ffiLUM6ERMEN & LOGGERS' Supply 2. ^ y^ WRITE \ FOR . . flouse. .o. ( G LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. T i^Hp. ©tip^rig]^ Ifxt*- SlielfJ.aa.- ^ 1^ ^ UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. OGUE. UlUOllbUI &60. ^CHICAGO n ESTABLISHED 1369. GENUINE . . . . VVN E. T. LUFI^IN '-' •^ Board Send for . . Illustrated Catalogue Lufljint^ul^Cp. Cf91 <' %»^ Copyright A, T>. 1879, by W, B. Judson. Copyright A. D. 1881, by W. B. Judson. Copyright A. D. 1889, by W. B. Judson. Copyright A. D. 1891, by W. B. Judson. / )^ <\y PRICE OF THIS BOOK, BY MAIL, $1.25. INDEX. Alabama Lien Law 226 Albany Inspection. 18 Arizona Lien Law 227 Arkansas Lien Law 231 Arkansas Y. P. Inspection. 117 Baltimore Inspection 166 Bastard Sawing 218 Boom Laws — California 231 Dakotas „ 233 Florida 236 Idaho 237 Michigan 247 Minnesota 253 Boston Inspection 96 Burlington, Vt., Ins 194 California Lien Law^ 232 Caliper Measurement 201 Chicago Cargo Ins 20 " Hardwood Ins... 33 " Poplar Ins 36 " Quar-SwdHdwd 41 " Shingle Ins 23 " Tie Specifications 43 " Yard Grading 26 Christiana Standard 199 Classification of Logs and Rules, Nashville 204 Cincinnati Inspection .172 Colorado Lien Laws 232 Connecticut State Law. ...233 Cumberland River Log , Scale 202 Custom House Caliper Measure 201 Cypress Inspection — Georgia S. M. Ass'n. Ins.125 Lumber Classification. ..132' Mobile Log Measurem't 131 Mobile Shingle Ins 130 New Orleans 164 Dakota Lien Law 234 Deals, New Orleans 162 Deals, Quebec 109 Deals, Standard Hundr'd.lll Dimensions of Masts, etc. 114 Dimensions of Merchant- able Timber 113 Dimensions of Staves 112 Doyle's Log Rule 208 Drammen Standard 199 Dublin Measurement 200 Export, N. Y. White Pine.263 Edge Grain Sawing 218 English Lumber Measures 199 Flooring Ins. — New York.. 94 INDEX. Flooring Ins. — Baltimore. 170 Florida Lien Law 236 Georgia Inspection 195 Georgia Lien Law 237 Georiga Cypress Classi- fication 125 Georgia S. M. Ass'n Ins... 121 Glasgow Measurement. ...200 Growth of Timber 216 Hollow Allowed on Mer- chantable Timber 114 Idaho Lien Law 238 Indiana Lien Law 239 Inspection — Albany 18 Arkansas, see Y.P. Ins. .117 Baltimore, Hardwood ..166 White Pine.. 171 Y.P.flooringl70 Boston 96 Burlington, Vt 194 Chicago Cargo 20 Hardwood 33 •' Poplar 36 " Quar-SwdHwd 41 " Shingle 23 " Tie 43 " Yard Grading.. 26 Cincinnati Hardwood. ..172 Cypress Lumber 132 Ga.S. M. Assn. .125 English and Other Measurements 199 Georgia 195 Louisville Hardwood. ...178 Lumber and Timber Measurements 1 98 Maine 102 Massachusetts State Law 96 MassachusettsHardwood 99 White Pine.... 97 " Spruce and " Hemlock 98 " Yellow Pine.. 98 Michigan, Shingle 17 Mobile, Shingle 130 Nashville 186 New Orleans 152 New York, Flooring 94 Hardwood.. 76 Log 89 Poplar 84 " " Yellow Pine. 92 Norlh Carolina Pine 116 North w estern H ard w ' d . 1 3 3 White Pine.. 45 Oregon Fir 115 Pensacola Pitch Pine. ...126 Philadelphia, Hardwo'd 58 Hemlock 67 Poplar 63 " Spruce 68 " Virginia and N. C. Pine.... 57 " White Pine... 51 •' Yellow Pine.. 54 Poplar Inspection 182 Quebec Culling 105 Saginaw, Pine 12 St. Louis .'..141 Toronto, Hardwood 72 " Pine 69 Williamsport 43 Yellow Pine...., 117 Kansas Lien Law 240 Law of Log Liens (see Log Liens). Laws of Liens (see Me- chanics' Liens). INDEX. Lien Laws (see Mechanics' Liens). Liverpool String Measure- ment 201 LogClassification at Nash- ville 204 Log Inspec., New York.... 89 Log Liens, Florida 236 " Maine 241 Michigan 245 Minnesota 254 Nevada 257 New Hampshire. .257 Oregon 258 Pennsylvania' 258 Vermont 258 Washington 259 Wisconsin 259 Wyoming 262 Log Classification and Rules of Measurement 204 Log Measurements 200 " Mobile Cypress.. 131 Log Scales 202 " Cumberland River. 202 " Doyle's 208 " Lumberman's Fav- orite 206 " Scribner's 210 Log Scaling 203 " Saginaw 16 London Measurement 200 Louisville Inspection 178 Lumber and Timber Meas- urements 198 Lumberman's Favorite Log Rule 206 Maine Lien Law 241 Maine Log Lien 241 Maine Inspection Law 102 Massachusetts Ins. Law.. 96 Mechanics' Liens 226 Mechanics' Liens, Ala 226 " Arizona 227 Arkansas 231 California 232 Colorado 232 Dakotas 234 Florida 236 Georgia ....237 Idaho 238 Indiana 239 Kansas 240 Maine 241 Michigan 245 Texas 258 Michigan Log Lien 245 Michigan Shingle Ins 17 Minnesota Log Lien 254 Miramichi Measurement.. 200 Mobile Inspection 130 Nashville Inspection 186 Nashville Log Classifica- tion 204 New Hampshire Log Lien. 257 New Orleans Inspection.. .152 New York Ins.— Flooring. 94 " •' Export 263 *' " Hardwood.... 76 " Log 89 " " Poplar 84 " " Yellow Pine.. 92 North Carolina Pine Ins. .116 N'hwestern Ins. Hardw'd 1 33 " " White Pine.. 45 Oregon Fir Inspection 115 Oregon Log Lien 258 Pensacola Inspection 126 Pennsylvania Log Lien.... 258 Petersburg Standard 199 INDEX. Philadelphia Inspection... 51 Poplar Inspection 182 " Baltimore 168 " Cincinnati 175 " Chicago 36 " Louisville. 180 '.' Mfgs.&Wh.Dlr'sAs.l82 " Nashville 188 " Northwestern 136 " New York 84 " Philadelphia 63 " St. Louis 144 Quarter Sawing 218 Quebec Culling 105 Quebec Standard 199 Rift-sawing (see quarter- sawing) 218 Saginaw Inspection 12 Saginaw Log Scaling 16 Scribner's Log Rule 210 Seasoning of Timber 215 Shingle Inspection, Mich.. 17 " Chicago Cargo 23 " Mobile Sawed " Cypress 130 Shingle M anufacture 211 Shingle Packing 212 Shingles, Weights of. 214 Shippers 263 Shrinking of Timber ...215 South American Shippers. 263 South'n L. Mfgs. Asn. Ins. 117 Spars, Quebec 114 Square Timber Measures.. 200 Standard Hundreds.: 199 Staves, Georgia 197 " Quebec 112 West India 112 State Laws 226 " Alabama 226 " Arizona 227 State Laws, Arkansas 228 " California.. 231 " Colorado 232 Connecticut 233 " Delaware 233 " Dakotas 233 Florida 234 " Georgia 237 Idaho 237 " Indiana 239 " Iowa 239 •' Kansas 240 " Kentucky 240 " Maine 241 Maryland 243 " Massachusetts ...243 " Michigan 245 " Minnesota 249 " Mississippi 256 " Montana 256 " Nevada 256 " New Hampshire. 257 " Oregon 258 " Pennsylvania 258 " Texas 258 " Vermont 258 '• Washington Ter.259 " Wisconsin 259 " Wyoming 262 String Measurement 201 St. John Lumber Measure 200 St. Louis Inspection 141 Taper of Merchantable Timber 113 Texas Lien Law 258 Ties— Chicago Specfi'tions 43 Ton, of Timber 200 Toronto Inspection, 69 Vermont Log Lien 258 INDEX. Washington Log Lien 259 "Weight — Pine Lumber per 1,000 Feet 33 " Poplar 185 " Shingles 214 " Yellow Pine Lumber 119 " Ga.S.M. Assn. ..125 Weight— Y. P. So. L. Mfgs. Association ...119 " '• For Usein Short Leaf District...ll9 " " ForUseinLong Leaf District... 120 Western Ins., Yellow Pine 124 West India Shippers 263 West India Staves 112 White Pine for Export 263 White Pine Inspection 45 Wisconsin Log Lien 259 Williamsport Inspection. ...43 Yellow Pine Classification 121 Yellow Pine Inspection 92 " Baltimore, Flooring.170 " Ga. S. M. Ass'n 121 " Merchantable Ins 122 " North Carolina 116 " Pensacola 126 " So. L. Mfgs. Assn 117 " So. L. & Timber Asn. 92 " Western Inspection.. 124 LUMBER INSPECTION. One of the most difficult tasks in the domain of lumber literature is the putting upon paper of a description ot those various divisions or grades which are found to pre- vail in different localities. Surveying, as it is known in Maine and some other localities, Inspection, as it is termed in Albany and the West, consists of fixing a value to each individual piece of lumber. Inasmuch as no two are exactly alike, it is impossible to establish an arbitrary rule for the guidance of the Inspector, and, as a conse- quence, the individual judgment must determine the value of each, from a consideration of its general char- acter, and the uses to which it can be put in house build- ing or manufacture. As the judgment of men varies as much as each piece of lumber from its fellow, it becomes very difficult for one to see the value and character of a board exactly as it is seen by all others, and hence it is well nigh impossible to prescribe what shall constitute a board of any particu- lar grade. If it be perfect in all other respects, it may not be of equal value with another equally, but no more, perfect board, in that it is of a more glassy, brash and tough texture, less straight and free in grain, and wholly unfit for the finer uses to which its fellow may be well suited. All these and many other considerations enter into the proper and judicious assorting and valuing of lumber, and must be determined according to the judg- ment and experience of the Inspector. But, while no arbitrary rule can be established, it was determined early in the history of the trade that one could be applied to the general characteristics of lumber, which would guide both the buyer and seller in deter- mining the value of a given piece. While these general characteristics appHed to the distributions between the manufacturer and the consumer in the infancy of the trade; while but a comparatively small quantity was produced, and consumption kept pace with production; when the demand increased and it was found necessary 10 LUMBER INSPECTION. to build mills in the forest at a distance from the con- sumer, middlemen became necessary, and at various points in the country immense depots were established, to which the mill product could be shipped, and whence it could be distributed. But the still increasing population, mov- ing further and further from the points of supply, neces- sitated another set of distributers, and the first began to confine their trade to selling, at wholesale, to the latter as retailers. Now, the rules that had guided the mill man in selling to his customers required modification, and to prevent too great an advance in price the retailer was com- pelled to obtain his compensation through a division into grades, and this system of grading has advanced to its present status, which may be almost classed among the fine arts, yet marked by as great a variance as there are individual judgments to determine it. Albany, N. Y., after Bangor, Me., and Port Deposit, Md., early became the most important center of the lum- ber trade of the country, and promulgated a system of Inspection, or sorting into qualities, which soon super- seded the early rule of Surveying, which was simply straight measure, or the determining of the number of feet, regardless of quality. In this connection it may properly be said that, in the early days of lumber manu- facture, it was the aim and custom of the producer to cut only the better class of trees, and it is within the memory of those now living, when the grades now known as Selects, Fine Common, or Picks, were the poor- est which found their way to market as Common, and that which now comprises the bulk of the lumber han- dled was considered as only fit to be sold at the mill, and such of it as by accident found its way to market was sold for what it would bring, often not realizing the cost of transportation. The growth of the trade, however, soon admonished the manufacturer that he must be more conservative with his timber, and the shipments and sale of Coarse Common, which included all between the present grade of Selects and Culls, was undertaken. The fast depleting forests and the increased consump- tion throughout the country, especially of the lower grades, soon demonstrated that consumers were utiliz- LUMBER INSPECTION. 11 ing the cheaper product for cutting-up lumber, and that doors, sash and' other building material could be made equally well from this grade as from the higher priced qualities. Albany now began to select out the nicer Common below the Fine Common grade, and Pickings became a favorite in that district. If the wholesaler could make Pickings out of the Com- mon, the retailer, equally fertile in resources, could make other qualities, and so subdivisions, such as A and B Se- lects, B Box, B Stock, 8-inch Flooring, and a hundred other designations came in vogue. These are, one and all, but subdivisions of the old and well-known Albany grades, Clear, Fourths, Box, Common, and Culls, more particularly of the Common. The designations given are uniform, but, as before remarked, the selection varies widely, and an A Select in one yard may be bought as a Third Clear, or A Box, or even as a B Box, in another. Hardwood inspection has very generally followed the lines of the Boston market, in which a fair and prac- tical system has long been in vogue, backed by state legislative enactments and interpreted and enforced by a most efficient system of inspection. It is doing but jus- tice to the Boston method to say that the further other systems have departed from it the less respect have they commanded. Chicago was one of the first markets outside of New England to adopt a complete hardwood grading, and other later systems have been largely modeled on it. The wonderful increase in the number of lumber ex- changes, associations, etc., all over the country has cor- respondingly increased the number of inspections, until their very number and differences seem about to compel an attempt at greater uniformity. An example of this is the organization of the National Association of Hard- wood Lumber Manufacturers, which, as this book goes to press, is trying to perfect an inspection which will be acceptable to all manufacturers and all markets. This little book aims to present every existing rule of inspection, and every state lav^ ^vhich bears on the sub- ject. Some of the rules are but little used, but all are significant, and it is hoped their compilation will meet the approval of the trade. 13 SAGINAW WHITE PINE LUMBER INSPECTION. SAGINAW WHITE PINE LUMBER INSPECTION. The accepted rules governing inspection of lumber on the Saginaw river are reported to the publisher as fol lows: Pirst Clear is not less than eight inches in width, and is free from imperfections, the term clear implying free- dom from defects. Second Clear not less than eight inches in width, at which it must be so nearly perfect as to fall but a trifle short of first clear. As the width increases a large range of defects may be allowed, so that at twelve inches wide apiece may have two knots of inch diameter, or two nar- row saps on one side; at sixteen inches wide, especially if the piece is more than one inch thick, tw^o knots may be allow^ed, or oneknot and one sap not over one and one-half inches in -width ; at twenty inches in width the two knots may be larger, or the saps may widen to one and one-half inches. Third Clear is supposed to admit of three defects, but up to ten inches knots should not exceed three- quarters of an inch in diameter, or sap not exceed three- quarters of an inch on one side. With increasing width knots may increase to three in number, not exceeding in size one inch each, or sap equal to one and a half inches in -width on two edges of one side. With narrower saps a small knot showing on the face side might be allowed, but as a rule the three upper grades demand one perfect face. As in all other markets, the Inspector is supposed to exercise a wide range of judgment in the inspection of the three uppers. A plank two inches thick and thirty inches wide will admit of a more lenient judgment as re- gards defects in size and number than a piece of half that size or of one inch thick. A piece of soft cork pine, of free grain and generally SAGINAW WHITE PINE LUMBER INSPECTION. 13 handsome appearance, must not be judged with equal harshness with a piece of glassy texture, tough grain and unfavorable appearance. Ah experienced Inspector will in all cases judge of a piece of lumber from the standpoint of the location of its defects and the general utility of the piece. "While not more than three defects should as a rule be included in the three upper grades, no one would deny that a wide plank with even five knots located near one side, or even some of these showing through to the face, but where, perhaps, four-fifths of the plank is "clear as a hound's tooth," is deserving of classification in this grade. In reality, the inspection of lumber in uppers consists in de- fining what constitutes third clear, as, in practice, first and second clear is ignored, and the number and charac- ter of the defects which may be passed in third clear de- termines the character of the three uppers. But in Sagi- naw and some other markets the term ''good" is used in designating the upper grades, and purchases are some- times made in "good," "selects," "fine common," com- mon and culls; yet, unless these terms art specified, the quality "good" in common use will include not only the three uppers, but as well the next grade below, or se- lects. Selects. — This term allows of lour defects in a piece of lumber — four knots the size of from a dime to a quarter of a dollar, according to the size of the piece, or two saps on one side which, twelve inches wide, should not exceed three inches in the aggregate, or embrace more than one-quarter the sap side, the heart side being the face. With increasing width the proportion of sap may increase, or with narrow saps the face side may have some knots. The general description of this grade, however, is of a class of lumber which has defects of such a character as, while condemning it for the three uppers, yet mark it as suited for many or most uses to which the three uppers may be put, the fact that it is usually com- bined under the term good, with the three uppers, show- ing it to be more nearly allied to them than to the lower grades. The dividing grade between the three uppers and common was originally known as fourths, and the designations were good, fourths, common and culls. 14 SAGINAW WHITE PINE LUMBER INSPECTION. When, however, it became incorporated with the three uppers, and w^as included in that designation (as it has practically become), the grade selects, which had hitherto classed w^ith the common, was admitted to the code, and consisted of what had hitherto been looked upon as rais- ing the common to a higher standard of excellence. A board tw^elve inches long, with a perfect heart side, and the bright sap covering half or more of the sap side, would be a select. Fine Common, also sometimes known as select com- mon, oi select box, or, where the designation is thor- oughly known, box, is a grade of lumber suitable for fin- ishing purposes, yet having too much sap on one side, or too many knots on the other, to admit its entry to the grade of selects. Fine common is usually taken from the lumber cut next to the outside of the log, sometimes known as sap boards, the general character of which is to give one face side, while the other is largely covered with sap, which, if properly piled so as to dry without mould, is adapted to a large proportion of the finer work where one side only is exposed to view. With this point in mind, the Inspector will allow knots in this grade proportioned to the size of the piece. If the sap is nar- row, the face may have one or two small knots, but, ex- cept in wide lumber, the rule is observed, "one side a face." Pieces below eight inches in width are seldom ac- cepted in this grade, and at that width the defect is in sap, which may emlarace not more than one-third the sap side, and must not run on to the face side; or aboard of that width may have a good sap side, nearly, if not wholly, clear of knots, and with one or two small knots on the heart side. In larger pieces a board or plank hav- ing too many defects for the grade of selects, and yet ap- proaching almost to the requirements of that grade, is included in the fine common. A board sixteen inches wide, one inch thick, with five knots the size of one inch, and no other defect, would be classed as fine common. The same piece at one and one-half or two inches thick would probably, by most Inspectors, be classed as se- lects. Shaky lumber is not admitted in this or the upper grades. 3trips, First Clear, are six inches wide and one inch SAGINAW WHITE PINE LUMBER INSPECTION, 15 thick, and free from all imperfections, and are known as clapboard or siding strips. The term siding strips should not be confounded with "sidings" lumber cut from the side of a log, in distinction from the stock, or lumber cut from the square log. Strips, Second Clear. — Six inches wide, one inch thick, and may have two small, sound knots, or, if no knots, then sap equal to one inch in w^idth on one edge of one side. Strips, Third Clear.— Six inches wide, one inch thick, and may have three small, sound knots, and upon one side, in addition, sap equal to two inches in width. All strips in these three grades must be free from rot, split or shake. Norway Strips answering to the description of first and second clear, and ten feet or more in length, are in- cluded in this grade w^hen sold as Norway. Strips, Flooring- and Fencing include all strips not as good as third clear, yet free from rot and split. Flooring strips must be of full thickness and width, ex- cept where a narrower width is desired, when they may be of the uniform width of three, four or five inches. All knots in flooring strips must be of a sound character. Fencing strips include all coarse grade strips not good enough for flooring, and above the grade of culls, or strips not up to the standard thickness, and their in- spection is less rigid than the other grades. Common. — The term common includes all boards, plank, scantling, strips, joist, timber and lumber not otherwise defined, which does not come up to the stand- ard of select box, but is of a generally sound character, well manufactured, of full thickness, and free from large, loose knots or imperfections which involve or weaken the piece for substantial building purppses. Worm holes and small rot streaks, in extent not materially to dam- age the piece for the uses in which its size is usually em- ployed, belong to this quality. One straight split, not more than one-quarter the length of the board, may be allowed. Auger holes (almost unknown in Saginaw) are to be excluded by measuring in even feet between the holes. No lumber under ten feet in length is considered as merchantable in this or the better grades. 10 SAGINAW WHITE PINE LUMBER INSPECTION. SMppingf Culls. — Unsound knots, or knots which af- fect the strength of the piece, black or mouldy sap, un- sound hearts, bad splits, badly sawed lumber in wedges or tarves (uneven edges), where thepiece is not available for coarse use, and all lumber not up to the grade of common, is included in this grade. Saginaw lumber is always manufactured in twelve, fourteen and sixteen feet lengths (with an exceptional log of other lengths) in all grades, except dimension stuff, w^here lengths are cut to suit the sizes demanded, but the sidings from such logs are usually cut off to the twelve, fourteen and sixteen foot standard. The thicknesses of the Saginaw lumber, as usually cut, are one inch, one and a quarter, one and a half and two inches, but w^ith some three inch in coarse plank for road or paving purposes, or in extra nice stocks for thick up- pers or deals. All lumber is manufactured in parallel widths, and many mills employ cut-off tables for reduc- ing all lengths to uniformity. The coarser grades are almost uniformly cut one inch thick, the better grades almost invariably in the one and one-half and two inch thickness. LOG SCALING. The first thing a log scaler determines is the length oi the log, then its quality or grade, w^hich must be deter- mined by the defects visible to the eye. These consist of crooks, knots, punks, hollows, etc. Looking at both ends of the log, he ascertains whether there is any hol- low, or ring rot, and if the butt is free from shake. Hav- ing settled these points, he lays his rule on the narrowest diameter of the small end of the log. If it is crooked, he takes his diameter (alwaj^s inside the bark) from a point w^hich allows the saw to pass through the log, fully removing the slab. If the butt is hollow^, he adds three inches to the diameter of the hollow, multiplies the size by itself, and deducts from the gross measurement. If it is a shaky log, he allows for that in determining the quality. If it has not been properly square-butted, he makes a memorandum, so that the expense of butting can be charged to the seller, or logger, unless in the bar- gain he is instructed to deduct enough from the measure- MICHIGAN SHINGLE INSPECTION. 17 ment to cover the cost. A log- cannot be considered merchantable until it is fully prepared for market. If it is very knotty, he lowers its grade accordingly, if he is grading in quality. If the knots are large, black or rot- ten, he is to determine the class in wrhich the log belongs by the damage caused by the defects. If the defect is ring rot, he should take no account of the log at all, as it is not worth the expense of handling in a majority of cases. If a log is less than twenty-four feet long, it should be measured at the end. Over that length it is usually measured in the middle by calipers. In very long timber it is sometimes customary to measure at lengths of twelve, fourteen or sixteen feet. This, however, is a matter of agreement between buyer and seller. Dead timber is always measured inside the decayed or black stained sap. In many hardwood sections the sap is always excluded from the diameter of the log. Bright sap in pine, hemlock, poplar, whitewood,basswood and spruce is alw^ays measured. Diameters are always to be taken inside of the bark the smallest way of the smallest end of the log. MICHIGAN SHINGLE IN- SPECTION. PINE AND CEDAR. The Michigan Shingle Manufacturers' and Wholesale Dealers' Association has no authorized system of grades, but the rules given below represent the thoroughly estab- lished custom among its members and govern inspection of all shingle manufacturers along the eastern lines of railroad, the eastern part of the state and a part of the western shore. Two thicknesses of 18-inch shingles are made, the standard being 5 butts to 2i/4 inches, the other 5 butts to 2 inches. Sixteen-inck shingles are made 5 butts to 2 inches. iS-inch XXXX must be 18 inches long, strictly 18 ALBANY WHITE PINE INSPECTION. clear, free from all imperfections, and 5 butts to 2% inches in thickness. The above rule also governs pine 18-inch thin butt shingles, 5 butts to 2 inches thick. iS-inch No. 2, or C. B., must be strictly clear for a distance of 6 inches from butt, and balance of shingle may have defects, but must be of merchantable quality and 5 butts to 2Vi inches in thickness. l6-incli XXXX must be 16 inches long, strictly clear and free from all imperfections, and 5 butts to 2 inches in thickness. i6-incli No. 2, or C. B., must be 16 inches long and 5 inches clear from butt. Balance of shingle may have defects, but must be of merchantable quality and 5 butts to 2 inches in thickness. i6-incli Star A Star must be strictly clear, with the 8-inch clear butts packed together, 5 butts to 2 inches in thickness. The thick butts are frequently designated by the term "Standards." Culls y or No. 3, may have knots or other defects in any part of the shingle. ALBANY, N. Y., M^HITE PINE INSPECTION. This was originally divided into five qualities, viz. : Clear, Fourths, Box or Selects, Common and Culls. Clear, or the three uppers, w^as subdivided into three grades. First, Second and Third. The rules given below accurately represented the customs of the Albany mar- ket in 1879, when they were prepared, and are given herewith because of their historic value, and because of the light they throw on the fundamental principles which still govern the market. The change in demand and in methods of handling in the various yards has so ALBANY WHITE PINE INSPECTION. 19 affected grading below Fourths, and so many different customs prevail, that no set of rules can harmonize the prevailing differences. First Grade.— A First Clear board shall be perfect in all respects, free from wane, knot, rot, shake or check, not less than twelve feet long and eight inches wide (in any case), unless a very wide and thick piece, when a minimum length of ten feet may be allowed. Second Grade. — Not less than twelve feet in length, unless very wide and thick, with not more than two de- fects, i. e., two sound knots which could be covered by a York shilling (dime), or sap equal to one inch on one side, or one knot and one sap ; not less than ten inches wide, well manufactured, and free from rot, shake or check. Third Grade.— Not less than twelve feet long, unless very wide and thick, and ten inches wnde, free from rot, shake or check, when three defects might be allowed — either three knots which a York shilling would cover, or two saps an inch wide, with one small knot. If very wide, the defects might be allowed slightly to increase, but not so as to injure the general character of the piece. These three grades are included in one, and designated Clear or Good. Fourths. — Not less than twelve feet long and twelve inches wide, with not exceeding four defects at that width, viz. : If free from sap, four sound knots on the heart side not larger than a dime ; if free from knots, two saps which must not exceed two inches on each edge, and must be bright. At the minimum width, one face must be perfect. With increasing width, latitude may be allowed to the extent of the sap. Select Box.* — Not less than twelve feet in length and eight inches in width in any case. Must, if narrow, have one perfect face, and may have small knots, not exceeding five, in a width of fourteen inches or more. Sap may meet on one end, for not more than one-fifth the length, or tw^o saps may be allowed on sap side, but must have at least three inches of heart wood between; * In the early days of the trade, the grade Select was known as Box, while Sound Common was known as Merchantable, 20 CHICAGO CARGO INSPECTION. sap must be bright; must be free from rot, shake and checks. Box or Common. — All sound lumber free from knots, shaky hearts, rot, shake and worm holes "which is below the grades before named, shall be classed as Box or Common. Pickings. — A grade of common which in its general character will dress one side clear, or has no great num- ber of small knots, but is suitable for finishing lumber. (A good fine common, but indifferent select.) Culls. — Will not hold water, shaky, rotten, coarse knots, black and mouldy sap. If very rotten, embracing more than one-eighth of the board, it becomes a scoot, refuse or mill cull. Market culls must be good enough to make hog pens, board fences or roof boards. Scoots, Refuse or Mill Culls.— Lumber that is not worth removing from the mill, and is fit only to be burned. CHICAGO CARGO INSPEC- TION. Rules for Measuring and Inspecting Pine I/umber, Adopted and Revised by tlie IVumberman's Kxcliange of Chicago, i878-'8«-»86-'89-'90. SECTION I. First Clear White Pine Io standard knots; 15 inches wide and over will admit of three standard knots. Gum spots in above grades not admitted, except where very slight. In any widths not more than one-fifth of the surface of one side may be sappy, but the piece shall be without other de- fect. ^ Rejects are to be 4 inches and over in width; 4 and 5 inches wide shall be clear or clear on one side; 6 inches and over in width shall include all lumber not equal to the grade of Good Seconds, tw^o-thirds of each piece be- ing clear. Culls to include all lumber not equal to the grade of Good Rejects, one-half of each piece being clear. Mill Culls. — Other than as above stated shall be classed as Mill Culls. Strips 3 to 7 inches wide shall be clear or clear faced. The reverse side will admit of one-half sap, or one defect. PHILADELPHIA INSPECTION. 61 OAK— (plain, white OR RED.) Grades.— Firsts, Seconds and Culls. Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width ; 8 to 12 inches wide shall be clear ; 13 to 15 inches wide will ad- mit of one standard knot showing only on one side; 16 inches wide and over will admit of two standard knots showing only on one side. Live sap admitted on one side not to exceed 10 per cent of the surface, if without other defects. Must be entirely free from worm-holes. Seconds are to be 6 inches and over' in width; 6 and 7 mches are to be clear; 8 to 12 inches wide will admit of one standard knot; 13 to 15 inches wide will admit of two standard knots; 16 inches wide and over will admit of three standard knots. Live sap admitted on one side, not to exceed 20 per cent of the surface, if without other defects. Worm holes are serious defects. Culls shall include all lumber not equal to the grade of good seconds, one-half of each piece being clear. Mill Culls, other than as above stated, shall be classed as Mill Culls. ASH. Grades.— Firsts, Seconds and Culls. Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width ; 8 to 12 inches wide shall be clear; 13 to 15 inches wide will ad- mit of one standard knot ; 16 inches wide and over will admit of two standard knots. Live white sap allowed. Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 to 7 inches wide shall be clear; 8 to 12 inches wide will admit ol one standard knot; 13 to 15 inches wide will admit of two standard knots ; 16 inches wide and over will admit of three standard knots. Heart or doted boards and plank will not be admitted. Culls to include all lumber not equal to the grade of good Seconds, one half of each piece being clear. Mill Culls, other than as above stated, shall be classed as Mill Culls. ELM. Grades.— Firsts, Seconds and Culls. Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width ; 8 to 12 inches wide shall be clear; 13 to 15 inches wide will ad- mit of one standard knot; 16 inches wide and over will 62 PHILADELPHIA INSPECTION. admit of two standard knots. Live white sap allowed. Must be entirely free from worm holes. Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 and 7 inches wide shall be clear; 8 to 12 inches wide will admit of one standard knot; 13 to 15 inches wide will admit of two standard knots ; 16 inches wide and over will admit of three standard knots. Live white sap al- lowed. Worm holes are serious detects. Culls are to include all lumber not equal to the grade of good Seconds, one-half of each piece being clear. Mill Culls, other than as above stated, shall be classed as Mill Culls. xMAPLE — (hard and SOFT.j Grades. — Firsts, Seconds and Culls. Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width ; 8 to 12 inches wide shall be clear; 13 to 15 inches wide will ad- mit of one standard knot ; 16 inches wide and over will admit of two standard knots. Live white sap allowed. Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 and 7 inches wide shall be clear; 8 to 12 inches wide will ad- mit of one standard knot; 13 to 15 inches will admit of two standard knots ; 16 inches wide and over will admit of three standard knots. Live white sap allowed. Heart or doted boards and planks will not be admitted. Culls are to include lumber not equal to the grade of good Secords, one-half of each piece being clear. Mill Culls, other than as above stated, shall be classed as Mill Culls. MAPLE SQUARES. Four inches by 4 inches to 10 inches by 10 inches square. Firsts are to be 10 feet and upward in length, clear, sound and free from all deiects, and of full size when sea- soned. Seconds are to be sound and free from hearts, shakes and checks ; 10 and 12 feet lengths admit of two stand- ard knots ; 14 and 16 feet lengths admit of three stand- ard knots. Bright sap admitted when not exceeding 50 per cent of the surface. These defects are based on 6x6 squares, and are to bear the same on other sizes. PHILADEI^PHIA INSPECTION. 63 Culls are to include all squares not equal to the grade of good Seconds, one-half of each piece being clear. Mill Culls, other than as above stated, shall be classed as Mill Culls. QUARTERED OAK— ( SHALL BE FIGURED.) Grades. — Firsts and Seconds. Firsts are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 to 9 inches wide shall be clear ; 10 inches and over in width will admit of one standard knot showing only on one side, or equal defect. Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in w^idth ; 6 to 9 inches wide will admit of one standard knot showing only on one side, or equal defect; 10 inches and over in width will admit of two standard knots showing only on one side, or equal defect. Strips 4 and 5 inches wide only accepted by special agreement. Combined grade of Firsts and Seconds shall contain not less than 75 per cent of Firsts. POPLAR — (white wood). Grades. — Firsts, Seconds and Common. Firsts are to be 10 inches and over in width ; 10 to 12 inches wide must be clear ; 13 to 15 inches wide will admit of 1 inch of bright sap showing only on one side; 16 inches wide and over will admit of 2 inches of bright sap. Seconds are to be 8 inches and over in width; 8 inches wide shall be clear ; 9 to 12 inches wide will admit of 2 inches of bright sap, or one standard knot; 13 to 15 inches wide will admit of 3 inches of bright sap, or two standard knots; 16 inches and over wide will admit of 4 inches of bright sap, or three standard knots. Comtnon shall include any width not less than 5 inches, and will allow bright sap on one side, or one-third discolored sap on one side. Two unsound knots will be allowed in this grade if over 12 inches wide, or one sound knot in excess of those allowed in Seconds, //without discolored sap, — straight splits not over one-third the length shall be admitted ; other- wise lumber must be sound. In this grade two-thirds must be good lumber. 64 PHILADELPHIA INSPECTION. Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of common, one-half of each piece being good lumber. Mill Culls shall include all lumber not one-half good. POPLAR SQUARES. Four inches by 4 inches to 10 inches by 10 inches square. Firsts are to be 10 feet and upward in leng-th, sound and free from all defects, sawed square and oi full size when seasoned. Seconds are to be sound and free from hearts, shakes and checks ; 10 and 12 feet lengths admit of two stan- dard knots and 2 inches of bright sap on two corners ; 14 and 16 feet lengths admit of three standard knots and 2 inches of bright sap on two corners. These defects are based on 6x6 squares, and bear the same ratio in other sizes. Culls include all squares not equal to the grade of good Seconds, one-half being clear. Mill Culls, other than above stated, shall be classed as Mill Culls. BIRCH AND BEECH. Grades.— Firsts, Seconds and Culls. Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width ; 8 to 10 inches wide shall be clear; 11 to 14 inches wide wull ad- mit of one standard knot showing only on one side; 15 inches wide and over will admit of two standard knots showing only on one side. Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width; 6 and 7 inches wide shall be clear; 8 to 10 inches wide will ad- mit of one standard knot ; 11 to 14 inches wide will ad- mit of two standard knots ; 15 inches wide and over will admit of three standard knots. Culls to include all lumber not equal to grade of good Rejects, half of each piece being clear. Mill Culls, other than as above stated, shall beclassed as Mill Culls. CHESTNUT. Grades. — Firsts, Seconds and Culls. Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width ; 8 to 15 inches wide shall be clear ; 16 inches wide and over will admit of one standard knot. PHILADELPHIA INSPECTION, 65 Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 8 to 1 2 inches wide will admit of one standard knot ; 13 to 15 inches wide will admit of two standard knots ; 16 inches wide and over will admit of three standard knots. Worm holes in above grades not admitted, except when in a bunch not larger than the standard knot or knots, as provided for the width of board in which they appear. Culls to include all lumber not equal to the grade of good Seconds, one-half of each piece being clear. Mill CullS) other than as above described, shall be classed as Mill Culls. GUM AND SYCAMORE. Grades. — Firsts, Seconds, Rejects and Culls. Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width ; 8 to 12 inches wide shall be clear ; 13 to 15 inches wide will ad- mit of bright sap on one side not exceeding 1 inch in width, or one standard knot showing only on one side ; 16 inches wide and over will admit of bright sap on one side not exceeding 2 inches in w^idth, or two standard knots show^ing only on one side. Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width; 6 and 7 inches wide shall be clear ; 8 to 12 inches w^ide will ad- mit of one standard knot ; 13 to 15 inches wide will ad- mit of two standard knots; 16 inches wide and over will admit of three standard knots. In any widths, not more than one-fifth of the surface of one side may be sappy, but the piece shall be w^ithout other defect. Rejects are to be 4? inches and over in width ; 4 and 5 inches wide shall be clear; 6 inches and over in width shall include all lumber not equal to the grade of good Seconds, two-thirds of each piece being clear. Culls are to include all lumber not equal to the grade of good Rejects, one-half of each piece being clear. Mill Culls, other than as above stated, shall be classed as Mill Culls. COTTONWOOD. Grades.— Firsts, Seconds and Culls. Firsts to be 8 inches and over in width; 8 to 12 mches wide must be clear ; 13 to 15 inches wide will ad- mit of 2 inches of bright sap on one side, or one standard knot showing only on one side ; 16 inches wide and over 66 PHILADELPHIA INSPECTION. admit of 3 inches of bright sap on one side, or two standard knots showing only on one side. Seconds to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 and 7 inches wide must be clear ; 8 to 12 inches wide wnll admit of 2 inches of bright sap on one side, or one standard knot showing only on one side; 13 to 15 inches will admit of 3 inches of bright sap on one side, or tw^o standard knots showing only on one side; 16 inches wide and over will admit of 4 inches of bright sap on one side, or three standard knots showing only on one side. Culls to be all the lumber not equal to the grade of good Seconds, one-half of each piece being clear. Mill Culls, other than as above stated, shall be classed as Mill Culls. BASSWOOD. Grades. — Firsts, Seconds and Culls. Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width ; 8 to 12 inches wide shall be clear of knots ; 13 to 15 inches wide will admit one standard knot showing only on one side; 16 inches wide and over will admit two standard knots show^ing only on one side. Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 and 7 inches wide shall be clear of knots ; 8 to 12 inches will admit of one standard knot showing only on one side; 13 to 15 inches wide w^ill admit of two standard knots showing only on one side; 16 inches wide and over will admit of three standard knots showing only on one side. Culls to include all the lumber not equal to the grade of good Seconds, one-half the piece being clear. Mill Culls, other than above stated, shall be classed as Mill Culls. QUARTERED SYCAMORE— (SH ALL BE FIGURED). Same as Quartered Oak, except as to sap; all sao, Culls. Grades. — Firsts and Seconds. Firsts are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 to 9 inches w^ide shall be clear ; 10 inches and over wide will admit of one standard knot showing only on one side, or equal defect. Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 to 9 inches wide will admit of one standard knot showing PHILADELPHIA INSPECTION. 67 only on one side, or equal defect ; 10 inches and over in width will admit of two standard knots showing only on one side, or equal defect. Strips 4 and 5 inches wide only accepted by special agreement. HICKORY. Grades.— Firsts, Seconds and Culls. Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width; 8 to 12 inches wide shall be clear; 13 to 15 inches wide will ad- mit of one standard knot showing only on one side ; 16 inches wide and over will admit of two standard knots showing only on one side. Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 to 7 inches shall be clear; 8 to 12 inches wide will admit of one standard knot ; 13 to 15 inches wide will admit of two standard knots; 16 inches wide and over will admit of three standard knots. Culls to include all lumber not equal to the grade of good Seconds, one-half of each piece being clear. Mill Culls, other than above stated, shall be classed as Mill Culls. SECOND GROWTH HICKORY. Sawed through and through and rough edged ; shall be measured inside the wane, and the average width of the face. HEMLOCK. The inspection of Hemlock shall be as follows : Boards and fencing shall consist of three grades— Mill Culls, Culls and Good. A Mill Cull shall consist of a board that is rotten, very badly shaken, that contains the shape, but not the substance, which is not altogether worthless, but is used for some certain purposes, at a low^ price. A Cull Board shall consist of a board having a few loose knots or knot-holes, not over size of a50-cent piece, or shake equal to one-half the board, or streaky rots, or split half the length of the board. Good shall consist of all boards better than Culls, All boards above Mill Culls shall be known as Log Run, Mill Culls out, and all boards above Culls shall be known as Log Run, Culls out. 68 PHILADELPHIA INSPECTION. Scantlingf shall consist of 2x3, 2x4 and 3x4, and shall be of two grades — Good and Culls. A Good Piece shall be well manufactured, may admit of wane one-quarter the length of the piece one-half the thickness on one edge, except 2x3, which must be square to the end, with balance otherwise good, and no other defects that would materially injure the strength of the piece. A Cull shall be a piece which is not included in the Good. Joists shall consist of two grades — Culls and Good, Cull Joists shall consist of all pieces that are doted, badly shaken, very cross grained, and such as are w^arped out of shape, provided that large knots or that one or two straight splits in either end of the joist shall not be construed to make it a Cull, unless it reduces the strength of the piece. Wanes shall not condemn a piece unless over two-thirds the length and one-half the thickness of piece. Good Joists shall be well manufactured, and shall consist of all pieces above Culls. SHINGLING, LATH, PICKETS AND PALES Shall be well made, parallel widths, and sawed from sound timber. PLASTERING LATH Shall be well manufactured, from sound timber, and standard size shall be 1^ inch by 5-16, and 3 or 4 feet long. BILL LUMBER Shall consist of sizes thicker than 3 inches, and shall be well manufactured, of full size, as designated in the bill, and the inspection shall be the same as for good Joists, except that no wane be allowed that will destroy the strength of the piece. SPRUCE. The inspection of Spruce shall be as follows : Grades.— Merchantable and Culls. Merchantable Boards shall be free from shakes and loose or unsound knots. All shaky boards with loose and unsound knots shall be inspected as Culls. Merchantable Scantling, Plank and Joists shall TORON'TO INSPECTION. 69 also be sound in character and free from cross-grain that will aifect the strength of the piece, and will admit of wane not to exceed one-quarter the length of the piece and one-third the thickness on one edge. A Cull shall be a piece not included in the Merchantable. Pickets shall be either 4-, 41/2^ or 5 feet in length, and %, % or 4-4 inches thick, and 3 inches in width, and shall be sound and of parallel widths. Plastering I^ath shall be sound and well manufact- ured and standard size; shall be 4 feet in length and l%x5-16 inches, and 100 in a bundle. TORONTO INSPECTION. Rules and Regulations for tlie Inspection of Pine and Hard-wood I^umber Adopted by tlie I^umber Section of the Board of Trade of the City of Toronto, Ont., and Sanctioned by the Council of the Board June 16, xSgo. PINE LUMBER. INSTRUCTIONS FOR INSPECTION. Inspectors of lumber must measure and inspect each piece as they find it, of full length and width. Imperfec- tions are not to be measured out. All lumber must be put into the grade its defects call for, regardless of measurement. All lumber over 1 inch in thickness must be measured full, with the V^ or 1^ added on each piece. (No fraction in width allowed.) In inspection the Inspector is instructed to use his best judgment, based upon the rules laid down for his guid- ance. The standard knot is to be considered as not exceeding 1^ inches in diameter. Splits are a greater or lesser defect in lumber, and must be considered accordingly. All lumber must be cut plump in thickness and be well 70 TORONTO INSPECTION. manufactured, and all lumber imperfectly manufactured shall be classed as Culls. GRADES. The following shall be the grades of lumber sanctioned by the Council of the Board of Trade for the Lumber Section of the Board of Trade of the city of Toronto: Clear I/Umber shall be perfect in all respects and free from wane, rot, shake or check, not less than 12 feet long, 8 inches wide and 1 inch thick. A piece 12 inches wide w^ill admit of imperfections to the extent of one standard knot or its equivalent in sap. In lumber over 12 inches wide the Inspector must use his best judgment in accordance with the instructions above given. Picks. — Pickings must not be less than 12 feet long,, 8 inches wide and 1 inch in thickness, w^ell manufactured', and free from wane, rot, shake or check. A piece 8 inches wide will admit of one standard knot, or imperfections insaptothe same extent. A piece 12 inches wide will admit of two standard knots, or imperfections in sap to the same extent. For lumber wider than 12 inches, of this grade. Inspectors will carry out the instructions as giver regarding w^ide, clear lumber. No. I Cutting" Up shall not be less than 12 feet long, 7 inches wide and 1 inch in thickness. Clear pieces 10 feet long and the required width are included in this grade; this must be free from wane, rot, shake or check. Pieces from 7 to 9 inches wide will admit of imperfections to the extent of two standard knots or their equivalent in sap. Pieces from 10 to 12 inches wide w^ill admit of three standard knots or imperfections equivalent to them insap, and wider for lumberof this grade Inspectors will follow instructions as given in two previous grades. Inspectors are informed that this grade of lumber is ex- pected to cut out two-thirds clear in profitable lengths to the consumer. No. 2 Cutting" Up shall not be less than 10 feet long, 6 inches wide and 1 inch in thickness, and shall cut at least one-half clear in accordance with the instructions as given above regarding No. 1 Cutting Up Lumber w Fine Dressing.-^This grade of lumber shall be gen- erally of a sound character, and shall be free from wane, TORONTO INSPECTION. 71 rot, shake or check, not less than 10 feet long, 7 inches wide and 1 inch in thickness. A piece 7 inches wide will admit of one or more knots which can be covered with a 10-cent piece if they are sound. A piece wider than 7 in- ches will admit of one or more knots of the same size ac- cording to the judgment of the Inspector in regard to the width. Common Dressing shall not be less than 10 feet long, 7 inches wide and 1 inch in thickness, and shall be free from wane, rot or check, and shall be generally of a sound character, and will admit of standard knots that will not unfit it for dressing purposes. Common shall be free from rot and unsound knots, and well manufactured, not less than 10 feet long, 7 inches wide and 1 inch in thickness. Strips.— Clear Strips shall be from 4 to 6 inches wide, not less than 12 feet long, and 1 inch in thickness, and shall have one perfectly clear face, free from all imperfec- tions ; bright sap will be permitted on the reverse side. Sap Strips for fine dressing shall be from 4 to 6 inches wide, not less than 12 feet long, and 1 inch in thickness, and w^ill admit of one knot which can be covered by a 10-cent piece in a piece 4 inches wide, and two knots of like size in a piece 6 inches wide. All strips free from other imperfections and having bright sap on two sides would be admitted into this grade. Common Dressing Strips shall be from 4 to 6 inches wide, not less than 10 feet long, and 1 inch in thickness, and shall be well manufactured and generally of a sound character ; will admit of knots which are sound and not coarse, and which will not unfit it for ordinary dressing purposes. Common Strips shall be from 4 to 6 inches in width, not less than 1 feet long, and 1 inch in thickness, free from rot and wane, and to be of a coarse, sound char- acter. No. I Culls.— This grade shall consist of lumber above the grade of No. 2 Culls, and shall admit of coarse knots and stain and be free from rot. It shall also admit of pieces imperfectly manufactured, below 1 inch in thick- ness and perfectly sound, and not rendered worthless through improper manufacture. 72 TORONTO INSPECTION. No. 2, Culls shall be lumber that will work one-half sound. No. I I/atli shall be 4 feet long, and shall be when cut 1%, 1% and 1% inches in width, cut out of good, sound, live timber, free from w^ane, rot or knots, well manu- factured and trimmed square at the ends. No. 2, 1/ath. shall be of the same width and length as No. 1 Lath, and shall admit of a small portion of wane, and also ^11 admit of lath sap stained, and will admit of small, sound knots ; must otherwise be well manu- factured. No. XXX Shingles, packed in 4 bunches to the 1,000, of 250 each, free from all rot, shake, sap, knots, pin holes, bastards, or defects of any nature. A shingle 4 inches being the standard, 16-inch shingles should be 5 shingles to 2 inches thickness at butt, with 1-18 inch points, and 18-inch shingles, 5 to 2V4, inches thickness at butt, and 1-18 at points, to be well manufactured and well pointed. No. XX 6-incli Clear Butts must be perfect for at least 6 inches from butts, and the defects from this here- on to be of water-tight character, and same regulation regarding thickness as XXX shingles. No. I to be of a grade not specially up to, so as to be considered in, either of above grades, and to be sold by special agreement. All Other Shingles are Culls, and their value is to be a matter of arrangement, if they have any market value. HARDWOOD LUMBER. INSTRUCTIONS FOR INSPECTION. It is impossible to make rules that will govern every piece of lumber, there being no two pieces of lumber ex- actly alike. It is therefore expected that the Inspector shall be a person of experience, and use his best judg- ment, based upon the general rules given, making no allowance for the purpose of raising or lowering the grades of a piece. The Inspector must not favor either the buyer or seller, but take lumber as he finds it, and pass each piece into the grade to which it belongs. Inspectors should ex- amine all lumber on the poorest side, except flooring. TORONTO INSPECTION. 73 All Itimber must be measured in even lengths, excepting stock that is cut to order for special purposes, when it shall be measured for the full contents. Bark or waney pieces shall be measured inside the bark or wane. All tapering pieces will be measured one-third the length of the piece from the small end. All badly cut lumber shall be classed as Cull, or placed one grade below what it would be if properly manu- factured. All lumber shall be sawed thick enough to meet the required thickness when seasoned. Lumber sawed for Newels, Columns, Balusters, Axles, or other specific purposes, must be inspected with a view of the intended use of the piece, and the adaptability for that purpose, as in most cases it cannot be utilized for other purposes. Heart pieces are excluded from all grades above Cull. Worm holes are considered one of the most serious defects. Gum spots in Cherry is a defect, and, if excessive, will low^er the piece one or two grades. Warped, twisted, stained and stick-rotten lumber shall either be classed as Cull, or Mill Cull and refuse. The standard lengths of Whitewood to be 12, 14 and 16 feet, admitting 10 per cent of 10 feet lengths ; Walnut and Cherry, 10, 12, 14 and 16 feet lengths, admitting 10 per cent of 8 feet; 8 feet to be admitted as No. 1, must be 12 inches wide and upwards; to grade as No. 2, 8 inches wide and upwards. A standard knot must not exceed 1^4 inches in dia- meter, and must be sound. Log Run shall be the un- picked run of the log. Mill Cull out. Lumber sold on grade, and without special contract, will be measured according to these rules. The Inspector will be required to keep a correct copy of all measurements, and give duplicate of same, to both buyer and seller, if required. In all grades mentioned as combined in No. 1 and No. 2, all pieces less than 8 inches shall be considered as Seconds. BLACK WALNUT. Combined grade of Firsts and Seconds, Rejects and Shipping Culls. No, 1, from 8 to 10 inches, shall be clear of all de- fects ; 10 to 16 inches wide may have 1^ inches bright sap, or one standard knot ; 16 inches wide and upwards 74 TORONTO INSPECTION. may have 2 inches bright sap, or two standard knots showing on one side only. Seconds, 6 inches wide and upwards, must be clear of all defects at 7 inches; at 10 inches will admit ofl^ inches sap, or two standard knots; 10 to 16 inches wide will admit of 2 inches sap, or two standard knots ; 16 inches wide and upwards may have 3 inches sap, or three stand- ard knots ; 12 inches wide and upwards will admit of a split, if straight, 1-6 the length of the piece, provided the piece be equal to No. 1 in other respects. Not over 10 per cent of Seconds will be taken with splits of the above character. Rejects, 5 inches wide and upwards ; at 7 inches may have 1 inch sap, or one standard knot ; 7 to 12 inches wide may have 2 inches sap, or two sound knots ; 12 to 18 inches wide may have 4 inches sap, or four sound knots ; above 18 inches may have 5 inches bright, sound sap. Shipping' Cull will include all lumber not equal to the above that w^ill average and w^ork two-thirds its width and length. CHERRY AND BUTTERNUT Will be graded and inspected according to the rules given for Black Walnut, w^ith the exception of gum specks in Cherry . ( See instructions . ) WHITEWOOD, COTTONWOOD OR BALM OF GILEAD Will include the combined grade of First and Seconds — No. 1 Common, No. 2 Common, or Shipping Cull. The combined grade of First and Seconds shall not be less than 65 per cent of No. 1. No. I shall be 10 inches wide and upwards, and clear of all defects at 12 inches ; 12 to 15 inches may have ll^ inches bright sap, or one standard knot showing on one side only ; 15 to 18 inches may have 2 inches sap ; 18 inches and upwards may have 3 inches sap, or two stand- ard knots show^ing on one side only. Seconds, 8 inches w^ide and upwards, clear of all de- fects at 9 inches; at 10 inches wide, may have one stand- ard knot or a split not over 12 inches long ; 15 to 18 inches wide mav have two standard knots, or 3 inches TORONTO INSPECTION. 75 bright sap; 18 to 22 inches may have three standard knots or 4; inches bright, sound sap. No. I Common shall be 6 inches wide and upwards, bright, sound and clear sap, not a defect in this grade; 8 to 12 inches wide, may have three standard knots ; 12 to 16 inches wide, four standard knots; 1 6 to 24 inches, five standard knots, or may have straight heart cracks not showing over one-quarter the length of the piece, it it has no other defect excepting bright sap. No. 2 Common or Shipping Cull will include lum- ber with more defects than the No. 1 Common. Pieces will be received where two-thirds of the piece will be available for use for rough manufacturing purposes; stained sap or other defects will be received in this grade; dozed and rotten sap, and other lumber, than as above named, will be classed as Mill Cull or refuse, and have no standard value. BASSWOOD Shall be inspected the same way as Whitewood, Cotton- wood or Balm of Gilead, with theexception that Seconds will take lumber 6 inches wide and up. ASH AND OAK Shall be graded as Firsts and Seconds, and shall be 6 inches and over in w^idth. Boards or Plank 8 inches wide will admit of one standard knot or one defect; 10 inches and over wide will admit of two or more defects, according to the width of the piece; bright sap is not considered a defect. Culls include all w^idth, lengths and sizes, except such stock as will not work one-half without w^aste. Other than the above are classed as Mill Culls, and have no value in this market. CHESTNUT Shall be 6 inches and over in width, and clear up to 8 inches. Pieces 9 inches wide may have three standard tnots; over 12 inches wide, 4 standard knots. This grade must be absolutely free from worm or pin holes. Culls shall constitute all lumber below the above grade that ivill cut one-half without waste. SYCAMORE Shall be inspected the same way as Oak and Ash. 76 NEW YORK HARDWOOD msPECTlON. HICKORY Shall be inspected the same as Oak and Ash. ROCK AND SOFT ELM Shall be 6 inches and up w^ide, and lip to 10 inches shall be perfect. Beyond that -width shall take the inspection given to Oak and Ash. HARD AND SOFT MAPLE Shall be inspected for Firsts and Seconds in the same manner as Oak and Ash. Clear Maple Flooring" shall have at least one clear face, and two edges also clear. Comtnon Maple Flooring shall be of the same gen- eral character as Clear; may have one or tw^o small sound knots of not more than % of an inch in diameter, or a small wane on one edge, w^hich will not injure it for working its full size without waste. BIRCH Shall have the same inspection as Hard and Soft Maple, with the exception that sap is considered a defect more than in Maple. NEW YORK HARDWOOD INSPECTION. Rules for the Inspection of Hardwoods Adopted by the New York I/ttmber Trade Association, April 13, 1887. Revised April 9, 1889. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS. The question of determining the quality of lumber by grading and inspection is so much a matter of judgment that the Inspector must necessarily be guided in a meas- ure by his own discretion, governed by the following rules : NEW YORK HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 77 A Standard Knot is not to exceed 1% inches in diam- eter, and must be sound. Larger and loose knots grade the piece of lumber lower, in accordance with the judgment of the Inspector. Splits are not to exceed 12 inches in length in Firsts, or one-sixth the length of the piece in Seconds, in the ag- gregate, and not more than 25 per cent of the whole in either quality may be so split. Worm Holes not admitted in Firsts and Seconds ex- cept as otherwise provided. Shakes and Heart Boards and Plank are not admit- ted in Firsts, Seconds or Rejects. Warped, twisted, flooded, stained and stick rotted lumber is marketable only by special agreement. Tapering" lumber shall be' measured one-third of its length from the narrow end. Thickness. — All lumber must be sawed square edged and be full thickness when seasoned. All badly sawn, missawn and uneven lumber to be classed as Culls, except when such will dress down the full length and width to the thickness below, in which case the price shall be reduced one grade. I/Umber sawn for specific purposes, and Dimension stock, must conform to the requirements of size and quality for the purposes intended, and be so inspected and measured. Mill Culls are not marketable, except by special arrangement. T/Og Run is understood to be the run of the unpicked logs, Mill Culls out. Standard I^engths are to be 12, 14 and 16 feet, ad- mitting 5 per cent of 10 feet lengths. Standard I^engths in Walnut and Cherry will admit 5 per cent of 8 and 10 per cent 10 feet lengths; 8 feet lengths 12 inches and wider to be clear and graded as Firsts, and 9 to 12 inches clear and graded as Seconds. Newels from all kinds of timber are to be cut outside the heart, to square 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 inches when sea- soned. Balusters to be cut exactly square, full size and clear, and to be 75 per cent 32 inches long ; 25 per cent may be 28 inches long. 78 NEW YORK HARDWOOD INSPECTION. WALNUT. Grades. — Firsts, Seconds, Rejects and Culls. Firsts are to be 7 inches and over in width; 7 to 10 inches wide shall be clear; 11 to 14 inches wide will ad- mit bright sap not exceeding 1 inch in width, or one standard knot; 15 to 20 inches wide will admit bright sap not exceeding 2 inches in width, or two standard knots. Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width; 6 inches wide shall be clear; 7 to 11 inches wide will admit one standard knot; 12 to 15 inches wide will admit two standard knots ; 16 to 20 inches wide will admit three standard knots. In any widths not more than one-fifth of the surface of one side shall be sappy. Rejects are to be 4 inches and over in width; 4 and 5 inches wide shall be clear or clear on one side; 6 inches and ovet in width shall include all lumber not equal to the grade of Seconds, two-thirds of each piece being mer- chantable. Heart Boards or Plank not admitted. Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of Rejects, one-half of each piece being merchantable. All other than as above stated shall be classed as Mill Culls. WALNUT JOISTS. 4x4 in. to 10x10 in. square. Firsts are to be 10 feet and upward in length, sound and free from knots and checks, and full size when seas- oned. Splits to be measured off. Seconds are to be sound and free from hearts and shakes; 10 to 12 feet lengths admit two standard knots and 2 inches of sap on two corners; 14 to 16 feet lengths will admit three standard knots and 2 inches of sap on two corners. These defects are based on 6x6 joists, and beat the same ratio in other sizes. Culls include all joists not equal to the grade of Sec- onds, one-half of each piece being merchantable. Other than above stated shall be classed as Mill Culls. CHERRY. Grades.— Firsts, Seconds, Rejects and Culls. NEW YORK HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 79 Firsts are to be 7 inches and over in width ; 7 to 10 inches wide shall be clear ; 11 to 14 inches wide will ad- mit bright sap not exceeding 1 inch in w^idth, or one standard knot; 15 to 20 inches wide will admit bright sap, not exceeding 2 inches in width, or two standard knots. Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 inches wide shall be clear; 7 to 11 inches wide w^ill admit one standard knot; 12 to 15 inches wide will admit two standard knots; 16 to 20 inches wide will admit three standard knots. In any width not more than one-fifth the surface of one side shall be sappy. Gum Spots shall be deemed a serious defect, and if excessive, shall lower the piece one or two grades. Rejects are to be 4 inches and over in width ; 4 and 5 inches wide shall be clear, or clear one side; 6 inches and over in width shall include all lumber not equal to the grade of Seconds, two -thirds of each piece being mer- chantable. Heart boards or plank not admitted. Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of Rejects, one-half of each piece being merchantable. Other than as above stated shall be classed as Mill Culls. STRIPS. Three to 6 inches wide shall be clear or clear faced-<^the reverse side will admit of one-third sap or one defect. CHERRY JOISTS. 4x4 in. to 10x1 in. Firsts are to be 10 feet and upwa.rd in length, sound and free from knots and checks, and full size when seasoned. Splits to be measured off. Seconds are to be sound and free from hearts and shakes ; 10 and 12 feet lengths admit two standard knots and 2 inches of sap on two comers; :J4 and 16 feet lengths will admit three standard knots and two inches of sap on two corners. These defects are based on 6x6 joists, and bear the same ratio in other sizes. Gum Spots not admitted, ex- cept when very slight. 80 NEW YORK HARDWOOD INSPECTION. Culls include all joists not equal to the grade of Sec- onds, one-half of each piece being merchantable. Other than as above stated shall be classed as Mill Culls. OAK— (plain.) Grades. — Firsts, Seconds and Culls. Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width; 8 to 12 inches wide shall be clear; 13 to 15 inches wide will admit one standard knot ; 16 to 20 inches wide will ad- mit two standard knots. Worm holes not admitted. Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in w^idth ; 6 and 7 inches wide shall be clear; 8 to 12 inches wide will admit one standard knot; 13 to 15 inches wide will admit two standard knots ; 16 to 20 inches wide will admit three standard knots. Live sap admitted on one side, not to exceed one-fifth of the surface, if w^ithout other defects. Worm Holes are serious defects, and should cull any piece, w^here enough appear to equal one or more standard knots, according to width of the piece. Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of Sec- onds, one-half ol each piece being merchantable. Other than as above stated shall be classed as Mill Culls. Oak sawed through and through, not edged, shall be measured inside the wane and tapering pieces are to be measured in the center. QUARTERED OAK. Grades. — Firsts and Seconds. Firsts are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 to 8 inches wide shall be clear; 9 inches and over in width will admit one standard knot, or equal defect. Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in w^idth ; 6 to 8 inches wide will admit one standard knot, or equal defect ; 9 inches and over in width will admit two stand- ard knots, or equal defects. STRIPS, Four to 5 inches wide, shall be clear, or clear on one side. Worm Holes in excess of the defects allowed for knots, and stained or discolored wood, not admitted. NEW YORK HARDWOOD INSPECTION. ASH. Grades.— Firsts, Seconds and Culls. Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width ; 8 to 10 inches wide shall be clear ; 11 to 15 inches wide will ad- mit one standard knot ; 16 to 20 inches wide will admit two standard knots. Live white sap allowed. Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width; 6 and 7 inches wide shall be clear ; 8 to 12 inches wide will ad- mit one standard knot ; 13 to 15 inches wide will admit two standard knots; 16 to 20 inches wide will admit three standard knots. Heart or doted boards and plank will not be admitted in Firsts and Seconds. STRIPS, Four to 5 inches wide, shall be clear, or clear on one side. Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of Sec- onds, one-half of each piece being merchantable. Other than as above stated shall be classed as Mill Culls. ASH JOISTS. 4x4 in. to 10x10 in. square. Firsts are to be 10 feet and upward in length, sound and free from knots and checks, and of full size when sea- soned. Splits to be measured off. Seconds are to be sound and free from hearts, shakes and checks ; 10 and 12 feet lengths admit two standard knots; 14 and 16 feet lengths admit three standard knots. Bright sap admitted. These defects are based on 6x6 inch joists, and are to bear the same ratio in other sizes. Culls include all joists not equal to the grade of Sec- onds, one-half of each piece being merchantable. Other than as above stated shall be classed as Mill Culls. SECOND GROWTH ASH, Sawed through and through, and rough edged, shall be measured inside the wane, and in the center of the piece. MAPLE. Grades. — Firsts, Seconds and Culls. 82 NEW YORK HARDWOOD INSPECTION. Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width ; 8 to 12 inches wide shall be clear ; 13 to 15 inches wide will ad- mit one standard knot ; 16 to 20 inches wide will admit two standard knots. Live white sap allowed. Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 and 7 inches wide shall be clear; 8 to 12 inches w^ide w^ill ad- mit one standard knot ; 13 to 15 inches w^ide will admit two standard knots ; 16 to 20 inches wide will admit three standard knots. Live white sap allowed. Heart or doted boards and plank will not be admitted in Firsts and Seconds. Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of Sec- onds, one-half of each piece being merchantable. Other than as above stated shall be classed as Mill Culls. MAPLE JOISTS. 4x4 in. to 10x10 in. Firsts are to be 10 feet and upward in length, sound and free from all defects, and of full size when seasoned. Seconds are to be sound and free from hearts, shakes and checks ; 10 and 12 feet lengths admit two standard knots; 14 and 16 feet lengths admit three standard knots. Bright sap admitted. These defects are based on 6x6 joists, and are to bear the same ratio on other sizes. Culls include all joists not equal to the grade of Sec- onds, one-half of each piece being merchantable. Other than as above stated shall be classed as Mill Culls. CHESTNUT. Grades. — Firsts, Seconds and Culls. Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width ; 8 to 12 inches wide shall be clear; 13 to 15 inches wide will ad- mit one standard knot ; 16 to 20 inches wide will admit two standard knots. Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 8 to 12 inches wide will admit one standard knot; 13 to 15 inches wide will admit two standard knots; 16 to 20 inches wide will admit three standard knots. NEW YORK HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 83 Worm holes in excess of the defects allowed for knots, and stained or discolored boards, not admitted. Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of Sec- onds, one-half of each piece being merchantable. Other than as above stated shall be classed as Mill Culls. CHESTNUT JOISTS. 4x4 in. and over square, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 feet long. Merchantable must be straight, sound, free from hearts and shakes; 8 and 10 feet lengths admit two standard knots ; 12, 14 and 16 feet lengths admit three standard knots. Must be free from wane, except that will admit 1 inch wane on one corner, one-fourth the length. Worm holes in excess of defects allowed for knots not admitted. Culls include all joists not equal to the grade of mer- chantable, one-half of each piece being merchantable. Other than as above stated are not marketable. BIRCH. Grades.— Firsts, Seconds and Culls. Pirsts are to be 8 inches and over in width ; 8 to 10 inches wide shall be clear ; 11 to 14 inches wide will ad- mit one-third bright sap on one side, or one standard knot ; 15 to 20 inches wide will admit one-third bright sap on one side or two standard knots. Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 and 7 inches w^ide shall be clear; 8 to 10 inches wide will ad- mit one standard knot ; 11 to 14 inches wide w^ill admit two standard knots; 15 to 20 inches wide will admit three standard knots. In Seconds, bright sap shallnot be considered a defect. Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of Seconds, one half of each piece being merchantable. Other than as above stated shall be classed as Mill Culls. BEECH. Grades.— Firsts, Seconds and Culls. F^irsts are to be 8 inches and over in width; 8 to 10 inches wide shall be clear; 11 to 14 inches wide will ad- 84 NEW YORK HARDWOOD INSPECTION. mit one standard knot ; 15 to 20 inches wide will admit two standard knots. Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 and 7 inches wide shall be clear; 8 to 10 inches wide will ad- mit one standard knot ; 11 to 14 inches w^ide will admit two standard knots ; 15 to 20 inches wide will admit three standard knots. Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of Sec- onds, one-half of each piece being merchantable. Other than as above stated shall be classed as Mill Culls. ELM. Grades. — Firsts, Seconds and Culls. Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in widtn; 8 to 12 inches wide shall be clear; 13 to 15 inches wide will ad- mit one standard knot ; 16 to 20 inches wide will admit two standard knots. Live white sap allowed. Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 and 7 inches wide shall be clear; 8 to 12 inches wide will admit one standard knot ; 13 to 15 inches wide will admit two standard knots ; 16 to 20 inches wide will admit three standard knots. Live white sap allowed. Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of Seconds, one-half of each piece being merchantable. Other than as above stated shall be classed as Mill Culls. POPLAR (whitewood). Grades. — Firsts, Seconds, Sap Clear, Common and Cull. Firsts, 1 inch to 2 inches in thickness, shall be 8 inches and upward wide and clear up to 10 inches in width. At 11 inches, 1 inch of bright sap will be allowed. At 12, 13, 14 and 15 inches wide, 2 inches of bright sap will be allowed, or one standard knot. At 16 inches and over in width 3 inches of bright sap on one edge will be allowed, or two standard knots. Seconds, 1 inch to 2 inches in thickness, shall be 8 inches and upward in width, and at 8 and 9 inches wide will admit of 1 inch of bright sap, but no other defects. NEW YORK HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 85 At 10 and 11 inches wide will admit of 2 inches of bright sap, or one standard knot. At 12, 13,14 and 15 inches wide will admit of 3 inches of bright sap and one standard knot, or two standard knots if there is no sap. At 1 6 inches and over will admit of 5 inches of bright sap and one standard knot. If there is no sap, then three standard knots will be admitted. 2V2 inch and tip, First and Second Poplar, shall be 10 inches and over wide. %, V2j %, % First and Second Clear shall be 10 inches and over wide, and contain not less than 75 per cent Firsts. Sap Clear shall be sound, 6 inches and over in width, and free from all defects except white sap. Cotnmon shall include any width not less than 5 inches, and will allow bright sap or one-third discolored sap on one side. Two unsound knots will be allowed in this grade if over 12 inches wide, or one sound knot in excess of those allowed in Seconds if without discolored sap, and straight splits not over one-third the length shall be admitted ; otherwise lumber must be sound. Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade ol Common, one-half of each piece being merchantable. Other than as above stated shall be classed as Mill Culls. POPLAR (WHITEWOOD) JOISTS. 4x4? in. to 10x10 in. square. Firsts are to be 10 feet and upward in length, sound and free from knots and checks, sawed square, and full size when seasoned. Splits to be measured off. Seconds are to be sound and free from hearts, shakes and bad checks. 10 and 12 feet lengths admit two standard knots, or 2 inches of sap on two corners ; 14 and 16 feet lengths ad- mit three standard knots, or 2 inches of sap on two cor- ners. These defects are based on 6x6 joists, and bear the same ratio in other sizes. Culls include all joists not equal to the grade of Sec- onds, one-half of each piece being merchantable. Other than as above stated shall be classed as i22/7/cu//s. 86 NEW YORK HARDWOOD INSPECTION. COTTONWOOD. Grades.— Firsts, Seconds and Culls. Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width; 8 to 11 inches wide shall be clear; 12 to 15 inches wide will ad- mit one standard knot ; 16 to 20 inches wide will admit two standard knots. Live w^hite sap allowed. Seconds are to be 6 inches and oyer in width ; 6 and 7 inches wide shall be clear ; 8 to 12 inches wide will ad- mit one standard knot ; 13 to 15 inches wide will admit two standard knots; 16 to 20 inches wide will admit three standard knots. Live white sap allowed. Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of Seconds, one-half of each piece being merchantable. Other than as above stated shall be classed as Mill Culls. BASSWOOD. Grades.— Firsts, Seconds and Culls. Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width ; 8 to 12 inches wide shall be clear; 13 to 15 inches wide will ad- mit one standard knot ; 16 to 20 inches wide w^ill admit two standard knots. Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 and 7 inches w^ide shall be clear ; 8 to 12 inches wide w^ill ad- mit one standard knot ; 13 to 15 inches w^ide v^^ill admit tw^o standard knots ; 16 to 20 inches w^ide will admit three standard knots. Live white sap allowed. Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of seconds, one-half of each piece being merchantable. Other than as above stated shall be classed as Mill Culls. SYCAMORE. Grades. — Firsts, Seconds and Culls. Firsts are t© be 8 inches and over in width; 8 to 12 inches wide shall be clear; 13 to 15 inches wide will ad- mit bright sap on one side not exceeding 1 inch in width, or one standard knot ; 16 to 20 inches wide will admit bright sap on one side not exceeding 2 inches in width, or two standard knots. Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 and NEW YORK HARDWOOD INSPECTION. t>7 7 inches wide shall be clear ; 8 to 12 inches wide will ad- mit one standard knot; 13 to 15 inches w^ide will admit two standard knots ; 16 to 20 inches wide will admit of three standard knots. In any widths, not more than one-fifth of the surface of one side shall be sappy. CtlUs include all lumber not equal to the grade of Sec- onds, one-half of each piece being merchantable. Other than as above stated shall be classed as Mill Culls. QUARTERED SYCAMORE. Grades.— Firsts and Seconds. Firsts are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 to 9 inches w^ide shall be clear ; 10 inches and over w^ide will admit one standard knot. Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 to 9 inches wide w^ill admit one standard knot; 10 inches and over in width w^ill admit two standard knots. Sap and doted, or discolored wood, not admitted in Firsts and Seconds. Culls are not marketable. Strips 4 and 5 inches wide only accepted by special agreement, GUM. Grades.— Firsts, Seconds and Culls. Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width; 8 to 12 inches w^ide shall be clear; 13 to 15 inches wide will ad- mit bright sap on one side, not exceeding 1 inch in width, or one standard knot ; 16 to 20 inches wide w^ill admit bright sap on one side, not exceeding two inches in width, or two standard knots. Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 and 7 inches wide shall be clear ; 8 to 12 inches wide will admit one standard knot; 13 to 15 inches wide will admit two standard knots; 16 to 20 inches wide will admit three standard knots. In any widths, not more than one-sixth the surface of one side shall be sappy. Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of Seconds, one-half of each piece being merchantable. Other than as above stated shall be classed as Mill Culls. 88 NEW YORK HARDWOOD INSPECTION. QUARTERED GUM. Grades. — Firsts and Seconds. iPirsts are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 to 9 inches wide shall be clear ; 10 inches and over wide will admit of one standard knot. Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 to 9 inches wide will admit one standard knot ; 10 inches and over in wide will admit two standard knots. Sap and doted, or discolored wood, not admitted in Firsts and Seconds. Culls not marketable. STRIPS. Four and 5 inches wide shall be clear or clear one side. BUTTERNUT. Grades. — Firsts, Seconds and Culls. Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width ; 8 to 12 inches wide shall be clear ; 13 to 15 inches wide will admit bright sap on one side not exceeding 1 inch in width, or one standard knot; 16 to 20 inches wide will admit bright sap on one side not exceeding 2 inches in width, or two standard knots. Seconds are to be 6 inches and over in width ; 6 and 7 inches wide shall be clear ; 8 to 12 inches wide will admit one standard knot; 13 to 15 inches wide will admit two standard knots ; 16 to 20 inches wide will admit three standard knots. In any width, not more than one-fifth of the surface of one side shall be sappy. Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of Seconds, one-half of each piece being merchantable. Other than as above stated shall be classed as Mill Culls. HICKORY. Grades. — Firsts, Seconds and Culls, Firsts are to be 8 inches and over in width ; 8 to 12 inches wide shall be clear; 13 to 15 inches wide will ad- mit one standard knot ; 16 to 20 inches wide will admit two standard knots. Seconds are to be 8 inches and over in width ; 8 to 12 inches wide will admit one standard knot; 13 to 15 NEW YORK LOG INSPECTION. 89 inches wide will admit two standard knots; 16 to 20 inches wide will admit three standard knots. Culls include all lumber not equal to the grade of Seconds, one-half of each piece being merchantable. Other than as above stated shall be classed as Mill Culls. SECOND GROWTH HICKORY. Sawed through and through and rough edged. Shall be measured inside the wane and in the center of the piece. NEW YORK LOG INSPEC- TION. Adopted as tlie Rules of tlie New York IVutnber Trade Association, June «6, 1889. GENERAL CONDITIONS. To be fresh cut, and to grade Firsts, Seconds and Culls; are to be measured full at the smallest end, solid con- tents, if no other agreement is made between parties. Walnut and Cherry, solid contents to be measured inside sap; all others to be measured from bark to bark. Standard lengths to be 10, 12, 14 and 16 feet, with not more than 20 per cent of 10 foot lengths. In Walnut, 8 foot lengths may be standard under the rules of Walnut inspection. A standard knot is not to exceed 3 inches in diameter. Rotten and wormy logs are classed as Culls. OAK AND ASH. To be 18 inches and over in diameter. Firsts are to be 24 inches and over in diameter, sound, clear and straight. One straight split admitted in one end. Seconds, from 18 to and including 23 inches in diam- eter, to be sound, clear and straight; 24 inches and over in diameter may have straight splits on one or both ends not to exceed more than one-sixth the length of the log, or one straight split and one standard, sound knot, or two standard, sound knots without splits. 90 NEW YORK LOG INSPECTION. Culls are to include all logs not equal to Firsts and Seconds, one-third being suitable for milling without waste. POPLAR. To be 24 inches and over in diameter. Firsts are to be 30 inches and over in diameter, sound, clear and straight. One straight split admitted. Seconds, from 24 to and including 29 inches in diam- eter, to be sound, clear and straight; 30 inches and over in diameter may have one standard, sound knot, or straight splits not to exceed more than one-sixth the length of the log. Culls are to include all logs not equal to Firsts and Seconds, one-third being suitable for milling without waste. CHERRY. To be 16 inches and over in diameter, Firsts are to be 18 inches and over indiameter,sound, clear and straight. Seconds, 16 and 17 inches in diameter, to be sound, clear and straight; 18 inches and over in diameter may have straight splits on one or both ends not to exceed more than one-sixth the length of the log, or two stand- ard, sound knots, or hollow not more than 6 inches in diameter nor more than 2 feet deep. Not more than two of these defects received in this grade. Culls are to include all logs not equal to Firsts and Seconds, one-third being suitable for milling without waste. Logs 30 to 36 inches in diameter that have a rotten heart not exceeding 9 inches in diameter, and those over 36 inches in diameter that have a rotten heart not exceed- ing 12 inches in diameter, if otherwise equal to Firsts, will be classed in that grade. The question of gum is left to the judgment of the In- spector as to classification. MAPLE, BIRCH, BEECH. 15 inches and over in diameter. Firsts are to be 20 inches and over in diameter, sound, clear and straight. NEW YORK LOO INSPECTION. 91 Seconds, 15 to and including 19 inches in diameter, to be sound, clear and straight ; 20 inches and over may have straight splits on one or both ends not equal to more than one-sixth the leng.th of the log, or two stand- ard, sound knots. Culls are to include all logs not equal to Firsts and Seconds, one-third being suitable for milling without waste. WALNUT. Round and Shipping, 16 inches and over in diameter. Shipping logs are to be dressed to lines on lour sides straight, -with rounded corners Firsts are to be 22 inches and over in diameter, sound, clear and straight, and will include 10 per cent of 8 foot lengths. Seconds, 16 to and including 19 inches in diameter, will be sound and straight, one standard, sound knot admitted ; 20 inches and over in diameter will admit straight splits not more than one-sixth the length of the log, two sound, standard knots, or one sound and one unsound standard knot, and sound sided hollow not more than 6 inches in diameter nor more than 2 feet deep. Not more than two of these defects received in this grade. Culls are to include all logs not equal to Firsts and Seconds, one-third being suitable for milling without waste. Logs 30 to 36 inches in diameter that have a rotten heart not exceeding 9 inches in diameter, and those over 36 inches in diameter that have a rotten heart not ex- ceeding 12 inches in diameter, if otherwise equal to Firsts, will be classed in that grade. Logs of this char- acter not admitted in shipping grade. SUPPLEMENTARY RULES. The following resolution was adopted at a meeting of the association held June 26,1 S89 : Resolved, That shipping logs of Poplar, Oak, Ash, Ma- ple and Birch, consisting of 90 per cent Firsts and 10 per cent Seconds, and Walnut and Cherry, consisting of 80 per cent Firsts and 20 per cent Seconds, shall be classed as "Prime." And Poplar, Oak, Ash, Maple and Birch, consisting of YELLOW PTNE LtJMBER INSPECTION. 65 per cent Firsts and 35 per cent Seconds, and Walnut and Cherry, consisting of 50 per cent Firsts and 50 per cent Seconds, shall be classed as "Good." Certificates of inspection under this resolution will be signed by the Inspector, and when desired the secretary of the association shall certify that the Inspector is a li- censed Inspector, and shall sign and attach to such cer- tificate the seal of the association. YELLOW PINE LUMBER INSPECTION. Classification of tlie Sottthem IVumber & Timber Asso- ciation, Adopted at Savannali, Ga., Feb. 14, 1883. Customary in New York. Scantling" shall embrace all sizes from 2 to 5 inches in thickness and 2 to 6 inches in width. For example, 2x2, 2x3, 2x4, 2x5, 2x6, 3x3, 3x4, 3x5, 3x6, 4x4, 4x5, 4x6, 5x5 and 5x6. Plank shall embrace all sizes from 1^^ to 5 inches in thickness by 7 inches and up in width; 1^/2, 2, 2^2, 3, 314, 4, 41^, 5x7 and up wide. Dimension Si^jes shall embrace all sizes 6 inches and up in thickness by 7 inches and up in width, including 6x6. For example, 6x6, 6x7, 7x7, 7x8, 8x8, 8x9 and up. Stepping shall embrace 1 to 21/3 inches in thickness by 7 inches and up in width. For example, 1, 1%, 1^, 2, 2^/^x7 and up wide. Rough !^dg"e or Flitch, shall embrace all sizes 1 inch and up in thickness by 8 inches and up in width, sawed on two sides only. For example, 1, l^/^, 2, 3, 4 and up thick by 8 and up wide, sawed on two sides only. SQUARE-EDGED INSPECTION. Scantling shall be free from injurious shakes, un- sound knots or knots to impair strength ; sap no objec- tion. YELLOW PINE LUMBER INSPECTION. 93 Plank shall be free from unsound knots, wane, through or round shakes ; sap no objection. Dimension Si^jes; sap no objection; no wane edges ; no shakes to show on outside of stick. All stock to be well and truly manufactured, full to sizes and saw butted. MERCHANTABLE INSPECTION. Scantling shall show three corners heart free from in- jurious shakes or unsound knots. Plank, 9 inches and under wide, shall show one heart face and two-thirds heart on opposite side ; over 9 inches wide shall show^ two-thirds heart on both sides, all free from round or through shakes, large or unsound knots. Dimension Sisjes. — All squarelumbershall show two- thirds heart on two sides, and not less than one-half heart on two other sides. Other sizes shall show two- thirds heart on faces and show heart two-thirds of the length on edges, excepting where the width exceeds the thickness by 3 inches or over, then it shall show heart on the edges for one-half its length. Stepping shall show three corners heart, free from shakes and all knots exceeding half an inch in diameter and not more than six in a board. Rough ^dge or Flitch shall be sawed from good heart timber, and shall be measured in the middle on the narrow face, free from injurious shakes or unsound knots. All stock to be well and truly manufactured, full to size and saw butted. PRIME INSPECTION. Scantling shall show three corners heart, and not to exceed one inch of sap on fourth corner, measured diag- onally, free from heart, shakes, large or unsotmd knots. Plank shall show one entire heart face on opposite face, not exceeding one-sixth its width of sap on each corner, free from unsound knots, through or round shakes ; sap to be measured on face. Dimension Si^es.— On all square sizes the sap on each corner shall not exceed one-sixth the width of the face. When the width does not exceed the thickness by 3 inches, to show half heart on narrow faces, the entire 94 NEW YORK FLOORING INSPECTION. length exceeding 3 inches, to show heart on narrow faces the entire length; sap on wide faces to be measured as on square sizes. Rougfh i^dge or Flitch shall be measured in the middle or narrow face inside of sap, free from shakes or unsound knots. CLEAR INSPECTION. Scatitling" and Plank shall be free of sap, large knots or other defects. Dimension Sisses shall be free from sap, large or un- sound knots, shakes, through or round. DESIGNATIONS OF THE TRADE. Resawed I^umbef — Lumber sawn on four sides. Rougfli i^dge or Flitch — Lumber sawn on two sides. Timber— Hewn only. NEW YORK FLOORING INSPECTION. Tlie Following Rules, Governing tlie Inspection of Floor- ing, are Taken from tlie Maritime ISxcliange Rules, Adopted May 14, 1884. MERCHANTABLE FLOORING. One inch and 1^/4 inches in thickness, and from 3 to 6 inches in w^idth, and shall show one face free from sap and two-thirds heart the entire length on the opposite face. Shall be free from rot, split, shakes and unsound knots; sound knots to be allowed as follows, viz. : Two knots in boards under 16 feet long; three knots in boards 16 feet long and over, of not over 1 inch in diameter, or six knots if not over half an inch in diameter. MERCHANTABLE FLOORING PLANK. V/a to 3 inches in thickness, and 5 to 10 inches in^ NEW YORK FLOORING INSPECTION. 95 width, shall show one face free from sap, except on each edge of the face; one half inch of sap shall be allowed and two-thirds heart on opposite face. Free from rot, split, shakes, unsound knots, and knots exceeding I14 inches in diameter. MERCHANTABLE WIDE BOARDS AND PLANK. 1 inch to 2 inches in thickness, and 10 to 14 inches in width, shall show one face free from sap and two-thirds heart entire length on opposite face. Free from rot, through shakes, splits and unsound knots. Six sound knots of 1 inch and under in diameter, or three of IV2 inches in diameter, to be allowed in any piece. PRIME WIDE BOARDS AND PLANK. 1 to 2 inches in thickness, and 10 to 14 inches in width, shall show one face and one edge free from sap, and two-thirds heart on the other face the entire length. Free from rot, shakes, splits and knots. MERCHANTABLE SIDINGS. 1 inch, 114 inches and 1^/2 inches in thickness and 4 inches and over in width. Sap shall be allowed on the face, or best side (regardless of sap on the opposite face), as follows: One-half inch on one edge on boards 7 inches and under in width, and one-half inch on each edge of boards over 7 inches wide. Must be free from through shakes, rot, splits and unsound knots, and on the face side the following allowance for knots shall be made, viz.: Three sound knots not exceeding 1 inch in diameter in boards under 14 ieet long; four sound knots no+ ex- ceeding 1 inch in diameter in boards 14 feet long and over, or six sound knots not exceeding one-halt inch in diameter in boards of any length. BOSTON INSPECTION. MASSACHUSETTS IN- SPECTION LAW. In Force in Boston and Vicinity. SECTION 1.— SURVEYOR-GENERAL. There shall be a surveyor-general of lumber appointed by the governor, with the advice and consent of the council, for a district to consist of the county of Suffolk, the cities of Cambridge and Summerville, and the towns of Medford, Brookline, Watertown and Quincy. The said surveyor -general shall reside in said district, and shall keep an office in Boston, conveniently located and accessible to the public; shall be sworn and shall give bond with sufficient sureties to the treasurer of the com- monwealth in the sum of two thousand dollars for the faithful discharge of his duty, and, unless sooner re- moved, shall hold his office for three years and until a successor is appointed and qualified. SECTION 2. He shall appoint a sufficient number of competent and discreet deputy surveyors, removable at his pleasure, and for whom he shall be responsible. They shall be citizens of said district, and shall be sworn and give bond to him for the faithful discharge of their duties. He shall ap- point one or more of them to survey Oak and other wood commonly used in ship building, and one or more to sur- vey Mahogany, Cedar and other ornamental wood and lumber. No surveyor-general or deputy shall be a dealer in lumber of the kind he is appointed to survey, nor shall he survey any lumber in which he has a pecuniary inter- est, directly or indirectly, nor for any person or persons by whom he is employed on a salary or for a per diem allowance. SECTION 3. All application for surveys shall be made to the sur- veyor-general, and all surveys made by his deputies and the order of their services, in rotation or otherwise, shall BOSTON INSPECTION. 97 be under his direction. He shall, by himself or deputies, survey and measure all lumber brought into the said dis- trict for sale when a request therefor is made by either 'the purchaser or the seller, and he shall enforce all the provisions of this chapter. SECTION 4. He shall keep a record of all lumber surveyed by him- self or his deputies, and of the amount of fees received by each deputy, and as often as once in three months he shall be entitled to 10 per cent of such fees. Such record shall be at all times open to inspection by the members of the city councils and by the selectmen of the several cities and towns in said district. SECTION 5. He shall annually, on or before the 15th day of Octo- ber, make the secretary of the commonwealth a return, specifying the amount and various kinds and quantities of lumber surveyed in said district during the year end- ing on the 30th day of the preceding month, the per- son by whom it was surveyed, and the amount of fees received by him and his deputies. SECTION 6. Except in the aforesaid district, towns and the city councils of cities shall annually elect one or more survey- ors of lumber, w^ho shall be sworn to the faithful dis- charge of their duties, and cities may from time to time establish ordinances with suitable penalties respecting the appointment of such surveyors. SECTION 7. Surveyors of lumber in cities and towns, when re- quested so to do by either the purchaser or seller, shall survey Oak and other hardv^ood commonly used in ship building, Mahogany, Ash and other ornamental wood, ai.d all other lumber brought for sale into, or manufact- ured in, this commonwealth; but no such surveyor shall survey lumber in which he has a pecuniary interest. SECTION 8. — PINE BOARDS AND PLANKS. Of pine boards and planks, except Southern Pine, 98 BOSTON INSPECTION. there shall be six sorts. The first sort shall be denomi- nated No. I, and shall include boards not less than 1 inch thick, square edged, free from rot and shakes, and nearly free from knots and sap, except such boards and planks as are not less than 15 inches wide, and not more than one-eighth waste, which shall be received as No. 1. The second sort shall be denominated No, 2, and shallincludeboardsnotlessthanl inch thick, and of which not less than seven-eighths is suitable for planing and first-class finish; but such boards as are clear, but deficient in thickness as aforesaid, shall be re- ceived as No. 2. The third sort shall be denominated No. 3, and shall include boards not less than % of an inch thick, and of which not less than three-fourths is suitable for planing and second-class finish. The fourth sort shall be denominated No. 4, and shall include boards not less than % of an inch thick, nearly free from rot and nearly square edged, free from loose and large branch knots, and suitable for covering buildings. All Norway Pine boards and planks shall be included in the fourth, fifth and sixth sorts. The fifth sort shall be denominated No. 5, and shall include all boards and planks of every description which are not within the other four denomi- nations, except when one-third is worthless, in w^hich case such boards and plank shall be denominated Refuse. SECTION 9. — PINE JOISTS AND DIMENSION, Of Pine Joists and Dimension Timber there shall be three sorts. The first shall be denominated No. I, and shaJ include all Joists and Dimension Tim- ber that are sound and nearly square edged. The second sort shall be denominated No. 2, and shall include all other descriptions, except w^hen one-third is worthless, and in w^hich case such Joists and Dimension Timber shall be denominated Refuse. SECTION 10.— SPRUCE, HEMLOCK, ETC. Of Spruce, Hemlock, Juniper and Southern Pine Boards, Planks, Sawed Timber and Joists, there shall be three sorts. The first shall be denominated BOSTON INSPECTION. 99 No. I, and shall include all Boards, Planks, Sawed Timber and Joists that are sawed and nearly square edged. The second sort shall be denominated No. 2) and shall include all other descriptions, except when one-third is worthless, in which case such Boards, Planks, Sawed Timber and Joists shall be denominated Refuse. SECTION 11. — HARDWOODS. Of Ash, Maple and other hardwood and ornamental Boards, Planks and Joists there shall be three sorts. The first sort shall be denominated No. I, and shall include all Boards, Planks and Joists that are free from rot, shakes and bad knots. The sec- ond sort shall be denominated No. 2, and shall include all other descripcions, except when one-third is worthless, in which case such Boards, Planks and Joists shall be denominated Refuse. SECTION 12.— HEWN TIMBER. Of Hewn Timber, except Mahogany and Cedar, there shall be three sorts. The first sort shall be denominated No. I, and shall include all timber that is sound and nearly square edged. The second sort shall be denomin- ated. No. 2, and shall include timber of all other descrip- tions, except when one-third is worthless, in which case such timber shall be denominated Refuse. SECTION 13.— OAK, JUNIPER AND SPRUCE KNEES. Of Oak, Juniper and Spruce Knees there shall be two sorts. The first sort shall be denominated No. I, and shall include all sound knees of the follow- ing dimensions: Arm or root 1 foot 6 inches long; body of knee, 3 feet long; working thickness, 4 inches. Arm or root, 2 feet 6 inches long; body of knee, 3 feet long; working thickness, 5 inches. Arm or root, 2 feet 9 inches long; body of knee, 3 feet long; working thickness, 5 inches. Arm or root, 2 feet 9 inches long; body of knee, 3 feet 6 inches long; working thickness, 6 inches. Arm or root, 3 feet 3 inches long; body of knee, 4 feet 6 inches long; working thickness, 7 inches. Arm or root, 3 feet 6 inches long; body of knee, 4 feet 3 inches long; 100 BOSTON INSPECTION. ■working thickness, 8 inches. Arm or root, 3 feet 9 inches long; body of knee, 4 feet 6 inches long; working thick- ness, 9 inches. Arm or root, 4 feet long; body of knee, 5 feet long; working thickness, 10 inches and upwards. The second sort shall be denominated Refuse, and shall include all other descriptions of less dimensions than those specified in the first de- nomination. All Knees shall have the working thickness marked thereon, and on the first sort the number " one " shall be marked. SECTION 14. — MAHOGANY AND CEDAR. Of Mahogany and Cedar there shall be but one sort, and it shall be the duty of the surveyors, who are especi- ally appointed to survey Mahogany and Cedar, to num- ber in regular numerical order all the Mahogany and Cedar logs or sticks contained in each lot or cargo, and to mark the number of each log or stick upon the same in legible characters; and such surveyors shall, to the best of their ability, ascertain the whole number of feet, board measure, in each and every log or stick, and "what quantity thereof is merchantable, and what is refuse; and they shall thereupon issue certificates, in which shall be stated the number of each log or stick, the whole number of feet contained in the same, and the number effect which are Merchantable and Refuse, respectively. SECTION 15. — MASTS AND SHIP TIMBER. Hewn Timber and Round Timber, used for masts and shipbuilding, shall be surveyed and sold as Ton Timber, at the rate of 40 cubic feet to the ton ; oak and other timber and planks, commonly used in ship-building, shall have their true contents marked thereon in cubic feet or board measure, and on the first and second sorts the numbers " one " and " two " shall be marked respect- ively. MARKING, MEASUREMENT AND SALES. In the survey of White and Norway Pine Boards, Planks, Joists, Sawed Timber and Dimensions, the con- tents of the same shall be truly marked thereon in legible numbers, and on the first, second, third, fourth and fifth BOSTON INSPECTION. 101 sorts of White and Norway Pine Boards, Planks and Dimensions, the numbers shall be marked respectively. All Boards, Planks, Joists, Sawed Timber and Dimen- sion Lumber shall be received and sold according to the contents thereof as fixed and marked under the afore- said regulations. In the measurement of Round Timber, one-fourth of the girth shall be taken for the side of the square. SECTION 16.— FEES. The fees for surveying and marking shall be paid by the purchaser as follows: For White, Southern and Nor- way Pine, Spruce, Hemlock, Juniper and Whitewood Boards, Planks, Joists, Sawed Timber and Dimensions, 30 cents for every thousand feet, board measure; for Southern Pine Flooring Boards, 34 cents for every thou- sand feet, board measure; for all kinds of Pine, Spruce, Hemlock and Juniper Timber, 12 cents for every ton; for Oak and other Hardwood, 24 cents for every ton; for knees commonly used in ship building, 3 cents for every knee; for Ash, Maple and other Hardwood, and for or- namental Boards, Planks and Joists, 40 cents for every thousand feet, board measure; for Cuba, Saint Domingo and other branch or hard Mahogany, $1 for every thou- sand feet, board measure; and for Mahogany from the Bay of Honduras, and for Cedar, 75 cents for every thousand feet, board measure. One-half of the fees paid by the purchaser as aforesaid shall be allowed and paid to him by the seller. If the surveyor-general receives in any one year more than $3,200, he shall pay the excess over that sum into the treasury of the commonwealth. SECTION 17. — FRAUD AND PENALTIES. If a surveyor-general or survej^or of lumber is guilty of or connives at a fraud or deceit in surveying, marking or numbering the contents or quality of any kind of wood or lumber, or if such surveyor, when requested by the owner of, or by a dealer in, lumber to survey the same, refuses without good reason to perform the duty, he shall forfeit for each offense not less than $50 nor more than $200. SECTION 18. If a seller or purchaser of lumber attempts to induce a 102 MAINE INSPECTION LAW. surveyor to make a false survey, he shall forfeit for such offense not less than $50 nor more than $200. SECTION 19. Whoever presumes to perform, without authority, any of the duties of a surveyor of lumber shall forfeit not less than $50 nor more than $200. MAINE INSPECTION LAV/. Chapter 41, Section 14. Every town, at its annual meeting, shall elect one or more surveyors of Boards, Plank, Timber and Joist, one or more surveyors of Shingles, Clapboards, Staves and Hoops; and every tow^n containing a port of delivery whence Staves and Hoops are usually exported, shall also elect two or more viewers and cullers of Staves and Hoops; and the mu- nicipal officers of a town may, if they deem it necessary, appoint not exceeding seven surveyors of logs; and all said officers shall be sworn. Sec. 15. All Boards, Plank, Timber and Joist offered for sale shall, before delivery, be surveyed by a sworn surveyor thereof; and if he has doubts of the dimensions, he shall measure the same and mark the contents thereon, making reasonable allowance for rots, knots and splits, drying and shrinking. Pine boards, when % of an inch thick w^hen fully seasoned, and in that proportion when partly seasoned, shall be considered merchantable, and no pine boards, except Sheathing Boards, shall be shipped for exportation beyond the United States but such as are square edged and not less than % of an inch thick, nor less than 10 feet long, under penalty of forfeit- ure to the town whence shipped. Sec. 16. All Shingles packed for exportation beyond the state shall be 16 inches long, free from shakes and worm holes, and at least % of an inch thick at the butt end when green, and if of Pine, free from sap. They shall be 4 inches wide on an average, not less than 3 inches MAINE INSPECTION LAW. 108 ^ide in any part, hold their width three-fourths of the way to the thin end, well shaved or sawed, and be de- nominated "No. 1 ;" but Shingles intended for sale within the state, if of inferior quality or of less dimensions, may be surveyed and classed accordingly under the denomina- tion "No. 2" and "No. 3." Sec. 17. All Shingles shall be split or sawed crosswise the grain. Each bundle shall contain 250 shingles, and, if in square bundles, 25 courses, and be 22l^ inches at the lay, and when packed to be surveyed as "No, 1," or for exportation, if in any bundle there are five shingles deficient in the proper dimensions, soundness or number, to make 250 merchantable shingles, or if any shingles are offered for sale before they are surveyed and meas- ured by a sworn surveyor of some town in the county where they were made, and the quality branded on the hoop or band of the bundle, unless the parties otherwise agree, are forfeited to the town where the offence is com- mitted. Sec. 18. All Clapboards exposed for sale orpacked for exportation shall be made of good, sound timber, free from shakes and worm holes, and if of Pine, clear of 'sap and they shall be at least % of an inch thick on the back of thickest part, 5 inches wide and 4 feet 6 inches long and straight and well shaved or sawed. Sec. 21. No person shall deliver on sale, or ship or at- tempt to ship for exportation, any Boards, Plank, Tim- ber, Joists, Shingles, Clapboards, Staves or Hoops before they have been survej^ed, measured, viewed or culled, as the case may be, or branded by the proper officer, and a certificate thereof given by him specifying the number quality and quantity thereof, under a penalty of $2 a thousand, by quantity or tale, as such article is usually sold, half to the town where the offence is committed and half to the prosecutor, and in addition thereto the master or owner of any vessel exporting any of the arti- cles aforesaid beyond the limits of the United States con- trary to law, shall for the first offence forfeit $200 to the town whence said articles are exported, and if after con- viction he commits a second offence in the same vessel he forfeits the same sum, and the vessel is also forfeited to the town. 104 MAINE INSPECTION LAW. Sec. 22. The master or owner of any vessel having any of the lumber or other articles mentioned in the pre- ceding section on board for exportation as aforesaid, shall, before the vessel is cleared at the custom house, produce to the collector a certificate from the proper of ficer that the same have been duly surveyed, measured, viewed or culled, as the case may require; and such mas- ter or owner shall likewise 'make oath before the col- lector or a justice of the peace, vi^hose certificate shall be returned to the collector, that the articles so shipped for exportation are the same articles thus surveyed, meas- ured, vewed or culled; that he has no other on board of the like description, and that he will not take any others. Sec. 23. If any person duly elected a surveyor, meas- urer, viewer or caller of any said articles under this chap- ter, neglects or refuses to take the oath of his office and to serve therein, he forfeits $3 to the town, and another person shall be elected to his place, w^ho shall take the oath and serve as aforesaid under the like penalty, and the like proceedings shall be had until the office is filled; or if any such officer, duly qualified, unnecessarily re- fuses or neglects to attend to the duties of his office when requested, he forfeits $3; and if he connives at or will- ingly allows any breach of the provisions thereof, or practices any other fraud or deceit in his official duties, he shall forfeit $30 for the use aforesaid. Sec. 24. All pecuniary penalties aforesaid may be re- covered by action of debt, indictment or complaint, and all other forfeitures by a libel filed by the treasurer or any inhabitant of the town interested. Sec. 25. Surveyors of logs may inspect, survey and measure all mill logs floated or brought to market or of- fered for sale in their towns, and divide them into sev- eral classes corresponding to the different quality of boards and other sawed lumber which may be manu- facttired from them, and they shall give certificates under their hands of the quantity and quality thereof to the person at whose request they are survej'-ed. QUEBEC CULLING. 105 QUEBEC CULLING. IKxtracts from an Act to Regrulate the Cullingf and Meas- uring of Timber, Masts, Spars, Deals, Staves, etc. The council of the Quebec Board of Trade, when re- quired by the supervisor so to do, shall elect four mer- chants practically acquaintd with the lumber trade; and the supervisor shall, by instrument under his hand and seal, appoint four licensed cullers; and the said four mer- chants and four cullers shall constitute a board of exam- iners, of which board the supervisors shall ex-officio be a member and chairman; and as often as vacancies occur in the said board by death, change of residence or other- wise, such vacancies shall be filled by election in the case of merchants and by new appointments in the case of cullers, forming the said board. The board shall meet at the office of the supervisor or elsewhere on the first Monday of May and August in each year, or upon any other day, when notified by the supervisor so to do, and four of the number of the board shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business, and the decision of any majority of the members present at such meeting shall be held to be the decision of the board. Every certificate issued by the board of examiners, ap- pointed under the provisions of the Act, shall state the qualifications of the person to w^hom such certificate is issued and what [description of culling he is best quali- fied to perform. MODB OF CULLING AND MEASURING. HOLDERS OF MEASURING TAPES, ETC., SHALL BE APPRENTICES, 21. The holders of measuring tapes and scribers of timbers, shall, in all cases, when practicable, be appren- tices or candidates for becoming cullers; for virhose acts, in the performance of their duties, the cullers shall be responsible. (8 Vic, cap. 49, sec. 8.) 106 QUEBEC CULLING. SQUARE TIMBER TO BE MEASURED ACCORDING TO THREE MODES. 22. Square timber shall be measured only in some one of the three following modes — that is to say: First. — Measured off, in the raft or otherwise, giving the full cubic contents, without any allowance or deduc- tion. Secondly.— Measured in shipping order (which shall mean sound, fairly made timber); gum seams closed at the butt, and sound knots not to be considered unsound- ness — lengths under the merchantable standard herein- after mentioned, and not less than 12 feet long to be re- ceived, if, in the opinion of the culler, the same be fit for shipment. Thirdly. — Culled and measured in a merchantable state in accordance w^ith the rules, standards and limita- tions hereinafter described. (8 Yic, cap. 49, sec. 9. ) LENGTH OF TIMBER TO BE MEASURED BY CULLERS, AS WELL AS GIRTH. 23. In measuring timber, the culler employed for that purpose shall measure not only the girth of each piece of timber, but shall also measure, personally, with the aid of one competent assistant, the length of each piece of timber in all cases where such measurement shall be practicable, with the aid of only one assistant; and in the event of any case arising in which, in the opinion of the supervisor of cullers or his deputy, such measurement cannot be effected with the aid of one assistant only, then such culler may employ an additional competent assistant for that purpose, w^ho, as well as the assistant first above mentioned, shall be approved of by the super- visor of cullers or his deputy. (16 Yic, cap. 168, sec. 1.) CULLER TO PROVIDE HIMSELF WITH MEASURING ROD, TAPE, ETC. 24. Every culler shall provide himself with a measur- ing rod and tape, which shall, in all cases, be English measure, and tested and compared by a standard kept in the office of the supervisor (such rod having a hook at the end, five-eighths of an inch long); and also with a scribing knife, with which he shall mark, in legible char- QUEBEC CULLING. 107 acters, the length, breadth and thickness of all square timber measured or culled by him, and the mark, initials or number of the party, if required. HOW TIMBER SHALL BE MARKED. And every culler shall provide himself with a proper stamp with the initials of his name in legible characters, and with the following capital letters, in addition: M, which shall denote what is merchantable; U, which shall denote what is sound and of merchant- able quality, but under merchantable size; S, which shall denote what is of second quahty ; T, which shall denote what is of third quality; R, which shall denote what is rejected and unmer- chantable; w^hich marks shall be indented or stamped on the end of each article of lumber culled in terms of mer- chantable standard hereinafter described, except West India and Barrel staves. Boards, Lathwood and Hand- spikes. (8 Vic, cap. 49, sec. 12.) COPY OF AGREEMENT AS TO MODE OF MEASUREMENT SHALL BE LODGED IN THE SUPERVISOR'S OFFICE. 25. A copy of every agreement as to the adoption of any of the modes of measurement or culling mentioned in this Act, signed by the seller and buyer, shall be lodged in the office of the supervisor at the same time that a requisition is made to him for a culler to measure or cull any lumber, for the guidance of the supervisor and culler in the performance of their duty; and such requisition shall state the river and section of the province where- from such lumber is produced. PROVISO. Provided that it shall be competent for the owner of any lumber, or his agent, to cause it to be measured, culled or counted before any sale; in which case the specification of such lumber shall set forth the mode in which the measurement, culling or counting has been performed. (8 Vie. cap. 49, sec. 13.) QUALITIES OP LUMBER. DESCRIPTIONS AND CLASSES OF LUMBER. 26. In all cases the supervisor and cullers, respectively, 108 QUEBEC CULLING. shall be governed by the following descriptions, rules, standards and limitations, in ascertaining and certifying the merchantable size and quality of lumber submitted to their culling; SQUARE WHITE OAK TIMBER. Square White Oak Timber, First Quality, shall be free from rot, rotten knots (affecting the surrounding wood), open rings and grub or large worm holes; but small worm holes and shakes shall be allowed, according to the judgment of the culler. Second Quality shall be Oak not coming within the definition of First Quality, and which, in the judgment of the culler, is not Culls. ROCK ELxM. Square Hard Grey or Rock Elm shall be free from rots, open rings and rotten knots (affecting the surrounding wood, but shakes and slivers shall be allowed, accord- ing to the judgment ot the culler. WHITE OR YELLOW PINE TIMBER, Square White or Yellow Pine Timber shall be free from rot, rotten knots (affecting the surrounding wood), worm holes, open shakes and open rings; but sound knots shall be allowed, according to the judgment of the culler. SQUARE RED PINE TIMBER. Square Red Pine Timber shall be free from rot, rotten knots (affecting the surrounding wood), w^orm holes, shakes and splits; but sound knots shall be allowed, ac- cording to the judgment of the culler. SQUARE ASH, BASSWOOD AND BUTTERNUT. Square Ash, Basswood and Butternut shall be of the same quality as White or Yellow Pine Square Timber. SQUARE BIRCH. Square Birch shall be free from rot, rotten knots, splits and shakes, and shall be allowed 2 inches wane. , MASTS, BOWSPRITS AND RED PINE SPARS. Masts, Bowsprits and Red Pine Spars shall be sound, free from bad knots, rents and shakes, and the heart shall be visible in spots at or near the partners. QUEBEC CULLING. 109 HICKORY HANDSPIKES. Hickory Handspikes shall be 6 feet long and 3^^ inches square at the smaller end. ASH OARS. Ash Oars shall be 3 inches square on the loin and 5 inches broad on the blade. The blade shall be one-third of the length of the oar, and such oars shall be cleft straight on all sides, and free from large knots, splits and shakes. LATHWOOD. Lathwood shall be cut in lengths of from 3 to 6 feet and measured by the cord of 8 feet in length by 4 feet in height. The same, to be merchantable, shall be free from rot, and split freely, and each billet may contain to the extent of three or four open case knots, provided they run in line, or nearly so, and it shall not have more than one twist. PINE OR FIR BOARDS. Pine or Fir Boards shall not be less than 10 feet in length, not less than 1 inch in thickness, not less than 7 inches in breadth, equally broad from end to end, edged with a saw or neatly trimmed by a straight line, and shall be free from rot, bad knots, rents and shakes, and of equal thickness on both edges from end to end; but the color alone of any board shall not be sufficient cause for its rejection, if it is in other respects sound and mer- chantable and of the dimensions required by this act. WHITE OR YELLOW PINE DEALS. White or Yellow Pine Deals, to be merchantable, shall be free from rot, rotten knots, grub-worm holes, open case knots, shakes and splits (a slight sun-crack ex- cepted); and sound knots and hard black knots to be allowed as follows: if not exceeding three in number, and not exceeding, upon the average, li/4 inches dia- meter; if exceeding three and not exceeding six in num- ber, and upon the average not exceeding three-quarters of an inch in diameter; — this proportion of knots to be allowed for a deal 11 inches in width and 12 feet in length, and deals of greater or less dimensions to be allowed for in proportion, according to the judgment of 110 QUEBEC CULLING. the culler; wane equal to half an inch on one edge, if running the whole length of such deal, to be allowed; and if not exceeding half the length of such deal, three- quarters of an inch to be allowed , they shall be free from black or dead sap (with a slight exception at the dis- cretion of such culler). RED PINE DEALS. Red Pine Deals, to be merchantable, shall be free from rot, rotten knots, grub-worm holes, open case knots and splits; several small sound knots to be allowed, accord- ing to the judgment of the culler; heart shake to be al- lowed, if it does not run far into the deal or form a split through at the ends; they shall be free (or nearly so) from black or dead sap; but sound sap on the corners, or on a portion of one face of a deal, to be allowed, according to the judgment of the culler. SPRUCE DEALS. spruce Deals, to be merchantable, shall be free from rot, rotten knots, grub-worm holes, open case knots, splits and shakes (a heart shake, not exceeding one- fourth of an inch to half an inch in depth excepted); several small sound knots and hard black knots to be allowed according to the judgment of the culler; and in the exercise of such judgment, he shall keep in view the peculiar nature of the wood, and govern his judgment accordingly; wane equal to half an inch on one edge, if running the whole length of the deal, to be allowed, and if not exceeding one-quarter the length of such deal, three-quarters of an inch to be allowed. WHITE OR YELLOW PINE SECOND QUALITY DEALS. White or Yellow Pine Second Quality Deals shall be free from rot, rotten knots and splits, with slight excep- tions, at the discretion of the culler; and sound knots and hard black knots to be allowed as follows; if not exceeding six in number, and not exceeding upon the average IV2 inches diameter; if exceeding six and not ex- ceeding twelve in number, and not exceeding upon the average 1^4 inches in diameter (small knots under half an inch in diameter not to be counted or considered), — this proportion of knots to be allowed for a deal 11 QUEBEC CULLING. Ill incites in width and 12 feet in length, and deals of greater or lesser dimensions to be allowed for in proportion, according to the judgment of the culler; heart-shakes and sun-cracks, not exceeding three-fourths of an inch to 1 inch in depth, to be allowed, as also worm-holes, at the judgment of the culler, wane of half an inch to be al- lowed, according to the quality ol the deal; in other respects, at the judgment of the culler. Deals rejected as not coming within the standard of Merchantable or Second Quality, shall be classed as Culls, except that the culler may, if requested by buyer and seller, select and classify as Third Quality the best of the deals so rejected. SPRUCE AND RED PINE SECOND QUALITY DEALS. Spruce and Red Pine Second Quality Deals shall be Deals not coming w^ithin the definition of merchantable, and which, in the opinion and judgment of the culler, are not culls, and shall be classed as Second Quality; and the culler, if required by seller and buyer, may select and classify as Third Quality the best of the Deals unfit to be Seconds. QUEBEC STANDARD HUNDRED OF DEALS. The Quebec Standard Hundred of Deals shall be 100 pieces, 12 feet long, 11 inches broad and 2% inches thick, and Deals of all other dimensions shall be computed ac- cording to the said standard. Deals of all qualities shall not be less than 8 feet long, 7 inches broad and 2^ inches thick. Deal ends shall not be less than 6 feet long, and shall be computed according to the Quebec Standard. MERCHANTABLE DEALS. All Merchantable Deals must be w^ell sawn and squared at the end with a saw, and the color alone shall be no objection to their being merchantable. All Deals, when culled , shall in all cases be stamped with the ini- tials of the culler, and the capital letter denoting their quality as such. PROVISO AS TO SPRUCE DEALS. Provided, always, that Spruce Deals, if not sawn at the ends prior to or at the time of culling, shall be marked vsrith the capital letter denoting their respective qualities, with red chalk, in large, bold letters, 112 QUEBEC CULLING. HOW OTHER DEALS SHALL BE MARKED. To prevent mistakes in piling, all other Deals shall be marked with bold strokes, in red chalk, as follows: Merchantable shall be marked I; Second Quality shall be marked II; Third Quality (if made) shall be marked III; Rejected or Culls shall be marked X. DIMENSIONS OP STAVES. STANDARD OR MEASUREMENT STAVES. Standard or Measurement Staves shall be at the di- mensions set forth in the words and figures following: 51/2 feet long, 5 inches broad and from 1 to 3 inches thick. 41/2 do. 41^ do. 31/2 do. 4 do. 2V2 do. 5 do. HEART STAVES. Heart Staves 5^^ feet long and 4% inches broad to be received as if of merchantable dimensions. STANDARD MILLE. The Standard Mille shall be 1,200 pieces of 51/2 feet long, 5 inches broad and ll^ inches thick, and Standard or Measurement Staves of other dimensions shall be re- duced to the said standard by the table of calculation now used. WEST INDIA OR PUNCHEON STAVES. "West India or Puncheon Staves shall be 3I/2 feet long, 4 inches broad and % of an inch thick. All Staves shall be straight grained timber, properly split, with straight edges, free from the grub or large worm holes, knots, veins, shakes and splinters, and small worm holes, not exceeding three in number, to be allowed, according to the judgment of the culler, provided there are no veins running from or connected therewith; and the culler shall measure the length, breadth and thickness of Standard Staves at the shortest, narrowest and thinnest parts, and the thickness of West India and Barrel Staves ex- ceeding the standard breadth to be measured at such breadth, to-wit, 4 and 31/2 inches, respectively, provided the thinnest edge is not less than ^2 inch. QUEBEC CULLING. 113 DIMENSIONS OF MERCHANTABLE TIMBER. The dimensions of Merchantable Timber shall be as set forth in the following words and figures: OAK. Oak shall not be less than 20 feet in length, nor less than 10 inches square in the middle. ELM. Elm shall not be less than 20 feet in length, nor less than 10 inches square in the middle. WHITE PINE. White Pine shall not be less than 20 feet in length, and 12 inches square in the middle; and 15 feet and upwards in length, if 16 inches and upwards in the middle. RED PINE. Red Pine shall not be less than 25 feet in length, and 10 inches square in the middle; and 20 feet and upwards in length, if 12 inches square and upwards in the middle. ASH, BASSWOOD AND BUTTERNUT. Ash, Bass wood and Butternut shall not be less than 15 feet in length and 12 inches square in the middle, nor less than 12 feet in length, if 15 inches and upwards in the middle. BIRCH. Birch shall not be less than 6 feet in length, nor less than 12 inches square in the middle. TAPER OF MERCHANTABLE TIMBER. Oak 3 inches under 30 feet, and in proportion for any greater length. Elm 2 do. for 30 do. do. do. White Pine... 1^^ do. for 20 do. do. do. Red Pine 2 do. for 25 do. do. do. Ash IVz do. under 20 do. do. do. Basswood.... 1^ do. under 20 do. do. do. Butternut.... IV2 do. under 20 do. do. do. Bends or Twists.nat to exceed one in number. . 114 QUEBEC CULLING. HOLLOW ALLOWED ON MERCHANTABLE TIMBER. Oak 3 inches for every 20 feet in length, and in proportion for any greater length. Elm 3 do. do. 20 do. do. do. W^hite Pine... 2^ do. do. 20 do. do. do. Red Pine 3 do. do. 20 do. do. do. Ash 2V2 do. do. 20 do. do. do. Basswood.... 2V2 do. do. 20 do. do. do. Butternut.... 2y2 do. do. 20 do. do. do. DIMENSIONS OP WHITE PINE MASTS, BOW- SPRITS AND RED PINE SPARS. DIMENSIONS OF MASTS. White Pine Masts, 23 inches and upwards at partners, shall be 3 feet in length to the inch in diameter. Do. 22 do. do. 3 feet do. and 2 ft. extreme length. Do. 21 do. do. 3 feet do. and 3 ft. do. do. Do. 20 do.&under3 feet do. and 4 ft. do, do. Hollow or bend not to exceed 6 inches for 70 feet, and in proportion for any greater length. DIMENSIONS OF BOWSPRITS. Bowsprits shall be 2 feet in length for every inch in di- ameter at the partners, adding 2 feet for extreme length. DIMENSIONS OF RED PINE SPARS. Red Pine Spars shall be 3 feet to the inch in diameter at the partners, and 9 feet extreme length; hollow not to exceed 7 inches for 60 feet, and in proportion for any greater length. — (8 Vic, cap. 49, sec. 14.) LUMBER IMPROPERLY SQUARED, ETC., TO BE RE-DRESSED. 27. In all cases where it appears that Timber, Masts, Spars, Boards, Planks, Deals, Staves, Oars, or any other description of lumber, are not properly hewn, squared, butted or edged, but are merchantable in other respects, and sold as such, the supervisor and culler, respectively, shall order or cause the same to be properly dressed and chopped at the expense of the seller or buyer, as the case may be, previously to their being respectively received OREGON FIR INSPECTION. 115 and certified to be merchantable, such dressing andchop- ^l^^ r . ^°"^ ""^^^ *^^ direction of the culler in charge of the measuring or culling.-(8 Vic. cap. 49, sec. OREGON FIR INSPECTION. Rules for the Inspection and Classification of Oregon Fir I^umber (Wholesale), Adopted by the Oregon and Washington I^umbermen's E^xchange, of Portland. Nov. X, 1890. * NO. 1 VERTICAL GRAIN STEPPING Shall be well manufactured, the angle of the gram not over 4.5 degrees; bright sap admissible not to exceed 2 inches m width on the face side. When 12 inches or more m width, may conta.n small, sound knots equal to V. inch diameter, or one pitch seam not more than 4 inches SWom dSt!' '''' ^'^^"'^^' ^^^ ^-"^^^ ^'^^ '^ NO. 1 VERTIC^ GRAIN FLOORING AND RUSTIC Shall be well manufactured and clear of all defects upon the face side; bright sap admissible not to exceed one- lourth of the face; the angle of the grain not over 45 de- grees; lengths, 10 feet and upward. CLEAR BASTARD RUSTIC Shall conform to No. 1 grade, except as to grain. NO. 1 CEILING to ^raT"^"^"^ to the grade of No. 1 Flooring, except as NO. 1 FINISHING ^h^llh.lT'^^^ manufactured, and up to 8 inches wide shall be clear of all defects on face side, bright sap ad- missible not to exceed one-fourth of the face. Widths oyer 8 inches shall admit of small knots equal to Vo inch diameter for each 10 feet of lumber; lengths, 10 feet and 116 NORTH CAROLINA PINE INSPECTION. NO. 1 CLEAR ROUGH LUMBER Shall be well manufactured, and up to 8 inches shall be clear of all defects; bright sap admissible not to exceed one-fourth of each face. When over 8 inches wide shall admit of small, sound knots equal to % inch diameter for each 10 feet of lumber. NO. 2 FLOORING, RUSTIC, CEILING AND FINISHING Shall be sound lumber and well manufactured; but w^ill admit of w^hite sap and sound knots, or their equivalent, not to exceed one-half inch diameter to each 2 superficial feet, or pitch blisters not showing an open seam, and not exceeding 6 inches in length, to each 2 superficial feet; lengths, 10 feet and over. NO. 3 FLOORING, RUSTIC AND CEILING. Shall be good, sound, common lumber. COMMON LUMBER Shall be of a generally sound character, free from rot, wane, shake, loose knots, or other defect which will ma- terially weaken the piece; lengths, 10 feet and upward. CULL LUMBER Shall consist of merchantable lumber which has such defects as exclude it from the grades of common or better. All dressed luinber shall be measured as of contents be- fore planing. NORTH CAROLINA PINE INSPECTION. Rules Adopted by the North Carolina Pine I^uinber Com- pany, for the Inspection of North Carolina Kiln Dried Boards. No. I Flooritig, 1, 1^, 11/2 and 2 inches thick shall have one side free from knots, shakes or stain and the other side sound. YELLOW PINE INSPECTION. 117 No. 2 Flooringf shall consist of boards with small tight knots on the best side and to [be free from worm holes and shakes. Sap-stained boards, clear of knots on one side, below No. 1, are included in this grade. No. 3 shall consist of black-stained boards free from large knots; wormed boards, known as pin-holes, and tight knotty boards— provided there are no large knots in edge of board. No. 4 or Box. — All boards not coming up to grade No. 3 in quality are classed as Box or Rough, excepting boards which are unsound or rotten. Mill Culls consist of all lumber below No. 4 or Box. NOTE. All lumber intended for flooring shall be measured at the narrowest and thinnest points, and be 12 feet long and over. YELLOW PINE INSPEC- TION. Adopted by the Southern IVumber Manufacturers' Asso- ciation, Feb. zoj 1891. GRADES. FLOORING. Heart Face shall be clear on the face side. First and Second Rift-sawed shall be clear of all defects on face side; bright sap admissible, the angle of the grain not to exceed 45 degrees. Star Rift-sawed shall admit of three sound knots i^ inch in diameter, or one sound knot 1 inch in diameter and slight sap stains, but not more than three defects to be admitted in a piece, the angle of the grain not to exceed 45 degrees. First and Second Flat-sawed shall be clear of all detects on face side; bright sap admissible. 118 YELLOW PINE INSPECTION. Star Flat-sawed shall admit of three sound knots V^ inch in diameter, or one sound knot 1 inch in diameter and slight sap stains, but not more than three defects to be admitted in a piece. No. I Common admits of sap stains and sound knots. No piece shall be admitted in this grade which will not lay without waste. No. 2 Common shall consist of all pieces that will lay with a waste of not over one-quarter of the piece. CEILING Shall take Flooring grade, except as regards grain. BOARDS. Pinish and Step Plank shall not be less than 8 inches wide, and up to 10 inches wide shall be free from all defects. Widths over 10 and up to 12 inches may have one sound knot % inch in diameter, or other defects equal to this. Over 12 to 14 inches may have two such knots, and three such knots in widths above 1 4 inches. Bright sap admissible. Above specifications apply to face side of board. Star Pinish shall not be less than 8 inches in width, and shall admit of sap stains and of three sound knots equivalent to 3 inches in diameter on face side. First Common Boards admit of sound knots, with- out regard to size or number, but shall be free from large spike or loose knots or splits that would materially in- jure the strength of the board, and work without waste. No. 3 Common Boards consist of lumber not as good as First Common, but admit of no board that can not be used without waste of more than one-quarter. FENCING. No, I shall be well manufactured and 4 and 6 inches wide, and admits of sound knots that do not materially impair the strength of the piece. No. 2 consists of lumber not as good as First Com- mon that can be used without waste of more than one- quarter. DIMENSION. No. I Piece Stuff and smooth timbers shall be well manufactured, with not less than three square edges, YELLOW riNE INSPECTION. 119 free from unsound knots; seasoning checks and shakes admissible to one-eighth the length of the piece. Timber of 10x10 and over may have a 2 inch wane on one cor- ner, or its equivalent on two or more corners, one-fourth the length of the piece. No. a Piece Stuff admits of large and unsound knots and such further defects as reduce the grade below No. 1 Common. STANDARD SIZES. Flooring. — The standard of 1x4 and 6 inch shall be 13-16x31/^ and SVs inches; IV4 inch flooring, 1 1-16 inch. Ceiling. — %inch ceiling, 5-16 inch; 1^ inch ceiling,7-16 inch; % inch ceiling, 9-16 inch. Boards.— 1 inch, S 1 S or S 2 S to 13-16; 1^4 inch, S 1 S or S 2 S, to 1 1-16 inch; IVs inch, S 1 S or S 2 S, to 1 5-16 inches; 2 inch, S 1 S or S 2 S, to 1% inches. Piece Stuff.— 2x4, S 1 S 1 E, to l%x3% inches; 2x6, S 1 S 1 E, to l%x5% inches; 2x8, S 1 S 1 E, I%x7y2 inches; 2x10, S 1 S 1 E, to l%x9V2 inches; 2x12, S 1 S 1 E, to l%xll^ inches; 4x4, % inch off side and edge; 4x4, S 4 S, 1/4 inch of each side. WEIGHTS. SCHEDULE **A." For use in Short Leaf Pine district. Pounds. Flooring, 13-16, Drop Siding and Moulded Casing 2,000 Ceiling, % 1,000 V2 1,300 " % 1,500 '' % 1,900 Siding from 1-inch stock 1,000 " " 114-inch stock , 1,250 Moulded Base 2,250 Finish, inch, S 2 S 2,600 " 114, iy2 and 2-inch, S 2 S 2,700 " 1, 114, IV2 and 2-inch, rough 3,000 Boards, S IS 2,600 rough 3,200 Fencing, S IS 2,600 rough 3,200 120 YELLOW PINE INSPECTION, 2x4, 2x6 and 2x8, S & E, to 1% 2,400 2x4, 2x6 and 2x8, rough 3,200 2x10 and 2x12, S & E, to 1% 2,600 2x10 and 2x12, rough 3,200 2x14 and 3x12, S & E 2,800 2x14 and 3x12, rough 3,500 4x4 and 6x6, S & E 2,700 4x4 and 6x8, rough 3,500 8x8 and over, rough 4,000 SCHEDULE *'B." For use in Long Leaf Pine district. Pounds. Flooring, 13-16 2,300 CeiUng, %-inch 1,000 . " 1/3 '* 1,300 % " 1,600 " % " 2,000 Bev. Siding from inch stock 1,000 " '• 114-iiich stock 1,500 Drop ** 13-16, 6-inch stock 2,300 Moulded Casings and Base 2,300 Finishing, S 2 S 2,800 Common Boards and Fencing, S 1 S or 2 S 2,800 Common Boards and Fencing, rough 3,200 2x4, 2x6, 2x8, S 1 S & 1 E, to 1% 2,600 " " rough 3,200 2x10 and 2x12, S 1 S & 1 E, to 1% 2,800 rough 3,400 4x4 and 4x6, S 1 S & 1 E 3,000 " " rough 3,800 6x6, 6x8 and 8x8, S 1 S & 1 E 3,600 u u a rough 4,000 8x10 and over, rough 4,000 Schedule "B" is to be used in making delivered prices above the 22 cent rate. Yellow pine inspection. l2l YELLOW PINE INSPEC- TION. Adopted by tlie Georgia Saw Mill Association, June 34, I890. CLASSIFICATION. . I''j9^^i^S shall embrace four and five-quarter inches m thickness by 3 to 6 inches in width. For Example- 1x3, 4, 5 and 6; 1^x3, 4, 5 and 6. Boards shall embrace all thicknesses under l^^ inches by 7 mches and up wide, including IV2 inches in thick- ness, by 7 m width. For Example: %, 1, 1^ and IVo mches thick, by 7 inches and up wide. ^ Scantling shall embrace all sizes from 2 to 5 inches m thickness, and 2 to 6 inches in width. For Example • 2x2, 2x3, 2x4, 2x5, 2x6; 3x3, 3x4, 3x5, 3x6; 4x4, 4x5* 4x6; 5x5, 5x6. ' ' > . Plank shall embrace all sizes from li^ to 6 inches in thickness, by 7 inches and up in width. For Example- 114 2, 21/2, 3, 31/2, 4, 4V2, 5 and 51/2x7 and up wide. Dimension Sisjes shall embrace all sizes 6 inches and ttp m thickness, by 7 inches and up in width, including 6x6 For Example: 6x6,6x7; 7x7,7x8; 8x8, 8x9 and up. btepping: shall embrace 1 to 21/2 inches in thickness, by 7 mches and up in with. For Example: 1, 1V±, iVn, 2 and 21/2x7 and up wide. ' , Rough :^dge or Flitch shall embrace all sizes 1 inch and up m thickness, by 8 inches and up in width sawed on two sides only. For Example: 1, I1/2, 2, 3, 4 and up thick, by 8 and up wide, sawed on two sides only. SQUARE-EDGED OR STANDARD INSPECTION. Flooring shall show no wane, shall be free from through or round shakes, or knots exceeding lYz inches in diameter, or more than 6 in a board; sap no ob- jection. 122 YELLOW PINE INSPECTION. Boards shall show no wane, shall be free from round or through shakes, large or unsound knots; sap no objection. Scantling" shall be free from injurious shakes, unsound knots or knots to impair strength; sap no objection. Plank shall be free from unsound knots, wane, through or round shakes; sap no objection. Dimension Si^es. — Sap no objection; no wane edges, no shakes to show on outside of stick. All Stock to be well and truly manufactured, full to sizes and saw butted. MERCHANTABLE INSPECTION. Flooring' shall show one heart face, regardless of sap on opposite side, free from through or round shakes or knots exceeding 1 inch in diameter, or more than four in a board on the face side. Boards 9 inches and under wide shall show one heart face and two-thirds heart on opposite side; over 9 inches wide shall show two-thirds heart on both sides, all free from round or through shakes, large or unsound knots. Scantling" shall show three corners heart, free from injurious shakes or unsound knots. Flank 9 inches and under wide shall show one heart face and two-thirds heart face on opposite side; over 9 inches wide shall show two-thirds heart on both sides, all free from round or through shakes, large or unsound knots. Dimension Sisjes.— All square lumber shall show two-thirds heart on two sides, and not less than one- half heart on two other sides. Other sizes shall show two-thirds heart on faces, and show heart two-thirds of the length on edges, excepting where the width exceeds the thickness by 3 inches or over, then it shall show heart on the edges for one-hall the length. Stepping shall show three corners heart, free from shakes and all knots exceeeding half an inch in diameter, and not more than six in a board. Rough Bdge or Flitch shall be sawed from good heart timber, and shall be measured in the middle, on the narrow face, free from injurious shakes or unsound knots. YELLOW PINE INSPECTION. 123 All Stock to be well and truly manufactured, full to sizes and saw butted. PRIME INSPECTION. B^looring" shall show one entire heart face and two- thirds heart on the opposite side, clear of splits, shakes or knots exceeding 1 inch in diameter, or more than four in a board. Boards shall show one heart face, and two-thirds heart on opposite side, free from shakes or large and un- sound knots. Scantlings shall show three corners heart, and not to exceed 1 inch of sap on fourth corner, measured diagon- ally, free from heart shakes, large or unsound knots. Plank shall show one entire heart face; on opposite face not exceeding one-sixth its w^idth of sap on each corner, free from unsound knots, through or round shakes; sap to be measured on face. Dimension Sis^e. — On all square sizes the sap on each corner shall not exceed one-sixth the w^idth of the face. When the width does not exceed the thickness by 3 inches, to show half heart on narrow faces the entire length; exceeding 3 inches, to show heart on narrow faces the entire length; sap on wide faces to be measured as on square sizes. Rough il^dge or Flitch shall be measured in the middle on narrow face, inside of sap, free from shakes or unsound knots. CLEAR INSPECTION. Flooringf, Stepping and Boards shall be free from knots, sap, pitch and all other defects. Scantling shall be free of sap, large knots and other defects, Flank shall be free of sap, large knots and other defects. Dimension Si^es shall be free from sap, large or un- sound knots, shakes through or round. DESIGNATIONS OF THE TRADE. Re-sawed I/Umher — Lumber sawn on lour sides. Rough il^dge or Flitch— Lumber sawn on two sides. Timber— Hewn only. 124 YELLOW PINE INSPECTION. WESTERN INSPECTION. DRESSED AND MATCHED FLOORING. No. I. — ^Well and truly manufactured; free of knots, shakes and blue sap; may contain all bright sap; no per cent of heart or rift guaranteed. Standard. — Well manufactured; can contain not over three knots 1 inch and under in diameter, and three small abrased surface spots not over 1 inch in diameter to a piece; can contain all bright sap; free of shakes and bark edges on face. Common. — Well manufactured; knots no objection; not over four abrased places to a piece. No objection to blue sap; free of shakes and bark edges that will show when laid. Culls shall embrace all not included in other grades; must be fairly worked so as to lay without showing cracks or knot holes. Flooring shall be 1 inch and IV4, inches thick by S^^, 4, 41^ and 5 inches rough, and 12, 14 and 16 feet long. It shall finish when dressed Vs inch under thickness and % inch less than width. CEILING. Ceiling shall be classed as Flooring, and shall consist of V2, %, % and % inches thick, and same widths as Flooring when w^orked, and shall measure 1 inch thick by )4 inch over face. Rough Flooring and Ceiling Strips shall be classed as D. & M. Flooring, and embrace same thickness, width and length. FINISHING LUMBER Shall embrace all sizes from 1 to 2 inches thick by 6 inches and up wide, and 12, 14 and 16 feet long, classed as follows: No. I. — One face free of knots, shakes and blue sap; bright sap no objection; kiln checks no objection. Standard. — Sound, square edge; each piece may con- tain three sound knots 1 inch and under in diameter; must be free of shakes; kiln checks no objection; must be bright sap. Common. — Sound, square edge on face side, free from unsound knots and through shakes; each piece may con- GEORGIA BY PRESS CLASSIFICATION. 125 tain three black knots 1 inch and tinder in diameter; kiln checks no objection; blue sap no objection. Any grades not included in Georgia Saw Mill Associa- tion rules shall be subject to special contract in writing between purchaser and seller, and when accepted by seller shall be inspected by sworn inspector, according to the terms of the contract. Estimated weights of lumber endorsed by the Georgia Saw Mill Association, June 24, 1890: lbs. per 1,000 ft. 14 inch Ceiling and Weather Boards 1,300 % " " 3,600 % " " .2,000 % " Flooringand Ceiling 2,500 1 " Dry Boards, dressed one side 2,800 1 " " •' two sides 2,600 1 " " rough 3.000 1^» IV^. 1% and 2 in. Drv D, dressed one side 3,200 " " " " " " two sides 3,000 " rough 3,500 All other Dry Lumber, rough 3,500 All Green Lumber, rough 4,500 Laths, Green 530 pounds to 1,000 Shingles, Green 350 Laths. Dry 450 " " Shingles, Dry 300 Classification of Cypress Lumber endorsed by the Georgia Saw Mill Association: All Cypress Lumber will be classified according to the specifications indicated below, as Choice, Prime, Mer- chantable, Narrow, Box Stuff and CuUings. It will be sawed 1-16 of an inch more than the thick- ness indicated, to allow for shrinkage and loss in becom- ing seasoned and in dressing. The length of Choice, Prime and Merchantable will run from 10 feet and upward, and the width from 7 inches and upwards, unless otherwise specified. Choice will be free of sap and perfectly clear of all defects. Prime. — Square edged, sound, one heart face, the other face two-thirds heart. Choice and Prime are sold together, there being no defects in either grade, except the little sap allowed on the Prime. Merchantable.— Square edged, one face three-fourths heart, and show heart on other face. Narrow or Clear Sidings or Tank Stuff will run 126 PENSACOLA INSPECTION. from 4 to 6 inches inclusive, and will be sound, square edged and free from sap or other defects. Siding's will be 1 full inch thickness and any width that may be made, regardless of sap. Culliligs. — Any Cypress not admissible to the above classes will be sold according to its merits. PENSACOLA INSPECTION. Classification of Pitch Pine Re-sawn I/umber, Sawn and Hewn Timber, Adopted by tbe Pensacola I/umber and Timber l^xchange. DEALS. Classes. — Prime, Standard Rio, Merchantable and Stowage. Si2;es. — 3 inches to 6x9 inches and up. Prime must be square edge, one heart face, two-thirds heart surface on other face; to show heart the entire length, free from injurious shakes and through splits, and knots exceeding 2 inches in diameter. Standard. Rio must be square edge, one heart face, two-thirds heart surface on other face; to show heart the entire length, free from injurious shakes and through splits. Lengths, 14 feet and up. Merchantable must be square edge, one heart face, and show heart on other face, free from through shakes and through splits. Stowage must be square edge, free from through shakes and through splits. SCANTLING. Classes. — Prime and Merchantable. Si^es. — 2 inches to 9% inches by 2 inches and up, ex- cept sizes included under Deals and Plank; provided, that Deals 41/^ inches and up thick, when included in bills of Scantling or Dimension Stuif, may be inspected as Scant- ling. Prime must be one face all heart, one face all heart two-thirds of the length, the other third of that face PENSACOLA INSPECTION. 127 two-thirds heart at every point, and one other face to show heart, free from through spHts and through shakes and injurious knots; provided, that sizes 7 inches and up by 7 inches and up, instead of heart as above stated, may have two-thirds heart surface on each face, showing heart the entire length. Merchantable must be square edge, show heart on two faces the entire length, free from through shakes and through spHts. DIMENSION STUFF. Classes.— Prime and Merchantable. Si^es. — 10 inches and up by 10 inches and up. Prime must be square edge, two-thirds heart surface on each face, showing heart the entire length, free from injurious shakes and through splits. Merchantable must show heart on each face; may show wane on two comers not exceeding 15 inches long to each 12 feet in length, 1 inch w^ide on 10x10, and wider in proportion on larger sizes, free from injurious shakes and through splits. PLANK AND BOARDS. Classes. — Stepping, Prime and Merchantable. Si^es. — 1 inch to 2% inches by 7 inches and up. Stepping" must be square edge, one heart face, the other face two-thirds heart surface; to show heart the entire length; provided, that where one edge is sap the edge at the opposite point must be heart; to be entirelv free from shakes and splits, not to have more than two knots V2 inch in diameter, or one knot % of an inch in di- ameter, to each 12 feet in length; provided, that 50 per cent shall be clear of knots. Prime must be square edge, one heart face, two-thirds heart surface on other face; to show heart the entire length, free from through shakes and through splits, not to have more than two knots 1^/4 inches in diameter in sizes under 1^ inches thick, or two knots 1^^ inches in diameter in sizes 1^^ inches and up thick, to each 12 feet in length. Merchantable must be square edge, one heart face, and show heart on other face, free from through shakes and through splits; provided, that sizes 11 inches and 128 PENSACOLA INSPECTION. Up wide may show sap on one edge of best face not ex- ceeding iy2 inches wide at any one place. FLOORING. Classes. — Boston, Prime and Merchantable. Si^es. — 1 inch, 114 inches and 1^ inches by 3 inches to 6 inches. Boston must be square edge, all heart, with exception of small streaks of sap on one side not exceeding 2 inches w^ide at anyone point, free from shakes and splits, not to have more than two knots I/2 inch in diameter, or one knot % of an inch in diameter, to each 12 feet in length; provided, that 70 per cent shall be clear of knots. Prime must be square edge, one heart face, and show- heart the entire length on other face, free from splits and shakes, not to have more than two knots % of an inch in diameter, or one knot 1 inch in diameter, to each 12 feet in length. Merchantable must be square edge, one heart face, with exception of V2 inch sap on one edge of best face, free from splits and through shakes and knots exceeding 1^4 inches in diameter. SIDINGS. Classes. — Prime, Merchantable and Sap. Si^es. — 1 inch and 1^ inches by 3 inches and up, 3 inches to 6 inches w^ide being designated as Narrow, and 7 inches and up as Wide. Prime must be square edge, one heart face, and same allowance for knots as Merchantable, free from splits and through shakes. Merchantable must be square edge; sap shall be al- lowed on best face regardless of sap on other face, as fol- lows: In Narrow Sidings, % inch sap shall be allowed on _ one edge of best face, and in Wide Sidings Vz inch sap on each edge of best face, free from through shakes and through splits, with following allowance for knots: In Narrow Sidings two knots 1 inch in diameter, or three knots % inch in diameter, to each 12 feet in length, and , in Wide Sidings two knots IVs inches in diameter, or three knots % of an inch in diameter, to each 12 feet in length; provided, that 60 per cent shall be clear of knots. Sap must be square edge, free from through shakes PENSACOLA INSPECTION. 129 and through splits, and same allowance for knots as Merchantable. All lumbermust be sound, evenly sawn, square butted with saw, free from unsound, loose and hollow knots. The limitation as to size and number of knots refers to the best face. The distribution of knots need not be pro- portionate, i.e., two knots to each 12 feet means that a piece 24 feet long may have four knots anywhere in the piece, and not two knots to each separate 12 feet. The allowance for knots in Flooring, Plank and Boards is for the narrowest width of each division. The number may be increased in proportion to the width. In Step- ping, Flooring and Sidings, sound knots one-fourth the diameter of the maximum knot, and in Prime Plank and Boards, one-half the diameter of the maximum knot, shall not be considered. In measurement of knots the average diameter must be taken. Unless otherwise speci- fied, lumber shall be 12 feet and up long. The term Re- sawn Lumber shall include all of the sizes above men- tioned. The general distinction between Sawn Timber and Dimension Stuff is that Dimension Stuff is generally bought and sold by the thousand superficial feet, and is usually a part of a schedule including several other kinds of Re-sawn Lumber. Sawn Timber generally is bought and sold by the cubic foot, the price being based on the cubic average, and is generally shipped in cargo lots or as a part of a cargo of Hewn Timber or Deals. SAWN TIMBER. Classes.— "A." and "B." Class **A." must be sound, square butted with saw, square edge and well made, free from injurious shakes and unsound knots, showing heart the entire length on two faces, and showing heart on the other two faces. Class "B.*^ must be sound, square butted with saw, and well made, free from injurious shakes and unsound knots, showing heart on each face; may have slight places of wane not exceeding 1 inch across in the widest place by not exceeding one-third the length of the piece in the aggregate, and not exceeding 2 inches across in the widest place by not exceeding 3 feet in length, and the total number of such places of wane not to exceed one, as above mentioned, on any one corner. 130 MOniLE SAWED CYPRESS SHINGLE INSPECTION. HEWN TIMBER. Classes.— "A. 2.," "B. 1. Good" and "B. 1." **A 2." must be sound, straight, well manufactured, free from unsound knots and injurious shakes; to show heart the entire length on all sides; may taper 1 inch to 20 feet in length, and may show places of wane IV2 inches in width and not to exceed 6 feet in length at top end. **B I. Good** may have 1 inch sweep to each 20 feet in length, one way only, on not exceeding 15 per cent of the number of pieces in anyone raft; must be sound, well manufactured, free from unsound knots and injurious shakes; to show heart on two sides the entire length, and on other two sides % of the length; may taper 1 inch to 20 feet in length, and may show places of wane 2 inches in width, and not to exceed 10 feet in length at top end. **B I." may have 1 inch sweep or crook to each 10 feet in length, one way only, on not exceeding 15 per cent as above; must be sound, well manufactured, free from unsound knots and injurious shakes; to show one-half heart on all sides; may taper 11/2 inches to 20 feet in length, and may show places of wane 2 inches in width and 2 feet long at one place, provided wane at the top end shall be allowed 8 feet in length. All timber to be square butted and free from splinter draws. MOBILE SAWED CYPRESS SHINGLE INSPECTION. Autliori2;ed by the Mobile, Ala., Shingle Bxcbanefe. Best, or No. I. — A Dimension Shingle, each width separately bunched, 16 inches long, %-inch thick at butt, all heart, free of shakes, knots or other defects. Prime, or No. 2. — A Dimension Shingle, each width separately bunched, 16 inches long, %-inch thick at butt, MOBILE CYPRESS LOG MEASUREMENT. 131 admitting tight knots and sap, free of shakes and other defects. Clipper shall admit of anything worth packing not in above brands. Measurement taken on green shingles, some slight shrinkage in seasoning. All shingles are sold by measurement, i. e., every 4 inches in width counting as one shingle, and four bundles to the 1,000. MOBILE CYPRESS LOG MEASUREMENT. Adopted by the Mobile, Ala., Shingle i^xchange, April 9, 1890. 1. All logs 30 feet and over in length, the diameter to be taken in the middle. 2. All logs less than 30 feet in length, to be measured at the top or blossom end. 3. Where logs are cut up in the limbs, the length is to be taken from where the limbs begin; and if the log is 30 feet or more in length from this point, the diameter is to be taken half-way from this point to the butt ; but if the log is under 30 feet, the diameter to be taken where the limbs begin. 4. If any defects are found in the top or blossom end of a log that has been cut up in the limbs, the deduction for same shall be taken from the length of the log as ob- tained by rule 3. 5. For all logs 32 feet or longer, with a peck 6 inches or more, or with a hollow 6 inches or more in diameter, de- "ductions to be made as follows: For logs with defect at one end, 16 feet; for logs with defects at both ends, one- half of length. 6. For logs under 32 feet, deduct one-half of length for defect at one or both ends. 7. A deduction of 2 inches to be made from the dia- 132 CYPRESS LUMBER CLASSIFICATION. meter of all logs, whether they have bark on them or not. 8. Logs wormed, rotten or sap-damaged from any other cause, a deduction of 5 inches to be made from the diameter, w^hether the log has bark or not. Logs without 8 inches of sound timber at either end, to be condemned. 10. Small logs with defects, however small, must have 6 inches of sound timber around the defect; otherwise, deductions must be made as provided for in rule 5. 11. Old logs with sun cracks, deduction from diameter to be made according to the judgment of the Inspector, but in no case less than 5 inches. CYPRESS LUMBER CLASSI- FICATION. Used by the Cypress Mills at Mobile and Stockton, Ala. All Cypress Lumber will be classified according to the specifications indicated below, as Choice, Prime, Mer- chantable, Narrow, Sidings and Cullings. It will "be sawed one-sixteenth of an inch more than the thickness indicated, to allow for shrinkage and loss in becoming seasoned and in dressing. The length, of Choice, Prime and Merchantable will run from 10 feet and upward, and the width from 8 inches and upward, unless otherwise specified. Choice will be free of sap and perfectly clear of all defects. Prime. — Square edged, sound, one heart face, the other face two-thirds heart. Choice and Prime are sold to- gether, there being no defects in either grade except the little sap allowed on the Prime. Merchantable. — Square edged, one face three-fourths heart, and show heart on other face. Narrow will run from 4 to 7 inches inclusive^ and NORa^HWES1^ERN harbwood inspection. 133 will be sound, square-edged and free from sap or other defects. Sidings will be 1 full inch thickness and any width that may be made, regardless of sap. Cullilig'S. — Any Cypress not admissible to the above classes will be sold according to its merits. NORTHWESTERN HARD- WOOD INSPECTION. Adopted by the Northwestern Hardwood I^umberman's Association for the St. Paul, Minneapolis, Minnesota and Wisconsin Markets, April a, 1889. INSTRUCTIONS TO INSPECTORS. Inspectors must measure lumber as they find it, except as to wanes and bad ends, which must be measured out. In hardwood inspection the inspector is instructed to use his best judgment, based upon the general rules for his guidance. The Standard Knot shall not exceed 1^4 inches in diameter, and must be of a sound character. Splits are not to exceed one-fifth the length of the piece in seconds. Standard I^engths shall be 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 feet. Standard Thicknesses shall be 1, IV4, iy2, 2, 21/2, 3, 3V^ and 4 inches. All lumber should be sawed plump thickness. Thin lumber is not considered marketable, and must be re- duced to the next standard thickness or at least one grade lower on account of thinness. A Cull which will not work one-half of its size without waste is a Mill Cull of no recognized Ya,lue. Badly sawed, mis-sawed and uneven lumber, shall be reduced in grade, sufficiently to equalize the loss from the defective saw^ing. 134 NORTHWESTERN HARDWOOD INSPECTION. Lumber sawed for specific purposes, such as Axles, Bolsters, Tongues, Reaches, Newels, Balusters, Squares, etc., must be inspected with a view to the adaptability of the piece for the intended use, as in many cases it can- not be used for other purposes. In inspecting the grade of Firsts and Seconds an undue predominance of Seconds should always be judiciously ascertained, as the purchaser is entitled to the full aver- age in grades, which must not comprise more than 66% per cent of Seconds. Mixed I/OtS, containing Boards, Planks, Flooring, Bolsters, Reaches, etc., shall be measured and inspected according to the rules governing the measurement and inspection of Boards and Planks, unless otherwise agreed between buyer and seller. Hickory should never be cut when the sap is rising, as it is then liable to powder-post, and indications of deteriorations of this character should be carefully scrutinized. Newels from all kinds of timber must be clean, and free from heart, to square 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 inches, plump. The lengths must be 4 feet full or the multiples thereof. Balusters and Table Legs should be clear and square 2x2, 21/2x21/^, 3x3 and 4x4, 24 to 32 inches long as con- tracted for. Newels, Balusters and Table Legs not coming up to the grade of Clear shall be classed as Cull. Counter Tops shall be 12 feet and over long, 1, IM, ly2 inches thick, and must be strictly clear, not less than 20 inches wide. Bolsters must be 4 feet, 4 feet 6 inches, or multiples thereof, in length, and the size must 3x4, 3^^x41/2, 3y2x5, or 4x5 inches. Reaches must be 2x4 or 2y2x4y2 inches, and the lengths 8, 10, 12 and 16 feet. Harrow Timber must be 2i/^x2y2 inches, and the lengths 5, 10 and 14 feet. Hickory Axles must be clear and in lengths of 6 or 12 feet for sizes 3y2x4y2, 4x5,4x6 and 4y2x6, and 7 or 14 feet for 5x6 and 5x7 on special order, cut from sound tough butt logs. NORTHWESTERN HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 135 Wagon Tongues must be clear and straight, 2x4? at small end and 4x4 at the butt end, or 2V2x4y2 at small end and 4y2x4V2 at butt end, 12 feet long, from straight- grained timber. Bolsters, Reaches, Harrow Timber, Hickory Axles and Wagon Tongues not up to the grade of Clear will be classed as Cull. It is important that all lumber should be parallel in width, square edged and with square ends. Tapering lumber shall be measured at small end. Ordinary season checks are not considered defects. Squares shall be 4x4, 5x5, 6x6, 7x7 and 8x8 inches. Stains, pecks, hearts, shakes, rot, worm holes, etc., are considered serious defects, reducing the lumber to grades lower than Firsts and Seconds. J^og Run is always understood to be the unpicked run of the logs — Mill Culls out. RED AND WHITE OAK, ASH, BASSWOOD, BIRCH, MAPLE, ELM AND BUTTERNUT. Firsts shall be 8 inches wide and over, free from defects of every kind or nature. Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over, but clear to 8 inches; defects may be allowed equivalent to one standard knot, and at 10 inches two knots, and an allowance of more defects may be made in proportion to increased w^idths. Common shall include 5 inches and over wide. At 6 inches one and at 8 inches two standard knots may be allowed. An allowance for more defects of this char- acter may be made in proportion to increased width. Thick plank may contain sound hearts if well boxed. Any board below the grade of Common shall be a Cull ; and a Shipping Cull shall work at least 50 per cent without waste. Mill Culls shall consist of bad heart pieces, wormy or generally unsound lumber that w^ill not work 50 per cent without waste. First and Second Flooring Strips shall be 3, 4 and 6 inches w^ide, 1 inch thick. Firsts shall have one side and two edges clear. Seconds will admit of one standard knot or a defect equivalent to same, not to ex- ceed a waste of 10 per cent of the whole niece. 186 NORTHWESTERN HARDWOOD INSPECTION. Common Flooring- must work sound at least 75 per cent of its length. Common and better shall be construed to mean the run of the logs, Culls and Mill Culls out, and in Red Oak shall contain at least 65 per cent of Firsts and Seconds and not over 35 per cent of Commons; and in White Oak, Ash, Basswood, Birch, Maple and Elm not less than 50 per cent of Firsts and Seconds, and not over 50 per cent of Common. POPLAR AND WHITE WOOD. The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Sec- onds, Common and Cull. Firsts and Seconds must not be less than 8 inches in width, and clear up to 10 inches. Boards or plank, 10 to 12 inches wide, may have two standard knots, but no other defects; or may have bright sap not over 3 inches in width at any place or in the aggregate, and no other defects. Boards and plank over 14 inches wide may have two standard knots and -4 inches of bright sap. Boards and plank, free of other defects, may be one- half bright sap, if over 12 inches w^ide. Common shall include any width not less than 6 inches, and w^ill allow of bright or discolored sap and knots beyond those described in Firsts and Seconds. Two unsound standard knots w^ill be allowed in this grade, if over 12 inches wide, and splits shall not be con- sidered a defect. Otherwise lumber must be sound. Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes having more defects than described in common, w^hether in the num- ber or character of the knots, badly checked, and gener- ally such lumber as is unfit for ordinary purposes. Box Boards shall be 12, 14 and 16 feet long, from 13 to 17 inches wide, free from all defects, except may be one-half bright sap. Poplar Strips may be full 6 inches wide, 1 and li^ inches thick, 12, 14 and 16 feet long. Second Clear may be one-half bright sap on sap side, and have one sound knot not over %-inch diameter. Common shall em- brace all sound strips with more defects than Second Clear. Culls shall contain all unsound strips that will work to one-half its contents and all tapering strips. Chair Plank must be sound and free of heart and NORTHWESTERN HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 137 lar^e knots, and sawed full widtli and thickness as ordered. Common Flooring Boards and Strips must be of the same size and general character as Firsts and Seconds Clear, but may have two or three small sound knots of not more than % of an inch in diameter, or a small wane on one edge which w^ill not injure it for working to its full size. Step Plank, Firsts and Seconds Clear, must not be less than 10 inches wide and 1, 1%, 1^^ and 2 inches thick; free from all defects on one side, except 2 inches of bright sap. Wagon Bottoms must be 1 inch full thick, 6, 8, 10 and 12 inches w^ide, 11 feet long. Must be good, sound lumber, blue sap or standard knots, w^ithout regard to number, being no objection if knots are not on edge. Timber and Joists must be square edge and have no defects that will impair the strength of the j)iece for pur- poses intended. HICKORY AND PECAN. The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Sec- onds, Common and Cull. Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. At 8 inches one, and at 10 inches two standard knots or bright sap may be allowed. An allowance for more de- fects of this character may be made in proportion to in- creased width. Common shall include 5 inches and over wide. At 6 inches one and at 8 inches two standard knots may be allowed. An allowance for more defects of this charac- ter may be made in proportion to increased width. Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the de- scription of Common. BLACK WALNUT. The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts, Seconds, Common and Cull. Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. At 8 inches 1 inch of sap or one standard knot, and at 10 inches 2 inches of sap or two standard knots may be allowed. An allowance for more defects of this charac- ter may be made in proportion to increased width. 138 NORTHWESTERN HARDWOOD INSPECTION. Commoii shall be 5 inches and over wide, and shall in- clude all lumber not up to the grade of Firsts and Sec- onds, but available full three-fourths of its size without waste, free from hearts and unsound lumber. Cull shall comprise all widtks and sizes below the de- scription of Common. CHERRY. The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Sec- onds, Common and Cull. Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. A-t 8 inches may have 1 inch of sap or one standard knot, and at 10 inches 2 inches of sap or two standard knots. An allowance for more defects ol this character may be made in proportion to increased width. Cotamon shall be 5 inches and over wide, and shall in- clude all lumber not up to the grade of Firsts and Sec- onds, but available full three-fourths of its size for use without waste, free from hearts and unsound lumber. Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the de- scription of Common. Note. — Gum spots are considered a serious defect, and when the damage exceeds one-sixth of the size of the piece, shall reduce it to the grade of Common. When the damage exceeds one-third of the size of the piece, it shall be reduced to Cull. , BEECH AND SYCAMORE. The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Sec- onds, Common and Cull. Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. At 8 inches one and at 10 inches two standard knots may be allowed. An allowance for more defects of this character may be made in proportion to increased width. Common shall be sound, 5 inches and over wide, and may have defects not injuring it for ordinary use without waste. At 6 inches one and at 8 inches two standard knots may be allowed. An allowance for more defects oi this character may be made in proportion to in- creased width. Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the de- scription of Common. NORTHWESTERN HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 139 CHESTNIjT. The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Sec- onds, Common and Cull. Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. At 8 inches may have 1 inch of sap or one standard knot, and at 10 inches 2 inches of sap or two standard knots. An allowance for more defects of this character may be made in proportion to increased width. Common shall be 5 inches and over wide. At 6 inches 1 inch oi sap or one standard knot, and at 8 inches 2 inches of sap or two standard knots may be allowed. An allowance for more defects of this character may be made in proportion to increased width. Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the de- scription of Common. COTTONWOOD. The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Sec- onds, Common and Cull. Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. At 8 inches one and at 10 inches two standard knots may be allowed. An allowance for more defects of this character maybe made in proportion to increased width. Bright sap is no defect. Common shall include 5 inches and over wide. At 6 inches one and at 8 inches two standard knots may be allowed. An allowance for more defects of this character may be made in proportion to increased width. Slightly discolored sap is allowed. Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the de- scription of Common. In Chair Plank cross splits and heart shakes are the only defects considered. GUM. The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Sec- onds, Common and Cull. Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. At 8 inches one standard knot and at 10 inches two standard knots and 2 inches of bright sap may be al- lowed on boards over 14 inches. An allowance for more defects of this character may be made in proportion to increased width. 140 NORTHWESTERN HARDWOOD INSPECTION. Common shall include all lumber available for use full three-fourths of its size without waste, free from hearts and unsound lumber. Bright or slightly discolored sap may be included in this grade. Ctlll shall comprise all widths and sizes below the de- scription of Common. CYPRESS. Boards and Plank shall be in lengths 12, 14 or 16 feet, 1, 1^, iy2, 2, 2%, 3, 3% or 4 inches thick, and be classed Firsts and Seconds, Common and Cull. Firsts and Seconds shall be 8 inches and over wide, and clear up to 10 inches; at 10 inches and over may have two standard knots and 3 inches of bright sap. Free of other defects may be one-half bright sap. Common will contain all sound lumber under second class and all shaky lumber that is available three- fourths. Cull shall comprise all unsound lumber that is availa- ble one-half. Shakes and pecks are always a damage in Cypress and should be closely scrutinized. Strips must be 12, 14 or 16 feet long, 1 inch thick by 6 inches wide, unless otherwise ordered, and be classed as Firsts and Seconds, Common and Cull. Firsts and Seconds will allow one sound knot % inch in diameter, or in place thereof be one-half sap on sap side. Common will comprise sound pieces below Firsts and Seconds or pieces all sap. Cull, all unsound pieces available one-half. ROUGH SOUTHERN OR YELLOW PINE. Inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Seconds, Common and Cull. Firsts and Seconds must be 8 inches wide and over (except Flooring), free from defects, except bright sap or two small, sound knots not over % of an inch in diam- eter. Common shall include all lumber not up to the grade of Firsts and Seconds, but free from shakes, large knots or unsound lumber. Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the de- scription of Common. ST. LOUIS INSPECTION. 141 Firsts and Seconds Clear Flooring Boards and Strips must be free from all defects except bright sap, which is allowable. Blue sap is excluded. QUARTER-SAWED HARDWOOD LUMBER — OAK, SYCA- MORE, ETC. The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Sec- onds, Common and Cull. Firsts and Seconds must be 5 inches wide and over. At 7 inches one and at 9 inches two standard knots may be allowed. An allowance for more defects of this char- acter may be made in proportion to increased width. Common shall be 4 inches and over wide. At 6 inches one and at 8 inches two standard knots maybe allowed. An allowance for more defects of this character may be made in proportion to increased width. Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the de- scription of Common. RED CEDAR. Red Cedar should be sold log-run, to be measured for what it can be worked for. Lengths and widths are no defects. Caution should be used in determining defects. Note. — Incpectors are authorized to measure and in- spect all kinds of Hardwood lumber that are not in- cluded in these rules, according to the rules governing the inspection of Hard and Soft Maple. ST. LOUIS INSPECTION. Rules for Inspection and Measurement of I^umber in the St. IVouis Market, Adopted Feb. 9, 1889. INSTRUCTIONS TO INSPECTORS. Inspectors of lumber are not manufacturers, and must measure and inspect lumber as they find it, of full length and width (except as to wane, which must be measured out or inspected in a lower grade), making no allowance for the purpose of raising grade unless so instructed by the buyer and seller. 142 ST. LOUIS INSPECTION. * In Hardwood inspection the Inspector is instructed to use his best judgment, based upon the rules for his guid- ance. The Standard Knot shall not exceed 1^4 inches in di- ameter, and must be of a sound character. Splits are always more or less damage to a piece of lumber. An allowance must be made, either in deter- mining the quality or quantity, according to the nature of the split. A split extending to exceed 1 foot will re- duce it to one grade lower. All lumber should be sawed plump thickness. Thin lumber is not considered marketable, and must be re- duced to the next standard thickness, or at least one grade lower on account of thinness. A Cull which will not work one-half of its size without waste is a Mill Cull of no recognized value. When lumber or timber does not come up to grade or contract, it must be placed in the next lower grade named. Lumber sawed for specific purposes, such as Axles, . Bolsters, Tongues, Reaches, Newels, Balusters, Squares, etc., must be inspected w^ith a view to the adaptability of the piece for the intended use, as in many cases it can not be used for other purposes. In inspecting the grade of Firsts and Seconds, an un- due predominance of Seconds should always be judi- ciously ascertained, as the purchaser is entitled to the full average in grade, which must not comprise more than 66% per cent of Seconds. Standard I/engths are always recognized as being 12, 14 and 16 feet. Shorter than 12 and longer than 16 feet does not come within the range of Standard. In Black Walnut and Cherry an exception is made, and 10 feet is recognized as a standard length. Shorter or longer than standard lengths in all varieties of Hardwood lum- ber, except in Counter Tops, are to be reduced one grade lower, unless otherwise agreed between buj^er and seller. Mixed lots, containing Boards, Planks, Flooring, Bol- sters, Reaches, etc., shall be measured and inspected ac- cording to the rules governing the measurement and in- spection of Boards and Planks, unless otherwise agreed between buyer and seller. ST. LOUIS INSPECTION. 143 Flootillg' SttipS should be 4 and 6 inches in width, 1 and 1^ inches in thickness. Other widths and thick- nesses shall be designated as special sizes. It mnst have one face and two edges clear. Cotnmoti Flooring Strips shall be of the same size and general character as Clear, but may have two small sound knots not exceeding % of an inch in diameter, or a small amount of wane on one edge which will not injure it for working to its full size. Hickory should never be cut while the sap is rising, as it is then liable to powder post, and indications of de- terioration of this character should be carefully scruti- nized. Newels from all kinds of timber liiust be clear and free from heart, to square 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 inches, plump. The length must be 4 feet, full, or multiples thereof. Balusters and Table tegs shall be clear and square, 2x2, 2V^x2y2, 3x3 and 4x4, 32 inches long. Newels, Balusters and Table Legs, not coming up to the grade of Clear, shall be classed as Cull. Counter Tops shall be 12 feet and over long, 1, 1% and iy2 inches thick, and must be strictly clear, not less than 20 inches wide. Clear I^umber shall be 10 inches wide and over, free from all defects of every kind or nature. Bolsters must be 4 feet 8 inches in length, and the size must be 3x4, 3i^x4%, 4x5, 4^/2x5% or 5x6 inches. Reaches must be 2x4, 8, 9 and 10 feet long, or 2i/4x 41/^ inches, and 12 and 16 feet long. Harrow Timber must be 2i/|x2% inches, and the lengths 5, 10 and 14 feet. Hickory Axles must be clear, and in lengths of 6 feet 6 inches for sizes 3x4, 3^x4i^ and 4x5, and 7 feet for sizes 4i^x5^, 5x6 and 6x7, cut from sound, tough butt losfs. Wagon Tongues must be clear and straight, 2x4 at small end, and 3^x4 or 4x4 at butt end, 12 feet long, and cut from tough, straight-grained timber. Bolsters, Reaches, Harrow Timber, Hickory Axles, and Wagon Tongues, not up to the grade of Clear, will be classed as Cull. Standard Thicknesses shall be 1, IV4, 1^2, 2, 2y2, 8 and 4 inches, except poplar, which will allow %-inch. 144 ST. LOUIS INSPECTION. Any lumber sold in this market, otherwise than above grades, shall be sold straight measure, with Mill Culls out. It is important that all lumber should be parallel in width, square-edged and with square ends. Tapering lumber should be measured at the small end. Ordinary season checks are not considered defects. Squares shall be 4x4, 5x5, 6x6, 7x7 and 8x8 inches. Stains, specks, hearts, shakes, rot, worm-holes, etc., are considered serious defects, reducing the lumber to grades lower than Firsts and Seconds. IfOg Run is always understood to be the unpicked run of the logs— Mill Culls out. POPLAR AND WHITEWOOD. The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Sec- onds, Common and Cull. Firsts and Seconds must not be less than 8 inches in width, and clear up to 10 inches. Boards or plank over 10 and up to 12 inches w^ide may have two stand- ard knots, but no other defects, or may have bright sap not over 3 inches in width at any place or in the aggre- gate, and no other defects. Boards and plank over 14 inches wide may have two standard knots and 4 inches of bright sap. Boards and plank free of other defects may be one-half bright sap, if over 12 inches'wide. Common shall include any width not less than 6 inches, and will allow of bright or discolored sap and knots beyond those described in Firsts and Seconds. Two unsound standard knots will be allowed in this grade, if over 12 inches wide, and splits shall not be considered a defect. Otherwise lumber must be sound. Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes having more defects than described in Common, whether in the num- ber or character of the knots, badly checked, and gener- ally such lumber as is unfit for ordinary purposes. Box Boards shall be 12, 14 and 16 feet long, from 13 to 17 inches wide, free from all defects, except may be one-half bright sap. Poplar Strips must be full 6 inches wide, 1 and lj4 inches thick, 12, 14 and 16 feet long. Clear shall be free of all defects. Second Clear may be one-half bright ST. LOUIS INSPECTION. 145 sap on sap side, and have one sound knot not over % inch diameter. Common shall embrace all sound strips with more defects than Second Clear. Cull shall contain all unsound strips that will work to one-half its con- tents, and all tapering strips. Chair Plank must be sound and free of heart and large knots, and sawed full width and thickness as ordered. OAK. The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Sec- onds, Common and Cull. Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. At 8 inches one and at 10 inches two standard knots may be allowed. An allowance for more defects of this character may be made in proportion to increased width. Common shall include 5 inches and over wide. At 6 inches one and at 8 inches two standard knots may be allowed. An allowance for more defects of this character may be made in proportion to increased width. Thick plank may contain sound hearts, if well boxed. Heart shakes, rot, dote or worm holes not ad- missible. Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the de- scription of Common. Wagon -Stock must be cut from good, sound, tough, straight-grained limber, free from knots. Timbers must be free .from unsound knots. Sound hearts, not showing on the outside, will be allowed. ASH, The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Sec- onds, Common and Cull. Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. At 8 inches one and at 10 inches two standard "knots may be allowed. An allowance for more defects of this character maybe made in proportion to increased width. Bright sap is no defect. Common shall include 5 inches and over wide. At 6 inches one and at 8 inches two standard knots may be allowed. An allowance for more defects of this charac- ter may be made in proportion to increased width. Heart shakes, rot, dote or worm holes not admissible. 146 ST. LOUIS INSPECTION. Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the de- scription of Common. HICKORY AND PECAN. The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Sec- onds, Common and Cull. Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. At 8 inches one and at 10 inches two standard knots. An allowance for more defects of this character may be made in proportion to increased w^idth. Bright sap is no defect. Common shall include 5 inches and over wide. At 6 inches one and at 8 inches two standard knots may be allowed. An allowance lor more defects of this char- acter may be made in proportion to increased width. Heart-shakes, rot, dote or worm holes not admissible. Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the de- scription of Common. BLACK WALNUT. The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Sec- onds, Common and Cull. ^Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. At 8 inches 1 inch of sap or one standard knot and at 10 inches 2 inches of sap or two standard knots may be allowed. An allowance for more defects of this character may be made in proportion to increased width. Common shall be 5 inches and over wide, and shall include all lumber not up to the grade of Firsts and Sec- onds, but available full three-fourths of its size without waste, free from hearts and unsound lumber. Heart shakes, rot, dote, or worm-holes not admissible. Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the de- scription of Common. CHERRY. The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Sec- onds, Common and Cull. Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. At 8 inches may have 1 inch of sap or one standard knot, and at iO inches 2 inches of sap or two standard knots. An allowance for more defects of this character may be made in proportion to increased width. CommDU shall be 5 inches and over wide, and shall ST. LOUIS INSPECTION. 147 include all lumber not up to the grade of Firsts and Sec- onds, but available full three-fourths of its size for use with- out waste, free from hearts and unsound lumber. Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the de- scription of Common. Gum Spots are considered a serious delect, and when their damage exceeds one-sixth of the size of the piece, shall reduce to the grade of Common. When their damage exceeds one-third of the size of the piece, it shall be reduced to Cull. BUTTERNITT AND CHESTNUT. The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Sec- onds, Common and Cull. Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. At 8 inches may have 1 inch of sap or one standard knot, and at 10 inches 2 inches ol sap or two standard knots. An allowance for more defects of this character may be made in proportion to increased "width. Common shall be 5 inches and over w^ide. At 6 inches 1 inch of sap or one standard knot, and at 8 inches 2 inches of sap or two standard knots may be allowed. An allowance for more defects of this char- acter may be made in proportion to increased width. Heart shakes, rot, dote or worm" holes not admissible. Cull shall comprise all -widths and sizes below the de- scription of Common. GUM. The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Sec- onds, Common and Cull. Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. At 8 inches one standard knot and at 10 inches two standard knots, and 2 inches of bright sap may be al- lowed on boards over 14 inches. An allowance for more defects of this character may be made in proportion to increased width. Common shall include all lumber available for use full three-fourths of its size without waste, free from hearts and unsomnd lumber. Bright or slightly discolored sap may be "included in this grade. Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the de- scription ol Common. 148 ST. LOUIS INSPECTION. HARD AND SOFT MAPLE. The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Sec- onds, Common and Cull. Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over (except flooring). At 8 inches one and at 10 inches two standard knots maybe allow^ed. An allowance for more defects of this character may be made in proportion to increased width. Common shall be sound, 5 inches and over in width, and may ha,ve defects not injuring it for ordinary use w^ithout "W'aste. At 6 inches one and at 8 inches two standard knots maybe allowed. An allowance for more defects of. this character may be made in proportion to increased width. Heart shakes, rot dote and -worm holes not admissible. Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the de- scription of Common. BASSWOOD AND COTTONWOOD. The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Sec- onds, Common find Cull. Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. At 8 inches one and at 10 inches two standard knots may be allowed. An allowance for more defects of this character maybe made in proportion to increased width. Bright sap is no defect. Common shall include 5 inches and over wide. At 6 inches one and at 8 inches two standard knots may be allowed. An allowance for more defects of this char- acter may be made in proportion to increased width. Slightly discolored sap is allowed. Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the de- scription of common. In Chair Plank, cross splits and heart shakes are the only defects considered. BIRCH. The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Sec- onds, Common and Cull. Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. At-8 inches one and at 10 inches two standard knots may be allowed. An allowance for more defects of this char- ST. LOUIS INSPECTION. 149 acter may be made in proportion to increased width. Bright sap is not a defect. Common shall be sound, 5 inches and over in width, and may have defects not injuring it for ordinary use without waste. At 6 inches one and at 8 inches two standard knots may be allowed. An allowance for more defects of this character may be made in proportion to increased width. Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the de- scription of Common. BEECH AND SYCAMORE. The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Sec- onds, Common and Cull. Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over. At 8 mches one and at 10 inches two standard knots may be allowed. An allowance for more defects of this character may be made in proportion to increased width. Common shall be sound, 5 inches and over wide, and may have defects not injuring it for ordinary use without waste. At 6 inches one and at 8 inches two standard knots may be allowed. An allowance for more defects of this character may be made in proportion to in- creased width. Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the de- scription of Common. ELM. The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Sec- onds, Common and Cull. Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches wide and over At 8 inches one and at 10 inches two standard knots may be allowed. An allowance for more defects of this character may be made in proportion to increased width. Bright sap is not a defect. Common shall include 5 inches and over wide. At 6 inches one and at 8 inches two standard knots may be al- lowed. An allowance for more defects of this character may be made in proportion to increased width. Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the de- scription of Common. 150 ST. LOUIS INSPECTION. gUARTER-SAWED HARDWOOD LUMBER— OAK, SYCA- MORE, ETC. The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Sec- onds, Common and Cull. Firsts and Seconds must be 5 inches wide and over. At 8 inches one standard knot may be allowed. An al- lowance for more defects of this character may be made in proportion to increased width. Common shall be 3 inches and over wide. At 6 inches one and at 8 inches two standard knots may be al- lowed. An allowance for more defects of this character may be made in proportion to increased width. Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes belov/ the de- scription of Common. CYPRESS. Boards and Plank shall be in lengths of 12, 14 or 16 feet, 1, IV4.AV2, 2, 21/2, 3, 31/2 or 4 inches thick, and be classed Firsts and Seconds, Common and Cull. Firsts and Seconds shall be 8 inches and over wide, and clear up to 10 inches; over 10 inches in width may have two standard knots and 3 inches of bright sap. Free of other defects may be one-half bright sap. Common will contain all sound lumber under second class, and all shaky lumber that is available, three- fourths. Cull shall comprise all unsound lumber that is avail- able one-half. Shakes and pecks are always a damage in Cypress, and should be closely scrutinized. Strips must be 12, 14 or 16 feet long, 1 inch thick by 6 inches wide, unless otherwise ordered, and be classed as Firsts and Seconds, Common and Cull. Firsts and Seconds will allow one sound knot %-inch in diameter, or in place thereof be one-half sap on sap side. Common will comprise sound pieces below Firsts and Seconds, or pieces all sap. Cull) all unsound pieces available one-half. ROUGH SOUTHERN OR YELLOW PINE. Inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Seconds, Common and Cull. ST. LOUIS INSPECTION. 151 Firsts and Seconds must be 8 inches wide and over V except flooring), free from defects, except bright sap or two small sound knots not over % of an inch in dia- meter. Common shall include all lumber not up to the grade of Firsts and Seconds, but free from shakes, large knots or unsound lumber. Cull shall comprise all widths and sizes below the description of Common. Firsts and Seconds Clear Flooring boards and strips must be free from all defects except bright sap, which is allowable. Blue sap is excluded. Common Flooring boards and strips must be of the same size and general character as Firsts and Seconds Clear, but may have two or three small sound knots of not more than % of an inch in diameter, or a small wane on one edge which will not injure it for working to its full size. Step Plank, Firsts and Seconds Clear, must not be less than 10 inches wide, and 1, IV4, IV2 and 2 inches thick, free from all defects on one side, except two inches of bright sap. Wagon Bottoms must be 1 inch full thick, 6, 8, 10 and 12 inches wide, 11 feet long. Must be good, sound lumber, blue sap or standard knots, without regard to number, being no objection if knots are not on edge. Timber and Joists must be square edge and have no defects that will impair the strength of the piece for pur- pose intended. RED CEDAR. Red Cedar should be sold log-run, to be measured for what it can be worked for. Lengths and widths are no defects. Caution should be used in determining defects. Note. — Inspectors are authorized to measure and in- spect all kinds of hardwood lumber that are not included in these rules, according to the rules governing the in- spection of hard and soft maple. 152 NEW ORLEANS INSPECTION. NEW ORLEANS INSPEC- TION. Classificatiou and Measurements of IVogs, Building Ma- terials, Furniture Timber and Hardwoods, as Adopted by the Mechanics', Dealers' and IVumbermen's i^x- change, of New Orleans, I to 8 inches; lengths to be from 25 to 50 feet and upwards; entirely free fro in splits, checks, large or imsoimd knots; pins or pin-holes and with not more than ^s of an inch of sound sap ou one corner for everv 20 inches in width. NKW ORLEANS INSPECTION. lo7 No. 2 shall be square-edged, butted with saw and evenly sawed; width from 16 to 20 inches and upwards; length from 20 to 50 feet and upwards, entirely free from shakes, frost and sun-cracks, splits, large or unsound knots and worm-holes; thickness to be the same as No. 1. Only two pins or pin-holes permitted at each end, at from 6 to 9 inches from the ends, and not more than 1 inch sound sap on two corners allowed for every 16 inches in width. No. 3 shall be square-edged, butted with saw and evenly sawed; one heart-face on one side, and must show heart on at least two-thirds of the length of the other face; sap, however, must be sound; shall be free from through shakes or splits and entirely free from large or unsound knots; pins or pin-holes as allowed in No. 1; sun and frost cracks allowed only on sappy face and must not be more than 2 inches in depth; lengths to be from 16 to 20 feet or more. Plitch. shall be classified as above, but dimensions are to be taken as stated under the head of measurement. ASH Shall be measured and classed the same as White Oak, and all specifications in each class of same .shall apply to Ash, but with the following exceptions, viz.: No. I can be 20 feet long and upwards. No. 2 can be 18 feet long and upwards. No. 3 can be 12 feet and upwards in length. For Furniture and Bxport must be free from bluish veins, and must show close, white grain, whether it be straight or curly. BLACK WALNUT, CHERRY, And other woods of similar texture and used for cabinet work. Measurements as by preceding rules for measure- ment of Timber and Lumber. TIMBER shall be in four classes: No. 1, X^> 2, No. 3 and No. 4. No. I to be from the body of the tree, straight grained and from 12 feet and upwards in length, and from 28 inches and upwards square, to taper only % to 1 inch 158 NEW ORLEANS INSPECTION. for every 12 feet in length; shall be square butted with saw, free from all defects, making it suitable for best kind of work; wane allowed II/2 inches to full square of piece for every 10 inches in width or depth; pins al- lowed if they are the only defect, provided they be only at ends and on one side, and not farther than 6 inches from ends. No. 2 to be from body of the tree, and to be in length the same as No. 1; with the same taper, and from 22 inches and upwards square; shall be straight grained, square butted with saw, free from shakes, bad or large knots, heart or side-rot 1% inches for every 10 in width or depth allowed for wane or corresponding sap to same, also pins at both ends, but they must not be farther than 6 inches from each end. The timber shall also be free from splits not parallel to one face. No. 3 to be in lengths of 10 feet and upwards, and 18 inches and upwards square; taper and wane will be al- lowed as in class No. 2; shall be free from bad shakes, large or unsound knots and bad splits; pins allowed as in No. 2, and splits at the ends though not parallel to sides. No. 4, when loosing one-third or more of its measure- ments, as allowances for defects, shall be called No. 4, and w^ill be considered unfit for shipment, unless differ- ently stipulated in contract of sale. LUMBER Shall be divided into three classes: No. 1, No. 2 and No. 3. No. I includes all boards, planks and ioists, free from rot, shakes and nearly free from knots, sap and bad taper; all pieces to be evenly sawed, square-butted and square-edged; knots to be small and sound, and so few as not to cause waste for the best kind of work. A. small split is allowable on one end of a board or plank, if not too long, and is parallel to the edge of the piece. No. 2, must be square-edged and evenly sawed. This class includes all other description of material manufact- ured, except when one-third is worthless. Boards, planks, joist or scantling containing sap, knots, splits, or not evenly sawed, when all these imperfections combined NEW ORLEANS INSPECTION. 169 will make less than one-tMrd of a piece, unfit for good work and only fit for ordinary purposes. No. 3 includes all boards, planks, joist or scantling, badly manufactured by being sawed in a diamond shape, smaller in one part than in another, splits on both ends or with long splits or splits not parallel to edge, with large and bad knots, worm or pin-holes, sap, rot, shakes or any other imperfection which will cause any one piece of lumber to be one-third worthless or waste. MAHOGANY AND CEDAR. TIMBER. Certificates of inspection for Mahogany or Cedar shall show the gross and net measurement of each log. Measurement. — Timber shall be measured midways of logs with callipers for their gross measurement if squared, but if waney or octagon the inspector shall make proportional deduction for such wane when enter- ing the net measurement of same in addition to the de- duction stated hereafter. The gross measurement shall be entered as such in the inspector's tally book. The gross inspected measurement, when the log is perfect, shall be brought without deduction to the net measure- ment, but if it show any faults a proportional deduction for the same shall be made from the gross measurement and the remainder shall constitute the net measure- ment. That which is defective from worm-holes in the heart, rots, rotten knots, or are doughty or are badly split, shall be measured full contents for gross measure- ment, and called Refuse. All such refuse to be marked R by the inspector, and half of the gross measurement de- ducted for net measurement; all lengths to be taken to square butt of pieces and entered as usual, every 6 inches being called a full foot. Crooked. — If slightly crooked a deduction shall be made from gross measurement for such faults, and if very crooked, particularly if there is more than one crook and short, the measurement shall be as governs Refuse in above article, and shall be marked as such. Small Crotclies, such as received from St. Domingo, shall be measured as follows, viz.: Lengths to be taken as far as sap or gray- wood at the upper end, allowing 160 NEW ORLEANS INSPECTION. the same as for Timber in gross measurement. When sound the gross measurement shall be brought over as net, but those having bark or rotten defects, tending to injure the crotch, shall be measured as Refuse in Timber and marked as such. Canon I/Ogs to be made straight one way and sub- ject to same allowances as the crotches. Classifications shall be in four classes, viz.: Numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4. No. I Cedar must be straight-grained, free from knots and every other defect, shall be manufactured straight and even, but may be hewed or sawed, and ought to be square-butted with saw, before shipment, as all slant heads shall be deducted from gross to sale measurement, that is to perfect square; shall be from 12 feet and up- wards in length, and 18 inches and upwards square. Wane of % of one inch to perfect square will be permitted, but must be deducted in its proportional ratio from gross to net measurement. No. I Mahogany will correspond to above specifica- tions, but may be curly or cross-grained, and must be 12 feet and upwards in length and 20 inches and upwards square. No. 2, Cedar must be straight-grained and free from large knots; small ones, if sound, admissible; shall be manufactured as in class No. 1, wormy sap not objec- tionable if worm-holes do not go through to body of the wood and a wane of 2 inches to perfect square permissi- ble; also rotten or decayed heart, not exceeding one- eighth of length. Splits not to be over 6 inches for every 10 feet of the length, and sun-checks not over 2 inches deep on any one face are also permitted, but shall be de- ducted from the gross to the net or sale measurement. Lengths to be 10 feet or more and 16 inches or more square. No. 2 Mahogany shall correspond to all the above specifications, but may be cross-grained, curly and have large knots, if sound; shall be 10 feet or more in length and 18 inches or more square. No. 3 Cedar maybe manufactured somewhat uneven, but ought to be square butted with saw, as explained in class 2. Can be crooked, waney, sappy, wormy, split, NEW ORLEANS INSPECTION. 161 sun-checked and have rotten heads and knots, large or small, provided the loss shall not be more than one-third from the gross to the net measurement for these defects. Lengths to be 9 feet or more and 14 inches or more square. Wood may be curly and cross-grained. No. 3 Mahogany shall correspond to all the above specifications governing Cedar. No. 4 Cedar and Mahogany will embrace all other descriptions which, by their defects, will lose more than one-third, but not over one-half from gross to net mea- surement, provided lengths shall not be less than 9 feet and square at least 12 inches. LUMBER. Mahogany l^umber shall be put in three classes: Nos. 1, 2 and 3. No. I includes all boards, planks, etc., which shall be evenly sawed, free from sap, rots, shakes or splits; knots, if anj^, to be small and sound and free from any fault which may cause waste for the best kind of work. Boards or planks shall not be less than 8 inches in width and 8 feet long. Counter Tops shall be 1,1%, 1% and 1^4 inches thick, 20 inches and upward in width, 12 feet and over long, and shall be perfect boards. No. 2 to be manufactured as in class 1, splits parallel to the edge of the piece permitted if they do not exceed 6 inches long for every 10 feet in length of the piece. The width of pieces must not be less than 6 inches, 8 feet long. No. 3 includes all other description of boards, planks and joists; provided all the imperfections combined in any one piece shall not make one-third of the measure- ment; when they do, the piece shall be rejected and not entitled to classification. CLASSIFICATION OP YELLOW PINE. SAWN TIMBER. Sawn Timber shall be put in three classes, which will be designated as follows: Nos. 1, 2 and 3. No. I must be sound, square-edged and butted square, must not have more than 1 inch ot sap on comers, and 162 NEW ORLEANS INSPECTION. free from shakes wliicli show on surface. Sizes, 10x10 and up. No. 2 must be sound and butted square, show heart on each face, and may show places of wane not to exceed 4 feet in length, and not more than three places of wane on any one corner. Sizes 10x10 and up. No. 3 must be sound and butted square, not more than 3 inches width of wane on a corner, and need not show heart on sides. Sizes, 10x10 and up. DEALS. Deals shall be put in three classes and designated as follows: Nos. 1, 2 and 3. No. 1 must be sound, square-edged and square-butted; all heart with exception of % of an inch of sap on one corner; free from knots exceeding ll^ inches in diameter, and not more than two knots in one piece; entirely free from shakes and splits; 9 inches and upwards in w^idth, 3 inches and upwards in thickness and 12 feet and up- wards in length. No. 2 shall be sound, square-edged and square-butted; one heart-lace, two-thirds heart in opposite face, com- paratively free of shakes and splits, entirely free of un- unsound knots, 9 inches wide and upwards by 3 inches thick and upwards, and 12 feet long and upwards. No. 3 must be sound, square-edged and square-butted; one heart-face and show heart on other face; free from through shakes, spUts and unsound knots; 3 inches thick and upwards by 9 inches wide and upwards, 12 feet long and upwards. PLANK. Plank shall be put in three classes, viz.: Nos. 1, 2 and 3. No. I must be sound, evenly sawn, free from sap, knots, shakes and splits. No. 2 must be sound, "^evenly sawn, one heart face, two-thirds heart on other face, comparatively free from shakes and splits, and entirely free of unsound knots. No. 3 must be sound, evenlj^ sawn, not over 2 inches sap on heart-face, free from through shakes and splits and unsound knots, IV4, to 4 inches thick, 10 inches and upwards wide, 12 feet and upwards in length. NEW ORLEANS INSPECTION. 163 SCANTLING. Scantling shall be put in three classes, viz.: Nos. 1, 2 and 3. No. I must be sound, evenly sawn, free from sap, through shakes, splits and knots exceeding 1 inch m diameter, 12 feet and upwards in length. Sizes, 2x4 to 9x9 inclusive. No. 3 must be sound, evenly sawn, free from through shakes and splits, and not to show more than 1 inch sap on corners. No. 3 must be sound, evenly sawn, free from through shakes and splits. FLOORING. Flooring shall be 1% and iy2 inches thick, and from 31/2 to 7 inches wide, 12 feet and upwards in length, and shall be of three classes. No. I must be sound, free from knots, shakes, splits and sap, and sawed plump. No. 3. — Clear face. No. 3 must be sound, free from sap, shakes and knots exceeding IV2 inches in diameter, and not more than two knots in a piece. No. 4 must be sound, one face free from sap, free from shakes, splits and knots exceeding iy2 inches in diameter, and more than four knots in any one piece. CEILING. No. I should be strictly clear. No. 2 shall have the face clear of sap and knots. No. 3 should be sound and free from shakes. WEATHER-BOARDS. Weather-boards shall be ^2 to % inches thick, 51/2 to 8 inches wide, 8 feet and upwards long, and should be put in two classes. No. I must be clear of sap, knots, shakes and splits. No. 3 must be clear of knots exceeding IV2 inches in diameter, and not more than four knots to one piece, and not over 1 inch sap on one edge. BOARDS. Boards shall be 1 inch thick by 10 inches wide and 164 NEW ORLEANS INSPECTION. over, and 12 feet long and upwards, and shall be of four classes. No. I shall be sound, evenly sawn, free from sap, shakes, splits and knots exceeding i/^ inch in diameter. No. 2, shall be sound, evenly sawn, free from shakes, splits and unsound knots, not more than 1% inches sap on one face. No. 3 shall be sound and evenly sawn, not over 2 inches sap on heart-face and show heart on the other face, free from through shakes and splits and loose knots. No. 4 shall be sound, evenly sawn and free from splits. CYPRESS LUMBER. All Cypress Lumber will be classified according to the specifications indicated below, as Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. It will be sawed 1-16 of an inch more than the thick- ness indicated, to allow for shrinkage and loss in becom- ing seasoned and in dressing. The length of Nos. 1, 2, 3 will run from 10 feet and upwards, and the width from 9 inches and upwards, un- less otherwise specified. No. I will be free of sap and perfectly clear of all defects. No. 2, square-edged, sound, one heart-face, the other face two-thirds heart, and two sound knots not over 1% inches in diameter to each 10 feet. No. 3 square-edged, one face three-fourths heart, and show heart on other face, and sound knots. No. 4 will run from 4 to 8 inches inclusive, and will be soimd, square-edged and free from sap. No. 4 not sold to fill any" special schedule, but must be taken just as the sizes run, within the dimensions given. No. 5 will be 1 inch full thickness, square-edged, and any width that may be made. No. 6.— Any Cypress not admissible to the above classes will be sold according to its merits. All Cypress Ditnetisioti lumber shall be classed and inspected according to rules of classification, etc., governing pine lumber. NEW ORLEANS INSPECTION. 165 LATHS. Plastering laths shall be of one class, viz.: Merchantable to be one-fourth % of an inch in thick- ness, 1% to lyz inches wide, and 4 feet long; to be per- fectly sound. SHINGLES. Shall be of three classes, which shall be designated as follows: Nos. 1, 2 and 3. No. I shall be 18 or 20 inches long, % to V^ of an inch thick at butt end, and not less than 3 inches wide, clear of sap and knots. No. 2, shall be 18 to 20 inches long, % to V^ of an inch thick at butt end, and not less than 3 inches wide, clear of unsound or loose knots; two sound knots will be allowed if not over i/^ of an inch in diameter. No. 3 shall be 16 to 20 inches long, % to 14 of an inch thick at butt end, and not less than 3 inches wide. INSTRUCTIONS. TO INSPECTORS AND MEASURERS OF CYPRESS AND PINE LUMBER. All inspections, measurements and classifications are to be made according to the adopted standards of this Exchange, unless otherwise agreed upon and ordered by both buyer and seller; but when some slight deviation, either in width or thickness, should occur by accidental manufacture, so long as it will not hinder the lumber from being used for thepurposefor which it was intended, shall not be reduced in grade on account of such devia- tion, it being the purpose of the foregoing rules to grade lumber so that the grades sold on the market and out of the yards shall be the same. Inspectors and Measurers, inspecting or measuring any cargo of lumber, shall have full control of the unloading of the lumber, so far as determining how fast the lumber shall be delivered off the vessel. All Inspectors who inspect lumber by grades, under the foregoing rules in this market, when required, shall mark the quality upon the pile or lot, so inspected, in at least four places. No Inspector or Measurer, commissioned by this Ex- 166 BALTIMORE HARDWOOD INSPECTION. change, shall be directly or indirectly interested in the business of buying or selling lumber, either for himself or other parties. The Inspector or Measurer shall keep the original tally- sheets, with date, name of the vessel and for whom in- spected, at their office for at least one year, and said tally-sheets shall at all times be accessible to any of the parties interested. Duplicates of tally-sheets shall be rendered to party ordering inspection immediately on completion of said inspection. The remuneration of Inspector and Measurer to be by fees equally paid by seller and buyer, unless otherwise agreed upon. BALTIMORE HARDWOOD INSPECTION. Adopted bytlie l/umber l^xcliange of Baltimore, June aa, 1885. In the inspection of Hardwood Lumber, it is essential that the Inspector use his best judgment, based upon the following rules laid down for his guidance: The Standard Knot must be a sound one, and not exceeding IMr inches in diameter. Splits are to be considered as defects, and usually re- duce the piece to a lower grade. Mill Culls are never regarded as marketable, and any Cull which will not work to the use for which the size is applicable, without wasting more than one-half, is a Mill Cull. The Standard I^engths are 12, 14 and 16 feet, but 15 per cent of 10 feet lengths may be allowed. In Black Walnut and Cherry 10 feet is considered as standard, and 15 per cent of 8 feet lengths may be ad- mitted in the First and Second Grades. All badly manufactured lumber should be reduced in grade. BALTIMORE HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 167 Newels must be inspected with a view of the adapta- bility of the piece for the intended use, as in many cases it cannot be titihzed for other purposes. They shall be cut outside of the heart to square the following sizes: 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 12 inches when seasoned. The lengths must be 4 feet or the multiple thereof All rotten, shivered and shaky ends shall be cut oiF in measurement when the board or plank will make 8, 10, 12 or 14 feet long, clear of the bad end, and be graded in the grade the part will make except Culls, which shall be counted full in all cases. Face cracks, in all cases, will reduce one grade. If badly face cracked, so that one-half of the board or plank cannot be used without waste, then it shall not be counted. The Inspector, in all cases, is to keep a separate tally of each size and quality. AH boards and plank to be measured and graded on the inferior side. The Standard Thickness shall be recognized as 1, 1%, 1^, 2, 2y2, 3, 4 and 5 inches in all classes of hard- woods, and in all cases the board or plank shall be full thickness, parallel in width, square edges and square ends. All Tapering- Pieces of lumber to be measured one- third the distance from the narrow end when 12 inches and over in width at the center, and when less than 12 inches wide at the center, to be measured at the narrow- end. "Worm-holes are to be considered one of the most serious defects in hardwood lumber. All inspectors inspecting hardwood under these rules, shall mark the quality upon the lumber so inspected, w^hen required. Lumber inspectors are required to use due care in handling and marking lumber, so as not to interfere with the use of anv part of the stock, by careless handling or marking. BLACK WALNUT. Walnut shall be inspected in three grades: Firsts, Sec- onds and Culls. Firsts shall not be less than 7 inches wide, and free from defects. At 10 inches wide will admit of defects 168 BALTIMORE HARDWOOD INSPECTION. equal to 2 inclies of sap on the edges. Defects may in- increase with width, but not such as to cause waste when used for first-class work. Seconds shall not be less than 6 inches wide, and at 6 inches may have one sound knot. Defects may increase proportionately with the width. Sap on the face side shall be measured out. Culls shall include all lumber not up to the standard of Seconds. Mill Culls to be excluded from this grade. POPLAR OR WHITEWOOD. * Inspection grades shall be known as Firsts, Seconds and Culls. Pirsts shall not be less than 10 inches wide, and at this width shall be free of all defects; at 12 inches wide 2 inches of white sap, and at 16 inches wide 4? inches of white sap shall be allowed — proportionate increase of sap to be allowed according to w^idth. In lieu of the sap one standard knot shall be allowed for each 4 inches of sap. Seconds shall not be less than 6 inches wide, and clear up to 8 inches. Over 8 inches may have two sound knots not exceeding 1% inches in diameter, and 2 inches of white sap. At 10 inches defects equal to 3 inches of white sap, or 2 sound knots 1% inches in diameter. De- fects may increase with width, but two-thirds of the en- tire piece must be suitable for manufacture of first-class w^ork w^ithout waste. Culls shall comprise all widths and sizes not up to standard of second grade. Lumber usually designated as Mill Culls is not included in this grade. In poplar, marketable thicknesses shall be recognized as %, 4-4, 5-4, 6-4, 8-4, 2V2, 3 and 4 inches; V2, %,, 1%, 5 and 6 inches and up are classed as special sizes. When squared the sizes shall be 3x3, 4x4, 5x5, 6x6, 7x7, 8x8, 9x9, 10x10, etc. All square stuff to be cut clear of the heart, clear in quality, and cut large enough to hold sizes when seasoned. Such as are not prime shall be graded as No. 2 or Culls. ASH. The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts, Seconds and Culls. BALTIMORE HARDWOOD INSPECTION. 169 Firsts shall be not less than 8 inches wide and free from all defects. Sap shall not be considered a defect if bright and sound. Seconds shall be not less than 6 inches wide, and at 8 inches may have two standard knots. Defects may increase with the width. Must be free from heart, dry rot, dote and worm-holes. Culls shall include all grades not up to the standard of Seconds. OAK. Inspection same as Ash, excepting Timber, in which sound knots, and heart not showing on the outside, shall not be considered defects. BIRCH, BEECH, MAPLE, ELM AND HICKORY. Same inspection as Ash. In first grade Hickory, 6 inches in width and 8 feet in length shall be allowed. QUARTERED OAK. Quartered Oak shall be inspected as Firsts, Seconds and Culls. Firsts shall be 5 inches and over wide, and clear of all defects. Seconds shall be 4 inches and over wide, and will al- low one or two standard knots at 6 inches, or a little sound bright sap. No other defects shall be allowed in this grade, but defects may increase with the width of the piece. Culls.— All not up to the standard of Seconds, shall be graded as Culls. CHERRY. Cherry shall be inspected in three grades. Firsts shall not be less than 6 inches wide, and free from delects. At 10 inches wide will admit of defects equal to 2 inches of sap on the edges. Defects may in- crease with the width, but not such as to cause waste when used for first-class work. Gum spots are excluded from this grade. Seconds must be 6 inches and over wide; will admit of two standard knots; sap on the face side to be meas- 170 BALTIMORE HARDWOOD INSPECTION. ured out. Defects may increase with the width in pro- portion. A small proportion of small gum spots will be allowed, but in no case shall they be of such a char- acter or quantity as to seriously damage the piece. Culls shall include all not up to the standard of Firsts and Seconds. CHERRY, ASH AND WALNUT COUNTER TOPS Shall be 12 feet and over long; 17 inches and over wide; 4-4, 5-4, 6-4 and 8-4 inches thick, and must be clear of all defects. CHERRY, ASH AND WALNUT STRIPS. Six inches and under w^ide, when in separate lots, shall be counted as Firsts, Seconds and Culls. Firsts shall have one face and two edges clear. Sap on face side of Ash, when bright, to be counted. Seconds will admit of two standard knots or sap, which on face side of Cherry and Walnut shall be counted out. Culls. — AH not up to the standard of Seconds shall be designated as Culls. CHERRY STRIPS Shall be 6 feet and over long. BALTIMORE YELLOW PINE FLOORING INSPECTION. Rules for Inspection of Yellow Pine Flooring, Adopted by the I/umber l^xcliange of Baltimore, Md., January 17, 1887, All lumber intended for Flooring shall be measured at its narrowest place. No. 1 Virginia and North Carolina Flooring. Yellow Pine Lumber, known as Virginia and North Carolina, of 1 and 1% inches in thickness, in order to rate as No. 1 Flooring in quality, shall have one side BALTIMORE YELLOW PINE FLOORING INSPECTION. 171 free from knots, shakes and stain, the other side to be sound. No. 2 Virginia and North CaroUna Flooring consists of boards with small sound knots on the best side, and to be free from worm-holes and shakes. Sap stained boards are included in the No. 2 grade, Black stained boards the entire length are classed as No. 3 or Box. Culls.— AH boards not coming up to the grade of No. 2 in quality are classed as Box or Culls, excepting con- demned boards which are thoroughly unsound or rotten. Southern Flooring 4-4 and 5-4. No. 1 Southern Yellow Pine heart-faced lumber admits of 1/2 inch of sap on one edge of a board not wider than 7 inches, and on boards wider than 7 inches 1/2 inch of sap is allowable on both edges. It is also to be free from shakes, rot and large or unsound knots. Knots not ex- ceeding % of an inch in diameter, and sound, not more than one knot to every 4 feet of contents are allowed. It is expected that this grade shall make, when worked, at least 85 per cent of clear face flooring. No. 2 —All flooring not coming up to No. 1 grade is classed as No. 2, excepting condemned boards which are thoroughly unsound or rotten. CYPRESS. No. 1, 1x6 Cypress must have face clear of knots and stained sap, the other face to be sound. Cypress 1x6 "Cullings" must be sound lumber, not good enough for No. 1. Unsound or rotten lumber is to be classed with con- demned. BALTIMORE WHITE PINE INSPECTION. It is reported to the publisher that lU Baltimore tliere are no official rules for White Pine inspection, but that the rules governing Williamsport, Pa., and Chicago are, 172 CINCINNATI HARDWOOD INSPECTION. practically, the ones in general use. The qualities are as follows: Panel, Selects, Picks, Shelving, Barn and CuU- ings. ' CINCINNATI HARDWOOD INSPECTION. IttSpectlon of Hardwood I01»LAR INSPECTION. 2V^-inch, 3- inch and 4-inch First and Second Poplar shall be 10 inches and over wide. %, V2,%, %, First and Second Clear shall be 10 inches and over wide and contain not less than 75 per cent Firsts. Poplar Squares shall be of the combined grades of First and Second clear. 4x4 must be clear of all defects excepting l^ inch of sap on the face side. 5x5 and 6x6 will admit of 2 inches of bright sap on one face; 7x7, 8x8, 9x9 and 10x10 will admit of 3 inches of bright sap on one face. Squares must be free of hearts and unsound knots. Box Boards is a special grade. Sap Clear shall be sound but not black, and 6 inches said over in with, and free from all defects. Common shall include anj^ width not less than 6 inches, and will allow of bright or discolored sap and knots beyond those described in Second Clear. Two unsound standard knots will be allowed in this grade if over 12 inches wide, and straight splits shall not be considered a defect; otherwise, lumber must be sound. Cull Poplar shall include all grades not up to the standard of Common, and must be available one-half of its size without waste. Poplar Strips shall be 4 and 6 inches wide, and known as Clear, Second Clear and Common. Clear shall be free from all defects. Second Clear may have bright sap, but free from other defects. Common may contain from one to four standard knots and slight amount of discolored sap. GRADES OF MANUFACTURED LUMBER. BEVELED SIDING. Beveled Siding" worked to 5% inches wide. Firsts and Seconds. — One inch sap or one small knot admitted on thin edge, but no other defect, and ad- mitting 40 per cent Seconds. Selects. — Sound sap no defect. Common may contain not to exceed three standard knots or pin holes; sap no defect. POPLAR INSPECTION. 185 CEILING AND PATENT SIDING. Firsts and Seconds.— One clear, yellow face. Selects. — Sound sap no defect. Common.— Not to exceed three standard knots. Casing and Base same as Ceiling. FLOORING AND CEILING Shall be worked 3i/4, 4^/4 and 5% inches in face. Firsts and Seconds.— One clear, yellow face. Selects. — Sound sap no defect. Common. — Two or more standard knots; sap no defect. MOLDINGS. Sap no defect. All worked material shall be sold count measure. SEYEN-INCH CLEAR STRIPS. Seven-inch clear strips shall be put in grade of sap clear. WEIGHTS. The following are the weights adopted by the Poplar Manufacturers' and Wholesale Dealers' Association on whi.h to base delivered prices: WEIGHT PER JjTOCK. 1,000 FEET. Beveled Siding 900 lbs. Drop or Patent Siding.. 2,000 lbs. 3/8 inch Ceiling , 900 lbs. V2 '* •* 1,200 lbs. % " " 1,500 lbs. % " " 2,000 lbs. Boards and plank, 1 inch and thicker, S 2 S 2,250 lbs. % inch panel, rough 1,050 lbs. V2 " " rough 1,400 lbs. V2 " " dressed to % inch 1,000 lbs. % " " rough 1,650 lbs. % " " dressed to V2 inch 1,300 lbs. % " " rough 2,100 lbs. % " '• dressed to % inch 1,600 lbs. 1 or %-inch plank, dressed to % inch .2,000 lbs. 186 NASHVILLE INSPECTION. NASHVILLE INSPECTION. Rules for the Inspection and Measurement of IVumber, Adopted by the I/umberman's :^zcliau£:e of Nashville, Tenn., in i884, and Revised and Corrected, 1887. It should be noted that the inspection of Poplar at Nashville and other manufacturing points, was intended to be superseded by the rules of the Poplar Manufactur- ers' and Wholesale Dealers' Association. TO INSPECTORS AND MEASURERS. It is understood that when the term strips is used the said strips shall be 6 inches in width unless otherwise specified. All tapering pieces of lumber to be measured one-third the distance from the narrow end, when 12 inches and over in width at the center; and when less than 12 inches wide in center, to be measured at the nar- row end. All lumber to be measured in even lengths (except Culls), from 12 to 30 feet inclusive in length. Above that length, timber shall be counted for what it will measure. Culls commence 10 ieet in length, and then measure the same as other qualities. Manufacture should be taken into consideration in all qualities, and if badly manufactured should reduce the grade. Inspectors and Measurers are instructed that the rule herein given as to width and thickness is the standard width arid thickness for merchantable lumber for each grade. In no case shall Mill Culls be considered a quality for the purpose of increasing the inspection fees. RULES FOR THE INSPECTION OF HARDWOOD LUMBER. In hardwood inspection the Inspector is instructed to use his best judgment, based upon the general rules laid down for his guidance. He must inspect all boards and plank on the poorest side, excepting in flooring. Tne Standard Knot is to be considered as not ex- ceeding IVi inches in diameter, and of a sound character. Splits are always a grater or less damage to hard- wood lumber, and will reduce a piece to one grade lower NASHVILLE INSPECTION. 387 ii'the split is over 12 inclies in length in boards and plank, or 6 inches in strips, but splits must be straight and in one end only to be allowed. All hardwood lumber should be sawed 1-16 inch plump. All lumber must be sawed square-edged, unless otherwise ordered, and boards and plank having bark or w^ane must be reduced one grade and measured inside wane or bark. All boards 1 inch and under thick shall be measured face measure. If sawed 1 inch scant shall be reduced one grade; if under % of an inch, reduced tw^o grades. All badly mis-sawed lumber shall be classed as Culls. No Cull is considered as having a marketable value which will not w^ork one-half its size without waste. Lumber sawed for specific purposes must be inspected with a view to the adaptability of the piece for the in- tended use, as in many cases it cannot be utilized for other purposes. In the inspection of combined grades of Firsts and Seconds, an undue predominance of Seconds should always be judiciously ascertained as the pur- chaser is entitled to the full average in quality, based upon the average mill run of the kind of timber involved. Standard I^engths are always recognized as being 12, 14 and 16 teet, but 10 per cent of 10-feet lengths may be allowed. Shorter than 10 feet does not conae w^ithin the range of marketable, although sometimes admitted. In Black Walnut and Cherry an exception is made; and 10 feet is recognized as a standard length, and 10 per cent of 8-feet lengths may be admitted in the Firsts and Seconds and even 6 feet in lower grades. Mill Culls are never recognized as marketable; and all Culls which will not work to the use for which the timber or the size is applicable, without w^asting more than one-half, are Mill Culls, and shall be so reported on certificate, Hickory should never be tut w^hile the sap is rising, as it is then liable to powder-post, and indications of de- terioration of this character shoiild be carefully scruti- nized by the Inspector. Merchantable includes only sound lumber, free from rot, shake and unsound hearts; hearts in nearly all varieties of lumber are to be excluded from all grades above Culls. 188 NASHVILLE INSPECTION. It is important that all lumber should be parallel in width, square-edged and with square ends. In Poplar or Whitewood marketable thickness shall be recognized as %, %, 1, IV4,, IV2, 2, 2^^, 3 and 4 inches. One-half, 5 and 6 inches are classed as special sizes. When squared, the sizes shall be 4x4, 5x5, 6x6, 7x7, 8x8, 9x9 and 10x10, and shall be sawed Vs inch plump. Worm-holes are to be considered as one of the most serious defects in hardwood lumber. DRESSED LUMBER. All dressed lumber, such as Weatherboards or Siding, Ceiling, Flooring, Molding, etc., shall be measured full width as ripped to work. POPLAR OR WHITEWOOD. Inspection grades shall be known as Clear, Second Clear, Common and Culls. Clear must be 10 inches or more in width, and free from all defects. The square pieces are exempt from this rule only as to width. Second Clear must not be less than 8 inches in width and clear up to 10 inches. Boards or plank 10 to 12 inches wide may have one standard knot, but no other defects; or may have bright sap not over 3 inches in width in the aggregate, and no other defects. Boards and plank 13 to 16 inches may have two standard knots and no other defects; or may have 4 inches bright sap not to exceed 2l^ inches on any one edge, and no other defects. Boards and plank 17 inches and over will allow 5 inches sap not to exceed 3 inches on any one edge, or two standard knots, or 2 inches sap and one standard knot. The two grades above enumerated may be combined in one grade, to be designated Firsts and Seconds. Combined Grades of Firsts and Seconds shall consist of not less than 60 per cent of Firsts. Boards and plank 1^4 inches thick shall be 8 inches wide and over; % inch thick shall be 12 inches wide and over. Common shall include any width not less than 7 NASHVILLE INSPECTION. 189 inches, and will allow of bright or discolored sap and knots beyond those described in Second Clear. Two un- sound standard knots will be allowed in this grade, if over 12 inches wide, and straight splits shall not be considered a defect; otherwise lumber must be sound. Culls shall comprise all widths and sizes having more defects than described in common, whether in the lumber or character of the knots, badly checked, and generally such lumber as is unfit for ordinary purposes without waste. Box Boards is a special grade. POPLAR STRIPS Must be full 6 inches wide, 1 inch plump thick when dry, 12, 14 and 16 feet long. Clear shall be free of all defects. Second Clear may have bright sap and must be free of all other defects. Comtnoti shall embrace all sound strips with more defects than Second Clear. Culls shall contain all unsound strips that will w^ork to one-half their contents, and all tapering strips. WHITE ASH. The inspection grades shall consist of Firsts and Sec- onds and Culls. Firsts and Seconds must be 6 inches and over wide, 10 feet and over long and clear up to 8 inches in width. Over 8 inches wide and up to 10 inches will allow one standard knot; 10 inches w^ide and over will allow two standard knots, but must be free of hearts and dry rot. Culls include all defective lumber — heart-shaken, knots beyond standard and defective sawing. Wagon Tongues must be cut from tough timber, straight and free from all defects. Flooring must have one face and two edges clear, and 4 to 7 inches wide, inclusive. WHITE AND BURR OAK Shall be inspected as Firsts, Seconds, Common and Culls. Firsts must be 8 inches and over wide and clear up to 190 NASHVILLE INSPECTION. 10 inches; 10 to 12 inches will allow one defect, and de- fects may increase with the width. Seconds at 6 inches wide will allow one standard knot, or a little bright sap. No other defects shall be allowed in this grade, but their extent may increase with the size of the piece. A Combined Grade of Firsts and Seconds must not comprise more than 66% per cent of Seconds. Comnion must be free from heart shake, but thick planks may contain sound hearts. A.11 knots must be sound. Culls consist of bad heart plank, wormy or generally unsound lumber. OAK TIMBER Must be sound in all respects; sound knots and hearts not showing on the outside of the stick shall not be con- sidered defects. HICKORY. Hickory shall be classed as Boards, Plank and Axles. Boards and Planks shall be inspected as Firsts and Seconds in one grade, and must not be less than 6 inches wide if less than 2 inches thick; this grade shall not ad- mit of more than one or two standard knots, but no other imperfections. Axles must be free from all defects. Culls include all lumber not up to the preceding de- scription. Wane is permitted in boards and planks. BLACK WALNUT Shall be inspected in three grades— Firsts, Seconds and Culls. Firsts shall not be less than 8 inches wide and 10 feet long, and may allow one standard knot or 1 inch bright sap on one side, or a check 10 inches long in a board that is 11 inches wide and over when dry. Seconds shall be free from heart, wind shakes and rot. All strips 6 and 7 inches wide, 10 feet and oyer long, must be clear and straight. Boards 9 inches wide will allow one defect if it is small; boards 10 and 11 inches wide, two defects, provided one is small; boards NASHVILLE INSPECTION. 191 12 to 16 inches wide, three defects, if two of them are small; and those 16 inches and over will allow three de- fects. All boards must have one black face. Boards 8 inches wide and over will admit of sap, but not more than one- third on sap side, and the sap shall be counted as a de- fect. A few worm-holes will be allowed in a Second, but as it depends on their location and the width of the board, it will be left to the discretion of the Inspector. Ten per cent of the lumber may be 8 feet long and graded the same as lumber of other lengths. Culls are all boards that do not come up to the above grades, and will work one-half good. Mill Culls are such lumber as is not included in above grades. Miscuts.— All miscut boards are to be classified one grade below, and must be measured at the thinnest place. Common, or Reject, is to be considered a special grade, quality to be decided between seller and buyer. CHERRY Shall be classified and graded the same as Black Walnut. BUTTERNUT AND CHESTNUT. Butternut and Chestnut shall be inspected in Firsts and Seconds and Culls. Firsts and Seconds must not be less than 6 inches wide, and clear up to 8 inches, but at 8 inches may have an inch of sap or two standard knots. Sap on the face side shall be measured out. Defects may increase with the width in proportion. Worm-holes are absolutely ex- cluded from this grade. Culls include all lumber not up to the. standard of Seconds, but available not less than one-half to work without waste. SWEET GUM Sweet Gum shall be inspected in grades of Firsts and Seconds and Common. Firsts and Seconds must not be less than 6 inches wide, and must be clear up to 10 inches. Over 10 inches may have two standard knots. Sap is wholly excluded from this grade. 193 NASHYILLE INSPECTION. ' Common shall include all lumber not up to the stand- ard of Firsts and Seconds, in which not less than three- fourths of the piece is available for use without waste. CuUS) worthless. BASSWOOD, ELM, SYCAMORE, BEECH AND COTTONWOOD. The above named varieties of lumber shall be classified under an inspection of Good and Cull, and shall not be less than 6 inches in width. Good shall include all sound lumber free from shake and hearts. Standard knots from one to five in number do not condemn from this grade in proportion to the width of the piece. Culls include all lumber not good enough for the pre- ceding grade, but in which one-half the piece will work without waste. YELLOW PINE Shall be classed as Clear, Second Clear, Standard and Common. Clear must be 10 inches or more in width and free from all defects. Second Cleat must be 8 inches or more wide, and bright sap not called a defect; will allow one or two small sound knots, not over % inch in diameter, showing through if free of other defects; face being clear one nar- row wane may be allowed. Standard is Firsts and Seconds classed together, 50 per cent being Firsts and Seconds and 50 per cent Common. Common shall include all lumber poorer than that described as Seconds, but free from shake, large unsound knots, or rot. FLOORING STRIPS Shall be 3 to 6 inches wide, and be classed as follows: First and Second Clear, 3 and 4 inches wide, may have one sound knot not over % inch in diameter, and free of other defects. No strip in this class shall have knot on edge of piece. Bright sap shall not be classed as a defect, but blue stain excluded. Standard shall contain 50 per cent First and Second ^nd 50 per cent Commoa. NASHVILLE INSPECTION. 193 Common shall contain all sound strips below Firsts and Seconds. Knots large enough to weaken a strip will thr©w it into Culls. Culls.— All unsound pieces and all blued sap pieces. TIMBER AND JOISTS Must be square edge, and have no defects that will im- pair the strength of the piece for the purpose intended. RED CEDAR. Inspection grades shall consist of No. 1, Common and Culls, both in regard to Boards and Dimension Stuff. Sound knots in Cedar not considered a defect. No. I must be full 6 inches wide and up, 8 to 16 feet long; will admit V2 inch of sap on each edge of one face; one face must be red; free from all splits and checks; any thickness from 1 to 2 inches; evenly sawed. Com.mon will admit of boards 4 inches wide and up, 6 to 16 feet long; one sap face; two unsound knots; checks and splits not exceeding 12 inches; clear of wane edges. Culls will include all boards not good enough for preceding grades, but in which one-third of piece will work without waste. DIMENSION STUFF. No. I will include all sizes from 2x4 up, not less than 6 feet in length, and will admit of % inch sap on each face in sizes 6 inches square and over; a V2-inch hollow in one end shall not be considered any defect; otherwise must be sound and perfect. Com.mon w^ill in no wise differ from No. 1, except that sap will be considered no defect, and will admit of small hollow in each end without regard to size; otherwise sound and perfect. Culls. — AH pieces that do not come up to the above grades will be considered Culls. 194 BURLINGTON, VT., INSPECTION. BURLINGTON, VT., INSPEC- TION. Although doing a large business in lumber, the exten- sive market of Burlington has no systematized method of inspection. The grades recognized in the Burlington market are as follows: Selects, Shelving, Second Shelv- ing, Pickings, Shippers, Box and Mill Culls. These gradings apply to wide lumber from 8 inches and upward. Strips 12 feet long and upward are classed as First Quality, Second Quality, Third Quality and Box. Under 12 feet in length the classes of Firsts and Seconds are combined as one, while all unfit for this grade go into a still lower grade of Third Quality, or into a new grade of Box. Spruce is divided into three grades, namely: Clear, Number One and Number Two. (See Maine Survey.) Selects comprise the finer grades of lumber, and in- clude all fair widths approaching to the upper grades of other markets, and suited to all the finer finishing pur- poses for which the timber is adapted. Shelving includes 10, 12 and 14-inch stock, and is classed as First and Second Shelving as to relative qual- ity and adaptability to the purpose indicated. First Quality ranks about $7 per thousand below Uppers, while the Second Quality is from $5 to $7 below the First. In both qualities more or less knots and sap may be allowed not affecting the board for the purpose from which it derives its name. Picking's. — A grade of lumber of any width suited to one side finishing, embracing Sap Boards and generally such lumber as while from width not fitted for Shelving, is more defective than Selects, yet filling a position which must otherwise be occupied by Selects. As in other mar- kets, it mav be called the cream of the Common. Shippers are of diversified widths, without shake or case knots, and firee from large, coarse knots, comprising the best of the Common after the Picks are removed. Box comprises a grade poorer than Shippers, yet tak- GEORGIA INSPECTION. 195 ing the run of the Common in all fairly sound and mer- chantable lumber. The grades of Shelving (First and Second), Pickings, Shippers and Box are, one and all, selections from Com- mon, made with reference to adaptability to the uses in- dicated by their designations. Mill Culls are the poorest grade of lumber adapted to any utiHty or recognized as merchantable, and bear the same descrit)tion as the same grade in other markets. GEORGIA INSPECTION. I^aw Governitigf Inspection and Measurement of Wood, Timber, X,umber, Staves, :Etc, INSPECTORS. 1563.— Inspectors may be appointed, their duties pre- scribed, their fees fixed, and inspection and marking reg- ulations adopted, by the corporate authorities of any city for the inspection of guano and other fertiHzers, to- bacco, salt, pitch, tar, turpentine, rosin, oil, staves, shingles, timber, wood, lumber and liquor, and such other things as are usually the subject of inspection and measurement, and for measuring and gaging the said articles, or any of them, within the limits of said city; and the same power may be exercised by the ordinary of every county outside the limits of such town and within the limits of such county; provided, such regulations be not mconsistent with the following provisions: 1. No person shall be permitted to inspect, measure or gage, except such as may be regularly appointed, under a penalty of $500 for every offense, one-half to go to the informer and the other half to the incorporation or court having the appointment of inspectors. Every per- son so appointed shall be required to take an oath or affirmation faithfully to perform the duties of the office to the best of his skill and abihty, and shall, moreover give bond and security for the faithful discharge of the 196 GEORGIA INSPECTION. duties thereof. All vacancies may be filled by the ap- pointing power. 2. In all seaport towns, where timber or lumber is brought for exportation, or otherwise, the same shall be inspected an,d measured, and bills for such measurement shall be made out in superficial measurement. 3. No lumber or timber Inspector or Measurer shall, during his term of office, be or become the clerk or agent of any lumber or timber buyer, or the clerk or agent ol lumber mill, on pain of forfeiture of his office, on convic- tion, and fine or imprisonment, at the discretion of any court having jurisdiction. TIMBER. 4. All square timber shall be measured as follows: The length shall be counted from pin-hole and the size from the middle of the stick, taking the smallest side and the face, throwing off fractions, allowing one-half of the wanedge on the side and face; and other flatted timber, usually known as saw or mill logs, shall be meas- ured one-third from the smallest end. 5. All sticks which are rotten, hollow, split or broken, shall be declared Refuse by the Inspector, and the seller shall only be allowed one-half the measurement; but if the defect be at or near the end, only as is defective shall be declared Refuse. 6. The hook to the dip-rod shall not be less than 1% inches long. SCANTLING, BOARDS, ETC. 7. Ranging Timber, Scantlings and Boards, shall be deemed merchantable only when they shall have square edges, and be sound and without decay; nevertheless, if any Scantling or Board to be measured and inspected shall be split, decayed or fractured, more than 2 feet and less than 6 feet from the end thereof, such split, decayed or fractured part shall be left out and not counted in the measurement. HEADING. 8. Heading shall be 2^4 feet long, 6 inches broad, 1 inch thick on one edge, and not less than % of an inch on the other edge, sound and free from decay, worm or knot-holes; shingles to be 22 inches long, not less than G20RG1A INSPECTION. 197 3y2 inches wide and ^^ inch thick at the thick end, not decayed, and free from worm or knot-holes. STAVES. 9. Pipe, Hogshead and Barrel Staves shall be consid- ered merchantable only when conditioned as follows: Pipe Staves to be at least 54 inches in length, 3 inches in breadth and 1 inch thick on the thin edge, sound and free from worm or knot-holes; Hogshead Staves to be 42 inches long, 3 inches broad, and not less than % of inch thick on the edges, sound and free from worm or knot-holes; Barrel Staves to be 2y2 feet long, 3 inches wide, and not less than % of an inch on their edge, sound and free Irom worm or knot-holes. PENALTY. 10. If any inspector or measurer of timber shall fail, neglect or refuse to measure timber as is now^ prescribed by law, the said inspector or measurer shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and, on conviction, be subject to a fine of $500 and imprisonment in the common jail of the county for the term ot three months. One-half of said $500 shall be, on conviction, paid over to the prose- cutor or informer. FIREWOOD. 11. Every cord of firewood shall measure 8 feet in length, and 4 in breadth, and 4 in height. Any person to whom such wood is offered for sale, who may suspect any deficiency, shall have the right to have the same measured and corded by any sworn Inspector or Meas- urer of the place; and in case of any deficiency appearing, the seller shall, besides paying the fees of the Inspector, make good the deficiency without delay, or forfeit, before any court having jurisdiction, the sum of $2 for every cord so deficient; in case of no deficiency appearing, the fees of the Inspector or Measurer shall be paid by the buyer. The corporate authorities of any town or city may make such further regulations on this subject as to them shall appear proper to insure the objects of this section. FEES OF INSPECTORS. 1564. No corporate authority, incorportion or court 198 LUMBER AND TIMBER MEASUREMENTS. having the appointment of inspectors, shall have power to authorize or empower inspectors and measurers of lumber and timber to charge more than 25 cents per 1,000 feet lor inspecting, measuring and turning lumber and timber; and any inspector or measurer of lumber and timber who shall charge more than 25 cents per 1,000 feet shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and on con- viction thereof shall be subject to a fine of $500, one-half of which shall go to the informer, or imprisonment in the county jail of the county for the term of three months. LUMBER AND TIMBER MEASUREMENTS. In the United States, and also largely in Canada and Mexico, lumber, timber and logs are sold by the thousand feet," board measure." In this system called "board measure," the unit is a piece 12 inches square on the surface and 1 inch thick. This rule is invariable in all thicknesses above 1 inch, but nothing is reckoned as thinner than 1 inch. Thus a piece 16 feet long, 12 inches wide and 1 inch thick measures 16 feet board measure; a piece of the same length and breadth, but 2 inches thick, measures 32 feet -board measure, while a piece of the same length and breadth, but % inch thick, measures 12 feet board measure, as would also any other thick- ness under 1 inch. A more correct statement would be that all thin (that is, under 1 inch in thickness) lumber or veneers is measured by the square feet of surface — by the superficial foot. The discrepancy between the nom- inal measurement and the actual contents of thin lumber is allowed for in the price. As a general rule, lumber must not be reduced by dressing one side to below its standard thickness. That is, lumber must be sawed slightly thicker than at what it is measured. Matched lumber is given the measurement of the rough lumber from which it is manufactured, though there are some unimportant exceptions to this rule, chiefly in the retail trade. LUMBER AND TIMBER MEASUREMENTS. 199 ENGLISH AND OTHER LUMBER MEASUREMENTS. In England, and other countries intimately associated in trade with that country, the unit of measurement is the "standard," with the higher denomination, "standard hun- dred;" consisting, except in the case of the Quebec standard hundred, of 120 pieces of the standard. The followmg table gives the principal standards in use in England: is e S P5 M ^ ^ -i" -iji S E - ^ :: s ^ ^ ^ t« t :S •"h:^ "^^ :^ CO o J^ o o t- OJ 0* I- o r-t (X> (N tP ^ CO 1-1 to C* i^: 05 *H. •^ "^ l^ w 2 .V CO T-l rl a* a a a _0 rt •IH •pH •iH •f-« v^S 3 ^- ::^- :^- 1-1 CO T-t 01 o* « H M M M O 00 .2 "* d " a " d " fl "* 1-1 •f-i 1-1 a ^ »-( ^ 05 - CD - cc - l-H - M " M ■* X « « -u ^ ■IJ ■ti jj o P *+H « *<-< :; "*-• :: t-t 3 SH - fft " ©» r-l Oi c* d 1-1 iH y-t r-i iz; 3 :: = - S 2 3 3 1-1 o r-l O T-l O l-H O 1-1 g (?< a* (?* T-t 1 -d 1 (D ■ (H ! '=' ; -a 1 ^ ■ ts 1 f-l •» -o 2 m .« B 2 ^ ^ 03 ■* o 'u »4 e 3 (X, y^ o P & 300 LUMBER AND TIMBER MEASUREMENTS. Quebec. — I^or details in regard to Quebec inspection, or "culling," and measurement, reference is made to the rules in full on page 105. Deals are generally sold by the Petersburg standard; sometimes by the number of pieces, Quebec standard. St. John. — Battens, deals and plank are usually sold by the thousand feet, board measure or by Petersburg standard, and run from 8 to 26 feet long. All pieces under 8 feet are called "ends." Miramiclie and other lower ports are as at St. John, with lengths from 8 to 16 feet. I/Otldotl. — Pine deals are sold by Petersburg standard; spruce deals by London or Dublin standard; square timber by board or cubic foot, caliper measure. I/iverpool. — Deals are sold by Petersburg standard; square timber by load or cubic foot, string measure- ment. GlasgfOW. — As at Liverpool. Dublin. — Deals are sold by London or Dublin stand- ard; square timber by ton, string measure. ENGLISH SQUARE TIMBER MEASURES. Square timber is bought by the cubic foot or by the "ton" of 40 cubic feet, or by the "load" of 50 cubic feet; determined by the string or caliper measure, the latter being a disadvantage to the buyer of from 4 to 9 per cent. LOG MEASUREMENTS. The rules in use for the reduction of round logs or timber to cubic feet or to feet board measure are numerous, but those given below are among the principal ones in use. The "string" or "caliper" meas- ure is in use in England or in ports which export to the English market. The Doyle rule is the most generally in use in the United States, having largely superseded the Scribner. The Lumberman's " Favorite" is a rule which, avoiding the inconsistencies of the others, has increased in popularity within a few years past. The Cumberland river rule' is used in the section indi- LUMBER AND TIMBER MEASUREMENTS. 201 cated by its name, and the principal market is Nashville, Tenn. CUSTOM HOUSE CALIPER MEASURE. This rule is as follows: The mean diameter (in inches) squared, multiplied by the length ol the log (in feet), divided by 183. The quotient is the cubic contents. LIVERPOOL STRING MEASUREMENT. Rule. — One quarter of the mean circumference of the log (in inches) squared, multiplied by the length of the log (in feet). As practiced in New York a fine cord is passed around the center of the log, making allowance for bark; the cord is then doubled twice, giving one-fourth the girth. The length of the log is taken to the even foot, rejecting all fractions, and the girth to % inch. The contents are computed to the even foot in soft woods, and to the half foot in hardwoods. Pitch Pine being included in the latter. By English custom the mean circumference is the mean between the greatest and least girths. Example: A log 30 feet long. Allowing for bark, the girth at the top is 44 inches; at the bottom is 54 inches. The sum of the two is 98 inches, making the mean girth 49 inches. One- fourth of that is 12% inches, or 1 foot and V^ inch. Multiplied by itself and then multiplied by the length, 30 feet, the product is 31% cubic feet, the contents of the log. 202 LUMBER AND TIMBER MEASUREMENTS. CUMBERLAND RIVER LOG SCALE. Showing the number of feet in any straight and perfect log, from 10 to 18 feet long, and from 15 to 54- inches in diameter. Tt in Arst column indicates length. DIAMETERS. I. 15 16 17 18 19 80 31 83 33 34 10 67 76 86 96 107 118 131 143 156 171 13 80 91 103 115 128 142 157 172 187 205 14 93 106 120 134 149 166 .83 201 218 239 16 107 121 137 153 171 180 209 229 243 273 18 120 136 154 172 192 213 335 258 280 307 DIAMETERS. li 35 36 37 38 39 30 31 33 33 34 10 185 199 216 233 250 267 285 303 323 343 12 2 2 239 259 279 300 320 343 364 387 411 14 259 279 302 325 350 373 399 425 451 479 16 296 319 345 372 400 427 455 485 516 548 18- 333 360 390 420 450 480 513 546 580 517 DIAMETERS. li 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 43 43 44 10 363 384 404 427 451 474 498 523 548 573 13 435 460 485 512 541 569 598 657 657 687 14 507 536 566 599 631 664 698 731 766 802 16 580 613 617 683 721 759 800 336 876 916 18 652 690 928 768 811 853 900 941 DIAMETERS. I. 45 46 627 752 877 47 48 49 50 51 53 53 54 10 13 14 16 600 720 840 654 785 916 682 819 955 712 854 996 742 880 1037 771 925 1079 800 960 1122 829 995 1165 864 1037 1210 18 LUMBER AND TIMBER MEASUREMENTS. 203 LOG SCALING. The first thing a log scaler determines is the length of the log, then its quality or grade, ^?vhich must be deter- mined by the defects visible to the eye. These consist of crooks, knots, punks, hollows, etc. Looking at both ends of the log he ascertains whether there is any hollow, or ring rot, and if the butt is free from shake. Having settled these points, he lays his rule on the narrowest diameter of the small end of the log. If it is crooked, he takes his diameter (always inside the bark) from a point which allows the saw to pass through the log, fully re- moving the slab. If the butt is hollow, he adds 3 inches to the diameter of the hollow, multiplies the size by itself, and deducts from the gross measurement. If it is a shaky log he alloAvs for that in determining the quality. If it has not been properly square butted, he makes a memorandum so that the expense of butting can be charged to the seller, or logger, unless in the bar- gain he is instructed to deduct enough from the measure- ment to cover the cost. A log cannot be considered merchantable until it is fully prepared for market. If it is very knotty, he lowers its grade accordingly, if he is grading in quality. If the knots are large, black or rot- ten, he is to determine the class in which the log belongs by the damage caused by the defects. If the defect is ring rot, he should take no account of the log at all, as it is not worth the expense of handling, in a majority of cases. If a log is less than 24 feet long, it should be measured at the end; over that length it is usually meas- ured in the middle by calipers. In very long timber it is sometimes customary to measure at lengths of 12, 14 or 16 feet; this, however, is a matter of agreement between buyer and seller. Dead timber is always measured inside the decayed or black-stained sap. In many hardwood sections the sap is always excluded from the diameter of the log. Bright sap in Pine, Hemlock, Poplar, White- w^ood,Basswood and Spruceis always measured. Diam- eters are always to be taken inside of the bark the smallest way of the smallest end of the log. 204 LOG MEASUREMENTS. CLASSIFICATION OF LOGS AND RULES OF MEASURE- MENTS. Adopted by I^tttnbertnan's Exchange of Nashville, Teiui. Poplar IfOgS shall be graded as follows, and desig- nated as No. 1, No. 2, No. 3 and Cull. No. I shall be 30 inches and upwards in diameter, and fresh cut, green, straight, and free from knots, wind- shakes and other defects. No. 2 shall be 27 to 29 inches, inclusive, in diameter, and fresh cut, green, and of the same description as No. 1; or logs 30 inches and up in diameter, that have one to three small solid knots. No. 3 shall be 24 to 26 inches, inclusive, in diameter, fresh cut, green, and of the same description as No. 1, or logs 27 to 29 inches, inclusive, in diameter, that may have one to three knots. Ctlll shall embrace any log not filling the above de- scriptions. All logs shall be cut full length. The following rules shall govern all measurements for defects in Poplar: For a hollow log, two-thirds of the diameter of the hollow in inches shall be deducted from the diameter of the log, and the hollow shall be measured the long way. Old poplar logs — that is, logs thathave been held over from one season, or logs with the sap damaged or dis- colored—shall have four inches deducted from the dia- meter of the log. All logs shall be measured at both ends. Where there is a variation of 1 inch in the diameter, the least end shall be taken as the measurement of the log. If a vari- ation of 2 inches, the number of inches shall be divided; if 3 inches the number of inches shall be divided as if only 2. If4 inches, the diameter shall be divided, but if the difference exeede 4 inches, it shall be divided as if only 4 inches. LOG MEASUREMENTS. 205 When a log is "edged" it shall be measured the flat ■way. All crotch or forked logs shall be cut off sufficient to clear the crotch or fork. All crooked logs shall be classed as Cull logs unless sufficient deductions are made for straightening. Spikes. — Sellers of logs will be held responsible for damages resulting from spikes or pieces of iron in logs. Brands. — All logs should be branded before being brought to market. Brands defaced or changed subjects perpetrator to prosecution. 206 LOG MEASUREMENTS. 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Synopsis of Doyle's Log Rules- :di j^L ivEETEiL o:f 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 12 27 37 48 61 75 91 108 126 147 14 32 43 56 71 88 106 126 144 171 16 36 49 64 81 100 121 144 169 196 18 41 55 72 91 112 136 162 190 220 20 46 61 80 101 125 151 180 211 244 ii2 f.O 67 88 111 137 166 198 232 269 24: 54 74 96 122 150 181 216 254 294 26 59 80 104 132 3 63 196 234 274 318 28 63 86 112 142 175 212 252 296 342 SO 68 92 120 152 188 226 270 316 868 X)I-a.:m:etei2, of 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 12 469 5o7 547 588 631 675 721 768 817 867 h 14 547 591 638 686 736 787 841 896 953 1011 H 16 625 676 729 784 842 900 961 1024 10^9 1156 18 703 761 820 882 946 1012 1081 1152 1225 1300 li; 20 22 782 845 912 980 1052 1125 120'i 1280 1361 1446 b 860 930 1004 1070 1156 1238 1322 1408 (!) 24 26 938 1014 1094 1176 1262 1350 1442 1536 1016 1098 1184 1274 1368 1462 1562 1664 28 1094 1182 1276 1372 1472 1574 1682 179>' 30 1172 1266 1366 1470 1578 1688 1802 1920 1 LOG MEASUREMENTS. 209 Synopsis of Doicle's Log Rule. I,OC3- IlSr IlsTCHES. 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 169 192 217 243 271 300 331 363 397 432 12 197 224 253 283 313 350 386 433 463 504 14 225 256 289 324 359 400 441 484 530 576 16 253 288 325 364 406 450 496 544 596 648 18 280 320 361 404 452 500 550 605 Qial 720 20 309 352 397 445 496 550 605 665 726 792 22 338 384 433 486 541 600 662 726 794 864 24 366 416 470 526 586 650 7)6 786 860 9S6 26 394 448 506 566 626 700 772 866 926 1008 28 422 480 542 606 672 750 82C 9C0 9J- 1080 30 liOG- 13^ IliTCIIES. 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 910 972 1027 1083 1141 1200 1261 1323 1387 1452 12 1070 1134 1198 1264 1331 1400 1471 1544 1618 1694 14 1225 1296 1369 1444 1521 1600 1681 1764 1849 1936 16 1379 1458 1541 1625 1711 18(10 1891 1985 2080 2178 18 1530 1620 1712 1805 20 22 24 26 28 t 30 210 LOG MEASUREMENTS. D K o o hJ m w pq O C/D \^ O Oh O z >^ CO TH ^ 1** CO CO 0) ( 9i 0^ 05 t> 00 in CD CO - in 01 t> 00 to t> 05 CO Tjl o o in 01 CD in in CO 00 00 © C in 9* O 05 in CD in CO CO © 00 00 © (0 Ml CO O CO CO CO o in in o in in in in © © © HI H H (I) hi 9t CO 00 CO CO i> CO © t> 00 in © © in 9* I—I 05 CO CO CD CO 00 © © © in 9i CO © CO 01 CO © 00 CO 00 © in 9* o in o 00 in CO © m CO in CO c 01 -5- |i| n O CO O o o t> © © CO © CO © © CO 1^ o CO H CO CO o © CO 05 © CO H P 05 CO r-t CD »n 00 iH CO o "01 CO in in 00 ?1 to 05 05 CO 05 in 00 iH 00 05 iH 00 DC CO to © CO 00 1-t © © 1-1 -<* 1-1 CO o o .H 05 CO IH in iH *5 CO t> in 00 05 05 © 0^ CO © 9* 05 05 CD 05 00 00 00 05 00 © r-t 00 rH 9> ^ ti to 00 1^ 9* 9i 9* 'JiiiK noL-DiiTan: •* to 05 9i 9) 9* 9> ^ "* © "0 © © 00 '^ r-l in © © © in 00 © © 01 01 01 iH © © CO 1-1 in in 9> t> © in t> CO CO rH r-t r-t in © © rx in © CO rH 1-f f-t r-t rH CO rH © © rH « ■* © © CO in © © 01 iH in CO r-t in © in iH H H (!) hi C5 © 00 © 00 © © 01 r-t tH © © Ol r-t © © r-t ffo © 00 00 © 00 © © r-t © 01 H in CO CO rH t> r-l © © © 01 © >H 00 in r-t r-t t> OD 01 r-t to © © t> © 00 CO 01 © 00 CO © r-t 01 in r-t r-t 00 © 01 r-t © a CO r-t ^ H to in © © © CO CO in 00 © in © © rH 01 r-t r-t CO r-t H eo © © © © © 00 © © © © © © r-t r-t r-t © © 01 r-t »5 00 00 in © 00 © 00 t> 01 00 GO © 00 © 00 © r-t © r-t 9> in in © © CO t> 00 01 00 © 01 © 01 1-t o r-t O r-t r-t CO in 01 © © I— 1 © © l> 00 00 © ffi in © © r-l ^5 © in o in in © © CO r-t 01 00 © © © © C5 9^ in CO CO in © © © in 00 © r-t © t> 00 00 00 T-t © 06 © CO © © in 01 00 in in © 00 01 © © 00 CO 00 9* to TH to 9) 9* rH "x.a: njL-DJ^an: SHINGLE MANUFACTURE. 211 SHINGLE MANUFACTURE. The manuiacture of shingles is practically the same in all sections of the country, and comprises the two classes of breasted, usually spoken of as shaved, and sawed shingles. Breasted or shaved shingles are, in white pine, usually 18 inches in length, the standard thickness being five shingles to 2V2 inches in thickness at the butt, and 1-16 inch at the point. Sometimes, though of late but sel- dom, they are made a full half inch thick at the butt. In some markets, notably as we go south, we find some white pine shingles 24 inches long, with butts of % and points of 1/8 inch. The cypress and cedar shingles of Virginia and further south are largely of 20, 24 and 30 inches length by i/2-inch butt. A breasted shingle should be of full length, with square ends, even thickness of butt, and uniform points, with no clips at the point. The dressing or breasting should be perfectly smooth, as though planed, and free from ridges or grooves. Nothing less than a standard shingle 4 inches wide should be packed in the bunch, although an occasional 3-inch is not criticised. The edges should be perfectly square, unless, as practiced by some first- class makers, they are uniformly beveled so that one edge will fit the next with a partial overlay. Breasted shingles are usually packed in bunches of 500, or two bunches to the thousand, the bunches being packed 24 inches wide (six shingles) by 42 courses at each end. Cypress and other extra length shingles are packed in round bunches of 100 shingles each. Clipped and imperfectly breasted shingles are classed as No. 2, or Common. Shaved shingles of less than 7-1 6 butt must be uniform and nice to be admitted to the brand of No. 1, or Extra. Sawed shingles are manufactured at dliferent points, of different sizes. Michigan produces for the eastern and southern trade nothing but 18-inch shingles, while the Chicago and western trade demands only 16-inch shingles. Some markets use 14-inch and even 12-inch lengths. 212 SHINGLE MANUFACTURE. The best sawed shingles are made from split quartered white pine, although the practice of quartering with a saw is an extended one. In the hands of an inexperienced sawyer a sawed block will often be made to turn out bastard shingles, which are objectionable and, in fact, worthless upon a roof. Shingles should alwa^^s be sawed with, and not across, the grain. The inspection of shingles of all lengths is the same. Eighteen-inch are al- ways sawed 5 to 2^ inches at the butt, 1-16 points, ex- cept on special orders for cuts of 5 to 2 inches. Sixteen- inch shingles are cut 5 to 2 inches at the butt, with 1-16- inch points. There are so many designations given to shingles by various manufacturers that it would be impolitic to give anythiner but standard classifications. Strictly first-class shingles are always entitled to a brand of XXX, and in bunches so marked should be found only shingles of full length, full thickness and uniform points, free from all rot, shake, sap, knots, worm-holes, bas- tards or defects of any nature. They should be packed in uniform bunches of 250 shingles, 4 inches wide always being a standard shingle. All shingles, the manufacturers of which have adopted fancy brands, such as "Star," "Extra," etc., should come up to the standard given for XXX. No shingle should be packed in a bunch of No. 2 shin- gles which is not free from all defects, sap included, to such extent that the shingle is perfect for at least 6 inches from the butt, and the defects from that to the point must be of a character which will forbid the pas- sage of water through the shingles. These are by some makers branded ' ' 6-inch Clear, ' ' while a brand of " 10-inch Clear," or "12-inch Clear," denotes a shingle free from defects for the length indicated, measuring from the butt. As a rule, no shingles can be considered marketable which will not lay 5 inches to the weather in 18 inches, and 4 inches to the weather in 16 inches, without show- ing defects at the butt. Eighteen-inch XXX are usually laid 6 inches to the weather, and 16-inch XXX are laid from 4V2 to 5 inches to the weather. It is not uncommon, however, to pack the coarse shin- gles in bunches marked No. 2, where the brands of XXX SHINGLE MANUFACTURE. 213 for the best, and X or XX for the clear butts, are adopted. In connection -with the brand "A" largely in Yogue in the west, "Choice A" is the equivalent o f XXX, and is better than "Standard A," only in some minor re- spects more fictitious than real, for anything which de- serves the name standard is supposed in shingles to mean the best, and custom of many years' standing has decreed that XXX shall always be a standard or choice shingle. "Shaded A" may represent a clear butt of 6, 10 or 12 inches, but if the grade is below XXX, be it so called, or be it known as choice or standard, it is a No. 2, and its value can be fixed only by knowing to what extent the manufacturer looked upon defects as admissible in pack- ing. The main defects in shingles of any length may be summed up as follows: Bad sawing, the butts not run- ning of even thickness, and the points being clipped or feathered; bastard sawing, by w^hich the grain of the timber runs across the shingles in circles instead of straight with the length; bad jointing, so that one end is wider than the other, or by leaving sap, no matter how slight, or any other defects upon a XXX shingle or its equivalent by any name; bad packing, leaving open spaces between the shingles; putting shingles that are defective in a bunch of XXX; allowing sap streaks, small knots, shake, rot, bad jointing, clips, or shingles sawed thinner or thicker than their mates, in a bunch along side with them; packing shingles narrow^er than 3 inches, or a large number of that width in a bunch; mix- ing in hard, glassy timber, doty timber, w^orm-eaten or discolored shingles. No brand of shingles need hope to obtain a good reputation in any market v^here the sort- ing and packing has not been as carefully performed as it would be if the buyer stood by the packing frame and inspected each shingle separately. Manuiacturers can- not too strongly impress upon their packers the fact that every shingle in a bunch must be, and is, by the brand, considered as warranted to be perfect in the grade in which it is packed, and nothing will so soon take a half dollar off the price of a lot of shingles as the finding of three or fourdefective pieces in a bunch. When a roof is 214 SHINGLE MANUFACTURE. shingled, there should not be found a single discarded shingle among the debris, and when a manufacturer brands his shingles with any of the marks denoting the highest grade, it is understood by the brand that every shingle is perfect. A word to mill men on sawing. Never allow a wood butcher to handle a shingle saw; he will spoil more shingles and damage your reputation more than you can estimate. Discard your shingle saw and have it reground as soon as it w^ears to fourteen gage, unless you prefer to cut your timber into sawdust rather than shingles. The thinner saw you can use the more profit in timber. It pays to get first-class drag saw machinery and sawyers, as well as first-class shingle sawyers — a poor hand is dear, even if he works for nothing and boards himself. A jointer can make a difference of one- third the day's cut by putting the timber in the shaving heap, or by using judgment and trimming only so much as is needed, but always doing that. If you have more than two packers it will pay to keep an assorter to help and to watch them. Weights of shingles differ according to the character and specific gravity of the timber from which they are cut. In ordinary white pine a car load of 22,000 pounds of green shingles will be about as follows: 18-inch, Green 52,000 to 55,000 18 " Dry 60,000 " 65,000 16 " Green 60,000 " 65,000 16 " Dry 70,000 " 75,000 The above for an average. The writer has loaded 90,- 000 18-inch shaved shingles, five butts to 2V4, inches, shingles one year old, seasoned undercover, on a 10-ton rate. One thousand shingles should lay one square, or a space of 10 feet by 10 feet. MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 215 MISCELLANEOUS INFOR- MATION. SEASONING AND SHRINKING OF TIMBER. Were the properties of timber investigated with the same care and research bestowed upon metals, it would be found that there is even a greater variation in them. A majority of the varieties of wood owe their commercial value to two particular characteristics: beauty of grain and susceptibiHty to polish. The strength of a piece of timber depends upon the part of the tree from which it is taken. Up to a certain age the heart of the tree is best; after that period it begins to fail gradually. The ash, beech, elm and fir are generally considered at their best when from 70 to 80 years' growth, and the oak is seldom at its best in less than 100 years; much, however, depending on surround- ing circumstances. As a rule, trees should not be cut before arriving at maturity, iDccause there is then too much sap-wood, which is the worst part, being softer and more liable to decay. The strength of many woods is nearly doubled by the process of seasoning; hence timber usedan its green state is not only weak, but is exposed to continual change of bulk, form and stability. Wood will always warp after a fresh surface has been exposed, and will change its form by the presence of moisture. The effect of moisture on dry wood is to cause the tubular fibers to swell; henceif aboard be wet upon one side, the fibers there will be distended, and it will bend. The natural law^ that governs the shrinkage or contraction of timber is most important to practical men, but is too often overlooked. The amount of the shrinkage of timber in length, when seasoning, is so inconsiderable that it may in practice be disregarded (except in the redwood of the Pacific slope, which is said to shrink only in length), but the shrinkage in transverse directions is much greater, and presents some peculiarities which can only be ex- 216 MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. plained by examining the structure of thewood as result- ing from its mode of growth. An examination of the end section of any exogenous tree, such as beech or oak, will show the general arrange- ment of its structure. It consists of a mass of longitud- inal fibrous tubes, arranged in irregular circles, which are bound together by means of radial plates or rays, which have been variously named; they are the "silver grain" of the carpenter, or the ' 'medullary raj^s "of the botanist, and are in reality the same as the pith. The radial direction of these plates or rays and the longi- tudinal disposition of the woody fiber, must be consid- ered in order to understand the action of seasoning; for the lateral contraction or collapsing of the longitudinal fibrous or tubular part of the structure cannot take place without first tearing the medullary rays, hence the shrinking of the wooden bundles findsrelief by splitting the timber in radial lines fi'om the center, parallel with the medullary rays, thereby enabling the tree to main- tain its full diameter. If the entire mass of tubular fiber composing the tree w^ere to contract bodily, then the medullary rays would of necessity have to be crushed in the radial direction to enable it to take place, and the timber would thus be as much injured in proportion as would be the case in crushing the wood in a longitudinal direction. If an oak or beech tree is cut into four quarters by passing the saw twice through the center at right angles before the splitting and contracting has commenced, the lines forming the angle of each quarter will be of the same length and at right angles to each other, or, in technical language, square; but after storage in a dry place for a year, a great change will be found to have taken place, both in the form and in the dimensions of the pieces. The lines upon the two flat surfaces will still be of the same length as before, but the exterior diame- ter of the quarter circle will have contracted very con- siderably, and the two face lines will not be at right an- gles to each other by reason of the collapsing of the ver- tical fibers, while the medullary rays will have been brought closer. Supposing the log to be sawed into five pieces of MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 217 plank, let us consider the action of the various pieces as shown in the diagram, Fig. 1. After seasoning and con- tracting, it will be found that the middle of the center plank still retains the original thickness, from the resist- ance of the medullary rays, while the thickness will be gradually reduced toward the edges for want of support, and the entire breadth of the plank will be the same as it was at first. If, then, we take the planks at each side of the center, by the same law their change and behavior riG.t will be quite different. They will still retain their origi- nal thickness in the center, but will be a little reduced on each edge throughout. But the side next to the heart of the tree will be pulled round or bent convex, w^hile the outside will be the reverse, or hollow, and the plank will be considerably narrower throughout its entire length, more especially on the surface of the hollow side. Select- ing the next two planks, they will be found to have lost none of their thickness at the center, and very little of their thickness at the edges, but very much of their breadth, and will be curved round on the heart side and made hollow on the outside. Suppose some of these planks to be cut into square prisms when in the green state; the shape that these prisms will assume after a period of seasoning will entirely depend upon the part of the tree to which they belonged, the greatest alteration being perpendicular to the medullary rays. Then, if the 318 MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. square was originally near the outside, as shown by the black border lines in Fig. 2, the effect will be a contrac- tion, as shown by the inside lines. Alter a year or two the square end of the prism will become rhomboidal. By understanding this natural law, it is comparatively easy to predict the future behavior of a board or plank by carefully examining the end wood, in order to ascertain the part of the log from which it has been cut, as shown by the angle of the ring growths and the medullary ray s. If the stick of sawed timber be cut so as to leave the heart in or near the center, it will season square in form Fig, 2. Pig. 3. but the end will show a fracture of the medullary rays, commonly spoken of as season checking, as illustrated in Fig. 3. Here the contrast between the rhomboidal sea- soning of the sticks sawed from the outside diameter of a log, and that in which the heart is left, is made quite plain. All sawyers who have been puzzled with the warping of logs upon the mill carriage will in this sever- ance of the medullary rays find an explanation of the phenomenon, which is less marked in soft timber than in the closer grain of southern and norway pine, or of oak, beech and other hardwoods. QUARTER AND BASTARD SAWING. Quarter-sawing and rift-sawing are the same. To se- cure the minimum of shrinkage or warp, a board must be rift-sawed, which means cutting the medullary rays MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 219 at right angles with the circles of growth. Quartered oak is simply rilt-sawed, the designation "quartered" arising from the common method of first cutting the log into quarters, and then cutting the quarters as shown in Fig. 1 of the following diagrams. The lines a, Z>,c, dare Fig. 2 those upon which the log is supposed to be quartered. The circles represent the concentric rings of the tree's growth. The straight lines across the upper half of the log, B, show the ordinary method of slicing it up into boards with a circular or gang. Wherever the cut of the saw crosses the circles at right angles, or nearly so, that much of the board is rift-sawed; when it runs nearly parallel with them it exposes the grain, and is what is rather inelegantly termed bastard. The board nearest the middle, gg, will be almost a perfectly rift-cut piece, while the fourth one from it toward the outside will be just about half rift and half bastard. Supposing the lower quarter. A, to be cut out from the log, the common and most simple method of quarter-sawing it is to make the cuts, as shown by the straight lines which cross the concentric rings at sufficiently near right angles for making good flooring. Each piece, however, will have a bevel edge as shown, which must, of course, be squared bytheedger. Special arrangements of mill carriage and head blocks are in use for rift-sawing when great accu- racy is desired. 220 MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. The metliod of bastard-sawing is illustrated in Fig. 2. It simply consists of so turning the log upon the carriage as to expose the grain as much as possible. The dia- gram only shows cuts that would make an ordinary cant of the piece, but the judgment of the sawyer must be exercised to so turn the log as will make its form square, octagon or hectagon, as may be best to expose instead of cut across the grain, and allow its curve to show in the center of the board. Both of thes€ methods of sawing, as will be seen, are wasteful to the timber, a matter that cannot be well avoided. Judicious bastard- sawing in certain kinds of wood, such as oak or ash, Fig, 3. Bastard Sawed. Fig. 4. Rift Sawed. develops some very beautiful grain effects, and for orna- mental finishing purposes enhances the value of the wood to as great or even a greater degree than by rift- sawing it, as the latter is mainly required where the stuff is to w^ithstand continuous wear, as in the case of flooring, or is to fill a place w^here it must neither shrink nor warp, as in the case of sounding or reed boards in musical instruments. The appearance of pieces of lum- ber cut rift and bastard may be seen in Figs. 3 and 4. If laid in a floor Fig. 3 will wear rapidly and unevenly, and always have a tendency to sliver, while Fig. 4, having the ends of the grain exposed to receive the wear, will MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 231 greatly outlast it, wear more evenly and present a much better appearance. On the other hand, as the panel to a desk or other piece of furniture, Fig. 3 would be much more handsome than the other. The methods of quarter-sawing, adopted and cham- FiG. 5. pioned by experienced sawyers, are numerous, but the tollowmg are some of the most approved plans. It should be remembered that the variety of timber and also the purpose for which the product is to be used de- termmes what is and what is not practical and practic- able quarter-sawing. In oak and similar woods, where 232 MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. it is desired to show as mucli as possible the typical figure produced by quarter-sawing, the line of sawing should be almost directly between the heart and the out- side of the log. The same is necessarj^ where the purpose is to avoid warping, as in material for wide panels, table tops, etc. The difficulty in this method of cutting is that almost every piece has a beveled edge and has to be run through an edger. The product is also of all widths. Where, however, mere resistance to wear is required, without regard to beauty of grain, and also where the piece is to be securely fastened in place, much less atten- tion need be paid to an exact rift-sawing. In flooring, for example, it is sufficient if the annual layers of growth be cut across at an angle of, say, 45 degrees, or even less. Thus the cant need be turned much less frequently on the carriage than when genuine quarter-sawing is re- quired. One of the most popular methods of rift-sawing in hardwoods is as follows: Halve the log, put one-half back on the log deck, and place the other with the half- FiG. 6. round on the carriage and against the knees, with the sawed surface sloping down from the top of the knees to- ward the saw at an angle of 45 degrees. Gut off boards until the heart is reached, then turn down the side against the knees until the last surface cut is at an angle of 45 degrees, and cut as before. Turn dowm agam m MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 333 the same direction another eighth turn, and repeat. Thus each half of the log takes four positions. This method requires for its most convenient application an under dog, but good work is often done by the careful use of a wedge under the log. In this method the whole log is reduced to lumber which is all pretty close to the true rift-sawed, but the waste in edging is great. In the method illustrated by the diagrams, Figs. 5, 6 and 7, the whole contents of the log are more nearly utilized. The larger diagram shows the preliminary work. The two smaller ones show how the different parts are to be treated. The different steps are as fol- lows: First, take off eight slabs, reducing the log to an octagon. Second, cut on the lines 1, 2, 3 and 4 in the order given, leaving a heart piece which may be 6x6, as shown in the first diagram, or 4x4. Third, cut the piece D, as shown. Fourth, cut the piece A , as shown in the second diagram. This piece, somewhat less than one-half the log, requires three turn- ings. Fifth, saw the parts B and C, which are alike in size and shape, as indicated by the lines in diagram, Fig. 7. It will be ob- served that the wedge-shaped pieces may be converted into 2x4 's, or larger. Too little attention has been paid to quarter-saw- ing yellow and norway pine flooring, but as an exact quartering is not necessary, the process is com- paratively simple and inexpensive. The Barney & Smith Manufacturing Company, of Dayton, Ohio, who also furnished the preceding plan, recommends the method illustrated by the engraving. Fig. 8. First, square the log, 8-inch face heart. Then saw hues 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, after which rip up the cants A and B together. This plan is particularly adapted to gang mills. All the lum- ber inside the circle indicating the heart-wood is near enough a true quarter-sawing for flooring. Fig. 7. 224 MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. A modification of this design is shown in Pig. 9, the only diiference being that a square piece is left inclosing the heart. Either of the methods outlined in Figs. 8 and 9 is, as stated above, especially adapted to mills using gangs. Fig, 8. If two gangs are in use, part of the saws can be taken out of one of them, leaving blades at the center and sides of the frame, to cut in Fig. 8 the numbered lines and those parallel to them. Then the cants A and B may be sent to the second gang to be ripped up together. In MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 225 mills where there is no gang the two large cants pro- duced by either method maj^ be placed on the carriage, the one on top of the other, and sawed together, Fig. 9. 226 STATE LAWS. STATE LAWS. Concerning J^og lViens> Personal Property IViens, Inspect- ors and Measurers, River Driving, Boom Companies, I*og Marks, Damage and I^arceny, Btc, Condensed from tlie Statutes and Arranged Alphabetically by States. ALABAMA. DAMAGE TO LOGS. 3862. — Any person who, without authority of the owner, cuts loose and sets adrift any log or timber fastened to the bank of any navigable stream, or who runs or floats any log or timber of another into any creek, bayou, lagoon or lake, with the intention of concealing or appropriating the same, must, on conviction, be fined not less than $100 nor more than $200, and may also be imprisoned in the county jail or sen- tenced to hard labor for the county not more than one vear. SELLING FLOATING LOGS UNLAWFULLY. 3863. — Any person who takes up any floating logs or timber which are branded or marked, and sells or disposes of the same w^ithout the consent of the owner or his agent, and without a compliance with the law touching the salvage of the property taken adrift, must, on conviction, be fined not less than $100 nor more than $200, and may also be imprisoned in the county jail or sentenced to hard labor for the county not more than one j^ear. 3964. — Any person who conceals, destroys, injures, obliter- ates or defaces any mark upon, or sells or disposes of, or car- ries beyond the state, any property taken up adrift before the expiration of the time allowed for the owner to prove his property, must, on conviction, be fined not less than $100. PERSONAL PROPERTY LIEN. 3049. — Anv blacksmith, wood workman or other mechanic who contributes his labor and material, or either, to the pro- duction, manufacture or repair of any vehicle, implement, ma- chine or article of any kind, shall have a lien thereon in the hands of a party for whom such vehicle, implement or article was made or repaired, or to whom sold, and in the hands of a purchaser, with notice of such lien, for the value of the labor and material, or either, contributed to the production, manu- facture or repair of the same. Here follow details regarding attachments, notice, joinder of parties, etc. 3053.— Proceedings for the inforcement of any lien created by the provisions of this chapter must be commenced within six months after the demand becomes due, and unless com- menced within that time, the lien is lost. STATE LAWS. 337 ARIZONA. FRAUDULENT USE OF LOG MARKS. Every person who cuts out, alters or defaces any mark made upon any log, lumber or wood, or puts a false mark thereon, with intention to prevent the owner from discovering its identity^ is guiltv of a misdemeanor. DAMAGE TO LUMBER. Every person who shall wilfully and maliciously burn, injure or destroy any pile or raft of wood, plank, boards or other lumber or' any part thereof, or cut loose or set adrift any such raft or part therof; or shall cut, break, injure, sink or set adrift any boat, canoe, skiff or other vessel or w^ater craft, being the property of another, shall, on conviction thereof, be punished by fine not exceeding $500, or imprisoned in the county jail not exceeding six months. INJURY TO DAMS, ETC. EverjT person who shall wilfully and maliciously cut, break, injure or destroy any bridge, mill dam, canal, flume, aqueduct, reservoir or other structure erected to create hy- draulic pow^er, or to conduct -water for mining, manufacturing or agricultural purposes, or any embankment necessary to the same, or either of them," or shall wilfully and maliciously make or cause to be made any aperture in such dam, canal flume, reservoir, embankment or structure, w^ith intent to in- jure or destroy the same, shall, on conviction thereof, be fined in any sum not more than $1,000, or imprisonment at hard labor in the territorial prison not more than two years, or by such fine and imprisonment. PERSONAL PROPERTY LIEN. Any mechanic or artisan who shall make, alter or repair any article of personal property, at therequestof the owner or legal possessor of such property, shall have a lien on such property so made, altered or repaired, for his just and reasonable charges for his work done and materials furnished, and may hold and retain possession of the same until such just and reasonable charges shall be paid; and if not paid within the space of two months after the work shall be done, such me- Aianic, artisan or laborer may proceed to sell property by him so made, altered or repaired, at public auction, giving 20 days' notice of such sale, by advertisements in some newspaper pub- lished in the county in which the work may be done, or if there is no such newspaper, then by posting up notice of such sale in three of the most public places in the town or township where such work was done, and the proceeds of such sale shall be applied, first, to the discharge of such lien and the costs and expenses of keeping and selling such property, and the re- mainder, if any, shall be paid over to the owner thereof. Nothing contained in this act shall be deemed to apply to or affect any lien hereinbefore acquired. 238 STATE LAWS. ARKANSAS. DAMAGE TO LUMBER. 1666. — It any person shall wilfully and maliciously bum, in- jure or destroy any pile or raft of wood, plank, boards or other lumber, or any part thereof; or cut loose or set adrift any siich raft or part thereof; or shall cut loose, break, injure or sink or set adrift any canoe, skiff, boat or vessel, being the property of another, he shall be adjudged guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction shall be punished as in cases of larceny. INJURY TO DAMS, ETC. 1667. — Every person -who shall wilfully and maliciously cut down, break, injure or destroy any bridge or mill dam, or other dam, or levee, erected or constructed to create hydraulic pow^er or to prevent the overflow of lands, or any embank- ment necessary to support such dam or levee; or shall make or cause to be made any aperture in such dam or embankment, w^ith intent to destroy or injure the same, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction shall be fined in any sum not exceeding $5,000. MALICIOUS MISCHIEF, TRESPASS AND INJURY TO PROPERTY. 1658. — Every person w^ho shall wilfully commit any tres- pass by cutting down or destroying any kind of wood or tim- ber standing or growing upon the lands of any other person, or carry away any kind of wood or timber that may have been cut down, and that may be lying on such land, or shall maliciouslv cut down, lop, girdle or otherwise injure any fruit, ornamental or shade tree, or maliciously sever from the freehold any produce thereof, or anything attached thereto, shall, upon conviction, be adjudged guilty of a misdemeanor, and be fined in any sum not less than $50. As to repeal of this clause by implication, see sections 1659, 1660-1662. ±Q59, — Any person who shall, without lawful authority, wilfully and knowingly enter upon any land belonging to this state, or lands belonging to any corporation or person, and shall cut down or destroy, or cause to be cut down or de- stroved, any tree or trees standing thereon of the value of more than $10, or any person who shall induce, assist, aid or abet any other person so to do, shall be deemed guilt5^ of a felonv and shall, upon conviction, be punished by imprison- ment at hard labor in the state penitentiary not more than two years. , .. , / -, 1660 —Any person who shall take and carry away any trees or parts thereof, or any logs, timber, lumber, staves or shingles cut from such lands, with intent to convert the same to his own use or the use of his employer or principal, of the value of more than $10, shall be deemed guilty of felony, and shall be T3unished as provided in section 1659. 1661 —If the owner of any saw mill, stave mill or shmgle mill, or any person operating such mill, or if any person as ao-ent of anv person owning or operating any such mill, or it any person ks oflScer or agent of any corporation owning or STATE LAWS. 239 operating' any such mill, or if any other person shall, by him- self, his a^eut or servant, knowingly receive or purchase any trees, logs or timber, knowing the same to have been cut con- trary to the provisions of this act for the purpose of sawing or manufacturing the same into lumber, staves or shingles, or for the purpose of selling the same, of the value of more than $10, he shall be deemed guilty of a felony, and shall, upon conviction, be punished as provided in section 1659. 1664. — Every person who shall cut or carry away any tim- ber on any lands within five miles of Little Rock, on the south side of the Arkansas river, w^ithout permission or license from the owner or legal possessor of such lands, shall also be en- titled to sue and recover damages according to the laws here- tofore existing. INSPECTION OF TIMBER, LOG MARKS, RIVER DRIVING, ETC. 3849. — The commissioner of state lands shall be ex officio state timber inspector, 3853. — Said inspector is prohibited from purchasing any of the public lands, directly or indirectly, w^hether in his own name or in the name of any other person in trust for him; and for every tract or parcel of land purchased in violation thereof, he shall forfeit $250. 3854. — The state timber insijector may divide the state into such districts as he may deem best, and for each district, as well as for any specific purpose, may appoint one or more deputies, for whose conduct and fidelity in the discharge of their duties as such said inspector, shall be responsible upon his official bond; and said state timber inspector and his deputies shall have power and authority to administer oaths for any purpose relating to the duties of their office. 3855. — Said state inspector shall, in person or by deputy, at the request of any owner of logs, timber or lumber, after a scalement or measurement thereof, make a bill stating therein the number of logs, the number of feet (board measure) con- tained in such logs and lumber, and the number of feet, cubic, running or board measure, contained in said timber, and at whose request the same was scaled or measured, and to whom scaled or measured, a copy of which bill he shall enter upon the books of his office, to be provided by him and kept for that purpose, with the marks as they occui-red upon the logs. A correct bill of the same shall be given to such owner, with a certificate thereto attached that it is a true and correct bill, which bill, so certified, shall be presumptive evidence of the facts therein contained, and of the correctness of such scale- ment or measurement in all courts except in favor of the in- spector or deputy inspector w^ho made the same, 3856. — Said state timber inspector and his deputies shall, in surveying or measuring logs, make such allowance for hol- low, rotten or crooked logs as would make them equal to good, straight merchantable logs; and all logs that are straight and sound are to be measured at their full size, inside the bark at the small end; and all logs over 20 feet long, and not exceeding 36 feet, shall be scaled or measured as two logs allowing such rise from the first to the second log as the same may require, or as may seem proper in the opinion of the in- spector or his deputy. 230 STATE LAWS. 333S. — The Scribner rule shall be the standard rule for scal- ing- or measuring logs in the state, but other rules may be used at the request of the owner of logs; but in all such cases the bill of the inspector shall state by what rule the logs were scaled or measured. 3859. — Any owner of logs or timbers in this state may use thereon any mark not before recorded and used by a,ny other person, but shall leave mark with the inspector or his deputy, and the same shall be recorded in the office of the inspector, and the inspector's books shall be at all times open for the inspection of all persons. 3860. — No person shall use any mark or any logs or timber until the same shall have been recorded by him as aforesaid; and no person shall use any mark previously recorded and used by another, and no person shall mark any prize log. 3861. — All mortgages, liens, bill of sale or other written in- struments in any way affecting the o^vnership of any marked logs, w^hich shall specify the marks placed upon said logs, and w^hen they were cut, shall be recorded in the office of the state timber inspector. 3862.-*-All prize logs shall be divided between the owners in each district in proportion to the number of logs owned by each person or company respectively in each district; and prize logs are hereby defined to mean such logs as bear no mark or marks, and all logs bearing marks not recorded or claimed within one year after any general drive. 3863. — Any person with whose logs or timber, in any waters of this state, such prize logs or timber shall become so intermixed that they cannot be conveniently separated for the purpose of being floated to the market or place of manufact- ure, may drive all such logs or timber with which his own may be intermixed toward suchmarket or place, when no spe- cial or different provision is made by law for driving the same, and shall be entitled to reasonable compensation from the owner for driving such logs or timber, to be recovered after de- mand therefor on said owner or agent, if know^n; and he shall have a prior lien thereon until 30 days after they arrive at their place of destination, to enable him to attach the same; and if the owner thereof cannot be ascertained, the property shall be liable according to law, and enough disposed of to defray the expenses thereof. 3864. — Every person rafting logs on any of the rivers of this state shall have the marks thereon on the upper side of every log when rafted, open to view and inspection to all persons in- terested, and every person violating this section shall forfeit $1 for each log the mark of which shall not be so exposed, one-half to the \ise of the person prosecuting therefor, one- fourth to the state, and the other fourth to the prosecuting attorney. 3868. — Anj' person v,rho shall knov^ingly cut down, destroy or carry away any tree, timber, lumber, staves or shingles made therefrom, and ony person who shall aid or abet or as- sist any other person in so doing, and any person who shall purchase or receive any trees, timber, lumber, staves or shin- gles, knowing the same to have been cut contrary to the pro- visions of law, shall be jointlj^ and severally liable to the owner in double the value thereof. STATE LAWS. 231 4425. — Laborers who perform work and labor for any per- son under a written or verbal contract, if unpaid for the same, shall have an absolute lien on the production of their labor for such w^ork and labor. 4439. — Proceedings under this act shall be commenced within eight months after the work is done: Provided, that the employer may bring the laborer to settlement before a proper officer any time after the labor is performed by giving the laborer or his agent 10 days' notice. CALIFORNIA. 2389. — The word "timber" is used in this article to designate all timber, whether in logs, boards, planks or beams, and whether in rafts or otherwise, btit does not include the sort of wood commonly called driftwood. PRIYIIvEGES TO CONSTRUCT BOOMS. The board of supervisors of any of the counties of this state are hereby authorized and empowered to grant the privilege of constructing booms for the purpose of holding logs and timber to companies, corporations or individuals, and to pre- scribe the conditions on which the same shall be maintained, and the prices which may be charged for the use of the same, STRAY TIMBER. 2390. — Whenever any lumber drifts upon any island in any of the waters of this state, or upon the bank of any such water, the owner of the lumber may remove it on payment or tendering to the owner or occupant of the land the amount of the damages which he has sustained by reason thereof, and which may accrue in its removal; and if the parties cannot agree as to the amount of such damages, either party may have the same appraised by two disinterested citizens of the county, who may hear proofs and determine the same at the expense of the ow^ner of the lumber. 2391. — If the owner of such lumber does not, within three months from the time it was so drifted, take the same away, the owner or occupant of the land must deliver a bill of his charges and appraisement of damages, together w^ith the lum- ber, to the sheriff of the county, and thereafter the sheriff must dispose of the same as is required by Article IV of this chapter with regard to w^recked perishable property. 2392. — When sold, the proceeds of the lumber mu.st be ap- plied, first, to the payment of the charges of the sale, and in liquidation of the expenses and damages awarded to the per- son entitled thereto; and the residue must be paid to the county treasurer, to be by him paid over to the owner, or his representatives, or assigns, on the production of satisfactory proof of ownership to the judge of the supreme court of the courty, and on his order thereof, made within one year after its receipt. 2393. — The rejection of the judge of any claimant's right to such proceeds is conclusive, unless within six months there- 233 STATE l.AWS. after he commences action therefor. In case no claim is made or sustained to such proceeds, the same must, by the county- treasurer, be placed in the common school fund of the county. IMPROVEMENT OF STREAMS. 4085. — The board may provide for widening, deepening, straightening, removing obstructions from, and otherwise im- proving all streams within the county for use as public high- ways for rafting and floating lumber, w^hen such streams are not declared by law to be and are not in fact navigable for commercial purposes, and provide regulations for the use thereof, but no regulations of the board, nor improvements directed, may in any manner interfere w^ith the private rights or privileges of riparian owners, miners or others. DEFACING MARKS UPON LOGS, LUMBER OR WOOD. 356. — Every person w^ho cuts out, alters or defaces any mark made upon any log, lumber or wood, or puts a false mark thereon with intent to prevent the owner from discovering its identity, is guilty of a misdemeanor. PCRNING OR INJURING RAFTS. 608. — Every person w^ho w^ilfully and maliciously burns, in- jures or destroys any pile or raft of w^ood, plank, boards or other lumber, or any part thereof, or cuts loose or sets adrift any such raft or part thereof, or cuts, breaks, injures, sinks or sets adrift any vessel, the property of another, is punishable by a fine not exceeding $500, or by imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding six months, MALICIOUS INJURY TO SAW LOGS, ETC., FELONY. 1. — Every person w^ho maliciously drives into or places within any saw log, shingle bolt or other w^ood, any iron, steel or other substance sufficiently hard to injure saws, knowing that the said saw log, shingle bolt, or other wood is intended by the owner thereof to be manufactured into any kind of lumber, is guilty of a felony, and shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison not less than one nor more than five years. PERSONAL PROPERTY LIEN. 3052. — Any person who makes, alters or repairs any article of personal property at the request of the owner or legal pos- sessor of the property, has a lien on the same for his reasona- ble charges for work done and materials furnished, and may retain possession of the same until the charges are paid, if not paid within two months after the work is done, the person may proceed to sell the property at public auction by giving 10 days' public notice of the sale. COLORADO. PERSONAL PROPERTY LIEN. 2120. — Any mechanic or other person who shall make, alter, repair or bestow labor upon any article of personal property STATE LAWS. 233 for the improvement thereof, at the request of the owner of such personal property, or of the materiuls from which the same is made, shall in like manner have a lien upon such arti- cles of personal property tor his reasonable charges for the la- bor performed and materials furnished and used in such mak- ing, alteration, repair or improvement. CONNECTICUT. DAMAGE. Every person who shall wilfully or maliciously burn or oth- erwise destroy or injure any bridge lock, dam or flume, or any pile or parcel of w^ood, boards, timber or lumber of an- other, shall be imprisoned not more than seven years, or fined not more than $500. DELAWARE. LUMBER INSPECTOR FOR TOWN OF LAUREL. Annually, at the March session of the levy court and court of appeals in and for Sussex county, there shall be appointed by said court an inspector of lumber in and for the town of Laurel, Little Creek Hundred, Sussex countj'-, whose duty it shall be to measure and inspect the quality "and quantity of the lumber brought under his notice, and render his services w^henever and only when called by one or more of the con- tracting parties in a purchase or sale of lumber. MALICIOUS MISCHIEF. 5. — If any person shall wilfully and maliciotisly burn or set on fire any wheat or other grain, hay or straw, any boards, shingles or other lumber of another, he shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be fined not exceeding $1,000, shall stand one hour in the pillory, shall be imprisoned not ex- ceeding one year, and, in case of the destruction of private property, shall restore and pay to the owner thereof two-fold the value thereof; and if a fire so set to such wheat, grain or other property, or to any building, ship or vessel, shall spread , the person so setting the same on fire shall be deemed guilty of burning or setting on fire every dwelling house, ship, vessel, building or other property to which such fire shall extend. THE DAKOTAS. BOOM LAW. It shall be lawful for any person having logs or lumber in any stream navigable for water crafts in this territory, to boom such logs or lumber along the shore, and to secure the boom by means of piles driven in the stream, or by chains, ropes, timber or trave rse poles made fast at points along the 234 STATE LAWS. shore; that there shall be at all times sufficient channel left clear for the free passage of any crafts or rafts usually navi- gating such streams. LARCENY. Any person who shall wilfully and without authority take any saw logs that may be on any river, or on the land adjoin- ing, or near a river, which may be floated down said river or on to said land, and shall remove or attempt to remove the same, or who shall cut or split said logs or otherwise destroy or injure them, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor. Any person who shall purchase, receive or secrete saw logs so taken or removed, or who shall cut or other-wise injure logs so taken or removed, knowing them to have been so taken or removed, shall be punished as prescribed. DEFACING LOG MARKS. Every person -who cuts out or defaces any mark made upon any log or lumber, w^hether said mark be recorded or not, or puts a false mark upon any log or lumber floating in any of the waters of this territory or lying upon land, is guilty of a misdemeanor. PERSONAL PROPERTY LIEN. Every person -who, while law^fully in possession of an article of personal property, renders any service to the owner thereof by labor or skill employed for the protection, improvement, safe keeping or carriage thereof, has a special lien thereon, de- pendent on possession, for the compensation, if any, which is due to him from the ow^ner for such service. FLORIDA. INSPECTORS OF TIMBER AND LUMBER. 1. — It shall be the duty of the governor to appoint a sufficient number of timber and lumber inspectors in each county in the state, who shall hold office for four years, subject to removal by the governor for good cause shown. 3. — When any person or persons shall desire the attendance and services of either or any of such inspectors of lumber, he or they shall give notice and inform all parties concerned and interested, of his intention of calling in such inspector, at least three days previous to the time when he shall require said in- spector to inspect and measure the lumber in question; and it shall be the duty of the inspector, when summoned to attend at the place and the day to which he may be called, and faith- fully measure all lumber he may be required to do, and any report and return he may make concerning thereof shall be received as the correct measurement of the same; provided, nevertheless, that the several parties interested may, at all times, be at libertj- to establish the incorrectness of such re- turn and report, in any suit regularly commenced in any court of this state having jurisdiction of the same. 5. — The said inspectors shall receive the following fees for their services, to wit: $2 for every 20 miles they may travel in going to and from this place at which they may be required to STATE LAWS, 235 attend, and 12i/^ cents for every thousand superficial feet of ranging lumber,' and 25 cents for every hundred cubic feet of live oak or cedar lumber or timber, and 50 cents for every thousand staves they may inspect and count. STRAY LOGS AND LUMBER 1 . — When any person or persons shall find any raft or rafts of sawed, hewed or rounded lumber adrift in any of the bays, rivers, lakes, bayous, lagoons or creeks o* this state, it shall be the duty of such person or persons to secure such raft or rafts in the place or places where found, or in the nearest place of safety, and to proceed as soon as possible thereafter to ad- vertise the same at the door of the courthouse of the county where found, stating the kind and probable quantity of lum- ber, the place or places w^here found, and w^here deposited. 2. — No person or persons other than the owner or ow^ners, or other appointed agents, shall hereafter stay or take posses- sion of any such sawed lumber in rafts, hewed timber, round sp-w mill logs or spars before the same shall have reached the mouths or outlets of such rivers, and have passed out into the open sea or bays where they empty their w^aters, under the penalties imposed by the fourth section of this chapter. 3. — If, after the expiration of 60 days from the advertising thereof, no person or persons shall have claimed and estab- lished their right of property to said lumber to the satisfaction of the justice of the peace (to prove which right the persoj or persons claiming as the owner or owners of said lumber shall not be required to produce testimony upon oath to the iden- tity thereof, but such circumstantial proof as the nature of the case admits), then it shall and may be lawful for such per- son or persons finding the same to take it to the nearest mar- ket and deliver it to some acting justice of the peace,, w^hose duty it shall be forthwith to sell the same to the best advan- tage; to pay to the finder or finders all necessary and reasona- ble expenses; to reserve to himself 5 per cent as compensation for his services, and to place the balance in the hands of the clerk of the circuit court, v^rhose receipt he shall take. But if, before the expiration of the 60 days, the o-^-ner or ow^ners shall appear and establish their right to said lumber, such ow^ner or ow^ners shall pay all expenses and reasonable charges for securing the same, to be determined, in case of difference between the parties, by an arbitrator appointed by each; but if, after the expiration of another ter-m of 60 days, no right shall have yet been established to same lumber, then the bal- ance to said money remaining in the hands of the clerk shall be paid over, one-half to the person or persons claiming in consideration of the finding thereof, and the other half to the county treasurer, to be applied in common ^vith other funds to county purposes. 5. — The restrictions herein contained shall not extend to lumber broken asunder from rafts and driven ashore on the coast. LOG MARKS. 6. — All persons floating lumber or timber down the current of rivers, streams or water-courses in this state, may hereafter 236 STATE LAWS. adopt a particular mark, brand or stamp, to be used and ap- plied on all such lumber or timber, to distinguish and desig- nate their ownership thereof, and such person or persons so adopting any certain mark, brand or stamp, shall make record of the same with the clerk of the circuit court within the dis- trict, describing it particularly, and its usual mode of applica- tion, and any person or persons w^ho thereafter shall fraudu- lently use said mark, brand or stamp, or who may alter, deface or destroy the same, shall, upon proof thereof, be deemed to be guilty of larceny and punishable accordingly. 7. — It shall be lawful for ow^ners of lumber or timber floating dow^n rivers or w^ater-courses to make uee of floating booms on such streams, for the purpose of securing such lumber or timber from loss; provided, always, that the said booms shall not be used in such manner as to cause any unnecessary delay to boats and vessels engaged in the navigation of such rivers or streams, nor to be permitted to remain stretched out upon or across such rivers or streams any longer than is absolutely necessary to secure their timber or lumber from loss. Any per- son or persons w^ho shall maliciously turn loose or cut away such boom or booms, to the injury and loss of the owner or owners of timber or lumber contained or held by such boom or booms, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and, on proof thereof, shall be punished by a fine at the discretion of the court, and also be answerable in a suit for damages to the owner or owners thereof. LOG LIEN. Laborers and contractors contracting and engaging to cut, raft or sell logs or timber of any kind, to perform any labor in connection with the sale and delivery of any such logs or tim- ber, shall have a first lien upon such logs or timber or any lum- ber, boards, staves, lath or shingles manufactured therefrom, until the compensation for services shall be fully paid and sat- isfied to the amount agreed upon by the contracting parties, unless a contrar^^ stipulation be entered into at the time the contract is made or work done, which lien shall be enforced in like manner as the lien provided for builders, mechanics, ma- terial men, laborers, etc. PERSONAL PROPERTY LIEN. Whenever any person shall entrust to any mechanic or laborer materials to construct, alter or repair any article of value, such mechanic or laborer, if the same be completed and not taken away, and the fair and reasonable charges not paid, may. three months from the time such charges became due, sell the same, and such sale shall be at public auction, for cost; provided, that before any such sale such mechanic or laborer shall give public notice of the time and place thereof. STATE LAWS. 337 GEORGIA. PENALTY FOR DISPOSING OF DRIFTED TIMBER. No raftsman or other person shall dispose, or attempt to dispose, of any drifted timber or lumber taken tip by him within this state, on pain of paying not exceeding $500 for such offense, to be recovered in any court having urisdiction of the same, one-half of the penalty to go to the informer, and the other half to the use of the county wherein such offense may be committed, or the offender may be imprisoned not more than six months; but nothing herein contained shall prevent the finder of drifted lumber or timber from requiring and receiving from the ow^ner reasonable compensation for delivering to the owner such timber or lumber The fee for receiving lumber shall not exceed 3 cents per thousand feet, w^hich fee shall be charged only at the time of receipt, and the fee for boomage shall not exceed 30 cents per day, for each raft. If any person detected in purchasing drifted lumber or tim- ber as aforesaid, except from factors or timber cutters, shall be liable, on conviction, to pay a fine of $50 for every offense, or to be imprisoned for a term of not exceeding six months. ILLEGALLY MEASURING LUMBER. If any measurer or inspector of timber, appointed under the laws of this state, shall measure any timber otherwise than is required by the laws of this state, he shall be guilty of a mis- demeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be punished for each offense (as prescribed in section 4310 of this Code); pro- vided, that this provision shall not apply to any case >vhere the measurement is for the purpose of being used in the sale of the timber, or any case where the parties buying and selling contract to have the timber measured other than according to the laws of this state. PERSONAL PROPERTY LIEN. All mechanics of every sort, for work done and material fur" nished in manufacturing personal property, or for repairing personal property, shall have a special lien on the same, w^hich must be asserted by retention of such property, and not other- w^ise. Said liens shall be lost by the surrender of such personal property to the debtor, and shall be superior to all liens but liens for taxes and such other liens as the mechanics may have actual notice of before the work was done or material fur- nished. IDAHO TERRITORY. BOOMS. 835. — ^No dam or boom must be hereafter constructed or permitted on any creek or river, unless said dam or boom has connected therewith a sluiceway, lock or fixture sufficient and so arranged as to permit timber to pass around, through gr 238 STATE LAWS. over said dam or boom without unreasonable delay or hind- rance. DAMAGE. 6866. — Every person who cuts out, alters or defaces any mark made upon any log, lumber or wood, or puts a false mark thereon, with intentto prevent the owner from discover- ing its identitj^ is guilty of a misdemeanor. 7163. — Every person w^ho w^ilfully or maliciously burns, in- jures or destroys any pile or raft of w^ood, plank, boards or other lumber, or any part thereof, or cuts loose or sets adrift any such raft or part thereof, the property of another, is pun- ishable by fine not exceeding $300, or by imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding six months, or by both. STRAY LOGS. 830. — The word "timber" is used in this chapter to designate all logs, boards, planks, lumber, railroad ties, poles, rails, cord- w^ood or beams, and whether in rafts or otherwise, but does not include the sort of wood commonly called driftw^ood. 831. — Whenever any timber drifts upon any island in any of the waters of this territory, or upon the bank of any such waters, the owners of the timber may remove it on payment or tendering to the ow^ner or occupant of the land the amount of the damages which he has sustained by reason thereof, and v^hich may accrue in its removal; and if the parties cannot agree as to the amount of such damages, either party may have the same appraised by two disinterested citizens of the county, who may hear proofs and determine the same at the expense of the owner of the timber. 832. — If the owner of such timber does not, within three months from the time it was so drifted, take the same away, the owner or occupant of the land must deliver a hill of his charges and appraisement of damages, together with the tim- ber, to the sheriff of the county, and thereafter the sheriff must sell the same after three days' notice posted in three public places of the precinct. 833.— When sold, the proceeds of the timber must be ap- plied, first, to the pavment of the charges of the sale and in liquidation of the expenses and damages awarded to the per- son entitled thereto; and the residue must be paid to the county treasurer, to be by him paid over tc the owner, or his representative or assigns, on the production of satisfactorj^ nroof of ownership to the probate judge, and on his order therefor made within one year after its receipt. PERSONAL PROPERTY LIEN, A person who makes, alters or repairs any article of personal property at the request of the owner, has a lien on the same for his reasonable charges for work done and materials fur- nished, and may retain possession of the same until the charges are oaid. STATE LAWS. 239 INDIANA. DAMAGE. 1927. — Whoever wilfully and maliciously burns or attempts to burn any tanbark, tree, timber or lumber, the property so burned being of the value of $20 or upwards, and being the property of another, or being insured against loss or damage by fire; and the burning, or the attempt to burn, being with intent to prejudice or defraud the insurer, is gtiilty of arson, PERSONAL PROPERTY LIEN. 5304. — Whenever any person shall intrust to any mechanics or tradesman materials to construct, alter or repair any article of value, such mechanic or tradesman, if the same be completed and not taken away, and his fair and reasonable charges not paid, may, after six months from the time the charges become due, sell the same, or, if the same be suscept- ible of divi-sion without injury, he may sell so much thereof as is necessary to pay such charges. 5305. — Before such sale, such mechanic or tradesman shall give public notice of the tinie and place thereof. IOWA. WOOD OR LUMBER YARDS. 911. — Cities organized under special charters are hereby au- thorized to prohibit, or regulate, the piling or depositing of any kind of w^ood, lumber or timber upon any lot or property within the city limits within a distance of 100 yards of any dwelling house. STRAY LOGS AND LUMBER. 2345. — If any person shall hereafter stop or take up any raft of logs or part thereof, or any logs suitable for making lumber, or hewn timber or sawed lumber, found adrift on any watercourse within the limits or upon the boundaries of this state, such person, within five days thereafter, provided the same shall not have been previously restored to the owner, shall go before some justice of the peace or notary public of the county, in which the same was taken up, and make affidavit in writ- ing; setting forth an exact description of the articles found, and stating when and where the same w^ere found, the number of logs or other pieces, and the marks and brands thereon, and that the same have not been altered or defaced since the taking up by him or by any other person to his knowledge. INSPECTION LAW. 3245. — The board of supervisors of each county, as often as may be necessary, shall appoint one inspector of lumber and shingles, who shall have power to appoint one or more deputies to act under him. For the conduct of the deputies the principal shall be liable. 3248. — The inspectors or their deputies, within their respec- tive counties, shall inspect all lumber, boards and shingles on 240 STATE LAWS. application made to them for that purpose; and when in- spected, stamp on the lumber, boards and shingles, with branding irons made for that purpose, the name of the state and county where inspected, and the kind and quality of the articles inspected, w^hich branding iron shall be made and let- tered as directed by the board of supervisors. And every in- spector shall make, in abookfor that purpose, fair and distinct entries of articles inspected by him or his deputies with the names of the persons for whom said articles were inspected. 3250. — A lawful shingle shall be 16 inches in length, 4 inches wide, y2 an inch thick at the butt end; and all lumber shall be divided into four qualities, and shall be designated clear, first common, second common and refusal. Shingles shall be clear of sap, and designated &.s first and second quality ; the shingles to be branded on each bundle with the quality and the name of the inspector. PENALTY FOR MALICIOUS INJURY. If any person wilfully or maliciouly bum or otherwise de- stroy or injure any pile or raft of wood, plank, board or other lumber, or any part thereof; or cuts loose or sets adrift anj- such raft, or part thereof, the property of another, he shall be punished by imprisonment not more than five years in the penitentiary, or fine not exceeding $500, and imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding one year. KANSAS. PERSONAL, PROPERTY LIEN. "Whenever any person shall intrust to any mechanic, artisan or tradesman, materials to construct, alter or repair any art- icle of value, on any article of value to be altered or repaired, such mechanic, artisan or tradesman shall have a lien on. such article, and if the same be completed and not taken away, and his fair and reasonable or stipulated charges be not paid, may, after three months from the time such charges become due, sell the same; or if the same be susceptible of division without in- jury, he may sell so much as is necessary to pay such charges, and the expenses of publication and sale. KENTUCKY. LARCENY, ETC. Any person who shall feloniously cut or saw down and carry away timber growing upon the lands of another, of the value of $20 or more, and without color of title in himself to the land upon which said timber was growing, or to said timber, shall be confined in the penitentiary for a period of one year. LOG MARKS. TRADE MARKS. 1.— Any person, firm or corporation dealing in timber in any form shall be called and known as timber dealers, and as such may adopt a trade mark. STATE LAWS. 241 3.— Every trade mark so adopted shall, from the date thereof, be the exclusive trade mark of the persons, firms or corpora- tions adopting the same. ^ , „ • ■ ^-u 4 —The proprietor of said trade mark shall, m usmg the same, cause it to be plainly stamped, branded or other\yise im- pressed upon each piece of timber upon which the same is to be placed; and any person who shall intentionally and without lawful authority remove, deface or destroy said trade mark, shall be guiltv of a misdemeanor. . „ , , 5. — II any person knowingly and unlawfully takes and carries away, secretes, destroys or converts to his own use any lum- ber upon which said trade mark is stamped, branded or im- pressed as aforesaid, shall be deemed guilty of larceny thereof, and punished as in other cases of larceny as now provided by law; and if any person shall intentionally put any such timber in such position or place so remote from the stream from which it was taken or in which it was afloat, or to render it inconvenient or unnecessarily expensive to replace the same in such stream, he shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and fined not less than $20. _ ^ ^ , ^, 8 —If any person shall falsify or fraudulently place any trade mark on timber not his own, he shall be guilty of a mis- demeanor. LOG BRANDING ON KENTUCKY AND CUMBERLAND RIVERS AND TRIBUTARIES. 1.— It shall be the duty of any person or persons owning or dealing in logs upon the Kentucky and Cumberland rivers and their tributaries to have and to own an ax or branding iron for the purpose of branding their timbers. It shall be the duty of such person or persons to brand all of their timber or logs before starting the same to market. 2.— It shall be the duty of such person or persons dealing in logs to have their brands entered upon record in the county clerk's ofiice in the county where they start their timber to market, if they reside in the state, also in the county where they reside. . . , ^ . j 3. — Any person or persons that cut or deface any brand upon the timber or logs of another, upon the Kentucky or Cumber- land rivers and their tributaries, shall be deemed guilty of a felony, and upon indictment, trial and conviction in any court of this commonwealth, shall be, for each offense, confined in the penitentiary ot this state not less than one or more than three years. MAINE. LIENS ON LOGS AND LUMBER. Whosoever labors at cutting, hauling, rafting or driving logs or lumber, or at cooking for persons engaged in such labor, has a lien thereon for the amount due for his personal services, and the services performed by his team, which takes precedence of all other claims, except liens reserved to the state, continuous for 60 days after the logs or lumber arrive 242 STATE LAWS. at the place of destination for sale or manufacture, and maj' be enforced by attachment. MALICIOUS MISCHIEF AND TRESPASSES. "Whosoever wilfully or maliciotisly, without consent of the owner, cuts away, lets loose, injures or destroys any boom, raft of logs or other lumber, or any vessel, gondola, scow or other boat fastened to any place of which he is not the owner or legal possessor, shall be punished by fine not exceedinp: $500 and imprisonment for less than one year; and also shall be liable to the person injured in an accident for tresspass for double the damage by him sustained. LOG SURVEY. 25. — Surveyors of logs may inspect, survey and measure all mill logs floated or brought to market or offered for sale in their town, and dividethem into several classes, corresponding to the different quality of boards and other sawed lumber, w^hich may be manufactured from them; and they shall give certificates under their hands of the quantity and quality thereof to the person at whose request they are surveyed. LARCENY. Whosoever takes, carries away or otherwise converts to his ow^n use, without the consent of the owner, any logs suitable to be sawed or cut into boards, clapboards, shingles, joists or other lumber, or any mast or spar, the property of another, whether the ow^ner is known or unknown, lying in any river, pond, bay, stream or inlet, or on or near the bank or shore thereof, or cuts out, alters or destroys any marks made thereon, without the consent of the owner, and with intent to claim the same, forfeits for every such log, mast or spar $20, to be recovered on complaint; half for the state and half for the complainant. RIVER OBSTRUCTIONS. 5.— If any boom on the Saco river, or on any other waters connected therewith, is so placed or constructed as to prevent the free and usual passage of timber down the river, the owner or occupant thereof, at his own expense, shall release and turn out timber so detained, w^hen requested to do so by the owner thereof, if it can be done with safety; and if for two days after request he neglects or refuses to do so, he is liable to the owner of the timber in an action on the case, for all damages by him sustained. DRIVING. 6. — Any person whose timber in any waters of the state is so intermixed with the logs, masts or spars of another, that it cannot be conveniently separated for the purpose of being floated to the market or place of manufacture, may drive all timber with which his own is so intermixed towards such market or place when no special and different provision is made bylaw for driving it, and is entitled to a reasonable compensa- tion from the ow^ner. STATE LAWS. 243 MARYLAND. DRIFT LOG LAW, 12. — All persons claiming logs cast by wind and tide tipon any shore bordering upon the Chesapeake and its tributaries, are prohibited from removing the saine \vithout the payment to the owner of said shore of the sum of 25 cents for each log so removed. 13. — The owner of any shore upon which logs are so cast may advertise such logs by one insertion each week for three successive weeks, in some newspaper published in the state of Maryland, of a public notice calling upon the owner of said logs to remove them, after the paj^ment of 25 cents for each log so removed and the cost of said advertisement in addition thereto. 14. — If the said logs are not removed after such publication, the owner of any shore may sell such logs to the highest bid- der by giving notice of his intention so to do by an additional advertisement for three successive weeks, as aforesaid, men- tioning the time and place of sale. 15. — Any owner of a shore so selling shall be responsible for the excess of such sale over the sum of 25 cents for each log sold and the cost of the advertisements and sale. 16. — Nothing contained in the four preceding sections shall be construed to deny the owner of any shore a right to an ad- ditional compensation for special damages, such as the de- struction of fences, the lodging of logs upon cultivated fields, or other similar injuries. MASSACHUSETTS. STRAY LOGS AND LUMBER 1. — When any log, mast, spar or other timber is carried by floods into lands adjoining any rivers, streams or ponds, the owner of such logs or other timber may at any time within six months remove the same from said land on paying or ten- dering to the owner or occupant thereof such reasonable dam- ages as may be caused by such removal; and if the owner of such logs or other timber does not take the same from such lands within said six months, or otherwise agree with the owner or occupant of such lands, then such logs and other timber shall be deemed the property of such owner or oc- cupant. DEFACING MARKS. 2. — Whoever unlawfully cuts out, alters or destroys a mark of the ow^ner made on any log or other timber put into a river, stream or pond, shall forfeit a sum not exceeding $10 for each log or other piece of timber the mark of which he so alters, cuts out or destroj's, and shall be further liable in damages to the owner thereof for treble the value of the same, to be re- covered, together -with said forfeiture, in an action of tort. 3. — Whoever unlawfully cuts out, alters or destroys any marks of such logs or other timber, the owner whereof is not 244 STATE LAWS. known, shall forfeit a sum not exceeding $10 for every log or other piece of timber the mark whereof he so cuts out, niters or destroys, to be recovered to the use of any person suing for the same. RAFTING. 5. — No person shall cause or permit to be driven or floated down the Connecticut river any masts, spars, logs or other timber, unless the same are formed and bound into rafts and placed under the care of a sufficient number of persons to gov- ern and manage the same so as to prevent damage thereby. If damage is done to a bridge or dam upon or over said river by any timber so driven or floated in a»y manner not hereiti allowed, the owner of the timber and every person w^ho causes or permits the same to be so driven or floated, shall be jointly and severally liable for all such damage, to be recovered by the party injured in an action of tort. THEFT. 6. — Whoever unlawfully takes, carries away or otherwise converts to his own use, w^ithout the consent of the owner, any logs suitable to be sawed or cut into boards, clapboards, shingles, joists or other timber, or any mast or spar, the prop- ertv of another, lying or being in a river, pond, canal, lake, bay, stream or inlet within this state, shall for every such log, mast or spar be punished by flne of not less than $5 nor more than $20, or by confinement in the house of correction or jail not less than 30 days nor more than six months. MALICIOUS MISCHIEF. 2. — Whoever wilfully and maliciously burns in the night time a * * * mill of another (being, with the property therein contained, of the value of $1,000), * * * or any other building by the burning whereof any building men- tioned in this section is iDurnt in the sight time, shall be pun- ished by imprisonment in the state prison for life or for any term of years. 3. — W^hoever wilfully and maliciously burns m the daytime any building mentioned in the preceding section, the punish- ment for which, if burnt in the night time, might be imprison- ment in the state prison for life, Shall be punished by imprison- ment in the state prison not exceeding 10 years. 4._Whoever wilfully and maliciously bums a * * * mill or building whatsoever of another other than is mentioned in section 2, or a bridge, lock, dam, flume, ship or vessel of an- other, shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison not exceeding 10 years. . 5. — Whoever wilfully and maliciously burns or otherwise de- stroys or injures a pile or parcel of wood, boards, timber or other lumber * * * or any standing tree * * * of an- other, shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison not exceeding five years, or by fine not exceeding $500 and im- prisonment in the jail not exceeding one year. FOREST FIRES. Whoever wantonlv and recklessly sets fire to any material which causes the destruction or injury of any growmg or STATE LAWS. 245 standing wood of anothei, shall be punished by fine not ex- ceeding $100, or by imprisonment in the jail not exceeding six months. Whoever wilfully or without reasonable care sets a fire upon the lands of another, by means whereof the property of an- other is injured, or negligently or w^ilfuUy suffers any fire upon his own land to extend beyond the limits thereof, by means whereof the woods or property of any other person are in- iured, shall be punished by fine not exceeding $250. MICHIGAN, LIEN FOR LABOR ON LOGS, TIMBER, POSTS, SHINGLES, ETC. 1. — Any person or persons that perform any labor or services in cutting, skidding, felling, hauling, scaling, banking, driving, running, rafting or booming any logs, timber, cedar posts, telegraph poles, railroad ties, tan bark, shingle bolts or staves in this state, shall have a lien thereon for the amount due for such labor or services, and the same shall take precedence of all other claims or liens thereon. The word person or persons in this section shall be interpreted to include cooks, black- smiths, artisans and all others usually employed in performing such labor and services. 2. — No such debt, demand or claim shall remain a lien on such logs, timber, posts, ties, poles, bark, bolts or staves un- less a statement thereof in writing, made under oath by the claimant or some one in his or her behalf, shall be made and filed in the office of the clerk of the county in w^hich such labor or services are performed ; provided, when such labor and services are performed upon any of said logs, timber, posts, poles, ties, bark, bolts or staves, got out to be run down, or are run down, the Manistee river or waters tributary thereto, such statement shall be filed with the clerk of the county of Manistee; provided further, when a Hen is claimed for work and laboi performed in running or driving said logs, timber, posts, poles, ties, bark, bolts or staves, then said statement shall be filed in the office of the clerk of the county where the drive terminates., 3. — Such statements shall briefly set forth and state the na- ture of such debt, demand or claim, the amount due claimant, as near as may be, over and above all legal set-offs, and a de- scription of the logs, timber, posts, ties, poles, bark, bolts or staves upon or against which the lien is claimed. 4. — If any such labor or services be done between the first day of October and the first day of next April, such statement shall be filed on or before the first day of the next May; but if such labor be performed or done after the first day of April and before the first day of October, then such statement shall be filed within 30 days after the completion or last day of such labor or services, provided, that any sale or transfer of the logs, timber, cedar posts, railroad ties, telegraph poles, tan bark, shingle bolts or staves upon which the lien is claimed, during the time limited for the filing of such statement of lien and persons to the filing thereof, or during the time limited for 246 STATE LAWS. the enforcement of the same, shall in no way aifect such lien, but such lien shall remain and be enforced against such logs, timber, posts, ties, poles, bark, bolts or staves in whosesoever possession the same shall be found, MALICIOUS MISCHIEF, 7. — Every person who shall wilfully and maliciously burn or otherw^ise destroy or injui'e any pile or parcel of w^ood, boards, timber or lumber, or any fence, bars or gate, or any stack of grain, hay or other vegetable product, or any vegetable pro- duct served from the soil and not stacked, or any standing trees, grain, grass or other standing product of the soil, or the soil itself, of another, shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison not more than five years, or by fine not ex- ceeding $500 or imprisonment in the county jail not more than one year, 1. — Any person who shall wilfully and maliciously drive or cause to be driven or imbedded any nail, spike or piece of iron, steel or other metallic substance into any timber, log or bolt which may be put on the banks of or in any of the waters or in any mill yard of this state for the purpose of being made into lumber or marketed, shall be deemed guilty of a misde- meanor. FIRING OF WOODS AND PRAIRIES. 1. — Every person who shall wilfully or negligently set fire to any woods, prairies or grounds not his own property, or shall wnlfuUy or negligently permit any fire to pass from his own woods, prairies or grounds to the injury or destruction of the property of any oth^r person^ shall be deemed guilty of a mis- demeanor. 2. — Whenever the woods or prairies in any township shall be on fire so as to endanger property, it shall be the duty of the justice of the peace, supervisor and the commissioners of highways of such township, and each of them, to order such and so 'manv of the inhabitants of such township liable to work on the highways, and residing in the vicinity of the place where such fire shall be, as they shall severally deem nec- essary to repair to the place where such fire shall prevail, and there to assist in extinguishing the same or in stopping its progress. 3. — If any person shall refuse or wilfully neglect to comply with such order, he shall forfeit a sum not less than $5 or more than $50. MALICIOUS MISCHIEF. 5. — Every person who shall wilfully dam up any rivers, creeks or streams in this state, or obstruct the navigation thereof, except for the purpose of milling or the use of ma- chinery, with intent to hmder or obstruct any person to the use thereof as provided in this act, or who shall wilfully cut, untie, loosen or cast ofi" any rope, chain, pole, timber or pile, or other fastening bv which any boom containing any logs or timber shall be secure, shall be deemed guilty of a misde- meanor. STATE LAWS. 247 REGULATIONS FOR FLOATING LOGS, TIMBER AND LUMBER. If any person or persons shall put, or cause to be put, into any lake, river creek or stream of this state any logs, timber or lumber, for the purpose of floating the same to the place of manufacture or market, and shall not make adequate provi- sions and put on sufficient force for breaking jams of such logs, timber or lumber in or upon such lake, river, creek or stream or for running or clearing the same from the banks or shores thereof; or for running or driving the same, and shall thereby hinder the removal of any logs from the banks or shores thereof; or shall thereby obstrvict the floating or navigation of such lake, river, creek or stream, it shall be lawful for any other person, company or corporation engaged in floating or running logs, timber or lumber in such lake, river, creek or stream so obstructed, to cause such jams to be broken, and such logs, timber or lumber to be run, driven and cleared from the banks of such lake, river, creek or stream at the cost and expense of the person or persons owning such logs, timber or lumber; and such owner shall be liable to such person, com- pany or corporation for such cost and expense; and such com- pany, person or corporation so causing such jams to bebroken, or such logs, timber or lumber to be run, driven or cleared, may have a lien on such logs, timber or iumber, for his or their reasonable charges and expenses for breaking jams and run- ning, driving ^and clearing the same; and shall he entitled to take and retain possession of such logs, timber or lumber wherever the same may be found, or so much thereof as may be necessary to satisfy the amount of such charges and ex- penses and all costs thereon until the same shall be determined, satisfied and paid. SIDE BOOMS. 7. — It shall be lawful for any person or persons having logs or timber in any stream navigable for licensed water craft, to boom such logs or timber along the shore, and to secure the booms by means of piles driven in the stream, or by chains, ropes, timber or traverse poles, made fast at points along the shore; provided, that there shall be at all times suf- ficient channel left clear to allow of navigation by any craft 01: rafts usually navigating such streams. LOG MARKS. 1. — Every person, co-partnership or corporation who shell put anj^ logs or timber into anj- river, stream or water in this state, tor the purpose of rafting or floating the same to any other place, shall have some mark or marks previously selected, approved and recorded, impressed in a conspicuous place or places upon the end or surface of each of said logs or sticks of timber so put into any of the aforesaid waters. 2. — Before any such mark or marks shall be used it .shall be the duty of everj^ such person, copartnership or corporation intending to use the same, to cause a diagram and full and complete written descriotion thereof, signed by such person, copartnership, corporation, to be recorded in the ofl[ice of the clerk of each county through which any river, stream or water may run, whereon is to be floated any logs or timber upou 248 STATE LAWS. whieh said mark or marks are to be placed; and shall also gfive notice in writing to each log running or booming com- pany doing business on any waters on which the logs or tim- ber are floated or run. 6. — If any person shall falsely make, forge or counterfeit such mark, and use the same in marking logs or timber, knowing the same to be the mark of another person, and with intent to defraud, shall be deemed guilty of felon3'. HUNG UP LOGS. 10. — Whenever any logs, timber, boards or planks, in rafts or otherwise, shall be drifted or float upon any island in any of the w^aters or streams in this state, or upon the banks or shores of such waters or lands adjacent thereto, the owner of such logs, timber or plank, or any person or corporation en- titled to the possession thereof, may at any time w^ithin two years remove the same upon paying or tendering to the owner or occupant of such bank, shore or land, such reasonable dam- ages as may have been caused by such occupancy and removal. If such logs, timber, boards or planks shall not be removed within the said two years, under the provisions of this section, the owner thereof shall be deemed to have forfeited all right thereto. RAFTING AND BOOMING COMPANIES. 1. — Any number of persons, not less than five, maybe formed into a corporation for the purpose of running, driving, boom- ing and rafting logs, timber and lumber on any of the streams or waters within this state, by complying with the statutory requirements. 4. — Such corporation shall have authority to make and con- struct all proper and necessary roll ways, booms, piers and other constructions along said stream or waters, for the run- ning, driving, booming, rafting or securing said logs, timber or lumber; provided, that in all cases the consent of the riparian owner or occupants of any lands whereon such rollwaj^s, booms, piers or other constructions are intended to be made shall first have been obtained; and provided, also, that no such roUway, boom, pier or other construction shall interrupt or hinder the free use, navigation or floatage upon such stream or waters, by the public or any person interested in the same, or to be so constructed as to infringe upon the rights of in- dividuals. LUMBERMEN'S EXCHANGES. 1.— Any number of persons, not less than 25, residing in any town, city or county, provided that the residents of any two or more towns, cities or counties may associate themselves to- gether as a lumber exchange, and assemble at any time and place upon which a majority of the members so associating themselves together raav agree, and elect a president and one or more vice-presidents, and such other officers as they deter- mine upon; adopt a name, constitution and by-laws, such as may be determinsd upon; and they and their associates shall thereupon become a body corporate under the name and style of such name bv them so adopted; and by that name may sue and be sued, implead and be impleaded, receive, acquire and STATE LAWS. 249 hold property and eflfects, real and personal, by gift; devise or purchase, and dispose of the same by sale and conveyance, or by lease or otherwise; may have a common seal and may alter the same at pleasure; and shall possess and enjoy all the powers and privileges and immunities incident to corporations for the purposes herein mentioned and contemplated; pro- vided, that no corporation hereby created shall at any one time hold real estate the value of which shall exceed $50,000. 5. — Said corporation shall have power to appoint inspectors, as many as they shall see fit, to examine, measure and inspect lumber, shingles, logs and every other article of traffic com- monly dealt in by members of said corporation, or any of them, or by persons engaged in what is commonly understood to be the lumber business, and to prescribe the rules and fix the grade by w^hich such inspectors shall be governed in the discharge of their duties? and the certificate of such inspector as to the quality, quantity or character of such article thus inspected; and their mark thereon shall be evidence between buyer and seller of the grade, quantity, quality or character of the same, shall be binding upon the members of said corpo- ration, or others interested, who shall obtain, require or assent to the employment of said inspector. MINNESOTA. RIVER DRIVING. 2242. — All rivers within this state of sufiGicient size for float- ing or driving logs, timber or lumber, and which may be used for that purpose, are hereby declared to be public highways, so far as to prevent obstructions to the free passage of logs, timber or lumber down said streams, or either of them. 2243. — No dam or boom shall be constructed or permitted on any river, as herein specified, unless said dam or boom has connected therew^ith a sluiceway, lock or other fixture sufficient and so arranged as to permit logs, timber and lumber to pass around, through or over said dam or boom, without unreason- able delay or hindrance. 2244. — Any boom or weir now in or on any river as afore- said, that is to be constructed as to prcA'-ent the free passage of logs or lumber, is declared a public nuisance, w^hich shall be abated unless a suitable sluicew^ay, lock or passage, as above provided, is made as aforesaid, w^ithin 30 days after written notice given by any person interested. LOG MEASUREMENT. 2245. — There are established seven districts for the survey and measurement of logs and timber within this state. 2246. — The St. Croix lake and river and tributaries con- stitute the first district. The Mississippi river and its tribu- taries, between the mouth of the St. Croix lake and the outlet of Lake Pepin, constitute the third district. The Mississippi river and its tributaries, below the outlet of Lake Pepin to the southern line of Wabash county, constitute the fourth dis- trict. All the water tributary to Lake Superior and all the 250 STATE LAWS. waters in the cotmties of St. Ivouis, Lake and Cook, except Little Fork river and its tributaries, constitute the fifth dis- trict. The Mississippi river and its tributaries, from the southern line of Wabash county to the southern line of the state of Minnesota, constitute the sixth district. The Red river. Red lake. Lake of the Woods, Rainy lake and river and their respective tributaries, except Little Fork and Big Fork rivers and their tributaries, and except waters east of the west line of St. Louis county, constitute the seventh district. 2247. — There shall be bi-annually appointed by the governor, w^ith the advice and consent of the senate, a surveyor-general for each of the districts aforesaid, who shall be a citizen of the district for w^hich he is appointed at the time of his appoint- ment, and he shall enter upon the discharge of the duties of his office onthethird Mondayin April next succeeding his appoint- ment, and shall hold his office for two years, and until his suc- cessor is appointed, confirmed and qualified. 2251. — The surveyor-general may appoint any number of deputies necessary to transact the business of his "district, and for the correctness of their acts and doings has to be respons- ible upon his bond. 2253. — The surveyor-general, by himself or his deputy, at the request of the owner of any logs, timber or lumber, or anj' sheriff, coroner or constable, w^ho has replevied, attached or levied on any logs, timber or lumber, or of any person who has a written order from the owner for the delivery of any logs, timber or lumber to repair to any part of his district, and survey such logs, timber or lumber, and upon completing such survey to make out a true and correct scale bill thereof, stating the person by whom, the time w^hen and place w^here such logs, timber or lumber was scaled, at whose request and to whom scaled, if to any one; and the scale mark placed thereon, the number of logs, and when requested by the owner or any other person controlling the same, the number of pieces of the logs or timber, together with the markormarks thereon, and the number of feet therein contained, and shall sign the name; and thereupon he shall record such bill in the books of his office, and upon being paid his fees for such services he shall deliver the original bill to the person to whom the logs, timber or lumber is scaled, if any; if not, then to the person re- questing the survey; and such bill and the record thereof shall each be prima facie evidence of the facts therein stated. No surveyor-general or deputj'^-surveyor shall in person survey any logs, timber or lumber owned wholly or in part by him- self, but either may survey any such logs, timber or lumber ow^ned wholly or in part by the other; provided; that w^hen logs which have been cut in any lumber district in this state have been run out of said district, it shall be law^ful for the sur- veyor-general of the district in which said logs were cut, w^hen requested to do so as above provided, to scale said logs by himself or deputy, and record the scale bill thereof in the books of his office; and said scale and record thereof shall be received as of the same degree of evidence as if the same had been done in his own proper district. 2256. — The said surveyors and their deputies shall, in sur- veying or measuring logs or timber, make such allowances for STATE LAWS. 351 hollow, rotten and crooked logs as would reduce and make them equal to good, sound and straight merchantable logs; and in surveying lumber shall throw^ off rotten, shaky or wormy stuff, and make the same equal to good merchantable lumber; and the figures showing such survey shall at the time of making the same be entered by the surveyor in pass books kept for the purpose, which books shall be preserved and filed by the surveyor-general in his office, for the inspection of all persons interested therein. 2257. — The surveyor-general shall keep posted in his office a written rule or scale of logs ot all sizes and lengths, which shall govern him in his surveys, and the scale rule known as Scribner's rule is hereby adopted as the only legal rule for the survey of logs in this state; provided, that every log shall be surveyed by the largest number of even feet w^hich it contains in length over 10 feet and under 24 feet, and all logs of 24 feet in length or more shall be surveyed as two logs or more. 2259. — In all cases of scale or transfer of any logs or timber, by one party to another, if the surveyor-general by himself or deputy surveys the same, he shall, at the time of making such survey, place upon each of such logs or pieces of timber the scale mark of the purchaser or the other transferee; and there- upon such scale mark shall supersede all prior marks upon such logs and timber, and become and be the log mark of such purchaser or transferee on the same logs and timber; and in all cases of a sale or other transfer of any logs or timber, the purchaser or other transferee shall be entitled to receive and have the scale bill, and when the surveyor-general delivers a scale bill to any person, he shall note upon the margin of the record thereof the name of the person to whom delivered and the date of the delivery. 2260. — * * * For the purpose of securing to the surveyor- general the payment of his fees, v^hether the same are for traveling, surveying, making scale bills or recording the same, or for all or any of such services, such surveyor-general shall have a lien upon all such logs, timber or lumber. 22t2.— The surveyor-general of the first district shall keep an alphabetical list of all the leg marks recorded in his office. 2263. — The surveyor-general shall not be required, except upon the request of a sheriff or constable in case of an attach- ment or levy thereon, to scale any logs to any person other than^he owner, as the title thereto appears by the records in his omce, without an order in writing therefor recorded in his office; and the surveyor-general shall record in the books of his office, in the order in which they are presented for record, all orders drawn by the owners of any logs, directing him to scale any logs of his mark or marks to any other person; and the first log scaled off of the mark given in such order and within the lien or of the lot or parcel prescribed therein, shall be scaled to the person in whose favor the order is drawn according to the priority of record; such order shall be re- corded in the same books with bills and sales and mortgages, and shall have preference over any subsequent sale, transfer or incumbrance of such logs; and the fees of recording such orders shall be collected in the same manner and at the same time with the fees for scaling such logs. 252 STATB LAWS. 2264. — The certificate of the surveyor-general of any mark which has been recorded in the oflBice, in the district in which the logs w^ere cut or into which they come, and that there is no transfer of such mark recorded in thebookof this office, shall be prima facie evidence in any court in this state that the logs bearing such marks not superseded by any other mark, are the property of the person in w^hose name such mark is re- corded. If the surveyor-general certifies that marks have been transferred on the books of his omce, and the name of the person to whom such marks were last transferred, such a certi- ficate shall be prima facie evidence of the ownership of the logs by the person to whom the mark w^as last transferred; and if the surveyor-general certifies that such mark has been super- seded on any logs, naming the person in w^hose favor the same was last superseded, such certificate shall be prima facie evi- dence of the ownership of the logs bearing such mark super- seded by the person owning such superseding mark, no sale or transfer of any log mark, sale, mortage or other transfei or incumbrance of any logs cut in this state, or which come into any district of this state, shall be legal or binding, except between the parties thereto, unless such sale, transfer, mortgage or in- cumbrance is in w^riting, and in recording in the office of the surveyor-general in the district w^here such logs are cut, or into w^hich they have come if cut in any other states, provided that the surveyor-general is authorized to transfer, in his district, any log mark to any person wishing to use the same, after said log mark had been recorded eight years, and the logs marked w^ith that mark have become extinct. 2265. — No logs shall be scaled by the surveyor-general or his deputies, unless the marks upon the said logs are properly recorded in accordance with the provisions of this title. And no survey of any logs shall be received in any court in this state except the survey of the surveyor-general or his deputies. 2266. — The surveyor-general shall report to the legislature at the beginning of each regular session thereof the total number of feet of logs and lumber which he has surveyed in his district of the year ending the thirtieth day of November last past. 2267. — He shall record all mortgages, liens and bills of sale or other written instruments in any way affecting the owner- ship of any mark of logs in his district, in a book kept for that purpose; provided, that said instruments shall specify the marks for that purpose; provided, that said instrument shall specify the marks placed upon the said logs when they were cut, and shall be recorded in the office of the surveyor-general, in which said marks are recorded; and no conveyances, lien, mortgages or transfer shall be valid until the sales are so recorded. LOG MARKS. 2268. — Whoever cuts any logs in either of the districts of this state shall, before proceeding to make the same, cause to be recorded, in the office of the surveyor-general in whose dis- trict such logs mav be, a copy of the log mark which is to be put upon said logs, and which mark shall be distinctly different from anv other mark recorded in the same district. STATE LAWS. 253 Whoever cuts any logs in any state adjoining either of the dis- tricts of this state, and intends to bring such logs into any such district, may have his log mark recorded in the district into which he intends to bring such logs and into which they may be brought, w^ith the same rights, force and effect as if such logs had been cutin such district. And when any log mark is recorded in pursuance of the provision of this chapter, such mark shall be deemed and held to be the property of any person in whose name it is recorded; and such mark borne upon any logs or timber, and not superseded by any other mark, shall be prima facie that the logs or timber bearing such mark are the property of the person owning the mark. Any such log mark may be sold or transferred by the bill of sale recorded in the office of the surveyor-general w^here the mark is recorded. STEALING LOGS. DEFACING LOG MARKS. FALSE MARKS. 2270. — Whoever takes from any of the rivers or their tribu- taries, in or bordering on this state, or from any slough, ravme, island or land adjoining said rivers or tributaries into or upon which any log may run, or cuts out. mutilates, de- stroys or renders illigible the mark or marks thereon, or in any manner w^ilfully injures any such logs, his ow^n or who- ever, other than the suryeyor-general or his deputies, places upon any lot or piece of timber any mark except the original mark, is guilty of a misdemeanor, and shall be punished by a fine not less than $50 or more than $1,000, or by imprison- ment in the state prison for not less than one year, or more than three years, and shall be further liable for double the market value of said logs at the time so taken, or imprisoned, to be recorded by the owner of such logs in a civil action. BOOMS 2275. — The parties contracting and operating side booms upon any of the rivers or streams of this state shall construct and operate the same so as to reasonably exclude the logs and other floatables of other parties floating in said rivers or streams from entering such booms; and they shall also make and provide proper and sufficient openings for the admission of logs into such side booms. In case logs, timber or other floatables belonging to other parties run, or by mistake are driven, into any such private boom or booms, neither the owner of such logs, timber or floatables, nor any other person or party shall be permitted to cut, open or in any v^ay injure such private boom, or other- w^ise interfere w^ith the same, except for as may be necessary to obtain the logs, timber or floatables, so run, or by mistake included therein, and then only -when it can be done w^ithout injury to such private boom. 2276. — Whoever w^ilfully and maliciously opens, breaks, cuts or otherwise destroys or injures any side or other boom, or turns the whole or any part of the logs or timber contained therein loose or adrift, except for the purpose herein mentioned, and except also in case such boom materially obstructs the navigation of any navigable stream, or unlawfully intrudes upon the property of any such person, the person so o pening, 254 STATE LAWS. breaking, cutting, injuring or destroying such boom, or turn- ing loose or adrift such logs, or who -vs'ilfully or maliciously cuts loose or turns adrift any boom, string or raft of logs, timber or lumber, is guilty of a felony and shall be ptmished. DAMS. 2296. — The board of county commissioners may grant a li- cense to any person appljang therefor to construct and main- tain a dam or dams across any stream within their respective county and counties thereto attached for record or judicial purposes, for the purpose of raising a head of w^ater sufficient to sluice logs, timber or lumber, upon being satisfied that such sluice dam is necessary at the point applied for, and that the land on both sides of the stream is in the possession or under the control of the person so applying for a license. 2297. — In all cases when the stream across which a license • for a sluice dam is sought runs between two counties, the board of county commissioners of either county have a full jurisdiction in the premises as thotigh the stream w^as ^vholly within the county of w^hich they are cominissioners; and when the board of county commissioners of either count3' have ex- ercised jurisdiction under this title, and have granted a license thereunder, the county commissioners of no other county have any power to exercise any jurisdiction over the same. 2301. — Wherever a board of counter commissioners of any county grant a license to construct and maintain a sluice dam across any stream ^vithin their jurisdiction, the said board shall establish the rate of tolls, which may be demanded for the sluicing of logs, timber and lumber, but the tolls for each dam shall not exceed the sum of 6 cents per thousand feet so sluiced; provided, that at the Snake river dam, in Pine county, the said toll maj- be 10 cents. LOG LIKN. 2277. — Any person who may do or perform any manual la- bor in cutting, banking, driving, rafting, cribbing or towing any logs, railroad cross ties or timber in this state shall have a lien thereon as against the owner thereof and all other per- sons, except the state of Minnesota, for the amount due for such services, and the same shall take precedence of all other claims thereon; and any verbal or written agreement, ex- pressed or implied, made by or bet-ween any person or persons or chartered coinpany or companies, designed to act as a waiver of any right under this act, or any portion thereof, shall be wholly void. 2278. — This actisintended only for the protection of laborers for hire, and shall not inure to the benefit of any person inter- ested in contracting, cutting, hauling, banking or driving logs by the thousand. 2279. — No such debt, demand or claim shall remain a lien on any stich logs or timber, unless a statement thereof in writing, under oath by claimant or someone in his behalf, shall be made and filed for record in the ofiice of the surveyor-general of the lumber district in which such logs or timber may be. * * * For all such labor done and performed between the first day of October and the first day of April, such statement shall be STATE LAWS. 255 filed on or before the first day of May next thereafter; and for all labor done and performed between the first day of April and the first day of October, such statement shall be filed within 30 days after the completion or last day of such labor or services, and unless action shall be begun for the recovery and enforcement of such claim or demand under the provisions of this act, within three months after the filing of such state- ment, the lien shall cease. 2280. — Any person having a lien upon any logs or timber pursuant to the provisions of this act may enforce the same by attachment against such logs or timber, in the district court of said state, in the judicial district wherein is situated the office of the surveyor-general in which the mark of such logs or timber is or should be recorded. 2283. — In all suits under the provisions of this act the per- son, company or corporation liable for the payment of sixch debt or claim shall be defendant; but any person having an interest in or lien upon the logs or timber upon which the lien or claim may apply, may be admitted by the court, so far as necessary to protect his rights in the premises. 2290. — When there are more persons than one having claims upon the same logs or timber as herein provided, it shall be law^ful for any one person having such claim to purchase the claims of any of the others and take a written assignment of the same, either before or after the making or filing of the statement therefor. 2291. — Any person who shall desire to float to market or any place of manufacture any logs or timber in any of the streams of the state, and who shall be hindered and obstructed in so doing by the logs or timber of another; or any person w^hose logs ox timber in any of the waters of the state are so intermixed with the logs or timber of another that the same cannot be con- veniently separated for the purpose of being floated to the market or place of manufacture, may drive all logs or timber with w^hich his own is or may be obstructed or intermixed, toward such market or place of manufacture, to some point w^here the same can be conveniently separated from his ow^n, and shall be entitled to a reasonable compensation therefor from the owner of such logs or timber; and upon the filing in the office of the surveyor-general of the district -where such logs may be, within 30 days after the completion of such driving of any such logs or timber, a statement setting forth when and where the same were driven, the amount of his claim therefor, together with the mark borne upon any such logs or timber, and verified by his oath or affidavit, such person shall have and retain a lien upon any logs or timber bearing such mark, for the amount of such claim, from the time of filing the same, and may have and maintain a ciA'il action for the amount of such claim, or for the enforcement of such lien, against the owner of such logs or timber, or any person in virhose name such mark shall be recorded at the time of filing such claims; provided, that a failure to commence such actions within 30 days after the filing of such claim shall operate as a discharge of said lien. 256 STATE LAWS. MISSISSIPPI. LOG SCALE. 953. — The table known as "Scribner's Lumber and Log Book by^Doyle's Rule," be and the same is hereby adopted and declared to be the standard rule of measurement by which saw logs and square timber sold in this state shall be measured. 954. — It shall be unlawful for any person in this state to use as a rule of measurement in measuring saw logs and square timber, any table or rule of measurement that gives a measure- ment and computation less than given by "Scribner's Lumber and Log Book by Doyle's Rule;" and any person violating the provisions of this act shall be deemed and held to be guilty of a misdemeanor, and may be tried before any court having competent iurisdiction, and if found guilty shall be fined for each offence not less than $50 nor more than $250, and may be imprisoned not less than one or more than six months, or both, at the discretion of the court. MONTANA TERRITORIAL LAW. MALICIOUS MISCHIEF. 218. — Every person who shall wilfully and maliciously bum or injure any pile or raft of wood, plank, boards or other lum- ber, or an J" part thereof, or cut loose or set adrift any such raft or part thereof; or shall cut, break, injure, sink or set adrift any such boat, canoe, skiflf, or other vessel or water craft, being the property of another, shall, on conviction thereof, be punished by a fine not exceeding $500 or imprison- ment in the county jail not exceeding six months. 221. — Any person who shall carelessly set fire to any timber, woodland or grass, except for useful or necessary purposes; or who shall at any time make camp fire, or shall light any tire for any purpose whatever, without taking sufficient steps to secure the same from spreading from the immediate locality where the same maj^ be used, or shall fail in anj' instance to put out or extinguish said fire before leading or abandoning the same, shall be deemed guilty of a felony. NEVADA. RIVER DRIVING, 1064. — Any number of persons, not less than five, may be formed into a corporation for the purpose of running, driving, booming and rafting logs, timber, lumber and wood, on any of the streams or waters within this state, by complying with the statutory requirements. Such corporation shall have power to acquire and hold, by purchase, gift, grant, lease or otherwise, any lands, tenements, hereditaments and appurte- nances, or the erection of mills, oflSces, houses or other build- ings necessary and proper for carrying on the business of said corporation. To assess and collect all rates, dues and sums STATE LAWS. 257 of money from the members of said corporation, by demand suit or otherwise, in any place or court of proper jurisdiction' according to law. To make and construct all proper and necessary rollways, booms, piers and other constructions along said stream or water, for running, driving, booming or securing said logs, timber, lumber and wood; provided that no such rollway, boom or pier or other construction, shall in- terfere or hmder the free use and navigation upon such streams or waters, and provided further that nothing contained in this act shall authorize any corporation formed under the same to mjure or in anywise interfere with any dam, ditches or flumes that are constructed or may be hereafter constructed for millmg or farming purposes; provided, that all dams here- after constructed shall, whenever the same is required bv any corporation hereafter formed under this act, provide suitable and necessary chutes and aprons, for the purpose of passing over or through said dam, logs or other timbers; and provided further, that the rights of those owning lands upon said rivers shall not be interfered with or infringed upon. To collect and remove from all islands and lowlands any logs, timber, lumber or wood belonging to such corporation, that may be carried out by the waters of over- flow or the overflowage of the banks of such streams or water and drifted or lodged upon any such island or lowland, and re- turn the same to the main channel of the river LOG LIEN. 3825.— All persons who shall perform work or labor upon any tract or tracts of lands, by cutting or cording the wood or timber growing, or being thereon, shall have and may each respectively claim and hold a lien upon the wood or timber so cut or corded, for the amount in value of the work or labor performed, by retaining possession of the same until the whole amount due for such work or labor shall have been P^^^:' Pi^o'^^^^^j ^at any lien, claimed or held as aforesaid shall be deemed to be waived, unless an action be broueht iii some court of competent jurisdiction, for the recoverv of the amount for which such lien is claimed as security, within 60 days after such wood or timber shall have been taken into possession by the claimant. NEW HAMPSHIRE. LOG LIEN. Any person who, by himself or others or by teams shall perform labor or furnish supplies to the amount of $15 or more toward fafting driving, cutting, hauling or draw- ing wood, bark, lumber, logs, or at cooking or hauline- supplies m aid of such labor, shall have a lien thireon for such labor or supplies, which lien shall take precedence of all prior claims except liens on account of public taxes, to continue 90 days after the services are performed or supplies furnished, and may be secured by attachment, ■ =>«4'^", <*«« 258 STATE LAWS. OREGON. LOG LIEN. 3687. — Any laborer in the timber or in any logging camp shall have a lien upon any timber or logs cut or manufactured by him, or in such camps, for the amount due him for labor on or about the same. 3688. — Such laborer shall file a copy of his demand, verified bjr'his oath, in the county clerk's office, within 30 days of his ceasing work on such timber or in such camp, or in lieu of such filing, such laborer or laborers may take and hold possession of such timber or logs, subject to the payment of their de- mand. 3689. — Any laborer filing such lien or holding the possession of such logs shall, w^ithin 20 days of such filing, or within 10 days of his taking possession of logs or timber as by this act provided, commence an action at law on his demand, and dili- gently prosecute the same. PENNSYLVANIA. LOG LIKN FOR CENTRE COUNTY. 56. — All wages that may be due from any person or persons to any workman or laborer, for workand labor done in, upon and about the cutting, peeling, skidding and hauling of saw^ logSi squared timber and other lumber in the county of Centre, shall be a lien, for a period not exceeding six months, upon all such saw logs, squared timber and other timber, and shall be paid before said lumber shall be removed by the owner or contractor under such ow^ner, and paid out of the proceeds of a judicial or assignee's sale of such lumber. TEXAS. PERSONAL PROPERTY LIEN. "Whenever any article, implement, utensil or vehicle shall be repaired with labor and material, or with labor and without furnishing material, by any carpenter, mechanic, artisan or other workman, is authorized to retain possession of said article, implement, utensil or vehicle until the amount due on same for repairing by contract shall be fully paid off or dis- charged. VERMONT. LOG LIEN. , 1988. — A person cutting or drawing logs shall have a lien | thereon for his wages, which shall take precedence of other claims, except public taxes, and shall continue 60 days after the services are performed. But such lien shall not attach until the person claiming: it files in the town clerk's office of the STATE LAWS. S^59 town where he performed the services, or if the town is not or- ganized, in the county clerk's office, a brief statement of the contract tinder w^hich he claims a lien, and his purpose to en- force it against the property for the amount due for such service. 1989. — Such lien shall have no validity against a subsequent purchaser unless a suit is brought and the logs attached thereon within 30 days from the time the plaintiff's rights of action accrue against the person for whom he performed the service; and shall be vacated as to all persons unless a suit is brought and the logs attached thereon within 60 days from such time. 1990. — Such attachments shall be made by leaving a copy of the process in the tow^n clerk's office of the town where the services were performed and also where the logs are, and if either town is unorganized, in the county clerk's office. WASHINGTON TERRITORIAL LAW, 1881. LOG LIEN. 1941. — Every person performing labor upon, or who shall assist in obtaining or securing saw logs, spars, piles or other timber, has a lien upon the same for the work or labor done upon or in obtaining or securing the same, whether such work or labor was done at the instance of the owner of the same or his agent. The cook in any logging camp shall be regarded as a person who assists in obtaining or securing the timber herein mentioned. 1942.— Every person performing labor upoti, or who shall assist in manufacturing saw logs into lumber, has a lien upon such lumber, while the same remains at the mill where manu- factured, whether such work or labor was done at the instance of the owner of the logs or his agent. 1943. — Any person Avho shall permit another to go upon his timber land and cut thereon saw logs, spars, piles or other timber, has a lien itpon such logs, spars, piles and timber, for the price agreed to be paid for such privileges, or for the price such privileges would be reasonably worth in case there was no express agreement fixing the price. WISCONSIN. LOG LIEN. 3329, — Any person who shall do or perform any labor or services in cutting, felling, hauling, running, driving, rafting, booming, cribbing, towing, sawing or peeling or manufactur- ing into lumber, any logs or timber, or cutting any stave bolts or staves, in any of the counties of this state, shall have a lien upon such logs, timber, lumber, cordwood, railroad ties, tan and other barks, piling, telegraph poles, telephone poles, fence posts, paving timber, stave bolts or staves, for the amount due or to become due for such labor or services, which Shall take precedence of all other claims or liens thereon. 260 STATE LAWS. 3331. — No debt or demand for such labor or services done or performed shall remain such lien unless a claim therefor in writing shall be made and signed by the claimant or his attor- ney, and verified by the claimant, or someone in his behalf, in the same manner that pleading in civil actions maybe verified, setting forth the nature of the debtor's demand for which the lien is claimed, the amount claimed to be due, describing the logs, timber, lumber, cordwood, railroad ties, tan or other barks, piling, telegraph poles, telephone poles, fence posts, paving timber, stave bolts or staves, against which the lien is claimed, and that the claimants claim a lien thereon pursuant to this act. Such claim for labor or services done or performed shall be filed in the ofiice of the clerk of the circuit court of the county in w^hich such labor or services w^ere done or performed, except that the claims for any such labor or services done or performed onlogs, timber, gotton outuponthe Wolf river or any of its tributaries, for the purpose of being run down said river or its tributaries^ shall be filed in the office of the clerk of the City of Oshkosh. If the labor or services were done or per- formed between the first day of November and the first day of May following, the claims for such lien shall be filed on or before the first day of June next thereafter; and if such labor or services shall have been done or performed after the first day of May and before the first day of November, or if the doing or performing of such labor or services shall be continuous from the first day of November or a day prior thereto, and to a date beyond the first day of May following, the claim for liens shall be filed within 30 days after the last day of doing or perform- ing such labor or services; and such labor or services shall be deemed continuous, notwithstanding a change of ownership in said logs, timber, lumber, etc. 3331.— In enforcing claims for driving logs on the Chippewa river and its tributaries, or any part thereof, it shall be a suf- ficient filing of the lien petition if it is filed in the office of the clerk of the circuit court for Chippewa county, in case the driving of an V mark of logs is not completed the first season and work of driving said logs is done during a subsequent season, a notice may be filed in the office of the clerk of said court within 30 days after the last work is done, or services ren- dered the first season, stating that a lien is claimed for driving said logs and the amount thereof, such filing of notice shall preserve the lien until 30 days after the last service is rendered in driving said inarkof logs the subsequent season at any time within 30 days after the last service is rendered, the last season, a petition for a lien may be filed in the office of said clerk, which may include all claims for driving said mark of logs during both seasons, in case the notice shall have been filed as aforesaid. An action to enforce such liens for driving may be commenced in Chippewa county at any time withm four months after the lien petition is filed for such hen, and such lien shall sxtend to all the logs of the mark to which it 3332.— All actions to enforce such liens may be brought in the circuit court of the proper county. * * * , Any person, the owner of any such logs or timber, maybe made a party de- iendajit on application to the court having jurisdiction of the STATE LAWS. 261 action, at any time before final judgment therein. No persons purchasing such logs or timber or otherwise acquiring any in- terest therein before the time for filing such petition or state- ment has expired, shall be considered a bona fide purchaser as against the rights of any such lien claimant; provided, how- ever, that any time check that shall become the property of another by purchase or otherw^ise, shall be and remain a lien, and the person owning the same shall have the same right of a lien and the same rights and powers to enforce the same as the person or persons performing the work or labor for which said time check was given. 3337. — Whenever two or more persons own logs or timber on any river in this state, or any of its tributaries, which are so intermixed tliax they cannot be conveniently separated for floating or driving them to the place of destination, and either owner shall refuse or neglect to make the necessary provision, or to furnish the necessary labor and materials for floating or driving them to such place, and other ow^ner may drive all such logs or timber to sucn place, and shall receive reasonable compensation, and may enforce the same by action as herein provided for the enforcement of liens upon logs or timber. 3338. — Every company incorporated for the improvement of rivers and streams, w^hose charter authorizes it to collect tolls on logs, lumber or timber, for such improvements or for any other work done on or about the same, shall have a lien thefeon 3340. — All persons doing or performing any labor or services by cooking food for the men doing or performing anv labor or services upon such logs, timber, lumber, cordwood, railroad ties, tan or other barks, piling, telegraph poles, telephone poles, fence posts, paving timber, stave bolts or staves, at the request of the person, persons or corporation employing said men, for w^hom such food is cooked or manufactured, shall in all things be deemed to have performed work, labor and ser- vices, and have the right of lien therefor, the same as the men for whom such food was cooked or manufactured. 3340. — All persons doing or performing any labor upon any logs,timber, lumber, cordwood, railroad ties, tan or other barks, piling, telegraph poles, telephone poles, fence posts, paving timber, stave bolts or staves, the nature of which said prop- erty shall be changed by reason of any process of manufactur- ing, shall have his right of a lien upon the manufactured product the same as though the labor had been performed di- rectly upon the manufactured article. | 3341. — Any person performing any labor upon any lumber, or in cutting, peeling, piling or hauling any hemlock or other bark, ties or other product of labor heretofore mentioned in this act, for or on account of the owner, agent or assignee, shall have a like lien upon such lumber, etc., as given in this act for work and services upon logs, timber, etc. 262 STATE LAWS. WYOMINO. LOG LIEN. 1483. — All lien claims for labor performed in cutting or manufacturing railroad cross ties, wood, poles or lumber, or for doing any labor in reference thereto, shall be concurrent liens upon the same, and shall be paid pro rata out of the pro- ceeds arising from the sale thereof, if the same shall be sold. 1484, — Persons entitled to a lien for labor performed in cut- ting or manufacturing any railroad cross ties, wood, poles or lumber, shall not be required to identify any particular tie or ties, or sticks, poles or boards, but may maintain their lien against any or all of that class of property owned and held by the person or persons from whom their pay for such labor is due, and may seize and sell the same as provided in this chapter. INSPECTION OF WHITE PINE FOR EXPORT. 263 RULES FOR INSPECTION OF WHITE PINE FOR EXPORT. From the Port of New York. The rules for inspecting white pine for export are governed entirely by custom. The specifications herewith given have received the approval of one of the oldest and most competent inspectors of export pine in the New York market, w^ho states that the rules given herein, fairly and correctly explain the various grades. SOUTH AMERICAN SHIPPERS. South American shippers are 12 inches wide, and 12 to 16 feet long. No. 1 shippers should be sound and red knotted, and w^hat can be designated as a good, clean board. There should be no black knots or branch knots over 4 inches in width on the edge of the piece. The lumber should be abso- lutely free from shake and splits. In Albany the lumber would be graded as selected dressing. The Michigan shipper would probably have to select out the cream of No. 1 common, and the Chicago grade would be about a good D stock. South American shippers are 1x12, 1^^x12, and 2x12. WEST INDIA SHIPPERS. A West India shipper is not as good as a South American board. The requirements are 8 inches and over wide, and 12 to 16 feet long. Specifications vary. Occasionally an order will call for a car load averaging 12V^ feet to a piece, while an- other will make it 15 feet, which of course requires a wide aver- age to make it. The quality must be a sound knot, but not necessarily red, and small branch knots are admissible. No shake is admitted, but a split not to exceed 18 inches in one end, w^ill pass. Generally speaking the board must be w^ater tight, as it is used largely for purposes of packing sugar. Ob- jection is raised to discolored lumber — stained or sunburnt — and in taking down a pile the covering boards should not be shipped. The grade corresponds to an ordinary No. 2 barn board. AUSTRALIA. Shipments to this market consist of the Albany grades of good fourths, selects and pickings, also No. 1 and No. 2 shelv- ing. A No. 1 shelving corresponds to Albany dressing and better, and No. 2 is a selected South American shipper. Shelv- ing runs from 12 to 22 inches wide, and 12 to 16 feet long, and is dressed four sides. It is imperative that all the grades shall be absolutely dry, free from splits and well manufactured. PLEASE •Remember If you have a piece of Second-band Machinery to dispose of, or want one ; If you want a Situation; If you want an Employe for any purpose ; If you want a particular lot of Lumber, or have one to dispose of; If you want to buy or sell Timber Lands ; That an inexpensive advertisement under the head of "Wanted" or "For Sale" is the quickest and easiest way to accomplish your object. This Department is consulted weekly by upwards of 30,000 people, and is the great medium of exchange between buyer and, seller in the Lumber and Machin- ery trade. For rates and terms, consult any issue of the paper under the Aeacf of "Wanted." For rates upon display advertisements, address ♦ OUR SPECIALTIBS ♦ THE LUMBERMAN'S ... STANDARD TELEGRAPH CODE. A practical system for telegraphing in cypher, condensing a long message into a short one. In use by over 2,000 con- cerns all over the country. Adapted to all branches of the lumber trade and to the wants of sash, door and blind dealers. Special attention to numerals and trade terms. Pocket size, bound in cloth. Prices as follows: One copy, $3.00; two copies, $5.50 ; per dozen, $20.00. POCKET TALLY BOOK. Especially adapted to keeping tally of Hardwood Dimen- sions and lumber of uniform widths. In stiff covers, which form a surface for writing on. Prices : One copy, 50 cents ; three copies, $1.25 ; per dozen, $4.50. CHAPIN'S LUMBER RECKONER. The tables reduce to board measure all the fractional sizes of lumber, advancing in regular order of one-quarter of an inch, from 1x1 to 15 X 15 inches square and 20 feet long ; likewise scantling and square timber, advancing 1 inch in regular order from 2x2 to 30x30 inches square and 50 feet long. It contains over 200,000 figures and can be relied on. Bound in moroc- co, lap and pocket, $3.00; bound in cloth, $2.00. BEAUTIFUL HOMES. A little book containing plans and elevations of modern residences of medium cost, printed in water colors. 25 cents per copy. STANDARD BOARD AND LOG RULES. OF ALL KINDS AT REASONABLE PRICES. PUBLISHED EVERY WEEK- 52 TIMES A YEAR, . AT CHICAGO . . The Greatest Lumber Market in the World, BY W. B. JUDSON. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION : ONE YEAR, - - $4.00. ^k- SIX MONTHS, $2.00- ADVERTISING RATES: COMPARING SUBSCRIPTION LISTS AND RESULTS TO ADVERTISERS, LOWER THAN ANY OTHER LUMBER JOURNAL. ONE TRIAL WILL PROVE IT. THE LUMBERMAN is univei sally acknowledged to be not only the greatest Lumber Journal but one of the leading Trade Journals of the world. It is a Pioneer in the field; it has been published nearly a quarter of a century under the same management, and its files are, statistically and pictorial- ly, a history of the Lumber Trade of North America. THE LUMBERMAN is now a mammoth 48-to-64-page illustrated journal, giving each week in entertaining form the Lumber News of the world, and no enterprising Lumberman, from Manufacturer to Retailer, can afford to be without it. No man ever acquired too much knowledge concerning his business. A few weeks' reading will convert any wide-awake operator. Try it and see. T.WIL6E&60. MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN HARDWOOD OAK, ASH, WALNUT, CHERRY, BIRCH, BEECH, GUM AND YELLOW PINE ...FLOORING.-. Maple • Fuooniisiq OUR SPEC/ALTY. Kiln Dried; Polished and Bored for Blind Nailing. Planing IVIill, i JJ I i xl f\f\ Corner 6HI6flG0 Yards and Office : 1|| llllf lilt/ 22d & Throop Sts.