 245 
 
 264 
 273 
 
 274 
 
 Coroebus first victor in the Olympic games. 
 The era from which the Olympiads are 
 counted. 
 
 The perpetual archons at Athens are succeed- 
 ed by decennial archons. Charops, first 
 decennial archon. 
 
 The foundation of Rome by Romulus. 
 
 The first war between the Messenians and the 
 Lacedaemonians. 
 
 Perdiccas, king of Macedonia. 
 
 Revolt of the Messenians against the Lacedae- 
 monians. — Second Messenian war begins. 
 
 The creation of annual archons at Athens. 
 Creon, first annual archon. 
 
 The poet Tyrtaeus general of the Lacedaemo- 
 nian army. 
 
 Argaeus, king of Macedonia. 
 
 The capture of Ira, which put an end to the 
 second Messenian war. 
 
 Philip 1st, king of Macedonia. 
 
 Aeropus, king of Macedonia. 
 
 Massilia, (Marseilles,) founded by a colony of 
 Phocaeans, according to Livy and Eusebius. 
 According to Justin, it was founded during 
 the reign of Tarquinthe Proud. 
 
 Astyages, the last king of the Medes, ascends 
 the throne. 
 
 Solon, archon of Athens, frames a code of laws 
 for his country. 
 
 Pisistratus usurps the sovereignty of Athens. 
 
 Cyrus ascends the throne of Persia. The 
 commencement of the Persian Empire. 
 
 Croesus crosses the Halys to aid the Babyloni- 
 ans against Cyrus, by whom he is defeated. 
 
 Cyrus carries the war into Lydia, subdues the 
 country, and makes Croesus his prisoner. 
 
 Cyrus takes Babylon. 
 
 Tarquin the Proud murders Servius Tullius, 
 and succeeds him. 
 
 The death of Cyrus. — Cambyses, his son, sue 
 ceeds him. 
 
 The death of Pisistratus.— His sons Hippias 
 and Hipparchus succeed him. 
 
 Cambyses puts his brother Smerdis to death. 
 
 Death of Cambyses. — Usurpation of Pseudo 
 Smerdis. 
 
 The death of Smerdis. — Commencement of 
 the reign of Darius, son of Hystaspes. He 
 marries Atossa, daughter of Cyrus. 
 
 Harmodius and Aristogiton slay Hipparchus. 
 Babylon revolts from the Persians. 
 
 The stratagem of Zopyrus. Capture of Baby 
 Ion. 
 
 Darius wages war against the Scythians. He 
 conquers Macedonia. 
 Hippias expelled, and the tyranny of the Pisis- 
 tratidae abolished.— Tarquin the Proud driv- 
 en from Rome. Consular government begins. 
 Darius invades Greece. — Miltiades defeats the 
 
 Persians at Marathon. 
 Xerxes commences his expedition against the 
 
 Greeks. 
 The battle of Thermopylae, 7th August. 
 Arrival of Xerxes at Athens, towards the 
 end of the same month. The battle of 
 Salamis, October 19th. The same day 
 Gelon defeats the Carthaginian general, 
 Hamilcar, at Him era. 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 Year of the 
 Olympiads 
 
 of 
 Rome. 
 
 SECOND PART. 
 
 479 
 
 475 
 
 474 
 
 471 
 465 
 
 464 
 461 
 450 
 
 431 
 
 425 
 
 424 
 
 423 
 
 422 
 
 415 
 413 
 412 
 
 410 
 
 407 
 
 405 
 404 
 
 403 
 401 
 
 395 
 394 
 
 393 
 391 
 
 371 
 370 
 
 369 
 368 
 
 365 
 
 LXXV. 
 LXXVI. 
 
 Lxxvn. 
 
 LXXVI1I. 
 
 LXXIX. 1 
 
 4 
 
 LXXXII. 3 
 
 LXXXVII. 2 
 
 LXXXVIII. 4 
 
 LXXXIX. 1 
 
 2 
 
 XCI. 
 XCII. 
 
 xcra. 
 xciv. 
 
 xcvi. 
 
 xcvn. 
 
 xcvm. 
 en. 
 
 era. 
 
 civ. 
 
 275 
 
 279 
 280 
 
 283 
 
 289 
 
 290 
 293 
 304 
 
 323 
 
 329 
 
 330 
 
 331 
 
 332 
 
 339 
 
 341 
 
 342 
 
 344 
 347 
 
 349 
 350 
 
 351 
 353 
 
 359 
 
 360 
 
 361 
 
 363 
 365 
 
 366 
 383 
 
 384 
 
 385 
 
 389 
 391 
 
 The battle of Plataeae, 22nd September.— The 
 battle of Mycale on the same day. 
 
 Anaxilaus, tyrant of Sicily. 
 
 The walls of Athens rebuilt, and its port im- 
 proved. 
 
 Themistocles barwshed. 
 
 The death of Xerxes. — Artaxerxes Longima- 
 nus succeeds him, and reigns 40 years. 
 
 The third Messenian war begins. 
 
 Cimon goes into exile. 
 
 Cimon conducts an army to the island of Cy- 
 prus, where he dies the year following. 
 
 Commencement of the Peloponnesian war, 
 which lasts 28 years. 
 
 The death of Artaxerxes Longimanus — Xer- 
 xes II. succeeds him. 
 
 The death of Xerxes II. — Sogdianus ascends 
 the throne. 
 
 Death of Sogdianus after a reign of 7 months. 
 He is succeeded by Darius Nothus. 
 
 A peace of 50 years agreed upon by the Spar- 
 tans and Athenians, which is kept only dur- 
 ing 6 years and 6 months. 
 
 The expedition of the Athenians to Sicily.— Al- 
 cibiades condemned. He retires to Sparta. 
 
 The total defeat of the Athenian army in Sici- 
 ly by Gylippus, the Lacedaemonian. 
 
 Alcibiades deserts the Spartans, and goes over 
 to the Persians. 
 
 Alcibiades recalled by the army. 
 
 Alcibiades goes again into exile. 
 Conon succeeds him. 
 
 Ly sander gains the naval battle of Aegos-Pota- 
 mos. — Darius Nothus dies. His son Artaxer- 
 xes Mnemon succeeds him. 
 
 Athens taken by Lysander. — End of the Pelo- 
 ponnesian war. 
 
 Appointment of the 30 tyrants. 
 Alcibiades is killed. 
 
 Thrasybulus frees Athens from the 30 tyrants 
 A general amnesty. 
 
 The expedition of Cyrus the Younger against 
 his brother Artaxerxes. 
 The battle of Cunaxa. 
 The retreat of the 10,000 Greeks. 
 
 The expedition of Agesilaus in Asia. 
 
 The naval battle near Cnidus, in which the 
 Athenians, commanded by Conon, come off 
 victors. Commencement of Corinthian war. 
 
 Agesilaus, on his return from Asia, conquers 
 the Thebans and their allies at Coronaea. 
 Conon rebuilds the walls of Piraeus. 
 
 Amyntas II. king of Macedonia. 
 
 Peace of Antalcidas between the Persians and 
 Greeks. 
 
 The war of the Spartans with the Arcadians, 
 
 The battle of Leuctra, in which Epaminondas 
 defeats the Lacedaemonians. 
 
 Alexander II. king of Macedonia. — Philip, a 
 hostage at Thebes. 
 
 Epaminondas attacks Sparta. 
 
 Ptolemy Alorites, king of Macedonia, (V. note 
 5, p. 32.) 
 
 Death of Dionysius the Elder. 
 Dionysius the Younger succeeds him. 
 
 Perdiccas III. king of Macedonia. 
 
 The battle of Mantinea; victory of Epaminon- 
 das : his death. 
 
 B. 
 C. 
 G. 
 
 19 & 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 C. 
 C. 
 
 11 
 14 
 
 B. 
 
 20 
 
 C. 
 
 17 
 
 C. 
 
 17 
 
 c. 
 
 19 
 
 B. 
 
 21 
 
 B. 
 
 21 
 
 B. 
 
 21 
 
 C. 
 
 18 
 
 C. 
 
 19,22 
 
 C. 
 
 21 
 
 C. 
 
 c. 
 c. 
 c. 
 
 c. 
 
 23 
 24 
 27 
 28 
 23 
 
 B. 
 
 21 
 
 C. 30 
 C. 31 
 C. 32 
 C. 33 
 C.34 
 
 B. 
 
 22 
 
 D 
 
 5 
 
 D 
 
 7 
 
 D 
 D 
 E 
 
 6 
 7 
 3 
 
 D 
 
 8 
 
 D 
 E 
 
 D 
 
 8 
 
 3<fe 
 4 
 9 
 
 G 
 G 
 E 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 D. 9 
 
VI 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 362 
 
 360 
 366 
 
 355 
 
 348 
 
 347 
 343 
 
 341 
 
 337 
 
 335 
 
 333 
 332 
 331 
 
 330 
 
 328 
 
 327 
 
 325 
 324 
 
 323 
 322 
 
 317 
 315 
 
 310 
 307 
 
 Year of the 
 Olympiads. 
 
 CIV. 
 
 cv. 
 
 CVI. 
 
 cvm. 
 crx. 
 
 ex. 
 
 CXI. 
 
 exit 
 
 cxin. 
 
 cxiv. 
 
 cxvi. 
 
 CXVTL 
 CXVIIL 
 
 of 
 Rome. 
 
 392 
 
 394 
 398 
 
 399 
 406 
 
 407 
 411 
 
 413 
 
 416 
 
 417 
 418 
 
 419 
 
 421 
 422 
 423 
 
 424 
 
 426 
 
 427 
 
 429 
 430 
 
 431 
 432 
 
 437 
 439 
 
 444 
 447 
 
 SECOND PART. 
 
 The death of Artaxerxes Mnemon. 
 Ochus succeeds him. 
 
 Philip ascends the throne of Macedon. 
 
 The temple of Diana at Ephesus burnt by 
 Erostratus. 
 
 On the same day Alexander was born. Dio 
 nysius is driven from Sicily. 
 
 Commencement of the third Sacred War. 
 
 Philip takes Olynthus. 
 End of the third Sacred War. 
 
 Dionysius returns to Syracuse from Italy. 
 
 Dionysius retires to Corinth after his final 
 banishment by Timoleon. 
 
 Philip makes a fruitless attempt upon Byzan- 
 tium. — He is victorious in die Chersonese ; 
 and makes an expedition to Scythia. 
 
 The battle of Chaeronea, in which Philip de- 
 feats the Athenians and Boeotians. The end 
 of Grecian Independence. 
 Death of Artaxerxes Ochus. 
 
 Philip convenes a council of the Greeks at Co 
 rinth. He prepares for the invasion of 
 Persia. 
 
 Philip is assassinated by Pausanias. 
 Alexander succeeds him. 
 Darius Codomannus ascends the throne of 
 Persia. 
 
 Alexander continues the preparation for the 
 Persian war. 
 Revolt of the Thebans. Alexander defeats 
 
 them, and destroys Thebes. 
 Alexander passes into Asia. 
 Victory of Alexander over the Persians in 
 the plain of Adrastia, commonly called the 
 battle of the Granicus. 
 
 Dangerous illness of Alexander at Tarsus. The 
 battle of Issus. 
 
 Alexander takes Tyre. Egypt submits to Alex- 
 ander. — He founds Alexandria. 
 
 Victory of Alexander over Darius at Gauga- 
 mela, more commonly called the battle of 
 Arbela. 
 
 Alexander destroys Persepolis. Darius Codo- 
 mannus assassinated by Bessus. End of the 
 Persian Empire. Antipater suppresses the 
 rebellion in Greece. 
 
 Alexander subdues the Caucasian tribes.- 
 Bessus punished. 
 
 Alexander passes into India. — He conquers 
 Porus. 
 
 Alexander returns to Babylon. 
 
 Alexander the Great dies at Babylon, at the 
 age of 33. Aridaeus, a natural son of Philip, 
 is nominally king. — First division of the em 
 pire between the generals. 
 
 The Athenians and Aetolians rise in rebellion 
 against Macedon. — Antipater escapes from 
 Lamia. 
 
 Antipater, Antigonus, Craterus and Ptolemy 
 unite against Perdiccas. — Perdiccas is as- 
 sassinated in Egypt. 
 
 Agathocles, tyrant of Sicily. 
 
 League of Ptolemy, Cassander, Lysimachus, 
 and Seleucus, against Antigonus. 
 
 Agathocles carries the war against the Cartha- 
 ginians into Africa. 
 
 Demetrius, son of Antigonus, gains a victory 
 over the fleet of Ptolemy.— Antigonus as- 
 
CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 Vll 
 
 Year of the 
 Olympiad* 
 
 
 of 
 Rome. 
 
 CXIX. 
 
 4 
 
 453 
 
 cxx. 
 
 3 
 
 456 
 
 
 4 
 
 457 
 
 CXXI. 
 
 3 
 
 460 
 
 cxxn. 
 
 3 
 
 464 
 
 
 4 
 
 465 
 
 CXXIII. 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 466 
 
 468 
 
 CXXIV. 
 
 1 
 
 470 
 
 
 4 
 
 473 
 
 cxxv. 
 
 2 
 
 475 
 
 
 3 
 
 476 
 
 
 4 
 
 477 
 
 cxxvi. 
 
 2 
 3 
 
 479 
 
 480 
 
 cxxvn. 
 
 1 
 
 482 
 
 cxxix. 
 
 4 
 3 
 
 485 
 492 
 
 cxxxi. 
 
 2 
 
 499 
 
 CXXXIII. 
 
 2 
 
 507 
 
 CXXXIV. 
 
 2 
 
 511 
 
 CXXXV. 
 
 3 
 
 516 
 
 cxxxvn. 
 
 1 
 
 522 
 
 cxxxvm. 1 
 
 526 
 
 
 3 
 
 528 
 
 cxxxix. 
 
 1 
 
 530 
 
 
 3 
 
 532 
 
 
 4 
 
 533 
 
 SECOND PART. 
 
 sumes the title of king ; the other generals 
 of Alexander follow his example. 
 
 Battle oflpsus; death of Antigonus; flight of 
 Demetrius. 
 
 Death of Cassander. His son Philip succeeds 
 him. 
 
 Death of Philip. Dispute between his sons An- 
 tipater and Alexander respecting the crown 
 of Macedon. — Antipater kills Thessalonice, 
 his mother. 
 
 Demetrius Poliorcetes takes possession of 
 Macedonia. 
 
 League of Seleucus, Lysimachus, Pyrrhus, 
 and Ptolemy, against Demetrius. 
 
 Death of Agathocles, tyrant of Sicily. — Deme- 
 trius is stripped of the kingdom of Macedon. 
 —Pyrrhus obtains the vacant throne. 
 
 Demetrius surrenders himself to Seleucus. 
 
 Lysimachuswrests the crownof Macedon from 
 the hands of Pyrrhus. — Death of Demetrius. 
 
 Death of Ptolemy, son of Lagus. His son, 
 Ptolemy Philadelphus, succeeds him.-Death 
 of Demetrius Phalereus. (V. note 1st, p. 15.) 
 
 Lysimachus is defeated in Phrygia by Seleucus 
 and dies.-Seleucus reigns in Macedonia. Se- 
 ven months afterwards he is slain by Ptole- 
 my Ceraunus, who succeeds him on the 
 throne of Macedon. — Antiochus Soter, son of 
 Seleucus, succeeds to the throne of Syria. 
 Commencement of the Achaean league. 
 
 Irruption of the Gauls into Illyria and Mace- 
 donia. They defeat and slay Ptolemy Ce- 
 raunus. 
 
 New irruption of the Gauls under Brennus. 
 They attempt to plunder the temple at Del- 
 phi, but are totally defeated. — Pyrrhus, king 
 of Epirus, passes into Sicily. 
 
 Antigonus Gonatas, king of Macedonia. — He 
 defeats the Gauls. 
 
 Hiero, general of the Sicilians. 
 
 Pyrrhus gets possession of Macedonia, and 
 dethrones Antigonus. 
 
 Pyrrhus besieges Lacedaemon, and is repuls- 
 ed. — He is slain in an attack upon Argos. 
 
 Hiero II. king of Syracuse. 
 
 Antiochus II. surnamed Theos, succeeds his 
 father, Antiochus Soter. 
 
 Arsaces rules over the Parthians ; the dynasty 
 of the Arsacidae commences. 
 
 Death of Antiochus II. — SeleucusH surnamed 
 Callinicus, succeeds him. 
 
 Death of Antigonus Gonatas. Demetrius H. 
 succeeds him. 
 
 Hamilcar goes to Spain with his son, the young 
 Hannibal. 
 
 The death of Demetrius n. king of Macedonia. 
 Antigonus Doson succeeds him. 
 
 Death of Hamilcar. — Hasdrubal succeeds him 
 in Spain. 
 
 Death of Seleucus n. — Seleucus III. (Cerau- 
 nus) succeeds him. 
 
 Death of Seleucus in. — His brother, Antio- 
 chus the Great, succeeds him. 
 
 Cleomenes, king of Sparta, is defeated by An- 
 tigonus and flies to Egypt. — Antigonusmakes 
 himself master of Sparta, and then proclaims 
 it free. 
 
 Death of Antigonus Doson.— Philip, son of 
 Demetrius, succeeds him. 
 
 E.44 
 E. 46 
 E. 46 
 
 E. 47 
 
 E.47 
 
 E. 48 
 G.ll 
 
 E. 48 
 E.48 
 
 E.49 
 E.48 
 
 E.49 
 
 E. 51 
 
 E. 52, 53 
 G. 12 
 
 E. 54 
 G. 13 
 
 E. 55 
 
 E. 56 
 G. 13 
 
 F. 4 
 
 H. 4 
 E.59 
 H. 4 
 
 E.61 
 
 E.60 
 E. 160 
 
Vlll 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 B.C. 
 
 Fear of the 
 Oljmpiads. 
 
 of 
 
 Home. 
 
 SECOND PART. 
 
 Reference. 
 
 221 
 
 CXXXIX. 4 
 
 533 
 
 Death of Ptolemy Evergetes. — Ptolemy Phi- 
 lopator succeeds him. 
 
 E. 61 
 
 220 
 
 CXL. 1 
 
 534 
 
 Death of Hasdrubal in Spain. — Hannibal suc- 
 ceeds him. Lycurgus, king of Sparta. 
 Philip sends deputies to Italy, for the purpose 
 
 H. 4 
 
 E. 61 
 
 216 
 
 CXLI. 1 
 
 538 
 
 
 
 
 
 of making a treaty with Hannibal. 
 
 E. 62 
 
 214 
 
 3 
 
 540 
 
 Laevinus passes into Greece. 
 
 E. 63 
 
 204 
 
 CXLIV. 1 
 
 550 
 
 Philip makes peace with the Romans. End of 
 the 1st Macedonian war. 
 Ptolemy Epiphanes succeeds his father Phi- 
 lopator, though only in the 4th year of his age. 
 
 E. 63 
 
 E. 64 
 
 203 
 
 2 
 
 551 
 
 Antiochus the Great and Philip divide between 
 themselves thekingdomof Ptolemy Epiphanes. 
 
 E. 64 
 
 202 
 
 3 
 
 552 
 
 The Romans undertake the guardianship of 
 Epiphanes. 
 
 E. 65 
 
 200 
 
 CXLV. 1 
 
 554 
 
 Second Macedonian war. 
 
 E. 65 
 
 197 
 
 4 
 
 557 
 
 Battle of Cynoscephalae ; defeat of Philip by 
 Flaminius j end of the second Macedonian 
 war. 
 
 E. 65 
 
 195 
 
 CXLVI. 2 
 
 559 
 
 Hannibal flies for refuge to Antiochus the Great. 
 
 E. 66 
 
 194 
 
 3 
 
 560 
 
 Phraates 1st, king of Parthia. 
 
 F. 5 
 
 191 
 
 CXLVH. 2 
 
 563 
 
 Antiochus defeated on land by Acilius Glabrio. 
 His fleet defeated by Aemilius. 
 
 E. 67 
 
 190 
 
 3 
 
 564 
 
 Antiochus defeated at Magnesia by Scipio 
 Asiaticus. 
 
 E. 69 
 
 189 
 
 4 
 
 565 
 
 The Aetolians conquered by the Romans. — 
 Hannibal flies to Prusias, king ofBithynia. 
 
 E. 73 
 
 183 
 
 CXLIX. 2 
 
 571 
 
 Death of Philopoemen. — Hannibal poisons 
 himself. — Death of Philip. — His son, Per- 
 seus, succeeds to the throne of Macedonia. 
 — Mithridates I. succeeds Phraates I. as 
 king of Parthia. 
 
 E. 70, 73 
 
 E.72 
 
 F. 5 
 
 171 
 
 CLII. 2 
 
 583 
 
 Third Macedonian war begins. 
 
 
 163 
 
 CLIII. 1 
 
 586 
 
 Battle of Pydna. — Perseus made captive by the 
 Romans. 
 
 E. 74 
 
 147 
 
 CLVin. 2 
 
 607 
 
 The Achaeans drive out the Roman ambassa- 
 dors, who were sent to dissolve the league. — 
 The Romans declare war against them. 
 
 E. 75, 76 
 
 146 
 
 3 
 
 608 
 
 Capture and destruction of Corinth by Mum- 
 mius. — Greece becomes a Roman province 
 
 E. 76 
 
 
 
 under the name of Achaia. Commencement 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 of the war with Viriathus. 
 
 H. 2 
 
 Ye 
 B.C. 
 
 BUT 
 
 of 
 Rome. 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 
 Reference. 
 
 13T 
 
 617 
 
 Phraates n. succeeds Mithridates I. 
 
 F. 7 
 
 133 
 
 621 
 
 Attalus dying, bequeaths the kingdom of Pergamus to the 
 
 
 
 
 Roman people. 
 
 E. 77 
 
 
 
 Artabanus succeeds Phraates II. 
 
 F. 7 
 
 
 
 Mithridates II. succeeds his father Artabanus. 
 
 F. 7 
 
 54 
 
 700 
 
 Orodes, king of Parthia. 
 
 F. 8 
 
 53 
 
 701 
 
 The battle of Carrhae ; defeat and death of Crassus. 
 
 F. 8 
 
 39 
 
 715 
 
 Ventidius kills Pacorus and destroys his army. 
 
 F. 9 
 
 
 
 Phraates IV. succeeds his father Orodes. 
 
 F. 10 
 
 36 
 
 718 
 
 Antony is repulsed by the Parthians. 
 
 F. 11 
 
 31 
 
 723 
 
 Phraates is driven from his throne by Tiridates. He is re- 
 
 
 
 
 stored with the assistance of the Scythians. 
 
 F. 11 
 
 20 
 
 734 
 
 The Parthians deliver to Augustus the standards and captives 
 
 
 
 
 taken 
 
 fromt 
 
 tie Romans. 
 
 F.12 
 
FIRST DIVISION. 
 
 A. REGNUM ASSYRIORUM. 
 
 1. Ninus. (Justin. I. 1.) 
 
 Antiquissimis temporibus primi in Asia Assyrii 1 regnum 
 condidisse feruntur. Horum rex Ninus, primum finitimis, 
 turn aliis post alios populis perdomitis, totius Orientis populos 
 subegit. Postremum ei bellum cum Zoroastre, rege Bactri- 
 anorum, 2 fuit, qui primus dicitur artes magicas 3 invenisse, si- 
 derumque motus diligentissime spectasse. Hoc occiso et 
 ipse decessit, relicto impubere adhuc filio Ninya, et uxore 
 Semiramide. 
 
 2. Semirdmis. (Ibid. I. 2.) 
 
 Semiramis nee filio immaturo imperium tradere, nee ipsa 
 palam capessere ausa, sexum dissimulans, brachia et crura 
 velamentis, caput tiara tegit ; et, ne novo habitu aliquid oc- 
 cultare videretur, eodem modo et populum vestiri jussit ; quern 
 morem vestis 4 exinde 5 gens universa servavit. Sic Semi- 
 ramis primis regni initiis Ninyas esse credita est. 6 Magnas 
 deinde res gessit, ita ut mulier etiam viros virtute superare 
 videretur. Babyloniam 7 condidit, murumque urbi cocto la- 
 tere 8 circumdedit. Nee contenta regni terminos tueri, Ae- 
 thiopiam 9 imperio adjecit, et Indiae bellum intulit. Ad pos- 
 tremum a filio interfecta est, duo et quadraginta annos post 
 Ninum rerum potita. 10 Ninyas contentus imperio a parenti- 
 bus sibi tradito, belli studia deposuit, et, veluti sexum cum 
 matre mutasset, in feminarum turba consenuit. Posteri ejus 
 hoc exemplum secuti sunt. Imperium Assyrii mille trecen- 
 tos annos tenuerunt. 
 
 3. Sardanapalus. (Ibid. I. 3.) 
 
 Postremus apud eos regnavit Sardanapalus, vir muliere 
 mollior. Ad quern quum forte Arbaces, Medis 11 a rege prae- 
 
2 REGNUM MEDORUM ET PERSARXTM, 
 
 positus, venisset invenit eum inter mulierum greges, muliebri 
 habitu, lanam tractantem, et pensa virginibus dividentem. 
 Q,uibus visis, indignatus Arbaces, tot viros huic feminae 1 
 parere, omnem rem ad amicos retulit, negatque 2 se ei obedire 
 posse, qui se feminam esse malit quam virum. Fit igitur con- 
 juratio. Bellum Sardanapalo infertur. Quo ille audito, pri- 
 mum, ut mulieres solent, latebras circumspicit ; mox deinde 
 cum paucis et incompositis in bellum progreditur. Victus 
 proelio in regiam se recipit, ubi, exstructo incensoque rogo, 
 et se et divitias in nammas conjicit ; hoc solo facinore virum 
 imitatus. 
 
 B. REGNUM MEDORUM ET PERSARUM. 
 
 1. Astyages. (Justin. I. 4.) 
 
 Sardanapalo sublato quum Arbaces rex esset constitutus, 
 imperium ab Assyriis ad Medos translatum est. Post multos 
 deinde reges ad Astyagem descendit. 3 Hie aliquando per 
 somnum vidit e sinu filiae Mandanes, quam unicam habebat, 
 vitem enatam, 4 cujus palmite omnis Asia obumbraretur. Con- 
 sulti harioli, qui somnia interpretabantur, responderunt, ne- 
 potem regi ex filia natum iri, qui regno potiretur omnemque 
 Asiam subigeret. Hoc responso perterritus, Astyages flliam 
 Cambysi in matrimonium dedit, mediocris fortunae viro, ex 
 gente Persarum, quae tunc temporis nullis adhuc rebus gestis 
 illustrabatur. 5 Sed ne sic quidem ab omni metu liberatus 
 est. 
 
 2. Cyri natales. (Ibid. I. 4.) 
 
 Q,uum itaque Mandane puerum peperisset, Astyages cum 
 Harpago, arcanorum suorum participi, occidendum dedit. Is 
 veritus, ne Mandane aliquando necati infantis ultionem a se 
 exigeret, pastori regii pecoris puerum exponendum tradit. 
 Forte eodem tempore et ipsi pastori filius natus erat. Ejus 
 igitur uxor, audita regii infantis expositione, maritum precibus 
 movit, ut sibi afferret ostenderetque puerum. Cujus precibus 
 fatigatus pastor reversus in silvam, juxta infantem invenit ca- 
 nem, ubera parvulo praebentem, et a feris alitibusque defen- 
 dentem. Motus et ipse misericordia, qua canem motam vi- 
 derat, puerum defert ad stabula, eadem cane anxie prose- 
 
REGNUM MEDORUM ET PERSARUM. 3 
 
 quente. Q,uem ubi in manus mulier accepit, puer earn risu 
 et blanditiis ita cepit, ut eum a se nollet dimittere, maritoque 
 precibus persuaderet, ut suum ipsius puerum exponeret, altero 
 servato. 1 Atque ita permutata sorte parvulorum, hie pro filio 
 pastoris educatur, ille pro 2 nepote Astyagis exponitur. 
 
 3. Cyrus agnoscitur. (Ibid. I. 5.) 
 
 Puer deinde quum inter pastores esset, Cyri nomen accepit. 
 Ibi aliquando rex inter ludentes creatus, contumaces flagellis 
 cecidit: ob quam contumeliam puerorum parentes irati re- 
 gem adierunt, querentes, quod ingenui 3 pueri a servo regio 
 verberibus essent affecti. Rex puerum arcessitum quum in- 
 terrogasset, quomodo ausus esset illos verberare, ille, vultu 
 nihil mutato, se ut regem fecisse respondit. Hoc responsum 
 puerique constantiam admiratus Astyages, somnium, quod 
 olim viderat, in mentem revocat, quumque et vultus simili- 
 tudo et expositionis tempora, 4 et pastoris confessio conveni- 
 ent, nepotem agnovit. Et quoniam somnium exitum habuisse 
 existimabat, quod Cyrus regnum inter pastores gessisset, 
 puero quidem pepercit, sed Harpago ob imperium neglectum 
 iratus, filium ejus interfecit patrique epulandum apposuit. 
 
 4. Harpagus Astyagen prodit. (Ibid. I. 5.) 
 
 Ab initio quidem Harpagus dissimulavit dolorem, sed in- 
 tentus occasioni vindictae exercendae, tempore interjecto, 
 quum adolevisset Cyrus, omnia ei perse ripsit : ut Astyages 
 eum interfici jusserit, ut suo 5 beneficio sit servatus, ut ipse 
 filium crudelitate regis amiserit. Deinde eum hortatur, ut 
 exercitum paret, pronamque 6 ad regnum viam ingrediatur; 
 simul Medorum ipsi transitionem promittit. Epistola, quia re- 
 gis custodes omnes aditus obsidebant, exenterato lepori inseri- 
 tur, lepusque Cyro apud Persas degenti per fidum servum 
 mittitur. 
 
 5. Cyrus exercitum par at. (Ibid. I. 6.) 
 
 Cyrus, Harpagi epistolis lectis, nihil 7 cunctatus, populum 
 convocavit, eoque in locum silvestrem adducto, silvam securi- 
 bus excidi jussit. Gluod quum strenue fecissent, 8 eosdem pos- 
 tero die ad epulas invitat. Deinde quum alacriores ipso 
 convivio factos videret, rogat, si conditio esset proposita, 9 
 utrum hesterni diei laborem, an praesentium epularum hilari- 
 tatem praelaturi essent? omnibusque clamantibus, se prae- 
 sentes praeferre epulas, ait : Hesterno diei omnemvitam similem 
 
 PART II. 2 
 
4 REGNUM MEDORUM ET PERSARUM. 
 
 agetis, quamdiu Medis parebitis ; at si me sequemini> efficiam, 
 ut per omnem vitam epulas agere videamini. 
 
 6. Astyages regno exuitur. (Ibid. I. 6.) 
 
 Laetis omnibus, Medis bellum infert. Astyages Harpago 
 summam belli 1 committit, oblitus* injuriarum quibuseum af- 
 fecerat. At ille exercitum acceptum statim Cyro tradit, re- 
 gisque crudelitatem defectione ulcisciiur. Quod ubi Astyages 
 audivit, contractis undique auxiliis ipse in Persas proficiscitur, 
 variamque ibi belli fortunam expertus, tandem in proelio 
 capitur. Cyrus avo regnum abstulit, eumque maximae genti 
 Hyrcanorum 3 praeposuit. Nam in Medos reverti ipse noluit. 
 Hie finis Medorum imperii fuit. Regnaverunt annos trecen- 
 tos quinquaginta. 
 
 7. Cyrus Lydiam et Croesum super at. (Ibid. I. 7.) 
 
 Initio regni Cyrus civitates, quae Medorum tributariae 
 fuerant, bello domuit. Deinde quum adversus Babylonios 
 bellum gereret, Croesus, rex Lydorum, 4 cujus opes et divitiae 
 ilia tempestate insignes erant, Babyloniis auxilium tulit; 
 eoque victo, Cyrus bellum in Lydiam transfert. Ibi Croesi 
 exercitus, fortuna prions proelii jam perculsus, nullo negotio 5 
 funditur, Croesus ipse capitur. Victor, dementia erga vic- 
 tum usus, et vitam ei et patrimonii partem concessit. Inter- 
 ject© deinde tempore, occupato in aliis bellis Cyro, Lydi re- 
 bellavere. Quibus iterum victis arma et equi ademti, jussique 
 sunt cauponias 6 et ludicras artes 7 exercere. Sic gens, indus- 
 trial quondam potens, mollitie et luxuria effeminata, virtutem 
 pristinam perdidit. 
 
 S-. Cyrus interficitur. (Ibid. I. 8.) 
 
 Cyrus, subacta Asia, Scythis bellum infert. Erat eo tem- 
 pore Scytharum regina, Tomyris, quae quum hostes Araxis 8 
 rluminis transitu prohibere posset, iis transire permisit, ex- 
 istimans, faciliorem sibi intra terminos regni pugnam fore. 
 Itaque Cyrus, trajectis copiis, quum aliquantisper in Scythiam 
 processisset, castra metatus est. Deinde, simulato metu, 
 quasi refugiens, castra deseruit, atque in iis vini affatim, et 
 quae epulis erant necessaria, reliquit. Quod quum reginae 
 nuntiatum esset, adolescentulum filium ad insequendum hos- 
 tem cum tertia parte copiarum misit. Quum ventum ad 
 Cyri castra esset, adolescens, rei militaris ignarus, omissis 9 
 hostibus, milites suos insuetos 10 vino se onerare patitur. Qui 
 
REGNUM MEDORUM ET PERSARUM. 5 
 
 bus cognitis, Cyrus reversus per noctem, ebrios opprimit, 
 omnesque Scythas una cum reginae filio interficit. Amisso 
 tanto exercitu, et, quod gravius erat, unico filio, Tomyris, ul- 
 tionem meditata, hostes recenti victoria exsultantes, pari fraude 
 decipit. Quippe simulate timore propter cladem recens ac- 
 ceptarn refugiens, Cyrum ad angustias usque produxit. Ibi 
 compositis insidiis, ducenta millia Persarum cum ipso rege 
 trucidavit. Turn caput Cyri amputatum in utrem humano 
 sanguine repletum conjici jubet, cum hac exprobratione 1 cru- 
 delitatis : Satia te, inquit, sanguine, quern sitisti? cujusque 
 insatiabilis semper fuisti. Cyrus regnavit annos triginta. 
 
 9. Cambysis regnum et interitus. (Ibid. I. 9.) 
 
 Cyro successit Alius Cambyses, qui imperio patris Aegyp- 
 tum adjecit. Aegyptiorum offensus superstitionibus, 3 Apis 4 
 caeterorumque deorum aedes dirui jubet. Ad Jovis quoque 
 Ammonis nobilissimum templum 5 expugnandum milites misit, 
 qui arenae tempestate excitatae molibus oppressi sunt. Post 
 haec per quietem 6 vidit, fratrem suum Smerdin esse regnatu- 
 rum. duo somnio exterritus, non dubitavit post sacrilegia 
 etiam parricidium 7 facere ; et mago cuidam mandavit, ut Smer- 
 din interficeret. Interim ipse, equum, ut narrant, conscen- 
 dens, gladio sua sponte evaginato, vulneratus occubuit. 
 
 10. Pseudo-Smerdis. (Ibid. I. 9.) 
 
 Nuntio de regis morte accepto, ille, cui parricidium a rege 
 mandatum fuerat, fratrem Cambysis, cui regnum debebatur, 
 occidit, suumque ipsius fratrem Oropasten, interfecto Smerdi 
 ore et corporis habitu simillimum, in illius locum subjecit. 
 Quae res eo occultior fuit, quod apud Persas persona regis sub 
 specie majestatis occulitur. Sed postquam unus et alter frau- 
 dem suspicari coepit, Ostanes, vir nobilis, filiam suam, quae 
 inter regias pellices erat, interrogavit, an Cyri films rex esset. 
 Ilia se id scire negabat. Turn earn dormientis caput pertrac- 
 tare jubet : nam mago illi Cambyses aures olim utrasque 
 praeciderat. Factus deinde per filiam certior, sine auribus esse 
 regem, nobilissimis Persarum rem indie at, eosque in caedem 
 falsi regis impellit. Septem tantum conscii fuere hujus con- 
 jurationis, qui, postquam se sacramento obstrinxerant, extem- 
 plo ad regiam pergunt, ferro sub veste occultato. Ibi obviis 
 interfectis, quum ad regem penetrassent, pugna in tenebris orta, 
 Gobryas, unus conjuratorum, Oropasten complexus medium, 
 socios ut ferirent hortatus est ; cunctantesque, ne 8 eum pro 
 mago transfoderent, vel per suum corpus adigere ferrum 
 
6 REGNUM MEDORUM ET PERSARUM. 
 
 jussit. Turn fortuna ita regente, 1 Gobrya incolumi, magus 
 interficitur. 
 
 11. Darius Hystaspis rex creatur. (Ibid. 1. 10.) 
 
 Quibus peractis, conjurati virtute et nobilitate pares, pacti 
 sunt inter se, ut die statuta omnes equos ante regiam primo 
 mane perducerent ; et cujus equus inter Solis ortum hinnitum 
 primus edidisset, is rex esset. Nam et Solem Persae unum 
 Deum esse credunt, et equos eidem Deo sacratos putant. 
 Erat autem inter conjuratos Darius Hystaspis films ; cui, de 
 eventu sollicito, equi custos ait : si haec res, 2 quam tu dicis, 
 victoriam decernit, nihil negotii superesse existima. 3 Turn 
 per noctem, pridie constitutam diem, 4 equum ad eundem locum 5 
 ducit, simulque equam. Postera die itaque quum ad statu- 
 tam horam omnes convenissent, Darii equus, cognito loco 
 ubi equam viderat, hinnitum statim edidit. duo auspicio au- 
 dita, omnes confestim equis desilierunt, et Darium regem sa- 
 lutaverunt. Populus quoque uni versus, principum secutus ju- 
 dicium, eundem regem constituit. Principio regni, Cyri rlliam 
 in matrimonium duxit, regalibus nuptiis regnum flrmaturus ; 6 
 ut non tarn in extraneum translatum quam, in familiam Cyri 
 reversum esse videretur. 
 
 12. Zopyri dolo Babylonia capitur. (Ibid. I. 10.) 
 
 Interjecto deinde tempore, quum Assyrii descivissent, et 
 Babyloniam occupassent, difficilisque urbis expugnatio esset, 
 unus de interfectoribus magorum Zopyrus, domi se verberibus 
 lacerari toto corpore jubet ; turn naso, auribus et labiis ab- 
 scissis, regi se inopinanti oftert. 7 Jam quum Darius ejus ad- 
 spectu attonitus, auctorem tarn foedae lacerationis requireret, 
 ille, quo consilio hoc fecerit, edocet ; rebusque cum rege 
 compositis, transfugae titulo 8 in Babyloniam proficiscitur. Ibi 
 ostendit populo laniatum corpus regisque Darii jussu se tarn 
 crudeliter affectum esse queritur, persuadetque mirantibus, ut 
 se in urbem reciperent. Omnibus et virtus viri et nobilitas 
 pariter nota erat, nee de fide 9 dubitabant, quam corpus verbe- 
 ribus laniatum satis probare videbatur. Receptus igitur, om- 
 nium sufTragio dux constituitur, et accepta parva manu, semel 
 iterumque Persarum copias consulto cedentes fundit. Ad pos- 
 tremum universus ei creditur exercitus. Hunc Dario prodit, 
 urbemque ipsam in ejus potestatem redigit. 
 
REGNUM MEDORUM ET PERSARUM. 7 
 
 13. Darii expedilio contra Scythas. (Ibid. II. 5.) 
 
 Multis in Asia feliciter gestis, Darius Scythis 1 bellum in- 
 tulit, et armatis septingentis millibus hominum, Scythiam in- 
 gressus, quum hostes ei pugnae potestatem non facerent, me- 
 tuens, ne interrupto ponte Istri, 2 reditus sibi intercluderetur, 
 amissis octoginta millibus hominum, trepidus 3 refugit. Inde 
 Macedoniam domuit. Paulo post, quum cognovisset, Atheni- 
 enses Ionibus 4 contra se auxilium tulisse, bello eos adortus 
 est. Quod quo eventu gestum sit, in Atheniensium historia 
 narrabitur. 5 
 
 14. Filiorum Darii de regno contentio. (Ibid. II. 10.) 
 
 Persarum legionibus in campo Marathonio 6 magno proelio 
 superatis, Darius, bellum instauraturus, in ipso apparatu de- 
 cedit, relictis multis filiis, et in regno et ante regnum 7 sus- 
 ceptis. 8 Ex bis Artemenes, maximus natu, aetatis privilegio, 
 regnum sibi vindicabat ; Xerxes, quod patre ad regiam dig- 
 nitatem sublato, primus genitus esset. Hoc certamen duo 
 fratres concordi animo ad patruum suum Artaphernem defe- 
 runt, qui, domi 9 cognita causa, Xerxem praeposuit: adeo- 
 que fraterna fuit contentio, 10 ut nee victor insultaret, nee vie- 
 tus doleret ; ipsoque litis tempore munera sibi invicem mit- 
 terent. 
 
 15. Xerxes bellum adversus Graeciam par at. (Ibid. II. 10.) 
 
 Igitur Xerxes bellum a patre coeptum adversus Graeciam 
 denuo instruxit, eique apparatui 11 quinquennium insumsit. 
 Septingenta millia ex regni sui provinces armasse dicitur, et 
 trecenta millia auxiliariorum; ut non inmerito proditum sit, 
 flumina ab exercitu ejus siccata esse, Graeciamque omnem 
 vix capere exercitum ejus potuisse. Naves quoque mille du- 
 centas numero habuisse dicitur. Huic tanto agmini dux 12 de- 
 fuit. Rex enim primus in fuga, postremus in proelio semper 
 vis us est. In periculis timidus, ubi metus abesset, inflatus 
 erat. 
 
 16. Pugna ad Therm opylas. (Ibid. II. 11.) 
 
 Ejus introitus in Graeciam quam terribilis, tarn turpis dis- 
 cessus fuit. Nam quum Leonidas, rex Spartanorum, cum qua- 
 tuor millibus militum angustias Thermopylarum 13 occupasset, 
 Xerxes contemtu paucitatis eos aggreditur. Triduo ibi pug- 
 natum, magnaque in Persarum exercitu caedes est edita. 
 
 2* 
 
8 REGNUM MEDORUM ET PERSARUM. 
 
 duarta die quum nuntiatum esset Leonidae, summum monti- 
 um cacumen a viginti millibus hostium teneri, socios hortatur, 
 recedant 1 et se ad meliora patriae tempora reservent ; sibi 
 cum Spartanis fortunam esse experiendam. Turn caeteri dis- 
 cessere; soli Lacedaemonii remanserunt Hi omnes Xerxis 
 castra adorti, post ingentem caedem editarn ibi occubuerunt. 
 
 L 17. Xerxes Graecia vastata fugatur. (Ibid. II. 12.) 
 
 Turn Xerxes maris fortunam experiri statuit. Sed ante na- 
 valis proelii congressionem 2 misit quatuor millia armatorum 
 Delphos 3 ad templum Apollinis diripiendum. Quae manus 
 tota imbribus et fulminibus deleta est, ut intelligerent, quam 
 nullae 4 essent hominum adversus Deos vires. Post haec 
 Thespias et Plataeas 5 et Athenas 6 vacuas hominibus incendit ; 
 et quoniam ferro in homines non poterat, 7 in aedificia igne 
 grassatur. Cujus incendii flammasquum viderent Graeci in 
 classe circum Salamina 8 insulam statuta, 9 dissensio inter 
 principes orta est, quum plurimi hortarentur, ut domos suas 
 discederent moenibusque se defenderent. Turn Themisto- 
 cles, Atheniensium imperator, timens, ne discessu sociorum 
 vires Graeciae minuerentur, per servum fidum Xerxi nuntiat, 
 uno in loco eum contractas Graeciae vires facillime opprimere 
 posse. Quod si populi, qui jam abire vellent, dissiparentur, 
 majori labor e ei singulos consectandos esse. Hoc dolo impulit 
 regem, ut signum pugnae daret. Graeci quoque adventu hos- 
 tium coacti sunt proelium collatis viribus capessere. Inter- 
 ea rex, velut spectator pugnae, in litore remanet. Artemi- 
 sia autem, regina Halicarnassi, 10 quae in auxilium Xerxi vene- 
 rat, plurima in hoc navali proelio virtutis documenta dedit. 
 Sic illo tempore in viro muliebris timor, in muliere virilis con- 
 spiciebatur audacia. Quum proelium anceps esset, Iones, qui 
 cum rege 11 pugnabant, a Themistocle instigati, pugnae se 
 paulatim subtrahere coeperunt ; quorum defectio animos cae- 
 terorum fregit. Itaque circumspicientes fugam pelluntur Per- 
 sae, et mox, proelio victi, in fugam vertuntur. 
 
 18. Xerxis in Asiam reditus. (Ibid. II. 13.) 
 
 Hac clade perculsus Xerxes domum redire statuit, parte ex- 
 ercitus cum Mardonio in Graecia relicta. Sed Graeci, audita 
 regis fuga, consilium ineunt pontis rumpendi, quo ille Helles- 
 pontum 12 junxerat, ut intercluso reditu cum reliquiis exercitus 
 deleretur. Sed Themistocles timens, ne interclusi hostes iter, 
 quod aliter non pateret, ferro patefacerent, servum ad Xer- 
 
REGNUM MEDORUM ET PERSARUM. VJ 
 
 xem mittit, certioremque facit consilii a Graecis capti ; et oc- 
 cupare transitum, maturata fuga, jubet. Ille perculsus nuntio, 
 tradit ducibus milites perducendos ; ipse cum paucis Abjdon 1 
 contendit. Ubi quum solutum pontem hibernis tempestati- 
 bus offendisset, piscatoria scapha trepidus trajecit. Pedestri- 
 um copiarum, quas ducibus tradiderat, maxima pars peste et 
 inopia periit ; tantaque vis mali fuit, ut viae cadavettibus im- 
 plerentur, alitesque et ferae, in praedam intentae, exercitum 
 sequerentur. 
 
 19. Persae apud Plataeas et Mycalen victi. (lb. II. 14. 
 Corn. Nep. Vit. Cim. c. 2. Vit. Aristid. c. 2.) 
 
 Caeterum fortuna Persarum cum duce mutata non est. 
 Mardonius proelio apud Plataeas victus, velut e naufragio, cum 
 paucis profugit ; pauci militum fuga elapsi sunt. Eodem forte 
 die, quo Mardonii copiae deletae sunt, etiam navali proelio 
 in Asia sub monte Mycale 2 adversus Persas dimicatum est. 
 Ibi ante proelium commissum, quum classes ex adverso sta- 
 rent, fama ad utrumque exercitum venit, vicisse Graecos et 
 Mardonii copias deletas esse. Q,ui nuntius, ut par erat, Grae- 
 corum fortitudinem et fiduciam auxit, Persarum animos fre- 
 git. Captae sunt ibi, Cimonis 3 praecipue virtute atque con- 
 silio, ducentae naves Cypriorum 4 et Phoenicum, 5 eodemque 
 die in terra maxima vis barbarorum prostrata est. Post hanc 
 victoriam maritimae res Atheniensium in dies magis norere 
 coeperunt. Quum enim antea et terra et mari duces essent 
 Lacedaemonii, factum est, ut summa imperii maritimi a La- 
 cedaemoniis, transferretur ad Athenienses. Hoc inprimis 
 Aristidi debebatur, qui, quum in communi Graeciae classe es- 
 set simul cum Pausania, 6 duce Lacedaemoniorum, summa ae- 
 quitate et humanitate efTecit, ut Graeciae civitates, superbia 
 Pausaniae offensae, ad Atheniensium sese societatem applica- 
 rent, hosque sibi duces adversus barbaros deligerent. Hoc 
 autem imperio ita usi sunt Athenienses, ut brevi post tempore 
 soli in mari regnare viderentur. 
 
 20. Xerxis familia, post regis caedem, domesticis seditionibus 
 agitata. (Justin. III. 1.) 
 
 Post bellum in Graecia infeliciter gestum, Xerxes, terror 
 antea gentium, etiam suis contemtui esse coepit. Q,uippe Ar- 
 tabanus, praefectus ejus, deficiente quotidie regis majestate, 
 spem regni concepit animo, et cum septem robustissimis 
 filiis regiam vesperi ingressus, Xerxem trucidavit. Turn ut 
 
10 REGNUM MEDORUM ET PERSARUM. 
 
 filios regis, votis suis obsistentes, amoveret, Artaxerxi, admo- 
 dum puero, persuasit, regem a Dario, 1 qui erat adolescens, 
 occisum esse, quo maturius regno potiretur, eumque impulit, 
 ut patris caedem in fratre vindicaret. Quum ventum ad do- 
 mum Darii esset, hie dormiens inventus inter lie itur. duo fac- 
 to, ut etiam Artaxerxem tolleret, Artabanus, principum de reg- 
 no certamina metuens, assumit in societatem consilii Bacaba- 
 sum : qui 2 praesenti rerum statu contentus, rem prodit Artax- 
 erxi, ut pater ejus occisus, ut frater falsa parricidii suspicione 
 oppressus esset, quaenam ipsi denique pararentur insidiae. 
 His cognitis Artaxerxes in posterum diem armatum exercitum 
 adesse jubet, recogniturus 3 et numerum militum et in armis 
 industriam singulorum. Itaque quum inter caeteros et ipse 
 Artabanus armatus assisteret, rex simulavit, se breviorem lori- 
 cam habere, jussitque Artabanum suam secum commutare ; 
 turn exuentem se et nudatum gladio trajecit, simulque filios 
 ejus corripi jubet. Atque ita egregius juvenis et caedem pa- 
 tris, et se ab insidiis Artabani vindicavit.4 
 
 21. Intestina discordia in regno Persarum gliscit. 
 
 (Just. V. 11.) 
 
 Artaxerxem secutus est films Xerxes, qui post breve quad- 
 raginta quinque dierum regnum a Sogdiano occisus est. Qui 
 regnum scelere occupatum quum caedibus tueri conaretur, 
 post septem menses a Dario proelio superatus periit. Sub 
 his regibus imperium Persarum principum discordiis populo- 
 rumque seditionibus agitatum magis magisque inclinari 5 coe- 
 pit. Darius moriens Artaxerxi, majori natu filio, qui Mnemon 
 appellabatur, regnum, minori, Cyro, urbes Lydiae, quibus 
 praefectus fuit, testamento legavit. Sed Cyro judicium 6 patris 
 injuria videbatur ; itaque occulte ad versus fratrem bellum pa- 
 ravit. Quod quum nuntiatum esset Artaxerxi, Cyrum ad se 
 arcessitum compedibus aureis vinxit, interfecissetque, nisi 
 mater prohibuisset. 
 
 22. Cyrus in hello adversus fratrem suscepto perit. 
 
 (Just. V. 11.) 
 
 Quod periculum quum efTugisset, Cyrus jam non occulte 
 bellum, sed palam parare coepit ; auxilium undique contrahit. 
 Sed quum in proelio 7 commisso fratrem imprudentius aggre- 
 ditur, hunc quidem 8 equi fuga 9 periculo subtraxit, Cyrus au- 
 tem 8 a cohorte regia circumventus interflcitur. In eo proelio 
 decern millia Graecorum in auxilio Cyri fuere ; quae et in 
 
REGNUM MEDARUM ET PERSARUM. 11 
 
 cornu, in quo steterant, vicerunt, et post mortem Cyri neque 
 armis a tanto exercitu vinci, neque dolo capi potuerunt, sed 
 per indomitas nationes et gentes Barbaras, virtute sua confisi, 
 in patriam revertuntur. 1 
 
 53. Artaxerxis filii in pat rem conjurant. (Just. X. 1. 2.) 
 
 Artaxerxi ex pellicibus centum et quindecim filii fuere, sed 
 tres tantum justo matrimonio suscepti, Darius, Ariarates et 
 Ochus. Ex his Darium per indulgentiam pater, contra morem 
 Persarum, regem vivus fecit. Sed hie paterna pietate nihil 
 motus, interficiendi patris consilium cepit. Occiso quippe 
 Cyro, Aspasiam, pellicem ejus, in regium gynaeceum trans- 
 latam, a patre sibi dari postulaverat. Hie, pro sua in liberos 
 indulgentia, primo se id facturum esse dixerat ; mox poeniten- 
 tia ductus, Solis earn sacerdotio praefecit, quo munere ab omni 
 virorum consortio prohibebatur. Hinc exacerbatus juvenis 
 cum quinquaginta fratribus in patrem conjuravit ; sed depre- 
 hensus cum sociis poenas parricidii 2 dedit. Conjuges 3 quoque 
 conjuratorum cum liberis omnibus interfectae sunt, ne quod 
 vestigium tanti sceleris superesset. Paulo post Artaxerxes 
 morbo ex dolore contracto decessit. 
 
 24. Ochus. Darius Codomannus, postremus rex Persiae. 
 (Just. X. 3.) 
 
 Post patris mortem Ochus regnum paternum invasit. Qui 
 parem conjurationem timens, regiam cognatorum et principum 
 caede replet. Turn bellum Cadusiis 4 infert. In quo bello 
 Codomannus quidam adversus hostem, qui unum ex Persis ad 
 singulare certamen provocaverat, magno animo processit, et 
 hoste occiso victoriam suis et prope amissam gloriam restituit. 
 Ob haec decora 5 praeficitur Armeniis. Interjecto deinde tem- 
 pore post mortem Ochi regis, ob memoriam pristinae virtutis 
 rex apopulo constituitur, Darii nomine honoratus; bellumque 
 cum Alexandro non sine virtute gessit. Postremo ab Alex- 
 andro victus et a cognatis occisus, vitam pariter cum Persa- 
 rum regno finivit. 
 
12 RES ATHENIENSIUM. 
 
 C. RES ATHENIENSIUM. 
 
 1. Atheniensium origines et primi reges. (Just. II 6.) 
 
 Athenienses non solum increments 1 suis, sed etiani origine 
 gloriantur. Non enim a sordidis 2 initiis crevere, nee ex aliis 
 regionibus advenerunt, sed eodem irmati solo, 3 quod incolunt; 
 et quae illis sedes, eadem origo est. Primi laniflcii et olei 4 et 
 vini 5 usum docuere. Arare quoque et serere frumenta 6 glan- 
 dem vescentibus 7 monstrarunt. Litterae certe ae facundia, 
 leges et civilis disciplina 8 veluti templum Athenas habuere. 
 Ante Deucalionis tempora regem habuere Cecropem; quern, 
 ut omnis antiquitas fabulosa est, biformem tradidere, quia 
 primus marem feminae matrimonio junxit. Huic successit 
 Cranaus, cujus filia Atthis regioni nomen dedit. Post hunc 
 Amphictyon regnavit, qui primus Miner vae urbem sacravit, et 
 nomen civitati Athenas dedit. Hujus temporibus aquarum 
 illuvies majorem partem populorum Graeciae absumsit. Su- 
 perfuerunt, 9 quos refugia montium receperunt, aut 10 ad regem 
 Thessaliae 11 Deucalionem ratibus evecti sunt, a quo propterea 
 genus humanum conditum dicitur. Per ordinem deinde suc- 
 cessionis regnum ad Erechtheum descendit, sub quo frumenti 
 satio apud Eleusin a Triptolemo reperta est. In hujus mu- 
 neris honorem nootes initiorum 12 sacratae. 13 Tenuit et Ae- 
 geus, Thesei pater, Athenis regnum. Post Aegeum Theseus, 14 
 ac deinceps Thesei Alius, Demophoon, qui auxilium Graecis 
 adversus Trojanos 15 tulit, regnum possedit. 
 
 2. Codrus se pro patria devovet. (Just. II. 6. ) 
 
 Erant inter Athenienses et Dorienses 16 veteres offensae, quas 
 vindicaturi bello Dorienses, de eventu proelii oracula consulue- 
 runt. Responsum superiores 17 fore, ni regem Atheniensium 
 occidissent. Itaque quum ventum esset in bellum, militibus 
 ante omnia enstodia 18 regis praecipitur. Atheniensibus eo 
 tempore rex Codrus erat; qui et responso Dei, et praeceptis 
 hostium cognitis, permutato 19 regis habitu, pannosus, sarmen- 
 taque gerens, castra hostium ingreditur; ibique in turba mili- 
 turn, quum unum falce sponte vulnerasset, occiditur. Cognito 
 regis corpore, Dorienses sine proelio discedunt. Atque ita 
 Athenienses virtute ducis, pro salute patriae, morti se offeren- 
 tis, bello liberantur. 
 
RES ATHENIENSIUM. 13 
 
 3. Solon civiiati Athenarum leges scribit. (Just. II. 7.) 
 
 Post Codrum nemo Athenis regnavit ;' quod memoriae nomi- 
 nis ejus tributum est. Administratio reipublicae annuis magis- 
 tratibus 1 permissa. Sed civitati nullae tunc leges 2 erant, quia 
 libido regum pro legibus habebatur. Legitur itaque Solon, vir 
 justitiae insignis, qui velut novam civitatem legibus conderet. 
 Quo munere ita functus est, ut et apud plebem et optimates, 
 diuturnis antea dissidiis agitatos, parem iniret gratiam. Hujus 
 viri, inter multa egregia, illud quoque memorabile fuit. Inter 
 Athenienses et Megarenses de Salamine insula, quam sibi 
 uterque populus vindicabat, prope usque ad interitum dimica- 
 tum fuerat. Post multas clades acceptas, Athenienses legem 
 tulerunt, ne quis illud bellum reparandum proponeret. Solon 
 igitur quum opportunitatem quandam vidisset insulae vinii- 
 candae, dementiam simulat, habituque deformis, 3 more vecor- 
 dium, in publicum evolat ; factoque concursu hominum, versi- 
 bus suadere populo coepit, quod vetabatur; omniumque ani 
 mos ita inrlammavit, ut extemplo bellum adversus Megarenses 
 decerneretur, et devictis hostibus insula Atheniensium fieret. 
 
 4. Pisistratus tyrannidem per dolum occupat. (Just. II. 87 
 
 Legibus civitati scriptis, Solon peregre proficiscitur. Dum 
 abest, Pisistratus, nobilis adolescens, propter res in bello prae- 
 clare gestas populo carus, tyrannidem per dolum occupat 
 Quippe quum domi se verberibus affecisset, lacerato corpore in 
 publicum progreditur. Advocata concione,* vulnera populo 
 ostendit ; de crudelitate principum, a quibus haec se passum 
 simulabat, queritur, credulamque multitudinem et lacrymis et 
 oratione accendit, dum se optimatibus propter populi amorem 
 invisum esse significat. Sic ad custodiam corporis sui satel- 
 litum auxilium obtinet ; per quos occupata tyrannide, per annos 
 triginta tres, inter varias rerum vicissitudines, regnavit. 
 
 5. Hippias,Pisistratifilius,patriapellitur. Bellum Per sicum 
 primum. (Just. II. 9. Corn. Nep. Vita Milt. c. 4, 5.) 
 
 Post ejus mortem Hipparchus et Hippias inpaternum imperi- 
 um successerunt. Qui quum per aliquot annos eadem, qua pa- 
 ;er, dementia regnassent, Hipparchus ab Harmodio et Aristo- 
 gitone, ob injuriam quandam acceptam in tyrannos incensis, 
 interficitur. Quorum virorum virtute quum admonita civitas 
 
14 RES ATHENIENSIUM. 
 
 libertatis esset, tandem Hippias regno pulsus in exsilium agi- 
 tur, et in Persiam profectus, Dario, Atheniensibusbellumilla- 
 turo, due em se adversus patriam offert. Igitur Athenienses, 
 nuntio de Persarum adventu accepto, auxilium a Lacedaemo- 
 niis petiverunt. Quos ubi viderunt religione 1 retineri, quomi- 
 nus statim auxilium ferrent, non exspectata eorum ope, in- 
 structis decern millibus civium, et Plataeensibus auxiliaribus 
 mille, in campos Marathonios 2 in proelium egrediuntur. Mil- 
 tiades erat unus ducum exercitus, ejusque potissimum aucto- 
 ritate impulsi Athenienses copias ex urbe eduxerunt, locoque 
 idoneo castra fecerunt. Deinde postero die sub montis radi- 
 cibus acies instruitur. Datis, Persarum dux, etsi non aequum 
 locum 3 videbat suis, tamen, fretus numero copiarum suarum, 
 confligere cupiebat. Itaque in aciem peditum centum, equitum 
 decern millia produxit, proeliumque commisit. Tanta vero 
 Atheniensibus in pugnam euntibus alacritas animorum fuit, ut 
 qi*um mille passus inter duas acies essent, citato cursu ad 
 hostem venirent. Nee audaciae eventus 4 defuit. Pugnatum 
 est enim tanta virtute, ut Persae perterriti non castra sed naves 
 peterent, ex quibus multae suppressae, 5 multae captae sunt. 
 
 6. Virtutis in Mo proelio documenta. (Just. II. 9.) 
 
 In illo proelio tanta virtus singulorum fuit, ut cujus laus 
 prima esset, difficile dictu videretur. Inter caeteros tamen 
 Themistoclis adolescentis gloria emicuit. Cynegiri quoque, 
 militis Atheniensis, gloria multorum scriptorum laudibus cele- 
 brata est. Qui post innumeras caedes, quum fugientes hos- 
 tes ad naves egisset, onustam navem dextra manu tenuit, nee 
 prius dimisit, quam manum amitteret, turn quoque amputata 
 dextra, navem sinistra comprehendit ; quam et ipsam quum 
 amisisset, ad postremum morsu navem retinuit. Persae mag- 
 nam vim hominum eo proelio amiserunt. Cecidit et Hippias, 
 tyrannus Atheniensis, auctor et concitor ejus belli, diis patriae 
 ultoribus poena s repetentibus. 
 
 7. Honor Miltiadi tributus. (Corn. Nep. Vita Milt. c. 6.) 
 
 Jam non alienum videtur, hujus victoriae quale praemium 6 
 Miltiadi sit tributum docere. Huic viro, qui A therms totam- 
 que Graeciam liberarat, hie honor tributus est, ut, quum in por- 
 ticu, quae Poecile 7 vocatur, pugna depingeretur Marathonia, 
 in decern praetorum 8 numero prima ejus imago poneretur, 
 milites hortantis 9 proeliumque committentis. Antiquissimis 
 enim temporibus rari fuerunt honores et tenues, 10 et propter id 
 
RES ATHENIENSIUM. 15 
 
 ipsum gloriosi. Idem populus postquam corruptus est, tre- 
 centas statuas Demetrio Phalereo 1 decrevit. 
 
 8. Bellum Persicum alterum, (Corn. Nep. Vita Them. 
 
 c. 2. 3.) 
 
 Paulo post Xerxes majoribus viribus Graeciarrr aggressus 
 est. Quo adventante quum oraculum Delphicum consuluis- 
 sent, 2 responsum est, moenibus ligneis se tuerentur. Quod 
 responsum quo valeret, 3 quum intelligeret nemo, Themisto- 
 cles persuasit civibus, ut in naves se suaque conferrent ; eum 
 enim significari murum ligneum. Quo consilio probato navi- 
 um augent numerum, suaque omnia, quae moveri poterant, 
 conjuges liberosque partim Salamina, 4 partim Troezena 5 as- 
 portant ; arcem 6 sacerdotibus paucisque majoribus natu ad sa- 
 cra procuranda tradunt, reliquum oppidum 7 relinquunt. Com- 
 munis autem Graeciae classis trecentarum navium, quarum 
 ducentae erant Atheniensium, primum apud Artemisium 8 inter 
 Euboeam 9 continentemque terrain cum classiariis regiis 10 con- 
 flixit. Angustias enim Themistocles quaerebat, ne multitu- 
 dine regiarum navium circumiretur. Hinc etsi pari proelio 11 
 discesserant, tamen eodem loco non sunt ausi manere, quod 
 erat periculum, ne, si pars navium adversariorum Euboeam 
 superasset, ancipiti premerentur periculo. 12 Quo factum est, 
 ut ab Artemisio discederent, et adversum Athenas apud Sa- 
 lamina classem suam constituerent. 
 
 9. Xerxes Themistoclis consilio ad Salamina superatur. 
 
 (Corn. Nep. Vit. Them. c. 4. Justin. II. 12.) 
 
 At Xerxes, Thermopylis expugnatis, protinus accessit Ur- 
 bem, eamque nullis defendentibus, interfectis sacerdotibus, 
 quos in arce invenerat, incendio delevit; cujus flamma perter- 
 riti classiarii, quum manere non auderent, et plurimi horta- 
 rentur, ut domos suas discederent, moenibusque se defen- 
 derent, Themistocles unus restitit, et universos quidem hosti 
 pares esse posse aiebat, dispersos autem perituros. Quum 
 vero socios minus, quam vellet, moveret, noctu de servis suis, 
 quern habuit fidelissimum, 13 ad regem misit, ut ei nuntiaret su- 
 is verbis, 14 Graecos in eo esse, ut fugerent. Qui si disces- 
 sissent, majore cum labor e et longinquiore tempore 15 bellum 
 confecturum, 16 quum singulos consectari cogeretur ; quos si 
 statim aggrederetur, brevi universos oppressurum. 17 Hoc eo 
 valebat, 15 ut ingratiis ad depugnandum omnes cogerentur. _ Hac 
 re audita, barbarus, 19 nihil doli subesse ratus, postridie alienis- 
 
 PART II. 3 
 
16 RES ATHENIENSIUM. 
 
 simo 1 sibi loco, contra opportunissimo hostibus, adeo angusto 
 mari conflixit, ut ejus multitudo navium explicari non pos- 
 set. Victus ergo est magis consilio Themistoclis, quam armis 
 Graeciae. 
 
 10. Xerxes in Asiam revertitur. (C. N. I. c. 5.) 
 
 Hie etsi male rem gesserat, tamen tantas habebat reliquias 
 copiarum, ut etiam cum his Graeciam opprimere posset. 
 Ne igitur bellare perseveraret, Themistocles eum certiorem 
 fecit, id agi, ut pons, quern ille in Hellesponto fecerat, dissol- 
 veretur, quo ipse reditu in Asiam excluderetur. Idque ei 
 persuasit. Celerrimo itaque itinere in Asiam reversus est, se- 
 que a Themistocle non superatum, sed conservatum judicavit. 
 Sic unius viri prudentia Graecia liberata est. 
 
 11. Reliquiae Persarum delentur. (Justin. II. 14. Corn. 
 
 Nep. Vit. Them. c. 6.) 
 
 Ciuum tamen pars exercitus sub duce Mardonio, regis ge- 
 nero, in Graecia esset relicta, quae bellum continuaret, hae 
 quoquecopiae superatae sunt apud Plataeas, urbem Boeotiae; 
 eodemque forte die in Asia ad montem Mycalen Persae a 
 Graecis pugna superati sunt. Jamque omnibus pacatis, 
 Athenienses belli damna reparare coeperunt. Quumque Pha- 
 ser ico portu neque magno neque bono uterentur, 2 Themisto- 
 clis consilio triplex Piraei 3 portus constitutus est, isque moe- 
 nibus circumdatus, ut ipsam uibem dignitate 4 aequipararet, 
 utilitate superaret. Idem muros Athenarum restituit, Lace- 
 daemoniis vetantibus, non sine periculo suo. 
 
 12. Pausanias, dux Spartanorum, proditionem meditatur. 
 
 (Just. II. 15. Corn. N. Vita Paus. c. 2.) 
 
 Post haec Lacedaemonn, ut bis illatum Graeciae bellum 
 ulciscerentur, ultro 5 fines Persarum depopulantur. Cui bel 
 lo quum praefecissent Pausaniam, hie superbia elatus, majo- 
 res res coepit appetere. Nam quum, Byzantio 6 expugnato, 
 cepisset complures Persaram nobiles, atque in his nonnullos 
 regis propinquos, hos clam Xerxi remisit, simulans, eos ex 
 vinculis publicis effugisse; et cum his Gongylum Eretrien- 
 sem, 7 qui litteras regi redderet, in quibus haec scripta fuisse 
 tradunt; Pausanias, dux Spartae, quos Byzantii ceperat, post- 
 quam propinquos tuos cognovit, tibi muneri misit, 8 seque tecum 
 ajfinitatc conjungi cupit. Quare, si tibi videtur, des eifiliam 
 
RES ATHEXIEXSIUM. 17 
 
 tuam nuptum. Id si feceris, et Spar tarn et caeteram Graeciam 
 sub tuam potestaiem se redacturwm pollicetur. His de rebus 
 si quid geri volueris, certum 1 hominem ad eum mittas face 2 
 cum quo colloquatur. 
 
 13. Pausanias capitis damnatur. (Corn, Nep. Vita Paus, 
 c. 2. 3. 5.) 
 
 Rex tot hominum sibi necessariorum salute 3 magnopere ga- 
 visus, confestim Artabazum cum epistola ad Pausaniam mit- 
 tit, in qua eum collaudat, 4 ac petit, ne cui rei parcat ad ea 
 periicienda, quae polliceretur. Si fecerit, nullius rei a se 
 repulsam esse laturum. 5 Hujus Pausanias voluntate cog- 
 nita, alacrior ad rem gerendam factus, in suspicionem ceci- 
 dit Lacedaemoniorum, nee multo post proditionis accusatus 
 damnatur. Mortem ut fugeret, in aedem Minervae, quae 
 Chalcioecus 6 vocatur, se recepit. Hinc ne exire posset, sta- 
 tim Ephori 7 valvas ejus aedis lapidibus obstruxerunt, tectum- 
 que sunt demoliti, ut facilius sub divo interiret. 8 Dicunt illo 
 tempore matrem Pausaniae adhuc vixisse, eamque, postquam 
 de scelere fllii comperisset, in primis lapidem ad introitum 
 aedis attulisse. Sic Pausanias magnam belli gloriam turpi 
 morte commaculavit. Hie quum semianimis de templo ela- 
 tus esset, confestim animam efflavit. 
 
 14. Themistocles in Asiam confugit. (Corn. Nep. Vit. 
 Them. c. 8. 9.) 
 
 Paulo ante Themistocles testarum suffragiis 9 e civitate ejec- 
 tus, Argos 10 habitatum concessit. Hie quum propter mul- 
 tas virtutes magna cum dignitate viveret, Lacedaemonii le- 
 gates Athenas miserunt, qui eum absentem accusarent, quod 
 societatem cum rege Persarum ad Graeciam opprimendam fe- 
 cisset. 11 Hoc crimine absens proditionis est damnatus. Id 
 ut audi vit, quod non satis tutum se Argis videbat, in Asiam 
 confugit. Quo quum venisset epistolam misit ad regem Ar- 
 taxerxem his verbis ; Themistocles veni ad te, qui plurima 
 mala omnium Graecorum in domum tuam 12 intuli, quum mihi 
 necesse esset patriam meam defendere. Idem multo plura bo- 
 na feci, postquam Xerxes in periculo esse coepit. Nunc autem 
 ad te confugi, exagitatus a cuncta Graecia, tuam petens ami- 
 citiam; quam si ero adeptus, non minus me bonum amicum 
 habebis, quam fortem inimicum ille expertus est. 13 Rogo au- 
 tem, ut de his rebus, u de quibus tecum colloqui volo, annum mi- 
 hi temporis 15 des, eoque transacto me ad te venire patiaris. 
 
18 RES ATHENIENSIUM. 
 
 15. Themistocles a rege Persiae benigne exceptus, Magnesiae 
 moritur. (Corn. Nep. Vit. Them. c. 10.) 
 
 Ad haec rex, tantam animi magnitudinem 1 admiratus, cu- 
 piensque talem virum sibi conciliari, benigne respondit. The- 
 mistocles autem omne illud tempus 2 litteris sermonique Persa- 
 rum dedit ; quibus adeo eruditus est, ut multo commodius 3 
 dicatur apud regem verba fecisse, quam hi poterant, qui in 
 Perside erant nati. Hie quum multa esset regi pollicitus, 
 magnis muneribus ab Artaxerxe donatus in Asiam 4 rediit, do- 
 mic iliumque Magnesiae 5 sibi constituit. In hac urbe morbo 
 obiisse dicitur. Fama tamen fuit, eum venenum sumsisse, 
 quum se, quae Regi de Graecia opprimenda pollicitus esset, 
 praestare posse desperaret. 6 Sunt, qui narrent, ossa ejus ab 
 amicis clam in Attica sepulta esse, quoniam legibus non con- 
 cederetur, quod proditionis esset damnatus. 
 
 16. Cimon insulas Atheniensibus subjicit. (Corn. Nep. 
 Vita Cim. c. 2.) 
 
 Dum ilia gerebantur, Athenienses maris imperium sine ae- 
 mulo exercebant. Hoc et Themistoclis prudentiae et Cimo- 
 nis virtuti debebant. Hie vir post victoriam apud Mycalen 
 de Persis reportatam, quum magna praeda potitus domum re- 
 verteretur, quod jam nonnullae insulae propter acerbitatem 7 
 imperii ab Atheniensibus defecerant, bene animatas confirma- 
 vit, 8 alienatas 9 ad officium redire coegit. Scyrum, 10 quod con- 
 tumacius se gesserat, vacuefecit, sessores veteres urbe insula- 
 que ejecit, agros civibus 11 di visit. Thasios, 12 opulentia fretos, 
 suo adventu fregit. His manubiis 13 Athenarum arx, qua 14 ad 
 meridiem vergit, est ornata. 
 
 17. O sir acismo p atria pulsus, mox revocatur. (Ibid. c. 3.) 
 
 Quibus rebus quum unus in civitate maxime floreret, incidit 
 in eandem invidiam, quam 15 Themistocles; nam testarum 
 suffragiis decern annorum exsilio multatus est. Cujus facti 
 celerius Athenienses, quam ipsum, poenituit. Nam quum ille 
 forti animo invidiae ingratorum civium cessisset, bellumque 
 Lacedaemonii Atheniensibus indixissent, confestim notae ejus 
 virtutis desiderium 16 consecutum est. Itaque post annum quin- 
 tum, quam expplsus erat, 17 in patriam revocatus est. Ille, 
 quod hospitio Lacedaemoniorum utebatur, satius 1 * existi- 
 mans, contendere 19 Lacedaemonem, sua sponte 20 profectus, 
 pacem inter duas potentissimas civitates conciliavit. Post, 
 
RES ATHENIENSIUM. 19 
 
 neque ita multo, Cyprum cum ducentis navibus imperator mis- 
 sus, quum majorem partem ejus insulae devicisset, in morbum 
 implicitus, in oppido Citio est mortuus. 
 
 18. Bellum Peloponnesiacum. Pericles. (Just. III. 2. et 7.) 
 
 Quum Athenienses maris imperium non sine superbia soci- 
 orumque injuria exercerent, multique, gravi eorum jugo fati- 
 gati, alios, qui se tuerentur, circumspicerent ; tota Graecia, 
 ducibus Lacedaemoniis, aemulae urbi magnitudinem etincre- 
 menta invidentibus, 1 in duas partes divisa, velut in viscera sua 
 arma convertit. Hoc bellum, quo nullum aliud norentes 
 Graeciae res gravius afnixit, saepius susceptum et depositum 
 est. 2 Initio Spartani fines Atticae populabantur, hostesque ad 
 proelium provocabant. Sed Athenienses, Periclis consilio, 
 ultionis tempus exspectantes, intra moenia se continebant. 
 Deinde, paucis diebus interjectis, naves conscendunt, et, nihil 
 sentientibus Lacedaemoniis, totam Laconiam depraedantur. 
 Clara quidem haec Periclis expeditio est habita ; sed multo 
 clarior privati patrimonii contemtus fuit. Nam in populatione 
 caeterorum agrorum, Periclis agros hostes intactos reliquerant, 
 ut aut invidiam ei apud cives concitarent, aut in proditionis 
 suspicionem adducerent. Quod intelligens, Pericles agros 
 reipublicae dono dedit. Post haec aliquot diebus interjectis, 
 navali proelio 3 dimicatum est. Victi Lacedaemonii fugerunt. 
 Post plures annos, 4 fessi malis, pacem in annos quinquaginta 
 fecere, quam non nisi sex annos servaverunt. Nam inducias, 
 quos proprio nomine pepigerant, ex sociorum persona 5 rumpe- 
 bant. Hinc bellum in Siciliam translatum est. 
 
 19. Atheniensium in Siciliam expeditio. (Just. IV. 3, 4.) 
 
 Quum enim jam antea, bello inter Catinienses 6 et Syracu- 
 sanos exorto, Athenienses Catiniensibus opem tulissent, tem- 
 pore interjecto, quum pacis conditiones a Syracusanis non ser- 
 varentur, illi denuo legatos Athenas miserunt, qui sordida ves- 
 te, capillo barbaque promissa, concionem adeunt, populumque 
 lacrymis movent, ut, quamvis Peloponncsiaco bello districtus, 
 auxilium ill is mittendum censeret. Igitur classis ingens de- 
 cernitur ; creantur duces Nicias, Alcibiades et Lamachus ; 
 tantaeque vires in Siciliam effusae sunt, ut iis ipsis terrori es- 
 sent, quibus auxilio venerant. 
 
20 RES ATHENIENSIUM. 
 
 20. Atheniensium res in Sicilia gestae. (Just. IV. 4.) 
 
 Brevi post, quum Alcibiades, ob causas mox indicandas, 
 revocatus esset, Nicias et Lamachus duo proelia pedestria se- 
 cundo Marte 1 pugnant . munitionibusque urbi Syracusarum 
 circumdatis, incolas etiam marinis commeatibus intercludunt. 
 Quibus rebus fracti Syracusani, auxilium a Lacedaemoniis 
 petiverunt. Ab his mittitur Gylippus, qui, quum in itinere de 
 belli jam inclinato statu* audivisset, auxiliis parti m in Grae- 
 cia, partim in Sicilia contractis, opportuna bello loca occupat. 
 Duobus deinde proeliis victus, tertio hostes in fugam conjecit, 
 sociosque obsidione liberavit. In eo proelio Lamachus forti- 
 ter pugnans occisus est. 
 
 21. Athenienses saepius victi ingentem cladem accipiunt. 
 (Justin. IV. c. 4 et 5.) 
 
 Sed quum Athenienses, terrestri bello superati, portum Sy- 
 racusarum tenerent, Gylippus classem Lacedaemone cum auxi- 
 liis arcessit. Quo cognito* et ipsi Athenienses in locum amissi 
 ducis Demosthenem et Eurymedonta cum supplemento copia- 
 rum mittunt, et quasi Graeciae bellum 4 in Siciliam translatum 
 esset, ita ex utraque parte 5 summis viribus dimicabatur. 
 Prima igitur congressione navalis certaminis Athenienses vin- 
 cuntur ; castra quoque cum omni publica ac privata pecunia 
 amittunt. Inter haec mala quum etiam terrestri proelio victi 
 essent, Demosthenes censere coepit, ut abirent Sicilia, dum res 
 quamvis afflict ae, nondum t amen per ditae essent. Nicias autem 
 seu pudore male actae rei, seu impellente fato manere contendit, 
 Reparatur igitur navale bellum ; sed insciti& ducum, qui Syra- 
 cusanos, inter angustias maris 6 facile se tuentes, temere ag- 
 gressi fuerant, Atheniensium copiae iterum vincuntur. Eury- 
 medon dux in prima acie fortissime dimicans, primus cadit ; 
 triginta naves, quibus praefuerat, incenduntur ; Demosthenes 
 et Nicias autem cum reliquiis exercitus terrestri itinere fugiunt. 
 Ab his relictas centum triginta naves Gylippus invasit; ipsos 
 deinde insequitur; fugientes partim capit, partim caedit. De- 
 mosthenes, amisso exercitu, a captivitate gladio et voluntaria 
 morte se vindicat : Nicias autem cladem suorum auxit dede- 
 core captivitatis. 
 
RES A.THEN1ENSIUM. 21 
 
 22. Alcibiades capitis damnatus Sparta?n se confert. (Just. 
 V. 1. Corn. Nep. Vita Alcib. c. 4.) 
 
 Dum haec in Sicilia per biennium geruntur, belli illius con- 
 citor et dux Alcibiades absens Athenis insimulatur mysteria 
 Cereris violasse. Revocatus a bello ad causam dicendam, 
 multa secum reputans de immoderata civium suorum licentia 
 crudelitateque erga nobiles, utilissimum ratus impendentem 
 evitare tempestatem, fugit, et primum Elidem, 1 deinde The- 
 bas 2 se contulit. Postquam autem se capitis damnatum, bo- 
 nis publicatis, audivit, et id, quod usu venerat, Eumolpidas 3 
 sacerdotes a populo coactos, ut se devoverent, ejusque devo- 
 tionis exemplum, in pila lapidea incisum, esse positum in pub- 
 lico, Lacedaemonem demigravit. Ibi reges impulit, ut Athe- 
 niensibus, adversa fortuna in Sicilia turbatis, bellum infer- 
 rent. Ejus quoque consilio Lacedaemonii cum Persarum re- 
 ge amicitiam fecerunt, deinde Deceliam 4 in finibus Atticae 
 munierunt, praesidioque perpetuo in obsidione quasi Athenas 
 tenuerunt. 
 
 23. Persarum sibi favor em conciliat. (Justin. V. 2. Corn. 
 Nep. I. c. 5.) 
 
 Non contentus autem patriae hostes consilio adjuvisse, Al- 
 cibiades cum quinque navibus in Asiam contendit, et tributa- 
 rias Atheniensium civitates auctoritate nominis sui ad defecti- 
 onem compellit. Sed apud Lacedaemonios Alcibiadis vir- 
 tus plus invidiae quam gratiae contraxit. Nam quum acerri- 
 mi viri praestantem prudentiam in omnibus rebus cognosce- 
 rent, pertimuerunt, ne quando patriae caritate ductus ab ipsis 
 descisceret, et cum suis in gratiam rediret. Itaque tempus 5 
 ejus interficiendi quaerere instituerunt. Qua re cognita Alci- 
 biades ad Tissaphernem praefectum regis Darii se contulit. 
 Cujus quum in intimam amicitiam pervenisset, ei persuadet, 
 ne nimis enixe Lacedaemonios juvaret. Nam dissidentibus 
 Graecis regem Persarum arbitrum pacis ac belli fore. 6 Do- 
 mesticis itaque bellis Graeciam atterendam esse, ne externis 
 vacet ; 7 exaequandasque vires partium et inferiores auxilio le- 
 vandos. Grata oratio Tissapherni fuit. Itaque Lacedaemo- 
 niis commeatus navesque maligne 8 praebere coepit. 
 
 24. Cum Atheniensibus in gratiam redit. (Just. V. 3.) 
 
 Per idem tempus Alcibiades cum duce exercitus Atheni- 
 ensium, qui apud Samum 9 morabatur, per internuntios collo- 
 
22 RES ATHENIENSIUM. 
 
 quitur, polliceturque his amicitiam regis, si respublica a po- 
 pulo ad senatum translata foret ; sperans fore, ut aut concor- 
 dante civitate dux belli ab omnibus legeretur, aut discordia 
 inter ordines facta, ab altera parte in auxilium vocaretur. 
 Itaque, permittente populo, imperium ad senatum transfer- 
 er. 1 Qui quum crudeliter in plebem consuleret, ab exer- 
 citu Alcibiades exsul revocatur, duxque classi constituitur. 
 Hac denuntiatione territi senatores, primo urbem prodere 
 Lacedaemoniis tentavere ; dein, quum id nequissent, in exsi- 
 lium profecti sunt. Itaque Alcibiades, patria ab intestino ma- 
 lo liberata, 2 summa cura classem instruit, atque, ita in bellum 
 adversus Lacedaemonios perrexit. 
 
 25. Lacedaemoniorum vires f ran git. (Corn. Nep, Vita 
 Alcib. c. 5.) 
 
 Hac expeditione tanta subito rerum commutatio facta est, 
 ut Lacedaemonii, qui paulo ante victores viguerant, 3 perter- 
 riti pacem peterent ; victi enim erant quinque terrestribus 
 proeliis, tribus navalibus, 4 in quibus trecentas triremes amise- 
 rant, quae captae in hostium venerant potestatem. Alcibiades 
 simul cum collegis receperat Ioniam, Hellespontum, multas 
 praeterea urbes Graecas, quae in ora sitae sunt Asiae : qua- 
 rum expugnaverant quam plurimas, in his Byzantium, neque 
 minus multas consilio 5 ad amicitiam adjunxerant, quod in 
 captos benevolentia fuerant usi. Inde praeda onusti, locuple- 
 tato exercitu, maximis rebus gestis, Athenas venerunt. 
 
 26. Athenas redit. (Corn. Nep. I. c. 6.) 
 
 Ad hunc redeuntis exercitus triumphum effusa omnis multi- 
 tudo obviam procedit, et universos quidem milites, praecipue 
 tamen Alcibiadem mirantur. Sic enim populo erat persua- 
 sum, omnes et adversas superiores 6 et praesentes secundas 
 res accidisse ejus opera. Itaque et cladem in Sicilia et La- 
 cedaemoniorum victorias suae culpae tribuebant, quod talem 
 virum e civitate expulissent. Hie ut navi egressus est, ilium 
 unum omnes prosequebantur, et id quod nunquam antea usu 
 venerat, nisi Olympiae victoribus, coronis aureis aeneisque 
 vulgo donabatur.? Postquam in Urbem venerat, concione 
 advocata, sic verba fecit, ut nemo tarn ferus esset, quin ejus 
 casum lacrymaret, inimicumque his se ostenderet, quorum 
 opera patria pulsus fuerat. Restituta igitur huic sunt publice 
 bona ; et iidem illi sacerdotes, qui eum devoverant, rursus re- 
 sacrare 8 sunt coacti. 
 
RES ATHENIENSIUM. 23 
 
 27. Lysandro duce res Lacedaemoniorum reparantur. 
 (Justin. V. 5.) 
 
 Dum haec Athenis geruntur, a Lacedaemoniis Lysander 
 classi belloque praeficitur ; et in locum Tissaphernis Darius 
 rex Persarum, filium suum, Cyrum, Ioniae Lydiaeque prae- 
 posuit, qui Lacedaemonios auxiliis opibusque ad spem fortunae 
 prioris erexit. Aueti igitur viribus Alcibiadem cum centum 
 navibus in Asiam profectum, dum agros populatur, 1 repenti- 
 no adventu oppressere. Magnae et inopinatae cladis nuntius 
 quum Athena s venisset, tanta Atheniensium desperatio fuit, 
 ut statim Cononem in Alcibiadis locum mitterent, ducis se 
 fraude magis quam belli fortuna victos arbitrantes. Alcibi- 
 ades autem impetum multitudinis veritus, denuo involuntarium 
 exsilium proficiscitur. 
 
 28. Athenienses magno proelio apud Aegospotamos super antv/r. 
 (Just. V. 6, 7. Corn. Nep. Vita Alcib. c. 8.) 
 
 Itaque Conon Alcibiadi suffectus classem maxima industria 
 adornat ; sed navibus exercitus deerat. Nam ut numerus 
 militum expleretur, senes et pueri arma capere coacti sunt. 
 Pluribus itaque proeliis adverso Marte pugnatis, tandem Ly- 
 sander, Spartanorum dux, Atheniensium exercitum, qui, navi- 
 bus relictis, in terram praedatum exierat, ad Aegos Humeri* 
 oppressit, eoque impetu totum bellum finivit. Haec enim cla- 
 de res Atheniensium penitus inclinata est. 3 Tributariae civi- 
 tates, quas metus in fide retinuerat, Lysandro se tradiderunt, 
 nee aliud ditionis Atheniensium 4 relictum est praeter urbem 
 ipsam. 
 
 29. Atheniensium constematio. (Just. V. 7.) 
 
 Quae quum Athenis nuntiata essent, ingens omnium con- 
 stematio fuit; viri mulieresque relictis domibus, per urbem 
 currere pavidi ; alius alium sciscitari ; auctorem nuntii require- 
 re. 5 In foro deinde coeunt, noctemque ibi inter timorem, ques- 
 tus, et lacrymas transigunt. Alii fratres, aut filios, aut paren- 
 tes deflent, et cum privatis casibus querelam publicanV mis- 
 cent: Jam se ipsos, jam ipsam patriam perituram, miserio- 
 remque superstitum, quam amissorum fortunam esse. Nullam 
 nunc classem superesse, in quam confugiant ; nullum exerci" 
 tu?n, cujus virtute servari possint. 
 
24 RES ATHENIENSIUM, 
 
 30. Athenae se Lysandro tradunt. (Justin. V. 8. Corn. 
 Nep. Vita Lys. c. 1.) 
 
 Dum haec Athenis fiunt, Lysander Graeciae civitates in 
 Lacedaemoniorum potestatem redigit, et undique iis, qui Athe- 
 niensium rebus studerent, ejectis, decern in unaquaque civi- 
 tate delegit viros, 1 quibus summum imperium potestatemque 
 omnium rerum commisit. His actis, Athenas navigavit, mi- 
 seramque civitatem, obsidione circumdatam, fame urget. Scie- 
 bat enim, neque ex advectis copiis multum superesse, et ne no- 
 vae advehi possent, providebat. Quibus malis Athenienses 
 fracti, multis fame et ferro amissis, pacem petivere : quae an 
 dari deberet, diu inter Spartanos sociosque deliberatum est. 
 Q,uum nonnulli nomen Atheniensium 2 delendum, urbemque 
 incendio consumendam censerent, Spartani negarunt, se pas- 
 suros, 3 ut ex duobus Graeciae oculis 4 alter erueretur ; pacem- 
 que Atheniensibus sunt polliciti, si longi muri brachia 5 dejice- 
 rent, navesque, quae reliquae forent, traderent; denique si 
 respublica triginta rectores, 6 ex civibus deligendos, acciperet. 
 
 31. Triginta viri tyrannidem Athenis ezercent. (Justin V. 
 
 8,9.) 
 
 His legibus acceptis, tota civitas subito mutari 7 coepit: 
 Triginta rectores reipublicae constituuntur, Lacedaemoniis et 
 Lysandro dediti, qui brevi tyrannidem in cives exercere coepe- 
 runt. Quippe a principio tria millia satellitum sibi statuunt ; 
 et quasi hie numerus ad continendam civitatem non sufficeret, 
 septingentos milites a victorious 8 accipiunt. His copiis instruc- 
 ti exhaustam urbem caedibus et rapinis fatigant : 9 quumque 
 hoc uni ex numero suo Therameni 10 displicere didicissent, ip- 
 sum quoque ad terrorem omnium interflciunt. Quo factum 
 est, ut multi, urbe relicta, exsilii miserias, quam domesticum 
 terrorem 11 pati mallent. 
 
 32. Alcibiades interficitur. (Corn. Nep. Vita Alcib. 9, 10.) 
 
 Horum tyrannorum consiliis etiam Alcibiades periit. Qui 
 quum castellum in Phrygia 12 habitaret, ubi liberandae patriae 
 agitabat consilia, Critias 13 caeterique tyranni Atheniensium 
 certos homines ad Lysandrum in Asiam miserunt, qui eum 
 certiorem facerent, nisi Alcibiadem sustulisset, nihil earum 
 rerum ratum 14 fore, quas ipse Athenis constituisset. Quare 
 si suas res gestas manere vellet, ilium persequeretur. Ly- 
 
RES ATHENIENSITJM. 25 
 
 sander, his verbis commotus, Pharnabazo, satrapae, persuasit, 
 ut homines mitteret, qui, vicinitati, 1 in qua Alcibiades erat, ne- 
 gotium darent, 2 ut eum interficerent. 3 Illi, quum eum ferro 
 aggredi non auderent, noctu ligna contulerunt circa casam 
 earn, in qua, quiescebat, eamque succenderunt. Ille autem 
 ut sonitu flammae est excitatus, quum ei gladius esset subduc- 
 tus, familiaris sui subalare telum 4 arripuit. Namque erat 
 cum eo quidam ex Arcadia hospes, qui nunquam discedere vo- 
 luerat. Hunc sequi se jubet, et id, quod in praesentia vesti- 
 mentorum 5 fuit, arripuit. His in ignem ejectis flammae vim 6 
 transiit. Quern ut barbari incendium effugisse viderunt, te- 
 lis eminus missis interfecerunt, caputque ejus ad Pharnaba- 
 zum reiulerunt. At mulier, quae cum eo vivere consuerat, 
 muliebri sua veste contectum cremavit. Sic Alcibiades an- 
 nos circiter quadraginta natus diem obiit supremum. 
 
 33. Thrasybulus exsul patriae liber andae capit consilium. 
 (Corn. Nep. Vita Thrasyb. c. 2.) 
 
 Inter cives, qui tyrannorum furorem effugerant, Thrasybu- 
 lus erat, qui, ad spem liberandae patriae erectus, 7 adunatis 8 
 triginta exsulibus, Phylen, quod est castellum in finibus At- 
 ticae, 9 occupavit. Hoc initium fuit salutis Atheniensium. 
 Hinc viribus paulatim auctis, in Piraeeum 10 transiit, Munychi- 
 amque' 1 munivit. Hanc bis tyranni oppugnare sunt adorti, 
 ab eaque turpiter repulsi protinus in urbem, armis impedi- 
 mentisque amissis, refugerunt. Usus est Thrasybulus non 
 minus prudentia quam fortitudine; nam cedentes violari 
 vetuit; cives enim civibus parcere aequum censebat; ne- 
 que quisquam est vulneratus, nisi qui prior impugnare voluit ; 
 neminem jacentem 12 veste spoliavit ; nihil attigit praeter arma, 
 quaeque ad victum pertinebant. In secundo proelio cecidit 
 Critias, triginta tyrannorum acerrimus. 
 
 34. Exsules in patriam redeunt. (Corn. Nep. I. c. 3.) 
 
 Dum haec geruntur, Pausanias, rex Lacedaemoniorum, 
 tyrannis auxilio missus est. Is Lysandro infensus, inter Thra- 
 sybulum et eos, qui urbem tenebant, 13 fecit pacem, his condi- 
 tionibus, ne qui praeter triginta tyrannos, et decern, qui postea 
 praetor es creati, eadem crudelitate in cives grassati erant, ajft- 
 cerentur ezsilio, neve bona publicarentur ; reipublicae procu- 
 ratio populo redderetur. u Praeclarum hoc quoque Thrasy- 
 buli, quod reconciliata pace, quum plurimum in civitate pos- 
 
26 RES ATHENIENSIUM. 
 
 set, legem tulit : ne quis anteactarum rerum accusaretur, ne- 
 ve multaretur ; earn que illi legem Oblivionis vocant. 
 
 35. Athenienses se desidiae tradunt. (Just. VI. 9.) 
 
 Non ita multo post per victoriam, 1 a Conone de Lacedae- 
 moniorum classe reportatam, fractae res Atheniensium non- 
 nihil reparatae sunt ; nee tarn en pristinam inter Graecos auc- 
 toritatem potuerunt recipere. Magis magisque in torporem 
 et segnitiem resoluti, non ut olim in classem et exercitum, 
 sed in dies festos apparatusque ludorum reditus publicos ef- 
 fundebant, frequentiusque in theatris quam in castris versa- 
 bantur. Turn vectigal publicum quo milites et remiges ale- 
 bantur, inter urbanum populum dividi coeptum. Quibus re- 
 bus effectum est, ut, Graecis otio torpescentibus, obscurum 
 antea Macedonum nomen emergeret ; et Philippus, obses tri- 
 ennio Thebis habitus in Epaminondae domo, hujus praestan- 
 tissimi viri et Pelopidae virtutibus eruditus Graeciae servitu- 
 tis jugum imponeret. 
 
 D. DE REBUS LACEDAEMONIORUM. 
 
 I. Lycurgus Spartanorum legislator. (Just. III. 2.) 
 
 Lacedaemoniorum respublica auctoritatem, qua inter Grae- 
 cos pollebat, et incrementa debebat legibus et disciplinae Ly- 
 curgi. Qui vir quum fratri suo, Polydectae, regi Spartano- 
 rum, 2 successisset, regnumque sibi vindicare potuisset, Cha- 
 rilao, filio ejus, qui natus posthumus fuerat, quum ad aetatem 
 adultam pervenisset, regnum, summa fide restituit; ut intelli- 
 gerent omnes, quanto plus apud bonos pietatis3 jura, quam 
 omnes opes valerent. Jam probitate ejus perspecta, populus 
 et principes, diuturnis inter se dissidiis agitati, conjunctis pre- 
 cibus eum permoverunt, ut civitati leges senberet. Quo dif- 
 ficillimo negotio suscepto, rem ita perfecit, ut, dum Lycurgi 
 leges florebant, Spartanorum civitas principem locum inter 
 Graecos obtineret. 
 
 2. Quaedam Lycurgi leges. (Just. III. 2, 3.) 
 
 Ac primum quidem populum in obsequia principum, prin- 
 cipes ad justitiam imperiorum forma vit. 4 Parsimoniam om- 
 
RES LACEDAEMONIORUM. 27 
 
 nibus suasit. Emi singula non pecunia, sed compensatione 
 mercium 1 jussit. Auri argentique usum, velut omnium scc- 
 lerum materiam, sustulit. Fundos omnium aequaliter inter 
 omnes divisit. Convivari omnes publice jussit, ne cujus di- 
 vitiae vel luxuria in occulto essent. Pueros puberes in agrum 
 deduci praecepit, ut primos annos non in luxuria, 2 sed in 
 opere et laboribus agerent. Virgines sine dote nubere jussit, 
 ut uxores eligerentur, non pecuniae. Maximum honorem 
 senum esse voluit. Haec quoniam primo, solutis antea mori- 
 bus, dura videbat esse, auctorem eorum Apollinem Delphi- 
 cum fingit. 3 Dein, ut aeternitatem legibus suis daret, jure- 
 jurando obligat civitatem, nihil eos de ejus legibus mutaturos, 
 priusquam reverteretur, et simulat, se ad oraculum Delphi- 
 cum proflcisci, consulturum, quid addendum mutandumque, 
 legibus videretur Deo. Proficiscitur autem Cretam, 4 ibique 
 perpetuum exsilium egit, abjicique in mare ossa sua moriens 
 jussit, ne, reliquiis suis Lacedaemonem relatis, Spartani se re- 
 ligione jurisjurandi solutos arbitrarentur. 
 
 3. Bella Messenica. (Just. III. 4. 5.) 
 
 His igitur moribus ita brevi civitas convaluit, ut quum Mes- 
 seniis bellum intulissent, gravissima se exsecratione obstrin- 
 gerent, non, priusquam Messeniam 5 expugnassent, reversu- 
 ros. Sed decern annis in obsidione urbis frustra consumtis, 
 Messenii tandem per insidias expugnantur. Deinde, quum 
 per octoginta annos omnia servitutis mala perpessi essent, 
 post Ion gam poenarum 6 patientiam bellum restaurant. La- 
 cedaemonii autem tanto majore confidentia ad arma concur- 
 runt, quod adversus servos dimicaturi videbantur. Res tamen 
 aliter cecidit, atque ipsi speraverant. Nam tribus proeliis 
 fusi, eo usque desperationis adducti sunt Spartani, ut ad sup- 
 plementum exercitus servos suos manumitterent. Turn de 
 belli eventu oraculo Delphis consulto, jubentur ducem belli 
 ab Atheniensibus petere. Athenienses autem, quum hoc re- 
 sponsum cognovissent, in contemtum Spartanorum Tyrtaeum 
 poetam claudum pede miserunt. Qui quum venisset, carmi- 
 na exercitui recitavit, in quibus virtutis hortamenta, damnorum 
 solatia, belli consilia, conscripserat. 7 Itaque tantum ardorem 
 militibus injecit, ut omnes alacri animo mortem oppeterent. 
 Raro unquam cruentius proelium fuit Ad postremum tamen 
 victoria Lacedaemoniorum fuit 
 
 PART II.« 
 
28 RES LACEDAEMONIORUM 
 
 4. Lacedaemonii principatum in Graecia ezercent. 
 
 Insequenti aevo factum est, ut Lacedaemonii, ob insitam 
 quandam populo nobilitatem et eximiam virtutis famam, prin- 
 cipatum in Graecia obtinerent. Quare in Persicis bellis om- 
 nes Graeciae civitates, quae se ad versus barbaros conjunxe- 
 rant, eorum imperio parebant. Sed post ilia tempora quum 
 Athenienses maris sibi imperium vindicassent, ingens Lace- 
 daemoniorum contra eos exarsit invidia. Hinc inimicitiae, 
 mox bella exorta ; un unique 1 gravissimum, quod, per viginti 
 septem annos extractum, universae Graeciae vires vehemen- 
 ter afflixit. Victoria penes Spartanos fuit ; qui post pugnam 
 apud Aegos flumen, ubi Atheniensium robur fractum est, ter- 
 ra marique dominari coeperunt. 
 
 5. Lacedaemonii cum Persis in Asia helium gerunt. (Just. 
 VI. 1. Corn. Vit. Con. c. 2.) 
 
 Jam auctis viribus, Lacedaemonii totius Asiae imperium 
 affectare coeperunt. Circa illud tempus, Conon, Athenien- 
 sis, qui, amissa bello patria, in exsilio vivebat, contulit se ad 
 Pharnabazum, Satrapen Ioniae et Lydiae, eundemque gene- 
 rum regis et propinquum, apud quern ut gratia valeret, multo 
 labore perfecit. Nam quum Lacedaemonii in societate non 
 manerent, quam cum Artaxerxe fecerant, Agesilaumque bel- 
 latum miaissent in Asiam, maxime impulsi a Tissapherne, 
 qui a regis amicitia defecerat, et cum Lacedaemoniis co'ierat 
 societatem, hunc adversus 2 Pharnabazus habitus est impera- 
 tor ; re vera autem exercitui praefuit Conon, ejusque arbitrio 
 omnia gesta sunt. Hie summum diicem Agesilaum multum 
 impedivit, saepeque ejus consiliis obstitit, neque non fuit aper- 
 tum, si ille non fuisset, Agesilaum Asiam Tauro tenus 2 regi 
 fuisse erepturum. 
 
 6. Agesilai res gestae. (Corn. Nep. Vit. Ages. c. 4.) 
 
 Hie quum jam animo meditaretur proficisci in Persas et 
 ipsum regem adoriri, nuntius ei domo venit Ephorum iussu, 
 bellum Athenienses et Boeotios 3 indixisse Lacedaemoniis ; 
 quare venire ne dubitaret. Qui quum victori praeesset exer- 
 citui, maximamque haberet fiduciam regni Persarum potiun- 
 di, gloriosius tamen duxit, si institutis patriae 4 paruisset, quam 
 si bello superasset Asiam. Quum jam haud ita longe abes- 
 set Peloponneso, obsistere ei conati sunt Athenienses et Boeo- 
 
RES LACEDAEMONIORUM. 29 
 
 tn caeterique eorum socii -apud Coroneam ; quos omnes gravi 
 proelio vicit. Huic victoriae vel maxima fuit laus, quod, 
 quum plerique se ex fuga in templum Miner vae conjecissent, 
 quaerereturque ex eo, 1 quid his fieri vellet, etsi aliquot vulnera 
 acceperat eo proelio, et iratus videbatur omnibus, qui adversus 
 eum arma tulerant, tamen antetulit irae religionem, et eos 
 vetiut violari. Neque vero hoc solum in Graecia fecit, ut 
 templa Deorum sancta haberet, sed etiam apud barbaros 
 summa religione omnia simulacra arasque conservavit. 
 
 7. Graeciae civitates sese i/wicem debilitant. (Corn. Vita 
 Agesil. c. 5. Vit. Conon. c. 4. Just. VI. 4.) 
 
 Post hoc proeiium collatum est omne bellum circa Co- 
 rinthum, ideoque Corinthium est appellatum. Hie quum una 
 pugna decern millia hostium Agesilao duce cecidissent, eoque 
 facto opes adversariorum debilitatae viderentur, 2 tantum abfuit 
 ab insolentia gloriae, 3 ut commiseraretur fortunam Graeciae, 
 quod tarn multi vitio adversariorum cecidissent ; namque ilia 
 multitudine, si sana mens esset, Graeciam a Persis supplicium 
 sumere potuisse, — Sed per idem tempus. Conon, Persarum 
 classi praefectus, Spartanorum vires in pugna navali apud 
 Cnidum fregit. Victi Lacedaemonii fugam capessunt, multis 
 navibus amissis, quas Conon partim ceperat, partimdepresserat. 
 Hoc initium Atheniensibus resumendae potentiae fuit. Conon 
 cum parte navium in patriam venit ; muros a Lysandro dirutos 
 reficiendos curat; pecuniaeque quinquaginta talenta, quae a 
 Pharnabazo acceperat, civibus suis donat. 
 
 Bellum exoritur inter Thebanos et Lacedaemonios. (Jus- 
 tin. VI. 6.) 
 
 Dum haec geruntur, Artaxerxes, rex Persarum, legatos in 
 Graeciam mittit, per quos jubet omnes ab armis diseedere ; 
 qui aliter fecisset, eum se pro hoste habiturum : civitatibus 
 libertatem suaque omnia restituit. Fessi tot bellis Graeci 
 cupide paruerunt. Sed Lacedaemonii securis 4 insidiantes, 
 castellum Arcadum expugnant, occupatoque praesidium 
 imponunt. Itaque armato instructoque exercitu Arcades, 
 adhibitis in auxilium Thebanis, qui jam, Epaminondae vir- 
 tute excitati, ad Graeciae imperium adspir^bant, bellum re- 
 petunt. In eo proelio Archidamus, 5 dux Lacedaemoniorum, 
 ^Tilneratur ; qui quum caedi suos videret, per praeconem 
 corpora interfectorum ad sepulturam poscit. Hoc est enim 
 
30 RES LACEDAKMONIORUM. 
 
 signum apud Graecos victoriae traditae. Qua confessione 
 contend Thebani signum parcendi dederunt. 
 
 9. Spartanorum virtus. Epaminondas in pugna ad Manti- 
 
 neam interficitur. (Just. VI. 7. Corn. Nep. 
 
 Vita Epam. c. 9.) 
 
 Paulo post Thebani, Epaminonda duce, occupandae urbis 
 hostium spem ceperunt. Igitur principio noctis 1 taciti Lacedae- 
 mona proficiscuntur, non tamen aggredi incautos potuerunt. 
 Q,uippe senes, et caetera imbellis aetas, quum adventum hos- 
 tium sensissent, in ipsis portarum angustiis armati occurrunt. 
 Pauci igitur senes sustinuerunt aciem, 2 cui paulo ante universa 
 juventus par esse non potuit. Agesilai autem adventu nun- 
 tiato, Thebani recessere. Nee bellum diu dilatum ; siquidem 
 Spartanorum juventus, senum virtute et gloria incensa, teneri 
 non potuit, quin ex continent! 3 acie decerneret. Quum victo- 
 ria 4 Thebanorum esset, Epaminondas, dum non ducis tantum, 
 verum etiam fortissimi militis officio fungitur, graviter vulnera- 
 tur. Hujus casu aliquantum retardati sunt Boeotii : neque 
 tamen prius pugna excesserunt, quam repugnantes profliga- 
 runt. At Epaminondas quum animadverteret, mortiferum se 
 vulnus accepisse, simulque, si ferrum, quod ex hastili in corpore 
 remanserat, extraxisset, an imam statim emissurum, usque eo 
 retinuit, quoad renuntiatum est, vicisse Boeotios. Id post- 
 quam audivit, satis, inquit, vixi ; invictus enim morior. Turn, 
 ierro extracto, confestim exanimatus est. 
 
 10. Epaminondae laus. Just. VI. 8. Corn. Nep. Vita 
 Epam. c. 3.) 
 
 Una cum Epaminonda Thebanorum quoque vires cecide- 
 runt ; ut non tarn ilium amisisse, quam cum illo interiisse 
 omnes viderentur. Nam neque hunc ante 5 ducem ullum 
 memorabile bellum gessere; nee postea virtutibus, sed cla- 
 dibus insignes fuere ; ut manifestum sit, patriae gloriam et 
 natam et exstinctam cum eo fuisse. Fuit autem incertum 
 vir melior, 6 an dux esset. Erat enim modestus, prudens, 
 gravis, temporibus sapienter utens, peritus belli, fortis ma- 
 nu, animo maximo, adeo veritatis diligens, ut ne joco qui- 
 dem mentiretur. Paupertatem adeo facile perpessus est, ut 
 de republica nihil nisi gloriam caperet ; honores autem ita 
 gessit, ut ornamentum non accipere, 7 sed dare ipse honori- 
 
MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 31 
 
 bus videretur. Jam litterarum studium et philosophiae doc- 
 trina tanta fuit, ut mirabile videretur, unde tam insignis mili- 
 tiae scientia homini inter litteras nato contigisset 
 
 E. MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 
 
 1. Macedoniae origines. (Justin. VII. 1.) 
 
 Macedonia ante, a nomine Emathionis regis, Emathia 
 cognominata est. Hujus, sicut incrementa modica, ita ter- 
 mini perangusti fuere. Antiquissimis temporibus Caranus, ex 
 Herculis progenie, responso oraculi sedes quaerere jussus, 
 cum magna multitudine Graecorum in Emathiam venit, ibique 
 urbem Edessam, oppidanis propter imbrium et nebulae mag- 
 nitudinem non sentientibus, gregem caprarum, imbrem fugien- 
 tium secutus, occupavit. Oraculum autem jusserat eum duci- 
 bus capris imperium quaerere. Hinc etiam postea in bellis, 
 quae cum finitimis gerebat, capras ante signa habere sole- 
 bat. Urbem quoque Edessam, ob memoriam muneris 1 Ae- 
 gas, 2 populum Aegeadas vocavit. Pulso deinde Mida, qui 
 partem Macedoniae tenebat, aliisque regibus, in locum omnium 
 solus successit, primusque adunatis gentibus variorum popu- 
 1 or urn, veluti unum corpus Macedoniae fecit. 
 
 2. Primi Macedoniae reges. (Just. VII. 2.) 
 
 Post hunc Perdicca regnavit, cujus et vita illustris et mor- 
 tis postrema 3 memorabilia fuere; siquidem senex moriens 
 Argaeo fllio monstravit locum, quo condi vellet, ibique non 
 sua tantum, sed et succedentium sibi regum ossa poni jus- 
 sit; praefatus, 4 quoad ibi conditae posterorum reliquiae fo- 
 rent, regnum in familia mansurum ; creduntque exstinctam 
 in Alexandre stirpem, 5 quod locum sepulturae mutaverit. 
 Argaeus, moderate et cum amore popularium administrato 
 regno, successorem filium Philippum reliquit : qui immatu- 
 ra morte raptus AeTopum, parvulum admodum, instituit he- 
 redem. Illis temporibus Macedonibus assidua certamina 
 cum Thracibus et Iilyriis 6 fuere. Turn quoque Illyrii, in- 
 fantiam regis pupilli contemnentes, belio Macedonas aggre- 
 diuntur. Q,ui quum primo proelio pulsi essent, rege suo in 
 4* 
 
32 MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 
 
 cunis prolato et pone aciem posito, acrius certamen repetivere 
 Conserto itaque proelio magna caede Illyrios fudere, osten- 
 deruntque hostibus suis, priore bello regem l Macedonibus, 
 non virtutem defuisse. 
 
 3. Amynta rex. (Just. VII. 4.) 
 
 Multis annis interjectis, per ordinem successionis regnum ad 
 Amyntam pervenit. Hie quoque rex insigni industria et omni- 
 bus imperatoriis virtutibus instructus fuit. Ex Eurydice tres 
 filios sustulit, 2 Alexandrum, Perdiccam et Philippum, Alexan- 
 dri Magni patrem, et filiam Euryonen. Cum Illyriis et 
 Olynthiis 3 gravia bella gessit. Insidiis autem Eurydices ux- 
 oris, quae regnum adultero tradendum susceperat, occupatus 
 fuisset, 4 nisi fllia matris consilia et scelus prodidisset. Func- 
 tus itaque multis periculis senex decessit, regno maximo ex 
 filiis Alexandro tradito. 
 
 4. Philippus, Thebis eruditus, fratri Perdiccae succedit. 
 (Just. VII. 5.) 
 
 Alexander inter prima initia regni bellum ab Illyriis pac- 
 ta mercede redemit; et interjecto tempore, Philippo fratre 
 obside dato, cum Thebanis pacem conciliat ; quae res ad 
 egregiam Philippi indolem formandam plurimum valuit. Si- 
 quidem per triennium Thebis obses habitus in domo Epa- 
 minondae, summi et philosophi et imperatoris, ad hujus viri 
 exemplum se composuit. Nee multo post Alexander, insi- 
 diis Eurydices matris petitus, occubuit : 5 cui Amyntas, quum 
 in scelere esset deprehensa, propter communes liberos pe- 
 percerat, ignarus, earn his ipsis aliquando exitiosam fore. 
 Frater quoque ejus Perdicca pari insidiarum fraude decipitur, 6 
 parvo filio relicto. Nuntio de fratris morte accepto, Philippus 
 clam Thebis aufugit, domumque rediit, ubi diu pupilli regis 
 tutorem egit. At ubi graviora bella imminebant, serumque 
 auxilium in exspectatione infantis 7 erat, compulsus a populo 
 regnum suseepit. 
 
 5. Initia regni. (Justin. VII. 6.) 
 
 Principium imperii non satis prosperum videbatur, quum 
 hinc 8 insidiarum metus, inde inopia regni, continuis bellis 
 exhausti, immaturam adolescentis aetatem urgeret 9 Simul 
 finitimae gentes, velut conspiratione facta ad opprimendam 
 Macedonian!, ex diversis locis uno tempore regnum bello 
 
MACEDONUM IMPEIUUM. 33 
 
 petebant. Quibus bellis omnibus quum par esse non posset, 
 alia interpositapactionecomposuit, alia redemit/invalidissimos 
 quosque aggressus vicit : quo factum est, ut et militum trepi- 
 dos animos iirmaret, et se a contemtu hostium vindicaret 
 Primum illi cum Atheniensibus certamen ad Amphipolm 2 fuit ; 
 quibus per insidias victis, quum interficere omnes posset, in- 
 columes sine pretio dimisit. Post haec, bello in Illyrios trans- 
 lato, multa millia hostium caedit. 3 Urbem nobilissimam Laris- 
 sam capit in Thessalia, non praedae cupiditate, sed quod exer- 
 citui suo robur Thessalorum equitum 4 adjungere gestiebat. 
 His ita gestis, jam non contentus submovere bella, ultro etiam 
 quietos lacessit. Quum Methonam 5 urbem oppugnaret, jacta 
 de muris sagitta 6 dextrum oculum regis efTodit. Quo vulnere 
 nee segnior in bellum, nee iracundior adversus bostes factus 
 est; adeo ut, interjectis diebus, 7 pacem deprecantibus daret, 
 nee moderatus tantum, verum etiam rnitis adversus victos 
 esset. 
 
 6. Philippics se Graecorum rebus immiscet. 
 (Justin. VIII. I.) 
 
 Rebus Macedoniae compositis, finitimisque hostibus aut 
 devictis aut territis, Philippus Graecorum libertati coepit insi- 
 diari. Quare civitatum contentiones alit, et auxilium inferiori- 
 bus 8 ferendo victos pariter victoresque subire regiam servitutem 
 coegit. Causa et origo hujus mali Thebani fuere ; qui quum 
 rerum potirentur, incredibili odio adversus Phocenses inflam- 
 mati, bellum sacrum excitavere. Quod quum soli profligare 
 non possent, Philippum ducem eligunt, qui sacrilegos puniret. 
 Phocenses enim, templo Apollinis occupato, magnam inde vim 
 auri in belli usum converterant. Igitur Philippus, quasi sacri- 
 legii ultor esset, omnes milites coronas laureas 9 sumere jubet, 
 atque ita, veluti deo duce, in proelium pergit. Phocenses, in- 
 signibus dei conspectis, conscientia delictorum territi, abjectis 
 armis fugam capessunt, poenasque violatae religionis sanguine 
 pendunt. 
 
 7. Fines imperii promovet. (Just. VIII. 1.) 
 
 Philippus, quum magnam inde gloriam apud omnes natio- 
 nes adeptus esset, Olynthios aggreditur. Receperant enim 
 per misericordiam, post caedem unius, duos fratres ejus, 10 quos 
 Philippus ex noverca genitos, velut aemulos regni, interficere 
 gestiebat. Ob hanc igitur causam urbem antiquam et nobi- 
 
34 MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 
 
 lem exscindit, et fratres olim destinatosupplicio tradit, simulque 
 praeda ingenti fruitur. Inde auraria in Thessalia, argenti me- 
 talla in Thracia 1 occupat. His ita gestis, forte evenit, ut eum 
 fratres duo, 2 reges Thraciae, disceptationum suarum judicem 
 eligerent. Sed Philippus ad judicium, velut ad bellum, in- 
 structo exercitu supervenit, et regno utrumque spoliavit. 
 
 8. In Graeciam penetrat. (Just. VIII. 4.) 
 
 Paulo post Thebani iterum legatos ad eum miserunt, qui 
 rogarent, ut bellum contra Phocenses susceptum renovaret. 
 Contra Phocensium legati, adhibitis 3 Lacedaemoniis et Athe- 
 niensibus, bellum deprecabantur, 4 cujus ab eo dilationem ter 
 jam emerant. Secreto igitur auditis utriusque populi legationi- 
 bus, his 5 veniam belli pollicetur ; 6 illis contra, venturum se 
 auxiliumque laturum. Utrosque vetat parare bellum aut nie- 
 tuere. " Sic factum est, ut, securis omnibus, Thermopylarum 
 angustias occuparet. Tunc primum Phocenses captos 7 se 
 fraude Philippi animadvertentes, trepidi ad arma confugiunt. 
 Sed neque spatium erat instruendi belli, nee tempus ad con- 
 trahenda auxilia ; et Philippus excidium minabatur, ni deditio 
 fleret. Victi igitur necessitate, pacta salute, 8 se dediderunt. 
 At, deditione facta, caeduntur passim rapiunturque, haud secus 
 ac si proelio superati essent. 
 
 9. Bella secunda gerit in Chersoneso et in Scythia, 
 (Justin. VIII. 6. IX. 1.) 
 
 His peractis, rebusque Macedoniae compositis, Dardanos 9 
 caeterosque finitimos expugnat, et Byzantium, nobilem urbem 
 et maritimam, obsidione cingit. Quam quum expugnare non 
 posset, profectus cum fortissimis, se ad Chersonensium urbes lc 
 convertit, plurimasque earum sibi subjicit, filiumque Alexan- 
 drum, decern et octo annos natum, ad se arcessit, ut prima 
 stipendia sub patris militia faceret. In Scythiam quoque 
 praedandi causa profectus est ; Scythasque, et virtute et nu- 
 mero praestantes, dolo vicit. Viginti millia puerorum ac 
 feminarum capta, pecoris magna vis, auri argentique nihil. 11 
 Aliquot millia nobilium equarum ad genus faciendum in Mace- 
 donian! missa. 
 
MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 35 
 
 10. Graecos ad Chaeroneam vincit. (Just. IX. 3.) 
 
 Ab hac expeditione reversus, diu dissimulatum 1 bellum Athe- 
 niensibus 2 infert, quorum causae Thebani se junxerunt. Fac- 
 ta igitur inter duas antea infestissimas civitates societate, ]e- 
 gationibus Graeciam fatigant. 3 Communem hostem putant 
 communibus viribus summovendum ; neque enim cessatu- 
 rum Philippum, nisi omnem Graeciam domuerit. Motae 
 quaedam civitates Atheniensibus se jungunt, quasdam autem 
 ad Philippum belli metus traxit. Proelio ad Chaeroneam 4 
 commisso, quum Athenienses longe majore militum nurae- 
 ro pra^starent, tamen assiduis bellis indurata Macedonum 
 virtute vincuntur. Non tamen immemores pristinae virtu- 
 tis ceciderunt ; quippe adversis vulneribus 5 omnes loca, quae 
 tuenda a ducibus acceperant, morientes corporibus texerunt. 
 Hk dies universae Graeciae et gloriam dominationis et vetus- 
 tissimam libertatem finivit. 
 
 11. Bellum contra Persas par at. (Just. IX 4, 5.) 
 
 Hujus victoriae callide dissimulata laetitia est. Non so- 
 lita sacra Philippus ilia die fecit ; non in convivio risit ; non 
 coronas aut unguenta sumsit ; et, quantum in illo fuit, ita 
 vicit, 6 ut victorem nemo sentiret. Atheniensibus, quos passus 7 
 infestissimos fuerat, et captivos gratis remisit, et bello con- 
 sumtorum corpora sepulturae reddidit. Compositis in Graecia 
 rebus, omnium civitatum legatos ad formandum reium prae- 
 sentium statum evocari Corinthum 8 jubet. Ibi pacis leges 
 universae Graeciae pro meritis singularum civitatum statuit, 
 conciliumque omnium, veluti unum senatum, ex omnibus le- 
 git. Auxilia deinde singularum civitatum describuntur ; nee 
 dubium erat, eum Persarum imperium et suis et Graeciae viri- 
 bus impugnaturum esse. 
 
 12. Philippus inierficitur. (Just. IX. 6,) 
 
 Interea dum auxilia a Graecia coeunt, nuptias Cleopa- 
 trae filiae, et Alexandri, 9 quern regem Epiri fecerat, magno 
 apparatu celebrat. Ubi quum Philippus ad ludos spectan- 
 dos, medius inter duos Alexandros, et filium et generum, 
 contenderet, 10 Pausanias, nobilis ex Macedonibus adoles- 
 cens, occupatis augustiis, Philippum in transitu obtruncat. 
 Hie ab Attalo 11 indigno modo tractatus, quum saepe quere- 
 lam ad Philippum frustra detulisset, et honoratum insuper ad- 
 
36 MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 
 
 versarium videret, iram in ipsum Philippum vertit, ultio- 
 nemque quam ab adversario non poterat, 1 ab iniquo judice 
 exegit. 
 
 13. Olympias mariti percussorem muneribus condecorat. 
 (Justin. IX. 7, 8.) 
 
 Creditum est etiam, percussorem immissum ab Olympi- 
 ade, matre Alexandri, fuisse ; nee ipsum Alexandrum igna- 
 rum paternae caedis exstitisse, quod Philippus, Olympiade 
 repudiata, Cleopatram, Parmenionis sororem, in matrimo- 
 nium duxisset. Olympias certe fugienti percussori equos 
 praeparatos habuit. Ipsa deinde, quum regis nece^ audita 
 accurrisset, eadem nocte, qua venit, Pausaniae in cruce 
 pendentis capiti coronam auream imposuit. Paucos deinde 
 post dies reftxum corpus interfectoris super reliquias mariti 
 crcmavit, et tumulum ei fecit eodem in loco, parentarique 
 eidem quotannis curavit. Post haec Cleopatram, a qua pulsa 
 Philippi matrimonio fuerat, filia ejus in matris gremio in- 
 terfecta, finire vitam suspendio coegit. Novissime gladium 
 quo rex percussus est, Apollini consecravit. Caeterum deces- 
 sit Philippus anno aetatis quadragesimo septimo, quum annis 
 viginti quinque regnasset. 
 
 14. Philippus cum Alexandro filio comparatus. 
 (Justin. IX. 8.) 
 
 Philippo Alexander filius successit, et vir'.ute et vitiis patre 
 major. Vincendi ratio utrique diversa. Hie aperte, ille arti- 
 bus bella tractabat. Deceptis ille gaudere 2 hostibus, hie pa- 
 lam fusis. Prudentior ille consilio, hie animo magnificentior. 
 Iram pater cfissimulare, plerumque etiam vincere ; hie ubi 
 exarsisset, nee difatio ultionis, nee modus erat. Vini uterque 
 nimis avidus ; sed ebrietatis diversa ratio. Pater de convivio 
 in hostem procurrere, manum conserere, periculis se temere 
 offerre ; Alexander non in hostem, sed in suos saevire. Reg- 
 nare ille cum amicis volebat ; hie in amicos regna exercebat. 
 Amari pater malle, hie metui. Litterarum cultus utrique 
 similis. Solertiae pater majoris, hie fidei. Verbis atque 
 oratione Philippus, hie rebus moderatior. Parcendi victis 
 filio animus promtior ; ille nee sociis abstinebat. Frugalitati 
 pater, luxuriae filius magis deditus erat. Quibus artibus orbis 
 imperii fundamenta pater jecit, operis totius gloriam filius con- 
 summavit. 
 
MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 37 
 
 15. Initio, regni Alexandri. (Justin XL 2.) 
 
 Imperio suscepto, prima Alexandro cura paternarum exse- 
 quiarum fuit ; in quibus ante omnia caedis conscios ad tumu- 
 lum patris occidi jussit. Inter initia regni multas gentes re- 
 bellantes compescuit ; orientes nonnullas seditiones exstinxit. 
 Inchoatum deinde a patre Persic urn bell urn aggreditur. In 
 cujus apparatu nuntiatur, Athenienses et Thebanos ab eo ad 
 Persas defecisse, auctoremque ejus defectionis Demosthe- 
 nem oratorem exstitisse ; qui omnes Macedonum copias una 
 cum rege a Triballis deletas esse afrlrmaverit. Qua opinio- 
 ne 2 mutatos omnium ferme civitatum animos esse ; praesidia 
 Macedonum obsideri. 
 
 16. Alexander Graecos defectionem meditantes coercet. 
 (Justin. XL 3.) 
 
 His motibus occursurus summa celeritate in Graeciam pe- 
 netravit. Athenienses, sicuti primi defecerant, ita primos 
 consilii poenitere coepit, missisque legatis bellum deprecan- 
 tur. Quibus auditis et graviter increpatis Alexander bellum 
 remisit. 3 Inde Thebas exercitum convertit, eadem indul- 
 gentia usurus, si parem poenitentiam invenisset. Sed Theba- 
 ni armis, non precibus, usi sunt. Itaque victi gravissima 
 quaeque supplicia miserrimae captivitatis experti sunt. Urbs 
 diruitur, agri inter victores dividuntur ; captivi sub corona 
 venduntur. Miseranda res Atheniensibus visa. Itaque pro- 
 fugos contra inter dictum regis apud se receperunt. Q.uam 
 rem ita graviter tulit Alexander, ut secunda legatione denuo 
 bellum deprecantibus ita demum remitteret, ut oratores et 
 duces, quorum fiducia toties rebellarent, sibi dederentur. Res 
 eo deducta est, ut, retentis oratoribus, duces in exsilium age- 
 rentur ; qui ex continents ad Darium profecti, non mediocre 
 momentum Persarum viribus accessere. 
 
 17. Persicum bellum aggreditur. (Just. XL 5.) 
 
 Jam ad Persicum bellum proflciscens, patrimonium omne 
 suum, quod in Macedonia et Europa habebat, amicis divisit : 
 sibi Asiam sufficere praefatus. 6 Nee exercitui alius quam regi 
 animus fuit. Quippe omnes obliti conjugum liberorumque, et 
 longinquae a domo militiae, nihil nisi Orientis opes cogitabant. 
 Q,uum delati in Asiam essent, primus Alexander jaculum ve- 
 lut in hostilem terram jecit; armatusque de navi tripudianti si- 
 
38 MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 
 
 milis prosiluit, atqua ita hostias caedit, precatus, ne se regem 
 illae terrae invitae accipiant. In II io quoque ad tumulos he- 
 roum, qui Trojano bello ceciderant, parentavit. 
 
 18. Prima congressione Persas vincit. (Just. XL 6.) 
 
 Inde hostem petens milites a populatione Asiae prohibuit, 
 parcendum suis rebus 1 praefatus, nee perdenda ea, quae posses- 
 suri venerint. In exercitu ejus fuere peditum triginta duo mil- 
 lia, equitum quatuor millia quingenti, naves centum octoginta 
 duae. Hac tarn parva manu universum terrarum orbem vin- 
 cere est aggressus. Quum ad tarn periculosum bellum exer- 
 citum legeret, non juvenes robustos, sed veteranos, qui cum 
 patre patruisque militaverant, elegit : ut non tarn milites, 
 quam magistros militiae electos putares. Prima cum hoste 
 congressio in campis Adrastiae 2 fuit. In acie Persarum sex- 
 centa millia militum fuerunt, quae non minus arte quam vir- 
 tute Macedonum superata, terga verterunt. Magna itaque 
 caedes Persarum fuit. De exercitu Alexandri novem pedi- 
 tes, centum viginti equites cecidere ; quos rex magnifice hu- 
 matos statuis equestribus donavit ; cognatis eorum autem im- 
 munitates a publicis muneribus dedit. Post victoriam major 
 pars Asiae 3 ad eum defecit. Habuit et plura proelia cum 
 praefectis Darii, quos jam non tarn armis, quam terrore nomi- 
 nis sui vicit. 
 
 19. Gordii nodum fatalem solvit. (Just. XL 7.) 
 
 Post haec Gordium urbem petit, quae posita est inter Phry- 
 gian! majorem et minorem, quod audierat, in ea urbe, in tem- 
 plo Jovis, jugum plaustri Gordii 4 esse positum ; cujus nexum 
 si quis solvisset, eum tota Asia regnaturum, antiqua oracula 
 cecinisse. Capta igitur urbe quum in templum venisset, illud 
 jugum requisivit ; quo monstrato, quum capita loramentorum 
 intra nodos abscondita reperire non posset, gladio loramenta 
 caedit, dicens nihil interest, quo modo nodus solvatur ; atque 
 ita resolutis nexibus, latentia in nodis capita invenit. 
 
 20. In gravem morbum incidit (Just. XL 8.) 
 
 Haec illi agenti nuntiatur, Darium cum ingenti exercitu 
 adventare, Itaque timens angustias, magna celeritate Tau- 
 rum transcendit. Quum Tarsum 5 venisset, captus amoeni- 
 tate Cydni fluminis, per mediam urbem influentis, projectis 
 
MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 39 
 
 armis, plenus pulveris ac sudoris, in praefrigidam undam se 
 projecit. Tum repente tantus nervos ejus occupat rigor, ut 
 jam de eo actum esse videretur. Unus erat ex medicis, no- 
 mine Philippus, qui remedium polliceretur ; sed hunc Par- 
 menionis epistolae pridie e Cappadocia missae suspectum fa- 
 ciebant. Hie enim, ignarus infirmitatis Alexandri, scripserat, 
 a Philippo medico caveret ; nam corruptum ilium a Dario 
 ingenti pecunia esse. Alexander tamen tutius est ratus, du- 
 biae se fidei medico credere, quam indubitato 1 morbo perire. 
 Accepto igitur poculo, epistolas medico tradidit; atque ita 
 inter bibendum oculos in vultum legentis intendit. Ut secu- 
 rum conspexit, laetior factus est, sanitatemque quarta die 
 recepit. 
 
 21. Darium vincit ad Issum. (Just. XI. 9.) 
 
 Interea Darius cum quadringentis millibus peditum, ac 
 centum millibus equitum in aciem procedit. Movebat haec 
 multitudo hostium respectu paucitatis suae Alexandrum j nee 
 tamen bellum difTerre ratus, circumvectus suos, singulas gen- 
 tes diversa oratione alloquitur. Illyrios et Thracas opum ac 
 divitiarum 2 ostentatione ; Graecos veterum bellorum memoria, 
 inter necivique cum Persis odii accendebat. Macedones autem 
 nunc Europae victae admonet, nunc Asiae expetitae; nee 
 inventas illis toto orbe pares vires gloriatur. 3 Nee Darii segnis 
 opera in ordinanda acie fuit. Q,uippe ipse omnia circumire, 
 singulos hortari, veteris gloriae Persarum admonere. Post 
 haec proelium ingentibus animis committitur. In eo uterque 
 rex vulneratur. Tarn diu certamen anceps fuit, quoad fugeret 
 Darius. Exinde caedes Persarum secuta est. In castris 
 eorum multum auri caeterarumque opum inventum. Inter 
 captivos castrorum mater et uxor et filiae duae Darii fuere. 
 Ad quas visendas quum Alexander venisset, conspectis arma- 
 tis in vie em se complexae, velut statim moriturae, complora- 
 tionem edidere. Provolutae deinde genubus Alexandri mortis 
 dilationem precantur, dum Darii corpus sepeliverint. Motus 
 tanta mulierum pietate Alexander, et Darium vivere dixit, et 
 timentibus mortis metum demsit, easque haberi ut reginas prae- 
 cepit. 
 
 22. Plurimae Asiae gentes victori se subjiciunt. (Justin. 
 XI. 10.) 
 
 Post hoc proelium Parmenionem ad occupandam Persicam 
 classem, aliosque amicoruni suorum ad recipiendas Asiae ci- 
 
 PART II. 5 
 
40 MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 
 
 vitates misit, quae statim, audita fama victoriae, in potestatem 
 victorum venerunt. Tunc in Syriam proficiscitur, ubi obvios 
 cum infulis multos Orientis reges habuit. Ex his, pro meritis 
 singulorum, alios in societatem recepit, aliis regnum ademit, 
 sufTectis in loca eorum no vis regibus. Insignis praeter caete- 
 ros fuit Abdalonymus, rex ab Alexandro Sidoniae 1 constitutus. 
 Quern Alexander, quum operam locare ad puteos exhauriendos 
 hortosque irrigandos solitus esset, regem fecerat, spretis' 2 nobi- 
 libus, ne generis id, non dantis, beneficium putarent. 3 Q,uum 
 Tyriorum legatis, qui ei coronam auream magni ponderis mi- 
 serant, significasset, se Tyrum 4 ire velle ad vota Herculi red- 
 denda, iique ejus introitum deprecarentur, ita exarsit, ut urbi 
 excidium minaretur. Confestim admoto exercitu, post diutur- 
 nam obsidionem, Tyriis muros animose defendentibus, urbs 
 tandem per proditionem capitur. 
 
 23. Ab oraculo Jovis Ammonis Alexander salutatur deus. 
 (Justin. XL 11.) 
 
 Inde Rhodum Alexander, Aegyptum, Ciliciamque sine cer- 
 tamine cepit. Ad Jovem deinde Ammonem 5 pergit, consulturus 
 et de eventu futurorum et de origine sua. Nam mater ejus 
 Olympias gloriata erat, Alexandrum non ex Philippo, sed ex 
 serpente ingentis magnitudinis esse conceptum. Igitur Alex- 
 ander, cupiens, originem divinam sibi tribui, subornat antistites, 
 quid sibi responderi velit per praemissos docens. Itaque ingre- 
 dientem templum statim antistites , ut Ammonis filium, salu- 
 iant. Simul victoriam omnium bellorum, possessionemque 
 terrarum dari respondetur. Comitibus quoque ejus imperatum, 
 ut Alexandrum pro deo, non pro rege colerent Reversus ab 
 Ammone Alexandriam 6 condidit, et coloniam Macedonum. 
 caput esse Aegypti jubet. 
 
 24. Darius pacem precatur frustra. (Just. XL 12.) 
 
 Darius quum Babyloniam profugisset, 7 per epistolam Alex- 
 andrum precatur, redimendarum sibi capti varum potestatem 
 faciat, 8 inque earn rem magnam pecuniam pollicetur. Sed 
 Alexander in pretium captivarum regnum omne, non pecuni- 
 am petit. Interjecto tempore aliae epistolae Darii Alexan- 
 dro redduntur, quibus rlliae matrimonium et regni portio of- 
 fertur. Sed Alexander sua sibi dari 9 rescripsit, jussitque 
 regni arbitria 10 victori 11 permittere. Turn, spe pacis amissa, 
 
MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 4i 
 
 bellum Darius reparat, et cum quadringentis millibus pedi- 
 tum, et centum millibus equitum obviam vadit Alexandro. 
 In itinere nuntiatur, uxorem ejus decessisse, ejusque mortem 
 illacrymatum Alexandruro, exsequiasque benigne prosecutum 
 esse. Tunc Darius, quum se beneficiis quoque a rege supe- 
 ratum videret, tertias epistolas scripsit, et gratias egit, quod 
 nihil hostile in suos fecerit. Offert deinde majorem partem 
 regni usque ad flumen Euphraten, 1 et alteram filiam uxo- 
 rem ; pro reliquis captivis triginta millia talentorum. Ad 
 haec Alexander, gratiarum actionem supervacaneam esse, res- 
 pondit; se didicisse non adversus calamitates hostium, sed 
 vires eorum contendere. Caeterum neque mundum posse duo- 
 bus solibus regi, neque orbem terrarum duo maxima regna 
 salvo statu terrarum habere posse ; proinde aut deditionem eo 
 die, aut in posterum aciem paret. 
 
 25. Magno proelio ad Gaugamelam* vincitur. 
 (Justin. XL 13, 14.) 
 
 Postero die aciem producunt. Turn repente ante proelium 
 Alexandrum somnus oppressit; quum que ad pugnam solus 
 rex deesset, a Parmenione aegre excitatus est. Ante proelium 
 utraque acies hostibus spectaculo fuit. Macedones multitudi- 
 nem hominum, corporum magnitudinem, armorumque pulchri- 
 tudinem mirabantur ; Persae a tarn paucis victa suorum tot 
 millia stupebant. Raro in ullo proelio tantum sanguinis fusum 
 est. Darius quum vinci suos videret, mori voluit et ipse, 
 sed a proximis fugere compulsus est. Alexander autem peri- 
 culosissima quaeque aggrediebatur, et ubi confertissimos hos- 
 tes acerrime pugnare conspexisset, eo se semper ingerebat. 
 Hoc proelio Asiae imperium ei obtigit, quinto post acceptum 
 regnum anno. Post haec expugnat Persepolin, 3 caput Persici 
 regni, urbem antiquissimam plurimisque refertam opibus, quae 
 interitu ejus primum apparuere. 
 
 26. A suis inter jicitur . (Justin. XL 15.) 
 
 Interea Darius a cognatis suis in vico Parthorum Thara 
 aureis compedibus vincitur. Alexander postero die citato cur- 
 su supervenit, ibique cognovit, 4 Darium clauso vehiculo per 
 noctem exportatum. Jusso caetero exercitu subsequi, cum sex 
 millibus equitum fugientem insequitur ; in itinere multa et 
 penculosa proelia fecit. Emensus deinde multum itineris quum 
 nullum Darii invenisset indicium, respirandi equis data potes- 
 tate, unus ex militibus, dum ad fontem proximum pergit, in 
 
42 MACEDONUM IMPERITJM. 
 
 vehiculo Darium, multis quidem vulneribus confossum, sed 
 spirantem adhuc invenit, et unum e captivis ad eum adduxit. 
 Quern quum rex ex voce civem esse cognovisset, Alexandre* 
 dicere jubet, se plurimam ei gratiam habere, quod in matrem 
 liberosque suos regium, non hostilem animum exhibuisset. 
 Quare se precari superum inferilmque numina, et deos regni 
 custodes et praesides, ut Mi t err arum omnium contingat im- 
 perium. Posthaecporrectamanuexspiravit. Quae ubi Alexan 
 dro nuntiata sunt, viso corpore defuncti, tarn indignam mortem 
 lacrymis prosecutus est; corpusque regio more sepeliri jussit 
 
 27. Graecarum civitatum motus ad, libertatem recuperandam. 
 (Justin. XII. 1.) 
 
 Dum haec in Asia gerebantur, Graecia fere omnis, spe 
 recuperandae libertatis, ad arma concurrerat, auctoritatem 
 Lacedaemoniorum secuta. Dux hujus belli Agis, rex Lace- 
 daemoniorum, fuit. Quern motum Antipater, dux ab Alexan- 
 dro in Macedonia relictus, in ipso ortu oppressit. Magna ta- 
 men utrimque caedes fuit. Agis rex, quum suos terga dantes 
 videret, dimissis satellitibus, ut Alexandro felicitate, non vir- 
 tute inferior videretur, tantam stragem hostium edidit, ut ag- 
 mina interdum fugaret. Ad postremum, etsi a multitudine 
 victus, gloria tamen omnes vicit. 
 
 28. Alexander Persarum vitam et cultum imitatur. 
 (Justin. XII. 3.) 
 
 Alexander autem, Hyrcanis 1 Mardisque 2 subactis, habitum 
 regum Persarum et diadema, insolitum antea regibus Mace- 
 donicis, assumit, amicos quoque longam vestem auratam et 
 purpuream sumere jubet. Ut luxum quoque Persarum imi- 
 taretur, ingentes epularum apparatus fecit, et convivia juxta 
 regiam magnificentiam instruxit. 
 
 29. Alexander suorum in se animos exacerbat. 
 (Justin. XII. 5.) 
 
 Turn etiam primum hostili odio in suos saevire coepit. Max- 
 ime indignabatur, carpi se sermonibus suorum, quod Philippi 
 patris patriaeque mores subvertisset. Propter quae crimina 3 
 Parmenio senex, dignitate regi proximus, cum Philota fllio in- 
 terflcitur. Fremere itaque omnes universis castris coepere, 
 innoxii senis flliique casum miserantes : interdum, se quoque 
 non debere melius sperare dicentes. Quae quum nuntiata 
 
MACEDONUM IMPERITJM. 43 
 
 Alexandro essent, simulat, se ex amicis quosdam in patriam 
 victoriae nuntios missurum. Hortatur milites, ut suis scribe- 
 rent; datasque epistolas tacite ad se deferri jubet; ex qui- 
 bus cognito de se singulorum judicio, 1 in unam cohortem eos, 
 qui de rege durius opinati fuerant' 2 contribuit, aut consumtu- 
 rus eos, 3 aut in ultimis terris in colonias distributurus. Inde 
 Drancas, Euergetas, caeterosque populos, qui ad radicem 
 Caucasi habitabant, subegit. Interea unus ex amicis Darii, 
 Bessus, vinctus adducitur, qui regem non solum prodiderat, 
 verum etiam interfecerat. Quern in ultionem perfidiae fratri 
 Darii excruciandum tradidit. Et ut his terris nomen relin- 
 queret, urbem Alexandriam super amnem Tanain 4 condidit. 
 Jn Bactrianis quoque Sogdianisque 5 duodecim urbes condidit, 
 ibique eos, quos in exercitu seditiosos cognoverat, habitare 
 jussit. 
 
 30. Clitum sua manu interficit. (Justin. XII. 6.) 
 
 His ita gestis solemni die amicos in convivium vocat. Ubi 
 orta inter ebrios rerum a Philippo gestarum mentione, ipse 
 se patri praeferre coepit, assentante majore convi varum parte. 
 Itaque quum unus e senibus, Clitus, fiducia amicitiae regiae, 
 memoriam Philippi tueretur, laudaretque ejus res gestas, Alex- 
 ander adeo ira exarsit, ut, telo a satellite rapto, Clitum in 
 convivio trucidaret. Post, irae aestu subsidente, in poeniten- 
 tiam versus, mori voluit. Mansit haec moriendi voluntas etiam 
 insequentibus diebus, donee exercitus universi precibus exora- 
 tus est, precantis, ne ita unius mortem doleat, ut uni versos 
 perdat ; neque milites in ultimam deductos barbariam, inter 
 infestas gentes destituat. Revocato igitur ad bellum animo, 
 Chorasmos et Dahas 6 in deditionem accepit. 
 
 31. In Indiam penetrat. (Justin. XII. 7.) 
 
 Post haec Indiam petit, ut Oceano finiret imperium. Cui 
 gloriae ut etiam exercitus ornamenta convenirent, phaleras 
 equorum et arma militum argento inducit; exercitumque 
 suum, ab argenteis clypeis, Argyraspidas 7 appellavit. Quum 
 ad Nysam 8 urbem venisset, oppidanis non repugnantibus, 
 fiducia Liberi 9 patris, a quo condita urbs erat, parci jussit. 
 Tunc ad sacrum montem duxit exercitum, vite hederaque 
 non aliter vestitum, quam si manu cultus exornatusque es- 
 set. Ubi ad montem accessit, exercitus, repentino mentis 
 impetu correptus, ululare coepit, et Bacchantium more dis* 
 currit. 
 
 5* 
 
44 MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 
 
 32. Porum, regem Indiae, superat. (Just. XII. 8.) 
 
 Unus ex regibus Indorum fuit, Porus nomine, viribus cor- 
 poris et animi magnitudine pariter insignis ; qui ad famam 
 de Alexandri adventu beilum paraverat. Commisso proe- 
 lio, 1 Alexandrum ad singulare certamen provocat. Nee 
 Alexander pugnae moram facit ; sed prima congressione 
 vulnerato equo, quum praeceps in terram decidisset, concur- 
 su satellitum servatur. Porus multis vulneribus obrutus ca- 
 pitur. Qui victum se adeo doluit, ut, quum veniam ab hoste 
 invenisset, neque cibum capere vellet, neque vulnera curari 
 pateretur; aegreque ab eo obtentum est, ut vellet vivere. 
 Quern Alexander ob honorem virtutis incolumem in regnum 
 remisit. Duas ibi urbes condidit, unam Nicaeam, 2 alteram ex 
 nomine equi Bucephalen 3 vocavit. 
 
 33. Macedones in patriam redire cupiunt. (Justin. XII. 8.) 
 
 Quum ad Cuphites venisset, ubi eum cum ducentis milli- 
 bus equitum bostes opperiebantur, exercitus omnis laboribus 
 fessus, lacrymis eum precatur, finem tandem belli faceret; 
 aliquando patriae reditusque meminisset, militumque annos 
 respiceret. Ostendere 4 alius canitiem, alius vulnera, alius 
 aetate consumtum corpus et cicatricibus obductum. Motus 
 eorum precibus, veluti finem victoriis facturus castra solito 
 magniflcentiora fieri jussit, quorum molitionibus et hostis ter- 
 reretur, et posteris sui admiratio relinqueretur. Nullum opus 
 laetius milites fecerunt. Itaque caesis hostibus cum gratula- 
 fione in haec castra reverterunt. 
 
 34. Alexander evitaepericuloaegre servatur. (Justin. XII. 9.) 
 
 Inde Alexander ad amnem Acesinen 5 pergit ; per quern 
 in Oceanum devehitur, et in Ambros et Sigambros navigat. 
 Quae gentes eum armatis octoginta millibus peditum, et sex- 
 aginta millibus equitum excipiunt. Quum proelio victor es- 
 set, exercitum ad urbem eorum duxit. Quam quum de muro, 
 quern primus ceperat, a defensoribus desertam animadvertis- 
 set, in urbis planitiem sine ullo satellite desiliit. Itaque quum 
 eum hostes solum conspexissent, clamore edito undique in 
 eum concur runt. Ubi obrui multitudine se vidit, trunco se, 
 qui propter murum stabat, applicuit. Quum sic diu agmen 
 sustinuisset, tandem, regis periculo cognito, amici ad eum 
 desiliunt, ex quibus multi caesi ; proeliumque tamdiu anceps 
 
MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 45 
 
 fuit, quoad omnis exercitus, muris dejectis, in auxilium veni- 
 ret. In eo proelio sagitta sub mamma trajectus est, cujus 
 vulneris curatio ipso vulnere gravior 1 fuit. 
 
 35. Oceano lustrato nujptias celebrat. (Justin. XIL 10.) 
 
 Tandem saluti redditus 2 Polyperchonta 3 cum exercitu Ba- 
 byloniam mittit. Ipse cum lectissima manu, navibus conscen- 
 sis, Oceani litora peragrat. Ibi Oceano libamenta dedit, 4 pros- 
 perum in patriam reditum precatus ; ac, veluti positis imperii 
 terminis, ostio fluminis Indi invehitur. Ibi in monumenta 
 rerum a se gestarum urbem Barcen condidit, arasque statuit. 
 Inde terrestri itinere Babyloniam redit. Ibi flliam Darii re- 
 gis Statiram in matrimonium recepit ; sed et optimatibus Ma- 
 cedonum lectas ex omnibus gentibus nobilissimas virgines tra- 
 didit 
 
 36. Babyloniam redit. (Justin. XIL 13.) 
 
 Ab ultimis oris Oceani Babyloniam revertenti nuntiatur, 
 non solum legationes Cartbaginiensium caeterarumque Afri- 
 cae civitatum, sed et Hispaniarum, Siciliae, Galliae, Sardiniae, 
 nonnullas quoque ex Italia ejus adventum Babyloniae oppe- 
 riri. Hac igitur ex causa Babyloniam festinanti quidam ex 
 magis praedixit, 5 ne urbem introiret, testatus, 6 hunc locum ei 
 fatalem fore. Sed ab Anaxarcho 7 philosopho compulsus, ut 
 magorum praedicta contemneret, Babyloniam reversus, con- 
 vivium solemniter instituit. Ibi quum totus in laetitiam effu- 
 sus esset, recedentem jam e convivio Medius Thessalus, in- 
 staurata comissatione 8 invitat. Accepto poculo, inter bibendum 
 veluti telo confixus ingemuit, elatusque e convivio semianimis, 
 tanto dolore cruciatus est, ut ferrum in remedia posceret. Ve- 
 nenum accepisse creditur. 
 
 37. 'Babyloniae moritur. (Justin. XII. 15.) 
 
 Quarta die Alexander indubitatam mortem sentiens, agnos- 
 cere se fatum domus 9 majorum suorum, ait ; namque plerosque 
 Aeacidarum 10 intra tricesimum annum defunctos. Tumultu- 
 antes deinde milites, insidiis periisse regem suspicantes, ipse 
 sedavit, eosque omnes ad conspectum suum admisit, osculan- 
 damque dextram porrexit. Quum lacrymarent omnes, ipse 
 non sine lacrymis tantum, verum etiam sine ullo tristioris 
 mentis argumento fuit. Ad postremum corpus suum in Ham- 
 monis templo condi jubet. Gluum deflcere eum amici vide- 
 
46 MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 
 
 rent, quaerunt, quern imperii faciat heredem ; respondit, dig 
 nissimum. Hac voce omnes amicos suos ad aemulam regni 
 cupiditatem accendit. Sexta die, praeclusa voce, exemtum 
 digito annulum Perdiccae tradidit, quae res gliscentem ami- 
 corum discordiam sedavit. Nam etsi non voce nuncupatus 
 heres, judicio tamen electus esse videbatur. 
 
 38. De Alezandri virtute etfortuna quaedam, 
 (Justin. XII. 16.) 
 
 Decessit Alexander mensem unum tres et triginta annos 
 natus, vir supra humanum modum vi animi praeditus. Omina 
 quaedam magnitudinem ejus in ipso ortu portendisse existima- 
 bantur. Quo die natus est, pater ejus nuntium duarum victo- 
 riarum accepit; alterius belli Illyrici, alterius certaminis Olym- 
 piad, in quod quadrigas miserat. Puer acerrimus 1 litterarum 
 studiis 2 eruditus fuit. Exacta pueritia, per quinquennium 
 Aristotele, philosopho praestantissimo, usus est magistro. Ac- 
 cepto tandem imperio tantam militibus suis flduciam fecit, ut, 
 illo praesente, nullius hostis arma timerent. Itaque cum nullo 
 hoste unquam congressus est, quern non vicerit ; nullam ur- 
 bem obsedit, quam non expugnaverit. Victus denique est non 
 virtute hostili sed insidiis suorum et fraude. 
 
 39. Lucius barbarorum, Macedonum laetitia. 
 (Justin. XIII. 1.) 
 
 Exstineto in ipso aetatis et victoriarum flore 3 Alexandro 
 Magno, triste apud omnes tota Babylone silentium fuit. Ut 
 vero nuntius de ejus morte disseminatus est, omnes barbarae 
 gentes, paullo ante ab eo devictae, non ut hostem, sed ut pa- 
 rentem luxerunt. Mater quoque Darii regis, audita morte 
 victoris, in quo pietatem filii erat experta, mortem sibi ipsa con- 
 scivit. Contra Macedones, non ut civem, sed ut hostem de- 
 functum gaudebant ; severitatem nimiam et assidua belli peri- 
 cula exsecrantes. Hue accedebat, quod principes regnum et 
 imperia, vulgus militum thesauros, veluti praedam, specta- 
 bant. Erant enim in thesauris quinquaginta millia talentum, 4 
 quae sibi divisum iri sperabant. Nee amici Alexandri frustra 
 regnum spectabant Nam tantae virtutis et venerationis erant, 
 ut singulos reges putares. Neque unquam ante Macedonia 
 vel ulla gens alia tanto clarorum virorum proventu floruit; 
 quos primo Philippus, mox Alexander tanta cura lege rat, ut 
 non tarn ad societatem belli, quam in successionem regni electi 
 viderentur. 
 
MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 47 
 
 40. Duces de imperio constituendo consilia ineunt. 
 (Justin. XIII. 2.) 
 
 Caeterum, defuncto Alexandre*, armati in regiam coeunt, ad 
 formandum rerum praesentium statum. 1 Perdicca censet, 
 Roxanes, regiae conjugis, quam gravidam relinquerat, partum 
 esse exspectandum, et si puerum peperisset, hunc patri suc- 
 cessorem fore. Meleager negat, exspectandum, 2 dum reges 
 nascerentur, quum jam genitis uti liceret. Esse Per garni 
 puerum, filium Alexandri, natum ex Barsine, nomine Hercu- 
 lem ; seu mallent juvenem, esse in castris fratrem Alexandri, 
 Aridaeum, comem et cunctis non suo tantum, verum et patris 
 Philippi nomine acceptissimum. Ptolemaeus recusabat re- 
 gem Aridaeum, turn, quod ex Larissaeo scorto natus esset, 
 turn ob majorem, qua laborabat, valetudinem ; 3 nam veren- 
 dum esse, ne ille nomen regis, alius imperium teneret ; me- 
 lius esse ex his legi, qui pro virtute regi suo proximi fuerint. 
 Vicit Perdiccae sententia, consensu universorum. Placuit 
 itaque Roxanes exspectari partum, et si puer natus fuisset, 
 tutores Leonatum, Perdiccam, Crateron et Antipatrum consti- 
 tuunt, confestimque in tutorum obsequia jurant. 4 
 
 41. Aridaeus, Philippi filius, rex creatur. (Justin. XIII. 
 
 3,4.) 
 
 Quum equites idem fecissent, pedites indignati, nullas sibi 
 consiliorum partes relictas, 5 Aridaeum, Alexandri fratrem, 
 regem appellant, satellitesque illi ex turba sua legunt, et no- 
 mine Philippi patris vocari jubent. Magna hinc in castris 
 seditione orta, tandem ab equitibus quoque Aridaeus rex ag- 
 noscitur. Servata est portio regni Alexandri fllio, si natus 
 esset. His ita compositis, Macedoniae et Graeciae Antipa- 
 ter praeponitur : regiae pecuniae custodia Cratero traditur : 
 castrorum et exercitus cura Meleagro et Perdiccae assigna- 
 tur; jubeturque Aridaeus rex corpus Alexandri in Hammo- 
 nis templum deducere. Tunc Perdicca, lustratione castrorum 
 indicta, seditiosos supplicio occulte tradi jubet. Reversus inde, 
 provincias inter principes divisit. 
 
 42. Bellum in Graecia ortum per Antipatrum comprimitur. 
 (Justin. XIII. 5.) 
 
 Dum haec in Oriente geruntur, in Graecia Athenienses et 
 Aetoli bellum, quod jam vivo Alexandro moverant, summis 
 viribus instruebant. Causa belli erat, quod reversus ab In- 
 
48 MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 
 
 dia Alexander epistolas in Graeciam scripserat, quibus omni* 
 um civitatum exsules restituebantur. Quae litterae recita- 
 tae praesente universa Graecia, in mercatu Olympiaco, 1 mag- 
 nos motus excitaverunt, quod plurimi non legibus, sed per 
 factionem prkicipum pulsi fuerant principesque verebantur, 
 ne revocati potentiores in republica fierent. Palam igitur 
 jam turn multae civitates libertatem bello vindicandam freme- 
 bant. 2 Principes tamen omnium Athenienses et Aetoli fue- 
 runt. Bello igitur exorto, Antipater, cui Graecia sorte obve- 
 nerat, Leonatum ex Asia in auxilium vocavit. Qui quum ve- 
 nire cum exercitu nuntiatus esset, obvii ei Athenienses cum 
 instructis copiis fuere, ibique equestri proelio, gravi vulnere 
 ictus, exstinguitur. Sed Antipater, exercitu exstincti recepto, 
 quum par hostibus etiam proelio videretur, solutus obsidione, 
 qua cinctus fuerat Lamiae, 3 in Macedoniam concessit ; Grae- 
 corum quoque copiae, finibus Graeciae hoste depulso, in ur- 
 bes dilapsae sunt. 
 
 43. Certamina inter duces Alexandri. (Justin. XIII. 6. 
 XV. 1.) 
 
 Post haec bellum inter Perdiccam et Antigonum oritur, 
 quod, velut incendium, mox latius serpsit. Macedonia, in 
 duas partes discurrentibus 4 ducibus, in sua viscera armatur, 
 ferrumque a barbaris in civilem sanguinem 5 vertit. In hoc 
 bello Perdiccas occisus est ; pluresque ejusdem partis duces 
 perierunt. Et jam finitum certamen inter successores Alex- 
 andri Magni videbatur, quum repente inter ipsos victores nata 
 est discordia. Ptolemaeus 6 et Cassander, Antipatri filius, 
 inita cum Lysimacho et Seleuco societate, contra Antigonum 
 bellum terra marique enixe instruunt. Tenebat Ptolemaeus 
 Aegyptum cum Africae parte minore et Cypro et Phoenica 
 Cassandro parebat Macedonia cum Graecia. Asiam et par- 
 tes Orientis occupaverat Antigonus, cujus filius Demetrius, 
 prima belli congressione, a Ptolemaeo apud Gamalam 8 vinci- 
 tur. In quo proelio major Ptolemaei moderationis gloria, 
 quam ipsius victoriae fuit. Siquidem et amicos Demetrii 
 non solum cum suis rebus, verum etiam additis insuper mune- 
 ribus, dimisit ; et ipsius Demetrii privatum omne instrumen- 
 tum 9 ac familiam 10 reddidit, dicens ; non se propter praedam, 
 sed propter dignitatem inisse bellum, indignatum, quod Anti- 
 gonus, devictis diversae factionis ducibus, solus communis 
 victoriae praemia corripuisset. 
 
MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 49 
 
 44. Exstincta Alexandri sobole, principes regium nomen su- 
 munt. (Justin. XV. 2.) 
 
 Dum haec aguntur, Cassander Herculem, Alexandri fili- 
 um, qui fere annos quatuordecim excesserat, ne favore pater- 
 ni nominis in regnum Macedoniae vocaretur, occidi tacite 
 cum matre Barsine jubet; turn alterum quoque filium cum 
 matre Roxane pari fraude necavit. Interea Ptolemaeus cum 
 Demetrio navali proelio 1 iterato 2 congreditur, et amissa clas- 
 se in Aegyptum refugit. Hac victoria elatus, Antigonus re- 
 gem se cum Demetrio filio appellari jubet. Ptolemaeus quo- 
 que, ne minoris apud suos auctoritatis esset, rex ab exercitu 
 cognominatur. Quibus auditis, Cassander et Lysimachus et 
 ipsi regiam sibi majestatem vindicarunt. Sed Ptolemaeus et 
 Cassander caeterique factionis alterius duces, quum se sin- 
 gulos ab Antigono carpi ac lacessi viderent, per epistolas se 
 invicem exhortati suntadbellum communibus viribus suscipi- 
 endum. Cui quum Cassander interesse propter finitimum 
 bellum 3 non posset, Lysimachum cum ingentibus copiis in 
 auxilium sociis mittit. 
 
 45. Lysimachi fortitudo. (Justin. XV. 3.) 
 
 Erat hie Lysimachus illustri inter Macedones loco natus, 
 sed magis etiam virtute quam genere clarus. Quum Alex- 
 ander Callisthenem 4 philosophum miserandum in modum om- 
 nibus membris truncasset, et insuper cum cane in cavea clau- 
 sum circumferret, Lysimachus, eum audire et praecepta 
 virtutis ab eo accipere solitus, misertus tanti viri, venenum ei 
 in remedium calamitatum dedit. Quod adeo aegre Alexan- 
 der tulit, ut eum objici ferocissimo leoni juberet. Sed quum 
 leo impetum fecisset in eum, Lysimachus manum amiculo in- 
 volutam in os leonis immersit, arreptaque lingua feram exani- 
 mavit. Quod quum nuntiatum regi esset, admiratio irae suc- 
 cessit, carioremque eum propter constantiam tantae virtutis 5 
 habuit. Post mortem regis, quum inter successores ejus pro- 
 vinciae dividerentur, ferocissimae gentes, quasi omnium for- 
 tissimo, assignatae sunt. 
 
 46. Nova inter Alexandri successores bella oriuntur. 
 (Justin. XV. 4.) 
 
 Priusquam bellum inter Ptoleraaeum sociosque ejus adver- 
 sus Antigonum committeretur, repente ex Asia majore Se- 
 leucus, novus Antigono hostis, accessit Hujus quoque viri 
 
50 MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 
 
 virtus clarissima fuit. Post mortem Alexandri, occupato regno 
 Orientis, urbem condidit, patris nomine Antiochiam vocatam, 
 et campos urbi vicinos Apollini dicavit, a quo generis originem 
 ducebat. Multa in Oriente post divisionem inter socios regni 
 Macedonici bella gessit. Principio Babyloniam cepit : inde 
 auctis ex victoria viribus Bactrianos expugnavit. Compositis 
 deinde in Oriente rebus, in bellum cum Antigono descendit. 
 Conjunctis igitur omnium sociorum copiis, proelium 1 committi- 
 tur; in eo Antigonus occiditur; Demetrius films ejus in fugam 
 vertitur. Sed socii, profligato hostili bello, denuo in semet 
 ipsos arma verterunt; et, quum de praeda non conveniret, 
 iterum in duas factiones diducuntur. Seleucus Demetrio, 
 Ptolemaeus Lysimacho junguntur. Cassandro defuncto Phi- 
 lippus films succedit. Sic quasi ex integro nova Macedoniae 
 bella nascuntur. 
 
 47. Regnum Macedoniae, parricidiis inquinatae, Demetrius 
 occupat. (Justin. XVI. 1.) 
 
 Post Cassandri regis, filiique ejus Philippi continuas mortes, 3 
 Thessalonice, uxor Cassandri, non multo post tempore, ab 
 Antipairo filio occiditur. Causa parricidii fuit, quod, post mor- 
 tem mariti, in divisione inter fratres regni, in alterum filium 
 Alexandrum videbatur fuisse propensior. Quod facinus eo 
 gravius visum est, quod nullum maternae fraudis vestigium fu- 
 it. Ob haec igitur Alexander, in ultionem maternae necis ges- 
 turus cum fratre bellum, auxilium a Demetrio petit : nee De- 
 metrius, spe invadendi Macedonici regni, moram fecit. Cujus 
 adventum verens Lysimachus persuadet genero Antipatro, ut 
 malit cum fratre suo in gratiam redire, quam paternum hos- 
 tem in Macedoniam admitti. Inchoatam igitur inter fratres 
 reconciliationem quum praesensisset Demetrius, per insidias 
 Alexandrum interfecit, regnumque Macedoniae occupavit. 
 Lysimachus quoque, quum bello Dromichaetis, regis Thra- 
 cum, premeretur, tradita ei 3 altera parte Macedoniae, quae An- 
 tipatro ejus genero obvenerat, pacem cum eo fecit. 
 
 48. Demetrius a Pyrrho, Epiri rege, Macedonia pellitur. 
 (Justin. XVI. 2.) 
 
 Igitur Demetrius, totius Macedoniae viribus instructus, 
 Asiam occupare statuit. Sed Ptolemaeus, Seleucus et Ly- 
 simachus, pacta societate conjunctisque copiis, bellum ad- 
 versus Demetrium transferunt in Europam. His comitem se 
 iungit Pyrrhus, rex Epiri, sperans, Demetrium non diffici- 
 lius amittere Macedoniam posse, quam acquisierat. Nee 
 
MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 5i 
 
 spes frustra fait ; quippe, exercitu ejus corrupto, ipsoque in 
 fagam acto, regnum Macedoniae occupavit. Demetrius au- 
 tem, a tot exercitibus circumventus, quum posset honeste mo- 
 ri, turpiter se dedere Seleuco maluit. Finito beilo, Ptole- 
 maeus cum magna rerum gestarum gloria moritur, regno mi- 
 nimo natu ex filiis 1 relicto. 
 
 49. Lysimachus et Seleucus, ultimi commilitonum Alexandria 
 pereunt (Just. XVI. 3. XVII. 1, 2;) 
 
 Sed mox inter Lysimachum et Pyrrhum, socios paullo ante 
 adversus Demetrium, bellum exarsit. Victor Lysimachus, 
 pulso Pyrrho, Macedoniam occupavit. Inde Thraciae bel- 
 lum intulit. Mox post varia ostenta, quae Lysimacho dira 
 portendebant, Agathoclem, filium, Arsinoe noverca veneno in- 
 terfecit. Hoc parricidium principum secuta est caedes, lu- 
 entium supplicia, quod occisum juvenem dolebant. Itaque 
 et hi, qui caedibus superfuerant, et hi, qui exercitibus prae- 
 erant, certatim ad Seleucum deflciunt, eumque compellunt, 
 ut bellum Lysimacho in ferret. Ultimum hoc certamen com- 
 militonum Alexandri fait. Lysimachus quatuor et septua- 
 ginta annos natus erat ; Seleucus septem et septuaginta. 
 Sed in hac quoque aetate utrique juvenilis erat animus, 
 imperiique cupiditatem insatiabilem gerebant. Lysimachus in 
 eo bello strenue 2 moritur, 3 amissis ante variis casibus quinde- 
 cim liberis. Seleucus autem, solum se de cohorte Alexandri 
 superesse gavisus, post septem menses a Ptolemaeo Cerauno, 4 
 cujus sororem Lysimachus in matnmonio habuerat, per insi- 
 dias circumventus, occiditur, regnumque Macedoniae, quod 
 Lysimacho eripuerat, cum vita pariter amittit 
 
 50. Motus in Graecia. (Justin. XXIV. 1. 3.) 
 
 Paulo post, dissidentibus inter se Ptolemaeo Cerauno et 
 Antiocho 5 et Antigono 6 regibus, omnes ferme Graeciae civi- 
 tates, ducibus Spartanis, ad spem libertatis erectae, in bel- 
 lum prorumpunt ; et, ne cum Antigono, sub cujus regno 
 erant, bellum cepisse viderentur, socios ejus Aetolos aggredi- 
 untur, causam belli praetendentes, quod sacratum Apollini 
 campum Cirrhaeum 7 per vim occupassent. Conjuncto ex- 
 ercitu, Aetolorumque finibus devastatis, magnam clad em passi 
 sunt. Deinde, Spartanis bellum reparantibus, auxilium mul- 
 tae gentes negaverunt, existimantes, dominationem eos, norv 
 libertatem Graeeiae quaerere. Inter ea inter reges bellum 
 finitur. Nam Ptolemaeus, pulso Antigono, quum regnum to- 
 
 PART II. 6 
 
52 MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 
 
 tins Macedoniae occupasset, pacem cum Antiocho facit, affi- 
 nitatemque cum Pyrrho, data ei in matrimonium filia sua, 
 jungit. Sed brevi post, incredibilibus commissis sceleribus, 
 a Gallis regno spoliatus captusque, vitam ferro, ut meruerat, 
 amisit. 
 
 51. Galli in Graeciam penetrant. (Just. XXIV. 4, 5.) 
 
 Namque Galli, abundante multitudine, quum eos non ca- 
 perent terrae, quae genuerant, trecenta millia hominum ad 
 sedes novas quaerendas miserunt. Ex his portio in Italia 
 consedit, quae et Romam incendit, 1 alia portio in Illyricos 
 sinus penetravit, et in Pannonia 2 consedit, ubi per multos an- 
 nos bella cum finitimis gesserunt. Hortante deinde succes- 
 su, divisis agminibus, alii Greciam, alii Macedoniam peti- 
 vere. Tantusque terror Gallici nominis fuit, ut etiam reges 
 non lacessiti ultro pacem ingenti pecunia mercarentur. So- 
 lus rex Macedoniae Ptolemaeus adventum Gallorum intre- 
 pidus audivit, hisque cum paucis et incompositis, quasi parri- 
 cidiorum furiis agitatus, occurrit. Proelio commisso Mace- 
 dones caeduntur. Ptolemaeus multis vulneribus saucius ca- 
 pitur; caput ejus amputatum et lancea flxum circumfertur. 
 Paucos ex Macedonibus fuga servavit : caeteri aut capti aut 
 occisi. 
 
 52. Galli Brenno duce Delphos petunt. (Justin. XXIV. 6.) 
 
 Paullo post Brennus, quo duce portio Gallorum in Graeci- 
 am se effuderat, cum centum et quinquaginta millibus pedi- 
 tum et quindecim millibus equitum in Macedoniam irrumpit. 
 Victo exercitu, totius regionis agros depraedatur. Turn Del- 
 phos iter vettit ad Apollinis templum spoliandum. Hoc tem- 
 plum positum est in monte Parnasso, in rupe undique impen- 
 dente, cujus praecipitiis, ut naturali praesidio, defenditur. 
 Multa ibi et opulenta regum populorumque visuntur munera, 
 quaeque magnificentia sua et gratam hominum voluntatem, et 
 Apollinis veracitatem manifestant. 
 
 53. Cum ingenti clade repelluntur. (Just. XXIV. 7.) 
 
 Brennus quum in conspectu haberet templum, ad acuendos 
 suorum animos, praedae ubertatem militibus ostendebat, sta- 
 tuasque cum quadrigis, quarum ingens copia procul viseba- 
 tur, solido auro fusas esse affirmabat. Qua asseveratione 
 incitati Galli, simul et mero saucii, 3 sine respectu periculorum 
 
MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 53 
 
 in bellum ruebant. Habebat Brennus lecta ex omni exercitu 
 peditum sexaginta quinque millia ; Delphorum sociorumque 
 nonnisi quatuor millia militum erant. Hi plus in Deo, quam 
 in viribus spei ponentes, cum contemtu hostium resistebant, 
 Gallosque scandentes e summo montis vertice partim saxo, 
 partim armis obruebant. Inter haec templorum antistites, 
 sparsis crinibus, cum insignibus et infulis, in primam pug- 
 nantium aciem procurrunt, eos hortantes, ne cunctarentur 
 diis antesignanis 1 hostem caedere. Guibus vocibus incensi 
 omnes certatim in proelium prosiliunt. Praesentiam Dei sta- 
 tim sensere. Nam et terrae motu portio montis abrupta Gal- 
 lorum stravit exercitum, et tempestas insecuta grandine et 
 frigore saucios absumsit. Dux ipse Brennus, quum dolorem 
 vulnerum ferre non posset, pugione vitam fmivit. Alter ex 
 ducibus cum decern millibus sauciorum citato agmine Graecia 
 excedit. Sed nee fugientibus fortuna aequior fuit ; nullus sine 
 labore et periculo dies ; assidui imbres et gelu, nix, fames, 
 lassitudo, et pervigiliae miseras infelicis belli reliquias obtere- 
 bant. Quo pacto evenit, ut brevi 2 ex tanto exercitu nemo su- 
 peresset. 
 
 54. Clade in Macedonia accepta, Galli in Asiam trajiciunt. 
 (Justin. XXV. 1, 2.) 
 
 Pace inter duos reges, Antigonum Gonatam, Demetrii flli- 
 um, et Antiochum regem Syriae, statuta, 3 quum in Macedo- 
 niam Antigonus reversus esset, Gallorum exercitus, qui a 
 Brenno ad fines tuendos relictus erat, in Macedoniam irrupit. 
 Q,ui quum classemin Hellesponti litoribus collocatam incau- 
 tius diripiunt, a remigibus et ab exercitus parte, quae eo cum 
 conjugibus et liberis confugerat, trucidantur ; tantaque cae- 
 des Gallorum fuit, ut opinio 4 hujus victoriae Antigono pacem, 
 non a Gallis tantum, verum etiam a fmitimis praestaret. Pos- 
 tea Galli, a Bithyniae rege in auxilium vocati, parta victoria 
 regnum cum eo diviserunt : eamque regionem Gallograeciam 
 cognominaverunt. 
 
 55. Pyrrhus rex Epiri Macedoniam invadit. (Justin. 
 XXV. 3.) 
 
 Interea Pyrrhus ex Sicilia 5 in Epirum reversus fines Mace- 
 doniac invadit ; cui Antigonus cum exercitu occurrit, victus- 
 que proelio in fugam vertitur. Atque ita Pyrrhus Macedo- 
 niam in deditionem accipit ; Antigonus autem cum paucis 
 equitibus Thessalonicam se recepit, ut inde cum conducta 
 Gallorum manu bellum repararet. Rursus a Ptolemaeo, Pyr- 
 
54 MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 
 
 rhi filio, funditus victus, cum septem comitibus fugiens salutis 
 latebras in solitudine quaerit. 
 
 56. Argos oppugnans occiditur. (Just. XXV. 4, 5.) 
 
 Pyrrhus autem, in tanto fastigio regni collocatus, Graeciae 
 Asiaeque imperium meditatur. Primum illi bellum ad versus 
 Spartanos fuit : ubi majore mulierum quam virorum virtute 
 exceptus, Ptolemaeum fllium, et exercitus partem robustissi- 
 mam amisit. Ptolemaeus in oppugnatione urbis usque in me- 
 diam urbem procurrerat, ubi concur su multitudinis inter fectus 
 est. Cujus corpus ut relatum est patri, dixisse Pyrrhum fe- 
 runt, aliquanto tardius eum, quam timuerit ipse, vel temeritas 
 ejus meruerit, occisum esse. Ipse Pyrrhus quum a Spartanis re- 
 pulsus Argos petiisset, ibi inter confertissimos violentissime di- 
 micans saxo de muris ictus occiditur. Satis constans inter om- 
 nes auctores fama est, nullum nee ejus, nee superioris aetatis 
 regem comparandum Pyrrho fuisse. Nam et vitae sanctitate 
 atque justitia optimos quosque aequabat ; scientia rei militaris 
 plurimos superabat, patriamque suam angustam et ignobilem, 
 fama rerum gestarum toto orbe illustrem reddidit. 
 
 57. Antigonus Gallos magno proelio fundit. Bella inter Ma- 
 cedonas et Epirotas. (Just. XXVI. 1, 2, 3.) 
 
 Post mortem Pyrrhi non in Macedonia tantum, verum 
 etiam in Asia Graeciaque magni bellorum motus fuere ; civi- 
 tatesque mutuis inter se odiis in bellum ruebant. Inter hos 
 motus Antigonus, qui in Macedoniae regnum redierat, quum 
 multiplici bello et Ptolemaei 1 regis et Spartanorum premere- 
 tur, novusque ei hostis, Gallograeciae exercitus, aftluxisset, 9 
 parva manu adversus caeteros relicta, adversus Gallos totis 
 viribus proficiscitur. Galli, quum hostiae ante pugnam cae- 
 sae infaustum pugnae exitum portenderent, in furorem versi 
 conjuges et liberos suos trucidant, cruentique ex recenti suo- 
 rum caede in proelium proflciscuntur. Omnes occidione 
 caesi. Post hujus pugnae eventum, Ptolemaeus et Spartani 
 victorem hostium exercitum declinantes, in tutiora se recipi- 
 unt. Antigonus ubi eorum discessum videt, bellum Atheni- 
 ensibus infert. In quo quum occupatus esset, Alexander, 
 rex Epiri, ulcisci mortem patris Pyrrhi cupiens, fines Mace- 
 doniae depopulatur. Adversus quern quum reversus a Grae- 
 cia Antigonus esset, transitione militum destitutus, 3 regnum 
 Macedoniae cum exercitu amittit. Hujus films Demetrius, 
 puer admodum, absente patre, reparato exercitu, non solum 
 
MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 55 
 
 amissam Macedoniam recipit, verum etiam Epiri regno Alex- 
 andrum spoliat. Tanta fortunae varietas erat! Paullo post 
 tamen Alexander, non minore Epirotarum desiderio, quam 
 suorum auxilio, in regnum restituitur. 
 
 58. Seleuci et Antiochi, fratrum, Jlagitia. (Justin. 
 XXVII. 1, 2.) 
 
 Mortuo Syriae rege Antiocho, Seleucus, qui in ejus locum 
 successerat, parricidio novercae, Ptolemaei sororis, inquinatus, 
 a Ptolemaeo terra marique victus est. Quum, quo se verte- 
 ret, non haberet, Antiochi fratris auxilium implorat, oblata ei 
 Asia inter fines Tauri montis, in praemium latae opis. Antio- 
 chus 1 autem, quum esset annos quatuordecim natus, supra 
 aetatem regni avidus, 2 occasione arrepta fratrem regno spoliare 
 conatus est. Ea tempestate omnia bella in exitium Asiae 
 gerebantur. Seleucus et Antiochus fratres bellum propter 
 Asiam gerebant; Ptolemaeus, rex Aegypti, sub specie soro- 
 riae ultionis, Asiae inhiabat : hinc Bithynus Eumenes, inde 
 Galli Asiam depopulabantur. Victo Antiocho, quum Eumenes 
 majorem Asiae partem occupasset, ne tunc quidem fratres a 
 bello abstinuemnt. Antiochus victus, quum profugo nusquam 
 tutus locus esset, ad Ptolemaeum hostem confugit. Sed 
 Ptolemaeus eum servari arctissima custodia jubet. Hinc opera 
 cujusdam mulieris, quam familiarius noverat, custodibus decep- 
 tis, elabitur, fugiensqae a latronibus interficitur. Seleucus quo- 
 que iisdem ferme diebus, amisso regno, 3 equo praecipitatus 
 obiit. Sic fratres, ambo exsules, ambo regno privati, similibus 
 casibus, scelerum suorum poenas luerunt. 
 
 59. 
 
 Antigonus, Philippi tutor, regnum Macedoniae admini- 
 strat (Justin. XXVIII. 3.) 
 
 Circa ilia tempora Demetrius, rex Macedoniae, Antigoni 
 Gonatae Alius, relicto filio Philippo admodum parvulo deces- 
 sit. Cui Antigonus Doson 4 tutor Jatus, accepta in matrimo- 
 nium matre pupilli, regem se constitui laborabat. Interjecto 
 deinde tempore, quum seditione minaci Macedonum clausus 
 in regia teneretur, in publicum sine satellitibus procedit, pro- 
 jectoque in vulgus diademate ac purpura, dare haec eos alteri 
 jubet, qui aut im-perare illis nesciat, aut cui far ere ipsi sciant. 
 Commemorat deii.de beneficia sua, ut defectionem sociorum 
 vindicaverit : ut Dardanosf Tkessalosque exsultantes morte 
 Demetrii regis comvescuerit ; ut denique dignitatem Macedo- 
 6* ' 
 
56 MACEDONUM IMPER1UM. 
 
 num non solum defenderit, verum etiam auxerit. Quorum si 
 illos poeniteat, deponere se imperium et redder e Mis munus 
 suum ; ipsi re gem quaerant, cui imperent. Q.uum populus 
 pudore motus recipere eum regnum juberet, lamdiu recusavit, 
 quoad seditionis auctores supplicio traderentur. 
 
 60. Spartanos superat. Horum in malis virtus. (Justin. 
 XXVIII. 4.) 
 
 Post haec bellum Spartanis infert, qui soli adhuc Macedo- 
 num arma contemnebant. Inter duas nobiiissimas gentes sum- 
 mis viribus pugnabatur ; quum hi pro vetere Macedonum 
 gloria, illi non solum pro illibata libertate, sed etiam pro salute 
 certarent. Victi Laced aemonii 1 non ipsi tantum, sed etiam 
 conjuges liberique magno animo fortunam tulere. Nemo 
 quippe in acie saluti 2 pepercit ; nulla amissum conjugem fle- 
 vit ; iiliorum mortem senes laudabant ; patribus in acie caesis 
 filii gratulabantur ; suam vicem omnes dolebant, quod non et 
 ipsi pro patriae libertate cecidissent. Inter haec nullus in urbe 
 strepitus, nulla trepidatio : magis omnes publicam quam pri- 
 vatum fortunam lugebant. Inter haec Cleomenes rex, post 
 multas hostium caedes, toto cor pore suo pariter et hostium cru- 
 ore madens, supervenit ; ingressusque urbem non humi conse- 
 dit, non cibum aut potum poposcit, non armorum onus depo- 
 suit, sed acciinis parieti, quum quatuor millia sola ex pugna 
 superfuisse conspexisset, hortatur, ut se ad meliora tempora 
 reipublicae reservarent. Turn cum conjuge et liberis Aegyp- 
 tum ad Ptolemaeum 3 proficiscitur, a quo honorifice susceptus, 
 diu in summa dignatione vixit. Postremo post Ptolemaei 
 mortem' a filio ejus 4 cum omni familia inter ficitur. Antigonus 
 autem fortunam tantae urbis miseratus a direptione milites 
 prohibuit, veniamque his, qui super fuerunt, dedit. Nee mul- 
 to post ipse decessit, regnumque Philippo pupillo, annos qua- 
 tuordecim nato, tradidit. 
 
 61. Multa imperia nova re gum successione mutantur. 
 (Justin. XXIX. 1.) 
 
 Iisdem ferme temporibus prope universi orbis imperia nova 
 regum successione mutata sunt. Nam et in Macedonia Phi- 
 lippus, mortuo Antigono, regnum suscepit ; et in Asia, inter- 
 fecto Seleuco, 5 impubes adhuc rex Antiochus 6 constitutus est. 
 Aegyptum, patre ac matre interfectis, occupaverat Ptole- 
 maeus, cui ex crimine facinoris cognomen Philopdtor 1 fuit. 
 Etiam Spartani in locum Cleomenis suffecere Lycurgum; et 
 
MACEDONITM IMPERIUM. 57 
 
 apud Carthaginienses aetate immatura dux Hannibal constitui- 
 tur, non penuria seniorum, sed odio Romanorum, quo eum 
 a pueritia sciebant imbutum. In his regibus pueris magna 
 indoles virtutis enituit. Solus Ptolemaeus, sicut scelestus in 
 occupando regno, ita et segnis in administrando fuit. 
 
 62. Philippics cum Hannibale societatem contra Romanos 
 jungit. (Justin. XXIX. 2. 4.) 
 
 Philippus quum, Dardanis aliisque finitimis superatis, Aeto- 
 lis bellum inferre gestiret, a Demetrio, Illyriorum rege, im- 
 pulsus est, ut Romanos aggrederetur. Querebatur ille Ro- 
 manorum injuriam, qui non contenti Italiae t er minis imp erium 
 totius orbis spe complexi, 1 bellum cum omnibus regibus gererent. 
 Se cedere illi regno' 2 quod Rornani occupaverint, proiitetur ; gra- 
 tius habiturus? si in possessione imperii sui socium potius quam 
 hostes viderit. Hujusmodi oratione impulit Philippum, ut, omis- 
 sis Aetolis, bellum Romanis inferret, minus negotii 4 existiman- 
 tem, quod jam victos ab Hannibale apud Trasimenum 5 lacum 
 audierat. Itaque ne eodem tempore multis bellis distineretur, 
 pacem cum Aetolis facit, navesque fabricare coepit, quibus in 
 Italiam trajiceret. Legatum deinde ad Hannibalem, jungen- 
 dae societatis gratia, cum epistolis mittit; qui a Romanis 
 comprehensus et ad senatum perductus, incolumis dimissus est, 
 non in honorem regis, sed ne, dubius adhuc, indubitatus hostis 
 redderetur. 
 
 63. Pacem cum Romanis facer e cogilur. 
 (Justin. XXIX. 4.) 
 
 Paullo post autem quum Romanis nuntiatum esset, Philip- 
 pum in Italiam copias trajecturum, Laevinum praetorem cum 
 instructis navibus ad prohibendum transitum mittunt. Qui 
 quum in Graeciamtrajecisset, multis promissis impulit Aetolos, 
 ut bellum ad versus Philippum susciperent. Philippus quoque 
 Achaeos in Romanorum bellum sollicitat. Interea et Dardani 
 Macedoniae fines vastare coeperunt, et Laevinus praeter, junc- 
 ta cum Attalo rege societate, Graeciam populatur. His aliis- 
 que rebus distractus rex Macedoniae cum Romanis pacem fa- 
 cit, contentis interim bellum Macedonicum distulisse ; Philo- 
 poemeni autem, Achaeorum praetori, quern didicerat animos 
 sociorum ad Romanos trahere, insidias praetendit. Quibus 
 cognitis ille Achaeos auctoritate sua a rege Macedoniae pror- 
 sus abstraxit. 
 
58 MACEDONUM. IMFERIUM. 
 
 64. Ptolemaei quaedam gesta. (Just. XXX. 1, 2.) 
 
 Dum haec in Graecia geruntur, Ptolemaeus, qui ad nee em 
 utriusque parentis fratris quoque caedem adjunxerat, luxuriae 
 se tradiderat, nee amici tan turn, verum etiam omnis exercitus 
 regis exemplum secuti erant. Q,uibus cognitis, Antiochus, 
 rex Syriae, repentino bello multas urbes ejus oppressit, ipsam- 
 que Aegyptum aggreditur. Ptolemaeus autem exercitu in 
 Graecia conducto, secundum proelium facit, spoliassetque 
 regno Antioclium, si fortunam virtute juvisset. Sed conten- 
 tus recuperatione urbium, quas amiserat, facta pace, in pris- 
 tinam luxuriam revolutus, regnum perditissimis hominibus 
 tanquam praedam permisit. Eo mortuo Alexandrini, suppli- 
 cio de praedonibus illis sumto, legatos miserunt ad populum 
 Romanum, rogantes, ut tutelam pupilli susciperent, tuerentur- 
 que regnum Aegypti, quod jam Philippum et Antiochum, fac- 
 ta inter se pactione, inter se divisisse dicebant. 
 
 65. Romani bellum contra Philippum suscipiunt. 
 (Justin. XXX. 3, 4.) 
 
 Grata legatio Romanis fait, causam belli adversus Philip- 
 pum quaerentibus, qui ipsis, belli Punici temporibus, insidia- 
 tus fuerat. Mittuntur itaque legati, qui Antiocho et Philippo 
 denuntient, regno Aegypti abstineant. Mittitur et M. Lepi- 
 dus in Aegyptum, qui tutorio nomine regnum pupilli adminis- 
 traret. Dum haec aguntur, legationes Attali et Rhodiorum, 
 injurias Philippi 1 querentes, Romam venerunt. Quae res 
 omnem cunctationem Macedonici belli senatui exemit. Sta- 
 tim igitur titulo 2 ferendi sociis auxilii, bellum adversus Phi- 
 lippum decernitur, legionesque cum consule in Macedonian! 
 mittuntur. Nee multo post tempore tota Graecia, fiducia 
 Romanorum ad spem pnstinae libertatis erecta, bellum Phi- 
 lippo intulit ; atque ita quum rex undique urgeretur, pacem 
 petere compellitur. Repudiata a Senatu pace, proelium 
 commissum est apud Cynoscephalas in Thessalia inter Phi- 
 lippum et Flaminium, Romanorum ducem. Macedonas Ro- 
 mana fortuna vicit. Fractus itaque bello Philippus, pace ac- 
 cepta, nomen quidem regium retinuit ; sed omnibus Graeciae 
 urbibus extra terminos antiquae possessionis amissis, solam 
 Macedoniam retinuit. 
 
MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 59 
 
 66. Antiochum, Hannibalis consiliis adjutum, Romani aggre- 
 diuntur. (Justin. XXXI. 1, 2. 4.) 
 
 lnterea Antiochus, rex Syriae, Aegyptum occupare statuit. 
 Itaque Phoenicen, caeterasque Syriae quidem, sed juris Ae- 
 gypti civitates, quum invasisset, legatos ad eum Senatus mi- 
 sit, qui denuntiarent ei, abstineret 1 regno pupilii populi Ro- 
 mani, postremis patris precibus fidei suae traditi. Quibus 
 spretis, bellum ei denuntiatum est. Eodem tempore Nabis, 
 Lacedaemoniorum tyrannus, multas Graeciae civitates occu- 
 paverat. Igitur Senatus, ne uno tempore duplici bello Ro- 
 manae vires distinerentur, scripsit 2 Flaminino, si ei videretur, 
 sicuti Macedoniam a Philippo, ita Graeciam a Nabide libe- 
 raret. Terribile quippe Antiochi bellum nomen Hannibalis 
 fecit, quern aemuli ejus cum Antiocho inisse societatem apud 
 Romanos criminabantur. Qui quum sibi a Romanis insidias 
 strui mtellexisset, clam nave conscensa, cursum ad Antiochum 
 direxit. Ad hunc quum pervenisset, negabat opprimi Roma- 
 nos nisi in Italia posse. Cujus consilia quum regi placerent, 
 Romani ad Antiochum legatos misere, qui et regis apparatum 
 specularentur, et Hannibalem assiduo colloquio 3 suspectum 
 invisumque redder ent. Hie dolus bene illis successit. Quip- 
 pe Antiochus reconciliatam ejus cum Romanis gratiam 4 exis- 
 timans, eum veluti hostem proditoremque sui odisse coepit. 
 
 67. Eum pugna navali super ant. (Just. XXXI. 6. ) 
 
 Dum igitur Antiochus, falsa suspicione deceptus, omnera 
 belli apparatum temere et negligenter agit, Acilius, Romanus 
 consul, omnia bello necessaria summa industria parat. Ita- 
 que prima belli congressione 5 rex victus et fugatus castra di- 
 tia victoribus reliquit. Deinde quum in Asiam fugiendo per- 
 venisset, poenitere neglecti consilii coepit, revocatoque in 
 amicitiam Hannibale, omnia ex sententia ejus agere. Inte- 
 rim nuntiatur, Aemilium, Romanum ducem, cum octoginta 
 rostratis navibus adventare. Itaque, priusquam sociae civi- 
 tates ad hostes deficerent, decernere navali proelio statuit, 
 sperans cladem in Graecia acceptam nova posse victoria 
 aboleri. Tradita igitur Hannibali classe, proelium committi- 
 tur. 6 Sed nee Asiani milites Romanis, neque naves eorum 
 pares rostratis navibus fuerunt ; minor tamen clades ducis 
 solertia fuit. 
 
60 MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 
 
 68. Antiochus pads leges, a Romanes dictatas, repudiat 
 (Justin. XXXI. 7.) 
 
 Novae hujus victoriae fama nondum Romam venerat, quum 
 jam Lucius Scipio consul creatus esset, qui bellum in Asia ge- 
 reret. Huic datur legatus frater Africanus, cui Poeni et Han- 
 nibal superati nomen fecerant. Trajicientibus autem in Asiam 
 exercitum Scipionibus, jam utrobique prorogatum bellum nun- 
 tiatum est, victumque Antiochum terrestri, Hannibalem navali 
 bello invenerunt. Primo igitur adventu eorum legatos pacem 
 petentes ad eos Antiochus mittit, peculiare donum Africano 
 ferentes ipsius filium, quern rex parvo navigio trajicientem ce- 
 perat. Leges pacis dicuntur : Ut rex Asia Romanis cederet, 
 contentus regno Syriae esset, naves universas traderet, sumtum- 
 que omnem belli Romanis restitueret. Quae quum nuntiata 
 Antiocho essent, nondum ita se victum esse respondit, ut spoli- 
 ari se regno pateretur. 
 
 69. Magno proelio vinciiur. (Justin. XXXI. 8.) 
 
 Igitur quum ab utrisque bellum pararetur, ingressique 
 Asiam Romani Ilion 1 venissent, mutua gratulatio Iliensium 
 ac Romanorum fuit, Iliensibus, Aeneam caeterosque duces cum 
 eo a se profectos ; Romanis, se ab his procreatos, referentibus 
 Tantaque laetitia omnium fuit, quanta esse post longum tern- 
 pus inter parentes et liberos solet. Profectis ab Ilio Roma- 
 nis, Eumenes rex cum auxiliis occurrit ; nee multo post 
 proelium cum Antiocho commissum. 2 Quum in dexteriore 
 cornu pulsa legio Romana ad castra fugeret, M. Aemilius, 
 tribunus militum, ad tutelam castrorum relictus, armare se 
 milites suos et extra vallum progredi jubet, strictisque gladiis 
 fugientibus minari, morituros, nisi in proelium revertantur ; in- 
 festioraque sua, quam hostium castra, inventuros. Attonita 
 tarn ambiguo 3 periculo legio in proelium revertitur, magna- 
 que caede edita, initium victoriae fuit. Caesa hostium quin- 
 quaginta millia, capta undecim. Antiocho pacem petenti 
 nihil ad superiores conditiones additum. Captas civitates inter 
 socios divisere Romani. 
 
 70. Aetoli a Romanis victi. Achaeorum et Messeniorum bella. 
 (Justin. XXX 4. XXXII. 1.) 
 
 Aetoli, 4 qui Romanis offensi, quod non omnem Macedoni- 
 an! Philippo ademtam ipsis dedissent, Antiochum in bellum 
 
MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 61 
 
 impuleranl, illo victo soli remanserunt. Nee multo post 
 victi, libertatem, quam adversus dominationem Atheniensium 
 et Spartanorum inter tot Graeciae civitates soli retinuerant, 
 amiserunt. Sub idem tempus bello inter Messenios et Achae- 
 os exorto, Achaeorum imperator Philopoemen, in transitu 
 fossae cquo praecipitatus, a multitudine hostium oppressus 
 est. Hunc, velut in illo omne bellum confecissent, 1 in mo- 
 dum triumphi per universam civitatem circumduxerunt. De- 
 inde in carcerem ducto venenum dederunt ; quod ille laetus, 
 ac si vicisset, accepit, quaesito 2 prius, an Lycortas, praefeclus 
 Achaeorum, quern secundum a se esse sciebat, incolumu 
 effugisset ? Quern ut accepit effugisse, non in totum, dicens, 
 consultum 3 male Achaeis, exspiravit. Nee multo post reparato 
 bello, Messenii vincuntur, poenasque interfecti Philopoemenia 
 pependerunt. 
 
 7 1 . Regia Philippi Macedonis parricidio inquinatur. (Just, 
 XXXII. 2.) 
 
 Interim regis Macedonum domus intestinis malis agitaba- 
 tur. Nam quum Demetrius, Philippi films, a patre Romam 
 missus, ob insignem pudorem 4 multa favoris documenta a 
 senatu accepisset, patri invisus esse coepit, indignanti, plus 
 momenti apud senatum personam filii, quam auctoritatem 
 patris habuisse. Igitur Perseus, major filiorum regis, per- 
 specta patris aegritudine, quotidie absentem Demetrium apud 
 eum criminari, et primo in visum, mox etiam suspectum red- 
 dere ; nunc amicitiam Roman orum, nunc proditionem ei pa- 
 tris objectare. Ad postremum insidias sibi ab eo paratas con- 
 fingit, ad cujus criminis probationem immittit indices, testes- 
 que subornat. Gluibus rebus patrem impulit, ut supplicium 
 de innocente sumeret. 
 
 72. Philippus morilur. (Justin. XXXII. 3.) 
 
 Occiso Demetrio sublatoque aemulo non negligentior tan- 
 turn Perseus in patrem, verum etiam contumacior erat ; nee 
 heredem regni, sed regem se gerebat. His rebus offensus 
 Philippus impatientius in dies mortem Demetrii dolebat, et, 
 denique fraude cognita, non minus scelere Persei, quam in- 
 noxii Demetrii morte cruciabatur. Brevi post tempore, mor- 
 bo ex aegritudine animi contracto decessit, relicto magno 
 belli apparatu adversus Romanos, quo postea Perseus usus 
 est. 
 
62 MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 
 
 73, Ultima Hannibalis fata. (Justin. XXXII. 4. Corn. 
 
 Nep. Vita Hannib. c. 12.) 
 
 Hannibal, quum ab Antiocho Romani, inter caeteras con- 
 ditiones pacis, deditionem ejus deposcerent, admonitus a 
 rege, Cretam confugit. Ibi quum se propter nimias opes in- 
 vidiosum 1 videret, contendit ad Prusiam, regem Bithyniae. 
 Qui quum terrestri proelio ab Eumene victus esset, et bel- 
 lum in mare transtulisset, Hannibal novo commento auctor 
 victoriae fuit. Q,uippe omne serpentium genus 2 in fictiles 
 lagenas conjici jussit, medioque proelio in naves hostium 
 mitti. Id primum illis ridiculum visum. Sed ubi serpenti- 
 bus repleri naves coepere, ancipiti periculo circumventi, 
 hosti victoriam cessere. Quae ubi Romam nuntiata sunt, 
 senatus legatos misit, qui utrumque regem in pacem coge- 
 rent, Hannibalemque deposcerent. His Prusias, quod pete- 
 bant, negare non ausus, rogavit, ne id a se fieri postularent, 
 quod adversus jus hospitii esset ; ipsi, si possent, compre- 
 henderent; locum, ubi esset, facile inventuros. Hannibal 
 enim uno loco se tenebat in castello, quod ei a rege datum 
 erat muneri, idque sic aedificarat, ut in omnibus partibus 
 aedificii exitum sibi haberet; semper verens, ne usu eveni- 
 ret, quod accidit. Hue quum legati Romanorum venissent, 
 ac multitudine domum ejus circumdedissent, puer a janua 
 prospiciens Hannibali dixit, plures praeter consuetudinem ar- 
 matos apparere. Qui imperavit ei, ut omnes fores aedificii 
 circumiret, ac propere sibi renuntiaret, num eodem modo un- 
 dique obsideretur. Puer quum omnes exitus occupatos os- 
 tendisset, sensit id non fortuito factum, sese peti, neque sibi 
 diutius vitam esse retinendam. Quam ne alieno arbitrio 
 dimitteret, memor pristinarum virtutum, venenum, quod sem- 
 per secum habere consueverat, sumsit. 
 
 74. Perseus a Rom anis victus; Macedonia in provinciae 
 
 Rom. for mam redacta. (Just. XXXIII. 1, 2.) 
 
 Jam Macedonicum bellum summa omnium virium conten- 
 tione a Romanis geri coeptum est. Prima equitum congres- 
 sio fuit, qua Perseus victor suspensam 3 omnium exspecta- 
 tionem in sui favorem traxit ; misit tamen legatos ad consu- 
 lem, qui pacem peterent, quam patri suo Romani etiam victo 
 dedissent, impensas belli lege victi 4 suscepturus. Sed consul 
 Sulpicius non minus graves, quam victo, 5 leges dixit. Dum 
 haec aguntur, Romani Aemilium Paulum consulem creant, 
 eique extra ordinem Macedonicum bellum decernunt; qui 
 
MACEDONUM IMPERIUM. 63 
 
 quum ad exercitum venisset, non magnam moram pugnae fe- 
 cit. Pridie, quam proelium 1 consereretur, luna nocte defe- 
 cit ; quod ostentum Perseo cladem finemque Macedonici regni 
 portendere vaticinabantur. Quod vaticinium non fefellit. Per- 
 seus rex fuga cum decern millibus talent urn Samothraciam 5 
 defertur ; quern Cnaeus Octavius ad persequendum missus a 
 consule, cum duobus filiis, Alexandro et Philippo, cepit, cap- 
 tumquead consulem duxit. Macedonia Romanorum ditioni 
 addita. Aetolorum, nova semper bella in Graecia excitantium 
 principes Romam missi, ibique, ne quid in patria novarent, diu 
 detenti sunt. Tandem per multos annos legationibus civita- 
 tium senatu fatigata, in suam quisque patriam remissus est. 
 
 75. Romani in Achaeos causas belli quaerunt. (Justin. 
 XXXIV. 1.) 
 
 Macedonibus subactis, Aetolorumque viribus debilitatis, 
 soli adhuc ex uni versa Graecia Achaei nimis potentes tunc 
 temporis Romanis videbantur, non propter singularum civi- 
 tatium nimias opes, sed propter conspirationem 3 universarum. 
 Namque Achaei, licet per civitates divisi, unum tamen im- 
 perium habent, singularumque urbium pericula mutuis viri- 
 bus propulsant. Quaerentibus igitur Romanis causas belli, 
 tempestive fortuna querelas Spartanorum obtulit, quorum 
 agros Achaei propter mutuum odium populabantur. Sparta- 
 nis a senatu responsum est, legatos se ad inspiciendas res 
 sociorum in Graeciam missuros. Legatis clam mandatum 
 est, ut corpus Achaeorum dissolverent. Hi itaque omnium 
 civitatium principibus Corinthum evocatis, decretum senatus 
 recitant, dicentes, expedire omnibus, ut singulae civitates sua 
 jura et suas leges habeant. Quod ubi omnibus innotuit, ve- 
 lutin furoremversi universumperegrinumpopulum trucidant; 
 legatos quoque ipsos Romanorum violassent, nisi hi, audito tu- 
 multu, trepidi fugissent. 
 
 76. Achaeis metis Corinthus diripitur. (Justin. XXXIV. 2.) 
 
 Haec ubi Romae nuntiata sunt, statim senatus Mummio 
 consuli bellum Achaicum decernit, qui, omnibus strenue pro- 
 visis, pugnandi copiam hostibus fecit. Sed apud Achaeos 
 omnia neglecta et soluta fuerunt. Itaque praedam, non proe- 
 lium agitantes, 4 vehicula ad spolia hostium reportanda, se- 
 cum duxerunt, et conjuges liberosque suos ad spectaculum 
 certaminis in montibus posuerunt. Sed proelio commisso 5 
 
 Part II.— 7 
 
64 RES PARTHORUM. 
 
 ante oculos suorum caesi sunt. Conjuges quoque et liberi 
 eorum praeda hostium fuere. Urbs Corinthus diruitur : popu- 
 lus omnis sub corona venditur ; ut hoc exemplo ceteris civita- 
 tibus metus novarum rerum 1 imponeretur. 
 
 77. Attalo defuncto, Asia fit Romanorum. 
 (Justin. XXXVI. 4.) 
 
 Non ita multo post etiam Asia Romanorum facta est. Atta- 
 lus 2 ibi florentissimum ab Eumene patruo acceptum regnum 
 caedibus amicorum et cognatorum suppliciis foedabat Post 
 multa scelera squalidam vestem sumit, barbam capillumque in 
 modum reorum summittit : 3 non in publicum prodire, non popu- 
 lo se ostendere, non domi laetiora conviviainire,prorsusutpoe- 
 nas scelerum pendere videretur. Omissa deinde regni adminis- 
 tratione, hortos fodiebat, gramina seminabat, et noxia innoxiis 
 permiscebat, eaque omnia veneni succo infecta, velut pecu- 
 liare munus, amicis mittebat. Postea aerariae artis fabricae 
 se tradidit, cerisque fingendis et aere fundendo et procuden- 
 do oblectabatur. Matri deinde sepulcrum facere instituit: 
 cui operi intentus, morbum ex solis fervore contraxit, et sep- 
 tima die decessit. Hujus testamento populus Romanus heres 
 regni est institutus. 
 
 F. RES PARTHORUM. 
 
 1. Parthorum origines. (Justin. XLI. 1.) 
 
 Parthi, 4 penes quos nunc Orientis imperium est, Scytharum 
 exsuies fuere. Hoc etiam ipsorum nomine manifestatur ; nam 
 Scythico sermone Parthi exsuies dicuntur. Hi et Assyriorum 
 et Medorum temporibus inter Orientis populos obscurissimi 
 fuerunt. Postea quoque quum imperium Orientis a Medis ad 
 Persas translatum est, veluti vulgus sine nomine, praeda vic- 
 torum fuere. Postremo Macedonibus servierunt. A Roma- 
 nis autem, binis bellis, 5 per maximos duces, fiorentissimis tem- 
 poribus, lacessiti, soli ex omnibus gentibus non pares solum, 6 
 verum etiam victor es fuere. 
 
 2. Parthorum mores. (Justin. XLI. 2.) 
 
 Administrate gentis post defection em Macedonici imperii 
 sub regibus fuit Proximus regibus populi ordo est : ex hoc 
 
RES PARTHORUM. 65 
 
 duces in bello, ex hoc recto-res in pace habent. Sermo inter 
 Scythicum et Medicum medius et ex utrisque mixtus. Vestis 
 olim sui moris ; L posteaquam accessere opes, ut Medis, pellu- 
 cida ac fluida.* Exercitum non, ut aliae gentes, liberorum, 
 sed majorem partem servorum habent. Hos pari ac liberos 
 suos cura habent, et equitare ac sagittare magna industria do- 
 cent. Locupletissimus ut quisque est, ita plures in bello equites 
 regi suo praebet. Cominus in acie proeliari, aut obsessas ex- 
 pugnare urbes nesciunt. Pugnant autem procurrentibus equis, 
 aut terga dantibus; saepe etiam fugam simulant, ut incautio- 
 res adversus vulnera insequentes habeant. 3 Diu pugnare 
 nequeunt ; et sane intolerandi forent, si, quantus est impetus, 
 vis tanta et perseverantia esset. Plerumque in ipso ardore 
 certaminis proelia deserunt, et paullo post pugnam ex fuga 
 repetunt ; ut, quum maxime te vicisse putes, turn tibi discri- 
 men subeundum sit maximum. Murrimentum ipsis equisque 
 loricae plumatae sunt, quae utrumque toto corpore tegunt 
 Auri argentique nullus in armis usus. 
 
 3. Continuatio. (Justin. XLI. 3.) 
 
 Uxores singuli plures habent, iisque non convivia tantum 
 virorum, verum etiam conspectum inter dicunt. Carne nonnisi 
 venatibus quaesita vescuntur. 4 Equis omni tempore vectantur ; 
 illis 5 bella, illis convivia, illis publica ac privata officia obeunt; 
 super illos ire, consistere, mercari, colloqui. Hoc denique dis- 
 crimen inter servos liberosque est, quod servi pedibus, liberi 
 nonnisi equis incedunt. Sepultura vulgo aut avium aut ca- 
 num laniatus est. Nuda demum ossa terra obruunt. In su- 
 perstitionibus 6 praecipua amnibus veneratio est. Caeterum 
 ingenia genti tumida, seditiosa, fraudulenta, procacia ; natura 
 taciti ; 7 ad faciendum, quam ad dicendum, promtiores. Prin- 
 cipibus metu, non pudore 8 parent. Fides dictis promissisque 
 nulla, nisi quatenus expedit. 
 
 4. Arsaces Partkos in libertatem vindicat. (Justin. XLI. 4.) 
 
 Post mortem Alexandri Magni quum inter successores ejus 
 Orientis regna dividerentur, primum Stasanori cuidam sunt 
 traditi, quum nullus Macedonum Parthorum imperium dig- 
 naretur accipere. Postea diductis Macedonibus in bcllum 
 civile, alios post alios habuere dominos. Tandem Arsaces 
 vir incertae originis sed magnae virtutis, Seleuco, 9 ad quern 
 Parthorum populus per aliquod tempus pertinuerat, a Gallis 
 
66 RES PARTHORUM. 
 
 in Asia victo, cum praedonum manu Parthos ingressus, impe- 
 rmra gentis invasit. Non magno deinde post tempore Hyrca- 
 norum quoque regnum occupavit, et Seleucum ad defectores 
 persequendos venientem, proelio vicit. Q,uem diem Parthi 
 exinde solemnem, velut initium libertatis, observant. 
 
 5. Regnum fir mat. (Justin. XLI. 5.) 
 
 Revocato deinde Seleuco novis motibus in Asiam, Arsaces 
 dato laxamento, regnum Parthicum format, militem legit, cas- 
 tella munit, civitates iirmat. Urbem quoque nomine Daram, in 
 monte Zapaortenon condit, cujus loci ea conditio est, ut neque 
 munitius quidquam esse, neque amoenius possit. Nam prae- 
 ruptis montibus ita cingitur, ut tutela loci nullis defensoribus 
 egeat ; et soli circumjacentis tanta ubertas est, ut propriis opi- 
 bus expleatur. Sic Arsaces, quaesito simul constitutoque regno 
 non minus memorabilis Parthis, quam Persis Cyrus, matura 
 senectute decedit. Cujus memoriae hunc honorem Parthi 
 tribuerunt, ut omnes exinde reges suos Arsacis nomine nuncu- 
 pent. Hujus nepos, Arsaces et ipse nomine dictus, quindecim 
 annis in regno actis decessit, relictis pluobus rlliis, Mithridate 
 et Phrahate ; quorum major Phrahates more gentis, heres 
 regni, Mardos, validam gentem, bello domuit, nee multo post 
 decessit, multis rlliis relictis ; quibus praeteritis, 1 fratri potissi- 
 mum Mithridati, insignis virtutis viro, reliquit imperium, pa- 
 triae potius quam liberis consulendum ratus. 
 
 6. Mithridates regni fines prof ert (Justin. XLI. 6.) 
 
 Hie vir spem de se conceptam non fefellit. Bello inter 
 Parthos et Medos orto, post varios utriusque populi casus, ad 
 postremum victoria penes Parthos fuit His viribus auctus 
 Mithridates Mediae Bacasin praeponit, ipse in Hyrcaniam pro- 
 ficiscitur. Unde reversus bellum cum Elymaeorum 2 rege 
 gessit, quo victo hanc quoque gentem regno adjecit, impe- 
 riumque Parthorum a monte Caucaso, multis populis in di- 
 tionem redactis, usque ad Humeri Euphratem protulit. His 
 actis adversa valetudine correptus, non minor Arsace proavo, 
 gloriosa senectute decessit. 
 
 7. Regum Parthicorum successio. (Just. XLII. 1, 2, 3.) 
 
 Huic Phrahates Alius successit. Qui cum Scythis bellum 
 gerens a Graecis militibus, quibus in bello captis et crudeliter 
 tractatis, imprudentius, ut suis, utebatur, in pugna relictus at- 
 
RES PARTHORUM. 67 
 
 que occisus est. In hujus locum Artabanus, patruus ejus, rex 
 substituitur ; qui bello Thogariis 1 illato, in brachio vulneratus, 
 statim decedit. Huic Mithridates filius succedit, cui res gestae 
 Magni cognomen dedere: quippe claritatem parentum animi 
 magnitudine supergreditur. Multa bella cum finitimis magna 
 virtute gessit, multosque populos Parthico regno addidit. Eti- 
 am cum Scythis prospere aliquoties dimicavit. Ad postremum 
 Ortoadisti, Armeniorum regi, bellum intulit; quo debellato 
 propter crudelitatem a Senatu Parthico regno pellitur. 
 
 8. Romanorum legiones a Parthis trucidantur, 
 (Justin. XLII. 4.) 
 
 Vacans regnum occupavit Orodes, Mithridatis frater. Qui 
 quum Babyloniam, quo Mithridates confugerat, din obsideret, 
 oppidanos fame coactos in deditionem compulit. Mithridates 
 quoque, flducia cognationis, ultro se in protestatem Orodis 
 tradit. Sed Orodes plus hostem, quam fratrem, cogitans, in 
 conspectu suo eum trucidari jussit. Post haec bellum cum 
 Romanis gessit, Crassumque imperatorem cum filio et omni 
 exercitu Romano delevit. Hujus filius Pacorus, missus ad 
 persequendas Romani belli reliquias, magnis rebus in Syria 
 gestis, patri suspectus in Parthiam revocatur ; quo absente, 
 exercitus Parthorum relictus in Syria a Cassio, quaestore 
 Crassi, cum omnibus ducibus trucidatur, 
 
 9. Romani Parthos magno proelio vincunt 
 (Justin, XLII. 4.) 
 
 His ita gestis non multo post tempore, apud Romanos inter 
 Caesarem et Pompejum civile bellum exarsit, in quo Parthi 
 Pompejanarum partium fuere. Victis partibus Pompejanis, 
 et Cassio et Bruto auxilia ad versus Augustum et Antonium 
 misere, et post belli rlnem rursum, Pacoro duce, Syriam et 
 Asiam vastavere, castraque Ventidii, qui absente Pacoro ex- 
 ercitum Parthicum fuderat, magna mole aggrediuntur. Sed 
 ille simulato timore, diu continuit se, et insultare* Parthos ali- 
 quantisper passus est. Ad postremum in securos laetosque 
 partem legionum emisit, quarum impetu fusi Parthi in diversa 
 abiere. Pacorus quum fugientes suos abduxisse secum legio^ 
 nes Romanas putaret, castra Ventidii, velut defensoribus pri- 
 vata, agoreditur. Turn Ventidius, reliqua parte legionum 
 emissa, universam Parthorum manum cum rege ipso Pacoro 
 interfecit. Nullo bello Parthi unquam majus vulnus acce- 
 perunt. 7 * 
 
68 RES PARTHORUM. 
 
 10. Orodis, regis Parthorum, de mortefilii Indus. 
 
 (Justin. 1. c.) 
 
 Haec quum in Parthia nuntiata essent, Orodes, pater Pa- 
 cori, qui paullo ante vastatam Syriam, Asiam a Parthis occu- 
 patam esse audiverat, victoremque Pacorum Romanorum 
 gloriabatur, repente filii morte et exercitus clade audita, ex 
 dolore in furorem vertitur. 1 Multis diebus non alloqui quem- 
 quam, non cibum sumere, non vocem mittere, ita ut etiam 
 mutus factus videretur. Post multos deinde dies, ubi dolor 
 vocem laxaverat, 2 nihil aliud quam Pacorum vocabat, ilium 
 videre, ilium audire se putabat. Post longum deinde luctum 
 alia sollicitudo miserandum senem invadit, quern ex numero 
 triginta filiorum in locum Pacori regem destinet. Multae 
 pellices, ex quibus generata tanta juventus erat, pro suis 
 quaeque sollicitae, animum senis obsidebant. Sed fatum Par- 
 thiae fecit, ut sceleratissimus omnium, et ipse Phrahates no- 
 mine, rex statueretur. 
 
 11. Phrahatis saevitia et ezilium. (Just. XLII. 5.) 
 
 Hie itaque, beneficium parricidio rependens, patrem inter- 
 fecit ; fratres quoque ad unum omnes trucidat. Jam quum 
 infestos sibi optimates propter assidua scelera videret, ne esset, 
 qui in suum locum nominari rex posset, adultum filium interfici 
 jubet. Huic Antonius bellum cum sedecim validissimis ]egio- 
 nibus intulit, sed graviter multis proeliis vexatus, a Parthia 
 refugit. Qua victoria insolentior Phrahates redditus, quum in 
 dies magis saeviret, in exilium a populo pellitur. Exilii impa- 
 tiens, quum diu finitimas civitates, ad postremum Scythas pre- 
 cibus fatigasset, Scytharum maxime auxilic in regnum resti- 
 tuitur. Eo absente regem Parthi Tiridaten quemdam consti- 
 tuerant ; qui, audito adventu Scytharum, cum magna amicorum 
 manu ad Caesarem, 3 in Hispania bellum tunc temporis geren- 
 tem, profugit, obsidem Caesari minimum filium Phrahatis fe~ 
 rens, quern negligentius custoditum rapuerat. 
 
 12. Augustus Phrahatem terret. (Justin. 1. c.) 
 
 Quo cognito, Phrahates statim ad Caesarem legatos mittit, 
 servum suum Tiridaten et filium remitti sibi postulat. Qua 
 legatione audita, Caesar, neque Tiridaten dediturum se Par- 
 this, dixit, neque adversus Parthos Tiridati auxilia daturum. 
 Simul Phrahati filium sine pretio remisit, et Tiridati, quoad 
 manere apud Romanos vellet, opuientum sumtum praeberi 
 
RES SICILIAE. 69 
 
 jussit. Post haec fmito Hispaniensi bello, quum in Syriam 
 ad componendum Orientis statum venisset, metum Phrahati 
 incussit. Quare hie ut bellum a Parthiae finibus averteret, 
 omnes captivos ex Crassi et Antonii legionibus colligi jussit, 
 eosque simul cum signis militaribus 1 Augusto remisit. Sed 
 et filii nepotesque Phrahatis obsides Augusto dati, plusque 
 Caesar magnitudine sui nominis fecit, quam armis alius im- 
 perator facere potuisset. 
 
 G. RES SICILIAE. 
 
 1. Siciliae origines. (Justin. IV. 2.) 
 
 Siciliae primo Trinacriae 2 nomen fuit: postea Sicania 3 
 cognominata est. Haec a principio patria Cyclopum fuit, 
 quibus exstinctis Cocalus regnum insulae occupavit; post 
 quern singulae civitates in tyrannorum imperium concesserunt, 
 quorum nulla terra feracior fuit. Horum ex numero Anaxilaus 
 justitia cum caeterorum crudelitatecertabat ; cujus moderatio- 
 nis haud mediocrem fructum tulit. Q,uippe decedens quum 
 fllios parvulos reliquisset, tutelamqueeorum Micytho,spectatae 
 fidei servo, commisisset, tantus amor memoriae ejus apud 
 omnes fuit, ut parere servo, quam carere regis flliis mallent, 
 principesque civitatis, obliti dignitatis suae, regni majestatem 
 administrari per servum paterentur. 
 
 2. Carthaginienses in Sicilia. (Justin. IV. 2.) Dionysius 
 major. (Ibid. XX. 1. 5.) 
 
 Imperium Siciliae etiam Carthaginienses tentavere ; diuque 
 varia fortuna cum tyrannis dimicatum. Ad postremum 
 amisso Hamilcare imperatore cum exercitu, aliquantisper 
 quievere victi. Insequenti tempore Dionysius, Carthagini- 
 ensibus victis, totius insulae imperium occupavit. Turn, de- 
 sidiam exercitus sui timens, copias in Italiam trajecit. Prima 
 illi militia adversus Graecos fuit, qui proxima Italici maris 
 litora tenebant ; quibus devictis, finitimos quosque aggredi- 
 tur, omnesque Graeci nominis, 4 Italiam possidentes, hostes 
 sibi destinat ; quae gentes non partem, sed universam ferme 
 Italiam ea tempestate occupaverant. Expugnatis Locris, 
 
70 RES SICILIAE. 
 
 Crotonienses aggreditur, qui cum parvis copiis fortiter restite- 
 runt. Hoc bello occupatum Dionysium legati Gallorum, qui 
 paucos ante menses Romam incenderant, 1 societatem amici- 
 tiamque petentes adeunt. Grata legatio Dionysio fuit. Ita 
 pacta societate, et auxiliis Gallorum auctus, bellum velut ex 
 integro restaurat. Sed eum in Siciliam adventus Carthagi- 
 niensium revocavit, qui, reparato exercitu, bellum auctis viri- 
 bus repetebant. Nee multo post Dionysius, assiduis bellis 
 victus fractusque, ad postremum suorum insidiis interficitur. 
 
 3. Dionysius minor patri succedit. (Just. XXI. 1.) 
 
 Eo exstmcto milites maximum natu ex filiis ejus, nomine 
 Dionysium, in ejus locum surTecere. Qui, ut popularium ani- 
 mos inter initia regni sibi conciliaret, nexorum 2 tria millia e 
 carcere dimittit ; tributa populo intra triennium remittit, et, 
 quibuscunque delini mentis potest, animos omnium sollicitat. 8 
 Tunc fratrum suorum avunculos, veluti aemulos imperii sui, 
 hortatoresque puerorum ad divisionem regni, sustulit, ipsos- 
 que paullo post fratres interficit. 
 
 4. Regno pellitur. (Just. XXI. 2.) 
 
 Sublatis aemulis in segnitiem lapsus, saginam corporis ex 
 nimia luxuria, oculorumque valetudinem contraxit, adeo ut non 
 golem, non pulverem, non denique splendorem ferre lucis posset. 
 Propter quae dum contemni se putat, saevitia grassatur, civita- 
 temque caedibus implet. Quae saevitia quum eum omnibus 
 invisum reddidisset, et bellum denique Syracusani ad vers us 
 eum decrevissent, diu dubitavit, 4 imperium deponeret an bello 
 resisteret. Sed a militibus, praedam ex urbis direptione spe- 
 rantibus, descendere in proelium cogitur. Plus semel victus, 
 legatos ad Syracusanos mittit, spondens, se depositururn tyran- 
 nidem, si mitterent ad eum, quibuscum sibi de pace conveniret. 
 In quam rem missos primores in carcere retinet, 5 atque ita, in- 
 cautis omnibus nee quidquam hostile metuentibus, exercitum 
 ad delendam civitatem mittit. Fit igitur in ipsa urbe anceps 
 proelium ; in quo, oppidanis multitudine superantibus, Diony- 
 sius pellitur, qui quum obsidionem arcis timeret, cum omni 
 regio apparatu in Italiam profugit tacitus. 
 
RES SICILIAE. 71 
 
 5. Post tyrannidem in Locrenses exercitam Syracusas redit 
 
 (Justin. XXI. 2, 3.) 
 
 Exul a Locrensibus sociis exceptus, velut jure regnaret, ar« 
 cem occupat, solitamque sibi saevitiam exercet. Opulentiores 
 interfecit, matronas etiam nonnullas ad prodendas virorum pe- 
 cunias torquet. Quum his artibus per annos sex regnasset, 
 conspiratione Locrorum 1 civitate pulsus, in Siciliam redit. Ibi 
 Syracusas, securis omnibus, post longam intercapedinem pa- 
 ds, per proditionem recipit. 
 
 6. A Timoleone pulsus Corinthum concessit. (Justin. XXL 
 
 5. Conf. Corn. Nep. Vita Timol. 2.) 
 
 Ibi quum gravior crudeliorque in dies civitati esset, iterata 
 conspiratione obsidetur. Petiverant autem ejus adversarii 
 opem a Corinthiis, ducemque, quo in bello uterentur, postula- 
 verant. Ab illis Timoleon missus, incredibili felicitate Dio- 
 nysium tota Sicilia depulit. Tunc, deposito imperio, Corin- 
 thum in exilium proficiscitur. Ibi, humillima quaeque tutis- 
 sima existimans, in sordidissimum vitae genus descendit; in 
 publico vagabatur et potabat; totis diebus in popinis deside- 
 bat, cum perditissimo quoque de minimis rebus disceptabat, 
 pannosus et squalidus incedebat ; quae omnia facere videbatur 
 ut contemnendus magis quam metuendus videretur. Denique, 
 ludimagistrum professus, pueros in trivio docebat. 
 
 7. Agathoclis tyranni genus et vita. (Just. XXII. 1.) 
 
 Paucis annis interjectis Agathocles ex humili genere ad 
 regnum Syracusarum totiusque Siciliae pervenit. Quippe in 
 Sicilia patre figulo natus, juveniles annos omni infamiae gene- 
 re inquinavit, latrocinia quoque exercuit. Interjecto tempore 
 quum Syracusas concessisset, diu sine fide fuit f deinde gre- 
 gariam militiam sortitus, non minus tunc seditiosa, quam an- 
 tea turpi vita, in omne facinus promtissimus erat. Nam et 
 manu strenuus, et in concionibus perfacundus habebatur. 
 Brevi itaque centurio, ac deinceps tribunus militum factus est. 
 Jam quum in diversis proeliis insignem fortitudinem praesti- 
 tisset, dignus est habitus, qui in locum defuncti ducis Damas- 
 conis sufficeretur. Turn bis occupare imperium Syracusarum 
 voluit, bis in exilium actus est. 
 
72 RES SICILIAE. 
 
 8. Tyrannidem Agathocles occwpat. (Just. XXII. 2.) 
 
 Quum apud Murgantinos 1 exularet, ab his odio Syracusa- 
 norum primo praetor, mox dux belli creatur. In eo bello et 
 urbem Leontinorum 2 capit, et patriam suam Syracusas obsi- 
 dere coepit. Sed quum videret, fortius defendi urbem, quam 
 oppugnari, precibus per internuntios Hamilcarem exorat, ut 
 inter se et Syracusanos pacis arbitrium suscipiat. duo inter- 
 cedente non pax tantum Agathocli conciliatur, verum etiam 
 praetor Syracusis constituitur. Quo facto, acceptis ab Ha- 
 milcare quinque millibus Afrorum, potentissimos quosque ex 
 principibus interficit, senatum trucidat, et ex plebe quoque lo- 
 cupletissimos et promtissimos tollit. 
 
 9. Agathoclis bella cum Poenis. (Just. XXII. 3 — 6.) 
 
 His ita gestis militem legit exercitumque conscribit ; quo 
 instructus finitimas civitates, nihil hostile metuentes, ex im- 
 proviso aggreditur. Deinde quum ad versus Poenos arma 
 movisset, Poenique victores Syracusas obsidione cinxissent, 
 mira prorsus audacia bellum in Africam transferre statuit. 
 Itaque oppidan is ad obsidionis necessitatem frumento in- 
 structs, comitibus duobus adultis filiis, Archagatho et Hera- 
 clida, cursum in Africam direxit. duo quum venisset, uni- 
 versas naves, consentiente exercitu, incendi jubet, ut omnes 
 scirent, auxilio fugae ademto, 3 aut vincendum aut moriendum 
 esse. Deinde quum omnia, quacunque ingrederentur, pros- 
 ternerent, villas castellaque incenderent, obvius ei fuit cum 
 triginta millibus Poenorum Hanno ; sed, proelio commisso, 
 duo 4 de Siculis, tria millia de Poenis cum ipso duce cecidere. 
 Hac victoria et Siculorum animi eriguntur et Poenorum fran- 
 guntur. Castra deinde in quinto lapide a Carthagine statuit, 
 ut vastitatem agrorum et incendia villarum de muris ipsius ur- 
 bis specularentur. 5 
 
 10. Agathocles Poenos e Sicilia pellit. (Justin. XXII. 7, 8.) 
 
 His Poenorum malis etiam deletus in Sicilia cum impera- 
 tore exercitus accessit. Nam post profectionem Agathoclis 
 Poeni in obsidione urbis segniores redditi, ab Antandro, fra- 
 tre Agathoclis, occidione caesi nuntiabantur. 6 Itaque quum 
 domi forisque eadem fortuna Carthaginiensium esset, non 
 tributariae tantum ab his urbes, sed etiam socii reges deflcie- 
 bant. Quorum copiis auctus, 7 Carthaginienses gravi proe- 
 
RES SICILIAE. 73 
 
 Ho superat. duo facto, tradito exercitu filio Archagatho, in 
 Siciiiam rediit, nihil actum existimans, si amplius Syracusae 
 obsiderentur. Nam post occisum Hamilcarem, Gisgonis fili- 
 um, novus eo a Poenis missus exercitus fuerat. Statim igi- 
 tur primo adventu ejus Siciliae urbes, auditis rebus, quas in 
 Africa gesserat, certatim se ei tradunt, atque ita pulsis e Si- 
 cilia Poenis, totius insulae imperium occupavit. In Africam 
 deinde reversus, seditione militum excipitur. Nam stipen- 
 diorum solutio in adventu m patris dilata a filio fuerat. Igi- 
 tur ad concionem vocatos blandis verbis permulsit : stipendia 
 illis dicens ab hoste quaerenda esse : communem victoria m 
 communem praedam futuram. Sedato itaque militari tumul- 
 tu, ad castra hostium exercitum ducit ; ibi inconsultius proe- 
 lium committendo, majorem partem exercitus perdidit. Quum 
 itaque in castra fugisset, militesque ob stipendium non solu- 
 tum metueret, concubia nocte solus cum Archagatho filio 
 profugit. Archagathus tamen, qui a patre noctis err ore 1 
 discesserat, a militibus comprehensus reducitur. Turn pac- 
 tione cum hostibus facta, milites, interfectis Archagathi libe- 
 ris, Carthaginiensibus se tradidere; Archagathus ipse ab 
 Arcesilao, amico antea patris, occisus est. Post haec Poeni 
 ad persequendas belli reliquias duces in Siciiiam miserunt, 
 cum quibus Agathocles pacem aequis conditionibus fecit. 
 
 11. Agathocles moritur. (Justin. XXIII. 2.) 
 
 Brevi post tempore, Agathocles, quum spe ampliandi 2 reg- 
 ni in Italiam trajecisset, gravi morbo correptus est. Quum 
 jam nulla spes esset, eum hoc malo liberari posse, bellum 
 inter filium ejus nepotemque oritur, regnum jam quasi mortui 
 vindicantes, occisoque filio, regnum nepos occupavit. Inter 
 haec domestica mala rex moritur. Carthaginienses autem, 
 cognitis quae in Sicilia agebantur, occasionem totius insulae 
 occupandae datam sibi existimantes, magnis viribus 3 eo tra- 
 jiciunt, multasque civitates subigunt. 
 
 12. Pyrrhus Siciiiam occupat et amittit. 
 (Justin. XXIII. 3.) 
 
 Eo tempore Pyrrhus, rex Epiri, adversus Romanos bellum 
 gerebat : 4 qui imploratus a Siculis in auxilium, quum Syracu- 
 sas venisset, multasque civitates subegisset, rex Siciliae 
 appellatur. Post haec multa secunda proelia cum Carthagi- 
 niensibus facit. Interjecto deinde tempore, quum legati ab 
 Italicis sociis venissent, nuntiantes, Romanis resisti non posse. 
 
74 DE HISPANIA. 
 
 deditionemque futuram, nisi subveniat victorem exercitum in 
 Italiam trajecit. Quo facto socii in Sicilia ab eo defecerunt, 
 et imperium Siciliae tarn cito amisit, quam facile quaesierat. 
 Sed nee in Italia meliore felicitate usus in Epirum revertitur. 
 
 13. Hiero, Hieroclis Jilius, imperium Siciliae adipiscitur. 
 (Justin. XXIII. 4.) 
 
 Post profectionem a Sicilia Pyrrhi, magistratus Hiero 1 crea- 
 tur, cujus tanta moderatio fuit, ut, consentiente omnium civita- 
 ium favore, dux adversus Carthaginienses primum, mox rex, 
 crearetur. Hujus futurae magnitudinis multa fuerunt omina. 
 Gluippe genitus patre Hierocle, nobili viro, a patre, quod ex 
 ancilla natus esset, expositus erat. Sed parvulum apes multis 
 diebus aluerunt. Ob quam rem responso aruspicum admoni- 
 tus pater, qui regnum infanti portendi canebant, puerum rece- 
 pit, omnique studio ad spem majestatis, quae promittebatur, 2 
 instituit. Eidem, in ludo inter aequales discenti, lupus, in 
 turba puerorum repente conspectus, tabulum eripuit. Ado- 
 lescenti quoque, prima bella ineunti, aquila in clypeo, noctua 
 in hasta consedit. Denique adversus provocatores saepe 
 pugnavit, semperque victor iam reportavit. A Pyrrho rege 
 multis militaribus donis donatus est. Pulcritudo ei corporis 
 insignis, vires quoque in homine admirabiles fuere; in alloquio 
 blandus, in negotio Justus, in imperio moderatus, prorsus ut 
 nihil ei regium deesse, praeter regnum, videretur. 
 
 H. DE HISPANIA QUAEDAM. 
 1. Hispaniae descripto, (Justin. XLIV. 1.) 
 
 Hispaniam veteres ab Ibero amne primum Iberiam, postea 
 ab Hispano 3 Hispaniam cognominaverunt. Haec, inter Afri- 
 cam et Galliam posita, Oceani freto et montibus Pyrenaeis 
 clauditur. Sicut minor utraque terra, ita utraque fertilior. 
 Nam neque, ut Africa, violento sole torretur, neque, ut Gallia, 
 assiduis ventis fatigatur, sed media inter utramque in omnia 
 frugum genera fecunda est, adeo ut non ipsis tantum incolis, 
 verum etiam Italiae urbique Romanae cunctarum rerum abun- 
 dantiam suppeditet. Hinc enim magna copia est frumenti, 
 
DE HISPANIA. 75 
 
 vini, mellis et olei ; nee ferri solum materia praecipua est, sed 
 et equorum pernices greges ; nee summae tantum terrae lau- 
 danda bona, 1 verum et abstrusorum metallorum felices divitiae. 
 Jam lini spartique vis ingens ; minii certe nulla feracior terra. 
 In hac cursus amnium nontorrentes rapidique, ut noceant, sed 
 lenes, et vineis campisque irrigui, 2 plerique etiam divites auro. 
 Uno tantum Pyrenaei montis dorso adhaeret Galliae, reliquis 
 partibus undique mari cingitur. Salubritas coeli per omnem 
 Hispaniam aequalis, quia aeris spiritus nulla paludum gravi 
 nebula inficitur. Hue accedunt et marinae aurae undique- 
 versus assidui flatus, quibus omnem pro vine iam penetrantibus, 
 eventilato terrestri spiritu, praecipua hominibus sanitas reddi- 
 tur. 
 
 2. Hispanorum mores. Viriathus dux. (Ibid. 2.) 
 
 Corpora hominum ad inediam 3 laboremque, animi ad mor- 
 tem parati. Bellum quam otium malunt ; si extraneus 4 deest, 
 domi hostem quaerunt. Velocitas genti pernix, inquies ani- 
 mus; plurimis militares equi, et arma sanguine ipso cariora. 5 
 Nullus in festos dies epularum apparatus. In magna tamen 
 saeculorum serie nullus illis dux magnus, praeter Viriathum, 
 fuit, qui annis decern Romanos varia victoria fatigavit. Cujus 
 ea virtus et continentia fuit, ut, quum consulares exercitus fre- 
 quenter vicerit, tantis rebus gestis non armorum, non vestis 
 cultum, non denique victum mutaret, sed in eo habitu, quo 
 primum bellare coepit, perseveraret ; ut quivis gregarius miles 
 ipso imperatore opulentior videretur. 
 
 3. Gallaecorum divitiae et mores. (Just. XLIV. 3.) 
 
 Pars Hispaniae,. quae Gallaecia vocatur, aeris ac plumbi 
 uberrima; turn et minio, quod etiam vicino flumini nomen dedit, 
 et auro quoque ditissima adeo, ut etiam aratro frequenter 
 glebas aureas exscindant. In hujus gentis finibus sacer mons 
 est, quern ferro violari nefas habetur : sed si quando fulgure 
 terra prose issa est, detectum aurum, veluti dei munus, colligere 
 permittitur. Feminae res domesticas agrorumque culturam 
 administrant ; ipsi 6 armis et rapinis serviunt. 7 Praecipua his 
 quidem ferri materia, nee tamen ullum apud eos telum proba- 
 tur, quod non aut Bilbili fluvio aut Chalybe tinctum sit 
 
 PART II. 8 
 
76 RES MASSILIENSITJM. 
 
 4. Carthaginiensium in Hispania impenum. 
 (Justin. XLIV. 5.) 
 
 Mature Carthaginienses imperium Hispaniae occupavera 
 Nam quum Gaditan^a Tyro, unde et Carthaginiensibus origo 
 est, sacra Herculis in Hispaniam transtulissent, urbemque ibi 
 condidissent, fmitimi incrementis novae urbis invidentes, Ga- 
 ditanos bello lacessiverunt. Consanguineis Carthaginienses 
 auxilium miserunt. Ibi felici expeditione et Gaditanos ab in- 
 juria vindicaverunt, et majorem partem Hispaniae imperio suo 
 adjecerunt. Postea quoque, hortante primae expeditionis suc- 
 cessu, Hamilcarem imperatorem cum magna manu ad occu- 
 pandam provinciam misere, qui, magnis rebus gestis, dum for- 
 tunam inconsultius sequitur, in insidias deductus occiditur. Ln 
 hujus locum gener ipsius Hasdrubal mittitur ; qui et ipse a 
 servo Hispani cujusdam, ulciscente domini injustam necem, in- 
 terfectus est. Major utroque Hannibal, Hamilcaris filius, suc- 
 cessit. Hie universam Hispaniam domuit ; inde bello Roma- 
 nis illato, Italiam per annos sexdecim variis cladibus fatigavit j 
 quum interea Romani, missis in Hispaniam Scipionibus, primo 
 Poenos provincia expulerunt, postea cum ipsis Hispanis gravia 
 bella gesserunt. £j ec prius Hispani jugum potuerunt accipere, 
 quam Caesar Augustus, perdomito orbe terrarum, victricia ad 
 eos arma transtulit, populumque barbarum et ferum, legibus ad 
 cultioris vitae usum traductum, in formam provinciae redegit. 
 
 1. RES MASSILIENSIUM. 
 
 I. Phocaeenses Massiliam condunt. (Just. XLIII. 3.) 
 
 Temporibus Tarquinii Superbi, Romanorum regis, ex Asia 
 Phocaeensium juventus, patria profuga, Massiliam inter Li- 
 gures 2 et feras gentes Gallorum condidit, et, dum se armis 
 adversus Gallicam feritatem tuentur, magnas res gesserunt 
 Duces classis Simos et Protis fuerunt. Hi regem Segobri- 
 giorum, Nannum nomine, in cujus finibus urbem condere 
 gestiebant, conveniunt. Forte eo die rex occupatus in ap- 
 paratu nuptiarum Gyptis filiae erat; quam more gentis, elec- 
 to inter epulas genero, nuptum tradere illic 3 parabat. Itaque 
 
RES MASSILIENSIUM. 77 
 
 quum ad nuptias invitati omnes proci essent, rogantur etiam 
 Graeci hospites ad convivium. Introducta deinde virgo quum 
 juberetur a patre aquam porrigere ei, quem virum eligeret, 
 tunc, omissis omnibus, ad Graecos conversa, aquam Proti 
 porrigit ; qui factus ex hospite gener, locum condendae urbis 
 a socero accepit. Condita igitur est Massilia prope ostia 
 Rhodani amnis, in remoto sinu, velut in angulo maris. Sed 
 Ligures, incrementis urbis invidentes, Graecos assiduis bellis 
 fatigabant. 1 Qui pericula propulsando in tantum 2 enituerunt, 
 ut, victis hostibus, in captivis agris multas colonias constitu- 
 erent. 
 
 2. Massiliensibus afinitimis struuntur insidiae. 
 (Justin. XLIII. 4.) 
 
 Ab his igitur Galli et usum vitae cultioris et agrorum cul- 
 tus, et urbes moenibus cingere didicerunt. Tunc et legibus, 
 non armis vivere, tunc et vitem putare, tunc olivam serere 
 consueverunt. Mortuo rege Nanno Segobrigiorum, a quo 
 locus condendae urbis acceptus fuerat, quum regno films ejus 
 Comanus successisset,affirmat Ligur quidam, Massiliam, quan- 
 doque 3 Jinitimis populis exitio futuram, in ipso ortu opprimen- 
 dam esse. Subnectit et fabulam : canem gravidam aliquando a 
 pastor e locum petisse precario, in quo parerct; quem quum ob- 
 tinuisset, iterato petisse, ut sibi educare eodem inloco catulos h~ 
 ceret; ad postremum, adultis caiulis, pastorem illam,domestico 
 praesidio fortem* depellere non potuisse. His incitatus rex in- 
 sidias Massiliensibus struit. Itaque solemni Floraliorum 5 die 
 multos fortes et strenuos viros hospitii jure inurbem misit; plu- 
 res etiam frondibus tectos vehiculis induci jussit. Ipse cum ex- 
 ercitu in proximis montibus delitescit, ut, quum nocte portae 
 apertae forent, 6 tempestive adesset, urbemque somno ac vino se- 
 pultam 7 armis invaderet. Sed has insidias mulier quaedam, 
 regis cognata, prodidit, quae Graecum adolescentem, cujus 
 amore tenebatur, miserata formae et fortunae ejus, periculum 
 declinare jussit. Ille rem statim ad magistratus defert ; atque 
 ita patefactis insidiis, cuncti Ligu res comprehenduntur. duibus 
 interfectis, insidianti regi insidiae tenduntur. Caesa sunt cum 
 ipso rege hostium septem millia. Exinde Massilienses festis 
 diebus portas claudere, vigilias agere, peregrinos recognos- 
 cere, 8 ac veluti bellum habeant, urbem custodire. 
 
78 RES MASSILIENSIUM. 
 
 3. Massiliensium bella. (Justin. XLIII. 5.) 
 
 Post haec magna illis cum Liguribus, magna cum Gallis 
 fuere bella ; quae res urbis gloriam auxit Graecorumque vir- 
 tatem celebrem inter finitimos reddidit. Carthaginiensium quo- 
 que exercitus, quum bellum, captis piscatorum navibus, ortum 
 esset, saepe fuderunt, pacemque victis dederunt ; cum His- 
 panis amicitiam junxerunt; cum Romanis prope ab initio 
 conditae urbis foedu?summafldecustodierunt,auxiliisquem omni- 
 bus bellis industrie socios juverunt. Quae res illis et virium 
 fiduciam auxit, et pacem ab hostibus praestitit. 
 
 4. Finitimis impetum in eos facientibus, deorum cur a serva?i- 
 tur. (Ibid.) 
 
 Quum igitur Massilia fama rerum gestarum, et abundantia 
 opum, et virium gloria floreret, repente finitimi populi ad no- 
 men Massiliensium 1 del end um, veluti ad commune exstinguen- 
 dum incendium, concurrunt. Dux consensu omnium Catu- 
 mandus regulus eligitur, qui, quum magno exercitu lectissi- 
 morum virorum urbem hostium obsideret, per quietem specie 
 torvae mulieris, quae se deam dicebat, exterritus, ultro pacem 
 cum Massiliensibus fecit ; petitoque, 2 ut intrare illi in urbem et 
 deos eorum adorare liceret, quum in arc em Minervae venisset, 
 conspecto simulacro deae, quam per quietem viderat, repente 
 exclamat, illam esse, quae se nocte exterruisset ; illam, quae 
 recedere ab obsidione jussisset, gratulatusque Massiliensibus, 
 quod animadverteret, eos ad curam deorum immortalium perti- 
 nere, 3 torque aureo donata dea, in perpetuum amicitiam cum 
 Massiliensibus junxit. Parta pace et securitate fundata legati 
 Massiliensium, revertentes a Delphis, quo missi munera Apol- 
 lini tulerant, audierunt urbem Romanam a Gallis captam in- 
 censamque. 4 Quam rem domi nuntiatam publico funere 5 
 Massilienses prosecuti sunt ; aurumque et argentum publicum 
 privatumque contulerunt, ad explendum pondus Gallis, a qui- 
 bus redemtam pacem cognoverant. Ob quod meritum et im- 
 munitas illis decreta et locus spectaeulorum in senatu datus et 
 foedus aequo jure percussum est. 
 
BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES. 
 
 1. Cicero puer. 
 
 Marcus Tullius Cicero natus est Arpini, U. C. ann. 
 DCXLVIL, matre Helvia, ex honesta et nobili gente prog- 
 nata, patre, Equite Romano, qui in amoenissima ad Arpinum 
 regione habebat praedium, a majoribus acceptum. Ibi ado- 
 levit et educatus est Cicero. Pater ejus, quum bene perspi- 
 ceret, quanta m vim in omnem vitam haberet recte instituta 
 liberorum educatio, mature filios optimis praeceptoribus eru- 
 diendos tradidit. Jam quum Tullius, in quo alacre ingenium 
 cum eximia assiduitate conjunctum mature elucescebat, bona 
 in litterarum studiis incrementa cepisset, a patre Romam mis- 
 sus est, ubi celeberrimorum Graecorum scholis interesset. 
 Quod quidem tanto successu tantaque cum praeceptorum, turn 
 caeterorum discipulorum, admiratione factum est, ut, quum 
 fama de insigni Ciceronis ingenio et doctrina ad alios quoque 
 manasset, non pauci, qui ejus videndi et audiendi gratia scholas 
 adirent, reperti fuisse dicantur. Idem, quum forte eodem tem- 
 pore Romae commoraretur Graecus quidam, Archias, poetica 
 facultate excellens, familiaritatem cum eo junxit, ejusque prae- 
 ceptis et exemplo ita profecit, ut ipse turn carmen, Pontius 
 Glaucus inscriptum, multa arte componeret. 
 
 2. Cicero adolescens. 
 
 Sic educatus et omni litterarum genere egregie instructus 
 decimum sextum aetatis annum agebat Cicero. Mos fuit 
 apud Romanos, ut ii, qui hunc aetatis annum consecuti es* 
 sent, toga virili induta, in forum prodirent, ibique populi con- 
 cionibus, judiciis et orationibus, quibus publicae causae de- 
 fenderentur, adessent. Praeterea juvenes Romani, ut atten* 
 8* 
 
80 BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES. 
 
 tius ad ea, quae e re sua essent, animos adverterent, senatori 
 cuidam nobiliori, cujus nutu et auctoritate regerentur eorum 
 studia, commendari solebant. Cicero igitur, toga virili sum- 
 ta, a patre deductus est ad CI. Mucium Scaevolam augurem, 
 tarn rerum publicarum et civilium scientia, quam ingenio et 
 doctrina, longe praestantissimum. Quern quidem quum Ci- 
 cero, quod adolescentes honoris causa solebant facere, dedu- 
 ceret in forum, reduceretque, nee unquam ab ejus latere dis- 
 cederet ; non solum consilia, quae rogatus ille dabat, cupide 
 arripiebat et animo recondebat, sed etiam vel commode, vel 
 acute, vel prudenter ab eo dicta et disputata diligenter me- 
 moriae mandabat. Hinc factum est, ut brevi tempore et le- 
 gum, et omnium, quae a bono causarum patrono exiguntur, 
 cognitionem sibi pararet accuratissimam. Sed quum nulla 
 re magis ad summos in republica honores viam muniri posse 
 intelligent, quam arte dicendi et eloquentia, toto animo in 
 ejus studium incubuit ; in quo quidem ita versatus est, ut non 
 solum eos, qui in foro et judiciis causas perorarent, studiose 
 sectaretur, sed privatim quoque, tarn graecas orationes in la- 
 tin am linguam vertendo, quam, quae ipse commentatus esset, 
 declamando, diligentissime se exerceret. At ne in hoc qui- 
 dem exercitationis genere acquievit. Nam eodem tempore 
 non solum carmina, quibus Scaevolam et Atticum miriflce 
 delectatos esse legimus, conscripsit, sed etiam philosophiae, 
 Phaedro Epicureo inprimis duce, operam dedit 
 
 3. Cicero miles. 
 
 Postquam juvenes Romani assidua in rebus forensibus ex- 
 ercitatione, et vario officiorum genere, senatus populique fa- 
 vorem atque gratiam sibi collegerant, turn, ut foris pariter ac 
 domi de republica bene merere discerent, togam cum sago 
 mutare, sive castra sequi, et virtutis bellicae documenta ede- 
 re, debebant. Itaque Cicero, ut faceret et tentaret omnia, 
 quibus in republica ad summos honores enitendum erat, mi- 
 litaris quoque artis scientiam sibi parare constituit. Nee de- 
 erat ei ad hanc rem occasio. Saeviente enim turn bello So- 
 ciali sive Marsico, quum consul Pompejus Strabo, Pompeji 
 Magni pater, exercitum duceret contra hostiles copias, facile 
 ab eo, ut in ejus comitatu sibi esse liceret, impetravit. In 
 quo quidem bello, quamvis ad pacis magis, quam ad belli 
 artes, natus esse videbatur Cicero, tamen nulli strenui mi- 
 iitis defuit officio, et omnino ita se gessit, ut bellicae quoque 
 virtutis laudem inde referret. 
 
BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES. 81 
 
 4. Cicero post militiam in urbem reversus. 
 
 Quum rerum publicarum status graviter turn concuteretur 
 Sullae et Marii certaminibus, Cicero, ab omni partium stu- 
 dio alienus, oratoribus, qui turn excellebant, vacabat, vel ipse 
 cogitata mentis litteris mandabat. Sed multum ille in hac 
 re discrepabat a nostrae aetatis hominum ingenio. Non enim 
 protrusit et evulgavit statim, quae juvenis litteris consignave- 
 rat, sed ad maturiorem aetatem reposuit, et, quae minus turn 
 probarentur ejus judicio, aut emendavit, aut plane delevit. 
 Ad oratores autem, quorum exemplo et disciplina adjuta turn 
 imprimis sunt Ciceronis studia, pertinent Philo Academic us 
 et Molo Rhodius, Mithridatis furore atque violentia cum mul- 
 tis aliis e Graecia exacti. His quidem et Diodoto Stoico 
 (quern recepit adeo in domum suam) eo impensius dedit ope- 
 ram, quo major ei inter Romanos oratores eminendi fuit cu- 
 piditas. Accenderat inprimis Ciceronis studia exemplum 
 Hortensii, omnium oratorum, qui turn Romae florebant, elo- 
 quentissimi. Hunc igitur tanto animi ardore aemulatus est, 
 ut brevi tempore non aequaret tantum ejus laudem, sed etiam 
 superaret. 
 
 5. Cicero in causa publica primum orator prodit. 
 
 Cicero, viginti et sex annos natus, postquam in privatis 
 causis jam pluribus operam suam commodaverat, nunc in 
 publica causa eloquentiae suae copias expromendi occasio- 
 nem nactus est. Nam quum Roscium quendam ex Ameria, 
 parricidii accusatum, ob Chrysogoni, qui in ejus adversariis 
 fuit, potentiam nemo defender e auderef; tanta eloquentiae 
 vi et animi libertate eum defendit Cicero, ut jam turn in arte 
 dicendi nullus ei par esse videretur. Ipse Cicero saepius 
 magna cum animi voluptate hujus orationis et partae sibi per 
 earn laudis meminit, quamvis idem, se nimium passim in hac 
 oratione juvenili fervori indulsisse et fines, intra quos contineri 
 debuisset, transiluisse, in maturiore aetate constitutus haud 
 dissimulat. 
 
 6. Cicero peregrinatur. 
 
 Anno post ad corporis male affecti valetudinem reficien- 
 dam Cicero in Asiam profectus est. Quum primum Athenas 
 venisset, adeo hujus urbis commodis et opportunitatibus cap- 
 tus est, ut per sex menses ibi commoraretur. Nihil autem 
 
82 BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES. 
 
 opportunius et jucundius in hac ceiebratissima Musarum sedc 
 obtingere potuit Ciceroni nostro, quam quod ei cum Antiocho, 
 philosopho Academico, non versari tantum, sed etiam apud 
 euni habitare liceret. Sic enim nactus fuerat non solum ami- 
 cura, quocum familiariter viveret, sed etiam magistrum, ad 
 cujus praecepta philosophiae studia moderari posset. Ad vi- 
 tae jucunditatem, qua Cicero Athenis fruebatur, multum con- 
 ferebat Pomponii Attici, veteris amici et aequalis, quern ibi con- 
 venerat, consuetudo ; quae quidem ita turn aucta et confirmata 
 est, ut per totam reliquam vitarn alter alteri exsisteret amicis- 
 simus. Eodem tempore apud Demetrium Syrum, veterem et 
 haud ignobilem dicendi magistrum, studiose Noster in arte 
 rhetorica se exercuit. 
 
 7. Cicero Asiam peragrat. 
 
 Athenis relictis Cicero iter flexit in Asiam, ibique cum 
 principibus oratoribus, ad quos se applicaverat, Menippo Stra- 
 tonicensi, Dionysio Magnete, Aeschylo Cnidio, Xenocle Adra- 
 mytteo et aliis versatus est et nobilissimas Asiae urbes per- 
 agravit. Delatus deniqueestRhodum, ubi, quern jam Romae 
 audiverat, Moloni denuo operam dedit. Insignes, quos Cicero 
 in arte dicendi inter ea fecerat, progresses mirabatur quidem 
 Molo, sed idem vitia, quae vitanda essent oratori bono et gravi, 
 libere ei indicavit. Nam quum res, quas Noster in orationibus 
 describendas sibi sumserat, nimia verborum copia exaggeraret, 
 et sententiarum lumina ingenii ostentandi causa nimis coacer- 
 varet ; human iter eum monuit Molo, ut hunc juvenilem im- 
 petum reprimere, et, quae redundarent, quasi extra ripas difflu- 
 entia, coercere studeret. Cujus quidem praecepti veritatem se 
 bene jam turn percepisse, ipse grato animo profitetur. — Posido- 
 nium quoque, philosophum, qui Rhodi erat, diligenter audivit, 
 eumque in philosophiae studio ducem adhibuit. . 
 
 8. Cicero ex peregrinatione redux in urbem f actus. 
 
 Biennio post quum Cicero Romam se recepisset, ibi, sicut 
 ante peregrinationem, in foro versari atque causas perorare 
 coepit. Ad eos, quorum causas turn Ciceronem defendisse 
 constat, pertinet Roscius Comoedus, vir tarn arte histrionica, 
 quam ingenio et aliarum virtutum laude florentissimus. Q,uo 
 crebrior autem causarum dicendarum oblatafuit Ciceroni oc- 
 casio, eo luculentius exsplendescere coepit ejus fama atque 
 
BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES. 83 
 
 gloria, et eo magis ad summos honores consequendos via ei 
 aperta atque munita est. 
 
 9. Cicero Quaestor in Sicilia. 
 
 Quum Cicero trigesimum primum aetatis annum ageret, 
 quo anno secundum leges Romanas magistratum ei capessere 
 licebat, ab omnibus tribubus sine ulla sunragiorum varietate 
 Quaestor creatus est. Jam vero quum creati Quaestores de 
 provincia, quam quisque administraret, sortiri solerent, sorti- 
 tione facta evenit Nostro Sicilia. Profectus igitur in provin- 
 ciam tanta diligentia tantaque prudentia omnes ac singulas 
 demandati sibi muneris partes explevit, ut non solum senatus 
 populique Romani favorem et gratiam, sed etiam Siculorum 
 amorem atque benevolentiam sibi conciliaret. Romanis qui- 
 dem, frumenti penuria et caritate hoc anno laborantibus, com- 
 meatu ex Sicilia subvecto egregie prospexit ; Siculis vero tarn 
 mitem, comem, humanum et officiosum se praebuit, ut dece- 
 dentem ex provincia inauditis, ut ipse testatur, honoribus orna- 
 rent, et, quocunque modo possent, gratum animum ei declara- 
 rent. — Caeterum quicquid temporis, a publicis negotiis vacui, 
 ei datum fuit in Sicilia, id exercitationibus, ad artem dicendi 
 spectantibus, sacra vit. 
 
 10. Cicero sepulchrum Archimedis investigate 
 
 Priusquam Cicero ex Sicilia decederet, totam insulam per- 
 agrare, et, quicquid rerum memorabilium ibi reperiretur, cog- 
 noscere et oculis usurpare constituit. Quum Syracusis esset, 
 principes quosdam, quibus ducibus in celeberrima ilia urbe 
 lustranda utebatur, ut sibi Archimedis sepulchrum monstra- 
 rent, rogavit. Illi quidem, se nihil plane unquam de Archime- 
 dis sepulchro inaudivisse ajebant, imo, ilium Syracusis sepul- 
 tum esse, omnino negabant. At Cicero, quum ei succurrerent 
 versus quidam, Archimedis sepulchro inscripti, qui sphaeram 
 cum cylindro in summo sepulchro positam esse declarabant, ab 
 mvestigandi studio haud abstitit. Delatus igitur in locum, ubi 
 magna veterum sepulchro rum frequentia fuit, quum omnia 
 oculis coilustrasset, ecce ! animadvertit columellam, non mul- 
 tum e dumis et vepribus eminentem, in qua sphaerae et cylin- 
 dri figura conspiciebatur. Statim locum circa columellam 
 falcibus purgari et aperiri jubet ; ace edit ad columellam, et 
 ipsos illos versus, quos memoria tenebat, adversae basi inscrip- 
 tos invenit. 
 
84 BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES: 
 
 11. Cicero e Sicilia Romam reversus. 
 
 Cicero, Quaestoris munere insigni laude perfunctus, e Si- 
 cilia rediit Romam, gravissimis turn bell is pressam et disten- 
 tarn. Ibi per quinque annos in causis dicendis ita excelluit, 
 ut inter omnes causarum patronos et esset et haberetur prin- 
 ceps. Jam vero quum ad earn aetatem pervenisset, (triginta 
 et septem annos turn natus erat,) quae praestituta fuit aedilita- 
 tem vel praeturam petituris, nomen suum inter candidatos 
 aedilitatis professus est eo successu, ut, praelatus caeteris can- 
 didatus omnibus, uno ore omnium Aedilis Curulis crearetur. 
 
 12. Cicero V err em accusat. 
 
 Priusquam aedilitatem adibat Cicero, opportuna, qua summi 
 oratoris artem ostenderet, oblata ei est occasio Verris accu- 
 sations Homo iste, qui primum Quaestor, turn Praetor per 
 tres deinceps annos in Sicilia fuerat, tanta avaritia et impu- 
 dentia non privata tantum, sed etiam publica bona, diripuerat, 
 ut Siculi, inaudita impudentia ab isto spoliati et expilati, diem 
 ei Romae dicere constituerent. Quo magis autem illi jam 
 olimnon solum summum Ciceronis in causis dicendis ingenium 
 et eloquentiam, sed etiam insignem ejus animi integritatem, 
 humanitatem et benevolentiam perspexerant, eo vehementius 
 nunc eum rogabant, ut accusationem contra Verrem suscipe- 
 ret. Nee defuit ille eorum precibus. Imo nefandam, qua in 
 Siculorum bona grassatus fuerat Verres, avantiam tanta 
 orationis gravitate et animi libertate in judicio perstrinxit et 
 ante omnium oculos posuit, ut iste, argumentorum vi convic- 
 tus, sponte in exilium, ubi reliquam vitae partem transegit, 
 abiret. 
 
 13. Cicero Aedilis Praetor. 
 
 Cicero, aedilitatem ingressus, solemnem ilium morem, quo 
 munera, sive ludos populo edere solebant novi Aediles, haud 
 neglexit quid em, sed in eorum sumtibus faciendis sapienter 
 modum tenuit, honestiorem rationem, qua populi gratiam et 
 amor em sibi conciliaret, secutus. Nam, quum populus turn 
 premeretur annonae caritate, splendidissima a Siculis sibi 
 oblata munera impendebat eo, ut viliore annona veniret pre- 
 tio. Quo quidem honesto liberalique studio populi in Cicero- 
 nem favor adeo auctus est, ut, quum post aedilitatem Prae- 
 
BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES. 85 
 
 oris munus peteret, inter octo Praetores, qui creabantur, 
 prae multis aliis competitoribus totius populi suffragiis primus 
 crearetur. Nee vana fuit populi de Ciceronis praetura ex- 
 spectatio. Nam sicut summam diligentiam, humanitatem, 
 prudentiam et honestatem in quaesturae aedilitatisque ob- 
 eundis officiis probaverat, ita in Praetor is munere gerendo 
 summae justitiae, aequitatis, sanctitatis et temperantiae laude 
 excelluit. Dum Praetor erat Cicero, cum alias orationes 
 habuit, turn inprimis orationem pro Lege Manilia. Nam 
 quum Manilius, tribunus plebis, legem rogasset, qua Pompejo 
 summum belli Mithridatici imperium decerneretur ; Cicero in 
 oratione ilia Pompeji virtutes, summo duci proprias, tanta 
 ubertate, gravitate atque elegantia descripsit et expos uit, ut, 
 faciendum omnino esse, quod in lege Manilia suaderetur, om- 
 nes ac singuli judicarent. 
 
 14. Cicero post Praeturam. 
 
 Praetura perfunctis provincia, quam Propraetores admims- 
 trarent, decerni solebat. Sed Cicero, neque divitiarum in 
 provincia parandarum, neque rerum foris gerendarum admo- 
 dum cupidus, detrectata provincia, Romae manere, et ibi re- 
 rum civilium scientiae et earum artium, quibus viam ad con- 
 sulatum sibi aperiret, operam navare maluit. Itaque per duos 
 post praeturam annos, (tantum enim temporis a pnetura usque 
 ad consulatus petitionem intercedere debebat,) quolibet officio- 
 rum genere populi favor em colligere, et hujus collecti favoris 
 aura vela quasi sua ita implere studuit, ut fieri non posset, 
 quin metam, h. e. consulatum, secundo cursu attingeret. 
 
 15. Cicero Consul. 
 
 Cicero igitur, tanto studio tantaque virtutum laude ad sum- 
 mos honores grassatus, aetatis anno quadragesimo tertio, quo 
 secundum leges consulatum peti licebat, non tabellis, quibus 
 alias suffragia in comitiis Consularibus dari solebant, sed vo- 
 ce universi populi Romani honorificentissime Consul creatus, 
 et sex aliis competitoribus, in quibus L. Sergius Catilina fuit, 
 praelatus est. Consulatum gerere incipienti negotium facesse- 
 bat P. Rullus, tribunus plebis, homo seditiosus, qui, dam legis 
 agrariae rogationem, veterem istam gravissimarum discordia- 
 rum causam, agitabat, non parum reipublicae infestus fieri 
 coepit. Sed Cicero perniciosos Rulli conatus tribus oratio- 
 nibus agrariis tanta sententiarum vi et gravitate repressit at- 
 
86 BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES. 
 
 que retudit, ut ipse populus legi tarn populari, pauperiorum 
 magis, quam universae reipublicae commodis respondenti forti- 
 ter resisteret. 
 
 16. Cicero detecta et compressa Caiilinae conjuratione servat 
 rempublicam. 
 
 L. Sergius Catilina, quern inter consulatus competitores 
 fuisse modo commemoravimus, quum spe consulatus conse- 
 quendi se dejectum videret, obnixe faciebat omnia, ut proxi- 
 mis certe comitiis obtineret, quod frustra adhuc petierat. Sed 
 Cicero, quum praeciperet animo, quantum malorum ab in> 
 mensa Catilinae libidine dominandique cupiditate reipublicae 
 immineret, nefandas artes atque callida consilia, quibus ille 
 consulatum adfectabat, eludere atque irrita reddere studuit. 
 Hinc tanta in Ciceronem accensus est ira Catilina, ut fere 
 palam illi mortem minaretur. Et vere ipso die comitiali, 
 quern caedi destinaverat, perpetraturus fuisset illud facinus, 
 nisi Cicero re comperta sibi providisset et firmissimo se con- 
 tra vim sibi paratam munivisset praesidio. Itaque quum lo- 
 ricatus et fortissimorum virorum cohorte stipatus in Campum 
 Marti um prodiisset, Catilina non solum a vi facienda prohibi- 
 tus, sed etiam a consulatu, quern appetebat, repulsus est. 
 Sed ne sic quidem a proposito deterritus est. Vi enim et ar- 
 mis consecuturus, quod arte et consilio consequi non potuerat, 
 sociis, in do.num Leccae cujusdam convocatis, rationem, qua 
 ferro ignique rerum potirentur, descripsit atque proposuit. 
 Ante omnia autem consilio Ciceronem e medio tollendi intentus 
 fuit. Sed frustra fuerunt, quas Ciceronis vitae ^truxerat, insi- 
 diae! frustra bellici ab uno conjuratorum, Manlio, in Etruria 
 contra patriam facti apparatus ! frustra omnia, quae Catilina 
 cum conjuratis inierat, consilia ! Ne multa ! unius Ciceronis 
 prudentia et vigilantia gravissima calamitas a bonorum capi- 
 tibus et ab universa civitate depulsa est. 
 
 17. Cicero vir Consularis 
 
 Cicero, postquam consulatu, tanta laude et gloria gesto 
 abierat, vir consularis inter principes senatores, h. e. inter 
 eos, qui primum in senatu rogarentur sententiam, locum ob- 
 tinere, et in urbe publicae saluti invigilare maluit, quam 
 Proconsul in provinciam sibi decretam discedere. Primum 
 quidem misere vexabatur ab adversariis, nimiam inprimis po- 
 testatem, qua ille Consul indicta causa cives supplicio afTe- 
 cisset, in crimen vocantibus. Contra hos igitur, inprimis 
 
BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES. 87 
 
 contra Metellum, egregie se defendit, et tela in se conjecta 
 retudit. Nee de populi, quo fruebatur, favore quicquam de- 
 tractum estadversariorum criminatione et invidia. Bello enim 
 cum nonnullis gentibus Gallicis exorto, (V. C. DCXCIII.) 
 quum inter legatos, qui quietos adhuc populos a bello dehor- 
 tatum mitterentur, primus sorte electus esset Cicero; nullo 
 modo vigilantissimum hunc publicae salutis custodem ex urbe 
 mittendum esse, universus populus judicavit. 
 
 18. Cicero scriptor el poeta. 
 
 Eo fere tempore de gravioris momenti rebus in consulatu a 
 se gestis, scripsit commentarios, et quidem oratione graeca, 
 ad Isocratis scribendi genus conformata et composita. Hos 
 commentarios non solum per Atticum siium, ad quern eos 
 miserat, in Graecia vulgari cupiebat, sed eosdem communi- 
 cavit cum Posidonio Rhodio, rogans eum, ut de iisdem rebus 
 pulchrius quid et uberius scriberet. At Posidonius, se per- 
 lectis illis commentariis magis deterritum esse respondebat, 
 quam ut simile quid de illis rebus moliri auderet. Unde fa- 
 cile, quanta Ciceroni in graece scribendi arte fuerit facultas 
 atque peritia, intelligi potest. Post aliquod tempus latino 
 quoque carmine rerum a se gestarum historiam complexus 
 est ; quod opus interjecto demum aliquo tempore evulgavit. 
 Paulo post, ut specimen ederet de ea, quam in rebus publi- 
 cis et civilibus sibi parasset, peritia atque prudentia, potiores, 
 quas Consul habuit, orationes, sub titulo Consulates, exire 
 atque in vulgus emanare jussit. Sub eadem tempora edidit 
 Arati, poetae Graeci, carmen de Sideribus, quod juvenis in 
 latinum sermonem converterat. 
 
 19. Cicero sponte in exsilium abit 
 
 P. Clodius, nobili loco natus, sed ferox et procax adoles- 
 cens, quum per Ciceronem inprimis in lucem protracta es- 
 sent occulta ejus nagitia, tantam in eum concepit iram animo, 
 ut ea non nisi illius ruina atque pernicie expiari posse vide- 
 retur. Fraude igitur et malis artibus tribunus plebis factus, 
 (quum enim patricius esset, in gentem plebejam, ut sic jus 
 tribunatus petendi adipisceretur, se adoptandum curaverat,) 
 rogavit legem, qua ei, qui civem Romanum, non populi ju- 
 dicio damnatnm, supplicio affecisset, aqua et igni interdicere- 
 tur. Aperte hac lege petebatur Cieero, qui de quibusdam 
 Catilinae conjuratis, haud populi judicio damnatis, supplici- 
 um sumserat. Itaque Cicero, ut, populi miseratione mota, 
 
 PART II. 9 
 
88 BREVIS E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES. 
 
 poenam in lege ista constitutam a se amoliretur, sordidatus, 
 ut reus, per vias incedebat, adolescentibus eum ex omni no- 
 bilitate plus viginti millibus comitantibus. Q,uin ipse sena- 
 tus pro Cicerone deprecabatur. Sed quum neque senatus, 
 neque nobilium, neque populi studiis quicquam effici posset 
 apud consul es, Pisonem et Gabinium, in Clodii partem in« 
 clinantes ; sponte ille solum vertere constituit. Verum enim 
 vero ne sic quidem Clodii ira deferbuit. Nam quum in ip- 
 sum Ciceronem saevire non posset, in absentis domum et vil- 
 las incendio saeviit. 
 
 20. Cicero exsul. 
 
 Quum Cicero in exsilium abiret, primum iter dirigebat in 
 Siciliam, turn Brundusium et inde in Graeciam, ubi navem 
 ad Dyrrhachium appulit. Inde se contulit Thessalonicam 
 in Macedonia, ubi a Cn. Plancio admodum benigne exceptus 
 et quovis humanitatis et liberalitatis genere per septem men- 
 ses ornatus et cumulatus est. Interea Romae totus fere po 
 pulus ingenti desiderio flagitare coepit Ciceronis reditum 
 Post acerrima igitur, quibus senatus populusque Romanus 
 contra Clodium exsurrexerant, certamina, Cicero tandem se- 
 cundum peculiarem legem, a Lentulo rogatam, et insigni po- 
 puli favore jussam, revocatus est in patriam. Nihil autem 
 per totam vitam Ciceroni itinere, quo in patriam rediit, acci- 
 dit jucundius. Quocunque enim veniebat, voces ei acclama- 
 bantur laetissimae, et, quum ipsi urbi propior factus esset, 
 omnes fere incolae obviam ei ruebant, et suam de ejus reditu 
 laetitiam faustissimis declarabant significationibus. 
 
 21. Cicero post reditum ex exsilio. 
 
 Cicero, quum in urbem rediisset, sicuti statim domos vil 
 lasque suas, nefario scelere a Clodio direptas atque dirutas 
 reflciendas atque restituendas curavit, ita pristinum de re- 
 publica et aliis bene merendi studium retractare et de integro 
 exercere coepit. Quicunque eum consuleret, vel ejus in 
 causa aliqua patrocinium peteret, hunc tarn consilio suo, 
 quam eloquentia sustentavit, et tutum ab injuria praestitit. 
 Gtuinquaginta et quatuor annos natus in Collegium Augurum 
 adoptatus est. Paulo post P. Clodius, Ciceroni infestissi- 
 mus, in fortuito concursu a Milone interfectus est. Defen- 
 debat quidem Cicero accusatum de hac caede Milonem, sed 
 ejus eloquentiam adeo pervincebat et obtundebat ferox et 
 incondita Clodii sociorum vociferatio, ut, quo minus in exsi- 
 
BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES. 89 
 
 lium exigeretur Milo, haud impedire posset. Ciceronis, quae 
 adhuc exstat, pro Milone oratio, scripta demum est turn, quum 
 is jam exsul viveret Massiliae. 
 
 22. Cicero Proconsul in provinciam proficiscitur. 
 
 Cicero, ut supra commemoravimus, repudiavit, quam post 
 consulatum statim administraret, provinciam. Sed duodecim 
 ferme annis post ex senatusconsulto provinciae Ciliciae et fini- 
 timis locis Proconsul praeesse jussus est. tiuum in provinciam 
 proficisceretur, et ad Ephesum in terram escenderet, ingens 
 Graecorum, tantum virum videre gestientium, undiqueconfluxit 
 copia. Inde properavit in provinciam, ubi, quum variis rebus 
 melius rectiusque constituendis egregiam dedisset operam, 
 tanto successu contra Parthos dimicavit, ut non solum Impe- 
 ratoris nomine ornaretur, sed in ejus honorem etiam suppli- 
 catio Romae decerneretur. Exacto anno exprovincia, Quaes- 
 tori Coelio tradita, Romam decessit. 
 
 23. Ciceronis post reditum ex provincia studia. 
 
 Cicero, in urbem ex provincia redux, suavissime quidem 
 afficiebatur insigni illo, quo totus populus Romanus eum ac- 
 cipiebat, favore et observantia, sed ejusdem simul animus 
 rerum, quae turn Romae movebantur, consideratione graviter 
 perturbabatur. Tantae enim inter Julium Caesarem et Pom- 
 pejum ortae erant inimicitiae, ut res non nisi bello dirimi 
 posse videretur. Cicero quidem studiose et obnixe faciebat 
 omnia, ut utrumque inter se reconciliaret, et a belli civilis 
 calamitatibus deterreret ; sed quum neutrum ad pacem in- 
 eundam permovere posset, Pompeji partes amplexus cum op- 
 timatum exercitu in Graeciam profectus est. Mox in campis 
 Pharsalicis commissum est memorabile illud proelium, non 
 exercitui tantum Pompeji, sed ipsi quoque, paulo post occiso, 
 funestissimum. Cicero igitur prudenter reditum acceleravit 
 in Italiam, ubi, omni rerum publicarum cura ex animo dimis- 
 sa, sibi et litteris vivere constituit. Turn primum rhetoricam 
 et philosophiam latinae orationis luce illustrare coepit, scrip- 
 sitque cum alia, turn Partitiones Oratorias ; Brutum sive de 
 claris oratoribus ; tres libros de Orator e ; Catonem sive Lau- 
 dem M. Catoms XJticensis. — Sexaginta et duos annos natus 
 de filiae dilectissimae, Tulliae, morte dolorem suscepit longe 
 acerbissimum. Primum quidem dolor ille omnia sapientiae 
 praecepta ex ejus pectore excussisse videbatur, sed deinde, 
 quum sensim sensimque eum ferre didicisset, conscripsit li- 
 
90 BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES. 
 
 brum de Consolatione, qui tamen, quod valde dolendum, tern- 
 poris injuria nobis ereptus est. Nam liber ille, qui sub hoc 
 nomine in quibusdam Ciceronis editionibus exhibetur, satis 
 aperte alienam manum prodit. Eodem fere tempore plura, 
 quae ad philosophiam spectant, commentatus est, e quibus 
 quinque libri de Finibus bonorum et malorum et totidem Tus- 
 culanarum Quaestionum ad nostra tempora propagati sunt. 
 
 24. Cicero post caedem Caesaris. 
 
 Caesare interfecto, Cicero cum ejus interfectoribus, a quo- 
 rum societate et consiliis prudenter adhuc refugerat, se con- 
 tulit in Capitolium. Post tres dies, quum inde descendisset, 
 venit in senatum, et, quicquid ad pacem quietemque ser van- 
 dam conferre videretur, gravi oratione suasit et proposuit. 
 Sperans igitur, fore, ut eorum, quae suasisset, a senatu po- 
 puloque haberetur ratio, secessit ex urbe in Tusculanum 
 suum, ibique fessus pertaesusque publicarum curarum omne 
 tempus in litterarum studiis contrivit. Ad ea, quae litteris 
 consignavit in otio illo rusticano, referendi sunt libri: de 
 Natura Deorum ; de Divinatione ; de Senectute ; de Amici- 
 tia; de Officiis. 
 
 25. Cicero Antonii lacessitur insolentia. 
 
 Quumnovi motus Romae concitarentur, Cicero imminentem 
 tempestatem itinere, quod in Graeciam facturus erat, efTugere 
 tentavit. Sed idem deinde, praesentia sua fortasse motus istos 
 componi posse ratus, ex itinere jam incepto Romam regressus 
 est. Vix autem eo venerat, quum insolenter et contumeliose trac- 
 taretur a consule Antonio. Quod quidem tarn aegre tulit Cice- 
 ro, ut in prima Oratione Philippica graviter in consulis insolen- 
 tiam et inhumanitatem invectus de moderatione erga se adhi- 
 benda ageret. Sed tantum abfuit, ut haec oratio mitigaret mu- 
 taretque Antonii animum, ut public e nunc se Ciceronis inimi- 
 cum profiteretur. Turn Cicero ex urbe in villam suam ad Nea- 
 polin se recepit, ibique secundam orationem Philippicam, in 
 qua omne virus acerbitatis in Antonium efTudisse videtur, com- 
 posuit. Sed brevi tempore post quum Antonius, ut Dec. Brutum 
 e Gallia Cisalpina pelleret, ex urbe profectus esset, Cicero, ut, 
 hac liberius agendi occasione usus, labefactato liberae rei- 
 publicae statui, quae posset, fulcra subderet, celeri pede Ro- 
 mam reversus est. Et vere paulo post, Antonio ad Mutinam 
 victo, nova spes liberae reipublicae affulgere coepit ; sed in 
 breve tantum tempus. Octaviano enim et Q,. Pedio consuli- 
 
BREVES E CICERONIS VITA NARRATIONES 91 
 
 bus notissimus iste triumviratus inter Antonium, Octavianum 
 et Lepidum in quinque annos junctus atque constitutus est, 
 eo consilio, ut pari potestate conjunctim imperium exercerent, 
 et liberae reipublicae defensores, inprimis Ciceronem, e medio 
 tollerent. 
 
 26, Cicero occiditur. 
 
 Cicero jam expers publicarum curarum et toto ammo in lit- 
 terarum studiis defixus in Tusculano suo delitescebat, quum, 
 se inter proscriptos relatum esse, audiret. Q,uo nuntio primum 
 quidem ejus animus adeo perculsus est, ut inops consilii modo 
 hue modo illuc fugere tentaret ; dein, quurn paululum se re- 
 cepisset ejus animus, eapto consilio cum vetere amico Bruto 
 se conjungendi, navem, qua in Macedonian! veheretur, con- 
 scendit. Verum enim vero ne in hoc quidem exsequendo per- 
 stitit consilio. Nam quum subiret eum cogitatio, se honestius 
 in patria vitam depositurum esse, nave ad Cajetam appulsa in 
 villain suam Formianam se contulit. Ibi placide aliquamdiu 
 dormientem servi, qui procul manum militum, dominum exqui- 
 rentium, conspexerant, e somno excitabant, eumque parti m vi, 
 partim precibus, in lectica collocatum, ut vitae periculo eripe- 
 rent, littus versus portabant. Sed in media via opprimebantur 
 ab Antonii militibus. Cicero, quum intelligeret, se periculum 
 effugere non posse, lecticam deponi jussit. Mox, conspecto 
 horum militum duce, Popilio Laenate, novam salutis spem con- 
 cepit animo. Hunc enim, quern aliquando in causa capitali a 
 supplicio liberaverat, vix tarn inhuman um fore existimabat, ut 
 ei vitam sustineret eripere, cui suam debebat. Sed ille veteris 
 beneficii immemor caput et manum dextram Ciceroni vel ipse 
 detruncavit, vel milites suos detruncare jussit, et utrumque, ut 
 perpetratae caedis mercedem acciperet, Romam ad Antonium 
 deportavit. Turn Antonii uxor, Fulvia, ira et furore abrepta* 
 summi oratoris linguam acu perfodit ; Antonius autem Cice- 
 ronis caput atque manum, tanquam tropaeum aliquod, publico 
 in Rostris conspectui hominum exponi jussit 
 
 9* 
 
92 CAPUT PRIMUM. 
 
 CAPUT PRIMUM. 
 
 NARRATIONES BREVIORES EX CICERONIS OPERIBUS EX- 
 CERPTAE. 
 
 1. Verae divitiae. 
 
 1. Nunquam ego bona perdidisse dicam, si qui pecus aut 
 supellectilem amiserit ; neque non laudabo sapientem ilium, 
 Biantem, qui numeratur in septem ; cujus quum patriam Pri- 
 enen cepisset hostis, caeterique ita fugerent, ut multa de suis 
 rebus secum asportarent, quum esset admonitus a quodam, ut 
 idem ipse faceret : Ego vero, inquit, facio ; nam omnia mea 
 porto m,ecum. Ille haec ludibria fortunae, ne sua quidem puta- 
 vit, quae nos appellamus etiam bona. (Paradoxa c. 1.) 
 
 2. Socrates in pompa quum magna vis auri argentique fer- 
 retur, quam multa non desidero, inquit. (Tusc. Q,u. V. 32.) 
 
 3. Xenocrates, quum legati ab Alexandro quinquaginta ei 
 talenta attulissent, quae erat pecunia temporibus illis, Athenis 
 praesertim, maxima, abduxit legatos ad coenam in Acade- 
 miam : iis apposuit tantum, quod satis esset, nullo apparatu. 
 Q,uum postridie rogarent eum, cui numerari juberet, quid? vos 
 hesterna, inquit, coenulanon intellexistis, me pecunia none gere? 
 Gluos quum tristiores vidisset, triginta minas accepit, ne asper- 
 nari regis liberalitatem videretur. (Tusc. Q,u. V. 32.) 
 
 4. At vero Diogenes liberius, ut Cynicus,Alexandro roganti, 
 ut diceret, si quid opus esset, nunc quidem paululum, inquit, a 
 sole! Offecerat videlicet apricanti. (Tusc. Q,u. V. 32.) 
 
 5. Et hie quidem disputare solebat, quanto regem Persarum 
 vita fortunaque superaret ; sibi nihil deesse ; illi nihil satis un- 
 quam fore ; se ejus voluptates non desiderare, quibus nunquam 
 satiari ille posset; suaseum consequi nullo modo posse. (Tusc. 
 Qu. V. 32.) 
 
 6. Themistocles quum consuleretur, utrum bono viro pau- 
 peri, an minus probato diviti filiam collocaret, ego, inquit, mala 
 virum qui pecunia egeat, quam pecuniam quae viro. (De Offic. 
 II. 20.) 
 
 II. Sapientiae praestantia. 
 
 1. Xenocratem ferunt, nobilem imprimis philosophum, 
 quum quaereretur ex eo, quid adsequerentur ejus discipuli. 
 
NARRATIONES BREVIORES. 93 
 
 respondisse, ut id sua sponte facerent, quod cogerentur facere 
 legibus. (De Republ. I. 2.) 
 
 2. Eleus Hippias quum Olympiam venisset, maxima ilia 
 quinquennali celebritate ludorum, gloriatus est, cuncta paene 
 audiente Graecia, nihil esse ulla in arte rerum omnium, quod 
 ipse nesciret, nee solum has artes, quibus liberales doctrinae 
 atque ingenuae continerentur, geometriam, musicam, littera- 
 rum cognitionem et poetarum, atque ilia, quae de naturis re- 
 rum, quae de hominum moribus, quae de republica diceren- 
 tur, sed annulum, quern haberet, pallium, quo amictus, soc- 
 cos, quibus indutus esset, sesua manu confecisse. (De Ora- 
 tor. III. 32.) 
 
 3. Scipioni interroganti Laelium, quid 1 Laeli, turn quum 
 tu es iratus, permitiis illi iracundiae dominatum animi tui ? 
 Non mehercule, respondit ille, sed imitor Archytam ilium Ta- 
 rentinum, qui quum ad villam venisset, et omnia aliter offen- 
 disset ac jusserat, te infelicem, inquit villico, quern necassem 
 jam verberibus, nisi iratus essem. (De Republ. I. 38.) 
 
 4. Publium Scipionem, eum, qui primus Africanus appel- 
 latus est, dicere solitum scripsit Cato, qui fuit fere ejus aequa- 
 lis, nunquam se minus otiosum esse, quam quum otiosus esset. 
 Magnifica vero vox et sapiente digna, quae declarat, ilium et 
 in otio de negotiis cogitare, et in solitudine secum loqui soli- 
 tum ; ut neque cessaret unquam, et interdum colloquio alteri- 
 us non egeret. Itaque duae res, quae languorem afFerunt 
 caeteris, ilium acuebanr, otium et solitudo. (De Offic. III. 
 
 i ) . 
 
 5. Diogenes Cynicus projici se jussit inhumatum. Turn 
 amici : volucribusne et feris? Minime vero, inquit ; sedbacil- 
 lum propter me, quo abigam, ponitote. Qui poteris? illi ; 
 non enim senties. Quid mihi igitur ferarum laniatus oberit, 
 nihil sentienti? (Q,u. Tusc. I. 43.) 
 
 6. Praeclare Anaxagoras ; qui quum Lampsaci moreretur, 
 quaerentibus amicis, velletne Clazomenas in patriam, si quid 
 accidisset, auferri ? nihil necesse est, inquit ; undique enim ad 
 inferos tantundem viae est. (Q,u. Tusc. I. 43.) 
 
 III. Exempla Fortitudinis. 
 
 1. Lacedaemonius quidam mortem tantopere contemsit, 
 ut quum ad earn duceretur, damnatus ab ephoris, et esset 
 vultu hilari atque laeto, dixissetque ei quidam inimicus, con- 
 temnisne leges Lycurgi 1 responderet, ego vero illi maximam 
 gratiam habeo, qui me ea poena multaverit, quam sine mutua- 
 tione et sine versura possem dissolvere. O virum Sparta dig- 
 
94 CAPUT PRIMUM. 
 
 num ! ut mihi quidem, qui tarn magno animo fuerit, innocens 
 damnatus esse videatur. (Qu. Tusc. I. 42.) 
 
 2. Tales innumerabiles nostra civitas tulit. Sed quid duces 
 et principes nominem, quum legiones scribat Cato saepe aia- 
 cres in eum locum profectas, unde redituras se non arbitra- 
 rentur? (Tusc. Qu. I.e.) 
 
 3. Pari animo Lacedaemonii in Thermopylis occiderunt, 
 in quos Simonides : 
 
 Die, hospes, Spartae, nos te hie vidisse jacentes, 
 Dum Sanctis patriae legibus obsequimur. 
 
 E quibus unus, quum Perses hostis in colloquio dixisset glo- 
 rians : Solem prae jaculorum multitudine et sagittarum non 
 videbitis. — In umbra igitur, inquit, pugnabimus. (Tusc. 
 Qu. 1. c.) 
 
 4. Viros commemoro: qualis tandem Lacaena? Quae 
 quum filium in proelium misisset, et interfectum audisset, id- 
 circo, inquit, genueram, ut esset, qui pro patria mortem non 
 dubitaret occumbere. (Tusc. Qu. 1. c.) 
 
 5. Lacedaemonii, Philippo minitante per litteras, se omnia 
 quae conarentur prohibiturum, quaesiverunt : num se esset 
 etiam mori prohibiturus ? (Qu. Tusc. V. 15.) 
 
 6. Fortes et duri Spartiatae ; magnam habet vim reipubli- 
 cae disciplina. Quid? Cyrenaeum Theodorum, philosophum 
 non ignobilem, nonne miramur? Cui quum Lysimachus rex 
 crucem minaretur, istis, quaeso, inquit, ista horribilia minitare 
 purpuratis tuis ! Theodori quidem nihil interest, humine an 
 sublime putrescat. (Tusc. Qu. I. 43.) 
 
 7. Illustris mors Epaminondae, illustris Leonidae. Quo- 
 rum alter quum vicisset Lacedaemonios apud Mantineam si- 
 mulque ipse gravi vulnere exanimari se videret, ut primum 
 dispexit, quaesivit, salvusne esset clypeus ? Quum salvum 
 esse flentes sui respondissent, rogavit, essentne fusi hostes ? 
 Quumque id quoque, ut cupiebat, audivisset, evelli jussit 
 earn, qua erat transfixus, hastam. Ita multo sanguine profuso 
 in laetitia et in victoria est mortuus. Leonidas autem, rex 
 Lacedaemoniofum, se in Thermopylis trecentosque eos, quos 
 eduxerat Sparta, quum esset proposita aut fuga turpis aut glo 
 riosa mors, opposuit hostibus. Praeclarae mortes sunt impe 
 ratoriae. (De Finib. II. 30.) 
 
 8. Clarae mortes pro patria oppetitae, non solum gloriosae 
 rhetoribus, sed etiam beatae videri solent. Repetunt ab 
 Erechtheo, cujus etiam filiae cupide mortem expetiverunt pro 
 vita civium : Codrum, qui se in medios immisit hostes veste 
 famulari, ne posset agnosci, si esset ornatu regio ; quod ora- 
 
NARRATTONES BREVIORE. 95 
 
 culum erat datum, si rex interfectus esset, victrices Athenas 
 fore. Menoeceus non praetermittitur, qui oraculo edito largitus 
 est patriae suum sanguinem. Iphigenia Aulide duci se immo- 
 landam jubet, ut hostium sanguis eliciatur suo. Veniunt inde 
 ad propiora. Harmodius in ore et Aristogiton, Lacedaemo- 
 nius Leonidas, Thebanus Epaminondas vigent. Nostros non 
 norunt ; quos enumerare magnum est : ita sunt multi, quibus 
 videmus optabiles mortes fuisse pro patria. (Tusc. Q,u. I. 48 
 ei 49.) 
 
 9. Quam me delectat Theramenes ! quam elato animo est! 
 etsi enim flemus quum legimus, tamen non miserabiliter vir 
 clarus emoritur. Qui quumconjectus in carcerem triginta 
 jussu tyrannorum, venenum ut sitiens obduxisset, reliquum 
 sic e poculo ejecit, ut id resonaret ; quo sonitu reddito, arri- 
 dens, propino, inquit, hoc pulchro Critiae ; qui in eum fuerat 
 teterrimus. Graeci enim in conviviis solent nominare, cui 
 poculum tradituri sint. Lusit vir egregius extremo spiritu, 
 quum jam praecordiis conceptam mortem contineret: vereque 
 ei, cui venenum praebiberat, mortem est earn auguratus, quae 
 brevi consecuta est. (Tusc. Qu. I. 40.) 
 
 IV. Opiniones de Diis impietatisque ezempla. 
 
 1. Natura duce intelligebant veteres deum esse, sed non 
 conveniebat inter illos, quid deus esset. Itaque quum tyrannus 
 Hiero quaesivisset de Simonide, non poeta solum suavi, verum 
 etiam docto sapienteque, quid deus esset, deliberandi causa sibi 
 unum diem postulavit. Quum idem ex eo postridie quaereret, 
 biduum petivit. Quum saepius duplicaret numerum dierum, 
 admiransque Hiero requireret, cur itafaceret, quia quanto, in- 
 nuit, diutius consider 'o, tanto mihi res videtur obscurior. (De 
 Nat. Deor. I. 22.) 
 
 2. Protagoras Abderites, sophistes temporibus belli Pelo- 
 ponnesiaci vel maximus, quum in principio libri sui sic posu- 
 isset : de Diisnequeut sint, nequeutnon sint, habeo dicer e, Athe- 
 niensium jussu urbe atque agro est exterminatus, librique ejus 
 in concione combusti. (De Nat. Deor. I. 23.) 
 
 3. Diagoras quum Samothraciam venisset, Atheos [*&**} 
 ille qui dicitur, atque ei quidam amicus, tu qui deos putas 
 humana negligere, nonne animadvertis ex tot tabulis pictis, 
 quam multi votis vim tempestatis efTugerint, in portumque sal- 
 vi pervenerint ? Ita sit, inquit : illi enim nusquam picti sunt, qui 
 naufragiafecerunt, inmariqueperierunt. — Idemquequum ei 
 naviganti vectores, ad versa tempestate timidi et perterriti, dice- 
 rent, non injuria sibi illud accidere, qui ilium in eandem navem 
 
96 CAPUT PRIMUM. 
 
 recepissent: ostendit eis in eodemcursu multas alias laboiantes; 
 quaesivitque, num etiam in his navibus Diagoram vehi crede- 
 rent. (De Nat. Deor. III. 37.) 
 
 4. Diogenes Cynicus dicere solebat, Harpalum, qui tem- 
 poribus illis praedo felix habebatur, contra deos testimonium 
 dicere, quod in ilia fortuna tarn diu viveret. (De Nat. Deor. 
 III. 34.) 
 
 5. Dionysius quum fanum Proserpinae Locris expilavisset, 
 navigabat Syracusas : isque quum secundissimo vento cur- 
 sum teneret, ridens, videtisne, inquit, amici, quam bona a diis 
 immortalibus navigatio sacrilegis detur 1 Idem quum ad Pe- 
 loponnesum classem appulisset, et in fanum venisset Jovis 
 Olympii, aureum ei detraxit amiculum grandi pondere, quo 
 Jovem ornarat ex manubiis Carthaginiensium tyrannus Gelo. 
 Atque in eo etiam cavillatus est, aestate grave esse aureum 
 amiculum, hieme frigidum, eique laneum pallium injecit, quum 
 id esse ad omne anni tempus diceret. Idemque Aesculapio 
 Epidauri barbam auream demi jussit : neque enim convenire, 
 barbatum esse filium, quum in omnibus fanis pater imberbis 
 esset. (De Nat. Deor. 1. c.) 
 
 6. Mensas argenteas idem de omnibus delubris jussit au- 
 ferri: in quibus quod more veteris Graeciae inscriptum es- 
 set, Bonorum Deorum, uti se eorum bonitate velle dicebat. 
 Idem Victoriolas aureas, et pateras coronasque, quae simula- 
 crorum porrectis manibus sustinebantur, sine dubitatione tolle- 
 bat, eaque se accipere, non auferre dicebat. Esse enim stulti- 
 tiam, a quibus bona precaremur, ab iis porrigentibus et danti- 
 bus nolle sumere. 
 
 7. Eundemque ferunt haec, quae dixi, sublata de fanis in 
 forum protulisse, et per praeconem vendidisse, exactaque 
 pecunia edixisse, ut, quod qu isque a sacris haberet, id ante 
 diem certam in suum quod que fanum referret. Ita ad im- 
 pietatem in deos, in homines adjunxit injuriam. (De Nat. 
 Deor. 1. c.) 
 
 V. Exempla praesagiorum de rebus futuris. 
 
 1. Apud Agathoclem scriptum inhistoria est, Hamilcarem 
 Carthaginiensem, quum oppugnaret Syracusas, visum esse au- 
 dire vocem, se postridie coenaturum Syracusis ; quum autem 
 is dies illuxisset, magnam seditionem in castris ejus inter 
 Poenos et Siculos milites esse factam : quod quum sensissent 
 Syracusani, improviso eos in castra irrupisse, Hamilcaremque 
 ab iis vivum esse sublatum. Ita res somnium comprobavit 
 (De Divinat. I. 24.) 
 
NARRATIONES BREVIORES. 97 
 
 2. Simonides quum ignotum quendam projectum mortuum 
 vidisset, eumque humavisset, haberetque in animo navem 
 conscendere, moneri visus est, ne id faceret, ab eo, quern se- 
 pultura afFecerat: si navigasset, eum naufragio esse peritu- 
 rum. Itaque Simonidem rediisse dicunt, periisse caeteros, qui 
 turn navigassent. (De Divinat. I. 27.) 
 
 3. Midae Phrygio, quum puer esset, dormienti formicae 
 in os tritici grana congesserunt. Divitissimum fore praedic- 
 tum est : quod evenit. At Platoni quum in cunis parvulo dor- 
 mienti apes in labellis consedissent, responsum est, singulari 
 ilium suavitate orationis fore : ita futura eloquentia provisa in 
 infante est. (De Divinat. 1. 36.) 
 
 4. Quid 1 amores et deliciae tuae, Roscius, num aut ipse, 
 aut pro eo totum Lanuvium mentiebatur? Qui quum esset 
 in cunabulis, educareturque in Solonio, qui est campus agri 
 Lanuvini, noctu, lumine apposito, experrecta nutrix animad- 
 vertit puerum dormientemcircumplicatumserpentisamplexu: 
 quo adspectu exterrita clamorem sustulit. Pater autem Ros- 
 cii ad haruspices retulit : qui responderunt, nihil illo puero 
 clarius, nihil nobilius fore. (De Divin. I. 36.) 
 
 5. L. Paullus consul iterum, quum ei bellum ut cum rege 
 Perse gereret obtigisset, ut ea ipsa die domum ad vesperum 
 rediit, filiolam suam Tertiam, quae turn erat admodum parva, 
 osculans animadvertit tristiculam. Quid est, inquit, mea Ter- 
 tia ? quid tristis es 1 Mi pater, inquit, Persaperiit. Turn ille 
 arctius puellam complexus, accipio, inquit, meafilia, omen. 
 Erat autem mortuus catellus eo nomine. (De Divin. I. 46.) 
 
 6. Bello illo maximo, quod Athenienses et Lacedaemonii 
 summa inter se contentione gesserunt, Pericles ille et auctori- 
 tate et eloquentia et consilio princeps civitatis suae, quum ob- 
 scurato Sole tenebrae factae essent repente, Atheniensiumque 
 animos summus timor occupavisset, docuisse cives suos dici- 
 tur, id quod ipse ab Anaxagora, cujus auditor fuerat, accepe- 
 rat, certo illud tempore fieri et necessario, quum tota se Luna 
 sub orbem Solis subjecisset ; idque fieri non posse nisi certo 
 intermenstruo tempore. Quod quum disputando rationibus- 
 que docuisset, populum liber avit metu: erat enim tunc haec 
 nova et ignota ratio, Solem Lunae oppositum solere deficere ; 
 quo Thaletem Milesium primum vidisse dicunt. (De Republ. 
 I. 16.) 
 
98 CAPUT PRIMUM. 
 
 VI. Graecorum studia. 
 
 1. Honos alit artes, omnesque incenduntur ad studia gloria, 
 jacentque ea semper, quae apud quosque improbantur. Sum- 
 mam eruditionem Graecia sitam censebant in nervorum vo- 
 cumque cantibus. Igitur et Epaminondas, princeps meo ju- 
 dicio Graeciae, fidibus praeclare cecinisse dicitur. Themisto- 
 clesque aliquot ante annis quum in epulis recusasset lyram, 
 habitus est indoctior. Ergo in Graecia musici floruerunt, dis- 
 cebantque id omnes, nee qui nesciebat satis excultus doctrina 
 putabatur. (Tusc. Quaest. I. 2.) 
 
 2. Secundis suis rebus unusquisque volet mori : non enim 
 tarn cumulus bonorum jucundus esse potest, quam molesta 
 decessio. Hanc sententiam significare videtur Laconis ilia 
 vox, qui, quum Rhodius Diagoras, Olympionices nobilis, uno 
 die duo suos filios victores Olympiae vidisset, accessit ad se- 
 nem, et gratulatus, morere, Diagora, inquit, non enim in coe- 
 lum adscensurus es. — Magna haec, et nimium fortasse Graeci 
 putant, vel turn potius putabant ; isque qui hoc Diagorae dixit, 
 permagnum existimans, tres Olympionicas una e domo pro- 
 dire, cunctari ilium diutius in vita, fortunae objectum, inutile 
 putabat ipsi. (Tusc. Q,u. I. 46.) 
 
 VII. Acute dicta nonnulla. 
 
 1. Nasica quum ad poetam Ennium venisset, eique ab 
 ostio quaerenti Ennium ancilla dixisset, domi non esse : Nasi- 
 ca sensit, illam domini jussu dixisse, et ilium intus esse. Pau- 
 cis post diebus quum ad Nasicam venisset Ennius, et eum a 
 janua quaereret : exclamat Nasica : se domi non esse. Turn 
 Ennius : Quid ? ego non cognosco vocem, inquit, tuam ? — Hie 
 Nasica : homo es impudens : ego quum te quaererem, ancillat 
 tuae credidi, te domi non esse : tu mihi non credis ipsi ? (De 
 Orator. II. 68.) 
 
 2. Scipioni majori coronam sibi in convivio ad caput ac- 
 commodanti, quum ea saepius rumperetur, P. Licinius Varus, 
 noli mirari, inquit, si non convenit : caput enim magnum est. 
 (De Orator. II. 61.) 
 
 3. Orator quidam malus quum in epilogo misericordiam 
 se movisse putaret, postquam assedit, rogavit Catulum: vide- 
 returne misericordiam movisse? Ac magnam quidem, in- 
 quit : neminem enim puto esse tarn durum, cut non oratio tua 
 miser anda visa sit. (De Orator. II. 69.) 
 
 4. Q,u. Catulus quum a Philippo inter rogaretur, quid latra- 
 ret? fur em se videre, respondit. (De Orator. II. 54.) 
 
NARRATIONES BREVIORES. 99 
 
 5. Theophrastus moriens accusasse naturam dicitur, quod 
 cervis et cornicibus vitam diutumam, quorum id nihil interes- 
 set, hominibus, quorum maxime interfuisset, tarn exiguam 
 vitam dedisset: quorum si aetas potuisset esse longinquior, 
 futurum fuisse, ut omnibus perfectis artibus, omni doctrina 
 hominum vita erudiretur. Querebatur igitur, se turn, quum 
 ilia videre coepisset, exstingui. (Q,u. Tusc. III. 28.) 
 
 6. Siculus quidam, cui praetor patronum causae dabat 
 hospitem suum, hominem nobilem, sed admodum stultum: 
 quaeso, inquit, praetor, adversario meo da istum patronum, de- 
 lude mihi neminem dederis. (De Orator. II. 69.) 
 
 7. Granius patrono malo, quum vocem in dicendo obtudis- 
 set, suadebat, ut mulsum frigidum biberet, simulac domum 
 rediisset : Perdam, inquit ille, vocem, si id fecero. — Melius 
 est, inquit, quam reum. (De Orator. II. 70.) 
 
 CAPUT SECUNDUM. 
 
 NARRATIONES QUAEDAM VARII GENERIS. 
 
 I. Generosus Fabricii animus. 
 
 Quum rex Pyrrhus populo Romano bellum ultro intulisset, 
 quumque de imperio certamen esset cum rege generoso ac 
 potente ; perfuga ab eo venit in castra Fabricii, eique est pol- 
 licitus, si praemium sibi proposuisset, se, ut clam venisset, 
 sic clam in Pyrrhi castra rediturum, et eum veneno necatu- 
 rum. Hunc Fabricius reducendum curavit ad Pyrrhum : id- 
 que factum ejus a senatu laudatum est. (De Offic. III. 22.) 
 
 II. Athenienses auctore Aristide honest at em utilitati praefe- 
 
 runt 
 
 Themistccles post victoriam ejus belli, quod cum Persis 
 fuit, dixit in concione : se habere consilium reipublicae sa- 
 lutare, sed id sciri opus non esse. Postulavit, ut aliquem po- 
 pulus daret, quocum communicaret. Datus est Aristides. 
 Huic ille: classem Lacedaemoniorum, quae subducta esset 
 ad Gythium, clam incendi posse, quo facto frangi Lacedaemo- 
 niorum opes necesse esset. Q,uod Aristides quum audisset, 
 
 Part II.— 10 
 
100 CAPUT SECUNDUM. 
 
 in concionem magna cum exspectatione venit, dixitque: per 
 utile esse consilium, quod Themistocles afferret, sed minime 
 honestum. Itaque Athenienses, quod honestum non esset, 
 id ne utile quidem putaverunt, totamque earn rem, quam ne 
 audierant quidem, auctore Aristide repudiaverunt. (Offic. 
 III. 11.) 
 
 III. Titi Torquati pietas. 
 
 Lucio Manlio, quum Dictator fuisset, Marcus Pompomus 
 tribunus plebis, diem dixit, quod is paucos sibi dies ad Dic- 
 taturam gerendam addidisset. Criminabatur etiam, quod Ti- 
 tum fllium, qui postea est Torquatus nominatus, ab homini- 
 bus relegasset, et rure habitare jussisset. Quod quum audi- 
 visset adolescens filius negotium exhiberi patri, accurrisse 
 Romam, et cum prima luce Pomponii domum venisse dicitur. 
 Cui quum esset nuntiatum, quod ilium iratum allaturum ad se 
 aliquid contra patrem arbitraretur, surrexite lectulo,remotisque 
 arbitris, ad se adolescentem jussit venire. 
 
 At ille, ut ingressus est, confestim gladium destrinxit, ju- 
 ravitque, se ilium statim interfecturum, nisi jusjurandum sibi 
 dedisset, se patrem missum esse facturum. Juravit, hoc co- 
 actus terrore, Pomponius. Rem ad populum detulit : docuit, 
 cur sibi causa desistere necesse esset : Manlium missum fe- 
 cit. Tantum temporibus illis jusjurandum valebat. (Offic. 
 IIL31.) 
 
 IV. Reguli in jurejurando conservando religio. 
 
 Attilius Regulus, primo Punico bello captus a Poenis, ju- 
 ratus missus est ad senatum Romanum, ut, nisi redditi essent 
 Poenis captivi nobiles quidam, rediret ipse Carthaginem. Is, 
 quum Romam venisset, in senatu mandata exposuit, sed red- 
 di captivos, negavit esse utile : illos enim adolescentes esse, 
 et bonos duces, se jam confectum senectute. Cujus quum 
 valuisset auctoritas, captivi retenti sunt: ipse Carthaginem 
 rediit ; neque eum caritas patriae retinuit, nee suorum. Ne- 
 que vero turn ignorabat, se ad crudelissimum hostem, et ad 
 exquisita supplicia proficisci : sed jusjurandum conservandum 
 putabat. (Offic. III. 26.) 
 
 V. Studio et disciplines vinci possunt innata vitia. 
 
 Stilponem, Megareum philosophum, acutum sane homi- 
 nem et probatum temporibus illis accepimus. Hunc scri- 
 
NARRATIONES QUAEDAM VARII GENERIS. 101 
 
 bunt ipsius familiares, et ebriosum et mulierosum fuisse : ne- 
 que hoc scribunt vituperantes, sed potius ad laudem. Vitio- 
 sam enim naturam ab eo sic edomitam et compressam esse 
 doctrina, ut nemo unquam vinolentum ilium, nemo in eo li- 
 bidinis vestigium viderit. Quid? Socratem, nonne legimus, 
 quemadmodum notarit Zopyrus, physiognomon, qui se pro- 
 fitebatur hominum mores naturasque ex corpore, oculis, vul- 
 tu, fronte pernoscere ? Stupidum esse Socratem dixit et bar- 
 dum, quod jugula concava non haberet ; addidit etiam, mulie- 
 rosum: in quo Alcibiades cachinnum dicitur sustulisse. Haec 
 ex naturalibus causis vitia nasci possunt : exstirpari autem et 
 funditus tolli, ut is ipse, qui ad ea propensus fuerit, a tantis vi- 
 tiis avocetur, non est id positum in naturalibus causis, sed in 
 voluntate, studio, disciplina. (Fat. 5.) 
 
 VI. Lahore et studio superantur impedimenta naturae. 
 
 Orator futurus imitetur ilium, cui sine dubio summa vis di- 
 cendi conceditur, Atheniensem Demosthenem, in quo tantum 
 studium fuisse tantusque labor dicitur, ut primum impedimenta 
 naturae diligentia industriaque superarit ; quumque ita balbus 
 esset, ut ejus ipsius artis, cui studeret, primam litteram non 
 posset dicere, perfecit meditando, ut nemo planius eo locutus 
 putaretur: deinde quum spiritus ejus esset angustior, tantum 
 continenda anima in dicendo est assecutus, ut una continua* 
 tione verborum (id quod ejus scripta declarant) binae ei con- 
 tentions vocis et remissiones continerentur : qui etiam, ut 
 memoriae proditum est, conjectis in os calculis, summa voce 
 versus multos uno spiritu pronuntiare consuescebat, neque id 
 consistens in loco, sed inambulans, atque adscensu ingrediens 
 arduo. (De Orat. I. 61.) 
 
 VII. Exemplum spectatae amicitiae. 
 
 Damonem et Pythiam, Pythagoreos, ferunt hoc animo inter 
 se fuisse, ut, quum eorum alteri Dionysius tyrannus diem ne- 
 cis destinavisset, et is, qui morti addictus esset, paucos sibi 
 dies commendandorum suorum causa postulavisset, vas factus 
 sit alter ejus sistendi ; ut, si ille non revertisset, moriendum 
 esset ipsi. Qui quum ad diem se recepisset admiratus eorum 
 fidem tyrannus petivit, ut se ad amicitiam tertium ascribe- 
 rent. (Offic. III. 10.) 
 
102 CAPUT SECUNDUM. 
 
 VIII. Timothei de coena apud Platonem judicium. 
 
 Timotheum, clarum hominem Athenis, et principem civita- 
 tis, ferunt, quum coenavisset apud Platonem, eoque convivio 
 admodum delectatus esset, vidissetque eum postridie, dixisse, 
 vestrae quidem coenae non solum in praesentia, sed etiam pos- 
 tero die jucundae sunt. (Tusc. Qu. V. 35.) 
 
 IX. Philippus filio suo Alexandro largitionem exprobrat. 
 
 Praeclare epistola quadam Alexandrum filium Philippus ac- 
 cusat, quod largitione benevolentiam Macedonum consectetur. 
 Quae te, malum, inquit, ratio in istam spem induxit, ut eos 
 tibi fideles putares fore, quos pecunia corrupisses ? An tu id 
 agis, ut Macedones non te regem suum, sed ministrum et 
 praebitorem sperent fore? (De Offic. II. 15.) 
 
 X. Socratis de beatitudine sententia. 
 
 Socrates, quum esset ex eo quaesitum, Archelaum, Perdic- 
 cae filium, qui turn fortunatissimus haberetur, nonne beatum 
 putaret ? haud scio, inquit ; nunquam enim cum eo collocu- 
 tus sum. — Ain 7 tu ? an tu aliter id scire non potes ? — Nullo 
 modo. — Tu igitur ne de Persarum quidem rege magno potes 
 dicere, beatusne sit? — An ego possim, quum ignorem, quam 
 sit doctus, quam vir bonus ? — Quid ? tu in eo sitam vitam bea- 
 tam putas ? — Ita prorsus existimo, bonos, beatos ; improbos, 
 miseros. — Miser ergo Archelaus? — Certe, si injustus. (Qu. 
 Tusc. V. 12.) 
 
 XL Phormio coram Hannibale de imperatoris officio disputat. 
 
 Quum Hannibal Carthagine expulsus Ephesum ad Antio- 
 chum venisset exsul, proque eo, quod ejus nomen erat magna 
 apud omnes gloria, invitatus esset ab hospitibus suis, ut Phor- 
 mionem, peripateticum, si vellet, audiret ; quumque se non 
 nolle dixisset ; locutus esse dicitur homo copiosus, aliquot ho- 
 ras de imperatoris officio, et de omni re militari. Turn, quum 
 caeteri, qui ilium audierant, vehementer essent delectati, quae- 
 rebant ab Hannibale, quidnam ipse de illo philosopho judi- 
 caret. Poenus non optime Graece, sed tamen libere respon- 
 disse fertur, multos se deliros senes saepe vidisse : sed qui 
 magis, quam Phormio, deliraret, vidisse neminem. Neque 
 mehercule injuria. Quid enim aut arrogantius, aut loquacius 
 
NARRATIONES QUAEDAM VARII GENERIS. 103 
 
 fieri potuit, quam Harmibali, qui tot annos de imperio cum po- 
 pulo Romano omnium gentium victore certasset, Graecum 
 hominem, qui numquam hostem, numquam. castra vidisset, 
 numquam denique minimam partem ullkis publici muneris 
 attigisset, praecepta de re militari dare? (De Orat. II. 18.) 
 
 XII. Cibi et potionis condimenta fames et sitis. 
 
 Quis non videt, desideriis condiri epulas? Darius in fuga, 
 quam aquam turbidam, et cadaveribus inquinatam, bibisset, 
 negavit umquam se bibisse jucundius. Numquam videlicet 
 sitiens biberat. Nee esuriens Ptolemaeus ederat : cui quum 
 peragranti Aegyptum, co*mitibus non consecutis, cibarius in 
 casa panis datus esset, nihil visum est illo pane jucundius. 
 Socratem ferunt, quum usque ad vesperum contentius ambu- 
 laret, quaesitumque esset ex eo, quare id faceret ; respondis- 
 se, se, quo melius coenaret, opsonare ambulando famem. 
 Quid ? victum Lacedaemoniorum in phiditiis nonne videmus? 
 ubi quumtyrannus coenavisset Dionysius, negavit se jureillo 
 nigro, quod coenae caput erat, delectatum. Turn is, qui ilia 
 coxerat: minime mirum: condimenta enim defuere. Quae 
 tandem? inquit ille. Labor in venatu, sudor, cursus ad Eu- 
 rotam, fames, sitis. His enim rebus Lacedaemoniorum epu- 
 lae condiuntur. (Qu. Tusc. V. 34.) 
 
 XIII. Splendida tyrannorum miseria. 
 
 Dionysius major, Siciliae tyrannus, ipse indicavit, quam 
 esset beatus. Nam quum quidam ex ejus assentatoribus, 
 Damocles, commemoraret, in sermone copias ejus, opes, ma- 
 jestatem dominatus, rerum abundantiam, magnificentiam aedi- 
 um regiarum, negaretque, unquam beatiorem quemquam fu- 
 isse : visne igitur, inquit, Damocle, quoniam haec te vita de- 
 lectat, ipse eandem degustare, et fortunam experiri meam? 
 Quum se ille cupere dixisset, collocari jussit hominem in au- 
 reo lecto, strato pulcherrime textili stragulo, magnificis ope- 
 ribus picto, abacosque complures ornavit argento auroque 
 caelato. Turn ad mensam eximia forma pueros delectos jus- 
 sit consistere, eosque nutum illius intuentes diligenter minis- 
 trare. Aderant unguenta, coronae: incendebantur odores, 
 mensae conquisitissimis epulis exstruebantur. Fortunatus 
 sibi Damocles videbatur. In hoc medio apparatu fulgentem 
 gladium, e lacunari seta equina aptum, demitti jussit, ut im- 
 penderet illius beati cervicibus. Itaque nee pulchros illos 
 ministratores adspiciebat, nee plenum artis argentum : uec 
 10* 
 
104 CAPUT SECUNDUM. 
 
 manum porrigebat in mensam. Jam ipsae denuebant coro- 
 nae. Denique exoravit tyrannum, ut abire liceret, quod jam 
 beatus nollet esse. Satisne videtur declarasse Dionysius, 
 nihil esse ei beatum, cui semper aliquis terror impendeat? 
 (Tusc. Qu. V. 21.) 
 
 XIV. Dionysii tyranni ingenium. 
 
 Duodequadraginta annos tyrannus Syracusanorum fuit 
 Dionysius, quum quinque et viginti annos natus dominatum 
 occupavisset. Qua pulchritudine urbem, quibus opibus prae- 
 ditam servitute oppressam tenuit civitatem! Atqui de hoc 
 homine a bonis auctoribus sic scriptum accepimus, summam 
 fuisse ejus in victu temperantiam, in rebusque gerendis virum 
 acrem et industrium, eundem tamen malericum natura et in- 
 justum. Ex quo omnibus, bene veritatem intuentibus, videri 
 necesse est miserrimum. Ea enim ipsa, quae concupierat, 
 ne turn quidem, quum omnia se posse censebat, consequeba- 
 tui. Qui quum esset bonis parentibus atque honesto loco 
 natus (etsi id quidem alius alio modo tradidit,) abundaretque 
 aequalium familiaritatibus et consuetudine propinquorum : 
 credebat eorum nemini ; sed iis, quos ex familiis locupletum 
 servos delegerat, quibus nomen servitutis ipse detraxerat, 
 et quibusdam convenis et feris barbaris, corporis custodiam 
 committebat. Ita propter injustam dominatus cupiditatem in 
 carcerem quodammodo se ipse incluserat. Q,uin etiam, ne 
 tonsori collum committeret, tondere fllias suas docuit. Ita 
 sordido ancillarique artificio regiae virgines, ut tonstriculae, 
 tondebant barbam et capiilum patris. Et tamen ab iis ipsis, 
 quum jam essent adultae, ferrum removit, instituitque, ut 
 candentibus juglandium putaminibus barbam sibi et capiilum 
 adurerent. Quumque duas uxores haberet, sic noctu ad eas 
 ventitabat, ut omnia specularetur, et perscrutaretur ante. Et, 
 quum fossam latam cubiculari lecto circumdedisset, ejusque 
 fossae transitum ponticulo ligneo conjunxisset: eum ipsum, 
 quum forem cubiculi clauserat, detorquebat. Idemque quum 
 in communibus suggestis consistere non auderet, concionari 
 ex alta turri solebat. Atque is, quum pila ludere vellet (stu- 
 diose enim id factitabat) tunicamque poneret : adolescentulo 
 tradidisse gladium dicitur. Hie, quum quidam familiaris 
 jocans dixisset : Huic quidem certe vitam tuam commiitis, ar- 
 risissetque adolescens : utrumquejussitinterfici: alter um, quia 
 viam demonstravisset interimendi sui, alterum, quia id dictum 
 risu approbavisset. Atque eo facto sic doluit, ut nihil gravius 
 tulerit in vita. Quern enim vehementer amarat, occiderat 
 
NARRATIONES QUAEDAM VARII GENERIS. 105 
 
 Sic distrahuntur in contrarias partes impotentium cupiditates. 
 (Tusc. au. V. 20.) 
 
 XV. Mors ad divina praemia refertur. 
 
 Argiae sacerdotis, Cleobis et Biton, filii praedicantur. Nota 
 fabuia est. Quum enim illam ad solemne et statum sacrificium 
 curru vehi jus esset, satis longe ab oppido ad fanum, moraren- 
 turque jumenta : tunc juvenes ii, quos modo nominavi, veste 
 posita, corpora oleo perunxerunt, ad jugum accesserunt. Ita 
 sacerdos advecta in fanum, quum currus esset ductus a filiis, 
 precata a dea dicitur, ut illis praemium daret pro pietate, quod 
 maximum dari posset homini a deo. Pjst, epulatos cum ma- 
 tre adolescentes, somno se dedisse, mane inventos esse mor- 
 tuos. — Simili precatione Trophonius et Agamedes usi dicun- 
 tur : qui quum Apollini Delphis templum aedificavissent, ve- 
 nerantes deum, petierunt mercedem non parvam quidem ope- 
 ns et laboris sui, nihil certi, sed quod esset optimum homini. 
 Quibus Apollo se id daturum ostendisse dicitur post ejus diei 
 diem tertium: qui ut illuxit, mortui sunt reperti. (T. Qu. I. 
 47.) 
 
 XVI. Pythii foeneratoris calliditas. 
 
 C. Canius, eques Romanus, nee infacetus et satis litteratus, 
 quum se Syracusas otiandi (ut ipse dicere solebat,) non ne- 
 gotiandi causa, contulisset, dictitabat, se hortulos aliquos 
 velle emere, quo invitare amicos, et ubi se oblectare sine in- 
 terpellatoribus posset. Quod quum percrebuisset, Pythius ei 
 quidam, qui argentariam faceret Syracusis, dixit, venales 
 quidem se hortos non habere, sed licere uti Canio, si veliet, 
 ut suis : et simul ad coenam hominem in hortos invitavit in 
 posterum diem. Quum ille promisisset, turn Pythius, qui es- 
 set, ut argentarius, apud omnes ordines gratiosus, piscatores 
 ad se convocavit, et ab his petivit, ut ante suos hortulos post- 
 ridie piscarentur ; dixitque, quid eos facere veliet. Ad coe- 
 nam tempore venit Canius : opipare a Pythio apparatum con- 
 vivium : cymbarum ante oculos multitudo : pro se quisque, 
 quod ceperat, adferebat ; ante pedes Pythii pisces abjicie- 
 bantur. Turn Canius : Quaeso, inquit, quid est hoc, Pythi ? 
 taniumne'piscium, tantumne cymbarum? Et ille: quid mirum? 
 inquit, hoc loco est, Syracusis quidquid est piscium : haec aqua- 
 tio : hac villa isti carere non possunt. Incensus Canius cu- 
 piditate contenclit a Pythio, ut venderet. Gravate ille primo. 
 Quid multa ? impetrat. Emit homo cupidus et locuples tanti 
 
106 CAPUT SECUNDUM. 
 
 quanti Pythius voluit, et emit instructos ; nomina facit, nego- 
 tium conficit. Invitat Camus postridiefamiliaressuos : venit 
 ipse mature: scalmum nullum videt. Gluaerit ex proximo 
 vicino, num. feriae quaedam piscatorum essent, quod eos nul- 
 los videret ? Nullae, quod sciam, inquit ille ; sed hie piscari 
 nulli solent. Itaque heri mirabar, quid accidisset. Stomacha- 
 ri Canius. Sed quid faceret % nondum enim Aquillius protu- 
 lerat dedolo malo formulas. (Off III. 14.) 
 
 XVII. De insigni Themistoclis memoria. 
 
 Fertur incredibili quadam magnitudine consilii atque inge- 
 nii Atheniensis ille fuisse Themistocles : ad quern quidam 
 doctus homo, atque imprimis eruditus accessisse dicitur, eique 
 artem memoriae, quae turn primum proferebatur, pollicitus 
 esse se traditurum. Q,uum ille quaesisset, quidnam illaars 
 efficere posset ? dixisse ilium doctorem, ut omnia memirrisset ; 
 et ei Themistoclem respondisse, gratius sibi ilium esse fac- 
 turum, si se oblivisci, quae vellet, quam si meminisse, docu- 
 isset. Videsne, quae vis in homine acerrimi ingenii, quam 
 potens et quanta mens fuerit ? qui ita responderit, ut intelli- 
 gere possemus, nihil ex illius animo, quod semel esset infu- 
 sum, unquam emuere potuisse : quum quidem ei fuerit opta- 
 bilius, oblivisci posse potius, quod meminisse nollet, quam, 
 quod semel audisset vidissetve meminisse. (De Orat. II. 
 74.) 
 
 XV III. Inventor artis memoriae Simonides. 
 
 Gratiam habeo Simonidi illi Ceio, quern prirnum ferunt ar- 
 tem memoriae protulisse. Dicunt enim, quum coenaret 
 Crannone in Thessalia Simonides apud Scopam, fortunatum 
 hominem et nobilem, cecinissetque id carmen, quod in eum 
 scripsisset, in quo multa ornandi causa, poetarum more, in 
 Castorem scripta et Pollucem fuissent, nimis ilium sordide 
 Simonidi dixisse, se dimidium ejus ei, quod pactus esset pro 
 illo carmine, daturum : reliquum a suis Tyndaridis, quos ae- 
 que laudasset, peteret, si ei videretur. Paulo post esse fe- 
 runt nuntiatum Simonidi, ut prodiret : juvenes stare ad 
 januam duos quosdam, qui eum magnopere evocarent : sur- 
 rexisse ilium ipsum, prodiisse, vidisse neminem. Hoc in- 
 terim spatio conclave illud, ubi epularetur Scopas, concidis- 
 se: ea ruina ipsum oppressum cum suis interiisse. Quos 
 quum humare vellent sui, nee possent obtritos internoscere 
 ullo modo : Simonides dicitur ex eo, quod meminisset, quo 
 
NARRATIONES QUAEDAM VARII GENERIS. 107 
 
 eorum loco quisque cubuisset, demonstrator uniuscuj usque se- 
 peliendi fuisse. Hac turn re admonitus invenisse fertur, or- 
 dinem esse maxime, qui memoriae lumen afferret. (De Orat. 
 II. 86.) 
 
 XIX. Delus insula. 
 
 (Memoriae ae Uteris proditum est,) Latonam ex longo erro- 
 re, et fuga, gravidam, et jam ad pariendum vicinam, tempori- 
 bus exactis, confugisse Delum, atque ibi Apollinem Dianam- 
 que peperisse. Q,ua ex opinione hominum ilia insula eorum 
 deorum sacra putatur: tantaque ejus auctoritas religionis et 
 est, et semper fuit, ut ne Persae quidem, quum bellum toti 
 Graeciae, diis hominibusque, indixissent, et mille numero 
 navium classem ad Delum appulissent, quidquam conarentur, 
 aut violare, aut attingere. (In Verr. Act. II. I. 18.) 
 
 XX. Lautumiae Syracusanae. 
 
 Lautumias Syracusanas omnes audistis: plerique nostis. 
 Opus est ingens, magnificum, regum, ac tyrannorum. Totum 
 est ex saxo, in mirandam altitudinem depresso, et multorum 
 operis penitus exciso. Nihil tarn clausum ad exitus, nihil tarn 
 septum undique, nihil tarn tutum ad custodias, nee fieri, nee 
 cogitari potest. In has lautumias, si qui publice custodiendi 
 sunt, etiam ex caeteris oppidis Siciliae deduci imperantur. 
 (In Verr. Act. II. V. 27.) 
 
 XXI. Mithridates, ex Ponto profugiens, cum Medea corn- 
 par atus. 
 
 Ex suo regno sic Mithridates profugit, ut ex eodem Ponto 
 Medea ilia quondam profugisse dicitur : quam praedicant in 
 fuga fratris sui membra in iis locis, qua se parens persequere- 
 tur, dissipavisse, ut eorum collectio dispersa, moerorque pa- 
 trius, celeritatem persequendi retardaret. Sic Mithridates 
 fugiens maximam vim auri atque argenti, pulcherrimarumque 
 rerum omnium, quas et a majoribus acceperat, et ipse bello 
 superiore ex tota Asia direptas in suum regnum congesserat, 
 in Ponto omnem reliquit. Haec dum nostri colligunt omnia 
 diligentius, rex ipse e manibus eflugit. Ita ilium in perse- 
 quendi studio moeror, hos laetitia, retardavit. (Pro Leg. 
 Manil. 9.) 
 
108 CAPUT SECUNDUM. 
 
 XXII. Caedes etfurtum miro indicio deteguniur. 
 
 Strato medicus domi furtum fecit et caedem ejusmodi: 
 Gluum esset in aedibus armarium, in quo sciret esse nummo- 
 rum aliquantum et auri : noctu duos conservos dormientes 
 occidit, in piscinamque dejecit : ipse armarii fundum exsecuit, 
 et sestertium CL et auri quinque pondo abstulit, uno ex servis 
 puero, non grandi, conscio. Furto postridie cognito, omnis 
 suspicio in eos servos, qui non comparebant, commovebatur. 
 Q,uum exsectio ilia fundi in armario animadverteretur, quaere- 
 bant homines, quonam modo fieri potuisset ? Gluidam ex ami- 
 cis Sassiae recordatus est, se nuper in auctione quandam vi- 
 disse in rebus minutis aduncam, ex omni parte dentatam, et 
 tortuosam, venire serrulam, qua illud potuisse ita circumse- 
 cari videretur. Ne multa : perquiritur a coactoribus. Inveni- 
 tur ea serrula ad Stratonem pervenisse. Hoc initio suspicion- 
 is orto, et aperte insimulato Stratone, puer ille conscius perti- 
 muit : rem omnem dominae indicavit ; homines in piscina in- 
 vent]* sunt : Strato in vincula conjectus est, atque etiam in ta- 
 berna ejus nummi, nequaquam omnes, reperiuntur. — Hoc uno 
 modo saepe multorum improbitate depressa Veritas emergit, 
 et innocentiae defensio interclusa respirat : quod aut ii, qui ad 
 fraudem callidi sunt, non tantum audent, quantum excogitant; 
 aut illi, quorum eminet audacia atque projecta est, a consiliis 
 malitiae deseruntur. Quod si aut confidens astutia, aut calli- 
 da esset audacia, vix ullo obsisti modo posset. (Pro Cluentio 
 64. et 65.) 
 
NOTES 
 
 Page 
 
 1. Assyrii, a people of Western Asia. Assyria is now Kurdistan. 1 
 
 2. Bactriana, an extensive country of Northern India, on the 
 river Oxus. 
 
 3. Magicas artes. The Magi were abody of priests amongthePer- 
 sians, to whom the care of worshipping the gods was consigned. 
 
 4. Morem vestis, i. e. vestitum. 
 
 5. Exinde, ab eo inde tempore. 
 
 6. Semiramis (ob virilem vestitum) pro filio Ninya est habita. 
 
 7. Babylonia, the capital of the province Babylonia, on the Eu- 
 phrates. 
 
 8. Cocto latere {later), " of bricks." 
 
 9. Aetkiopia, a general name for the southern parts of Africa, as 
 India for the eastern countries of Asia. 
 
 10. Rerum potita, not rebus. Potiri governs a genitive as well as 
 an ablative, especially in the phrase rerum potiri, " to obtain su- 
 preme dominion." 
 
 11. Media, an extensive country between Assyria, Armenia, the 
 Caspian sea, and Persis,then a province of the Assyrian monarchy. 
 
 1. Feminae, i. e. regi, feminae simillimo. £ 
 
 2. Negat, &c. i. e. dixit, se non posse obedire ejusmodi regi. 
 
 3. Descendit, Scil. pervenit imperium. 
 
 4. Enatam, (the participle instead of the infinitive,) depends upon 
 vidit. 
 
 5. The original race of the Persians was a pastoral people in the 
 mountainous parts of Persis, a country of moderate extent between 
 Media, the Persicus Sinus, and Carmania. 
 
 1. Altero servato, i. e. alterumque (filium Mandanae) servaret. 3 
 
 2. Pro, <c instead of." 
 
 3. lngenui. Slaves only were allowed to be beaten, at least ac- 
 cording to the custom of the Greeks and Romans. 
 
 4. Tempora, quibus ipse puerum exponi jusserat. 
 
 5. Suo, Harpagi. 
 
 6. Pronam, i. e.facilem patentem, nullis dijjicultatibus impeditam, 
 
 7. Nihil, instead of non. 
 
 8. Fecissent, scil. ii. qui convocati erant. 
 
 9. Si conditio esset proposita, i. e. si optio data esset. 
 
 1. Summam belli, " the direction of the whole war, the chief com- 4 
 mand." 
 
 2. Oblitus, i. e. immemor. 
 
 3. Hyrcania. a province on the eastern coast of the Caspian sea. 
 
 4. I/ydia, a country of Asia Minor, on the coast of the Aegean. 
 
 5. Nullo negotio, i. e. facile, levi opera. 
 
 6. Cauponias artes exercere, Gr. Ka-rr^sveiv, " to exercise a petty 
 retail trade." 
 
110 NOTES. 
 
 Page 
 
 4 7. Artes ludicras, i.e. ad luxuriant magis, quum ad vitae necessi- 
 tatem pertinentes. 
 
 8. Araxes, a river of Armenia, which empties itself into the Cas- 
 pian sea. 
 
 9. Omissis, i. e. neglectis, hostibus. 
 
 10. Insuetos, scil. vini, non adsuetos vino. 
 
 5 1. Cum liac exprobratione, i. e. hac exprobrahone adjecta. 
 
 2. Quern sitisti, i.e. cujusfuisti sitiens. Sitire sanguinem } as sitire 
 honor es, instead, of, vehementer cupere, avidum esse sanguinis. 
 
 3. Offensus super stitionibus. The Persians abhorred the Egyptian 
 custom of worshipping beasts, as indeed all idolatry, since they of- 
 fered their adoration only to the Sun, the Moon, and the Elements. 
 
 4. Apis, a god of the Egyptians, worshipped under the form of an 
 ox. He had a magnificent temple at Memphis. 
 
 5. Templum. A sacred place in an Oasis of the Libyan desert, 
 a resting-place for the caravans, and a famous oracle. 
 
 6. Per quietem, i. e. dormiens, somnians. 
 
 7. Parricidium, " the murder of any near relation." 
 
 8. Cunctantesque,ne. Understood before ne, praemetu. The idea 
 of apprehension is conveyed by the word cunctanies. 
 
 6 1. Fortuna ita regente, i. e. fortuna per cussoris ictum ita moderante, 
 ut Gobryae corpus non tangeret, sed magwn interficeret. 
 
 2. Haec res, i.e. equi hinnitus ad solis ortum. 
 
 3. Nihil ncgotii superesse existima, i. e. jam totum illud negotium 
 sic uti optas, actum et transactum puta. 
 
 4. Pridie const, diem, i. e. pridie ante const, diem. 
 
 5. Ad eundum locum, where the experiment was to be made. 
 
 6. Firmaturus. Eo consilio, utfirmaret regnum, matrimonio juncto 
 cumfilia regis, rcgni Persarum auctoris seu conditoris. 
 
 7. Regi se inopin. offert, i. e. in conspectum regis venit, qui nihil 
 tale suspicatus fuerat. 
 
 8. Transfugae titulo, i. e. se transfugam esse simulans. 
 
 9. Defide, i.e. de veritate eorum, quae narrabat. 
 
 T 1. Scythis. The north of Asia was known to the Greeks and Ro- 
 
 mans by the generic name of Scythia, and divided into Scythia 
 intra and extra Imaum, that is, on either side of Mount Imaus. 
 
 2. Ister, the Greek name for the river which the Romans called 
 Danubius. The former name was used especially to denote the 
 eastern part of the river. 
 
 3. Trepidus, magna cum festinatione, nee timoris expers. 
 
 4. Ionibus. The Ionians were a Grecian colony in Asia Minor, 
 on the coast of the Aegaean. 
 
 5. Narrabitur. See within, C. cap. 5, 6. 
 
 6. Campus Marathonius, a plain in Attica. 
 
 7. Et in regno et ante regnum, "both during his reign and pre- 
 vious to its commencement." 
 
 8. Susceptis, i.e. natis et educatis. 
 
 9. Domi, i. e. privatim, not before the usual tribunal. 
 
 10. Contentio. Haec contentio tarn fraterna (i. e. tarn fraternis 
 animis decertata) fuit. 
 
 11. Eique apparatur, i.e. eique parando . 
 
 12. Dux, emphatically, a leader, such as he ought to be. 
 
 13. Thermopylae, a small pass leading from Thessaly into Locns, 
 Phocis, and the southern parts of Greece. It has a part of the chain 
 of MountOeta on the west,and the sea on the east,withdeep and dan- 
 gerous marshes, being in the narrowest part only 25 feet in breadth. 
 
NOTES. Hi 
 
 Page 
 
 1 . Hortatur, recedant. After hortari and similar verbs ut is often 8 
 omitted. 
 
 2. Ante congressionem, i. e. antequam cum Graecis nuvali praelio 
 congrederetur. 
 
 3. Delphi, in Phocis, at the foot of Mount Parnassus, one of the 
 most celebrated oracles in Greece. 
 
 4. Quam nullae, &c. ut homines intelligerent, quam vanae nuLlius- 
 que momenti hominum vires essent adversus deos. 
 
 5. Thespiae and Plataeae, towns in Boeotia. 
 
 6. Athenae, the capital of Attica. 
 
 7. Non potemt, scil. grassari. 
 
 8. Salamis, an island in the Saronicus Sinus (now the Gulf of 
 Engia), near the coast of Attica. 
 
 9. Statuta, i. e. in statione collocata. 
 
 10. Halicarnussus, a town of Caria, in the south-west of Asia 
 Minor ; it was governed by kings,and was tributary to the Persians. 
 
 11. Cumrege, i. e. cumregiis copiis conjuncti. 
 
 12. Hellespontus, now the Dardanelles, a strait between Asia and 
 Thrace, connecting the Propontis with the Aegaean. Xerxes had 
 built across this a bridge of boats. 
 
 1. Abydos, a town on the Asiatic shore of the Hellespont ; Sestos 9 
 was opposite. 
 
 2. Mycale, a promontory of Ionia. 
 
 3. Cimon, son of Miltiades. 
 
 4. Cyprus, an island in the Mediterranean, tributary to the Per- 
 sians. 
 
 5. Phoenicia, a country on the coast of the Mediterranean. A 
 great part of the Persian fleet consisted of Phoenician ships. 
 
 6. Pausanias, the conqueror of Mardonius at Plataeae. 
 
 1. Darius, an older son of Xerxes. lO 
 
 2. Qui, i. e. hie autem. 
 
 3. Recogniturus, i. e. simulans, se recogniturum esse. 
 
 4. Vindicare caedem is equivalent to ulcisci : vindicare se ab insi- 
 diis, is equivalent to servare se, et insidias vitare. 
 
 5. Inclinari, i. e. ad ruinam vergere. 
 
 6. Patris judicium : haec patris suprema voluntas, testamento pro* 
 dita, qua Artaxerxes, patre adhuc privato genitus, ipse praeferebatur. 
 
 7. In praelio, near Cunaxa, a place of Assyria, 500 stadia from 
 Babylon. 
 
 8. Quidem — autem, like the Gr. \*iv — U. 
 
 9. E qui fug a, i.e. velocitas. 
 
 1. Revertuntur. This is the famous retreat of the ten thousand 1 1 
 Greeks, (described by Xenophon), from the interior of Asia to the 
 Aegaean, which they made through unknown and hostile nations, 
 although constantly harassed by a Persian army. 
 
 2. Parricidii, scil. quod molitus fuerat. 
 
 3. Conjuges. It was customary among the Persians to put to 
 death the families of traitors, together with the criminal himself. 
 
 4. Cadusii, a people of the most northerly region of Media, on the 
 Caspian sea. 
 
 5. Decora, the consequence instead of the cause, as often laus for 
 laudabile factum ; properly ob egregium hoc f acinus, quod ei laudem 
 et decora paraverat. 
 
 1. Incrementis, i. e. magnitudine sua, quafiorentibus jam rebus suis 12 
 utebantur. 
 
 PART II. 1 1 
 
112 NOTES. 
 
 Page 
 
 12 2. Sordibus. Justin may be considered as alluding here to the 
 origin of the Roman state. 
 
 3. Innata solo. They styled themselves avroxdoves, indigenae. 
 
 4. Lanificii et old. The olive was first produced here by Miner- 
 va, the tutelar goddess of the Athenians ; to her they were also in- 
 debted for the art of weaving. 
 
 5. Vini. Bacchus taught the mode of cultivating the vine to the 
 Athenian Icarius. 
 
 6. Sererefrumenta. Triptolemus, son of Celeus, king of Eleusis, 
 was taught agriculture by Ceres, and made it known throughout 
 the world. Previously mankind had subsisted on acorns and other 
 wild fruits. 
 
 7. Glandem vesci, instead of glande vesci. 
 
 8. Leges et civilis disciplina. These they considered also as the 
 gift of Ceres, whence they styled her Qeafio^opog. 
 
 9. Superfuerunt, etc. i. e. ii tantum servati sunt, qui in monies se re- 
 ceperunt ; or, omnes perierunt,praeter eos, qui inmontes confugerunt. 
 
 10. Aut. After aut understand qui. 
 
 11. Tliessalia, an extensive country in the north of Greece, hav- 
 ing on its northern boundary the Cambunii Montes, on the western 
 the chain of Pindus, on its southern that of Oeta, and in the north- 
 west Olympus. 
 
 12. Initio,, {teKt]) " the sacred rites, or mysteries, of Ceres." 
 
 13. Nodes initiorum sacratae, i. e. mysteria, noctu habenda, insti- 
 tuta sunt. 
 
 14. Theseus was distinguished by many glorious actions, but es- 
 pecially by the destruction of the Minotaur. 
 
 15. Adversus Trojanos. Homer makes Menestheus, not Demo- 
 phoon, leader of the Athenians in the Trojan war. 
 
 16. Dorienses, a branch of the Hellenes, who originally dwelt in 
 the north of Hellas near Mt. Oeta. 
 
 17. Superior es, etc. instead of victoriam reportaturos esse (ni in- 
 stead of nisi) si regem non occidissent. 
 
 18. Custodia regis, i. e. ut caverent, ne regem Atheniensium occi- 
 derent. 
 
 19. Permutato, instead of deposito, alioque {pauperis hominis ha^ 
 bitu) sumto. 
 
 13 1. Regnavit, i. e. rexfuit. After the death of Codrus, the state 
 was governed by perpetual Archons, of whom there were thirteen 
 in succession. After the death of Alcmaeon, they were appointed 
 for ten years; and finally nine archons, instead of one, were ap- 
 pointed annually, (annui magistratus). 
 
 2. Nullae leges. The institutions of Draco were not observed on 
 account of their excessive severity, so that the state seemed desti- 
 tute of laws. 
 
 3. Deformis, instead of deformatus ; sumto habitu, quo deformis 
 videretur. 
 
 4. Vicissitudines. Pisistratus was more than once banished. 
 
 14 1. Religione. The Lacedaemonians had agreed to send aid to 
 the Athenians, but would not march before full moon. They be- 
 lieved that this planet had a particular influence on their affairs, and 
 could aid them only when in the height of its splendour. 
 
 2. Campi Marathonii, the plains about the village of Marathon, 
 a village situated on the eastern coast of Attica. 
 
 3. Locus non aequus, i.e.iniquus; as tempus aequum instead of 
 
NOTES. 113 
 
 Page 
 
 4. Nee audaciae eventus defuit, i. e. res bene successit ; eventus 14 
 audaci conatui respondit. 
 
 5. Suppressae, i. e. demersae. 
 
 6. Praemium. Combine thus, quale praemium hujus victoriae ) i.e. 
 propter hanc victoriam Miliiadi sit tributum. 
 
 7. Poecile, UoikiXti, the most remarkable of the Sroai, or porticoes, 
 so called from the variety it contained of curious pictures, drawn 
 by the greatest masters in Greece. 
 
 8. Decern praetor es. Ten commanders, Erpar^ydf, were annually 
 appointed, one from each tribe. They were employed not merely 
 as leaders in war, but also for many other purposes in the state. 
 
 9. Hortantis. In this picture Miltiades was placed in the front, 
 milites hortans, i.e. eo habitu, ut milites hortari videretur, quum in eo 
 esset, ut proelium committer et. 
 
 10. Tenues, i. e. exigui. 
 
 1. Demetrius Phalereus($a\r}p£vs), a celebrated philosopher and 15 
 orator, who nourished B. C. 318, and became so popular in conse- 
 quence of his munificence, that he was elected decennial archon. 
 Notwithstanding this, his enemies raised a sedition against him, 
 and he was sentenced to death. He escaped to the court of Ptolemy 
 Soter, by whom he was kindly received ; but Philadelphus. whom 
 
 he had displeased, after his father's death, detained him in strict 
 confinement. Demetrius, tired with his situation, put an end to his 
 life by the bite of an asp, 284 B. C. 
 
 2. Consuluissent, scil. Athenienses. 
 
 3. Quo valeret, i. e. quid significaret. 
 
 4. Salamina and Troezena y Greek accusatives. Salamis, see above 
 B. cap. 17. 5. Troezen, a town in Argolis in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 6. Arx, the Acropolis (dxporroXig, or i) awrroXis, " the upper city"), 
 or the citadel of Athens, was built on a hill by Cecrops, from whom 
 it was called Cecropia. On it the Parthenon, Hapdev&v, or temple of 
 Minerva, and temples of the other gods, were built. 
 
 7. Reliquum oppidum, that part of the city which was not fortified. 
 
 8. Artemisium, a promontory of Euboea, on the north-western 
 side of the island. The coast was called Artemisium littus. 
 
 9. Euboea, a large island on the eastern coast of Greece. 
 
 10. Classiariis regiis, instead of militibus classis regiae. 
 
 11. Pari proelio, " with equal advantage." Aequo Mar te pug- 
 nare, is similar in meaning. 
 
 12. Ancipiti periculo, i. e. ab utraque parte hostium navibus cir- 
 cumventi. 
 
 13. De servis suis, quern habuitfidelissimum, i. e. servorum suorum 
 fidelissimum. 
 
 14. Suis verbis, " in his name." 
 
 15. Longinquiore (more usually applied to space than time) tem- 
 pore instead of major e temporis impendio. 
 
 16. Confecturum. With this, and also oppressurum, understand 
 esse, and also eum as the accusative of the subject. 
 
 17. Hoc eo valebat, etc. i. e. hoc eo spectabat (eo consilio a Themis- 
 tocle factum est) ut Graeci ingratiis, i. e. vel inviti, adpugnam coge- 
 rentur. 
 
 18. Barbarus, i. e. rex Persarurn, 
 
 1. Alienissimo, i. e. iniquissimo. 16 
 
 2. Quum Phal — uierentur, instead of quum Phalereus portuSj quo 
 turn temporis utebantur, neque magnus, neque bonus esset. 
 
 3. Piraei. Both Piraeus and Piraeeus were used. The former 
 
114 NOTES. 
 
 Page 
 
 16 is more usual in the ancient authors. The Greeks wrote TLsipaitfs, 
 sometimes also to Helpaiov. 
 
 4. Dignitate, i. e. splendore et magnificentia. 
 
 5. Vitro. The Greeks, who had hitherto acted on the defensive, 
 now commenced an offensive war. 
 
 6. By zantium,now Constantinople, situate on the Bosphorus Thra- 
 cius, which connects the Propontis with the Euxine. The Persians 
 had taken possession of this city. 
 
 7. Eretriensem, "of Eretria," a town of the island Euboea. 
 
 8. Misit. The perfect is used in letters to express an action which 
 is present to the writer, but considered as past in relation to the 
 reader. Combine thus : Pausanias misit tibi eos, quos Byz. oepe- 
 rat, postquam cognovit eos propinquos tuos esse. 
 
 IT 1. Certum, i. e. cui confidere possit. 
 
 2. Face (an old form instead of fac, which here renders the sen- 
 tence more harmonious than/<zc would), mittas instead of curaut 
 mittas, and this for mitte. 
 
 3. Salute, i.e. libertate recuperata. 
 
 4. Collaudat, i. e. valde laudat. 
 
 5. Sifecerit, etc. i. e. si remperfecerit, nihil esse, quod a se non sit 
 impetraturus. 
 
 6. Chalcioecus, " the brazen temple," or, " that has a brazen house 
 or temple." Quae refers either to aedes or Minerva, and the epi- 
 thet x a ^ K ' i0lK °s applies as well to the goddess as to the temple. 
 
 7. Ephbri, the most powerful magistrates at Sparta, who were 
 first created by Lycurgus. They were five in number, and held 
 their office for a year. They were much the same as the tribunes 
 of the people at Rome, appointed to watch with a jealous eye over 
 the liberties and rights of the populace. Hence their name Zfopot, 
 " overseers," from i<popav "to oversee, inspect." 
 
 8. Inprimis, etc. i.e. inter primos fuisse, qui lapides offer rent. 
 
 9. Testarum suffragiis, " by the Ostracism" ('Oo-rpaKio^dj, " the act 
 of voting with the shells," from bcrpaKov, testa, "a tile, a shell,") so 
 called from the shells, or earthen tiles, on which the citizens wrote 
 their votes. He, whose name was written on a majority of the tiles 
 or shells given in, was banished from his country for ten years. 
 
 10. Argos, (to "Ajuyoj, in the singular a neuter, in the plural a mas- 
 culine), the principal city of Argolis, in the Peloponnesus. 
 
 11. Hoc crimine, i. e. hoc criminatione. 
 
 12. In domum tuam, scil. in Xerxem, patrem tuum, et omnino in 
 Persas. 
 
 13. Ille expertus est, scil. Xerxes. 
 
 14. De his rebus, i. e. quod attinet ad has res. 
 
 15. Annum temporis, instead of tempus unius anni. 
 
 18 1 . Animi magnitudinem.. the courage and resolution which he dis- 
 played in throwing himself upon the protection of an enemy. 
 
 2. Omne Mud tempus, the whole year allowed him. 
 
 3. Commodius, i. e. disertius, major e facilitate et elegantia. 
 
 4. Asia, Asia Minor. 
 
 5. Magnesia, a town in Lydia. 
 
 6. Desperaret. According to others, because his returning love 
 for his native land prevented him from performing his promise. 
 
 7. Acerbitatem, i. e. severitatem. 
 
 8. Confirmavit, " he confirmed in their good will those who were 
 well disposed towards the Athenians." 
 
 9. Alienatas i " those who had separated from the Athenians." 
 
NOTES. 115 
 
 Pace 
 
 10. Scyros, an island in the Aegean, lying east of Euboea. 18 
 
 11. Civibus, i.e. Atheniensibus eo missis. 
 
 12. Thasos, an island near the southern coast of Macedonia, op- 
 posite the mouth of the Nestus. 
 
 13. His manubiis, a concise form of expression for praeda, in his 
 expeditionibus facta. 
 
 14. Qua, i. e. ea parte, qua. 
 
 15. Quam, instead of in quam. The preposition is often omitted 
 with the relative, when it has been a little before expressed with 
 the demonstrative. 
 
 16. Desiderium, scil. apud Athenienses. 
 
 17. Post annum qulntum, quamexpulsus erat } i. e. quinto anno post- 
 quam expulsus fuerat. 
 
 18. Satius, i. e. melius, utilius. 
 
 19. Contendere, i. e. se conferrc. 
 
 '. 20. Sua sponte, opposed to publice, " without a public commis- 
 sion, of his own authority." 
 
 1. Incrementa invidentibus. Sparta envied the greatness and pro- 19 
 gressive increase {incrementa) of Athens, her rival (aemula urbs), 
 
 for precedence. 
 
 2. Saepius susceptum et dep. est. The Peloponnesian war lasted, 
 with various interruptions, from Olymp. 87. 1. to 01. 93. 3. a pe- 
 riod of 27 years. 
 
 3. Navaliproelio, offNaupactus, in the Sinus Corinthiacus (G. of 
 Lepanto), under the command of Phormio. 
 
 4. Postplures annos. In the ninth year of the war. 
 
 5. Sociorum persona, instead of per socios. 
 
 6. Catina or Catdna at the foot of Aetna. The inhabitants of 
 this town were called Catanenses, Catinienses, and Catinenses. 
 
 1. Secundo Marte, i. e.fclici successu. 20 
 
 2. D8 belli inclinato statu, " concerning the unfavourable turn of 
 the war." Inclinatus is used in opposition to rectus, firmus. 
 
 3. Quo cognito. i. e. quod quum cognovissent. 
 
 4. Graeciae bellum, i. e. bcllnm quod civitates Graeciae inter sege- 
 rebant. 
 
 5. Ex utraque parte, scil. Lacedaemoniorum et Atheniensium. 
 
 6. Inter angustias maris, where the Athenian fleet could not ex- 
 tend itself sufficiently. 
 
 1. Elis, a town in a district of the same name in the Peloponnesus. 2 1 
 
 2. Tkebae, the capital of Boeotia. 
 
 3. Eumolpidae, the priests of Ceres at the celebration of her fes- 
 tivals of Eleusis. The Eumolpidae were descended from Eumolpus, 
 a king of Thrace,who was made priest of Ceres by Erechtheus king 
 of Athens. The priesthood continued in the family for 1200 years. 
 
 4. Decelia, AeiciXeia, on the boundaries of Boeotia and Attica. 
 
 5. Tempus, scil. opportunum. opportunitatem. 
 
 6. Regemfore. The accusative with the infinitive depends upon 
 dixit, the idea of which is contained in persuadet. 
 
 7. Ne jexternis vacet, i. e. ne otium Graecis suppetat ad externa bel~ 
 la gerenda. 
 
 8. Maligne, i. e.parce. 
 
 9. Sam os, one of the Sporades, off the coast of Ionia. At that 
 time almost all the Athenian fleet was stationed here. 
 
 1. Imperiumtransfertur. This is the revolution of Pisander, which %% 
 occurred, 01. 92. 1. By this revolution the government was taken 
 from the people and committed to 400 tyrants, thereby changing the 
 
 11* 
 
116 NOTES. 
 
 Page 
 
 22 previously existing democracy into an oligarchy. After a few 
 months the oligarchy was in turn abolished, in the accomplishment 
 of which the friends of Alcibiades were particularly active. 
 
 2. Patria liberate, since he had abolished the oligarchy and re- 
 stored the democracy. 
 
 3. Viguerant, more expressive than, fuerant. 
 
 4. Tribus navalibus, especially in that of Cyzicus, which made 
 the Athenians masters of the Hellespont, and compelled the Lace- 
 daemonians to abandon the whole sea. 
 
 5. Consilio, i. e. prudentid, "by his prudent conduct." 
 
 6. Adversas superior es, i. e. calamitateSj quibus superioribus tern- 
 poribus afflicti essent. 
 
 7. Coronis donabatur. Crowns were given, as marks of distinc- 
 tion,^ citizens who had deserved well of their country. This seems 
 to have been practised towards Olympic victors at their home,since 
 a state thought itself peculiarly fortunate when one of its citizens 
 obtained a prize in the higher games. It was usual in such cases, 
 upon the entry of the victor, to heap upon him flowers and wreaths. 
 
 S.Resacrare or resccrare, liber are ab i?nprecationibus,revocatisdiris. 
 
 23 1. Dumpopuiatur. According to others, Alcibiades had left the 
 fleet in order to procure subsidies, and the generals, whom he left in 
 command, risked an engagement contrary to orders. 
 
 2. Aegos flumen {Aiyds Trorapdg), i.e. "the goat's river," a stream 
 in the ThracianChersonese, with a town called Aegos at its mouth. 
 
 3. Jnclinata est, i. e. prostrata est. 
 
 4. Nee aliud ditionis Atheniensium, instead of nee quidquam, quod 
 in ditione Atheniensium fuit. 
 
 5. Requirere. The infinitives currere, sciscitari, requirere, are 
 used in place of the finite verb. This is called the historical infi- 
 nitive, and is much employed in animated narration. 
 
 6. Cum privatis casibus quer. pub. misc. instead of dum de suis 
 quisque casibus queritur, etiam reipublicae calamitatem defiet. 
 
 24 1. Decern viros, " decemvirates," ceKadapx'iai, by which the demo- 
 cratical constitution was abolished, and an oppressive aristocracy 
 introduced. 
 
 2. Nomen Athen. a circumlocution for the Athenians, like nomen 
 Romanum for the Romans. 
 
 3. Negarunt, se passuros, i. e. dixerunt, se non passuros. 
 
 4. Ex duobus oculis. Sparta and Athens were the two eyes of 
 Greece. 
 
 5. Longi muri brachia, to. aKtXr] tov naKpov ruxovg. So they called 
 the double walls, which connected the Piraeus with Athens, and 
 enclosed the way which led to it. 
 
 6. Triginta rectores, as if a triple decemvirate. 
 
 7. Mutari. Since the people had lost all their rights, the laws 
 were given by an oligarchy, and the execution of their decrees was 
 entrusted to mercenaries. 
 
 8. A victoribus, i. e. Lacedaemoniis. 
 
 9. Exhaustam, etc. urbem bello exhaustam caedibuset rapinis con- 
 ficiunt. 
 
 10. Theramenes had been very active in the transactions with 
 Sparta, and above all, had co-operated in effecting the adoption of 
 the hard conditions proposed by the Lacedaemonians, but at a later 
 period resisted the violent measures of his colleagues. 
 
 11. Domesticum terror em, scil. imminentia a tyrannis pericula. 
 
 12. Pkrygia, a country of Asia Minor, of great extent. 
 
NOTES. 117 
 
 Page 
 
 13. Critias, the most active and oppressive of the thirty tyrants. 
 
 14. Ratum, i. e. firmum,firmatum, " ratified, confirmed," opposed 
 to irritum. 
 
 1. Vicinitati, instead of vicinis ; qui homines illius regionis, ubi WZ 
 Alcibiades habitabat, excitarent. 
 
 2. Negotium dare, i. e. demandare, jubere. 
 
 3. Inter ficerent. The plu ral is used in relation to the idea of plu- 
 rality contained in the collective noun vicinitati. 
 
 4. Subalare telum, " a dagger," a weapon which may be carried 
 under the arm, (sub ala). 
 
 5. Id quod vestimentorum, instead of omnia vestimenta i quae turn 
 aderant. 
 
 6. Mammae vim. The violence of the flames was checked for a 
 moment by the clothes which were thrown upon them. 
 
 7. Erectus ad spem, i. e. spem capiens, spe capta ; erigi and se erigere 
 (opposed to dejici, dejectus) are used to denote reanimated courage. 
 
 8. Adunatis, i. e. contractis. 
 
 9. Infinibus Atticae. On the northern boundary,which separates 
 Attica from Boeotia. 
 
 10. Piraeus, the town connected with the harbour. The Piraeus 
 is now called Porto Leone. 
 
 11. Munychia, a port of Athens. 
 
 12. Jacentem, i. e. interfectum et prostratum. 
 
 13. Eos, qui nrbem tenebant, i. e. the army of the oligarchy. 
 
 14. Redder etur depends upon ut, which is contained in the pre- 
 ceding ne. 
 
 1. Victoriam. This victory was gained near Cnidus ; by it the £6 
 Lacedaemonians lost their naval superiority. 
 
 2. Regi Spartanorum. The Peloponnesus was recovered by the 
 Heraclidae about 80 years after the fall of Troy, and 1104 B. C. 
 From this period two kings of the race of the Heraclidae reigned 
 jointly. 
 
 3. Pietas has reference especially to those duties which one 
 owes to the gods, his country, and his friends. 
 
 4. Principes adjust, imp. form. i. e. principes ita informavit, ut 
 justa imperia exercerent. 
 
 1. Compensatione mercium, " by an interchange of commodities." 2T 
 
 2. In luxuria, i. e. in molli ignavia. 
 
 3. Haec quon.—fingit. Quoniamintelligebat,haec initio dura vi- 
 sum iri, ob mores praesertim hominum, luxuria solutos et corruptos t 
 finxit, sibi has leges ab Apolline datas esse. Soluti mores is opposed 
 to adstricti and severi. Lycurgus had his laws confirmed by the 
 oracle at Delphi. 
 
 4. Cretan large island of the Mediterranean,between the Pelopon- 
 nesus and Africa ; from it Lycurgus had derived a part of his laws. 
 
 5. Messenia, a province of the Peloponnesus, lying west of Laco- 
 nia. Its capital was Messene. 
 
 6. Poenarum, i. e.malorum et calamitatum. 
 
 7. Carmina, in quibus conscrips. Carmina, in quibus Spar- 
 
 tanos ad virlutem hortabatur, propter damna, quae perpessi erant, 
 solabatur, consilia, denique dabat, quomodo bellum gerendum esset. 
 Some of these poems are still extant. 
 
 1. Unumque, scil. the Peloponnesian war. 2S 
 
 2. Hunc adversus, instead of adversus hunc. Versus and tenus 
 are placed after their cases. 
 
118 NOTES. 
 
 Page 
 
 £8 3. Boeotios. The inhabitants of Boeotia were called Boeotii and 
 
 Boeoti. So in Greek Boiconoi and BokotoL 
 4. Institutis patriae, i. e.the laws which required that he should 
 
 obey the command of the Ephori. 
 £9 1. Ex eo, scil. Agesilao. 
 
 2. Debilitatae viderentur, instead of debilitatae essent. 
 
 3. Insolentia gloriae, instead of insolenti gloriatione. 
 
 4. Sector is, i. e. iis Graecorum, qui, quod se pacem existimabant 
 habere, sine metu securi erant. 
 
 5. Archidamus, son of Agesilaus. 
 
 30 1. Princi'pio noctis, i. e. nocte appetente, primis noctis tenebris. 
 
 2. Aciem, hostium exercitum impetumque eorum, quibus antea 
 robur copiarum Lacedaemoniorum resistere non potuerat. 
 
 3. Ex continenti, i. e. confestim, e vestigio. 
 
 4. Victoria, in the battle fought near Mantinea in Arcadia. 
 Olymp. 104. 2. 
 
 5. Hunc ante, instead of ante hunc. 
 
 6. Vir melior, instead of utrum vir melior. The omission of the 
 first interrogative is not unusual 
 
 7. Accipere, scil. ex honoribus. 
 
 31 1. Muneris, i. e. beneficii a capris accepti. 
 
 2. Aegae, from ai'£, aiyog, a goat. 
 
 3. Mortis postrema, instead of mors, rerum omnium postrema ; as 
 in the language of Homer, re\og dauarov. 
 
 4. Praefatus, i. e. diccns. 
 
 5. Stirpem, scil. stirpem re gum illius familiae. After the death of 
 Alexander, the government of Macedonia devolved upon his gene- 
 rals. 
 
 6. Thracibus et lllyriis. The Thracians and Illyrians were the 
 nearest neighbours of the Macedonians, the former on the east, the 
 latter on the west. They were both rude and warlike nations. 
 
 32 1. Begem, emphatically ; a king, such as he should be. 
 
 2. Sustulit, i. e. suscepit et educavit. 
 
 3. Olynthus, a celebrated town and republic of Macedonia, in 
 the district of Chalcidice, north of the peninsula of Pallene, and 
 at the head of the Toronaicus Sinus, or Gulf of Cassandria. 
 
 4. Occupatus fuisset, i. e. oppressus fuisset. 
 
 5. Alexander occubuit. Diodorus (XV, 71) and others relate that 
 he was murdered by Ptolemy Alorites,his younger brother, who held 
 the kingdom for four years, and made way for Perdiccas and Philip. 
 
 6. Pari . . . decipitur. According to Diodorus (XVI, 2) and 
 others he was slain by the Illyrians. 
 
 7. Serumque . . . erat, i. e. neque exspectari poterat, donee puer 
 adultus auxilium ferre posset. 
 
 8. Hinc, i. e. ab una parte, scil. a matre Eurydice. 
 
 9. Immaturam . . . urgeret, i. e. adolescentem immaturae adhuc 
 aetatis premeret. 
 
 S3 1. Redemit, i. e.pecunia data terminavit. 
 
 2. Amphipolis, an Athenian colony on the Strymon, between 
 Macedonia and Thrace. 
 
 3. Bello . . . caedit. Philip with an army of 10,000 foot soldiers 
 and 600 horsemen, slew 7,000 of 10 ; 000 foot soldiers and 500 horse- 
 men, whom Bardylis, king of the Illyrians, had brought against 
 him. Upon this a treaty of peace was made, by which Philip re- 
 covered from the Illyrians all the cities that had been previously 
 taken from the kingdom of Macedon, Diodor. XVI. 4. 
 
NOTES. 119 
 
 Pag« 
 
 4. Thessalorum equitum. The Thessalian horses were univer- 33 
 sally esteemed. 
 
 5. Methona, a town of Macedonia, on the Thermaicus Sinus, in 
 the province of Pieria, above Pydna. Diodorus makes this to 
 have been the third time that Philip had besieged this town. 
 
 6. Jacta sagitta, by Aster, whose offer of his services had been 
 slighted by Philip. 
 
 7. Inter jectis diebus, i. e. post aliquot dies. 
 
 8. Inferioribus, i. e. imbecillioribus. 
 
 9. Coronas laureas, as tokens that they were devoted to the ser- 
 vice of Apollo, to whom the laurel was sacred. 
 
 10. Duos fratres ejus. Aridaeus and Menelaus, sons of Amyn- 
 tas by his second wife. 
 
 1. In Thracia. Especially in the vicinity of Crenides, after- 34 
 wards called Philippi. 
 
 2. Fratres duo, scil. Berisades and Amadocus, sons of Cotys, a 
 Thracian king. 
 
 3. Adhibitis, i. e. ad causam suam defendendam assumtis. 
 
 4. Bellum deprecabantur, i. e. bcllum a se avertere conabantur. 
 
 5. His, scil. Phocensibus. 
 
 6. Veniam belli pollicetur, i. e. se bellum remissurum neque hostile 
 quidquam in eos suscepturum promittit. 
 
 7. Captos, i. e. deceptos. 
 
 8. Pacta salute, i. e. facta pactione, ut eorum vitae parceret. 
 
 9. Dardani y the northern neighbours of the Macedonians. 
 
 10. Ckersonensium urbes, the towns of the Thracian Chersonese, 
 which formed the western coast of the Hellespont, and consequent- 
 ly commanded the navigation to the Propontis and Euxine. 
 
 11. Auri argentique nihil. The Scythians led for the most part 
 a pastoral life, and possessed no other wealth than their herds. 
 
 1. Dissimulatum properly refers to the hostile intentions, which 35 
 Philip had long entertained, but knew how to conceal until he 
 found a convenient opportunity to declare open war against them. 
 
 2. Atheniensibus. The Athenians had opposed him in many of 
 his undertakings, and had baffled his designs in several instances. 
 
 3. Legationibus Graeciam fat. i. e. plurimas legaiiones per tolam 
 Graeciam mittunt. 
 
 4. Chaeronaea, a town in Boeotia, on a small branch of the Ce- 
 phissus. It was the birth-place of Plutarch. 
 
 5. Adversis vulneribus, i. e. pectore, adverso corpore acceptis. 
 
 6. Ita vicit, i. e. victoria ita usus est. 
 
 7. Passus, i. e. expertus. 
 
 8. Corinthus, one of the most celebrated cities of Greece, situate 
 upon the isthmus which connects the Peloponnesus with Greece 
 Proper. 
 
 9. Alexander, son of Neoptolemus, king of Epirus. 
 
 10. Contender et, i. e. incederet. 
 
 11. Attains, one of the generals of Philip, and uncle of his wife 
 Cleopatra. 
 
 1. Poterat, scil. exigere, which must be taken from the following 36 
 exegit. 
 
 2. Gaudere, the historical infinitive. 
 
 1. Triballi, a people of Illyria. 3T 
 
 2. Qua opinione, i. e. hoc nuntio, falso illo et inani. 
 
 3. Bellum remisit. As above, cap. 8. belli veniam dedit ; i. e.beU 
 turn haud ulterius prosecutus est, 
 
120 NOTES. 
 
 Page 
 
 3 7 4. Ita, i. e. hac conditione proposita. 
 
 5. Ex continently i. e. vestigio, statim. 
 
 6. Praefatus, i. e. dicens, addens. 
 
 38 1. Suis rebus, i. e. regioni quam pro sua jam nunc haberet. 
 
 2. In campis Adrastiae,a. plain near the Granicus,a river of Mysia. 
 
 3. Asiae, i. e. of Asia Minor. 
 
 4. Gordius, a Phrygian, who, though originally a peasant, was 
 raised to the throne. He consecrated in the temple of Jupiter the 
 wagon in which he was riding when saluted king. 
 
 5. Tarsus, a town in Cilicia, the most southern orovince of Asia 
 Minor. 
 
 39 1. Indubitato, i. e. certo. 
 
 2. Divitiarum, scil. quae illis expraeda hostium obventurae essent. 
 
 3. Nee inven. &c. instead of nullas vires inventas esse pares illo- 
 rum viribus. 
 
 40 1. Sidoniae, scil. urbis. Sidon, the oldest and most powerful city 
 of Phoenicia.five geographical miles north of Tyrus.on the sea-coast. 
 
 2. Spretis, i. e. posthabitis. 
 
 3. Ncputarent, i. e. ne cives hujus urbis existimarent, regem, 
 ipsis datum, hoc beneficium nobilitati generis sui potius, quam Alex- 
 andri voluntati debere. 
 
 4. Tyrus, the great trading town of the Phoenicians. This com- 
 mercial city consisted of two parts or towns ; one of them was built 
 on the main land, and called Palaetyros ; the other, on a small island 
 opposite to it. Its ancient Phoenician name, Tzur, is retained in 
 the modern Sur. Hercules was the chief deity of the place 
 
 5. Ammon. See above, B. cap. 9. note 5. 
 
 6. Alexandria. See Part First, p. 56, n. 8. 
 
 7. Babyloniam profugisset. After the battle of Issus. 
 
 8. Faciat. Understand ut after precatur. 
 
 9. Sua sibi dari, i. e. his oblaiis conditionibus nihil sibi offerri } 
 quod non jam, teneret. 
 
 10. Regni arbitria, i. e. arbitrium de regno, quam ejus partem 
 ipse sibi servaturus, quamque Dario relicturus esset. 
 
 11. Victori, emphatically, instead of sibi. 
 
 41 1. Euphrates, one of the most considerable rivers in Asia, which 
 rises in a part of the most northern branch of Taurus, and, flow- 
 ing about 1400 British miles, finally empties itself into the Persian 
 Gulf. In its course it washes the skirts of Syria, and divides Ara- 
 bia, and also Chaldaea and Babylonia, from Mesopotamia. 
 
 2. Gaugamela, a village near Arbela, beyond the Tigris, where 
 Alexander obtained his third victory over Darius. Gaugamela 
 being an obscure place, the battle was named after Arbela. 
 
 3. Persepolis, a celebrated city, the capital of the Persian empire. 
 The ruins of Persepolis, now EstaJcer, or Shehel-Minar, still as- 
 tonish the modern traveller by their grandeur and magnificence. 
 
 4. Cognovit, i. e. audivit. 
 
 42 1. Hyrcania, a large country of Asia, situate to the south of the 
 eastern part of the Caspian sea. 
 
 2. Mardi, a people of Persia, on the confines of Media. 
 
 3. Propter quae crimina, instead of ob hanc causam, quod ialibus 
 in cum sermonibus esset usus. 
 
 43 1. Ex quibus cognitojudicio, i. e. quumex his cognovisset judicium, 
 
 2. Opinati fuerant, i. e. judicaverant. 
 
 3. Consumiurus eos, i. e. eo consilio, ut hanc cohcrtem gravissimis 
 periculis objiceret, in quibus periret. 
 
NOTES. 121 
 
 Page 
 
 4. Tanais. The proper Tanais, now the Don, formed the divi- 43 
 sion line between European and Asiatic Sarmatia, and emptied it- 
 self into the Palus Maeotis. The Iaxarles, a large river of Asia, 
 rising in the chain of Mons Imaus, and flowing into the Sea of Aral, 
 after a course of 1682 English miles, was confounded with the Ta- 
 nais in the time of Alexander. The Iaxartes is here meant. 
 
 5. Sogdia?ia, a country of Asia, north of Bactria, between the 
 Oxus and Iaxartes. Its capital was called Maracanda, the famous 
 Samarcand of Tartan history. 
 
 6. Chorasrni et Dahae, nations of Scythia, on the Iaxartes. 
 
 7. Argyraspidas, dpyvpaamdag. 
 
 8. Liber, a name of Bacchus. 
 
 1. Commisso praelio, at the river Hydaspes. 44 
 
 2. Nicaea, from vCkti, victory. 
 
 3. Bucephdlen. This city was built by Alexander in honour of 
 his favourite horse Bucephalus, killed in the battle against Porus. 
 
 4. Oslendere, the historical infinitive. 
 
 5. Acesines, a large and rapid river of India, falling into the Indus. 
 
 1. Gravior, i. e. major e cumpericulo conjuncta. 45 
 
 2. Saluti redditus, i. e. vulnere sanabo in pristinam sanitatem res- 
 titutus. 
 
 3. Polyperchon, otherwise written Polysperchon. 
 
 4. Oceano libamenta dedit ; Oceanum, ut deum, solemni libatione 
 libi propitium reddere studuit. 
 
 5. Praedixit, i. e. monuit. 
 
 6. Testatus, i. e. dicens, affirmant. 
 
 7. Anaxarchus, a philosopher of Abdera, the friend of Alexander. 
 
 8. Commissatione, instead of compotatione. 
 
 9. Domus, i. e. gentis. 
 
 10. Aeacidarum. 01ympias,the mother of Alexander, was daugh- 
 ter of NeoptoJemus, a king of the Molossi, who was descended from 
 Pyrrhus, the son of Achilles ; Achilles was grandson of Aeacus. 
 
 1. Acerrimus, i. e. vividissimi ingenii. 46 
 
 2. Litterarurn studiis, a periphrasis for litteris. 
 
 3. Victoriarum fiore, i. e. in media cursu victoriarum. 
 
 4. Talentum, instead of talentorum. 
 
 1. Adformandum rerum praesentium statum, i. e. ad capiendum 47 
 consilium de formando rerum statu. 
 
 2. Negat expectandum. i. e. dicebat, minime expectandum, 
 
 3. Valetudinem, ob animi imbecillitatem. 
 
 4. In tutorum ob se quia jur ant, i. e. jurant, se tutoribus illis obse- 
 quium praeslituros esse. 
 
 5. Nullas sibi consiliorum partes relidas, instead of se non in con- 
 siliorum societatem esse vocatos. 
 
 1. Inmercatu Olympia.co, at the Olympic games, which were at- 48 
 tended with much traffic, (mercatu). 
 
 2. Libertatem . . . fremebant, i. e. voces jaciebant, dicebant, liberta- 
 tem, recuperatam, bello contra Macedonas suscepto tuendam esse. 
 
 3. Lamia, a town of Thessaly, at the bottom of the Sinus Mali- 
 acus or Lamiacus, and north of the river Sperchius. 
 
 . 4. Discurrentibus, instead of discedentibus. 
 
 5. In civilem sanguinem, instead of in cives. 
 
 6. Ptolemaeus, Lagifilius, also styled Soler. 
 
 7. Demetrius, surnamed Poliorceles, " destroyer of cities." 
 
 8. Gamala, a town in Palestine. 
 
 9. Instrumentum, i. e. omnem supellectilem, opes privatas. 
 
 10. Familiam i i. e. servos. 
 
122 NOTES. 
 
 Pago 
 
 49 1. Navali praelio, near Salamis, Olymp. 118. 3. 
 
 2. Iterato, adverbially instead of iierum. 
 
 3. Bellumjinitimum, instead of cum Jinitimis. 
 
 4. Callisthenes, a philosopher of Olynthus, intimate with Alex- 
 ander ; he was tortured in the shocking manner here described 
 for refusing to pay honours to the king. 
 
 5. Propter constantiam tantae virtutis, i. e. propter tantam tamque 
 constantem virtutem. 
 
 50 1. Proelium. the battle of Ipsus, a town of Phrygia, fought 
 Olymp. 119.4. 
 
 2. Continuae mortes, i. e. quae se exiguo admodum intervallo tem- 
 ports secutae fuerant. 
 
 3. Ei, scil. Demetrio. 
 
 51 1. Minimo natu ex filiis. To Ptolemy Philadelphus. 
 
 2. Strenue, i. e. forti animo. 
 
 3. Moritur. Lysimachus fell in a bloody battle, fought in Phry- 
 gia, near the Hellespont. 
 
 4. Ptolemaeus Ceraunus, son of Ptolemy Soter, was prevented 
 succeeding to the throne of Egypt by his father's partiality for his 
 younger brother Philadelphus. He fled to the court of Seleucus in 
 Macedonia, and, notwithstanding the kindness of his reception, per- 
 fidiously murdered his protector, and ascended his throne, B. C.280. 
 
 5. Antiochus, the son of Seleucus. 
 
 6. Antigonus Gonatas, the son of Demetrius Poliorcetes. 
 
 7. Campus Cirrhaeus, so called from Cirrha, a maritime town 
 of Phocis, at the top of the Sinus Crissaeus, serving as a port to 
 Delphi, and being 60 stadia distant from it. 
 
 52 1. Romam incendit, after the battle fought at the Allia, in which 
 the Romans were totally defeated, B. C. 387. See Part I. V. Lib. 
 I. Cap. 32. 
 
 2. Pamionia, a large country of Europe, bounded on the north 
 by the Danube, east by Upper Moesia, south by Dalmatia, and 
 west by Noricum. In the time of Antonine it was divided into 
 Superior and Inferior, the former answering to part of Hungary % 
 the latter to Sclavonia. 
 
 3. Sa,ucii, i. e. ebrii. Saucius is used of every kind of hurt or 
 damage ; thus it is applied to a drunken man, qui mente non est 
 Integra. 
 
 53 1. Diis antesignanis, i. e. diis ipsis ducentibus. 
 
 2. Brevi, scil. tempore. 
 
 3. Statuta, i. e. Constiluta, composita. 
 
 4. Opinio, instead offama et existimatio. 
 
 5. Ex Sicilia. See Part I. V. Lib. II. Cap. 5. et seqq. 
 54: 1. Ptolemaei. Ptolemaeus Philadelphus is here meant. 
 
 2. Affiuxisset, instead of insuper accepisset, supervenisset. 
 
 3. Transitione militum destitutus, i. e. Militum ad hostes transe* 
 untium defectione copiis destitutus, instead of solus relictus. 
 
 SS 1. Antiochus, surnamed Hierax. 
 
 2. Supra aetatem avidus, i. e. avidior quam pueri hac aetate esse 
 Solent. 
 
 3. Amisso regno. He had been for some time a prisoner in Par- 
 thia. 
 
 4. Doson, Aojgwv, Daturus, from his promising much, and giving 
 nothing. 
 
 5. Dardani, a northern tribe of Upper Moesia, inhabiting th© 
 territory now called Servia. 
 
NOTES. 123 
 
 Page 
 
 1. Victi Lacedaemonii. This battle was fought in the vicinity 56 
 of Sellasia, a town in Laconia, north-east of Sparta. 
 
 2. Saluti. Instead of vitae. 
 
 3. Ad Ptolew.aeum, to Ptolemy Evergetes, who had aided him 
 against the leaders of the Achaean league. 
 
 "4. Afilio ejus. The 4th Ptolemy, son of Evergetes, was surna- 
 me d Philopdtor. 
 
 5. Seleucus, the 3d, surnamed Ceraunus, by antiphrasis, as he 
 was a very weak and irresolute monarch. He was son of Seleu- 
 cus the 2d, surnamed Callinicus. 
 
 6. Antiochus, brother of Seleucus Ceraunus, though only 15 years 
 old when he ascended the throne, rendered himself so celebrated 
 that he acquired the name of Great. 
 
 7. Philopdtor, by antiphrasis ; QiXott&twp, parentum avians. 
 
 1. Imperium totius orbis spe complexi, i. e. sper antes, fieri posse, ul 57 
 imperio orbis terrarum potirentur ; or, imperio totius terra/rum orbis 
 inhiantes. 
 
 2. Mi, (scil. regi PMlippo) i. e. inPhilippo gratiam: regno (in 
 the ablative) a JRomanis occupato. So below. C. 68. Ut Rex Asia 
 Romanis cederet. 
 
 3. Gratius habiturus, &c. i. e. se matte socium (Pkilippuvi) quam 
 hostes {Romanos) in imperii sui possessione videre. 
 
 4. Minus negotii, i. e. id belluvi facilius projiigari posse. 
 
 5. Trasimenus, or Trasymenus, or Thrasymenus, now the lake 
 of Perugia^ lake of Italy near Perusia,celebrated for abattle fought 
 there between Annibal and the Romans under Flaminius, B.C. 217. 
 
 1. Injurias Philippi, instead of de injuriis a Philippo acceptis. 58 
 
 2. T^ltulo, i. e. sub praetextu. 
 
 1. Abstineret. Understand ut. 59 
 
 2. Scripsit, i. e.per literas imperavit, ut. 
 
 3. Assiduo colloquio, i. e. Crebris servionibus cum Hannibale mix- 
 tis ; frequente cum eo colloquendi occasion* quaesita. 
 
 4. Reconciliatam ejus cum Romanis gratiam, instead of reconci- 
 liatum ejus cum Romanis animum ; vel, eum cum Rovianis in gra- 
 tiam rediisse. 
 
 5. Congressione, near Thermopylae in Greece. 
 
 6. Praelium committitur ',nearPhocaea,on the coast of AsiaMinor. 
 
 1. llion. Where formerly Troja (Ilium) stood. GO 
 
 2. Post praelium commissum, near Magnesia, in Lydia. 
 
 3. Ambiguo, i. e. utrimque imminente. 
 
 4. Aetoli. The Aetolians rendered themselves conspicuous, as 
 the allies of Rome, in the war against Philip of Macedon ; bat 
 when they did not receive the whole of his kingdom as their re- 
 ward, they went over to their former enemies. 
 
 1. Velutin illo omne bellum confecissent, i. e. quasi illo capto, omne 61 
 helium confectum esset. Philopoemen was one of the greatest gene- 
 rals of his age. He has been styled the last of the Greeks. 
 
 2. Quaesito. Ablative absolute ; i. e. qunm prius qvMesivisset. 
 
 3. Consultum, i. e. provisum a for tuna. 
 
 4. Pudorem, i. e. modestiam (awtppoavvriv). 
 
 1. Invidiosum, i. e. haminum invidiae obnoxium. 62 
 
 2. Omne serpentium genus. Instead of serpentes omnis generis. 
 
 3. In pacem cogerent, i. e. a bello desistere juberent. 
 
 4. Ne usu eveniret, quod accid/ti, i. e. ne idfieret, quod turn factum 
 est, ut scil. Rornani ipsum comprehensum xenirent. Usu and usus 
 venit, equivalent to fit, accidit. 
 
 PART II. 12 
 
124 NOTES. 
 
 Page 
 
 62 5. Sensit, scil. Hannibal. 
 
 6. Dimitteret, instead of amitteret, deponeret. 
 
 7. Suspensa, i. e. quae adhuc dubia et ambigua fuerat. 
 
 8. Lege victi, i. e. hand aliter ac si victus esset. 
 
 9. Quam victo, quam si victus esset. 
 
 63 1. Proelium. This battle was fought near Pydna, in Macedonia. 
 
 2. Samothracia, now Samanaraki or Mandraki, an island in the 
 Aegaean sea, opposite the mouth of the Hebrus, on the coast of 
 Thrace. 
 
 3. Conspirationem. In a good sense, " unanimity.'' 1 
 
 4. Praedam, non pi'oelium agitantes, i. e. non de proelio, sed de 
 praeda cogitantes. 
 
 5. Proelio commisso. Near Leucopetra,on the Isthmus of Corinth. 
 
 64 1. Novarum rerum. A milder expression for seditionum. 
 
 2. Attains, the third. He reigned only five years. 
 
 3. Summittit. Instead of promittit. 
 
 4. Parthia, the country of the Parthi, was a small province 
 south-east of the Caspian sea. In this restricted sense, Parthia 
 must not be confounded with what the ancients called the Parthian 
 empire. This last was of vast extent, being bounded on the east 
 by the Indus, on the west by the Tigris, on the south by the Mare 
 Erythraeum, and on the north by Caucasus. 
 
 5. Binisbellis. Orodes, a prince of Parthia, defeated Crassus, 
 the Roman triumvir. His son and successor, Phraates the 4th, 
 made war against M. Antony with great success, and obliged him 
 to retire with much loss. 
 
 6. Non pares solum, scil. Romanis. 
 
 65 1. Suimoris, i. e. ipsis propria etpeculiaris. 
 
 2. Fluida, " flowing, loose, very wide." 
 
 3. Ut incautiores adversus vulnera insequentes habeant, i. e. earn 
 ob causam, ut insequentes hostes minus a vulneribus caveant. The 
 art which the Parthians possessed of discharging their arrows 
 while retiring at full speed, gained them many victories. 
 
 4. Carne nonn. ven. quaes, vesc. l. e. nulla came vescuntur nisi 
 ferarum, quas venantes ceperunt. 
 
 5. litis, scil. vectati. 
 
 6. In supers, praec. amn. ven. est. i. e. quod ad eorum supersti- 
 tiones attinet, amnes praecipue venerantur. 
 
 7. Taciti, scil. homines, the idea of which is contained ingenti. 
 
 8. Pudore, i. e. reverentia. 
 
 9. Seleucus, king of Syria. 
 
 66 1. Praeteritis, i. e. postpositis. 
 
 2. Elymaei, the inhabitants of Elymais, a province of Persia, 
 lying to the south of Media, and forming the northern part of the 
 large district of Susiana. 
 6T 1. Thogarii, a people of Scythia. 
 
 2. Insultare, scil. sibi ; i. e. Confidentia virium suarum ipsum 
 contemnere. 
 68. 1. Ex dolor e in fur or em vertitur, properly, ejus dolor in fur or em 
 versus est ; or, tantum animo dolor em concepit, ut nihil a furore 
 abesset. 
 
 2. Vbi dolor vocem laxaverat, i. e. ubi doloris vehementia nonnihil 
 imminuta vocis edendae potestatem fecit. So Virgil (Aen. XI. 151.) 
 says of Evander, who was overwhelmed with grief at the loss of 
 his son ; Et via viz tandem voci laxata dolore est. 
 
 3. Ad Caesarem. To Octavianus. 
 
NOTES. 125 
 
 Paee 
 
 1. Cum signis militaribus. These were the ensigns and stand- 69 
 ards which the Parthians had taken from Crassus. 
 
 2. Trinacria. So called from its three promontories (rpeis aKpai). 
 
 3. Sicania. This name was derived from the Sicani, a people 
 of Iberian origin, who came from Upper Asia. They settled first 
 in Italy, whence they passed to Sicily, and took possession of the 
 western parts of the island. 
 
 4. Graeci nominis. A periphrasis for Graecos\ as Romanum 
 nomen for Romani. The lower part of Italy was settled chiefly by 
 Grecian colonies, whence the name of Magna Graecia. 
 
 1. Romam incenderant. See above, E. cap. 51. TO 
 
 2. Nexorum, i. e. captivorum. Nexi is sometimes used in a more 
 limited sense for qui ob aes alienum nexi, i. e in servitutem detrusi 
 sunt. 
 
 3. Sollicitat, i. e. sibi conciliare studet. 
 
 4. Dubitavit. Understand utrum. 
 
 5. In quam rem miss. prim, in care. ret. i. e. quod quum Syracu- 
 sani fecissent, principes que cives pads conciliandae causa ad eum 
 misusent, Dionysius hos retinuit. 
 
 1. Locri, called Epizephyrii, inhabited Magna Graecia, near Tl 
 the promontory of Zephyrium, at the southern extremity of the 
 Bruttiorum ager. 
 
 2. Sine fide fuit, i. e. nemo ei fidem habuit ; omnibus suspectus fuit. 
 
 ■ 1. Murgantium, a town of Sicily, in the eastern part of the island. T 2 
 
 2. Leontium vel Leontini, a town on the coast, north of Syracuse. 
 
 3. Auxilio fugae ademto, i. e. ademta spe fugae, qua se periculis 
 subtrakerent. 
 
 4. Duo, scil. millia. 
 
 5. Specularentur, scil. Carthaginienses, the idea of which is con- 
 tained in the word Carthagine. 
 
 6. Poeni . . . occidione caesi nuntiabantur, instead of nuntiatum 
 est Poenos . . . occidione caesos esse. 
 
 7. Auctus, scil. Agathocles. 
 
 1. Err ore noctis, i. e. node et tenebris in err or em inductus. T3 
 
 2. Ampliandi, i. e. augendi. 
 
 3. Magnis viribus, i. e. multis cum copiis. 
 
 4. Bellum gerebat. See Part First, V. Lib. II. cap. 5 — 9. 
 
 1. Hiero, the 2d. The first of that name lived two centuries T4 
 earlier. 
 
 2. Ad spem majesiaiis, quae promittebatur, i. e. ad dignitatis fas- 
 tigium, quod aruspices eum sperare jubebant. 
 
 3. Hispanus, a son of Hercules. 
 
 1. Nee summae tantum terrae bona, i. e. ea bona (those produc- T5 
 tions) quae e superficie terrae nascuntur. 
 
 2. Vineis campisque irrigui, instead of campos et vineas irrigantes. 
 
 3. Ad inediam, i. e. ad famem preferendam. 
 
 4. Extraneus, scil. hostis. 
 
 5. Arma sanguine ipso cariora, i. e. sanguinem et vitam, quam 
 arma, perdere malunt. 
 
 6. Ipsi, scil. viri, 
 
 7. Serviunt, i. e. operant dant. 
 
 1. Gades, a flourishing commercial city of Spain, at the mouth T6 
 of one of the arms of the Baetis, now Cadiz. It was founded by 
 
 a Phoenician colony. Hercules, surnamed Gaditanus i had here 
 a celebrated temple. 
 
 2. Ligures. This nation was settled on the southern coast of 
 
126 NOTES. 
 
 Page 
 
 76 Gaul. They gradually extended themselves into Italy, and ob- 
 tained exclusive possession of that part of Gallia Cisalpina which 
 lay between the Padus or Po on the north, the Ligusticus Sinus 
 or G. of Genoa on the south, the river Macra on the east, and the 
 Varus on the west. 
 3. Illic, i. e. inter epulas. 
 
 TT 1. Fatigabant, i. e. vexabant. 
 
 2. In tantum, i. e. taniopere. 
 
 3. Quandoque, instead of aliquando, inposterum. 
 
 4. Domestico praesidio fortem, i, e. adjutam catulorum ) quos ad 
 domus praesidium educaverat, auxilio. 
 
 5. Floralia, games celebrated in honour of Flora. 
 
 6. Apertae forent, scil. ab Us quos clam in urbem miser at. 
 
 7. Sepultam, scil. opprcssam. 
 
 8. Recognoscere, i. e. diligenter insp-lcere, num arma celarent aliave 
 de causa suspecti essent. 
 
 T8 1. Nomen Massiliensium, instead of Massilienses. 
 
 2. Petitoque, the ablative absolute, instead of et quum petivisseL 
 
 3. Eos ad cur. deor. imm. pert. i. e. eos deorum cur a haberi dig- 
 nos, i. e. deos eorum cur am habere. 
 
 4. Urb. Rom. incens. See Part First, V. Lib. I. cap. 32. 
 
 5. Fhmere, i. e. luctu. 
 
 THE END. 
 
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