W 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 
 
 ChapH!/8copyright No. 
 
 UNITED STATES OF xM&&Z 
 
PRIMARY HISTORY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES 
 
 THE STORY OF OUR COUNTRY 
 FOR YOUNG FOLKS 
 
 BY / 
 
 CHARLES MORRIS 
 
 AUTHOR OF "HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES,' 
 " HISTORICAL TALES," ETC. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY 
 
./ 
 
 40890 
 
 Copyright, 1899, 
 
 BY 
 
 J. B. Lippincott Company. 
 
 
 
 m i% 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 IA, U.S.A. 
 
 Electrotyped and Printed by J. B. Lippincott Company, Philadelph 
 
 9. 
 
 IbO^uu ^OPY, 
 
PRIMARY HISTORY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES 
 
IA, U.S. A. 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Introduction 7 
 
 Christopher Columbus 9 
 
 The Voyage and Discovery 17 
 
 John and Sebastian Cabot 25 
 
 De Leon and De Soto 29 
 
 The French and the English 33 
 
 Captain John Smith 38 
 
 Captain Smith's Later Life 43 
 
 The Growth of Virginia 48 
 
 Captain Henry Hudson 51 
 
 The Colony of New York 56 
 
 Captain Miles Standish 60 
 
 Miles Standish and the Indians 65 
 
 Roger Williams '. 70 
 
 King Philip 76 
 
 The Regicides and the Charter 80 
 
 Lord Raltimore 86 
 
 William Penn 90 
 
 William Penn and his Province 93 
 
 James Oglethorpe 97 
 
 5 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 PAGE 
 
 The Indians of the North 101 
 
 The Indians of the South and West 107 
 
 Life in New England 110 
 
 Life in the Middle and Southern Colonies 116 
 
 Young Benjamin Franklin 121 
 
 Franklin in Philadelphia 126 
 
 Young George Washington 131 
 
 Washington in War 136 
 
 King George and the Colonies 143 
 
 The Dawn of Liberty 150 
 
 Washington in the Revolution • 157 
 
 Betsy Ross and the Flag 165 
 
 Daniel Boone 170 
 
 George Rogers Clark 176 
 
 Jefferson and Hamilton 183 
 
 Harrison and Tecumseh 189 
 
 Andrew Jackson 194 
 
 Daniel Webster and Henry Clay 200 
 
 Life in the West 204 
 
 The Land of Gold 206 
 
 Doctor Whitman's Ride 210 
 
 Abraham Lincoln 215 
 
 Lincoln in Later Life 220 
 
 The Great Civil War 224 
 
 Events after the War 228 
 
 The War with Spain 237 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 We feel sure that all the boys and girls who read this 
 little book will be glad to be told about the land they 
 live in, the great country which is known as the United 
 States. They will find it pleasant to read how, many 
 years ago, this land was first seen by bold sailors who 
 came across the broad Atlantic Ocean. And they will 
 wish to learn how white men began to live here, and what 
 they said and did, and how, step by step, they built up this 
 great and mighty nation. 
 
 All of you should be glad to learn what kind of people 
 were found in this country, how they spent their time, and 
 what became of them. And you should seek to know 
 what the white men did : how they cut down the great 
 trees, and built for themselves homes, and sent ships 
 abroad, and in time had large cities, and broad farms, and 
 all that makes a people great. You cannot help loving your 
 country better when you have read the story of its wonder- 
 ful growth. 
 
 It is a long story you will need to learn, one in which 
 many great and wise men took part, in which there were 
 many years of war and more years of peace, and in which 
 the country grew rich, and more and more people came to 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 it, and in time it grew into the broad and grand nation 
 which spreads around us to-day. By history, you should 
 know, is meant the acts of men, and in this book you will 
 read of the lives and doings of our best and greatest men, 
 of how they thought, and worked, and acted, for our good, 
 and how this mighty nation grew up out of their deeds 
 and those of the people who followed them in war and in 
 peace. 
 
 And now we must start into the story we have set out 
 to tell : how this great land was once covered with forests 
 in which red men hunted wild animals and lived in a very 
 simple way, and how it was found by white men, who 
 came here to live, and all else that took place down to our 
 own days. First, we have to tell the wonderful story of 
 Columbus, the great sailor who was the first to cross the 
 ocean to this new land. 
 
PRIMARY HISTORY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS. 
 
 The Man and Boy. — Many, many years ago, on a sunny 
 autumn day, a man and a boy 
 walked along a dusty road in 
 the south of Spain, as you may 
 have often seen people walk 
 on our own roads. The man 
 was tall and strong, but he 
 looked as if he had come far 
 and was tired. The boy, dusty 
 and hungry, held fast to his 
 father's hand as he walked 
 along by his side. This was 
 very long ago, more than four 
 hundred years in the past, and 
 millions on millions of men and 
 boys of whom we have never 
 heard have died since then. But the story of that day 
 will not soon be forgotten, for it is told in a hundred books 
 
 9 
 
 COLUMBUS AND SUN UN THE WAY 
 TO LA RABIDA. 
 
CHRISTOPHER COLUMRUS 
 
 of history. The poor boy seemed worn out with his walk, 
 and he looked up in the man's face, and said, — 
 
 " Have we much farther to go ? I am very hungry." 
 " My poor son," said the man, in kindly tones, " I am 
 sure you must be tired as well as hungry. But here is a 
 house of holy monks, where you can rest and eat. You 
 know they always give bread to the hungry." 
 
 The Convent. — The man pointed to a large, low build- 
 ing on the road-side not far away. It was what is known 
 as a convent ; that is, a home for religious men who do 
 not wish to live in the active world. This old building still 
 stands where they saw it that far-off day, and a model of 
 it was shown at the World's Fair at Chicago (she-kaw'go) 
 in 1893, where it was seen by many thousands of our 
 people. 
 
 -*OTL JFi 3 , ^ ft J 
 
 '- • * -■ ' ■■' 
 
 LA KABIDA CONVENT. 
 
 Bread and "Water. — Very soon the two stood in front 
 of the convent, and the man rapped on the door. It was 
 opened by the old porter, or door-keeper. 
 
 " My son is very hungry," said the man. " I beg you to 
 give him a piece of bread and a cup of water." 
 
 He did not ask for bread for himself, though he must 
 
 10 
 
 .,-'• 
 
CHRISTOPHER COLUMRUS 
 
 have been hungry too. The kind old porter soon brought 
 some bread and water, and the boy began to eat, while the 
 father stood looking on. 
 
 Juan Perez, the Prior. — While they stood there, the 
 prior* of the convent came up and looked at the man. 
 He saw that his dress was poor, but that his face was 
 good and noble. The prior, whose name was Juan Perez 
 (hoo-an' pa'reth), was a man who had read much, and 
 was not one of those who judge men by their clothes. 
 He began to talk with the stranger, and was so pleased 
 with what he said that he asked him to come into the 
 convent for a longer talk. 
 
 The Talk in the Convent. — It was a great talk that took 
 place that day in the old convent. It was one of the greatest 
 that ever took place, for it led to wonderful things. If it 
 had not been for that talk Spain would not have sent ships 
 to America, and France or England might have taken her 
 place in the New World. Thus you may see that the 
 history of the world was changed by that talk. 
 
 The Stranger's Story. — The stranger told the prior who 
 he was and where he was going. We do not know just 
 what words he used, so we must give his story in our own 
 words, for it is one that every boy and girl should know. 
 This, then, is what the traveller told the prior as they 
 talked in the convent parlor, and the boy sat on a stool 
 by his father's side and rested his head on his knee. 
 
 * Prior : The man who has charge of a convent of monks. 
 11 
 
CHRISTOPHER COLUMRUS 
 
 A Sailor's Life. — He was a sailor, he said, and his name 
 was Christopher Columbus (kris'to-fur co-lum'bus). He 
 was born in the city of Genoa (jen'o-ah), in Italy, and 
 had gone to sea when he was fourteen years old. He had 
 made many voyages, some of them to very distant lands. 
 He had also taken part in fights at sea, for in those days 
 there were many pirates, or sea-robbers, and the poor 
 sailors had often to fight for their lives. In one of these 
 fights his ship was set on fire, six miles from shore, and he 
 had to swim ashore on a piece of a broken mast or oar. 
 
 What Columbus Learned. — Columbus was not like the 
 most of sailors, who know only how to work on a ship, — 
 to pull ropes, and set sails, and do such labor. He had 
 been fond of books all his life. He had to learn Latin, for 
 many of the best books at that time were printed in Latin. 
 He studied all he could about geography (je-og'rah-fe), and 
 knew how to draw maps and charts. For many years 
 these helped him to live, for he made maps which he sold 
 to sea-captains who were going to sail far away. 
 
 The Trade with Asia. — At that time the people of 
 Europe (yu'rope) knew very little about the great conti- 
 nent* (con'ti-nent) of Asia (a'shah), though they got from 
 it silks, and spices, and other rich goods. These were 
 brought many miles over the land on the backs of camels, 
 and were then put on ships and taken farther west. 
 
 * Continent : a great tract of land containing many countries and 
 nearly or quite surrounded by oceans and seas. 
 
 12 
 
CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 
 
 How to Reach Asia. — Columbus told the prior that 
 what he wanted to do was to find some way to get to Asia 
 in ships. If that could be done, the 
 spices and silks could be sold at 
 lower prices, for it would then cost 
 far less to carry them. But the great 
 continent of Africa (af're-kah) stood 
 in the way, and no ship had ever yet 
 sailed around it. 
 
 Sailors' Fancies. — Sailors were 
 afraid to sail far out into the Atlantic 
 
 COLUMBUS. 
 
 Ocean (at-lan'tic o'shun). They 
 called it the " Sea of Darkness," and said that it was full of 
 great monsters, and was so hot in one place that the waters 
 boiled. They believed that the earth was flat, and that if a 
 ship sailed too far it would come to the world's end and 
 fall over its edge. And they had other notions about it 
 that men would laugh at to-day. 
 
 The Round "World. — Most men who lived then believed 
 these things ; but there were some who did not, and Co- 
 lumbus was one of them. He did not think that the earth 
 was flat, but was sure it was round like a ball. He told 
 the good prior that if a ship should sail on and on it would 
 in time go round the world and come back to the place 
 it started from, just as a fly will walk round an apple 
 or an orange. He said there was no need to try to sail 
 round Africa to get to Asia. The best way, he thought, 
 was to sail straight out into the ocean. He was sure 
 
 13 
 
CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 
 
 that if a ship sailed to the west it would come in time to 
 the shores of Asia. 
 
 Seeking a Patron. — He went on to say that he had 
 tried for years to get some one to help him in this plan, 
 for he had not money enough to do it himself. He first 
 asked the rulers of Genoa, the city in which he was born ; 
 but they told him he was a fool to want to try such a 
 thing. Then he went to Portugal (port'yu-gal), whose 
 ships had long been trying to sail round Africa. But King 
 John of Portugal sought to cheat him. He sent out a ship 
 in secret, but the captain was scared by a storm and came 
 back. This made Columbus very angry, and he left Portu- 
 gal for Spain. King John was very sorry afterwards that 
 he had not helped Columbus in his plans. 
 
 Columbus in Spain. — When Columbus got to Spain, he 
 found its king and queen at war with the Moors, a people 
 who had once held nearly the whole of that country. For 
 seven long years he tried to get their aid, until people grew 
 tired of seeing him about, and made fun of him or called 
 him crazy. These men asked him how people could live 
 on the other side of the world, with their feet up and their 
 heads down. This seemed like nonsense to many men 
 who were thought very learned and wise. 
 
 The Start for Prance. — At last Columbus left the court 
 of Spain, and set out for France to see if he could get 
 help from the king of that country. He went on foot, 
 for he was too poor to ride, and he took with him his 
 son. It was in this way he came to the convent of La 
 
 14 
 
CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS 
 
 Rabida (lah rab'e-dah) and told the prior the story of his 
 life. 
 
 The Prior and the Queen. — It was a good thing for 
 Columbus that he stopped at the way-side convent to beg 
 bread for his boy. The prior became his friend, — and a 
 good friend he was, for he knew Isabella, the queen of 
 Spain, and wrote a letter to her asking her to help Colum- 
 bus in his plans. The queen sent for the prior, and had a 
 talk with him. He told her that she would be wise to give 
 Columbus ships and men. It would not cost her much 
 money, and if he found new lands beyond the sea it would 
 be a great thing for Spain. So the queen told him to send 
 Columbus back. 
 
 A Second Start for France. — Columbus was not willing 
 to work without pay. The war with the Moors was over, 
 and the king and queen had time to hear his plans, but he 
 asked so much for himself, if he should find land beyond 
 the sea, that they would not agree to give him what he 
 wanted. In the end, he left them again, and set out once 
 more for France. 
 
 Columbus is Called Back. — Columbus now had a mule 
 to ride and a suit of good clothes to wear. The queen 
 had given him these. He kept on until he got into a 
 mountain-pass, where he saw a man riding after him in 
 haste. When this man came up, he said he had been sent 
 by the queen. She wanted Columbus to come back, and 
 sent word that she would give him the ships and men he 
 needed, and help him in his plans. He was very glad to 
 
 15 
 
CHRISTOPHER COLUMRUS 
 
 hear this, and went back to the queen, who now said he 
 could have all he had asked for. 
 
 The Vessels. — The queen gave Columbus three small 
 vessels, only one of which had a deck. The others were 
 not much more than open boats. They lay at the little 
 port of Palos, near the convent where Columbus and his 
 son had stopped for bread. They could not have cost 
 much, and the queen did not pay all the money for them, 
 for two rich men of Palos who were to go with Columbus 
 paid part of it. 
 
 Getting the Crews. — After he got the ships he tried to 
 get men, and found this nearly as hard. The sailors of 
 Palos were afraid to sail into the unknown sea, which they 
 were sure was full of dreadful things. He might never 
 have got them if the king had not given him the power to 
 take what men he needed. So the poor, scared sailors 
 had to go whether they wanted to or not. That was the 
 way things were done in those days. 
 
 You must now tell in your own words some of the things you have 
 read. Tell— 
 
 1. Where Columbus was born. 
 
 2. Why he stopped at the convent. 
 
 3. Why men wanted to get to Asia. 
 
 4. What fancies they had about the ocean. 
 
 5. The story of what Columbus did in Spain. 
 
 6. How he got ships and men. 
 
 16 
 
THE VOYAGE AND DISCOVERY 
 
 THE VOYAGE AND DISCOVERY. 
 
 Good-by to Spain and Friends. — It was on the 3d of 
 
 August of the year 1492 that Columbus set sail on the 
 greatest sea-voyage that 
 had ever been made. 
 For nearly twenty years 
 of his life he had sought 
 for aid. At last, with 
 his three small ships 
 and one hundred and 
 twenty men, he was on 
 the great, wide ocean. 
 All the men had bid- 
 den good-by to their 
 friends, and most of 
 them, no doubt, thought 
 they would never see 
 their native land again. 
 
 int emirs? ur ^uijuivirnj©. 
 
 Columbus, also, bade 
 
 good-by to his friend Juan Perez, the prior, and to his son, 
 
 whom he left at the convent in the care of the good prior. 
 
 In the Open Sea. — The ships sailed south to the 
 Canary Islands, which lay off the coast of Africa. When 
 they left these islands they turned to the west, and were 
 soon in seas where no vessel had ever been before. It 
 was a sad day for the poor sailors. Many of them shed 
 tears as they lost sight of land. All of them were full of 
 
 2 17 
 
THE VOYAGE AND DISCOVERY 
 
 fear. They were going into the " Sea of Darkness," and 
 looked with scared eyes for some of the dreadful things of 
 which they had been told. 
 
 "What the Men Feared. — They thought they would 
 soon be in black fogs, or frozen seas, or places where the 
 water was hot enough to boil. Some thought that great 
 monsters would lift their scaly heads from the deep sea 
 and crush the ships in their jaws or carry off men from 
 the decks. Or they might glide down a hill of water up 
 which no ship could climb again. They might even reach 
 the edge of the earth, and fall no one knew where. 
 
 Causes for Fear. — But on and on they went, day after 
 day, and none of these things were seen. All they saw 
 were water, clouds, and sky, such as they had long known 
 at home. There were only two things to give them real 
 trouble. One of these was the wind, which blew steadily 
 to the west. If it kept like this, how could they ever come 
 back against it? The other was the compass,* that needle 
 which at home always pointed to the north, so that sailors 
 could tell from it in which direction they were going. It 
 now pointed a little to one side of the north, and they 
 feared they were going to lose the sailor's best friend. At 
 one place they came into great tracts of sea-weed, which 
 they were afraid might stop the vessels in their course. 
 
 * Compass : A needle made into a magnet. The magnet is a piece 
 of iron which, for some reason, always points north and south when 
 free to move. By its aid sailors can always tell where the north, 
 south, east, and west lie. 
 
 18 
 
THE VOYAGE AND DISCOVERY 
 
 The Loss of Hope. — Columbus had no easy time with 
 the sailors. He did not let them know how far they had 
 gone, and did his best to keep up their hopes. But as day 
 after day went by and nothing but sky and water were to 
 be seen, nearly all on board lost hope. Some of the men 
 formed a plot to get rid of Columbus and sail back. They 
 could throw him into the sea, they said, and no one at 
 home would know, for they would say that he had fallen 
 into the water and been drowned. 
 
 Signs of Land. — It was lucky for Columbus that some- 
 thing soon after brought back hope to the men and kept 
 them from doing this base deed. They began to see things 
 that made them think they must be near land. One thing 
 they saw was a branch of a tree with fresh red berries on 
 it. Then a stick was picked up from the water which had 
 on it marks cut by men. The next thing they saw was 
 some sea-weed with live crabs in it, and birds came flying 
 about the ship which they knew had come from the land. 
 They were sure now that they must be near some shore. 
 
 Land at Last. — When night came no one felt like sleep- 
 ing. About ten o'clock at night Columbus saw a light, 
 which moved as if it were carried in a man's hand. Every 
 one on the ships now looked eagerly ahead. 
 
 About two o'clock in the morning there came from one 
 of the ships the glad cry of " Land !" A saiior had seen 
 land in the clear light of the moon. When day dawned 
 they saw that this was no false cloud, such as they had 
 taken for land before. Before them lay a low, green shore, 
 
 19 
 
THE VOYAGE AND DISCOVERY 
 
 on which they saw men, who looked with fear and wonder 
 at the ships. It was Friday, the 12th of October, 1492. 
 
 The Landing. — Cries of joy came from the men. 
 Everybody got ready to set foot on that strange shore. 
 Columbus, in a rich dress and holding in his hand the 
 great banner of Spain, stepped into a boat and was rowed 
 ashore. We may be sure it was a glad moment for him 
 
 THE LANDING OF COLUMBUS. 
 
 when he put his foot on that land he had so long looked 
 for. He kneeled and kissed the ground, while the men 
 who had lately wanted to throw him into the sea fell at 
 his feet with tears in their eyes and begged for pardon. 
 
 When he rose, Columbus planted the banner in the 
 ground and claimed the land for Spain, saying that it be- 
 longed to the king and queen of the country from which 
 
 20 
 
THE VOYAGE AND DISCOVERY 
 
 he had come. It was a small island, one of those we now 
 call the Bahamas (bah-hah'mahs). He named it San Sal- 
 vador (sal'vah-dore). 
 
 The People. — The people were not like any that Colum- 
 bus had ever seen in all his voyages. None of them wore 
 clothes, and they were of a red or copper color, with 
 straight black hair and gentle faces. They had never seen 
 white men before, and looked at the Spaniards (span'yards) 
 with wonder. The ships seemed to them to be great birds 
 with white wings, and they thought the white men had 
 come from heaven. They had some ornaments of gold, and 
 were asked by signs where gold was to be found. When 
 they knew what was wanted they pointed to the south. 
 
 Cuba and Hispaniola. — The Spaniards soon got on their 
 ships again and sailed away to the south. Island after 
 island was passed, all warm as summer and beautiful with 
 green trees and bright flowers. At length an island was 
 reached so large that Columbus thought it part of the 
 mainland. It was the one we call Cuba. They went on 
 till they came to another large island, which Columbus 
 called Hispaniola (his-pan-ee-o'lah), or Little Spain. Here 
 one of his vessels ran on shore and was broken up by the 
 waves. He built a fort out of the wood from this ship and 
 left some of his men there. With the other vessels he set 
 sail back to Spain. He wanted to let the world know of 
 the great discovery* he had made. 
 
 * Discovery : The finding of something not known before. 
 21 
 
THE VOYAGE AND DISCOVERY 
 
 "What Columbus Thought. — You have been told that 
 Columbus set out to reach Asia across the seas, and he 
 thought it was Asia he had found. He was sure it must be 
 part of the country named India (in'de-ah), so he called 
 the red men Indians (in'de-ans). This is the name by 
 which they are still called. The spices and jewels of Asia 
 were not to be found, but for all that, as long as he lived, 
 he thought it was Asia. He did not dream that he had 
 discovered a new and great continent of which the most 
 learned men had never heard before. 
 
 Back to Palos. — There were storms on the way home, 
 and once Columbus feared his ships would go to the bot- 
 tom of the sea, but at length they came safe again into 
 the port of Palos, from which they had started. When 
 the people saw them they rang the church bells and shouted 
 with joy. Their friends had been seven months away, and 
 many had thought they would never see them again, so 
 they were very glad. 
 
 The Welcome Home. — The news spread fast, and every 
 one was full of joy. We may be sure that the good prior 
 and the son of Columbus gave him a glad welcome home. 
 Ferdinand and Isabella, the king and queen of Spain, were 
 then at Barcelona (bar-say-lo'nah), a city many miles 
 away. Columbus sent them word of what he had found, 
 and set out for that city himself. He was not now on 
 foot, a poor wanderer whom nobody would look at, but he 
 rode a noble horse, and all the people ran out to see him 
 pass and greeted him with shouts and cheers. 
 
 22 
 
THE VOYAGE AND DISCOVERY 
 
 Entering Barcelona. — Columbus rode into Barcelona in 
 grand state, for many of the nobles of Spain came with 
 him on horseback and in rich dresses. But the people 
 cared most to see the strange red men he brought with him, 
 with the bright feathers and golden trinkets in their hair, 
 and their painted faces. There were also men carrying 
 rare birds and plants and other strange things from the 
 New World. 
 
 Honor to Columbus. — The king and queen sat on their 
 royal throne to welcome the great discoverer,* and, to 
 do him more honor, they made him sit down by their 
 side and tell the story of his wonderful voyage. When 
 he had done so, they fell on their knees and gave praise 
 to God. W 7 e may be sure that this made Columbus very 
 proud and happy. Even those who had laughed at him 
 and called him crazy were now glad enough to hear a word 
 from his lips. 
 
 Columbus in Chains. — Columbus was not very happy 
 afterwards. The rest of his life was full of care and 
 trouble. He crossed the ocean three times more, but the 
 king of Spain did not do what he had promised, and once 
 Columbus was sent back to Spain with chains on his hands 
 and feet. This was a great shame, and the king and queen 
 were angry at the man who had done it, but they did not 
 do justice to Columbus and give him back the rights of 
 which he had been robbed. He kept the chains in his 
 
 * Discoverer : One who discovers or finds new places or things. 
 
 23 
 
THE VOYAGE AND DISCOVERY 
 
 room, and asked to have them buried with him when he 
 should die. They were all that Spain gave him for finding 
 the New World. 
 
 The Discoverer Dies. — All the later life of the great dis- 
 coverer was one of pain and sorrow. At one time his ship 
 
 was cast on shore 
 and he and his men 
 were nearly starved. 
 The queen was his 
 best friend, but she 
 died, and he was 
 treated worse than 
 ever. Soon after- 
 wards he also died, 
 a sad and poor 
 old man. The time 
 came when Spain was very proud of him, but this did not 
 do any good to the man who was left to die almost without 
 a friend. 
 
 Try to recall what you have just studied and tell in your own 
 words of — 
 
 1. The voyage of Columbus. 
 
 2. The signs of land. 
 
 3. What the red men were like. 
 
 4. How Columbus was received in Spain. 
 
 5. How he was treated afterwards. 
 
 6. His death. 
 Remember the date, 1492. 
 
 Set sail August 3, 1492— discovered land October 12, 1492. 
 
 24 
 
 COLUMBUS IN CHAINS. 
 
JOHN AND SEBASTIAN CABOT 
 
 JOHN AND SEBASTIAN CABOT. 
 
 John Cabot. — The story of the land which Columbus 
 had found spread far and wide ; men heard of it with won- 
 der and hope, and soon other sailors set out for its far-off 
 shores. The first of these was an old man who had trav- 
 elled in many lands, but who then lived in Bristol, a sea- 
 port town of England. His name was John Cabot (cab'ot), 
 and he came from Italy, as Columbus had done. 
 
 Where Cabot Went. — It was in the spring of the year 
 1497 that John Cabot set sail with a small ship and a 
 few men, some of whom were his own sons. With a 
 bold heart he sailed away into the seas of the north, and 
 after many days came in sight of land, as Columbus had 
 done five years before. But the shores he saw were cold 
 and bleak, not warm and sunny like those of the south. 
 
 The Land First Seen. — We are not sure where this land 
 was which Cabot saw, though we know that it was on the 
 coast of the country now called Canada (kan'ah-dah). He 
 named it " The land first seen." There was not a man nor 
 a house to be seen, but he landed and set up a large cross, 
 and raised two flags, the flag of England and the flag of 
 Venice (ven'is). Venice was the city he had lived in before 
 he came to Bristol. 
 
 The Mainland. — Cabot sailed ou and soon saw land 
 again. It is thought that the first land he had come to was 
 an island, but this land was the mainland of the great con- 
 tinent of America. He was the first to see the continent, 
 
 25 
 
JOHN AND SEBASTIAN CABOT 
 
 for Columbus at that time had seen only islands. All the 
 land he saw he said belonged to the king of England. 
 
 The Return. — Cabot kept on sailing about, looking for 
 the lands where spices grow, for he thought, as Columbus 
 had done, that he had reached Asia, and hoped to fill his 
 ship with spices and silks. But as he found only barren 
 lands, with no men or towns, he got tired and set sail for 
 home again. All he brought with him that we know of were 
 some Indian traps for catching wild animals and the rib of a 
 whale he had picked up on shore. In a fine old church in 
 Bristol there still hangs a whale's rib, and many think that 
 this is the one which Cabot brought home. 
 
 The Great Admiral. — The king and the people were very 
 glad to see John Cabot home again and proud of what he 
 had done for England. And he was as proud as they, for 
 he walked about the streets of Bristol dressed in silks, 
 while the people ran after him with cheers and called him 
 " The Great Admiral. 1 ' * The king gave him a present in 
 money. The story is told that Cabot acted as if he owned 
 the world, and began to promise islands to his friends. 
 Even his barber was to have an island. The barber grew 
 so full of conceit about his island that he put" on all the 
 airs of a noble count. 
 
 A New Voyage. — The next year a new voyage was made, 
 this time by Sebastian (se-bast'yan) Cabot, the son of John 
 Cabot. He had more ships and more men than his father 
 
 * Admiral : The highest officer in the navy. 
 26 
 
JOHN AND SEBASTIAN CABOT 
 
 had taken, and he sailed north until he came to a place 
 where the water was full of icebergs, or great masses of 
 floating ice. Then he went south along the coast as far as 
 what is now the State of North Carolina. 
 
 ^><~At//- 
 in ti in'iiiHnfc 
 
 CABOT'S SHIPS AMONG THE ICEBERGS. 
 
 Strange Things are Seen. — He saw no more spices and 
 gold than his father had done, but there were red men 
 like those whom Columbus had named Indians, and who 
 were dressed in the skins of wild beasts. Cabot took some 
 of them back with him, that the people of England might 
 see what kind of men lived in the west. He saw deer 
 larger than those of England, and white bears that swam 
 out into the sea and caught fish in their claws. The fish 
 were a wonder to behold. In some places the codfish were 
 
 27 
 
JOHN AND SEBASTIAN CABOT 
 
 so thick in the water that the ships could hardly sail through 
 them. 
 
 The Great Seaman. — When young Cabot got home 
 again the people were as proud of him as they had been 
 of his father. They called him " The Great Seaman," and 
 through all his life he was a famous man. When he was 
 older he crossed the ocean again, and made a long voyage 
 for the king of Spain. He lived to be a very old man. 
 
 The Name America. — Men called the land which Co- 
 lumbus and Cabot had found " The New World,' 1 and 
 years passed before it had any other name. It should 
 have been called Columbia, after Columbus, but it was 
 not. An account of it was printed by an Italian (it-tal'yan) 
 seaman whose first name was Amerigo (am-a-re'go) or 
 Americus (ah-mer'e-cus), and some one called the country 
 America after his name. This was not just, but the name 
 came into use, and the whole country is still called America, 
 and the people who live in it are called Americans. The 
 name Columbia is often given to America in songs. 
 
 Tell about these things : 
 
 1. The voyage of John Cabot. 
 
 2. How he was received at home. 
 
 3. What Sebastian Cabot discovered. 
 
 4. Why this country was named America. 
 
 28 
 
DE LEON AND DE SOTO 
 
 DE LEON AND DE SOTO. 
 
 The Gold Fever. — There was a busy time in Spain after 
 Columbus came back and told the story of the new land 
 he had found. The gold he brought with him set the 
 Spaniards wild. Some of them thought that the soil of 
 the New World must be yellow with gold, and soon many 
 set sail to seek their fortunes beyond the seas. They had 
 been told of a warm and lovely land, full of birds and 
 flowers, to which they were glad to go. But no one 
 wanted to go to the land of ice and snow which the Cabots 
 had found. 
 
 Ponce de Leon. — One of those who crossed the sea 
 from Spain was an old man named Ponce de Leon (pon'- 
 tha da la'own). He was the first to settle in the island of 
 Porto Rico (por'to re'co), which 
 is now a part of the United 
 States. This man did not care 
 so much for gold, for he had 
 plenty of that. But he wanted 
 to live on and on, and he would 
 have given all his money to be 
 a young man again. 
 
 The Fountain of Youth. — 
 Now, at that time there was a fable which many men 
 thought was true, for even wise men in those days believed 
 much which none of you would believe, young as you are. 
 It was said that somewhere in Asia there was a magic 
 
 29 
 
 i • 1 w"&y 
 
 PONCE DE LEON. 
 
DE LEON AND DE SOTO 
 
 spring that would bring back their lost youth to all who 
 drank of its waters. It was called the Fountain of Youth. 
 America was not Asia, but all men thought that it was, and 
 De Leon hoped to find in it this magic spring. He asked 
 the Indians if they knew of such a spring, and they pointed 
 to the north and west. What they wanted was to get rid 
 of the Spaniards, for they hated these white men who made 
 slaves of them. 
 
 Florida. — It was in the year 1513 that the old knight 
 took ship and sailed away in search of the magic spring. 
 North and west he went, and on Easter Sunday he saw the 
 shores of a new land, so bright with flowers that he called 
 it by a name which in English means " Flowery Easter." 
 It is still called Florida, from the name which he gave it, 
 and is now one of the States of this country. 
 
 Seeking- the Fountain. — North and south, east and west, 
 the old man looked for the Fountain of Youth. He found 
 many springs of sparkling waters, and bathed in them, 
 hoping they would make him young, but out of them all 
 he came with white hair and wrinkled face. None of the 
 Indians had ever heard of such a spring. At length, sad 
 at heart to feel that he must soon die, he sailed away, an 
 old man still. He came again some years afterwards, but 
 this time the Indians fought with the white men, and De 
 Leon was struck with an arrow and was hurt so badly that 
 he soon died. So he found death instead of youth. Sick 
 people now go to Florida in search of health, but no one 
 in our days hopes to find there the Fountain of Youth. 
 
 30 
 
DE LEON AND DE SOTO 
 
 Fernando de Soto. — Other Spaniards went to Florida, 
 one of whom was named Fernando de Soto (fer-nan'do 
 da so'to). This man did not seek for youth, but for power 
 and wealth. Two Spaniards named Cortez (kor'tez) and 
 Pizarro (pe-zar'ro) had gone to Mexico and Peru, and found 
 there great empires and large sums of gold. De Soto had 
 been with Pizarro, who had conquered * the great empire of 
 Peru, and he hoped to find another Indian empire, rich in 
 gold, in the north, and conquer it for himself. 
 
 De Soto's Company. — King Charles of Spain had made 
 De Soto governor of Cuba and Florida, and many proud 
 young men joined him, for he was known to be a brave 
 soldier, and had just married a rich and beautiful young 
 wife. So with nine ships and six hundred men he sailed 
 away, all the gay company full of 
 hope and their bright banners floating 
 proudly in the breeze. 
 
 De Soto in Florida. — It w T as in 
 the year 1539 that De Soto and his 
 men landed in Florida. He had left 
 his young wife in Cuba to wait for his 
 return, not dreaming she would never 
 see him again. He brought with him 
 two hundred horses, and a drove of 
 
 hogs to serve for fresh meat. He also brought blood-hounds 
 to hunt the Indians, and chains to fasten on their hands and 
 
 FERNANDO DE SOTO. 
 
 * Conquered: Took possession of; became master of. 
 31 
 
DE LEON AND DE SOTO 
 
 feet, for the cruel Spaniards hoped to make slaves of the 
 poor red men. In the ships were great iron chests, which 
 they hoped to bring back full of gold and other things of 
 value. 
 
 The Journey "West. — For two long years De Soto and 
 his men made their way through the country, fighting with 
 the Indians, burning their- houses, robbing them of their 
 food, and treating them with great cruelty. But no gold 
 and no empire were found, and the Indians would not 
 make peace with them. In one terrible battle at the Indian 
 town of Mobile (mo-bele') they lost all their baggage and 
 eighty of their horses, while many of the men were killed 
 and wounded. 
 
 The Mississippi River. — When the Spaniards asked for 
 gold the Indians pointed west ; so they kept going west till 
 they had travelled more than fifteen hundred miles. At 
 last they reached a broad and beautiful river, the grand 
 Mis-sis-sip'pi, which no white man had ever seen before. 
 They looked on it with eyes of wonder, for in all Europe 
 there was no such stream. Yet it was a weak and sad com- 
 pany that gazed upon the mighty river, for many of them 
 had lost all hope, and their joy and gay manners had gone. 
 
 De Soto Dies. — De Soto was as bold as he was cruel. 
 Nothing could make him turn back. He crossed the great 
 river with his men, and for months they roamed through 
 the broad west, looking for rich cities, but finding only toil 
 and hunger. At length they came back to the great river, 
 and here De Soto, worn out with his labors, took sick and 
 
 32 
 
THE FRENCH AND THE ENGLISH 
 
 died. He was buried under the waters of the mighty stream 
 so that the red men, who hated and feared him, should not 
 know he was dead. The men then built boats and floated 
 down the river to the Gulf of Mexico, but half of them had 
 died and the rest were nearly starved. After that tin- 
 Spaniards let the country of the north alone. They had 
 found only war and hunger where they sought for slaves 
 and gold, so they afterwards stayed in the warm south. 
 
 Tell in your own words — 
 
 1. The legend of the Fountain of Youth. 
 
 2. The story of Ponce de Leon. 
 
 3. What De Soto hoped to find. 
 
 4. The story of his journey and death. 
 
 ¥¥ 
 
 THE FRENCH AND THE ENGLISH. 
 
 French Fishers. — What would you think took the next 
 sailors across the seas ? It was not gold this time, but fish. 
 When word came to the bold fishermen of France that the 
 Cabots had found codfish so thick as almost to stop their 
 ships, they did not wait to ask king or prince, but sailed 
 straight across the wide ocean in their small vessels, and 
 were soon catching codfish by the thousands in the waters 
 of Newfoundland (new'-fund-land). 
 
 The Fishing- Fleet. — These hardy men did not tell of 
 what they had seen. They were too busy for that. Fish 
 were more to them than gold, and they went again and 
 again, and came back with their vessels filled with fish, 
 
 3 33 
 
THE FRENCH AND THE ENGLISH 
 
 until every year a great fleet of these vessels crossed the 
 seas. Fifty years afterwards it was said that as many as 
 four hundred fishing vessels sailed from Europe to the 
 waters of Newfoundland every year. These were not all 
 from France. The fishermen of more than one nation 
 found their way to the codfish banks, and came back to 
 sell their fish to the people of Europe. 
 
 French Explorers. — Very likely King Francis of France 
 did not know what his fishermen were doing. Kings do 
 not care very much about what poor people do. But he 
 
 EARLY FRENCH SETTLEMENTS IN CANADA. 
 
 knew very well what the 
 Spanish and the English 
 had done, and he said 
 that France had as 
 much right to the New World as any other nation. So he 
 sent out a ship to America. This ship sailed far along the 
 coast, and ten years afterwards, in 1534, another ship 
 
 34 
 
THE FRENCH AND THE ENGLISH 
 
 sailed up the St. Lawrence River as far as where the city 
 of Montreal (mont-re-awl') now stands. 
 
 La Salle. — For one hundred and fifty years after this 
 time the French kept on coming to the St. Lawrence River. 
 They named the country Canada and settled in many parts 
 of it. Some of them 
 went west in canoes on 
 the river to the great 
 lakes, and kept on until 
 they reached the Mis- 
 sissippi River far to the 
 north of where De Soto 
 had seen it. In 1682 
 a brave Frenchman 
 named Robert de la 
 Salle floated down this 
 great river to its mouth. 
 He named the country Louisiana (lou'is-e-an-ah) after King 
 Louis of France, and claimed the whole of it for his country. 
 
 English Mariners. — You see that the Spanish and the 
 French were busy, and you may want to know what the 
 English were about. They were not idle, by any means, 
 for the English in those days were great sailors, as they are 
 to-day. But I do not think you will like what they were 
 doing. One of them, whose name was Sir John Hawkins, 
 spent his time stealing black men from Africa and selling 
 them as slaves to the Spanish in the West Indies. 
 
 Sir Francis Drake. — Sir Francis Drake was another of 
 
 35 
 
 LA SALLE ON THE MISSISSIPPI. 
 
THE FRENCH AND THE ENGLISH 
 
 these captains. If he were living now we would call him a 
 pirate. He sailed about, stopping Spanish ships upon the 
 seas and taking from them the gold and silver which they 
 were carrying home from America. When he could find no 
 ships he went on shore and robbed the people who lived in 
 the towns. No one blamed these men, and they were 
 thought great men in England, for no one then thought it 
 wrong to sell black men for slaves or to rob Spanish ships 
 and towns. We would not think this honest work to-day. 
 Raleigh's Colonies. — Many years passed before English 
 settlers began to come to America. The first of those we 
 need name were sent out by Sir Walter Raleigh (raw'lee), 
 in 1584. Raleigh was a great friend 
 of the queen of England, and sent 
 many people across the ocean. A 
 little girl was born in Raleigh's col- 
 ony who was named Virginia Dare, 
 and was the first English child born 
 in America. What became of this 
 poor little baby no one can tell, for 
 no ship was sent out again for three 
 years, and when the next ship came 
 none of the people could be found, though they were 
 looked for everywhere. Little Virginia Dare and all her 
 friends were gone, and not one was left to tell what had 
 become of them. 
 
 The Potato and Tobacco. — Some of the people sent by 
 Raleigh to America brought back with them two plants 
 
 36 
 
 SIR WALTER RALEIGH. 
 
THE FRENCH AND THE ENGLISH 
 
 which are now grown all over the world. One of these 
 was the potato, which is one of the most useful of plants. 
 This was planted by Raleigh in a garden he had in Ireland, 
 and it grew so well and spread so far that the people of 
 Ireland now almost live on potatoes. They still point out 
 the spot where the first potato was planted. The other 
 plant was tobacco. Raleigh planted this also in his garden, 
 but it would not grow there, so the people of Ireland have 
 to send somewhere else for their tobacco. 
 
 Raleigh and the Servant. — The people of England soon 
 learned to smoke tobacco in the Indian fashion. Raleigh 
 got to be very fond of it. One morning, while he was 
 sitting in his room smoking a pipe of tobacco, his servant 
 came in with a mug of ale which he had been told to 
 bring. The man had never before seen him smoking, and 
 when he saw a cloud of smoke coming from his mouth he 
 was so scared that he flung the ale in his face and ran 
 away to bring water. He thought his master was on fire, 
 and was trying to put out the fire with the ale. It is not 
 likely that Sir Walter thanked him or that he cared to take 
 his ale in that way. 
 
 Tell in your own language — 
 
 1. Why the French came first to America. 
 
 2. What part of the country the French settled. 
 
 3. The story of Robert de la Salle. 
 
 4. What the English first did. 
 
 5. What you remember about Raleigh's colonies. 
 
 6. The story of the potato and tobacco. 
 
 37 
 
CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH 
 
 CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH. 
 
 Sailing- up an American River. — On a fine morning in 
 the month of May, nearly three hundred years ago, three 
 small ships came sailing up a river in America. And as 
 they sailed along they saw so. many bright spring flowers 
 on the banks that every one on board was full of joy at the 
 sight. This was in the year 1607. At that time this great 
 country, which now has many millions of white men and 
 hundreds of busy cities, had not even a farm and a house 
 that a white man lived in, but was covered with woods in 
 which the red Indians roamed. 
 
 The Gold-Seekers. — It was the James River, in Virginia 
 (ver-jin'e-ah), that these ships had come into. Glad indeed 
 were the men on board to see green shores, for they 
 had been long at sea in their little vessels, and no doubt 
 had been tossed about by storms and beaten by the waves 
 until they were sick of the sea. It would have been better 
 had most of them stayed at home, for they had not come 
 to work, but to hunt for gold, and they looked about them 
 as if they expected to see the yellow metal growing on 
 trees. But they had come to a place where they would 
 have to work if they wished to live, for they were far 
 away from the land of gold. 
 
 John Smith. — By good luck there was one man on 
 board the ships who knew what he was about. This 
 man's name was John Smith, and his life had been so 
 strange and full of adventure that you should know some- 
 
 38 
 
CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH 
 
 JuU^i SMITH. 
 
 thing about it. He was a poor boy, and early in life was 
 
 put to learn a trade, but he did not like his master or his 
 
 work, so he ran away, and got out of England in a ship, and 
 
 went far through foreign lands. First 
 
 he became a soldier ; then he was in 
 
 a vessel that was cast ashore by a 
 
 storm. 
 
 At one time he was robbed and 
 became so poor that he almost 
 starved. He tells us that he was 
 once thrown overboard by some 
 men who said that he had brought 
 on a storm. Very likely he had 
 
 been talking too much about what he could do, for he was 
 given to talking and boasting ; but, at any rate, he got safely 
 again on shore. 
 
 Fighting- the Turks. — The next we hear about John 
 Smith is in the war with the Turks, the people of Turkey, 
 who were fierce and savage soldiers and gave the people 
 of Europe much trouble. The young English soldier did 
 not fear them, but fought with three of them at once. 
 When the fight was over they were all dead and he was 
 the hero of the army. 
 
 Sold as a Slave. — Afterwards he was taken prisoner by 
 the Turks and was sold by them as a slave. His master 
 put a heavy iron collar round his neck and set him to 
 threshing grain with a wooden flail. All we need say is 
 that John Smith escaped from this cruel man and got back 
 
 so 
 
CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH 
 
 to England in safety. There he joined a party of men who 
 were about to cross the ocean to America. To go to a 
 new country and see new sights was just the kind of life 
 for the daring young soldier, who was not afraid of any- 
 thing and was ready for any danger. 
 
 Fool's Gold. — But now we must go back to the ships that 
 were sailing up James River. They went on until the men 
 on board saw a place that they liked the looks of, and here 
 they all went ashore. They called the place Jamestown, as 
 they had called the river the James, after King James of 
 England. The weather was warm, and so, instead of build- 
 ing houses and planting grain, as no doubt John Smith 
 wanted them to do, most of them spent their time hunting 
 for gold. Some time afterwards they found a yellow stuff 
 which they thought was gold. Then they went to work 
 in earnest and loaded a vessel with this yellow substance, 
 which they sent to England. But it turned out to be a 
 substance which is called " fool's gold," and the whole 
 shipload was worth no more than if it had been sand. So 
 they who thought themselves rich found themselves as poor 
 as ever. 
 
 Saved by Corn. — The foolish gold-seekers were soon 
 
 in trouble. They ate up all their food and were nearly 
 
 starving. Some of them died of fever, and some were 
 
 killed by the Indians. They would all have starved to 
 
 death if Captain Smith had not got them some corn, 
 
 which the Indians gave him in exchange for beads and 
 
 other trinkets. 
 
 40 
 
CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH 
 
 The Indians and the Compass. — Only for John Smith 
 
 it is likely they would all have died. He saved the colony, 
 
 for his good sense was worth more to it than a mine of 
 
 »old. He kept himself 
 
 .... 
 always busy, going here ■ .,,* . ( 
 
 and there, sailing about, '^ ; ' ' 
 
 talking and trading with 
 
 the Indians, trying to 
 
 find out something new. 
 
 At one time he was taken 
 
 prisoner by a party of 
 
 Indians, who were glad 
 
 enough to capture this 
 
 brave man. To keep 
 
 them from doing him 
 
 harm he took a little 
 
 compass from his pocket 
 
 and showed it to them. 
 
 When they saw the 
 
 needle always pointing to the north they thought it must 
 
 be the work of magic, and took him off through the woods 
 
 to Powhatan, (pow-ha-tan') their great chief. 
 
 The Talking- Paper. — Captain Smith made them think 
 
 he could do other wonderful things. He wrote on a piece 
 
 of paper, telling his friends at Jamestown where he was 
 
 and the danger he was in. An Indian took this to the 
 
 town, and when he came back and told the chiefs that the 
 
 paper had talked to the white men and told them all about 
 
 41 
 
 CaPT. JOHN SMITH SURRENDERS TO INDIANS. 
 
CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH 
 
 Smith and his trouble they did not know what to make of 
 it. They thought that Smith must be a great magician to 
 be able to make paper talk. 
 
 Smith Condemned to Death. — But all this was not 
 enough to save his life. It may be that Powhatan was 
 afraid that a man so wise as this might destroy him and all 
 his tribe. At any rate, as Captain Smith tells us, Powhatan 
 had him tied hand and foot and laid down with his head on 
 a log, while an Indian stood by with a great club ready to 
 knock out his brains. If Powhatan had raised his hand or 
 said a word it would have been all over with Captain Smith. 
 Pocahontas. — Now a strange thing took place. A little 
 Indian girl, the daughter of Powhatan, whose heart was 
 
 filled with pity for the poor 
 white man, ran in and begged 
 her father to let him live. When 
 she found he would not do this, 
 she threw herself down by Cap- 
 tain Smith, and put her head on 
 his, so that they could not kill 
 him without killing her too. 
 This touched the heart of the 
 great chief, and he let the white 
 man live. This kind little girl 
 was named Pocahontas (po-kah- 
 hon'tas). She was only about ten years old. When she 
 grew up she became the wife of an Englishman, and went 
 to London, where she died. 
 
 42 
 
 "*'M 
 
 *:/ 
 
 iv 
 
 i-UCAHUMXAS. 
 
CAPTAIN SMITH'S LATER LIFE 
 
 A White Man's Trick. — When John Smith was set free 
 and went back to Jamestown some Indians went with him. 
 Powhatan wanted to be paid for his prisoner, and asked 
 for two of the great cannon which the white men had, and 
 whose noise seemed like thunder to the red men. He 
 also asked for a grindstone. Smith promised him all these, 
 and when Jamestown was reached he showed them to the 
 Indians, and said they might take them. But the red men 
 soon found that they could not lift one of these heavy 
 things from the ground. So all they got for their prisoner 
 were some beads and buttons and other cheap trifles. 
 
 Tell what you can — 
 
 1. About the ship on James River. 
 
 2. The early life of John Smith. 
 
 3. What the men thought was gold. 
 
 4. What Captain Smith showed the Indians. 
 
 5. The story of Pocahontas. 
 
 Date to he remembered : The first settlement in America, 1607. 
 
 *¥ 
 
 CAPTAIN SMITH'S LATER LIFE. 
 
 "What the Indians Thought. — For a time the people at 
 Jamestown had no more trouble with the Indians. The 
 poor, ignorant savages thought that Captain Smith was 
 more than a man, and could do things which no man could 
 do. They even fancied that he could make it rain at any 
 time he pleased, and when dry weather came they asked 
 
 43 
 
CAPTAIN SMITH'S LATER LIFE 
 
 him to pray for rain. We do not know if Smith did so or 
 not, or if any rain came in answer to his prayers. 
 
 Smith Made Governor. — The people had over them 
 what is called a council ; that is, a number of men who 
 were chosen to govern the colony. John Smith was one 
 of these, and he did so much for the people and proved so 
 active and useful that he was soon put at the head of the 
 council and made the governor of the colony. 
 
 Work or Starve. — It was not a very easy thing to be 
 governor over such a set of men. Not many of them were 
 willing to work. They would rather lie on the grass all 
 day long, or hunt for gold, or fish in the river, than build 
 houses and plant corn. This did not suit Captain Smith, 
 and he told them they must work or they should not eat. 
 There was no food for those who did not earn it. They 
 knew very well that John Smith meant what he said, so 
 they took their axes and their hoes and set out to the forest 
 to chop wood and to the fields to plant corn. 
 
 A Cure for Swearing. — The lazy fellows did not like 
 Smith's new rules, and as they worked they grumbled a 
 good deal, and some of them swore at a great rate. Cap- 
 tain Smith heard them, and made up his mind to stop 
 their swearing. He took a queer way to do it. At night, 
 when the day's work was done, he had a can of cold water 
 poured down their sleeves for every time they had sworn. 
 You may well think there was not much swearing after that. 
 
 Seeking- the Pacific. — Many other things are told of 
 Captain John Smith. He thought that the country was not 
 
 44 
 
CAPTAIN SMITH'S LATER LIFE 
 
 very wide, and that he could sail up the James River or up 
 the Chesapeake Bay until he reached the Pacific Ocean. 
 No one then knew how wide the country was. Captain 
 Smith tried it, but he found the rivers getting smaller till 
 he could go no farther, so he gave up the effort. 
 
 An Adventure with Indians. — Though he did not find the 
 Pacific, he had many adventures. At one place the Indians 
 shot at the men in the boats with arrows. Then they came 
 back and danced about 
 with baskets of corn in 
 their hands, trying to get 
 the white men to come 
 on shore. But Smith 
 told his men to fire off 
 their guns, which scared 
 the savages so that they 
 dropped their baskets 
 and ran into the woods. 
 Then he went ashore 
 and left there some 
 beads, little looking- 
 glasses, and other trifles 
 for them to get. When 
 the Indians saw those presents they were much pleased and 
 became friends of the white men. 
 
 The Sick Men's Hats. — At another time Indians shot 
 arrows at the boat when some of the men were sick. But 
 Smith covered the sick men so that they could not be seen, 
 
 45 
 
 SMITH MEETING THE INDIANS. 
 
CAPTAIN SMITH'S LATER LIFE 
 
 and raised their hats on sticks so that the boat seemed full 
 of well men. This scared the Indians away. Soon after 
 another party of Indians tried to kill the men in the boat, 
 but Captain Smith had put up Indian shields along its sides 
 so that the arrows would not come through. In this way 
 he saved the lives of himself and his men. 
 
 The Stolen Pistol. — The Indians were great thieves and 
 stole things from the settlers, and this Captain Smith tried 
 to stop. At one time two brothers stole a pistol. They 
 were caught, and one of them was locked up in prison 
 while the other was sent to bring back the pistol. He 
 was told that this was the only way to get his brother 
 off. When he came back and the prison was opened 
 the poor Indian broke into cries of grief, for his brother 
 lay there like a dead man. A charcoal fire had been 
 built to keep him warm, and the gas had almost smothered 
 him. 
 
 The Dead Alive. — The fresh air soon brought the In- 
 dian to his senses again, and the man who had seemed 
 dead stood up alive and well. You may be sure this gave 
 Captain Smith great fame with the Indians, for they now 
 thought that he could bring dead people to life. 
 
 The Gunpowder Thief. — Another thing helped to keep 
 the Indians from stealing. One day one of them stole 
 some gunpowder and also a piece of the iron armor of the 
 white men. He tried to dry the powder by putting it into 
 the armor and holding it over the fire as he had seen the 
 white men do. But the fire was too hot, and the powder 
 
 46 
 
CAPTAIN SMITH'S LATER LIFE 
 
 went off in a great flash of flame that almost scared the 
 Indian out of his wits. 
 
 Smith Goes to England. — The next thing that took 
 place was bad for the colony. Some gunpowder went off 
 this time among the whites. A bag of it took fire and shot 
 up in a flash. Captain Smith was close by, and was hurl 
 so badly that he had to go back to England. He had been 
 two years in Virginia, but he never went back there again. 
 Smith Sails to New England. — Five years afterwards 
 Captain Smith crossed the ocean again, and sailed along the 
 coast of New England, where he traded with the Indians 
 for furs and made a good map of the coast. When he got 
 back he asked his friends to start a colony in New Eng- 
 land. He tried to go back himself with a few men, but 
 had very bad luck. One of his vessels lost its masts in a 
 storm. Then he was chased by a pirate, and afterwards 
 he was made prisoner by a French privateer. They made 
 him help them fight the Spanish. At length he got back to 
 England again, but he did not try to start any more col- 
 onies, and died there when he was fifty-two years old. 
 
 Tell about — 
 
 1. How Captain Smith made the lazy men work. 
 
 2. How he stopped them from swearing. 
 
 3. His adventures with the Indians. 
 
 4. Why he had to go home. 
 
 47 
 
THE GROWTH OF VIRGINIA 
 
 THE GROWTH OF VIRGINIA. 
 
 The People Sent to Virginia. — Now let us take a look 
 at the colony after Captain Smith went home. One bad 
 thing soon took place, — the men quit work. There was 
 nobody now to make them work or to stop them from 
 swearing, and so they fell back into their old lazy ways. 
 Other men were sent out, but these came from the jails 
 and slums of London, so that things soon grew worse. 
 It was a shame and folly to send such men as these to 
 a colony. 
 
 The Starving- Time. — What food the people had was 
 soon eaten up. Captain Smith was not there to deal with 
 the Indians, and they would not bring food to Jamestown, 
 for they did not like the kind of men that were there now. 
 Soon there were terrible times. Winter came on and many 
 took sick and died. Others starved to death, some were 
 killed by the Indians, and of five hundred men only sixty 
 lived through that dreadful winter. They called it after- 
 wards "The Starving Time. 1 ' 
 
 The Flight Stopped. — When spring came those who 
 were left alive got on board a vessel and started down the 
 river to go back to England. They had enough of Virginia, 
 as the colony was called. But they had not gone far when 
 they saw the sails of a number of ships coming up the 
 river. Soon these vessels came in sight, filled with men. 
 It was Lord Delaware (del'ah-ware), the new governor of 
 the colony, who was coming with plenty of food and sup- 
 
 48 
 
THE GROWTH OF VIRGINIA 
 
 plies. We may be sure they were very glad to see these 
 ships. They quickly turned back again, and in this way 
 the colony was saved. 
 
 LORD DELA WARES SHIPS. 
 
 Tobacco and. Slaves. — After that for a time all went on 
 well. They began to plant tobacco in their fields, and this 
 sold for so high a price in England that many of the people 
 became well off. In 1619, about ten years after Captain 
 Smith went home, a Dutch ship came to Jamestown and 
 sold the tobacco planters a number of negroes for slaves. 
 These were the first negro slaves in this country. 
 
 Indian Troubles. — Years passed on, and more people 
 came to Virginia and spread over the country, and in time 
 many of the planters grew rich, and there were thousands 
 4 49 
 
THE GROWTH OF VIRGINIA 
 
 of people along the James River and in the country to the 
 north. The Indians did not like to see the white men 
 spreading in this way over their hunting-grounds, and 
 twice they tried to kill them all. Hundreds of men and 
 women were slain by the savage red men, but in the end 
 the Indians were driven away and all their lands were 
 taken by the whites. 
 
 Governor Berkeley. — Long after Captain Smith was 
 dead and buried new trouble came to the colony. It was 
 then ruled by a governor named Berkeley (berk'ly), who 
 acted as if all the people were slaves and he was their 
 master. Many of them became angry at this, but nothing 
 
 was done until a young 
 man named Bacon put 
 himself at their head. 
 
 Bacon's Rebellion. — 
 Bacon wanted to march 
 against the Indians, who 
 were again killing the 
 settlers, but the gover- 
 nor would not let him 
 do so. He then marched 
 to Jamestown, where 
 Governor Berkeley was. 
 When the governor saw 
 him coming he ran away 
 in great haste. But Bacon knew that he would soon be 
 back again with soldiers, so he had the town set on fire and 
 
 50 
 
 RUINS OF THE OLD CHURCH-TOWER, JAMES- 
 TOWN, VIRGINIA. 
 
CAPTAIN HENRY HUDSON 
 
 burned to the ground. Nothing but ashes was left of the 
 first English town in America. 
 
 After the Rebellion. — Soon after this the bold young 
 planter took sick and died, and the war came to an end. 
 There was no other leader to take his place. The gov- 
 ernor now came back, and acted very cruelly, for he called 
 the men who had helped Bacon rebels, and had more than 
 twenty of them hanged. He might have done worse still, 
 but the king, who heard how he was acting, ordered him 
 back to England and put an end to his hangings. 
 
 Later Times in Virginia. — After that time things went 
 on better in Virginia, and more and more people came 
 there, until the settlements spread far and wide over the 
 land, and the old days of poverty and starvation were 
 followed by new days of wealth and plenty. 
 
 Tell what you can about — 
 
 1. The starving time. 
 
 2. How times got better. 
 
 3. The troubles with the Indians. 
 
 4. The story of Bacon's rebellion. 
 
 „ r 
 
 CAPTAIN HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 A Great City. — Very likely some of the boys and girls 
 who use this book live in the great city of New York. 
 Most of those who do not live there must have heard of it 
 as one of the greatest cities of the world. It is so large 
 
 51 
 
CAPTAIN HENRY HUDSON 
 
 and full of people, and its stores and houses are spread 
 over so many miles of ground, and are so big and solid, 
 that one would think it had stood there at least a thousand 
 years. It is hard to think that about three hundred years 
 ago the place where this grand city now stands was covered 
 with woods, in which the red men hunted wild animals 
 with the bow and arrow, and where there was no building 
 larger than an Indian hut or wigwam. 
 
 A Wonderful Change. — But this was the case not only 
 with New York, but with all this vast country, with its 
 many hundreds of cities and millions of people. It is not 
 very long ago since only the red men dwelt here, forests 
 covered the whole land, and Indian hunters roamed under 
 the leaves and branches of the trees in search of game and 
 built their rude huts under the shade of the woodlands. 
 You must want to know how all this change came about. 
 You have been told how white men came from England 
 and settled in Virginia. You will now be told how the 
 same thing took place in New York. 
 
 What the Nations Did. — While the Spanish, the French, 
 and the English were coming to this country, the king 
 of Portugal sent ships around the Cape of Good Hope, 
 at the south end of Africa, and they had in this way 
 come to far-off India. Every year these ships came back 
 with silks and spices and other precious goods. Other 
 countries wished to take part in this rich trade, and one of 
 these was the country of Holland, whose people we call 
 the Dutch. 
 
 52 
 
CAPTAIN HENRY HUDSON 
 
 HENRY HUDSON. 
 
 The Bold Englishman. — There was an English sea- 
 captain named Henry Hudson who 
 had tried to get to Asia by way of 
 the far north, and was so daring 
 that men called him " the bold Eng- 
 lishman." The Dutch gave him one 
 of their ships called "The Half- 
 Moon," and sent him off to see 
 what he could find. He went north 
 until he could go no farther be- 
 cause of the ice, then he sailed to 
 
 the coast of America. This was in the year 1609, two 
 years after Captain Smith had set out for Virginia. 
 
 Seeking- a Passage. — Up and down the coast Captain 
 Hudson sailed, looking for a passage through the land by 
 which he might get to Asia. He thought, as did many 
 others, that America was very narrow. If he had known, 
 as we know, that it is three thousand miles wide, he and 
 Captain Smith would not have tried to find a river running 
 across it. But in those days no one knew anything about 
 it, for they had only seen the coast. 
 
 A Beautiful Bay. — Captain Hudson after a time came 
 into a broad and beautiful bay, which he said was " as 
 pleasant with grass and flowers as he had ever seen, and 
 very sweet smells." Great trees came down to the edge 
 of the water, and the red men paddled about the ship in 
 their canoes. They had never seen a ship before, and did 
 not know what to make of it. 
 
 53 
 
CAPTAIN HENRY HUDSON 
 
 Going Up-Stream. — The body of water they had come 
 to was what we now know as New York Bay. A broad 
 
 river runs into it, which 
 is now called Hudson 
 River, after Henry Hud- 
 son. 
 
 The ship sailed up 
 this river, which Captain 
 Hudson hoped would 
 lead him to a new ocean 
 on the other side of the 
 land. On it went, past 
 fields of green corn, and 
 S groves of high trees, and 
 I great rock cliffs that rose 
 like towers. " It was a 
 very good land to fall in with," said Captain Hudson, " and 
 a pleasant land to see/' 
 
 A Feast with a Chief. — At length they came to moun- 
 tains, which rose on both sides of the river. Here the 
 Indians brought them corn and pumpkins and tobacco. 
 At the end of five days they came to a point on the other 
 side of the mountains, where the city of Hudson now 
 stands. Captain Hudson here went ashore to visit an old 
 chief who lived in a round house built of bark. The In- 
 dians had great heaps of corn and beans, and made a feast 
 for him. They offered him roast dog to eat. This they 
 thought the best meat they could cook for him. We do 
 
 54 
 
 THE HALF-MOON IN THE HUDSOJ 
 
CAPTAIN HENRY HUDSON 
 
 not know whether Captain Hudson ate any of the roast 
 dog or not. The Indians broke their arrows and threw 
 them into the fire, to show him that they did not mean to 
 do him any harm. 
 
 The End of the Voyage. — When the captain got on 
 board again he kept on up the river, until the water grew 
 so shallow that he was afraid the ship might touch bottom. 
 This was about one hundred and fifty miles above the bay, 
 where the city of Albany (awl'bah-nee) now stands. He 
 was sure now that he could not reach Asia by this route, 
 so the ship was turned and sailed down-stream. 
 
 Captain Hudson's Fate. — Captain Hudson soon after 
 made his way back to Holland and told of what he had 
 found. The Indians had many furs, he said, and a good 
 trade might be made with them. The next year he came 
 back to America. This time he sailed north and entered 
 that great body of water now known as Hudson Bay. 
 Here the crew nearly ran out of food, and as Captain 
 Hudson wanted to go on, some wicked men among them 
 put him and some others into an open boat and set them 
 adrift on the waters. They were never heard of again, 
 and they must have died in that cold and lonely bay. 
 
 Tell in your own words — 
 
 1. About this country before the white men came. 
 
 2. About Captain Hudson and his voyages. 
 
 3. How he sailed up the Hudson River. 
 
 4. The fate of Captain Hudson. 
 Remember the date 1609. 
 
 55 
 
THE COLONY OF NEW YORK 
 
 THE COLONY OP NEW YORK. 
 
 The Coming of the Dutch. — It was not long before 
 Dutch vessels came to New York Bay to trade with the 
 Indians for their furs. These people built a fort and some 
 log huts on the island where the river runs into the bay, 
 and more of them came until there was quite a settlement. 
 This they named New Am-ster-dam', after the city of Am- 
 sterdam in Holland. 
 
 Buying- an Island. — The Dutch paid the Indians for the 
 island on which they had settled, and where part of the 
 
 -s>j^ " ..'w . , ■>■■>■■ _^_ =-<.;'».---* ■ 
 
 ^ '££"'" 
 
 DUTCH TRADING WITH INDIANS. 
 
 great city of New York now stands, with some cheap goods 
 worth about twenty-four dollars. This land was not worth 
 much at that time, as you may see, though now it is 
 
 56 
 
PETER STUYVESANT. 
 
 THE COLONY OF NEW YORK 
 
 worth a vast sum of money. They also traded with them 
 for the furs and skins of wild beasts, which they caught 
 in their traps. 
 
 Old Silver Leg. — Thus time went on, and there were 
 troubles with the Indians and the Eng- 
 lish, and the town grew larger and 
 larger, and men were sent from Holland 
 to govern the people. Some of these 
 were not fit to govern themselves. One 
 of them was an honest and stubborn old 
 fellow named Peter Stuyvesant (sti've- 
 sant), whom some of the people called 
 " Old Silver Leg," for he had a wooden leg with bands of 
 silver round it. 
 
 The English Capture. — While he was governor some 
 English vessels came into New York Bay and sent a letter 
 on shore, which said that all this land belonged to England 
 and the town must be given up to them. Old Peter tore 
 up the letter and stamped about in a great rage on his 
 wooden leg. But the people did not like the way he had 
 treated them and would not fight for him, so he had to give 
 up the town. 
 
 New York City. — The name of the place was now 
 changed to New York, in honor of the Duke of York, the 
 brother of the English king. After that time the people 
 had many troubles, but the town grew large and wealthy, 
 and ships came in great numbers, loaded deep with goods. 
 Where the Indians once paddled their bark canoes hun- 
 
 57 
 
THE COLONY OF NEW YORK 
 
 dreds of great ships and steamers now come and go, and 
 where they built their wigwams thousands of great build- 
 ings stand. 
 
 The Houses of the Dutch. — The Dutch in New York 
 lived in a way of their own, not like that of the English ; 
 so it may be well to say something about their mode of 
 life. Their houses were like those of Holland, built of 
 wood or of small black and yellow bricks, with steep roofs 
 and many doors and windows. There was a great brass 
 
 SCENE IN NEW AMSTERDAM. 
 
 knocker on the front door, which they used instead of the 
 bell that is used now. They had great open fireplaces, 
 with colored tiles, and the houses were kept very clean, 
 for the Dutch women could not bear to see dirt. White 
 
 58 
 
THE COLONY OF NEW YORK 
 
 sand covered the floors instead of carpets, and this was 
 swept up into lines and patterns with the broom. 
 
 "Workers and Idlers. — The Dutch women were neat 
 and careful and were good cooks. They were busy 
 workers, for each house had a great chest-full of linen, 
 which they had made on their spinning-wheels. The men 
 did not work as hard as the women. They liked better to 
 sit on their porches with long pipes in their mouths and 
 tell stories and play games. 
 
 How they Dressed. — Their dress was very odd. The 
 men wore two or three pairs of knee- 
 breeches, one over the other, with 
 large buckles at their knees and on 
 their shoes, and great buttons of brass 
 or silver on their coats. The women 
 wore a number of short and bright- 
 colored petticoats, with red, green, 
 or blue stockings, and high-heeled 
 shoes. They wore white muslin caps 
 on their heads. They would have 
 looked very queer to us, for no one dresses that way now. 
 
 Feast Days. — Christmas and Easter and New Year's 
 were great days with them. On these days they feasted 
 and had sports and games. The Dutch brought us our 
 " Santa Claus" at Christmas and our colored eggs at 
 Easter, and other things good to have. They knew how 
 to make nice things for the table, such as doughnuts 
 and crullers, which people still like. Many of the best 
 
 59 
 
 DUTCH SETTLERS. 
 
CAPTAIN MILES STANDISH 
 
 people in New York to-day came from the old-time Dutch 
 settlers. 
 
 Tell about— 
 
 1. The Dutch settlers. 
 
 2. How the English took the island. 
 
 3. The growth of New York City. 
 
 4. How the Dutch lived. 
 
 5. What feast days they had. 
 
 ¥¥ 
 
 CAPTAIN MILES STANDISK. 
 
 Two Brave Captains. — Captain John Smith, as we have 
 seen, did very good work in Virginia. He tried to do as 
 good work in New England, but was stopped by bad luck. 
 Another captain, named Miles Standish, took his place in 
 New England. Miles Standish was a little man, but he 
 had a big heart, and while he lived the Indians took care to 
 let the whites alone. Let us see who this brave captain 
 was and who were the people that came with him. 
 
 At Cape Cod. — It was late in November of the year 
 1620, and the winter was close at hand, when a vessel that 
 had crossed the stormy seas came to land at Cape Cod. 
 This cape you may find on the atlas. It is at the end of a 
 narrow strip of sand, more than sixty miles long, that 
 comes out from the lower point of Mas-sa-chu'setts, and 
 looks like a long arm bent up at the elbow. Behind this 
 sand strip ships can find shelter from the rough waves. 
 
 60 
 
CAPTAIN MILES STANDISH 
 
 THE MAYFLOWER. 
 
 The People on the Ship. — The ship that thus came 
 to land was named the May'flow-er. It had on board about 
 one hundred people, 
 most of them men and 
 women, but there were 
 some boys and girls 
 among them. They 
 were glad enough to see 
 land again after being 
 tossed so long on the 
 stormy waves. These 
 people were called Pilgrims, and had crossed the ocean to 
 get to a country where they could live in peace. 
 
 How They were Treated in England. — In England at 
 that time most people thought that everybody should think 
 in the same way about religion as the king did, and go to 
 the same kind of church. Those who did not do so were 
 treated very badly, some of them being whipped, or put 
 into the stocks, or sent to prison. A number of them went 
 to Holland, for the Dutch there let them have any kind of 
 church they wanted. 
 
 Why They Came to America. — In time these people 
 got tired of Holland, and made up their minds to go to 
 America. There they could get all the land they wanted, 
 and bring up their children in the good old English ways, 
 and have what kind of religion they liked, with no one to 
 trouble them or tell them what they must think. So they 
 took ship and crossed the ocean. They were called Pil- 
 
 61 
 
CAPTAIN MILES STANDISH 
 
 grims. A pilgrim is one who wanders from his home, and 
 these people were wanderers. 
 
 Why Captain Standish Came. — Captain Standish did 
 not have the same belief as the Pilgrims, but he was their 
 friend, and went with them. Like Captain John Smith, he 
 loved an active life, and wanted to see new things. The 
 Pilgrims were glad to have this brave soldier with them, 
 for no one could tell what trouble they might have with 
 the fierce red men. 
 
 .-;< 
 
 
 
 *& A. 
 
 Some 
 take a 
 
 Wash-Day — Indian Corn. 
 — Soon after the ship came 
 to anchor all the women went 
 on shore to wash their clothes, 
 which they had not much 
 chance to do at sea. It was 
 Monday, and Monday has been 
 wash-day there ever since, 
 of the men, led by Captain Standish, started out to 
 look at the country. At one place they found some 
 
 62 
 
 INDIAN CORN. 
 
CAPTAIN MILES STANDISH 
 
 baskets of corn buried in the ground. They had never 
 seen Indian corn before, and they were much pleased at 
 the beautiful white grains, so neatly placed in rows on the 
 cob. Some of it they took to plant the next spring, but 
 they paid the Indians for it when they found who had 
 buried the corn. One of them caught his foot in a deer- 
 trap and had his leg jerked up in a comical way. This trap 
 was set by the Indians to catch deer, but it caught a man 
 that time. 
 
 A Place to Settle. — Away off to the west, about forty 
 miles from Cape Cod, a blue hill could be seen from the 
 ship, and Captain Standish and some of the men made up 
 their minds to go to that place ; so they set off in a row- 
 boat. It was winter now, and so cold that the water which 
 splashed up froze on their clothes. But they kept on. At 
 length they came to a place that they were much pleased 
 with. There was a harbor where ships might lie, and 
 some streams of fresh water, and a piece of ground with 
 no trees on it. There had been an Indian town at this 
 place some years before, but the Indians had all taken sick 
 and died, and left their cornfields for the next comers to 
 plant. This was a lucky thing for the Pilgrims, and they 
 made up their minds that here was the place for them to 
 settle. 
 
 Landing at Plymouth. — The Mayflower was soon 
 brought up, and the Pilgrims landed on the 21st of 
 December, — the shortest day in the year. Captain Smith 
 had stopped there some years before, and named the place 
 
 63 
 
CAPTAIN MILES STANDISH 
 
 Plymouth (plim'uth) on the map he made. They liked 
 this name, for they had sailed from Plymouth in England. 
 So the place is still known by that name. They stepped 
 on a large stone to reach the shore, and this is now called 
 Plymouth Rock. 
 
 A Dreadful "Winter. — The winter was cold, and the 
 houses they built were poor affairs, and did not keep out 
 the winds and snows. Their food was scarce and poor. 
 So because of cold winds and thin clothes and bad food 
 many of them took sick, and nearly half of them died 
 before the spring-time came. Captain Standish had come 
 to fight, but he was just as ready to take care of the sick, 
 and he, and others who kept well, tended the sick, cooked 
 for them, and did all the kind things they could. Then, 
 with sad hearts, they buried them, and smoothed down 
 the graves so that the Indians could not tell how many of 
 the white men had died. 
 
 Captain Standish Seeks a Wife. — There is a funny 
 story told about Captain Standish. His wife died that 
 winter, and he felt so lonely without her that he made up 
 his mind to marry again, and picked out a young woman 
 named Priscilla Mullins, whom he thought would just suit 
 him. He was much older than Priscilla, and a rough 
 fellow, not at all fit for love-making, and he thought it best 
 to ask a young friend of his, named John Alden, to go and 
 make love for him. 
 
 John Alden and Priscilla. — This was something that 
 John did not like to do, for he loved Priscilla and wanted 
 
 64 
 
MILES STANDISH AND THE INDIANS 
 
 her for himself. But he did not wish to offend the brave 
 captain, so he went to Priscilla's father and told what he 
 had come for. 
 
 " Captain Standish is a good man enough," said the 
 father, " but my daughter must choose for herself. 1 ' 
 
 Then he called her in and told her what John Alden 
 had come to say. Priscilla looked at her father. Then 
 she looked at John and said, — 
 
 " Why don't you speak for yourself, John ?" 
 
 John did speak for himself, and Priscilla became his 
 wife. As for the bold captain, he married another woman, 
 and this time we may be sure he spoke for himself, and 
 did not send a handsome young man to make love for him. 
 
 Make your own story out of — 
 
 1. The ship that came to Cape Cod. 
 
 2. How the Pilgrims were treated in England. 
 
 3. Why they came to America. 
 
 4. How they found a place to settle. 
 
 5. How they lived the first winter. 
 
 6. How Captain Standish got a wife. 
 
 Date to be remembered : The landing of the Pilgrims, 1620. 
 Now, can you recall three other important dates? 
 
 ¥¥ 
 
 MILES STANDISH AND THE INDIANS. 
 
 The Indians Frightened. — For a long time the people 
 at Plymouth saw very little of the Indians. They had 
 tried to drive off Captain Standish and his men with 
 
 6 65 
 
MILES STANDISH AND THE INDIANS 
 
 arrows when they were rowing about in their boat, but 
 the men had fired their guns, and the loud noise so scared 
 the Indians that they were afraid to come near. 
 
 Indian Visitors. — One day in the spring an Indian 
 walked boldly into the village and said, " Welcome, Eng- 
 lishmen." It seemed very strange to them to hear an 
 Indian speak English. But this man had met English 
 fishermen on the coast and learned some words from 
 them. The Pilgrims were kind to him, and he soon came 
 again, bringing another Indian with him named Squanto 
 (squon'to). This man had once lived in the Indian town 
 at Plymouth, and was the only one left of the town's 
 people. He had been stolen by sailors and taken to Eng- 
 land, where he learned the language before he came back. 
 
 Squanto Teaches the English. — Squanto was glad to 
 live at his old home, and he taught the white men many 
 useful things. He showed them how to hunt and fish, and 
 how the Indians planted corn. The way they did was to 
 put a fish or two in every hill for manure, and then watch 
 the fields awhile at night to keep the wolves from digging 
 up the fish. We cannot tell what the English would have 
 done if they had not found the seed-corn and got Squanto 
 to teach them how to use it. 
 
 A Treaty with the Indians. — Squanto did more than 
 this. He brought Massasoit (mas-sa-so'it), the chief of 
 his tribe, to the village. The Pilgrims met him with all 
 the show they could make and a loud noise of drums and 
 trumpets. This pleased the Indians, and Massasoit was 
 
 66 
 
MILES STANDISH AND THE INDIANS 
 
 more pleased when a red coat and a copper chain were 
 sent him. He said he would be a good friend to the white 
 men, and they promised to be good friends to him. This 
 promise was kept for more than fifty years, as long as Mas- 
 sasoit lived. 
 
 The Arrows and the Bullets. — But there was a tribe 
 of Indians named Nar-ra-gan'setts who were enemies of 
 Massasoit's tribe, and tried to frighten the English. They 
 sent to Plymouth a bundle of 
 arrows with a snake's skin 
 wrapped round them. Squanto 
 said this meant that they would 
 make war on the whites. The 
 Pilgrims took the snake-skin 
 and filled it with bullets and 
 sent it back to the Indians. 
 This was as if they had said, 
 " If you shoot your arrows at 
 us, we will shoot bullets back 
 at you. ,, When the Narragansetts saw this they were 
 afraid to touch the bullets and sent them back. There 
 was no war after that, for the Indians knew they could 
 not fight bullets with arrows. 
 
 Going- to Church. — The Pilgrims built a fort of logs, 
 placed cannon on the roof, and used the lower part of it 
 for a church. Every Sunday they marched to church 
 carrying their guns and with Captain Standish at their 
 head. One man stood on guard outside. They were not 
 
 67 
 
 THE INDIANS AND THE SNAKE-SKIN. 
 
MILES STANDISH AND THE INDIANS 
 
 going to be caught without arms, for they did not trust the 
 red men. 
 
 An Indian Plot. — It was not long before more people 
 came from England. These settled at a place they called 
 Weymouth (way'muth), about twenty-five miles north of 
 Plymouth. These people were different from the Pilgrims. 
 The Indians did not like them, and made up their minds to 
 kill them. They said to one another that they might as 
 well kill those at Plymouth at the same time, and thus get 
 rid of all the white men. They forgot that they had Cap- 
 tain Standish to deal with. 
 
 The Boasting- Chiefs. — Massasoit told the Pilgrims of 
 their danger, and Captain Standish at once set out for the 
 Indian camp with a few men. The chiefs, when they saw 
 that there were not many of the whites, tried to frighten 
 them. One of them showed the captain how sharp his 
 knife was, and made a bold speech about it. Another big 
 Indian came up and looked down with scorn on the little 
 captain. " You are a captain, but you are a little man," he 
 said. " I am not a chief, but I am strong and brave." 
 
 The Fight in the Cabin. — Captain Standish was a man 
 of quick temper, and this made him very angry, but he 
 said nothing then. He waited till the next day, when he 
 met the chiefs in a log cabin. Here a fight took place, and 
 the captain killed the big Indian with his own knife. More 
 of the Indians were slain, and all the rest fled in fear to 
 the woods. Captain Standish had so scared them that 
 they were glad to let the white men alone. 
 
 68 
 
MILES STANDISH AND THE INDIANS 
 
 "What Else Miles Standish Did. — This is not all that 
 Miles Standish did for the Pilgrims. For a number of 
 years life went hard with them, and more than once they 
 were in danger of starving. At one time they had nothing 
 to eat but the clams which they found along the coast and 
 what fish they could catch. Captain Standish sailed up 
 
 STANDISH FIGHTS WITH CHIEFS IN THE CABIN. 
 
 and down the coast, trading with the Indians for furs, 
 which were sent to England to be sold. He went to Eng- 
 land himself, borrowed money, and bought goods there 
 for the Pilgrims. 
 
 Captain's Hill. — Captain Standish lived to be seventy 
 years old, and to see the country around Plymouth full of 
 
 69 
 
ROGER WILLIAMS 
 
 people. He built his home on a high hill just across the 
 bay from Plymouth. This place is called Duxbury (dux'- 
 ber-ry), and the hill is called Captain's Hill. On top of it 
 is a great shaft of granite, over one hundred feet high, on 
 which stands a statue of the bold captain with his face 
 turned towards the sea. He was a good man to fight, if 
 he did not know how to make love, and the Pilgrims were 
 glad enough to have the little captain with them. 
 
 Tell in your own words about — 
 
 1. How Squanto came and taught the English. 
 
 2. The promise Massasoit made. 
 
 3. The story of the arrows and the bullets. 
 
 4. How Captain Standish stopped an Indian plot. 
 
 5. What is meant by Captain's Hill. 
 
 ROGER WILLIAMS. 
 
 New England. — You have already been told how Cap- 
 tain John Smith, after he went home from Jamestown, 
 came back and sailed along the coast of the north. He 
 named this country New England, for he had come from 
 England, and it was the fashion at that time to use old 
 names with the word " new" before them. This was done 
 in the case of New Amsterdam and New York, and it has 
 since been done in many other cases. 
 
 The Puritans. — It was not long before other people 
 than the Pilgrims came to New England. Many of them 
 
 , 70 
 
ROGER WILLIAMS 
 
 settled at a place where the fine city of Boston now stands. 
 These were brought by a man named John Winthrop, who 
 became their governor. They were 
 called Puritans (pure'e-tans), and had 
 left England for the same cause as the 
 Pilgrims. That is, they had been ill- 
 used because their religion was not the 
 same as that of the king and his nobles. 
 
 How the Puritans Acted. — Many 
 other places were settled along the 
 coast, and in a few years there was a 
 large number of people in New England. The most of 
 these were Puritans, and they soon began to do the same 
 thing that had been done to them. They acted as if that 
 country had been made for them and no other people had 
 a right there. People of other religions came, like the 
 Quakers, but the Puritans tried to drive them out of the 
 country, and were very cruel to those who would not go. 
 
 What Roger "Williams Said. — Among the people who 
 came was a young minister named Roger Williams. He 
 was sorry for the Indians, for he did not think they had 
 been treated right. He said the land belonged to them, 
 not to the king of England, and that the king had no right 
 to give away what was not his. He talked much with the 
 Indians, and could soon speak to them in their own lan- 
 guage. They thought him their best friend, and were 
 always glad to see him and to help him in any way they 
 could. 
 
 71 
 
ROGER WILLIAMS 
 
 The People Take Action. — The people of Boston did 
 not like this, for they were afraid that it would make the 
 king very angry. They tried to make Mr. Williams stop 
 talking about the wrongs of the Indians. When they 
 found he would not do so, they sent an officer to arrest 
 him and put him on board ship. They were going to send 
 him back to England, for they did not want any men with 
 them who chose to think anything wrong which they said 
 was right. 
 
 An Escape into the "Woods. — The officer did not find 
 Roger Williams. He had been told what was to be done 
 with him, so he left his house and went into the woods 
 where he could not be found. In those days the woods 
 were not far from any man's house, and they had plenty 
 of hiding-places. He made up his mind to go to the old 
 Indian chief Massasoit, who was his friend, and had been 
 the friend of the white men ever since he made the treaty 
 of peace with the Pilgrims. 
 
 The Forest in "Winter. — Poor Roger Williams had a 
 long way to go. Massasoit lived about eighty miles to the 
 south. It would not have been so bad in summer-time, for 
 then we all love to wander in the woods among the leaves 
 and flowers. But it was now winter, and the ground was 
 covered with snow. There were no leaves on the trees, 
 and their branches rattled like dry sticks in the cold wind. 
 He took a small supply of food, and also a hatchet to chop 
 wood for his fires, and a flint and steel. In those days 
 there were no matches, and men had to strike a spark with 
 
 72 
 
ROGER WILLIAMS 
 
 05=-< 
 
 a flint and steel to start a fire. This was often very hard to 
 do. He had also a little pocket-compass, so that he could 
 find his way in the thick woods, for the compass showed 
 him which way was north and 
 which was south. ■.,-. 
 
 A Dreary Journey.— On and f i* 
 
 on went the poor young man, 
 wading through the snow and 
 shivering in the cold winds. At 
 night he would scrape together 
 some bits of dry wood and make 
 a fire with his flint and steel. 
 Then he would cut twigs from 
 some of the trees to make him 
 a bed on the damp ground, or 
 he might creep into a hollow 
 tree. It was a cold and dreary 
 journey that he made, and he was a very glad man when 
 he came to the cabin of the good chief. 
 
 The Coming- of Spring-. — Massasoit took him in and fed 
 and warmed him, for he was cold and hungry. He kept 
 him till the winter was over, for he loved the man who had 
 been the friend of the red men. When the spring came 
 and the air grew warm some of his white friends came to 
 find Mr. Williams, and they got into a canoe and paddled 
 down-stream. This the good chief told them to do. 
 
 A Good Stopping-Place. — All the Indians knew Mr. 
 Williams, and as he paddled along some of them who stood 
 
 73 
 
 -mm 
 
 »$3 
 
 ROGER WILLIAMS BANISHED. 
 
ROGER WILLIAMS 
 
 on the river-side called out, " What cheer ?" That was 
 their way of saying, " How do you do ?" Mr. Williams 
 went on shore and had a talk with them, and told them 
 how he had been driven from his home and was seeking a 
 place to build a new home. They told him to go a little 
 farther down, and he would find a good place to build, and 
 a fine spring of water. So he and his friends paddled on 
 till they reached the spot, which they liked very well in- 
 deed. Mr. Williams called it Prov'i-dence, for he said a 
 good Providence had helped him. To-day the large city 
 of Providence stands there. 
 
 Religious Liberty. — It was not only his love for the 
 Indians that made the people of Boston dislike Roger 
 Williams. He loved white men as well as Indians, and 
 said that all men had a right to worship God in the way 
 they thought the best. This was not what the Puritans 
 taught, and they did not want a man like Roger Williams 
 among them. After he and his friends had built them- 
 selves houses, they sent out word that all men, no matter 
 what they believed, could have a home in Providence. 
 Jews might come as well as Christians, and people who 
 went to no church at all could live there in peace. It was 
 the first place in the world where people had full liberty of 
 thought, and for this Roger Williams has ever since been 
 praised, for in those days there was not much liberty of 
 any kind. 
 
 Rhode Island. — The colony started by the young min- 
 ister in time grew to be a State of the American Union, 
 
 74 
 
ROGER WILLIAMS 
 
 and is known under the name of Rhode Island. It is the 
 smallest of the States, but has more people than some much 
 larger ones, and a number 
 of busy cities where there 
 are great factories and use- 
 ful things of many kinds 
 
 NEW ENGLAND AND NEW NETHERLAND. 
 
 are made. From it religious liberty has spread over the 
 whole country. 
 
 Tell what you know about — 
 
 1. The Puritans and how they acted. 
 
 2. Why they did not like Roger Williams. 
 
 3. The story of the journey through the woods. 
 
 4. How the colony of Rhode Island was founded. 
 
 75 
 
KING PHILIP 
 
 KING PHILIP. 
 
 The Sons of Massasoit. — We are sure our young readers 
 have not forgotten who Massasoit was. He was the good 
 friend of the Pilgrims and of Roger Williams, and for 
 many years he did his best to keep peace between the 
 white and the red men. But at length he died, as all 
 men, good and bad, must. He left two sons, who did not 
 feel kindly towards the whites. They saw that these 
 people were going out all over the country and taking the 
 land of the Indians as if it were their own. One day a 
 chief asked a white man who came to see him to sit down 
 with him on a log. Then he kept asking him to move 
 along, until he came to the end of the log. 
 
 " Move farther," said the Indian. 
 
 " I cannot," said the white man. " I am at the end of 
 the log now." 
 
 " That is the way it is with us," said the chief. " You 
 have asked us to move, and to move again, until we are as 
 far as we can go, and now you ask us to move farther still." 
 
 The Young Chief Dies. — One of the sons of Massasoit 
 was named Al-ex-an'der by the whites. The other was 
 named Philip. Alexander became chief after his father 
 died. The people of Plymouth were told that he was try- 
 ing to get the Indians to make war on the whites ; so they 
 sent some soldiers, who brought him to Plymouth. The 
 proud young chief felt very badly at being treated in this 
 way. He took sick, and died soon after he got back home. 
 
 76 
 
KING PHILIP 
 
 His wife said the white men had given him poison, and this 
 the Indians believed. 
 
 An Indian King-. — Philip now became chief. He called 
 himself King Philip, and no doubt fancied himself as great 
 a man as the king of England, though he had only a bark 
 hut to live in and his finest dress was a red blanket. For 
 a crown he wore a circlet with ornaments made of round 
 bits of shell with holes bored in them. The Indians called 
 these wampum, and used them for money. 
 
 What Philip Thought. — Philip was sure that the white 
 men had killed his brother, and was afraid they might kill 
 him next. And they had taken so much land from the 
 tribe that there was very little left. He saw that one thing 
 or another would soon take place. The Indians must 
 drive out the whites, or the whites would drive out the 
 Indians. The red men were no longer afraid of bullets. 
 They now had guns of their own and knew how to use 
 them. So Philip made up his mind to fight the white men 
 and try to drive them out of the country. 
 
 Indian Warfare. — This was not the first time the In- 
 dians had fought. There had been a war in Con-nec'ti- 
 cut soon after the whites came there, and nearly a whole 
 tribe of Indians had lost their lives. But now there was 
 to be a great and cruel war, which would not end until 
 many white men had been slain and many homes burned. 
 Philip told the Indfens to fight, and they began shooting at 
 the white people from behind rocks and trees, and men 
 were killed as they went quietly along the roads. 
 
 77 
 
KING PHILIP 
 
 A BLOCK-HOUSE. 
 
 House-Burning. — Soon the Indians began to attack the 
 villages of the whites. They would creep up in the night, 
 
 set fire to the houses, 
 
 shoot the men when they 
 ran out of their burning 
 homes, and carry off the 
 women and children if 
 they could catch them. 
 There were many terri- 
 ble fights. At one place 
 the people all flocked into a strong building called a block- 
 house. The Indians tried to set fire to this, by shooting 
 arrows with blazing rags on their points. In this way the 
 roof was set on fire ; but the men ran up and put out the 
 fire. Then the Indians pushed a cart full of blazing hay 
 against the house. Just as it caught fire and began to 
 burn there came a shower of rain, and the fire was again 
 put out. Soon after some white soldiers came, and the 
 Indians fled into the woods. 
 
 The Indians Driven Back. — There were many other 
 wonderful escapes, but the war kept on for a long time 
 and numbers of the poor settlers lost their lives. But 
 though the Indians were bold and daring the white men 
 knew more about war, and after a while they began to 
 drive the Indians back. One of their forts was taken and 
 the village inside was set on fire, so that there was terrible 
 loss of life. 
 
 Captain Church and King- Philip. — There was a great 
 
 78 
 
KING PHILIP 
 
 fighter among the whites named Captain Church, who did 
 much to bring the war to an end. He followed King Philip 
 and his men from place to place, and took many of them 
 prisoners. Among these were the wife and the little boy 
 of the Indian king. When Philip heard of this he was 
 very sad. " It breaks my heart, 1 ' he said ; " now I am 
 ready to die." 
 
 The End of the "War. — He did not live long after that. 
 Captain Church hunted him from one hiding-place to 
 
 DEATH OF KING PHILIP. 
 
 another. At length he came back to his old home at 
 Mount Hope, in Rhode Island, the place where Massasoit 
 lived when Roger Williams came to him through the 
 woods. Here King Philip was shot, and the war was at 
 
 79 
 
THE REGICIDES AND THE CHARTER 
 
 an end. It had lasted for more than a year, and many on 
 both sides had been killed. But the Indians never again 
 tried to fight the whites in that part of the country. 
 
 Tell in your own words — 
 
 1. What you know about the sons of Massasoit. 
 
 2. What Philip tried to do. 
 
 3. The story of the war. 
 
 4. What Captain Church did. 
 
 THE REGICIDES AND THE CHARTER. 
 
 The Regicides. — Much more might be said about New 
 England, for many things took place there worth the tell- 
 ing. One of these stories is that of the regicides (rej'e- 
 sides). A regicide is a man who has helped to put a king 
 to death. Charles I., king of England, was put to death 
 by the people, and the judges who sentenced him to death 
 were called by this name. When Charles II. became king 
 he tried to arrest and punish all those judges, but two of 
 them, named Goffe and Whalley, got safely out of England 
 and made their way to America, where they were hidden 
 by their friends. 
 
 Pursuit and Escape. — The governors in America tried 
 to seize these two men and send them back to England, 
 and had them hunted like wild beasts, so that they often 
 had to flee for their lives. For a long time they lived in a 
 cave in the rocks, and their friends brought them food. 
 At one time, when they were closely pursued, they hid 
 
 80 
 
THE REGICIDES AND THE CHARTER 
 
 under a bridge, and heard their enemies ride over their 
 heads. Then they slipped out and got back to their hiding- 
 place. They were never caught, for many of the people 
 helped to hide them and saw that they had food to eat. 
 
 The Fight at Hadley. — One of these men lived for a 
 long time in the house of a minister in the town of Hadley. 
 
 THE DEFENCE OF HADLEY. 
 
 None of the people knew he was there, for a secret room 
 had been built for him, and he never went out except when 
 all the people were in bed. This was during the Indian 
 war with King Philip, and one day the Indians came yelling 
 into the streets. All at once an old man, with a long white 
 beard, was seen in the street and put himself at the head 
 of the people and helped them to drive the Indians away. 
 Then he was lost to sight as suddenly as he had come. 
 
 6 81 
 
THE REGICIDES AND THE CHARTER 
 
 The people thought he was an angel sent to their help ; but 
 it was General Goffe, the regicide, who had gone back to 
 his hiding-place. 
 
 "What a Charter is. — Now, here is a good story of a 
 charter. But it is best to begin by telling what a charter 
 is. It is a paper given by a ruler to a people, in which he 
 grants them the right to do certain things or to hold certain 
 powers. The kings of England gave charters to all the 
 colonies in America. Under some of these the people 
 were free to govern themselves and to do almost as they 
 pleased, while others did not give them so much power. 
 
 The Connecticut Charter. — The best of these charters 
 was the one given by Charles II. to the colony of Con-nec'- 
 ti-cut. The people of this colony thought a great deal of 
 their charter, and were very glad to be given the right to 
 govern themselves in their own way. But Charles II. died, 
 and his brother, James II., became king, and soon there 
 was a change. The new king was a tyrant. That is, he 
 wanted to make all the laws himself and to take from the 
 people all their rights. He tried to do this both in England 
 and America. He thought the people of Connecticut had 
 too much liberty, and he sent orders to take from them the 
 charter of which they were so proud. 
 
 Governor Andros Comes to Hartford. — Andros, the 
 king's governor, came from Boston to Hartford, in Connec- 
 ticut, and told the people that they must give him their 
 charter, in the king's name. The poor colonists did not 
 know what to do. They hated to give it up, but the king 
 
 82 
 
THE REGICIDES AND THE CHARTER 
 
 was master and they were afraid to disobey, for he might 
 send soldiers to punish them. But for all that, Governor 
 Andros had to go back to Boston without the charter, and 
 this is how it came about. 
 
 The Talk Over the Charter. — The governor was asked 
 to come into the state-house to discuss the question, and 
 there he sat in the chair of state, with the members of the 
 assembly in their chairs on the floor. The charter lay on 
 the table between them, and they talked at a great rate, 
 for some of the members thought they could get him to 
 leave them their charter. This he would not do. He had 
 the orders of the king and must obey them. 
 
 The Lights Put Out. — In those days tallow candles were 
 the only lights people used. A number of these lit up the 
 room, — but not very brightly, we may be sure of that. 
 Suddenly, while they were talking, all the lights were 
 put out, and everybody was left in the dark. If this had 
 been in our time a dozen matches would at once have been 
 lit. But in those days it took time to make a light, for 
 there was no such thing as a match, and the old flint and 
 steel had to be used. So there was hurrying about and 
 loud calling and snapping of flint on steel, and it took some 
 time before the candles could be lighted again. Then the 
 governor opened his eyes very wide, for he saw that the 
 charter was gone. 
 
 The Charter Taken. — Some one had taken the charter 
 from the table while the lights were out, and he could not 
 get it back, though he swore a great deal, as men did in 
 
 83 
 
THE REGICIDES AND THE CHARTER 
 
 those days. Nobody knew where it had been taken, and 
 years passed before it was seen again. It was not until 
 after James II. was driven from the throne and a new king 
 took his place that the charter was brought back. All 
 that time it had lain in its case in a hollow tree in the main 
 street of Hartford, where nobody thought of looking for it. 
 The Charter Oak. — It is said that the lights were put out 
 by a bold young soldier named Captain Wadsworth, who 
 threw his cloak over them. Then he snatched up the 
 
 charter from the table 
 and got quickly out of 
 the hall by a door or a 
 window. He lost no 
 time, but ran as fast as 
 he could to the old oak- 
 tree with the hole in its 
 side which stood in the 
 main street of the town. 
 The case which held 
 the charter was pushed 
 into the hole and fell to 
 the bottom of the hol- 
 low tree, and there it 
 lay until it was safe to 
 bring it out again. The 
 old tree was long known as the Charter Oak, and was 
 loved and cherished by all the people as long as it stood. 
 Now nothing but some of its wood is left. 
 
 84 
 
 PLACING THE CHARTER IN THE OAK. 
 
THE REGICIDES AND THE CHARTER 
 
 Governor Fletcher and the Militia. — A bold man in- 
 deed was Captain Wadsworth. Some years after the 
 charter was brought back to the state-house another gov- 
 ernor, named Fletcher, came from New York to take com- 
 mand of the militia* of Connecticut. But the people did 
 not want any stranger to have power over them, and Cap- 
 tain Wadsworth made up his mind that this governor 
 should not make out any better than Governor Andros had 
 done. 
 
 The Roll of the Drums. — Governor Fletcher called out 
 the militia, and began to read to them the paper which he 
 said gave him the right to command. But the minute he 
 began to read Captain Wadsworth ordered the drummers 
 to beat their drums, and there was such a rattle and roll 
 that not a word could be heard. 
 
 " Silence !" cried Fletcher. The drums stopped their 
 noise, and he began to read again. 
 
 " Drum !" cried Wadsworth, and the noise was louder 
 than ever. 
 
 " Silence !" shouted Fletcher, who was now very red in 
 the face. 
 
 " Drum, I say !" cried the captain. Then he turned to 
 Fletcher and said, laying his hand on his sword, " If you 
 interrupt me again I will make the sun shine through you 
 in a minute." 
 
 * Militia: The people who are drilled to act as soldiers if they 
 
 should be needed. They are the same as the citizen soldiers or 
 
 National Guard of to-day. 
 
 85 
 
LORD BALTIMORE 
 
 So the governor gave it up and went back to New York. 
 He must have thought that Connecticut was not a good 
 place for royal governors. 
 
 Tell as well as you can — 
 
 1. What is meant by the regicides. 
 
 2. How they were hidden from their enemies. 
 
 3. What happened in Hadley. 
 
 Also tell in your own words — 
 
 4. What a charter is. 
 
 5. How the Connecticut charter was saved. 
 
 6. How Governor Fletcher was sent back. 
 
 ¥¥ 
 
 LORD BALTIMORE. 
 
 How the Catholics were Treated. — The Pilgrims and 
 the Puritans were not the only people in England who 
 were ill-used on account of their religion. The Catholics 
 — those who were members of the Church of Rome — 
 were also treated with great cruelty. The law said that 
 they must attend the Church of England. If they did not 
 do so they were made to pay a large sum of money, equal 
 to several hundred dollars, or were sent to prison. This 
 was very unjust, and one of the English Catholics, a noble- 
 man named Lord Baltimore, asked the king for a tract of 
 land in America where he and his friends might dwell in 
 peace. 
 
 The Grant to Lord Baltimore. — The king was a friend 
 
 86 
 
LORD BALTIMORE 
 
 of Lord Baltimore, and gave him a large tract just north 
 
 of Virginia. It was bounded on the south by the Po-to'- 
 
 mac River, which runs down from 
 
 the mountains and past the city of 
 
 Washington. The king called this 
 
 country Maryland, after his wife, I 
 
 Queen Mary, who was a Catholic. 
 
 All Lord Baltimore was to pay for it 
 
 was two Indian arrows every year, 
 
 and, if he found any gold or silver, CECILIUb CALVERT - 
 
 J ° (Second) Lord Baltimore. 
 
 the king was to have a share of that, 
 
 too. These arrows were of no use to the king, but they 
 were asked for as a sort of rent. They showed that the 
 king had not given up all his rights in Maryland. 
 
 The Land Bought from the Indians. — It was in the 
 year 1634 that the people sent by Lord Baltimore came 
 to Maryland. When the ship reached the shore the 
 Indians ran up to see who these white strangers were. 
 There was a small Indian town where they stopped, but 
 the red men were about to leave it, so as to get away from 
 some savage tribes farther north. When the white men 
 offered to buy their land, and to pay for it with hatchets, 
 knives, and beads, they were very glad to sell. They did 
 more than that. They stayed long enough to show the new- 
 comers how to hunt in the woods and to plant corn. And 
 their women taught the white women how to make hominy 
 from their corn and how to bake johnny-cakes. 
 
 Religious Liberty. — Soon there was built a village which 
 
 87 
 
LORD BALTIMORE 
 
 was named St. Mary's, and a church was started in a large 
 Indian wigwam, or bark house. I have told you that the 
 Puritans would not let anybody else dwell in peace in their 
 settlement. 
 The Catho- 
 lics did not 
 act in that 
 way. Lord 
 Baltimore 
 said that 
 
 every Christian who came to 
 Maryland should have the 
 right to worship God in his 
 own manner. He was the first 
 to offer what is called religious 
 liberty, for Roger Williams did 
 not do the same until a few 
 years afterwards. But Lord 
 Baltimore said Christians only. 
 Roger Williams said that all people should be free to think 
 and worship. 
 
 The Catholics Ill-Treated. — The people who soon began 
 to come to Maryland did not know what religious liberty 
 meant. The Catholics had asked them to come, but 
 when a number of Puritans and others got there they 
 tried to take the land from Lord Baltimore, and said that the 
 Catholics should not have the right to worship in their own 
 churches. So religious liberty did not last long in Maryland. 
 
 THE MIDDLE COLONIES. 
 
LORD BALTIMORE 
 
 Lord Baltimore Loses his Province. — For many years 
 there was trouble in Maryland, and much fighting went on. 
 The province was taken away from Lord Baltimore, — not the 
 first Lord Baltimore, but his son. When a new king, named 
 King William, came to the throne, he claimed Maryland as 
 his own, and said that the Catholics should not have a church 
 and should not worship God in their own way in Maryland. 
 
 A Protestant Lord. — After many years there was a 
 young Lord Baltimore who changed from Catholic to Prot- 
 estant and joined the Church of England. The king then 
 gave him back the province of Maryland. This was in 1715. 
 It was not taken away again until 1776, when the people of 
 America set themselves free from any masters on the other 
 side of the ocean. The Catholics of Maryland were treated 
 very unjustly. They had given religious liberty to others 
 and their own liberty to worship was taken away. 
 
 Progress in Maryland. — Tobacco was planted in Mary- 
 land, slaves were kept there, and all went well with the 
 people for many years. Towns were built, one of them 
 being named Baltimore, in honor of Lord Baltimore. 
 This is now a large and rich city. But St. Mary's, the 
 first town built, has gone, and there is hardly a mark to- 
 day to show where it once stood. 
 
 Tell— 
 
 1. How the Catholics were treated in England. 
 
 2. What Lord Baltimore did. 
 
 3. What liberty was given in Maryland. 
 
 4. How the Catholics were treated there. 
 
 89 
 
WILLIAM PENN 
 
 WILLIAM PENN. 
 
 The Church of England. — Do any of our young readers 
 know what is meant by the Church of England ? At any 
 rate, you must know that there are several forms of the 
 Christian religion, known by various names. The people 
 who belong to these do not agree in all their beliefs and 
 ideas. In some of them the ministers are paid by the 
 government, and in some they are not. The Church of 
 England is the form of religion which is kept up or paid 
 for by the English government. 
 
 How Others were Treated. — All forms of religion go 
 on side by side in England to-day, and no one meddles 
 with them, though only one has the aid of the govern- 
 ment. But a few hundred years ago all people who did 
 not attend the Church of England, but had their own ideas 
 about religion, were treated as if they were thieves or very 
 bad people. Some of them were kept in jail for years. 
 Some were beaten with whips. Some were put in the 
 stocks, to be called ugly names and have mud thrown at 
 them by the mob. 
 
 Why they were Glad to Get to America. — We can 
 well see why men like these were glad to get to America, 
 where they could worship God in their own way in peace. 
 The Pilgrims who came to Plymouth were one class of 
 them. The Puritans who settled Boston were another. 
 The Catholics who came to Maryland were a third. There 
 was one more class of these people who lived a very sad 
 
 90 
 
WILLIAM PENN 
 
 life in England. These called themselves Friends, but 
 the people called them Quakers, and some of their leaders 
 spent much of their time in jail, not because they had 
 done wrong, but because they did not agree with others in 
 their religious beliefs. 
 
 The Friends, or Quakers. — The Friends were mostly 
 poor working people, whom the great lords looked upon as 
 the very scum of the earth. But they were not all of this 
 kind, for one of them was the son of a great ad'mi-ral, 
 who had fought for England upon the seas. This did not 
 keep his son from being sent to jail and ill-treated in other 
 ways. 
 
 William Penn and his Father. — This young man's 
 name was William Penn. When he joined the poor and 
 humble Quakers his father was 
 so angry that he turned him 
 out-of-doors into the street. 
 The poor lad would have been 
 in a bad way, indeed, if his 
 mother had not sent him mo- 
 ney. After a while his father 
 let him come home again, but 
 would not see him, for he was 
 angry still. As happens with 
 
 many a boy in our own days, his mother was his best 
 friend. 
 
 "William Penn's Plan. — At length Admiral Penn died, 
 and his son became the head of the house. The pious 
 
 91 
 
 WILLIAM FEMN. 
 
WILLIAM PENN 
 
 young man was tired of being sent to jail and of seeing 
 his friends in jail for no fault of theirs. He thought it 
 would be wise to do as the Pilgrims and Puritans had 
 done. There w 7 as plenty of land in America, where a 
 home might be found for the poor Friends in which they 
 could live happily and worship God in the way that they 
 thought right. 
 
 The King's Debt. — Now, it seems that the king of Eng- 
 land had owed a large sum of money to Admiral Penn, 
 which he now owed to his son. But the king was one of 
 the kind of people who spend money so fast that they can- 
 not pay their debts, and William Penn was not likely to 
 get his money soon. He told the king of a way in which 
 he could get rid of his debt easily. There was land 
 beyond the sea which had cost him nothing and which he 
 could give away, and Penn asked for a tract of this land 
 which lay on the west side of the Delaware River. If he 
 would give him this he would never ask for the money 
 he owed. 
 
 The King- Pays his Debt. — King Charles was glad to 
 pay his debts in this easy way. He did not think the land 
 of much value, for he gave Penn a tract nearly as large as 
 the whole of England. All William Penn had to pay the 
 king for this was two beaver-skins every year and one-fifth 
 of all the gold and silver that should be mined. No gold 
 or silver was found, so the king got nothing but his beaver- 
 skins. King Charles named the country Penn-syl-va'ni-a, 
 which means Penn's Woods. 
 
 92 
 
WILLIAM PENN AND HIS PROVINCE 
 
 Tell what you can about — 
 
 1. The Church of England. 
 
 2. Why so many people came to America. 
 
 3. Who was William Penn. 
 
 4. Why did he want land in America. 
 
 5. How the king paid his debt. 
 
 ¥¥ 
 
 WILLIAM PENN AND HIS PROVINCE. 
 
 The Delaware River. — What do any of you know 
 about the Del'a-ware River? Have you ever seen this 
 fine, broad stream that flows for many miles between the 
 
 penn's landing. 
 
 States of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, and ends in the 
 "wide body of water known as Delaware Bay? On its 
 banks stands the great city of Phil-a-del'phi-a, in which 
 more than a million people live, and in which are thou- 
 
 93 
 
WILLIAM PENN AND HIS PROVINCE 
 
 sands of busy mills and workshops- and stores. This 
 mighty city we owe to William Penn. It is what came 
 from the way in which the king paid his debt. 
 
 A New City. — When William Penn came over the ocean 
 to the new land which the king had given him, he sailed for 
 many miles up Delaware Bay and River till he came to a 
 place which had been chosen for a city. The ship he came 
 in had the pretty name of the Welcome, and to the city he 
 gave the name of Philadelphia, which means Brotherly 
 Love. He hoped that all its people would act like brothers. 
 We are sorry to say that they have not all acted that way, 
 and do not act that way to-day. Do you think there is as 
 much brotherly love as there should be in any of the cities 
 of the world ? 
 
 Houses and Streets. — The first people who came dug 
 holes in the river bank, and spent the winter in these holes 
 like so many mice. No doubt they found it cold there, 
 though they had plenty of wood to burn. As soon as 
 Penn came, in the year 1682, houses were built, and streets 
 were cut through the woods, and a large city was laid out 
 on paper. Many trees were cut down, but their names 
 were kept, for these were given to the streets. Thus it is 
 that many of the streets of Philadelphia still bear the names 
 of trees, such as Chestnut, Walnut, Pine, Locust, and so on. 
 
 The Rights of the Indians. — While all this was taking 
 place, the Indians looked on in wonder. They had their 
 homes under these trees and had hunted deer where many 
 of the great buildings of the city now stand. We may well 
 
 94 
 
WILLIAM PENN AND HIS PROVINCE 
 
 think that they did not like this coming of the white men to 
 take their lands. They did not know what right a king on 
 the other side of the sea had to give away what he never 
 owned and what had always belonged to them and their 
 fathers before them. 
 
 What William Penn Thought. — William Penn thought 
 the same thing. He knew very well that King Charles did 
 not own this land, and had no right to give away the 
 homes of the red men. Like a good Friend, he wished to 
 be just to the Indians and live in peace with them. So he 
 called them together to 
 have a talk and to pay 
 them for the land which 
 he knew belonged to 
 them and not to the 
 English king. 
 
 The Elm-Tree. — It 
 was a fine scene when 
 Penn and the Indians 
 came together under a 
 great elm-tree on the 
 river side. That elm- 
 tree stood there for more than a hundred years afterwards. 
 When the British army was in Philadelphia, in the Rev-o- 
 lu'tion-a-ry* War, the generals let the soldiers cut down 
 
 PENN TREATY MONUMENT. 
 
 * Revolutionary : Changing a form of government in a sudden 
 manner. The Revolution was the war by which this country gained 
 its freedom from England. 
 
 95 
 
WILLIAM PENN AND HIS PROVINCE 
 
 trees for fire-wood, but would not let them touch that tree. 
 They had some feeling for the noble elm, under whose shade 
 Penn's treaty with the Indians had been made. The tree is 
 gone now, and a stone mon'u-ment marks its place. 
 
 Penn the Indian's Friend. — We do not know just what 
 took place at that meeting, but we know that Penn paid 
 the Indians for their land, and became their firm friend. 
 He was a young man then and joined the Indians in their 
 sports. Once when he saw them running and jumping, he 
 took part and showed them that he could jump farther 
 than any of them. This made them think more of him 
 than ever. 
 
 Friends and Indians. — From that time the Friends and 
 the Indians lived in peace. No Friend ever robbed or hurt 
 an Indian, and it is said that no Indian ever hurt one he 
 knew to be a Friend. They dwelt together for many years 
 in peace. Other people came to Pennsylvania and did 
 wrong to the Indians, but they loved William Penn and his 
 people and looked on them as friends and brothers. 
 
 Penn and his Province. — William Penn soon went back 
 to England, but people kept coming to the new city, and 
 trees were cut down, and streets laid out, and houses built, 
 until it grew to be the largest city in America. But poor 
 William Penn got little good out of his great province on 
 the Delaware. He spent a great deal of money on it but 
 very little was given him back, and at last he was put in 
 prison for debt, as he had been years before for his religion. 
 
 The Gift of the Red Men.— When William Penn died 
 
 96 
 
JAMES OGLETHORPE 
 
 he left the province out of which he had got so little good 
 to his sons. The Indians sent some beautiful furs to his 
 widow in memory of their great and good brother. These, 
 
 EARLY PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 they said, were to make her a cloak, " to protect her while 
 she was passing without her guide through the thorny 
 wil'der-ness of life." 
 
 Tell what you know — 
 
 1. About the province and city of William Penn. 
 
 2. How the city was laid out. 
 
 3. Penn's treaty with the Indians. 
 
 4. How the Indians and the Friends lived together. 
 
 5. William Penn's later life. 
 
 Date to remember : The founding of Philadelphia, 1682. 
 
 JAMES OGLETHORPE. 
 
 Modern Freedom. — All our young readers may well be 
 glad that they live in this age of the world. Every man in 
 our country to-day is free to think as he pleases ; and to 
 act as he pleases, too, if he does not break the laws. And 
 
 7 97 
 
JAMES OGLETHORPE 
 
 the laws are much more just and much less cruel than they 
 were one or two hundred years ago. 
 
 How Debtors were Treated. — We have seen how un- 
 just the old-time laws were in regard to religion. They 
 were quite as unjust in other ways. Men who owed money 
 to others could be treated with great cruelty. Debtors, or 
 people who owed money, could be put in prison, and kept 
 there until their debts were paid. The prisons were very 
 dirty, and were full of poor men, who had no way to earn 
 the money to pay their debts and were not let out to work. 
 Many of them took sick and died, and some were starved 
 to death by cruel jailers, who would not give them food to 
 eat if they had no money to pay for it. 
 
 What Oglethorpe Found. — One man who died in this 
 way was a friend of General James Oglethorpe (O-gel'thorp), 
 a brave English soldier. When he learned that his friend 
 was dead, he went to the prisons in 
 which debtors were kept, and what 
 he saw there made him sick at heart. 
 Many of these poor men were honest 
 and willing to work if they could, but 
 they had no chance while in prison. 
 
 Oglethorpe's Plan. — General Ogle- 
 thorpe now went to the king, and 
 asked him for a grant of land in 
 America. He wished to take these 
 poor fellows out of jail and go with them across the ocean 
 to a place where they could work and earn the means of 
 
 98 
 
 JAMES OGLETHORPE. 
 
JAMES OGLETHORPE 
 
 living. He was sure they would soon do as well as other 
 men. It was far better to take them to the New World 
 than to let them die in prison. 
 
 Where Georgia Lies. — The king gave him what he 
 asked for. The land given him is now known as Georgia. 
 
 After Vir- 
 ginia had 
 been set- 
 tled, other 
 settlers 
 went far- 
 ther south, 
 to what are 
 now called 
 North and South Car-o-li'na, 
 and formed colonies there. 
 Still farther south lay Flor- 
 ida, where the Spaniards 
 had settled. The land that 
 Oglethorpe asked for lay 
 between Carolina and Florida. He named it Georgia (jor'- 
 je-ah), after King George of England. 
 
 Building- New Homes. — It was in the year 1733 that 
 General Oglethorpe reached his new province. He brought 
 many of the poor debtors with him, and landed with them 
 on the banks of a fine river, where he laid out a town 
 which he named Sa-van'nah. The debtors soon showed 
 that all they wanted was a chance to work and earn their 
 
 99 
 
 THE CAROLINAS AND GEORGIA. 
 
JAMES OGLETHORPE 
 
 living. They started at once to cut down trees, build 
 houses, and plant fields, and a very pretty town soon 
 began to show itself. 
 
 Buying the Land — Growth of the Colony. — General 
 Oglethorpe had no trouble with the Indians, for he bought 
 the land he needed. They had plenty of it and were 
 
 
 BUYING THE LAND FROM THE INDIANS. 
 
 quite willing to sell. Some Germans soon came over and 
 settled in the country, and people came from other parts 
 of Europe. Some of them planted corn ; others tried to 
 make silk ; but in time cotton became the chief crop. 
 
 War with the Spaniards. — The Spaniards in Florida 
 said that this land belonged to them and that the English 
 had no right there. They tried to drive them out, and this 
 
 100 
 
THE INDIANS OF THE NORTH 
 
 brought on war. General Oglethorpe, I have said, was 
 a soldier and was not afraid of the Spaniards. He fought 
 them and drove them back, and they soon found that they 
 had better let the English alone. 
 
 What Oglethorpe Lived to See. — The kind-hearted 
 general lived to be a very old man. He did not die until 
 long after the Revolution, when Georgia was a State and 
 was filling up fast with people. The little town which he 
 had started on the Savannah River was then a fine city, 
 with broad streets planted with shade trees and handsome 
 parks. The old man, no doubt, took great pride in this 
 grand city and the large State which owed their start to 
 him. 
 
 Tell about — 
 
 1 The debtors' prisons. 
 
 2. What Oglethorpe wished to do. 
 
 3. Where Georgia lies. 
 
 4. How it was settled. 
 
 5. What Oglethorpe lived to see. 
 
 Date to remember : Settlement of Georgia, 1733. 
 
 ¥¥ 
 
 THE INDIANS OP THE NORTH. 
 
 A Look Backward. — It is well, when one has gone a 
 long way over strange ground, to go back and look over the 
 ground again, so as to fix it in the mind. That is what we 
 have done, we have travelled far over strange ground, and 
 it may be well to go back a little. From the time Columbus 
 crossed the ocean to the New World to the time that Ogle- 
 
 101 
 
THE INDIANS OF THE NORTH 
 
 thorpe brought the poor debtors from the English prisons 
 to Georgia more than two hundred years had passed away, 
 and in that time much more took place than we have been 
 able to tell. 
 
 The Country and its People. — In those two hundred 
 years the Spaniards had spread far over Mexico and South 
 America, and the French over Canada and along the Mis- 
 sissippi River. But the English had done much less. 
 They had started thirteen colonies along the coast between 
 Maine and Florida, but they had not gone far from the 
 water's edge. All the mountain country and all the broad 
 plains of the west were still the homes of the red men. 
 
 They lived in great 
 forests, where the 
 Indian camp-fires 
 blazed under the 
 Lrees, and where the 
 red men hunted the 
 deer in the woods 
 and fished in the flowing streams. You have read much 
 about the white men ; now let us learn something about 
 the first owners of the soil, the red Indians. 
 
 The Indians. — In all parts of the country where the 
 white men had landed they had found people with skin of 
 the color of copper and with black hair and eyes. In the 
 north these people were wild and savage and lived mostly 
 by hunting. They had villages, it is true, with houses of 
 bark, some of them quite large. But most of the people 
 
 102 
 
 INDIANS BUILDING A CANOE. 
 
THE INDIANS OF THE NORTH 
 
 lived in little tents covered with skins or bark, which they 
 called wig'wams. 
 
 Open-Air Life. — The Indians were not much like us in 
 one way. They did not care to stay in their houses, ex- 
 
 *■•■ , 
 
 AN INDIAN VILLAGE SCENE. 
 
 cept in the cold winter 
 
 weather, but liked to 
 
 spend their time in the 
 
 open air. Now they 
 
 hunted in the forest, now fished in the streams, now 
 
 smoked their pipes in front of their huts. The great woods 
 
 spread everywhere, and they loved to wander under the 
 
 trees or to paddle their light canoes down the streams. 
 
 Clothing- and "Weapons. — For clothes they wore the 
 skins of wild animals, and they painted their faces and 
 stuck feathers in their hair, and tried to make themselves 
 look as ugly and fierce as they could. They seemed to 
 think they could scare their enemies by ugly faces. They 
 had no guns, but used bows and arrows and stone hatchets, 
 
 103 
 
THE INDIANS OF THE NORTH 
 
 which they called tom'a-hawks. But after the white men 
 came to America the Indians got guns and iron hatchets, 
 and wore blankets instead of skins. They traded the furs 
 of foxes and other animals for these things. 
 
 Cruel Customs. — The red men were very fond of fight- 
 ing. You have been told how they fought with the whites. 
 They fought as much with each other before the white 
 men came. One tribe or body of them would fight with 
 another, and they were very cruel to those they took 
 pris'o-ner in battle, for they would tie them to a tree 
 and burn them to death. All the hair was shaved off 
 their heads except one lock, called the scalp-lock. When 
 one of them was killed in battle this lock was used to pull 
 off his scalp, or the skin of his head. All this was very 
 cruel and savage, and the Indians in some ways were as 
 bad as the wolves of the wild wood. 
 
 i^sew* ., Work of the Women. — The men 
 
 p^ ^^^^ ^F^ would do nothing but hunt and fight, 
 ^pp£z$£z^ . or make stone pipes and bark canoes. 
 At home the women had to do all 
 the work, such as cooking and other 
 house duties, and building the wig- 
 wams. They had also to plant and 
 ^■§P=-. hoe the corn and gather it when ripe. 
 
 INDIAN WOMAN WEAVING. „_, ,, . , n , i n n 
 
 When they wished to make a fire they 
 would rub two dry sticks together until they grew so hot as 
 to begin to burn. This was hard work, and we may be sure 
 they did not let their fires go out if they could help it. 
 
 104 
 
THE INDIANS OF THE NORTH 
 
 Food and Tobacco. — For food they had corn and beans 
 and squashes and such plants, but they lived mostly on the 
 fish they caught and the game they killed in the forests. 
 They were very fond of smoking tobacco, and soon taught 
 the white men how to smoke the tobacco-leaf. In return, 
 the white men taught them to drink whiskey, which was a 
 much worse gift than tobacco. 
 
 The Tribe and the Totem. — A tribe of Indians was 
 made up of many men and women, who lived in one place 
 and spoke the same language. Each tribe was made up of 
 small groups, which we call clans. Every clan had some 
 animal which it called its totem, such as the wolf, the bear, 
 or the tortoise. The Indian was proud of the totem of his 
 clan, and wore its figure tattooed on 
 his breast ; that is, it was picked into 
 the skin with needles. Each clan 
 had its sachem, or peace-chief. They 
 also had war-chiefs, who led them 
 to battle. These chiefs were their 
 rulers, and made such laws as they 
 had. 
 
 Following- the Trail. — The Indians 
 had wonderful skill in the forests. 
 They could follow their enemies or 
 the beasts of the woods for miles by the smallest marks. 
 A broken stick, a piece of torn moss, or a footprint that 
 we could not see at all was like the page of a book to their 
 eyes. They read the trees and the ground as we read our 
 
 105 
 
 INDIAN CHIEF. 
 
THE INDIANS OF THE NORTH 
 
 books, and a track which would mean nothing to us was 
 plain and full of meaning to them. 
 
 Doctors and Dances. — The Indians had what they 
 called " medicine-men." These were their doctors as well 
 as their priests. They tried to cure the sick by magic, and 
 used charms and spells in all they did. Very likely they 
 killed as many as they cured. There were many Indian 
 dances. The war-dance took place round a post, which 
 they struck with their knives and hatchets as they danced, 
 as though it was something they could hurt. 
 
 Shell Beads. — For money they used what they called 
 wam'pum. This was made of round pieces of sea-shells, 
 in which they bored holes so that they could run strings 
 through them. They used these strings of shell beads for 
 
 PENN TREATY WAMPUM BELT. 
 
 ornaments. Wampum was made into belts, with figures 
 of various kinds on them. These all meant something, and 
 the Indians could read them and tell what they stood for. 
 
 1. Tell where the Spanish, French, and English settled. 
 
 2. Where the Indians lived. 
 
 3. Tell about the Indian houses, their clothes, their war-customs, 
 their work. 
 
 4. About their food, their totems, following the trail, doctors, 
 dances, and wampum. 
 
 106 
 
THE INDIANS OF THE SOUTH AND WEST 
 
 THE INDIANS OF THE SOUTH AND WEST. 
 
 Farming Tribes. — The Indians who lived in the South, 
 near the Gulf of Mexico, were not so wild and savage as 
 those of the North. They hunted and fished as did the 
 Indians of the North, but they did more farming, and had 
 large, well-built towns or villages. Com, pumpkins, beans, 
 and other plants were grown, and much of the food was 
 kept in large buildings for the use of all the tribe. 
 
 Sun-Worshippers. — Some of the tribes had large temples 
 and many priests, and kept feast- and fast-days. They 
 looked on the sun as a god, and had a fire always burn- 
 ing in the temple. They were afraid of some great evil if 
 this sacred fire should go out, and watched it day and 
 night. They had a great chief, who ruled over the whole 
 tribe, a head war-chief, a high-priest, and other leaders. 
 
 The Green-Corn Festival. — Some of their holidays were 
 kept in great state. The Creek Indians had their green- 
 corn festival in the autumn, and it was very beautiful. 
 The high-priest, dressed in pure white, sat on a white seat 
 and fanned the sacred fire with the wing of a snow-white 
 swan. The first ripe ears of the corn were burnt in the 
 fire as an offering to the sun. The women also wore 
 white, and the men had white feathers on their heads, and 
 they all danced gayly to the music of whistles and drums. 
 
 The Pueblo Indians. — In the far West were Indians who 
 built houses that w T ere like towns, for they had hundreds 
 of rooms, so that a whole tribe, of as many as three thou- 
 
 107 
 
THE INDIANS OF THE SOUTH AND WEST 
 
 sand people, could live in a single house. These had no 
 doors or windows, and could only be got into by ladders 
 and through holes in the roof. There was not much rain 
 
 
 ^^w 
 
 mm*?- 
 
 
 
 
 
 A PUEBLO HABITATION. 
 
 where they were built, or they could not have had their 
 doors in the roof. These people raised large crops of corn 
 and other food-plants, and dug canals to bring the water 
 from the rivers into their fields, for there was not rain 
 enough to water them. 
 
 The Cliff-Dwellers. — Some of their houses stood on the 
 tops of high and steep hills, which were very hard to climb. 
 This was done to protect them from the savage tribes 
 which lived near by. There were also Indians who lived 
 in holes in the sides of high cliffs, which they reached by 
 very steep paths. These are called cliff-dwellers. It was 
 
 108 
 
THE INDIANS OF THE SOUTH AND WEST 
 
 only in that way that they could save themselves from 
 their enemies, who hunted them like so many wild beasts. 
 
 The Number of Indians. — Very likely you think there 
 were a great many Indians in this vast country which now 
 holds so many millions of white men. This is a mistake ; 
 there were not many of them. There are three or four 
 cities in our country to-day each of which has more people 
 than all the Indians in this broad land when the whites 
 first came. Men who live by hunting need much room to 
 live in, while those who live by farming need little room. 
 
 The Indians of To-Day. — The Indians are not so cruel 
 now as they were when the white men first came to Amer- 
 ica, and they do not fight so much as they did years ago. 
 Many of them now live by farming, the younger girls and 
 boys attend school at home and the older girls and boys 
 are sent away to schools, where they are taught to work as 
 well as to read and write. The boys learn trades and the 
 girls learn to sew and to do house-work, and when they go 
 back to their homes they engage in some useful work. 
 These Indian schools are kept up by the government. Do 
 you not think that it is better to treat the Indians in this 
 way than to keep them in ignorance ? 
 
 Tell about — 
 
 1. The southern Indians. 
 
 2. The green-corn festival, 
 
 3. The Indians of the West. 
 
 4. The cliff-dwellers. 
 
 5. The number of Indians. 
 
 6. The Indian schools. 
 
 109 
 
LIFE IN NEW ENGLAND 
 
 LIFE IN NEW ENGLAND. 
 
 Useful Questions. — Do I not hear some of our readers 
 asking questions? I hope they are doing so. It is well 
 they should want to know more about the people who 
 made their homes in America, what kind of people they 
 were, how they lived, what work they did, and what good 
 times they had. All this is part of the story of a people. 
 Let us stop here and tell something about the life of the 
 white people, as we have done about the life of the Indians. 
 
 The Pioneer Houses. — No doubt you would like to 
 know about the people of New England, the men and 
 women who settled at Plymouth and Boston and spread 
 out to other places. How did they live and what kind of 
 houses did they have ? Well, it must be said that they had 
 none of the great and fine buildings we see to-day, but 
 lived in houses we would think small and plain. The first 
 houses were built of logs, laid one upon another, and were 
 only one story high. They had very steep roofs, covered 
 with thatch ; that is, with straw or reeds or any thing that 
 would keep out the rain. 
 
 Warming- the Houses. — As time went on larger houses 
 were built, some of wood and brick and some of stone. 
 But the largest of these would look small to us. At first the 
 chimneys were made of wood, covered on the inside with 
 clay, so that they would not catch on fire. But later on 
 they were built of stone. At the bottom of the chimneys 
 were great stone fireplaces, some of them wide enough to 
 
 no 
 
LIFE IN NEW ENGLAND 
 
 COLONIAL FIREPLACE. 
 
 burn logs four feet long. In those days there were no 
 
 stoves and only wood was burned. Coal was not used. 
 
 And there were no fur- 
 naces to heat the houses, 
 
 so that the bedrooms in 
 
 winter were icy cold. 
 
 Everybody then went 
 
 shivering to bed and 
 
 got up shivering, and 
 
 when they wanted to 
 
 wash their faces they 
 
 often had to break the 
 ice to get at the water. 
 
 Glass and Clocks. — There was very little glass for the 
 windows, 'and oiled paper was used in its place. Where 
 glass was used it was in small, thick panes set in lead. 
 These did not let much light through. Very few people 
 had clocks, and most of them used the sun as a clock. 
 That is, the houses faced to the south, so that when the 
 sun shone straight in the windows the people knew that it 
 was noon and time for dinner. There was not much furni- 
 ture, and all they had was rude and rough, except that 
 which was brought from England. 
 
 Cooking and Pood. — The people of the house lived in 
 the kitchen, where they could warm themselves before the 
 great fire, and read by its light if they had any books. The 
 cooking was done over this fire, the pots being hung on 
 iron cranes and the pans set on the coals. But they did not 
 
 ill 
 
LIFE IN NEW ENGLAND 
 
 have as many things to cook as we have. Many of them 
 lived on mush and milk, or pork and beans, and their 
 bread was made of rye and cornmeal. 
 
 The Glad Spring-Time. — I am sure if any of us had lived 
 there in those days we should have been glad to see the 
 spring-time come, and felt joy at the coming of the birds and 
 the budding of the leaves and flowers. And on Sundays we 
 should have put on our best clothes and gladly made our 
 way to church through the green fields. The working 
 people had only leather or coarse cloth to wear, and the 
 women wore dresses of plain homespun* on week-days. 
 Of course they had something better for Sundays. 
 
 Dress of the "Wealthy. — The rich 
 made more show in their clothes, some 
 of them wearing silk or velvet, with 
 lace at their wrists and gold lace on 
 their cloaks. They had rich belts and 
 gold and silver buttons,, and wore knee- 
 breeches and high boots. In their 
 hands they carried gold-headed canes, 
 and in their pockets were snuff-boxes 
 of gold or silver, of which they made 
 much use, for nearly everybody then took snuff. Snuff, you 
 should know, is tobacco dried and ground as fine as powder. 
 
 * Homespun : Cloth spun and woven at home. Every farm-house 
 
 had its spinning-wheel, on which the woman spun flax or wool into 
 
 thread. This was woven into cloth, from which their clothing was 
 
 made. 
 
 112 
 
 COSTUMES OF THE PURITANS. 
 
LIFE IN NEW ENGLAND 
 
 Titles Used. — In those days it was not the custom to 
 call common people Mr. or Mrs. These were used only for 
 preachers and people in high station, and all others, ex- 
 cept servants, were called Good-man or Good-wife. There 
 was little education in the old times, and a learned man or 
 woman was held in great honor. 
 
 Sports of the People. — You may want to know how the 
 Puritans enjoyed themselves. We know that they had very 
 little music and would not let any one dance, and most of 
 their singing was of hymns and psalms. The games we 
 have to-day were not known ; but in spite of that the 
 young people had their sports. They had what they called 
 quilting- and husking-parties and spinning-bees, in which 
 they got pleasure out of work. And they had sleigh-rides, 
 and picnics, and hunting- and fishing-parties, and swimming 
 and skating and other amusements. 
 
 Feast-Days. — Then there was thanksgiving-day, when 
 the tables were filled with good things to eat, and election- 
 and training-days, when they had their out-door games. 
 A wedding was a day of feast and frolic, and even a funeral 
 was followed by a great dinner. Most of the people had 
 to work hard and long to make a living, and they made 
 the most of their few holidays. 
 
 Going 1 to Church. — Sunday was their one day of rest. 
 But no one could engage in sports or have fun on that 
 day, for they thought it wicked to laugh or play on Sunday. 
 All who did not go to church were punished. A bell or a 
 horn or the sound of a drum would call them to church, 
 
 8 113 
 
LIFE IN NEW ENGLAND 
 
 and off they would start, in their best clothes and with 
 their guns on their shoulders. They had to bring these, for 
 they knew that the Indians cared nothing for Sunday, and 
 
 PURITANS GOING TO CHURCH. 
 
 that they might have to fight for life on their way to church. 
 The church was like a fort, for it had around it a fence of 
 strong stakes driven into the ground, and there was often 
 a cannon or two near by or on its roof. 
 
 "Waking- the Sleepers. — I am afraid none of us would 
 have liked much to go to those old-time churches, for the 
 sermons were very long and tiresome. Sometimes they 
 would be three or four hours long, and it was a sad fault 
 to go to sleep. The constable was always on hand with a 
 
 114 
 
LIFE IN NEW ENGLAND 
 
 long staff to waken the sleepers. One end of his staff had 
 on it the foot of a rabhit, and the other a rabbit's tail. 
 If a woman went to sleep he brushed the tail softly over 
 her face. But if a boy took a nap, down would come the 
 rabbit's foot on his head with a sharp rap, and up he would 
 start very wide awake. The old people then sat in one 
 part of the church, the young men in another, and the 
 young women in a third. Boys sat in the gallery or on 
 the steps of the pulpit. It must have been fun to those 
 who were wide awake to see the sleepers stirred up with a 
 rap on the head. No doubt boys then were like boys now, 
 and saw things to amuse them even in church, though they 
 did not dare to laugh. 
 
 How They Worked. — There was plenty of hard work 
 to do. Most of the people were farmers, and the soil was 
 poor and stony. Some worked in shops, making shoes, 
 hats, paper, furniture, and tools for farming. The women 
 had their spinning-wheels, and were kept busy making 
 homespun cloth, of which I have already spoken. There 
 were ship-yards on the coast where many vessels were 
 built. Some of these sailed to the West Indies, and others 
 went to the icy north in search of whales. 
 
 A Life of Danger. — Every man and boy over sixteen 
 years of age had to drill as a soldier. This was on account 
 of the danger from the Indians. The farm-houses were 
 built like forts, and the villages had strong buildings called 
 block-houses, where all could run in times of danger. 
 These had a second story wider than the first, with holes 
 
 115 
 
LIFE IN THE MIDDLE AND SOUTHERN COLONIES 
 
 in the floor, through which the men could fire down on the 
 Indians below. It was a sad time when people had to be 
 always ready to fight for their lives. 
 
 Tell what you can about — 
 
 1. The houses of the first settlers, how they lived, and what they 
 
 had to eat. 
 
 2. The clothes they wore. 
 
 3. How they enjoyed themselves, 
 
 4. How they were kept awake in church. 
 
 5. How they worked. 
 
 LIFE IN THE MIDDLE AND SOUTHERN COLONIES. 
 
 The People of Philadelphia. — Life in the middle colo- 
 nies was not very different from life in New England. The 
 
 Dutch of New York had 
 their own ways, but these 
 I have told about under 
 the heading New York. 
 In like manner the 
 Friends, or Quakers, had 
 their own ways in Phila- 
 delphia, but there is not 
 much new to be said 
 about them. They lived 
 in neat two-story houses, with wide gardens and orchards 
 around them, and everybody had all the fruit they wanted. 
 There were trees along the streets, and the houses were 
 
 116 
 
 
 Ws? •>•- .5^81 
 
 
 
 iife'i^iiii 
 
 fefe.-;;^ 
 
 p^^ " -' ■'"'" '■-- 
 
 n.T> HOUSE IN PHILADELPHIA. 
 
LIFE IN THE MIDDLE AND SOUTHERN COLONIES 
 
 often used for shops. To show that goods were for sale 
 inside they hung out a basket, a beehive, a wooden anchor, 
 or some such sign at the door. The people were very 
 quiet and sober, and did not care much for amusements. 
 In their houses and their work they were much like the 
 people of New England. It is likely our boys and girls 
 would have thought it dull and stupid in those old cities, 
 but the people of those days did not think so, for they had 
 never known anything better. 
 
 The Southern People. — Life in the South was not like 
 life in the North. In the first place, the people were differ- 
 ent. They did not come to the New World to work or to 
 pray, as the Puritans did, and did not expect to get rich 
 by trading with the Indians for furs, like the Dutch. Many 
 of them had been gentlemen in England, with more pride 
 than money. These did not know how to work, and they 
 hoped to get rich by finding mines of gold or silver, or in 
 some such easy way. Others of them were poor men who 
 were sold for a time to the planters, and were little better 
 than slaves. And soon negro slaves were bought and set 
 to work on the farms or in the tobacco-fields. 
 
 The Climate of the South. — In the second place, the 
 South was much warmer than the North, so that life was 
 easier and people did not suffer from the cold. They did 
 not need to keep up such blazing fires or to huddle round 
 the great open fireplaces to keep warm, and their house- 
 walls did not have to be so thick and close. The people 
 were not nearly so strict about church-going and were 
 
 117 
 
LIFE IN THE MIDDLE AND SOUTHERN COLONIES 
 
 fonder of sports, so that life here was much more gay and 
 lively. 
 
 Life on Farms. — There were no large towns in the 
 South. Nearly all the people there were farmers and 
 planters, raising tobacco and rice and other crops, so that 
 their dwellings were like great farm-houses. There were 
 not many little farms, for most of the land was cut up into 
 large plantations,* with a great house in the middle, and the 
 small houses of the slaves at a distance. Each of these 
 had its little garden and poultry-yard, for the negroes have 
 always been fond of poultry. 
 
 Houses of the Planters. — The planters, when they 
 grew rich, built themselves large wood or brick mansions, 
 
 A MANOR-HOUSE IN VIRGINIA. 
 
 often very grand inside. The stairs were broad, and hand- 
 some woods were used for mantels and furniture. There 
 was much gold- and silverware on the sideboards. Every- 
 
 * Plantation : a great estate, often of many hundreds of acres. 
 
 118 
 
LIFE IN THE MIDDLE AND SOUTHERN COLONIES 
 
 where costly things were shown, and the planters were 
 very glad to have travellers stop to see them, for they 
 had a lonely life on their great estates. 
 
 How the Planters Lived.— Many of the rich planters 
 lived like lords, with fine horses in their stables and many 
 hunting dogs. They went to church in a great coach drawn 
 by six showy horses. They were fond of horse-racing, and 
 were much given to gambling and drinking. 
 
 How they Dressed. — The rich dressed in fine style, with 
 three-cornered hats and long velvet 
 coats, and with knee-breeches, silk 
 stockings, and shoes with silver buck- 
 les. Their hair was long and tied be- 
 hind with a silk ribbon, and covered 
 with white powder. This was their 
 party dress. Such a dress would look 
 very queer and old-fashioned nowa- 
 days, but in those times it was thought 
 
 ^ DEESS OF THE VIRGINIANS. 
 
 very grand. 
 
 How the Poor Lived. — The poor white people led a 
 different life. They wore coarse clothes and were mostly 
 rough and ignorant. In the far South many of them 
 lived in the back country, where they had small farms, 
 and spent much of their time in hunting game in the woods. 
 They lived far apart, and their only roads were paths 
 through the forest. Notches were cut in the trees to show 
 the right path. This they called " blazing the way. 11 
 
 Lack of Schools. — There were no free schools any- 
 
 119 
 
LIFE IN THE MIDDLE AND SOUTHERN COLONIES 
 
 where in the South in those days and very little education. 
 There were colleges for the children of the rich, and some 
 of them sent their sons to England to be educated. But 
 the poor had very little chance to learn, and most of them 
 could not read or write. 
 
 In the Carolinas. — In North Carolina there were great 
 pine-woods along the coast, and the people made tar and 
 turpentine from the trees. In South Carolina they raised 
 rice instead of tobacco. Indigo was also grown there. Cot- 
 ton was planted, but not much was done with it in the early 
 days. Later it became the great crop of the far South. 
 
 Life in the Backwoods. — What else would you like to 
 know about those early days? There is so much to be 
 told that it would take a book to tell it all. Children went 
 barefoot in summer, and their fathers and mothers often 
 did the same. In the backwoods the men wore a loose 
 hunting shirt and a fur cap, and moccasins, or Indian skin- 
 shoes, on their feet. They lived very much like Indians, 
 and could track game as well as the red men. 
 
 The Lights in Use. — They had very poor lights. No 
 one dreamed of the electric light or even of gas, and there 
 were scarcely any lamps. Candles were made of tallow, 
 and some of the poor used torches of pitch-pine or burned 
 a wick in a vessel of grease. Only a few dim oil-lanterns 
 lit up the streets of the cities. It was late before stoves 
 were used for heating, and later still before they were used 
 for cooking. We would be very sorry, indeed, if we had 
 to live as our forefathers did. 
 
 120 
 
YOUNG BENJAMIN FRANKLIN 
 
 Tell about— 
 
 1. How people lived in Philadelphia. 
 
 2. What the Southern people were like. 
 
 3. The planters and their houses. 
 
 4. How the poor lived. 
 
 5. How they dressed. 
 
 6. What kind of lights they used. 
 
 YOUNG BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. 
 
 Poor Boys who Became Great Men. — It is a good thing 
 to know that many of the great and wise men who have 
 lived in the world began life as poor boys and had to work 
 hard for their living. There was Abraham Lincoln, who 
 was a very poor boy, but who became President of the 
 United States. There have been dozens of such men, 
 some who lived long ago, and some who live now. Does 
 it not give hope even to the poorest to learn that others 
 as poor as they have become great and rich and wise, 
 and been honored by all the world ? Let us talk now 
 about one of these, tell how a poor boy became a great 
 man, and what he had to do with the history of our 
 country. 
 
 Mr. Franklin, of Boston. — You know where Boston is, 
 and how it was settled by the Puritans. Long after that 
 time there lived in Boston a poor man named Josiah 
 Franklin, and, like many poor men, he had many children 
 to take care of. There were seventeen of them in all, but 
 
 121 
 
YOUNG BENJAMIN FRANKLIN 
 
 the youngest son, who was named Benjamin, is the only 
 one that you will care to know about. 
 
 From School to Candle-Making-. — Mr. Franklin made 
 soap and candles for a living, and his children had to help 
 him, for he could not afford to hire help. Little Benjamin 
 was put at this work when he was ten years old. He had 
 been only two years at school, and never went again. He 
 had learned little more than how to read and write, and 
 was now kept busy in the candle-shop, cutting wicks, pour- 
 ing melted tallow, running errands, and doing other work. 
 Reading- and Playing. — The little lad did not like this. 
 He was very fond of reading, but he had no chance to read 
 except at night, by the light of the kitchen fire or of one 
 
 of the tallow candles 
 he had helped to 
 make. Like many 
 boys, he loved to 
 play about the water, 
 to fish and swim 
 and row a boat, and 
 now and then he 
 got into mischief, as 
 boys are apt to do. 
 At one time he 
 thought it would be 
 a fine thing to have a wharf to fish from, so he got the 
 other boys to help him build one out of some stones that 
 were to be used to build a house. 
 
 122 
 
 THE KITCHEN FIRE. 
 
YOUNG BENJAMIN FRANKLIN 
 
 The Pay that Mischief Brings. — This was done in the 
 evening, and when the men came to work on the house 
 the next morning they found that the stones were gone, 
 while a new stone pier reached out into the water. This 
 made them very angry, and they complained to the parents 
 of the boys. Young Franklin and some of the rest of them 
 got paid for their fun with a good whipping. He said he 
 thought that work was useful, and that it was a good thing 
 to build a pier, but his father told him that nothing was 
 useful that was not honest. 
 
 Benjamin Wants to be a Sailor. — The boy grew so fond 
 of the water that he wanted to go to sea and be a sailor. 
 This, he thought, would be better than making candles, 
 which he did not like at all. When his father found he 
 had such a notion, he was afraid he might run away and 
 go to sea, as one of his other sons had done, so he looked 
 around for some work that the boy would like better. 
 
 Learning to Print. — One of his sons, James Franklin, 
 had-a printing-office, and as Benjamin was so fond of books 
 his father thought he might like this business, so he put 
 him to work at the printing trade in his brother's office. 
 Benjamin found this much nicer than making candles, and 
 he soon learned to set types and do the work of the office. 
 But what he most liked to do was to go to the book-stores, 
 where he would borrow books to read. Sometimes he sat 
 up all night to read a book so that he might take it back in 
 the morning. In that way he got to know more than 
 many boys who go to school for a long time. 
 
 123 
 
YOUNG BENJAMIN FRANKLIN 
 
 Living without Meat. — Benjamin had a great fancy for 
 trying new things. One of these was to live without meat. 
 He told his brother that if he would give him half the 
 money he paid for his board he would find his own food. 
 James did this, and the boy at once quit eating meat and 
 lived on bread and potatoes and other cheap things. In 
 this way he saved a little money, which he spent for books. 
 He liked to feed his mind more than to. feed his body. 
 
 "Writing- Verses. — In this way Benjamin got to know 
 many things, and he grew so fond of books that he soon 
 began to write himself. He began by writing verses, which 
 his brother printed and sent him round town to sell. It 
 made the boy very proud to sell his own poetry, but his 
 father laughed at him. " Verse-makers," he told him, 
 " are likely to be beggars.' 1 
 
 "Writing- for a Newspaper. — When Benjamin heard this 
 he gave up poetry and took to writing prose. His brother 
 printed a little newspaper, one of the first in America, and 
 Benjamin wrote small things for this paper. He used to 
 go down to the office at night and slip them under the 
 door, so that no one would know who wrote them. His 
 brother liked these pieces, and printed them in his paper, 
 and the boy grew proud again when he heard them talked 
 of in the office as very good. He did not tell any one that 
 he had written them. 
 
 Benjamin as an Editor. — But it was not a pleasant 
 thing to print a newspaper in those days. There was 
 something put in the paper that made the governor very 
 
 124 
 
YOUNG BENJAMIN FRANKLIN 
 
 angry, and James Franklin was sent to prison for a month. 
 While he was in prison Benjamin got out the paper, and 
 put in it some very sharp things which he wrote himself. 
 It is likely these made the governor angry again, for when 
 James was set free he was told he could not print a news- 
 paper any longer. 
 
 He Leaves the Office. — James did not want to give up 
 his paper, so he now printed it in the name of Benjamin 
 Franklin. It was a great thing for a boy to have his name 
 put at the head of a newspaper, and it may have made 
 him a little saucy. His brother and he had many quarrels, 
 and after a while Benjamin said he would not work for 
 him any longer, and left the office. 
 
 Benjamin Leaves Boston. — He tried to get work in the 
 other printing-offices in town, but none of them would take 
 him, so he made up his mind to leave Boston. He got 
 some money by selling some of his books, and took passage 
 on a sloop for New York. This was done secretly, for^ he 
 was still only a boy of seventeen. There was no work to 
 be had in New York, so he set out once more, this time for 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Tell about— 
 
 1. Poor boys who became great men. 
 
 2. How Benjamin Franklin got his education. 
 
 3. How he got into mischief. 
 
 4. His work in his brother's office. 
 
 5. How he wrote for a newspaper. 
 
 6. What made him leave Boston. 
 
 125 
 
FRANKLIN IN PHILADELPHIA 
 
 FRANKLIN IN PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 A Journey to Philadelphia. — If one of us wished to go 
 from New York to Philadelphia we would get into a car on 
 an express train, and be taken there in two hours. But 
 there were no railroads in early times, and it took young 
 Benjamin Franklin more than two days to make the same 
 journey. Part of the way he went in a boat and part of it 
 he went on foot. When he got to Philadelphia he walked 
 up the street in his working clothes with his spare stock- 
 ings and shirt stuffed into his pockets. He was hungry and 
 bought three large rolls of bread in a baker's shop. Two 
 of these he put under his arms and went on eating the 
 third, while he looked about him at the city. 
 
 Franklin is Laughed at. — A girl named Deborah Read, 
 who was standing at the door of her father's shop, saw him 
 as he walked along, and laughed to see the funny-looking 
 boy, with his hands and his arms full of bread and his 
 pockets full of clothes. Deborah got to know this boy bet- 
 ter in later years, and in the end she became his wife, and 
 a very good wife she was. 
 
 A Hard- Working- Boy. — Benjamin soon got work to do 
 in Philadelphia. He had read so much and was such a 
 good worker that he got along very well. It was not many 
 years before he had a printing-office of his own, and a 
 newspaper, too, which he soon made one of the best in 
 the country. He worked very hard to pay for all this, and 
 might be seen at work in his office late at night. When 
 
 126 
 
FRANKLIN IN PHILADELPHIA 
 
 FRANKLIN AS A PRINTER. 
 
 he wanted paper he was not too proud to wheel it along 
 the street in a wheelbarrow in his plain working-clothes, 
 for he did not think it 
 any disgrace to work. 
 
 Benjamin in Busi- 
 ness. — Any one who 
 works this way is sure 
 to get along. The 
 young printer did many 
 things to help him on. 
 He sold stationery, rags, 
 soaps, and coffee in his 
 shop. He made ink. 
 He bound books. And 
 all the time he kept 
 reading, until people began to look on him as a very learned 
 man. After he married Deborah Read, she helped him 
 in the shop and did all the work of the house. They 
 lived in a very plain way, for they wanted to get out of 
 debt and save money. Thus it was that Benjamin Frank- 
 lin in time began to grow rich. 
 
 A Plain-Speaking Editor. — Franklin soon showed the 
 people that he was a man of good sense and that he was 
 not afraid to say what he thought. Some people thought 
 he spoke too plainly in his paper, and told him that if he 
 did not quit writing in that way they would stop taking 
 his paper. When they said this Franklin said nothing back 
 except to ask them to come and take supper with him. 
 
 127 
 
FRANKLIN IN PHILADELPHIA 
 
 Franklin's Supper Party. — The fault-finding people 
 came, for they thought they would get something very good 
 to eat. But when they sat down at the table they opened 
 their eyes wide, for they saw nothing to eat but a large dish 
 of corn-meal mush and only a pitcher of cold water to drink. 
 This mush was made of coarse, yellow meal. Only the 
 poorest people ate it, and it was called " sawdust pudding. 1 ' 
 " Help yourselves, gentlemen," said Franklin. He filled 
 up his plate and theirs also, and ate away as if he thought 
 it very good, but his guests only played with their spoons. 
 They could not eat such food. 
 
 " My friends," said Franklin, when he had finished his 
 supper, " I wish to say that any one 
 who can live, as I do, on sawdust 
 pudding and cold water does not 
 need your help. So you need not 
 take the paper if you do not like 
 it." After that they let Franklin 
 alone, and more people than ever 
 read his paper. 
 
 Poor Richard's Almanac. — 
 Franklin soon started an almanac, 
 which he called " Poor Richard's Almanac." Many people 
 read almanacs in those days. This one was full of wise 
 and witty sayings, many of them about saving time and 
 money, and soon everybody was buying the almanac, for 
 there were not many books to be had. It was printed 
 yearly for many years and became quite famous. 
 
 128 
 
 BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. 
 
FRANKLIN IN PHILADELPHIA 
 
 Franklin Works for the City. — But Franklin did not 
 spend all his time in making money. He was always 
 doing something for the good of the city. He got some of 
 his friends to bring their books together, and in that way 
 he started the first public library in America. He also got 
 the people to form a fire company and a military company, 
 and to pave their muddy sidewalks with stone. These 
 were a few of the many things he did for Philadelphia. 
 
 The Franklin Stove. — We have told about the big fire- 
 places, where the people did their cooking and warmed 
 themselves. But they had to burn a great deal of wood, 
 for most of the heat went up the wide chimney. Franklin 
 made a sort of iron fireplace or open stove that saved 
 much of the heat and was used for a long time. It was 
 called the Franklin stove. 
 
 What is Lightning? — Franklin, as I have said, was 
 always trying to find out new tilings. One thing he wanted 
 to learn was what made the lightning. He thought it 
 might be the same thing as e-lec-tri'ci-ty, which many 
 learned men were then studying. Electricity is a common 
 thing now, and gives us the electric light, the telegraph, and 
 the trolley-car ; but then people knew very little about it. 
 
 The Kite in the Clouds. — Franklin thought that if light- 
 ning was the same as electricity it would pass along a string 
 the same way. So one stormy day he raised a kite up into 
 the clouds with a string of hemp, and with a key tied to the 
 bottom. After he had waited awhile a spark came from 
 the key into his fingers and he felt a shock. This made 
 9 129 
 
FRANKLIN IN PHILADELPHIA 
 
 him very glad, for now he knew that lightning was indeed 
 electricity. That kite-raising made him famous all over 
 the world, and it gave him the idea of the lightning-rod, 
 which carries lightning away from houses. 
 
 Franklin as a Patriot. — Franklin did many things for 
 the country. AVhen war broke out with the French he 
 helped to build forts and buy wagons and raise soldiers. 
 Later on there was war with England, and Franklin was 
 one of the most active of men. He was sent to France to 
 try and get help from the French king, and after the war 
 he was one of those who made the treaty of peace. 
 
 "What he did for the Country. — When he got home 
 again there was no one in this country whom the people 
 thought so much of. He Avas nearly the only American 
 whose name was known all over the world. He had 
 helped to make the country free, and he helped afterwards 
 to make the great state paper called the Con-sti-tu'tion. 
 Then he died, an old and honored man. Thus the poor 
 little Boston boy became in time one of the greatest and 
 noblest of men. 
 
 Tell in your own words — 
 
 1. How Franklin came to Philadelphia. 
 
 2. How he started business. 
 
 3. His dinner on sawdust pudding. 
 
 4. What Poor Richard's Almanac was like. 
 
 5. What Franklin did for Philadelphia. 
 
 6. The story of the kite. 
 
 7. What he did for the country. 
 
 130 
 
YOUNG GEORGE WASHINGTON 
 
 YOUNG GEORGE WASHINGTON. 
 
 A Virginia Boy. — At the same time that Benjamin 
 Franklin was printing his paper and selling goods in his 
 shop a boy was born in Virginia who was to become as 
 great a man as he, but in another way. The Boston boy 
 became great in peace, but the Virginia boy was to become 
 great in war. He was not a poor boy like Franklin, for his 
 father lived on a plantation and had many slaves, and the 
 son was sent for years to school. 
 
 Washing-ton at School. — This boy's name was George 
 Washington. He was not a great reader like Franklin, and 
 it is likely he was fonder of play out of doors than of study 
 in school, for he was a strong, manly boy, who could beat 
 all his school-mates in their sports. There was not one of 
 them who could run as fast, or jump as far, or throw a 
 stone as high as he could. When they played soldier he 
 was always their captain, and he thought much more of 
 being a soldier than of being a scholar. There are many 
 stories told about what he did in his young days, but it is 
 very likely that most of these things did not take place, so 
 I will not speak of them. 
 
 Lord Fairfax's Land. — George stayed at school until he 
 was sixteen years of age. He became a great friend of 
 Lord Fairfax, who owned a large tract of land in Virginia, 
 and with whom he often went out hunting. One thing 
 George had learned was to survey or measure land, and 
 Lord Fairfax hired him to survey his land, which lay west 
 
 131 
 
YOUNG GEORGE WASHINGTON 
 
 of the mountains, in what is now called the Shen-an-do'ah 
 Valley. So, taking another boy with him, our lad of sixteen 
 set out for this work. 
 
 Life in the "Woods. — It was a wild country ; the forests 
 spread far over the valley and the mountain-sides. There 
 were some white men in that country, but there were In- 
 dians, too, and a party of them once danced a war-dance 
 
 for the young sur- 
 veyors. The two 
 boys had to make 
 their own paths 
 through the woods, 
 and shoot wild tur- 
 keys or squirrels, 
 and sometimes a 
 deer, for food. This 
 meat they would cook by holding 
 ■ y £ it over the fire on a stick. When 
 
 ™ / they wanted plates they would cut 
 
 THE YOUNG SURVEYORS. SOmP ^^ Cm P S fr ° m * ^ Wltil 
 
 their axe. They did not have 
 much trouble in washing their dishes. They could throw 
 them into the fire and cut new ones for the next time. 
 
 A Forest Survey. — All day long they would work in the 
 woods with a long chain, measuring the land, and making 
 a map of their work. Then they would go to sleep under 
 the trees wrapped in a blanket. They made a fire if the 
 weather was cold. When Washington came back, Lord 
 
 132 
 
YOUNG GEORGE WASHINGTON 
 
 Fairfax was much pleased with the work he had done, and 
 paid him very well for it. 
 
 The English and the French. — The time came when 
 there was other work for Washington to do. We have told 
 how the French settled in Canada and along the great lakes. 
 The English settled along the coast, but they were now 
 going deeper into the forests and the mountains. Between 
 the French and the English there was a broad country 
 which both of them claimed to own, but in which no one 
 lived but the Indians. 
 
 The French Forts. — About the year 1750 the French 
 made up their minds to take this land for their own, and 
 soon they were building forts south of Lake Erie. It was 
 the Ohio River they wanted, for the English were moving 
 west to settle along this river and the French were trying 
 to stop them. The lands on the Ohio were very rich, and 
 both parties wanted to take and hold them. 
 
 What the Governor Did. — When the governor of Vir- 
 ginia heard what the French were doing he did not like it 
 at all. This land, he said, belonged to England, not to 
 France, and the French must leave it or fight for it. He 
 decided to send some one there to tell them this, and 
 he picked out George Washington as the best man for 
 the task. 
 
 Washington as a Woodsman. — Washington was very 
 young for such work. He was just twenty-one years old. 
 But he was tall and strong and quick-witted and not afraid 
 of any man or anything. And he knew all about the 
 
 133 
 
YOUNG GEORGE WASHINGTON 
 
 woods and the Indians and how to take care of himself in 
 the deep forest. This made him very fit for the task, for he 
 would have to go more than a thousand miles through the 
 wild woods, and over mountains and streams, and through 
 the cold and snows. 
 
 The Journey to the Ports. — Washington put on Indian 
 clothes, and set out with a man named Gist ( jist) and some 
 others on his long journey to the French forts. He was 
 now Major Washington, for the governor had made him an 
 army officer. Part of the way he went on horseback, but 
 part of it had to be on foot. There were no roads through 
 the woods, nothing but Indian paths, and there were moun- 
 tains to climb and rivers to swim. 
 
 The French Plans. — After a long journey they reached 
 the French fort, but they soon found that the French 
 had come there to stay. The land was theirs, they said, 
 and they would not give it up to please the English. 
 They were getting canoes ready to go on to the Ohio 
 River the next spring. 
 
 The Indian Guide. — When he found he could do no 
 more at the fort, Washington started back. Part of the 
 way he went in canoes and part on foot, for the horses 
 were too weak to travel. Washington and Gist went on by 
 themselves, with an Indian for guide. But the Indian w T as 
 a bad man, and one day he fired at them and tried to kill 
 them. After that they went on alone through the deep 
 woods, and in a few days more came to the banks of a 
 wide river. 
 
 134 
 
YOUNG GEORGE WASHINGTON 
 
 THK AM. Mill ANY R1VK 
 
 Crossing the Alleghany. — This river was the Al-le- 
 gha'ny, which flows into the Ohio. It had been frozen, 
 but the ice was r - - -- - -- --- = - 
 
 now broken and 
 
 was floating down 
 
 the stream. There 
 
 was only one thing 
 
 to do. They made 
 
 a raft out of logs 
 
 and got on it, using 
 
 long poles to push 
 
 it through the ice. 
 
 While they were 
 
 crossing a great piece of ice struck Washington's pole and 
 
 he was thrown into the freezing water. He had hard work 
 
 to climb back on to the raft again. 
 
 A Night on an Island. — They got ashore after a while 
 on a little island, but there was no wood on this and they 
 could not make a fire. Washington was wet to the skin 
 with the cold water and had to walk about all night to 
 keep from freezing. The next morning they found that the 
 ice was frozen, and walked over it to the other side. 
 
 Washington's Report. — Washington soon after got a 
 horse and rode back to Virginia, where the governor was 
 glad to see him and hear his report. It was very plain that 
 if the English wanted the land they would have to fight for 
 it, for the French were not going to give it up. There had 
 been fighting between the French and the English before, 
 
 135 
 
WASHINGTON IN WAR 
 
 but now there was to be a great war, which would last for 
 years. 
 
 Tell about — 
 
 1. George Washington's school-days. 
 
 2. How he surveyed in the woods. 
 
 3. What the French and the English wanted. 
 
 4. How Washington went to the French forts. 
 
 5. The Indian guide and the icy river. 
 
 6. What Washington told the governor. 
 
 ¥¥ 
 
 WASHINGTON IN WAR. 
 
 War and its Effects. — No one can write history without 
 saying a great deal about fighting, for there are not many 
 years without war in some part of the world, and this great 
 country was not settled without very many men being 
 killed in battle. It is sad that this is the case. It would be 
 more pleasant if there was nothing to say except about 
 peace and plenty and good feeling. But we cannot do so, 
 for there are many dreadful tales to tell about war between 
 the English and the French and the Indians in America. 
 
 Washington in the Woods again. — You have been told 
 about Washington's long journey through the woods and 
 how he crossed a wide river through the floating ice. That 
 would be enough for many of us, but Washington went 
 back again in a few months. He took soldiers with him, 
 for the French had built a fort on the Ohio River, and the 
 English wanted to drive them away. 
 
 136 
 
WASHINGTON IN WAR 
 
 The Loss of Fort Necessity. — This was sure to lead to 
 war, for these French were all soldiers and w T ere not going 
 to give up their fort without a fight. Washington was not 
 at all afraid of them, but he did not have nearly so many 
 men as they had, so he built a small fort which he called 
 Fort Necessity, and put all his men in it. On came the 
 French, and a great many Indians with them, and they 
 made a fierce attack on the fort. Washington and his men 
 fought well, but the French and Indians were too strong for 
 him, so he was obliged to give up the fort. This took place 
 on the 4th of July, 1754, just twenty-two years before the 
 4th of July which we celebrate as the great American holi- 
 day, and of which I shall tell you farther on. 
 
 The War with France. — The fight at Fort Necessity was 
 the beginning of a war which kept on for seven long years 
 and spread all over the country. It cost a great deal of 
 money, and thousands of lives were lost, but in the end the 
 English got the best of it, and the French were forced to give 
 up all the land they held in North America. Many of them 
 stayed in Canada, but they had to live there under the rule 
 of the king of England, and this they did not like very well. 
 
 Braddock and his Red-Coats. — As soon as the kings of 
 England and France heard that their people in America 
 were at war they tried to help them, and sent soldiers 
 across the ocean to take part in the fight. An English army 
 was sent to Virginia to drive the French from the fort they 
 had built on the Ohio River. These soldiers were led by 
 a general named Braddock, one of the kind of men who 
 
 137 
 
WASHINGTON IN WAR 
 
 think they know so much that nobody can teach them any- 
 thing. You know there are people of this kind, and that 
 they often get into trouble. Braddock laughed at the Amer- 
 ican soldiers, who did not make much show beside the fine 
 British soldiers with their bright red coats and their shining 
 muskets. But he was to find that these rough men knew 
 much more about fighting the Indians than his showy troops. 
 Marching through the Forest. — This proud General 
 Braddock, with his fine British soldiers, soon set out to 
 fight the French and Indians. They had a long march to 
 
 make, through the thick woods 
 and over the rough mountains, 
 and they went along like so many 
 snails, a few miles a day, cutting 
 down the trees and making a road 
 as they went. Washington was 
 with them, and so were 
 a good many of the 
 Virginia troops that 
 Braddock had laughed 
 at. It is likely that 
 Washington told the 
 smart general that he 
 was wasting his time in 
 making a road, but Gen- 
 braddock's koute. eral Braddock thought 
 
 he knew too much about war to listen to anything an 
 American might say. 
 
 138 
 
WASHINGTON IN WAR 
 
 Captain Jack's Company.— One clay a company of men 
 marched into the camp. They were rough-looking fellows, 
 for they wore Indian leggings and hunting-shirts and carried 
 battered old guns, but they knew much better than the 
 British how to shoot straight and how to fight Indians. At 
 their head was a famous hunter called Captain Jack. All 
 his family had been killed by the Indians, and since then he 
 had spent his life in fighting them. Those men wanted 
 to join Braddock's army. But the proud general looked at 
 his own men with their fine suits and then at these rough 
 men of the woods, and told them that he did not want 
 them. He thought to himself, what do countrymen like 
 these know about war? War is a trade that has to be 
 learned. My men know what it is and will make short 
 work of the French and their Indians. 
 
 Washington's Advice.— They went on and on and after 
 a while they came near the French fort. Washington now 
 said to Braddock, — 
 
 " Let me go ahead with the Virginia men. They are used 
 to the woods and will drive the Indians out of their hiding- 
 places.'' 1 
 
 It made General Braddock angry to think that an Amer- 
 ican should tell him what to do. 
 
 "I have heard enough about your Indians and their 
 hiding-places,' 1 he said. " You will see they will not stay 
 in them long when my men come in sight and they hear the 
 crack of their muskets. 11 
 
 So he marched on like an old know-all. He was too 
 
 139 
 
WASHINGTON IN WAR 
 
 full of conceit to listen to good advice, and did not like to 
 be told what to do by any one. 
 
 The Indian Ambush. — At length the soldiers came into 
 a narrow place, with steep banks and thick woods on each 
 side. On they went, with their flags flying and their drums 
 beating, and marching as if they were moved by clock- 
 work. But all at once they heard loud yells from the 
 woods around them and guns began to crack on every side. 
 It was the war-cry of the reel men. The woods were full 
 of French and Indians, who were shooting at the British in 
 the narrow pass, though not a man of them could be seen. 
 
 The Battle. — The red-coat soldiers fell like so many 
 birds shot at by hunters. They fired back into the bushes, 
 but they could see nobody, and wasted their bullets on the 
 leaves and twigs. Washington and his men knew what 
 they were about and ran into the woods and got behind 
 trees. But Bradclock would not let his men do the same. 
 He kept them in their ranks and made them stand still to 
 be shot at. 
 
 Washington's Charmed Life. — You can see that there 
 could be only one end to this. After a while a bullet struck 
 General Braddock, and when his men saw him fall they 
 turned and ran for their lives. More than half of them 
 had been killed, and all of them might have been slain had 
 it not been for Washington and his Virginians, who kept 
 back the French and the Indians. Washington had two 
 horses shot under him and four bullets went through his 
 coat. Long afterwards an old Indian chief said he had 
 
 140 
 
WASHINGTON IN WAR 
 
 fired many times at Washington, but that his bullets could not 
 touch the young American brave, who bore a charmed life. 
 
 How the Settlers Suffered. — This defeat was a bad one 
 for the settlers all through that part of the country. The 
 Indians began to attack them and to murder all they could. 
 Their houses were burned and they had to fly for their 
 lives, and many of them were slain by their cruel foes. 
 Washington was the hero of the people, and for three years 
 he fought the Indians on the frontier. He did all he could 
 to save the poor settlers, but the red savages were every- 
 where and their war-whoops seemed to fill the woods. 
 
 141 
 
WASHINGTON IN WAR 
 
 Fort Duquesne Taken. — This went on for three years, 
 then another army was sent to take Fort Duquesne (du- 
 ken'), the French fort. The new general, like Braddock, 
 wasted time in making a road through the woods. But 
 Washington asked to go ahead with his men, and when the 
 French saw him coming they set the fort on fire and fled. 
 That ended the war on the Ohio River, which was given 
 up to the English. The fort was built up again and named 
 Fort Pitt. Where it stood is now the great and busy city 
 of Pittsburg. 
 
 What came from the War. — I have not told the whole 
 story of this war. There was fighting all through the north, 
 
 
 THE HEIGHTS OF QUEBEC. 
 
 and for a time the French had the best of it, but in the end 
 they were driven back into Canada. Then the strong city 
 of Quebec was taken by General Wolfe, and soon after the 
 city of Montreal (mont-re-awl') was taken. This ended the 
 war. A treaty was made in which the French gave up all 
 
 142 
 
KING GEORGE AND THE COLONIES 
 
 they owned in America. Since that time the whole of 
 Canada has belonged to England. 
 
 Washington as a Parmer. — During the war Washington 
 got married, and after it was over he went back to his home 
 at Mount Vernon, where he had a large farm or plantation. 
 Here he spent many years in farming and in hunting and 
 fishing, of which he was very fond. He hoped that he was 
 done with war. He did not know then that another great 
 war was coming and that he would have to spend many 
 more years in fighting. 
 
 Tell in your own words what you remember of — 
 
 1. How Washington built a fort. 
 
 2. How the French and English fought. 
 
 3. How General Braddock marched through the forest. 
 
 4. The story of Captain Jack. 
 
 5. What Washington wanted to do. 
 
 6. The battle in the woods. 
 
 7. How the war ended. 
 
 ¥¥ 
 
 KING GEORGE AND THE COLONIES. 
 
 How Washing-ton Lived. — It would be easy to tell a 
 long story of how Washington lived on his farm, how his 
 corn and tobacco grew and his cattle grazed in the pasture- 
 fields. And I might tell how he looked after his men, and, 
 when he wanted a change, went to the woods to hunt and 
 to the streams to fish. But I must leave my readers to 
 think out all this for themselves, and go on with the story 
 of our country. 
 
 143 
 
KING GEORGE AND THE COLONIES 
 
 Washington and Franklin. — While Washington was at 
 work on his farm there were things taking place in the 
 country which he could not have liked very much. Both 
 he and Benjamin Franklin knew well all that was going on. 
 
 .MOUNT VEKNON, WASHINGTON'S HOME. 
 
 Franklin saw that troubles were coining and tried to stop 
 them in peaceful ways, but Washington kept on at his work 
 and waited until his country should want his aid in war. 
 So we must leave these two great men looking on and tell 
 what these troubles were. 
 
 The English Kings. — Do you remember the names of 
 the English kings that have been given ? It does not matter 
 if you have forgotten, for kings are only men, and Ameri- 
 cans have learned to get along very well without them. 
 There were Charles I. and Charles II., and James I. and 
 James II., and one named William, and three named 
 George. It is with the last of these, known as George the 
 Third, or George III., that we have now to do. 
 
 144 
 
KING GEORGE AND THE COLONIES 
 
 A Stubborn King-. — George III. was not a wise man. 
 He had not much good sense, and, like many other men 
 without sense, he was very stubborn. Like General Brad- 
 dock, he did not want any one to tell him what to do. All 
 this made much trouble for America, but in the end it set 
 this country free from England. So we have much to 
 thank George III. for ; a good deal more than he ever 
 thought we would. 
 
 How England Treated the Colonies. — As soon as the 
 war with France was at an end a dispute with England 
 began. The people in America needed many things and 
 thought they could make these things for themselves, but 
 England would not let them do so. Her people wanted to 
 make all the cloth, and all the iron goods, and nearly every- 
 thing else for this country. The people here were to be 
 kept at farming, but they were told they must not send 
 their grain to England, but must eat it all at home. They 
 could not even send paper, hats, iron, or other things from 
 one colony to another, as from Pennsylvania to New York. 
 
 Money "Wanted by the King-. — That was one cause of 
 trouble. Another was that King George wanted to send 
 soldiers to this country, to keep the French from trying to 
 get back what they had lost. He said that the Americans 
 ought to pay the cost of these soldiers, but he soon found 
 that the Americans were not willing to do anything of the 
 kind. They did not want the British soldiers, for they felt 
 quite able to take care of themselves. The king also asked 
 for money to pay the governors and judges in America, but 
 10 145 
 
KING GEORGE AND THE COLONIES 
 
 the people here would not vote money for any such pur- 
 pose. They could pay those officers themselves, as they 
 always had done, and did not want the king to pay for 
 them. They were afraid to trust their money in King 
 George's hands. 
 
 The British Parliament. — All this made the king very 
 angry. He called the Americans hard names, and said he 
 would make them give him what money he wanted. He 
 would tax them and make them pay. The king had no right 
 to tax the people of England, but he thought he could tax the 
 Americans. The English would not pay any taxes laid by 
 the king, only those laid by the Parliament (par'le-ment). 
 You should know that Parliament is a body of law-makers 
 like our Congress. Its members are chosen by the people 
 and act for them, and the people will only do what their 
 Parliament agrees to. 
 
 The Stamp Tax. — The king" and Parliament did not 
 think the American people had any 
 such rights. They looked on them 
 as low and base fellows whose duty 
 it was to do as they were told. So 
 they began to lay taxes on the 
 Americans. The first tax they tried 
 was what is called a stamp tax. No 
 paper was to be good for anything 
 unless it had one of these stamps 
 on it, and the stamps must be bought and paid for. Even 
 every newspaper had to have a stamp on it. But the 
 
 146 
 
 
 A STAMP-ACT STAMP. 
 
KING GEORGE AND THE COLONIES 
 
 Americans would not buy the stamps, and they burned all 
 they could get hold of. 
 
 The Tax on Tea. — When the king found that they would 
 not use his stamps, he tried to raise money by taxing sev- 
 eral kinds of goods. One of these was tea. He said that 
 all the tea sent to America should pay a tax. Ship-loads of 
 tea were sent across the ocean, but the Americans made up 
 their minds not to use an ounce of it. They would make 
 tea out of dry leaves first. They had the same rights as 
 the English, they said. Nobody should tax them except 
 the people whom they had chosen to act for them. There 
 was no American in the British Parlia- 
 ment, and therefore Parliament had no 
 right to tax them. 
 
 The Boston Tea-Party. — The tea-ships 
 came to the seaport towns, but the 
 people there would not let them bring 
 their tea on shore. In Boston the citi- 
 zens did more than this. One night 
 while the ship lay in the harbor, wait- 
 ing to unload its tea, there was heard a 
 loud war-whoop on the wharf, and a party 
 of men dressed like Indians jumped on 
 the deck of the ship. In a very short 
 time they were lifting the chests of tea 
 from the hold, breaking them open with 
 hatchets, and pouring the tea into the water. They kept 
 on until every leaf of the tea had gone to the fishes. 
 
 147 
 
 
 THE BOSTON TEA- 
 PARTY. 
 
KING GEORGE AND THE COLONIES 
 
 Then, with another war-whoop, they sprang ashore and 
 ran like wild Indians up the street. This was what is 
 called the " Boston Tea-Party." 
 
 No English Goods Used. — Americans liked tea, but they 
 did not like tea with an English tax on it, and they would 
 not use any of it. They made tea out of leaves and roots 
 and drank that instead of the real tea. And they made 
 up their minds not to use any cloth or any other goods 
 brought from England. King George was stubborn enough, 
 but he found that the people across the ocean could be 
 stubborn too. 
 
 Closing the Port of Boston. — The Boston tea-party 
 made the king so angry that he said he would soon let the 
 people of Boston know who was king and who was not. 
 So he ordered that no ships, except his own war-ships, 
 should come into or go out from Boston harbor. And he 
 sent soldiers to Boston to make the people obey his laws. 
 The closing of the port was a bad thing for the poor 
 people of Boston, for soon there was no work for them 
 to do, and food became so scarce that they had very little 
 to eat. 
 
 The First Congress. — The Americans now felt that 
 things could not go on in this way very long and they must 
 do something for themselves. So men were sent from all 
 the colonies to Philadelphia to attend a meeting there and 
 decide what had best be done. This meeting was called a 
 Congress. It was made up of the best men of the country, 
 one of them being George Washington. The Congress 
 
 148 
 
KING GEORGE AND THE COLONIES 
 
 talked the matter over and sent a letter to the king, asking 
 him to give the people of this country the same rights as 
 the people of England 
 had. This letter only 
 made King George more 
 angry and stubborn than 
 before. Wise men could 
 see that if this went on 
 there would be war, but 
 the king was not a wise 
 man, and he thought that 
 if he kept firm the Amer- 
 icans would give him all 
 he asked for. 
 
 The Minute for "War. — The king soon found out his 
 mistake. What the Americans did was to gather guns and 
 powder and to drill men. These were called " minute- 
 men," which meant they would be ready to fight in a 
 minute, if they must. The minute for fighting soon came. 
 The British soldiers in Boston tried to destroy some of 
 the powder and guns which the people had gathered, and 
 almost at a minute's notice there was war in the land. 
 
 CARPENTERS HALL, PHILADELPHIA, WHERE 
 THE FIRST COLONIAL CONGRESS MET. 
 
 Tell the story of — 
 
 1. How Washington and Franklin watched and waited. 
 
 2. What kind of a king George III. was. 
 
 3. How England tried to get money from America. 
 
 4. What Parliament and Congress are. 
 
 149 
 
THE DAWN OF LIBERTY 
 
 Also tell about — 
 
 1. The stamp tax. 
 
 2. The tax on tea. 
 
 3. The Boston tea-party. 
 
 4. What the king did. 
 
 5. The first Congress. 
 
 ¥¥ 
 
 THE DAWN OF LIBERTY. 
 
 The Light in the Steeple. — One clear night in the month 
 of April, of the year 1775, a man stood near the river that, 
 runs past Boston, looking at a church steeple far off on the 
 other side. By his side was a horse with saddle and bridle 
 on and ready for a long ride. The man stood there for 
 several hours, still watching, but it was near midnight 
 when he saw a light flash from a window of the distant 
 steeple. In a minute more he was in the saddle and was 
 riding away at full speed. That light was the signal he 
 had been waiting to see. 
 
 What the Light Told. — That flash of light told the man 
 a great deal. It said that a strong force of British troops 
 had set out on the road to Concord, a town about twenty 
 miles from Boston, to destroy some military stores which 
 the Americans had at that place. He was now riding as 
 fast as his horse could go to tell the people that the British 
 were coming and that they must look out for themselves 
 and their stores. The man's name was Paul Revere. 
 
 150 
 
THE DAWN OF LIBERTY 
 
 The Ride of Paul Revere. — On he went through the 
 night. Some British officers tried to stop him, but he got 
 past them and rode along at full speed. At every house he 
 came to he woke 
 the people with a 
 loud shout. " The 
 British are com- 
 ing !" he cried, as 
 he rode on. As 
 soon as they heard 
 this the men of the 
 houses seized their 
 rifles and powder- 
 horns and hurried 
 to their places of 
 meeting, for they 
 knew that the time 
 to act had come. 
 Many of them gath- 
 ered in the little 
 village of Lexing- 
 ton, on the road to 
 Concord. Here Paul Revere roused the people with loud 
 shouts, and while he rode on towards Concord the people 
 of Lexington hurried to the village green, with their guns 
 in their hands. 
 
 On Lexington Green. — The next morning, before the 
 rising of the sun, the British soldiers came marching, with 
 
 151 
 
THE DAWN OF LIBERTY 
 
 sound of fife and drum, into Lexington. They were fine- 
 looking fellows, with their red coats and their shining guns. 
 The rough country folk on the village green made but a 
 poor show before them. But these were noble fellows for 
 all that, for they were there to fight for their country, and 
 they were going to strike the first blow for American lib- 
 erty. The day you should bear in mind. It was the 19th 
 of April, 1775. 
 
 Martyrs to Freedom. — The British officer called to these 
 men, in a loud voice, " Disperse, you rebels ; lay down your 
 arms and disperse." They stood still, and he then told his 
 men to fire. In a minute the guns blazed out and seven of 
 the Americans fell dead. Those shots began the war. It 
 was not to end until America was free. Those dead men 
 were martyrs in the great cause of freedom. 
 
 The Fight at Concord. — After this bad business at Lex- 
 ington, the soldiers marched in all haste to Concord to 
 destroy the stores. They were too late. The people had 
 been warned by Paul Revere, and the stores were all hid 
 in the woods. But a company of American farmers had 
 gathered to meet the British soldiers, and a fight took 
 place. The killing was now not all on one side. When 
 the fight was over red coats as well as brown coats lay on 
 the ground, and the dust was stained with the blood of 
 British as well as of Americans. 
 
 A Terrible March. — The soldiers soon began their long 
 march back to Boston, and now the people came flocking 
 like hornets out of their nests. They stood behind trees and 
 
 152 
 
THE DAWN OF LIBERTY 
 
 barns and stone walls and fired at the soldiers in the road. 
 The British fell like dead leaves. Few of them would have 
 seen Boston again if they had not been met by more soldiers 
 at Lexington. They had said that the Americans were 
 cowards and would not fight. They did not think so at the 
 end of that day, for many of them lay dead in the road. 
 
 Closing- in on Boston. — The news of that day's work 
 spread over the country as fast as a fire will spread through 
 dry leaves. The farmers left their ploughs and took down 
 
 theirrifles. The minute- 
 men did not lose a min- 
 ute in taking to the road. 
 
 On all sides men 
 
 hurried along the 
 
 roads to Boston, 
 
 with the old guns 
 
 they had used in 
 
 the French war. 
 
 Soon there were 
 
 twenty thousand of 
 
 them around the 
 
 city. The British were shut in like so many rats in a trap. 
 
 They would never march to Concord again. 
 
 153 
 
 BOSTON AND VICINITY. 
 
THE DAWN OF LIBERTY 
 
 "War and Peace. — I am sorry to have to talk about war. 
 War is a dreadful thing, in which men are killed and their 
 blood is poured like water into the ground. It would 
 be far better if all disputes could be settled without war. 
 Some day that may be the case, but in all past times nations 
 and tribes have settled their disputes with the sword and 
 the gun. So no one can tell of how people have lived 
 without telling of how they have fought. 
 
 The Country in "War. — There was fighting enough 
 around Boston. A hard battle took place at Bunker Hill, 
 near the town, in which the British learned again that the 
 Americans could fight. The men in arms were the men 
 of New England, but the rest of the people of the country 
 were quite as ready to fight. Congress soon met again. 
 This time it did not send letters to the king, but it made 
 ready to fight for liberty. 
 
 Washington in Command. — While this was going on 
 George Washington was part of the time on his farm at 
 Mount Vernon looking after his fields and keeping his men 
 at work and part of the time in Congress. But the fight 
 at Lexington made him a soldier again, for when Congress 
 asked him to be the general-in-chief of all the armies, he 
 was ready to go to war for his country and his home. He 
 took command of the army under a great elm-tree in the 
 town of Cambridge, near Boston, and soon began to drill 
 the men and make soldiers out of farmers. 
 
 The British Leave Boston. — One dark night he built a 
 fort on a hill that looked down on Boston. When the 
 
 154 
 
THE DAWN OF LIBERTY 
 
 British woke the next morning they opened their eyes wide, 
 for they saw cannon on the hill above them and men be- 
 hind the cannon. They did not like to climb this hill, as 
 they had done at Bunker Hill. But they had to climb it or 
 leave Boston, so they got on their ships and sailed away. 
 No British army ever came to Boston town after that day. 
 Washington had done his work well. 
 
 The Declaration. — Soon after this a great event took 
 place. You should know what it was, for you celebrate it 
 every year with fireworks when the 4th of July comes 
 round. It is called by the long name of the Dec-la-ra'tion 
 of In-de-pen'dence. This means that the Congress of 
 the colonies declared, or said, that these colonies were 
 independent, or free, from British rule. It said that this 
 was a free country, with its own laws and its own gov- 
 ernment, and that no king should ever make laws for 
 it or tax it again. This great paper was written by 
 Thomas Jefferson, with the help of Benjamin Franklin 
 and John Adams, and was passed by Congress on the 
 4th of July, 1776. For this reason the 4th of July has 
 ever since been kept as the national holiday of the 
 United States. 
 
 Tidings of Joy. — When the Declaration was passed the 
 great bell in the old State House at Philadelphia rang out 
 loud and clear. It told the people that they were free, for 
 on it were the words " Proclaim liberty throughout the 
 land." Everywhere the people were full of joy when they 
 heard what had been done. In New York they pulled 
 
 155 
 
THE DAWN OF LIBERTY 
 
 down the statue of King George and threw it into the dust 
 of the streets. They did not know what dark days lay 
 
 INDEPENDENCE HALL AT THE TIME OF THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 before them, but they knew that they had the hearts to 
 fight until freedom was gained. 
 
 Tell the story of— 
 
 1. The light in the steeple and Paul Revere 's ride. 
 
 2. What took place at Lexington and Concord. 
 
 3. The British retreat. 
 
 4. How the farmers came to Boston. 
 
 5. How Washington took command. 
 
 6. Why the British left Boston. 
 
 7. The Declaration of Independence. 
 
 Dates to be remembered : April 19, 1775 ; 4th of July, 1776. 
 
 166 
 
WASHINGTON IN THE REVOLUTION 
 
 WASHINGTON IN THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 The Revolution. — Do I hear some one ask, What is a 
 revolution (rev-o-lu'shun) ? Well, this is a word that 
 means more than one thing. One of the things it means 
 is a great change in a government. By the American Revo- 
 lution we mean that this country became free from the rule 
 of England, and its people began to make all their own 
 laws. But England was not willing to let them go, and 
 they had to fight for their freedom. This fighting is called 
 the Re-vo-lu'tion-a-ry War. General George Washington 
 was at the head of the American army, and to this great 
 soldier and his men we owe the freedom we now enjoy. 
 
 Hope and Fear. — It was a long and dreadful war, and 
 hundreds of poor soldiers died for their country. Some- 
 times it was thought that all was lost, and that we would 
 have to give up to stubborn King George. Then again all 
 looked bright and hope came back to men's hearts. The 
 war went on for seven long years, until men and women 
 prayed for peace and wept for their poor country. But 
 Washington never lost hope. He fought on and on until 
 the British took their soldiers away and left this country 
 free. 
 
 The Loss of New York. — For a time all things seemed 
 to go wrong. After the British left Boston Washington led 
 his army to New York. But the British came there in a 
 great fleet of ships, and landed so many soldiers that the 
 Americans were beaten in battle and had to march out of 
 
 157 
 
WASHINGTON IN THE REVOLUTION 
 
 the city and let them march in. Washington had only a 
 little army and the British had a big and strong one, so the 
 Americans could do nothing but retreat when the British 
 came against them. They marched across the State of 
 New Jersey and crossed the Delaware River, with the 
 British close after them. The British could not cross the 
 river, for Washington had taken all the boats ; so the two 
 armies settled down on the two sides of the river to pass 
 the winter. There they lay, looking across at each other, 
 but with the wide water between. 
 
 Crossing- the Icy Delaware. — The British generals felt 
 sure that when spring came they would soon put an end 
 
 WASHINGTON S ARMY CROSSING THE DELAWARE. 
 
 to the American army and make King George master 
 again. They did not know the kind of man they had 
 to deal with. Washington did not wait for spring, but 
 
 158 
 
WASHINGTON IN THE REVOLUTION 
 
 crossed the river again when the ice was floating down 
 in great blocks, and the air was full of falling snow, and 
 the winds were biting cold. Before the British knew that 
 the Americans were on the march they found them in 
 their camp. 
 
 A Christmas at Trenton. — It was the night of Christmas 
 of the year 1776. In the town of Trenton there were a 
 large number of German soldiers. King George, you must 
 know, had not British soldiers enough to tight his battles 
 and had hired some from Germany. These Germans were 
 having a good time that Christmas-day, while the poor 
 Americans were marching through the snow. They ate 
 their Christmas dinner, and drank their beer, and smoked 
 their pipes, and went to bed. Very likely they thought that 
 the Americans were wishing they had as good a dinner on 
 the other side. 
 
 The March of the Americans. — They did not know 
 that the hungry Americans were crossing the river through 
 the ice and snow and marching down to Trenton in their 
 thin clothes and worn-out shoes. Some of them left marks 
 of blood on the ground from their feet, and two of them 
 were frozen to death. But they set their teeth, and 
 clinched their muskets, and marched on through the dark 
 and cold night. 
 
 The Yankees at Trenton. — The next morning the Ger- 
 mans at Trenton were roused from sleep by shots and 
 shouts, and Washington and his men came rushing into the 
 town. 'Before many of them had time to seize their guns 
 
 159 
 
WASHINGTON IN THE REVOLUTION 
 
 REVOLUTIONARY 
 SOLDIER. 
 
 the ragged Yankees were all around them, and a thousand 
 of them were prisoners of war. Only a few of them es- 
 caped, and these ran to tell the British commanders what 
 the Yankees had done. 
 
 The Battle of Princeton. — There was 
 no more chasing of Washington. He 
 took his share in the chasing after that. 
 In a few days he won another battle at 
 Princeton, and then settled down in the 
 hills of New Jersey. The British could 
 come and fight him there if they wanted 
 to ; but they did not want to, they had 
 enough for that winter. 
 Valley Forge. — The next year the British set out in ships 
 and landed an army which took possession of the city of 
 Philadelphia. Washing- 
 ton and his army were 
 driven back, and they 
 spent the next winter in 
 a dismal way. They ^f 
 were in camp at Valley f»f|« -_> «& 
 Forge, a place not far ^^;j| 
 from Philadelphia. Here 
 
 they had not half enough Washington's head-quarters at valley 
 
 to eat or to wear, and 
 
 had poor huts to live in, and the winter was bitter cold, so 
 
 that when spring came many of them had died. 
 
 Burgoyne and Franklin. — But the poor American sol- 
 
 160 
 
WASHINGTON IN THE REVOLUTION 
 
 diers had some good news to keep up their spirits. The 
 
 large British army under General Burgoyne (Bur-goin'), 
 
 which was marching down 
 
 from Canada to New York, was 
 
 caught in a sort of trap by the 
 
 Americans, and before they 
 
 could get away were all taken 
 
 prisoners. This was great 
 
 news to Dr. Franklin, who was 
 
 then in Paris, the capital of 
 
 IN CAMP AT VALLEY FOKGE. 
 
 France. He went to the French king and told him all about 
 it, and the king, who did not like the English, said he would 
 help the Americans with ships and money and men. 
 
 "What the Good News Did. — The soldiers at Valley 
 Forge did not mind the cold when they heard this. The 
 good news warmed them up like a fire. But the British in 
 Philadelphia did not like the news. They were afraid they 
 might get caught in a trap as General Burgoyne had been, 
 
 11 161 
 
WASHINGTON IN THE REVOLUTION 
 
 and they left the city in a great hurry. The Americans 
 marched in, and soon were chasing them back across New 
 Jersey. 
 
 Arnold Turns Traitor. — After that there was much fight- 
 ing in the South. First the British had the best of it, and 
 then the Americans. But a very bad thing happened on 
 the Hudson River in New York State. Here there was a 
 strong fort named West Point, which was in the care of 
 General Arnold, a brave soldier, who had fought well for 
 the American cause. He now turned traitor and tried to 
 give up the fort to the British, but he was found out and 
 had to flee. Afterwards he fought against his own country- 
 men ; but everybody despised him and he died in shame 
 and disgrace. 
 
 Cornwallis at Yorktown. — At length Lord Corn-wal'lis, 
 one of the British generals in the South, marched north to 
 
 Virginia. He wanted help 
 from New York, and he went 
 with his army to Yorktown, 
 a town on the coast, so that 
 the British ships might bring 
 him men and supplies. But 
 instead of British ships, a fleet 
 of French ships came and cut 
 him off from the sea. 
 
 Washington's March 
 South. — General Washington, you may be very sure, knew 
 well all that was going on north and south. When he 
 
 162 
 
 SIEGE OF YORKTOWN. 
 
WASHINGTON IN THE REVOLUTION 
 
 found where Lord Cornwallis was it did not take him long 
 to make up his mind what to do. He was in front of New 
 York, but he left there so quickly that he was far south 
 before the British knew he was gone. 
 
 He had with him his old men, whose patched clothes 
 covered brave hearts, and also some soldiers who had been 
 sent over from France. Washington's first fighting had 
 been against the French. Now they had come to his help, 
 for they were always ready to fight the British. 
 
 SURRENDER OF CORNWALLIS. 
 
 The Surrender of Cornwallis. — The Americans were 
 soon in front of Yorktown, and had cut off the escape of 
 the British by land. The French fleet cut off their escape 
 
 163 
 
WASHINGTON IN THE REVOLUTION 
 
 by sea. And the cannon roared and thundered and their 
 balls battered the town until Lord Cornwallis could hold 
 out no longer. He gave up himself and his army as pris- 
 oners of war. 
 
 The News Reaches Philadelphia. — Then to the north 
 rode men at full speed, bringing to Congress the news of the 
 great victory. It was past midnight when they reached the 
 Quaker City. Soon after the voice of the watchman could 
 be heard crying out, " Past two o'clock and Cornwallis is 
 taken !" It was not long before the empty streets were 
 filled with men, and shouts and hurrahs were waking all 
 the sleepy heads. And the next day the old liberty bell 
 clanged out the glad news. It is said that the old door- 
 keeper of Congress died of joy, but most of the people 
 danced and sang and were very happy. 
 
 "Washington as President. — That was the end of the 
 war. The British had enough of it, and soon took away 
 their soldiers and left this country free. 
 Washington went back to his farm at 
 Mount Vernon, where he hoped to 
 spend the rest of his life in peace. But 
 not many years passed before he was 
 chosen as the first President of the 
 United States. Eight years he served 
 as President and then went once more 
 to his farm. Soon after he died. His 
 whole country mourned him as the greatest man America 
 
 had ever known. 
 
 164 
 
 WASHINGTON. 
 
BETSY ROSS AND THE FLAG 
 
 Tell in your own words — 
 
 1. What is a revolution. 
 
 2. How the British took New York. 
 
 3. What Washington did on Christmas-day. 
 
 4. The story of Valley Forge. 
 
 5. How Borgoyne and his army were captured. 
 
 6. What Arnold tried to do. 
 
 7. How Cornwallis was trapped at Yorktown. 
 
 8. The coming of the good news. 
 
 9. What else Washington did. 
 
 BETSY ROSS AND THE FLAG. 
 
 The Nation's Flag. — Whatever else a nation has, it wants 
 a flag. The flag- flies over it in peace and in war, on land 
 and on sea, on school-house and ship, as the emblem of 
 liberty. There is nothing men are more proud of and will 
 do more to preserve, and many a brave 
 man has lost his life in trying to save his 
 country's flag. 
 
 The Rattlesnake Flag-. — When the 
 colonies went to war for their liberty 
 they had no flag. Before that time they 
 
 RATTLESNAKE FLAG. 
 
 had used the British flag. Now they 
 wanted one of their own, and soon several kinds of flags 
 were made. One was used in Virginia in 1775 which had 
 on it a figure of a rattlesnake and the words, " Don't tread 
 on me !" On the other side were the words, " Liberty or 
 Death !" 
 
 165 
 
BETSY ROSS AND THE FLAG 
 
 The Pine-Tree and New Moon Flags. — About the same 
 time the ships that left Boston harbor carried a white flag 
 with a green pine-tree in its centre. Its 
 motto was " An Appeal to Heaven." 
 Another flag was raised on Fort Sullivan, 
 in the harbor of Charleston. This was 
 blue, with the white figure of a new 
 moon in the corner, and the word 
 
 PINE-TREE FLAG. , , T „ , ,, 
 
 " Liberty. 
 
 The Flag of Stripes. — When Washington took command 
 of the army at Cambridge, he used a flag that had thirteen 
 red and white stripes. In the corner was the " Union Jack," 
 which forms part of the British flag. This meant that the 
 thirteen colonies were still a part of the British Kingdom. 
 It is said that one flag was shown in which a rattlesnake 
 crossed the thirteen stripes. The Americans wanted to 
 show the British that they were as dangerous as the 
 rattlesnake, which is only found in America. 
 
 "What Congress Did. — You may see that a number of 
 flags were tried before the flag of the United States was 
 made. Congress had to say what that flag should be, and 
 it was not until 1777 that Congress got ready to choose a 
 flag. It is interesting to know how this was done. 
 
 Betsy Ross. — In a house on Arch Street, in Philadelphia, 
 lived a woman named Elizabeth Boss, though people called 
 her Betsy Boss. Her husband had an up-hol'ste-ry store, — 
 that is, he made hangings for beds and covers for furniture. 
 After he died his wife carried on the business for herself. 
 
 166 
 
BETSY ROSS AND THE FLAG 
 
 Washington and the Flag Committee. — One day in 
 May there came into her little shop a number of men who 
 asked her to do something for them. One of these men 
 was General Washington, who had come to Philadelphia 
 from his army. The others were members of Congress. 
 They wanted her to make them a sample flag, and Wash- 
 ington told her how it was to be made. 
 
 The Stripes and Stars. — He wanted thirteen stripes to 
 stand for the thirteen colonies, as he had used in his flag 
 at Cambridge. These were to be red and white. But in 
 place of the British " Union Jack," he wanted a blue corner 
 with thirteen white stars. Betsy Ross was a pretty young 
 woman, with bright, sparkling eyes. She was quick to see 
 what was wanted, and was not long in making the first 
 American flag. Congress adopted it on June 17, 1777. 
 Everybody that saw it 
 hailed it with praise. The 
 United States of America 
 had at last a flag of its 
 own. 
 
 The Flag first Shown. 
 — The first ship to show 
 this flag at its mast-head 
 was the " Ranger," under 
 the famous captain John 
 Paul Jones. It was first 
 
 raised on land on the walls of Fort Schuyler (ski'ler), on 
 the Mohawk River, New York, where some Americans 
 
 167 
 
 UNITED STATES FLAG. 
 
BETSY ROSS AND THE FLAG 
 
 were surrounded by British and Indians. Their flag was 
 a rough one, made of pieces of a blue jacket and a white 
 shirt, and some bits of red flannel. But under it five 
 British flags which had been taken were hung upside- 
 down, so that the first flag waved in honor. 
 
 The Stars and Stripes. — Since then the stripes have been 
 kept the same, but a new star has been added for every 
 new State, so that there are now forty-five stars on the flag. 
 You may see this flag flying over your school-house, and 
 must feel proud of the country that has so beautiful a 
 standard. 
 
 Betsy Ross Pilgrims. — If you live in Philadelphia, or 
 should visit that city, you may go to the Betsy Ross house, 
 No. 239 Arch Street, and see the place where the first flag 
 was made. Every year, on Flag Day, June 14, many school 
 children go like young pilgrims to that house, where they 
 are received with a hearty welcome and are given little 
 flags to remind them of the sample flag made by the 
 nimble fingers of Betsy Ross. 
 
 Many fine poems have been written about the American 
 flag, and this seems a good place to give some of them. 
 Here is a verse from a poem written by Oliver Wendell 
 
 Holmes : 
 
 Up with our banner bright, 
 
 Sprinkled with starry light, 
 Spread its fair emblems from mountain to shore. 
 
 While through the sounding sky 
 
 Loud rings the nation's cry — 
 Union and liberty ! One evermore ! 
 168 
 
BETSY ROSS AND THE FLAG 
 And here is one by J. Rodman Drake : 
 
 Flag of the free heart's hope and home, 
 
 By angel hands to valor given ; 
 Thy stars have lit the welkin dome, 
 
 And all thy hues were born in heaven. 
 Forever float that standard sheet ! 
 
 Where breathes the foe but falls before us, 
 With Freedom's soil beneath our feet, 
 
 And Freedom's banner streaming o'er us? 
 
 Now you may like to read a verse from the song of " The 
 Star-Spangled Banner." 
 
 Oh, say, can you see, by the dawn's early light, 
 
 What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming, 
 Whose broad stripes and bright stars thro' the perilous fight, 
 
 O'er the ramparts we watched, were so gallantly streaming ; 
 And the rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in air, 
 Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there ; 
 Oh, say, does the star-spangled banner yet wave 
 O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave ? 
 
 and this is for our little boys and girls : 
 
 The stars and stripes a hundred years 
 
 Have floated towards the sky. 
 We will be proud of our country's flag, 
 
 And love it till we die. 
 
 Our country is the fairest land 
 
 On which the sun shines down ; 
 Our flag is loved three thousand miles, 
 
 In country and in town. 
 169 
 
DANIEL BOONE 
 
 From city homes and country homes, 
 From mountain and from plain, 
 
 We hear the echoes of our praise, 
 And praise our flag again. 
 
 Tell the story of the American flag as you remember it : 
 
 1. What were the first flags used? 
 
 2. Where did Betsy Ross live? 
 
 3. What was she asked to do ? 
 
 4. Where was the flag first shown ? 
 
 5. What else can you say about the American flag ? 
 
 ¥¥ 
 
 DANIEL BOONE. 
 A Famous Hunter. — You have been told of how the 
 Indians lived in the woods, hunted game, and tried to 
 drive away the white men, many of whom became great 
 hunters. But you will know all this better if I tell you 
 the story of one famous hunter and about how he lived 
 among the Indians and made many wonderful escapes. 
 This man's name was Daniel Boone. His life is part of 
 the history of our country, for he had much to do with 
 settling the great West. 
 
 A Little Runaway. — Daniel Boone was a Pennsylvania 
 boy. Thick woods grew all round his father's farm, and 
 these were full of game, so that he began to use a gun when 
 he was a little boy, and he grew to love the woods as if 
 they were his home. One day he went out hunting and did 
 not come back. His father and the people who lived near 
 
 170 
 
DANIEL BOONE 
 
 by looked for him for two or three days, and then they found 
 him in the woods toasting a piece of meat over a fire which 
 he had made. He had built himself a little hut of sods 
 and boughs, and had hung around this the skins of the 
 animals he had killed. The little runaway was trying to 
 live like an Indian. 
 
 Moving to North Carolina. — When the part of the coun- 
 try where the Boones lived began to be settled, they moved 
 to North Carolina. They did not like too many people 
 around them. They went to a place in the deep woods, 
 and here Mr. Boone and his older 
 sons cleared a farm and built a 
 house, while Daniel, who was 
 then thirteen years old, hunted 
 in the woods and brought them 
 game to eat. Once he came near 
 shooting a girl who lived in the 
 nearest house, and whose eyes 
 shone in the dark by the light of 
 his torch, so that he thought she 
 
 was a deer. When Daniel Boone shot he did not often 
 miss his aim. But by good luck he did not shoot this time, 
 and the girl afterwards became his wife. 
 
 A Mountain "Wall. — After Daniel Boone grew up and 
 got married to the girl he came so near shooting he went 
 still deeper into the woods, and built himself a new home 
 near the great mountains which rise like a mighty wall far 
 back from the coast. He could not help wondering what 
 
 171 
 
 DANIEL BOONE. 
 
DANIEL BOONE 
 
 lay on the other side of those great hills. No white man 
 had ever crossed them, and he made up his mind to do 
 so. He knew there must be wild Indians and wild beasts 
 there, but he was not afraid of any living thing, so he threw 
 his gun over his shoulder and began to climb the rough 
 mountains. After going far he came to the country we now 
 call Tennessee. 
 
 Boone Kills a Bear. — He found plenty of game there and 
 hunted bears and other animals. We know that he killed 
 at least one bear, for he wrote this down in his own way, 
 and the writing can be read to-day. On the bark of a 
 beech-tree that still stands on the banks of Boone's Creek, in 
 East Tennessee, are these words, cut with his hunting-knife : 
 
 " D. Boon killed a bar on [this] tree in the year 1760." 
 
 He could not spell very well, you may see, but he could 
 kill bears, and that was better for him. 
 
 The Indian Hunting-Ground. — Nine years afterwards 
 Boone went across the mountains again. This time he 
 went into Kentucky, which lies north of Tennessee, and 
 was then a great hunting- and fighting-ground for the In- 
 dians. Here he saw and shot buffaloes, which he had never 
 seen before, and he saw more of the Indians than he liked. 
 There were five men with him, but soon he was the only 
 one left, and he lived alone until some other men came 
 over the mountains. 
 
 An Escape from the Indians. — One day a party of In- 
 dians took him prisoner, with another man named Stewart. 
 The Indians kept them for a week, taking them from place 
 
 172 
 
DANIEL BOONE 
 
 to place and watching them closely, but one night, when 
 they were all sound asleep, Boone thought it was a good 
 time to leave them. He sat up. An Indian moved and he 
 lay down again. Soon he sat up again. They now lay 
 still and seemed to be all asleep, so he wakened Stewart. 
 They picked up two guns, and slipped quietly away. The 
 Indians must have been very angry when they woke up and 
 found their prisoners gone. Soon after that Stewart was 
 shot by the Indians and Boone was again left alone. 
 
 A Grape-Vine Swing. — The lone hunter had many ad- 
 ventures with the Indians. Once a party of them were on 
 his trail, following him as a dog follows a deer. Every foot- 
 print he made was plain to their sharp eyes, and they kept 
 close on his track. But after a while he saw a long grape- 
 vine hanging from a high tree, and he caught hold of this 
 and gave himself a great swing, and then ran on again. 
 When the In- 
 dians came to 
 that spot they 
 could not find 
 any more foot- 
 marks, so Boone 
 got away. 
 
 The Wilder- 
 ness Road. — In 
 1775, the year 
 
 the Battle of Lexington was fought, Boone crossed the 
 mountains again. This time he had with him a party of 
 
 173 
 
 THE HOME OF THE PIONEER. 
 
DANIEL BOONE 
 
 thirty men. With their sharp axes they cut down trees 
 and bushes, until they had made a road through the forest 
 about two hundred miles long, to the banks of the Ken- 
 tucky River. Here they built a fort and houses inside it. 
 They called the place Boonesboro 1 . The road was called 
 the " Wilderness Road," and thousands of men and 
 women afterwards followed it into the wilds of the West. 
 The Indians did not like to see this fort, and tried to kill 
 the whites while they were building it, but Boone and his 
 friends drove them away, and kept on until it was done. 
 
 The Girl Captives. — When the fort was ready Boone's 
 wife and daughters came to where he was. They were the 
 first white women in Kentucky. One day Boone's young 
 daughter and two other girls left the fort to pick some wild 
 flowers, and some Indians who were hid in the bushes 
 sprang out and carried them off. When they were missed 
 there was much excitement in the fort, and everybody 
 went out to seek them in the woods. The Indian tracks 
 were found, and it was known that the savages had carried 
 the poor girls away. 
 
 How the Girls Marked their Trail. — Boone and his 
 friends were soon on the trail of the Indians. The savages 
 were very cunning, but the girls were cunning, too. They 
 broke off twigs from the bushes and threw them down to 
 mark their track. An Indian caught one of them doing 
 this, and said he would kill her if she did not stop. They 
 then tore off little bits of their dresses and dropped these 
 on the trail, so that their friends could see them. 
 
 174 
 
DANIEL BOONE 
 
 BOONE ON THE TRAIL. 
 
 The Captives Rescued. — Boone and his backwoods 
 friends followed the bits of stick and shreds of dress as 
 easily as we would follow an open 
 road. They came up to the Indians 
 just as they were eating their sup- 
 per. The hunters crept slyly up be- 
 hind the trees and fired on them all 
 together, and then ran forward with 
 loud shouts. The Indians, except 
 those who had been shot, jumped 
 up and ran for their lives, and the 
 girls were taken back to the fort. 
 They did not go out to pick wild 
 flowers after that. 
 
 Boone a Prisoner. — Boone did not 
 always escape. Once when he was taken prisoner, he 
 would have been burned alive if an old woman had not 
 taken him for her son. The Indians then cut off all his 
 hair but the scalp-lock, painted his face, and put on him an 
 Indian dress. He stayed a long time with them, hunted 
 for them, and let on to like their ways, so that they came 
 to think they had made an Indian of him, and were proud 
 to have so great a hunter among them. 
 
 A Flight for Life. — But Boone found they were going to 
 attack the fort at Boonesboro 1 , where his friends were, so 
 one day he slipped out of the village and ran away. The 
 Indians followed him, but he Avalked in the water to hide 
 his tracks, and lived on roots and berries for fear they would 
 
 175 
 
GEORGE ROGERS CLARK 
 
 hear his gun if he shot any game. At last he got safe back 
 to the fort. It was out of order, so he set the men to mend 
 it and make it strong, for he knew the Indians would soon 
 be there. When they came to take it they were beaten and 
 driven off. 
 
 More Elbow-Room. — We should like to tell more about 
 Daniel Boone, for he had other adventures with the Indians 
 and made more escapes from them. They could kill other 
 white men, but they could not kill the great hunter of the 
 West, and they came to think he had a magic life. In time 
 so many people came into Kentucky that it got too crowded 
 for Daniel Boone. He said he wanted " elbow-room." So 
 he went farther west, out of the way of people. There he 
 spent the rest of his life hunting, and did not die until he 
 was a very old man. 
 
 Tell what you know about — 
 
 1. How little Daniel Boone went hunting. 
 
 2. What he did in North Carolina. 
 
 3. How he crossed the mountains to Tennessee and Kentucky. 
 
 4. His escapes from the Indians. 
 
 5. The wilderness road and the fort. 
 
 6. The girl captives and their rescue. 
 
 7. Boone's life among the Indians and his escape. 
 
 8. How he wanted elbow-room. 
 
 GEORGE ROGERS CLARK. 
 A Merry Dance. — There was once a fort in the far West 
 where, one spring night, some soldiers were having a merry 
 
 176 
 
GEORGE ROGERS CLARK 
 
 time. These soldiers were French, and the French, you 
 must know, are fond of music and dancing. So they had 
 brought in all the girls of the village, and were dancing 
 away at a lively rate to the music of a fiddle. The fiddler 
 sat on a chair at the side, and on the floor near him lay an 
 Indian who was looking at the dancers. Torches were 
 stuck in the walls to light the room, and all were in the 
 best of spirits. 
 
 A Stranger at the Door. — When they were in the midst 
 of their fun a tall young man came in and stood leaning 
 against the side of the door, looking at the dance. He was 
 dressed like a man of the backwoods, and any one could 
 see he was not a Frenchman, but for a time no one noticed 
 him. The Indian was the first to see him, and he sprang 
 to his feet with a war-whoop that rang through the room. 
 His sharp eyes had seen that this man was an American, and 
 he knew that there must be something wrong. 
 
 The Capture of the Port. — In a minute the dance 
 stopped and the men and girls all crowded together. The 
 women, who had just been talking and laughing, now 
 screamed with fright. The men ran for their guns. The 
 stranger at the door did not move. He said to them in a 
 quiet way, " Go on with your dance. But remember that 
 you are dancing under Virginia and not under England. 1 ' 
 The next minute a crowd of men dressed in the same way 
 ran into the room with guns in their hands, and the fort 
 was taken. 
 
 The Indian Murders. — Now let us go back a little and 
 12 177 
 
GEORGE ROGERS CLARK 
 
 tell what all this meant. The name of the man who stood 
 at the door was George Rogers Clark. He was a friend of 
 Daniel Boone and a great hunter like him, and what he 
 wanted to do was to stop the Indians from murdering the 
 white settlers. A British officer at Detroit had hired them 
 to do this, and the cruel savages were killing the people and 
 burning their houses all along the borders. The British 
 had forts in the western country, and they paid the Indians 
 for this cruel work. 
 
 Clark's Expedition. — Young Clark went to Patrick Henry, 
 who was Governor of Virginia, and asked him for men 
 and money. He wanted to take the British forts and 
 stop the murder of the settlers. The governor gave him 
 all he asked for, and in the spring of 1778 he started down 
 the Ohio River with about one hundred and fifty men. 
 They went in boats, floating down the river for nearly a 
 thousand miles. The fort they wanted to take was called 
 Fort Kas-kas'ki-a. It lay a hundred miles from the Ohio, 
 and the British thought it so safe that they had left a French 
 officer and some French settlers to take care of it. 
 
 Through the Woods. — Colonel Clark and his men had 
 to go through thick woods, full of bushes and briers, to 
 reach the fort. But they were old hunters and used to the 
 woods, and they kept on until, one night, they came near 
 enough to hear the fiddle and the dancing. Clark walked 
 into the open door to look at them, and I have told how 
 he stopped the dance. 
 
 How Port Vincennes was Won. — There was another 
 
 178 
 
GEORGE ROGERS CLARK 
 
 fort called Fort Vincennes (vin-senz'), that lay about one 
 hundred and fifty miles to the east of Fort Kaskaskia. 
 Clark wanted to take this fort also, but he did not have 
 men enough. So he sent a French priest to the fort to tell 
 the French, who held it for the British, that it was the 
 Americans, and not the British, who were their best friends. 
 When the French at the fort heard this they hauled down 
 the British flag and hoisted the stars and stripes. The 
 French never liked the British, you know, and did not want 
 to help them. 
 
 The British "Win it Back. — The next year Colonel Ham- 
 ilton, the British officer who had hired the Indians to kill 
 the American settlers, came down from Detroit and took 
 the fort back again. This news was brought to Colonel 
 Clark, and he made up his mind that the British should not 
 keep that fort. Hamilton had only about eighty men. Clark 
 had two hundred. He had no money to pay his men, it is 
 true, but a merchant of St. Louis offered to lend him all he 
 needed. So he set off on another long march. 
 
 A March through the Rains. — The march to Fort Kas- 
 kaskia had been made in the warm spring-time. But it was 
 winter now, and the weather was bleak and cold. Rain 
 came clown fast as the men trudged onward, so that they 
 were wet to the skin every night, and they had to build 
 great fires to warm themselves and dry their clothes. But 
 they did not mind the cold and the rain very much, for they 
 were used to rough weather and had plenty of deer and 
 buffalo meat to eat. 
 
 179 
 
GEORGE ROGERS CLARK 
 
 The Rivers Overflow. — The second week of their march 
 they had a harder time. They now reached a place where 
 there was nothing but water to be seen. It had rained so 
 much that all the rivers were full and the water had flowed 
 over the banks and lay three or four feet deep over most 
 of the country. They could not get to the fort without 
 wading for many miles through this deep water. 
 
 A Long-, Cold Wade. — I am sure that none of us would 
 have liked such a wade, for the water was cold as ice. 
 Clark's men did not like it a bit, but he told them he was 
 going ahead and they must go, too, so in they went, holding 
 their guns and powder-horns up above their heads to keep 
 them dry. For a whole week they went on. Some of the 
 ground was above the water, but often they had to wade 
 waist deep, and sometimes up to their necks in the freezing 
 water. Now and then one of them would stumble and fall. 
 He would come up with muddy water dripping from his 
 head, and often would have to dive again for his gun. It 
 was hard, too, to get anything to eat, and for two whole 
 days they had to go hungry. 
 
 Pour Miles of Water. — At length they came near the 
 fort. But now they had the worst wade of all. Here lay 
 a great sheet of water four miles wide and quite deep. 
 They could see that it was cold enough to freeze, and a 
 shiver ran through them as they looked at it. Some of 
 them held back, but Clark told them that they must follow 
 him and he walked boldly into the cold water. He told one 
 of his officers to shoot the first man who would not follow, 
 
 180 
 
GEORGE ROGERS CLARK 
 
 so they all plunged in. No doubt they thought it was better 
 to shiver than be shot. 
 
 The Men "Warmed up Again. — They all got across, 
 but you never saw such a shivering party. Their teeth 
 chattered, and 
 some of them 
 were so weak 
 with the cold 
 that they fell 
 flat on the 
 ground. They 
 could not take 
 
 another step. Colonel Clark set two of 
 his men to pick up each of these worn- 
 out ones and run them up and down on 
 the ground until they were warm again. 
 This was just the thing to do, and in a little time they were 
 all right. 
 
 Taking the Fort. — When they were warm and had shot 
 some game and cooked and eaten some food, they went on 
 to the fort. They did not find it open and the soldiers 
 dancing, as in the other fort, and had a hard fight to win 
 it. But in the end the British gave it up and the American 
 flag waved over it again. 
 
 What Clark Won. — When the Indians found that the 
 Americans had taken the British forts, they were glad 
 enough to make peace and to stop their murders. Clark 
 did a great work, for he gave us that whole country. When 
 
 181 
 
 WADING THE SWAMP. 
 
GEORGE ROGERS CLARK 
 
 the war was over the British wanted it back again, but the 
 Americans said, we have won it and we will keep it, and 
 they did keep it. 
 
 The Settling of Tennessee. — Thus while Daniel Boone 
 was taking Kentucky from the Indians, George Rogers 
 Clark was taking the country we now know as Indiana 
 (in-de-an'a) and Illinois (il-lin-oi') from the British. At 
 the same time another of Daniel Boone's friends, and a 
 great hunter like him, was settling what is now the State of 
 Tennessee. His name was James Robertson, and he had 
 to help him another brave man named John Sevier. 
 
 The Country Spreads Westward. — It is well to remem- 
 ber these four brave men, who crossed the wild mountains 
 and in a few years took possession of a great country, which 
 they added to the United States. When the Avar ended and 
 a treaty of peace was made, this country got all the land, 
 except Florida, as far back as the Mississippi. All on the 
 other side of that great river was claimed by Spain, while 
 Great Britain held Canada, the country north of the great 
 lakes. 
 
 Tell the story of — 
 
 1. The dance in the fort and the stranger. 
 
 2. What Colonel Clark set out to do. 
 
 3. How Fort Vincennes was first taken. 
 
 4. The march through the rain and the long wade. 
 
 5. How they took the fort. 
 
 6. What Colonel Clark won for the country. 
 
 7. How the country spread westward. 
 
 182 
 
JEFFERSON AND HAMILTON 
 
 I'ATIUCK 11ENKY. 
 
 JEFFERSON AND HAMILTON. 
 Men of the Revolution. — You must not think that all 
 the great men of this country were soldiers and fighters. 
 There were men of peace who did as much, in their way, 
 as the men of war. I cannot tell what 
 they all did, for there were many of 
 them, all doing the best they could for 
 their country. One of them was named 
 Samuel Adams. He led the people in 
 Boston at the time of the stamp act 
 and the Boston tea-party. Another 
 was Patrick Henry, who stirred up all 
 Virginia with his wonderful speeches. 
 Still another was Thomas Paine, who wrote a book called 
 " Common Sense," which showed the people that they had 
 a right to be free. Another was Robert Morris, who raised 
 money for the country when its purse 
 was empty. These are a few of those 
 who worked for the freedom of our 
 land. 
 
 "What Jefferson Did. — You have 
 been told how one of these great men, 
 Thomas Jefferson, wrote the Declara- 
 tion of Independence, in which he said 
 that "all men are created equal," and 
 have the right to life and liberty. Jefferson, like Wash- 
 ington, was born in Virginia, and he did much to make 
 men equal in that State. There were some old English 
 
 183 
 
 THOMAS JEFFERSON. 
 
JEFFERSON AND HAMILTON 
 
 laws about property and religion which he did away with, 
 and in that way he made men more equal. 
 
 Jefferson and his Slaves. — Jefferson had a large estate 
 in Virginia, with many negro slaves on it. But he treated 
 them so well that they loved him like a father. Once 
 when he came back from France they met him in his 
 carriage when he was miles away and sang and shouted 
 with delight. They wished to take the horses out of the 
 carriage and draw it themselves, and when he got to the 
 house they took him in their arms and carried him into the 
 door, some of them laughing and some weeping for joy. 
 
 Monticello. — Jefferson had a fine house which he called 
 Monticello (mon-te-chel'lo). This means " little mountain," 
 for it was built on a high hill with a flat top. He was gov- 
 ernor of Virginia during part of the war, and the British 
 wanted badly to get him in their hands, for they said that, 
 he was one of the worst of the rebels. They called all the 
 Americans by this name. 
 
 The Hiding of the Plate. — Once when he was at home, 
 a troop of British horsemen came riding at great speed 
 towards the house, and Jefferson had to flee in haste. Two 
 of his slaves, named Martin and Caesar, tried to save the 
 silver plate which was used on the dining-table. They took 
 up a plank in the floor, and Caesar squeezed through the 
 opening, while Martin handed him down the plate as 
 quickly as he could. But the British came so fast that 
 Martin got scared and pushed the plank back, leaving Caesar 
 fast in the dark hole under the floor. There the poor 
 
 184 
 
JEFFERSON AND HAMILTON 
 
 fellow lay for three days and nights with nothing to eat and 
 not a ray of light, till the British left. He was half dead 
 when Martin drew him out. But he would have died to 
 save his master's silverware. 
 
 Jefferson in Office. — Jefferson spent many years in the 
 service of his country. For five years he lived in France, 
 
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 W^'^^'i' II { "-^^ r "['^S-'"l 
 
 
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 ft»^^B^°»aagia»»~— «-t«r«gi 
 
 
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 4 
 
 IN A COLONIAL MANOR HOUSE. 
 
 as Minister of the United States. 
 For some years he was Secretary 
 of State, and was afterwards 
 Vice-President. In 1800 he was 
 elected President, and held this 
 office for eight years. 
 
 A Plain President. — Jefferson did not believe in pomp 
 and show. He lived in a simple way and did not like cere- 
 mony. When he was made President he put on no more 
 airs than when he was living at home. It is said that when 
 
 185 
 
JEFFERSON AND HAMILTON 
 
 he went to take the oath of office he rode to the capitol on 
 horseback and hitched his horse to the fence ; or, as some 
 say, he walked there on foot. And he did not hide himself 
 away from people. Any one could see him, and he would 
 talk to them as simply as if he was of no more account 
 than they. 
 
 A Great Purchase. — You may want to know what Jef- 
 ferson did while he was President. He did one very im- 
 portant thing. I have told you that Spain owned all the 
 country west of the Mississippi. Spain gave all this coun- 
 try, which went as far west as the Rocky Mountains, to 
 France, and Jefferson bought it from France. It was a 
 great country, larger than all the rest of the United States 
 at that time. Since then it has been cut up into many 
 States. 
 
 The Mouth of the Mississippi. — What Jefferson wanted 
 to buy was New Orleans, a city which stands on the Mis- 
 sissippi River, near its mouth. The people of the West 
 did not like to see the mouth of their great river held by 
 the Spanish or the French, who would be able to say, if 
 they chose, that no ships but their own should go down 
 the river to the sea. They wanted the whole river, even 
 if they had to fight for it ; but it was much better to get it 
 in a peaceful way, as Jefferson did. 
 
 The Journey of Lewis and Clark. — President Jefferson 
 wished to know what kind of a country it was he had 
 bought, so he sent out two men, named Lewis and Clark, to 
 travel through it, which no white man had done before. 
 
 186 
 
JEFFERSON AND HAMILTON 
 
 They went on until they came to the Pacific Ocean and 
 then came back again over the same country. The whole 
 distance travelled by them was over eight thousand miles, 
 and it took them two years and a half. They had many 
 strange things to tell when they came back. They had seen 
 many tribes of Indians of whom nothing was known, and 
 had crossed a great range of mountains, and gone down 
 
 A HERD OF BUFFALOES. 
 
 long rivers. And they had seen vast herds of buffaloes, 
 miles in length, with many other wild animals. 
 
 Alexander Hamilton. — There was one other great man 
 of that time of whom something should be said. This was 
 Alexander Hamilton. He was born in the West Indies and 
 came to this country when he was a boy. Before he grew 
 to be a man he was made a captain in the army, and he 
 afterwards became secretary to General Washington. 
 
 The Public Purse. — Hamilton was a great thinker, and 
 wrote many papers on the state of the country which are 
 
 187 
 
JEFFERSON AND HAMILTON 
 
 still read and admired. When Washington was made 
 President, he chose Hamilton as Secretary of the Treasury.* 
 At that time the country was very poor. A great deal of 
 money was owing to the old soldiers of the Revolution, and 
 there was nothing to pay them with and very little to pay 
 the costs of the government. Hamilton was the man for 
 the place. He soon managed to get plenty of money, so 
 that the soldiers could be paid and the government have 
 what cash it needed. 
 
 How Hamilton Died. — No man did more for the young 
 country than Alexander Hamilton. But he did not live 
 to enjoy the honor he had earned. 
 He was drawn into a duel with a 
 man named Aaron Burr and was 
 shot dead. It was a sad ending to a 
 noble life. 
 
 A Strange Circumstance. — 
 Thomas Jefferson lived to be an old 
 man, and died on the 4th of July, 
 1826, exactly fifty years after the 
 Declaration of Independence was 
 adopted. It is a strange thing that John Adams, one of 
 those who helped to prepare the Declaration, and who also 
 had been President of the United States, died on the same 
 day. 
 
 ALEXANDER HAMILTON. 
 
 * Secretary of the Treasury : The man chosen by the President to 
 
 take care of the money raised for the government by the taxes and in 
 
 other ways. 
 
 188 
 
HARRISON AND TECUMSEH 
 
 Give the names of — 
 
 1. Some of the great men of the Revolution. 
 
 2. Tell about Jefferson and his slaves. 
 
 3. How Jefferson acted as President. 
 
 4. What great purchase he made. 
 
 5. The journey of Lewis and Clark. 
 
 6. What did Hamilton do for the country. 
 
 7. When did Jefferson and Adams die. 
 
 HARRISON AND TECUMSEH. 
 
 How the Indians have been Treated. — We may be glad 
 that we are white, and that this great country belongs to us 
 and our people ; but we cannot help feeling some pity for the 
 poor red men, who once owned all this land, and who have 
 been pushed back until now they own hardly any of it. 
 The red men were bold and brave, and fought hard for 
 their homes, but step by step the white men drove them 
 back and took the land. 
 
 How the Indians Fought. — I have told you what the 
 Indians were like and how they lived. And I have said 
 something about their wars with the whites. When the 
 white settlers began to go west, along the Ohio, they came 
 into a country filled with Indians, who were very fierce and 
 savage. They hated these strangers who were coming to 
 drive them from their villages and fields, and killed all they 
 could of them. When they went down the river in boats 
 the Indians fired at them from the woods on the banks, and 
 when an army was sent against them under General St. 
 Clair they drove the soldiers back with great loss of life. 
 
 189 
 
HARRISON AND TECUMSEH 
 
 ANTHONY WAYNE. 
 
 Wayne and Harrison. — General Wayne, a brave soldier 
 of the Revolution, was then sent against them. He de- 
 feated them so baclly that they were 
 glad enough to make peace and give 
 up some of their land. One of the 
 officers in Wayne's army was named 
 William Henry Harrison. On the side 
 of the Indians was a brave warrior 
 named Te-cum'seh. At that time 
 these were both young men, but they 
 were to be enemies and to fight bat- 
 tles with each other in later years. 
 The Plan of Tecumseh. — Tecumseh got to be a great 
 leader among the Indians. He told them that it was wrong 
 to sell their land to the whites, and he tried to get all the 
 tribes to join together and drive the strangers from the 
 country. He went far to the north and the west and the 
 south, and talked wisely to the leaders of the tribes, and 
 got many of them to agree with him in his plan. 
 
 How the Houses Fell. — In one village of the South the 
 chiefs would not agree to join him. This made him angry 
 and he told them that when he got back to Detroit he would 
 stamp his foot on the ground and the houses in their village 
 would fall. Soon afterwards there was an earthquake and 
 some of their houses fell down. The Indians were greatly 
 scared, and said, " Tecumseh has stamped his foot. He is 
 a great magician, and we must join him against the pale- 
 faces. 1 ' 
 
 190 
 
HARRISON AND TECUMSEH 
 
 A False Prophet. — Tecumseh had a brother who was an 
 Indian prophet, or one who said he could tell what would 
 happen in the future. He said to the red men, " Stop drink- 
 ing fire-water and you will be strong enough to kill all the 
 pale-faces ; when you have killed them I will bless the 
 earth. I will make your pumpkins (pump'kins) grow to 
 be as big as wigwams, and will make the ears of corn so 
 large that one of them will make a dinner for a dozen 
 hungry men.' 1 
 
 Harrison's March. — William Henry Harrison was gov- 
 ernor of the western country at that time. He saw that 
 the Indians were getting ready to go 
 to war and tried to stop them. When 
 he found that he could not do it, and 
 that they were dancing the war-dance 
 in their villages, he started to meet them 
 with a body of soldiers. He kept on 
 until he was near an Indian village 
 called Tippecanoe (tip-pe-ka-noo'), 
 and here the soldiers went to sleep in WILLIAM HENEY 
 
 HARRISON. 
 
 their camp in the woods. 
 
 The Sacred Beans. — Tecumseh was away in the South, 
 but the Prophet was in the village, where he had gathered 
 the Indians to fight. He showed them some beans, and 
 said, " These are sacred beans. Touch them, and no 
 white man's bullet can hit you.' 1 The Indians crowded up 
 to touch the magic beans. 
 
 The Prophet's Plan. — " Now, 11 he said, " take your 
 
 191 
 
HARRISON AND TECUMSEH 
 
 tomahawks and your guns, and creep through the tall grass 
 till you get to the edge of the woods. You will find the 
 soldiers fast asleep, and you can jump among them and 
 scatter them like so many rabbits." 
 
 A Night Alarm. — It was near morning, and General 
 Harrison was putting on his boots in his tent and getting 
 ready to go out and waken up the army, when he heard a 
 shot followed by an Indian war-whoop. One of the sen- 
 tries had seen the tall grass wave as the Indians crept 
 through it. He fired into the grass, and the warriors sprang 
 up with their wild cries. 
 
 The Indians Defeated. — The soldiers jumped up and 
 ran for their guns, and they put out their camp-fires so that 
 the Indians could not see them. There was a hard battle 
 in the darkness, but in the end the white men won, and the 
 Indians were driven back. Their village was set on fire and 
 burned to the ground. After that the Indians would not 
 believe in the Prophet and his wonderful stories about 
 beans and pumpkins and corn. 
 
 "What Tecumseh Did. — Tecumseh had given the Indians 
 of the South bundles of sticks painted red. They were to 
 throw away one stick every day, and when the last stick 
 was gone they were to attack the white men. But when he 
 got back and found that his brother had spoiled his plans 
 by fighting too soon he was very angry. He seized the 
 Prophet by his long hair and shook him till the teeth rat- 
 tled in his head. It was too late now to do anything, for 
 the whites were armed and ready. 
 
 192 
 
HARRISON AND TECUMSEH 
 
 "War with England. — Now we must stop to say some- 
 thing about another war. For many years England had 
 been at war with France, and British war-ships had been 
 stopping our merchant vessels at sea and taking men out of 
 them to help them fight their battles. This made the Amer- 
 icans very angry. There were other things they did not 
 like, and war began between England and the United States. 
 The most of the fighting was on the border of Canada, for 
 the British soldiers were sent to that country. 
 
 The Death of Teoumseh. — Tecumseh joined the British 
 and was made a general in their army. Harrison was at 
 
 the head of the American 
 army. The two armies met 
 in Canada in the year 1813 
 and there was a battle in 
 which Tecumseh was killed 
 and the British were defeated. 
 Proctor, their general, ran 
 away like a coward. He 
 had been so cruel to prison- 
 ers that he was afraid to fall into 
 American hands. 
 
 Harrison is Made President. — 
 General Harrison did not do much 
 more fighting. He lived in a simple 
 way as a farmer for many years afterwards, but he was 
 thought so much of by the people that in 1840 they 
 elected him President of the United States. They called 
 
 13 193 
 
 BATTLE-FIELDS ON THE NIAGARA. 
 
ANDREW JACKSON 
 
 him the Hero of Tippecanoe, and also the man of the log 
 cabin, on account of the simple way in which he lived. He 
 was President for only a month, when he died. 
 
 Tell about — 
 
 1. How the Indians fought for their lands. 
 
 2. The plan of Tecumseh. 
 
 3. What the prophet said to the Indians. 
 
 4. The battle of Tippecanoe. 
 
 5. Tecumseh and the prophet. 
 
 6. The war with England and how Tecumseh died. 
 
 ¥¥ 
 
 ANDREW JACKSON. 
 
 A Little Irish Boy. — At the time that Daniel Boone 
 made his first trip over the mountains, there lived not very 
 far away from him a little boy that I must tell you about. 
 This boy grew to be talked of by everybody, to win great 
 battles, and to live in the White House as President. His 
 name was Andrew Jackson, and his father was a poor Irish 
 farmer who died when he was only a baby. 
 
 A Brave Young- American. — Andrew was a brave little 
 fellow, who was ready to do any bold thing and to fight any 
 boy that laughed at him. The school-boys thought it best 
 to let him alone. He was only thirteen years old when the 
 war of the Revolution began, but he was old enough to 
 make swords or spears in the blacksmith-shops for the sol- 
 
 194 
 
ANDREW JACKSON 
 
 diers, and he did some fighting himself when he got older. 
 Once he was taken prisoner by the British, and an officer 
 told him to clean his boots. Andrew told him he was a 
 prisoner and not a servant and he would not do it. The 
 officer was so angry that he struck him on the head with 
 his sword, and made a scar which stayed there as long as 
 he lived. 
 
 What Jackson Did. — When Andrew Jackson grew up 
 to manhood he did many things. He kept a store, he 
 studied law, he became a judge, and he was sent to Con- 
 gress. But he was best known as a soldier. He fought 
 both against the Indians and the British, and in all his 
 fighting he never lost a battle. 
 
 An Indian Massacre. — You have been told how Tecum- 
 seh tried to stir up the Indians of the .^s^. 
 
 South to war. They did not begin to 
 fight until after Tecumseh was dead, 
 but then they attacked a place named 
 Fort Minims in which there were four 
 hundred men, women, and children. 
 The fort was burned and all the people 
 in it were killed. 
 
 ANDREW JACKSON. 
 
 Jackson and his Men. — Jackson was 
 then living in Tennessee. The people there thought a 
 great deal of him, for they knew he was a brave man, and 
 when he asked them to take their arms and follow him 
 against the Indian murderers, he soon had a large force. 
 But their food ran out on the march, and the rough men, 
 
 195 
 
ANDREW JACKSON 
 
 who had always done what they pleased, said they would 
 go home again. They did not know Jackson. He stood 
 in the road with a pistol in his hand and said he would 
 shoot the first man that dared take a step towards home. 
 They saw that he would do what he said, and none of 
 them took the step. For once they could not do as they 
 pleased. 
 
 The Indians Beaten. — I cannot tell all that took place, 
 for there was much fighting. Everywhere that Jackson 
 met the Indians he defeated them, and he was so rapid and 
 bold that they lost heart. A great battle was fought at a 
 place called Horseshoe Bend, where the Indians fought on 
 until there were not many of them left. They were not 
 able to fight after that battle, and the war came to an end. 
 
 A Brave Indian. — Soon afterwards Weathersford, the 
 leader of the Indians, rode into the camp and up to the 
 general's tent. The soldiers hated him and called out, 
 " Kill him !" " You may kill me if you want to, 1 ' he 
 said to Jackson, " but I came to tell you that our women 
 and children are starving in the woods. They never did 
 you any harm, and I beg you to send them food." 
 
 " You are a brave man, 11 cried Jackson. " They shall 
 have food and you shall go free. I do not fight with women 
 and children. 11 So he sent them corn, and the brave Indian 
 was allowed to ride away as he had come. 
 
 The War with England. — While this war was going dn 
 with the Indians in the South the war with England went 
 on in the North. One British army took the city of Wash- 
 
 196 
 
ANDREW JACKSON 
 
 A NAVAL HAITI,!':. 
 
 ington and set the Capitol,* where Congress met, and other 
 buildings on fire. There were many battles on land and 
 sea. For a long time the Americans did very poorly on 
 land, and did not gain 
 
 any victories till more 
 
 than a year had passed. 
 
 But their ships won 
 
 many victories at sea, 
 
 and the American navy 
 
 gained great glory. 
 
 When the war was very 
 
 near its end a fleet of 
 
 British vessels sailed to 
 
 the south. It had an 
 
 army on board, which was to be put on land and try to 
 
 take the city of New Orleans. 
 
 Jackson at New Orleans. — General Jackson had done 
 so well in the war with the Indians that he was sent to 
 New Orleans to keep the British from taking that city. 
 Many of the bold hunters of the West came with him, 
 bringing their well-tried old rifles, but he did not have 
 nearly so many men as the English. So he took the pris- 
 oners from the jail and the negroes from the streets and 
 gave them guns. On one side was the Mississippi River 
 and on the other was a swamp which no soldiers could 
 
 * Capitol : The name of a building where a Legislature meets to 
 make laws. The city where they meet is called the Capital. The 
 Capitol at Washington is a very large and handsome building. 
 
 197 
 
ANDREW JACKSON 
 
 cross. There was a ditch from the river to the swamp, and 
 alongside of this Jackson had a long and high bank of earth 
 thrown up. 
 
 Cotton Bales and Sugar Hogsheads. — Some of you 
 may have heard that our men at New Orleans fought behind 
 cotton bales. So they did at first, for Jackson was in such 
 a hurry that he had bales 
 of cotton taken from the 
 warehouses and built into 
 the earthworks. The Brit- 
 ish were in as great haste, 
 and took hogsheads of sugar 
 from the sugar plantations 
 and made a wall of 
 them. But when the 
 battle began the Brit- 
 ish cannon-balls soon 
 set the cotton on fire, 
 and the bales had to 
 be pulled out and earth dug up to take their place. The 
 sugar hogsheads were as bad, for the American cannon 
 knocked them to pieces, and sent the sugar flying every- 
 where. Thus, it was found that cotton and sugar, which 
 are very good things in their place, are not the right things 
 to use in war. 
 
 The Men Behind the Works. — " Stand to your guns, 
 my men," said Jackson, when he saw the British soldiers 
 coming. " Make every shot tell. Give it to them, boys." 
 
 198 
 
 NEW ORLEANS AND THE CREEK WAR. 
 
ANDREW JACKSON 
 
 He could trust them to do that, for the old hunters from 
 Tennessee knew how to use their guns. Many of them 
 could send a bullet into a squirrel's eye. 
 
 A Total Defeat. — It was a terrible battle that followed. 
 The British soldiers were brave men, who had fought in 
 many battles against the French, but they could not cross 
 that ditch and climb that bank in face of the dreadful fire 
 
 BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS. 
 
 of the Americans. They fought on like good and true men 
 until twenty-six hundred of them lay bleeding on the field, 
 while only eight of the Americans were dead. Then they 
 had to retreat, for they could not fight any longer. That 
 ended the battle and the war. And it was the last time 
 that Englishmen and Americans ever fought each other. 
 
 199 
 
DANIEL WEBSTER AND HENRY CLAY 
 
 Jackson as President. — This battle made General Jack- 
 son the hero of the country. He afterwards fought with 
 the Indians in Florida, and in 1828 he was elected Presi- 
 dent of the United States. He was President for eight 
 years. It cannot be said that he was as good a President 
 as he was a soldier. He was a very obstinate man and 
 liked to do everything his own way, and his way was not 
 always the best for the country. But as a general he was 
 one of the best men America ever had. 
 
 Tell what you remember about — 
 
 1. The boyhood of Andrew Jackson. 
 
 2. How he fought the Indians. 
 
 3. His treatment of the brave chief. 
 
 4. The war with Great Britain. 
 
 5. How General Jackson defended New Orleans. 
 
 6. What kind of a President he made. 
 
 7. What kind of a soldier. 
 
 ** 
 
 DANIEL WEBSTER AND KENRY CLAY. 
 A Little Backwoods Boy. — Just at the time the 
 Americans gained their freedom from King George and his 
 parliament, a little boy, who was to become a great man, 
 was born in the wild country of New Hampshire. His 
 father had been a captain in the army, and had fought for 
 freedom under General Washington. The boy's name was 
 Daniel Webster, and he was such a weak little fellow that 
 all who saw him said he could not live. 
 
 200 
 
DANIEL WEBSTER AND HENRY CLAY 
 
 Daniel and the Old Sailor. — When little Daniel got older 
 he was still so weak that he was not put to work on the 
 farm, as his brother was, but was left to play. This just 
 suited the little boy, for, like other boys, he wanted to have 
 a good time, and all day long he would wander in the 
 woods and about the fields. 
 
 Near by there lived an old British sailor, who had run 
 away from the ships, and was as fond of the woods as little 
 Daniel was. He liked nothing better than to lift the boy 
 upon his shoulder and carry him in under the green trees, 
 or to row him up and down the river and teach him to 
 fish. The two would lie on the bank for hours at a time, 
 while the old man told the child long stories of his life on 
 the sea. 
 
 Going- to College. — Daniel's father was poor, but he 
 wished his boy to be educated, so he sent him to college. 
 There Daniel soon showed that he 
 could beat all the other boys in a 
 speech, and he was one of the best 
 scholars in the college. After he 
 left school he became a lawyer, and 
 in 1813 he was elected to Congress. 
 It was not long before men found 
 him to be a wonderful speaker, and 
 in time he was looked on as the 
 best orator in the country. 
 
 A Famous Orator. — Webster had been a sickly child, 
 and nobody thought he would live to be a man, but his 
 
 201 
 
 DANItL WEBSTER 
 
DANIEL WEBSTER AND HENRY CLAY 
 
 years of play in the woods had made him strong, and he 
 became a large, fine-looking man, with a deep and musical 
 voice. For many years he was a member of the United 
 States Senate, and some of his speeches are among the 
 best ever heard in the world. But all his life he kept his 
 love for hunting and fishing, and liked to hide himself in 
 the woods, out of sight of Congress and courts, and with 
 only the birds and squirrels to make speeches to. 
 
 The Boy of the " Slashes."— At the time that Daniel 
 Webster was born, there was a little boy living in Virginia 
 in a place called " the Slashes." His name was Henry Clay. 
 He was then about five years old, and lived in a log cabin, 
 where there was not much to eat, for his father died about 
 this time, and his mother was left poor. She had a mean- 
 looking old horse, which little Henry used to ride to mill 
 with a sack of corn to be ground into meal. On that 
 account he came to be called " the mill boy of the Slashes." 
 He went barefooted, like most of the boys about him, and 
 often bareheaded, too. There was a little country school- 
 house near where he lived, and there he learned to read 
 and write. 
 
 Clay Makes his "Way. — After he grew up he got a place 
 as a clerk in the courts. He was thin and tall, and wore 
 ill-fitting, home-made clothes, and looked so plain and awk- 
 ward that the other clerks laughed at him. But they soon 
 found that the awkward country boy could beat them all 
 at talking, and he was so witty and pleasant that the best 
 people were glad to have him in their homes. 
 
 202 
 
DANIEL WEBSTER AND HENRY CLAY 
 
 IIENIIY CLAY. 
 
 Clay as an Orator. — The young clerk soon made friends, 
 some of whom helped him to study law, and it was not 
 long before he showed that he was a very fine speaker, 
 both in the courts and in public. He 
 was sent to Congress in 1806, and was 
 for many years in the Senate of the 
 United States. He was not a great 
 thinker, like Webster, but he was a 
 very pleasant speaker, for his voice was 
 rich and sweet and his manner charmed 
 all who met him. People to-day do 
 not read his speeches as they do Webster's, for they were 
 better to hear than to read ; but when he lived and spoke 
 many men thought him the finest of American orators. 
 
 Webster and Clay. — These two country boys, one born 
 in the wilds of the North, and one in the back country of 
 the South, were the most famous of American speakers. 
 There have been many other fine orators in this country, 
 but none who could argue like Webster and none who 
 could please like Clay ; so I have thought it best to tell 
 about these two men, even if there are many of whom I 
 cannot speak. 
 
 Tell about — 
 
 1. The youth of Daniel Webster. 
 
 2. How he went to Congress and became a great orator. 
 
 3. Also about the youth of Henry Clay. 
 
 4. How the awkward country boy got to Congress and made his 
 
 mark as a speaker. 
 
 203 
 
LIFE IN THE WEST 
 
 LIFE IN THE3 WEST. 
 
 Old Colony Times. — Some time ago you read of how 
 people lived in the North and the South in old colony times. 
 I must now say something about how they lived in the West 
 in later times, for there were no white people in the west- 
 ern country in the days of the colonies. 
 
 Lack of Roads. — It was hard to get to the West in those 
 days. There were no railroads or steamboats, and the 
 roads were very poor, most of them only rough tracks cut 
 through the woods, like that which Daniel Boone and his 
 men made with their axes through the forest of Kentucky. 
 
 How People went "West. — You know how Daniel Boone 
 and many others got West, over the mountains, by a long, 
 rough way, that must have been very hard to travel. In 
 the North they went in large wagons, drawn by horses or 
 oxen. These now and then broke down and spilled out 
 everything and everybody on the ground, but they picked 
 themselves up again and went on. Others went down the 
 
 Ohio River on what were 
 i&foKL^ called flat-boats. This 
 
 Nltl^feSL^ --=■ was t no easiest way, but 
 it was a long journey to 
 the Ohio, and those on 
 
 MISSISSIPPI FLAT-BOAT. <i i i I C 
 
 the boats were not safe 
 from the Indians, who shot at them from the banks. The 
 boats had to be made like floating forts. 
 
 The Pioneer Houses. — When the travellers started a 
 new home in the West they lived for a time in a very poor 
 
 204 
 
LIFE IN THE WEST 
 
 way. Their houses were made of logs, with clay to fill up 
 the cracks. They had oiled paper for their windows in- 
 stead of glass, so that not much light got into the houses 
 in the winter time, but there were cracks in the walls where 
 the cold winds got in. They had large fire-places, with 
 plenty of wood to burn, and many of them had iron stoves. 
 But there was little furniture and the farm-work was very 
 hard. They had to cut down trees with their axes and 
 plant corn between the stumps. 
 
 The First School-Houses. — The school-house was also 
 of logs and had its great fire-place, to which the children 
 crowded up to get warm. They did not have fine seats 
 and desks like the boys and girls of to-day, but had to sit 
 on rough slabs of wood with wooden legs stuck into holes 
 beneath. When they were old enough to write they had 
 to use a narrow shelf around the wall, to which they could 
 draw up their seats. Their pens were made out of goose- 
 quills with a penknife by the master. 
 
 Barefoot Scholars. — The master had his desk, and by 
 his side he kept a bunch of hickory switches, for in those 
 days it was thought that learning must be switched into 
 boys and girls. Some of them did not go a day with- 
 out a whipping. They all went barefoot to school unless 
 the weather was cold, though some of the proud ones 
 would carry their shoes in their hand, and put them on 
 at the door to wear in school. 
 
 How People Lived. — People lived in the West very much 
 as they did in the East. They had their husking and their 
 
 205 
 
THE LAND OF GOLD 
 
 house-raising frolics, their singing-schools and their nutting 
 parties, and a traveller was always welcome in their houses. 
 In time villages grew up where the old log-house had stood, 
 frame and brick houses were built, stores were started with 
 all sorts of goods, and the bustle of trade began. Thus 
 life in the West followed life in the East. 
 
 Tell about— 
 
 1. How people made their way to the West. 
 
 2. What kind of houses they built. 
 
 3. What the old school-houses were like. 
 
 4. How the master made the boys study. 
 
 5. How people lived and enjoyed themselves. 
 
 THE LAND OF GOLD. 
 
 The Great West. — I have just been talking about the 
 West and how the first settlers lived there. But that was 
 what we may call the little West, the country on the other 
 side of the Alleghany (al-le-ga'ne) mountains, where the 
 Ohio River runs. If we would seek the Great West we 
 must cross the Mississippi River, to that broad country 
 which Thomas Jefferson bought from France. And if we 
 cross the Rocky Mountains we come to another West, a vast 
 stretch of land on whose shores the waves of the Pacific 
 Ocean beat. 
 
 The "War with Mexico. — It is to this far-off West that 
 we must now go. If you wish to know how the United 
 States spread so far across the country, I will say that in the 
 
 206 
 
THE LAND OF GOLD 
 
 year 1847 there was a war between this country and Mex- 
 ico, which lies south of the United States. This war was 
 about Texas, which was once part of Mexico, but had got 
 free from that country and joined the United States. After 
 the war was over we got from Mexico a wide tract of land 
 that spread out all the way from Texas to the Pacific 
 Ocean. The part of it which is bounded by the ocean was 
 called Cal-i-for'ni-a. This is now one of our States, and 
 one of the richest of them all, but then there were very 
 few people in it. 
 
 Captain Sutter's Land. — One of the rivers of California 
 is called the Sac-ra-men'to, and into this there runs a 
 smaller river called the American. Where these rivers 
 come together there lived a settler named Captain Sutter, 
 who owned all the land for many miles around and had 
 thousands of cattle, horses, and sheep in his fields. He 
 lived there like a little 
 king, though he had 
 many more wild beasts 
 and tame animals than 
 he had men in his king- 
 dom. 
 
 Building a Saw-Mill. 
 — Captain Sutter wanted 
 lumber for use on his 
 great farm, and sent a 
 man named Marshall up the American River to build a 
 saw-mill, so that he might cut the trees into boards and 
 
 207 
 
 DISCOVERY OF GOLD AT SUTTER'S SAW-MILL. 
 
THE LAND OF GOLD 
 
 planks. Marshall soon had the mill under way, and built 
 a dam to bring water to the water-wheel. He also set 
 men to dig a ditch to carry the water away after it had 
 turned the wheel. 
 
 The Shining- Yellow Specks.— One day Marshall was 
 taking a walk along this ditch and looking down to see if it 
 was all right, when he saw some yellow specks shining in 
 the dirt that had been thrown out. He washed some of 
 these specks out of the dirt and found them very bright. 
 That night he showed them to the workmen and said, 
 " What do you think of those ? I think I have found a 
 gold-mine. 1 ' One of the men laughed and answered, " I 
 reckon not. No such good luck as that." 
 
 "What Marshall Showed Sutter. — As soon as he could 
 get away, Marshall rode down the river to see Captain Sut- 
 ter. He asked the captain to lock the door so that no one 
 could come in, as he had something to show him which no- 
 body else must see. Then he took a paper from his pocket, 
 spread it open, and showed some of the shining yellow dust. 
 " What do you think that is ?" he asked. " I think it is gold, 
 but the people at the mill laugh at me and call me crazy." 
 
 Testing the Gold-Dust. — Captain Sutter knew how to 
 tell gold from other things. First he weighed the yellow 
 stuff, and found it was as heavy as gold. Then he pounded 
 it with a hammer, and found it was as tough as gold. Then 
 he poured strong acid on it, and found it did not melt away 
 or change color, as other metals will under acid. It was 
 gold, he said ; there was no doubt about that. 
 
 208 
 
THE LAND OF GOLD 
 
 What Sutter Did. — The captain asked Marshall to say 
 nothing about it. He said a gold mine would be no good 
 to him. If people heard that gold had been found, they 
 would flock in and dig up his land, and he might lose the 
 whole of it. He wanted the saw-mill just then more than 
 he did gold. But for all that he tried to get the land where 
 the gold was found, for he rented it for three years from 
 the Indians, and paid them with some shirts, hats, hand- 
 kerchiefs, and flour. That is the way white men have 
 always bought land from the Indians. 
 
 The Secret is Out. — No one can keep a secret like that. 
 Sutter asked Marshall to keep quiet, but he did not keep 
 quiet himself. He talked about it, and soon the story got 
 out that gold had been found. One day in May, 1848, a 
 man came into San Francisco. This, which is now a great 
 city, was then a little town of frame shanties. This man 
 ran through the streets like a madman, shouting and swing- 
 ing his hat, and holding up a bottle of gold dust. " Gold ! 
 gold !" he cried ; "gold from the American River!" 
 
 The Rush for Gold. — That was enough to make every- 
 body wild for gold. People set out from all sides, each 
 man with a spade and a pick-axe to dig for gold. Store- 
 keepers shut up their stores, sailors ran away from the ships 
 in the harbor, farmers left their fields, everybody who could 
 walk or row a boat set out for the gold-fields. 
 
 The Gold Fever Grows. — Soon Captain Sutter's land 
 was full of people, who dug up the ground, fed on his cat- 
 tle, and did not care what he said or what he thought. 
 
 14 209 
 
DOCTOR WHITMAN'S RIDE 
 
 Gold was found in many places, and it was not long before 
 men were coming from all parts of the United States, and 
 millions of dollars worth of gold were being dug up and 
 washed from the mud of the streams. 
 
 The Pinal Result. — Captain Sutter lost all his land and 
 became a poor man. Marshall became poorer still. The 
 men who had found the gold got no good from it. But thou- 
 sands grew rich. In seven years' time the gold found was 
 worth nearly five hundred million dollars. This country is 
 still rich in gold, but California is richer in grain and fruits 
 and other products of the fields than in gold, and hundreds 
 of thousands of people are at work on its farms. 
 
 Tell in your own words — 
 
 1. How the West has grown and spread. 
 
 2. What came from the war with Mexico. 
 
 3. About Captain Sutter and his land. 
 
 4. What Marshall found in the mill-race and how Sutter tested it. 
 
 5. How the secret got out. 
 
 6. The rush for gold. 
 
 7. What is said of California to-day. 
 
 ¥¥ 
 
 DOCTOR WHITMAN'S RIDE. 
 
 The Oregon Country. — Now let us take a look to the 
 north of California. Here there was another great country 
 named Oregon, but for a long time nobody seemed to want 
 it. There was no gold to bring people there, and nothing 
 
 210 
 
DOCTOR WHITMAN'S RIDE 
 
 of value was known there except furs, which could be 
 bought from the Indians. Captain Gray, of Boston, was 
 one of the first men to go there, and he gave a chief an old 
 iron chisel for two hundred skins of the sea-otter, which 
 were worth about eight thousand dollars. That was like 
 Captain Sutter with his hats and handkerchiefs. 
 
 Captain Gray's Voyage. — Captain Gray found a great 
 river which he named the Columbia, and which was full 
 of fish. He loaded his 
 ship with furs and came 
 back to Boston. He 
 was the first man to 
 carry the American flag 
 around the earth. Cap- 
 tain Gray made his 
 voyage when General 
 Washington was Presi- 
 dent. 
 
 Travellers to Ore- 
 gon. — You have been told how Lewis and Clark crossed 
 the Rocky Mountains and came to the Pacific Ocean. This 
 was in Oregon at the mouth of the Columbia River. Later 
 on others came there for furs, and after many years men 
 began to cross the Rocky Mountains to seek new homes in 
 Oregon. One of these was a doctor named Marcus Whit- 
 man, who had just been married, and brought his young 
 wife out to that rough country. They were the first to 
 cross the Rocky Mountains in a wagon. 
 
 211 
 
 CAPTAIN GRAY DISCOVERING THE COLUMBIA 
 RIVER. 
 
DOCTOR WHITMAN'S RIDE 
 
 An English Boast. — I have said that nobody seemed 
 to want that country. That was the case for many years, 
 but there came a time when the English wanted it. They 
 had found it so rich in furs that the fur-traders of Canada 
 thought it was worth having, and began to send men there. 
 One man boasted about what the English were going to do. 
 " America is too late, and we have got Oregon, 1 ' he said. 
 He did not know that Dr. Whitman heard him and made 
 up his mind that America should not be too late if he could 
 help it. 
 
 Whitman in the Saddle. — In a day's time Dr. Whitman 
 was in the saddle and had started on a ride of three thou- 
 sand miles. He wanted to get to Washington as soon as 
 he could and try and get Congress to claim that country, 
 for he knew there was no time to waste. He left his 
 young wife at their home in Oregon and set out with one 
 companion and a guide. His companion, whose name was 
 Lovejoy, found it such a hard ride that he became worn 
 out before the journey ended. 
 
 The Snow and the Ice. — No man ever made a more ter- 
 rible journey. It was winter and the mountains were full 
 of snow. At one place a great snow-storm kept the travel- 
 lers fast among the rocks for ten days. At another time 
 they had a river to cross that was half ice and half water, 
 and which Lovejoy and the guide were afraid to cross till 
 the doctor leaped in and made them ashamed. As they 
 went on they were almost starved, and had to kill dogs and 
 mules for food. 
 
 212 
 
DOCTOR WHITMAN'S RIDE 
 
 Lost in the Mountains. — I have told you how they were 
 kept for ten days in the mountains by a snow-storm. Dr. 
 Whitman tried to get 
 out, but he was lost in 
 the snow and went 
 back and forth trying 
 in vain to find his way. 
 The cold was bitter. At 
 length he had to stop. 
 He could go no farther, 
 and thought he would 
 have to stay where he 
 was and freeze to death. 
 
 Saved by a Mule. — 
 By good luck the guide 
 who was with him had 
 a very knowing mule, 
 which began to move 
 
 its ears and head in a queer fashion. When the guide 
 saw this he dropped the reins and let the mule go its 
 own way. He said to the doctor, " Follow him. He 
 will find the camp if he can live to reach it." The mule 
 started and made its way down slopes and through wild 
 places. After a while they came to a place they had seen 
 before, and began to smell smoke in the air. Very soon 
 they saw with glad eyes the camp-fire they had left that 
 morning. The logs still showed sparks of fire, and they 
 soon had a warm blaze. That was a mule worth having. 
 
 213 
 
 WHITMANS RIDE. 
 
DOCTOR WHITMAN'S RIDE 
 
 How Whitman Got Fuel. — At another time they came 
 to a river side. The river was frozen, but the ice was not 
 thick enough to bear the weight of a man. Yet the air was 
 freezing cold and there was no wood on that side of the 
 stream. They must get across if they wanted a fire. Dr. 
 Whitman knew how he could cross on the thin ice. He 
 lay down flat on the ice and went across in a wriggling 
 way, pushing the axe before him. Then he cut some wood 
 and came back in the same manner, pushing the axe and 
 the wood. Soon they had a fire and a warm supper. 
 You may see that Dr. Whitman and the mule knew how 
 to get out of a tight place. 
 
 Whitman in Washington. — It was the 3d of March, 
 1843, when Dr. Whitman got to Washington. He had 
 been five months on that long winter ride. He told the 
 President and Congress why he had made that hard journey, 
 and let them know how fine a country Oregon was, and 
 that they would lose it if they did not act at once. 
 
 A Wagon-Train.— Then he spread his story all through 
 ^m^^7^^^ :s:: i^^ ! s^s^i£^s^B^mtZ=m^m the country, tell- 
 
 ing the people 
 about the beauty 
 of the land and 
 the richness of 
 the soil. They 
 could cross the 
 mountains in wagons with their families, he said, for he 
 had done so. When June came, and he was ready to 
 
 214 
 
 AN EMIGRANT TRAIN. 
 
ABRAHAM LINCOLN 
 
 start back, there were two hundred wagons, filled with 
 men, women, and children, ready to go with him. 
 
 Home Again. — Dr. Whitman went at their head as their 
 leader and guide, and on the 4th of September he came 
 again to the door of his home and was met with a warm 
 kiss by his wife. He had been gone eleven months, and 
 she had feared, she would never see him again. 
 
 Oregon is "Won. — Dr. Whitman had saved Oregon for 
 this country. He brought a small army of settlers with 
 him. Others soon followed, and the British fur-traders 
 gave up their hopes. Dr. Whitman and the Americans 
 had been too quick for them. The country called Oregon 
 has since then been cut up into three States, which are 
 named Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. 
 
 Tell in your own words — 
 
 1. About Oregon and what was thought of it. 
 
 2. What Dr. Whitman heard. 
 
 3. What he set out to do. 
 
 4. How the mule saved his life. 
 
 5. How he crossed the river. 
 
 6. How he saved Oregon. 
 
 ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 
 
 The Chance for Poor Boys. — There is no country in the 
 world where a poor boy has the same chance to become 
 rich or great as he has in our land of liberty. There are 
 many rich men among us to-day who began life without a 
 
 215 
 
ABRAHAM LINCOLN 
 
 penny. And some of our greatest men had very poor 
 parents and had to work hard to help them when they were 
 young. I have told you about some of these, and am now 
 going to tell you about the poorest of them all, who became 
 one of the greatest and noblest. 
 
 A Poor Kentucky Boy. — This boy's name was Abraham 
 Lincoln. His grandfather came to Kentucky to live soon 
 after Daniel Boone went there, and the family stayed there 
 until after little Abe Lincoln — as the people called him — 
 was seven years old. Then they moved north across the 
 Ohio River, and settled in Indiana, which was then a wild 
 country. 
 
 The House he Lived in. — I am sure you would not like 
 to live in the house that Mr. Lincoln built, for it was only a 
 rough little shed, made of logs and limbs of trees. It did 
 not need any door or windows, for it had only three sides. 
 One side of it was open, and let in all the light they wanted 
 and a good deal more of the cold air. There was no floor, 
 and some of us might think that a cow-shed was as good a 
 place to live in. There was no fire-place or chimney, for 
 the fire was made outside. In the winter they had to hang 
 up buffalo-skins to keep out the cold. In the summer it 
 was like living out-of-doors. 
 
 A New Home Built. — The family lived for a year or 
 more in this shed ; then Mr. Lincoln built a house with four 
 sides to it. It was a rough place still, and the furniture was 
 made with an axe. The table was a log split in half, with 
 the flat side made smooth, and sticks stuck in below for 
 
 216 
 
ABRAHAM LINCOLN 
 
 legs. The chairs were rough stools made in the same way. 
 Little Abe's room was in the loft, where he had a bag of 
 dry leaves in one corner for a bed. When he went to bed 
 he had to climb up a row of wooden pins driven into the 
 logs. It is likely he had to wear very poor clothes and 
 often had not much to eat, though there was plenty of game 
 in the woods. But he had a good, kind mother, and no 
 doubt the little fellow was happy enough. 
 
 He Learns to Read and "Write. — Little Abe had plenty 
 of work to do, helping his father about the farm and chop- 
 ping up wood for fires. He did not get much schooling. 
 There was a log school-house a good way off, where he 
 went long enough to learn to read and write. After that 
 he did all his studying at home. He would sit on the floor 
 before the fire on winter nights and read and write by its 
 blaze. He had only a few books. These were the Bible, 
 Pilgrim's Progress, ^Esop's Fables, the Life of Washington, 
 and one or two more. These he read over and over till he 
 knew much of them by heart. 
 
 A Backwoods Copy-Book. — When he wanted to write 
 or cipher, he had to do it on the back of the wooden fire- 
 shovel. He wrote on this with a piece of charcoal. After 
 it got full of words or figures all he had to do was to shave 
 it off, and he had a clean surface again to write on. If 
 the shovel got worn-out, it was easy for him to chop a 
 new one out of a tree with his axe and hatchet. 
 
 The Boy Becomes a Scholar. — You may be sure a boy 
 like this did not waste much of his time. He kept at his 
 
 217 
 
ABRAHAM LINCOLN 
 
 studies till he could write and cipher very well, and could 
 
 read and spell as well. He was looked upon as quite a 
 
 scholar, and many of the men living near got him to write 
 
 their letters, for few of them knew 
 
 how to write. 
 
 Lincoln Grows Up. — Nobody 
 called him little Abe Lincoln when 
 he got older, for he grew to be big 
 Abe Lincoln. When he was nine- 
 teen years old he was larger and 
 stronger than any man about. He 
 was nearly six feet four inches high, 
 and when he took his axe in hand 
 none of them could make the chips 
 fly as fast. In fact, he got to be one 
 of the greatest rail-splitters in the 
 country, and thought nothing of splitting four hundred fence- 
 rails to pay for every yard of cloth to make his clothes. 
 
 Fiat-Boat Trips. — He soon began to do other things. 
 He went twice on a flat-boat to New Orleans. Once the 
 boat was loaded with hogs, and when they would not go 
 on board he picked up the stubborn things and carried 
 them on the boat in his arms. Another time some negroes 
 tried to rob the boat, but Abe went at them with a club 
 and soon sent them flying. 
 
 An Honest Clerk. — After that time he became a clerk in 
 a store in Illinois. His father had moved to that State. 
 Here he showed that he was a very honest lad. Once a 
 
 218 
 
 
 KAIL-SPLITTING. 
 
ABRAHAM LINCOLN 
 
 woman gave him six cents too much for what she bought, 
 and at night, after the store was closed, he walked five or 
 six miles to take back her six cents. Another time he 
 did not give a woman her right weight of tea, and he 
 walked a long distance to take her the rest of the tea. 
 When people heard of his doing things like these they began 
 to call him honest Abe Lincoln. 
 
 Studying- Grammar. — While he was. at the store he got 
 hold of more books to read and study. One book he 
 wanted badly was a grammar, so that he could learn to 
 speak correctly. But grammars were very scarce in that 
 country. Some one told him that a man who lived eight 
 miles away had one, and he walked that distance and bor- 
 rowed it from him. Here and there he found the grammar 
 too hard, but a lawyer who came to the store helped him 
 over these hard places. 
 
 The Armstrong's. — Though Lincoln was big and strong, 
 he did not like to fight. But many of the men of the coun- 
 try were fond of fighting. There was a gang of young fel- 
 lows who were led by a man named Jack Armstrong, and 
 who tried to make every stranger they met fight with them. 
 One day Jack Armstrong made up his mind he would whip 
 Abe Lincoln. But he soon found that he had made a mis- 
 take, for he got whipped himself, and he learned a lesson 
 which he did not soon forget. 
 
 A Trial for Murder. — After that Lincoln and the Arm- 
 strongs were the best of friends. The time came when a 
 man was killed in a fight and a brother of Jack Armstrong 
 
 219 
 
LINCOLN IN LATER LIFE 
 
 was arrested for the murder. Lincoln was a lawyer then. 
 He did not believe that Armstrong had killed the man, and 
 he said he would defend him. When the trial came on one 
 witness said he had seen Armstrong strike the man dead. 
 Lincoln asked him if he was sure of this. He said that he 
 was, for it was bright moonlight, and he had seen it plainly. 
 Then Lincoln took an almanac from his pocket and showed 
 the court that the moon was not shining at that hour on 
 the night of the murder. The jury said the prisoner was 
 not guilty, and the judge set him free. 
 
 Pay for Kindness. — Mrs. Armstrong had been kind to 
 Lincoln when he was a poor young man. He paid her 
 now for her kindness by saving her son's life, and he would 
 not take any money for doing so, as she was too poor to 
 pay a lawyer. 
 
 Tell what you remember about — 
 
 1. The kind of house Lincoln lived in. 
 
 2. How he got his education. 
 
 3. What his copy-book was like. 
 
 4. What kind of a man he made. 
 
 5. Why people called him honest. 
 
 6. Tell the story of Jack Armstrong and the trial for murder. 
 
 ¥¥ 
 
 LINCOLN IN LATER LIFE. 
 
 Lincoln in "War. — You have read about how Abraham 
 Lincoln lived and what he did as a boy ; now I must tell 
 about him as a man. There was a war with the Indians at 
 
 220 
 
LINCOLN IN LATER LIFE 
 
 that time, and he went as a soldier ; but he had no fighting 
 to do, and he saved the life of one old Indian. He said 
 that all the battles he fought were with the mosquitoes. 
 
 In New Business.— When Lincoln came home from the 
 war he did not go back to rail-splitting. He had been a 
 clerk in a country store, and now he started one of his 
 own, but he was too much of a reader to make money in 
 store-keeping, and all he did in the store was to get into 
 debt. Then he took care of a post-office. After that he 
 learned how to survey land, and made some money in this 
 way. While he was doing this he studied law all he could, 
 for he had made up his mind to be a lawyer. 
 
 He Goes to the Legislature. — Everybody liked young 
 Lincoln, for he got to be a good talker and could tell so 
 many funny stories that he always made people laugh. 
 And when he said anything the people knew that they 
 could believe him. So they sent him to the Legislature of 
 Illinois and he became one of the law-makers of the State. 
 He had a hundred miles to go to the State capital, and had 
 no money to waste on horse-hire, so, as he was young and 
 strong, he walked all the way. 
 
 Lincoln as a Lawyer. — The people kept sending him to 
 the Legislature after that for many years, for they found he 
 was just the man for them. When he was not there he 
 was surveying land and studying law. He got to be a good 
 lawyer, but he did not make much money, for he would 
 not take pay from poor people, and would not take a case 
 in court if he did not think it was just and right. 
 
 221 
 
LINCOLN IN LATER LIFE 
 
 The Pig in the Mud-Hole. — Abraham Lincoln was one 
 of the most kind-hearted of men. Once when he was 
 riding to court he saw a pig in a mud-hole, which it could 
 not get out of. He had on a new suit of clothes and did 
 not want to spoil them with mud, so he rode on. But he 
 could not keep from thinking of the poor pig in the mud, 
 and it worried him so that he turned back after he had 
 gone two miles, and pulled the poor creature out of the 
 mud. Piggy grunted his thanks and trotted away, and 
 Lincoln rode on looking as if he had been in a mud-hole 
 himself. 
 
 Lincoln in Congress. — After a while Lincoln was elected 
 
 to Congress, and became one of the law-makers for the 
 
 whole country. This was in 1846. While he was there 
 
 the war with Mexico went on, and there was much talk 
 
 about slaves. Lincoln thought that 
 
 the owners of slaves ought not to take 
 
 them into new States or Territories, 
 
 and he said so in his speeches. He 
 
 was now a very good and sensible 
 
 speaker, and in time his name became 
 
 known all through the country. 
 
 He is made President. — In 1860, 
 when the party that did not like 
 
 LINCOLN. , 1X1 X 
 
 slavery was ready to choose a man to 
 run for President, they picked out Abraham Lincoln as the 
 best man they could think of, and when election day came 
 so many voted for him that he was elected President of 
 
 222 
 
LINCOLN IN LATER LIFE 
 
 the United States. When his name was offered, his 
 friends carried in two old fence-rails which he had split 
 when he was a young man. The poor rail-splitter was 
 now the greatest man in the United States. 
 
 A Pour Years' War. — It is not always pleasant to be 
 President. President Lincoln found it a very hard task, 
 indeed. For a great war broke out between the North and 
 the South, and kept on for four years, and many of the 
 people blamed Lincoln for all the troubles and mistakes 
 that took place. But he was so kind and patient and so 
 wise and honest that the common people and the soldiers 
 grew to love him, and at last nearly every one said that 
 we had never had a better or a greater President. 
 
 The Death of Lincoln. — There were men who hated 
 him because the South had lost in the war, and one of 
 these men shot him after the war was over. This was on 
 the 14th of April, 1865. The President died from the 
 wound, and the whole country mourned him as if every 
 one had lost his best friend. Even the people in the South 
 were very sorry, for they had learned that Abraham Lincoln 
 was not their enemy. 
 
 Tell in your own words — 
 
 1. How Lincoln tried to make his way. 
 
 2. What kind of a lawyer he made. 
 
 3. The story of the pig. 
 
 4. What he said in Congress. 
 
 5. How he became President and what people thought of him. 
 
 6. How he was murdered. 
 
 223 
 
THE GREAT CIVIL WAR 
 
 THE GREAT CIVIL WAR. 
 
 The Cause of the War. — Now we have come to a sad 
 part of the history of our country, the great war which 
 took place while Abraham Lincoln was President, and in 
 which so many dreadful battles were fought. For years 
 before this time there had been a great deal of bad feeling 
 between the people of the North and the South on account 
 of the slaves. But do you know what is meant by this 
 word ? There have been no slaves in this country since 
 any of you were born, and many of you may not know 
 what slaves were. I must tell you about them. 
 
 The Slavery Trouble. — Well, at one time all the black 
 people in this country were not free, as they are now, but 
 belonged to masters, who had paid for them, and for whom 
 they had to work. Their masters had the right to sell 
 them if they wished. But there came a time when the 
 people of the North set their slaves free. At a later time 
 many people said that the Southern masters ought to do 
 the same thing, but not many of them were willing to do 
 so, for that would have made the most of them poor. 
 
 The Union of the States. — It was this that made bad 
 feeling between the North and the South, for many people 
 in the North helped the slaves to run away, and in the end 
 it brought on war. Most of the States in which slaves were 
 kept wanted to leave the Union * and form a new govern- 
 
 * The Union : This meant at first the joining together of the thirteen 
 colonies to form one government. It now means the combination of 
 all the States into one nation. 
 
 224 
 
THE GREAT CIVIL WAR 
 
 ULYSSES S. GRANT. 
 
 merit of their own. President Lincoln and Congress said 
 
 they should not do so, and that the Union should not be 
 
 broken up. There were eleven 
 
 States that tried to leave the Union. 
 
 The other States tried to keep them 
 
 in. Both sides began to fight, and 
 
 this is what we mean by the Civil' 
 
 War. 
 
 The Gathering of the Armies. — 
 Soon there was a great coming and 
 going of soldiers, and beating of 
 drums, and waving of flags, and tramping of horses and 
 men. Mothers wept as they bade good-by to their sons, 
 whom they were afraid they would never see again. And 
 many of the soldier boys had wet eyes and sad hearts, 
 though they tried to hide it with shouts and hurrahs. It 
 was not long before many of these poor fellows on both 
 sides were falling dead or wounded, 
 and there was the most terrible time 
 the country had ever seen. 
 
 Battle and Death. — The war kept 
 on for four long years, from 1861 to 
 1865. There were battles by land 
 and by sea, and hundreds of thou- 
 sands of brave men marched away 
 to the battle-field with their muskets 
 Many thousands of them never saw 
 their homes again, but were buried in far-off graves. 
 
 15 225 
 
 on their shoulders. 
 
THE GREAT CIVIL WAR 
 
 The Iron-Clad Ships. — One battle took place on the 
 water between two ships named the Monitor and the Mer- 
 rimac, both of which were covered with thick iron, so that 
 the cannon-balls bounded off from them like hail-stones 
 from a wall. This was the first fight that ever took place 
 between iron-clad ships. 
 
 The "War on Land. — On land there were many battles in 
 Virginia, between the cities of Washington and Richmond. 
 
 BATTLE OF THE MONITOR AND THE MERRIMAC. 
 
 Washington was the capital of the North, and Richmond 
 the capital of the South, and the armies fought hard for 
 these cities. There were many other battles in the West 
 and the South. Both sides won victories, but the North 
 had the most men and money and ships, and step by step 
 
 226 
 
THE GREAT CIVIL WAR 
 
 WILLIAM T. SHERMAN. 
 
 the Southern armies were forced hack. There was only 
 
 one great battle in the North, at Gettysburg, in Pennsyl- 
 vania. All the rest of the war was 
 
 fought in the States in which slaves 
 
 were kept. 
 
 The Famous Generals. — Many 
 
 generals got to be famous during the 
 
 war. Ulysses S. Grant, who began 
 
 as a colonel, became commander-in- 
 chief of the 
 Northern ar- 
 mies, and Robert E. Lee was made 
 commander-in-chief of those of 
 the South. William T. Sherman 
 and Philip H. Sheridan were other 
 famous generals of the North, and 
 Joseph E. Johnston and Thomas 
 J. Jackson of 
 the South. 
 
 The last of these was known as 
 
 " Stonewall Jackson," and was a very 
 
 brave man. 
 
 The South Suffers. — Both sides 
 
 thought they were in the right, and 
 
 both were ready to give all they had 
 
 that the right should rule. But the 
 
 South suffered the most, for the ships of the North would 
 
 not let merchant vessels enter their ports, and they ran 
 
 227 
 
 STONEWALL JACKSON. 
 
 PHILIP H. SHEKIDAN. 
 
EVENTS AFTER THE WAR 
 
 out of clothes and goods of all kinds, while many of their 
 houses were burned and their fields ruined. 
 
 End of the "War. — At last the army of General Grant 
 took the city of Richmond, and General Lee was forced to 
 surrender what was left of his army. Soon after all the 
 South stopped fighting. The slaves, about whom the war 
 was fought, were all set free, and peace came back to the 
 land. 
 
 Good Friends Again. — It would take the whole of this 
 book to tell you about what took place in this long war. 
 You will read about it in larger histories when you grow 
 older. All we need say now is that everybody is glad that 
 the Union was saved, and the North and the South have 
 grown to be the best of friends again. 
 
 1. Tell what you think is meant by the word slave. 
 
 2. Why did the South want to leave the Union? 
 
 3. How long did the war last ? 
 
 4. What famous naval battle took place ? 
 
 5. What generals became famous ? 
 
 6. How did the war end ? 
 
 7. How do the North and the South feel towards each other now? 
 
 ¥¥ 
 
 EVENTS AFTER THE WAR. 
 Wars with the Indians. — I must here say something 
 more about the Indians, who now own very little of this 
 country, though once they owned it all. For many years 
 
 228 
 
EVENTS AFTER THE WAR 
 
 they kept on fighting for the land which had belonged to 
 them before the white men came to America. They acted 
 in a very cruel way, and great numbers of people were put 
 to death by them in a dreadful manner, but the white men 
 were always too strong for the red men, who had to move 
 back step by step, until there were none of them left east 
 of the Mississippi River. After the Civil War the Indians 
 who lived west of the Mississippi began to fight for their 
 lands, and the same terrible deeds took place there. 
 
 Unjust Treatment of the Indians. — Most of these wars 
 were the fault of the white people. There were bad men 
 among the settlers, who robbed and ill-treated the Indians 
 and tried to drive them away from where they had always 
 lived. Gold and silver were found in the Indian lands, and 
 these brought more white people, some of whom were very 
 unjust to the red men. This made the Indians kill all the 
 white men they could find, and every few years there was 
 a new war. 
 
 New Lands for the Indians. — In the end the Indians 
 were taken from their old homes and put in new places, 
 where they were taken care of by the government. A 
 great many of them were sent to the Indian Territory, and 
 there were many also in other places. It is not likely there 
 will be any more wars with the Indians. They are quiet 
 now and are learning to work, and their children are sent 
 to school, where they are taught to read and write, and to 
 live by the work of their hands, as the white people do. 
 We are sure they will be much better and happier in this 
 
 229 
 
EVENTS AFTER THE WAR 
 
 way than in their old savage way. It is always better to 
 work than to fight. 
 
 The Fire in Chicago. — A great many things have taken 
 place since the Civil War, but there are only a few of them 
 that you will need to know about. Do you know where 
 the great city of Chicago is ? You may find it on the map 
 
 
 
 
 
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 THE CHICAGO FIRE. 
 
 in the State of Illinois, on the banks of Lake Michigan. In 
 1831 there were only about a dozen houses there, and now 
 there is a city with many more than a million people. No 
 other city in the world ever grew so fast as this. In 1871 
 this city was much smaller than it is now, and most of its 
 houses were built of wood. One night a fire began, and 
 
 230 
 
EVENTS AFTER THE WAR 
 
 the firemen could not put it out. The wind blew very hard, 
 and the fire passed from street to street so fast that no one 
 could follow it. Men and women and little children were 
 everywhere running from the terrible flames, but the fire 
 often ran faster than they, and many of them were caught 
 and burned to death. 
 
 The Loss by Fire. — The fire kept on for three days and 
 three nights, and spread over four miles and a half of 
 houses. Thousands of homes were burned, with all the 
 things in them, and the people of the city lost two hundred 
 millions of dollars in property. Great numbers of them 
 had no homes to go to and had to live in tents. In the 
 same year there were terrible fires in the forests, and many 
 people were burned to death. Soon afterwards a fire 
 broke out in the city of Boston, and here also much 
 property was burned. But the people of both cities 
 were soon at work building their homes again, and in a 
 few years you could hardly have told where the fires had 
 been. 
 
 A Hundredth Anniversary. — The 4th of July, 1876, was 
 a great day in the United States. The country was then 
 one hundred years old, for the Declaration of Independence 
 had been signed just a hundred years before. So this day 
 was kept all over the country in a way no other 4th of July 
 has ever been kept. In Philadelphia, in which city the 
 Declaration had been signed, there was a wonderful 
 celebration. 
 
 The Centennial Exhibition. — A great World's Fair was 
 
 231 
 
EVENTS AFTER THE WAR 
 
 held in that city, called the Centennial Exhibition * (sen- 
 ten'ne-al ex-he-bish'un), which was kept open for six 
 months. The finest goods of all kinds were sent to it from 
 all parts of the world. Such a beautiful and grand show 
 had never been seen in this country before, and millions 
 
 T.cs^v''j; 
 
 MEMORIAL HALL. 
 
 of people came to see it. Not only the rich came, but the 
 poor also. It is said that one woman took up the carpet 
 from her floor and sold it to get money to go to the great 
 Fair. She was willing to walk on bare floors, so she could 
 
 * Exhibition : A display of goods or articles of any kind. Centen- 
 nial : Indicating some event that took place one hundred years ago. 
 
 232 
 
EVENTS AFTER THE WAR 
 
 see the wonders of the Fair, which she thought were better 
 than carpets. 
 
 The Anniversary of the Discovery. — Many boys and 
 girls who are now in our schools were not born when the 
 fair was held in Philadelphia. But some of them were old 
 enough to see another great fair, which was held in honor of 
 the discovery of America by Columbus, four hundred years 
 before. The fair should have been in 1892, for America 
 was discovered in 1492, but the buildings could not be got 
 ready, so it was held in 1893, in the city of Chicago, where 
 no signs of the dreadful fire of 1871 were left. 
 
 THE COURT OF HONOK. 
 
 The Columbian Exhibition. — There was never anything 
 more beautiful than this splendid show, which was known 
 
 233 
 
EVENTS AFTER THE WAR 
 
 as the Columbian World's Fair. The buildings were white 
 as snow and many of them of great size, and there were 
 lakes and fountains and flowers and thousands of electric 
 lights, so that at night it looked like a city built by the 
 fairies. The buildings were filled with rare and costly 
 goods from all parts of the world, and those who saw it 
 said they had never dreamed of anything so grand and 
 beautiful. 
 
 Yellow Fever and Earthquake. — History, you know, is 
 made up of good and bad. After you read of pleasant 
 things, you always have to read of unpleasant things. 
 There were many unpleasant things in the years after the 
 war. At one time yellow fever broke out in many cities 
 of the South and thousands of the people died. At another 
 time there was a great earthquake in the city of Charleston, 
 in South Carolina. Many of the houses were shaken to 
 pieces and fell to the ground, and mud and stones were 
 thrown up through cracks in the earth. People ran for 
 their lives, as they did from the Chicago fire. 
 
 The Johnstown Flood. — Some years later a terrible 
 thing took place. A dam that held back a river in Western 
 Pennsylvania broke down on account of heavy rains, and 
 the water ran down in a frightful flood. The city of Johns- 
 town stood on the side of the river and was carried away 
 by the rushing water, and more than five thousand people 
 were drowned. It was the most dreadful accident that ever 
 took place in the United States. 
 
 The Shooting- of Garfield. — Besides these, there were 
 
 234 
 
EVENTS AFTER THE WAR 
 
 strikes of workmen, and riots, and shooting of men, and 
 burning of buildings. But the worst of all was the murder 
 of President Garfield, who was shot just as President Lin- 
 coln had been. The poor, wounded President lay dying 
 for three months, wiiile everybody was as sorry as if their 
 own fathers and mothers had been lying on the bed of 
 death. He was so brave and patient that every one grew 
 to love him, and many tears were shed when he died. 
 
 Railroads and Telegraphs. — That, I am sure, is enough 
 of disasters. Let us now talk of more pleasant things. It 
 is well to say something about the way railroads have 
 spread out over the whole country, until now we can travel 
 from the shores of the Atlantic Ocean to those of the 
 Pacific Ocean in five days. The telegraph has spread in 
 the same way, until it covers the whole country like a great 
 wire net, and runs under the ocean to far-off Europe. And 
 we can talk over the telephone wires to people many miles 
 away as if they were in the next room. I am sure you 
 must think all this very wonderful. 
 
 National Parks and Alaska. — In some parts of the 
 country there are wonderful sights to be seen, like the Falls 
 of Niagara, the big trees of California, and the great boiling 
 fountains in the Yellowstone Valley. These have been 
 made into parks, or public places, by the government, for 
 the good of the people forever, and thousands go to see 
 them every year. Away to the north is a great tract of 
 country that belonged to Russia, but was bought after the 
 war and added to the United States. This is called Alaska, 
 
 235 
 
EVENTS AFTER THE WAR 
 
 and lies where the climate is very cold and there is much 
 ice and snow. But its rivers are full of fish, and from its 
 islands come the beautiful seal-skin furs which the ladies so 
 much admire. 
 
 The Gold of Alaska. — Do you remember how gold was 
 found in California, just at the time we got it from Mexico? 
 Well, gold has been found in Alaska, too, and thousands of 
 people are there now, hunting all through that cold country 
 for the bright yellow metal which men love so much. A 
 
 THE (JOLD-MINEES IN ALASKA. 
 
 great deal of gold has been dug from the ground, and much 
 more is likely to be found. Everybody is sure that the 
 United States did well when it bought Alaska. 
 
 236 
 
THE WAR WITH SPAIN 
 
 Tell what you remember about — 
 
 1. The Indian wars. 
 
 2. What has been done with the Indians. 
 
 3. The fires at Chicago and Boston. 
 
 4. The Centennial Exhibition. 
 
 5. The Columbian Exhibition. 
 
 6. The yellow fever, earthquake, and flood. 
 
 7. How Garfield was shot. 
 
 8. The growth of the railroad and telegraph. 
 
 9. What Alaska contains. 
 
 *¥ 
 
 THE WAR WITH SPAIN. 
 
 The Island of Cuba. — If you have a map of our country 
 to look at, and know where to find the State of Florida on 
 it, you will see that this State runs down into the ocean of 
 the South, and comes to a point far in the southern waters. 
 Not far south of this point you will see a long island named 
 Cuba. It is near enough to this country to belong to it, but 
 it belonged to Spain for more than four hundred years 
 after it was discovered by Columbus in 1492. 
 
 The Spanish Colonies. — You have been told how Spain 
 came to own a great part of America and of the islands of 
 the West Indies. She might still have ruled over this vast 
 country if she had treated the people well. But the people 
 of America did not like to be treated as if they were slaves, 
 and the countries claimed by Spain began to fight for liberty. 
 In time they all became free, and Spain lost all she owned 
 
 237 
 
THE WAR WITH SPAIN 
 
 in America except the Island of Cuba and a small island 
 farther East called Porto Rico. 
 
 The Cuban Rebellion. — Do you not think that Spain 
 should now have treated these islands in a different way ? 
 But she did not ; she went on in the old way, and the time 
 came when the people of Cuba began to fight for freedom 
 as those of the main-land had done. There was a war 
 that kept on for ten years and then came to an end. Spain 
 still held the island, but she had learned nothing from the 
 war, and things went on there the same as before. 
 
 A Cruel "War. — In 1895 the people began to fight again, 
 and soon there was war in all parts of the island. This 
 kept on for more than three years. It was a very cruel 
 war, for the poor women and children, who could not help 
 themselves, were made to come into the towns, where they 
 could get nothing to eat. Very many of these poor helpless 
 people starved to death. 
 
 Feeding- the Hungry. — The war was cruel in many ways 
 besides this, and the people of the United States were very 
 sorry for the poor Cubans and did all they could to help 
 them. One thing they did was to send a number of ships 
 loaded with food to feed the starving. The Spaniards said 
 that the Americans kept the war going on, by sending arms 
 to the rebels, and they became very angry against the 
 United States. 
 
 The Sinking of the Maine. — One of our battle-ships, 
 called the Maine, was sent in the beginning of 1898 to the 
 harbor of Havana, the capital of Cuba. One night, while 
 
 238 
 
THE WAR WITH SPAIN 
 
 the ship lay quietly at anchor, and all the men were asleep, 
 and the captain was writing in his cabin, there came a ter- 
 rible noise under the ship and in a minute she was torn 
 nearly in half. What is called a torpedo had been set off 
 under her. She soon sank to the bottom, and most of the 
 poor men on board were killed or drowned. 
 
 A Warlike Peeling. — When the news of this dreadful 
 event came to this country the people were full of anger. 
 
 MODERN BATTLE-SHIPS. 
 
 They said that the Spaniards had blown up the Maine, and 
 that Spain ought to be punished by taking Cuba from her. 
 I cannot tell all that was said and done, but the feeling be- 
 tween the two countries grew worse every day, and on the 
 21st of April war began. 
 
 Steel-Clad Ships. — You have read how, during the Civil 
 War, a battle took place between two iron-clad vessels, the 
 
 239 
 
THE WAR WITH SPAIN 
 
 Monitor and the Merrimac. Since that time all the large 
 war-ships have been covered with iron or steel, and in 1898 
 the United States had a fine fleet of steel-clad ships. Spain 
 had some strong ships of this kind, too, and much of the 
 fighting of the war was between these ships. 
 
 The Fleets at Manila. — Spain owned many islands in 
 the Pacific Ocean, not far from China, and known as the 
 Philippine (fil'ip-pin) Islands. On one of these -islands is 
 a large city named Manila (man-il'ah), and near by there 
 
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 1 
 
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 9 
 
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 IHMfl 
 
 L 
 
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 ADMIRAL GEORGE DKWEY. 
 
 MAJ.-GEN. FITZHUGH LEE. 
 
 was a fleet of Spanish war-ships. The United States had 
 a fleet on the coast of China, under Commodore Dewey, 
 and as soon as the war began this fleet started for Manila. 
 It reached there early in the morning of the 1st of May. 
 
 The Battle of Manila. — As soon as it got there a great 
 battle began between the two fleets. It was one of the 
 most wonderful naval battles ever seen. The whole Spanish 
 
 240 
 
THE WAR WITH SPAIN 
 
 fleet was battered to pieces and sunk to the bottom, and 
 hundreds of the sailors were killed or drowned, while the 
 American ships were hardly hurt at all and not a man was 
 killed. Everybody heard of it with wonder, for no one 
 dreamed of a battle all on one side like this. Later on 
 soldiers were sent and the city of Manila was taken. 
 
 KEAR-ADM. WILLIAM T. SAMI>SON. 
 
 COL. THEODORE ROOSEVELT. 
 
 Commodore Dewey was rewarded for his wonderful victory 
 by being made an Admiral. 
 
 The Fleets Off Cuba. — While Dewey was sailing to 
 Manila, a large number of American ships went to the 
 coast of Cuba, where they blockaded the ports. That is to 
 say, no ships were allowed to go in or come out of these 
 ports. The Americans were also looking for a fleet of 
 Spanish war-ships, which were known to be on the way to 
 Cuba. There were four of these Spanish ships, fine, steel- 
 clad vessels, and also three of the little craft called torpedo- 
 
 16 241 
 
THE WAR WITH SPAIN 
 
 boats. These are intended to shoot out torpedoes,* which, 
 if they hit a ship, would blow her up as the Maine was 
 blown up. 
 
 The Spanish Fleet under Blockade. — On the south side 
 of Cuba, near its east end, is a city named Santiago (San- 
 te-ah'go), which has a large, fine bay, with a strong fort at 
 its entrance. The Spanish ships got into this bay without 
 being seen, but in a few days a number of American ships, 
 
 REAR-ADM. WINFIELD SCOTT 
 SCHLEY. 
 
 MAJ.-GEN. JOSEPH H. WHEELER. 
 
 under Admiral Schley, came up outside the bay, so that 
 they could not get out again. Soon the rest of the fleet, 
 under Admiral Sampson, sailed up, and the Spanish fleet 
 was caught like a rat in a trap. 
 
 * Torpedo : A case made of iron and filled with gunpowder, or dyn- 
 amite, or some other explosive substance. When these go off they 
 often tear everything near them to pieces. 
 
 242 
 
THE WAR WITH SPAIN 
 
 Fighting at Santiago. — In the month of June an army 
 of soldiers was sent to Santiago. These were landed near 
 the city, and in a few days hard fighting began. The 
 Americans pushed on, over the hills, and through the 
 thickets, though the sun was very hot and the rains were 
 very heavy. They drove the Spaniards back after some 
 very hard fighting. In the end the Spanish army was shut 
 up in the city as the fleet was in the bay. 
 
 Sinking the Merrimac. — Admiral Sampson tried to 
 fasten the Spanish ships in the har- r 
 bor. An old coal-vessel called the 
 Merrimac was taken in by a brave 
 sailor named Lieutenant Hobson, 
 and was sunk in the narrow chan- 
 nel. But it did not fill up the 
 channel, and on July 3 the Spanish 
 fleet came out at full speed and 
 tried to run away. 
 
 How the Spanish Ships -were 
 Sunk. — As soon as the Spanish 
 ships were seen the American ships began to chase them, 
 and they fired so fiercely that one ship after another was 
 set on fire and driven ashore. One of the Spanish ships 
 ran fifty miles along the coast, but in the end it was driven 
 ashore like the others. The torpedo-boats were sunk to 
 the bottom. 
 
 The Army Surrenders. — This was as great a victory as 
 that at Manila. Only one American sailor was killed, and 
 
 243 
 
 ENSIGN WORTH BAGLEY. 
 
THE WAR WITH SPAIN 
 
 hundreds of Spanish sailors lost their lives. The fleet was 
 gone, and Spain had very few ships left. In a week or two 
 afterwards the war in Cuba came to an end, for the Spanish 
 army at Santiago was given up as prisoners of war. Many 
 of our soldiers had been killed, but only a few sailors, and 
 only one officer of the navy. This was Ensign Worth 
 Bagley, a brave young - man from North Carolina. 
 
 Peace Declared. — The next step was to send an army to 
 the island of Porto Rico. This was led by General Miles. 
 
 MAJ.-GEN. NELSON A. MILES. 
 
 MAJ.-GEN. WESLEY MERKITT. 
 
 But while it was marching into the island peace was made 
 between the United States and Spain, and all the fighting 
 stopped. The war had lasted less than four months, and 
 Spain had lost her last possessions in America. 
 
 The Terms of the Treaty. — In the treaty of peace Spain 
 agreed that Cuba should be free and that Porto Rico 
 
 should be held by the United States. 
 
 244 
 
 The Philippine 
 
THE WAR WITH SPAIN 
 
 Islands were also given to the United States. For these 
 Spain received twenty million dollars. 
 
 Fighting- near Manila. — A few words more will tell all 
 I need say about the war. Many of the people of the 
 Philippines wanted to be free from the United States as 
 well as from Spain, and a strong army of them began to 
 fight for their freedom. There were fierce battles near 
 Manila and many were killed and wounded on both sides, 
 and for a time the United States had another war on its 
 hands. Our country lost more soldiers in this war than in 
 the war with Spain. 
 
 Tell in your own words — 
 
 1. How Spain treated her colonies in America. 
 
 2. How they got free and how Cuha fought for freedom. 
 
 3. The sinking of the Maine and the coming of war. 
 
 4. The kind of fleets we had. 
 
 5. The battle at Manila. 
 
 6. The Spanish fleet at Santiago. 
 
 7. The sinking of the Merrimac. 
 
 8. The destruction of the Spanish ships. 
 
 9. The treaty of peace. 
 
 10. The fighting in the Philippines. 
 
 245 
 
Lippincott's New Science Series. 
 
 By Paul Bert. 
 
 First Steps in Scientific Knowledge. 
 
 Adapted and arranged for American Schools by W. H. Greene, 
 M.D. With 570 illustrations. Book One. — Animals, Plants, 
 Stones, and Soils, 30 cents. Book Two. — Physics, Chemistry, 
 Animal Physiology, and Vegetable Physiology, 36 cents. 
 
 Complete in one volume. 375 pages. i6mo. 60 cents. 
 
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 Primer of Scientific Knowledge. 
 
 Man — Animals — Plants — Stones — The Three States of Bodies — 
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 Boston Journal 0/ Education. 
 
 J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY, PHILADELPHIA. 
 
Lippincott's New Science Series. 
 
 By C. De Montmahon and H. Beauregard. 
 A Short Course on Zoology. 
 
 Translated and adapted for American schools by Wm. H. Greene, M.D. 
 Profusely illustrated, nmo. Cloth, 75 cents. 
 
 By John C. Cutter, B.Sc, M.D. 
 Beginner's Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene. 
 
 144 pages. 47 illustrations, nmo. 30 cents. 
 
 Intermediate Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene. 
 
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 Comprehensive Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene. 
 
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 Prepared by Isaac Sharpless, Sc.D., and George M. 
 
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 Sharpless and Philips's Astronomy. 
 
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 By Wm. H. Greene, M.D. 
 Lessons in Chemistry. 
 
 Second Edition, Thoroughly Revised. By Harry F. Kbllar, Ph.D 
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 Botany. 
 
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MG 18 1899